\ : < 

 
 
 \
 
 TREATISE 
 
 O N T H E 
 
 DELUGE.
 
 TREATISE 
 
 O N T H E 
 
 DELUGE. 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 I. Remarks on the Lord Bifhop of CLOGHER'S Ac- 
 count of that Event. 
 
 II. A full Explanation of the Scripture Hiftory of it. 
 
 III. A Collection of all the principal Heathen Accounts. 
 
 IV. Natural Proofs of the Deluge, deduced from a 
 
 great Variety of Circumftances, on and in the 
 terraqueous Globe. 
 
 AND, 
 Under the foregoing GENERAL ARTICLES, 
 
 The following Particulars will be occafionally difcufled 
 
 and proved, <i>:. 
 
 The Time when, and the Manner how America was firfl peopled. 
 The Mofaic Account of the Deluge written by Inspiration. The 
 Certainty of an Abyfs of Water within the earth. The Reality 
 of an inner Globe or central Nucleus. The Caufe ofihefubterranean 
 Vapour and of Earthquakes. The Origin of Springs, Lakes, &c. 
 The Formation of Mountains, Hills ; Dales, tallies, &c. The 
 Means by which the Bed of the Ocean was formed. The Caufe 
 of Caverns or natural Grottos ; with a Defcription of the moil 
 remarkable, efpecially thofe in England. Alfo an Explication 
 of feveral letter Phenomena in Nature. 
 
 Adorned with ^.Copper-Plate, reprefenting the internal Structure of 
 the terraqueous Globe, from the Center to the Circumference. 
 
 BY A. CATCOTT, 
 LECTURER of St. John's, in the City of BRISTOL 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 Sold by M. WITHERS, at ikefeven Stars, in Fleet-Jtreet ; and 
 D. PRINCE, in Oxford, 1761. 
 
 Where alfo may be bad, RZMAR KS on the Lord Bifliop of CLOCHER'S Expla- 
 nation of the Mofaic Hiftory of the Creation and Formation of this World, &c. 
 
 2221169
 
 PREMONITION. 
 
 ABOUT five years ago I publifhed 
 fome REMARKS on the Lord Bp. 
 ^CLOGHER'J Explanation of the Mofaic 
 Account of the Creation and Formation of 
 this World^ and intended that this Trad 
 fhould have followed foon after, as a kin<i 
 of Second Part; but before \ could quite 
 finifli it, I was feized with an illncfs, 
 which affected my fight in fuch a manr- 
 ner, that I was obliged to lay afide all 
 thoughts of compleating it (tho' nearly 
 finiflied) for three or four years: and it 
 was not without feveral relapfes, that I 
 could bring it to the ftate in which it 
 is now prefented to the reader.
 
 PREMONITION. 
 
 SOON after the publication of the firft 
 Trad, his Lordfiiip of Clogher (the late 
 Rev. Dr. Clayton) alfo died ; on whkh 
 account (and for the reafons mentioned, 
 page 8.) I have in a great meafure drop- 
 ped the controverfial part in this; having 
 only felected one or two principal Arti- 
 cles, that I thought exceptionable ; and 
 thefe, not fo much becaufe his Lordfhip 
 had aflerted them, as becaufe feveral, 
 otherwife learned and ingenious, writers 
 had maintained the fame; and it appear- 
 ed to me to be of fome confequence to 
 fettle the truth. 
 
 To pretend to introduce Novelties in 
 Natural Philofophy in this enlightened 
 age, may be efteemed by fome almoft as 
 bad as to prefume to make new difcove- 
 lies in Religion : and yet, fome points
 
 PREMONITION. 
 
 difcufled in this Trad:, may poffibly be 
 new to many. In order therefore to 
 remove this formidable, though in it- 
 felf weak, objection, I have frequently 
 chofen to make ufe of the words of any 
 other writer (that had exprefled himfelf 
 judicioufly on the point) rather than my 
 own : which alfo is the reafon, why 
 feveral quotations will be found in this 
 Tract, that otherwife might have been 
 omitted. 
 
 IT may be proper to inform thole, who 
 have encouraged the publication of this 
 Trad: by their Subscriptions (to all of 
 whom I defire my fincereft Thanks fcr 
 their favours), that it is a diftinct Trea- 
 tife of itfelf, at leaft independent of the 
 above-mentioned Tratf, relating to the 
 Creation, &c. the few particulars in That,
 
 P REMO N ITI N. 
 
 which were explicative of This, being 
 introduced in their proper places, or 
 fimilar explanations given. 
 
 SOME of my Subfcribers may poffibly 
 find a difficulty in underftanding the 
 Mofaic Account of the Flood, as philo- 
 fophically explained in \hz former part of 
 this Tract, I would therefore advife fuch 
 fir ft to make themfelves well acquainted 
 with the Copper-Plate^ and the Expla- 
 natory Notes belonging to it, p. 54; and 
 then, I hope, there will be no great dif- 
 ficulty in comprehending it ; or at leaft 
 a fccond perulal will make the whole 
 plain and clear.
 
 THE 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Page 
 
 Preliminaries. 
 
 TH E Mofaic account of the Deluge full 
 and complete, not too fhort or imper- 
 , as fome have imagined - - - - i . 3 
 
 The nature of the Miracle exerted to effecl: the 
 
 Deluge - - _ - - * - - . . ^ 8 
 
 The manner in which the Author propofes to 
 examine his Lordfliip of Clogher's account 
 of the Deluge ; with fome ftrictures on that 
 account ------____ g jg 
 
 A full Explanation of the Scripture 
 Hiftory of the Flood. 
 
 GEN. vi. ig. And God f aid unto Noah, 'The 
 end of all fiejh is come before me ; and behold 
 I will dejlroy them with the earth ; paraph rafed ; 
 and the Univerfality of the Deluge urged 
 therefrom - 17 18 
 
 Ver. 14. Make thee an Ark of gopher-wood, 
 (rooms /halt thou make in the ark) and pilch 
 it within and without with pitch. A window 
 Jhalt thou make to the Ark, And of every liv-
 
 (CONTENTS. 
 
 ing thing of all fiejh, two of tfvery fortjhalt 
 thou bring into the ark to keep them alive^ &c. 
 "-Thus did Noah, according to all that God 
 commanded him, fo dtd he> The neceflity of 
 Divine j Inftruttion in order to execute the 
 above Command, and the certainty that all 
 - creatures perifhed that were not wkhin the 
 intent of that inftruction, fhewn - - -1825 
 
 GEN. vii. n. And the fame day were all the 
 Fountains of the GREAT DEEP broken up. 
 "What the Great Deep or Abyfs is, explained 25 6 
 
 And in order to ihew the full meaning of the 
 Event here related, a brief explication of the 
 firft Formation .of the earth is introduced. 
 
 GEN. i. 2. And the Spirit of God moved upon the 
 
 L fact of the waters - ? * - - - -26 9 
 
 AndGodfaid, Let there be Light and there was 
 
 Light 29 
 
 And God f aid, Let there be a Firmament in the 
 ' midft of the waters, and let it divide the wa- 
 ters from the waters, &c. 29 34 
 
 And God f aid, Let the water under the heaven be 
 gathered together unto one place, and let the 
 dry -land appear *-'.--._ .34 
 
 GEN. vii. n. And all the fountains of the Great 
 Deep were broken up. The manner how this 
 Event was accomplimed fhewn at large -3740 
 
 And the Windows of heaven were opened. Ex- 
 plained , and the Dtffblution of the earth 
 proved therefrom , with other texts denoting 
 the fame ------.__ -4.0 -44
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Page 
 
 Ver, 12. And the Rain was upon the earth forty 
 days and forty nights : and the waters increafed 
 and bare up the ark : And the waters pre- 
 vailed upon the earth exceedingly -, and all the 
 hi, h hills i that were under the whole heaven^ 
 were covered: The Univerfality of the De- 
 luge urged from this paflage - - - -44 6 
 
 Ver. 2 4. And the waters prevailed upon the earth 
 ^ an hundred and fifty days. What this preva- 
 lence of the waters was, explained - - -46 7 
 
 Gen. viii. i. And God made a Wind [the Spi- 
 rit] to pafs over the earth, and the waters 
 affwaged. This Wind fhewn to be the fame 
 as the Spirit that moved upon ihe face of the 
 waters at the beginning ------ 48 
 
 Ver. 2. The Fountains alfo of the Deep, and the 
 windows of heaven were Jiopped, and the rain 
 from heaven was retrained ; paraphrafed on 48 50 
 
 Ver. 3. And the waters returned from off the 
 earth continually. How this event was brought 
 to pafs, fliewn ------- _^o i 
 
 Ver. 4. And the Ark refted upon the mountains of 
 Ararat^ &c. ----- - . - ^ t 
 
 Ver. 8. And Noah fent forth a dove from him* ' 
 to fee if the waters were abated from off the 
 face of the ground, &c. - 51 
 
 Ver. 15. And -God fpzke unto Noah, Go forth 
 of the ark, thou and thy wife, &c. And God 
 bleffed Noah and his Sons, and f aid, Be fruit- 
 ful and multiply, and repleni/h the Earth. 
 An argument hence drawn for the Univer- 
 fality of the Deluge ------ -52 3
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Page 
 
 A Collection of the principal Hea- 
 then Accounts of the Flood. 
 
 The Roman defcription as given by Ovid - -56 8 
 
 The Grecian, Syrian and Arabian as recorded 
 
 byLucian .- - - - -58 6% 
 
 The Egyptian, as retained under the hi (lory of 
 
 /_)'/><?#, from Plutarch - - -60 i 
 
 The Babylonian, as preferved by Jofepbus and 
 
 Berojus - ..... 61 4 
 
 The Adrian, from Afcdenus, as recorded by 
 
 Eujehius ----------- 64 
 
 The Perf.an, from Dr. Hyde's Hiftoria veterum 
 
 Perjantm, &c. - ...... 64 5 
 
 The Accounts of the Flood as retained by the 
 
 inhabitants of the Eaft- Indies ..... 65 8 
 
 As preferved among the Chinefe - - -68 --70 
 
 The defcriptions of it as given by the feveral 
 
 nations of America, in general - - - - 70 2 
 
 In particular, by the nation of the Iroptots - 72 
 By thofe of Cuba ........ -72 3 
 
 By the inhabitants of Terra Firma - - - - 73 
 
 By the Peruvians ......... 73 4 
 
 By the BraftUens -------- -74 6
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Page 
 
 Some Conclufions, deduced from the above 
 Accounts, refpecting the Certainty that 
 there has been a Flood, that it was Uni- 
 verfal, and that the Mofaic Description of 
 it was written by Infyiration - - - - 76 83 
 
 The Time when, and the Manner how Ame- 
 rica was firlt peopled ----- 83 99 
 
 Natural Proofs of the Scripture 
 Account of the Deluge, dedu- 
 ced from a great variety of cir- 
 cumftances, on and in the ter- 
 raqueous Globe. 
 
 I. Proofs of the ABYSS, 
 o R, 
 
 That there is a quantity of Water in the in- 
 fide of the Earth abundantly fufficient for 
 anfwering the Effects of the Deluge as de- 
 icribed in Scripture. This proved 
 
 1. From the Quantity of water that is 
 poured into the Ocean from the mouths 
 
 of all the Rivers upon Earth - - - -101 12 
 
 2. From the Quantity of water that is 
 thrown out at the beads or fources of all 
 
 the Rivers -------- -112 36 
 
 3. From Whirlpools, Under -cur rents, and 
 
 Gulpbs in the Ocean ----- -136 42 
 
 4. From Lakes ------. -143 48 
 
 5. From Phenomena attending Eartfyttakfs 148 52
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Page 
 
 6. From accidental difcovcries of waters, ri- 
 vers, &c. in the infide of the earth - -1^2 58 
 
 II. Proofs of the UNIVERSALITY of the 
 FLOOD ; 
 
 OR, 
 
 That the Waters of the Deluge covered the 
 whole furf ace of the earth. This proved 
 
 1. From the divifion of the Surface of th 
 earth into Mountains, Hills \ Combs* Dales, 
 
 I/allies, &c. - - - -159 88 
 
 2. From the Nature, Form, and' Situation 
 offeveral Subftances that at prefent lie loofe 
 
 upon the furf ace of the Earth - - - -189 232 
 
 3. From Caves, natural Grottos, Swallet- 
 
 boles, fcfr. 232 50 
 
 4. From the numerous Spoils of fea and land 
 Animals and Vegetables now found buried in 
 
 all parts of the earth -251 60 
 
 III. Proofs of the DISSOLUTION ; 
 o R 
 
 That, during the Deluge, the whole earth 
 was dijfohed, all the mineral and metallic 
 matter being reduced to its original" cor- 
 pufcles, and aflfumed up into the Wa- 
 ter. This prove4 
 
 1. From the outward Farm of the Earth - 261 
 
 2. From the fame ------- -261-*- 2
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Page 
 
 3. From the prefent Solidity of the Earth -262 3 
 
 4. From the Veins in moft forts of Stone -263 4 
 
 5. From the Interchange or Mixture of *&/- 
 
 ferent Jlrata -------- -264 5 
 
 6. From the Formation and Situation tf No- 
 
 dules ---------- -265 6 
 
 7. From extraneous FoJJils - - - - -266 8 
 
 8. From the internal Structure of the Shell 
 
 of /& 0r/ ........ 268 9 
 
 Corollaries; and Objections anfwered - - -270 6 
 
 IV. Of the RE-FORMATION, 
 o R 
 
 Confolidation of the terreftrial parts after 
 
 the Diffolution ........ 276 9 
 
 A Paraphrafe of the iO4th Pfalm - - -280 4 
 
 Appendix, containing fome corroborating ar- 
 guments for the manner in which the 
 Author fuppofes America to have been 
 firfi peopled ......... 285 296 
 
 ERRATA. 
 
 Page 12. Line 32. dele_/a^. p. 38. 1. 2. read rend. p. 44. 
 1. 9. r. orbit. p. 53. 1. 32. r. Polibius.-~'$. 58, 1. 27. r. where. 
 Any literal error the reader will correvt for himfelf.
 
 O N T H E 
 
 DELUGE. 
 
 
 B 
 
 EFORE I proceed immediately to the 
 }> difcuflion of the fubject I am to treat 
 * of, it may be proper to premife a few 
 articles. 
 
 THE Mofaic defcription of the De- 
 luge has been accounted by fcveral to be too fhort 
 and concife for the due relation of fo important an 
 event : but thofe who make this objection feem not 
 rightly to underftand the nature of the cafe ; the 
 proper ftating of which will ferve for a full anfwer to 
 the objection. 
 
 FIRST then, Let it be confidered that as at the time 
 of the Deluge the Earth was deftroyed, broken to 
 pieces, reduced to its chaotic ftate, or un-formed^ and 
 afterwards, formed again; and this, its fecond For- 
 mation, anfwerable, both in the manner and means, 
 to its firft and original (for fimilar exprefiions are 
 ufed, and the fame caufes are mentioned to have been 
 employed, in both cafes) and as a defcription had been
 
 [2] 
 
 given at large of the manner of the firft formation in 
 the Mofaic narrative of the Original of things ; fo it 
 would be needlefs to have enlarged on that point in 
 the account of the Re-formation of the earth at the 
 deluge , juft mentioning the chief articles would be 
 fufficient, as every judicious reader would naturally 
 recur to the firft and fuller defcription. Be- 
 
 fides, As many of the effects of the Deluge are 
 legibly written in the book of Nature, being engraved 
 in the deepeft characters in the hardeft rocks all over 
 the earth -, fo thofe, who would be at the pains to read 
 this book, who 'would go up as high as the bills, and 
 down fo the vallies beneath, and enter into the dark cham- 
 bers of the earth (carrying the divine light in their 
 hands) fhould find the ineftimable treaiure, Ihould 
 fee that the world had been deftroyed, and formed 
 again, and in what manner this furprifing tranfaction 
 had been effected i and would by this means have full 
 proof that there is a GOD, Who that GOD is, and 
 that he governs the world. And they, who would not 
 be at this pains (or liften to thofe that had been) did 
 not deferve this peculiar proof and knowledge. Suf- 
 ficient be it for GOD, and even gracious muft we 
 efleem it, that he informs us of fuch and fuch things 
 in his Word, and gives us eyes to fee the reft or another 
 part of the evidence in Nature : and they who will 
 neglect either or both of thefe proofs, may defer vedly 
 remain fo far in ignorance. GOD indeed will do for us 
 what we cannot do for ourfelves ; but we muft not ex- 
 pect that he will do what we can do : This would be 
 to undo what himfelf had before done, or give us 
 power on purpofe to take it away, and give it us again ; 
 and would alfo be encouraging floth, idlenefs, and the 
 difufe of our rational faculties. Therefore to fpur up 
 our abilities and quicken our diligence, he gives us 
 That whereon we may reafon, and then juftly leaves us
 
 f 3 1 
 
 to reafon. From what has been faid then, two 
 
 points I think are manifeft i firft, the ignorance and in- 
 excufablenefs of thofe, who havefpoken againfl the 0/0- 
 faic account of the Deluge as imperfefl and deficient -, 
 fecondly, ho\v unqualified thofe perfons mufr be to give 
 a true account of the Deluge, that have not examined 
 Nature, but fat down at eafe in their ftudies, drew 
 lines upon paper, &c. vainly imagining that the form 
 and inclination of Rocks, courfes of Rivers, veins of 
 Ore, and the fituation of things in the folid earth, 
 would fnape and wind themfelves according to their 
 fancies. 
 
 ANOTHER article necelTary to be fettled, as prepa- 
 ratory to the fubje<5t I am to fpeak of, is, in what 
 manner and bow far the Divine Interpofition is to be 
 allowed in the Miracle of the Noachian Deluge, or in 
 deftroying and re-forming the earth at that time. For 
 as in my interpretation ot the account of the forma- 
 tion of the earth, I have had (becaufe Scripture di- 
 re6ted me) much recourfe to the mediation of Natural 
 Caufes, or endeavoured to explain it pbilofopbicalhj 
 and I mall do the fame, (becaufe I think I ought) 
 with regard to the Deluge, fo I would obviate an ob- 
 jection, which an inattentive reader might make to 
 fuch kind of explanations, as tho' they -took away or 
 leffewd the Divine Power in the fact related. But I 
 truft, upon examination, we mall find, that this way 
 of explicating or unfolding Miracles, will manifeft the 
 Wtfdom and Gccdr^fs as well as the Power of GOD, and 
 in a manner too, far fuperior to any other. When an 
 extraordinary effect is performed, to tell a perfon, 
 that GOD did it i and there reft, without explaining 
 the end) the means and the manner of doing it, is lofinr; 
 great part of the evidence of the miracle, and the in- 
 tent for which it was performed ; and is generally 
 
 fl 2
 
 m 
 
 Ipoken as a cover for our ignorance, or rather our 
 pride, which is piqued at a difficulty we cannot folve. 
 But GOD is a GOD cf order ; and when things are done 
 for the fake of .man, he adapts his operations to the 
 ftate and circumftances of man. Now it is an allowed 
 truth, that the fituation of man in this world is fuch, 
 that he is confined for his ideas, the foundation of his 
 knowledge, tofenfible or material objects-, and it is al- 
 fo certain, that the prevailing Idolatry > both long before 
 and long after the time ofMofes, even almoft from the 
 creation of man to the coming of Chrift, was the wor- 
 Ihipping the Natural Agents or fome Part or other of the 
 Syftem of Nature, inftead of GOD the Creator and 
 Former of all* Such then being the ftate of man and 
 fuch the peculiar circumftances of the former world, the 
 moft fuitable method to deftroy this idolatry would be, to 
 overrule, fufpend, or divert the commsn courfe of the 
 Natural Agents -, which would undeniably prove, that 
 they had a Superior, one who could turn them, whither- 
 Jcever hepleafed. And when fuch an act was performed, 
 the part of man would be, to difcover the propriety of 
 the Agent or Agents, over-ruled or fufpended, on parti- 
 cular occafions ; and trace out how appofitely the Means 
 conduced to the End. I mail illuftrate and exemplify 
 my meaning from that publick and grand difpute be- 
 tween JEHOVAH and Baal, under the conduct of Elijah 
 and Baal's prophets, recorded i Kings xviii. which 
 the reader is defired to perufe. The Conteft here was 
 concerning the true GOD, whether JEHOVAH or Baal, 
 or rather who was the Ruler (for that is the meaning of 
 
 Deut. iv. 19. xvii. 3. i Kings xi. 5. 2 Kings xvii. 9. xxiii. 
 4, &c. 2 Chron. xiv. 3, <j. Job xxxi. 26 29. Jerem. vii. 9, 18. 
 viii. i,&c. xix. 4, <j, 13. xxxii. xliv. Ezek. viii. 15, 16. xxiii. 
 30, 37. Wild xiii. i 4. 
 
 The Writings of the Greeks and Romans abundantly teftify the 
 fame, as feveral Authors have fhewn at large. Particularly Parker 
 in his Tentamina Phyjico^-lbeologica de Deo.
 
 [5] 
 
 the word Baal in the Original) the material Heavens or 
 Agents, "or any Being above them. JEHOVAH had al- 
 ready (hewed himfelf fuperior to the Heavens (at leaft, 
 to every unprejudiced mind) by having fufpended their 
 power or affion in giving de-w or r#/# for above three 
 years-, (fee i Kings xvii. &f xviii. Luke iv. 25.) but 
 Baal's followers regarded not this ; for all that time 
 they eat at the royal [Jezebel's] table, and lived in plenty -, 
 verifying a common obfervation, that as long as men 
 have enough of this world, they are not apt to be very 
 folicitous about the Governor thereof. But the famine 
 increafing more and more, the king and his fervants 
 are obliged to go from home, and feek in different 
 places for food tor themielves and cattle ; and GOD at 
 laft out of companion to his people fends Elijah to 
 meet the king, and have the contefl decided at once. 
 That Elijah's GOD had power over \hzWater of 'Heaven \ 
 was pretty plain-, he now proceeds further, and will 
 fhew that he has power over its oppofite, the Fire, and 
 can make it act or ceafe from afting juft as he pleafes; 
 and from Jerem. xix. 5. it is evident that Fire (which 
 is the moil powerful operation of the Heavens or Air) 
 was efteemed iacred to Baal, they have alfo built the 
 high-places of Baal, to burn their fons with fire for burnt- 
 offerings unto Baal. The Teft, agreed to on both fides 
 then was, that the GOD which anfwereth by fire, and 
 confumeth the offered viftim, Hejloould be GOD : and if 
 Baal could aniwer by any thing, it certainly mufl be 
 by one of his own emblems. The place chofen for the 
 fcene of action was Mount Carmel, which probably thele 
 idolaters had made an high-place of to Baal; fince we 
 are told, they had broken down the altar of JEHOVAH 
 that was there. Thus Elijah grants them every favour- 
 able circumftance. And when they had called upon 
 their God from morning even until noon (when the Heat, 
 thzgreateft power of the day, was -come) and in their 
 B 3
 
 [6] 
 
 furious fits of madnefs and defpair had leapt upon their 
 altar ) and cut themfehes with knives and lancets ; but 
 wither 'voice came, nor any to anfwer, nor any that re- 
 garded: then Elijah repaired the altar of the LORD, 
 and laid thereon a facrifice ; and to (hew the mighty 
 power of GOD, ordered a great quantity of water to be 
 poured on the facrifice and the altar, fo as to fill a 
 trench that was drawn round about it; and by this 
 means render the facrifice lefs fufceptikle of the action of 
 Fire ; and take off all poffible fufpicion of deceit. All 
 things thus prepared, Elijah invokes his GOD to give 
 the decifive proof of his Deity ; and immediately, at 
 his requeft, Fire ftreams down from heaven, confuwes the 
 offered viftim, and licks up all the water in the trench. 
 At whichftriking, <vifible manifeftation of the Superiority 
 of Elijah's GOD, all the people fell on their faces, and 
 cried out, JEHOVAH, He is GOD; JEHOVAH, 
 He is GOD. And a greater proof of Divine Inter- 
 pofition could not be defired, nor one more applicable 
 to the purpofe be given. Here the Heavens were 
 made, in a particular place, at an appointed time, in 
 an interefting difpute, to exhibit their ftrongeft ope- 
 ration, Fire, and pour it down in honour of a facrifice 
 dedicated to JEHOVAH, and were with-held from doing 
 the fame on a facrifice dedicated to themfelves : and 
 fo themfelves in fact forced to confefs their own in- 
 ability, bring confufion on their own votaries, arid 
 give glory to the true GOD. Such alfo was the cafe at 
 the Deluge. The grand object of falfe worfhip then 
 was, the Natural Agents or fome part or other of the 
 Syftem of Nature, as thofe words of GOD, Gen. vi. 17. 
 (the prelude to that dreadful cataftrophe) indicate : 
 And behold^ I, even J, do bring a flood if waters, &c. 
 * It is not faid, Let there be, or let the Agents which 1 
 ' have eftablijhed, or let us bring-, but /, even /, in 
 ' direct oppofition to all the Laws of Nature, or
 
 C7] 
 
 * powers eflablifhed in Matter.' But the means ufed in, 
 and the manner of, the execution declare this plainer. 
 As the Corruption of mankind before the flood was. 
 remarkably great, and the Imagination of their heart 
 only evil continually, it could not well be in fuch a 
 general Apoftacy, but that many objects of falfe worfhip 
 would be fet up ; fome imagining one part, others 
 another part of Nature to be Supreme. But from the 
 manner of their punimment the three principal Deities 
 Teem to have been, the Air, the Water, and the Earth; 
 the firft, the heathen Jupiter ; the fecond, Neptune ; 
 the third, 'Terra. Accordingly GOD to defeat this 
 idolatry, and manifeft his power over Matter, inverted 
 the order and natural State of Thefe in particular ; he 
 made the Air to defcend into the place of the Water, 
 that lay beneath the earth, and the Water to occupy 
 the place of the air, and by the pafllng and re-pafiing 
 of thefe two agents thro' the Earth ', the fhell or orb 
 thereof would be torn to pieces, its lolid form reduced 
 to fluid (of each of which effects more explicitly here- 
 after) and all the idolatrous inhabitants deftroyed by the 
 very Means or Agents they depended on for fuccour. 
 Thus the true GOD demonftrated his power over Mat- 
 ter i and tho' he made ufe of material Means, yet the 
 Act was undeniably fupernatural, above all the laws 
 and powers of nature. The Natural Agents could not? 
 or if they could, they certainly would not, have over- 
 turned their own empire, puniihed their own votaries, 
 and fuffered themfehes to be made the inftruments of 
 punifhing them. .This manner of working mir ades is 
 eminently ftriking, and indeed irrefiftable ; as it af- 
 fords manfenfible and material evidence, is level to the 
 conception of all, and was peculiarly adapted to the ftate 
 of the 'world, when fuch kind of miracles were wrought. 
 
 B 4
 
 [ 8 I 
 
 THUS much I have premifed in general : 
 IN particular, with regard to his Lp. of Clogher, I pro- 
 pofe not to attend him, ftep by ftep, in his account 
 of the deluge, as I have done in his explanation of the 
 Scripture account of the Formation , becaufe replying 
 to one, is much the fame as anfwering the other ; 
 fincc the Deluge is a parallel a6V, (only in an inverted 
 order) to that of the firft Formation, as I have ob- 
 ferved already, and which will more evidently appear 
 in the procefs of this treatife. I mall therefore only 
 felect one or two of the mod exceptionable parts of 
 our Author's account of the Flood, examine them, 
 and have a principal regard to them in explaining 
 that event. I hope alfo to lay down fuch a clear and 
 full defcription of the deluge, that any one by com- 
 paring his Lp's tract with this, may determine for 
 himfelf where the truth lies. . 
 
 THE chief exceptions I have to his Lord/hip's ac- 
 count of the Flood relate to the Extent of it; firft 
 with refpect to the inhabitants of the earth ; fecondly, 
 with regard to the Earth itfelf, or its folid, metallic, and 
 mineral part. In each of thefe points he is of opinion 
 that the effefts of the Deluge were not univerfal, but 
 only partial. 
 
 4 AND therefore (fays he, p. 171, concerning the 
 firft) altho' I look upon that part of this [fcripture] 
 narration, relating to the dejlruttion of mankind, 
 and of birds, and of beafts, at the Deluge, to be 
 literally true, in refpecl ONLY of that part of the 
 world, in which Noah lived before the flood, 
 and which was afterwards peopled by his three 
 fons, Shem, Ham, and Japhet, yet I cannot but 
 acknowledge that this Deluge, which happened in 
 the time of Noah, muft have been general in fome 
 degree ; as manifeftly appears from the general 
 elevation of mountains over the whole world, and
 
 [9 J 
 
 from the immenfe quantity of fea-lhells, which are 
 frequently found in the mod diftant regions of the 
 earth. Neverthelefs I cannot but fuppofe, that 
 other parts of the then habitable world, which by 
 the force of the Deluge were feparated into iflands, 
 and were divided from the continent whereon the ark 
 landed, were in fome fort exempted from the com- 
 mon calamity, brought upon the reft of the world 
 by the Deluge -, inafmuch as the Continent of Ame- 
 rica, and many Iflands in the Eaft- Indies^ are at 
 prefent partly inhabited by wild beafts and noxious 
 animals, which it is not reafonable to imagine, that 
 any body could, or would, have imported thither 
 fince that time. Therefore, I own, I cannot fee 
 any other probable folution of this difficulty, than 
 to fuppofe them protected by the Providence of 
 GOD from the general deftrudlion, in fome extraor- 
 dinary manner, for the propagation of their own 
 fpecies.' Which paffage, I humbly apprehend, is 
 fcarce confident with itfelf ; at leaft the pofition, that 
 is laid down therein, will not coincide with other parts 
 of the author's treatife j and is contrary to Scripture 
 and Reafon. His Lp. feems to forget, that, accord- 
 ing to his Syftem, bait a very fmall part of the world 
 was, or indeed poflibly could be, inhabited before 
 the flood, viz. that tract of land only which lay be- 
 tween the Northern 'Tropic and the Arftic Circle (fee of 
 his Treatife, p. 74, 75) there being a great ' belt of 
 water under the equator (equal in extent to the 
 fp^ace between the two Tropics j fee PLATE 3 d ') 
 which feparated one part of the earth from the 
 other , fo that only one of the Hemifpheres [if the 
 above-mentioned traft could be properly called an 
 hemifpbere~] was the feat of the habitation or the Ions 
 of Adam before the Deluge, p. 65, 75.' If fucii 
 was the fituation of mankind before the flood, had
 
 even the far greater part of America been exempted 
 from the effects of the deluge, no inhabitants of the 
 former world would have been faved on it; much 
 lefs could any have been faved by exempting the 
 JJlands of the jEaft- Indies from that deft ruction ; be- 
 caufe they lay either direfily under^ or quite on the 
 other fide of the aforefaid great belt of waters ; and fo 
 could not poffibly have been inhabited before the 
 flood. Befides ; as according to his Lp. the falling 
 down of this great belt of waters, or ' their rufliing 
 c from under the equator [the higher ground] towards 
 
 * the poles' [the lower] (p. 155.) was one great caufe 
 of the deluge, fo it could not but be, that fuch a vio- 
 lent efflux of water running in this direction would 
 drive all the then inhabitants of the world towards the 
 Northern Pole-, where if they arrived, they muft, ac- 
 cording to himfelf, ' have pcrifhed on account of the 
 4 Cold/ Nay, what is more, he afferts, that the 
 waters thus rufhing from under the equator ' would 
 
 * return to their natural and original fituation of over- 
 
 * Spreading the whole earth, p. 155, in the manner 
 they did on the firft day of the Formation, before the 
 kaft fpot of Dry-land had appeared. Now how we can 
 reafonably allow, that any perfons, in fuch an univer- 
 fal flood as this, could efcape being drowned, I cannot 
 conceive. But even let us fuppofe, that fome of them 
 were expert fwimmers, and could live a long time in 
 the water* yet according to our author's further de- 
 icription of the deluge, they certainly could not be 
 able to weather out the whole ftorm, for thus dread- 
 ful was it, ' When the fountains of the great Abyfs were 
 
 broken #/>, and an immenfe hollow was excavated 
 out of the earth from pole to pole, as a bed for the 
 Tea to lye in ; when the rocks, and the fands, and 
 the ihells, and the earth, that were taken thereout, 
 were thrown upon the land, and raifed in mountain
 
 t " ] 
 
 upon mountain, fo as to afiail the fkies and invade 
 the region of the clouds : And when this heretoge- 
 neous mixture was flowered down again upon the 
 earth, it did not only rain, but the water, andfand, 
 and earth, and rock, and (hells, were poured down 
 in catarafts from heaven, for forty days, over the face 
 of the whole earth,* p. 88, 153, 118. Surely in fuch 
 a terrible florm as this, neither the leaft, nor the 
 greateft, nor the ftrongeft animal, could efcape being 
 darned to pieces, much lefs a poor, deftitute, af- 
 frighted, naked man : So that it muft have required 
 a miracle, far greater than That by which Noah and 
 his family were laved, to have preferved one fuch per- 
 fon. And fmce GOD took fo much care and allowed 
 fo much time for the prefervation of a few juft ibuls, 
 we cannot imagine, that he would fuflfer, by a more 
 extraordinary miracle, a number of wicked to furvive , 
 for whofe fake, and purpofely to dejlroy whom, he 
 brought the deluge upon the world, and put even the 
 righteous to a fevere trial of their faith in and depend- 
 ence on him. This certainly is contrary both to 
 Scripture and Realbn ; as will be fliewn more fully 
 hereafter. 
 
 But his Lordmip imagines, that the Text will au- 
 thorife his fuppofing thztfome did efcape j which there- 
 fore muft be examined. He lays, that the writers of 
 Scripture * frequently put the whole for the great eft 
 ' part, 9 p. 168. and would therefore conclude, that the 
 words All and Every ufed in the account of the flood, 
 as ' All flejh died, and Every living fubftance was de- 
 * ftroyed, &c. ought to be underftood with certain H- 
 ' mitations,' p. 1 70. and therefore we may fuppoie, 
 that All were not deftroyed. That the words All 
 and Every are fometimes ufed in the Scripture to fig 
 nify an integral fart, is very certain ; and I believe, 
 there is no language in which they, or fynonimous
 
 terms, are not fo ufed. Since they are words which 
 occur fo often, and in fuch a variety of fenfes, it 
 would have required much circumlocution to have de- 
 fined, in every inftance, their precife meaning -, the 
 Context therefore is always left to determine that point. 
 Now, the fenfe, in which thefe words are ufed in the 
 Scripture account of the Deluge, is fo fixed and de- 
 termined, that it cannot poffibly be miftaken. Mofes 
 fays (after he had related, that the waters of the flood 
 had rifen to fuch a height, as to have covered All the 
 high hills under the whole heaven) And ALL FLESH died, 
 that moved upon the earth, both of FOWL, and 0/ CATTLE, 
 and of BEASTS, and of EVERY CREEPING THING that 
 creepeth upon the earth, and EVERY MAN. All in whofe 
 noftrih was the breath of life, of all that was in the dry 
 land died. And every living fubftance was deftroyed which 
 wa* upon the face of the ground, both man, and cat- 
 tle,' gnd creeping things, and the fowl of the heaven ; 
 andtheyw^re deftroyed from the earth ; tf#afNoAH ONLY 
 remained alive, and THEY that were with him in the 
 ark, Gen. vii. 21. Had Mofes intended to declare 
 that every individual living creature thatlwas upon the 
 Earth, before and during the flood, were deftroyed by 
 the flood, he could not have been more exprefs and 
 particular , he fays, that every living fubftance, both 
 man, and cattle, and creeping thing, and fowl of the air, 
 that was upon the face of the ground, or in the dry land, 
 died , and we know of but one ark which went upon the 
 face of the waters, and fo faved the men and the animals 
 therein : of courfe, according to the Scripture account, 
 there was no living creature upon the face of the whole 
 earth, but iflfc perifoed by the flood. And what mews 
 this plainer is , that thofe, whomjwe know, were exempted 
 from this, otherwife, univerfal deftruffion, are exprelsly 
 mentioned to have been faved , and their prefervation 
 mentioned too in fetch a manner as to fpecify, that no
 
 [ '3] 
 
 other perfons or creatures were faved, And NOAH ONLY 
 remained alive, and THEY that were with him in the ark. 
 Nay, St. Peter defcribes this affair ftill more circum- 
 ftantially, and fixes the very number that were delivered, 
 i Epift. iii. 20. wherein [i. e. in the ark} FEW, that is, 
 EIGHT fouls, were faved by water ; and again, 2* Epift. 
 ii. 5. GOD /pared not the old world, but faved NOAH 
 the EIGHTH perfon [who with his own wife, his three 
 fons, and their three wives, was juft the eighth perfon] 
 bringing in the flood upon the WORLD of the UNGODLY. 
 All the ungodly therefore muft have periihed. So that 
 the words all and every in the above pafTages muft be 
 taken in the large/I latitude, and extended to the utmoft 
 Univerfality, with regard to the wicked. I may juft 
 add too, (for as many have urged the above objection 
 againft the Univerfality of the Flood, fo I would will- 
 ingly remove it by every means without being tedious) 
 that each of the arguments, which will be hereafter 
 brought, efpecially thofe from Scripture, in proof of 
 the Univerfality of the Deluge, will mew alfo, that the 
 words all and every are to be underftood in the fenfe 
 I contend for; becaufe Scripture (as GOD was its au- 
 thor) muft be confiftent with Itfdf, and with 'Truth. 
 His Lordfhip's difficulty concerning the peopling of A- 
 merica, I propofe to give an eafy folution to hereafter, 
 obferving here by the by, that whether we could get 
 over this difficulty or not, it would not invalidate the 
 above arguing-, which depends entirely upon the fenfe 
 of Scripture, and which may be corroborated by 
 many proofs from the natural ftate of the earth; and 
 where thefe two concur to offer clear, exprefs, and 
 united evidence, there no event in nature, which may 
 appear unaccountable to fome, but may be eafily ac- 
 counted for by others, ought to fet afide their fupe- 
 rior authority.
 
 [ 14 J 
 
 THE other article which I am to confidcr, is our 
 Author's fuppofition (p. 135.) that only the upper fur - 
 face of the earth was difturbed or deftroycd at the Deluge. 
 For ' He does not fuppofe with Dr. Woodward^ that 
 
 * the whole material world was, at the time of the de- 
 
 * luge, reduced into zfoft pulp, but allows that every 
 4 thing continued in its then ftate of folidity' And yet, 
 he fays, ' it muft be acknowledged, that at the time 
 
 * of the breaking up of the fountains of the Abyfs, a 
 ' great part of the materials, which were fcooped out 
 of the earth, as well as thofe, which then lay on. the 
 
 * furface of the fand and of the more, would be loofe, 
 ' feparate, and divided, and would float irregularly 
 ' in that confufion of elements, which fuch a wonder- 
 ' ful operation muft have occafioned, not only when 
 
 * fhowered down in cataracts from on high, but alfo, 
 c when conveyed by the force of the waters of the fea, 
 
 * which gufhed forth, as out of a womb, to the place 
 ' deftined for their abode,' p. 118. So that, if I 
 rightly underftand his Lp. his opinion is, that the 
 upper parts of the earth only were moved at the flood ; 
 and thefe irregularly thrown about by the waters of the 
 deluge, in large, loofe or detached, fetid majjes ; but 
 were not diffohed or reduced to their original atoms ; 
 much lefs were thejlrata, that lay beneath the places 
 from whence thefe parts were torn : for thus he fays, 
 p. 140, (where fpeaking of part of a fkeleton of an 
 elephant and of feveral horns of the moofe-deer, that 
 were found foflil in Ireland) ' klikewife hence appears, 
 
 that ibme of the low grounds in Ireland have not been 
 covered more than from five or ten feet thick with the 
 Slutcb of the deluge ; fince it is not probable that 
 at the time of the death of the afore- mentioned 
 elephant and moofe-deer, the places upon which they 
 were found lying, were the natural fur face vi the then 
 habitable earth j or as it is more clearly exprefled,
 
 c p. 104. where we may fuppofe the furface of this 
 * earth was, when there were no mountains, but all 
 ' this world was an uniform globe, covered with water 
 (as at the creation) there thejlrata are uniform , and 
 6 the feveral layers of them, whether land, clay, mi- 
 4 nerals, or gravel, are difpofed in an boriz/ontalfofition, 
 ' parallel to one another.' This laft obfervation 
 (which is the only proof brought for his Lordfhip's 
 opinion, and is laid down upon the authority of Mon- 
 Jieur Bujfcn} is certainly falfe in fact ; as I will venture 
 to affirm, every one will find that will but make 
 ten obfervations upon the regular ftrata of the earth, 
 in ten different places ^ it being far more common to 
 find the ftrata, which lye beneath the flutch and rub- 
 ble left by the waters of the deluge, upon the furface 
 of the earth, inclined in various direftions, rather than 
 horizontally difpcfed; which muft undeniably prove 
 that fuch Jirata have been moved or difplaced, and of 
 courfe, that the effects of the deluge reached below what 
 is called by fome, the f aft-ground, or what our Author 
 imagines to have been the fur face of the Earth before 
 the flood. And I dare fay, if he will have the earth 
 opened in the places, where the above mentioned 
 horns of the moofe-deer, &c. were found, deeper 
 than ten feet, he will difcover as many infallible marks 
 of the deluge, as the horns, &c. of the aforefaid 
 animals, fuch, for inftance, as fea- (hells, teeth and 
 bones of other animals, or plants, &c. At lead 
 fuch are frequently found in England, beneath 
 what is commonly called Slutcb; and I fuppofe Ireland 
 was not more favoured during the deluge than Eng- 
 land. In fhorr, what is called Slutcb y is no more, (as 
 I obierved before) than that matter, which the waters 
 in their retreat from the ea*& at the end of the deluge, 
 left on places fit to receive it, as the/^/j on the fides 
 of mountains, the bottoms of daks, va/Jifs y &:
 
 the fubftance of which this matter confifts, and the 
 manner in which it lies, evidently prove; it being 
 generally of a mixed nature, confifting of various fub- 
 ftances, and lying, not in regular ftrata, as Hone, 
 chalk, &c. do, but in fmall feams or ftreaks, of un- 
 equal breadth in different parts, and in a train, juft 
 as the laft fediment of water would naturally leave it. 
 So that it is no wonder his Lp. cannot be of opinion 
 that all the metallic and mineral matter of the earth 
 was diffolvedvrfeparated and reduced to its original atoms 
 at the Deluge, when it does not appear from-4iis ob- 
 fervations, that he ever examined the earth below ten 
 feet, but judged of the effefts of the Deluge upon the 
 whole body of the earth, from what was tranfacled only, 
 and that very weakly, on the fuperficial fart. But I 
 hope to make -it evident, both from fcripture and na- 
 ture, that all the ftrata offtone, coal, chalk, fciV. and all 
 the veins of ore in the antediluvian earth were aQually 
 diffolved, their conftituent corpufcles feparated one from 
 another, and when in this ftate of feparation, were 
 mixed with a large quantity of water, fo that the 
 whole was reduced to a fluid colluvies. But of this in 
 its due place and order. 
 
 HAVING premifed thus much; I mail now endea- 
 vour to lay before the reader a plain, clear, and full 
 account of the Deluge , firft, as defcribed in Scrip- 
 ture; fecondly, as confirmed by other hiftorical evi- 
 dence ; and thirdly, as corroborated by the prefent 
 natural ftate of the eaith. And I hope to bring fuch 
 proof of every materisft-cif cumftance, that all, except 
 thofe who will not fee, mall be able to difcern the 
 manifold evidence for this wonderful tranfaction. And 
 ,in explaining this event, I defign to have particular 
 regard to the two above-mentioned exceptionable ar- 
 ticles of our author, not only becaufe He has afierted
 
 them, but becaufe maty, other wife learned and ju- 
 dicious writers, as Voffms, Bifhop Stilling fleet, &c. and 
 fome fuppofed to be learned,- as Dr. Burnet, Mr. Whif- 
 ton, &c. have maintained the fame, and his Lp. has 
 flickered himielf under fome of their names. 
 
 WITH regard to the Scripture account, I begin with 
 Gen. vi. 13. And God f aid unto Noah, The end of all 
 fiejb is come before me : for the earth is filled with -vio- 
 lence through them: and behold I will deftroy THEM with 
 the EARTH. So that the Earth itfelf, as well as its 
 inhabitants, was to be deftroyefl,. The Earth, as we arc 
 told before, was corrupt before God -, its primitive good- 
 nefs and fertility had been abufed and perverted by 
 man, and inftead of rendering him more dependent 
 on and thankful to his Creator, caufed him to aflume 
 independency, and even to deify the earth, the imme- 
 diate producer of its fruits, and to forget GOD the ori- 
 ginal Author and Former of all. b So that GOD (in 
 C 
 
 * Gen. vi. 12. /^WGoD looked upon the earth, and behold it was 
 corrupt ; for all fejh bad coh-npted H^s WAY upon the earth, 1. e. 
 GOD'S way ; for their own IK ay was corrupt enough ; and they could 
 not properly be laid to have corrupted That. Noah we find, was 
 exempted from the general deftruftion, becaufe (Gen. vi. 9.) he walked 
 with GOD, ;'. e. he went in the true way, obferved the precepts of 
 the true religion, or did not depart from his GOD, CHRIST, (who is 
 filled THE WAY, 'John xiv. 6. and is the LIVING WAY, Heb. x. 20). 
 But all thofe who do dtpart, and fet up other gods, other faviours, 
 new protectors, of what kind or fort fot<uer, are fermed Idolaters, A- 
 poftates, Imogir.crs', Ccrrupters of the way, &c. and fuch will be guilty 
 of every evil work as well as thought ; for as their perverted thoughts 
 or imaginations lead the way, fo bad practice will of courfe enfue. 
 ' Corrupting, (fays dinjkvorth on the place) is in fpecial applied to 
 ' Idolatry, and depraving of GOD'S true fervice. Exod. xxxii. 7. 
 ' Deut. xxxii. 5. Judg. ii. 19. as, the people arefaidto do corruptly, 
 2 Cbron. xxvii. z. when they facrifced and burnt incttife in the high- 
 ' places, 2 Kings xv. 35. So Idolatry was their chief corruption here, 
 as may alfo be gathered by Gen. iv. 26. fee the Annotations there.'
 
 judgment always remembering mercy) determines to 
 deftroy by a flood of waters the Earth that then was, 
 retrench its luxuriancy, and fo take away the caufeof 
 the general corruption ; that thus by altering the ftate 
 of the earth, he might neceffitate man to a greater 
 degree of labour, fhorten the period of human life, 
 and demonftrate to the future race of men, their real 
 weaknefs and abfolute dependence on Him. Hence 
 appears the neceffity for the deftruBion of the whole 
 globe. So that the opinion of thofe who have carried 
 a -partial flood to the greateft extent, and allowed that 
 all mankind, except thofe in the ark, were deflroyed ; 
 imagining that mankind inhabited only a large part 
 of the world ; but the brute- animals , the 'whole ; and 
 that the deluge did not reach beyond the parts inha- 
 bited by man (for wbofe Jake alone they fuppofe the 
 flood to have been brought upon the earth) fo that the 
 parts inhabited by beafts only, as the -Continent of 
 America, &c. were exempted from the dellruclion, 
 and the animals thereon preferved alive (by which they 
 think they get over one difficulty, viz. the repleni/hing 
 the earth with animals after the flood:) even this 
 opinion, I fay, will not ftand the teft of the Scripture 
 account; for the Deluge, we fee, was not aimed iblely 
 at the inhabitants of the earth, but included alfo the 
 Earth itfelf. Had Man been the only intended objett 
 of dtftruBion, there v/ere many ways to take him off; 
 there was the Famine, the Sword, the Peftilence, Fire, 
 Wind, and Storm at the wor d or command of GOD ; and 
 either of thefe might have been employed, without un- 
 hinging the whole frame of the earth, and dijjolving all 
 the fo lid ftrata thereof. But this laft method was in- 
 tended, was threatned, was executed, was neceffary ; 
 and therefore the Deluge UNIVERSAL. 
 
 I PROCEED with the Scripture account, ver. 14, 
 Make thee an Ark of gopher-wood; (rooms jhalt thou 
 make in the Ark) and Jhall pitch it within and without
 
 [ 19 ] 
 
 with pitch. And this is the fajhion which thou Jhalt make 
 it of-, the length of the Ark jh all be three hundred cubits, 
 the breadth of it fifty cubits, and the height of it thirty 
 cubits : (a window /halt thou make to the Ark') and in 
 a cubit JJjalt thou finifh it above : (and the door of the 
 Ark Jh alt thou fet in the fide thereof) with lower, fecond, 
 and third ft ories Jhalt thou make it. And behold I, even 
 I, do bring a flood of waters upon the earth to deftroy all 
 flejh, wherein is the breath of life, from under heaven, and 
 every thing that is in the earth Jhall die. But with thce 
 will I eflablijh my covenant : and thouJJoalt come into the 
 
 e I have included this fentence, together with one juft before, and 
 another^almoft immediately following, in parenthefes, as the fenfe of 
 the Context requires, and the Original fully juilifies : for the word it 
 in the next fentence, viz. in a cubit Jhalt tbou finijb it above, plainly 
 refers to the Ark hot to the fffuutnv ; fince the relative it is in the 
 feminine gender, and the word for Ark in the feminine alfo, but the 
 word for Window is in the mafculine ; fo the fentence where That is, 
 muft be taken fsparately from the reft, or included in a parenthefis. 
 And the fenfe is, In a cubit thou Jhalt finijh it (the Ark') above, that 
 is, the top part of the roof of the Ark was to be made a cubit high 
 in the middle, and Hoping on each fide ; on purpofe I fuppofe that 
 the rain and moiflure, which might fall during the Deluge, mould 
 eafiiy flide off, without damaging the Ark. 
 
 As Commentators have been much puzzled concerning what this 
 Windo-jj in the Ark was, and I know but one Author that has pro- 
 perly explained it, and fince his treatife is fcarce, (viz. DICKINSOM- 
 Phyfica <vetus & <vera) I mall lay down, and endeavour to prove the 
 
 certainty of his explication. The common opinion is, that this 
 
 Windo-M was a Hole in the uf per part of the Ark about a cubit [quart, 
 or a cubit in height ; but how fuch a cavity as this could poflibly af- 
 ford light to the three fiories of the Ark (one of which wasdoubtlefs 
 underwater) and to all t\&feparate partitions in thofeftories, and to 
 the many 1'rJ/iuges leading to thofe partitions, and this during the 
 night, at leaft feme part of the night, as well as in the day, is alto- 
 gether inconceivable : fo^that this opinion, I think, cannot be true. 
 But (z* 1 *'] the foundation on which it is built, viz. thpfe words, /// 
 cubit tbou Jhalt fnijh it above, reft- r, as I have already fhew'd, to 
 the Ark, and not to the m/dw. So that (3 dl > r -) let the reader r*-
 
 [20] 
 
 Ark; thov.) and thy fans i and thy wife, and thy fons wives 
 with thee. And of every living thing of allflejh^ tiyo of 
 every fort jhalt thou bring into the Ark to keep them alive 
 with thee : they Jhall be male and female. Of fowls after 
 their kind y and of cattle after their kind, of every creeping 
 thing cf the earth after his kind: two of every fort Jhall 
 ccme unto thee, to keep them alive. And take thou unto 
 thee of all food that i* eaten, and thou Jhalt gather it to 
 thee ; and it Jhall be food for thee and for them. Thus did 
 Noah ; according to all that God commanded him fo did be. 
 WHAT Forefight and Wifdom were here requiiite ! I 
 have already proved that the Deluge was zfupernatural 
 
 irember, there is no precife outward form afcribed to this Window. 
 And (4 thl) ") what is tranflated, A window thou /halt make TO THE 
 ARK, if, render'd according to the Original, is, for, or for the ufe of 
 the ark, LaTaBE ; fo that a window in the common acceptation of 
 the word, canfcarcely be the meaning of the infpired writer. jtiuy. 
 The word JER (tranflated window) properly denotes a clear light, 
 and as IJER fignifying oil, comes fiom the fame root, and both are 
 derived from a verb, fignifying tojbine bright, fothe command here 
 given to Noah, in all probability was, to make a clear Jhining jub- 
 Jlance, or a bright oleaginous matter, for the ufe of the Ark. Now 
 fach would certainly be of great fervice by affording light to every 
 feparate room fmce it might be hungup in fmall *v?J}els, or other- 
 wife, as the circumllanccs of time and place required : this fubftance 
 too might be of fuch a falutifcrous nature, or fend forth fuch vivify -\ 
 ing rays, as would greatly conduce to the health of the animal f in 
 the Ark. That it is poffible to make fuch a felf-Jkining matter, 
 either liqtid Of folid, the bermetical Phcfpbor of Balduinus, the 
 aerial and glacial Noflilucas of Mr. Boyle, and the Pantarba of 
 Jarcbus, (which laft * ihone in the day, as fire, and at night emit- 
 * ted a flame or light, as bright as day, tho' not altogether fo ttrong') 
 and many other preparations cf the like fort fufficiently evince (fee 
 Stackhoufe's Hijiory of the Bible, Vol. I. p. I 30.) ; and that it 
 might have been, or that many have been, of the above fuppofed 
 falutiftrcui nature, Widerifitlct in his fecond Book de Medicamentit 
 has plainly fhew'd. And by the command here given to Noah, 
 without any particular directions about preparing this fubftance, we 
 may fairly coiled, that he well knew of what, and in what man- 
 ner, to make it. 6^ h ^- The Jtwifi Rabbles feem to have had
 
 act, and it is undeniably certain that no human know- 
 ledge, no natural experience, no deduction from caufes 
 or effects, could poffibly have given mankind the ieaft 
 notice of fuch an event : of courfe a revelation (as Mo fa 
 informs us) muft have been made to Noah, in order that 
 he might forefee and be provided againft fuch a tranf- 
 action. And not only a revelation of the Fact, buf. 
 the Means alfo declared, by which he might avoid 
 the confequences of it, and have time to take due care 
 fortheprefervationof himfelf and family, and for re- 
 plenifhing the earth with a flock of its former inhabi- 
 tants. As he was told that the whole earth was to be 
 
 ibme notion of the true meaning of the word under confideration' 
 by fup}X)fmg that it denoted a large bright Ca>t>urc/f, or frcdou? 
 ftone, which Noah hung up in the middle of the Ark, to give 1^ 
 all around ; but this certainly would not wholly anfwer the end, to*" 
 fuch a ftone (fuppofing there was fuch) could not emit light into 
 every feparate partition, and all the paffages leading to the partiti- 
 ons, &c; fo that fame fuch Jhlning Sub/lance, as the above, which 
 might be carried in the hand from p'ace to place, or hung up, 
 or &c. was certainly neceflary and intended. 7 thl y- The Chaldee 
 Faraphrafe renders the woj:d for window by one fignifying fimply 
 light. 8 thl y- The Scptutgint Tranflators (probably not knowing 
 any word in the Greek that would anfwer to the Hebrew ] E R) have 
 omitted or elfe have fubftituted a \'erb (etrMvctfuv} for it, which con- 
 veys neither the idea of/ig/jf nor window ; and this certainly they would 
 not have done, had they thought the word meant a common window. 
 9 thl >' < But what adds great confirmation to the above expofition 
 is that the common word for window [viz. HaLUN, which is de- 
 rived from a verb fignifying to horc or cut thr<? t and properly de- 
 notes a Hole or Window in a building] is not ufed in this place j 
 and yet it is ufed in the account of the Ark, Gen. vii. 6. where 
 Noah is faid to have opened the Vf'indsiv of the Ark and let out a ru- 
 men. Here a Window as generally underftood, is certainly meant, 
 and the common and proper word [HaLUN, not JER] is ufed; 
 which evidently mews that fome other interpretation than that of 
 Window, muft be attributed to the word JER; and fince the fignifi.- 
 cation I have above contended for is ib remarkably corrobtf/ated by 
 fuch a number of circumftahces, \ye may, I prefume, juftly con- 
 clude it to be the true.
 
 [22] 
 
 deftroyed by a flood of water, fb the moft he could pre- 
 conceive concerning the impending danger (allowing 
 he could conjecture thus much, which, unlefs Ship- 
 ping had been in ufe before the flood, he probably 
 could not) was, that a veflel of wood would be the 
 moft likely means of faving him, and all that was 
 neceffary to be fecured : but of what fize or form to 
 make this vefiel, that it might fuitably contain the 
 thmgs that were to be taken in, and anfwer in all other 
 refpects, no human wifdom, I believe, could poffcbly 
 adjuft. Had man been left to himfelf to form a veffel 
 that fliould conveniently hold a certain number of all 
 the 'various fpecies of birds ^ beafis, and creeping^ things in 
 the earth, and contain alfo proper and fufficient food 
 for them for the fpace of a whole year ', (forfo long the 
 Dduge lafted) he probably would have made the vef- 
 iel" unnecefiarily big, even fo large as to endanger it's 
 fafety : and this is pretty certain, from the objections 
 which thofe who have laid claim to the greateft mare of 
 human Reafon (viz. our wife free or rather no-thinkers} 
 have made to the Mofaic account, fuppofing the Ark 
 therein defcribed to have been of too narrow dimenfions. 
 But the wifdom of man is foolijhncfs with GOD, and 
 every objection to Scripture proves nothing but the 
 folly of the objector, which in this cafe is abundantly 
 manifefti for after the ftricteft examination and moft 
 accurate furvey, it has been proved by feveral learned 
 perfons, that the fize of the Ark, as given by Mofes, 
 was exactly correfpondent to the things that were to 
 be taken in. d And tho' Mofes could not but forefee, 
 that fuch objections as thefe would be raifed againft 
 
 * See BUTEO de Area Not ; cujus form* & capacitatis fuerat. 
 Sir WALTER RALEIGH'S HiJJotj of the World, Book I. Chap, 7. 
 $ 9. TLv<t the Ark <was of fuff.dent capacity. Bifhop WJL KIN'S 
 f>ffay toivards a real char after and a pbiiofcphical language. PzK 
 II. Chap. v. $. 6.
 
 [23] 
 
 his account, yet he left it to ftand the teft, barely re- 
 lating the fact, not anxioufly explaining the reafon of 
 every thing , well knowing that he was directed in what 
 he faid by Infinite Wifdorn, who would order all things 
 in meafure^ and number , and weighty and quite fatisfied 
 that if man would but act the proper part and ufe his 
 Reafon aright, that is, not judge till he had well 
 weighed and confidered the fubject, the juftnefs and 
 propriety of what he related would eminently appear. 
 [Hence, by the way, we may fee the great neceflity 
 of much natural knowledge in order to apprehend the 
 philofophical parts of the Bible, and that Mofes did 
 not fuit his defcriptions of things to the capacities of 
 the vulgar, but wrote for the moft improved Under- 
 frandings.] Again ; as it was necefiary that Iwo at 
 leaft of each fpecies of animals of the land and air^ and 
 thefe a male and female (for future propagation; fhould 
 be taken into the Ark, fo it was impoflible that Noah 
 and his family of themfelves could have collected them 
 together ; many of the creeping kind&tt fo fmall as to 
 efcape the human fight, unaffifted by the beft GlafTes, 
 and probably many there are that cannot be difcerned 
 even by the help of them, at leaft fo far as to difcover 
 which are male and which fema/e ; others are of fo fwift 
 a flight, or of fo wild and rapacious a nature that they 
 cannot be caught and tamed by man: GOD therefore 
 muft have directed the fever al kinds in fuitable numbers 
 to the Ark (probably in the manner he influenced them 
 to come to Adam^ when they were firfl named. 
 Gen. ii. 19.) Agreeably to this Mofes informs us that 
 the fame divine Perfon who forewarned Noah of the 
 flood, aflfured him, that two [or rather as the word 
 may be render'd couples ; for more than two of fome 
 fpecies were taken in] of every fort Jhould come unto "him 
 
 10 be kept alive. Gen. vi. 20. All thefe articles 
 
 were neceflary to be known, all thefe preparations 
 neceffary to be made by thoic who could poffibly be
 
 C ?*] 
 
 faved, and anfwer the end of their falvation (by being 
 able to replenifh the Earth with a ftock of its former 
 inhabitants) in fuch a Flood as was That in the time 
 of Neah. But thefe articles could not be known, nor 
 could thefe preparations be made without divine ajfift- 
 ance ; fuch affiftanc^ therefore was undeniably given to 
 Noah ; and it is equally undeniable, that all thofe who 
 had it not, periflied. Hence our Saviour reprefents the 
 Flood as coming upon the ungodly quite unexpectedly, 
 Matt. xxiv. 38. In the days that were before the flood^ 
 they were eating and drinking, marrying and giving in 
 marriage, until the day that Noah entered into the ark, and 
 KNEW NOT until the flood came and took them ALL away. 
 Surely then none either did, or could efcape ; for, if 
 even a few had reached the higheft mountains, yet as 
 they had had no time to prepare themfelves with food 
 and the common neceflaries of life, they mull foon 
 have perimed thro* hunger. 
 
 AGAIN ; had not the Deluge been univerfal, but 
 partial only, and extended even over one half of the 
 globe, there certainly had been no need of the Ark, 
 Noah and his family might have retired from the de- 
 ftru&ion, in the fame manner as Lot and his family 
 did from that of Sodom and the countries adjacent, into 
 fome other part of the earth ; and this might have 
 been done in much Jefs time and with far lefs care and 
 trouble, than to have built fo large a veflel as the Ark 
 was, and prepared all the nece0ary things for the 
 fafety of the animals that were to be included. At 
 leail had the Deluge been partial, there had been no 
 occafion of taking in animals of every kind^ male and 
 female of every fort to keep feed dive upon the face of all 
 ihe earthy (Gen. vii. 3.) for had any iflands or countries 
 with the creatures peculiar thereunto, been exempted 
 from the common calamity (as our Author fuppofes) 
 it had been needlefs to have preferved fuch by means 
 of the Ark 3 or indeed to have taken in any of the
 
 [ 25 ] 
 
 Brute-creation at all, fmce they might have been con- 
 ducted to thofe parts of the earth which the Deluge 
 reached not, by the fame means that they were 
 brought to the ark to be faved thereby ; many of the 
 beafs fuch as are of the fwift and wild kind, might eafily 
 have efcaped thither -, and the birds without difficulty, 
 might have fled, from the approaching danger, into the 
 molt diftant regions of the earth. But as all this pre- 
 caution was taken, all thefe meafures executed, it is 
 certain that GOD intended that the Deluge fhould be 
 ttniverfal , and we mail fee hereafter from the effefts of 
 it, that it really was fo. 
 
 FOR, as foon as Noah and the animals were entered 
 into the ark, we are told, that 
 
 All the Fountains of the Great Deep were broken up. 
 
 THE Maker of this earth (who certainly knows its 
 inward as well as outward ftrudure) has inform'd us, 
 that there is a vafl collection of waters within it, cha- 
 racterifed (to diftinguim it from all lejjer Deeps, Seas, 
 &c.) under the name of the GREAT D-E E P; 
 it is called Gen. xlix. 25. The Deep that lieth under, 
 \. e. the earth; and Dcut. xxxiii. 13. The Deep that 
 coucheth beneath : and in the fecond commandment is in- 
 cluded under the term ot the Water under the earth. 
 From this refervoir all fountains and rivers receive 
 their fupplies as the wifeft of natural Philofophers has 
 told us, Ecdef.i. 7. All the rivers run into the Sea [the 
 general collection of waters, part high up, and part 
 beneath, the earth] yet the Sea is not full [doth not 
 reach the height of, or run over, its mores]. Unto the 
 place from whence the risers came^ thither they return 
 again.* The fhell of the earth is reprefcnted as 
 lying directly over this abyfs, or covering it as an 
 
 e This collection of waters I have defoliated by G. H. in the fub- 
 fequent Plate, which the reader will confult, and alib what is faid i 
 Note k .
 
 [26] 
 
 Arch ftretched over an orb of water , fo the Pfalmift, 
 xxiv. i . The earth is the LORD'J ; for he hath FOUNDED 
 it UPON THE SEAS, and ESTABLISHED it UPON THE 
 FLOODS; and again, cxxxvi. O give thanks to tbe'LoRn 
 of Lords, 'who alone doth great wonders ; to Him (for 
 this is a wonderful and very beneficial act) that 
 STRETCHED OUT the earth above the waters: So of the 
 jirft fediment, jlrata, and laying the foundations of the 
 earth, Prov. viii. 27. Whm he -prepared the heavens, 1 
 was there; when he fet a Circle upon the face of the 
 Depth ; when he appointed the foundations of the earth. 
 And Job xxxviii. 4. Where waft thou when I laid the 
 foundations of the earth ? Whereupon are the fockets 
 thereof faftened ? Or who had laid the Corner- flone [the 
 key-ftone of the arch] thereof? And ch. xxvi. 10. He 
 fet a Circle upon the face of the waters. So that the 
 fhell of the earth is of a circular form, comprehending 
 (as the fnell of an Egg contains the Fluid within) an 
 crb of water, according to the delineation in the Plate, 
 where F. denotes the cruft of the earth, and G. H. the 
 fluid within. Thus were things fituated before the 
 Flood, and thus indeed are they at preferit. 
 
 BUT before I can mew what the alterations wej-e 
 that were made in the terraqueous Globe at the time 
 of the Deluge, what Agents were employed, and 
 the Manner of their acting, it will be proper to fay 
 ibmething of the original formation of the earth. 
 
 THE firft Agent that is mentioned to have had any 
 effect towards reducing thcformlefs mafs of the earth 
 into fliape, is the Spirit, Gen. i. 2. And the Spirit of 
 GOD moved upon ihe face of ihs waters. What this 
 Spirit is may be judged of from fimilar pafftges in 
 Scripture. The word rendered Spirit [RUE] is the 
 fame as is ufually translated Wind, and denotes Air 
 in wot ion, as If a. xl. 7. The grafs wither eth, the fower 
 fc.dcth; bccauje the Spirit of the LORD BLOWETH upon
 
 [ 271 
 
 it : here certainly the natural motion of the wind is 
 meant , as alfo it is in the following paffage, Pfalm 
 cxlvii. 1 6. He givetb fnow like wool; fcatteretb the 
 boar-froft like ajhes. He caftetb forth his ice like mor- 
 fels ; who can ft and before his cold ? He fendeth out his 
 Word [lymbolically placed for the Light cf the Sun ; 
 as his real Son is the Light of the world, and the Word 
 of life] and melteth them : he caufeth his Wind [RUE, 
 his Spirit] to blow, and the waters flow. So alfo, Job 
 xxx vii. 21. And now men fee not the bright light which 
 is in the clouds [more properly it means, in thejkies] : 
 but the Wind [the Spirit] paffetb away and cleanfcth them; 
 i. e. by the motion of the air the iky is cleared, and the 
 light rendered vifible. So again, ch. xxxvi. 16. By his 
 Spirit he hath garnijhed the Heavens. But what more 
 evidently confirms the above interpretation is, that at 
 the time of the Deluge when the Earth was totally dif- 
 folved, and. all things in \hzfame confufed Hate they were 
 at the beginning of its firft formation, the fame Agent 
 is mentioned to have been employed towards the re- 
 forming of it, viz. Gen. viii. i. And GOD made a 
 Wind ( RUE, the Spirit] to pafs over the earth and the 
 waters ajjwaged. Here certainly a motion in the air is 
 meant, and as certainly it is to be underftood in the 
 former cafe when we are told, that the jpirit ef Goo 
 moved upon the face of the waters; i. e. GOD by his 
 immediate power caufed a motion or raifed an agi- 
 tation in the (before) dark, ftagnant Air around the 
 earth, (and it is called His Spirit, bccaufe he alone 
 did, or indeed could, produce fuch a motion) which 
 MeReHPeT, MOVED ; this word in the original, as his 
 Lp. of Clogher obierves (who alfo allows that the Spi- 
 rit here fpoken of is the Air r ) fignifies properly ' a 
 
 f See bis Vindication of the bifivrics of the r.hi and ufw Tejlattfnt, 
 Part II. p. 47. Many ancient writers have thus interpreted it, as
 
 [a8 J 
 
 fhivermg or tremulous kind of motion, fuch as a man 
 maketh, when he fhaketh for fear ; in which fenfe 
 the word is ufed Jer. xxiii. 9. or as a hen [Deaf. 
 xxxii, u. an eagle} ufeth when fhe expandeth her 
 body and wings [fiuttereth] over her brood of 
 chickens [her young ones]. And therefore this word 
 is elegantly expreffive of the vibrating motion of tie 
 Air? This action of the air, we are told, \yas upon 
 ibe face of the water 's, i. e. upon \hefurface of the fluid 
 turbid mafs of the earth, and therefore would have 
 fuitable effects upon it, i. e. by furrounding and com- 
 preffing the outfide, would determine the earth to be 
 of a fyherical or orbicular fhape, as the action of the 
 Air upon any fluid body, fufpended in ir, at prefent 
 determines it to be. But the grofs action of the Spi- 
 rit alone could not enter much beyond the furface 
 or caufe any great alteration in the Injide ; fome other 
 therefore more fubtle, penetrating Agent than this, 
 was requifite to form thejhell cf the earth or drive to- 
 gether the folid atoms thereof. Accordingly the 
 next thing we read of was the Production of Light. 
 
 Pbifo "Judfeus, Martain de Borbai, "Joannes Mariana, and two or three 
 of the Fathers were of this opinion, as his Lp. obferves. And even 
 Hobbes (whofe opinion may pleafe fome perfons better than any one's 
 elfe) argues thus, (Lei-iat. p. 208.) 4 Gen. i. 2. The Spirit of GOD 
 
 * moved upcn the face of the waters. Here if by the Spirit cfGoo 
 ' be meant GOD himfelf, then is motion attributed to GOD, andcon- 
 
 * fequently place, which are intelligible only of bodies, and not of 
 
 * fubftances incorporeal ; and fo the place is above our underihnding, 
 c that can conceive nothing moved that changes not place, or that has 
 ' not dimenfion ; and whatfoever has dimenfion is body. But the 
 4 meaning of thofe words is beft underftood by the like places, Gee. 
 viii. i. Where when the earth were covered with waters, as in the 
 
 * beginning, GOD intending to abate them and again to difcover the 
 ' dryland, ufeth the like words, I will bring my Spirit upon the curt b t 
 
 * and the tnatertjball be dimlnijhed: In which place by Spirit is un- 
 derftood a wind, (that is, an air or fyirit moved'] which might be 
 called (as in the former place) the Sfifit of GOD, becaufe it was 
 GOD'S work.'
 
 And GOD faid [decreed, commanded] Let there be 
 Light ; and there was Light. 
 
 HERE an Agent is introduced, the moft fubtlc 
 as well as moft powerful of any in nature. We all 
 know, that Light paffes freely thro' the hardeft and 
 clofeft of terreftrial fubftances, and when its atoms 
 are collected in a focus, will feparate and difiblve the 
 parts of the moft compact body. Here then are 
 two very powerful Agents , one that difplays itfelf 
 principally by preJJ'ure, the other by penetration. And 
 what might not fuch Agents as thefe do, in the hand 
 of the mighty Creator ? No Command in Nature 
 could be infuperable to fuch fervants, under the 
 direction of fuch a Mailer. We need not therefore 
 wonder, if we mould hear of great and mighty events 
 brought about by thefe Agents in ever fo ihort a fpace 
 of time, nay, if the earth, from a formlefs, fluid, 
 confufed mafs^ mould be made, within the fpace of a 
 day or two, into a folid habitable Globe. To effect 
 which, thefe Agents are put in commiflion by the fol- 
 lowing Command. 
 
 And God j aid, Let there be a Firmament [Marg. Ex- 
 pail/ion] in t fa MIDST of the WATERS \\htfluid, chaotic 
 mafs of the Earth, called Waters before, ver. 2.] and 
 let it [there] divide the waters from the waters. The 
 reader then will remember that this whole tranfaction 
 was to be upon or in the Earth, not in the midft of the 
 heavens or in the Air at a vaft diftance from the Earth, 
 as many Commentators have imagined, but the whole 
 tranfaftion was to be in the midft of the waters of the 
 Earth. And the words plainly imply, as others in 
 this chapter do, a Command to natural Agents to 
 operate. Light had been formed, had reached and 
 afted upon this Globe : and wherever Light and Spi- 
 rit [or Air in motion] are, there would of courfe be 
 a ftruggl$ between them, and this ftruggle would pro-
 
 duce an Expanfion, this expaniion a divifion, and fo 
 on. The word tor Firmament, RaQjo, explains what 
 the Firmament is ; the word fignifies, as we fee in 
 the margin of our bibles, Expanfton, and the mean- 
 ing is, Let the Light and Spirit expand and diffufe 
 themfelves, and let them prefs into the mixture, called 
 Waters^ and let them act in, among, or between the 
 'parts of it, and drive the folid parts together, and 
 thereby make a feparation, and with the parts fepa- 
 rated a dhijton or wall between the waters ; fo that 
 one moiety of the waters mall Jie on one fide of this 
 wall, and the other on the other fide. To explain 
 how this was done : the Earth, we are told, was 
 created void, (Gen. i. 2.) i. e. hollow, emptyivithin (as 
 the word means Ifa. xlv. 18.) or with a large central 
 Hollow (called, Job xxxviii. 8. the womb of the earth) 
 rilled only with air, as every hollow place in the earth 
 at prefent \sfilled. As foon therefore as the light had 
 reached .this central or inward air, there would in- 
 itantly commence a conflict between them, or a ftrug- 
 gling this way and that as from a center; which is ob- 
 vious to every ordinary capacity in the cafe of a blad- 
 der that is flaccid or half- filled with air, when held 
 before the fire. The light, (which not even the 
 clofeft-compacted fubflance can deny a paffage to) 
 iflues forth from the fire, and penetrates the pores of 
 the bladder, drives itfelf in amongft the grofs air, 
 which muft force That to pum itfelf every way out- 
 ward, and diftend the fides of the bladder that in- 
 clofes it. Thus would the inward Expanfe or ex- 
 panding-air act upwards every way from the center 
 to the circumference of the Chaotic mixture , while 
 the out-ward Expanfe or the light and fpirit on the 
 outftde of this globe would act downwards on and 
 through every part of it. And by thefe two equal 
 and counter-acting agents the earthy Qr folid ^par Is of
 
 [30 
 
 the chaotic mafs would be driven together into a 
 fpbericaljbett at a confiderable diftance irorn the cen- 
 ter of the earth, and there be fuftained ; and as the 
 earthy or folid parts would be driven together into a 
 clofe hard fhell or cruft, fo by the fame action would 
 the fluids be permitted to (lip between on each fide 
 of this cruft. Thus would \hzjhell of ftone or tbe 
 Earth be formed between two orbs of water ; one orb 
 would cover the outward furface ; the other would 
 cover, or by the force of the expanding air from the 
 center, be prefled clofe to, the inward furface of the 
 earth. Such being the fituation of things, it will 
 now be apparent to every one how the earth was 
 founded upon and formed between the waters. And as 
 the fliell or cruft of the earth was driven together by 
 the expanfive power of the air, and formed between 
 two orbs of water, fo the Firmament acted the part it 
 was commanded of dividing the waters from the waters. 
 
 AND as the Expanfion had this power from the 
 Creator (for He firft caufed the motion in the, before, 
 dark ftagnant air ; that motion, produced Light , that 
 Light and that Spirit an Exparfon, &c.) and as it was 
 now immediately under the influence of its Maker , 
 and acted according to his Directions; fo (and to pre- 
 vent the Ifraelites from imagining it to be a God, and 
 not the work of GOD, as the idolatrous nations did) 
 Mofes adds, 
 And God MADE the Firmament; and divided the Heaters 
 
 which were under the Firmament, from the Waters 
 
 which were above the Firmament. 
 THIS is a further defcription of things, in order to 
 prevent our miftaking where the Waters divided, and 
 where the Airs dividing, were; and to prepare the 
 reader for what was to follow. The Expanje, as we 
 have feen, acted from above and from below, .and by 
 forming the cruft of the earth in the midft of the*
 
 [32] 
 
 Waters, feparated the waters from the waters , WhicK 
 waters, thus feparated, would be in two diftinct orbs ; 
 one covering the outward furface of the earth, which 
 therefore would juftly be defignated by the waters 
 under the open Air^ Heaven , Firmament ^ or Expan- 
 Jion; in the fame fenfe as the hills (Gen..v\\. 19.) are 
 faid to be under the heaven ; and as thefe waters then 
 covered the whole furface of the earth, they were 
 more immediately under the heaven. And as we 
 have feen already there was a body of expanding 
 air at and round the center of the earth, fo the wa- 
 ters that were directly above this inward Expanfion, 
 $. e. thofe which were clofe to the concave furface 
 of the earth, would properly be denominated Waters 
 
 above Air^ Firmament ', or Expan/ion.t That there 
 
 was really a body of expanding air at and round the 
 center of the earth (on which fuppofition the above 
 interpretation depends; and ignorance of this has 
 produced all the difficulty which this part of Scrip- 
 ture has been thought to labour under) is evident, not 
 only from its being afferted that the earth was created 
 comparatively hollow^ or filled only with air ; but from 
 the text under confideration : For (i ft.) here is ex- 
 prefs mention made of two Expanfes, and the opera- 
 
 s The reader may have an idea how things were fituated at this 
 time from the PLATE annexed (tho' not principally deiigned for this 
 purpofe) by a little mental alteration. Let D. denote the outward 
 Expanje^ (unrounding, compreffing and penetrating the mafs of the 
 Earth. Letthe vacant Space, E. (encompaffing the Earth) be fup- 
 pofed to be filled with the water H. as it was at this time, and then 
 this water will fignify the waters utidtr the [outward] Firmament or 
 Expanfe. Let the Spaces defignated by H. and 1. be filled with the 
 Air or Expanfe E. and then this will denote the in-Mard Expanfe t 
 acting upwards; and the orb of water G. will ftand for the waters 
 above the [inward] Firmament or Expanfe. 
 
 And thus the fhell of the Earth F. will be formed between two orbs 
 of wattr, by the a&ioa of the tiva
 
 [33 ] 
 
 tlon of each, as I have Ihewed already, was on or in 
 this earth. It is allowed by all, that one Expanfe 
 acted on the outward or convex furface of, the globe ; 
 the other therefore muft be within, and act on the 
 inward or concave furface. But (zdly.J had there 
 not been an Expanfion from within, or from below, 
 as well as from above, there could have been nofepa- 
 ration of waters from the waters, or the /hell of the 
 earth could not have been formed between the waters ; 
 for had the outward Expanic acted only, it would 
 have driven the folid parts of the terraqueous mafs 
 quite down to the center, in the fame manner as it 
 now precipitates mud or any earthy folid fubflances 
 through the waters of the fea ; and in this cafe the 
 earth would have been formed as a. folid ball, or kernel, 
 at the center , and all the water would have lain over 
 it in one united mafs, in the fame manner as the at- 
 mofphere at prefent covers the earth. But there was 
 a Separation of waters from the waters, by the interven- 
 ing Jhell of the earth, formed by the expanfive power of 
 the Air ; and therefore there was an inward Expanfton 
 
 as well as an outward. And as there was an orb 
 
 of water, feparated from the terraqueous mafs, by this 
 inward Expanfton, fo it could be no otherwife diftin- 
 guimed than by being called (as it. is) Waters above 
 the Firmament, or Expanfwn. But then a queftion may 
 be afked, How mould this inward orb of water be 
 fuftained, or kept clofe to the inward or concave fur- 
 face of the earth, and fo be prevented from falling 
 down to the center ? I anfwer, by the fame means 
 that the outward orb of water was kept clofe to the 
 outward or convex furface of the earth, or as the fea 
 is at prefent prevented from falling down through the 
 clouds (cfpccially at our antipodes, to fpeak as the vul- 
 gar would moft naturally think) or from returning 
 again to cover the earth (though the earth be rcvolv- 
 D
 
 [ 34] 
 
 ed fo immcnfely fwift on its axis) all which is ef- 
 fected by the compreffure of the Expanfion, or the Air 
 acting on the outward furface of it-, which Agent 
 might as well keep waters above it as under it ; for 
 there is no fuch thing as innate gravity, or natural 
 tendencies of bodies to centers, &c. All matter, as 
 our modern philofophers allow, is dead, innert, in^, 
 attive, quite indifferent to every kind of motion ; and 
 therefore cannot poflibly move unlefs impelled , and 
 which way fo ever it is impelled, either upwards, down- 
 wards, or fideways, thither it muft move. Sir Ifaac 
 Newton in feveral parts of his writings fpeaks of Gra- 
 vity as being no more than Impulfe, and attributes the 
 Caufe of it to an <etherial medium, or jubtile fluid *; 
 which way foever therefore fuch a fluid impels, that 
 way muft motion be. And with regard to up and 
 down, or above and below, every child in philofophy 
 knows that they are only relative terms, refpecting 
 our fituation upon the earth. No fuch difference can 
 properly be applied to the inanimate agents ; which 
 muft of courie act uniformly the fame, up or down, 
 juft as they are placed, and have room to exert their 
 power : And as at this time they were differently 
 fituated from what they are nowj there being a body 
 of expanding-air at the center, as well as one upon 
 the circumference of the earth, fo each would pro- 
 duce the fame effect on the fide it acted againft, /. f. 
 feparate andfupport an orb of water. 
 
 THE Earth being thus totally covered with water* 
 the next requifite ftep would be to free its furface of 
 this fluid, and permit the dry land to appear. 
 
 HENCE we read the next Command of GOD was, 
 And GOD faid, Let the water under the Heaven be 
 gathered together unto one place [or be united], and let 
 the dry-land appear. The waters were before in two 
 
 " Frittc. Mat. 3 d. Edit. p. 147. i8S. 488. Optics p. 323. 29.
 
 [ 35 1 
 
 places i one orb, covering the outward furface of the 
 earth \ the other, incloled within its inward furface. 
 The former of thefe muft be gathered to the latter, 
 that is, the waters that were under the heaven or open 
 air (viz. thofe which were upon the outward furface of 
 the earth, and which prevented the appearance of the 
 dry-ground) were to be gathered together to thcfe be- 
 neath the earth, which was the only place where there 
 were other waters. The manner how this was effected 
 by the Agents then in Commiffion may eafily be con- 
 ceived. As the matter of the heavens would be more 
 and more melted down by the intenfe fiie at the focus 
 of the primaeval light, fo would the flrength of the 
 Expansion be increafed, in proportion to the quantity 
 of matter melted, and the degree of agitation , and 
 how great its force muft have been on this the third 
 day, may be partly gathered from the extent of its 
 fphere on the fourth, which reached by that time the 
 other orbs, and even the fixed ftars, as is evident from 
 ver. 17. The Light and Spirit having fuch an im- 
 menfe fphere of action, and acting very powerfully 
 near the earth (as is certain from the quick growth 
 of vegetables, &c. on this, the third day) would prefs ' 
 ftrongly upon the outward furface of it ; and by the 
 continual and new admiffion of light, through the melt 
 to the central air, the inward expan/ion would be vaftly 
 heightened and increafed (in the manner defcribed p. 
 30.) and by this means would be made to act more 
 forcibly againft the inward or concave furface of the 
 earth. This force continuing to act with increafed 
 vigour, would foon crack, cleave, and break the fhell 
 of the earth in many places, and fo make room for 
 the waters that covered the outward furface to defcend, 
 or be prefied down through thefe cracks ; and as the 
 inward air went out, the outward orb of waters would 
 rufli in, and fupply its place -, and fo be mixed or 
 united with the waters that were beneath the earth.
 
 [3H 
 
 And thus by the waters under the heaven [viz. thofe 
 that once filled the Space E] being gathered together 
 to thofe that were beneath the earth, [viz. H. where 
 was the one place appointed for them all, and when united 
 in this one place they would conftitute the Great Abyfs^ 
 G. H.] the dry-land would of courfe appear, and the 
 Command be effected. And GOD called the dry -I and 
 
 [that which was at firft immerfed in the waters, but 
 now prominent above them] EARTH -, and the Gather- 
 ing together [the whole collection] of the waters, called 
 he [under the general Name of] SEAS. And thus 
 would the Earth be formed, much of the fame fhape 
 it is at prcfent, and as the Plate annexed reprefents it. 
 FROM the defcription here given how the Earth was 
 at firft formed, we may obtain an eafy folution of the 
 fevcral feeming difficulties relating to the Deluge. 
 For, firft, we have here difcovered where a body of 
 water lies, (viz. G. H. the great Abyfs) fufficient to 
 flood the Earth to an immenfe height, for but part of 
 this water (viz. the orb G.) once covered its whole 
 furface. And we have alfo difcovered two very pow- 
 erful Agents, cne [viz. the Spirit or Air in a violent 
 motion j capable ot performing the grander! tranfaftions 
 by pre/ure ; the other (viz. the Light] capable of dif- 
 playing immenfe power by penetration. We have 
 
 feen that thefe two Agents (under GOD) feparated the 
 Solids from the Fluids of this globe, drove them to- 
 gether into a hard circular JheU, and permired the fluids 
 to flip on each fide i and by renev/ed vigour and re- 
 doubled power, cleaved^ cracked, and broke this 
 ihell in various places and fo opened a way for the 
 water that covered the outward furface of it to de- 
 fcend, part into the infide, and part to occupy the 
 large cavities it had made in-the mell, and fo confti- 
 tute feas, lakes, and by this means fo diverfify the 
 furface of this globe, with land and water, as to ren-
 
 [ 37 ] 
 
 der it a commodious and a pleafant fituation for its 
 future inhabitants. 
 
 BUT as thefe inhabitants, about 1600 years after 
 the formation of this beautiful feat, had greatly abufed 
 thegoodnefs of the maker, forgot the original Author 
 of it, and deified the Creature, inftead of the Creator; 
 GOD determined, by inverting the order of Nature, 
 to deftroy them, and demonftrate his power over the 
 natural Agents to the future race of men, by bringing 
 a flood of waters over the face of the whole earth, and 
 fo making the air defcend into the place of the water, 
 and the water afcend into and occupy the place of the 
 air, and by this means deftroy that wicked generation 
 in the moft dreadful manner. 
 
 ACCORDINGLY GOD publifhes his Declaration, Gen. 
 vi. 17. And behold 7, even 7, do bring [MCBIA, am the 
 caufe or inftrument of bringing] a flood of waters upon 
 the earth to deftroy all flcjb, &c. 
 
 AND as foon as Noah and his righteous family were 
 entered into the Ark, we are told, The fame day all 
 the fountains of the Great Deep were broken up. 
 
 WHAT the Great Deep is we have feen already, and 
 alfo that the orb of the Earth furrounds it as a ihell ; 
 and moreover have feen, that this fhell was at firft 
 formed whole and entire by the expavfrce pcwcr of the 
 Air or Firmament, and by an increafed ftrength or re- 
 doubled force of that Power was cracked and broken 
 in various places, in order to permit a quantity of wa- 
 ter that covered its outward furface to defcend into 
 the inlide. 
 
 Now, an Agent that could once by the direction of 
 its maker, do this, could do the fame at any time, 
 when that divine Author pleafcd. The force of 
 the natural perpendicular Preflure of the air upon the 
 earth is known to be very great-,* and its lateral 
 
 * The Weight of Air on every fupeificial Snuare Feet is alvu'e 
 " 2cco Pound M'tigbt." And " fince the Nvmber of Square Miles on
 
 [33 1 
 
 or horizontal preffure, as in cafe of high winds and tem- 
 pefts, will renefthe rocks, and elevate the v/aters of 
 the Ocean to a prodigious height. So that the Power 
 of this Agent being preternaturally increafed, and 
 its force exerted upon the water of the Ocean and of 
 courfe upon thai of the Abyis (which is connected 
 with it and lies immediately under it) would caufe 
 thofe waters to ifTue from their (before) confined ftation, 
 buril open their common outlets or the paffages for 
 fprings, fountains, &c. and flood the earth in pro- 
 portion to the quantity of water emitted. The Con- 
 fequence of fuch an extraordinary Preffure of the 
 Air may be judged of from the EfffSs which a fimilar 
 preffure of this Agent had upon the waters of the 
 Red Sea, recorded Exod. xiv. 21, 22. xv. 8. When 
 a Jlrong Wind [RUE, a violent Spirit or Agitation 
 in the Air] drove back the waters of that Sea, caufed 
 (be foods thereof to jland upright as an heap, and 
 IK ere a wall to the Children of ifrael en the right 
 hand and on the left as they faffed through. Now 
 a Continuation of fuch a Force as this upon the 
 waters of the Sea and thofe of the Abyfs would cer- 
 tainly break open the fountains of the Abyfs, and 
 raifc the water above the Tops of the higheft moun- 
 tains or to any height whatever. To one of the above 
 acts the Pfalmift alludes when he fays, (Pfal. xviii. 
 15.) T'ben the fprings of water vere feen, and the foun- 
 dations of the round world were difcovered at thy chiding, 
 O LORD, at the blajling of the breath of thy difpleafure. 
 The effects alfo of zftrong Wind or a violent agitation 
 
 " the Earth's Superficies is* computed 1992^0205, and in one Square 
 " Mile are 27878400 Square Feet, the Square Feet on the Earth's 
 " Superficies will befiMnewhat above 5547800000000000; whence 
 " the Weight of the Icicle Atmcfphcre, or its Prefiure on the Super- 
 " ficies of the whole Earth, is more than 11095600000000000000 
 *' Pounds, or much about jcccooooocooocro Tons ; that is. the 
 " Atmofphere compreileth the Earth \vith a Force, or Power, nearly 
 equal to that of" ei-jf-thyui~und Millions of Mi Hi -im 'f 'Tons.'" Sje 
 Maftiiit f biUJopbical Grammar. Page i So, &c.
 
 [39] 
 
 of the Spirit are defcribed i Kings xix. i %, When Ifaiab 
 had an exhibition of fome grand difplay of the Power 
 of GOD, And behold the LORD pajjed by, and a great 
 and ftrong Wind rent the mountains and brake in 'pieces 
 the rocks before the LORD , and after the Wind [as a 
 confequence of this violent agitation of the air] c.n 
 Earthquake : And fuch certainty there was at the Dif- 
 ruption of the fhell of the earth in the time of the de- 
 luge. A very terrible event this (fays a certain Au- 
 thor) no lefs than the fhell of (lone broken up in many 
 places, and fhartered in all the reft ; all the Inlets, 
 Under- Seas, Lakes, &V. made Fountains-, and all 
 the ftrata which formed their fides, and the fides of 
 the old Springs, thrown up unto the furface ; fpouts 
 of vapours to darken the fky, and vaft fpouts of 
 water rifing like fountains, making a dreadful noife; 
 rifing in the fea, and running to the fea, and the fea 
 rifing and driving the people, &c. to the mountain 
 tops, their laft fhift; where they with fright, rain, or 
 hunger, perifh'd ; or thofe who furvived 'till the wa- 
 ters came were deflroyed by them. And thus alfo 
 the beginning, procefs, and completion of the deluge 
 are defcribed in the book of Job, ch. xxxviii. 8. Who 
 poured out*- (fays GOD) the jea thro* doors, when it brake 
 forth, as if it had iffued out of the womb ? When I made 
 the Cloud [grofs air] the garment thereof, and thick dark- 
 nefs [condenfed, ftagnant air] a fwaddling-band for it 
 [this muft have been at the time when the flood was at 
 the higheft, when the inward Air or Firmament (or the 
 air which had preffed upon and at laft broke its way 
 thro' the fliell of the earth) had driven out great part 
 of the water of the abyfs, occupied its place, and fup- 
 ported the remaining part ot the water againft the in- 
 ward or concave furlace of the earth-, and when the 
 outward Air or Firmament, furrounded and comprdfed 
 the upper orb of water, clofe to the outward furface of 
 
 [ "\D ( from "]D3 fudit, rjfudit, ftrfudit liquor* aiiquo. MAR. CAL.
 
 [ 40] 
 
 the earth]. And then I brake up for it my decreed place, 
 [i. e. the fhell of the earth which I had formed and 
 eftablimed between the waters ; and by breaking this, 
 permitted the upper waters to go to their appointed 
 place ; and when once retired thither] / fet bars and 
 doors, andfaid, Hitherto JhaJt thou come, but no further ; 
 and here jh all thy proud waves be Jlayed. 
 
 BUT what is more than all this, an effect greater 
 than the difruption of the fountains of the Abyfs, is That 
 which follows, 
 
 And the windows of heaven were opened. 
 Mr. HUTCHINSON is the only Author I know of, 
 who has properly explained thefe words, I fhall there- 
 fore give the reader his explication ; Mcfes's Principia, 
 p. 70. ' The windows of heaven have been taken for 
 imaginary falls of water from above the heavens, from 
 the clouds, from the air turning into water, &c. 
 Synop. Crit. Tom. i. p. 97. ' CataraEfa c<eli, &c. 
 4 i. e. 'The Cataraffs of heaven, the windows, holes, 
 1 openings or cataraffs of HEAVEN, /'. e. of the AIR, 
 ' asGfif. i. 7. Ifai. xxiv. 18.' Crit. Sacri, Tom. i. 
 p. 147. ' Nam Cataraff<tefte Hieronimo, 6cc. i.e. For 
 c a Cataraft, according to St. Jerom, is a hole in a 
 ' wall, fuch as fmoak gets through. Ifai. Ix. 8. as 
 ' doves cnvo'iN SK (by Sym.) to their doors [GufJaj] 
 6 to their windows. Ifai. xxiv. 18. The windows of 
 ' heaven were opened-, li. 6. The heavens /hall vanijh 
 1 like fmoak. ' 'Tis plain, Cataraf*e fignify windows, 
 holes, (luices, or flood-gates, or cracks or chinks in 
 walls or buildings, fuch as fmoak paffes through 
 out of one houfe into another, or windows fuch as 
 pigeons go in at, or cracks or holes in the walls of 
 great buildings or rocks, fuch as pigeons creep into 
 and harbour in. This word is mod clearly compared, 
 and is the very fame they fay it is. The Airs, and 
 the Ab\fs of waters, are each called GOD'S Stcreboufe; 
 and the wall between them is thtfpbere of the earthor
 
 [ 4' ] 
 
 * Shell Q^ theStrata offlom^ in which there are innumerable 
 
 * cracks^ through which the fumes or vapours or mix- 
 .* /#ra ;/'/ air, like fmcak> continually pafs at the 
 
 * famttpajfage, fometimes up for rain, &c. and fome- 
 ' times down. 5 ' 11 [So that the phrafe windows of heaven 
 
 k Mr. HUTCHINSON, in his Olfervatioat in the year 1706, 
 (\ft. edit. p. 93.] remarks, (long before, I believe, he had any 
 thought of interpreting the paffage under confideration in the manner 
 he has done) ' Through the cracks in the ftrata, the water alfo paffes 
 ' to fprings. In fair clear weather, when there is any wind Jlirring 
 ' and motion in the Air above, the air telo<vu in mines pafies fo fenfi- 
 bly at thefe cracks, as fometimes to blow out a candle. But when 
 < the rains are rifing, the moifcure expels the air, and caufes fuch a 
 ' fcarcity of it, or elfe a want of circulation of that air, that the can- 
 ' dies will not burn ; and withal fuch a fenfation of heat to men, as 
 ' fcarcity of air, in other places, does It is plain, the air will be 
 
 * thus expelled out, and return alternately into thefe cracks, as the 
 Steams that fupply rain, fill and quit them.' The fame is re- 
 marked by Dr. Woodward ; and the free intercourfe between the /tir 
 belo-M and our Atmofphcre or the air above, through every cranny in 
 the earth, is fully proved ; and the alterations or the rife and fall 
 of the mercury in the Barometer are fliewn to depend thereon ; vid. 
 his Nat. liijl . of tbi Earth illus. &c. T raffia tor's Intreduflion, p. i co 
 153. See alfo Lcvut harp's Ab>idg*. of the Phil. Tranf. Vol. II. ch. iii. 
 and Gcjjer.di animad. in \ o um librum Dioginit Laer/ti, Vol II. p. i oc 2. 
 
 I may here obferve, with regard to the text under confideration, 
 that the word nn~)i< (tranflated windowi) is derived from the verb 
 3~1X which fignifiesto lie in nuait, to lurk privily in a den, to ivatcb 
 in a kale, undtr cover ; as Pfalm x. 9. n"1K he lieth in wait ftcretly 
 as a lion in his den. Job xxxviii. 40. The young lions abide in the 
 (overt to lie in wait. And the word 3.1X figninuth a dcr, or hole, or 
 cave in the rock, asje xxxvii. 8. Then the btnjls go into deus [aiK]. 
 And even the Septuagint Tranflation of this word, xax-ax'ai, in- 
 cludes much of the meaning of the Hebrew, as ue&etyu&m is derived 
 from xcC'xr^xcau to ijffitt out, to break through ; and may be rendered 
 thcp/ace of rupture or breaking through ; it alfo fignifies a Gate, fee 
 Scup. Lcxi. So that the fume idea of a bile, cavr. p'-Ji^e, '-punia?, &c. 
 is prefervedin all the above places, the context in each place deter- 
 mining the precife meaning of the word Hence other paiiages, which 
 feem to differ, maybe reconciled to this explication, aa 2 l\mgi vii. 2. 
 where, on account of an extreme famine., a Nobleman for difLelieving 
 the word of ////?, (who had foretold that there ihculd fccn be a great 
 pknty of ficur and barley) fays, Ij thi LORD ivea/d make windows
 
 [ 42 ] 
 
 may here be rendered the paflages of the Airs.'] c In 
 * the narroweft acceptation the pajjages of the Airs are 
 ' through every fffure^ and between every fragment of 
 c Stone, and they are fo many, that moft forts of Stone 
 are divided by great cracks, into pieces of perhaps a 
 
 [openings, paj/ages] in [not of] heaven, [and thro' them pour down 
 flour and barley, as he had heretofore rained down manna upon the 
 children of Jfrael, Pfalm Ixxviii. 23, 24 ] might this thing be ? And 
 again, Malachi iii. 10. where GOD, accufing the Jt ws for robbing 
 him in hii tithes and offerings, promifes (if they would repent) 
 that he would rebuke the deftroyer that he Jhpuld not defray the FRUITS 
 of their ground, and fays, Prove me now, If I 'will not open you the 
 windows of heaven [the paj/ages of the Airs'] and empty out a blejjing, 
 that there /hall not be room enough to receive it. Here is the very 
 fame phrafe ufed as in the text under confideration, and muft be un- 
 derftood in the fame fenfe. The Abyfs is called GOD'S Jiorehoufe ; 
 and ihefruit/u/nefs of the earth or Vegetation, depends much upon 
 the influences thereof, or water fentfrom thence, as any one may be 
 convinced by confulting the Authors juft referred to, but I /hall con- 
 fine myfelf to Scripturg. Ezekiel comparing the proud AJJyrian to a 
 fourifhing Cedar in Libanu<, nouriihed by the fubterranean waters, 
 fays, (xxxi. 4.) The WATERS made him great, the DEEP fet him up on 
 high vjith HER rivers [fo rivers proceed from her, the Decp~\ running 
 about his plants, and Jent out her little riven unto ALL THE TREES 
 OF THE FIELD : therefore his height nuas exalted above all the trees 
 of the field, and his boughs vjcre multiplied, and his branches became 
 
 tang, BECAUSE OF THE MULTITUDE OF WATERS, 1V/je he Jhot 
 
 forth. And the Blrftdncfs or Fruitfulnefs of a land is attributed to 
 the Deep below as well as to the Heaven above, Deut. xxxiii. 1 1. 
 BleJTedofthe LORD be Jofeph's Land for the precious things of hea- 
 ven, for the dew, and for the Deep that coucheth beneath. And 
 Gen. xlix. 2;. we have exprefs mention of the Blejfings of the Deep 
 or Abyfs. So that, vvith-holding or clofmg up the pajfeges in the 
 earth, thro' which the waters, Jt earns and kindly vapours arife for 
 tnoiliening the Earth, and nourijhing its plants, would certainly ren- 
 der a land dry, barren, and dcfolate ; and on the contrary, opening 
 thefe pa/ages, and permitting the vapours to afcend, would greatly 
 conduce to \kefruitfulnefs or ble/cdnejs of a land. The reader by 
 viewing the irregular black jirottes in the figure of the fhell of the 
 earth, reprefented by F, in the fubfequent plate, may have a ftill 
 clearer idea what thefe pa/ages of the Ain arc, and how the Abyfs 
 is the Storehoufe from whence they are fupplied.
 
 [43] 
 
 tun weight, &c. How far the parts were divided, 
 and the cracks opened at firft, is not to be deter- 
 mined ; but they were opened, and the fragments 
 diftanced fo wide, or in fo many places, that the 
 Airs went down into the Abyfs as faft as the Waters 
 came up, quantity for quantity. But the Continu- 
 ancr and Repetition of this force would by degrees 
 reduce them fmaller and fmaller. If we carry this 
 expreffcon of the pajfages of the Airs being opened to 
 the utmoft exte.nl, the Waters, much more the Airs, 
 pafs between the grains or fands of moft forts of ft one -^ 
 and perhaps it will at fome time appear that the 
 parts of the Airs pafs between every atom of ftone, 
 and then the words imply a DISSOLUTION, as it 
 really was, though executed by degrees, as men, &c. 
 were deftroyed.' 
 
 As there are other texts which mention the Diffolu- 
 tion of the Earth, it may be proper to cite them ; 
 Pfalm xlvi. i. God is our refuge; therefore will we 
 vot fear, though the Earth be removed [ B E M i R 
 be changed, be quite altered, as it was at the Deluge] 
 find tho* the mountains be carried into the midft of the 
 fea i though the waters thereof roar, and be troubled, 
 tho' the mountains Jhake with the fwelling thereof; 
 God uttered his voice, the earth MELTED [THCMUG, 
 flowed, dijfched to atoms 1 '] So Job xiv. 19. which I 
 Ihall tranQate nearly according to Pagninus's verfion ; 
 that being the nearefl of any other to the original ; 
 For truly the falling mountain diffohed, and the rock [the 
 ftrata of ftone] was removed out of its place. The wa- 
 ters dafljed the ft ones to pieces , and wajhed away the pro- 
 d','Hs of the dtift of the earth : and thou deftroyedft tfo 
 hope of man. Again; Chap, xxviii. g. in which alfo 
 I ihall chiefly follow Pagninufs verfion, Us fent his 
 hand [the ExpanfiGn, his Inftrument or the Agent by 
 
 . ! MAR. CALAS. : ; n eft Difihth & Diminu.'tc.
 
 [ 44 ] 
 
 which he worked] againft the Rock ; he overturned the 
 mountains by the roots; he caufed the rivers to burft 
 forth from between the rocks ( or broke open the fountains 
 of the abyfs]. His eye [fymbollically placed for the 
 Light'] faiv [patted through or between] every minute 
 thing [every atom ; and lo dijfolved the whole]. Pie 
 (at laftj bound up the waters fro-,n weeping [i. e. from 
 prefTmg through the fhell of the earth, as tears make 
 their way thro' the orbjjftf the eye i or, as its related 
 Gen. viii. 2. be flopped I he fountains of the ab"fs and the 
 windows of heaven]. And brought out the Light from 
 its hiding-place [i. e. from the inward parts of the 
 earth from between every atom, where it lay hid, and 
 kept each atom feparate from the other, and fo the 
 whole in a ftate of dijfolution ; his bringing out thefe 
 parts of the light which caufed the Diflblution would 
 of courfe permit the Agents to act in their ufual 
 way, and fo re-form the earth]. 2 Efdras. viii. O 
 Lord, whcfe fervice is conversant in Wind and Fire ; 
 whofe word is true ; whofe look drieth up the depths, 
 and indignation makcth the mountains to melt away, 
 which the Truth witneffeth, [which the word of GOD, 
 and prefent natural ftate of the Earth bear witnefs to]. 
 VER. 12. And the Rain [the vapours which were 
 carried high up into the Atmofphere, and formed 
 into rain] was upon the earth [falling and fubfiding] 
 forty days and forty nights. And the waters increased, 
 and bare up the ark ; and the waters prevailed and 
 increafed greatly upon the earth \ and the ark went 
 upon the face of the waters. And the waters prevailed 
 exceedingly upon the earth ; and all the high hills, 
 that were under the whole heaven, were covered \ 
 fifteen cubits upward did the waters prevail, and the 
 mountains were covered. 
 
 m From mention being here made of Mountains, as fubfilting un- 
 der the waters of the deluge, fome have imagined that Thy were not,
 
 US] 
 
 So that, there was no high Hill or Mountain upon 
 any part of the earth which was before covered with 
 air, but what was now covered with water ; of courfe 
 the Deluge was univerfal. But an irrefragable ar- 
 
 gument may be drawn from thefe words againft a 
 partial Flood, or an univerfal one effected by partial 
 means, if I may fo fay, that is, by the waters firft 
 warning over one part of the earth, and then the fame 
 water proceeding on and overflowing another, and fo 
 fuccefiively, 'till in the end the whole was drowned. 
 For, according to Scripture, the water rofe gradually 
 and equally, and at laft covered all the high hills and 
 mauntains at one and the fame time, fo that the Flood 
 could not have been of the above-mentioned wan- 
 dering nature, as fome, for want of knowing where a 
 fufficient quantity of water lay for flooding the whole 
 earth, have falfly imagined. Befides, it is alto- 
 gether impoffible to conceive, that the waters could 
 have rifen to the height of any high hill under heaven, 
 and not at the fame time to have been of equal height 
 over the whole earth , for the parts of water are diffu- 
 five, having no tie or connection with each other ; fo 
 that as they mounted upwards they would fpread and 
 extend themfelves equally on all fides ; and at the fame 
 time that they covered one high hill, they would of 
 courfe cover all others of equal height over the whole 
 face of the earth. For we are not to imagine 
 
 and of courfe that the <u.bole earth was net, dijol<ved Curing the flood. 
 Uut fuch feem not to confider that the DiJJoliftiqn (as obferved above) 
 was executed by degrees, as men, &c. were deftroyed. It is faid in- 
 deed that on the day that Noah entered into the ark ALL the foun- 
 tains of the Great Deep were broken up, but it is not faid, that ALL 
 the ivineio-ius nf heaven or all the paJJc%(S of the airs were opened on 
 that day, and it does not appear that they were all opened or the 
 earth totally difTolved 'till the third and laft prevalance of the wa- 
 ters, or the event mentioned ver. 24, was effected; as the comment 
 en thaiverfe will fhew.
 
 [46 ) 
 
 without a miracle of a mod aftonifliing kind (which 
 in this cafe is not to be admitted, becaufe not men- 
 tioned) that 4 a huge mafs of water could have hung 
 ' about any particular part of the earth, as if congealed; 
 ' or flood upon the middle of it like one great drop, 
 ' or a trembling jelly, and all the places about it dry 
 c and untouched,' as an author obfervesi and then 
 that this faid mountain of water fhould be removed, or 
 rolled to another place, and fo on, 'till at length it 
 had cove-red the whole earth. This fliift to avoid 
 one real miracle, is only multiplying a number of 
 others that never were effected-, and I may juft add 
 here the obfervation of a judicious Divine, ' that no 
 ' man departed from the common faith upon pretence 
 
 * of avoiding any abfurdity therein fuppoied, but that 
 
 * he ran himfelf upon the neceflity of believing greater 
 ' abfurdities than any he pretended to avoid.' 
 
 ' WHAT is related above, that the waters prevailed 
 fifteen cubits upwards , and (or according to the tran- 
 flation of Jun. and 'Tremel. after) the mountains were 
 covered, does not feem to be fpoken to determine the 
 precife height of the waters, but only to denote that 
 all living creatures muft have perijhed in fuch a flood ; 
 For it immediately follows, 
 
 And allfiejh died that moved upon the earth, both of 
 fowl^ and of cattle^ and of beaft^ and of every creeping 
 thing that creepeth upon the Earth^ and every man ; 
 Noah only remained alive, and they that were with him 
 in the ark. 
 
 VER. 24. And the waters prevailed upon the earth an 
 hundred and fifty days. 
 
 As this is mentioned after the mountains are faid to 
 have been covered fifteen cubits (which was only related 
 to denote the means by which allflejh perijhed) we may 
 reafonably fuppofe, that the waters prevailed anew or 
 continued to prevail for feme time at leaft after the
 
 [471 
 
 mountains were covered fifteen cubits -, efpecially if we 
 confider that there is no mention yet made of the foun- 
 tains of the Abyfs or the pajfages of the Airs being clofed; 
 fo that the waters were flill preffed upwards, and 
 reached in their real altitude far above fifteen cubits 
 higher than the mountains -, as many appearances in 
 and on the earth undeniably evince. 
 
 It may be proper to remark here, that the word 
 rendered prevail, fignifieth fomewhat more than the 
 bare increafe or augmentation of the waters, (tho' that 
 idea is alfo included) for a diftincl:, and very proper 
 word for the increafe of the waters is ufed ver. 
 17 and 18, and the waters increafed [IR C BU, were 
 multiplied]. And the word which we render prevail, 
 very juftly has that meaning ; it denotes power ; Jlrengtb 
 to prevail, get the better of, to fubdue -, fo that by the 
 waters prevailing upon the earth may be meant (efpe- 
 cially as this prevalence is mentioned three times, ver. 
 1 8, 19, and 24) the total Subduing or Diffolution of 
 the earth by the waters : Mofes by this expreffion giv- 
 ing us to underftand, that the waters had atted upon 
 the earth infuch a manner and effected it to fuch a degree, 
 as to have reduced it, like itfelf, to a fluid, loofejtaie-, 
 at leaft, this muft have been the confequence of fuch 
 a prevalence of the waters ; for, as the Paffages of the 
 airs are faid to have been opened and the fountains of the 
 Great Deep broken up, BEFORE this Prevailing of the 
 waters, it could not but be, that the waters, as they 
 rofe upwards from the Abyfs, would make their way 
 thro' thefe Pajfages, and by continuing and repeating 
 this action, would feparate and widen the pores of the 
 earth, and at laft reduce it to its original principles or 
 unformed, fluid, chaotic condition, mentioned Gen. i. 2. 
 So that the Earth muft now have been totally diffolved 
 in the water.
 
 [ 48 ] 
 
 VENGEANCE having been thus executed upon the 
 wicked, a polluted earth deftroyed, and cleanfed 
 by water; the next procedure would be to form it. 
 again. Accordingly we are toldch. viii. i. that GOD 
 (who delights not in feeing things in diforder, but pi- 
 ties when he diftreffes) remembered Noah, and every liv- 
 ing thing, and all the cattle that were with him in the ark. 
 
 And God made a Wind [RUE, the Spirit} to pafs 
 over the earth, and the waters ajfwaged. 
 
 THE fame word that is here rendered Wind is tran- 
 flated Spirit in the account of the firft Formation of 
 things, (as I have already obferved) Gen. i. 2. And 
 the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters. 
 And as the motion then raifed in the air by the im- 
 mediate power of God, was the primum mobile or 
 chief Caufe of bringing the Earth out of its chaotic 
 flate into its intended beautiful form, fo the fame Agent 
 is here employed in order to re-form the earth af- 
 ter its deftruction or diffolution during the deluge: 
 
 and of courfe the fame effects followed. The 
 
 Waters were before increa/ing and prevailing upwards, 
 but now they are ajjwaged, and prevented from 
 extending their orb by the faffing of the Spirit over 
 them. The Spirit had before acted through the earth, 
 and by its impulfe broke open the fountains of the Abyfs 
 and the windows of heaven, but it was now made to act 
 in its ufual way of preffing only or chiefly upon the fur- 
 face : things therefore would now be returning to 
 their former courfe, and the fame effects enfue as had 
 been largely defcribed in the account of the firft For- 
 mation, and fo needed not to have been repeated here. 
 HENCE we read in the next verfe, The fountains of 
 the Deep, and the windows of heaven were flopped, and 
 the rain from heaven was retrained. 
 
 THIS was no more than a confequence of fetting the 
 Powers of Nature to work, as at the firft. The earth
 
 [49] 
 
 had been difiblved, and all the atoms of the ftrata of 
 
 ftone floating loofe and irregularly in the waters ; but 
 
 as foon as the natural agents began to operate, as foon 
 
 as the outward and inward Expanfe [z. e . the Light and 
 
 the Air without and within the earth] began to aft, 
 
 to make a divifion between the waters, they would drive 
 
 all the folid parts of the earth together (much in the 
 
 fame manner as the fame Agents at prefent feparate and 
 
 impel the particles of (lime and mud in dirty water) 
 
 into a Jhell or cruft and permit all the Fluids to flide 
 
 between ; fo that there would be two orbs of water and 
 
 one Jhell of ftone or the cruft of the earth between them ; 
 
 as things were circumftanced on the^aWday after the 
 
 creation, Gen. i. 6, 7. When, by the interpolation of the 
 
 folid Jhell of the earth, the 'waters were divided from the 
 
 waters, and the earth would be in the fituation it is 
 
 defcribed to be in by St. Peter* (2 Epift. iii. 5.) 
 
 during the height of the Flood* And the Earth ftand- 
 
 ing out of the water and in the water ; whereby the 
 
 world that then was, being overflowed with water, 
 
 perifoed. The account of the deftruftion of the 
 
 earth and of its Re-formation illuftrate and confirm 
 
 each other : in order to deftroy the Earth the fountains 
 
 of the Great Deep were broken up, and the paffages of the 
 
 Airs through the ftrata opened, but at the Re-formation* 
 
 Mofes tells us, they were both flopped of clofed* and 
 
 even the vapours for rain prevented from rifing. So 
 
 that the folid {hell of the earth permitted neither the 
 
 waters to defcend, nor the vapours to afcend : and of 
 
 courfe the Shell muft before have been dijfolved t& atoms; 
 
 for had it been only broken or fractured into large pieces, 
 
 it could not have been fo clofed 01 joined together, but 
 
 that both waters and vapours would have paffed through ; 
 
 and in this, cafe it could not have been laid, that the 
 
 of the Airs were flopped. 
 
 F;
 
 Tntjhell of the Earth having been thus confolidated 
 and formed anew, did not, and indeed could not, re- 
 main long whole and entire. For, as the Expanfe or 
 Firmament had now received its full, if not new, 
 powers of acting, the Light (which penetrates all ter- 
 reftrial bodies) would ibon make its way through the 
 waters and ftrata ofjtcne to the comparatively thinner me- 
 dium or air at the center of the earth (for it muft be re- 
 membered that the air or that part of our Atmofphere, 
 which at the beginning of the deluge, was forced down 
 into the Abyfs, drove out the waters from thence, and 
 elevated them over the furface of the whole earth, would 
 there continue as long as that elevation laded, and fo 
 conftitute an inward Air or Firmament) caufe there a 
 rarefaction, and fo increafe the force of the inward 
 Expanfe, which by this means would a<5b more ftrong- 
 ly againft the concave part of the fhell of the earth, 
 and" by continuing to exert and extend its power on all 
 fides from the center, would by degrees make fmall 
 cracks and crevices in the fhell, and at laft by receiving 
 new ftrength and increafed vigour open and widen 
 thefe cracks, fo as to permit the water, that covered 
 the furface of the earth, to be prefled down through 
 them into the Abyfs by the force of the outward Ex- 
 panfe, as was the cafe at the firft Formation. Hence 
 it follows in the next verfe 
 And the waters returned from off the earth continually. 
 
 IN the verfe preceding, the fountains of the abyfs and 
 the windows of heaven were clofed^ fo that neither va- 
 pours nor waters could pafs ; but here we find that 
 the waters are returning i. e. going back to the place 
 from whence they came-, they came, we faw, from 
 the Abyfs, fo that new inlets or apertures into the 
 abyfs muft now have been made for the defcent of 
 the waters, otherwife they could never have returned 
 from whence they came j or have been gathered into
 
 [5- ] 
 
 ene [and their former] place. They returned from off 
 the earth^ CONTINUALLY, or as tranflated in the mar- 
 gin, in going and returning^ in flowing backwards and 
 forwards, in fluctuating here and there; for as the 
 Airs began to afcend before the Waters began to de- 
 fcend, they would of courfe impede and in part drive 
 back the waters and fo caufe a fluctuating or reverbe- 
 rating motion in them ; and by this means alfo the 
 waters would be prevented from rulhing down too 
 faft and from tearing the {hell of the earth too much. 
 
 VER. 4. And the ark refted upon the mountains of 
 Ararat. As antiquity, and the tradition of the coun- 
 try at prefent, teftify." < 
 
 VER. 8. And No ah fent forth a dove from him^ to fee 
 if the waters were abated from off the face of the Ground: 
 but the dove found no reft for the fole of her feet andjhe 
 returned unto him into the ark. Again he fent forth the 
 dove out of the ark. And the dove came into him in the 
 evening, and to, in her mouth was an olive-leaf [or 
 branch ; an emblem of peace~\ pluckt off: fo Noah knew 
 E 2 
 
 * See Univerfal Hiftory, Vol. I. p. 239, &c. 
 
 Some have imagined from the circumftance of the Dove*s bring- 
 ing Noah a leaf or branch pluckt from a tree, as a proof of the dc- 
 creafe of the waters, that this Tree muft have been landing upright 
 Or in its original pofition : otherwife a branch pluckt from it could 
 not have ferved for fuch a proof; and therefore, if the Tree was 
 thus ftanding on the ground, it muft follow, that the earth was not 
 total' y diflblved during the Deluge. But fuch feem not to have 
 confidered that whether the earth was difTolved or not (but that it 
 was, I think, I have abundantly proved above) it had been impof- 
 fible for any thing upon the furface, fuch as Houfes, trees, Sec. to 
 have withftood the prodigious torrents of water that muft have rufh- 
 ed down from the mountains, after they had been covered far cibo<vr. 
 ffteen cubits high ; but of all things, far lefs capable were trees and 
 vegetabhi of withftanding thefe torrents, becaufe as the waters had 
 been out upon the furface of the earth foe federal months, it could 
 not be, but that, by their irregular motions in flowing backwards 
 and forwards, they rmiil foon have difiblved, liquified of di
 
 [52] 
 
 that tie waters were abated from off the earth. And he 
 ft aid yet other feven days ^ and fent forth the dove-, which 
 returned not again unto him any more. 
 
 VER. 13. And Noah removed the covering of the arkj 
 and looked., and behold^ the face of the ground was dry. 
 
 So the dry-land appeared by the return of the wa- 
 ters to the place from whence they came, in the fame 
 manner as they had done at firft, when GOD com- 
 manded that the waters under the heaven Jhould be ga- 
 thered together unto one place (the abyfs) and the dry 
 land appear. 
 
 VER. 15. And God fpake unto Noah [as GOD had 
 ordered Noah to enter into the ark at a particular 
 time, fo Noah waits the divine command for his COITH 
 ing out] faying^ Go forth of the ark, thou and thy wife+ 
 and thy fons wives with thee. Bring forth with thee 
 every living thing that is with thee^ of all fle/h^ both of 
 fowl and of cattle, and of creeping thing that creepeth 
 
 the vegetable mould and all the loofe parts on the upper furf ace of the 
 earth ; fo that all trees would have fallen of courfe, as the ground, 
 on which they flood, ga<v e <way : hence Noah could not but conclude 
 (had he ever feen a common ftorm, attended with violent rain) that 
 in fuch an inundation as was That in his time, when GOD affured him, 
 be would dejlroy the 'whole earth ; all trees, &c. muft have been thrown 
 down upon the furface ; and therefore if the Dove brought him a leaf 
 from one, it muft have lain along upon the ground ; and fo be as full 
 a proof of the abatement of the waters, as if it had been {landing up- 
 right. And that the olive-tree did thus lie, feems evident from trie 
 prefent ftate of things on and near the earth's furface ; it being very 
 common to find prodigious numbers of trees lying juft beneath the 
 vegetable mould, in fuch a manner as the waters ruming from the 
 neighbouring mountains would naturally leave them. 
 
 But there is another folution to this difficulty, which, confidering 
 the emblematical ilyle of Scripture and the circumftances of the cafe, 
 may be thought more juft than the former ; tho' very reconcilable 
 with that interpretation. As it is particularly mentioned that Noah 
 ftaid juft fe<ven days before each time of fending out the Dove, fo in 
 all probability the day on which he fent her out was the Sabbath ; 
 and the time of the day, juft after he -had performed religious fer- 
 vice ; as he might moll rcafonably think that would be the beft for
 
 [ 53 ] 
 
 upon the earth ; that they may breed abundantly in the 
 earth, and be fruitful and multiply upon the earth. And 
 Noah went forth and his fom and his wife, 6JV. And 
 God blejjed Noah and his fans ^ and f aid unto them, be 
 fruitful and multiply, and replenijh the earth. 
 
 HERE the fame blejfling for repleni/hing the earth ivitlo 
 men is beftowed upon Noah and his family, as was 
 pronounced upon the firft pair of the human fpecits ; 
 and zfimilar declaration made with regard to the brute- 
 animals that came out of the ark to be fruitful and mul- 
 tiply upon the earth, as had been done at their firft for- 
 mation: whence it muft follow, that the earth, after 
 the flood, was as entirely void of any living creature 
 of the land or air (except thofe that were preferved by 
 the ark) as it was before any fuch were in being. 
 And therefore the Deluge, in this refpecl;, was unquef- 
 jtionably uni-verfal. 
 
 expefting a blefling or a favour from heaven : Accordingly, at the 
 fecond return of the Dove the divine fignal was brought, an Olive- 
 branch, an emblem of peace, in token that the -waters wrre abated 
 and the/ary of GOD'S wrath upon a wicked world was ceafmg, and 
 that joy and comfort would foon fucceed to the afflicled righteous. 
 And unlefs this branch be looked upon as a divi ne fignal and pro- 
 videntially given, it will be difficult to fay what could induce the 
 Dove to bring any branch at all, and why an Olive-branch, and 
 that this ihould be particularly mentioned ; when faying that a leaf 
 or branch was brought, had been fufficient, without fpecifying the 
 tree from whence the branch was taken; unlefs fomething particu- 
 lar had been intended thereby. And, that the Olive-brat,ch was 
 an emblem or f.gn of Peace, Yriendjhif, or Abatement of Anger, Dif- 
 cord t tjfc. throughout almoft the whole world. See Ph-git's ^eid. 
 Lib. viii. 116. & Lib. xi. 101. L'wy. Lib. xxix. 16. PokHus, 
 Lib. iii. And we learn from Coiumbufs Voyages, chap. 101. that 
 this Symbol was ufed even in America. So tlien Noub as foon as 
 he faw the Divine Signal, deciphered the meaning thereof, and 
 knew that the waters were abated. In this view, it does not at all 
 fignify, whether the tree, from whence the branch which the Dove 
 brought was pluckt, was lying down or /iand:ng i, fright : for the 
 furtnularfpccies of tree fpoke its own meaning.
 
 [ 54] 
 
 An EfXplanation of the C o p p E R-P LATE, 
 
 REPRESENTING 
 
 The internal ftrufture of the terraqueous Globe, from the Center to 
 the Circumference, and the Air around it. 
 
 D. The outward Expanfe or the open Firmament of Heaven. 
 
 E. A drcular Space filled with water during the height of the Deluge, 
 - but now with the Air that came from the central Hollow of the 
 
 earth; and atprefent conftitutes what we call our Atmofphere. 
 
 F. The Jhell of the earth broken into innumerable apertures and 
 fjjures, of various lhapes and fizes ; the larger of which, f. f. f. f. f. 
 
 being filled with the water that defcended from the furface of 
 the earth, form Seas and Lakes ; the le/er (which branch from the 
 former, or pafs immediately from the under-part of the fhell of 
 the earth to the tops of the higheft mountains) ferve as canals for 
 the water which fupplies Springs and Rivers to run in ; the leaft 
 cf all (denoted by the irregular black ftrokcs in the folid fhell of 
 the earth) represent the cracks thro' which vapours principally 
 afcend. 
 
 G. H. The Great Abyfs of water within the earth - f with which all 
 Seas, Lakes, Rivers, &c. communicate ; and from whence they 
 receive their fupplies. G. H. are divided from each other by a 
 dotted circle, becaufe one of them reprefents the water that, dur- 
 ing the Deluge, covered the whole furface of the earth, but 
 which was afterwards forced down, thro' the above-mentioned 
 larger apertures and fifTures, to its original place, as the inward 
 Air was forced out thro' the letter and oblique figures : and the 
 ether cf them reprefents that part of the Abyfs which, during 
 the Deluge, remained beneath the earth. 
 
 }. A folid Ball or Nucleus of terreftrial matter, formed from what 
 the water in its defcent from the furface, and paiTage through the 
 flrata of the earth, tore off", and carried down with it into the 
 Abyfs, and repented at the loweii place, the center of the earth. 
 
 j^ So that the Opinion of the Ancients concerning the Earth's re- 
 fembling an" Egg has great propriety in it : for the Central Ku- 
 c-'fus, ( I. } by its innermoft lituation and ihape, may well repre- 
 ient rhe Yolk ; the Abyfs of water, (G. H.) which furrounds it, 
 and is in a middle pofition, may ftand for the clear fluid of the 
 White ; the Cruft of the Earth ( F. ) (allowing only for its breaks 
 and cracks) by its roundnefs, hardnefs, uppermofl fituation, and 
 little inequalities on its furface, isjullly analogous to the Shell, 
 And on this account the term tks Jhell of the earth is frequently 
 ufed in this treatife.
 
 [ 55] 
 
 COLLECTION 
 
 O F T H E 
 
 Principal Heathen Accounts of the Flood. 
 
 given at large an explanation of the 
 Mofaic Hiftory of the Deluge-, I fhall now 
 fubjoin the teftimonies of feveral Heathen Na- 
 tions in proof of the fame facb. For, it may juftly 
 be liippofed, that did any iuch event really happen, 
 it could not be but that all or mod nations upon the 
 earth muft have retained fome knowledge or tradition 
 of it. And if upon enquiry it fhould appear that the 
 fame of the Deluge has gone throughout the whole 
 world, that almoft every nation upon earth has fome 
 ftory or other to relate concerning it , it will certainly 
 follow, that there has been fuch an Event, and that 
 it was univerfeiL But of fuch deductions and corol- 
 laries as thefe hereafter. 
 
 To colled all the evidence that might be produced 
 on this occafion would be endlefs and needlels ; I 
 fhall therefore felect here and there particular ac- 
 counts from the moft eminent nations ; and in ga- 
 thering thefe, /hall travel quite round the world. 
 
 I BEGIN with the great and famous nation of the 
 Romans. Many of their writers, both Poets and 
 Hiftorians, make mention of an univerfal Flood ; 
 but one may fpeak the voice of all. I mail take 
 That of Ovid-, who, purpofing to relate fome parti- 
 cular circumftances of the hiftory of mankind from
 
 [56] 
 
 the beginning, regularly proceeds from the formation 
 of man, thro' the feverai ages of the world, to the. 
 time of the Deluge j the caufe and manner of which 
 (after having related the height of impiety and wick- 
 ednefs that reigned upon the earth during the iron-age} 
 he thus defcribes, Metam. Lib. i. 
 
 Neve for et terris fecurior arduus tether^ &c. i. e. 
 c Nor were the Gods themfelves more fafe above ; 
 
 * Againft beleaguer'd Heaven the Giants move : 
 
 ' Hills pil'd on hills, on mountains mountains lie, 
 ' To make their mad approaches to the fky. 
 ' Till Jove no longer patient, took his time 
 
 * T'avenge with thunder their audacious crime ; 
 
 * Red lightning play'd along the firmament, 
 ' And their clemolim'd works to pieces rent. 
 
 * Sing'd with the flames, and with' the bolts transfix'd, 
 
 * With native earth their blood the monfters mix'd j 
 f The blood, indu'd with animating heat, 
 
 * Did in th* impregnant earth new fom beget. 
 
 ' They, like the feed from which they fprung, accurs'd, 
 ' Againft the Gods immortal hatred nurs'd ; p 
 ' An impious, arrogant, and cruel brood j 
 ' Expreffing their Original from Blood. 
 
 * Which when the KING of GODS beheld from high 
 ' He figb'd ; nor longer with his pity flrove ; 
 ' But kindled to a wrath becoming Jove.' 
 
 <c Mankinds a monfter, and the ungodly times 
 " Confederate into guilt , are fworn to crimes. 
 " All are alike involved in 'ill, and all 
 li Muft by the fame relentlefs fury fall" * 
 
 p This anfwers to the Scripture account of the Giant i, the 4pof- 
 tates (thofe rebels to the Will of Heaven or Word of God] that were 
 before the Flood, and to the children, the Sons, that {prang from 
 them, who were 'iuorfe than their Fathers, fee Gen. vi. 15- 
 
 i Gen. vi. 12. Ai:d God LOOKED UPON the earth, and BEHOLD // 
 was corrupt ; for all Fkjb had corrupted his way upon the earth.
 
 [S7l 
 
 f Thus ended he , the greater Gods afient, 
 
 * By clamours urging his fevere intent ; 
 
 ' The lefs fill up the cry for punifliment. 
 
 4 Yet (till with pity they remember man 
 
 4 And mourn as much as beatfnly Spirits can. 
 
 * But Jove 
 
 c Concludes to pour a watry Deluge down, 
 
 4 And what he durft not burn, refolves to drown. 
 
 ' The Northern breath, that freezes Moods, he binds, 
 ' With all the race of cloud-difpelling winds. 
 ' The South he loofed, who night and horror brings ; 
 ' And fogs are fliaken from his flaggy wings. 
 
 * With rain his robe and heavy mantle flow, 
 4 And lazy mifts are lowring on his brow. 
 
 c The fkies from pole to pole with peels refound, 
 
 * Andjhow'rs inlarg'd come pouring on the ground. 
 
 4 ! Impetuous rain defends. 
 
 4 Nor from his patrimonial Heav'n alone 
 
 ' Is Jove content to pour his vengeance down, 
 
 4 Aid from bis Brother of the fe 'as he craves; 
 
 6 To help him with auxiliary waves. 
 
 4 The watry Tyrant calls his brcoks and feeds, 
 
 * Who roll from mofly caves (their moift abodes)-, 
 
 4 The floods, by nature enemies to land, 
 4 And proudly fwelling with their new command, 
 4 Remove the living ftones, that ftop'd their way, 
 4 And gufhing from their fource, augment the fea. 
 4 Then with his mace, their Monarch ftruck the ground ^ 
 4 With inward trembling earth receiv'd the voundj C 
 4 And rifmg fir cams a ready p^Jfage found. \ 
 
 Aad it REPENTED the Lard that be lad made man on the earth, and 
 it GRIEVED him at lit heart. And the Lordjnid, Zivi/t atflrty man 
 nv^om 1 have created, &c. and bring a FLOOD OF WATERS t<poti the 
 earth to dejlroy all f.ejb, &c. The reader, as he proceeds, may 
 make many fuch finking refemblances as thcfe between Scripture 
 and Heathen Hiitcry.
 
 ' Th' expanded waters gather-on the plain ; 
 ' They float the fields and overtop the grain ; 
 
 * Then milling onwards with a fweepy fway, 
 
 * Bear flocks and folds and lab'ring hinds away. 
 
 * Nor fafe their dwellings were, for fap'd by floods, 
 
 * Their houfes fell upon their houfhold gods. 
 
 * The folid piles too flrongly built to fall, 
 
 * High or'e their heads behold a watry wall. 
 
 * Now Seas and Earth were in confufion loft ; 
 4 A world of waters, and without a coaft. 
 
 ' The moft of mortals perifh in the flood ; 
 ' The fmall remainder dies for want of food. 
 
 ' A mountain of ftupendous height there Hands 
 4 Betwixt th' Athenian and Emotion lands, 
 ' Parnaffus is its name ; whofe forky rife 
 c Mount thro' the clouds, and mates the lofty fkies. 
 
 * High on thv- Summit of this dubious cliff, 
 6 Deucalion wafting, moor'd his little Jkiff. 
 
 * He with his wife were only left behind 
 
 * Qfperijk'd man\ they two, were hitman kind. 
 
 * The mountain Nymphs and Themis they adore, 
 ' And from her Oracles relief implore. 
 
 c The moft upright of mortal men was he, 
 ' The moftfmcere and holy woman, fhe. 
 
 ' When Jupiter, furveying earth from high 
 ' Beheld it in a lake of water lie , 
 ' That vv;ere fo many millions lately liv'd, 
 ' But two, the beft of either fex furviv'd ; 
 ' He loos'd the Northern Wind ; fierce Boreas flies 
 ' To puff away the clouds and purge the fkies : 
 c Serenely, while he blows, the vapours driv'n 
 
 * Difcover Heav'n to Earth, and Earth to Heav'n. 
 
 DRYDEN. 
 
 FROM Rome let us proceed to Greece. I fhall here 
 take the teftimony of Lucian or the author of the book 
 de Dea Syria, as it will include that of the Scythians^
 
 [ 59] 
 
 Syrians ; and Arabians ; as well as Grecians. Ot ^fv 
 w TToXfoi ArjxaAiwKa, &c. i. e. ' Many fay that this 
 4 temple [that at Hierapolis in Syria] was built by 
 ' Deucalion, the Scythian. That Deucalion, I mean, 
 in whofe time the greateft inundation of waters was. 
 I have heard in Greece, what the Grecians fay con- 
 cerning this Deucalion. The ftory they relate, is as 
 < follows : The prefent race of men was not the firft, 
 ( for they totally perimed ; but is of a fecond genera - 
 tion, which being defcended from Deucalion, in- 
 ( created to a great multitude. Now of thefe former 
 men they relate this ftory : they were infolent, and 
 addicted to unjuft actions ; for they neither kept 
 their oat-hs, nor were hofpitable to ftrangers, nor 
 c gave ear to fuppliants , for which reafon this great 
 c calamity befel them : on a fudden the earth poured 
 forth a vaft quantity of water, great fhowers fell, 
 
 * the rivers overflowed, and the fea arofe to a prodi- 
 c gious height j fo that all things became water, and 
 
 * all men were deftroyed : only Deucalion was left unto 
 a fecond generation, on account of his prudence 
 
 * and piety. He was faved in this manner : he went 
 
 * into a large ark or cheft which he had, together 
 c with his fons and their wives , and when he was in, 
 
 * there entered fwine, and horfes, and lions, and fer- 
 
 * pents, and all other creatures which live on earth, 
 
 * by pairs. He received them all, and they did him 
 
 * no hurt ; for the Gods created a great friendfliip a- 
 ' mong them ; fo that they failed all in one cheft 
 ' while the water prevailed. Thefe things the Greeks 
 ' relate of Deucalion. But, as to what happened after 
 6 this, there is an ancient tradition among thole of 
 ' Hierapolis, which deferves admiration ; viz. that 
 4 in their country a great chafm opened, and received 
 4 all the water , whereupon Deucalion erected altars, 
 
 * and built the temple of Juno, over the chafm.
 
 [ 60 ] 
 
 * This chafm I have feen, and it is a very fmall one 
 
 * under the temple , whether it was formerly bigger, 
 and fince lettered, I cannot tell ; but that which I 
 have feen is little. In commemoration of this hif- 
 8 tory, they do thus : Twice in every year water is 
 
 * brought from the fea to the temple, and not by the 
 
 * priefts only, but all Syria and Arabia, many come 
 ' from beyond Euphrates to the fea, and all carry 
 
 * water, which they firft pour out in the temple and 
 
 * afterwards it finks into the chafm ; which, tho* it 
 ' be fmall, receives abundance of water. And when 
 
 * they do this, they fay Deucalion inftituted the cere- 
 
 * mony in that temple, as a memorial of the cala- 
 
 * mity, and of his deliverance from it. r 
 
 WE will next pafs to Egypt ; whofe ancient inhabi- 
 tants have retained the knowledge of the Deluge under 
 the hiftories of Ofiris and Typbon ; as is evident from 
 what Plutarch fays concerning them in his Jfis and 
 Ofiris. For firft he informs us p. 30, (of Squire's edi- 
 tion) that they relate, ' that when Ofiris was born, a 
 
 * voice was heard, faying, The Lord of all the earth is 
 ' born,' and p. 42. that ' in their funeral-lamentation 
 ' over him, they bewail'd him, who was born on the 
 ' right fide of the world, and who periled on the left* 
 P. 17.' He is faid to have been put into a cheft,' and 
 they particularly aiTert, that it was on the i yth day of 
 the month Atbyr [fee Gen. vii. u] and thrown into 
 the fea" After thefe things Ofiris is faid to have re- 
 turned from the other world, and to have appeared to 
 his fon Orus. The perfon who thus ukd Ofiris is laid 
 to have been one 'Typbo,* which name the Egyptians 
 
 1 LUCIAN de Dea S\ria, Tom. U. p. 882. Vid Univir. Hijlory 
 Vol. I. p. 203. 
 
 The name Typbo according to fo'me learned men fignifies a De- 
 luge or Inundation ; fee JURIEU'S Dicirines and 'WQ'Jhip of the church. 
 Part. in. Tr. iv. And Ttfhon, or as the Latin Poets call him
 
 [ 6i ] 
 
 explain by interpreting it the Sea 9 and they call tbg 
 fait ofthefea^ Typbo'sfoam, p. 42. and p. 54, agreeable 
 to this interpretation is what we are further told^ 
 4 that Typho was once in pojjeflion of the portion orpro- 
 
 * vince which belonged to Ofiris , by which they mean, 
 
 * that Egypt was once covered with the Sea. Which 
 ' opinion, fay thefe philofophers, is probable enough, 
 c from that great number of fea-fhells, which are not 
 ' only dug out of their mines, but found likewife upon 
 ' the tops of their mountains , and hence likewife it 
 
 * is, that their fountains and wells, though many in 
 
 * number, have all of them a brackifh or faltiih tade, 
 ' with them, as containing the vapid relics of the fea* 
 ' water, which once covered their whole country.' 
 
 FROM Egypt we will proceed to Babylon^ and fee 
 what the Chaldeans relate of the Deluge. I mall cite 
 their teftimoriy as preferved by Jofephus, in thcfirft 
 book of his Jewijh Antiquities, p. 10. T <fc xa?xAw<r- 
 ftoy ToyJa, &c. i. e. ' But of this [the Noachian] Deluge 
 ' and the ark all the heathen hijlorians make mention j 
 ' among whom is Berofus the Chaldean, who, relat- 
 ' ing the particular circumftances of the Deluge, 
 ' writeth thus, ' It is reported, that part of the fhip 
 ' as yet remaineth in Armenia on the mountain of the 
 
 * Cordy<eans ; and that fome perfons taking off -the 
 ' alphaltus [bitumen or pitch] carry it away, and 
 ' that men make ufe of that which is thus taken off, 
 
 * by way of charm, to avert evil.' And again, in 
 ' his difpute with Apion, he publickly appeals to the 
 
 * teftimony of the fame Berofus^ as being agreeable to 
 ' that of Mofes (Book the ift. p. 1044.) 
 
 Typhus, is reprefented as a monftrous Giant warring againft heaven ; 
 and who was at laft overconie by 'Jupiter, and as one fays, lies new 
 fubmerjed in water. APOLL. ARC Lib. 2. The Arabs at this 
 day expqefs the general Deluge by the word al tufan ; UNIVERSAL 
 HIST. Vol. I. p. 200.
 
 [62] 
 
 - 5 , &c. e Now this Berofus following the moft 
 
 * ancient records, writeth the hiftory of the Deluge, 
 
 * and of the deftruction of mankind therein, juft as 
 c Mofes hath related it ; and alfo of the Ark^ in which 
 ' Noah., the Chief or Leader of our race, was faved 
 
 * when it was carried to the tops of the Armenian 
 
 * mountains. 1 And if the Babylonian Antiquities, 
 that now pafs under Berofus's name, be truly tranf- 
 lated from the Original (and I fee no reafon to 
 imagine that they are not, fince, as far as they re- 
 main, they are confiftent with, at leaft do not con- 
 tradict, what Jofephus and other writers have quoted 
 from the Original 1 ) his account of the Deluge is as 
 follows, c Ante aquarum cladem famofam, &c. i. e< 
 
 * Before that famous devaflation of waters, in which 
 c the whole world perifhed, many ages had pafTed, 
 c which were faithfully remarked by our Chaldeans.* 
 * They write that in thofe times there was a great 
 
 * city of Giants, called Mno^ fituated near Libanus^ 
 who governed the whole world, from the rifmg to 
 4 the fetting of the fun. Thefe trufting to the great- 
 4 nefs of their bodies and ftrength, and having in- 
 ' vented arms opprefled all, and being (laves to their 
 4 luft found out mufical inftruments, and all kind of 
 ' delights. They devoured men, and procured abor- 
 
 * tions on purpofe to drefs them for food ; they pro- 
 e mifcuoufly lay with mothers, daughters, lifters, 
 ' men and brutes ; and there was no kind of wicked- 
 4 nefs which they did not commit ; they were de- 
 ' fpifers of religion and of the Gods. Then many 
 6 foretold and prophefied, and carved out upon 
 
 * I think what his Lordfhip fays on this head in the firjl part of 
 his Vindication of the hiftoriet of the Old and Neiv Te/iametit, p. I 2 1 
 128. juftifies this afi'ertion. Berofxs was a Chaldaan Prieft ; 
 and lived about 270 years before the birth of CHRIST.
 
 [ 63 1 
 
 c (tones the things relating to that deftru&ion which 
 
 * was foon to come upon the world. But they, 
 
 * following their old courfe, derided all fuch admo- 
 6 nitions, tho' the anger and revenge of the Gods 
 4 were ready to fall upon them for their impiety and 
 wickednefs. There was one among the Giants who 
 ' reverenced the Gods and was more wife and prudent 
 ' than all the reft ; his name was Noa ; he dwelt in 
 
 * Syria, with his three fons Sem^ Japet, Cham, and their 
 6 wives the great ffdea 9 Pandora^ Noela, and Nocgla. 
 ' This man, fearing the deftruction which he forefaw 
 c from the ftars would come to pafs, began, in the fe- 
 ' venty-eighth year before the inundation, to build a 
 (hip covered like an ark. Seventy-eight years from the 
 ' time he began to build this Jliip, the Ocean of a 
 ' fudden broke out, and all the inland feas, and the 
 rivers and the fountains burfting from beneath, (at- 
 
 * tended with moft violent rains from heaven for 
 
 * many days) overflowed all the mountains -, fo that 
 the whole human race was buried in the waters ; 
 ' except Noa and his family who were faved by means 
 ' of the (hip , which being lifted up by the waters, 
 
 * refted at laft upon the top of the Gordyaan moun- 
 c tain-, of which, it is reported, there now remaineth 
 ' fome part, and that men take away the bitumen 
 ' from it, and make ufe of it, by way of charm or 
 
 * expiation, to avert evil. We mud therefore-. 
 
 ' allow from thefe premiies, that which both the 
 ' Chaldeans and Scythians write of, that, after the 
 
 * earth was dried from the waters, there were no 
 ' more than the above-mentioned eight perfons in 
 ' Armenia Saga^ and "that from thefe all men upon 
 
 * earth fprung ; and for this reafon it is, that the 
 4 Scythians jumy fay and call NOA the father of all the 
 ' greater and leffcr Gods, the author of the human race,, 
 
 ' and feed of the world.
 
 [ 64 ] 
 
 FROM the Babylonians we will go to the Ajfyrians. 
 For whom let Abydenus fpeak, whofe authority is thus 
 cited and publickly appealed to by Eufebius, Prepar. 
 Evang. Lib. ix. Cap. 12. * MfS' w aAAot TZ >ipai/, x> 
 ' Sfto-tdp*, &c: After whom others reigned, and 
 ' then Si/itbrus ; to whom Saturn foretold that there 
 6 fhould be a great flood of waters (or mariy fhowers) 
 
 * upon the fifteenth day of the month Defuis ; and or- 
 
 * dered him to hide whatever writings he could find, 
 ' in Heliopolis? a City of the Sippari. Siftthrus having 
 
 * performed this, immediately failed towards Arme- 
 
 * ma ; and inftantly after, thofe things which GOD 
 
 * had foretold came to pafs. And on the third day, 
 
 * when the tempeft was ceafed, he made a trial, by 
 
 * fending out birds, to fee if they could efpy any land 
 
 * uncovered of water. But they finding nothing but 
 ' the immenfe Ocean, and not knowing which way 
 
 * to dire6l themfelves, returned to Sifitbrus , and af- 
 ter thefe he fent out others. That the third time 
 ' it anfwered, for the birds returned with their feet 
 
 * all mudded. But as for Si/itbrus, the Gods took 
 ' him from among men. And the Ship was carried 
 c to Armenia, and afforded the people of the country 
 ' amulets of wood, to difpel difeafes. u 
 
 FROM Affyria we will pafs into Perfia. Dr. Hyde^ 
 in his Hijtoria religionis veterum Perfariim^ p. 171. 
 writes thus, ' Veterum Perfarum orthodoxi credunt 
 
 u That by the Floods of Deucalion and Sijithrus, as alfo that which 
 is faid to have happened in the time of Ogyges, the ancients could 
 iean no other than the general Deluge in the time of NOAH is abun- 
 dantly evident from the relations themfelves, but if the reader is 
 defirous to fee it circumftantially proved, he may confuh the fol- 
 lowing Treatifes, Bp. STILLI^G-FLEET'S Origines facr<e, Lib. iii. 
 ch. 5. . 5. GALE'S Court of the Getitiks, Part I. Book 3. ch. 6. 
 RAY'S Three Phyf. Thcol. Difceurfa, p. 66. KIRCHER'S Area 
 Noa-, Lib. 2. cap. 6. GROTIUS de Verit, Lib. I. cap. 16, 
 HiDEGGR.'.s HiJ}. Pafriar. Exer. xviii. . xliii.
 
 diluvium, &c. t The orthodox among the ancient Per- 
 * ' jians believe a. Deluge, and that it was univerfal, and 
 4 overwhelmed the whole earth. But as they have 
 4 various opinions and fentiments concerning all thofe 
 4 things which are Ib remote in antiquity, they differ 
 ' fomewhat among themfelves and run into fables. 
 4 For Ibn Shabna, the Arabian, in his book de Prirnis 
 
 * 6? Poftremis afferts, That there are fome among the 
 ^JVlagi who deny a Deluge ; others he fays, acknow- 
 4 ledge it ; but lay that it was not univerfal, and that 
 ' it did not reach beyond the top Of a mountain near 
 
 * Huhan , a city fituated between the confines of Af- 
 4 fyria and Perfia. From the opinion of Zoroaftef 
 4 they maintain, that there had not been a Deluge, 
 4 neither had the world been drowned, but for the 
 
 * iniquity and diabolical wiles of that moft wicked of 
 4 mortals, Malcus. In the Book Pharb. Sftr. ttye 
 
 * famous mountain, where Noah dwelt when the wa~ 
 
 * ters of the deluge broke out from it, is mentioned ; 
 
 * and Zala-Cupha is faid to be the name of the old wo- 
 4 man, from whofe oven the waters firft iffuedout.' 
 
 FROM Perfia we will enter the Eaft-Indies, which 
 eoifntry being vaftly extenfive, the inhabitants nu- 
 merous, and of different feels and orders, it is no 
 wonder that fome (as is afferted) deny a Deluge, and 
 others affirm that there has been one. But if the tra- 
 dition of it has reached this part of the world, it will 
 be fufficient for our purpofe. LORD in his Difcourfe 
 of the Banian Religion, c. 6 & 7. informs us, ' That 
 4 the Bramins fay, that the four tribes or cafts, of 
 
 * which the firft race of men confided, de-generating 
 4 from their primitive innocence, the Prieft neglect - 
 4 ing his piety, the Soldier becoming infolent and ty- 
 c rannical, the Merchant praclifing deceit in trade, 
 4 and ufing falfe balances, and the Artizan fpending 
 4 the profits of his inventions in riot and excefs ; their
 
 [ 66 ] 
 
 4 impiety and wicked nefs grew at length to fo infuffer- 
 ' able an height, that GOD'S indignation was juftly 
 
 * provoked, and he fent a Flood^ which dejiroyed all 
 
 * nal'^m -without exception. Atter which GOD, to re- 
 
 * pair mankind, created three perfons of greater ex~ 
 ' cellency than thofe of the former generation , to one 
 ' of whom named Bremaw^ he gave the power of cre- 
 
 * ating men and animals, which he executed according- 
 ' ly : the firil human pair proceeding, one from his 
 ' right fide, the other from his left. The man was 
 ' called Manow, and the woman Ceteroupa, and by 
 
 * them was the earth replenifned.' w Father Boucbet, 
 fpeaking of the Indians, efpecially thofe that live about 
 Maduras and Carnate, writeth more largely thus,* 
 
 * They fay, that Parabardvafwn, i. e. the Supreme God, 
 
 * has created three inferior Divinities, viz. Bruma, 
 .* Vichnou^ and Routren. To the firft he has given 
 
 * the power of creating ; to the fecond of preferring 5 
 
 ' and to the third, that of deftroying.* The God 
 
 ' Routren, who is the grand deftroyer of all created 
 
 * beings, refolved one day to drown all mankind, pre- 
 ' tending he had juft reafons to be dhTatisfied with 
 
 * their behaviour. This defign was not kept fo fecret, 
 
 * but it was found out by Vicbnou, Preferver of all 
 
 * creatures, who difcovered the very day on which the 
 ' Flood was to happen. Though his power did not 
 ' extend fo far' as to fufpend the execution of what the 
 
 * God Routren had refolved upon, yet, as he was the 
 ' God-preferver of all created beings, this gave him a 
 ' right to prevent, if poflible, the pernicious effects 
 
 * of it. The method he took for that purpofe was as 
 
 * follows. He one day appeared to Sattiavarti, his 
 
 w Univer Hift. Vol I. p. 229. 
 
 * See his Letter to the Bifliop of A-vrancbes, printed in Picar?* 
 Cerent, abrid. p. 379.
 
 * great confident, and privately affured him, that an 
 4 univerfal Flood would foon happen ; that the earth 
 4 would be covered with water, and that /?0#/ra;'s de- 
 4 fign was no lefs than that of thereby deflroying all 
 
 * mankind, and every kind of animal. He neverthe- 
 4 lefs affured him that he himfelf need not be under 
 4 the leaft apprehenfions ; for that in fpite of Routren, 
 6 he would find opportunity to preferve him, and to 
 
 * take fuch meafures, that the world fhould afterwards 
 4 be re-peopled. His defign was to make a wondef- 
 4 ful bark rife up on a fudden, at a time when Routren 
 ' fhould leaft fufpect any fuch thing, and to ftore it 
 ' with a large provifion of fouls and feeds of beings, 
 4 eight hundred and forty millions at leaft. As for 
 4 Sattiavarti, he, at the time of the Flood, was to be 
 
 * upon a very high mountain, which he pointed out 
 4 to him very exactly. Some time after, Sattiavarti, 
 4 as had been foretold him, perceived a numberlefs 
 4 multitude of clouds drawing together, but beheld 
 e with unconcern the ftorm which was gathering over 
 the heads of the guilty, when the moft dreadful rain 
 1 that had ever been feen, poured down from the 
 fkies ; the rivers fwelled, and fpread themfelves with 
 rapidity over the furface of the whole earth ; the lea 
 e broke its appointed bounds, and mixing with the 
 4 rivers, which now had left their channels, foon co- 
 4 vered the higheft mountains. Trees, animals, men, 
 
 * cities, kingdoms, were all drowned ; in a word, all 
 4 animated beings were inftantly deftroyed. In the 
 4 mean time, Sattiavarti^ with fotne of his penitents, 
 4 had withdrawn to the appointed mountain, where he 
 ' waited for the fuccour which God had promifed him. 
 4 However, this did not prevent his being feized with 
 
 * fome fhort intervals of terror. As the water ga- 
 4 thered ftrength continually as it rolled, and each mo- 
 ' ment drew nearer to his djyfam, he was every now 
 
 F 2
 
 [ 68 ] 
 
 c and then in a panic. But that very inftant which 
 ' he thought would be his laft, he beheld the bark 
 ' that was to fave him : No fooner did he fet his" eyes 
 ' upon it, than he immediately got into it, with all 
 ' the devotees in his company, and alfo the eight hun- 
 
 * dred and forty millions of fouls and feeds of beings. 
 
 * The difficulty now was how to fleer the bark, and 
 ' to preferve it from the impetuofity of the waves, 
 
 * which raged with prodigious violence ; but Vichnou 
 ' took care of this ; for immediately afluming the 
 6 fhape of a fim, he fleered the fhip with his tail, as 
 ' though it had been a rudder. The God who was 
 
 * now both fim and pilot, played his part fo well, 
 ' that Sattiavarti waited very quietly in his Afylum, 'till 
 ' fuch time as the waters were run off from the furface 
 of the earth.' 
 
 Wz come now to China. Among whofe Inhabi- 
 tants we find the knowledge of the Deluge flill re- 
 maining-, only fome afTert that it was but partial ; 
 tho' others maintain that it was general. The authors 
 of the Univerfal Hi/lory, Vol. I. p. 204. (quoting 
 Anciennes relations des Ind.es, fcf de la Chine, p. 67.) 
 write thus, ' An Arab, who travelled into China about 
 4 the beginning of the ninth century, giving an ac- 
 ' count of a converfation he had with the Emperor, 
 ' among other things, ays, that mentioning the 
 
 * Flood to that Prince, on occafion of a picture of 
 
 * Noah which he mewed him, and telling him, that 
 
 * that prophet, and thofe that were faved with him 
 ' in the ark, peopled the whole earth ; the Emperor 
 ' laughed, and faid, ' Thou art not deceived as fo 
 " the name of Noah ; but as to the univerfal Deluge, 
 " we know .nothing of it. It is true, that the Deluge 
 t [fo even thefe allow a Delu?e\ did drown a part of 
 " the earth ; but it did not reach fo far as our country, 
 << nor yet to the Indies" Which laft circumftance
 
 [ 69 ] 
 
 is juft as probable, as what, tkofe among the Per/tans 
 who denied the tmiverfality of the Deluge, aiTerted, 
 viz. that it reached no farther than fluhan^ a city 
 on the .confines of their country (p. 65.). But we 
 have already (hewed the impojjibility ot fuch a Deluge i 
 (p. 45., and therefore this confeflion muft be the 
 remains of the Flood in the time of Ncth. And that 
 it really is fo, or that the tradition of the Flood as 
 held by fqme of them is the lame with Noah's, feems 
 certain, becaufe (as Martinius obferves, Sin. Hi/}. 
 Lib. i. p. 12.) ' The Cbinefe hiftory of the Deluge 
 ' fallcth in nearly with the time of the Noacbian, for 
 ' it preceded the common chriftian aera about three 
 ' thoufand years.' Befides , many reafons may be 
 given to prove that their firft king, Fobi, was no 
 other than the fcripture Noab. For firft (to ufe the 
 words of Dr. Sbuckford on this occafion in his Gannett, 
 of Sacr. &? Prof. Hijtcry, Vol. I. p. 29, 102.; ' The 
 ' Cbinefe antiquities reach no higher than the times 
 c of Noah, for Fobi was their firft King. Their wri- 
 ' ters in the general agree, that Fobi lived about 2952 
 ' years before Cbrift: the Author Mirandorum in Sina 
 
 * & Europa, computes him to reign but 2847 years 
 4 before our Saviour, and Alvarez Scvedo places his 
 
 * reign not fo early, imagining it to be but 2060 
 ' years ; and all thefe computations agree well enough 
 
 * with the time of Noab ; for Noab was born, accord- 
 4 ing to Arch-bifhop U/her 2948 years, and died 
 '2016 years, before Cbrift; fo that all the feveral 
 
 * computations fall pretty near within the compals of 
 ' Noab's life. And therefore we may conclude Mofes's 
 ' Noab and the Cbinefe Fobi to be the fame perfon. 
 ' But, 2.dly. They fay Fobi had no father, i. e. Ncab 
 ' was the/r/? man in the poftdiluvian world ; his an- 
 ' ceftors perimed in the Flood, and no tradition there- 
 
 * of being preferved in the Cbinefe annals, Noab or 
 
 F 3
 
 1 70] 
 
 6 Fohi Hands there as if he had had no father at all. 
 ' fdly. Fobfs mother is faid to have conceived him 
 
 * encompaffed with a rainbow \ a conceit very probably 
 
 * arifing from the rainbow" 'j firft appearing to Noah, 
 
 * and the Chineje being willing to give fome account 
 ' of its original. 4thly. Fobi is faid to have carefully 
 
 * bredfeven forts of creatures, which he ufed tofacri- 
 
 * fice to the fitpretne Spirit of heaven and earth , and 
 ' Mofes tells us, that Noah took into the ark^ of every 
 
 * clean bead by fevens, and of fowls of the air by fevens. 
 c And after the flood built an altar, and took of every 
 ' clean beaft, and every clean fowl and offered burnt- 
 offerings, fthly. The Chinefe derive the name of 
 ' Fohi, from his oblation, and Mofes gives Noah his 
 ' name upon account of the grant of the creatures for 
 4 the ufe of men, which he obtained by his Offering. 
 
 * Lailly, the Chinefe hiflory fuppofes Fobi to have 
 ' fettled in the province of Xeitfi, which is the North- 
 c weft province of China^ and near to Ararat where 
 4 the Ark refted.' 
 
 FROM China we will pafs into America ; an immenfe 
 traft of land unknown to us 'till lately ; and yet when 
 firft difcovered, the people thereof almoil univerfally 
 retaining the knowledge of the Deluge. Acojla in his 
 Hiftory of the Indies (one of the firft Treatifes printed 
 on the fubjecl:) Lib. i. c. 25. fpeaketh thus in gene- 
 ral, ' They [the American Indians] make great men- 
 tion of a Deluge^ which happened in their country : 
 but we cannot well judge, if this Deluge were the 
 univerfol (whereof the Scripture makes mention) or 
 fome particular inundation of thofe regions where 
 they'' are. Some expert men fay, That in thofe 
 countries are notable figns of fome great inundation, 
 and I am of their opinione which thinke that thefe 
 marks and Ihewes of a deluge, w.as not that of Noe, 
 but fome other particular, as that which Plato
 
 [7* 1 
 
 * fpeaks of, or Deucalion's Flood which the poets fmg 
 *of: y whatfoever it be, the Indians fay, That ALL 
 ' men were drowned in this Deluge. And they re- 
 
 * port, that out of the great lake Titicaca, came one 
 
 * Viracocha, which (laid in Tiaguanaco, where at this 
 4 day there are to be feene the ruines of ancient and 
 
 * very ftrange buildings, and from thence came to 
 ' Cufco ; and fo begane mankind to multiply. They 
 4 fhew in the fame ifland a fmall lake, where they 
 ' faine that the Sunne hid himfelf, and fo was pre- 
 ' ferved , and for this reafon they make great facri- 
 
 * fices unto him in that place, both of meepe and 
 ' men. Others report that fix, or I know not what 
 
 * number of men, came out of a certaine cave by a 
 f windowe ; by whom men firft begane to multiply ; 
 
 * and for' this reafon they call them Pacaritampo. And 
 
 * therefore they are of opinion, that the Tambos is the 
 
 * moft ancient race of men. They fay alfo, thatAz- 
 ' go Cupa, whom they acknowledge for the founder 
 
 * and chiefe of their Inguas^ was ifTued of that race, 
 4 and that from him fprang two families or linages ; 
 c the one of Havan Cufco, the other of Hurni Cufco. 
 
 * They fay moreover, that when the Kings \lnguas\ 
 e attempted warre and conquered fundrie provincies, 
 
 * they gave a colour and made a prerext of their en- 
 4 terprize, faying, That all the world ought to ac- 
 
 * knowledge them , for all the world was renued by 
 ' their race and country : and alfo, that the true reli- 
 gion had been reveiled to them from heaven.' 
 
 BUT as America may be looked upon as a little 
 world of itfelf, it may be expected that I mould be 
 fomewhat more explicit than giving a fingle general 
 teftimony , I mail therefore traverfe it throughout, as 
 I have done in relation to other parts of the earth. 
 
 ' See Note u p. 64, and what folfews fhews that it was a tradition 
 of the Vnivtrfal Flood.
 
 [7*1 
 
 AND firft, for the upper or Northern part of Ame- 
 rica. HENNEPIN in his new dicovery of a V aft country 
 in North- America, (vid. Continu. of the new Difcovery, 
 &c. p. 54.) fays thus, ' Other Savages upon the fame 
 ' continent, are of opinion, that a certain Spirit, 
 ' called Otkon by the Iroquqis, and Atahauta by the 
 6 other barbarians at the mouth of the river St. Lau- 
 ' rence, is the Creator of the world, and that one 
 ' Mfffou repaired it after the Deluge. They fay, that 
 ' this Meffbu or Otkon being a hunting one day, his 
 
 * dogs loft themfelves in a great lake, which thereupon 
 ' over-flowing, covered the whole earth in a fhort 
 ' time, and fwallowed up the world. They add, 
 ' that this Mejfou or Otkon gathered a little earth to- 
 ' gether by the help of fome animals, and made ufe 
 
 * of this earth to repair the world again.' 
 
 FROM the nations of the Iroquois, &c. we will def- 
 cend fouthward to Cuba. ANTONIO DE HERRERA in 
 his Hiftory cf America from the firft difcovery thereof \ 
 ivith the beft accounts the people could give of their anti- 
 quities; collected from the Original relations fent to the 
 Kings of Spain , tranjlated from the Spanijh, by Capt. 
 John Stevens, Decad. I. Book ix. C. n. informs us, 
 ' That the people of Cuba knew that heaven, the 
 ' earth, and other things .had been created : and faid 
 c they had much information concerning the Flood, 
 f and that the world had been deftroyed by water, by 
 
 * three perfons that came three feveraJ ways. Men of 
 c above feventy years of age faid, that an okl man 
 
 * knowing the Deluge was to come, built a great 
 
 * fliip, and went into it, with his family and abun- 
 
 * dance of animals, that he fent out a crow, which did 
 
 * not return, flaying to feed on the dead bodies ; and 
 4 afterwards returned with a green branch , with other 
 ' particulars, as far as Noah's fons covering him when 
 ' drunk, and the other fcoffing at it; adding, that
 
 [73 ] 
 
 the Indians defcended from the latter, and therefore 
 had no coats nor cloaths : but that the Spaniards 
 defcending from the other that covered him, -were 
 therefore cloathed and had horfes. What has been 
 here faid, was told by an Indian of above feventy 
 years of age to Gabriel de Cabrera, who one day 
 quarrelling with him, called him dog, whereupon he 
 afked, Why he abufed and called him dog, fmce 
 they were brethren, as defcending from the two 
 fons of him that made a great fhip, with all the 'reft 
 that has been faid above. The lame he repeated 
 in the prefence of feveral Spaniards, after his matter 
 had reported it.' 
 
 FROM Cuba we will pafs to Terra-Firma, the firft 
 country of South- America. The laft cited Author ac- 
 quaints us, Decad. n. Book I. chap. iv. that the 
 inhabitants of Caftilla del Oro (in lerra-Firma] faid, 
 ' That when the univerfal deluge happened, one man 
 ' with his wife and children, efcaped in a canoe, and 
 ' that from them the world had been peopled ; as allo 
 ' that there was one LORD in heaven, who fent the 
 ' rain and caufed all the celeftial motions. That 
 'there was likewife a very beautiful woman in heaven* 
 ' with a child ; but they went no farther, nor did 
 ' they know any thing of their own original.' 
 
 BORDERING upon 'Terra-Firma is Peru. ' The an- 
 4 cient Indians (fays the above cited Author, Decad. in. 
 
 * Book xi. chap. i. fpeaking of the Peruvians) report- 
 ' ed, they had received by tradition from their an- 
 
 * ceftors, that many years before there were any Ingas 
 ' [Kings], at the time when the country was very 
 ' populous, there happened a great Ficod ; the fea 
 ' breaking out beyond its bounds, fo that the Land 
 ' was covered with water, and all the people perifh- 
 
 * ed. To this the Guancas inhabitating the x r ale of 
 ' Xaufca, and the natives of Ckiquito in the province
 
 [74J 
 
 * of Collao, add, That fome perfons remained in the 
 ' hollows and caves of the higheft mountains, who 
 again peopled the land. Others of the mountain- 
 
 * people affirm, that all perifhed in the Deluge, only 
 fix perfons being faved on a float ; from whom de-- 
 c fcended all the inhabitants of that country.' 
 
 FROM Peru we will pafs into Brafil. NIEUHOFF in 
 his Voyages, &c. to Brafil, p. 150. writes thus : ' The 
 
 * m,oil barbarous of the Erajilians inhabitating the 
 
 * inland countries fcarce knew any thing of religion or 
 
 * an almighty being. They have fome knowledge 
 ' remaining of a general Deluge it being their opinion, 
 
 * that the whole race of mankind were extirpated by 
 
 * a general Deluge, except one Man and his own 
 ' filter, who being with child before, they by degrees 
 
 * re-peopled the world.' But Monf. Thtvet fpeaking 
 of the Brafilians that lived near the fea-coaft, viz. at 
 Cap de Frie or C. Frio, gives their account of the De- 
 Juge very circumftantially thus (Cofmographie univer- 
 felle, Tome quatrieme, Livre xxi. cap. iiii.) Le 
 4 Deluge done, que ces Barbares chantent & duquel m*ont 
 
 * fouventefois parle, &c. The Deluge which thefe Sa- 
 c vages talk fo much about, of which they fpoke 
 < often to me, was in their opinion univerfal ; they 
 fay, that Sommay, a Carribee of great dignity, had 
 two children, the name of one was Tametohttfre, 
 
 * the name of the other Ariconte, who were of differ- 
 
 * ent complexions and natures, and therefore mortally 
 
 * hated each other. Tamendonare (they fay) was a 
 
 * good ceconomift, having a wife and children, anc^ 
 
 * took great delight in cultivating the earth: Ariconte, 
 
 * on the contrary, regarded not this, being folely 
 
 * bent on war, and defiring nothing but to fubdue by 
 
 * his power all the neighbouring nations, and even 
 ' his brother. It happened as this warrior returned 
 ' one day from the battle, he brought the arm of
 
 [75] 
 
 * his enemy to his brother Tamendonare^ telling him 
 
 * with great haughtinefs, go, coward as thou art, I 
 
 * mall have this wife and children in my power, thou 
 c art not ftrong enough 'to defend thyfelf. Tamjtuio- 
 1 nare hearing his brother fpeak thus, was very much 
 ' grieved at his pride, and faid to him, If thou wert 
 
 * fo valiant as thou boafteft, thou wouldft have brought 
 ' thine enemy entire. Ariconte incenfed at this re- 
 ' proach, threw the arm againft the door of his bro- 
 6 ther's houfe : but at the fame inftant, the whole vil- 
 
 * lage, where they were, was carried up into the fky, 
 and they remained on earth. Tamendonare feeing 
 ' this, whether out of aftonilhment or paffion, ftruck 
 ' the ground, fo violently, that out of it ifiued a great 
 ' fource of water, which flowed fo high, that in a 
 
 * fhort time it reached the hills and mountains, and 
 
 * feemed to exceed the height of the clouds, and which 
 
 * continued till the earth was entirely covered. The 
 ' two brothers feeing this, and follicitous to lave 
 themfelves, afcended the higheft mountains of all 
 ' the country, and with their wives got upon the trees 
 c that were thereon. famendonan climbed up a tree, 
 
 * named Pindona^ (of which tfrere are two forts ; one, 
 ' whofe fruit and leaves are much larger than the 
 
 * other) taking with him one of his wives : Ariconte 
 ' with his wife climbed up another tree, named Geni- 
 ' par , that they might fee if the waters were abated. 
 8 Whilft they were there, Ariconte offered fome of the 
 
 * fruit of his tree to his wife, faying, break off a 
 ' piece of this, and let it fall down ; which being 
 
 * done, they knew that it was not yet time to defcend 
 ' into the vallies, and that the waters were yet very 
 4 high. They affert, that by this deluge all mankind 
 
 * and all animals were drowned, except the two bro- 
 4 thers and their wives : from whom afterwards fprung 
 
 * two different people, called 'Tonafearrt^ furnamed
 
 Toupinambaux, and the Tonaiatz Hoyanas, furnam- 
 ed Tominous, who live in perpetual difcord and war: 
 hence alfo it is that the 'Toupinambaux^ when they 
 are defirous of praifing themfelves as above their 
 neighbours, fay, we are defcended from Tamendo- 
 nare^ and you from Ariconte ; as if by this they 
 would infer, that Tamendonare was a better man than 
 Ariconte.'' 
 
 THUS I have travelled quite round the world, and 
 fhewed that the fame of the Deluge has gone through- 
 out. I am now to draw fome conclufions or corol- 
 laries from what has been advanced. Thefe fliall re- 
 fpect principally the certainty that there has been a 
 Flood, that it was univerfa/, that the Mofaic account 
 is true or written by one infpired by GOD, the author 
 of the Event. 
 
 FIRST, with regard to the certainty of the Flood, I 
 
 may argue in the manner of Ariftotele, ' What feems 
 
 true to fome wife men is fomeivhat probable ; what 
 
 feems fo to moft or to all wife men is very probable -, 
 
 what moft men, both wife and unwife, affent unto, 
 
 doth {till more refemble truth ; but what men generally 
 
 confent in, hath the higheft probability , and approaches 
 
 near to demonftrable truth :' Surely then, what men 
 
 uviverfally agree in, what, I may fay, all nations (o- 
 
 therwife differing in opinion, cuftoms, language, re~ 
 
 ligion, and even ignorant of one another's exiftence) 
 
 have, throughout all known ages, affented unto, may 
 
 well pafs for an eftablffid axiom and a demon/arable 
 
 truth. And fuch I have fhewed is the ftate of the 
 
 cafe with regard to the knowledge of the deluge. 
 
 AGAIN ; the report of the Flood muft have come 
 from fome quarter or other, and when or wherefoever 
 it was firft publifhed, the relation of a fact fo extra- 
 ordinary, would naturally raife thecuriofity of the firft 
 hearers, and excite them to inquire into the truth of
 
 [77] 
 
 it. Now if they difcovered that the report was falfe 
 or groundlefs ; the hiftory would have been immedi- 
 ately difcredited, and the relater and his ftory no 
 more heard of: But the tradition prevailing univer- 
 fatly, it is certain that fuch an event did "happen ; 
 and moreover that it was univerfal in its effects, elfe 
 it could not have been tiniverfally believed. 
 
 WHICH (feccnd) article is further evident from the 
 afore-cited teflimonies themfelves ; for in all thofe 
 that are tolerably full and explicit, we find a method 
 mentioned by which a few efcaped out of the general 
 deftru<5tion, from whom the world was afterwards 
 peopled , which is a plain confeffion, that according 
 to their opinion the whole race of mankind (except the 
 few allowed to be faved) was defrayed'* and fo the 
 deluge unrperfal. 
 
 BUT farther yet , an univerfal deluge, is not an ar- 
 ticle of mere fpeculation, or a point, the certainty of 
 which, might be proved only by properly examining 
 the afierter thereof, but is an Event, a Faff in Nature, 
 and of fuch a peculiar kind that did fuch ever happen, 
 it could not but have left undeniable marks of its ex- 
 iftence on every part of the earth ; and fo the relater 
 of fuch an event might have been confuted or his ad- 
 verfaries convinced on the fpot. Efpecially was this 
 confutation or confirmation eafily to be eftabliflied in 
 the firft ages of the world ; or rather, This is a point 
 which could not but be then fettled. For as men be- 
 gan to multiply after the flood, they would of courfe 
 feparate -and divide, and fo re-people the earth ; and 
 as they thus feparated they could not fail of knowing 
 whether the Flood was univerfal or not. For, if they 
 could find no human inhabitants in the countries to 
 which they came, nor any marks of their former works, 
 as houfes, palaces, temples, gardens, &c. and could 
 fee nothing but ruin and devaluation in the things that
 
 t 7 3 
 
 did remain, they would certainly conclude that the 
 deluge was univerfal: On the contrary, if, as they 
 difperfed or endeavoured to difperfe, they found the 
 neighbouring countries ftill full of inhabitants* the 
 lands cultivated, &c. they would as certainly conclude 
 that the deluge had not been univerfal. And from 
 this infallible and unavoidable means of knowing the 
 truth, the relation of the flood would have been handed 
 down to pofterity , but pofterity all over the world 
 fpeak of it as univerfal ; or allow that there has been 
 a deluge, which comes to the fame tiling-, for had it 
 been partial or extended only over a few countries, the 
 remaining part of the world would have been utterly 
 ignorant of fiich an event, or at leaft if they fpoke of 
 it, they would not have acknowledged, as they gene- 
 rally do, that it happened in their own country, and 
 have fuppofed that a king or an eminently righte- 
 ous perfon of their own nation (including fome others) 
 was preferved from the deftruction. All this abun- 
 dantly proves that the deluge was univerfal. 
 
 THE certainty and universality of the flood appear- 
 ing thus evident, I mall now, (thirdly), make 
 fome obfervations concerning the Truth, Perfection, 
 and Divinity of the Mofaic account. 
 
 FIRST, as Truth is the purer the nearer to the foun- 
 tain head, fo Mofes has the advantage of all other 
 hiftorians in this refpecl: j none can prefume to equal 
 him in antiquity ; he is allowed by all learned men 
 whatever to have wrote a confiderable diftance of time 
 before them all. 
 
 AND as he lived nearer the event than any other 
 writer, fo is his relation more full and exprefs , nay, 
 if you take all the above-mentioned heathen accounts 
 together, and collect from them every different part, 
 you cannot exceed the Mofaic in fulnefs of defcription >
 
 t79l 
 
 far lets can you do this, if you add to it the confide- 
 ration I have mentioned p. i. 
 
 AND not only in fulnefs of matter does Mofes fur- 
 pafs, but in juftnefs of thought and diction, and in 
 the confiftency of the icheme he delivers. Jn the 
 heathen hiftorians there are many imperfections of 
 this kind, fome failing in more, fome in fewer arti- 
 cles. But Mofes tho' he extends the duration of the 
 Deluge far beyond what any of them do, and afferts 
 its Univerfality in the higheft degree, has yet provided 
 againtt all exigencies ; he fafely embarks the numerous 
 creatures in the ark, prepares every thing necefTary 
 for their being and well-being there, and as fafely 
 lands them. 
 
 As the heathen accounts differ more or lefs from 
 the Mofaic, which was confcffedly prior to them all, 
 fo we may afTert of the relaters of them, as Scaliger is 
 faid to write of the Greek hiftorians, ' They ought ra- 
 
 * ther to be pitied for not having had the advantage 
 
 * of authentic antiquities and records, to let them 
 ' right, than to forfeit their authority for fueh deviations 
 
 * from the truth of the ftory, as render their confir- 
 
 * mation of the truth of the Sacred Hiftory much 
 1 ftronger, becaufe much lefs to be lufpedled, than if 
 
 * they agreed with it in every circumftance.' So that 
 the imperfect and in many refpects falfe accounts of 
 the Heathen bear witnefs to the truth and perfeftioa 
 of that of Mcfes. 
 
 BUT what diftingiufhes the Mofaic writings, and 
 fets them in an eminently confpicuous light, and inti- 
 mates their high Antiquity and Divinity, is, that in 
 them there is no reference made, for the truth of what 
 they contain, to any prior traditionary accounts, hif- 
 tories. . or- records, as is the ufual manner with other 
 hiftorians , which kind of proof all mere human 
 writers are glad to embrace, thinking nothing more
 
 [8o] 
 
 venerable and true than that which has been delivered 
 down to them from their forefathers. But Mofes, as 
 greatly fuperior to them in time, fo much more in 
 dignity and authority, demands audience from us as 
 from GOD himfelf , he refers, for the truth of what 
 he fays, to an immediate Infpiration from the Deity, 
 the Author and Difpofer of all events ; I AM,^fays 
 he (Exod. iii. 14.) hath fent me., JEHOVAH HIMSELF 
 commimoned him to act, and a Thus faith the. LORD 
 authorifed him to write. 
 
 AND had not Mofes been thoroughly perfuaded, 
 that he was infpired by GOD in his writings, he 
 certainly never would have ventured the truth of 
 all he fays upon the afiertion of a moft impro- 
 bable and aftonifhing fact, viz. That the whole world 
 had been deftroyed by a flood of waters -, a Fact, which 
 lie could not by any natural means have had proof of, 
 unlefs he had travelled all over the world, or had re- 
 ceived his information from one that had, which I be- 
 lieve no perfon will fuppofe. any one to have done in 
 thofe early ages , a Fact too, the truth or falfity of 
 which could not but have been difcovered, as mankind 
 difperfed to re-people the earth, or as commerce had 
 opened a correfpondence throughout , a Fact alfo, 
 which Mofes, as a human writer, does not appear to 
 have been under any neceflity of mentioning at all ; 
 or if he thought proper to record it he might not 
 have made it fo extenfive as he has done, and yet in 
 all probability have faved his credit as an author. 
 But, inftead of all this, confcious of Truth and of 
 the unerring Wifdom of his Infpirer, he openly de- 
 clares the Univerfality of the Flood, and that the whole 
 world was deftrcyed, and leaves the iffne to Providence 
 and the difquifition of the truth of his afifertion to fu- 
 ture ages.
 
 [ 8. ] 
 
 BUT what fets Mofes in the higheft point of view, 
 and his writings on the firmed foundation, is his ex- 
 erting fupernatural powers, performing MIRACLES* 
 and delivering PROPHECIES, in proof of his divine 
 Jnfpiration: fome of which are remaining at this day. 
 J mall mention one, refpefting the affair of the >/#<?. 
 Mofes writes thus, Gen. ix. 12. And GQD /aid. This is 
 the token of the Covenant which I make between me and 
 you, and every living Creature, for PERPETUAL GENE- 
 RATIONS : I do fet my Bow in the Cloud? and it Jhall 
 came to. pafs, when 1 bring q cloud over the earth, that 
 the Bow /ball be fan in tbe cloud : and I will remember 
 my Covenant 'which is between me and you, and every 
 living creature of all fleft) , and the waters Jball no more 
 become a flood to dejlroy allfiejb.. This Token we fee 
 is frequently exhibited, fo that this faithful IVitmfs in 
 heaven* is ftjll prefer ved. No flood has really yet 
 happened (fmcethat on account of which this promife 
 was made) in which the whole earth has been drowned. 
 Now if there be any God fuperior to Mefes's GQD, it 
 behoves him to deftroy this Prophecy by annihilating 
 thefign of it out of heaven, or the remembrance of it 
 G 
 
 i>9-+*";r f-: .-.' -. - : - ~ r~r ~ " ?"~P^T " 
 
 That tbe rnjracles aflbrted in thp Bible to have been performed 
 by Mcfts, were really tranfaftcd as there related, and of courfe that 
 the do^rines delivered upon the authority of thofe rpiracks are in- 
 difputably true or were of divine Infpiraticn, the Reader may fee a 
 regular and fuccinft proof of in the Rev. Mr. A. S. CATCOTT'S Str- 
 marn p. 5 51 48 It wou'd be tpo tedious to introduce fiich a proof 
 here, and therefpre the Author reds the evidence of Mofes'i Infpira- 
 tion upon a Prophecy, relative to t)ie Subjcdl he is treating of, and 
 which is exiftent at this day, and affords ocular Demonltration of 
 Mofcsi I^ifllon fron) the Divine Being. 
 
 a That thefe words of the Fjl?/rijt (Pfol. Ixxxix. 37.) are really 
 to be underftood of the Rainbow, (and not of the Moon, as ufually 
 interpreted) appears to be fufiiciently evident fioin what the Author 
 of An Effay on the proper Lr//oni, npjbhifid l<y the Lftatfy of tbe Cbunh 
 , &.-C. fays on this text, Vol.11. r\ 87.
 
 [82 ] 
 
 cut of the mind of man, elfe it will remain an indubita- 
 ble proof of Mofes's Miflion from the Supreme Being, 
 the GOD of Heaven and Earth, the Creator, Former, 
 
 and Preferver of all Things in this world. If it 
 
 be faid, that the Rainbow was exiftent before the flood -, 
 therefore the argument will not ftand good. I reply, 
 that fuppofing it to have been fo, it could not have 
 exifted as a Sign from the Supreme Being, that a flood 
 of waters mould never cover the earth (becaufe fuch 
 did cover it) and therefore it will not in the leaft affect 
 the argument here ufed ; which does not refpeft its 
 bare natural State, but its fuper-natural ufe and divine 
 appointment. .And left it mould be imagined, that 
 Mofes afligned this token as of himfelf, and to mew 
 the folly of fuch imaginations when men prefume to 
 make appearances in heaven figns or tokens of things 
 upon earth, without a divine direction, I mail here 
 quote a Fact recorded by Gaffendus in his Animadver- 
 fions on the tenth book of Diogenes Laertius, Tom. II. 
 p. 93~8. * Memorabile certe eft, &c. /'. e. It is really 
 
 * worth remarking, what is written in the hiftories, 
 
 * and in almofi. all the books of the laft age : When 
 4 the Aftrologers, by reafon of the many great con- 
 ' junctions of the Planets, and not a few of them hap- 
 ' 'ning in the watry Conftellations foretold, that in the 
 ' month of February in the year 1524, there would be 
 
 * a general Deluge, and fo great a devaflation of 
 ' things, as was never heard of before. So that- 
 ' numbers of perfons in France, Spain, Italy, and 
 
 ' Germany, being terrified with thefe apprehenfions, 
 ' had prepared Ships, or had got together what pro- 
 ' vifions they could, and other necerTaries, and made 
 ' to the higheft places : But fo it happened, that the 
 c whole month of February was the moft ferene and 
 c fair weather ever known ; apparently, as if it had 
 ' been fo ordered on purpofe for refuting the predic-
 
 ' tions of thefe Aftrologers (when otherwife it is very 
 
 * unufual, that the month of February fliould be with- 
 ' out rain ,) which even Cardan and Origan [two noted 
 ' judicial Aftrologers of that time] could not deny ; 
 
 * greatly grieving that this Judgment concerning the 
 
 * Deluge was declared by Sttffler fo much to the in- 
 ' famy of Aftrology.' As long then as the above 
 Appeal to the true GOD, and Challenge to all falfe 
 Deities remains, fo long will each fucceeding age 
 have undeniable proof, nay ocular Demonftration of 
 Mofes's Mijfion from, and Infpiration by, the GOD of 
 all truth, power, and wifdom. And when we con- 
 fider that this bold Appeal has been recorded in wri- 
 ting, already above three thoufand years, and no de- 
 teftion yet made that it was falfe or unauthorifed by 
 the true GOD, we may juftly fuppofe it will remain as 
 long as the Heavens themfelves mail endure, /. e. to 
 the Confummation of all things. 
 
 AND this I think a proper place (before I have 
 quite done with Scripture and ancient Hiftory) to take 
 notice of his Lordlhip's objection to the Univerfality 
 of the Flood drawn from the peopling of America, and 
 its being inhabited with wild beafts, &c. when we firft 
 difcovered it. To account for which he fuppofes, 
 ' that fome parts of the habitable ante-diluvian world, 
 
 which by the force of the Deluge were feparated into 
 4 iflands, and were divided from the Continent where - 
 ' on the Ark landed, were in fome fort exempted from 
 4 the common calamity brought upon the reft of the 
 
 * world, &c. 5 But how inconfiftent this fuppofition 
 is with his own defcription of the Deluge and with the 
 truth of Scripture, I have (hewed already (p. 9, &c.) 
 and alfo obferved, that fuppofing we could not folve 
 this difficulty, yet a feemingly unaccountable event in
 
 Nature (or rather that which may appear unaccountar 
 ble to fome, but not fo to others) ought not to fet afide 
 the united evidence of Scripture, Reafon, and Fact, 
 concurring in all other refpects to prove the Point un T 
 der confideration. 
 
 BUT to mew bow or by what means America became 
 inhabited by men and other animals. 
 
 AND here it will be neceffary to premife a few things, 
 introductory to the difcuflion of this article. 
 
 FIRST, then, America was peopled after the Flood. 
 This is certain from the inhabitants thereof having the 
 knowledge of that Event. 
 
 SECONDLY, Since the Tradition of the Flood was 
 univerfally fpread throughout that vaft tract of land, 
 and acknowledged by the feveral nations thereof to 
 have been delivered down to them from the higheil 
 antiquity, we may reafonably fuppofe, that it was 
 peopled foon after the deluge ; whilft the knowledge 
 of the Fact was frem and lively upon the minds of 
 the original inhabitants. 
 
 AND fince, when this part of the world was firft 
 tlifcovered by the Europeans* the inhabitants were 
 found to be ignorant of the art of writing with letters* 
 and could record things only in the ancient hiercglyphi- 
 cal way, by figns and emblems, 13 it feems alfo hence 
 evident that it was peopled early. 
 
 WHICH will further appear from their ignorance of 
 the art of working iron into ufeful tools or warlike wea-. 
 pons, 'till the method was difcovered to them by the 
 Spaniards. For tho' there is plenty of iron-ore in A- 
 merica, yet the ancient inhabitants were ignorant of the 
 ufe which the Afiatics and Europeans make of it; and 
 initead thereof ufed Ihells, bones, or generally hard 
 
 b Furchas's Pilgrimage, p. 8 1 1 . quoting dccfla, Gamqra, Peter 
 Martyr, &c.
 
 ftones, which with immenfe labour and trouble they 
 fhaped by grinding or whetting, into the utenfils or 
 weapons the^ wanted, 6 And tho' the art of manu- 
 facturing iron, was known before the flood (Gen. iv. 
 22. d ) yet it feems to have been loft, foon after ; and the 
 lofs was probably owing to thefe two caufes ; firft, 
 that as all the metallic and mineral bodies that were 
 in the earth before the Deluge were deftroyed and even 
 diflblved during that Cataftrophe (as will be fhewn 
 hereafter) fo of courfe all the inftruments and utenfils 
 that were made of thefe bodies perimed likewife , which 
 would certainly tend much towards obliterating the 
 memory of ftich inftruments in the poft-diluvian 
 world. And fecondly, fince, for fome confiderable 
 time after the flood, the inhabitants of the new earth 
 would be employed and their time wholly taken up 
 in providing and fecuring the common necefiaries of 
 life at firft hand, or when they came to feparate from 
 one another in travelling and feeking out agreeable 
 countries to inhabit, fo the art of mining and work- 
 ing metals, and fuch like knowledge, (among their 
 cares and concerns for many things immediately need- 
 ful and abiblutely neceflary) might be forgotten. And 
 it feems certain that this art was loft, 'till fome time 
 after the flood ; for there are found, even at this day, 
 in almoft all parts of the world many inftruments, 
 fuch as axes, chifels, heads of arrows, &c. conlifting 
 wholly of Stene^ generally of the hardeft kind-, which 
 certainly were made before the ufe of iron was reco- 
 
 c Dr. WOODWARD'S Lefters, relating to the method of Fojpls ; 
 Letter III. 
 
 d And7M!a~h, fit atfi tare TuBAL-CAlN, an inf.ruStr of cverv 
 artificer in brafs and inn. From this petfon's N.7n:f and Ojfj : ce %va r . 
 the -fictitious VUL-CAN of ths Latins.
 
 [ 36] 
 
 vered after the deluge, for they are neglected and dif- 
 ufed wherever iron is known. And fmc;e when we fir ft 
 difcovered the Americans they had no other tools or 
 weapons but fuch as were formed out of Stone, &c. it 
 is evident, that they departed from us before the 
 working of iron was in practice after the Flood ; for 
 had they ever known this ufeful art, it is not proba- 
 ble that they would ever have loft it, any more than 
 ourfelves j and fmce we have retained it for thefe fe- 
 veral ages back, even from time immemorial, it is 
 certain that the Americans departed from us even be- 
 fore that early time. 
 
 ANOTHER. Gonfideration which may be brought in 
 
 favour of the early peopling of America, is, that the 
 
 inhabitants were ignorant of that noble and ufeful 
 
 Structure the Arch, and even of building with mortar 
 
 or any kind of Cement-,* and yet their edifices con- 
 
 fifted of Stones great beyond imagination, 5 and thefe 
 
 Stones were fo artificially wrought, and placed upon 
 
 one another, that in many places their joinings were 
 
 not vifible: 'And that which is moft ftrange (fays 
 
 Acofla], thefe Stones not being cut nor fquared to 
 
 join, but contrariwife very unequal one with another 
 
 both in form and greatnefs, yet did they join them 
 
 together without cement, after an incredible manner : 
 
 all this was done by the force of men, who endured 
 
 their labour with an invincible patience.' Certainly 
 
 if they had known the ufe of mortar or cement, they 
 
 would never have taken fuch a tedious method as 
 
 this. Now the firft poft-diluvian account we have 
 
 of Cement being ufed in building was at the 'Toiler of 
 
 f See ACOSTA'S Hrftory of the Indl<s, Book vi. chap. 14. 
 
 8 AcoK. meafured one of thefe Stones in a building, and it was 
 38 feet long, 18 broad, and 6 thick; which I think, vaftly exceeds 
 any of thofe that are now remaining in our ancient Druidical Temples.
 
 f 87] 
 
 Babel (Gen. xi.j; but as this in all probability was 
 that pitchy fubftance, called Afpbaltus, with which 
 that Country particularly abounds, fo unlefs the Ameri- 
 cans had difcovered a fubftance of a fimilar nature yi 
 their new land, they might not think of making ufe 
 of any other, and be as much at a lofs for what we 
 now call mortar as if they had never heard of any 
 thing like it. So that indeed we cannot conclude 
 from hence that they departed from us before the 
 Building of Babel but only before the general ufe of 
 Mortar or Cement; and even this was very early, as 
 the remains of the oldeft Buildings in the world fuch 
 as the Pyramids of Egypt &c. teftify, in which the 
 mortar is vifible at this day. h 
 
 THE laft circumftance I mail mention, tending to 
 prove the Antiquity of the American Colonies (for I 
 might enlarge upon feveral, as their ignorance of 
 coined money, the plough, the bellows, &c. all which 
 would ferve to mew that they departed from us in the 
 very infancy of the poft-diluvian world, before thefe 
 arts were known to mankind) is, that they were igno- 
 rant of Shipping or the art of making large veflels 
 with Sails &c. till they firft faw ours ; knowing be- 
 fore no other kind of veflels than fmall boats^ made of 
 the bark of trees, fkins of fifties, &c. or canoes, 
 confiding of a fingle trunk of a tree hollowed out by 
 means of fire, and thefe to be directed only by the 
 help of oars or a paddle. 1 From whence I would 
 
 THIRDLY obferve, that America muft have been 
 
 peopled by land: for had the original inhabitants 
 
 been carried thither in a Ship, either by diftrefs of 
 
 weather or defignedly (both which are fuppofitions 
 
 G 4 
 
 h Dr. SHAW'S Travels, p. 415. 
 
 1 PURCHAS'S Pilgrimage, p. 750, 755 &c. HEYLYN'S Cafmogra 
 
 ic, p. 10 1 6.
 
 [88] 
 
 that can fcarcely be allowed when we confider the dif- 
 ficulties attending them) they certainly would never 
 have forgot that ufeful part of (hipping, the Sail', 
 even fuppofing that fabricating a large veflel might 
 be inconvenient or impofiible to them when they fir ft 
 arrived on their new land, and therefore the know- 
 ledge of it be loft to their pofterity ; yet, I fay, the 
 ufe of the Sail -would in all probability have remained 
 among them, fmce it would have been of fuch fervice 
 in navigating their fmall canoes. 
 
 BUT what feems moft to confirm the opinion, that 
 America was peopled, or at leaft (locked with animals, 
 by land, is, that that vaft Continent is every where in- 
 habited by wild beafts and the moft noxious creatures, 
 fuch as Lions, Tygers, Rattle -fnakes, &c. which we 
 cannot imagine that any perfons would be at the trou- 
 ble, or expofe themfelves to the danger, of conveying 
 over thither in Ships, and at the fame time leave be- 
 hind them fuch ufeful creatures as the Horfe, the 
 Camel, &c. which were not known in the Weft- 
 Indies 'till tranfported thither from us. k Nay, 
 what is moft remarkable, America has creatures pecu- 
 liar to itfelf, fuch at leaft as are not known to exift in 
 any other part of the world-, which therefore cannot be 
 fuppofed to have been carried from hence thither : 
 and befides they are of fuch a nature that ot themfelves 
 they could not have crofied the Seas, and therefore 
 muft have come thither by land. 1 ' 
 
 IT appearing then thus clear that America was peo- 
 pled early and by land^ the next queftion to be folved 
 is, by whom or from -what land? 
 
 IN order to folve which, Let itbeobferved, that the 
 facred and moft ancient Hiftorian informs us, in his 
 account of mankind after the flood, \h*\. the whole earlfr 
 
 k PURCHAS p. 732 35. HEYLYN, p. 1017 19.
 
 was over fj>rtad by thl defcwdtnts dftht tfctt $*ns rfNoab, 
 Sbcnt) Ham and J-aphet, who went forth of the Ark* 
 Gen. ix. 19. From whence it is certain, that no part 
 of the world could have been peopled by any other 
 anti-diluvians than thofe that went out of the Ark; 
 and of courie that America was peopled jfter the Flood, 
 and by the Pofterity of Ninth. 
 
 SECONDLY, Let us confide^ that Mofis proceeds 
 next to give us the names of the firft defceridents of 
 theie three Sons, and to mention the names of the 
 Countries which the principal of them inhabited, 
 tfpecially thofe whofe affairs would afterwards be 
 mixed, or have Ibrtie connexion, with the Tranf- 
 actions related in the Bible, particularly with tlielfravti- 
 tijb Nation. But as tor the reft he takes little or no 
 notice of them. 
 
 So that, Thirdly, We cannot expect that any great 
 notice fhould be taken of the inhabitants of ib diftant 
 a part of the world (from that where Mofis wrote, 
 and the intent of his writing) *s the Continent of 
 America , and yet, one would be apt to imagine, that 
 as He, who infpired Mofes in his account, f&w aU 
 things from the beginning to the end (and asbo had mtidt 
 of one blood all mtiam &f in?,i for to dwell on all the fact 
 of the earth, and had at I fr mined the times beftin appointed^ 
 and the bounds of their habitation, Acts xvii. 26.) fo 
 He would, in fpeaking of the migration of mankind 
 towards re-peopling the earth, make fome mention, 
 let drop fome few words concerning the manner by 
 which fo large a part of the world, as the Continent 
 of Amerka, became inhabited. 
 
 AND fuch there is reafon to think he has done, and 
 left recorded in the following remarkable paifage (the 
 event denoted by which, was fo fmgular as to give 
 name to one of the poft-diluvian Patriarchs ; and is 
 twice repeated in Scripture) viz. Gen. x. 25. i Chr&n.
 
 [90] 
 
 i. 19. And the natty of one (ofHeber'sfons) was PELEG, 
 for in bis days was the earth DIVIDED [NePeLeGEJ On 
 which words, that celebrated Biblical Critic Bengelius 
 thus occasionally remarks in his Ordo Temporum, p. 54. 
 
 * Peleg a divtjione terra nominatus eft, &c. i. e. Pe- 
 * leg was named from the divijion of the earth [which 
 
 * happened in his days'] - 9 The earth after the deluge 
 ' was divided by degrees, by a genealogical and 'political 
 
 * divifion, .which is exprefied by the words rws:* and 
 
 * vnffl!. 1 But a very different kind of Divifion is 
 
 * meant by the word HJJWM [NePeLeGE], namely, apby- 
 
 * Jical and geographical divifion, which happened at 
 
 * once, and which was fo remarkable, and of fuch ex- 
 
 * tent, as fuitably to anfwer the naming the Patriarch 
 ' therefrom. By this word [peLec] that kind of Divi- 
 
 * fan is principally denoted, which is applicable to 
 ' Land and Water. From whence in the Hebrew 
 
 * tongue jSs [peLec] fignifies a River, and in the Greek 
 ' IlEAAros [PELAGOS] the Sea? [and in the Latin, 
 Pelagus denotes the fame]. From this precife meaning 
 f the word then we may conclude, that the Earth 
 wasj5>/// or divided afunder for a very great extent, and 
 the Sea came between, in the days of Peleg. Now fu re- 
 ly when any perfon views the fkuation of America, and 
 confiders how it Hands disjoined from this part of 
 the world, and what an immenfe Sea divides it from 
 us, he will not be backward in allowing, that This 
 was the grand Divifion intended by the Paffage under 
 confideration. And therefore we may juftly fuppofe 
 
 k As Gen. ix. 19. Tbefe are the three Sons of Noah : and cf thtm 
 was the whole earth OVERSPREAD [ni*D3]. 
 
 1 As Gen. x. 5. By thefe were the ijlands of the Gentiles DIVIDE* 
 [n"lD3] m their lands ; every one after hit tongue, after their fa- 
 milies, in their nations ; fo alfo ver. 18, and 32 ; and ch. xl. 9. Frcm 
 thence [from Babel] did the Z,c?WsCATTER THEM ABROAD [Dtf'SiT] 
 vfori the face of all the earth.
 
 [ 9' ] 
 
 'with the above-mentioned writer, * That, foon af- 
 ' ter the Confufion of tongues and the difperfion of 
 ' mankind upon the face of the whole earth, fome of 
 ' the fons of Ham [to whom Africa was allotted] went 
 ' out of Africa into that part of America, which now 
 
 * looks towards Africa ; and the earth being divided or 
 ' fplit afunder in the dap of Peleg, they with their pof- 
 
 .' terity (the Americans) were for many ages feparated 
 ' from the reft of mankind. This feparation of the 
 ' human race, by means of fo large a fea, prevented 
 
 * in like manner any evil and pernicious confpiracy, 
 
 * as the Confufion of tongues did.' 
 
 AND if this account can be feconded by any fimilar 
 event related in ancient Heathen Hiftory, our fuppo- 
 fition may deferve a greater degree of credit. And 
 fuch an event we have recorded by Plato in his Dia- 
 logue named Tim<eus; in which he treats of Nature 
 or the Syftem of the Univerfe, its generation or begin- 
 ning, and the Nature of Man, And as a prelude to 
 his Subject he makes mention of a Fadt that happened 
 in the mod early ages, the nearefl of any known to 
 the beginning of the world ; and that is of a vaft Tracl 
 of land or an Ifland greater than Libya and AJia, fitu- 
 ated beyond the bounds of Africa and Europe, which, 
 by the ciincuffion of an earthquake, was fwallowed up 
 in the Ocean. Plato introduceth this fact, as related 
 by Solon (one of the firft of the feven wife men of Greece) 
 who, while he was in Egypt, had heard it of an old Egyp- 
 tian Priejl, when he difcourfed with him concerning 
 the mcft ancient events. This Prieft tells Solon, that the 
 Greeks, with regard to their knowledge in antiquity, 
 had always been children , and then informs him of the 
 hiftory of this famous Ifland (which they knew nothing 
 
 In From what the Indian fays to the Spaniard t p. 72, it appears, 
 that the American! themfelves retained fome kind of tradition that 
 they were descended from this Son of Noah.
 
 [ 92 ] 
 
 of before). The description of which and its cataf- 
 tophre is as follows (which in itfelf is fo remarkable, 
 that there muft have been fome ground in nature for 
 the tradition of it), ' There was formerly an Ifland at 
 
 * the entrance of the Ocean, where the pillars of Her- 
 
 * cults ftand [and fo beyond the then fuppofed bounds 
 c of Europe and Africa]. This ifland was larger than 
 
 * all Ubya and AJia , and from it was an eafy paflage 
 
 * to many other iflands.; and from thefe iQands to all 
 
 * that Continent which was oppofite, and next to the 
 
 * true fea [*A?i0u/o!/ iroflov]. Yet within the mouth, 
 4 there was a gulf, with a narrow entry. But that 
 
 * Land, which furrounded the Sea called rieXay^ [Pz- 
 
 * LAGOS, where the 'Divifion was made] might juftly 
 
 * be called a Continent. In after-times there hap- 
 
 ' pe-ned a dreadful earthquake and an inundation of 
 
 * water, which continued for the fpace of a whole day 
 ' and night, and this ifland Atlantis, being covered 
 
 * and overwhelmed by the waves, funk beneath the 
 
 * ocean, and fo difappeared : Wherefore that Sea [II*- 
 
 * A*yo?] is now unpaffable, on account of the flime and 
 
 * mud that has been left by the immerfed ifland.' 
 
 THIS paffage of Plato may receive fome illuftration, 
 and the point I am upon, fome degree of confirmation* 
 from what occurs in the i8th ch. of the third book of 
 ^ELIAN'S Htftory of various things. ' T'heopompus re- 
 
 * lates a certain difcourfe that paffed between Midas the 
 4 Phrygian and Si-terms. This Silenus was the fon of a 
 * Nymph, and was inferior to the Gods, but iuperior 
 
 * to mortals. When thefe two had difcourfed of ma- 
 
 * ny things, Siknus, above all, tells Midm, ' That 
 *' Europe \ A/ia, and Libya, ought to be confrdered as 
 " Iflands, which the Ocean wholly furrounded \ and 
 114 that that part of the world, which lay beyond this, 
 * c ought only to be cfteemed the Continent : as it was 
 
 * of an immenfe extent, and nourished very different,
 
 [ 93 ] 
 
 *' and vaftly larger, kinds of animals than this fide 
 " of the world , and the men, that inhabited it, were 
 " twice as big." 
 
 FROM what has been offered, I think, we may con~ 
 elude, that Africa and America were once joined, or 
 at leaft feparated from each other but by a very nar* 
 row gulf-, and that iome time after the Flood the 
 earth was divided or parted afundcr, probably by 
 means of an earthquake, and then this middle land 
 funk beneath the Ocean. 
 
 ACCORDING to Scripture this event came to pafs *'* 
 the days of Peleg, for we are told, that IN HIS DAY* 
 the earth was divided. From whence fome have ima- 
 gined, that this divifion fell out exactly at the time of 
 bis birth \ but the extenfive expreflion of his days rather 
 implies the contrary, and denotes that it happened 
 when he was in an advanced age, when he had feen 
 many days, not when he had feen but one. So that 
 nis name muft have been given him prophetically, in 
 the fame manner as was Noah's, under which was 
 predicted an event which did not come to pafs 'till 
 fome hundreds of years after his birth (Gen. v. 519. 
 viii. 2 1 ). Several other of the Patriarchs alfo had fuch 
 prophetical names. 
 
 Now it appears from Gen. xi. 1017. tftat P&g 
 was born in the ioi st year after the flood, and Jived 
 239 years : fo that if the circumftance that caufed his 
 name to be given him, happened, when he was in an 
 advanced age, we may fairly fuppofe that it fell out 
 about 300 years after the flood. 
 
 ALLOWING this diftance of time, we fliall find up- 
 on calculation, that there muft have been a fufikient 
 number of mankind upon the earth to have re-peopled 
 it abundantly. In order to mew this, and a!fo 
 in what manjier the poft-diluvians may be juftiy fup- 
 pofed, even in a natural way, to have fepaj^ted and
 
 [94] 
 
 difperfed, and r'e-peopled the globe, I fhall tranfcribe 
 fo me li nes from the Abridgment of P i c A R T 's religious 
 Ceremonies^ p. 279. * 'Tis very probable, that Ameri- 
 ca was as populous a few centuries after the deluge 
 as it is at this, time ; after which States and King- 
 doms were foon formed : However this was done 
 progreflionally, according as Families feparated, and 
 that the children themfelves becoming Parents of a 
 numerous progeny, were obliged to quit their na- 
 tive countries. Thefe Separations gave rife to 
 States, in which ambition and a defire of fuperiority 
 might even in thofe ages have had fome mare. Ne- 
 verthelefs 'tis probable that Afia did not fend out any 
 colonies, 'till after having been forced to drive out 
 fuch young people as were capable of fubfifting by 
 themfelves. But thefe Settlements were very eafily 
 made in thofe times : Hufbandry was then the onl^, 
 employment ; mankind then fpent their lives in lead- 
 ing their flocks to pafture ; and 'tis by the opportu- 
 nities which rural occupations gave to people whofe 
 paflions were as yet but in their infancy, that the 
 firft conquefts were made in Afia, and the fending 
 out of the firft Colonies. A Shepherd, who was at 
 the head of a numerous family, mafter of feveral 
 flocks, and who found himfelf well fettled in Chaldea^ 
 fent one of his Children or Dependents, feveral 
 leagues ofF, with a detachment of oxen, afTes and 
 camels. The flock went gently on, grazing in their 
 paffage, and infenfibly drew farther from the true 
 owner. In the mean time the Detachment grew more 
 numerous; from this flock there fprung another. 
 The Shepherd, who at firft was no more than a de- 
 puty, became himfelf the Mafter and Father of a 
 family : He then alfo feparated part of his wealth, 
 and gave it as an inheritance to that Son whom he 
 intended fhould fettle, in a foreign country, or to
 
 [95l 
 
 * fome dependent that .was going to fettle further oft. 
 
 * We prefume that in this manner an hundred years 
 ' was time fufficient to people Europe, Afia, and Afri- 
 ' sa, very confiderably -, and an hundred more to peo- 
 4 pie the Continent of America. Let us fuppofe for 
 
 * this purpofe, that at the flood Sbem, Ham, and Ja- 
 ' pbet had each 12 children," and that all thefe chil- 
 ' dren were fit for marriage about 15 or 18 years af- 
 4 ter the flood. 'Tis very probable, that after they 
 
 * had been married 12 years, they might fee apofteri- 
 ' ty of four hundred and thirty-two perfons. In this 
 
 * manner Noah might have been at the head 0f above 
 ' five hundred defcendents in the fpace of thirty years ; 
 ' and if we then fuppofe that every one of Noah's great 
 ' grand-children had ten children, thefe four hundred 
 
 * thirty two perfons might have begot four thoufand 
 ' three hundred and twenty children in ten years time. 
 ' All this might have happened in the fpace of half a 
 
 * century , fo that multiplying them always by ten, 
 
 * and' leaving an interval of about twenty or twenty - 
 
 " Left the fubfequent Calculation mould feem unreafbnable, the 
 reader is defired to attend to the following, which is founded npon a 
 Scripture-matter of fact, ' It is evident from facred Hiftory, \_Exod. 
 xii. 37.] that in the fpace of about 266 years, the pofterity of 
 Jacvb alone, by his [twelve] fens, amounted to Jix hundred thou- 
 fand males above the age of twenty, all able to go forth to war. 
 Now by Mr. Graunt's obfervations on the bills of Mortality it ap- 
 pears that about -^ are between the ages of fixteen and fifty-fix : 
 which may be near the proportion of males numbered, to the en- 
 tire number of them all. So that as 34 is to 100, by the Golden 
 Rule, muft fix hundred thoufand be to the entire number of the 
 males of Ifrael at that time: which was therefore one million f even 
 hundred fixty-four thoufand and jc<ucn hundred. To which add/>- 
 ma/es, near T " 5 fewer, as fuppofe, to make the fum even, one mil- 
 lion Jtx hundred thirty-Jiije thoufand three hundred, the Total is, 
 Three millions and four hundred thoufand ; add forty-three thoufand 
 for the Levitts (not included in the former accounts), the entire 
 fum will at laji amount to three million s t and four hundrtd Jortj 
 thret thoufand fouls.' WHISTCN'S Theory, p. 2^0.
 
 [ 9 6] 
 
 * five years between oe generation and another, Afia., 
 4 Europe^ and Africa may have been peopled with four 
 c hundred thirty- two millims of inhabitants, an hundred 
 4 and fifty years after the ftood. Methinks this could 
 
 * not be difputed, were we only to have regard to the 
 c ordinary methods of propagation. 'Tis true indeed, 
 
 * that we fuppofe every Head of a family to have 
 4 had ten children, when probably fever^l of thofe 
 
 * Chiefs might not have had rjear fo many, But then 
 ' how many do we fee jn our days, who have more 
 4 than ten , and if we cqnfider wha,t Bp. Burnet has tojd 
 
 * US concerning Meff. fr endow ancj Calfindrin of Geneva* 
 " the former of whom at the age of feventy five, had 
 4 one hundred and fifteen children* or perfon married 
 *- c to his children, that coujdcajl him Father -, and the 
 *' other, at the age of forty feyen, had one hundred 
 " and five peribns who were all his nephews or 
 4 ' nieces by his brothers or fillers." If, I fay, we 
 
 * cqnfider thefe two inftances, 'twill be found that 
 
 * our computation is model! enough, for an age 
 ' when poverty and the cares of life had not yet 
 
 * deflroyed man's vigour, nor reduced Jiirp to the 
 
 * neceffity of refraining from marriage (the lawful 
 
 * method of propagation) for fear ot not being a- 
 4 ble to iupport his family. But although the in- 
 
 * creafe of our fpecies had for one hundred and 
 4 fifty years been much lefs than we have fup- 
 
 * pofed it, and that only four hundred millions of 
 6 people had came into the world ; nay farther, 
 
 * tho' we were Hill to fubftract thirty millions from 
 4 that fum, for the immature and violent deaths, 
 
 * difeafes and wars, which in all probability were 
 
 * not fo bloody in thofe ages as they have been 
 
 * fmce, 'tis very natural to think that fome millions 
 e might detach themfelves from the remaining three 
 ' hundred and feventy millions, in order to leek their
 
 [ 97 1 
 
 * fortunes in America. And tho' we afterwards fup- 
 ' pofe, that propagation may have been very much 
 ' prejudiced by reafon of the fatigues they laboured 
 ' under in their voyage, and from the change of 
 ' climate, &c. we mall neverthelefs find that ten 
 4 or twelve millions of people may have been able 
 ' to furnifh America with forty millions of fouls, in 
 
 * fifty y ears ti me - What is here advanced ought 
 ' not to be looked upon as a paradox, nor mould 
 
 * any difficulties be raifed with refpect to our cal- 
 ' culation ; difficulties which are founded only on 
 
 , * the length of man's life in our days. Mankind in 
 ' thofe ages had not invented all thole pernicious arts, 
 ' which at the fame time that they morten life, do alfo 
 ' leflen propagation.' And if to all this we add the 
 confideration of what we are told in Gen. ix. i. viz. 
 That GOD, immediately after the deluge, bleffcdNoab 
 and his font , and f aid unto them^ Be fruitful and multi- 
 ply and replenijh the earth ; if, I fay, we add to the 
 above obfervations the confideration of this divine 
 JBlefTing, and injunction, we cannot doubt that the 
 Progeny of Noah and his Sons was very much increafed 
 foon after the Flood, and fufficiently numerous to re- 
 people the earth.' And, when we farther confider, 
 that after the Confufion of Babel (which happened about 
 an hundred years after the deluge) it is faid, Gen. xi. 
 9. And from thence did the Lord feat ter them [i. e. the 
 Projectors of Babel] abroad upon the face of the 
 whole earth , I fay when we confider this, that thofe 
 who were reluctant to GOD'S defign were forced to go, 
 and doubtlefs many co-operated with the divine inten- 
 tion willingly, and as mankind, within two or three 
 hundred years after the flood, were abundantly fuffi- 
 cient for re-peopling the whole earth, fo we may fairly 
 conclude, that within that fpace of time they actually 
 peopled it.
 
 WITH regard to the brute part of the world, they 
 certainly complied with the divine injunction, Gen. viii. 
 1 7. and were fruitful, multiplied upon the earth^ and 
 bred abundantly. And with refpedt to their difperfion, 
 their peculiar qualities and inflincts would prompt 
 them to feek fuch countries and climates as would be 
 moft fuitable to their natures i in the fame* manner as 
 many of them now pafs from one country to another, 
 to immenfe diftances, when the alteration of the fea- 
 fon affects them. Add to this, that the mild and 
 meek kind of animals, fuch efpecially as were defigned 
 to be the prey of others, would naturally avoid the 
 wild and rapacious, and the lafl would as naturally 
 fjurfue , fo that both would be induced to get as far 
 from the place where the ark landed, as they conve- 
 niently could: and by this means the whole globe 
 would be foon re-fupplied with animals. 
 
 THUS then, within two or three hundred years af- 
 ter the Deluge, the whole Earth would be re -peopled 
 with men, and flocked with other animals. And as 
 about this time the Earth was divided or fplit afunder, 
 and we may juflly fuppofe that the land, which united 
 Africa and America together, fuffered in this divijien, 
 was disjoined from the two Continents, and funk be- 
 neath the Ocean , fo would both Continents be ftill 
 inhabited ; tho' for the time forward the inhabitants 
 of each would be feparated from the other. 
 
 THUS we have difcovered an eafy way by which 
 -America might have been, and I apprehend, the true 
 way, by which it really was fupplied with inhabitants 
 after the flood ; a way this, that affords a very con- 
 venient paffage (thro 5 a warm and fruitful climate) 
 for the moft tender and delicate animals, and fuch as 
 could not endure any great degree of Cold, and of 
 courfe a very eafy one for robuft man.
 
 t 99 ] 
 
 NATURAL PROOFS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Scripture Account of the Deluge, 
 
 Deduced from a great variety of circumftances, 
 on and in the terraqueous globe. 
 
 &>*<08( AM now come to Jay before the reader 
 *Jf j "y what natural proofs may be deduced, 
 C\ /"S f rom tne P re ^ ent Situation of things id 
 xLr \J* tne eartn) j n favour of the Mofaic de- 
 fcription of the Deluge. 
 
 AND here, I mall felect four Particulars, which 
 if I can evince, the truth of the whole will, I believe, 
 be readily admitted, viz. if I can prove, 
 
 I. THAT there is a quantity of water in the earth 
 abundantly fufficient for flooding it to the height re- 
 prefented in Scripture ; 
 
 II. THAT this water did actually thus overflow it ; 
 
 III. THAT, during this Flood, the folid ftructure 
 or compages of the earth was diflblved, all the mine- 
 ral and metallic matter reduced to its original corpuf- 
 cles, and affumed up into the water; fo that the 
 whole conftituted one fluid mafs or colluvies , 
 
 IV. THAT all this matter, together with the animal 
 and vegetable bodies inclofed within it, fubfided again, 
 and formed the prefent folid ftrata of the earth. 
 
 IF, I fay, I can prove thefe four points, the truth 
 of the Mofaic defcription of the Flood cannot, I 
 think, well be difputed. 
 
 H 2
 
 AND I. to flievv, That there is a fuiEcient quantity 
 of water in the earth for covering alt the high moun- 
 tains under the -whole heaven, or rather the whole fur- 
 face of the Earth above the height of the higheft 
 mountains. 
 
 THIS has been thought the main and principal hinge 
 on which the whole affair of the Deluge turns, the Cauja 
 fine qua non of folving that grand cataftrophe , for un- 
 lefs we can procure fufficient materials for the work, it 
 would be idle to attempt the foliation of the effect. 
 And all nature, both from above and from below, 
 has been ranfacked by feveral writers on this fubjeft 
 to find out a place where there lies a quantity of wa- 
 ter fufficient for flooding the earth ; which, confidering 
 the light that writers in general have looked upon the 
 deluge in, namely as a flood of waters barely over- 
 flowing the terreftrial parts of the globe, is a matter 
 of fome furprize that they mould be at a lofs to find 
 a fuitable quantity : for let any one but caft his eye 
 over a map or globe of the earth, and he will at once 
 perceive that the Ocean and Seas greatly exceed the 
 terreftrial j&rts, and if he will take a nearer and 
 more accurate furvey and add to the account the 
 fpaces occupied by all the rivers and lakes upon the 
 earth, he will find, that the dry land comprehends 
 not more than, if fo much as, one third part of the 
 earth's furface. And as it is well known, that the 
 fea is unfathomable in many places, and that its depth 
 is equal to the height of the mountains -, fo it is evi- 
 dent;, and manifelt to ienfe, that there is a quantity 
 
 See VARENIUS'S Geograpb\, by SHAW, Vol. I. p. i '3, 195, 8. 
 As I fhall have occafion to quote this Trcatife hereafter, it may not 
 be arnifs to acquaint the reader with its authority and character. Sir 
 Jfaac Newton thought it fo judicious and ufetul a work, that he re- 
 printed an accurate latin edition of it at Cambridge, for the ule of the 
 Students in that Univerfky. This edition meeting \vith a quick fale.
 
 of water in the earth capable of covering all the 
 mountains under the whole heaven. But as this act 
 of barely covering the mountains will not anfwer the 
 defcription of the Flood as given in Scripture, nor fuit 
 with the efeEls of that Flood as they are now dilcernible 
 upon and in the earth (of which hereafter) fo we mull 
 find out a quantity, even greater than this. But what 
 I have faid may ferve to pave the way, and leflen the 
 wonder the reader may conceive concerning the quan- 
 tity of water requifite for fuch a grand tranfaction. 
 
 THE Prelude to which mighty event was, accord- 
 ing to Mofes, The breaking up of tbe fountains of (be 
 Great Deep. What this Great Deep or Abyfs is has 
 been fbewn already, namely, that it is an immenfely 
 large Refervoir of water lying beneath the circular 
 fhell of the earth, communicating with all lefier Deeps 
 or Seas, and affording lupplies for the numerous 
 rivers upon the earth. Such is the Scriptural account 
 of this Abyfs, fee p. 25, &c. 
 
 LET us now fee whatreafon there is to believe, from 
 a view of the ftructure and parts of th!s globe, that 
 there is fuch a fubterraneous magazine ot^vater. 
 
 i. THE/r/? argument which I ihall bring in proof 
 of this Abyfs is (to fpeak in the words of Scripture 
 wherever we can) That all the rivers run into tbe Sea, 
 and yet tbe Sea is not full, or does not reach the height 
 
 and confequently foon becoming fcarce, Dr. Bent!e>; importance! Dr. 
 Jut in to print another edition, and to affix an appendix of later Dif- 
 coveries. Mr. DugdfiU published an cn^i-ji? 7V 1 ,/,//;/^ from Juries 
 edition, with feveral additional notes ; which has fi nee been revifed, 
 corrected and re publifhedby Dr. 6'<7if. And 1 fcarce know a 
 more ufeful Book for a Student in Flsiloibphy to begin with. 
 
 See alfo Hiltti-e Pbf/jquc d .-lamer far O.n:e d, MARSILLI, p. i i. 
 This alfo Is a valuable Treatife, and the Author of it fo w-.-li known 
 for his indefatigable indaftry, judgment and accuracv in making ex- 
 periments and observations upon the tops of the hi^heft mountains, 
 the deepeil cave-, and even t'^e bottom ><\ t!\..' Sea, that 1 need unly 
 to ir.tution Li^ naiiie to ^aiii credit to liis b:uk
 
 t I2 ] 
 
 of, or run over, its fhores. This is a fact as flu 
 as it is apparent \ but, like other common truths, the 
 obvioufneis of it leffens the wonder, and takes off 
 the weighty confiderations deducible therefrom. But 
 the Event in itfelf i truly wonderful, and deferves our 
 particular notice on the prefent occafion. To enu- 
 merate and defcribe all the rivers upon the earth would 
 be endlefs and impofiible. I mall therefore mention 
 fome of the largeft ; in order that we may form a 
 judgment of the 'quantity of water poured into the 
 Sea by all of them. The Danube, after it has ran 
 a courfe of above two thoufand miles, and received by 
 the way fixty rivers, (thirty of which are fo large as to 
 be navigable) throws itfelf, by five or fix great ftreams, 
 with fuch rapidity into the Euxine Sea, that its water 
 continues frefh and unmixt with the fait for twenty 
 leagues. Its depth, in moil places, is two hundred 
 feet.? The Volga, after it has taken an irregular tour 
 of two thousand nine hundred miles , and increafed its 
 ilream by the addition of two hundred rivers and 
 brooks, difcharges itfelf by twenty five mouths into the 
 Cafpian Sea, and makes that Sea lefs brackilh for 
 many leagues.* The Oby, a river in Siberia, in fome 
 places half a league, and in others a whole league 
 broad, runs for about two thoufand four hundred miles 
 (without reckoning its windings) and then empties it- 
 felf by fix mouths into the Icy Sea. r To which we 
 may add the Jenifa, about ten weeks journey diftant 
 from the former river, and equal, if not fuperior to 
 it, both in length and breadth.* The Crocc<us or yellow 
 r'tver of China, after having flowed thro' feveral Pro- 
 vinces for more than two thoufand miles, falls at length 
 
 * COLLIER'S Miflorita/, Geographical, &c. Dictionary. 
 
 i Atlas Ge'.grapbus, Vol. I. p. 164. Vdrcnius, p. 291. 
 
 r Atlas Gtcg. p. 165. VA RE Nil's'/ Geography, Vol. 1. p. 349. 
 
 ' f'arcniu}, ibid.
 
 into the Haft-Sea. 1 Not far from this is tfre J&ttft, re- 
 markable for its depth) being unfathomable in feverai 
 places, fo that the Chinefe have a proverb among them 
 \vhich fays, The Sea hath no bounds and the Kiam hath 
 no bottom. This impetuous river (which is fo very- 
 rapid when the torrents from the mountains incrcafe 
 its ftream, that it frequently bears away the iQands 
 that lye in its channel, and buries them under ite 
 waves) after having ran a courfe of twelve hundred 
 miles, difburthens itfelf into the Eaft-Sea of China* 
 The Ganges, famous for its length, breadth and depth, 
 being VK&X fifteen hundred miles long; and in its nar- 
 roweft places eight miles broad, in the molt open parts 
 twenty , and feldom fo mallow but that its depth mea- 
 fures an hundred feet. w The Euphrates, after having 
 ran a courfe of about a thcufand miles joins that remark- 
 ably rapid river the Tigris (after the Tigris had patted 
 a courfe of about five hundred miles) and both of them, 
 about j&# miles beyond their union, exonerate them- 
 felves into the Per/tan Gulph. The Nile takes its rife 
 in 12 deg. of N. Lat. and having flowed fifteen hun- 
 dred miles, nearly from South to North, divides into 
 two branches, and then falls into the Mediterranean 
 Sea.* The Niger, the longeft river in Africa, after a 
 courfe of two tboufand four hundred miles, empties it- 
 felf by fix great ftreams into the Atlantic Ocean. 7 
 The Zaire, another river in Africa, which, though it 
 does not equal any of the above in the length of its 
 courfe, yet exceeds them all in its breadth, being at 
 H 4 
 
 1 LE COMTB'S Qbfir-vations made in a Journey thro' the Empire of 
 China, p. 108. 
 " Ibid. 
 w SALMON'S modern Gazetteer: HE VLYN'S CnCmtgrpphy, p S'Q. 
 
 * SALMON'S /)/-, /<;// Jlatc aft ill nation*, Vol. V. p. 10. 
 
 * VARENIUS, p, 349. COLLIER'S Did.
 
 104 
 
 its mouth twenty eight miles broad, and rufhes into the 
 Ethiopic Sea with fo great a force, as to preferve its 
 waters pure and frefh for ten miles commonly, for fif- 
 teen at other times. z But if we pals into America, we 
 mall find rivers exceeding any yet mentioned. The 
 river of St. Laurence, alter having ran through, and 
 been fed by, feveral great Lakes, and taken a courfe 
 of one thoufandfive hundred miles (and its fource yet un- 
 known) difcharges itfelf into the gulph of St. Laurence ; 
 being at its mouth between feventy and eighty miles 
 broad, and two hundred fathoms deep. 3 The Paria or 
 Oronoque is navigable for a tboufand miles by mips of 
 burden, and two tboufand by boats and pinnaces ; and 
 having received into its channel an hundred rivers, 
 openeth into the fea with fixleen mouths, which part 
 the earth into fo many iflands. b Rio de la Plata, in 
 length from its firft fountain two tboufand miles, in 
 breadth at its fall into the Stzfixty miles , and of fo 
 violent a ftream that the Sea for many leagues together 
 altereth not the taile of it. The River of the Amazons, 
 efteemed the greateft in the world ; Orellana is reported 
 to have failed in it five tboufand miles, including the 
 feveral turnings and v/indings he took; in many places 
 it is fo deep as to be unfathomable-, and, at the time 
 of its higheft rifings, the Current is an hundred and 
 eighty miles broad, and rufhes into the Sea with fuch 
 impetuofity as to preferve its natural tafte and colour 
 
 for more than thirty miles.* Now to the above 
 
 let any one make an addition of all the remaining ri- 
 vers upon the earth, and then conceive within himfclf 
 
 HEYLYN'S Cofmog, p. 989, 995- 
 
 COLLIER'S Dit. 
 
 HETL,YN'S Cofmograpby, p. 1056. 
 
 Ibid. 
 
 Ibid. CcckSs fejage to the South Sea, &c. p. 254.
 
 [ 105 
 
 what an immenfe profufion of water muft be poured 
 into the Ocean, 1 need not lay, yearly, monthly, but 
 daily, or even hourly? It was the opinion ot that ac- 
 curate Geographer Farenius,* [and to which I believe, 
 every one upon mature consideration wi-il confent, as 
 Bp. Stillingfleet, Dr. Plot, Stackhoufe, and others have 
 done] that each of the larger fort of rivers, (and fuch, 
 every one of thofe that t have mentioned above, may 
 well be efteemed, and many others that are not 
 mentioned) empties into the Sea, in one year's 
 time, a quantity of water fufficient to cover the 
 whole fur face of the earth. And if feveral rivers, 
 fmgly coniidered, throw in fuch a quantity, and fome of 
 them a. far greater, What muft all of them added to- 
 gether effund ? In order to fee what a quantity this 
 
 would amount to, and to what an height, if it was 
 poured upon the earth, it would arife, Let us fuppofe, 
 that the mouths of all the rivers, or the places where 
 they enter into the Sea, were flopped and dammed up 
 fo high, that their currents were diverted from rufhing 
 into the fea, and turned back upon the dry-land ; and 
 how foon would the higheft mountains be covered ? 
 For, if one river, in one year's time, produces a quan- 
 tity fufficient to effect this, (or rather twice as much as 
 would be fufficient, for the Dry-land occupies but one 
 third part of the earth's furface) and there are many 
 fuch rivers, and feveral much larger, and if all the 
 lefler ftreams were united, they would exceed the 
 larger already mentioned, How foon, I fay, in this 
 cafe, muft the higheft mountains be covered ? Surely, 
 not many days, it hours, would be requifite for fuch 
 
 an inundation. Now when we confider, that fuch 
 
 an inconceivably great quantity of water is daily ^ or at 
 
 ^ Gin/ Geography, p 299.
 
 [ io6 J 
 
 lead weekiy difcharged into the Sea, and yet//^ Sea is 
 not full, nor even any vifible increafe produced there- 
 by, What an immenfely large receptacle mutt there be 
 beneath the Ocean and the Land for containing fuch 
 an afiemblage of water ? Well might it be called in 
 Scripture THE GREAT DEEP, as all leffer Deeps 
 or Seas are nothing in companion to it. 
 
 ALLOWANCE indeed muft be made in the above cal- 
 culation, for the quantity of water that is raifed from 
 the Ocean in vapour by the heat of the fun, &c. 
 which fome have been fo extravagant as to imagine to 
 be equal to That which is poured into the Ocean by 
 all the rivers upon earth ; and therefore they fuppofe, 
 that what the Sea gets by the rivers, it loies by eva- 
 poration ; and fo a mutual and equable interchange is 
 prefervcd. But furely this Hypothecs can never 
 
 Hand the examination of common fenfe or experi- 
 ments. For i/}. it is well known, that the vapours 
 and rain fall upon the Sea, as well as upon the land ; 
 and the furface of the Ocean is full 'as large again as 
 That of the Dry-land; fo we may juftiy fuppofe that 
 two thirds of what is raifed in vapour returns from 
 whence it came, without falling upon the Dry-land. 
 idly. Befides, as, it has been obferved ' This is a 
 1 Summer reafon, and would pafs very ill in winter, 
 4 efpecially in our Northern climate, when the heat of 
 1 the Sun is much lefs powerful ;' and yet our Seas 
 have no fuch fenfible diminution in Summer, or over- 
 flowing in winter, as might be expected, if their in- 
 creafe and decreafe depended fo much upon vapours. 
 And, %dly. I may add too, This is a day reafon, and 
 will not hold in the night; when the vapours fre- 
 quently fall nearly as fail as they role in the precedent 
 day. But, ^tbly. fince the favourers of this hypo- 
 thefis fuppofe, That the fnpply of all the rivers upon 
 earth is owing to the vapours that are raifed from the
 
 Sea, carried from thence by wind, and condenfed 
 againft the fides of mountains, and fo trickling down 
 thro' the crannies of the rocks, enter into the hollow 
 places thereof, form collections of water, &c. from 
 whence they illue out at the firft orifice they can find, 
 and by this means conftitute Springs and Rivers , fince, 
 I fay, they hold this hypothefis as a conference of 
 the former, it mould follow, That as the evaporations 
 are greater in Summer time than in Winter, fo the 
 Springs and Rivers, which depend upon the quantity 
 of theie evaporations, ought to be higher and fuller in 
 Summer than in Winter; the contrary to which is 
 well known to be fact, at leaft in our Northern re- 
 gions ; unlefs when the vapours happen to be con- 
 gealed and frozen into Snow, asfoon as they fall ; and 
 then they of courfe (in their frozen and confined ftate) 
 cannot afford any fupply for the augmentation of ri- 
 vers , and in this cafe, or in fuch places where this 
 happens, the rivers generally remain of the fame height 
 in Winter as in Summer. Which laft confederation will 
 furnifh another argument againft the opinion of thofe 
 who afcribe the origin of Springs and Rivers to the 
 condenfation of vapours againft the fides of mountains, 
 &c. for it is obferved by Mr. Ray, (who himfelf tra- 
 velled over the Alps) ' That the tops of the Alps above 
 ' the fountains of four of the greateft rivers in Europe, 
 ' the Rhine, the Rhofne, the Danube, and the Po, are 
 * for about./?* months in the year conjlantly covered with 
 4 Snow to a great tbicknefs , Ib that there are no vapours 
 ' all that while that can touch thofe mountains, and be 
 ' by them condenfed into water : there falls nothing 
 ' there but Snow ; and that continuing all that while 
 ' on the ground without diffolution, hinders all accefs of 
 c vapours to the earth, if any rofe, or were by winds 
 ' carried fo high in that form, as I am confident there 
 ' are not. And yet lor all that do not thofe Springs
 
 [ io8 ] 
 
 6 fail, but continue to run all winter, and it is likely 
 ' too, without diminution.'' But, Laftly, this Hy- 
 pothefis that the origin of Springs and Rivers is ow- 
 ing to vapours condenfed into water and rain, and that 
 the quantity of water which is evaporated from the 
 Ocean is equal to that which is poured into it by all 
 the rivers upon the earth, has been fo fully examined 
 and confuted by Dr. Gualtieri in anfwer to Dr. Valif- 
 nieri (who maintained the above hypothefis) and this 
 too, by making the mod reasonable or rather over- 
 reafonable allowances to the favourers of this hypothe- 
 fis, That I mail only tranfcnbe part of what Dr. Gu- 
 altieri has faid on this head, as it is abridged in the 
 Memoirs of Literature for Aug. 1725. 'After this, 
 
 * Dr. Gualtieri undertakes to prove the impoflibility of 
 ' afcribing the origin of Springs and rivers to rain- 
 ' water, &c. To demonftrate this impoffibility, 
 
 * it ought to be proved that the quantity of rain-water 
 ' is far from being fufHcient to keep up the continual 
 4 courfe of fprings and rivers. And to fet that pro- 
 4 pofition in its full light, one mud determine by a 
 
 * Calculation the quantity of rain-water, andthequan- 
 ' tity of the water of thofe rivers that fall into thefea: 
 4 and jf one exceeds the other confiderably, the quef- 
 
 * tion will be decided. It refill cs (fays the Author) 
 ' from the obfcrvations made by the Paris- Academy, 
 
 * for the fpace of nineteen years, that the mean quantity 
 
 * of rain, that falls at Paris, is about 18 or 19 inches 
 
 * high every year. f To find how much it rains in 
 
 f It may be proper to make a few remarks here, I st - That it has 
 been now determined by a cov.rfe of oHfervati ops that hav? been fuc- 
 ceflively continued bv the Profdlors of the Academy for no lefs than 
 tfVrv fi-ve yt.a>-s, that it a rnedi.:m, crone year with another, there 
 falls no more than ibmcbc;, and 8 lines of rain; feeTi-.MPLtMA.N's 
 Kxtrafis from the mrtn'iin cf the Acini >n\ tit Parif, Vol II p. 32-?; 
 juft prir.tcd. 2 d1 '- That under the term R.\in is ulib included all the
 
 [ T 9 J 
 
 * Italy during one year, the Author requires that the 
 4 whole furface of that country be reduced to an ob- 
 
 * long rectangular parallelogram ; the length whereof 
 4 be or 600 miles of Bologna, and the breadth of 1 20. 
 4 In the next place, he fuppofes that all the water fall- 
 4 ing upon that extent of ground, in the fpace of one 
 year, is kept in, without being able to run out. 
 4 That water, in this fupp^ofidon, will rife, according 
 4 to the obfervations of the Academy, to the height of 
 
 * one foot and a half; and if the whole be calculated, 
 ' it will appear to amount to the fum of two trillions, 
 4 feven hundred billions of cube feet of water, that 
 4 Kill in one year upon the furface of all Italy. Now, 
 4 in order to know the quantity of water carried into 
 4 the fea by all the rivers ot that country in one year, 
 4 we mufl fuppofe a canal of a depth and breadth pro- 
 
 * portionable to the dimenfions of thofe rivers, where- 
 
 * of thofe that fall into the fea, are two hundred in 
 ' number, without reckoning the other rivers, brooks, 
 
 * fountains, fubterraneous canals, &c. Dr. Gualiierr^ 
 1 before he determines the length and breadth of fuch 
 
 * a canal, obferves that the Po is near a mile broad at 
 4 its entrance into the fea. If we add to the waters of 
 4 the Po thofe of eighteen other great rivers^ can we al- 
 4 low to a canal that mould contain them all, lefsthan 
 4 one mile or, 5000 feet in breadth, and 20 feet in 
 4 depth ? If we add (till the water of the" fmall rivers, 
 4 and of all the fountains and fprings, that fall into 
 4 the fea ; Can any one believe that thole waters col- 
 4 leded can be contained in inch a canal ? [Doubtleft 
 
 water that fails in [now, dt<w, vapours, &c. 3 <ly> That this quan- 
 tity is meafured almoft as foon as it fa h, and the fum total determined 
 from thefe feveral lefier meafurements j and no allowance made fbi 
 what would othervvife have been carried ofFby <uvW.<, by cxh <//;//'. , 
 contained in vegetation, imbibed by the earth t &c ; which, if ukca 
 into the account, would greatly lefien the above eftimare.
 
 
 not]. However the Author is willing to reduce the 
 
 * breadth of that canal to that of 1250 feet, which is 
 only the fourth part of 5000, and its depth to that 
 
 * of 15 feet. [This certainly is an over-reafonable 
 
 < allowance given to his adverfary]. After this re- 
 
 < duction, the author following the calculation of 
 
 < Dr. Guglielmini^ finds that the quantity of water con- 
 tinually carried into the fea by a canal of that di- 
 
 < menfion, during 366 days, would be equal to the 
 6 fum of five trillions, five hundred twenty two billions, 
 three hundred ninety one millions of cube feet of 
 water. But all the rain-water, that falls in Italy 
 during one year, amounts only to the quantity of 
 two trillions, feven hundred billions of cube feet of 
 
 < water. Therefore all the rivers in Italy carry into 
 
 * the fea two trillions^ eight hundred twenty two billions^ 
 ' three hundred ninety one millions of cube feet of water 
 ' ABOVE that which the rain affords in one year. From 
 
 * whence comes that overplus, if it be not from the 
 fea itfelf [or rather from the Abyfs that lieth within 
 
 * the earth] ? The Author confirms this 
 
 "' proof by another fort of fupputation, viz. by that 
 
 * of the quantity of water, which evaporates daily. 
 1 'Tis well known, (fays he) by feveral experiments, 
 that from a furface of water ten inches fquare, a cube 
 4 inch of water evaporates in 24 hours. A fquare 
 
 * mile of water contains twenty five millions of fquare 
 1 feet of water, which make three billions, fix hundred 
 ' millions of fquare inches : from whence it follows 
 
 * that from a furface of a fquare mile, three hundred 
 ' fixty millions of cube inches of water evaporate in 
 c 24 hours, which make 208 thoufand, 333 cube feet. 
 
 * Allowing the Mediterranean Sea to be 3000 miles 
 ' long and 420 miles broad, its whole furface will be 
 
 * of one million, 260000 fquare miles, which number 
 6 being multiplied by that of 208 thoufand, 333 cube 
 
 !
 
 [ "I ] 
 
 c feet, we fliall have the number of 262 billions, 499 
 ' millions, 580 thoufand cube feet of water, which 
 ' in 24 hours evaporate from the whole furface of the 
 c Mediterranean fea ; and multiplying again that num- 
 4 ber by that of 365 days, there will be 95 trillions, 
 4 812 billions, 346 millions, 700000 cube feet of 
 4 water, which evaporate from the fame furtace, in 
 ' the fpace of one year. Afterwards if we reduce all 
 4 the rivers that fall into the Mediterranean to a canal 
 4 fix Italian miles broad, and 15 feet deep 'which is a 
 4 very low fuppofition) fuch a canal will carry into 
 { that fea, a hundred thirty two trillions^ five hundred 
 4 thirty fe-ven billions , three hundred eighty four millions 
 4 of yibe feet of '-water , a quantity very much exceed - 
 4 ing tha which evaporates from that fea in one year. 
 4 That Dr. Valijnuri may have no ground to complain, 
 4 the Author is willing to grant him, againftthe tefti- 
 4 mony of all obfervations, that thirty inches of water 
 4 fall in Italy every year. But he tells him at the fame 
 ' time, that all this water is not employed in keeping 
 4 up the courfe of fountains and rivers. One mult 
 4 deduct out of it, i. All the quantity neceflary to* 
 4 moiften the ground to the depth of lome fathoms, 
 c without which an excefiive drought would reduce it 
 ' to duft; and this quantity muft needs be very con- 
 4 fiderable. 2. One muft deduct that quantity which 
 4 ferves for the nourifliment and growth of trees, and 
 4 all the other plants of Italy ^ during the whole year ; 
 4 and in order to conceive how far this can go, it is fuf- 
 4 ficient to cbnfider, that according to the experiments 
 4 of Mr. de la Hire^ one fingle fig-tree, furnifhed with 
 4 an hundred and thirty leaves, ablorbs two pounds and 
 4 a half of water, in the fpace of five hours, and con- 
 4 fequently three thoufand one hundred and ninety four 
 4 founds in one year. 3. One mull deduct out of 
 4 rain-water that which continually evaporates? the
 
 quantity whereof has been determined above. Now, 
 how likely is it that 30 inches of water yearly may be 
 fufficient for all thofe ufes j and that there fhould 
 remain enough ftill to keep up the courfe of fountains 
 and rivers. Again-, Dr.Gualtieri makes another im- 
 poffiblc- fuppofition in favour of his adverfary, viz. 
 that out of thofe 30 inches of water, 15 only are em- 
 ployed for the continual evaporation, and to fupply the 
 wants of the ground and plants; and that the other 15 
 inches ferve for the courfe of fountains and rivers. 
 But notwithftanding all the endeavours of Dr. Gual- 
 tieri in favour of his antagonift. what Ihift can the 
 latter make with 15 inches of water, whilft the 18 
 inches found by the Academy, are, as has been 
 (hewn above, much beneath the quantity requifite to 
 keep up that perpetual commerce between freih and 
 fea- water.' 
 
 II. SECONDLY, as the quantity of water that is 
 poured into the Ocean from the mouths of all the ri- 
 vers upon the earth proves the certainty of an Abyfs be- 
 neath the Ocean and the Land, fo the quantity ^hat is 
 thrown out at the heads or fources of all the rivers 
 equally proves the fame ', and efpecially that this Abyfs 
 lyeth beneath the Earth as well as the fea. In the above 
 defcription of feveral of the larger rivers, I have men- 
 tioned the length of their ccurfcs as well as breadth of 
 their mouths, in order that the reader may judge from 
 thence what an immenfe quantity of water is requifite 
 for preferving their channels full, and keeping their 
 currents ilrong; and alfo that he may obferve that 
 their Sources, or the Springs that fupply them with 
 water, lye high up in the inland countries, fo that fe- 
 veral of them are fome hundred, nay thoufands of miles 
 diftant from the Se# they at laft fall into; and fome 
 of their Springs rife in the very middle or centre of 
 the largeft Continents. So that fmce they are fituated
 
 [ "3 ] 
 
 at fuch a vaft diftance from any fea, and take their 
 rife generally' in the higheft mountains, the refervoir 
 that fuppiies them with water muft certainly be beneath 
 thofe mountains. And fmce, befides thefe larger ri- 
 vers there are a multitude of other rivers, rivulets, 
 and fprings, that indifcriminately arife in, and pafs 
 thro' the different parts of any one of the larger Con- 
 tinents into which the world isufually divided, fo that 
 it a perfon would but take a view of the map of either 
 of the Continents, and obferve the heads of the feveral 
 rivers that fpring up in it, that Continent, and fo the 
 whole Earth, would appear as~ if it were bored thro* 
 in innumerable places, thro* which a continual efflux 
 of water proceeded; and from hence he will readily 
 conclude, that the Earth is, as the Pfalmtft fays, 
 ftretched out or expanded upon water, or eftablijhed upon 
 the Abyfs that lieth bemath\ fee p. 25, &c. 
 
 To fay, that the Origin of thefe fprings and rivers 
 is owing to rain and vapours condenfed againfl the fides 
 of mountains, is, as we have already feen, falie in fact 
 as wf 11 as anti-fcriptural. But as it is the prefent pre- 
 vailing opinion, it may be expected that 1 mould ex- 
 amine the chief of the arguments ufually brought in 
 favour of it-, which I-fhall do, and endeavour to con- 
 fute them ; and. then introduce an experiment or two, 
 which ought forever to filence this opinion, and which 
 indeed might make thofe afhamed of it that have em- 
 braced it. The firft and chief argument, that the 
 quantity of water which falls in rain and vapours 
 throughout the year is fufficient for the fupply of ail 
 the rivers upon the earth, has been already (hewn 
 to be an egregious miftake ; there being no rcafon to 
 think it fufficient for the fupply of one of the larger 
 rivers, much lefs for all, during that fpace of time. 
 'idly. It has been faid, That fmce rivers increafe and 
 overflow their banks after any great rains, efpeciall/
 
 fuch as are periodical, and after the flowing or melt- 
 ing of the fnow upon the mountains, it certainly fol- 
 lows, that their fupplies are owing to rain, vapours or 
 fnow. But this is fo far from proving that the conflant 
 and regular flux of rivers (which is the point in quef- 
 tion) is derived from hence, that it rather proves the 
 contrary ; and only mews that the fudden incresife or 
 accidental inundations of rivers may be owing to thefe 
 caufes ; but does not at all account for the water that 
 continually iflues forth from the fprings or heads of 
 rivers, and which affords them a conftant and equable 
 fuppfy, when no fuch rains fall, and no fnow is melt- 
 ed. Again , it has been faid, That the rain that 
 falls, and the fnow that is melted, upon the mountains, 
 fink thro' the earth, and is referved there in large ca- 
 vities or bafons, from whence 'tis gradually difpenfed 
 for the fupply of fprings and rivers. But the above 
 argument deftroys this, for we find that rivers fwell 
 and increafe immediately after and in proportion to the 
 rain that falls or the fnow that is melted ; and there- 
 fore, the water that proceeds from either is not detained 
 within the mountains. And it is evident to fenfe, 
 that, after any fudden mower or even a rain of long 
 continuance, or the gradual melting of fnow, the 
 water which proceeds from either flows down from 
 the mountains along upon the furface, almoft as foon 
 as it falls, and does not enter into the bowels of the 
 earth [unlefs where there happen to be natural hollows 
 or pits dug for mining, &c. which lie open to the fur- 
 face -, and then fome part of the rain that falls will of 
 courfe pafs thro* thefe -, but as this tinges the water 
 of the fpring with the colour of the foil it has pafied 
 thro', fo its continuance is eafily diftinguifhable, and 
 it feldom lafts above a few hours after the rain] but 
 in general, I fay, it is evident to fenfe, that the water 
 which falls in rain or from fnow flows down from the
 
 fides of the mountain in fireams or torrents towards 
 the lower grounds, and either unites with rivers and 
 with them tails into the fca, or e'le fettles at the bot- 
 tom of hills (but not upon the tops or fides, from whence 
 fprings generally rife, and to can afford no iupply for 
 them ) i and even from thence is in a few days conveyed 
 away, part of it being evaporated by the heat of the 
 fun, part carried off by the winds, part fpent in the 
 nourimment of vegetables, and part imbibed by the 
 earth. But it has been farther aiTerted, Thar, 
 
 fince in the hotter feafons of the year and in great 
 droughts, when no rain has fallen for fome time, the 
 fprings and rivers fenlibly tail or are diminifhcd ; 
 therefore, as their deficiencies are owing to want of 
 
 rain, their fupplies muft be owing to rain. But 
 
 this by no means follows, for the part that rain bears 
 in the fupply of rivers is only (as we have feeh al- 
 ready") an accidental increafe or fwelling of their wa- 
 ters, but has no mate in affording a regular and fuf- 
 ficient quantity of water for their, otherwife, equable 
 and conjtant courfes. And the reafon why fprings and 
 rivers fail or are leffened in great droughts and the 
 hotter feafons of the year is evident, for during fuch 
 times the heat of the weather and the action of the 
 Sun-beams upon the water at the Spring-head ^ where 
 the quantity is generally fmall, and in the channels of 
 rivers- will caufe the water to be exhaled and evapo- 
 rated in proportion to fuch heats and droughts, and 
 therefore" fprings and rivers will proportionably fail. 
 Befides ; in fuch hot and dry weather, the ufual 
 moifture of the ground is exhaled, and the fur- 
 face of the earth parched and cracked into chafms 
 and openings, fo that the moid vapours that arife 
 from beneath or from within the earth, (of which 
 more particularly hereafter) and which in a great 
 meafure afford fupplies for fprings and even for rain, 
 
 I 2
 
 [ 1, 
 
 are, when they come to the furface of the earth, at- 
 tenuated, divided, and difperfed here and there (as 
 our breath or the fume emitted from our lungs, is in 
 the fummer-time) by the action qf the fun-beams or 
 heat in the air, inftead of being collected and condenfed 
 at and under the furface of the earth - (as is the cafe 
 during the colder, and more moderate months) and 
 fo faturating the vegetable mould, and repleniihing 
 fprings, &c. And hence it comes to pafs (quite con- 
 trary to the hypothefis of fprings being derived from 
 rain, Sec.) that tho' there fails in England and the adja- 
 cent countries a much greater quantity of rain in June 
 and July than in December and ^-fc.mic.r'^ yet the 
 fprings and rivers are much lower and the earth more 
 dry in the two former months than m the two latter ; 
 and this certainly happens on account of the greater 
 heat of the fun, and more copious exhalations from 
 the earth and water ; whereas in the two other months, 
 the fun's power is lefs, and the furface of the earth 
 clofed and frozen ; fo that the inward or fubterranean 
 vapours are confined, ccndenfed, and increafed beneath 
 the earth's furface ; and hence fprir.gs and wells receive 
 a furplufage of water, and the inward parts of the earth 
 are quite fated or glutted with moifture, which collect- 
 ing into drops falls more plentifully from the tops of 
 caves, grottos, &c. during thefe colder months : and 
 yet this is a time when Rain is not only lefs in quan- 
 tity, but lefs able to fend fupplies to fprings, on ac- 
 count of the clofe union or compaction of the upper 
 parts of the earth ; fo that their, fources mull lie be- 
 neath the earth, and their fupplies be inward^ not cut" 
 ward. 
 
 E WOODWARD'S Nat. Wjl. p. 213. MARTYN'S Abridgment cf 
 ike Memoirs of the Acadtm^ of Sciences, &c. Vol. II. p. 44.
 
 [ "7] 
 
 BUT I mall now produce an experiment or two of 
 Mr. de la Hire, fufficient to overthrow this whole 
 theory of the origin of fprings being owing to rain 
 and vapours. This gentleman was reiblved to bring 
 this hypothefis to the teft of experiments, and to ex- 
 amine it in its moft ejjential article, viz. by endeavour- 
 ing to find to what depth rain or fnow- Water did really 
 defcend into the earth. In order to know this, h ' He 
 
 * dug a hole in the lower terrafs of the Obfervatory at 
 ' Paris, and placed therein, eight feet under ground, 
 ' a large leaden bafon, a tittle inclined towards one of 
 ' its angles, to which was foldered a leaden pipe 12 
 c feet long, which, after a confiderable defcent, reached 
 ' into a cellar adjoining. And after having covered 
 
 * the head of the pipe in the bafon with feveral flints of 
 ' different fizes, to prevent the orifice from being 
 ' Hopped, he threw in a quantity of earth of a middle 
 
 * nature, between fand and loam, (and fo eafily per- 
 4 meable by water) to the depth of eight feet -, and then 
 ' judged, that if the rain and fnow-water penetrated 
 ' the earth to the depth that fome fprings are found 
 ' at (which in digging wells and mines are difcovered 
 ' to be at all depths, from 8 to 800 feet) or 'till they 
 ' meet with the firft clayey or compact flratum to flop 
 ' them, that then the bottom of the bafon would ferve 
 to Hop and collect the water : and by this means there 
 4 would foonbe a fpring burfling forth thro' the leaden 
 
 * pipe into the cellar. But on the contrary, after hav- 
 ' ing kept the bafon in this fituation for no lefs than 
 ' 15 years, and the ground all the while expofed open 
 4 to whatever rain, fnow, or vapours that fell, he 
 ' could not obferve that ^fingle drop of -water had ever 
 
 I 3 
 
 h See Mittioin de la Acadim, or MARTYN'S Abridgvur.t ^ Vol. II. 
 p. 52. &c.
 
 pafled thro* the leaden pipe into the cellar. At the 
 _' fame time that he begun the above experiment, he 
 placed another bafon about 8 inches under ground, 
 
 < and chofe a place where the rain and vapours might 
 fall, and yet the ground be fcreened from the heat of 
 ' the fun and the aclion of the wind, and took care to 
 pull up all the grafs and herbs which grew over the 
 bafon, that all the water, which mould fall on the 
 
 < ground, might pafs uninterrupted to the bottom of 
 ' the -bafon, wherein was a little hole, with a tube to 
 < convey the water into another veiTel. The effect was, 
 
 < that in all the fpace of time from the iith of 'June 
 < to the igth of February following (more than eight 
 'months) no water came by the tube from the bafon ; 
 e and tho' it began to run on the lyth of February, this 
 was entirely owing to the great quantity of fnow 
 
 < which had fallen, and was then melting. From that 
 ' time the earth in the bafon was always very moift, 
 though the water would only run a tew hours aftef 1 
 raining, and it ceafed running, when the quantity 
 
 < fallen was drained off. A year after, he repeated 
 
 c the fame experiment, but buried the bafon 16 inches 
 ' under ground. He took care alfo that there was no 
 ' grafs on the ground, and that it might be fcreened 
 ' from the fun and wind, which would dry it too fail. 
 ' The effect was much the fame as in the former, ex- 
 ' cepting that when a confiderable time pafled without 
 ' raining, the earth would grow a little dry ; fo that 
 ' a moderate rain coming on, it would not moiilen 
 
 ' it fufficiently to make it run. Laflly, he 
 
 ' planted herbs on the ground over the bafon, but 
 ' found, that when thefe were grown up a little, the 
 ' ground was fo far from fending any water after rain, 
 ' that all that fell was not fujfident to fujlam them, 
 ' but they would droop and wither, unlefs re-fprinkled 
 ' from time to time with water.' This, I think.
 
 [ "9] 
 
 abundantly proves, not only that the rain-water does 
 not penetrate the earth, fo as to form the (mailed col- 
 lection of water, above 16 or 18 inches, but that 
 the quantity that falls, is not fuffident to furnifh the 
 quota requifite for the growth of vegetables ; fo that 
 we muft call in, as the above-mentioned author re- 
 marks, ' fome foreign affijlance to fupport them ;' 
 which alfo he found to be true from * feveral experi- 
 * merits that he made upon the quantity of water eva- 
 4 porated thro' the leaves of plants. '_ And what he 
 fays concerning the rain-water not finking above 1 6 or 
 1 8 inches in a foil of a middle nature, between fand 
 and loam, I have obferved to be nearly true even 
 in the moft lax and gravelly foil, fuch as that in the 
 low-lands about Oxford, which confifts of fmall round 
 pebbles and fand. I have examined it frequently after 
 the hardeft rains, and thofe of long continuance, [but 
 could never perceive that the rain had defcended, 
 (tho' the ground was upon a level, in a valley, and 
 of a wide extent) above 20 inches or two feet at moft; 
 and at about this depth I obferved in feveral places 
 where the earth was opened, that the gravel was un- 
 commonly hard and compact, the parts of it fo in- 
 timately united, that it formed a kind of ftratum, 
 which in tenacity equalled fome kinds of ftrata of (tone : 
 and upon examining the reafon of it, I found it to pro- 
 ceed from hence, that the rain water had drained down 
 as low as this, and here lodged ; and as it defcended, 
 it had carried with it the fmaller granules of fand and 
 other finer matter, which being repofited among and 
 between the other pebbles, cemented them clofe to- 
 gether and confolidated the whole ; and that this was 
 the caufe of their union was manifeft from the finer 
 matter being affixed to the fides and under-parts of moft 
 of the pebbles, juft in the manner as the draining or 
 laft fediment of water would naturally leave it, Buu 
 I 4
 
 [ 120 ] 
 
 I fay, after repeated obfervations, I could never per- 
 ceive that the rain-water had penetrated thro 1 this com- 
 pact ftratum of gravel , and unlefs the ram haa bf-en 
 of long continuance, and the weathef very moift and 
 wet before, I could not find that it had penetrated 
 even thus far; but faw plainly that all the rain that 
 fell was not fufficient for the fupport and nounmment 
 1 of the herbage and vegetables ; which, unlefs they had 
 been aflifted by the foreign fuppiy of the vapours that 
 afc end from the infide of the earth or whkh proceed 
 from beneath upwards (not thoie that fall from the 
 clouds, or from above, downwards) would foon have 
 drooped and withered, as thofe planted by the above- 
 mentioned gentleman did. 
 
 IT appearing then thus evident that the origin of 
 Springs and Rivers is not owing to rain or any vapours 
 that -may fall from above, we muft feek for an internal 
 fupply, for a magazine of water underneath the earth ; 
 and how immenfely great this muft be, I have given 
 the reader reafon to judge from what has been faid 
 at the beginning of this argument, p. 105. But it 
 may be proper (in order to obviate all objections and" 
 entirely to clear the fubject I am upon; to explain how 
 and by what means the water of this fubterranean 
 Abyfs is conveyed to the tops of the highefl moun- 
 tains, and there breaks out in Springs, &c. Now 
 any one that has but ju.lt looked into the infide of the 
 earth, and obferved the ftructure of ir, cannot but 
 know that the ftrata or beds of (lone, &c. of which 
 it confifts, have innumerable cracks or ffures in them, 
 ibme perpendicular, others oblique > and others hori- 
 zontal, or rather fuch as interfect and divide the ftra- 
 ta at all angles, and in all directions whatever ; and 
 alfo that thefe fiffures are of various frzes and capa- 
 cities, from foir.e that are feveral feet in breadth to a 
 multitude of "others that arc not more than a line in
 
 width, or even invifible ('till fome force be applied to 
 the ftonc, &c. and then the (lone will break into fmall 
 fhatters or fragments, and difcover where thefe cracks 
 were, as every one knows) ; and it is alfo certain, that 
 feveral of thefe fifiures or rather thefe divifions or part- 
 ings of the regular flrata are filled with a rubbley-kind 
 of matter, confitling of a mixture of fmall loofe flones, 
 clay, fludge and fand ; and that others of them are 
 quite open. 1 It is allo well known to thole that 
 
 are at all converfant in the fubterranean world, that 
 there is a moift vapour or a kind of fleam continually 
 paffing, from beneath upwards, thro' the fhell or cruft 
 of the earth i and that this vapour pervades, not only 
 the fmaller and leffer fiffures, but even the interflices 
 and pores of moft forts of flone, &c ; and that the 
 deeper you defcend, the more fenfibly and forcibly 
 this vapour ads or aicends. k Now upon the certainty 
 of thefe two facts (the reality of which any perfon may 
 be convinced of, by giving himfelf the trouble of look- 
 ing into the infide of the earth) we (hall be under no 
 great difficulty in accounting for the afcentof the fub- 
 terranean water to the tops and fides of mountains for 
 the origin of fprings, rivers, &c. For, firft, 
 
 fince the Earth is thus cracked and divided, from 
 the bottom of its iliell to the top, into an innumerable 
 number of fiffures of various fhapes and various fizes, 
 it cannot but be that the water of the Abyfs pervades 
 thefe cracks and enters 'up into them to a level with 
 the water of the Sea : for however irregular and wind- 
 ing thefe fiffures may be, yet it is evident, from the 
 common experiment of immerging feveral tubes that 
 are of the moil different fhapes and fizes into a veffel 
 of water, that the water will rife to an equal height 
 
 ' See the Expltu^tizn of the l j latc under the Letter F. 
 k See Note k p. 41 . and the references.
 
 [ ,22] 
 
 in each, and be level with the furface of the water in 
 the veffel -, and fo muft the water of the Abyfs fcand 
 with refpect to the furface of the Ocean. So that if 
 we were to fuppofe the Earth, or rather the mountain- 
 ous Part of ir, to be cut off to a level, or concentri- 
 cally, with the furface of the Sea, it is certain that 
 the fiffures and chafms, which communicated with 
 the Abyfs beneath, would be full of water to their 
 very tops, notwithftanding the-- Preffure of the out- 
 ward Air upon them , for, neither this nor the ir- 
 regularity of the fubterranean canals would prevent 
 the water from rifmg in every one of thefe fiffures to 
 a level with the furface of the Ocean, as is evident 
 from the above-mentioned well-known experiment. 
 Nay, it will rile much higher, for (as Dr. Gualtieri 
 juftly obferves) ' Two Liquids of an unequal weight, 
 4 put in an equal quantity into two equal tubes raifed 
 c perpendicularly upon the fame plain, have a different 
 
 * height relatively to their weight. This being laid 
 6 down, 'tis certain by many experiments, that Sea- 
 
 * water is heavier than frefli water, and that the gra- 
 
 * vity of the firft is to that of the fecond, as 103 to 
 
 * 100. And therefore if we fuppole the Sea to be an 
 6 100 feet deep, and that the fea- water being deprived 
 6 of its fait by filtration, fills up the fubterraneous 
 
 * paffages thro' which it circulates, it may rife to the 
 
 * height of 3 Feet above the level of the lea. Now, 
 
 * if we fuppofe the fea to have the depth of an Italian 
 
 * mile, which makes 5000 feet (meafure of Bologna)^ 
 c frefh water may rife to the height of 1 50 feet above 
 
 * the fame level. That height of 150 feet is already 
 4 fomething confiderable for a mountain. But be- 
 c caufe fome are much higher, at the tops of which 
 ' there are Springs of frefh water ; we may obferve, 
 ' that in many places, Pilots have not been able to 
 1 meafure the depth of the fea, becaufe they could not
 
 * firrd the bottom of it ; but tho' they mould find it 
 ' in fuch places, one may very well fuppoie that there 
 ' are in them abyffes, caverns, c\c. which the plum- 
 4 met does not reach, and which penetrating into 
 4 the moft internal pares of the earth, from a perpen- 
 ' dicular column of fait- water ot an immenfe height.' 
 Now if, under thefe circumftances, we fuppofe the 
 mountainous part of the earth or that portion of its 
 fphere which is higher than the fur face of the Sea (and 
 which we before ilippofed to have been taken off) to 
 be re-placed in its firft and original pofition, fo than 
 the fiffures in the mountainous Part mall be directly 
 over the fiffures that are full of water to their tops (as 
 is the real fituation of them in the prefent ftructure 
 of the earth) how foon, in this cafe, and to what a 
 height would the water of the Abyfs be preffed up 
 thro' the fiffures into the mountains ? For now the per- 
 pendicular preflure of the outward Air upon the fur- 
 face of the water in the fiffures being taken off or e- 
 luded by the covering of the mountains or their fuper- 
 incumbent ftrata, the fubterranean water, by the force 
 and action of the outward Air upon the Seas and the 
 weight of the fait water in the Seas (which com- 
 municate, or are one, with the Abyfs), would be 
 forced up through the fiffures in the mountains vaft- 
 'ly above the level of the Sea-; in the fame manner 
 (to compare great things with final 1) as water is pref- 
 fed up thro' the pores in a heap of fand, or thro 1 the 
 cracks in a block of ftone, whofc bottom or under-part 
 lies immerfed in a pond of water, but whofe upper 
 part is much above it , for by this fituation of the 
 Sand or Stone, that part of either which is prominent 
 or above the water receives the perpendicular prei- 
 fure of the outward air upon its exterior furface, and 
 io eludes or weakens the action ot the Air upon the 
 water that is under or in the pores of the ftone , and
 
 [ 
 
 alfo, comparatively fpeaking, increafts the pfefTui'e 
 and ftrength of the external Air upon 'the. furface of 
 the water in the pond, which therefore will force the 
 water that is leaft preffed (viz. That which is under 
 and in the pores ot the ftone) to that place where it 
 can find eaiieft admittance, which will be up into the 
 pores and cracks in the ftone, as there is the thineft 
 medium and freed paffage. Now if we carry this 
 analogy farther, and confider that the whole furface 
 of the- earth is compreffed by the ftrength of the Ex- 
 panfe, or the Fluid of the Heavens furrounding and 
 binding it on all fides ; and that this Preffure or Ten- 
 fion is fo very great and fo clofely applied to every 
 part, as to prefer ve the earth in its prefent folid ftate 
 and circular form (tho* it be revolved fo immenfely 
 fwift upon its axis).* And when we farther confider, 
 that, while the external Air or grofier part of the Hea- 
 vens (the Spirit} preffes chiefly upon the furface, the 
 finer, purer, or the ethereal Part (theL/g$/) pervades 
 and reaches the inmoft receffes of the earth (for, we 
 find, that no terreftrial body can deny it entrance) and 
 penetrates even to the center. And as there is anew and 
 fnccej/i-je ftream of Light, almoftinftantaneoufly, mov- 
 ing or impelled from the Fire at the Sun, and con- 
 tinually preffing againft, and making its way into 
 the orb of the earth (chiefly at or under the torrid 
 Zone), and having palled thro' the fhell or the wa- 
 ters of the Ocean, enters into the Abyfs and there 
 agitates and expa nds the water : And as in order to 
 gain itfelf admittance and occupy a fpace in the Abyfs 
 equivalent to its own bulk or quantity, a proportion- 
 able quantity of other matter mull recede, give way, 
 or pafs out of the Earth -,' fo this receding matter, as 
 
 * Sec alfo what is faid of the ?---^v/r t of the air, in the note, p. 37. 
 
 1 To explam ihife fomewhat farther, it is now, I think, univer- 
 fally allowed that Light is a bod-; or a material fukjiaxce. And 
 \\ hen we confider that its particles refie&cd from a concave ff eculuai,
 
 [ -25 ] 
 
 it is impelled upwards from the center to the furface, 
 would takte the eafieft and readieft paiTages it could 
 find, and therefore would endeavour to pafs thro' the 
 cracks and fifliires of the earth ; but as all the fuTures 
 that communicated with the Abyfs beneath, were before 
 full of water, even to a level with, or rather much 
 higher than the furface of the Sea, fo this receding 
 matter in its afcent would certainly contribute to- 
 wards forcing the water in the fi fibres y?///^ /for up 
 
 aft with fuch force as to divide and inftantly to fplit aflnder the parts 
 of a diamond or the clofeft body we know, it muft be allowed to be 
 a fubilance inconceivably bard and I'ubtlc ; and its motion immenfelt 
 fnaift and Jhvng : which laft article is further evident from the almoft 
 infinite number of reverberations it will endure from fpecula to fpe- 
 cula, and yet its angle of reflection be equal to its angle of incidence. 
 Such being the Solidity, Subtilty, Activity, and Velocity of Light, 
 no terreftrial body furely can prevent its paffing thro' their pores; and 
 when we confider that the Earth has been expofed to the aftion of 
 this fjbtie penetrating Agent for federal tboufand years, there cer- 
 tainly can be no fpace in it, that can receive an atom of Light, b.:t 
 what has one ; and therefore the Earth from center to circumference is a 
 Plenum, cr there is no one atom in it, but what is in contact with 
 another atom, of fome kind or other, but chiefly with the particks 
 of Light; as is evident not only from the tenuity of this body which 
 will premeate the pores of any other, but fince the far greater part of 
 the terraqueous globe is in a ftate ofyf^V/Vj or confiftsof ivnter ; and 
 we know that the adion or comparative non-aftion of Light, Heat 
 or Fire (for each are the fame in fubftance, and differ only in degree 
 or mariner of motion) cau!es the Fluidity .or Soliairv r,f <watt:r (its 
 fluid or frozen ftate) ; and as the earth is warmer, the deeper we 
 deicend; and there is an imraeniely large fphere of water in a (late 
 of fluidity and motion or perpetual circulation underneath the earth 
 (as will more evidently be (hewn hereafter 1 ! ; fo there muft be a free 
 admiflion and full penetration of the particles of Light thro' that 
 mafs of water in order to preferve \iiuch or keep it in a (late fuf- 
 ccptiBle of eafy motion and brifk circulation. Such being the con- 
 dition of the earth ; and iince it is imporiible that any two bodies 
 can fubfift together in one and the iame place, it muft follow, that 
 wherever, in iuch a plenum as the above-mentioned, there is an 
 intrufion of any other body or matter, there mull be a protrufion of 
 other marttr, quantity f/r quantity.
 
 f .26] 
 
 or nearer to the tops of the mountains : And this its 
 Effect muft be judged of from the nature and force 
 of this receding matter. We muft therefore next de- 
 termine what this matter is. Now this can be, no 
 other than the above-mentioned fubUrrancan moift va- 
 pour-, it being certain, that this is inceffantly palling 
 thro' (and we know of no other matter that is fo) the 
 ihell of the earth from beneath upwards or from the 
 center to the circumference , and it anfwers in its nature 
 and form what we might juftly expect fuch receding 
 matter to be. For it cannot but be allowed, that, as 
 the Light penetrated into the Abyfs; and protruded 
 or pufhed out other matter to gain itfclf admifiion, 
 the matter thus driven out would be the fineft and 
 pureft that was in the Abyfs, which could be no other 
 than the Light and fine Air that were there before 
 (for it is certain that there is fome, tho' very pure air, 
 as well as Light, in the Abyfs, elfe fifties could not 
 live and breathe at the bottom of the Ocean , nor the 
 water of the fprings that are difcovered at the loweft 
 depth in the earth be fo replete with air). Now as 
 this Light and fine Air were pufhed outward, they 
 muft ot courfe pafs thro' the water of the Abyfs. And 
 as this water had been before rahfied and expanded 
 by the colluctation of the atoms of Light between 
 themfelves (and it is not improbable, fince the earth 
 is of a fpherical form, that the rays of light which 
 pafs thro' the Ocean and the Abyfs, on each fide of 
 the equator, are refracted or converge towards one 
 another till they meet in a focus near the center of the 
 earth-, and then the heat and agitation would be much 
 greater) and alfo by their ftruggle to difpoffefs and 
 drive out the fubterranean light and air, fo this light 
 and air thus driven out would arife from the Abyfs 
 in form offteam or vapour-, which we find actually 
 to be the cafe. Now this vapour, in its paflUge
 
 [ 127 ] 
 
 from the Abyfs thro' the cracks and pores in the ftra- 
 ta of the earth, would not only be a means of elevat- 
 ing the water in thofe cracks, but would itfelf be 
 turned or condenfed into water (as the fleams that rife 
 in an alembick are) as it ftruck againft the tops, fides, 
 and irregular hollows in the failures ; and by this re- 
 peated action be continually forming into drops, and 
 trickling down the fides of the failures and thus, not 
 only increafe the water that was before paffing thro' 
 the fi iTu res, but in fome places, where there were 
 natural bafons or cavities in the rock, be amaffed in 
 confiderable quantities. And if fuch bafons or fiffures 
 happen to be higher than the ordinary furface of the 
 earth, or than the lower grounds (as is the fituation 
 of them all in mountains) the water thus collected, or 
 rather inceffantly collecting would break out, where - 
 ever it could find vent, on the outfide of the moun- 
 tain, and there form fprings, rivulets, &c. But if 
 the bafons or fiffures in the infide of the mountain be 
 not higher than the mean furface of the earth, or 
 there happen to be any depreffed or hollow place on 
 the outfide of the mountain, the water that ouzed 
 out of the infide would then fall into them, and there 
 fettle , and become either fmall -pools or large lakes, 
 according to its extent or quantity. And thus, by 
 this inward fupply, by the afcent of the fubterranean 
 water and vapour > there will be a conftant Fund and 
 fufficient Source of water for the production of Springs, 
 Rivers, Lakes, &c. throughout the whole earth. 
 
 BUT there is a difficulty attending this account of 
 the origin of Springs which may be thought too ma- 
 terial to be patted by without a folution : and that is, 
 That if Springs derive their water from the Sea or 
 from the Abyfs which communicates with the fea, 
 how comes it to pals, that Spring-water is not fait 
 and briny, like the fource from whence it proceeds ;
 
 [ "3] 
 
 but on the contrary is generally frefh and fweet, or 
 infipid. Now fuppofing the Abyfs beneath the earth 
 to be fait like the Sea (which yet we can have no ab- 
 folute proof of; and I could give feveral reafons to 
 ihew, that it may not be fo, at leaft, not equally fait with 
 the Sea) yet we may folve the difficulty upon the fol- 
 lowing facls and obfervations. Firft, let it Be re- 
 marked, that Sea-water may be diverted of its faline 
 particles, and is frequently rendered frefh in a natural 
 wa y . the vapours that are exhaled from the fea, and 
 which fall again in frefli fhowers of rain, is one proof 
 of this , and the flefh of fifli, which are caught, and 
 which before lived and fed, in the Sea, being fweet, 
 is another proof of it ; and from in experiment which 
 Mr. L^jier m made, it is certain, that the w'ater which is 
 fucked up (as we commonly fay) or rather impelled 
 and ilrained through the tubes and veffels of the Alga 
 marina or common Sea-weed is frefh, fweet and pota- 
 ble ; tho' the diftillation be made from a bafon full 
 of falt-water. Or, what is more applicable to the 
 prefent cafe, Monf. Marjtlli having -filtrated a certain- 
 quantity of the falteft and heavier! Sea- water he could 
 procure thro' feveral veflels filled with fand, all which 
 together made up a cylinder of fand of 75 inches in 
 depth, found, that the water had loft near one half 
 of its degree of faltnefs -, and concluded that had it 
 been drained again thro' twice the fame quantity of 
 {and, it would have been entirely deprived of its faline 
 particles -, n or we may fafely fay, that had it pallid 
 thro' a -cylinder of land, confining of as many feet, 
 as the above did of inches, it would have been as 
 pure and frefh as the water of the wells of St. Marfs 
 on the fhore of Languedoc in France, which 
 
 Phil. Tranf. N- 156. Q^Lywtkor^s Abridg. Vol.11, p. 297. 
 De laMtr. p. 33.
 
 f I2 9 1 
 
 fays are not more than 60 feet diftant From the neareli 
 place where the Sea- water reaches. Here then are 
 feveral flrainers, or means by which Sea-water may be 
 percolated and rendered frem, in aneafy, natural, and 
 expeditious way* Now tho' the pores of the earth 
 are larger or more open than the ftrainers here men- 
 tioned, yet when we confider the bulk of the earth or 
 the thicknefs of its mell, the great variety of ftrata 
 of which it confirts, the many turnings and windings 
 of the fifllires (by means of which the fubterranean 
 water may pafs thro' this variety of ftrata), the thick 
 grofs vapour that is continually paffing thro* the whole 
 body of the earth, and the great quantity of Sea-weed 
 and other marine productions that are at the bottom 
 of the Ocean, efpecially in fuch calm and quiet places 
 as the cavities at the mouths of the fiffures,- I fay, 
 taking all thefe into consideration, which may be 
 efteemed as fo many percolators, and tho' more open 
 and porous than the above-mentioned, yet by the 
 length of their courfes and the variety of their fubftancesi 
 they will certainly anfwer the end of the atore-men- 
 tioned. And this appears to be fact from hence, 
 That in fuch places where the Sea-water has admif- 
 fion into the earth, the Springs and Wells are more 
 or lefs brackifh, as they are nearer to, or farther from 
 the Sea. Thus Mr. Norwood, fpeaking of the Ber- 
 muda iflands, fays, p * We dig WtUs of frejh 'water 
 
 * fometimes within 20 yards of the fea, or lefs , which 
 
 * rife and fall upon the Flood and Ebb, as the fea 
 ' doth ; as do mofb of the wells in the country, tho* 
 ' further up (as I am informed). Wherefoever they 
 e dig wells here, they dig 'till they come almofl to z 
 
 K 
 
 De la Mer, ibid. 
 
 p i Abridg. Vol. II. p. 2q9.
 
 ' level with the fuperficies of the fea, and then they 
 
 * find either frejh water or fait. If it be/r^&, yet if 
 ' they dig two or three feet deeper, or often lefs, they 
 ' ccme to fait water. Jf it be a fandy ground, or a 
 
 * faxdy crumbling ftone, that die water foaks gently thro', 
 
 * they find ufually frejb water ; but if there be hard 
 c lime-ftone rocks, which the water cannot leak thro', 
 ' but pafieth in chinks or clefts between them, the 
 c water is fait or brackifh' Parotitis relates the fame 
 of feveral places, and obferves ' that Springs near the 
 ' Ocean are fait or brackifh, and the nearer they are 
 c the fea, the more .they are fated with fait ; as on the 
 ' more of Africa, and in India y chiefly on the more of 
 ' Coromandel, where no vines grow, and all their wells 
 ' tafte fait. Near the town of Suez, at the end of the 
 ' Red Sea, their fprings are all fait and bitter ; and 
 
 * even the water which is fetched two German miles 
 from the more, taftes a little bracki/h. Alfo in fe- 
 ' veral fmall iflands there are no frefh fprings but 
 ' all fait (tho' fomething lefs fated than the Ocean) 
 ' as in the ifland of SL Vincent, and others. In the 
 ' low countries of Peru that border upon the Ocean, 
 
 * their Lakes are faltifh y becaufe of the vicinity of 
 c the Sea. q But farther up in the inland countries, it 
 is well known, that the Springs and Lakes are frefh 
 and fweet. Hence then we may fairly conclude, 
 that the water of the Ocean and the Abyfs is, by a 
 gradual filtration thro' the ftrata of the earth, fo 
 itrained and purified as to leave behind all its faline 
 or briny particles, and when it arrives at a due dif- 
 tance (either greater, or lefs, according to the poro- 
 fity or tenacity of the ftrata it paffes through) from its 
 original refervoir, there to become fweet and frefh, or 
 at leaft diverted of its primitive qualities. A fur- 
 
 VAREXIUS'S Geography^ Part I. Ch. xvi. Proportion 5.
 
 thef proof, that the water of the Abyfs, in its paf- 
 fage thro' the ftrata of the earth, depofits its faline 
 particles, may be drawn from the peculiar qualities 
 of mineral Springs-, of which there are almoft an infi- 
 nite number, differing from each other in the moft 
 diftinguifhable properties, according to the particular 
 fpecies of the mineral or metallic effluvia they are im- 
 pregnated with; and tho' feveral of thefe have a 
 laltilh tafte, yet it is well known, that even That pro- 
 ceeds from other fairs than thofe which the Sea- water 
 is replete with. "Whence it muft follow, that all 
 mineral waters, before they arrive at their outlets, 
 have not only depofited their faline particles, but 
 even affumed others, very different and diftinct there- 
 from. And fince this is the cafe^ we may fairly 
 fuppofe, that where the fubterranean water pafles 
 through ftrata that have no proper, or no great quan- 
 tity of proper, matter for the production of mineral 
 waters * that there it will break out in fprings of pure 
 and frefh water. It may not be amifs to obferve 
 
 in this place, that> upon the fuppofition of Springs, 
 being owing to rain or vapours that fall upon, and 
 make their way through the outfides of the mountains^ 
 to the places from whence they rife, it is altogether 
 abfurd and impofiible to conceive, that the fmall por- 
 tion of the earth which lies above feveral mineral fprings, 
 efpecially fuch as break out near the tops of the high- 
 eft mountains, can be fufficient for affording a conftant 
 and equable fupply of mineral matter for the impregnation 
 of them. Befides; it is well known, that in fuch 
 places where mineral Springs are, and there happen 
 to be any cavities open at the furface of the earth, or 
 any chinks or crevices in the rock, through which the 
 rain-water may defcend and gleet down to the nfiure 
 through which the mineral water flows, that in fuch 
 cafes the rain-water is fo far from increafing the vir-
 
 tues of the Spring, that it either deftroys or leficns 
 them for a time, and renders fuch as are hot and 
 warm cold or cool, fuch as are acrid and bitter fome- 
 vvhat f #eet or lefs acrid, and fo of the reft , which 
 plainly mews, as I obferved before, that when rain- 
 water permeates the earth, and reaches the water of 
 Springs, it only makes an accidental or temporary in- 
 creafe, but does not afford the conftant and regular 
 flux , and is fo far from being the Source of mineral 
 water, or bringing down any matter proper for the 
 production or continuance of fuch Springs, that were 
 it reaches them, it in part deftroys their qualities ; 
 which, I may obferve, the Springs recover again when 
 the rain is over : fo that their fupplies cannot be ow- 
 ing to rain : and we muft feek deeper for their fources 
 than that fmall portion of the earth which rain-water 
 penetrates , and therefore muft have recourfe to zfub- 
 terranean refervoir. And upon the fuppofition of 
 an Abyfs of water beneath the earth, as the grand 
 fund or promptuary of all Springs, thereis the whole 
 thicknefs of the mell of the earth, confifting of a vari- 
 ety of different ftrata, rilled with a variety of folubie 
 mineral and metallic particles, and the fiiTures full of 
 a grofs watery vapour, that has paffed through the 
 neighbouring ftrata, at every crack and cranny, re- 
 plete with the mineral cr metallic effluvia that it has 
 brought out of thefe ftrata, There is all this, I fay, 
 for the waters of the Abyfs to make their way through - y 
 before they break out in fprings on the furface of the 
 earth. So that there is reafon to believe, that fome min- 
 eral waters may have loft their original properties, gain- 
 ed others, loft them, and have regained their original or 
 others of the fame kind, before they appear as Springs - t 
 and certain it is, that feveral of them come up endued 
 or impregnated with a variety of mineral qualities, and 
 thereby mew the large Ipace they have ranged through
 
 [ '33 ] 
 
 for the acquifition of them. And though the 
 
 mouths or firft -pajfages of the nfTures that reach from 
 the Abyfs to the furface of the earth, are probably 
 large and fo open as to -admit freely to fome diftance 
 the fubterranean water, endued with its peculiar pro- 
 perties, whether faline, or whatever they are , yet as 
 thefe fiflures gradually lefien as they tend towards the 
 furface of the earth, and frequently break off or run 
 into other fiflures that are of an horizontal or oblique 
 fituation, which again divert and branch off into 
 others ftill lefs, and fome fo fmall as to be invifiblej 
 fmce many of thefe figures, are filled with a rubbley 
 kind of matter, as fand, clay, fludge, fmall ft ones, &c. 
 and fo fit for ftraining and refining the water ; fmce 
 the fubterranean Vapour, by being condenfed againft 
 the tops, and trickling down the fides of the fUTures 
 is continually adding irefh fupplies of water that has 
 been purified or deprived of its original properties 
 by evaporation and diftillation ; and fmce there is a 
 perpetual ouzing of water into the larger fiflures 
 through the cracks and crannies in their fides ; to 
 which ' continual diftilling alone, gleeting, or ftrain- 
 4 ing of the watery particles through the terreftrial flra- 
 ' ta' Varenius attributes the deprivation of the faline 
 particles in the fea-water ; and juftly remarks, * that 
 ' we obferve this very thing in mines digged to a vaft 
 ' depth (and the deeper we defcend, the more difcern- 
 4 ible it is), how that water on every fide is conti- 
 4 nually dropping, and collecting itlelf into fmall guts, 
 4 which are called veins of water-, and if feveral fuch 
 4 guts or runnels as thefe, concur in one receptacle, 
 4 they form a fountain, as they who make drains, to 
 
 4 bring water into wells, ver/ well know :' r Now 
 
 all thefe circumftances being added together, we ccr- 
 
 r General Geog. p. 305.
 
 1 134} 
 
 fcainly have a folution to the above-mentioned difrkulr 
 ty, and have reafon enough to conclude, that the wa- 
 ter of the Abyfs, in its pafiage through the flrata of 
 the earth, is deprived feveral times of the different 
 qualities it gains, and therefore, foon after its per- 
 meation, is entirely diverted of its faline pr original 
 properties, whatever they be. 
 
 THUS, I hope, I have now cleared ray way, and 
 fufficiently anfwered every material objeflion, and plain- 
 ly mewed, That the origin of Springs is owing to an 
 internal fupply ; the water of which,, by the general 
 action of the Air upon the Seas and (by their commu- 
 nication) upon the Abyfs, and by the recefs of the 
 finer Air and Light from the centre of the earth to the 
 circumference, is impelled or prefTed up through 
 the cracks and MrTures in the terreftrial ftrata to the 
 tops of the higheft mountains. And as there are 
 Springs breaking out all over the furface of the earth y 
 as well in the moft inland as the maritime parts ; and 
 thefe Springs are the Heads or Sources, from whence 
 that profufion of water proceeds which affords the con- 
 flant, uninterrupted, and regular ftreams or courfes 
 of all the numerous rivers upon the earth, it muft fol- 
 low that there is an internal magazine or an Abyfs of 
 water beneath the earth-, and that this Abyfs is alfo 
 equal in extent to the lower part of the Ihell of the 
 earth. So that as I before argued, that, from the 
 quantity of water poured into the Ocean from the 
 mouths or at the ends of all the rivers upon the earth, 
 there muft be an immenfely large Receptacle beneath 
 the Ocean for containing it, fo from the quantity that 
 is thrown out at the Heads or Sources of .all the rivers, 
 there muft be a Refervoir beneath the earth for fupply- 
 ing this ; and if thefe two'Confervatories were not full 
 and in union with each other, there muft loon appear 
 a great fuperfiuity in one, or a great deficiency in the
 
 r >35 ] 
 
 other, but as neither of thefe is obferved, they muft 
 be in conjunction, and a mutual interchange and per- 
 petual circulation be maintained between them. And 
 hence is evident that two-fold fcriptural argument 
 Ecclef. i. 7 ; the firft part of which I have already 
 quoted, proved, and mewed the reafon of from Na- 
 ture ; and by now adding (fince I have proved) the 
 fecond, they will, when united, corroborate each 
 other ; All the riven run into the Sea, yet the Sea [the 
 general collection of waters, including the Sea and the 
 
 Abyfs ; fee page 25, and p. 36.] is not full; 
 
 unto the place from whence the rivers come^ thither they 
 return again. And, I hope, it now at lall ap- 
 
 pears, from all that has been laid, to be no more 
 wonderful that there fhould be a circulation of waters 
 throughout the earth, and that Springs mould break 
 out on the tops of the highell mountains, than that 
 there mould be a circulation of blood in the human 
 body, and that a man mould bleed, when pricked, 
 in the veins or arteries of his forehead, as freely as 
 in thofe of his feet. For, the fame Caufe produces 
 both thefe effects. The Blood, by the preflure of 
 the outward Air or Atmofphere upon, and by the 
 penetration of the finer Air and Light into, the hu- 
 man body, is impelled or ejected from the Heart 
 (the Centre.) into the arteries to the extremities of the 
 body, and from the arteries is forced into the veins, 
 and by the veins is refunded back into the heart : So 
 the Subterranean or Central Water, by the fame A- 
 gents and after the fame manner, is prefted up through 
 the veins or fiffures in the earth to its extreme or 
 higheft parts, and from thence is conveyed down, 
 through the channels of rivers, into the Sea, and from 
 the Sea is returned into the Abyfs, from whence it 
 firft came. And the afcenf of thefe two Fluids (the 
 Blood and the Water) is as natural as the detent --, for 
 K 4
 
 [ 
 
 neither of them having any innate Gravity or Levity, 
 but, like all other matter, being indifferent, and 
 therefore fubject, to motion any way, they are moved 
 either up or down, this way or that, juft as they are 
 impelled by tl>e Univerfal Agents Light and Air* 
 
 III. -Thirdly. ANOTHER Proof of a Subterranean 
 Abyfs of water may be drawn from Whirlpools, Un- 
 der-current s and Gulphs in the Ocean. 
 
 OF the firft of thefe is that remarkable Whirlpool 
 upon the coaft of Norway , which is thus briefly de- 
 fcribed by Gordon in his Geographical Grammar, p. 76. 
 ' Upon the coaft of Norway, near the ifle of Hitterej 
 ' in the latitude of 68, is that remarkable and dan- 
 ' gerous whirlpool, commonly called Maeljlrocm, and 
 
 * by "navigators the Navel of the Sea. Which whirl- 
 
 * pool is, in all probability, occafioned by fome migh- 
 4 ty fubterranean Hiatus, and proves fatal to mips that 
 ' approach too nigh, provided it be in the time of 
 
 * flood : for then the fea, upwards of two leagues 
 4 round, makes fuch a terrible Vortex, that the force 
 
 * and in- draught of the water, together with the noife 
 
 * and tumbling of the waves upon one another, is 
 ' rather to be admired, than exprefled. But, as in 
 
 * the time of flood, the water is drawn in with a migh- 
 ' ty force, fo during the tide of ebb does it throw out 
 
 * the fea with fuch a violence, that the heavieft bodies 
 
 * then caft into it, cannot fjnk, but are tofifed back 
 ' again by the impetuous ftream which rumeth out 
 6 with incredible force. AncJ during that time is 
 ' abundance of fifties caught by fifhermen who watch 
 
 * the opportunity ; for being forced up to the fur- 
 
 * face of the water, they cannot well dive again, fo 
 ' violent is the rifing current.' Some have imagined 
 from the circumftance of the bodies that are thrown in- 
 to this Vortex being returned again, that therefore there
 
 t '37 1 
 
 is only a great Cavity with a confined bottom, but 
 no Hollow or Paflage through the (hell of the earth*. 
 But were there not a free pafiage for the waters thro* 
 the whole Ihell of the earth, I cannot fee how they 
 could return with fuch impetuonty as here defcribed, 
 and the reafon why the bodies .thrown in do not to- 
 tally difappear but are caft back again, is, in all pro- 
 bability owing to the irregularity of the aperture or 
 channel of this Vortex, being in fome places narrower, 
 in others broader, as is the form of the natural cavi- 
 ties in the earth, and even of thofe in the Sea, where 
 we can vifit them, as witnefs thofe remarkable ones 
 in the bottom of Zirchnitzer Sea in Carniola, defcribed 
 in the Phil. Tranf. No. 54, 109, 191. 
 
 AGAIN , ' The Cafyian Sea (fays Stackhcufe in his 
 ftiftory of the Bible, Vol. I. p. 122, citing for proof 
 Moll's Geography t p. 67. Stillingfieet's Orig. Sacr. 1. 3. 
 c. 4. and Bedford's Scripture Chronology, c. 12.) 4 is 
 'reckoned in length to be above an 120 German 
 ' leagues, and in breadth from eaft to weft about 90 
 ' of the fame leagues. There is no vifible way tor 
 4 the water to run out, and yet it receives in its bofom 
 
 * near an hundred large rivers, and particularly the 
 ' river Volga, which of itlelf is like a Sea for large - 
 ' nefs, and is fuppofed to empty fo much water into 
 ' it in a year's time, as might fuffice to cover the whole 
 ' earth [fee p. 105.] -, and yet it is never increafed nor 
 ' diminished, nor is obferved to ebb or flow, which 
 ' makes it evident, that it muft neceflarily have afub- 
 ' terraneous communication with other parts of the world. 
 ' And accordingly, Father Avril, a modern traveller, 
 
 * tells us, that near the coaft of Xylan there is in this 
 ' Sea a mighty Whirlpool, which fucks in every thing 
 
 * that comes near it, and confequently has a Cavity in 
 4 the earth, into which it delcends.*
 
 [ '38 1 
 
 OF a fimilaf nature and of the fame name with the 
 above Sea is another in Hifpaniola in the Weft- Indies, 
 4 which (as Peter Martyr in his Hiftory of the Weft-Indies, 
 f p. 135, informs us) confifts of fah, four, and bitter 
 4 water, as we read of the Sea called Cafpium, (lying 
 4 in the firm land between Sarmatia and Hircania] ; we 
 4 have therefore named it Cafpium. It hath many 
 
 * fwallowing Gulphs, by which both the water of 
 4 the great Sea fpringeth into it, and alfo fuch as 
 4 fall into it from the mountains are fwallowed up. 
 ' The rivers which fall into this Lake or Sea, are thefe ; 
 4 from the North, Guanicabon , from the South, Xac- 
 4 fOfi 3 from the Eaft, Guannabo -, and from the Weft, 
 4 Occoa ; they fay, that thefe rivers are great and con- 
 
 * tinuat, and that befides thefe there are twenty other 
 4 fmall rivers which fall into this Cafpium. This Lake 
 4 istoffed with ftorms and tempefts,and often drowneth 
 4 ffnatt mips or fifher's boats, and fwalloweth them 
 4 up with the mariners, infomuch that it hath not been 
 4 heard of, that any man drowned by fhipwreck was 
 4 ever caft on the fhore, as commonly chanceth of the 
 ' dead bodies of fuch as are drowned in the Sea,' 
 
 OF Under -Currents, Dr. Smith in the Phil. Tranf. 
 No. 158. writes thus, ' In the Offing between the 
 Norih-foreland and oti!h-forcland, it runs tide and 
 half tide, that is, it is either ebbing water or flood 
 upon the fhore, in that part of the Downs, three 
 hours, (Which is, grofsly fpeaking, the time of half 
 a tide) before it is ib off at fea. And it is a moil 
 certain obfervation, that where it flows tide arid ha>f 
 tide, though the ride of flood runs aloft, yet the tide 
 of ebb runs under foot, that is, clofe by the ground ; 
 and fo at the tide of ebb, it will Row under foot. 
 Th~re is a vaft draught of water poured continually 
 out of the Atlantic into the Mt diterranean, the mouth 
 or entrance of which between Cape Spartel or Sprat,
 
 f '39] 
 
 c as the feamcn call it, and Cape Trafalgar, may be 
 ' near feven leagues wide, the current fetting flrong 
 ' into it, and not lofing its force 'till it runs as far as 
 c Malaga, which is about twenty leagues within the 
 ' Streights. By the benefit of this current, though 
 c the wind be contrary, if it does not overblow, fhips 
 
 * eafily turn into the Gutt? as they term the narrow 
 ' paffage, which is about twenty miles in length. At 
 
 * the end of which are two towns, Gibraltar on 
 ' the coaft of Spain, which gives denomination to the 
 
 * ftreights, and Ceuta on the Barbary coaft : at which 
 ' Hercules is fuppofed to have fet up his pillars. What 
 
 * becomes of this great quantity of water poured in 
 6 this way, and of that, which runs from the Euxine 
 < into the Bofpborus and Propontis, and is carried at 
 ' lail through the Hellefpont in the Mgean or Archipt- 
 6 lago, is a curious fpeculation, and has exerciled the 
 
 * wit and underflanding of philofophers and naviga- 
 
 * tors.. For there is no fenfible Fifing of the water 
 ' all along the Barbary coaft even down tv Alexandria -, 
 ' the land beyond ^ripoli^ and that of Egypt lying very 
 
 * low,, and eafily overfiowable. They obferve indeed 
 ' that the water rifes three feet, or three feet and a half, 
 
 * in the Gulf of Venice, and as much, or very near as 
 
 * much, all along the Riviera of Gemua, as far as the 
 
 * river Arno : But this rather adds to the wonder. 
 ' My conjecture is, that there is an Under- current, 
 c whereby as great a quantity of water is carried out, 
 ' as comes flowing in. To confirm which, befides 
 ' what I have faid above, about the difference of tides 
 e in the Offing, and at the more in the Downs, which 
 ' neceffariiy fuppofes an Under-current, I mall prefent 
 4 you with an inftance of the like nature in the Baltick 
 
 * Sound, as I received it from an able feaman, who 
 ' was at the making of the trial. He told me, that
 
 [ , 4 o] 
 
 ' being there in one of the king's frigates, they went 
 
 * in -their pinnace into the middle ftream, and were 
 ' carried violently by the current : That foon after 
 ' they funk a bucket with a very large cannon-bullet 
 
 * to a certain depth of water, which gave a check to 
 ' the boat's motion , and finking it ilill lower and 
 
 * lower, the boat was driven a- head to the windward 
 
 * againft the upper-current ; the current aloft, as he 
 
 * added, not being above four or five fathom deep, 
 c and that the lower the bucket was let fall, they found 
 4 the under-current the ftronger.' 
 
 So alfo Marfelli (as quoted by Mr. Ray in his three 
 Phyfico-Theological Difcourfes, p. 8 1.) affirms, 'That 
 
 * the lower water in the channel of the Thradan BoJ- 
 
 * pborus, is driven Northward into the Euxine Sea, 
 
 * whilft the upper flows conftantly from the Euxine 
 c Southward. And that that which flows from the 
 
 * South is falter and heavier ; which he found by let- 
 1 ting down a vefiel clofe {hut up, fitted with a 
 c valve to open at pleafure, and let in the lower water, 
 
 * which being brought up and weighed, was obferved 
 ' to be ten grains heavier than the upper. That the 
 ' upper and lower flow contrary ways, he found by the 
 
 * fifhermen's nets, which being let down deep from 
 
 * veffels that were fixed, were always by the obferva- 
 
 * tion of the fifhermen, by the fprce of the current' 
 ' driven towards the Black Sea : and by the letting 
 
 1 down of a plummet , for if it were flopped and de- 
 c tained at about five or fix feet depth, it did always 
 
 * decline towards the Marmora or Propontis, but if it 
 ' defcended lower, it was driven to the contrary part, 
 4 that is, the Euxine' And though Mr. Ray fpeaks 
 of this (and alfo of the Under-current at the Streigbt's 
 Mouth) as being ' the concurrent and unanimous vote 
 
 * and fufFrage of mariners, voyagers, and philofophers,' 
 yet he feems to make a doubt of it, becaufe, fays he,
 
 ' I do not underfland how waters can run backward 
 ' and forward in the fame channel at the fame time ; 
 * for there being but one declivity, this is as much as 
 4 to affirm, that a heavy body mould afcend.' 
 But furely Mr. Ray may eafily conceive, how water 
 may be made to run into a vefiel or pond at one part, 
 and be made to run out in a contrary direction at the 
 bottom by means of a cavity beneath, and fo two dif- 
 ferent Currents be formed , which certainly is the 
 cafe in the above-mentioned feas ; there being a great 
 cavity or aperture at the mouths of each leading into 
 the Abyfs beneath, which caufes a current different 
 from, and in a contrary direction to, That which ap- 
 pears upon the furface of the waters. 
 
 VARENIUS (in his Syftem of Geography, Chap. iv. 
 Sect, iv.) gives an account of the feveral principal 
 Currents in the Ocean i fome of which are certainly 
 owing to fubterranean gulpbs or paflfages that lead un- 
 der the earth, particularly the two that follow, (as 
 he himfelf imagines) fmce they fet in towards the Shore ; 
 i. ' The moil extraordinary Current of thefeais that 
 by which part of the Atlantic or African Ocean 
 moves about Guinea from CapeFerd towards the cur- 
 vature or bay of Africa, which they call Fernando Poo, 
 viz. from Weft to Eaft, which is contrary to the ge- 
 neral motion. And fuch is the force of this current, 
 that when mips approach too near the more it carries 
 them violently towards that bay, and deceives the 
 Mariners in their reckoning. This current effects not 
 the whole Ethiopic Ocean, only that part which is ad- 
 jacent to the more of Guinea, to the end of the bay, 
 and to about one degree of fouth latitude. It is ob- 
 ferved not to exceed the diftance of fourteen miles 
 from the more , therefore mips are very careful left 
 they mould approach fo near, when they fail along
 
 [ 142] 
 
 * thefe coafts ; which would hinder their intended 
 
 * courfe and drive them to a place they would not 
 
 * care to vifit.' 2. The fecond perpetual current is 
 
 * where the Ocean moves fwiftly from about Sumatra 
 
 * into the bay of Bengal, from fouth to north [that is 
 
 * from the lea towards the more] ; fo that it is proba- 
 
 * ble this bay was made by the rapidity of the current. 
 
 * I do not know whether the caufe may be owing to the 
 
 * many iflands, and to capeM*&? 3 upon the fouth con- 
 ' tinent, whereby rhe ocean in it's paifage weftward may 
 
 * be diverted northwards, or there may be a fubterra- 
 c neous Receptacle in the bay itfelf.* 
 
 THE reader may fee defcriptions of feveral o- 
 ther lefler Gulphs, Whirlpools, and Under-Currents 
 in the Sea in Kircber's Mundus Subter Lib. ii. & iii ; 
 and from viewing and confidering the number and 
 fituation of them, we may reafonably conclude that 
 there are few or no Seas without one or more of fuch 
 Gulphs, and confequently that there is an immenfc 
 quantity of water daily poured into the infide of the 
 earth through the mouths of them all. 
 
 AND here, by the way, I may juft animadvert up- 
 on the inaccuracy of thofe writers who have endea- 
 voured to prove, by exact mathematical calculation 
 (which proves juft nothing at all when founded on 
 falfe facts), that the quantity of water which is raifed 
 from the Ocean in vapour is equal to that which is 
 poured into it by all the rivers upon the earth, with- 
 out having taken notice of, or made any allowance 
 for, thefe U^r- currents and In- draughts^ which muft 
 neceffarily carry off a great quantity of the water. I 
 have already had occafion to examine this opinion at 
 large (page 108, &c.) and have fhewed the falfity of 
 it from facts and experiments ; and this article 
 be brought as another argument againfl it.
 
 [ '43 1 
 
 IV. A fourth Proof of a fubterranean Refervoir tf 
 wafer may be deduced from Lakes. 
 
 OF thefe there are feveral forts, each tending to 
 prove the point in queftkm, as, firft, Thofe which re- 
 ceive a great quantity of water, either from rivers or 
 other means, but externally emit none; fecondly, 
 Thofe that fend forth a great quantity of water, but 
 outwardly receive none ; thirdly, Thofe that neither 
 increafe nor decreafe, notwithstanding the difference 
 of fcafons, or the quantity of water carried off by 
 evaporation. In each of thefe cafes there muft be 
 a fubtrraneoi4S exit, or elfe an internal fupply , and 
 when it has been proved, that there are fome of thefe 
 Lakes in almoft every part of the world, it muft be 
 allowed that the refervoir which fupplies them muft 
 be equally extenfive with themfelves, or that there is 
 a collection of water which extends under the whole 
 furface of the earth. 
 
 OF t\\tfirft fort of Lakes are the following, reck- 
 oned up by Varenius, (Syftem of Geog. p. 280.) 4 In the 
 ' foregoing proportion we obferved that the Lake 
 6 Titicaca difcharges a river into a fmaller called Parta, 
 
 * which therefore may be referred to this clafs, viz. to 
 ' fuch as receive rivers but emit none. The lake 
 c Afphaltites, which is alfo calJed the Dead Sea, re~ 
 ' ceives the river Jordan, but emits none : Its length, 
 ' from north to fouth, is feventy German miles, and 
 ' its breadth five, as fome make it. There is one 
 4 in the lefler Afia. There is a fmall one in Mace- 
 
 * donia, called Jana, which receives two little rivers. 
 ' One in Perfia near Calgiftan. The lake Soran, in 
 c Mufcovy, receives two fmall rivers. The river 
 ' Gbir, in Africa, is reported, by Leo Africanus, to 
 ' lofe itfelf in a lake, and fome maps fo reprefent it, 
 ' but others join it to Nubia.'' Peter Martyr in his 
 Hiftory of tbe Weft- Indies, p. 135, fpeaking of Hijpa-
 
 t '44 I 
 
 toiola, fays, ' That about threefcore miles diftant from 
 ' the chief city of St. Dominick, there are certain high 
 ' mountains, upon the tops whereof is a Lake or 
 
 * (landing Pool of frelh water three miles in compafs^ 
 
 * and well replenifjied with divers kinds of fifhes. 
 ' Many fmall rivers and brooks fall into it. It hath 
 
 * no paflage out, but is on every fide inclofed with 
 c the tops of mountains.* Under this head we may 
 reckon a Lake mentioned by Du Hatde, in his Defcrip- 
 tion of the Empire of China, Vol. I. p. 20. ' This vaft 
 
 Lake [named Tong-ting-Hu, in the province of Hu- 
 quang\ is remarkable for the greatnefs of its circum- 
 ference, which is above 80 french leagues, and the 
 abundance of its waters, efpecially in certain feafons, 
 when two of the largeft rivers in the province, 
 fuelled with the rains, difcharge themfelves into it, 
 and when it difembogues them, one can fcarce per- 
 ceive it to be diminifhed.' To this article alfa 
 may be referred what has been already faid concern- 
 ing the two lefTer leas or lakes, called the Cafpian, 
 one in Afia, the other in America, p. 137, 8. 
 
 OF the fecond fort of Lakes, or, thofe which fend 
 forth a great quantity of water but outwardly receive 
 nonej take the following account from Vartnius (Syf- 
 tem of Geog. p. 278^) c There is an infinite number 
 
 * of thefe Lakes and moft large rivers flow from fuch, 
 6 as out of citterns -, of the fmaller fort are the follow- 
 ' ing, the Lake Wolga, at the head of the river Wolga \ 
 
 * the Odoium at the head of the Tanais ; the Adac^ from 
 
 * whence one of the branches of the river Tigris flows , 
 
 * the Ozero [or White Lake] in Mufcovy^ that gives 
 
 * fource to the river Sbackfna^ which is poured into 
 
 * the Wol^a, and many more little ones , we mall 
 
 * here only reckon fome of the larger fort that are 
 
 * more remarkable. The great lake Chaamay in the 
 ' latitude of twenty fix degrees north, not far from
 
 [ '45 ] 
 
 6 India to the eaftward of the river Ganges , out of this 
 
 * lake flow four very large rivers, which water and fer- 
 c tilize the countries of Siam, Pegu, &c. viz. the 
 ' Menaw, the Afa> the Caipoumo, and the Laquia. 
 ' Some maps exhibit a fmall river that runs into this 
 
 * lake. The lake Singhay, upon the eaft border of 
 6 China, fends out a great river fouthward, which 
 ' being joined to another, enters China. The lake 37- 
 ticaca, in [Los Charcas] a province in fouth America, 
 is eighty leagues in circuit, and emits a large river, 
 which is terminated in another fmall lake, and is no 
 4 more feem There are feveral towns and villages 
 
 * difcovered about this lake. The lake Nicaragua, in 
 
 * a province of the fame name, in America, is only 
 
 * fourteen German miles from the Pacific, or fouth fea, 
 c and above one hundred from the Atlantic, into which 
 
 * it is difcharged at broad flood-gates. The lake Fron- 
 4 tena, in Canada, out of which iflfues the river of St. 
 
 * Lawrence. The lake Annibi, in AJia, in the latitude 
 
 * of lixty-one degrees.' And after p. 282, where the 
 Author gives an account of Lakes that both receive and 
 emit rivers, it is evident that the quantity of water 
 emitted by fome is far fuperior to what is received ; 
 and in others the quantity received fuperior to what is 
 emitted ; fo that there muft be fubterraneous fupplies 
 and exits. 
 
 THE next quotation I mall cite may ferve both for 
 this fecond article and alfo for the laft, viz. for thofe 
 Lakes that neither increafe nor decreafe, notwithftanding 
 the difference of feafons and the quantity of water carried 
 off h evaporation: It is from Acofta's Hiftory of the In- 
 dies, Book iii. chap. 1 6, ' It is a queflidn often alked, 
 ' Why there are fo many Lakes in the tops of thefe 
 .* mountains, into which no river enters, but contrary- 
 * wife many great dreams ifiue forth, and yet do we
 
 [ i 4 6 ] 
 
 4 fcarce fee thefe lakes to diminim any thing, at any 
 ' feafon of the Year. To imagine thefe lakes grow 
 4 by the fnow that melts, or rain from heaven, That 
 4 doth not wholly fatisfy me ; for there are many that 
 
 * have not this abundance of fnow, nor rain, and yet 
 4 we fee no decreafe in them : which makes me to be- 
 4 lieve they are fprings which rife there naturally ; 
 4 although it be n6t againft reafon, to think that the 
 ' fnow, and rain help fbmewhat in fome feafons. 
 4 Thefe Lakes are/:? common in* the higkeft tops of the 
 4 mountains, that you mail hardly find any famous ri- 
 
 * ver that takes not its beginning from one of them. 
 ' Their water is clear and breeds little ftore of fifh, 
 
 * and that little is very fmall, by reafon of the cold 
 6 which is there continually. Notwithftanding- fome 
 4 of thefe lakes be very hot, which is another wonder. 
 
 * At the end of the valley of Tarapaya near to Potozi, 
 4 there is a lake in form round, which feems to have 
 
 * been made by a compafs, whofe water is extreamly 
 4 hot, and yet the land is very cold : they are ac- 
 
 * cuftomed to bathe themfelves near the bank, for elfe 
 
 * they cannot endure the heat being farther in. In the 
 
 * midft of this lake there is a boiling of above twenty 
 4 feet fquare, which is the very fpring, and yet (not- 
 4 withftanding the greatnefs of this fpring) it is never 
 
 * feen to increafe in any fort: it feems that it exhales 
 4 of itfelf, or that it hath fome hidden or unknown 
 4 iflue : neither do they fee it decreafe, which is an- 
 
 * other wonder, although they have drawn from it a 
 
 * great ftream, to make certain Engines for metal, 
 4 confidering the great quantity of water that ifllieth 
 4 forth, by reafon whereof it mould decreafe.' But 
 the greateft Lake of this kind in America, and indeed 
 
 'in the whole world, is the Lake Parime, lying directly 
 under the Equator. 4 It is (as Varenius fays in his 
 4 v//. Geog. p. 278) in length from eaft to weft, about
 
 f 147] 
 
 * 105 German miles, and in the broadeft place 100 
 
 * miles over or thereabouts , fo that it may be com- 
 c pared with, if it do not exceed, any lake in the 
 6 world for magnitude , yet it neither receives nor 
 
 * emits any rivers/ Gordon in his Geographical Gram- 
 mar fpeaking of Scotland, writeth thus, page 204* 
 ' Towards the north-weft part of Murray is the fa- 
 c mous Lough-Nefs, which never freezeth ; but retain- 
 c eth its natural heat, even in the ejitreameft cold of 
 ' winter ; and in many places this lake hath been 
 c founded with a line of 500 fathoms but no bottom 
 
 * found. Nigh to Lock-Nefs is a large round Moun- 
 ' tain [called Meal-fuor-rtouny] about two miles of per- 
 
 * pendicular height from the furfaceof the Nefs-, upon 
 
 * the very top of which mountain is a lake of cold frefli 
 
 * water often founded with lines of many fathoms, but 
 ' never could they reach the bottom. This lake, 
 
 * having novifible current running either to it or from 
 c it, is equally full all feafons of the year , and it never 
 c freezeth.' Sir Robert Sibbald in his Scctia illuftrata, 
 p. 22, fays * That there are various Lakes in Scotland, 
 ' efpecially in the bigkeft places, which neither emit 
 c nor receive rivers, and yet are full of water-/ and 
 concludes ' that fuch mull be fupplied by fources 
 
 * from beneath, at leaft with a quantity of water equi- 
 
 * valent to what is carried off by the heat of the Sun/ 
 
 IN Kircher's Mundus Subterraneus, Lib. v. Ch. 4. 
 there is an account of feveral other Lakes of each of 
 the above-mentioned kinds, and full proof that they 
 derive their origin from, and are continued by, Jub- 
 terrene fources. And though probably fome of thefe 
 Lakes are maintained by rivers that run under-ground 
 or by fprings that iflue out at their bottoms, yet, as we 
 have already mewed (p. 120, &c.) that the Springs and 
 Rivers which appear above ground owe their fupplies to 
 L 2
 
 [ '48 ] 
 
 an infernal Refervoir, it muft much more ftrongly fol- 
 low that thefe covert Springs and Rivers are owing to 
 the fame, and therefore that the Lakes, which are 
 fupported by them, plainly mew that there muft be a 
 ju&terranean Refervotr of wafer. 
 
 V. A. fifth Argument in proof of an Abyfs of water 
 beneath the earth may be drawn from the confideration 
 of fome phenomena attending Earthquakes. 
 
 AN account of which I mall tranfcribe from Dr. 
 Woodward's Nat. Hi/lory of the Earth j the truth of 
 which every perfon that is at all converfant in the 
 hiftory of Earthquakes cannot but know j and indeed 
 the effects of the late dreadful mock of the earth at 
 Ujbon, which extended themfelves (through means of 
 the agitation of the waters of the Sea and the Abyfs) 
 to the four quarters of the world,* being at prefent 
 freih in the memory of almoft all now living, will 
 bear ample teftimony to the truth of what the Doctor 
 afierts, Nat. tlift. p. 133, ' That this fubterranean 
 ' Heat or Fire, which thus elevates the water out of 
 ' the Abyfs, being in any part of the earth flopped, and 
 
 * fo diverted from its ordinary courfe, by fome acci- 
 
 * dental glut or obftruction in the pores or paflages 
 
 * through which it ufed to afcend to the furface : and 
 ' being by that means preternaturally afTembled, in 
 
 * greater quantity than ufual, into one place, it caufeth 
 4 a great rarefaction and intumefcence of the water 
 ' of the abyfs, putting it into very great commotions 
 ' and diforders : and at the fame time making the like 
 ' effort upon the Earth, which is expanded upon the 
 c face of the abyfs, it occafions that agitation and con- 
 ' cuffion of it, which we call an Earthquake. That 
 
 1 See an Account of thefe effefts, and how extenfive they were, 
 in Phil. Tranf. for the year 1756," Vol. XLIX. Part i. .ii.
 
 [ H9 ] 
 
 6 this effort is in fome earthquakes fo vehement that it 
 4 fplits and tears the Eartb t making cracks or cbafms 
 4 in it fome miles in length, which open at the in- 
 4 flants of the fhocks, and clofe again in the intervals 
 4 betwixt them : nay, it is fometimes fo extreamly 
 4 violent, that it plainly forces the fuperincumbent 
 4 Strata ; breaks them all throughout, and thereby 
 
 * perfectly undermines and ruins the foundations of 
 1 them j fo that thefe failing, the whole Trail, as foon 
 4 as ever the mock is over, finks down to rights into 
 4 the Abyfs underneath, and is fwallowed up by it, 
 ' the water thereof immediately rifing up, and form- 
 4 ing a lake in the place where the laid tract before 
 4 was. That feveral confiderable tracts of land, and 
 
 * fome with cities and towns Handing upon them ; as 
 4 alfo whole mountains, many of them very large, and 
 c of a great height, have been thus totally /waucvvedug. 
 4 That this effort being made in alldzre&iojisindiffcrent- 
 
 * ly ; upwards, downwards, and on every fide -, the fire 
 
 * dilating and expanding on all hands, and endea- 
 vouring, proportionably to the quantity and ftrength 
 4 of it, to get room, and make its way through all 
 4 obftacles, fails as foul upon the water of the Abyfs 
 4 beneath, as upon the earth above, forcing it forth 
 ' which way foever it can find vent or paflage ; as 
 4 well through its ordinary exits, wells, fprings, and 
 4 the outlets of rivers ; as through the chafms then 
 4 newly opened ; through the Camini or fpiracles of 
 4 JEtna, or other near Volcanoes ; and thofc Hiatus's 
 
 * at the bottom of the fea, whereby the Abyfs below' 
 
 * opens into it and communicates with it. That as 
 ' the water refident in the Abyfs is, in nil farts of it, 
 4 ftored with a confiderable quantity of heat, and more 
 4 efpecially in thofe where thefe extraordinary aggre- 
 4 gations of this fire happen, fo likewife is the water 
 ' which is thus forced out of it ; infomuch, that when
 
 ' thrown forth, and mixed with the waters of wells, 
 
 * of fprings, of rivers, and the fea, it renders them. 
 ' very fenfibly hot. That it is ufually expelled forth 
 ' in vafl quantities and \v\\h. great impetuofity, infomuch 
 
 * that it hath been feen to fpout up out of the deep 
 ' wells, and fly forth, at the tops of them, upon the 
 ' face of the ground. With like rapidity comes it 
 ' out of the fources of rivers, filling them fo of a 
 
 * fudden as to make them run over their banks, and 
 ' overflow the neighbouring territories, without fo 
 
 * much as one drop of rain tailing into them, or any 
 
 * other concurrent water to rife and augment them. 
 4 That it fpues out of the chafms opened by the Earth - 
 ' quake, in great abundance : mounting up, in 
 
 * mighty fir earns to an incredible height in the air, and 
 ' this often-times at many miles diftance from any 
 '* fea. That it likewife flows forth of the Volcanoes in 
 
 * vaftfloods^ and with wonderful violence. That it is 
 ' forced through the Hiatus's at the bottom of the fea 
 ' with fuch vehemence, that it puts the fea immedi- 
 4 ately into the moft horrible diforder and pertur- 
 
 * bation imaginable, even when there is not theleaft 
 c breath of wind ftirring, but all, 'till then, calm and 
 ' ftill , making it rage and roar with a moft hideous 
 6 and amazing noife , railing its farface into prodig- 
 ' ious waves, and toffing and rolling them about in 
 ' a very ilrange and furious manner; overfetting mips 
 ' in the harbours, and finking them to the bottom , 
 1 with many other like outrages. That it is refunded 
 
 * out of thefe Hiatus's in fuch quantify alio, that it 
 ' makes a vaft addition to the water of the lea , raifing 
 ' it many fathoms higher than ever it flows in the 
 ' higheft tides, fo as to pour it forth far beyond its 
 
 * ufual bounds, and make it overwhelm the adjacent 
 ' country ; by this means ruining ant] deftroying towns 
 > and cities , drowning both men and cattle ; breaking
 
 ' the cables of fhips, driving them from their anchors, 
 4 bearing them along with the inundation feveral miles 
 4 up into the country, and there running them a- 
 4 ground -, (handing whales likewife, and other great 
 4 fifties, and leaving them, at its return, upon dry-land.* 
 And again, Nat. Hift. of the Earth illus. p. 104. 
 
 * Now fiace there are, on record, earthquakes, and 
 ' indeed not a few, by which the globe, for many 
 4 hundred miles together, has been fhaken, at the very 
 
 * fame moment of time, it thence follows, that the 
 4 waters, which caufed thofe concuffions, were not 
 4 only equal in extent to that fpace of the Globe which 
 4 was fo fhook, but one fluid body continued^ and not 
 
 * divided into parts or diftinguifhed into regions, fo 
 4 that particular portions thereof mould be confined 
 4 each to its proper cavern. Nay, there want not in- 
 4 fiances of fuch an univerfal concuffion of the whole 
 4 Globes as mufl needs imply an agitation of the 
 4 whole abyfs. For an effect of fo vaft an extent 
 
 * could never have proceeded but from a caufe equally 
 4 extenfive ; fuch as might affect the whole earth at 
 4 once ; which cannot be done without fuch an orb 
 4 of water, as I have defcribed. We have had ac- 
 4 counts from writers of the mod unqueftioned fideli- 
 ty, and even from eye-witneffes, that there have 
 ' been earthquakes, in our own times, wherein the 
 1 motion, given to the earth at the feveral fhocks, 
 ' perfectly refembled that of the waves of the fea railed 
 1 by a flrong wind. Whoever mail rightly attend 
 ' to this phenomenon in particular, he muft, not 
 ' only acknowledge that the earth contains in it an 
 1 abyfs of water, and is moved by the fame : but mufl 
 ' alfo readily agree with me that this terreftrial part 
 
 L 4 
 
 * See RAY'S Phyfico-tbezlogical Df/aur/es, p. 13.
 
 [ 15'] 
 
 * of the globe is nothing but a //&/ foelt, which i$- 
 ' eludes in it, clofely on every fide, an immenfe mafs 
 ' of waters, and whenever thofe waters happen to bq 
 
 * put into any extraordinary motion, the earth is by 
 c them moved and agitated juft in the fame manner as 
 c the inclofed waters are moved and agitated.' 
 
 VI. THAT there is an Abyfs of waters beneath the 
 earth, may be ftill further mewed from the quantity 
 of water that has been difcovered in the infide of the 
 earth, in opening the ftrata either for Stone, Coal, &c. 
 in digging for wells, &c. in fearching after minerals, 
 ores,&c. from fuddenand accidental eruptions of water 
 out of the bowels of the earth -, or from difcoveries of 
 fubterranean waters that have been made by any other 
 means, either accidental or defigned, that do not pro- 
 perly come under the heads I have already difcuffed. 
 
 Mr. HUTCHINSON in his Obfervations on the earth 
 (fee Vol. XII. of his works, p. 331.) fays, ' It is 
 ' hardly credible how great a quantity of water will be 
 ' fometimes flung upon miners, when they come to 
 6 break up ftrata of ftone, that have in them many of 
 ' thefe cracks, that are fo fmall that they are hardly 
 4 difcernible. Thefe are indeed the natural convey- 
 
 * ances of water : and, when once they are opened, 
 ' it runs inceffantly. I have obferved fuch an irrup- 
 
 4 tion of water in vafl quantity out of Stone, that, ex- 
 
 * empting thofe cracks, is much too denfe and clofe 
 
 5 to let any, the leaft, humidity pafs. 3 The vafl 
 profufion of water that fometimes enfues the break- 
 ing up of the ftrata in Coal-pits is well known to all 
 that are in the leaft converfant in that affair , and what 
 amazing quantities are drawn off from deep mines, 
 cither by chains or levels, or raifed by engines, is alfo 
 well known : Nay, in digging common wells and 
 ponds, in places where there are no Springs above
 
 [ '53 ] 
 
 ground, it frequently happens, that fuch a glut of 
 water ifiues forth as to endanger the lives of the 
 workmen. Of this Dr. Shaw gives us a remarkable 
 inflance in -his Travels , p. 135, 'The Villages of 
 4 Wadreagg [in the eaftern province of Barbary~\ arc 
 
 * built in a plain, without any river running by them, 
 ' and are fupplied in a particular manner with water. 
 6 They have, properly fpeaking, neither fountains nor 
 
 * rivulets; but by digging wells to the depth of an 
 ' hundred and fometimes two hundred fathom, the in- 
 
 * habitants never fail of obtaining a plentiful dream. 
 c And to this purpofe, they dig thro' different layers 
 of fand and gravel, 'till they come to a fleaky kind 
 
 * of ilone, like unto Slate, which is known to lie im- 
 
 * mediately above The [Bahar ta.ht el Era 1 ] Sea below 
 ' ground^ as they feem to call the Abyfs. This is eafily 
 ' broken through ; and the flux of water which fol- 
 
 * loweth the flroke, rifeth generally fo fuddenly and 
 c in fuch abundance, that the perfon let downtoper- 
 ' form the operation, hath fometimes been overtaken 
 
 * and fuffocated by it, tho* raifed up with the greatefl 
 4 dexterity.' Of fudden Eruptions of water from 
 out of the bowels of the earth there are feveral ac- 
 counts recorded in hiftory, fome that have overflowed 
 whole countries, others large towns and cities, others 
 villages : of thefe the reader may fee feveral accounts 
 in Kir cherts mundus fubterraneus , Ehrartus de Belemnitis 
 Suevicis, Prxfamn ; Phil. Tranf. &c. I fnall cite one 
 account from the laft mentioned Treatife in order to 
 give the reader an idea of fuch Eruptions, No. I. p. q. 
 ' In the beginning of July 1678, after fome gentle 
 e rainy days, which had not fwelled the waters of the 
 
 * Garonne more than ufual, one night this river fwelled 
 
 * all at once fo mightily, that all the bridges and 
 ' mills above Totcufe were carried away by it. In 
 6 the plains which were below this town, the inhabi-
 
 [ 154] 
 
 c tants, who had built in places which by long cx- 
 ' perience they had found fkfe enough, from any for- 
 
 * mer inundations, were by this furpnzed , fome were 
 ' drowned together with their cattle i others had not 
 
 * faved themfelves but by climbing of trees, and get- 
 
 * ing to the tops of houfes ; and fome others who 
 ' were looking after their cattle in the field, warned 
 
 * by the noife which this horrible and furious torrent 
 4 of water (rolling towards them with a fwiftnds 
 ' like that of the lea) [in Britaigne he means'] made 
 
 * at a diitance , could not efcape without being over- 
 ' taken, though they fled with much precipitation : 
 
 * This neverthelefs did not laft many hours with this 
 
 * violence. At the fame time exactly, the two 
 c rivers only of Adour and Gaue, which fall from the 
 ' Pyr^nean hills, as well as the Garonne, and fome 
 
 * other little rivers of Gafcoyne, which have their 
 ' fource in the plain, as the Gimone, the Saue, and 
 
 * the Rat, overflowed after the fame manner, and 
 * cauled the fame devaftations. But this accident 
 ' happened not at all to the Aude, the Ariege y or the 
 ' Arife, which come from the mountains of Foix, only 
 
 * that they had more of the fame than thofe of the 
 
 * Conferunt, the Comminge, and the Bigorre. M. Mar- 
 ' tell (by the order of M. Foucault ) \\zt\\ fearched after 
 
 * the caufe of this deluge, being aflured that it muft 
 4 ha>ve had one very extraordinary : for all who had 
 ' feen the circumftances agreed, that it had rained in- 
 
 * deed, but that the rain was neither fo great, nor 
 4 lafted fo long, as to fwell the rivers to that excefa or 
 ' to melt the fnows of the mountains. But the nature 
 
 * of thefe waters, and the manner of their flowing 
 ' from the mountains, confirmed him perfeclly in his 
 6 fentiments. For, i. the inhabitants of the lower 
 
 * Pyrxnsans obferved, that the water flowed with vio- 
 
 * knee from the entrails of the mountains, about which
 
 t '553 
 
 * there were opened feveral channels, which forming 
 6 fo many furious torrents tore up the trees, the earth, 
 ' and great rocks, in fuch narrow places where they 
 ' found not a pafiage large enough. The water aifo 
 
 * which fpouted from all the fides of the mountain in 
 ' innumerable Jets, which laded all the time of the 
 ' greateft overflowing, had the tafte of Minerals. 
 
 * 2. In fome of the pafiages, the waters were ftinking 
 ' (as when one ftirs the mud at the bottom of the mi- 
 ' neral water ) in fuch fort that the cattle refufed to 
 ' drink of it, which was more particularly taken no- 
 ' tice of at Lomber, in the overflowing of the Saue 
 ' (which is one of the rivers) where the horfes were 
 ' eight hours thirfty before they would endure to drink 
 'it. 3. The Bifliop of Lombez having a defire to 
 ' cleanfe his gardens, which the Saue paffing thorough 
 6 by many channels by this overflowing, had filled 
 
 * with fand and mud , thofe which entered them 
 
 * felt an Itching, like to that which one feels when 
 ' one bathes in Salt-water, or wafhes onefelf with 
 ; fome ftrong Lixivial. This Itching could not 
 4 be produced by either rain or fnow water, but by 
 ' fome mineral Juice, either Vitriolick or Aluminous, 
 ' which the waters had difiblved in the bowels of th'e 
 ' mountains, and had carried along with it in pafTing 
 
 * out through thofe numerous crannies. For thele 
 
 * reafons M. Mart ell' believes the true caufe of this 
 
 * Overflowing to be nothing elfe but fubterranecus 
 1 Waters' I might here add an account of the 
 Rivers that are known to run wholly under-ground, 
 and even of the Catarafts- that have been difcovered 
 there (of which Herbinius in his Differtationes de admi- 
 randis mundi Cataraflis, fupra & fubterraneis, &c. gives 
 a defcription) but to avoid prolixity mail conclude 
 with obferving, that the deeper we penetrate into the 
 earth, the greater quantity of water is met "jcitb^ and
 
 [ '56] 
 
 ikat generally this water breaks forth infuch a manner 
 as manifeftly to (hew that it is raifed by a power from 
 underneath, thereby plainly indicating its fubterranean 
 origin. 
 
 THUS I have produced feveral arguments to prove 
 that there is an Abyfs of water beneath the earth -, and 
 feveral others might be brought ; but thefe may more 
 naturally be introduced under fome of the fublequcnt 
 heads. For, I would obferve here, once for all, that 
 there is fuch a clofe connection between the feveral 
 parts of the fubject I am treating of, or the Heads I 
 have been obliged to divide it into,, that very often 
 one and the fame argument (or at leaft with the help 
 of a few additional fentences) will prove two or three 
 of thefe Heads, but yet is more immediately applica- 
 ble to one, I fnall therefore difpofe of it under its 
 proper Head, and as far as it affords proof for other 
 particulars, deduce them by way of corollaries or con- 
 clufions. 
 
 BUT before I quite finim. the Article I am now up- 
 on, it may not be amifs to endeavour to mew what 
 the Form and what the Size of this Abyfs may be. 
 
 FROM what has been already faid (p. 134) it ap- 
 pears that the Abyfs and the Ocean are in conjunction 
 v/ith each other, and therefore that the Abyfs is not 
 divided into feparate parts or diftinguifhed into large 
 detached caverns (as fome have imagined) but is one 
 continued and united body of water, and equal in extent 
 to the circumference of the lower part of the fhell of 
 the earth, and lying immediately under k ; as~Ts~ al- 
 fo evident from what is faid page 151. And there- 
 fore as the Shell of the earth is of a round form, we 
 may juftly efteem the Abyfs to be fo likewife, as it is 
 reprefented in the Plate by G. H. And, that the 
 Abyfs is really of this form we have better proof than 
 any that can be deduced from natural evidence, for 
 He who made it and the whole earth hath allured us
 
 [ '57] 
 
 that it is fo, as I have mewed page 26; and in ordef 
 to ftrengthen the comments there made upon Scrip- 
 ture, and to add authority to the juftntfs of them, I 
 (hall cite the opinion of the celebrated Stackhoufe in 
 his Hiftory of the Bible, p. 125.. I feleft this writer 
 (out of feveral that might be brought) not only becaule 
 he has determined the Form of the Abyfs, but has fpo- 
 ken of the Size of it, and given a calculation by which 
 -the reader may judge of the quantity of water con- 
 tained therein. e Tis certainly (fays he) more thaa 
 4 probable (becaufe a matter or divine Revelation) that 
 4 there is an immenfe body of water enclofed in the 
 4 center of the earth, to which the Pfalmift plainly al- 
 4 hides when he tells us, that (Pfal. xxiv. 2.) God 
 4 founded the earth upon the feas, and efiablijhed it on the 
 'floods; that (Pfal. cxxxvi. 6.) he jlretched out the 
 4 earth above the waters; that (Pfal. xxxiii. j.) he ga- 
 4 tbered up the waters as in a Bag (fo the beft tranflati- 
 4 ons have it) and laid up the Deep as in a Storehoufe. 
 4 Nay, there is a paffage or two in the proverbs of 
 4 Solomon (where Wifdom declares her Antiquity, and 
 4 pre-exiftence to all the works of the earth j which 
 4 lets before our eyes, as it were, the very Form and 
 4 Figure of this Abyfs; (Proverbs viii. 27, 2%.) When 
 4 be prepared the heavens, I was there, when he fet a 
 4 Compafs upon the face of the Deep, and Jirengthened the 
 4 Fountains of the. Ab\fs. Here is mention made of 
 4 the Abyfs and of the Fountains of the Abyfs ; nor is 
 4 there any queftion to be made, but that the Foun- 
 4 tains of the Abyis here are the fame with thofe, 
 4 which Mofes mentions, and which, as he tells us, 
 4 were broken up at the Deluge. And what is more 
 4 obfervable in this Text, the word, which we render 
 4 Compafs, properly fignifies a Circle or Circumference, 
 4 or an Orb, or Sphere: fo that according to the tefti- , 
 4 mony of V/ifdom, who was then prefent, there was
 
 [ 
 
 in the beginning a Sphere, Orb, or Arch, fet round 
 the Abyfs, by the means of which, the fountains 
 
 * thereof were Jtrengthened-, for we cannot conceive, 
 6 how they could have been ftrengthened any other way, 
 e than by having a ftrong Cover or y^r ;#tf^ over 
 < /i/9. If, fuch then be the form of this Abyfs, 
 
 * that it feems to be a vaft mafs, or body of water, 
 e lying together in the womb of the earth, it will be 
 e no hard matter to compute what a plentiful fupply 
 c might have been expected from thence, in order to 
 
 * effect an univerfal Deluge. For, if the Circumfer- 
 
 * ence of the earth (according to the loweft com- 
 putation) be 21000 miles, the diameter of it (accord- 
 c ding to that circumference.) 7000 miles, and confe- 
 
 * quently from the fuperficies to the center, 3500 
 6 miles -, and if (according to the bed account) the 
 
 higheft mountain in the world (taking its altitude 
 from the plain it Hands upon) does not exceed four 
 perpendicular miles in height -, then we cannot but 
 conclude, that, in this Abyfs, there would be infi- 
 nitely more water than enough, when drawn out 
 upon the furface of the earth, to drown the earth, 
 to a far greater height than Mofes relates.'
 
 [ '59 1 
 
 SECONDLY, 
 
 I AM now to prove that the whole Earth was 
 covered to an immenfe height by this Subterranean 
 Water, or that the Deluge, in the time of Noah, wa$ 
 univerfal ; the Fountains of the Great Abyfs having 
 been broken up, and the water thereof elevated above 
 all the high Hills under the whole heaven. 
 
 AND, firft, to begin with proofs deducible .from 
 the circumftances of things on or near the Surface of 
 the Earth. 
 
 I. THE Divifion of the furface of the earth into 
 Mountains, Hills, Combs, Dales, Vallies, &c. isib 
 obvious and ftrikmg, that few or none but muft have 
 obferved it ; though probably but few have feen how 
 far this regularly irregular Divifion (as I may iuftly 
 call it) was owing to, and is a proof of, an univerfal 
 Flood, or that the furface of the earth has been covered 
 to a great height by an inundation of water. I 
 
 fhall therefore enlarge on this article, and point out 
 the evidence deducible therefrom. 
 
 Mountains and Hills have generally on all fides a 
 regular defcent or inclination from their tops, greater 
 or lefs, longer or fhorter. And when feparately.con- 
 fidered, and without attending to every little inequa- 
 lity, may be faid to be of a conical or pyramidal 
 lhape; and when many lie clofe together, or are con- 
 tinued in a direcl: chain through whole countries, they 
 may be faid to be of a prifmatical form. The 
 
 point therefore to be decided is, Whether this be their 
 original Jbape, That which was neceffarily produced 
 by, and in which they have always remained fmce, 
 the firfl fituation of their materials in the places they 
 now ftand ? Or, Did they obtain their prefent form af- 
 tcrwards, i. e. were their original materials modelled, 
 framed, or brought into this fhape by the action of 
 fome outward Caufe ? And what was that Caufe ?
 
 THAT Mountains were not originally of this fhape 
 feems'evident from the manner in which their mate- 
 rials or conftituent parts fubnded and at prefent lie, 
 they being difpoied in ftrata, beds, or layers (whe- 
 ther of ftone, clay, chalk, &c.) of equal thicknefs 
 throughout, and regularly lying upon each other in a 
 flat, level, or horizontal pofitionj which ihuation of 
 all others feems the ieaft proper for difpofmg fuch 
 materials into a conical or prifmatical figure. Did 
 their ftrata or layers Hand one againft another in a 
 Hoping poihire like the ridge of a houfe, or even 
 perpendicularly upright, it might more probably have 
 indicated their prefent fhape to have been the original ; 
 but fince they are pofited in a flat, level fituation, 
 (which is the moil different from any of the upright 
 forms) it feems plainly to mew that their prefent 
 fliapes were not the original, but are owing to fome 
 external force. Which is further evident from 
 
 hence, That in mountainous countries, which confift 
 of the fame kind of ftrata, the ftrata in each moun- 
 tain (hall exactly anfwer or correfpond together in 
 every refpect, in fpecies, in colour, in depth, in 
 thicknefs, in fituation and in their contents. So that 
 fuppofe, the ift [under the vegetable mould] or up- 
 permoft ftratum to be of a whitifh coloured Sand- 
 ftone, one yard thick; the 2d a red Marl, two yards ; 
 the gd a blue Lime-ftone, containing fhells, teeth, 
 bones, &c. of particular kinds, one yard thick-, the 
 4th a blue Clay, containing native foffils, fuch as fe- 
 lenitae, pyritae, &c.' three yards thick ; the 5th a grey 
 Flag-ftone, eight yards thick \ the 6th a ftratum of 
 Coal, [with its ufual attendant, a black clayey flate, 
 replrte with plants of all forts ] two yards thick ; the 
 yth a Rag-ftonc, ten yards thick-, the 8th a Free- 
 ftone, containing a great variety of fhells, twelve yards 
 thick i the 9th a red Sand-ftoae, fifteen yards thick ;
 
 the loth a ftratum of grey Lime-ftone, containing d 
 great variety of corals, fhells, &c. reaching to the bot- 
 tom of the mountain." Now in the fame order and 
 in the fame horizontal pofition you mall find fimilar 
 ftrata in each mountain throughout fuch a country. 
 The queftion therefore is, whether they were not all 
 once united, or the ftrata continued throughout in one 
 entire body^ without any of thcfe Eminences We call 
 Mountains, or thofe Hollows called Vallies ? And it 
 fo, then the prefent mountainous form was not the origi- 
 nal, or thefe mountains were not coeval with, or any 
 ways owing to, the difpofition of their materials oif 
 the fettlement of their ftrata. Now in order to fhew 
 that the ftrata in thefe mountains were once wholly 
 continued, let a perfon firft examine a fingle chain or 
 M 
 
 u If any perfon mould he defirous of examining the ftrata of the 
 earth in a mountainous country, and fhoitld not find any great variety 
 of ftrata, or even but one fingle ftratum, yet upon ftrift infpe&ion or 
 rather at firft fight he will perceive that this fmgJe ftratum is divided 
 into a great number of lefTer ftrata or fmall layers, which will be ea- 
 fily diftinguifhable from each other, either by their colour, depth, 
 thicknefs. or more remarkably by their Contents or the fofiU bodies 
 they contain, one layer abounding with one fpecies of ihells, another 
 with a different ; another layer containing bones and teeth of nfhes ; 
 another corals of various kinds, &c. &c. &c. fo as to afford.him e- 
 vident marks by which he may diftinguiih one layer from another 
 alonoft as readily as if there had been ftrata of different lubftances. 
 
 In the description of the above fuppofed Mountain the Strata are 
 not reprefented as lying according to their fpecifkk Gravities, for 
 however commonly received the opinion is that they do fo lie, vet 1 
 never could find them in this fituation in any place that I have Veen. 
 And the feveral experiments and obfervations that have been made 
 upon the ftrata of the earth, when opened to the greateji depths, 
 fhew that they do not lie according to their fpecifick gravities ; fee in 
 particular l j hilcfof. Tranfac. No. 336. Art. xi. No. zjo, Art. \\. 
 No. 360, Art. iv. No. 391, Art. i. VARKNIUS'S Gepgrqffy, Lib. I. 
 Cap. vii. Propos. 7. HAUSKBEE'S Experiments, p. 317, Exttcriix, 
 xx. LUIDII Lytbafhil. p. MO,
 
 [ 162 ] 
 
 ridge of them, riming for ten, twenty, or thirty 
 miles only, [and they Ibmetimes continue for feveral 
 hundred] in which chain particular mountains are 
 diftinguifhable from each other only by the reparation 
 or vacant fpaces between their tops, reaching to dif- 
 ferent depths and at various diftances , and fuppofe, 
 upon examination, he mould find that the ftrata in 
 each of the tops were of the fame kiad, colour,.thick- 
 nefs, &c. (as above defcribed) and lying in the fame 
 pofition, and only parted from each other by the va- 
 cant fpaces between their fummits, and that ti\z ftrata 
 underneath, in the body of the mountain, were quite 
 whole and entire, lying in the fame direction or parallel 
 with thofe in the tops, Would he not conclude that 
 the uppermoft ftrata were likewife once whole and li- 
 nked [which are now only difcontinued by the com- 
 paratively fmall vacant fpaces between the fummits of 
 the mountains] as well as thofe that are underneath ? 
 Efpecially, if he was to remark, that, where the fepa- 
 ration between the tops of fome of the mountains was 
 not fo great or deep as in others, the ftrata that did 
 not appear in the reft, would appear in thefe ; or fup- 
 pofe the depth of the fpace between fome of the moun- 
 tains to be no more than thirty yards or to reach down 
 to the ftratum of Free-ftone (in the above defcription) 
 but that in other of the vacant fpaces between the 
 mountains even this ftratum of Free-ftone fhpuld not 
 be found, or, as is frequently the cafe, only a part or 
 half of it be wanting, Would he not conclude, that 
 the other part was formerly fubfifting in its due place 
 and order ? And if he would judge thus of this ftra- 
 tum, doubtlefs he would determine the fame of the 
 reft, and that the vacant fpaces between the tops of 
 the mountains throughout this chain were formerly 
 filled up with their refpective ftrata. Judging then 
 thus of this fingle Ridge of mountains, Jet him now
 
 extend his view on every fide, and behold how exact- 
 ly parallel the lame kind of ftrata in the adjacent 
 mountains lie with their fimilar ones in this chain, 
 and he will as readily conclude that they were all once 
 in conjunction and the vallies between them filled up 
 with correfponding ftrata, as thofe vacant fpaces were 
 between the tops of the firft chain of mountains he 
 examined. In Ihort, if a perfon was to fee the broken 
 walls ot a palace or caftle that had been in part de- 
 moliflied, he would certainly conclude that the 
 breaches or vacant fpaces in thofe walls were once 
 filled up with fimilar fubftances, and in conjunction 
 with the reft of the walls, and could eafily with his 
 eye fee the lines in which the walls were carried, and 
 in thought fill up the breaches and re-unite the whole : 
 And in the fame manner if a perfon was to view the 
 naked ends or broken edges of the ftrata in a moun- 
 tain on one fide of a valley and compare them with 
 their correfpondent ends in the mountain on the other 
 fide of the valley, he would manifeftly perceive that 
 the fpace between each was once filled up, and the 
 ftrata continued from mountain to mountain. So that 
 the prefent conical mape of mountains was not coeval 
 with their fubftances or with their inward and origi- 
 nal form , they being primarily of no outward form, 
 if I may fo fay, or rather there were once none of thofe 
 Eminences upon the earth which we now call Moun- 
 tains ; for when the ftrata of the earth were whole and 
 entire, and in conjunction- with one another, and the 
 vacancies that now occafion vallies, dales, &c. filled 
 up with their refpeclive ftrata", the earth muft have 
 been of cm Jpberical form without mountains, hills, 
 dales, vales, &c. and all the ftrata muft have lain 
 originally horizontally upon one another, or rather, 
 to fpeak philofophically, concentrically with each 
 other. And wlut further lliews, That mountains
 
 [ 164] 
 
 are only Eminences of the earth, caufed by the exca- 
 vation or fcooping out of the fubftances or ftrata that 
 formerly occupied thofe Hollows, which we now call 
 Vallies, Dales, Combs, &c. is this, that it may be 
 demonftrated, That the origin of mountains cannot be 
 owing to any Elevation or Depreflion of their ftrata -, 
 though mofl writers have attributed it to this caufe, 
 and fuppoled them to have been produced by Dif- 
 ruptions from within the earth, occafioned by the 
 breaking out of fubterranean fires, earthquakes, &c. 
 whereby the ftrata became elevated in fome places, 
 and depreffed in others : but this could not have been 
 the cafe. For, the ftrata of Mountains in the inland 
 countries (and fuch mediterranean Eminences are pro- 
 perly to be termed Mountains -, Hills being lefs, and 
 fituflted at a diftance from mountains, and nearer the 
 fea) are generally, and if the higheft or moft inland 
 in the Continents or Iflands on which they ftand, are, 
 I may venture to fay, always pofited in an horizontal 
 direction, or but very little inclining therefrom, and 
 even this inclination accountable from other caufes 
 than Difruptions, as will be feen in the procefs of this 
 treatife. w Now the ftrata of Mountains being thus 
 horizontally placed, which alfo appearing to have been 
 their original pofition, (as will more clearly be fhewn 
 
 w Thus much I can fay for certain, that the Strata in fome of the 
 higheft ridges of Mountains in England and Wales are horizontally 
 pofited', which is a plain proof that Mountains in general might have 
 been, and that thefe in particular really were, formed without any 
 elevation or depreffion of the ftrata : and hence alfo it appears that 
 the horizontal pojition is the original and natural fetuation of the ftrata. 
 And in fuch mountainous places where I have obferved the ftrata to 
 be fomt<what inclined, it has generally been where there are large and 
 deep vallies, fteep precipices, naked rocks for a great extent of 
 ground, and many other fuch like proofs that the Agent (the 'water, 
 as will be feen hereafter) that tore out the hollows of the dales and 
 rallies, paffed off with great rapidity and adedwith great force upon
 
 hereafter) is an undeniable proof, that they have wt 
 been difylaced, and therefore that thefe eminent parts 
 of the earth were not owing to any Elevations, or )/?- 
 fre/ions of their ftrata ; for had they been produced 
 by either of thefe means the ftrata muft have been in- 
 clined in various angles, and placed in. the moft differ- 
 ent directions from the horizontal. Befides, had Moun- 
 tains been owing to the Elevation or Depreflion of 
 their ftrata, the outfides and forms' of Mountains 
 would have been fhaped or in a great meafure have 
 anfwered the inward pofition of the ftrata -, whereas 
 this is feldom the cafe , and in Mountains where the 
 ftrata are horizontal, never can be, provided thofe 
 Eminences are of the common pyramidal or conical 
 fhape ; but where fuch have large extenfive plains or 
 much level ground upon their tops, the outward 
 fhapes of thefe indeed ufually anfwer or correfpond 
 with the inward level fite of the ftrata j but fuch fiat 
 eminences as thefe are not what we generally under- 
 ftand by the term Mountains^ and ougtit rather to be 
 called, as they commonly are, high Plains or Dows. 
 And in fuch mountains or rather Hills where the ftra- 
 ta are inclined, I have feen the outward form very 
 M 3 
 
 the fubjacent ftrata; in doing which it would naturally (in fuch 
 places where there was a variety of ftrata) wafh and carry away the 
 more foft and brittle ftrata, and by this means undermine, and fo 
 incline, the fuperior beds of ftone ; &c. and in many places I have 
 remarked, particularly upon the fides of fteep mountains, that this 
 inclination of the ftrata is but for the depth of fom,e feet, or what 
 I may call, fuperfidal ; and that the beds of ftone upon the top of 
 the mountain are but little, or not at all, inclined ; and in the body 
 of the mountain are horizontally fofited : which plainly mews, that 
 the upper ftrata only have been moved, and moved too by fome aut- 
 fuaard caufe, and not the whole body of the mwntfiin, cither by ele- 
 vation or depreflion of the ftrata.
 
 different from what one might expect from the inward 
 inclination of the ftrata, nay, fometimes direflly con- 
 trary to it. It being then thus certain, that the 
 prefent outward form of Mountains was not owing to, 
 either, the inward difpofttion, or prefent fituation, of 
 the ftrata, and that the vacant Spaces between the 
 tops and fides of mountains were once filled up, 
 it muft follow, That thefe high and eminent parts of 
 the earth were caufed by fome external Agent or 
 Means that acled upon the outward fur face of the earth, 
 and which, by tearing off and carrying away the matter 
 or ftrqta that formerly occupied thofe places we now 
 call rallies, left thole Eminences ilanding, which we 
 now call Mountains. 
 
 AND that this was really the cafe will yet more 
 manifeftly appear, in tracing out what that Agent was 
 that effected this, which is the next thing to be con- 
 fide red. 
 
 THAT the outward form of Mountains was owing 
 to the action of fome Fhtid, which by foftening and 
 mollifying the parts gradually wore and tore away the 
 circumjacent ftrata, is evident from the conical fhape, 
 regular Hope or gradual defcent of Mountains from 
 their tops quite down their fides ; and when we con- 
 fider the bulk of a mountain, and the prodigious 
 number of them upon the earth, there is no Fluid of 
 a nature proper, and in quantity Efficient, for effect- 
 ing this but IVaier. And that Water was the A- 
 gent is further evident, from the general tendency'or 
 inclination of the fides of mountains down towards the 
 Sea, efpecially in iflands and peninfulas, chiefly and 
 more remarkably in fuch as are longer than they are 
 broad-, and in necks or promontories of land that jut 
 out into the fea, and have water on both fides of them. 
 So in the iflands of Cuba, llij'pun'iola, California, Ma- 
 Sumatra, Sucoma,St.Cbriflopber, and many
 
 others, there is a ridge or Chain of mountains run - 
 ing directly through the middle, in a line with the 
 length of thofe iflands and peninfulas, gradually leflen- 
 ing and lefiening with gentle declivities on each 
 fide, tending outward or falling away down to- 
 wards the two feas [not inward towards the land], 
 juft in fuch a manner as Water defcending from the 
 tops of thefe ridges would naturally have torn and 
 carried away the ground, and fo have formed regular 
 defcents on both fides ; which defcents generally con- 
 tinue for feveral miles underneath the feaj for it is a 
 common obfervation with mariners that where the 
 more lies nearly level or upon a gentle defcent, that 
 there the fea gradually increafes deeper and deeper the 
 farther you proceed from land ; x fo as plainly to mew 
 that the ground underneath or the bottom of the ocean 
 was formed after the fame manner, and is only a con- 
 tinuation of that at Land : fmcethen thefe Defcents or 
 Declivities are at prefent in part covered with water^ 
 there can be no reafon to doubt that this was the A- 
 gent that formerly covered and formed the whole. 
 So in Promontories or parts of land that project into 
 the Sea, where fuch are long and narrow, there is 
 commonly a ridge or feveral ridges of mountains 
 pafling through the middle with gentle declivities on 
 each fide. Thus in Italy the Apennine mountains are con- 
 tinued lengthways through the middle of that country, 
 and divide it in two parts, juft in the manner (as it has 
 been reprefented) as the back-bone of an animal does his 
 body, fimilar is the fituation of the mountains in 
 Norway ) Malacca, Ccrea, Cambodia, India within the 
 Ganges, the South part of Africa for feveral hundred 
 M 4 
 
 * KIRCHER'S Mundus Subterrancus, p. 97. MARSILLI Je la. 
 Met; p. ii. RAX'S Three phyftco theological Di/cour/ej, p. 27.
 
 [ i68 ] 
 
 and for as many in the fouthpaftqF/fmV0, &c. 
 And what is further remarkable in Promontories and 
 iuch procurrent parts of land, they generally, and 
 cfpecially where there is an open and free Sea, gradu- 
 ally le'ffen and terminate in a point like a Wedge -, 
 which is exactly the form that water, retreating from 
 the upper lands, and falling on each fide, would natu- 
 rally fhape and reduce it into. Whereas, 
 the effects of the water defcending from the furface of 
 fuch extenfive parts of the earth, as large Continents 
 are, would exhibit a different appearance of things 
 from what they do upon iilands and promontories; 
 for in this cafe the water would take many and various 
 courfes, according to the greater number, diftance, 
 and irregular fituation of the PaiTages or Inlets it had 
 into the Abyfs (which inlets we may fuppofe to be in 
 iuch places where Seas and large Lakes are at prefent) , 
 and alfo according to the greater variety of the Strata 
 it had to act upon (many of which ftrata would refift, 
 and as many yield to, the force of the water; andlbme 
 more, fome lefs) fo that under fuch manifold and dif- 
 ferent : circumftances we might expect to find the 
 Chains or Ridges of Mountains upon large Continents 
 lying in many and various directions ; and accordingly 
 we lo find them. But yet, in fome degree, 
 the outward form or furface of Continents and Iflands 
 would refemble each other; for upon both, and even 
 where there were no remarkably great mountains, we 
 Yn'tght reafonably imagine, that the inland parts would 
 be the higheft, or more eminent than the maritime , for 
 the water would act more ftrongly and tear off a greater 
 quantity cf the earth near the fea-coafts than higher up 
 within the land; and this, for two reafons; becaule 
 the PafTages into the Abyfs lay nearer the fea-coalb, 
 and thither the whole force of the v/ater was directed ; 
 and becaufe all ths water that covered the inland
 
 [ 169 ] 
 
 parts of the earth would flow over and act upon the 
 maritime, and would bring along with it large frag- 
 ments of rocks and a great quantity of rubbifh, which 
 by being driven upon, would wear and tear away, the 
 land near the fea-coafts to a great degree ; and there- 
 fore the mediterranean parts of Iflands and Continents 
 would be lefs, or but little, torn ; and on this ac- 
 count, after the retreat of the water, be left ftanding 
 higheft. And this alfo we find to be fact : as is evi- 
 dent from the courfes or falls of rivers ; they gene- 
 rally, or indeed almoft univerfally, taking their rife 
 in or near the Middle of Continents and Iflands, and 
 flowing down towards, at lafl empty themfelves into 
 the Sea ; and as it is certain that the fall of water is 
 always from the higher to the lower grounds, fo it is 
 as certain that the inland parts of the earth are higher 
 than the maritime. Befides, it is a common 
 
 obfervation that Mountains or inland Eminences are 
 higher, and their defcents or fides longer than thofe 
 of Hills ; which are generally fhorter, but their fides 
 or falls more fudden and precipitous : and that the 
 ftrata in Mountains are horizontal, but in Hills (or 
 lefier Eminences nearer the fea) are generally oblique 
 or inclined. All which is exactly confonant to what 
 a Flood of water, retreating from the furface of the 
 earth, would naturally produce; as is evident from 
 what has been faid in the above paragraph : and the 
 truth of the. fact may be exemplified from the man- 
 ner in which water moves when permitted to run 
 out at an orifice at the bottom of a large and deep 
 veflel ; the chief action or motion of the water is at 
 and near the orifice;' while the furface is almoft 
 calm -, and if the bottom of the vefiei be made of 
 any matter that will yield to the force of water, it 
 will be moft torn at and near the orifice, fince the 
 current will be there ftrongeft: And fo, as the \va-
 
 ter, that covered the earth, retreated from the fur- 
 face towards the apertures in its fhell, the chief mo- 
 tion and violence would be at the mouths of the ori- 
 fices that led into the abyfs, whither the whole body . 
 of the water tended, and its whole force was exerted ; 
 and near thefe apertures the currents of water would 
 be very ftrong and rapid, and which, by wafhing 
 away the more foft and brittle ftrata, would undermine 
 whole ridges of mountains and lay their ftrata in a 
 Hoping pofture, and by its continual action in pafling 
 over thefe ridges, would reduce and wear them lefs 
 and lefs until they came to be of their prefent fize or 
 Hills. But higher up or at a greater diftance from 
 the fea, the force would be proportionably diminifhed, 
 as the quantity of water would be iefs and the current 
 weaker; fo that the ftrata in mountains are but little 
 or "not at all difturbed from their original horizontal 
 pofition -, and as a lefs degree of force was exerted in 
 forming them than in Hills, fo their defcents would 
 of courfe be longer and more gradually declining than 
 thofe of Hills. And from what has been juft 
 
 faid, we may fee the propriety of Monf. Buacbe's plan 
 of the difpofition of Mountains, as laid down and de- 
 lineated in Hiftoire de V Acad. des Scicn. An. 1752, 
 Nov. 15. according to which, the greater or moft re- 
 markable Ridges of Mountains upon the feveral Con- 
 tinents of the earth take their rife in or near the 
 middle of large Tracts of land , and are ftretched out, 
 as radii, from fome high and extenfive Plains , one of 
 which plains rifes in Africa, another in Afia, two 
 fmall ones in Europe, one in North and another in 
 South America ; and from each of thefe, refpectively, 
 iilue out, like horizontal fhoots from a ftock, feveral 
 
 long Ridges or Chains of Mountains. In order to 
 
 fee the reaibn of this from Experiments, and how far 
 it would favour our prefent hypothecs, I provided a
 
 large veiTel of Glafs, had feveral holes of different 
 fizes bored in the fides about fix inches from the bot- 
 tom, and flopped each with cork : I then filled the 
 veflel with water ; and having pulverized before-hand 
 certain portions of the various ftrata of which the 
 earth confift, as Ston<, Coal, Clay, Chalk, &c. I 
 permitted thefe fubftances to fubfide one after another 
 through the water, 'till the terreftrial mafs reached about 
 two inches above the level of the holes : and the whole 
 fettled in regular layers one upon another, juft ac- 
 cording to the difpofition of things in the earth. I 
 then (with the afliftance of another) pulled the corks 
 out of each hole as nearly at the fame time as poflible. 
 The water immediately began to drive the earthy parts 
 through the holes, and fcooped or tore the furtace of 
 the earthy mafs in fuch a manner as that the deepeft 
 Hollows were near the Apertures, /'. e. where the force 
 was greateft, and the feveral furrows gradually Jefs 
 and lefs, towards the middle part , as the force of the 
 water was proportionably diminifhed to its diftance 
 from the place where its moft violent action was : So 
 that at the greateft diftance from the apertures, /'. e. in 
 the middle of the heap of the terreftrial mafs there were 
 no furrows at all, and that part remained the higheft 
 of all the reft, and anfwered to one of the above-men- 
 tioned high plains upon the furface of the earth : and 
 from this middle-part there tended feveral ridges, be- 
 tween the furrows leading down towards the holes in 
 the vefTel, juft in fuch form as the chains of mountains, 
 which take their rife in or near the middle of fome 
 Continent upon the earth, and tend, like radii, from 
 fome high inland plain towards their refpective aper- 
 tures in the Seas next adjoining. Befides , the ftrata 
 in the middle- part of the terreftrial mafs remained 
 immoveable, ar.d without the leaft alteration, but 
 thole near the apertures in the veffel, were, bent and
 
 [ '7* ] 
 
 inclined, and in fome parts confufedly mixt together, 
 agreeably to the difpofition of- things in the earth, 
 with refpeft to inland and maritime Eminences, as I 
 have obferved already. Thus do the phe- 
 
 nomena, on the fuiface of the earth, with regard to 
 Mountains and Hills, higher and lower lands, both 
 upon iflands, peninfulas, promontories, and conti- 
 nents, exactly anfwer to, and manifeftly fhew forth, 
 the effects of a Flood of Water which once covered 
 the whole, and gradually retreated therefrom. 
 
 AND this will be ilill more evident if we defcend 
 to a particular examination of the form, fituation, 
 and caufe of Combs, Dales, Vallies, &c. It was ne- 
 ceffary to fpeak fomewhat of thefe before, but they 
 deferve a feparate and clofer confideration than could 
 hitherto have been conveniently beftov/ed upon them. 
 A Comb, a Glin, a Dingle, or a Gill, &c. (for it 
 paiTes under different names in different parts of Eng- 
 land) is a gradually increafing or gently declining 
 Hollow upon the furface of the earth ; the fides regu- 
 larly doping down towards the middle part. They 
 are of various fizes ; fome being not more (or even 
 lefs) than 3 or 400 yards in length, 50 in breadth, 
 and 20 in depth at their largeft end ; others there are 
 that are three or four miles in length, a mile in 
 breadth, and 4 or 500 yards deep ; and others of all 
 intermediate fizes. They generally begin at a ridge 
 of mountains or hills, and tend down their fides to- 
 wards the lower lands; their beginnings or upper 
 parts are very fmall, in fome places fcarcely percep- 
 tible ; and they gradually open or increafe to fome of 
 the above-mentioned lengths, breadths, and depths. 
 The ftrata in moil of them are bare and vifible, if 
 not throughout the whole Comb, yet in fome part or 
 other, or rather in fever al parts \ and the broken 
 ends or edges of the rocks that project from each
 
 [ 173 ] 
 
 fide generally anfwer each other to a furprifing exacr.- 
 nefs ; and near the beginning or in the upper parts of 
 the Comb they almoft touch and meet each other, 
 and at the very beginning are united ; and fo leave 
 no doubt to conclude but that the ftrata were once in 
 contact or continued in parallel lines from fide to fide 
 throughout the whole Comb/ And this mutual agree- 
 ment between the ftrata on each fide of Combs evi- 
 dently mews, that thefe and fuch like Cavities were 
 caufed by fome outward Agent that acted upon the 
 furface of the earth, and which by tearing off and 
 carrying away the interjacent ftrata, left thefe Hol- 
 lows, and were not owing to any inward difruption, 
 or a force from beneath : for, had this latter been 
 the cafe, it could not be but that the ftrata on one 
 fide or other of Combs would always appear elevated 
 or deprefTed, or fome way or other altered. And k 
 is further demonftrable that Combs and Gills were 
 not owing to any inward difruptions, fmce it is com- 
 mon to obferve in fuch of them as have rapid rivers 
 or ftrong currents of water runing through them, 
 
 y Sometimes indeed the ftrata on one fide of a Comb are different 
 both in kind and fituation from thofe on the other ; but then the 
 reafon is evident upon, the fpot ; as, firft, either the Comb was 
 formed in a place where the ends of different llrata met, or in a deep 
 fUTure, or two or three Combs happened to be formed near together, 
 and by the fide of each other, and then the Agent that tore the 
 largeft has fhelved off or inclined the ftrata of the larger to- 
 wards the lefler, there being no ftrata on the back-part (on account 
 of the cavity of the letter Comb) to fupport it ; or fome fuch accident 
 or other has made a difference, which will be at once manifeft to a. 
 judicious fpeftator. And thefe accidents generally happen in hilly 
 countries or fuch as are near the lea, where the water of the deluge, 
 in its retreat from the furface of the earth, defcended with violence 
 and acted with great fotce ; whereas higher up in the inland countries 
 or near the mountains the Combs and Gills are generally very regular 
 and exact, and the broken edges of the Urata on each fide tally aad 
 correfpond to the uttnoft nicety.
 
 [ '74] 
 
 that the ftrata at their bottoms are whole and entire, 
 and lie parallel with thofe above ; nay, when miners 
 have occafion, in tracing or purfuing a vein of 
 ore, to dig under Combs they find the ftrata be- 
 neath, as regularly placed and in the fame direction 
 as thofe above, and where they are horizontal above 
 they are horizontal below; which affords an undeni- 
 able argument that Combs were not formed by any 
 Force from beneath, but by the operation of fome out- 
 ward Caufe. And when we confider the general regu- 
 larity, fmoothneis, gently Hoping fides, and the gradu- 
 ally increafing length, breadth and depth of Combs or 
 Gills, we can attribute the Caufe of their formation to 
 no other Agent than Water, that formerly covered the 
 tops and ridges of the Mountains and Hills where thefe 
 doping Hollows are now found, and which by dele-end- 
 ing from thence, gradually tore and furrowed the earth 
 into fo many afoei or channels, juft in the fame 
 manner as water, falling in a ludden and great thun- 
 der-mower, and retreating from the hills above to- 
 wards the fea or any great river, tears and wears 
 channels in the ouze or mud upon the more. Ano- 
 ther mark, that Gills and Combs were formed by 
 currents of water is the ferpentine lhape or winding 
 courfe of fuch as are long and large, and the apparent 
 caufes of fuch deflexions or curvatures. For water 
 defcending from the mountain-tops would of courfe 
 be diverted from a rectilineal motion (efpecially if it 
 ran for any confiderable length , by reafon of the dif- 
 ferent ftrata, or different conftitution of the fame ftra- 
 ta, it acted upon ; fome parts being hard, others fofr 
 fome having but few, others many and large crack 
 &c. and according to the different circumilances 
 thefe accidents the courfe of the water would be varic 
 and the ftream occafionally diverted from the pa 
 that refilled moft towards thofe that refilled lefs : r
 
 [ '75 J 
 
 on the fame account, there would be many and va- 
 rious dreams rulhing down the fides of the fame moun- 
 tain, and as thefe would be irregular and winding, 
 two or more would frequently unite, particularly the 
 Jeffer fall in with and join the larger ; and of this there 
 are manifeft marks and the effects now remaining ; 
 for it is common to oblerve at fuch places where a 
 long and large Comb begins to turn off, that there is 
 a furrow or channel now vifible upon the furface of 
 the earth, and the Comb is deflected from its former 
 courfe according to the angle in which this furrov; 
 meets it (allowing for the fize of the furrow) and alfo 
 is proportionably broader and deeper according to the 
 fize of this concurring channel j manifeftly fhewing, 
 that where the dream that formed this lefier furrow 
 met the larger, that there the deflexion would natu- 
 rally begin, the Comb be turned off, and enlarged, 
 in proportion to the additional force of the Current 
 that formed this lefTcr channel. Many fuch obler- 
 vations as thefe might be made, if we were to confider 
 particularly and minutely the form and fituation of the 
 mountain or hill in which the Comb lies, the condi- 
 tution and pofition of the drata within, the courfe of 
 the fiffures, the lhape of the valley beneath, the dif- 
 tance of the ft-a, or any great lake, &c. from each 
 and all of which many and different proofs might be 
 drawn, plainly indicating, that Combs were formed 
 by currents of water , but thefe are eafier to be feen and 
 difcovered by a fpectator than to be defcribed to a 
 reader; and they will be very evident to any one that has 
 had but the hint given him that Combs and Gills were 
 channels tore in the e.arth by the defcent of water from 
 the upper lands. And what has been laid 
 
 above in relation to Gills may in a great meafure be 
 applied to Dales \ which begin at the end of two or 
 more Gills, and gradually increafe in length, breadth, 
 and depth, in proportion to the number and lize of
 
 [ i 7 6] 
 
 the Gills that lead into them ; juft in the fame 
 ner, and as evidently by the fame means, as the 
 larger Combs were increaied and opened by the flreams 
 of water that tore the lefler channels that enter into 
 them. As the Dales fall off from the moun- 
 
 tains, and meet or unite at a greater or lefs diflance, 
 a ftill larger Hollow prefents itfelf ; which gradually 
 opens and dilates as the former-, and conftitutes 
 what we call a Valley -, of greater or lefs extent and 
 dimenfion according to the number and fize of the 
 Gills and Dales thatdefcend into it. At laft, 
 
 at a great diftance from the mountains, two or more 
 vallies unite, and open into a wide extenfive low-land 
 Plain, or rather, a gently declining country , which ad- 
 joins to the Sea-Jbore; the bottom of which (efpecially 
 if it is of a foft yielding nature, not rocky and ftoney) 
 is- of a fimilar form, continues the fame declivity, or 
 gradually grows deeper and deeper 'till it ends in an 
 unfathomable Abyfs. And thus does the 
 
 Whole clearly point out the effedls of a Flood of wa- 
 ter that formerly covered the mountain-tops, and 
 retreated therefrom down to, and even beyond, the 
 very depth of the Ocean ; forming (in its paflage from 
 the furface of the earth to the center) high up, where 
 its force was weakerr, the lefler channels or Gills and 
 Combs , and where feveral flreams united, the Dales -, 
 and where the currents, that made the dales, met and 
 joined their forces, hollowing out the Vallies \ and 
 were the torrents that fcooped out vallies opened and 
 expanded themfelves, there forming the wide low-land 
 Plains, gradually declining Sea-Jhore, and the Jloping 
 bofom of the Ocean. 
 
 HAVING thus, fafely and truly, I hope, conveyed 
 the reader from the tops of the highefl Mountains 
 down to the bottom of the deeped Seas, we will now 
 take a review of the paths we have trod, and draw 
 ibme fuitable conclusions from the whole. And
 
 [ '77 ] 
 
 : l . FROM what has been faid, we may fee the error of 
 his Lordihip's opinion concerning the origin of moun- 
 tains, p. 88, viz. c That when the Fountains of the 
 ' great Abyfs were broken up, and an immenfe Hollow 
 6 was excavated out of the earth from pole to pole, as 
 4 a bed for the fea to lie in , when the rocks, and the 
 4 fands, and the fhells, and the earth, that were taken 
 4 thereout, were thrown upon the land, and raifed in 
 4 Mountain upon Mountain, fo as to afiail the fkies 
 ' and invade the region of the clouds ; when Promon- 
 
 * tories, and Capes, and Head-lands ftarted up in an 
 4 irregular order, &c ; or as it is elfewhere defcribed 
 4 p. 118. ' At the time of the breaking up the foun- 
 4 tains of the Abyfs, a great part of the materials, 
 e which were fcooped out Of the earth, as well as thofe 
 
 * which then lay on the furface of the fand and of the 
 
 * more, would be loofe, feparate and divided, and 
 4 would float irregularly in that confufion of Elements, 
 
 * which fuch a wonderful operation muft have bccafi- 
 4 oned, not Only when Ihowered down in cataracts 
 4 from on high, but alfo, when conveyed by the force 
 
 * of the waters of the Sea, which gufhed forth, as out 
 4 of a womb to the place deftined for their abode ; 
 4 where this heterogeneous mafs would fubfide, and 
 4 form itfelf into fuch' Hills and Mountains, of fuch a 
 4 mixed kind of materials, as we now find them to be, 
 
 * according to the wife defignation of the great Author 
 4 of Nature.' Such was the Manner, fuch the Means, 
 according to his Lp. by which Mountains and Hills 
 were produced. From whence it ftlould follow, that 
 Mountains and Hills are no more than huge heaps of 
 Rubbijh, thrown out of the Sea, of the place where 
 the fea now is, by the omnipotent Hand of GOD ; 
 as his Lp. more clearly afferts, p. 108, and 115: But 
 this referring to the firft Caufe, when the operation 
 
 N
 
 [ '78] 
 
 was manifeftly performed by fecond Caufes, is boldly 
 cutting the Gordian knot, which we cannot fairly un- 
 tie, and {hews neither the Philofopher nor the Divine 
 in this cafe-, for both the Word of GOD, and the whole 
 face of the earth, declare the contrary, as I have already 
 Ihewed at large, and fh all conclude this fection with 
 the Teftimony of another Author, againft this opi- 
 nion, ' We are to confider that a great many Moun- 
 
 * tains of the Earth are far diftant from any feas, as 
 
 * the great iii-land Mountains of Afia and of Africk, 
 4 and the Sarmathk Mountains and others in Europe \ 
 4 how were thefe great bodies flung thorough the air 
 4 from their refpe&ive feas, whence they are taken, 
 ' to thofe places were they ftand? what appearance is 
 4 there in common reafon or credibility, that thefe 
 4 huge mafies of earth and flone that ftand in the mid- 
 
 * die of continents, were dug out of any feas ? we 
 c think it ftrange, and very defervedly, that a little 
 4 chapel mould be tranfported from Pale/tine to Italy 
 4 over land and fea, much more the tranfportation of 
 4 Mount Atlas or Taurus thorough the air, or of a 
 4 range of mountains two or three thoufand miles long, 
 4 would furely upon all accounts appear incongruous 
 4 and incredible : befides, neither the hollow form of 
 4 mountains, nor the flony matter whereof they com- 
 e monly confift, agrees with that fuppofition, that they 
 4 were prefs'd or taken out of the channel of the fea. 
 
 * Then too, we are to confider, that the moun- 
 
 4 tains are not barely laid upon the earth, as a tomb- 
 4 ftone upon a grave, nor ftand as ftatues do upon a 
 4 pedeftal, as this opinion feems to fuppofe-, but they 
 4 are one continued fubftance with the body of the 
 4 earth, and their roots reach into the abyfs ; as the 
 4 rocks by the fea-fide go as deep as the bottom of the 
 4 fea in one continued mafs : and 'tis a ridiculous
 
 6 thing to imagine the earth firft a plain furface, then 
 6 all the mountains fet upon it, as hay-cocks in a 
 
 * Field, {landing upon their flat bottoms. There is 
 
 * no fuch common lirface, in nature, nor confequently 
 
 * any fucli fuper-additions: 'tis all one frame or mafs, 
 4 only broken and disjointed in the parts of it. 
 
 . 2. FROM the above defcription of things appears 
 alfo the abfurdi:y of the opinion, that is at prefent fo 
 much in vogue in France,, concerning the origin of 
 Mountain's, 2 viz. That Mountains are only Heaps 
 of Sand and Mud, formed by the agitation of the 
 waters of the fea, which were chiefly put into motion 
 by the flux and reflux of its waves in tides, or fome 
 ftrong currents that met and oppofed each other, 
 during the time when the whole furface of the earth 
 was covered with water (for the maintainers of this 
 fyftem allow that it has been thus covered). The 
 Sand and Mud having been thus collected and heaped 
 up together, and the water fubfiding and finking to 
 occupy the cavities at the bottom of the fea from 
 whence the fand and mud were excavated, the dry- 
 land by this means and mountains were raifed upon 
 
 the whole furface of the earth. But lurely the 
 
 Authors of this hypothecs could never have obferved 
 the effects of the Agent, which they fuppofe to have 
 been the Former of mountains, during any violent 
 agitation of the fea, nor have obferved the inward 
 Conftitution, or outward Form of Mountains. For 
 with regard to the firft of thefe articles, as his Lp. 
 juitly remarks (in his Anfwer to this Syftem of the 
 origin of Mountains, p. 1 1.) * The Sea, in itsgreatefl 
 4 agitations, always levels every thing in its power, 
 ' inftead of raifmg it into Hills and Vallies. And if 
 
 z Sec MefTrs. Le Cat's, Baffin's, DC Mailht's t c. writings. 
 
 N 2
 
 [ i8o] 
 
 c thefe Authors will but make the experiment, of 
 
 * raifing a Mound within the reach of the Tides, and 
 
 * let but a fmgle Spring-tide get above their works, I 
 ' believe, inftead of finding their Mound increafed into 
 
 * a Mountain, they will find their Mountain reduced 
 
 * into a Mole-hill, if not entirely carried off and 
 
 * levelled with the bottom of the Sea.' And, in 
 oppofition both to his Lp's. Syftem and that of thefe 
 Authors, it muft be remarked, that the inward Jlrufture 
 of Mountains undeniably difproves each of their opi- 
 nions. For, mountains confift of regular ftrata or beds, 
 (whether of ftone, coal, clay, &c.) orderly pofited 
 upon each other, and in an horizontal direction; and 
 befides, each refpective ftratum is of equal thicknefs 
 throughout, though they continue for feveral miles in 
 extent; all which clearly demonftrates that the whole 
 fettled in a regular and fuccefiive order, during a 
 quiet and calm fea, or without the lead perturbation 
 of the water it fubfided in. And fince thole parts, 
 that now remain ,and are vifible, of the Mafs that 
 thus fettled, viz. the Mountains and their tops, ftill 
 retain their firft and horizontal direction, it is evident 
 that they have not been difplaced or their pofition 
 altered; and alfo that they have not received any new 
 or frefti Matter to cover them (except the vegetable 
 mould and a few feet of loofe ftones and fludge; of 
 which hereafter) ; neither were they formed by occa- 
 fional or fucceffive additions of Sand and Mud or 
 heaps of Rubbifh, for had this been the cafe, there 
 would have been no regular ftrata or layers of ftone, 
 coal, clay, &c. or if there had beenfuch, they would 
 have been inclined on all fides or Ihaped according to 
 the outward form ot the mountain, and have covered 
 thefe conical or prifmatical Eminences like fo many 
 caps or arches laid one upon another; neither could
 
 f '8, ] 
 
 the layers have been of the fame thicknefs throughout 
 even in a fingle Mountain (much lefs in hundreds or 
 thoufands) but would have been much thicker at bot- 
 tom than at top ; at lead thofe layers that fettled laft 
 mufl have been formed thus; for when the Mountain 
 had attained to any confiderable fize, and a new layer 
 or fediment of loofe matter fubfided on it, the far 
 greater quantity would (all down on each fide, and 
 fettle molt at and round the bottom, with thin edges 
 towards or near the top; which is a form that, I believe, 
 no mountain upon earth has. But what further 
 fhews, that Mountains are not Heaps of Rubbim 
 thrown out of the fea, or quantities of Sand and Mud 
 confufedly coacervated, is, the general uniformity of 
 their fhapes, their regularly doping fides, the man- 
 ner in which Chains or Ridges of Mountains are con- 
 tinued, being extended length ways upon fuch iflands 
 and peninfulas as are longer then they are broad; and 
 fhooting oiit, like branches from a flock, from high 
 extenfive Plains upon the larger Continents of the 
 arth: and then the Gills gradually falling off from 
 the mountain- tops, and meeting the Dales down their 
 fides, the Dales uniting with the Vallies, andtheVal- 
 lies opening into extenfive declining Countries, and 
 thefe adjoining to the IhelvingBed of the Ocean, all 
 manifestly mew, that the Agent that formed moun- 
 tains did not acY from the Sea upward, or towards the 
 inland countries, and amafled together large heaps of 
 fand and earth, but defcended from the mountain-tops, 
 or the moft inland parts of the earth, and furrowed or 
 made its way down towards the very bottom of the 
 Ocean, carrying before it almoft every thing that was 
 moveable or oppofed its paffage. 
 
 3. FROM the above-mentioned uniformity in the 
 fhape and courfe of Mountains, and the apparent 
 N 3
 
 [ 182 ] 
 
 cajufe thereof; and from the regular manner in which 
 Gills, Dales, and Vallies defcend from the mountains 
 and run into each other, gradually declining towards 
 the Sea, it is alfo evident that Mountains were not 
 owing either to any irregular Elevation or Depreffiori 
 of the ftrata of the earth : for had either of thefe been 
 the Caufe, this regularity could never have been pre- 
 ferved and been vifible over the whole face of the earth. 
 So that neither Dr. Burners, nor Dr. Woodward's and 
 Mr. fflbifton's Syftem of the origin of Mountains is true 
 or confident with the face of Nature ; the firft of whom 
 fuppofes them owing to a fudden depreflion or finking 
 in of the ftrata of the earth, a.nd the other two, to as 
 fudden and violent a Depreflion of fome of the ftrata 
 and Elevation of others; for,' upon either of thefe 
 fchemes, the Eartn muft have exhibited the moft ghaftly 
 appearances of Rocks and Precipices, and the whole 
 form of it would have refembled the ruins of a defolated 
 edifice, that had been thrown down by a Tempeft, or 
 blown up by a fubterranean explofion : fo that there 
 would have been no traces of the operation of a Fluid 
 Agent that dt-fcended from the mountain-tops and gra- 
 dually tore its way quite down to the Sea, and fo 
 formed the regularly-Doping fides of Mountains, the 
 cafy and natural Cadence and Connexion of Gills with 
 D.alcs, Dales with Valiies, &c. And 
 
 4. THIS fame regularity and uniformity in the rifings 
 and fallings of the higher and lower lands, and their 
 mutual dependences on and inclinations with each 
 other, remaining the fame at this day in all countries, 
 manifeftly (hews, that there have been no Mountains 
 or Hills, Dales or Vallies made fmce the Deluge or the 
 Inundation that caufed the prefent; and therefore that 
 Mountains are not continually a- forming, as fome of the 
 modern French philofophefs afiert; neither were they
 
 occafionally thrown up by earthquakes or fubterranean 
 eruptions as fome of the old philofophers imagined: 
 indeed earthquakes and fuch like explofions, inftcad 
 of railing new mountains, rather tend to throw down 
 the old, by fhaking and diflocating the land, where 
 the violence of the concufllon prevails, and finking it 
 beneath the Ocean or into the Abyfs-, and befides 
 earthquakes generally happen near the fea, and affect 
 not inland eminences or Mountains. 
 
 5. NEITHER could the channels of Gills, Dales, 
 and Vallies have proceeded from Contractions or la- 
 teral fhrinking of the ftrata of the earth (and fo the 
 parts of the earth above, or on each fide of thefe 
 cracks, be left eminent or in the form of mountains) 
 in the fame manner and by the fame means as Chaps 
 or Cracks are made in the mud and ouze upon the 
 fea-fhore by the heat of the fun-beams and action of the 
 wind, according to the opinion of fome of the An- 
 cients. But had this been the cafe, as the tops of the 
 mountains were dry fooneft and mofb expofed to the 
 influence of thefe two agents, the Combs and Dales 
 would have been deepctt near the fummits of hills and 
 mountains, and gradually have leifened or been fhal- 
 lower and mal lower as they proceeded down the fides, 
 and terminated in a point at the bottom of mountains ; 
 but the direct contrary to this is their form : therefore 
 This could not have been the Caufe, Befides \ 
 fuch Contractions as thefe could never have made 
 Eminences, nor would there have been any difference 
 between Mountains and Hills, neither would the in- 
 land parts of Continents and large iflands have been 
 the higheft, as I have plainly fliewed they are ; for 
 when the mud upon the fea-fhore or when the ground 
 in large flat and low marmes is dried and cracked in 
 -the fummer-time, the parts or pieces of land between 
 N 4
 
 jthe cracks are equally high, and the whole fur&ce. 
 level. Though indeed thus much may be faid for 
 this opinion, that the Cracks and Fiffures that were 
 made in the fhell of the earth (after it had fettled, fa- 
 turated with water, and the Expanfe from above and 
 from below had compreffed and hardened, and fo 
 contracted the ftrata in fome places, and thereby left 
 gaps andfj/ures in others 8 ) gave room for the water 
 that covered the earth during the deluge to defcend 
 through into the Abyfs ; and fuch as ferved for this 
 purpoie directed, in fome meafure, or were the caufe 
 of the direction of, the courfes of the Vallies, Dales 
 and Combs-, but they neither did, nor could have 
 formed them for the reafons above given : befides, 
 thefe Cracks are feldom above eight or ten feet broad 
 (and generally much lefs) and feveral vallies are as 
 many mites in breadth, and exceed them as much in 
 length as they do in breadth -, and what is more re- 
 
 a Or, to give an account of this Effedt in the words of a modern 
 writer, firft then thefe Fiffures are no more, as they feem to me, 
 
 * than the neceffary confequences of the firft fettlement of matter, 
 ' when it was divided into wet and dry, folid and fluid. That we 
 
 * may the more clearly apprehend this, let us recolleft what happens 
 
 * to finall maffes of matter, cloven by like failures, whence we may 
 ' infer what is probably the caufe of thofe greater cliffs which we are 
 
 * now infearch'of. We all know that flime, diluted clay, andpul- 
 
 * verized or diiTolved done, mall occupy more fpace in that ftate of 
 ' moifture than when the fame clay, (lime, or ftone, becomes dry and 
 ' hard; and, from a parity of reafon we may argue, that when folids 
 
 * and fluids formed, and from a ftate of chaos became divided into, 
 
 * diftinft bodies, the parts of the former, being defeated by the latter, 
 
 * nuift needs grow cloier together, and confequently leave chafms and 
 crevices betwixt them. But the maffes of earth, ttone, and clay, 
 ' were not at this time meerly paffive; they formed larger and more 
 ' compact bodies every where, in proportion to the quantity and 
 ' mutual attraction of their fimilar parts, within proper diftance. 
 ^ Hence arofe firmer combinations, and confequently greater open-
 
 [ 1*5] 
 
 markable, the Cracks and Veins of ore in many places 
 run directly acrofs the rallies, and yet the vallies con- 
 tinue on in their ufual courfes ; which plainly {hews 
 that they were neither formed, nor even altered, by 
 thefe cracks. But, in fhort, the fea-fhore itfelf 
 (from whence the above hypothecs is brought) affords 
 a manifeft difference between the Cracks made by 
 fhrinking and the regularly-increafing Channels of 
 Combs, Dales, and Vallies ; for upon the fea-fhore 
 or the banks of a large river, efpecially where there is 
 any quantity or depth of mud and ouze, the chinks 
 caufed by the action of the Sun-beams and Wind are 
 nearly throughout of the fame fize, meet and interfect 
 each other at almoft all angles, chiefly at right, 
 and fo divide the parcels of ground or mud between 
 into fquares, pentagons, or fome fuch figure, but 
 never, or fcarcely ever, into long ridges like the 
 chains of mountains. And what is further obfervable 
 in the fame place, the Channels or Gulleys tore in the 
 
 ings between fuch maffes. Farther, it muflbe obferved, that as all 
 fimilar particles ftruggkd to come into contact with each other, fo, 
 ' at the fame time, they deferted, and repelled, and expreffed all 
 
 * diflimilar and contending particles ; confequently maffes of differently 
 ' natured particles feceded and fled from each other, every party (if 
 ' I may ufe the expreffion) tending to form and flick clofe to its like : 
 betwixt fuch different fubftances therefore, attracted here, and there 
 ' repelled, fome chink or interval mult needs happen. Thefe caufes 
 
 * then, viz : the defertion of moifture, the union of fimilar and the 
 mutual repulie of difimilar particles, muft all have contributed to 
 ' form the maffes of our terraqueous globe into fuch feparate portions 
 ' as we now find them in ; for that indeed it was not poflible for 
 
 * bodies to grow hard and dry, unite and contract, without leaving 
 ' fome chafms and fiffures between them. What enfued upon the hard- 
 
 * ening of particular and fmaller maffes, enfued alfo in the larger pcr- 
 ' tions of the whole earth, in proportion to the quantity of fojids 
 united at any one effort, whether a grain, zftratum, a county, or 
 a region:\
 
 mud by the retreat of the fea-water in ebbing, or by the 
 defcent of land-floods, do really leave the interjacent 
 land in prominent ridges juft like Thole of Mountains ; 
 and thofe gulleys or little furrows gradually increafe in 
 length, breadth, and depth, as they unite and fall in 
 with each 'other, juft in the fame manner as Gills, 
 Dales and Vallies do ; which manifefliy fhews, that 
 both kinds were formed by currents of defcending 
 water. 
 
 6. SINCE there are Mountains and Hills, Combs, 
 Dales, and Vallies upon the whole fur face of the earth, 
 and thefe were caufed by the retreat of Water from the 
 furface, it is certain, that the Deluge that formed them 
 was univerfal: And I have already proved that there 
 never was but one univerfal Flood, which was That 
 recorded by Mcfes. 
 
 7. SINCE Gills, Dales and Vallies, fall away from 
 the Mountain-tops, and tend in their courfes down to- 
 wards the neighbouring feas, and are united to the 
 fhelving Bed of the Ocean, nay, fince fome of the 
 chains of Mountains are continued under the lea and 
 appear again on the oppofite land, or, what is more, 
 fmce there are Mountains and Hills, Dales and Vallies, 
 even entirely under the fea, b it is evident, that the 
 water that formed them, defcended not only down 
 towards the fea, but even beyond it, into fome great 
 Cavity in the infide of the earth ; for had it reached 
 no farther than the prefent furface, or even any con- 
 fiderable way into the bed, of the Ocean, its waves 
 muft have been reverberated or returned upon them- 
 felves, and fo would foon have loft all their force : 
 but fmce this force continued and cut and tore the 
 
 * KIRCHER'S Mundiu Subterraneus p. 69, ^6, &c. MARSILLI dt 
 la Mcr.-p. 312.
 
 earth under the fea to unfathomable depths, we may 
 juftly fuppofe that the water defcended far beyond, 
 entered into, and filled up, a large Concavity within 
 the earth, and fo conftituted what Mofes calls the 
 ABYSS. 
 
 8. SINCE the Water that fcooped out the hollows of 
 Combs, Dales, and Vallies defcended into the Abyfs, 
 it muft ofcourfe have carried with it all that quantity 
 of the earth which it tore away for making thefe hol- 
 lows; and as it defcended from every part of the 
 earth's furface down towards the centre, it would at 
 lad repofit and fettle the whole there, in form of a 
 Central or inner globe or nucleus of terreftrial matter, 
 furrounded on all fides by the water of the Abyfs. 
 To which, or to a fimilar kind of nucleus, moveable 
 in a fluid medium, Dr. Halley afcribes the Caufe of the 
 variation of the magnetic needle^ and to which not only 
 This, but many other and far greater effecls, both in 
 and on the earth, are to be attributed. And 
 
 q. WHEN we confider the great length, breadth 
 and depth of the larger Vallies upon the earth, the 
 multitude of the leffer, together with the numerous 
 Combs and Dales that lead into them, the Height 
 of the Mountains and inland Eminences above the* 
 lowland, their diftance from the Sea, or rather, from 
 the correfponding Chain of Mountains on theoppoiite 
 Continent, the vaft Bed of the Ocean, the cavities 
 pf all the Lakes, Rivers, &c. I fay, when we confider 
 all this, and reflect, that all thefe Hollows were once 
 filled up, with the folid ftrata or fubftance of the earth, 
 from the top of one ridge of Mountains to the oppo- 
 fite, and from that to the next beyond, and fo on 
 quite round the globe, (which therefore was once en- 
 
 , e Pbibf.Tranf.W. 148, 195.-
 
 [ '88 ] 
 
 tirely fpherical, and without any inequalities, or the 
 lead rifing and falling, of hill or dale) - 9 and that all 
 this fubftance was fcooped or hollowed out and car- 
 ried down into the Abyfs, we may fuppole the central 
 nucleus to be of fome confiderable bulk or fize. But 
 the Agent that did all this, the Water that thus tore and 
 fwept away the folid rocks, and left fuch deep and wide 
 marks of its power, muft be great in quantity beyond 
 conception, far exceeding what might be fufficient 
 barely to fill all thefe Hollows, for it muft have pafled 
 over and through the folid rocks, where thefe Hol- 
 lows are, many times before it could have made fuch 
 gradually worn channels and have opened fuch exten- 
 five breaches; and therefore be far fuperior in quan- 
 tity to the bulk of the whole Ocean itfelf and all the 
 water that fills every other Cavity upon the earth ; for 
 all thefe Cavities were made by the repeated aftions of 
 this defcending Flood. And fmce the Tendency of 
 thele Hollows and Channels plainly fhews, that the 
 Water that tore them defcended down towards the 
 Ocean or the feveral Seas upon the earth, and fince 
 the water in them is not fumcient in quantity to have 
 effected all this, there muft be (from a consideration 
 alone of the quantity of Water neceflary to caufe thefe 
 effects) a large Refervoir or an Abyfs of Water be- 
 neath the earth; which, during thefe Tranfaclions, 
 muft have been elevated far above all the higheft 
 Mountains or Eminences upon the whole furface of 
 the earth-, and therefore the Deluge at that time uni- 
 verfal, and caufed not barely by an effufion of the 
 waters of the Ocean, but principally by thofe of the 
 y according to the defcription given by Mofes.
 
 [ '89 ] 
 
 II. ANOTHER general argument (including, like 
 the former, feveral particular ones, and deduced alfo 
 from the circumftances of things upon the furface of 
 the earth) in proof of an Univerfal Flood may be drawn 
 from the consideration of the nature, form, and fitu- 
 ation of feveral bodies or fubftantes that at prefent lie 
 loofe upon the furface of the earth. For, 
 
 i. IT is common to obferve upon the fides, and 
 even the fummits, of the higheft Hills, Mountains, 
 and inland Eminences (efpecially fuch as confift of 
 folid flrata or hard rock within, and have long flats 
 or any level ground at their tops) a prodigious num- 
 ber of Stones^ of various forts and fizes, but generally 
 of one or nearly the fame form i being either perfectly 
 fpherical or oval, or fome way or other tending to a 
 round figure ; their furfaces or outfides being quite 
 fmooth, without any projections or angles. I have 
 obferved multitudes ot fuch flones, of all fizes, from 
 fome that were eight or ten feet in circumference to 
 others that were but two or three inches in circuit, 
 lying upon the tops and fides of fome of the higheft 
 hills and eminences in England and Whales \ particularly 
 ' upon the long chain of Mountains that run through 
 the middle of South Wales, and upon the high lands 
 in the northern parts of Worcefterjhire^ Warwick/hire* 
 Strop/hire^ and Staffordshire. And thofe large ftones 
 that lie upon the wtjlcrn fide of Sbotover hill, near 
 Oxford, and which on account of their Roundnefs, are 
 called, by Dr. Plot, Lapides tefticulares^ are of this 
 fort. So alfo upon Marlborougb Downs, in Wiltjkire> 
 are an inconceivable number of large flones, which, 
 from their fhape and fituation, are called the grey Wea- 
 tbcrs, as refembling a flock of fheep lying down ; and 
 
 Nat.Hift ofOxfordfhire, p. 129.
 
 [ i 9 o ] 
 
 many of thefe, efpecialiy fuch aslie at a diftance frotn, 
 the center or middle of thefe flones, are quite round 
 and fmootK, though vaftly large. Mr. Hutchinfon 
 fays, that he obferved ' rriahyfuch round fmootli Hones, 
 
 * of various fizes, frofn the bignefs of a melon to an 
 
 * hundred weight, lying, not only upon the fides, 
 ' but upon the tops and ridges of the high hills in the 
 4 North of England, particularly in Arkendale, and in 
 
 * many other places ; and alfo in Cornwall, and in 
 4 Devon/hire, upon Dartmoor'* Dr. Lifter, in Phil. 
 Tranf. N. 164, remarks, ' that all the high mountains 
 c and Woolds in the North of England are covered, 
 
 * more or lefs, with a quantity ot Sand, mixt with 
 c white pebbles of a greater fize.' Langius in his Pre- 
 face to his Hiftoria Lapidum figuratorum Helvetia, &c. 
 or, Hiftory cf the figured Stones in Switzerland, ftarts 
 the following queftion (but leaves it undecided) * Al- 
 ' fo it has often been inquired, Whether the fmootb 
 c round ft ones and flints that are now found upon the 
 
 * tops of the highefl mountains, even of the Alps, 
 
 * where no river can poffibly pafs, were thus fmooth 
 ' and round by nature, or whether they were at firft 
 c and originally rough and unequal, and then afterwards 
 < fmooth id and rounded by currents of water, during the 
 ' Deluge, and carried to the higheft mountains ? f9 
 
 e Vol. XII. of his Works, p. 294. 
 
 f Cffta-um de Si/uilus fubwtundis & licvibuSi &c. It may be 
 proper to remark here, with. Dr. Woodward, (fee his Cat. of Englijb 
 Fcji!.<, p. 83.) 'That the Damjb, German, and other writers of 
 FoflU? do not reilrain. the name Silix, to what we in England call 
 ' Flint, but apply that name to very various bodies ;' and alfo that 
 the Rhf'.t-Ks (s* the Doftor proves at large, p. 22.) did the fame; 
 undemanding by it ajiy very hard Scone that would ftrike fire, as 
 indeed moft hard Stones wi ! l. I mention this, becaufe the bodies 
 u-hich we in England call Flints, are fometimes found, and were fo p 
 formed, natural^ of a rwvdjhepe ; and it might be objefted to the
 
 Dr. Baltbafar Ebrhart in the account he gives of his 
 Journey from Memingen over the fyroknfian Alps (fee 
 Phil. Tranf.N . 458, for 1740) makes the following 
 obfervations ' The mountains of Memingen, which are 
 ' higher than the middle of the higheft mountains in 
 
 * thefe parts, have upon their very fummits vaft quan- 
 1 tities of Stones about three or four inches in circum- 
 
 * ference, that have been plainly worn round, andjuft 
 
 * after the fame manner as thofe that are thus formed 
 ' by the ftream and attrition of rivers. But it is ma- 
 ' nife'ftly evident that this immenfely large heap of 
 ' Stones, which lie, as it were, in a feparate and de- 
 6 tached manner upon thefe mountains, where KO river 
 1 flows, could never have been formed by currents of 
 c this kind. Another remarkable circumftance is, 
 ' that thefe Stones are found to increafe in bulk or di- 
 c atneter from Memingen towards the Alps, fo as at lad 
 ' to equal maffes or trunks three or four feet thick, . 
 " but from Memingen towards the oppofite country and 
 
 * more remote from the Alps they proportionably de- 
 4 creafe lefs and lefs, fo as at laft to be reduced to a 
 4 fpecies of grofs fand. This remarkable phsnomc- 
 
 * non, which may ferve to explain the-theory of the 
 '- earth, may be accounted for from the following 
 
 above quotation that the Flints therein fpoken of might have been 
 naturally of a round form, and fo not have been worn by any agita- 
 tion in water. But, firft, I would obferve that round flints are <ve*y 
 feiv in comparifon of the number of others that are found in all kinds 
 of fhapes; and Langius himfelf, in the defcription he afterwards 
 gives of a Flint or rather of the body he applies the word Silix to 
 ;p. 13.) does not mention it as being nnti-ral'y, or even accidentally 
 of a round form ; and whatever he underllands by the word Silix y it 
 is certain that the bodies he fpeaks of in the above quotation carried 
 in themfelves evident marks of having been ivorn, ground dcwn, and 
 even rounded, by water ; otherwife he would never have thought of 
 putting the above queftion.
 
 [ 192 ] 
 
 dbfervations and reflexions. I have obferved among 
 
 * the Tyroknfian Alps whole and entire fummits of 
 
 * Mountains, that have in one continued rock the very 
 < fame kind of Stone with that which is now found 
 
 * infeparate and worn-parts^ and placed at a diftance 
 in the country between the Alps and the Danube. 
 
 * There are alfo juft as great a variety of thefe worn 
 
 * (tones, as there are of Rocks in the Alps. The 
 Caufe which broke the Alpine rocks and covered all 
 ' this part of Germany with fragments torn from thence 
 
 * (and which were afterwards rounded by the mutual 
 
 * attrition, between themfelves and the waves) could 
 ' be no other than the great deluge. The fragments 
 ' of ftone which were torn from the mattered Alps 
 4 (which were as high again as they are at pfefent be- 
 
 * fore the deluge) the farther they were carried and 
 
 * the more they were rolled, the more were they worn 
 
 * and leffened. Hence the places the neareft the Alps 
 
 * were covered with the largeft fragments, thofe that 
 c were more remote, with the fmalleft. The exact 
 
 * agreement between the moft broken pieces of thefe 
 
 * ftones, and the larger and entire rocks in the Alps 
 
 * demonftrate to the eye the place from whence they 
 c came, and that the former are no other than the 
 4 difperfed ruins of the latter.' Swedenborg in his 
 Mifcellanea obfervata, &c. p. 11, fpeaks of Mountains 
 in Sweden, ' qui lapides habent admodum tritos, 6? quaft 
 
 * politos, & mixtos cum arems? i. e. which have ftones 
 ' upon them that are much worn, and as it were polijhed y 
 6 mixed with Sand.' Bifhop Pontoppidan mhisHiftory 
 of Norway, p. 56, fpeaking of the Effects or Confe- 
 quences of the Deluge, writes thus, ' This [/'. e. the 
 
 * Deluge] is like wife the origin of moft of thofe Peb- 
 6 bles, which are found fcattered in all parts of the 
 
 * globe* And indeed, I think, we may fairly conclude
 
 t '93 1 
 
 &om the inftances I have brought, that, if all 
 parts of the globe were examined by proper and ju- 
 dicious perfons, fome fuch round or fmooth Stones 
 as the above-mentioned, lying ( at greater or lefs 
 diftances, in greater or fmaller numbers, would be 
 found upon rh'm. 
 
 THE Point therefore to be decided is, How came 
 thefe Stones to be of this round fhape ? Were they 
 originally thus ? Or, formed fo afterwards ? And 
 by what means ? 
 
 THAT thefe ftories were not originally and at firft 
 of their prefent figure is evident trom many particu- 
 lars, as, ift, From fome of them having on their - 
 outfides the bafes of hexagonal moots of fpar and 
 chryftal, which are now of a round or circular 
 form at their tops, whereas it is well known that 
 thefe naturally terminate or end in fharp pointed 
 angles, wherever there is room or fpace for them to 
 fhoot, and fuch there rnufl have been here, if thefe 
 ftones had always been of the fame fhape arid fize : fo 
 that as thefe moots of fpa"r were once longer, and 
 alfo pointed at top, and being now round or hemi- 
 fpherical, it is manifeft, that they have been Worn 
 and ground down to this form by fome regular at- 
 trition. 2 dly , From feveral of thefe Stones 
 
 having now, lying immerfed in them, and united with 
 their fubftance, the ihells, teeth, and bones of various 
 animals, pieces of wood, coral, &c. all of which 
 bodies are naturally of fome determinate figure, and 
 greatly differing from each other, and yet fuch parts 
 of thefe (hells, bones, corals, &c. as appear on the 
 outfides of thefe Stones mall be round or circular or 
 anfwerable to the outward fhape of the ftohe; and yet 
 the parts which lie immerfed within the ftone mail be 
 of the true, ufual, and natural form of thefe bodies ; 
 nay, when the ftone is broken * there ftiall frequently 
 O
 
 [ 1943 
 
 be Found in the infide the fame fpecies of (Hells, 
 corals, &c. quite whole and entire, as thofe on the 
 outfide, which are now ihaped to the figure of the 
 ilone -, and therefore thefe on the outfide were formerly 
 of the fame fhape as thofe in the infide ; and of courfe 
 both Shells, Corals and Stone muft have been rounded 
 or brought to this unnatural, fpherical, figure by fome 
 
 external force or agency.- ^ lf . The fame is 
 
 jmanifeft from the Contraft between the manner in 
 which the c onftituent parts of thefe Stones originally fe /- 
 tied, and their prefent outward form, it being evident 
 to fight, particularly in the larger ones, and efpecially 
 in fuch, as are of a fiflile nature, that they fettled in a 
 flat regular manner, or in lines, layer upon layer, 
 each of equal length, breadth, and thickneis in all its 
 parts; which could not poflibly form a body ot a 
 fpherical fhape; but as thefe are now of an orbicular 
 form, they muft have been reduced and rounded by 
 
 fome outward force.; But, 4 thty . Where thefe 
 
 Stones occur, the far greater number of them are gene- 
 rally of the fame kind, contain the fame fpecies of 
 fhells, corals, &c. and apparently fettled in ftrata of 
 the fame fize and order, as the Stone or Rocks in the 
 adjacent Mountains; and fo afford an undeniable proof 
 that they are only fragments or pieces torn off from 
 the adjoining mountains; and therefore were not ori- 
 ginally of the fame fize and form as they are now; 
 but have been, fince their feparation, much lefTened 
 and worn into a round figure. And their 
 
 lhape and fmoothnefs manifeftly fhew, that they ob- 
 tained their form in, and . by the motion of, a wet 
 Fluid, fuch as Water; for had they been fubjecled to 
 the adion of a dry Fluid, fuch as the Air, in a vio- 
 lent wind or tempeft, &c. it could not be but that they 
 would have been of the moll irregular forms, and 
 their outfides j^g^ed and pointed with angles or em-
 
 [ '951 
 
 tofied with protuberances in every direction-, but fince 
 they are fo regularly rounded and their furf'aces fo ex- 
 tremely fmooth they muft have procured their fhapes 
 from being agitated in and by a moid Fluid, fuch as 
 could penetrate and mollify their outward parts, and 
 fo permit them to be worn away, granule after gra- 
 nule, of by a gradual attrition. And when we 
 confider the great fize and weight of fome of thefe 
 Stones, their immenfe number, and the vaft extent of 
 ground that in fome places they are fpread over nay 
 that there is reafon to fuppofe, that they are in fome 
 meafure fcattered over the whole face of the earth) it 
 may fairly be concluded, that there is no motft Fluid?, 
 in or upon the earth, in a quantity fufficient for ef- 
 fecting this but Water \ which therefore muft have 
 been the Medium in which, and the Agent by which, 
 this wonderful phcenomenon was tranfacted. > 
 
 As is moreover evident from the manner in. which thefe 
 Stones lie. Thofe that are upon the long tops and 
 fiats of Mountains or upon high level ground are 
 fituated for the moil part at a little diftance from each 
 other or lie in a feparate detached form [not heaped 
 together or in trains]-, for as upon fuch even land, there 
 could be no inclination in the ground to determine 
 them to one place more than another, and as the cur- 
 rents of water, that formed the Combs that defcend on 
 all fides of fuch high land, fet different ways, fo thefe 
 Stones, that were muffled and rolled about upon the 
 top, would be left in the moft irregular, loofe, de- 
 tached or ilragling manner pomblej arid accordingly 
 we fo find them. But thole that are upon the fides' of 
 Hills, efpecially fuch are fomewhat fteep, and parti- 
 cularly at fome considerable diftance from the top, lie 
 thick and clofe, and heaped upon one another: thofe 
 that are in the Combs, Dales, and Vallies (tha.t fall 
 off from the Mountains) lie ftill thicker and clofer: 
 
 O 2
 
 1 196 ] 
 
 and chiefly in the bottoms of fuch Cavities, there being 
 few or none upon their fteep fides; and alfo tend in a 
 train from the tops of thefe Cavities, and gradually 
 increafe in number and quantity, as the gills, dales and 
 valliesopen and enlarge by receiving other gills, dales 
 and vallies into them ; in which lateral gills and dales 
 are allb a few, the greater part having been carried 
 down into the large vailies, where they lie in inconceiva- 
 ble numbers-, and particularly in the curving parts of 
 the vallies, juft before their turnings-, or where any 
 rock, that withftood the force ot the Flood, or large 
 fragment of a rock, that the waters could carry no 
 further, ftands in the middle or any part of a valley, 
 there thefe round Stones are found in ftill greater 
 plenty for the depth of many feet under the ground. 
 And what is remarkable, and yet a general rule in this 
 cafe, is, that fuch Stones of the above kind as lie 
 near the beginnings of the Combs are leaft worn, 
 thofe that lie farther down in the dales more woin, 
 thofe that lie in the vallies and in the low flat countries 
 moil of all worn and perfectly rounded, as having 
 been carried furtheft, and agitated mod. So that all 
 of them manifeftly bear the appearance of having been, 
 not only formed or rounded by water, but alfo of hav- 
 ing been placed juft in fuch manner, as water alone, re- 
 treating from the mountain-tops down through the 
 vallies, would naturally difpofe them.s Many other 
 
 It is not uncommon to find among the Stones, that were thus 
 apparently worn round by accident, fome, that were always, or na- 
 turall of a ro nd mape; and it may be proper to inform the reader 
 how to diftinguifti between the one and the other; and alib to fhew 
 how far even thefe laft are ferviceable in proving the point in debate. 
 The Stones that are naturally of a round fhape, and which are com- 
 monly called hcdul<}. have generally an outward coat or cruft, dif- 
 fering from the internal part of the body either in fubftance, colour, 
 or hardnefs ; or elfe confift of ieveral coats ,- and are ufually very hard : 
 thofe that are of the fame fubftance throughout (as flinty, alabafter
 
 f '97 ] 
 
 circum (lances there are (which will readily be perceived 
 by an obferver, though they are not fo eafily to be 
 defcribed to a reader) depending either upon the nature 
 of thefe Stones, the Conititution of the ftrata in the 
 adjoining land, or the fituation of the ground, &c. 
 that afford occular demonftrations, that thefe round 
 Stones are only Fragments, which were beaten off from 
 the neighbouring rocks, and worn into their prefent 
 figures, by the agitation of Water ; which fluid 
 muft therefore once have filled all the deep Vallies, and 
 have covered all the high Hills and Mountains, 
 where thefe Stones are now found. 
 
 nodules, &c commonly are) when broken, fplit or fall apart in aP 
 kinds of directions; thofe that confift of feveral coats of different 
 matter, open or feparate in pieces, that are convex on the o ;tfide and 
 concave in t .e infide according to the feveral coats. On the con- 
 trary, Stones that are worn to a roundntfs, which was not natural 
 to them, fuch as Pebbhs found upon the fea more, and thofe that 
 are now found upon the higheit mountains, have never any coat or 
 inveftient cruft, break reg .larly, or according to the grain of the 
 ftone, and freq emly into a number of thin flat plates like the flone 
 thit lies in ftrata in the adjoining hills, and are generall., either 
 foft or hard, accordmg to fuch fton. j ; and carry in themfelves evident 
 marks of which I have already recited at large the particulars) thatthey 
 are pieces orfragm:nts of the adjacent rocks, ivom round by being 
 rubbed againft one another in fuch a fluid as Water And even the 
 Noddles themfelves, that are fometimes found among the Pebbles, 
 exhibit manifeft proofs of having been broken out of regular itrata, car- 
 ried from their natural and original place, and of having endurtd the 
 outward force or aftion of Water For, firft, in fuch places where 
 v.'e find Nodu'e-. of flint, cryftal, alabafter, &c. lying loofe upon the 
 furfaceof the earth, it is common to find the very fame kind of No- 
 dules, immerfed in their natural beds in the ftrata of the rocks adjoin- 
 ing, and very diftinft and eafily feparable from the fubftnnce of the 
 rock (which is another mark by which Nodules may be known from 
 rounded pieces ofthe rock) : it is therefore reafonable, to believe that 
 the Nodules, that are now loofe, and detached upon the fuy/ace of 
 the earth, formerly lay in, and were beaten out of, the adjacent rocks, 
 by the fame means or by the fame flood of water, that parts of the 
 rocks themfelves were broken off and worn found; among \vhici, 
 
 O 3
 
 [ -931 
 
 BUT befides this larger fort of round or Bowler Stones^ 
 (as they are called in fome parts of England; their very 
 form indicating to the mo(t fuperficial obferver that 
 they have been rolled or bowled about) there is another 
 kind of a lefs fize, from fome that are two or three in- 
 ches in circuit to others that are as fmall as peafe, com- 
 monly known under the name of Gravel. This con- 
 fifts of a variety of fubftances, not only of hard, round 
 or fmoothed Stones of different kinds, but of parts of 
 Bones, pieces of Shells, Coral, &c. that have been 
 alfo rounded or worn,* 1 fo as evidently to demonftrate, 
 that the whole has been in agitation, and that fuch a 
 
 thefe Nodules now lie. This a'fp is evident from a circumftance at- 
 tending many of them, viz. that their outward coats have apparently 
 been much rubbed and worn, efpecially in the more prominent parts, 
 and in fome of them quite worn off I have obferved too that feveral 
 of them have had parts or pieces of the rock, from whence they were 
 originally torn, affixed to their outfides, which though at firft certainly 
 of no determinate fhape, have been, fmce their feparation, regularly 
 rounded to the ftiape of the Nodules : nay, I have obferved large 
 Mattes of the rock, containing feveral Nodules in them, thus worn, 
 and rounded ; which manifertly {hews, that even thefe Nodules arc 
 Fragments, or at leaft were beaten out, of the rock. Then, laftly, 
 Nodules, being found lying together with and exactly in the fame 
 wanner as, the mountain pebbles and other worn fragments of ftone, 
 undeniably proves, that they were pofited upon the places, and in 
 the manner, they are now found by the fame means, that the inland- 
 pebbles were, and though they do not flievv fuch ftrong and clear figns 
 of having endured the force or action of water as the pebbles (chiefly 
 on acco nt of their fuperior hardnefs and original roundnefs); yet they 
 exhibit fufficient marks, as I have defcribed above, of having beea 
 fubjeft to its force. 
 
 h It may not be amifs to obferve here, that in fome parts of England 
 the inhabitants very improperly call any fmall, lobfe, rubble Hones, 
 though they are fiat, pointed with angles, or of all lhapes, provided 
 they lie near the furface of the earth, by the name of G reeve I: but 
 unlefs they are anfwerable to the above defcription, and apparently 
 worn, or a great part of them worn and rounded, they ought not 
 properly to be, neither indeed are they generally and commonly, 
 fo called,
 
 [ '99 ] 
 
 fluid as Water was the Agent. Which is further 
 apparent from the manner in which, and the places on 
 which, Gravel lies. It being always pofited in a 
 loofe, irregular form, not in a clofe compact ftate, or 
 in uniform ftrata of equal thicknefs in all parts, as the 
 regular beds of Stone, &c. are; no, this is thrown or 
 pitched, as it were, in ftreaks or unequal feams, and 
 in all directions, generally in an oblique, fometimes in 
 a wave-like form, juft in fuch manner as the undulat- 
 ing motion of departing Water would naturally 
 caft it. Betides, it is ufually found free and void 
 
 of all lighter, earthly, ochreous, clayey or fuch like 
 matter, which, being fokibje in water, would, when 
 once aflbmed up therein, be contained longer, and 
 carried farther than (and fo feldom fubfide together 
 with) the heavier and harder parts of Gravel; which 
 therefore would be left clear and divefted of all fuch 
 lighter matter, and indeed at prefent it appears to the 
 eye to have been warned and cleanfed "by Water. 
 Then too Gravel is commonly found over unmoved 
 and horizontal beds of Stone, Chalk, &c. and being 
 of a nature different from thefe, and lying in a man- 
 ner different from that in which the ftrata of the earth 
 originally fettled, it is manifeft that This has been, 
 moved, agitated, and brought from other places. 
 And fince great part of this mixt fubftance, Gravel, 
 is of the fawie nature with, and confifts of the fame 
 kind of (hells, corals, &c. as thofe which are found 
 in the higher lands or in the grounds above, it is an 
 evident proof that it was brought from thefe lands. 
 And when we confider the places where Gravel is com- 
 monly found, viz. either upon extenfive flats juft un- 
 der Mountains or higher ground or in the bottoms of 
 large vallies, or elfe fpread over low-land gently-de- 
 clining countries, but feldom or never (or but in very 
 {mall quantity) upon the tops or even fides of fharp- 
 O 4
 
 20 
 
 pointed and fteep mountains, it affords an additional 
 and undeniable evidence, tuat it was brought from the 
 upper lands-, and being difpoftd or pofiied juft iri 
 fuch manner and juft upon thoie places, where water, 
 retreating from, the higher grounds., would naturally 
 throw or leave it, it evidently fhews, that Water was 
 not only the Cauft of the /cm of roundnefs of the va- 
 rious parts of Gravel, but of the Difpofition or Settle- 
 ment of the whole. Such is the form and fnuation of 
 Gravel in En land; and no doubt is to be made but 
 that ic is the lame or fimiiar in every part of the earth 
 where it is found; and fince there is i'carce a country 
 over the whole globe but what has it, more or lefs, fo 
 it is certain that all thefe countries or the whole face 
 of the earth have been overfpread by Water. 
 
 UNDER this article may alfo be reckoned a ftill lef- 
 fer fpecies of round ftones than any of the above- 
 mentioned, viz. thofe which conftitute what we com- 
 monly call Sand; this fubftance ' being really no other 
 
 * (as Dr. Woodward $&\y obferves, Nat. Hifc. p. 188) 
 c than very fmall pebbles; as may appear to any one 
 6 who mail carefully examine it, efpecially with a 
 
 * good microfcope.' And when thus viewed and 
 magnified ; the various bodies of which it confifts as 
 manifestly exhibit marks of having been worn or 
 ground clown to their prefent fize and form by the 
 agitation of water, as the parts of Gravel 4o. Sand 
 too lying in a fimiiar irregular manner, a,nd being 
 pofited upon fuch pieces, as Gravel, equally points out 
 the aftion of water, retreating from the higher grounds, 
 to have been the Caufe of its fituation and pofition. 1 
 
 5 In fome places indeed what is properly, and ought fo to be 
 called, S'-inrfJionf, lies in fuch a loofe lax manner, even upon the tops 
 of the higheft mountains, (where their upper parts happen to confift 
 of Sandiione) and in fome places Sand itielf lies thus, as at firft fight 
 greatly to referable the Sand, found in the vallies and in the low cam-
 
 at adds confirmation to this is, that where the up* 
 per lands confift of a lax friable ftone, there the Sand 
 lies in the valleys beneath in a greater plenty than, 
 ufual, or where the country is an extenfive low-land 
 plain, and the mountains at a great diftance, there 
 alfo is generally a vaft quantity of Sand ; as is the 
 cafe with thofe immenfely large fandy Defarts in the 
 lower or remote parts of Africa, bordt ring upon the 
 Mediterranean fea; for the water, that termed the 
 Mountains in the in-land or higher part of that great 
 Continent, muft have patted over fuch fpacious tracts 
 of land in its retreat towards the fea, that in all pro- 
 bability it would meet, in many places, with ftrata 
 of a loofe friable kind of ftone, which it would foon fe- 
 parate, tear afunder, fhatter to pieces, and at laft grind 
 down to Sand, and when thus reduced, this matter 
 would be eafily carried and hurried away by the tor- 
 rents of defcending waters to a great diftance from the 
 mountains, and at laft be naturally left expanded over 
 the low flat countries ; or pofited in the bottoms of 
 large and deep vallies , and fuch from the maps ap- 
 pears to be the fituation of moft of the fandy Defarts 
 upon the earth. And I cannot but think that the 
 far greater quantity of, what is called, Sea-fand^ was 
 pot termed upon the mores, where it is now found, 
 but was originally Land-fand^ and brought down even 
 
 paign countries: but there is always a manifeft difference between 
 them; for the Sand or Sandftone of Mountains it more coarfe than 
 the other, and generally adheres in lumps, and is found in vaft large 
 ftrata or beds of equal thicknefs in every part, and regularly divided 
 by horizontal and perpendicular fiffures, as the Tblid unmoved 
 beds of ftone, &c. are; whereas the Sand found in the vallies is 
 fmail and fine, eafily feparates when touched, and is alway> pitched 
 jn unequal ftreaks, that are commonly thicker in one part than 
 another, and gradually terminate in points towards either end, and 
 is pofited in all the variety of directions, that water, flowing over 
 uneven ground, could po&bly throw it into.
 
 [ 202 ] 
 
 From the in-land countries. Thus much is certain, 
 that the rains that fall upon the higher grounds gene- 
 rally come down replete with Sand, and depofit it in 
 rivers-, and rivers, by wafhing away their banks, ftill 
 receive more fand ; which being carried down by the 
 currents is at laft difcharged into the Ocean. And 
 it is very remarkable that upon a fandy fhore there is 
 generally a great load or bar of Sand at the mouths of 
 the rivers, the very place where the Sand, brought 
 down by the river, would naturally fubfide, not only 
 on account of the dream being there broadeft and lefs 
 itrong, but chiefly by reafon of the oppoiition the ri- 
 ver-water would meet with from the waves of the Sea, 
 which would beat back the current of the river, wea- 
 ken its force, and oblige it to lay down its burthens. 
 So alfo with regard to thofe immenfe Sand-Banks that 
 are found upon fome fhores, even where there are no 
 very large rivers immediately adjoining (though they 
 are generally, where there are fuch rivers) it is certainly 
 very reafonable to conclude, that they are in a great 
 meafure the product, of the diluvian waters -, and had 
 the Sea, after the deluge, retreated farther within its bed 
 they would have been left upon the low-lands and 
 now found in the form of fandy T)efarts\ for as the 
 waters of the deluge retreated from the higher lands, 
 tore out and carried away fuch vaft quantities of ter- 
 reftial matter (as the hollows of the Combs, Dales, 
 and Vallies over the whole furface of the earth abun- 
 dantly demonftrate) they wpuld naturally depofir a 
 great portion of that mixt fubftance they were loaded 
 with, efpecially of the finer and lighter fort, upon 
 thofe parts or places, where their force firil began to 
 abate, or the land was of a proper form for receiving 
 and retaining it, and fuch certainly are thofe low flat 
 Shores where the principal Sand-banks are found. 
 Some perfons indeed have imagined that there is a dif-
 
 ference between Sea-fand and Land-fand; but 
 ftricteft inflection can difcover none: And Dr. 
 ward obferves, that ' The Sand upon the fhores of 
 
 * i^/'/x?)' confift of extremely fmall pebbles of the very 
 ' fame kind with thofe corrjmonly found in land-pits 
 ' at land, in various parts of England, particularly ia 
 ' feveral parts of Kent* (in which County the ifle of Skep- 
 pey lies): Dr. Lifter too remarks (Phil. Tranf. N. 164) 
 ' That the in- land Sand- hit's above Eulloigm in Picardy 
 
 * in France is of the very fame kind with that on the 
 ' fea-Jhore at Calais.'' So that, upon the whole, 
 we may as fairly conclude, that the granules of Sand 
 were caufed by a friction of the parts among themlelves 
 in agitated water, as that the pebbles of which Gravel 
 confifts were; and alfo that the far greater quantity of 
 the Sand now lying upon the fea more was not owing 
 to the agitation of the waters of the Sea, but that the 
 origin of this and of all the Land-fand is to be attributed 
 to the action of other waters : and when we confider 
 the vaft extent of the feveral Sandy Defarts upon the 
 earth, and the largenefs of many of the Sand-banks 
 upon the fea-fhore, and the diftance of thefe from one 
 another, and how in a meafure they are fcattered over 
 the whole face of the earth, we muft infer that the 
 Caufe was as univerfal as the Effects, and therefore that 
 a flood of Platers has covered the whole furface of the 
 (firth. 
 
 II. BUT befides thefe Stones that have been thus ap- 
 parently rounded by water, there are others that have 
 plainly endured the force of this fluid, though not in 
 fo great a degree as the above, either on account of 
 their fize, hardnefs, or the fliort time they were fub- 
 ject to its force, but yet they manifeflly exhibit marks 
 pf its power ; and their fize, number, and fituation 
 iufficiently demcmftrate that the action of the water,
 
 t 204 ] 
 
 to which they were fubjecl:, was univerfal or extended 
 over the whole lurface of the earth. For 
 
 THERE is abundant reafon for believing, that there 
 are very few hills or mountains, at lead luch as con- 
 fift of folid ftrata or hard rock within, but what have 
 feparate maiTes of ftone, fome of an immenfe bulk, 
 together with fmaller pieces, lying upon their tops or 
 fides, and alfo that there are fuch ftones in the val- 
 lies beneath; and both the larger and fmaller mafies, 
 of a^l kinds of fhapes, and lying in all kinds of pof- 
 tures, though generally in fuch a direction, and fo 
 fituated, as plainly to indicate that a flood of waters, re- 
 treating trom the higher grounds, was the caufe of 
 .their pofition. What Mr. Lhwyd fays of Wales 
 
 (Phil. TranJ. N. 334) I have obferved to be true, not 
 only in that Country, but in various parts of England : 
 
 * What feemed to me moil ftrange, were 'vajt confufed 
 
 * Stones, and, to appearance, Fragments ofrocks^ Handing 
 
 * on the furiace or the earth, not only in wide plains, 
 
 * but on the fummits alfo of the higheft mountains ;* 
 To which hefubjoins this remark, ' There is no Brim- 
 c ftone or Pumice-ftones on the tops oi our mountains, 
 
 * nor any thing elfe that I fufpedt to have be;-n the ef- 
 
 * feels oif Volcanoes', [fo thefe ftones not to be attributed 
 to fuch cautes]. Again; Dr. Slukeley (after having 
 cited the above quotation from Mr. Lhw.d in his Alury- 
 reftored, &c. p. 17) writes thus : ' So [in the fame ^nan- 
 4 ner as the above Stones] lie the Moof-ftones c^n the 
 c waftes and hill tops 'of Cornwall, Derbyfcire. Dcicn- 
 'Jbire, Torkjhire, and other places, of a harder nature 
 
 * than thefe \ i. e. the grey weather-fiords on the Marl- 
 
 * borough downs, of which the Dr. is firft fpeaking] 
 
 * and much the fame as the Egyptian Granate.* But 
 the grey weather-ftones themielves (of which I have 
 fpoken in part before p. 189) are probably as remarka- 
 ble as any, and as they lie in a part of England, that
 
 [ 2 5 I 
 
 is much frequented on account of the great roads, 
 that are near them, principally one that leads from 
 the fecond to the firft City of the kingdom, and are 
 xveil known to mod travellers in thefe parts, I mail 
 give a particular account of them, to fave the trouble 
 of being circumftantial in other relations. Thefe 
 Stones are of a baftard kind of lighted grey marble: 
 and are of various fizes; fome of them ot 50, 60, or 
 even 70 ton weight ; k others fo fmall as to weigh but 
 a few pounds. They are fpread over an irregular fpace 
 of ground for forty miles in circuit, as I have obferved 
 myfelf; and have been informed, that they extend 
 much farther. 1 They begin at, or thole that are 
 higheft lie upon, the tops of the greateft Eminences 
 on thefe downs, and tend on each fide in incredible 
 Numbers for feveral miles down towards the two 
 nearly oppofite Seas, the Englijh Channel and the Brif- 
 tol Channel, and many of them lie in long trains, juft 
 in fuch a manner and direction, as water retreating from 
 
 k 'But our grey- weather ftone is of fo hard a texture, that Mr. 
 AylojftfiVotton baJTtt hewed one of them to make a rape- mill ftone, 
 
 * and employed 20 yoke of oxen to carry it off; yer fo great was its 
 weight, that it repeatedly broke all his tackle, and he was forced to 
 
 * leave it Ld. Pimbrok-r caufed feveral of thefe ftones to be dug un- 
 
 * der, and found them loofe and detached. My Lord computed the 
 general weight of our ftones at above 50 ton, and that it required 
 
 * an oo yoke of oxen to draw one. Dr. Stephen Hales makes the 
 'larger kind of them 70 ton.' Dr. STUKELEY'S Stonehcngr, p. 6. 
 Some of the largeft of thefe Stones lie in the bottom of a Comb or 
 Valley called Grey-rweatber-bottom', and are in a great meafure covered 
 with coppice wood, which muft be removed, and the Stones carefully 
 Purveyed on all fides, in order to fee their due fize. 
 
 1 It is certain that thefe Stones were formerly far more numerous 
 than they are at prefent, for many of the Houfes and moft of the Walls 
 for garden^ and enclofures of all the Villages on and near thefe Downs 
 are built ot them ; and for feveral years paft full liberty has been given 
 to all, that might want them, to take them away (in order that the 
 ground might be ploughed) and vaft numbers have accordingly been 
 taken off. Then too, the huge Stones of which the two Druidical
 
 [ 206 ] 
 
 thefe ridges would naturally have thrown of placed 
 them, as the courfes of the rivers adjoining evidently de- 
 monilrate, they tending thefe two ways ; nay, even the 
 rain, that falls perpendicularly upon the earth parts on 
 the tops of feveral of thefe hills, and retreats towards 
 the two above-mentioned feas-, one portion, falling into 
 a branch of the river Avon, delcends to Brijiol-, and 
 another, entering into the river Kennet^ (which at 
 fome diftance joins with the Thames) goes to London^ 
 and empties itfelf near the Eaft end of the Englijh 
 Channel ; but on the South fide of thefe downs* the 
 rain that falls retreats into another river called the 
 -) and runs directly into the very middle of the 
 Channel: fo that thefe Hills are manifeftly the 
 higheft land in the South part of England, and from 
 them there lies a gentle declination on each fide to- 
 wards the neareft feas : which declination (as I have 
 above mewed) was caufed by, or was the natural con- 
 fequence of, a flood of waters that formerly covered 
 
 Temples of A^ury and Stowebenge (the former fituated on, the other 
 at about the diftance" of 16 miles from, thefe Downs) confiit, werr 
 brought from thefe Hills and once made a part of the Grey-weathers, 
 as cannot be do bted when we confider, That there is no ftone of 
 the kind of which thefe Temples are built, nearer than thefe Downs ; 
 nay, that ti.ere is no ftone, that I know of, in all England of the 
 fame kind but thofe that lie on thefe downs : which alfo by being fe- 
 parate and detached from any rock, and lying loofe upon the furface 
 of the earth, were n;oft fit for ufe and ready for carriage: befides; in 
 the Valley where the biggeft of thefe Stones lie are now to be feen 
 feveral great Holes or Cavities in the ground with fiopes on each lidc, 
 which have been plainly dug, and the chief fubftance carried away; 
 and in two or three of thefe Cavities I obferved a large grey <weathcr- 
 Jtcnc lying, but broken in the middle , and it was very evident, that 
 the earth had been dug away from fuch Stones, that they might the 
 more eafily be carried oft"; but probably, by fome -ccident (as the 
 machinery not being ftrong enough), the Stone in r dfmg, fell and 
 fplit alunder, and then was too fmall to ar.fwer the enu de%ned s and 
 therefore wasleft, as not being worth the carriage,
 
 [ 207 1 
 
 thefe lands, and retreated from the in-Iand parts 
 down towards the fea-coafts ; and as the Stones I am 
 fpeaking of, tend in a courfe anfwerable to the effects 
 of fuch a flood, we may juftly fuppofe that their pre- 
 fent pofition and fituation were owing thereunto. 
 Which will be further apparent from a more particular 
 confideration of them. On the tops, and near the 
 ridges of the Hills, there are few, and thofc feparate 
 from each other; but as the diftance increafes, they in* 
 creafe in number, lying thicker and clofer, and chiefly 
 in the bottoms of the Combs; and befides, ihape and 
 wind their courfe according to the direction of the 
 Combs and V allies-, which clearly fhews that the 
 Agent that formed the one (the Combs), placed alfo 
 the other (the Stones): and when we lofe fight of 
 them above ground, they are ftill to be found under- 
 neath, lying among broken flints and gravel, and fuch 
 as I difcovered here were much lefs than thofe that lay 
 upon the furtace of the earth and higher up in the Vai- 
 lies, and alfo much more worn, and many of them 
 fairly rounded: All which evidently denotes, that 
 water deicending from the higheft eminences on thefe 
 Downs was the caufe of the pofition, fituation, and 
 direction of thefe Stones. I have obferved too 
 
 fuch maffes of Stone, as the above, lying not only 
 in in-land countries, but alfo on the Sea-coafts, and 
 many of them fo large as to conftitute Rocks and fmall 
 I/lands; and that they were really no more than Frag- 
 ments broken off, and brought down from the 
 mountains or hills above, was fufficiently manifeff, 
 not only from the ftrata in them being in a different 
 pofition, and of a different kind from the unmoved 
 ftrata on the fea-coafts, but that the neareft place, 
 where there were any ftrata of the fame kind with the 
 fragments, was in the mountains or hills above-, and 
 from them there lay ieparate roafies of the fame kind
 
 . ( "8 ] 
 
 of ftorie, fome more, forhe lefs worn, in the cornbs 3 
 dales, and vallies, quite down to the fea-coafts-, where 
 the larger fragments lay, and refted, as it were, upon 
 the loweft ground. 
 
 AND what is thus obfervable in England is to be feeri 
 alfo in other parrs of the world. Mr. Innes in his 
 Mifcellaneous Letters, &c. (p. 6) fpeaking of the parifh 
 of Magilligan in the County of Londonderry in Ireland, 
 fays thus, ' The Deluge hath left us other marks of 
 
 * its tury, for more than half of our Mountain, is one 
 
 * continued Heap of Stones and Rocks tumbled down, 
 
 * and in particular one Rock left Handing upon the 
 ' fide of the precipice: it is about 28 feet in height, 
 * about 6 yards about, with natural feams in it, not 
 ' very well cemented; no art of the Irifo could place 
 c it there.' So alfo Mr. Smith in his ancient and pre~ 
 
 fent State of the County of Kerry in that kingdom, p. 82. 
 
 * The moft confiderable natural curiofities in this [the 
 
 < Southern ) part of the Country are two Rocks, on 
 
 * either fide of the river Roughly, [which in this place 
 
 * is about a mile broad! which feem to have exchang'd 
 c their fituation : one of them the Country-folks name 
 ' Clough-Bearradh, /. e. the (tone flice. This river 
 
 < divides a lime-ftone foil, from one of common grit, 
 
 * a thing very frequent in Ireland, tho' but little no- 
 c ticed, becaufe of its being very common. Except 
 
 * the above-mentioned rocks, all the (lone on one fide 
 of this river, is lime-ftone, and that on the other, 
 ' is a coarfe grit, or common mountain- (tone: but 
 
 * oppofite to each other, on different fides of the river, 
 ' a large rock, too heavy for human force to remove, 
 
 * of lime-ftone, hath feated itfelf on the grit- (tone fide 
 ' of the ftream , and a large rock of grit, hath oc- 
 
 * cupied the place from whence the other feemed to be 
 ' detached, and is feated among the rocks of lime- 
 
 * ftone : which is a fpeties of Lulus Naturae, or fport*
 
 . 2 9 
 
 c ing of nature, not very incurious; and which muft 
 
 * have been effected by fome prodigious flood, or fhock 
 4 of the earth; but earthquakes have been hitherto, 
 4 'till of late, quite unknown to this kingdom.' 
 Bifhop Pontoppidan in his Hijtory of Norway, p. 56, 
 writes thus, ' Hence [i. e. from the Deluge, as her 
 4 rightly concludes] likewife remain on the fur face of 
 
 * the earth the many detached blocks and fragments, 
 
 * like lumps of mortar, feattered not only in the val- 
 
 * lies and creeks, but alfo on the tops of the higheft 
 4 mountains ; many fu*:h being found here of the bulk 
 ' of a common houfe, confequently too ponderous to 
 ' have been railed to fuch a height by the hands of 
 
 * men-, and befides, of no vilible ufe.' Again; 
 p. 177, ' The higheft creft of the mountain of Svuka 
 4 in Oefterdalen, a province of Norway, lies, according 
 
 * to afurvey taken by the barometer, above two thou- 
 
 * fand ells higher than the lake of Famund, a water 
 
 * betwixt the mountains. This mount confifts of one 
 4 folid, hard iand-ftone-, on the top of the mountain 
 4 ftands a folid huge mafs of the fame ftonc, which 
 
 * bears on it many marks of a diflblution and difrup- 
 
 * tion, which can be attributed to nothing but water.* 
 Zwcdenborg in Aft a Literaria Sueri<e (tranflated in the 
 literary Memoirs of Germany, Vol. I. p. 66).obferve's 
 thus, c That the Ocean once ftood high above the 
 
 * Earth feems to be more evidently concluded from 
 ' the face of the Northern parts, than from that of 
 c countries more Southerly. Here [in Sweden] we 
 4 find entire tracts filled, as it were paved* with Stones 
 
 * of a huge weight and bulk : and the higher the 
 
 * country lies from the tea, thefe Stones ars larger and 
 
 * more numerous; as in Orebo, which lies high 
 
 4 and between two Seas, larger and more numerous 
 c Fragments are obferved than any where elfe.' Ijift- 
 
 in his Preface to his Hiftoria Lapidum, &c, or 
 P
 
 Hiliory of the figured Stones in Switzerland^ remarks thus, 
 6 Then concerning Stones this truly wonderful occurs, 
 6 that the tops of rocks and fummits of the higheft 
 
 * mountains are fometimes divided by ioints into ie- 
 4 parate pieces ; and moreover that certain Fragments 
 6 or large pieces of Stone offome cubits in height and 
 
 * breadth are found lying upon Plains, and even upon 
 
 * Hills which are at a great diftance from higher 
 
 * grounds, or feparated from them by vallies : now 
 
 * by what means the aforefaid Divisions or Sepa- 
 ' rations were produced in the hardeil Rocks, and 
 
 * how the above-mentioned Fragments of rocks were 
 
 * brought down to the places where they are now found 
 
 * deferves, in my opinion, a diligent inquiry : for I 
 4 can fcarcely think that they were naturally generated 
 
 * in thefe places, fmce they carry in themlelves evident 
 
 * marks of being really the Fragments of Rocks., cum ve- 
 4 riflima rupium Fragmenta pr^-fe-ferant* A perfon, 
 who attended Sir Martin Frobijher in his fecond voyage 
 to the Streights that pafs under his name, obferved 
 upon the adjoining land, * Huge and monftrous 
 4 mountains, whofe great fubflance were Stones, and 
 4 thefe Stones fo fhaken by fome extraordinary means 
 ' that one is feparated from another, and difcordant 
 c from all other quarries,' Hakhqfs $d. Vol. of Voyages y 
 p. 38. Mr. Ellis in his Voyage to Hudfon*s-Bay y &c. 
 p. 147, fpeaking of an ifland (called Marble-ifland) 
 near the Coaft of new Nortb-Wales, fays, ' The tops 
 c of the hills are prodigioufly rent and mattered, 
 4 numbers of huge Rocks are confufedly huddled to- 
 4 gether, as if by an irruption.' Ltidolphus, in his 
 Hiftory oi Ethiopia, p. 28 j defcribing the Mountains 
 and Rocks in Habeffmia, writes thus, ' Amongft 
 4 thefe Mountains, and frequently in the Plain itfelf, 
 4 and in the middle of the fields, rife up Rocks every 
 4 way fteep, yet varying their ihape ; fome looking
 
 afar off like towers, fome like pyramids, fome like 
 four-fquare towers built by art, and fo even on the 
 fides, as if the workman's hand had done it : fo that 
 there is no way to get to the top but by the help of 
 ladders and ropes.* Under this head may probably be 
 reckoned thofe two remarkable Rocks or Stones,, 
 which front each other, near tilankemburgh in Germany., 
 and which are called Monks Craigs^ on account of 
 their refembling at a diftance the appearance of two 
 monks in their proper habits, Atlas Geograpbus^ 
 p. 544. So alfo I may here mention that large and 
 curious Mafs or Mountain (as it is called) of iron-ore 
 at Taberg in Smalandia, in Sweden, for it can really be 
 no other than an enormous Fragment, torn from the 
 mountains above, as is evident from Dr. Afcanius*?. 
 defcription of it, 1 * which is as follows, c This Moun- 
 tain is fituated in a fandy tract of land, of which the 
 fand is extremely fine. Oppofite to it is a valley, 
 through which a fmall river flows. It's perpendi- 
 cular height is above 4 op feet-, its circumference 
 half a Swedifh league, or three Englifh miles. The 
 whole mountain is one mafs of rich iron-ore, and 
 even in fome parts is mixed with particles of native 
 iron. There are many perpendicular as alfo horn- 
 zontal fiffures all over the mountain, which are filled 
 with the fame fand, reduced to a kind of line mudr 
 like pafte, and in no part whatever is it impregnated 
 with the leaft particle of the iron-ore of the mountain, 
 but is of the fame purity and nature as is found on 
 the fea-beaches. No ore is found beyond the foot 
 of the mountain, nor on the neighbouring plain ; 
 fo that it appears as if the mountain frad been artifi- 
 cially laid on the fand , for it has no roots, or, like 
 other mountains, its fubftance does not penetrate the 
 
 B S&P&ilof. Tratrfaffions, Vol. XLlX, p. 30, fortheyw 1756 
 P 2
 
 [ 212 ] 
 
 ' ground. It is fituated near 40 Swedifh leagues dif- 
 
 * tant from the lea.* Another Hill or Eminence 
 that may come under the denomination of a Fragment, 
 is that called the inaccejjible or Needle-mountain in Dau- 
 phiny in France? as the form and fituation of it plainly 
 denote, ' The pofition of this Hill is fuch, that it ap^ 
 ' pears to have been inverted or turned upfide down t 
 
 * for it is no more than a thoufand paces in circumfe- 
 ' rence at the bottom, and is two thoufand at top , from 
 ' whence it is called the inaccejjible Mountain. At the 
 ' top upon the plain of this hill there is a narrow and 
 ' fteep Rifing or a marp-pointed Elevation ; which 
 ' gave this hill the name of the Needle-mountain (fee 
 
 * Htftoire de JJAcad. des Sciences \ for the year 1700, 
 ' p. 4)' and which, probably was the caufe, why it 
 did not fettle upon its larger bafis, or the plain at the 
 top. The famous Rock in Horeb, anciently called 
 Maffah or Meribah, and at prefent the Stone of Mofes 
 and the Stone of the Fountains (being that which Mofes 
 ftriick with his rod, in order to give water to the children 
 of Ifraclin the Wildernefs, Exod. xvii) is preferved to 
 this day without the leait injury from time or accidents, 
 and is certainly a Fragment from mount Sinai, as ap- 
 pears from Dr. Shaw's dcfcription of it, ' It is a Block 
 
 * of Granate marble, about fix yards fquare, lying 
 4 tottering as it were and loofe in the middle of the 
 
 * valley [of Repbidim], and feems to have formerly be- 
 ' longed to mount Sinai, which hangs, in a variety 
 
 * of precipices, all over this plain.'" 
 
 n SHAW'S Travels, p. 352. It may not be unacceptable to 
 the reader, nor altogether foreign to our prefent purpofe, to 
 continue the Dr's defcription of this Rock, which is as follow?. 
 
 * The 'Maters ivbich giifbed out, and the Stream ivbicb jlo-~wed ivithal 
 1 (Pfalm, Ixxviii, 20) have hollowed acrofs one corner of this 
 rock a Channel about two inches deep, and twenty wide, ap- 
 
 * peuring to be incruftated all over, like the infide cf a tea
 
 [ 213 J 
 
 THUS I have given inftanccs of large maffes of Stone 
 or Rocks lying loofe upon the ground in various parts 
 of the earth, and no doubt is to be made but that iimi- 
 lar mafles are to be found in every part, where there 
 is any confiderable extent of land, though fuch only 
 are taken notice of by travellers as have fomething 
 remarkable in their appearance. And that thefe 
 are really no other than Fragments torn off, and car- 
 ried down, from higher grounds, every circumftance 
 in the above defcriptions tends to point out, as the 
 reader will be a fufficicnt judge for himfelf from what 
 has been already faid on the lubject. I mall therefore 
 
 kettle, that hath been long in ufe. Befides feveral mo/Ty produc- 
 tions, that are ftill preferved by the dew, we fee all over this 
 channel, a great number of Holes, fome of them four or five 
 inches deep and one or two in diameter, the lively and demon- 
 ftrative Tokens of their having been formerly fo many Foun- 
 tains. It likewife may be further obferved, that Art or Chance 
 could by no means be concerned in the contrivance; for every 
 circumftance points out to us a Miracle, and, in the fame man- 
 ner with the Rent in the Rock of mount Calvary at Jerufalem, 
 never fails to produce a religious furprize in all who fee it.' Simi- 
 lar to which is Dr. Pccotke's Account of this Rock, and alfo that of 
 the Prefetfo's of 'Egypt ; each of which the reader may fee inferted 
 in the Bijbcp of CLOGHER'S Tranjlailon of a MS. Journal from 
 Grand Cairo to Mount Sinai, &c. p. 34, Z A Edit. 
 
 I may here obferve too, that in confidering this Rock as a 
 fragrpegt, the Miracle of the water's flowing out of it will ap- 
 pear much greater than if it had been in its natural bed or united 
 to the folid orb of the earth'; for it is not uncommon, in break- 
 ing up or only boring through the regular ftrata of the earth, to 
 enter into a natural ft flu re, which, communicating with thj; 
 Abyfs, is always full of water, and when fuch is broken into, 
 a ftream of water will immediately iffue out and continue flow- 
 ing: but as this Rock was feparare and detached from the re- 
 gular and undifturbed ftrata, and lying loofe upon the furface of 
 the earth, it cannot be fuppofed to have had any communication 
 with the natural fiflures, and therefore the water that proceeded 
 from it, muft have been owing to a fupernamral Cauic; which 
 is agreeable to what an ancient Traveller (M. BAUMCARTEX, * 
 
 P 3
 
 in this place only enlarge a little on the aforecited paf- 
 iage tofLangius, (p 210) ' That the tops of Rocks and 
 * lummits of the higheft mountains are fometimes 
 'divided by joints into feparate pieces-/ for though 
 this may feem a trifling and infignirlcant obfervation, 
 yet the opening or widening of thefe kind of joints 
 was the immediately preceding effect to the tearing 
 off and carrying down of the Fragments, and one was 
 the confequence of the other, as will be evident from 
 the following particulars. :; Thefe Joints or Openings 
 between the ftones in the upper parts of Rocks ought 
 to be diftinguifhed from the natural fiffures in the 
 body of the rock, and are diftinguimable there-from 
 
 German Nobleman, who travelled into Arabia in the year 1507 ; 
 fee his Travels in CHURCHILL'S Colhflion of Voyages, &c. Vol. I; 
 p. 337) remarks : Which Miracle (of the water's flowing out of 
 ' the above-mentioned Rock) was the more wonderful, becaufe 
 
 * thie Stone, though it is feparated from the reft of the rock, 
 ' and is almoft of a fquarc figure, yet is fixed in the ground by 
 < only one pointed corner [fee Dr. SHAW'S Draught of it, in his 
 
 * Travels, p. 350] and confequently not in fo fit a pofture to 
 ' extraft any moifture from the earth; and therefore its fending 
 ' forth fuch abundance of water muft have been the work of an 
 ' Almighty Hand.' I may here add too, that this Stone was 
 'fo fmall, expofed in fuch a manner, and fituated in fuch a tot- 
 tering condition, that it might eafily be viewed on all fides, and 
 even turned upfide ddwn, had the people that attended Mvfcs 
 iafpeed any cheat or impofture in this affair; and in order to 
 take oifall iufpicion of this kind might be one reafon why GOD 
 made chou-p of fuch a Stone as this for the operation of this 
 miracle, which was fo extraordinary and attended with fuch in- 
 dubitab'e proof, that the perfons, who had juft before murmured 
 and queiUoned the divine Miffion of Mofes, now entirely ac- 
 qniefced in it: :;t d if inch perfons as Corab^ Datban, Abiram, 
 md tkar companies (who were ready on every occafion to find 
 fault with A/V>.- <md difpute his Authority) were fatisfied, furely 
 our prefent unbelievers (who lay claim to great modefty and i'ea- 
 fon) ought to be fo, fince the Miracle was examined by their own 
 iet of people, and they may have ocular demonllration of thfc 
 tm:h ot it at this day. f
 
 1 215 ] .. 
 
 by various marks, being generally far more nume- 
 rous than the others, commonly filled with fludge or 
 an earth-like matter, but principally are to be known 
 from the others on account of their greater width in 
 proportion to their length, and becaufe their edges or 
 terminations are much worn and rounded, and alfo 
 the extraneous bodies, fuch as fliells, corals, &c. that 
 project from the edges, much worn and rubbed. 
 All which clearly Ihew that thefe edges have been 
 fubject to fome gradual attrition, and that thefe joints 
 or openings have been a pafTage for fome fuch fluid as 
 Water; which alfo muft have parTed through them with 
 fome force or violence, ejfe thefe edges (which doubt- 
 lefs at firft like the ends or terminations of other 
 cracks in ftone, were fharp, jagged, or pointed with 
 acute angles) cojjld not have been worn to fuch a de- 
 gree ; which laft confideration further mews, that this 
 effed is not to be afcribed to the flow and gentle 
 gleanings of rain through the earth; ^ nor even where 
 the rock is naked and expoled to all the violence and 
 beating of the wind and rain are thefe openings to be 
 attributed to them (though probably they may en- 
 large them a little), for they are found almoit equal in 
 number, and fize, and have as manifeft marks of the 
 force of running water, where the rocks are covered 
 with mould and rubble for the depth of feveral feet, 
 as where the rocks are expofed to the weather. And 
 I believe that there are few or no rocks but what have 
 thefe joints or openings made by the aclion of water, in 
 a greater or lefs degree, even under the turf; which 
 is a proof that this effect was produced before the 
 earth' was covered with vegetable mould: and fince 
 thefe marks of the force of water, are to be feen upon 
 the fummits of the higheft mountains and rocks 
 throughout the whole world (for we may reafonably 
 fupppfe that what is common to the rocks and mount: 
 P 4
 
 1 216 ] 
 
 tains in England and Switzerland, is common alib to 
 all other) we muft conclude, that the water that opened 
 or enlarged, and patted through thefe cracks was 
 equally univerfal with its effects, or fpread over the 
 whole furface of the earth , and therefore the Deluge, 
 in which thefe accidents happened, univerfal. And 
 as the Water made its way through thefe cracks, it 
 would not only wear and widen them, but by con- 
 tinuing and repeating its action would at laft feparate 
 and disjoin large pieces of the rock, and remove 
 them from their places : and accordingly it is com- 
 mon to fee, in a country that is expofed and the rocks 
 laid bare, large mafies of Stone, ibme difplaced but 
 two or three 'inches from their original beds, others 
 two or three feet (and there remaining pendulous at 
 the tops of precipices and brows of hills), others 
 carried down the fides of mountains and hills for fe- 
 veral yards -, but none of them removed to fuch a dif- 
 tance, or fo much injured in the carriage, but that a 
 judicious perfon may find the very place they for- 
 merly occupied in the natural rock, and have as con- 
 vincing a proof that they are disjefta membra or the 
 difTevered parts of the adjacent rocks, as if he had 
 feen them torn from thence. And if he would judge 
 thus of thofe that lie upon the tops and fides of 
 mountains, he would certainly determine the fame of 
 thole that lie farther down in valiies , for the former, 
 are only the beginning ; the latter, the end of the fame 
 train : and as the former were pufhed down or re- 
 moved out of their places by the force of defcending 
 water, fo alfo we muft conclude of the latter; and 
 that both are proofs that a flood of waters formerly 
 covered, and retreated from, the furface of the 
 
 4e earth. 
 
 II. Bi'T befides thefe larger Stones, there are others 
 are lefsj which aifo are to be found Icofe upon
 
 1 2,7] 
 
 the furface of the earth, or elfe but a little way be- 
 neath it-, and are of fuch a nature themfelves, and lie 
 in fuch a manner, as clearly to point out that they are 
 Fragments torn from the itrata above, and placed in 
 the form they now lie, by currents of water defcend- 
 ing from the higher grounds. Of thefe lefier frag- 
 ments there are a great variety, and no country what- 
 ever without them. And as it would be endlefs to 
 fpeak of every different fpecies, trace out the acci- 
 dents that have happened to them, and particula- 
 rize the arguments deducible from each, I fhall there- 
 fore treat, only of one fpecies, which, on account of 
 its ufefulnefs in leading to the difcoveries of veins of 
 ore, &c. has been accurately fearched into, and care- 
 fully examined, by moft miners. The fpecies I mean, 
 are thofe Stones which are commonly called Shoad- 
 ftones. An account of which I fhall take from Mr. 
 Borlafis Natural Hiftory of Cornwall, p. 149 ; as that 
 Author has illuflrated his meaning by fome Copper- 
 plate cuts, which the reader, if not converfant in the 
 affair, would do well to confult. But firft it will be 
 necefTary to explain a few terms. A Vein of ore, or a 
 fffure containing ore, is called in Cornwall a Lode or ra- 
 ther Load; and I fuppofe for this reafon, becaufe that 
 is the place where the ore lies, as if it had been loaded 
 up or laded in, as goods are in a fhip. The Top-part 
 of the Vein or that which is neareft to the furface of 
 the earth, and which generally confifts of a mixture 
 of ore, loofe ftones and rubble, is called the Broil. 
 When this Broil, or rather that which was once the 
 Broil, is found difperied or lying at any diftance from 
 the Load, thefe difperied or ieparated parts are called 
 Shades or Sboad-jlones, becaufe, I fuppofe, they lie in 
 fuch a manner as manifeftly to fhevv that they were 
 Jhed abroad or detached from the main Vein or Load -, 
 and that this detachment or iepararion v.'as made by
 
 / [*i8] 
 
 the Force of water will appear from the following phce- 
 nomena, as extracted from the above-mentioned 
 Author. " Firft, the Broil is found in greater quan- 
 tity in the valiies than on the tops or fides of hills ; in 
 the level grounds, it is but juft moved from its firft 
 Ilation, and fpread on each fide the vein in an equable 
 manner i but if the lode has any declivity near it, 
 then many of the looie ftones of the broil are found 
 ilrewed down the hill. .2 dly< The longer the de- 
 clivity, the farther are thefe Stones removed ; but the 
 fhorter and fteeper the fides of the hill are, the lefs 
 
 diftant they are found. 3 dl/p The fmaller Stones 
 
 are carried farthefc , on the contrary, the largeft ftones 
 
 are neareft to the lode. 4 th! '- The fmaller are 
 
 alfo nearer to the furface of the ground, but the larger 
 ones, deeper, and ftill deeper as you approach the 
 lode, 'till the laft are found contiguous to the lode 
 
 itfelf. 5 thly - The farther diftant thefe Stones are 
 
 from the lode, the lewer they are in number ; but 
 they multiply as you come nearer, and are always in 
 
 greateft plenty next the lode. 6 thly - Thefe 
 
 Stones are known from all others by their being of a 
 different colour and ftruclure from the fhelf, rubble ? 
 and other common ftones of the ground where they 
 lie, but more particularly by their angles being worn 
 off; and the farther diftant they are from the lode, the 
 fmoother they are ; and the nearer, the lefs are their 
 angles blunted. In Cornwall we call thefe difperfed 
 
 parts of the broil Shcdes. (Now) From 
 
 daily obferving the grounds they fearch, and the dif- 
 ferent fubftances they there meet with, the tinners can 
 readily diftinguifh between what has been removed, 
 from what has perpetually kept one and the fame fta- 
 tion; the karn, that is the firm folid rock, feldom 
 affords us any inftances of alteration or movement, 
 but every looie unconnected part of the earth has been
 
 [ "9 ] 
 
 moved and (hifted , and for as much as the tranipoied 
 bodies are found to be moved more or lefs, farther or 
 lefs diftant from their former beds, according to their 
 own fpecific weight, and the declination of the plane 
 they moved on," it is the general perfuafion of every 
 intelligent tinner, that this change of fituation can be 
 owing to nothing but tbe Force of Water, and of no 
 other water fo likely as that of the uniuerfal deluge^ 
 neither are we to think this lei's the voice of truth, be- 
 caufe it is fo common an opinion , for indeed the 
 caufe fpeaks fo much for itfelf, that in order to con- 
 firm the juftnefs of this reafoning, there remains no- 
 thing more to do, than to point out the correfpon- 
 fdence and circumftantial agreement betwixt this af- 
 (igned caufe, and each particular effect and property 
 
 mentioned before. Firft then, In low and level 
 
 grounds the Broil is greater in quantity, and lefs dif- 
 turbed, than on the tops or fides of hills, as being but 
 juft moved from its firfl iettlement by the vacillating 
 waters of the deluge on a plane furface; whereas on 
 a declivity, and a more expofed fituation, the waters 
 had more power to agitate and dilperfe, and confe- 
 quently the original covering of the lode is much lef- 
 
 fened in quantity. 2 dly> The gravitation of thefc 
 
 ftones (ulually impregnated with metal) will, xvhen 
 moved with water, -make them deicend a deep hill 
 quicker than down a more eafy deicent, in the fame 
 proportion as bodies moved on inclined planes, their 
 velocity being in proportion to their own weight, the 
 declivity on which they move, and the impediments 
 they meet with there ; but the quicker they defcend, 
 the fooner they get at reft, and fix by immerging them- 
 
 felves in the ftiff clay and rubble andr/V* verfa. 
 
 3 dly The fmaller Shodes were moved to and fro eafily and 
 frequently, and consequently much difperied ; whereas 
 the greater and weightier the Ihod^s were, the more
 
 [220] 
 
 they refitted the agitation of the waters, and were lei*. 
 
 removed. -4 thl > r ' The fmaller Shodes are ufually 
 
 found in and near the furface, being waflied down- 
 wards, till, by the refiftance of the ground on which 
 they are fpread, they are forced out like the rills of 
 brooks into open day, whilft the larger by their fupe-. 
 riour weight, reft deeper interred, and nearer the 
 
 lode. 5 thly> The more diftant Shodes are found 
 
 from the lode, the more they were difperfed by the 
 water, and confequently became fewer in number in 
 any equal fpace, like diverging rays-, and the nearer 
 to the lode, the thicker and more frequent they re- 
 main for the fame reafon. 6 thlyt That the an- 
 gles of thefe Hones are blunted, proceeds evidently 
 from the agitation of water, and they are fmoothed 
 in proportion to the diftance they have been rolled; 
 and had the force continued a fufficient while, thefe 
 ftones would have been as round as the pebbles on the 
 fea-fhore; but the farther we find them from the lode, 
 the more trituration they have undergone, and vice 
 verfa." 
 
 III. TOGETHER with the above-mentioned Frag- 
 ments of Stone, both thole of the larger as well as thofe 
 of the fmaller kind, both thofe that are round as well as 
 thofe of the moft irregular fhapes, there are alfo found 
 a variety of other fubftances, lying in ftich a manner, 
 both with refpeft to themfelves, and alfo with regard 
 to the ground they lie upon, as plainly to fhew that 
 their fituation and direction were owing to the effects 
 of a Flood of Water that once covered, and retreated 
 from, the furface of the whole earth. 
 
 FOR, firft, it is common to obferve upon the tops 
 of the higheft Mountains a fmall thin covering of a 
 kind of blackifh bituminous earth, commonly known 
 in England by the name of Peat-earth or Turf ; and 
 this upon examination appears to be no other than a
 
 [ "I ] 
 
 mafs of rotten and perifhed vegetable s. And where 
 the mountains happen to have any extenfive flats or 
 large fpacious Cavities, in form of bafons, at or be- 
 tween their tops, there is generally a ftill greater quan- 
 tity of thefe fubftances, lying in a moffy or moraffy 
 kind of ground, with a vaft number of trees, of all 
 forts and fizes, buried under them : and many of the 
 trees and vegetables ot fuch fpecies are not now known 
 to be growing near thefe places, nay, fomeofthem of 
 luch kinds as the nature of the climate will not permit 
 to grow there:? confequently, they muft have been 
 brought from other, far more diftant, regions: and 
 no Agent or Medium can be thought upon ib proper 
 for effecting this as Water, a Medium upon which 
 thefe bodies would naturally fwim and float, and 
 therefore be eafily conveyed from place to place. 
 And the parts they are now found upon plainly ihew, 
 that their prefent fituation was owing to a flood of 
 waters that covered the whole furface of the earth ; 
 for they are left upon fuch places where fuch a flood, 
 in its retreat to the lower land, would molt naturally 
 depofit a great portion of its floating wealth, viz. upon 
 the higheft and more eminent parts, or thofe places 
 which it firft receded from -, in the fame manner as the 
 water upon the lea-more in retiring, after an high tide, 
 throws, and by the unequally reciprocal or gradually 
 decreafing repercuflive motion of its waves, leaves, 
 upon the parts it firft recedes from, all lighter bodies 
 or the fubftances that fwamupon its furface; and in a 
 fimilar manner as the fame water in retiring from the 
 channels of rivers, bays, &c. leaves upon the banks 
 and fliores the finer parts of the mud and ilutch that 
 
 WOODWARD'S Cat.ofFoJfils, Part II. p. 17. MORTO.N'S //;-?. 
 of Northampton/hire, p. 83, &c. HALE'S 
 IP WOODWARD'S Nat. Hiji. Him. p. 60,
 
 222 
 
 it was pregnant with, fo when t;he flood that drowned 
 the whole earth retreated to its appointed place, it left 
 thefurface in a manner covered with the fined, lighteft } 
 
 and pureft of terreftrial matter, Vegetable Mould. 
 
 Secandly -, Under the vegetable mould there lies a vaft 
 variety of Subftances, of all forts, fliapes, and fizes, 
 but each and all of them placed in fuch a direction as 
 manifeftly to indicate that their pofition and fituation 
 were the effects of a flood of water retreating from the 
 higher grounds. Thus, for inftance, where the 
 higher and more inland countries abound with free- 
 ftone, and chalk, interlined with layers of flint ; in 
 the lower lands you will find for the depth of feveral feet 
 the two former fubftances intimately blended together 
 <r \vafhed and worn down to a gritty kind of maum, 
 and the nodules of flint broken into innumerable 
 pieces, and confufedly mixed with the afore-mentioned 
 matter. In fuch places where the upper ftrata of 
 Mountains confift of Lime-ftone, with interjacent 
 layers of clay, and of iren-ftone, replete with yellow 
 and red oker, or ruddle-, in the vallies beneath you 
 may difcover both large and fmall, round and ir- 
 regular, fragments of the iron and lime-ftone, with 
 unequal and uneven ftreaks or feams of Clays of all 
 colours, that the above-mentioned fubftances could 
 tinge them with. Where the upper ftrata confift of 
 it loofe Sand-frone, and a brittle flakey Slate, with 
 beds of clay intervening-, in the lower lands you will 
 find for a considerable depth a gritty marly rubble, 
 filled with immenfely fmall pieces of iharp flakey 
 ftone, thrown in a variety of poftures. And the 
 
 fame may beobferved refpeclively and proportionably 
 of all kinds of flrata, in fuch places. If we defcend 
 from the in-land and mountainous countries to the 
 Hills and the Vallies beneath them, and examine the 
 rranner in which things 'ie under the vegetable Mould,
 
 we mall find them placed much in the fame form as 
 thofe already defcribed, only a greater quantity and 
 a greater variety of them (according to the different 
 fpecies of ftrata that lay between the Hills and the 
 Mountains) and thefe alfo in general much more worn 
 and much imaller, efpecially thofe parts that came 
 from the Mountains. If we go farther down, and 
 vifit the Low-lands and Marmes near the Sea-fhore, 
 a ftill greater variety and greater quantity of Rubble 
 will prefent itfelf to our view ; and the fragments of 
 ftone much more worn, and in many places, ground 
 down to a fine Sand or Slutch. 
 
 Now that this Rubbly-matter was placed in the 
 manner above-defcribed by the action of Water re- 
 treating from the higheft in-land Eminences down 
 towards the Sea-fliore is evident, from the multitude 
 of Stones that are found in it which have been appa- 
 rently worn round by agitation of Water ; from the 
 number of fragments of Stone that lie in trains, tend- 
 ing from the higher towards the lower grounds, juft 
 in fuch form and direction as water in its retreat 
 would naturally caft them (as I have already mewed 
 \vith refpect to thofe Stones and Fragments that lie 
 above ground) j from the irregular and unequal 
 ftreaks and feams into which it is caft - y and what is 
 very remarkable that in fueh places where there is any 
 eminent projection in the ground or rock underneath, 
 or large fragments of Stone which the waters could 
 carry no farther, there thefe ftreaks and feams of dif- 
 ferent matter are thrown over it in various concentric 
 arches, and the whole terminated in fuch a form as 
 plainly to indicate that the force of a defcending flood 
 placed them thus ; and alfo from the manner in 
 which this Rubble lies all over the earth ; as for in- 
 ftance, upon the higheft in-land Eminences, efpecially 
 fuch as are (harp-pointed and fteep, there is but *
 
 [ 224 ] 
 
 fmall portion of this rubble, feldom exceeding a few 
 inches in depth -, i,n the bottoms of the combs that 
 defeend from thefe Eminences, you will find the 
 quantity Ibmewhat increafed , in the, dales, (till more; 
 in the vallies, a much larger portion -, and in the low- 
 land marfhes near the fea-lhore a ftill greater quantity, 
 for 2 or 300 feet in depth, and in many places even un- 
 fathomable. All which would be the natural refult 
 of a flood of water, that formerly covered, and re- 
 treated from, the furFace of the whole earth, and de- 
 fcended into the Sea, or rather, the Abyfs beneath 
 the Sea. For, as the in -land parts of the earth were 
 at the greateft diftance from thofe places (the apertures 
 into the Abyfs) where the moft violent force and 
 flrongeft action of the water was, fo they would be 
 leaft torn, and of courfe lead covered with Fragments 
 and Rubbiih ; and the wear and tear by the water 
 would be in proportion greater and greater, and the 
 load of loofe rubble gradually and continually in- 
 creafed, till it approached the Sea-more i and by the 
 time that the latter- waters arrived thither, the Ocean 
 would be full or nearly fo, and therefore thefe waters 
 would be repelled back again, and the loofe clay-, 
 mud, flutch, &c. with which they were filled, be 
 caufed to fettle upon or near the fea-fhore, and fo 
 conilitute, what we call a Marjh or Moor, being a 
 loofe clayey ground, confiding of a variety of terref- 
 trial fubftances worn extremely fmall, and placed, in 
 all kinds of direction, as the reciprocal and undulating 
 motion of water would naturally caft them. 
 
 THUS I have mewed, from the confederation of 
 that vaft variety of bodies or fubftances that are now 
 found loofe upon the furface of the earth (each parti- 
 cular fpecies carrying its particular proof) that this 
 terreftrial globe has been covered by an inundation 
 of water.
 
 [ "5] 
 
 I AM now to deduce fome Corollaries from what hag 
 been advanced. 
 
 1. THEN, from the quantity of matter that is now 
 found loofe at the bottoms of Combs, Dales, and Val- 
 lies, and from this matter being principally of the 
 fame kind with the ftrata in the fides of thefe Cavities j 
 we may reaforta'bly infer that it once made a part of 
 
 the ftrata, and fo, that the firata were once continued 
 from fide to fide, and of courie that the Hollows of 
 Combs, Dales, and Vallies, were once filled up with 
 ftrata fimilar to thofe, which now appear in their fides 
 or in the bodies of the mountains Or hills, in which 
 thefe fuperficial Cavities are : and as Mountains and 
 Hills are no more than Eminences caufed by the 
 formation of the Hollows of Combs, Dales, a"nd Val- 
 lies, fo it is certain that the earth was once of one uni- 
 form fpherical furface, and that the prefent irregular, 
 mountainous form, was not the original, but owing to 
 fome after-caufe, as I have already endeavoured td 
 prove, p. 1 60, &c. 
 
 2. FROM that vaft Quantity of Rubble which in ^ 
 manner covers the whole furface of the earth, chiefly 
 from that which is pcfited in Combs, Dales, and Val- 
 lies, it is manifeft that the Hollows of combs and 
 Vallies were not caufed by any ContraSfieH or lateral 
 Jhrinking of 'the ftrata ( fee p. 183) for had thefe cavi- 
 ties been owing to fuch a caufe, there would have been 
 but little or no loofe matter found in them, for in 
 fuch a cafe the parts of the ftrata (when the whole 
 earth began to be confolidated after its diflblution) by 
 being contracted within themfelves, atom to atom, 
 would be fo clofely united together, that the Cavities 
 Caufed by thefe Contractions would contain little or no 
 loofe matter in them, as is the cafe with the covered 
 Fiffuresor thofe Chafms in the body of the earth, which 
 terminate in themfelves and have no Communication 
 with other cracky ; in thefe we never find any fuch 
 
 Q
 
 [226] 
 
 loofe matter or rubble as that which lies in the bot- 
 toms of dales and rallies : had therefore one fort of 
 thefe Cavities, as well as the other, been formed by 
 Cetttraflions, there would have been like matter found 
 in each and refpectively placed. 
 
 3. FROM the regular and gradually increafing proportion 
 of the rubble that is found in Combs, Dales, and Val- 
 lies, it is manifeft that thefe Channels were not caufed 
 by any elevation and depreflion of the ftrata -, for had 
 this been the cafe, this rubble would have been placed 
 in the moft confufed and irregular manner pofiible. 
 
 4. FROM this fame increafe and apparent tendency 
 of this rubble from combs to dales, from dales to val- 
 lies, from vallies to the (helving bed of the ocean, 
 we may determine the place, whither the other part 
 of this rubble (viz. That which formerly filled up all 
 the Hollows and Channels upon the earth and in the 
 lea) was carried to, namely, the Center of the Earth. 
 For had it been carried no farther than the bed of the 
 ocean, and depofited there^ it would more than have 
 filled that ; becaufe the matter that was tore out for 
 making that Cavity, would equally have filled it 
 when in the form of rubble, as when it remained in 
 whole and unbroken ftrata : and then there was the 
 additional fubftance of all that matter, that before filled 
 up the hollows of the Combs, Dales, and Vallies 
 over the whole furface of the earth : and had all this 
 been placed in the bafon of the fea, it muft more than 
 have filled it. Now fmce it is certain that all this rub- 
 ble was carried down into the bed of the Ocean, and 
 as that did not retain it, it muft therefore have pafTed 
 through, and been carried into fome place beyond the 
 bottom of the fea, and that could be no other than the 
 center of the earth, the laft place it could be driven 
 to ; and there it would remain in form of a nucleus or 
 inner-globe^ as defcribed p, 54, 187, and. delineated 
 by I in the Copper-plate.
 
 [ 2 7 ] 
 
 5. IF this load of rubble and fragments of ftone were 
 carried down to the center of the earth, it will cer- 
 tainly follow, that the Agent that did this, that the 
 water (as it is of a more fubtle and penetrating nature 
 than this matter) accompanied it in its paflage and de- 
 fcended together with it j and as this loofe matter oc- 
 cupied the center, the water would naturally fettle 
 around it, as denoted by G. H. In the PLATE 5 and 
 fo conflitute the Mofaic Abyfs. 
 
 6. As in tracing the fragments of ftone that lie in 
 trains from the mountains, it is common to obferve 
 where the defcents are gradual (where they are irre- 
 gular and attended with fudden falls and precipices* 
 great irregularity rriuft naturally be expected) that 
 thofe flones that are largeft and lead worn lie neareft 
 the tops, and thofe that are lefs and moft worn at the 
 greateft di fiance, and alfo that thefe Stones are of the 
 fame kind with the ftrata in the mountains above, 
 and not of the kind with the ftrata m the vallies be- 
 neath (unlefs where they both happen to be of the 
 fame fpecies) fo it is certain that the currents of water 
 which removed thefe ftones from their original beds, 
 and placed them in the manner we now find them, 
 came from the mountain-tops and drove towards the 
 fea, and therefore that thefe Stones were not thus 
 placed by partial deluges, owing to high tides or ac- 
 cidental inundations of the fea, aslbme have imagined; 
 for had either of thefe latter been the caufe, the 
 larger ftones would have been left neareft the lower 
 grounds, and the lefTer necefiarily thrown higher up: 
 and if the water of fuch a flood, in its return tc 
 the fea, had force enough to bring back any of 
 thefe bodies, it would naturally leave them in the 
 greateft irregularity, the lefTer would be brought to 
 the larger, and the ftones of the vallies be mixed with 
 thofe of the mountains j which is not the cafe: and 
 therefore thefe Stones were not thus placed by fuch 
 partial floods. Q^ 2
 
 [ 228 ] 
 
 7- FROM the confideration of fomc other circum- 
 fiances attending thefe fragments of Stone, efpecially 
 thofe that have been worn round by water, we may 
 fee the falfity of another hypothefis, calculated to folve 
 thefe phenomena, without reference to the univerfal 
 Deluge in the time of Noah -, viz. that thefe Stones 
 were thus rounded, and the fragments of Rocks torn 
 from their original beds and fcattered over the furface 
 of the earth, at the firft formation of things, when the 
 earth was totally covered with water, at which time 
 the high'eft mountains conftituted part of the bottom 
 of the fea, therefore it is no wonder, fmce the retreat 
 of thofe waters, that we now find pebbles and rocks in 
 the moft inland countries. But the grand queftion to 
 befolved, is, How came thefe waters to retire? in which 
 principal particular the Authors of this hypothefis 
 are not agreed, fome imagining that the water was 
 rarified and changed into air , others that the Sea by 
 the violent motion of its flux and reflux, threw up 
 vaft quantities of fand and mud, and thereby left the 
 fpaces between them as Vallies, which the water oc- 
 cupying, the eminent parts became dry and habitable ; 
 with feveral fuch groundlefs and unphilofophical afler- 
 tions. But it required, and thefe Authors fuppofe 
 it did require, a great length of time, even that of 
 ages, before thefe tranfaclions were completed, and 
 therefore that the parts of the earth, which at prefent 
 bear marks of the Sea conftituted for a long time the 
 bottom of it, and thereby gave room for the waters to 
 feparate the rocks from their natural places, and form 
 the fragments of ftone into pebbles, and place them in 
 the manner we now find them in the moft diftant coun- 
 tries from the fea. But then there is a very material 
 difference between the in-Jand pebbles and rocks, and 
 thofe formed arid found at fea. It is common to ob- 
 ferve vaft numbers of pebbles and ftones upon the fea- 
 fhore which have feveral extraneous bodies, fuch as 
 (hells, corals, and corallines, affixed to their outfides a
 
 and many of thefe fo clofely adhering that it is almoft 
 impofiible to difengage one from the other without 
 breaking both-, and it is alfo certain that thefe grow 
 and are formed at this day, especially in calm and 
 quiet places. But now, after the ftricleft examination 
 I could make upon immenfe multitudes of Rocks and 
 rounded ftones that I have feen at land, I never could 
 obferve any fuch extraneous bodies adhering to them,* 1 
 nay, not upon fuch as were but a few miles from the 
 fea, when the pebbles upon the fea-mpre abounded 
 with them ; which muft plainly mew, that the places 
 where thefe pebbles are now found were never the bot- 
 tom of the fea, nor the pebbles themfelves formed at 
 fea, but that they were made at fome particular time, 
 or in fome general deluge, the waters of which muft 
 have been in fuch conftant agitation and perpetual 
 fluctuation, as not to permit fuch things to fettle and 
 grow , which is agreeable to the Mofaic account of the 
 Flood in the time of Noab^ fee p. 51. And what 
 further mews that the places where thefe Stones are now 
 found were never the bottom of the fea, nor the Stones 
 themfelves formed at fea, is, that we never find (what 
 is very common to find at fea, and upon the fea- more) 
 any artificial things, fuch as regularly fhaped pieces of 
 wood, ftone-inftruments, iron-tools, potfherds, &c. 
 
 > I have feen indeed one or two inftances of Nodules, having a 
 {"mail fhell or a plant flicking to their outfides ; but then thefe 
 are a very different fpecies of Stones from in-land pebbles (though 
 they refemble them in their outward fhape) as I have fhew'ed, 
 p. 196. Ncduhs were formed during the ' diflblved llate of the 
 earth and the great confufion of things at that time, and many 
 of them have apparently paffed through feveral ftrata that 
 abounded with (hells and plants, and at laft fettled in ftrata that 
 were replete with thefe extraneous bodies, fo that it is no won- 
 der that we fcmetimes find one or two of thefe bodies adhering 
 to their outfides : but in-land pebbles were formed at a different 
 time, in a different place, and in a different manner, as oiay be 
 f?en in the above cited page.
 
 naturally lying among them, but only fuch as were 
 placed there by defign or accidentally dropt, as is evi- 
 dent from the prior disturbance of the earth, where 
 fuch have been taken up at any depth, and their being 
 generally found in fuch places where Old Cities, 
 Caftles, Camps, or Lakes have been/ And indeed 
 had thefe artificial things ever been cceyal with thefe 
 fragments of (tones, or fubject to the agitation of water 
 as they have been, they would certainly have been 
 worn and rounded in the fame manner as they are. 
 Befides, the artificial things that are taken up at Tea, 
 have indifcriminately fhells and corals, growing on 
 them, as well as the {tones and pebbles on the more, 
 
 r 'I have read indeed of boats, fmall barques, anchors of 
 Ships, &c. being found at land in countries' far diftant from the 
 fea, but then it has generally been in authors of no great credit, 
 and the facts aflerted upon no good teftimony ; but even allowing 
 them to have been true, it is certainly much more reafonable to 
 fuppofe, that the places where thefe things were found, were for- 
 merly the bottoms of large Lakes, which by defign or accident 
 had been drained, rather than the ancient bed of the Sea 1 ; in the 
 fame manner as in draining the famous Lake of Martin-mcsr in 
 Lancajbire, which was eighteen miles in circumference, there were 
 found in the dutch at the bottom no lefs than eight boats, fhaped 
 fomewhat like the Canoes made ufe of in America, as Dr. Leigh 
 in his hiftory of that County, ' aflures us of his own know- 
 ledge, p. \S, and 181. Or elfe thefe things might be attri- 
 buted to violent tempefts or accidental overflowings of the Sea; 
 and befides, whatever things of this nature may be now 
 found at land in Europe, fome alldwance muft be made for the 
 event recorded (p 82) of this treatife, when numbers of perfons 
 procured Ships and other conveniences, under apprehenfion of a 
 general Deluge, and probably many of thefe were made at land 
 in countries far diftant from the Sea, as it was fuppofed that the 
 devaftntio'n would reach all over Europe : which therefore, as the 
 event did not happen, would be left in the places where they 
 were firft made, and in the future ages might be imagined to 
 have been wrecks of mips loft at fea, though the fea never reached 
 thefe parts; and what parts of the earth the fea has really covered 
 vi I j be beft determined by the marks given in the text, in the 
 iubfequent pages.
 
 [ 231 ] 
 
 but the artificial things, even thofe that bear the 
 marks of the greateft antiquity, which are taken up 
 in the inland countries, have no fuch bodies adhering 
 to them; which is a plain and an undeniable proof, 
 that neither they, nor the places where they are now 
 found, were ever covered by the fea. And here, by 
 the way, we have an eafy and certain method of dif- 
 covering what parts of the earth the fea might formerly 
 have encroached upon, and covered for any length of 
 time, and after have retreated there-from, and what 
 not, viz. by obferving whether the rocks and flones, 
 efpecially the artificial things, found at land, have any 
 marine productions adhering to them or not ; if they 
 have none, we may depend upon it, the Sea never 
 reached thefe parts , if they have fome, efpecially if 
 they are of the fame kind with the fhells and corals 
 upon the neareft fea-ihore, we may conclude it has. 
 But upon the ftricteft refearches I could make with 
 regard to thefe particulars, I could never find that the 
 Sea had receded above a few miles in length, or a few 
 yards in depth, from its original and firft known boun- 
 daries ; and that only in places where the land was 
 low and flat, and thefe recefles or retreats chiefly ow- 
 ing to banks thrown up, or canals cut, by the art and 
 labour of man. All Hypothefes therefore to ac- 
 count for thefe in-land rocks and pebbles (which fo 
 apparently carry marks of having been moved, muf- 
 fled, or worn round by water) upon fuppofition that 
 the places where they are now found were formerly the 
 bottom of the fea, muft fail, and recourfe can only 
 be had, for the explication of thefe phenomena, to 
 the one Universal Deluge in the time of Noah.
 
 III. 
 
 FROM the confideration of things upon the fur- 
 Face of the earth, let us now defcend into the inftde % 
 and fee what proofs we can educe from thence of an 
 UNIVERSAL FLOOD. 
 
 AND here let us enter the fubterranean Kingdom by 
 thofe eafy and convenient paffages, the natural Caves 
 and Holes of the Earth : and in the firft place collect 
 what evidence we can for the point in queflion from 
 thefe Caves themfelves. 
 
 ALL the natural Caverns that I have feen myfelf, 
 or thofe that I have read defcripdons of, appear to 
 me to be no other than what in the North of England 
 are called Swallows, and in the PFeJl, Swallet-boks. 
 Thefe Holes or Caves are generally nearly circular at 
 top -, and from twenty tp two hundred yards or more in 
 circumference. Many of them have a direct perpen- 
 dicular defcent, like the Hollow of a Well, for the 
 depth of feveral fathoms ; in others the defcent is 
 fomevvhat winding and crooked ; and generally, at a 
 greater or lefs diftance, there is a large fpacious Open- 
 ing, into which enter leveral leifer Caves or Conduits ; 
 fome gently declining from the top, others lying in 
 nn horizontal line, and fome defcending perpendicu- 
 larly downright to unfathomable depths. The En- 
 trance or Mouth leading into many of thefe Caverns 
 is at prefent horizontal and very fmall; and hence Na- 
 turalifts have been greatly puzzled about the vaft 
 Spaces within, and how it came to pafs that fuch fmall 
 orifices mould lead to fuch fpacious Openings; 
 whereas in fact the larger Cavities were made nrft, and 
 the lefier that proceed from them after : and the true 
 entrance into fuch Caverns is at top, upon the furface 
 of the earth, and only covered with rubble and mould ; 
 and indeed the large Spaces within, in mod of thefe 
 Caverns, reach near to the furface and form part of 
 the true and original entrance j fo that they aii may
 
 r 
 
 be looked upon as Swallets, or in-Iand gulpbs that f wal- 
 lowed down the waters of the deluge. 
 
 HAVING thus far explained myfelf, I fhall now 
 fhew in what various parts of the earth, and how dif- 
 tant from each other, thefe Caverns are to be found. 
 
 THE firft that I fhall mention, and the moft noted in 
 England, is that called Elden-hcle, \nDerbyJhire. This 
 is a direct perpendicular Chafm, of an oblong form, 
 as far as the eye can difcern its depth ; the mouth of it 
 is about twenty yards over one way, and eight the 
 other. Mr. Cotton endeavoured to find the bottom* 
 by plumbing it with a line eight hundred and eighty-four 
 yards long, but could not reach it: and upon ex- 
 amining the lower end of the line, he found that eighty 
 yards of it had funk through Water. 5 Another gen- 
 tleman let down a line nine hundred and thirty- three 
 yards, without meeting with the bottom. 1 The Earl 
 of Leicejler, in Queen Elizabeth's days, caufed a man 
 to be let down with a bafket of Hones tied to his mid- 
 dle, in order that by letting fome of them occafionally 
 fall, he might judge of the depth of the Cave, and after 
 he had remained at the length of a rope 6f two hundred 
 ells for fome time, was pulled up, in expectation of 
 fome great difcoveries : but when he came up, he 
 was fenfelefs, and died of a phrenfy in eight days* 
 When I was upon the fpot, I found, upon enquiry, that 
 two men had lately ventured down this cavity, upon 
 fuppofition, that fome cattle, that had been miffing, 
 might have fallen into it : and when they had de- 
 fcended to the depth of feventy yards, they found the 
 carcafes of feveral oxen and meep ; but could get no 
 further ; thefe carcafes, together with the frones that 
 had been thrown in by the curious in endeavouring to 
 
 s . See the Wonders of the PtaL~, p. 40. 
 
 * Pbilof. T'ranf. N" 2. 
 
 * HOBBES de Mirabilibus Petti.
 
 [ 234 3 
 
 diicover its depth, having probably covered and (lop- 
 ped up the leading Cavity. They faid alfo, that af- 
 ter they had been let down about half way, the cavern 
 opens and widens into a fpacious vault, and that there 
 appeared to be another great cavity, befides that of 
 Elden-hole, leading to the fur face of the earth. And 
 upon examination, I obferved, that, at about the dif- 
 tance of two hundred yards from Elden-hole, there was 
 a gradual, nearly circular, Sinking in the earth, near 
 three hundred yards in circumference, and from its ut- 
 tnoft fummit, about twenty yards deep : and this ap- 
 peared to me to be undeniably the true mouth of this 
 Swallow^ and that Elden-hole is no more than a lateral 
 conduit leading into it. Three miles. Northward 
 
 of Elden is another famous Cavity, called Peak-hole^ 
 fituated almoft in the Village of Caftltton, and at the 
 foot of a femi-circular, or rather femi-cylindrical 
 Rock, (the hollow fide facing you as you enter) above 
 i/voo hundred feet high, and the diameter of the cylinder 
 jfoQutJixty feet ; at the bottom of this^jperpendicularly 
 hollowed rock, this Cavern opens its mouth in form 
 of an arch atleaft/tfr/y/a?/ high, andyfo/jy broad at the 
 bottom j w the top part, and the fides of this arch, as 
 alfo the whole femi-cylindrical rock above, are very 
 fmooth, and apparently worn away by the gradual at- 
 trition of fome fuch Agent as water ; and had not one 
 fide of this tubular Hollow been broken down and 
 carried away by the Agent that firft formed this per- 
 pendicular Channel, it had refembled at the top and in 
 the infide a common well, and at firft fight would, 
 have been efteemed a Swattet-bole , and the not attend- 
 ing to this particular, has caufed great perplexity in ac- 
 counting for the origin of this Cave. From the 
 
 w If the reader has not feen the place, he may have a juil 
 idea of it from N- 8. of Mr. SMITH'S Prints of the profpefts iji 
 th& Mountainous parts of Derlyfeire , &c.
 
 1 235 ] 
 
 mouth of this Hole to the diftance of one hundred yards 
 the roof gradually declines, till you are obliged to 
 bend and creep in order to proceed forward, and after 
 you have crept a little way, you enter into a fpacious 
 wide apartment-, which continues for about thirty 
 yards^ when the rock almoft clofes again, and after 
 you have palled (in a little boat) a river that runs 
 through the Cave, the rock widens again into a (till 
 greater Opening, till you come to a fecond ftream of 
 water, where it again contracts itfelf , but as foon as 
 you have paJGTed this Current, another fpaeious Open- 
 ing prefents itfelf, which continues in fome places 
 higher, in others wider, till the roof of the rock lies 
 upon the very furface of a third Current of water, and 
 puts an end to the traveller's journey ; but by agitating 
 this water with our feet, we heard a rumbling undulat- 
 ing noife in fome great cavern beyond. From the en- 
 trance to the end of this Cave is about feven hundred 
 yards. Where the larger Openings were, there v/ere 
 feveral leflfer lateral Cavities or rather Conduits, and 
 fome that defcended perpendicularly down from the 
 top, a*nd the fides of all, both large and fmall, are worn 
 ' as ijnooth and as round or rather tubular as a conflant 
 paffage of water could poflibly wear them : and as this 
 Agent would exert itfelf ftronger and make more 
 room for itfelf where the greater number of ftreams 
 met, hence it is that where the Conduits for the water 
 appear to be larger and more numerous, there the 
 Openings within are wider and more fpacious ; and 
 where there appear to have been but one or two paf- 
 fages for the water, and thofe fmall, there the Cavi- 
 ties are proportion ably lefs. Not that I would fup- 
 pofe that the water tore thefe pafiages through the fo- 
 lid rock without any prior opening or fiilurc : no ; 
 there were proper cracks and chafms made for its de- 
 fccnt before, as I have me wed, p. 50, 184. But where
 
 thcfe cracks were larger than in other places, there the 
 water would defcend in a fuller body and with greater 
 impetuofity, and would work and wind its way 
 through lefTer cracks to get into the greater Cavities, 
 and by its frequent paffages through both forts of thefe 
 Channels, would wear and tear away the rock to a great 
 degree, and fo vaftly widen the original openings. 
 And as thefe original Cracks would naturally be tf- 
 regular, according to the grain or different conftitu- 
 tion of the ftone or ftrata in which they were formed, 
 fo thefe irregularities, when opened and widened by 
 the pafTage of the water, would produce the rifings 
 and fallings in this and fuch-like Caverns. I have 
 been longer in defcribing and accounting for the ori- 
 gin of this Cave, than I need be with refpecl to any 
 other, for though there are fcarcely two that are ex- 
 actly alike in every thing, yet there are none, that I 
 have feen, but what agree in the chief and principal 
 particulars. Thus, at about the diftance of eight 
 miles South-Weft from Peak-hole there is another 
 fimilar Cavity known by the name of Poolis-hole (not 
 far from the village of Buxton] aboutyfo hundred yards 
 in length. In this alfo there are feveral rifings and 
 fallings, feveral lefTer and larger Openings, with col- 
 lateral conduits, and the fides of the rock in all much 
 worn, and in many places greatly torn, as appears from 
 the large fragments that lie loofe at the bottom. The 
 three above defcribed Caverns are indeed juftly 
 efteemed the principal in this County, but there are 
 many that are lefs, and equally demonftrative of the 
 opinion I have advanced -, and there are {till a greater 
 number that are, in a manner, undifcovered ; for 
 though they cannot be entered and examined, yet 
 thefe entrances or orifices are very vifible, and are 
 cafily diftinguifnable from the mouths of the pits from 
 whence they dig ore, for thefe latter have generally a
 
 [2371 
 
 li^.p of rubbifh thrown out all around them, and dc- 
 fcend perpendicularly downright, whereas the ^wallet- 
 holes have no fuch matter round them, but the rubbilh. 
 lies in the bottom, and there is commonly a gradual 
 inclination or feeming finking in of the earth that leads 
 to them. It is not unuiual for miners in tracing veins 
 of ore to open fome of thefe concealed Cavities, and 
 when they do fo, they generally find as large Caverns 
 within them as either of the above defcribed. This 
 Country indeed abounds with thefe covered Swallows 
 (as they are called) efpecially upon the moor-lands, and 
 I have feen fome of the extenfive flats there fo perfo- 
 rated with them, that the face of the earth refembled, 
 (comparatively fpeaking) a Sieve. I have alfo feen 
 ieveral fuch upon the Mountains in Wales^ efpecially 
 upon thofe above Tenby in Pembroke/hire, and van: 
 numbers of them upon Mendip-bills in Somerfetfoire* 
 particularly in Charterhoufe-liberty and near Green-ore 
 Farm; and Ookey-hole, which is about four miles dif- 
 tant from the lafl mentioned place (of which and of 
 fome other Caverns near it, there is a particular account 
 in Pbilof. Tranf. N- 2) is evidently no other than a 
 Sw&ttet itfelf-, as alfo are the Caves lately difcovered at 
 Lockfton and Banwell^ about twelve miles to the North 
 Weft of Ookey ; all thefe being in every material cir- 
 cumftance exactly fimilar to thofe I have already de- 
 fcribed. There are alfo a few of thefe Swallet-boles 
 in and near St. Vincent's Rocks, about two miles dif- 
 tant from Briftol; and Penpark-hole (of which the 
 reader may fee a defcription, and a cut reprefenting 
 the infide of it, in N 0> 143, of Philof. Tranf.) which is 
 about four miles Northward from the aforefaid Rocks, 
 is manifeflly no other. Of the fame kind is the 
 Cavern mentioned by Sir Robert Atkyns, in bis ancient 
 and present State of Gloucefterflrire, p. 230, to have been 
 difcovered at Cold-AJhton^ ten miles to the Eaft of Pen- 
 park (which upon enquiry, I found has been fmcc
 
 [238 ] 
 
 ftopped up) ; the defcription of which is fo natural 
 that it is worth reciting, ' As a perfon was plowing 
 with oxen, one of the oxen faltered in a hole, which, 
 
 * when the earth was removed from it, appeared like 
 
 * to the Tun of a Chimney -, through which feveral 
 
 * perfons have been let down ; where they found a 
 c Cavity, in which one might walk above half a mile 
 
 * one way, and it is not known how far the other : 
 and as they walked with candles, they obferved fe- 
 
 * veral fuch Tunnels afcending towards the furface of 
 c the earth.' An ingenious gentleman, in giving, 
 an account of his Journey over* Crcfs-fell Mountain in 
 Cumberland (which is part of that immenfe ridge of 
 mountains that reach from Derbyjhire to Scotland, and 
 are called the Britijh Alps) writes thus : The Swal- 
 
 * lows, thofe inconteftable remains of Noalfs Deluge, 
 c begin here [on Roderic heights] to be very frequent. 
 
 * Some of thefe are thirty or forty yards in diameter, 
 4 and near as much deep, perfectly circular, but con- 
 4 tain no water at any feafon, the ground having gra- 
 
 * dually fallen in at the finking of the waters ; but 
 c where they happened amid rocks, the holes 'are left 
 c open to incredible depths.' The lame Author fays, 
 
 * That on the top of the fame \Roderic} heights, is a 
 ' pretty large Lake, called Greencaftle-lecb^ which re- 
 
 * ceives no vifible feeder, but emits a fmall ftream 
 c Northward to the faid burn;'* and this in all proba- 
 bility is no other than the mouth of a large Swallet. 
 Another gentleman gives the following defcription of 
 Ingleborough Mountain in the Weft-riding of Tork- 
 Jbire ; Y which as it contains not only an account of 
 
 * Gent. Mag. for Auguft, 1747. 
 
 i Gent. Mag. for March, 1761. This Mountain is reckoned 
 to be one of the higheft in England, according to an old faying in 
 the North, 
 
 P enHle -bill, Petti gent and Inglelorough 
 
 Are the higheft Hills all England thorough.
 
 1 239 ] 
 
 Swallet-holes, but alfo fome other particulars relative to 
 the fubject I have been treating of, I mall infert it at 
 large. ' This mountain is fingularly eminent, whether 
 c you regard its height, or the immenfe bafe upon 
 ' which it ftands. It is near twenty miles in circumfe- 
 ' rence. In this mountain rife confiderable ftreams, 
 e which at length fall into the Irtfb Sea. The land 
 c round the bottom is fine fruitful pafture, interfperfed 
 e with many acres of lime-done rocks. As you afcend 
 
 * the mountain, the land is more barren, and under the 
 ' furface is peat-mofs, in many places two or three yards 
 c deep, which the country people cut up, and dry for 
 ' burning, inftead of coal. As the mountain rifes, it 
 
 * becomes more rugged and perpendicular, and is at 
 ' length fo fteep that it cannot be afcended without 
 
 * great difficulty, and in fome places not at all. In 
 
 * many parts there are fine quarries of flate, which the 
 6 neighbouring inhabitants ufe to cover their houles ; 
 
 * there are alfo many loofe ftones, but no lime-Hones^ 
 4 yet, near the bafe, no ftones but lime-Hones are to 
 
 * be found. The loofe flones near the fummit the 
 
 * people call greet-ftone. The foot of the mountain 
 
 * abounds with fine fprings on every fide, and on the 
 
 * weft- fide there is a very remarkable fpring near the 
 
 * fummit. The top is very level, but fo dry and bar- 
 
 * ren that it affords little grafs, the rock being but 
 
 * barely covered with earthi It is faid to be about a 
 4 mile in circumference. There are likewife difcover- 
 
 * able a great many other mountains in fPeftmoreland 
 
 * and Cumberland^ as alfo the town of Lancafter, from 
 
 * which it is diftant about twenty miles. The weft and 
 
 * north fides are moft fteep and rocky ; there is one 
 
 * part to the fouth, where you may afcend on horfe- 
 
 * back i but whether the work of nature, or of art, I 
 
 * cannot fay. A part of the faid mountain juts out to 
 6 the north-eaft near a mile, but fomewhat below the
 
 [ 240 ] 
 
 e fummit ; this part is called Park-fell -, another part 
 ' juts out in the fame manner, near a mile, towards 
 
 * the eaft, and is called Simon-fell , there is likewife 
 4 another part towards the fouth, called Little Ingh- 
 
 * borough ; the fummits of all which are much lower 
 6 than the top of the mountain itfelf. Near the bafe, 
 
 * there are holes or chafms, called Swllows, fuppofed 
 e to be the remains of Noah*s deluge ; they are among 
 
 * the lime-ftone rocks, and are open to an incredible 
 
 * depth. The fprings towards the eaft all come to- 
 
 * gethcr, and fall' in*j one of thefe fwallows, or holes, 
 
 * called Allan Pctf-, and after pafiing under the earth 
 
 * about a mile, they burft out again, and flow into 
 
 * the river Kibble, whofe head, or fpring, is but a 
 4 little further up the valley. The depth of this fwal- 
 
 * low, or hole, could never be afcertained ; it is 
 
 * about twenty poles in circumference, not perfectly 
 
 * circular, but rather oval. In wet foggy weather, 
 ' it fends out a fmoak, or mifl, which may be feen a 
 
 * confiderable diftance. Not far from this hole, 
 c nearly north, is another hole, which may be eafily 
 ' defcended. In fome places the roof is four or Jive 
 
 * yards high, and its width is the fame ; in other 
 f places not above a yard ; and was it not for the run 
 
 * of water, it is not to be known how far you might 
 c walk, by the help of a candle, or other light. 
 c There is likewife another hole, orchafm, a little weft 
 e from the other two, which cannot be defcended with- 
 c out difficulty : you are no fooner entered than you 
 c have a fubterraneous paflage, fometimes wide and 
 
 * fpacious, fometimes fo narrow you are obliged to 
 
 * make ufe of both hands, as well as feet, to crawl a 
 c confiderable way ; and as I was informed, fome per- 
 e fons have gone feveral hundred yards, and might 
 
 * have gone much further, durfl they have ventured. 
 6 There are a great many more holes, or caverns, well
 
 [ 24' ] 
 
 c worth the notice of a traveller : fomedry, fomehav- 
 
 * ing a continual run of water; fuch as Elackfide Cove, 
 4 Sir William 9 s Co-ve, Atkinfoiis Chamber^ &c. all vvhofe 
 curiofities are more than I can defcribe. There is 
 4 likewife, partly fouth-eaft, a fmall rivulet, which 
 4 falls into a place considerably deep, called Long-Kin-, 
 4 there is likewife another fwallow, or hole, called 
 
 * Johnforfs Jacket-hole^ a place refembling a funnel in 
 
 * ihape, but vaftly deep ; a ftone being thrown into 
 it, makes a rumbling noife, and may be heard a 
 ' confiderable time-, there is alfo another, called Ga- 
 4 psr-Gill, into which a good many fprings fall in one 
 4 ftream, and after a fubterraneous pafTage of upwards 
 'of a mile, break out again, and wind through, Clap- 
 4 ham\ then, after a winding courfe of feveral miles, 
 4 this ftream joins the river Lon, or Lune; and, pafs- 
 
 * ing by the town of Lam -after , it falls into the Irijh 
 ' Sea: there are likewife, both on the weft and north 
 fides, a great many fprings, which all fall into fuch 
 ' cavities, and burfting out again, towards the bafe of 
 4 the faid mountain, tall likewife into the Irijh Sea, 
 4 by the town of Lane after ; and what feemed very re- 
 4 markable to me, there was not one rivulet running 
 4 from the bafe of the mountain, that had not a confi- 
 4 derable fubterraneous paffage. All the fprings arofe 
 4 towards the lummit, " amongft the greet-ftoms and 
 ' funk or fell into fome hole, as foon as they descended 
 4 to the lime-ftone rocks ; where pafling under ground 
 4 for fome way, they burft out again towards the bafe. 
 4 There is likewife, to the weft and north, a great 
 
 * many fwallows or holes, fome vaftly deep and 
 4 frightful, others more fhallow, all aftoniming, with 
 
 * a long range of the moft beautiful rocks that ever 
 '-_ adorned a profpecr., rifing in a manner perpendicular 
 ' UD to an immenfe height.' 
 
 R
 
 BEFORE I proceed to ihew, that thefe Swallet-bolss 
 are to be found in other parts of the world than Eng- 
 land^ it may be proper to fubjoin fome other particu- 
 lars (which could not well be reduced under the fore- 
 going heads, without breaking the narrative too much) 
 which will ferve further to prove, that thefe Cavities 
 were formed by the pafTage of water. 
 
 i. THEKT it is common to obferve in Caverns of this 
 kind where the Rock contains any extraneous foffils, 
 fuch as '(hells, corals, bones, &c. that thefe extra- 
 neous fubftances are all worn fmooth and fhaped to 
 the form of the rock. Now it is certain that thefe 
 bodies have naturally a determinate figure, each dif- 
 ferent from the other, and all diverfe from what we 
 can fuppofe the infide of a rock to be ; and when we 
 fee, that parts only of thefe bodies remain in the rock, 
 here an half, there a quarter, and in an.pther place a 
 third part,' and thefe remaining portions, not of their 
 natural figures, but fliaped and curved according to 
 the concavity of the rock, it is manifeft that fome 
 external force hath carried av/ay the deficient parts ; 
 and when we confider the regular fmoothnefs of the 
 rock, and the gradual wear or attrition that thefe 
 bodies have apparently undergone, we can attribute 
 this work to no other agent than Water ; and though 
 in thefe caverns there are generally drainings and 
 droppings of this fluid, yet die motion of it in this 
 cafe is fo (low and the quantity fo fmall, that the 
 above-mentioned effects can never be afcribed to it ; 
 nay, I haveobferved the above-mentioned phcenomena 
 in covered Swatiets., and even near the mouths of them, 
 when the mouths themfejves had been covered, for the 
 depth of feveral feet with rubble, and yet none of the 
 rubble in the infide of the SwaHst-boles, fo that the wear 
 and tear of thefe extraneous bodies could never have
 
 1 243 ] 
 
 been owing to the fluggifh motion of the draining? of 
 water fro.n the furface of the earth. And befides, 
 thefe bodies themfelves exhibit full proof, that the water 
 pafled through the concavities in which they are, with 
 vaft violence and impetuofity ; for, it is common to 
 obferve in the natural and unworn fifiures of the eirth 
 (where the rock happens to contain extraneous bodies) 
 part of a fliell or of a branch of Coral flicking in the 
 rock on one fide of a fiffure, and the other part of the 
 fame Shell or Coral on the oppofite fide, fo that it is 
 plain that no force has been here ufed befides that 
 which made the original crack: but on the contrary 
 in Swalkt -holes I have often feen part of a large fhell or 
 the ftem of a fpreading branch of Coral on one fide of 
 the Cavity and no appearance of any fimilar fubftance 
 on the other-, fo that it is undeniable, that the original 
 fiflure has been torn, widened, and the rock carried 
 away, the whole face of the Cavity pointing out, 
 that Water was the Agent, which theulore mult have 
 parted through with great force and violence. Ano- 
 ther proof that thefe Caverns were formed by water, 
 or, that rapid currents of that fluid has pafled through 
 them, may be drawn from the multitude of in-land 
 pebbles that are to be found in molt of them. That 
 thefe pebbles obtained their fhape by being agitated in 
 water, and that wherever they arc now naturally found, 
 water has been, I have already fhewed at large (p. 193) 
 and that this water pafTed through the Caverns in a 
 full body, and brought down with it vafl quantities of 
 thefe pebbles, is evident from hence, that they are 
 not only to be found at the bottoms or in the lower 
 parts of thefe Caves, but even high up in the nitches 
 and covered cavities in the fides, and many of thefe 
 pebbles confift of a different kind of Hone from that of 
 the rock of the cavern, fo that they mtift have came 
 from far, and the flreams that brought them been ra- 
 - R 2
 
 [ 2 44 3 
 
 pjd and ftrong. Another material circumftance 
 
 evincing that thefe Swallows were made by water, is, 
 that where great numbers of them occur together^ 
 reaching over perhaps an extent of land ot fome miles 
 in circumference, there the land is nearly level and 
 fiat, without any of the Pivifions or breaks in the 
 earth caufed by Combs and Dales , and the reafon is 
 plain, for the water that would otherwife have torn 
 the ground into gills a.nd dales, patted off through 
 thefe S wallet holes, and fo tore inward and fubter- 
 ranean Cavities, inftead of outward and fuperficiai 
 Hollows. This, J fay, is the cafe where va.ft nym- 
 bers of thefe holes happen to be near each other, but 
 where there are few, not more than three or four, and 
 thofe very large, and fo clofe together as to make but 
 one, and no Swallows near them for the fpace of feve- 
 ral miles, there I ha.ve obferved two or three fmall 
 Combs, running in different, almoft opposite direction, 
 and meeting in the mouth of the Swallet as in a cen- 
 ter. - And -the reafpn of this is equally clear for the 
 point in. queftiqn.- For there being here a natural 
 drain for the waters, and that a very large one, and 
 no other fimilar cavity near it, npp only the waters 
 that were immediately, over this hole, but even thofe 
 that were at a diftance, would rufh towards it and in 
 their accefs wear and tear the ground into gulleys and 
 combs, and Jeave the prefent ftanding marks of its 
 courfe and agency. ' And wherever we fe.e three or 
 four Combs terminating, from oppofite fides, in a 
 point, and a deep finking in the earth in the center, 
 we may depend upon it there was a Swallet-hole , and 
 this I have frequently obferved to have been the cafe 
 in a low .wet marlhy bottom, or where there has been 
 a fmall lake or natural pond. And from the defcrip- 
 tion that I have already given of Lakes (p. 143, &c.) 
 jive, may conclude that moft, if not all of them, were
 
 f 245 ] 
 
 briginally Swaff ft -boles, and alfo that the Cavities of 
 the Wb'irlpools, Under -currents, and Gulphs, treated of 
 (p. 136, Src.) were the fame, and therefore that thefe 
 holes are to be found all over the face of the earth, 
 and of courfe the water that palled through them 
 muft have been equally extenfive. 
 
 BUT befides what I have already faid, to mew the 
 extenfivenefs of thefe effecls, I may alfo add fome 
 other accounts from different countries. Mr. Smith 
 in his ancient and prefent ftate of the County of Kerry in 
 Ireland (p. 122) fpeaks ' of a large and deep Hole, 
 4 filled with water, called the D'fuiFs punch-bowl, on 
 4 the Weft- fide of the mountains called the Reeks-* 
 which certainly can be no other than a Swallow ; anct 
 the cave mentioned (p. 167) are of the fame fort, ' All 
 4 the lands about Killeehe are good lime-fidne grounds, 
 4 having, in fome places, confiderable Caverns , a thingj 
 ' not uncommon in fuch kinds of Soil :" which lad 
 obfervation is fo true that I fcarce ever faw alime-ftone 
 country but what abounded with Swallet-holes. In 
 France, at a place called Roufgnac, about foe Leagues 
 from P'erigueux, is a famous Cavern called Grandville's 
 Hole, whkh has feveral deep cavities , collateral conduit s^ 
 and circular holes in the vaulted roof, rifinglike regular 
 cupolas, fimflar to thofe in Ookey and in the Peak- 
 holes* Bifhop Pdntoppidan, in his hiftory of Norway 
 (p. 47) defcribes a rock or mountain, ' that has an 
 * aperture in it paflable throughout, one hundred and 
 ' fifty dti m height, and three hundred in length ,' and 
 (p. 49, 50) he mentions other Caves, * in fome of 
 4 which he obferved fmooth beds of little ftones or a 
 4 gravelly bottom.' Dr. Behrens in his natural Hiftory 
 of Hartz-foreft, in Germany, gives a full and particular 
 
 - Gent. Ma?, for 1748, p. 581, tranflated from the French* 
 
 1 3
 
 [ 246 ] 
 
 account of a great number of Caverns that are to be 
 found there ; and from the defcription it appears, that 
 there is fuch a fimilarity between them and thof - found 
 in England, that no doubt can be made that they w-re 
 all owing to the fame origin, or formed by the fame 
 means. In thePbilof. Tranf. (N 0< 109, and N ot 191) 
 there is a long account of a little Sea or rather a large 
 Lake, called the Zircbnitzer-Sea in Carniola, in the 
 South-Eaft part of Germany ; the water of which re- 
 tires under-ground through feveral great holes at the 
 bottom of it, once every year, and then thefe holes 
 are vifible, ' which are in the fhape of bafons or caul- 
 ' drons, the breadth of them being from twenty to fixty 
 
 * cubits more or lefs ; and the depth from eight to 
 
 * twenty cubits ; and in the bottom of them are feverai 
 ' leffer holes.' ' And befides thefe there are alfo di- 
 ' verfe Caverns and deep places in this Country, even 
 ' where there is no water , particularly in the moun- 
 ' tain called Javorrick, near this lake, there are two 
 ' Holes or exceeding deep precipices, in which many 
 ' thoufand wild pigeons rooft all the winter; and on 
 
 * the top of this Hill is a Hole of an unknown depth, 
 ' out of which there often proceed noxious fleams : 
 ' and on another mountain are two great and terrible 
 c ftony caves, which though far diftant from each 
 ' other, have yet the lame effect, viz. when it thun- 
 c cters and lightens, do emit water with an incredible 
 
 * force. Near this Lake is the natural Grotto Podpetf- 
 ' cbio, with feveral channels in it, running di verfe 
 
 * ways, and all the channels are formed in a very hard 
 ' rock, and are fmooth or poliflied as if cut by men's 
 
 * hands.' And the Author mews from feveral phoe- 
 nomena, that the Country is cavernous for feveral miles 
 in extent, and though water pafies through fome of 
 thefe caverns at prefent, yet it does not through all,
 
 f 247 ] 
 
 though all have marks of its force. 'the farribuS 
 Grotto, in one of the Iflands of the Archipelago , called 
 Anti-paros, which is reputed to be nine hundred yards 
 deep, and has fl-veral collateral Cavities and profound 
 Abyfies in it, is certainly a great Swallet, as is abun- 
 dantly evident from the defcription, given at large of 
 it, by Monf. Tourmfort in his Voyage into the Levant $ 
 Vol. I. p. 146, &c. Scbeucbzer in his Itinera Al-pina^ 
 Vol. I. p. 281, fpeaking of a Lake upon one of the 
 mountains of the Alps, writes thus, ' Circa bfinc La- 
 ' cum, &c. You may fee, on every fide, around this 
 e Lake* certain winding traces or furrows worn in the 
 6 hard rock, which perhaps were owing to the waters 
 ' of the deluge.' Kircher in his Mundus fiilterraneu? 
 gives particular accounts of federal Caverns (too long 
 to be inferred here) and mews from a- variety of 
 Authors, that fuch like Cavities are to be found in 
 all parts of the world, both in Europe, . Afia, Africa, 
 and America; and as no doubt is to be made that 
 iimilar effects were owing to fimilar caufes^ fo we may 
 fafely conclude^ that the Caverns in other parts of 
 the earth were formed by the fame means and are of 
 the fame kind with thofe in England-, and a$ I have 
 already mewed, that thofe in England were owing tOj 
 or at leaft have been torn and widened by, the paffage 
 of ftrong currents of water } fo we muft determine of 
 the reft ; and of courfe that the water was as extenfive 
 as its forcej i. c. extended all over the earth, and 
 therefore that there has been an Unherfal Deluge. 
 
 I SHALL now fubjoin a corollary, or an obfervation 
 or two, to what has been above difcufled, by way of 
 general proof of fome of the particulars already 
 advanced. 
 
 Lib. ll; Cap. XX* 
 
 R
 
 C 248 ] 
 
 1. As the regular defcent of Combs, Dales, and 
 Vallies, and the final union of all thefe in one large 
 furrow, even under the Sea, (hewed, that -the water 
 that excavated thefe hollows, defcended into fome 
 great cavity in the infide of the earth, even beyond 
 the bed of the Ocean, and there formed an Abyfs* 
 fo the collateral Conduits of the Swallet- holes, lead- 
 ing down into one great unfathomable Cavity in the 
 bowels of the earth, prove, that the Water that 
 formed them, defcended likewife even through the 
 fhell of the earth, and there conftituted a part of the 
 above-mentioned fubterranean 'Refervoir. 
 
 2. IT is not uncommon to find Swallets that have 
 fmail rivers running into them, and which have no 
 known exit; and when miners are digging very deep 
 in the earth, they fometimes break fideways into a 
 Swallet-hole, and when they do fo, they advan- 
 tageoufly turn all the water of the mine into it, and 
 moreover throw in all the rubbifh they dig out, and 
 yet can difcover no bottom. And it thofe Lake's men- 
 tioned p. 143, which receive one or more large rivers 
 into them, are alfo Swallets (as I have above-fhewed 
 they in all probability are) then this alfo is a proof that 
 there is a fubterranean refervoir of water. And left 
 any one mould imagine from this particular, that 
 therefore Swallets in general might have been formed, 
 by river-water, let it be remembered that they are com- 
 monly found upon the tops of the bigbeft Mountains 
 efpecially fuch as have extenfive flats y where neither 
 river nor rain-water could have any force to tear 
 fuch Cavities, and therefore they could not owe their 
 origin to fuch a Caufe. In thofe places indeed where 
 thefe holes lie at the bottoms of mountains, fuch ri- 
 
 b See Page 186, &c.
 
 2 49 
 
 vers as take their rife near the tops, would naturally 
 flow into them ; and where the Swallet-holes are fu- 
 $erfitial, or even run for a confiderable way under the 
 Earth, but not deep into it, would flow out again ; in 
 the fame manner as the rivers run down the bottoms of 
 Combs and Dales, or any natural declivity or hollow; 
 but as thefe latter were not formed by river-water, 
 fo neither were the former. 
 
 3. As Swallet-holes are extended all over the earth, 
 and the water that formed them defcended down- 
 wards from every fide towards the center and paffed 
 through the fhell of the earth, it would naturally re- 
 pofit at the center all the matter that it tore out in ex- 
 cavating thefe Hollows, which would there conftitute 
 a nucleus or inner-globe. 
 
 4. AFTER the drifted fearch and examination I could 
 make, either from books or obfervation, 1 could 
 never learn that there had ever been any natural fea- 
 fhell, coral, or coralline difcovercd in any of the ca- 
 verns at land in the manner they are frequently found 
 in the caves and cavities in the rocks on the fea-fhore, 
 the fides of which are ufually lined, and the fmalier 
 cracks and crevices filled, with them; but no fuch 
 being to be difcovered in the Caverns and Swallet- 
 holes at land, we may fafely conclude, that the parts 
 of the earth where thefe in- land Cavities are, were 
 never the bottom of the Sea or for any confiderable 
 time covered with the Ocean, and therefore that the 
 hypothecs, (lately renewed and refitted by fome 
 French philolbphers, and favoured by feveral Eng- 
 lilh) is falfe, which attributes the manif eft appearances 
 of this Globe's having been covered by water, to the 
 primeval inundation of the Sea, by which it is fup- 
 pofed that at the fird fettiement of things, the water 
 would naturally cover the whole furface of the globe,
 
 [ ijo] 
 
 and conflitute a Sea over every part ; but after a long 
 time (by fome means or other) it receded and permit- 
 ted the Sea to retire into the lower and hollow parts of 
 the earth'; and to this original inundation or difpofi- 
 tion of things are to be attributed all the marks of an 
 inundation on tke furface and in the infide of the earth ; 
 but had this been the cafe, thefe in : land Caves would 
 have been filled with the fpoils of the Ocean, and we 
 fhould fee Shells, Corals and Corallines, in their na- 
 tural ftate, flicking on to the fides and filling the cre- 
 vices of the rocks ; xvhereas all the fHells and corals 
 that ever I difcovered in thefe caverns were in an ex- 
 traneous ftate, either filled with (lone or immerfed in 
 the folid body of the rock, which could never have 
 been their natural ftate; and therefore they could 
 never have been placed in this manner according to the 
 common laws of nature. 
 
 5. AND from the fame arguing and circumfta'nces 
 of things we may have undeniable marks how far the 
 Sea, in any place for any confiderable time, has 
 covered the land ; for if in the holes and caves of the 
 earth, in any fuch fuppofed place* there be found 
 iriells and corals in their natural ftate, efpecially if 
 they be of the kinds with thofe ufually growing in 
 the neareft adjoining Sea, we may then juftly fuppofe$ 
 that the Sea has covered thefe parts ; but if no fuch 
 fhells or corals be difcovered in thefe caverns* then 
 we may depend upon it> that the Sea has never reach- 
 ed thefe parts, or covered them in the manner it novr 
 covers and overflows its ufual and well known bed$ 
 or the Sea-fhore,
 
 1 251 ] 
 
 IV. 
 
 ANOTHER general and comprehenfive Proof of an 
 UNIVERSAL DELUGE may be drawn from the nume- 
 rous and various fpoils of fea and land animals and ve- 
 getables that are now found in every part of the earth. 
 
 * HERE then [to make ufe of the words of a learned 
 ' and ingenious Author 6 ] we appeal once more to Na- 
 4 ture , and find that, in faft, there are, at this day, 
 
 * as evident, as demonftrative, as incontestable proofs 
 
 * of the deluge, over the face of the whole Earth, at 
 4 the diftance of about four thoafand years, as if it had 
 ' happen'd but laft year. And whereas Mofes allures 
 ' us, that the waters prevailed fifteen cubits above the 
 4 tops of the higheft mountains, let the mountains them- 
 4 felves be appealed to for the truth of this affertion : 
 
 * examine the highefl eminences of the earth, and they 
 4 all, with one accord, produce the fpoils of the ocean 
 4 depofited upon them on that occafion ; the fhells and 
 ' fkeletons of fea-fifh, and fea-monfters of all kinds. 
 
 * The Alps* the Apennine, the Pyrenees, Libanus, and 
 ' Atlas, and Ararat, every mountain of every region 
 4 under heaven, (where fearch hath been made) from 
 ' Japan to Mexico, all confpire in one uniform, one 
 
 * univerfal proof, that they all had the fea fpread over 
 4 thieir higheft fummits. Search the" earth ; you {hall 
 4 find the moufe-deer, natives of America, buried in 
 4 Ireland-, elephants, natives of Afia and Africa, bu- 
 4 ried in the midfl of England; crocodiles, natives of 
 4 the Nile, in the heart of Germany, mell-fim, never 
 4 known but in the American leas, together with entire 
 ' fkeletons of whales, in the moft in-land regions of 
 
 c Revelation examined with Candour, Vol. I, p. 192; and for 
 the truth of the fubfequent particulars, and many more equally 
 furprifing, the reader may confult Dr. Wood-Mard'*, Dr. 
 Scfouckzcr's or Darggm'tlle's Writings, or indeed any other emi- 
 nent Author on the Subjeft.
 
 4 England ; trees of vaft dimenfions, with their roots 
 
 * and tops, and fome alfo with leaves and fruit, at 
 4 the bottoms of mines and marks ; and that too, ih 
 4 regions where no tree of that kind was ever known to 
 4 grow ; nay, where it is demoriftrably impoffible they 
 
 * could grow.' 
 
 THIS has beeri thought by feveral to be the chief, 
 and indeed the only argument, that could be brought 
 in proof of an Univerfal Flood, and hence it has been 
 oppofed by every objection; that the infidel could 
 think of. About a century or two ago it was urged, 
 that thefe foffil Animals and Vegetables were not 
 really what they appear to be, but Only Mock-forms, 
 or reprefentations of fuch things, caufed by a lufus 
 nature or an accidental Sporting of Nature under- 
 ground. But fince this affair has been more accu- 
 rately inquired into, and collections of fea and land 
 Productions been made from every part of the globe, 
 and compared with the foffils of the fame kind, fuch 
 a nice refemblance and exact agreement has been found 
 between them, * The foffil ones being ofthe fame fiz6 
 4 that the others are of, and of the fame fhape pre- 
 4 cifely ; ofthe fame fubftance and texture; as confift- 
 4 ing ofthe fame peculiar Matter, and this conftituted 
 ' and difpofed in the fame manner, as that of their ref- 
 4 pective fellow-kinds at Sea: the tendency of the 
 4 fibres and Stride the fame : the compofition of the 
 4 Lamella, conftituted by thefe fibres, alike in both : 
 4 the fame Veftigia of Tendons (by means whereof the 
 4 Animal is faften'd and join'd to the fhell) in each : 
 4 the fame Papilla : the fame Sutures, and every thing 
 4 elfe, whether within or without the fhell, in its ca 
 4 vity or upon its convexity, in the fubftance, or upon 
 4 the furface of it: anfwering all Chymical tryals in 
 4 like manner as fea-lhells do; their parts when dif- 
 4 foiv'd have the fame appearance to view, the fame
 
 * imell and tafte , they have the fame vires and effedli 
 4 in medicine, when inwardly adminifter'd, to animal 
 
 * bodies , Aqua-fort is, Oil of Vitriol, and other like 
 
 * Menjlrua, have the very fame effecls upon both.'* 
 Such an exaCl agreement as this, I fay, being found 
 between thefoflli and natural bodies of the animal and 
 vegetable kind, it is now univerfally allowed that the 
 foflil are, what they appear to be, the Remains of de- 
 ftroyed Animals and peri/hed Vegetables. 
 
 AND at prefent a prevailing opinion is, that though 
 thefe bodies are what they appear to be, yet thofe, that 
 feem to have belonged to the fea, were never of ma- 
 rine production, nor the vegetables, the growth of 
 the earth, but both forts were produced and formed 
 in the places where they are now found, the femina 
 qf thefe things having been placed in and difperfed 
 throughout the whole globe of the earth at the time of 
 its Creation, when all things were confufedly mixt 
 together: and ftnce that time thefe femina have occa- 
 fionally (hot out, grown and increafed by fome plaftic 
 virtue or power. 
 
 BUT till this plaftic virtue or power be further 
 fhewn, and proved to exift, it will be looked on by 
 all fenfible perfons to be no other than the lufus nature, 
 or an occult Quality of the Ancients. And with 
 
 regard to the Semina of thefe bodies being placed in 
 the earth at the time of the Creation, v/hen the whole 
 earth was in a diffoived chaotic ftate, it muft be re- 
 membered (if we follow the Mofaic account, which I 
 have already mewed is the only true, p. 78, &c.) that 
 the femina of thefe things were not made till after the 
 earth was confolidated and dry land had appeared (Gen. i. 
 12, 20, &c.) fo that they could never have funk 
 through the earth at that time : and if it be fuppofed 
 that fome of them funk through after, it muft have 
 
 * WOODWARD'^ Nat, His. p. 23,
 
 [ 254 .1 
 
 been through the cracks and crevices, not the folicj 
 body, of the earth ; but unfortunately for this opinion 
 there are fcarce ever any of thefe bodies, even in a 
 foffii flate (never any in a natural) to be found in the 
 cracks and crevices, but commonly all fixed in the 
 iblid ftrataj and as that part of the flrata which 
 immediately furrounds thefe animal and vegetable 
 bodies, has the exprefs image of the outfides of thefe 
 bodies delineated upon it to the niceft exactnefs, it 
 is certain that the Rock, Stone, Clay, &c. that con- 
 tains thefe bodies, was formed and hardened after 
 thenH as certain as that the impreffion of a Seal upon 
 Sealing-wax was pofterior to the feal ; and both formed 
 after a different manner, at different times, and in 
 different places. Befides, as Fabius Columna argues, 
 Natura nihil facit fruftra^ Nature makes nothing in 
 vain ; but thefe teeth, bones, mells, &c. were they 
 thus formed in the earth, would be in vain ; for they 
 could not have been of any life as teeth, neither 
 could the bones have been of ufein fupporting of any 
 animal. Nature never made teeth without a jaw, 
 nor mells without an animal inhabitant, nor fingle 
 bones, much lefs pieces of bones, teeth, &c. no not 
 in their own proper element, much lefs in a flrange 
 one.* Therefore the places where thefe bodies are 
 now found, couid never have been their original. And 
 in order to fhew that the fcffil mells, bone?, teeth, 
 &c. that fo exactly refemble the marine ones of the 
 fame fpecies, were really the product of the fea, and 
 not formed in the places where they are now found, 
 I fhall make life of a few arguments as they are 
 judicioufly drawn up by Dr. Woc&ixard in his Nat. Hi ft. 
 of the Eartb illujlrated, p.- 151. " Firft, the (foffii) fliells, 
 which are digged up in places, and found lodg'd in 
 matter, fit to preferve them, and which therefore are 
 firm, found, and have lefs felt the injuries of time, 
 yield ftill a true marine fait fuch as recent fhells taken
 
 [S5l 
 
 out of the fea, or cafl on t}ie mores, are wont to yield. 
 2 a:/. j nere are a if found in the earth the teeth of 
 fifties ground down, and worn away, in the very fame 
 manner as the teeth of thofe kinds of fifhes, taken at 
 fea, ufually are, by chewing their food. 3 dly - The 
 fhell-fifh called the Purpura^ has a tongue of a con- 
 fiderable length, terminating in a hard boney fharp 
 point, with which, as with an augre, he bores holes 
 through the fhells pf other mell-fiih, and feeds on the 
 Jubilance of them drawn forth through thofe holes. 
 Now there are commonly found in the earth, among 
 others, fhells bored thorow in the manner above de- 
 fcribed, whence it is certain that thofe fhells had once 
 living fifhes in them, and that thofe fifnes formerly 
 lived in fome place, where allb there were Purpur<e to 
 feed on them : and that place could be no other than 
 the fea. 4 thl> ' It is common to dig up the fhells of 
 Oyflers, Concha, Peftims, and other Bivalves, which 
 retain plain marks of tendons, and other figns which 
 undoubtedly fhew that they had once living creatures in 
 them. 5 th ly< Laftly, The Echinit*, Conchit<e y Chocb- 
 Iif<e, and other bodies of that kind, confiiling of flone, 
 flint, fpar, and other mineral matters, which every* 
 way match the fize, and exhibit the perfect refem- 
 blance of the interior part of thofe fhells, from which 
 they have deriv'd their names, could never have been 
 fo formed, moulded and fliaped, had not thofe fhells 
 been quite empty. But there are other bodies alib, 
 of which I have famples by me, formed likewife of 
 flone, flint, and fpar, which reprefent only pieces, or 
 fome particular parts of the Ecbimt<e, Conchit<e, and: 
 Cochlit. Thefe, any one, at firfl fight, may 
 plainly difcern were formed in the fhells, while they 
 had yet their fifhes actually in them : and therefore 
 could receive only fo much of the Honey, flinty or 
 fparry matter, as would fill up the parts which were
 
 empty or vacant, and not pofleflcd or taken up by the 
 fifh. Thence it is, that thofe ftoney, flinty and fparry 
 bodies bear only the refemblance of that vacancy, as 
 having been moulded in it. Now thefe bodies 
 plainly mew thofe fhells to have had fimes for- 
 merly in them : and at the fame time point forth to us 
 the true origin of them, viz. that they were not pro- 
 duced in the places where they are now found, but 
 were at fome time brought all from the fea." 
 
 OTHERS indeed allow that the fo fill animal and vege- 
 table bodies are really what they appear to be, and 
 that the marine ones were produced and bred at Sea , 
 but then they fuppofe that they were brought to land 
 by "partial deluges, or occafional inundations of the 
 fea. But certain it is, there are no records in hiftory 
 of any fuch inundations that can by any means be 
 applicable, either with refpeCl to their Antiquity or 
 Extent, to the phoenomena of this kind obfervable 
 throughout the whole body of the Earth. The Py- 
 ramids of Egypt are reckoned to be fome of the moft 
 ancient ftrutures in the known World, and fituated 
 alfo in a Country that is frequently overfiooded by 
 the Sea, and yet the Stones, of which thefe Pyramids 
 confift, abound with foffil marine Jhells and corals ; 
 (as I have feen in feveral famples of thefe ftones, and 
 have fome fpecimens by me, given me by Dr. Sbaiv] 
 and thefe fhells and corals are of the fame kind with 
 thofe that are now found in the regular ftrata of the 
 earth in the neighbourhood ot theie buildings. So 
 that it is evident that thefe marine bodies were brought 
 to land before the time of erecting thefe Pyramids. 
 Again, Steno (who was an Italian, and wrote about a 
 Century ago; in his Prodromus to a DirTertation De Solido, 
 intra Solidum naturaliter content '0, i.e. Concerning Solids 
 
 See SHAW'S Travel's, p. 416.
 
 naturally contained within Solids (p. 87) fays, That in 
 the foundation-ftones and walls of the City of Vdaterra, 
 (the ancient Seat of the Etrurians') there are various 
 forts of/Wfrj and the fhells are of the fame fpecies 
 with thofe that are found in the ftone and natural beds 
 of the Hill on which the City formerly ftood. Now it 
 is certain that Vdaterra was a place of great note and 
 power, long before the foundation of Rome, It is 
 now fomewhat more than two thoitf and five hundred 
 years fince Rome was firft founded. And certainly 
 feveral centuries muft have pafied from the time that 
 the Etrurians firft fettled there* till their City had 
 gained the character and fize it Had, when. Rome was 
 firft began to be built. Now if we allow but jive of 
 fix hundred years for the completion of this, it will 
 then follow, that thefe fhells have remained there for 
 at lead three tboufatid years. And when we confider 
 that this will advance the proof of their etfiftence to 
 within one thoufand years of the very time when the 
 Deluge of Noah happened, furely norie will be at a 
 - fland to attribute the time of their tranfpo'rtatibn to 
 this Caufe, which in every refpect was anfwerable 
 thereunto, and prior to all accounts of partial Floods. 
 But when we take in the additional circumfta'nce of 
 the exten/ivenefs of the Effetts of that Deluge in which 
 thefe things happened, the matter will foon appear 
 inconteftably clear. Let any one read the argument 
 in proof of an Unive rfal Deluge as dated and dcfcribed 
 p. 251, and he can never, with the leaft mew of rea- 
 fon, attribute the EffeRs there related to -partial Floods. 
 Befides ^ I have already laid down fuch marks as will 
 demonftrably mew, how far the Sea in any place has 
 occafionally covered the landj and that the effects of 
 an Universal Flood are vifible where partial inunda- 
 tions never reached (p. 230,; and alfo have fhewed, 
 that the marine bodies that are difcovered at land are 
 S
 
 [ 253 j 
 
 found in fucb places, viz. in the folid fuljlame of the 
 ftrata, where partial floods or any mere inundation 
 of the Sea, how extenfive foever, could never have 
 placed them, and that thefe bodies are fcarceever found 
 in thofe par ts^ viz. in the cracks andjiffures of the earth, 
 where fuch floods would moft naturally have thrown 
 them (p. 254)-, which is an unanswerable argument 
 againft this hypothecs : and other particulars, to (hew 
 the weaknefs of this Suppofition, will occafionally oc- 
 cur in the procefs of this treatife. 
 
 BUT betore I fmifh this head, it may be proper to 
 take notice of Monf. Le Cat's argument, againft the 
 opinion of the fcfiil animal and vegetable bodies be- 
 ing placed in the earth at the time of that Deluge 
 which is recorded in Scripture : ' The waters of the 
 'Deluge, faith he, according to the aiTertion of Scrip- 
 * ture itfelf, exceeded the higheft mountains by fifteen 
 ' cubits-, whence it muft follow, that thefe mountains 
 ' were before the Deluge. Now in the bowels of thefe 
 4 mountains are found animals inclofed in the (tones 
 ' and quarries of which they confift. Therefore thofe 
 ' animals, inclofed in the bafes of thefe mountains, 
 ' muft have exifted, together with thofe mountains 
 * before the Deluge. The Deluge then is a Revolu- 
 1 tion which does not account for thefe phcenomena.' 
 But Monf. Le Cat feems not to have confidered, or 
 not to have known, that the mountains that were be- 
 fore the flood and thole that were after, were not one 
 and the fame, but formed at two different times, and 
 with refpect to the point in queftion, vaftly different. 
 The mountains that were before the flood were formed 
 by the retrtat of thofe waters that frft covered the fur- 
 face of the earth, and permitted dry land to appear^ on 
 the third day after the Creation, and before any animal 
 or vegetable body was made j and therefore no fuch 
 could poffibly have been found in thofe mountains.
 
 The mountains that were formed after, or at the end 
 of the Flood, had their origin at a time when the 
 earth was replete with animal and vegetable bodies j 
 and as all the folid ftructure of the earth had juft be- 
 fore been totally diffolved (and fo all the ante-dilu- 
 vian mountains wholly deftroyed) but thefe animaj 
 and vegetable bodies preferved entire, it could not but 
 be that in the fettlerr.cn t of this diflblved earth thefe 
 bodies would be found involved therein* and buried 
 at the loweft depths ; which could not have been the 
 cafe with regard to the mountains before the flood* 
 for the reafons above-given : and therefore Mohf. Le. 
 Gz/'s argument which hie is pleafed to fay is founded 
 upon a ' Reafon which admits of no reply/ is, in 
 fhort, founded upon a falfe matter of f aft, and fo de- 
 ft roys itfelf. 
 
 THUS I have mewed, by feveral general and exten- 
 five arguments, the certainty of an Univerfal Flood* or 
 that this earth has been covered to an immenfe heighc 
 by an inundation of water, and moreover have prov- 
 ed, that this water was brought from the Abyfs be- 
 neath) and have Ihewed that in feveral other refpects 
 the effects of the Flood, fo obfervable on and in every 
 part of the earth, are exactly confonant to, and can- 
 not with propriety be attributed to any fuppofed Event 
 of this kind, other than that Deluge which happened 
 in the time of Noah, and is defcribed by Mcfes in hi$ 
 writings. And 
 
 IN the pirocefs of thefe arguments the reader can- 
 not but have obferved that I have been very careful 
 and induftrious in collecting a variety of testimonies 
 (befides my own) from different Authors, who lived 
 at different times and in different places, in order to 
 confirm and eftablifh the chief particulars upon which 
 each argument depends j fo that it appears, that there 
 S 2
 
 [ 260 ) 
 
 is fcarre a region under heaven but what bears tefti- 
 mony co the UNIVERSALITY of the flood: buc left the 
 reader fhould fufpect thefe evidences, or rather, 
 would be fatisfied in this cafe by nothing lefs than 
 ocular dsniortftratiori) I would defire him to afcend the 
 neareft high mountain to the place where he lives, and 
 carefully examine the upper parts of it, and in all pro- 
 bability he will foon find fome marine extraneous fo- 
 flil, either a fhell, tooth, bone, coral, coralline, or 
 elfe fome in-land pebbles, trains of ftone, &c. or at 
 leaft perceive fome one or other of the marks already 
 given, whereby he will foon be fatisfied that this 
 mountain has been covered to a confiderable height 
 by an inundation of water : and if this Mountain was 
 thus covered, certainly the Combs, Dales, and Val- 
 lies benea:h, (which were formed by Currents of wa- 
 ter from this mountain; were equally inundated: or 
 rather, fince the parts of water have no tie or con- 
 nection with each other,, but naturally fall away or 
 are carried to the loweft places firft, it could not but 
 be that every Comb, Dale and Valley, nay Hill and 
 Mountain over the whole furface of the earth, that 
 was of equal height with this, muft have been equally 
 covered. So that, in fhort, any perfon, at this day, by 
 giving himfelf only the trouble of vifiting the neareft 
 high mountain may have full proof that that moun- 
 tain was covered, nay, formed by water-, and if any 
 one mountain upon the earth was thus covered and 
 formed, he will readily conclude that they all have 
 been fo-, and hereby have, Iromany fingle Mountain, 
 undeniable teftimony that all the high hills and moun- 
 tains under the izhok heaven have been covered by an in- 
 of water.
 
 [ 2 6r J 
 
 THIRDLY, 
 
 I AM now come to the third Divifion of this 
 Section, wherein I am to fhew, that, during the 
 above-mentioned Flood, the Earth, was not only 
 covered by water, but totally diffohed, all the mineral 
 and metallic matter being reduced to its original cor' 
 pufctes ; and ajjumed up into the water ; fo that ihe whole 
 terraqueous globe wee cpnftituted one fluid Mafs or 
 Colluvies. 
 
 THE Effects of this Diffolution are vifible on, in, 
 and throughout the whole body of the earth. For 
 
 i. THE very outward form of the earth indicates as 
 much. I have already (hewed that all the Cavities 
 upon the earth's furface, fuch as Combs, Daks, Val- 
 lies, &c. were once filled up with beds of matter of 
 the fame kind, and placed in the fame manner, as 
 their correfponding ftrata in the fides of the adjacent 
 hills or eminences-, fo that the earth was once regularly 
 round without any of the inequalities of hills and 
 dales. But this torm could never have been the re- 
 fult of matter fetcling in large feparate maffes or de- 
 tached rocks : had the parts of the earth fubfided in 
 fuch enormous fragments as thefe, the furface of the 
 earth would have been almoft as irregular as it is at 
 prefent. But as the earth, when the parts of it firft 
 fettled, was perfectly fpherical and all the ftrata lay 
 upon each other, with the niceft exactnefs, in parallel 
 circular lines ; fo it muft follow, in order that fuch a 
 regular difpofition of things might take effect, that 
 the whole was diflblved, and fubfided in the minuted 
 parts or primogenial atoms. 
 
 ir. THE fpherical rnape of the earth alfo may be 
 juftly efteemed as the natural refult of the equal pref- 
 fure of the Air upon its once fluid, diflblved parts. 
 S 3
 
 It is certain that whatever is in a fluid ftate, and is 1 
 furrounded and lupported by the air, is of a globular 
 form -, and as the earth is not only buoyed up, but 
 at prefent prelTed on all fides by the air, and was at 
 firft formed by its circumambient force, and as this 
 force is not fufficient to reduce Solids (if of a different 
 figure) into a regular fpherical fhape, unlefs the parts 
 thereof are fo intimately m;xed with a fluid, as to be 
 equally lufceptible of motion, fo the earth, unlefs it 
 had been dilTolved, and the parts of it blended with a 
 fluid, could never have been modelled to a globu- 
 lar form, 
 
 in. THE Solidity, or Coheilon of the folid parts of 
 the earth, is another proof that the whole has been 
 diflblved and immerled in a fluid. It you take any 
 of the fclid fubftances of which the earth confifts, 
 though reduced to rj^e minuted fize polLble, and 
 
 Erefled ever fo clofe together, yet if the mafs is free 
 om all moift or fluid particles, the whole will ftilj 
 remain in a manner difunited and the parts thereof 
 eafily feparablc from each other, being no other than 
 a congeries ot fine duft or dry Sand prelTed together ; 
 and in order to bring the parts into fuch a dole contadt 
 and cohefion with each other as to form a compact 
 Solid, there is a neceffity of adding, or rather ot in- 
 timately mixing with thefe fubftances, fome fluid 
 body-, in which and by which (on account of the 
 lubricity of its parts) the particles of the Solids might 
 be fo moved and fhifted every way, till at laft fimilar 
 furfaces might meet, prefs out the fluid between them 
 and come into clofer contact with each other than 
 they were before ; and this compreflure and union 
 ftill continuing and encreafing by the farther expulfion 
 of the moift particles, the mafs would at laft be 
 brought into a much narrower compafs th'an it at firft
 
 occupied, ;'. e. the parts would be brought into a 
 clofer contact with each other, and fo the (before) 
 loofe, feparate, detached Solids be united into one 
 firm compact body. And if this is the general 
 
 procefs of Confolidation in the various fubftances of 
 the earth that we can make any trials or experiments 
 upon, we may reafonably conclude the fame of the 
 whole ; and alfo that the firmer, finer, and clofer any 
 body is at prefent, the greater has been the diffoluticn 
 and divifion of its parts. 
 
 iv. A FOURTH argument that the earth has been in 
 a loofe fluid (late may be drawn from the confideratica 
 of the Veins in fome forts of ftone, particularly in the 
 harder!: and moft beautiful marbles. It is common 
 to obferve in fuch, a great variety of matter in the 
 greateft variety of forms and directions ; in fome part 
 matter that was lighter (to fpeak in the common ac- 
 ceptation of worcis) than .the neighbouring, pi efied 
 down below the place due to its fpecific gravity, and 
 afterwards elevated to a confiderable height, till at 
 laft meeting with matter that was heavier and making 
 its way downwards, the whole (hall be curved, by the 
 afcent of the one and the defcent of the other, into a 
 vaft variety of arches, confiding of the fined and molt 
 delicate lines : in other parts you may fee ftreaks or 
 feams of different fubftances proceeding on, as ir were, 
 horizontally, in nearly ftreight lines, till they have 
 been met and oppofed by other matter in a contrary 
 direction ; and at the point of conflux both fpecies of 
 matter turned back and deflected in all the variety of 
 wave- like difpofitions that can well be imagined to 
 have happened to two dreams of water, meeting each 
 other in oppofite currents : and in fhort you may ffe 
 all the diverfities of forms and figures in the Solid 
 that any kind of agitation in a fluid could poflibly dif- 
 S 4
 
 play : and therefore we cannot but conclude, that the 
 Solid was once in as great a date of fluidity as if it 
 had been a Fluid itfelf. And though indeed thefe 
 greatly variegated beds of ftone are but few in com- 
 panion of the flrata that compofe the whole body of 
 the earth, yet there are very tew ftrata but what have 
 fome fuch wave like ftreaks or learns , and as thefe 
 beds of ftone are fometimes found at confiderable 
 depths in the earth, and confiii of layers of equal 
 thicknefs throughout, it had been impotflble that they 
 fhould have been in a (late of fluidity, unlefs all the 
 iuperincumbent ftrata had been equally fluid, or not 
 formed : nay, when we confider that theie veined 
 beds of ftone generally conftitute the hardeft fpecies 
 of marble, we may reafonably conclude, that if they 
 were diffolved, all the other flrata of the earth were 
 equally in 4 date of djfTolution. 
 
 v. IT is coromon to obferve in places where dif- 
 ferent ftrata meet, that there has been fuch an inti- 
 mate mixture of both, as could not pofiibly have 
 happened without a free and eafy interchange between 
 each, and confequently not without a Diffolution. 
 Thus, for inftance, in a country that abounds with 
 chalk, where the chalk ends, and a different foil and 
 different ftrata begin, (fuppofe) that of Free- ftone, 
 there is commonly to be feen upon the edge of thefe 
 two countries a kind of fubftance between Chalk and 
 Free-ftone, confiding chiefly of Chalk upon the 
 Chalk fide of the Country, and principally of Free^ 
 ftone upon that of the Free-ftone Country j fo that 
 on the on- fide, there is a coarfe fort of Chalk, on the 
 otuer a fine fott fpecies of Free-ftone : the former 
 fort gradually coarkr and coarfer the nearer it ap- 
 proaches the Free 'ftone, the latter finer and finer the 
 nearer it is fituated to the Chalk. And this I have ob^
 
 1 265 ] 
 
 ierved for leveral hundred yards upon the furface of 
 the earth, and for a confiderable depth Within it. 
 A fimilar kind of Conjunction or Intercovrfe I have 
 feen alfo between the ftrata of Sand-ftone and Lime- 
 flone, between Flag-ftone and Iron-ftone, and indeed 
 every kind of ftrata, where they happen to meet 
 in conflderable quantities, or large tracts ^of land 
 abound with them. And generally, the greater the 
 quantities that meet, the more extenfive the int-r- 
 change appears to have been, and of courfe the Dif- 
 fplution the greater. 
 
 vi. THE Formation and Situation of Nodules 
 plainly evince that the Earth has been in a fluid, dif- 
 folved (late. What thefe are I have already in part 
 mewed, and alfo how to diftinguifh them from fea 
 or in-land pebbles (p. 196). But befides the fpecies 
 of Nodules principally there fpoken of, viz. Thofe 
 of a ftoney or mineral nature, there are others of the 
 metallic or iemi-metallic kind, fuch in particular as 
 the Pyrites. This body is found in great plenty ; ef- 
 pecially in chalky countries ; and commonly of a 
 round form outwardly ; and its inward texture mews, 
 that itfelf and all the matter around it has been in a 
 fluid (late-, for it confifts of a multitude of long and 
 extremely fine fpiculae, clofely united together, and 
 all driven to a center ; and the fubftance of which it is 
 formed, is of a quite different nature and kind from the 
 matter or ftratum in which it is ufually found, and 
 bears but a very fmall proportion to the ftratum. 
 Now this body muft either have been formed out of 
 the ftratum, and afterwards have fettled in it, or elfe 
 been originally formed where 'tis now found : and in 
 either cafe there muft have been a diffblution or fe- 
 paration of the parts of both. For wherever the body 
 was formed (either in the ftratum where it now lies,
 
 [ 266 ] 
 
 or in any other above it) as it confifts of matter of 
 fuch a peculiar kind, and is of fuch a particular 
 ihapc*, as plainly to (hew, that its atoms, during its 
 formation, were collefled togecher from above, from 
 beneath, and trom each fide (otherwife it could never 
 h ,v- b^en of a radiated globular form), fo it muft 
 follow that there muft have been a feparation of its 
 own parts and alfo of the matter around it, in order 
 to permit a free and eafy pafiage for the accefs of one 
 and recefs.of the other lort of matter. Other 
 
 Nodules there are that were undeniably formed out 
 of the ftratum where they now lie, and afterwards 
 fettled in it-, efpedally thcfe of the coated kind, and 
 in particular where the coats or crufts of the nodules 
 confiit of the fame kind of fubftances, reflectively, 
 wi:h thole that conftitute the Itrata immediately above 
 the bed where they are now found. Now it is certain 
 that thefe bodies could never have obtained teguments 
 of the fame fpecies of matter, and placed in the fame 
 order trom the center, with the fuperincumbent ftrata, 
 unlefs they had pa/Ted "through them; for the beds 
 wherein they are now found have no fuch matter in 
 them (except what immediately furrounds thefe bodies 
 themfelves), and the ftrata underneath are frequently 
 of a very different kind from either; fo that they 
 muft have pafied through the fuperior ftrata, and 
 have procured their coats in their pafiage; and if fo, 
 thofe Itrata muft undeniably have been foft and fluid, 
 otherwife they could never have pafled through them 
 and have collected coats frorn each, as alfo muft the 
 bed have been fo, where they are now found, other- 
 wife they could never have fubfided and fettled in 
 it : fo that the whole was once in a ftate of Fluidity. 
 
 vu. BUT the moft ftriking proof of this kind may 
 be drawn from the extraneous foffils or thofe bodies
 
 1 267 ] 
 
 that are now found in the earth, and which do not 
 properly belong to the places where they are now 
 found, fuch as corals, fea-fhells; the bones, teeth, 
 &c. of fea and land animals , plants, trees, &c. 
 Now t have already {hewed (p. 254) that the former 
 fort of thefe bodies were produced at lea, and the lat- 
 ter, at land , that the broken parts of thefe bodies 
 once conftituted complete forms ; that the bones, 
 teeth and fhells once belonged to living animals, fur- 
 viving in their proper elements ; that the leaves and 
 branches pt the vegetables once grew upon their pro- 
 per plants and trees : fo that the marine productions 
 were originally bred and formed at the bottom of the 
 fea ; the terrene, upon the furface of the land : but 
 at prefent thefe bodies are found lying promifcuofly 
 throughout the whole folid body of the earth; fome 
 at the tops of the higheft mountains, others at the bot- 
 toms of the deepett cavities that were ever dug; and 
 lying too in fuch a manner as to make but one com- 
 mon mafs with the ftrata in which they are found ; 
 andjhis, not only in the fofter kinds of ftrata, as thofe 
 of clay, chalk, &c. but in the inmoft fubltances of 
 the hardeft and clofeft marbles; and generally, the 
 harder and more compact the matter is, the clofcr and 
 more intimately united is the extraneous foffil ; which, 
 if a tooth or a fhell, has not only the exterior furface 
 or outward lineaments moft nicely delineated in the, 
 rock, but the infide totally replete with the fame fub- 
 flance, every, even the fmalleft vacuity and flighteil 
 indenture being filled up with floney matter; and in 
 fome cafes, where the Ihell has been doled, the ca- 
 vity through which the matter palled or entered into 
 the Ihell is inconceivably fmall ; in others the various 
 convolutions and different concamerations are fo many 
 and yet fo minute, and the paffage leading through 
 them fo extremely fmall, as not to exceed in fize the
 
 [ 268 J 
 
 orifice of a capillary tube in the human body, and 
 yet each and every one of thefe totally filled up with 
 the ftoney fubftance; fo that the matter contained 
 within the fheil exactly refembleth any liquable fub- 
 ftance caft fluid into a mould. If the extraneous fof- 
 fii be a Leaf, then not only the upper and under-fides 
 are molt accurately imprefied in the rock, but the 
 very pores filled to the inmoft recefles, and the leaf 
 as turgid and as much fwelled by fhe penetration of 
 the itoney matter, as if it had been for a long time 
 foaked in, and moil intimately permeated by, the 
 particles of water. Now for a fubftance, The tex- 
 ture of which is inconceivably delicate and compli- 
 cated, and even its largeft pores invifible to the 
 naked eye, and which once grew uppn the furface of 
 the earth, to be thus immerfed in, and penetrated 
 by, the folid rock, and to have lunk through the folid 
 body of the earth to the greateil depths we ever dig, 
 is an undeniable teftimony that the Earth was once as 
 fluid as water itfelf. And thefe extraneous bodies 
 point out alio the time when this Diffolution happened, 
 viz. at the Deluge, and not at the Creation, as fome 
 have imagined (fee p. 253). 
 
 vni. THE eighth argument I fhall mention in proof 
 of the DiiTolution is drawn from the internal Structure 
 of the /bell of the earth. It is well known to thofe that 
 are in the lead converfant with philofophical matters, 
 that all the various fubftances of which the main body 
 of the earth confifts, are difpofed (as theChymifts caJJ 
 it) (Iratafuperftrata, or layer upon layer; and it is alfo 
 well known that fuch a Difpofition of things could na- 
 turally be the refult of nothing but ihefetttementof 
 thefe bodies in a dijfolvedjlate through fuch a Fluid as 
 Water. If, for inftance, you take a certain portion 
 of thefe bodies, and pulverize them to the fineft de-
 
 269 J 
 
 gree imaginable and mix them as confufedly together 
 as pofiible, and let them fall through a dry Fluid, 
 fuch as the Air, they will fettle juft in the fame con- 
 fufed ftate as they were at firft, and without the leafi; 
 appearance of forming Jlrata : if, on the contrary, 
 you permit them to fubfide through water, they will 
 fettle more or fefs in parallel ftrata. Indeed it re- 
 quires twenty or thirty times the Quantity of water to 
 earth to make this layer-like fubfidence tolerably ap- 
 parent, even in the mixture of but three or four bo 
 dies. But the greater quantity of water you ufe, and 
 the finer you pulverize the fubftances, the more ap- 
 parent and regular the ftrata will be : yet after all 
 the Trials that can be made, the diftinction of ftrata 
 will never be fo exact as they are in the body of the 
 earth. It is not uncommon to fee in .the earth vaftly 
 large beds of ftone, coal, clay, &c. lying each upon 
 the other, at one depth the ftone above the coal, at 
 another depth the coal above the ftone, in one part 
 the clay above each, in another under all, &c. and 
 yet each of thefe ftrata fo diftinct in themfelves, and 
 fo nicely forted, that the ftone contains none of the 
 coal, nor the coal any of the ftone, nor does the clay 
 partake of either (^only each ftratum a little tinged on 
 the fides next to the adjoining ftrata). Now the 
 quantity of water requifite for effecting this mufl 
 have been immenfely great^ and the whole body of the 
 earth muft have been dijfohed to its very elements or 
 primogenial atoms, to produce fuch a regular affort- 
 ment of ftrata. 
 
 HAVING thus proved that the whole ftructure of 
 the earth has been unhinged, the conftituent parts 
 thereof feparated one from another, and aflumed up 
 into a large body of water -, I (hall now draw fome 
 conclufions from what has been advanced.
 
 f 270] 
 
 1. SINCE the quantity of water requifite for thfi 
 aflumption of the dillolved parts of the earth, and the 
 fubfidence of them in regular ftrata, muft be vaitly 
 greater than what appears of this Fluid on the furtace 
 of the earth or in the Seas or Ocean, there muft be an 
 immenfely large body of water in the infide. I have ob- 
 ferved already indeed (p. 100.) that the water on the 
 furface of the terraqueous Giobe occupies more than 
 two thirds of the earth's fuperficies : butthen it muft 
 be remembered, that the land is ftill continued, in a, 
 great meafure, under this water : and from the ap- 
 pearance of iflands in the midft of large feas, at a great 
 diftance from the fea-fhore, and irom the many known 
 ridges of mountains that run under the fea, and front 
 the time, that, according to fcripture, the waters of 
 the deluge were retreating from the furface of the 
 earth, we muft conclude that the apertures in the 
 feas thro* which the water defcended are, comparative- 
 ly fpeaking, but ftfiall : fo that the Ihell of the earth 
 is in a manner continued quite under the feas (except 
 where the above apertures occur). And probably the 
 iand under any fea equals in bulk that fea itfelf. So 
 that upon a thorough infpection of the whole fhell of 
 the earth, the terreftrial parts vaftly exceed the waters* 
 And though there appears water enough upon the 
 furface of the globe abundantly fufficient for lardy 
 covering the dry- land ; yet there by no means appears 
 a quantity fufficirnt for dijfching or ajfuming up the 
 diffofoed parts of the earth, and permitting them to fubjide 
 in the manner we now find them : and fmce this quan- 
 tity does not appear upon the furface or within our 
 reach, it muft be in the infide, and there conftitute 
 an abyfs of water. 
 
 2. FROM the quantity of water neceffary for the 
 fublevation of the diifolved parts of the earth, we fee,
 
 ['7' J 
 
 that all folutions of a deluge, without having recourfe 
 to an Abyfsj muft fail or not anfwer the effects vifible 
 throughout the whole body of the earth. And hence, 
 I am furp'rized, that a modern ingenious Writer/ 
 (whofe works I have made fome quotations from in 
 this Trad) mould attempt to folve it without the in- 
 troduction of fuch means. He imagines, that the 
 water of the Sea only would be fufficient for the work. 
 And in order to account for the elevation of this wa- 
 ter over the tops of the higheft mountains, he fup- 
 pofes, That the Omnipotent hand of GOD orfrft Al- 
 mighty Caufe lifted up the bottom or bed of the'fea, and 
 by that means poured its water all over the earth ; 
 and by letting it drop down again, reftored all things to 
 their former fituation : and fo the deluge was over. 
 This he is pleafed to call the eafieft and moft eligible 
 method of tranfacting this event : But I fuppofe that 
 all methods are equally eafy to Omnipotence ; and I 
 could mention an hundred other methods by which 
 GOD might have deluged the world, and yet neither 
 of them the true, though all equally eafy to the firfl 
 Caufe. The point to be decided is, What was the 
 method GOD did ufe ? If we can difcovrer this, we may 
 depend upon it, that 'That was the moft eligible. Now 
 GOD himfelf tells us, that in order to dejiroy the earth 
 by a flood of water, he broke up the Fountains of the 
 Ab_fs, and opened the windows of heaven (or the pa/agcs 
 of the air through the (hell of the earth) and fo unhinged 
 and dijjohed the whole globe. This I have (hewed to 
 be the Cafe from the ftate of the earth, from the Center 
 to the Circumference , and all nature bears ample tefti- 
 mony to the truth of the Word of GOD : and yet Mr. 
 Borlafe is pleafed to ridicule this method and cha- 
 racterize it as attended with ' the egregious abfurdities cf 
 
 { Rev. Mr. BORLASE in his Natural Hijfory of Cornwall, p. 78.
 
 an Abyfs, apertures, difruptibns of the Jhell, atid tht 
 ' like :' I was forry to fee fuch words fall from fuch 
 an Author, and as he gives us reafon to think that he 
 will write fomething farther upon the fubjecl:, I hopb 
 he will kindly take this friendly hint* and re-confider 
 the affair. 
 
 3. FROM the certainty that the whole globe was 
 diffolved during the deluge we may fee the impro- 
 priety of his Lordfhip's opinion, that the fuperficial 
 parts only were affected during that cataftrophe* and 
 that the Rubble and Slutch left by the deluge on the 
 furface of the earth are the only marks of its devafta- 
 tion i s but we have feen that the Very form of the 
 earth throughout, its internal conftitution, its difpo- 
 fition in ftrata, and thefe ftrata abounding with the 
 exuviae of land and fea animals, &c. manifeftly de- 
 jmonflrate its DifTolution in every part. Though 
 
 indeed there is one circumftance even in the Rubble and 
 Slutch that indicates the DiJJoluticn of the whole earth, 
 and therefore may not improperly be mentioned in this 
 place. After all the refearches I could make, Or the 
 bed teftimonies I could procure, I could never learn 
 that there was ever any ante-diluvian artificial thing , 
 either utenfil or weapon of ftone, iron, or brafs, &c. 
 found in the Rubble as naturally left there by the 
 waters of the deluge. All things of this kind that I 
 have feen were evidently found in places where the 
 Rubble had been diflurbed, fuch as in old caftles, 
 camps, &c. and therefore the things themfelves might 
 have been pofterior to the Deluge. And, though the 
 Rubble itfelt lies in an irregular manner (with refpecl 
 to the regularity of Strata) yet it is not fo irregular, 
 but that had it been diflurbed or broken through by 
 digging, &c. the rupture would have been vifible : 
 
 * See of this Traft p. 14, &c.
 
 ['73 1 
 
 F&r as it confifts of ftreaks and feams extended length-^ 
 ways or inclined in wave-like directions, any perpen- 
 dicular irruption muft have been difcernible. So that 
 if the Rubble, left by the deluge, naturally contains- 
 no metallic or mineral fubftance worked by the art of 
 man or engraven by his device, we may then juftly. 
 conclude that all fuch inftruments, and of courfe all 
 matter of the fame kind with them, -/'. e. all the me- 
 tallic and mineral fubftances in the whole body of the 
 earth, were diffblved during the deluge. 
 
 4. IT may feem ftrange to fome, how it was pofli- 
 ble that all the diffblved parts of the earth mould float in 
 or be fupported by fuch a thin fubftance as Water. 
 But to folve this difficulty, let it be remembered, 
 that they were diffohed, and alfo to their fineft parts or 
 original atoms. Salt and Sugar, when in maffes, will 
 both fmk in water, but v'hen the parts thereof are dif- 
 united and feparated one from another, they are eafily 
 fuftained thereby : and the quantity of Salt that is 1 
 fwimming in the waters of the Ocean is inconceivably 
 great, and if collected in one mafs would be immenfe- 
 ly weighty. Then too, there is no water whatever, 
 even the moil limpid, but what contains a great va- 
 riety of earthy particles, a? chymical experiments un- 
 deniably mew : Nay, that there is a fpecies of water 
 Or of a fluid (Aqua regia) that will difiblve and fup- 
 port the dirlblved parts of the heavieft of terreftrial 
 bodies, Gold; and though the particles of the gold 
 fhall be fwimming in or difperfed through every pare 
 of this fluid, yet the whole mail be as clear as chryftal. 
 Or, wh.lt is more to the purpofe, a Thunder-cloud., 
 big with a deluge of rain, and containing a vaft varie- 
 ty of terreftrial fubftances, is yet fupported, at a con- 
 fiderable diftance from the earth, by fuch a thin fluid 
 as the air : now according to Scripture, at the time 
 of the deluge there was a large body of expanding 
 T
 
 [274] 
 
 air" in the infide of the earth, acting or prelling from 
 beneath upwards, i. e. from the centre to the circum- 
 ference, which therefore would counter-act and in 
 fome degree abate the force of the perpendicular 
 preffure of the air or expanfe upon the furface of 
 the earth^ and by this means leflen the power, of, 
 what is called, the Gravity of bodies , and fo make them 
 lighter ; as is the cafe in rainy or mifty weather, when 
 bodies do not weigh fo heavy as at other times, and 
 when, on account of thcfe afcending fleams impeding 
 the preffure of the atmofphere, the mercury alfo irr 
 the barometer fubfides and finks.. Such being the 
 ftate of the earth during the time of the deluge, it 
 was really no more wonderful, that the water of the 
 terraqueous globe (which in all probability exceeds in. 
 bulk feveral thoufand times the quantity of earth) 
 fhould fuftain all the diffolved ftrata thereof, with 
 the exuviae of animals and vegetables then deftroyed, 
 than that a thunder- cloud fhould contain and fupport 
 a vaft variety of mineral and metallic effluvia, inter- 
 mixt with hail-ftones of various fizes , for in both 
 cafes a body of expanding air was the bafis and prop : 
 and Air, as i have already mewed (p. 34), will keep 
 water above as well as under it. That the ftate 
 
 of the Earth and Air, during the time of the deluge, 
 was really different from what it is at prefent, is very 
 manifeft from feveral effects, then tranfacted, and now 
 viable, in the terraqueous globe. Certain it is, that 
 neither the ftrata of the earth, nor the heterogeneous 
 bodies enclofed therein, do lie according to the Lawz 
 of fpecific Gravity^ or as bodies would fettle at prefent. 
 It is as common to find heavier ftrata above lighter 
 as lighter above heavier : and the fame kind of ftrata 
 (after the interpofition of both heavier and lighter. 
 ones) repeated ; and remitting the whole in a retro- 
 grade order. So that this phenomenon feems plainly
 
 [ 275 i 
 
 to point out the actions of two Agents, one that acted 
 from above downwards, the other, from beneath up- 
 wards : from whence it mould follow, that at the fame 
 time as the downright perpendicular preffure of the 
 Air feparated and precipitated any fpecies of terreftrial 
 atoms through the waters of the deluge and formed 
 them into a ftratum, the fame alfo did the Air from 
 beneath, with refpect to the fame fpecies on the' op- 
 pofite fide. , To effect which alfo there muft have 
 been a total diffolution of the terreftrial Globe, other- 
 wife there could never have been fuch a free and eafy 
 accefs for the Air to and from the Center. And 
 what further mews, that there was a body of Air or 
 fome Agent at the center of the earth during the time 
 of the deluge, which counter- acted the force of Gra- 
 vity, is, the manner in which the diluvian Spars and 
 Cryftals are at prefent found ; the moots of fuch be- 
 ing in fome places perpendicularly upright, in others 
 varied in all kinds of direction, but generally fpeaking 
 they are in an horizontal pofition^ fo that the angles 
 and columns meet in and interfect each other from the 
 fides of the vein or fiffure. But as the Spar that has 
 been formed fince the deluge, or, as the Miners call 
 it, that is forming at this day, is always pointed down- 
 wards, (unlefs where the rock intervenes, and diverts 
 its natural courfe) hanging like icicles from the tops 
 and arches of caverns, grotto's, &c. in form of Sta- 
 laftitx ; it is evident that the preffure Of the Air down- 
 ward is at prefent ftronger than it was at the time of 
 the Deluge : and as many of the diluvian Spars and 
 Cryftals are pointing perpendicularly upright, it mews 
 that the force of the air from beneath upwards was 
 then ftronger than it is now : and of courie that the 
 gravity of bodies Was lefs, and fo more eafily fuitain- 
 able in the waters of the flood than fuch bodies would 
 be now. 
 
 T 2
 
 FOURTHLY, 
 
 HAVING thus proved that all the folid ftructure of 
 the earth has been diffolved, and the diffolved parts' 
 thereof affumed up into, and fupported by, a large 
 iphere of water. 
 
 I AM now to mew, that all this diffolved matter, to- 
 gether with the animal and vegetable bodies indofed within 
 it, fubjided again, and formed the prefent folid ftrata of 
 the earth. 
 
 I HAVE obferved already (p. 156) that there is fuch 
 a clofe Connection between the feveral parts of the 
 Subject I have been treating, or the Heads I have 
 been naturally led to divide it into, that very often 
 one and the fame argument would prove feveral of 
 thefe heads ; and fo it has come to pafs that the dif- 
 cuffion of the former articles of this Section has in a 
 manner exhaufted thisiaft. For, infhortthis laft de- 
 pends entirely upon the truth of the Cafe as repre- 
 fented in the former. All the arguments that 1 have 
 there brought in proof of the Hood, the Dijfolution, 
 &c. were entirely taken from the prefent ftate of the 
 earth. If therefore the foundation, on which thofe 
 arguments were built, was found, or the ftate of the 
 Earth juftly given, little more need be faid in this 
 place. And in order that the reader mould not rely 
 barely upon my teftimony, I have fubjoined, under 
 each of the former articles, the teftimonies of a variety 
 of authors, who lived in different times, and in very 
 diftant places : fo that in a manner the voice of all 
 mankind, and the face of the whole earth, fpeaks the 
 truth of what I have endeavoured to prove. 
 
 ' WHAT weight thefe teftimonies ought to have (to 
 * fpeak in the words of the celebrated Author of Reve- 
 ' lation examined with Candour) the reader will beft 
 ' J ac ^S e: Teftimonies fo numerous, fo various, fo 
 ' difconcerted, and yet fo connected, is it poifible,
 
 [ *77 3 
 
 -that they can deceive ? Could all nations confpire 
 with all nations, and all ages with all ages, to im- 
 pofe upon themfelves, and their pofterity ? Could 
 the religion of the true GOD, and the religion of 
 the Syrian goddefs ! the Jews and the Heathens, 
 that hated them ! Mofes and Melo his enemy ! tra- 
 dition confpire with hiftory, and hiftory with my- 
 thology ! men of all characters, complexions, con- 
 ditions, and perfuafions ! Plutarch with Berofus^ 
 Benjamin the Jew with Chryfoftom^ and Lttcian with 
 both ! Plato with Pliny, and Dio with Fakonerius ! 
 the imaginations of poets, and the experiments of 
 naturalifts ! antiquity, poetry, philoibphy, and 
 philology ! wifdo-m, and folly ! truth, and fiction ! 
 regions unknown ta' one another ! and regions that 
 never heard of one another ! the Greeks , and the Hot- 
 tentots! the Perfians, and the Banians! Afia, with the 
 ides of the G.entilcs ! and America with both ! all con- 
 fpire to eflabiim one univerfal delufion! And ALL 
 NATURE join in the atteftation , produce all her ani- 
 mals, and all her vegetables, all her heights, and all 
 her depths, her mountains, her vales, her levels, 
 to vouch one univerfal lye, with all the IRRESISTIBLE 
 
 EVIDENCE OF TRUTH.' 
 
 SURELY thofe who fee not the Force of the Evidence 
 in this particular muft wilfully ftiut their eyes againft 
 the truth ; and may juftly be characterifed with a fet of 
 people (if they are not themfelves the very people) 
 fpoken of by St. PetersIn the LAST DAYS/M// come 
 SCOFFERS walking after their own lufls, and faying, 
 where is the promife of bis (Chrift'jJ Coming; for fince 
 [or as it mould be rendered, except that' 1 } the fathers 
 
 2 Epift. iii. 3. 
 
 See Hammond on the text.
 
 i 278 3 
 
 fell ajleep, [faye only-, that our fathers or all the men 
 .that have lived upon the earth are dead, and others 
 now live in their fteacf] all things continue as they 
 were from th: beginning of the Creation-, i. e. there ha_th 
 been no material alteration in heaven or earth that 
 can evidence the Interpofition of Providence in the 
 affairs of men, either to puniih the wicked or reward 
 the good, and therefore we may do as we pleafe, 
 walk after our own lufts, &c. For this (continues the 
 Apoille) they are WILLINGLY IGNORANT OF, T'hat by 
 the Word of GOD the heavens were of old, and the earth 
 ftanding out qf the water and in the water: whereby the 
 World that then was, being overflowed with water, pe- 
 rijhed: that is, the Eyes of their underflandings are fo 
 blinded by a wilful purfuit after their pajjions and lufts 
 that they cannot fee, or will not acknowledge, (if 
 they do) the plaineft truths in Nature -, they will not 
 own, what all the world befides confefleth, what all 
 ages have maintain'd, what is faithfully recorded in 
 the written word of GOD, and what is engraven in the 
 deepeft characters all over the face of the earth, and 
 what they may have (which infidels fo often demand) 
 ocular demonjlration of the truth of, viz. THAT THERE 
 HAS BEEN AN UNIVERSAL DELUGE, and that the Threat- 
 fling pronounced by GOD, four thoufand years ago, 
 on a wicked, race of mortals was really accomplished, 
 viz.' And GOD faid unto Noah, the end ofallflejh is come 
 before me, for the earth is filled with violence through them, 
 'and I will deftroy them* i. e, the inhabitants, -with the 
 earth that bare them : and which through its abundant 
 Fertility (abufed by them) furnifhes provifion only For 
 their lufts, luxury, and idolatry. The Evidences of 
 this Deflruction are fuch, that the very bodies or 
 bones of the perfons thus deftroyed, together with the 
 
 * Gen. vi. 13.
 
 [ 279 ! 
 
 animal creation that perimed with them, are flill re- 
 maining as {landing, ftriking Monuments of this ex- 
 ecution of Divine Wrath upon a wicked world, and 
 .are to be feen in every part of the Earth, not only 
 upon the furface, hut in die very folid fubftance 
 of it, not only in vallies and dales, but upon the 
 tops of the higheft mountains and eminences, and 
 buried alfo to the greateft depths that human art 
 or labour has ever penetrated. Certain then it is 
 
 that this whole earth has been deflroy'd, all the folid 
 ftructure of it unhinged, broken to pieces, and re- 
 duced to its original loofe chaotic flate, and afterwards 
 formed anew into its prefent folid, beautiful and con- 
 venient fhape. Effects thefe fo great ! that they could 
 never have happened of themfelves, never have been 
 the performance of blind inanimate matter. Matter 
 cannot even deftroy itfelf, much lefs, when deftroyed, 
 form itfelf anew. Thefe tranfactions therefore muft 
 have been effected by a Being fuperior to all the 
 Powers of Nature : and they carry in themfelves fuch 
 .evident marks of Wifdom y Power, Goodnefs and Jufltce^ 
 that they not only prove that there is a GOD, but 
 alfo that He GOVERNS the World. 
 
 IT may not be unentertaining nor uninftructive to 
 the reader, with refpect to the fubject of this book, 
 if (before I conclude) I prefent him with a paraphrafe 
 in verfe of the iO4th Pfalm, as compofed by my fa- 
 ther from the true fenfe of the Original *, fince that 
 Pfalm contains, among other things, a defcription of 
 the two principal Particulars difcufled in this Tract, 
 viz. tbe Manner ', in which the Earth was at firjl formed^ 
 and tbe Manner in which it was deftroyed and formed 
 anew-, at the time of the Deluge. 
 T ?
 
 The Hundred and Fourth PSALM 
 
 PARAPHRASED 
 
 By the late Rev. Mr. A. S. CATCOTT. 
 
 TT^XERT thy reas ? ning powers, my vital Frame, 
 *-' And grateful praife the great JEHOVAH's name ; 
 Hail thou who ART ! refiftlefs in thy might, 
 Array'd in glory and majeftick light ! 
 
 As a wide tent, extended over -head, 
 Thy forming hands the vaft Expanfe out-fpred, 
 Whofe binding force the fluid Orb reftrain'd, 
 And reach'd thofe atoms the loofe ma-fs contain'd. 
 Whence the firm ftrata, which the Globe compofe, 
 Each over each in mounting flories rofe. 
 Onward it mov'd, impell'd by grains of air ; 
 The wings of winds the floating Orb upbare. 
 With J double impulfe pufh'd the Spirit's force, 
 And Light primeval fteer'd it in its courle. 
 
 1 As mnn being in the plural number, indicates. The 
 
 Wind or Spirit and the Light or a Flame of Fire were the Agents or 
 Ministers that GOD made ufe of in garni/hing the Heavens and in 
 forming the Earth, as I have <hewed p. 26, &c. of this Tract. 
 As the Works 6f Nature are here fpoken of, it is certainly more 
 natural to fuppofe the material Angds or Agents are here meaijt 
 than immaterial 'j&dfh-iiual Beins.
 
 [ 28l ] 
 
 On th' Airs, as bafes, he machin'd the Sphere, 
 And firmly bid the folid parts cohere. 
 As yet the Shell beneath the waters lay, 
 And future mountains had not leen the day. 
 At thy command th' affrighted waters fled, 
 And fought, tumultous,- their appointed bed. 
 O'er hills they roll'd, and followed the defcent, 
 Deep channels tore, and the fplit valleys rent. 
 There lodg'd, in Earth's capacious Womb, they reft, 
 By the ftrong Heav'n's expanfivepow'r.comprefs'd. 
 Their bound'ries ftill their raging waves confine, 
 Bound'ries unmov'd by any pow'r but thine. 
 Hence rais'd in {team, they work their fecret way, -* 
 In lowly vales thro' openings meet the day, 
 Or trickling 'twixt the winding mountains ftray. 
 Here haunt the Beafls, and find a cool retreat, - ,- 
 And parch'd wild Aflfes quench their thirfly heat. 
 In neighb'ring trees, amidft the leafy fprays, 
 Birds build their nefts, and chaunt their chearful lays. 
 The oozing fprings bedew the moffy hills, 
 And thence glide down the fertile vale in rills : 
 Hence new in ftrength the fatu rated Soil 
 With verdant grafs fupports the cattle's toil ; 
 With various herbs for human ufe is crown'd, 
 Or yellow harveftsload the fruitful ground,
 
 [ 282 ] 
 
 Hence 'rife th* effects of induftry and art ; 
 Hence bread is form'd the ftrength'ner of the heart. 
 From fwelling grapes the foaming wine is prefs'd, 
 Diffufmg gladnefs o'er the penfive bread. 
 Oil with youth's bloom renews each fading grace. 
 And iheds frefh glories o'er the beauteous face. 
 Trees, facred emblems, and once Edtn\ pride, 
 From the fame ftorehoufe are with fap fupply'd \ 
 Cedars, which Lebanon's high fummits grace, 
 Set there by GOD, coeval with their place : 
 Lodg'd in whofe branches Fowls fecurely reft ; 
 And tow'ring firs which yield the ftork a neft. 
 On higheft hills the fhy Chamois are found ; 
 And delving Conies bore the rocky ground. 
 The Moon's fair Light (her Orb by dated force 
 Impell'd) determines periods by its courfe : 
 The Sun more glorious runs its known career. 
 And gilds by turns each mifting hemifphere. 
 The light goes off, and night fucceeds the day ; 
 The beafts come forth, and proul in fearch of prey. 
 With hunger pinch'd the whelps of lions roar, 
 And from their Maker's hand their meat implore. 
 Again the Light irradiates on the Sphere ; 
 The Beafts retire to dens, and difappear. 
 
 m i. e . Set there by Nature or the Author of Nature y in oppoft- 
 tion to thofe//a/^ by the Art of Man.
 
 f 283 3 
 
 Men -iffuing forth their daily toils attend, 
 'Till ev'ning-twilight bids their labours end, 
 
 O great JEHOVAH 1 dreadful, glorious name! 
 What wonders fill this univerfal frame ! 
 In ALL thy fovereign wifdom mines exprefs'd j 
 But thou profufely kind this globe haft blefs'd : 
 How yaft the Sea ! magnificently fpred ! 
 Of Creatures numberlefs the fpacious bed ! 
 .O'er the wide level mips purfue their way, 
 And huge fea-monfters tofs the deep in play. 
 All wait on thee, and thou fupremely good, 
 In proper feafon giv'ft to all their food : 
 Thou giv'ft, They take, thine hand thou open'ft wide, 
 Whence all, that live, with plenty are fupply'd. 
 
 When once from earth thy prefence difappear'd, 
 Man's impious race impending vengeance fear'd. 
 The world's great courfe was chang'd j no more fupply'd 
 With vital fpirit; all expir'd, and dy'd. 
 Ev*n Nature's adamantine chain was loos'd, 
 And things to their primaeval ftate reduc'd. 
 Soon as thou bad'ft the Spirit work again, 
 And as at firft the fluid Orb reftrain; 
 New forms appear'd refemblant of the old, 
 And Earth was cloath'd with vegetable Mold.
 
 t 2*4 ] . 
 
 But he whofe mbkm GLORY is, whole name 
 JEHOVAH is, for ever IS the fame. 
 When e'er his works propitious he furveys, 
 Nature proceeds fuccefsful in her ways ; 
 But when in wrath his flaming bolts are hurl'd, 
 The mountains fmoke, and tremblings make the world, 
 
 So long as Life fupports this breathing frame, 
 I'll fing my Saviour, great JEHOVAH'S Name. 
 When Thought of him my ravifh'd foul employs, 
 I feel a foretafte of immortal joys. 
 While fliort on earth the pleafures are, that flow 
 From Sin, and lollow'd by eternal Woe : 
 My vital frame ! the great JEHOVAH blefs, 
 Adore his Goodnefs, and his Pow'r confefs. 
 
 * *
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 JUST after I had printed the fheet, relating to the 
 manner in which I apprehend America was >y 
 peopled, I had occafion to go to Oxford^ and took that 
 opportunity of carrying the fheet with me, in order 
 to have the opinion of a friend upon it. He deferred 
 reading it while I was prefent, and promifed to fend 
 me an anfwer by the poft. In the mean time he fent 
 it to the Rev. Mr. Jones, of Wadenho in Nortbampton- 
 Jhire, (a common friend to us both) as having heard 
 that that gentleman had particularly confidered the 
 fubjeft, and had difcovered a method of fblving the 
 difficulty. Soon after which I received the following 
 letter from Mr. Jones, containing a folution of the 
 affair in the very fame manner as that propofed in this 
 Tradt : and as his letter has feveral corroborating proofs, 
 I thought proper to affix it here, as alfo an extract 
 from a Spanijb Writer, containing/^* other Jlrengthen- 
 ing circumftances, which I did not difcover 'till I had 
 printed the above-mentioned meet. 
 
 The Rev. Mr. JONES'S Letter. 
 s I R, 
 
 T HAVE lately been favoured with a fight of fome 
 
 printed Pages, containing that part ot your work, 
 
 in which you account (or the peopling of the American 
 
 Continent. The point docs well deierve to be ex-
 
 [ 2 86 1 
 
 amined and cleared up; many writers, of little know- 
 kdge and lefs Faith, having made the obfcufe ftate in 
 which that part of the globe remained for fo many 
 Ages* an handle for perplexing weak minds with 
 doubts about the authenticity of fome Articles related 
 in the Holy Scripture. 
 
 I WAS much pleafed to find, that, without knowing 
 it, you are come to the fame conclufion with myfelf, 
 and, in part, by the fame premifes too. A$ we have 
 both fallen upon the fame fcheme, without confulting 
 one another, it is to be prefumed, that neither of us 
 can be very far from the truth. 
 
 THAT the Weftern Continent did once communicate 
 more nearly with Europe and Africa, than it does at 
 prefent, I was firft inclined to believe on reading the 
 following account of Teneriffe, one of the Canary 
 Iflands. That the whole Ifland is deeply impreg- 
 nated with Brimftom, and is fuppofed in former ages to 
 have taken fire, and blown up all at the fame time. 
 That many mountains of huge Stones, calcined and 
 burnt, which appear every where about the Ifland, 
 were raifed and heaved up out of the bowels of the 
 Earth at the time of that general conflagration ; and 
 that even the Pico Teneriffe itfelf was raifed up by this 
 means to that amazing height at which it is now feen. 
 Huge heaps of thefe calcined rocks, or pumice {tones, 
 are fpread for three or four miles round the bottom of 
 the Pico, in fuch a manner, as to perfuade any be- 
 holder that it muft have been generated by the fudden 
 eruption of a Volcano: and even to this day, the 
 mountain fmoaks and burns perpetually, and there re- 
 main the very tracts of the burning rivers of Sulphur, 
 as they ran all over the South- weftern parts of the 
 Ifland, and deftroyed the ground pait recovery. 
 There is a Volcano in another of the Canaries, called 
 the Palme Ifland, which raged fo about twelve years
 
 before this account was written, that it caufed a vio- 
 lent Earthquake in Teneriffe, though at the dtiiance of 
 near twenty leagues, and the people ran out of their 
 houfes, fearing they would have fallen upon their 
 heads/ 
 
 Now as it appeared to me, from this relation, that 
 the Pico was certainly thrown up by the eruption of a- 
 Volcano, and an Earthquake, in all probability the 
 moil violent that ever happened in the world, and 
 fuch as muft have made ftrange havock. The monu- 
 ment of this Cataftpophe being ib fingular in its height, 
 a Thought fuddenly ftruck me, that in fome very 
 remote age, a great alteration might have been made 
 in this part of the globe, and a vaft tract of land fw al- 
 lowed up in doe Ocean, of which the -Canaries, Azores., 
 and perhaps the great banks of Newfoundland alfo, are 
 fo many remaining fragments, Handing like pieces of 
 a wreck above the waves, and ftill exhibiting to us 
 fome foot-fteps, as it were, of the ancient path that 
 once led from Africa to the Weft-Indies. I was fo 
 poffeffed with this notion, that I could not help propof- 
 ing it to fome learned friends, long before I had 
 heard of Plato's tradition, as a probable conjecture* 
 
 n For thefe particulars, fee Dr. Sprat's Hift. of the Royal So- 
 ciety, p. 200. 
 
 This Suppojition will not at all invalidate the Account given of 
 the Formation of Mountains, p. 159; for the Pico is no other than a 
 formlefs Maj's or huge Heap of Rubbijb, confifting of&urnt Stones and' 
 Cinders, and was as certainly thrown out by a Volcano as the fa- 
 mous Monte di Cinere in the Lucrine Lake was, or as thofe little^ 
 Iflands or rather Moles in the bay of Sant-Erini in the Archipelago, 
 were raifed by fubterranean fires and combuftible Explofions in 
 the year 1707 [fee N' 314. of Pbilof. Tranf,}. As neither of 
 thefe Eminences have any thing fimilar to the horizontal Jhata or 
 internal Conftitution of Mountains ; fo they cannot come under the 
 denomination of fuch, nor ought they to be called Mountains or 
 IJla.ndsy as fome writers have named them.
 
 whereb^ the peopling of America might be accouhtea 
 for i and endeavoured to recommend it to their con- 
 fideration, by placing a terreftrial Globe before them. 
 You may imagine then, with what fatisfaclion I 
 found this opinion confirmed even beyond my hopes, 
 when the paffage you have extracted from Plato's Ti- 
 m<us firft occurred to me. This paftage is referred to 
 by Pliny the natural hiftorian,? and it is hafdly to be 
 imagined, that fuch a curiofity in its kind mould 
 efcape the notice of fo indefatigable a Compiler; 
 though it was of much lefs value to him then, than 
 to us now. America was then unknown ; and there 
 was no profpect, that the tradition, which Solon pickt 
 up in Egypt, would ever be confirmed as an article 
 ot true hiftory by the difcovery of a new world. 
 Therefore Pliny fpeaks of it with fome doubt, inferring 
 the words -fi Platoni credimus : and fome of the anci- 
 ent Commentators on the works of Plato, did for thd 
 fame reafon convert the whole into an Allegory. And 
 fome excufe may be made for the Critics who did ic 
 in thofe days, but none at all for thole who would do 
 it now ; as it muft appear to any perfon that will con- 
 fult the judgment of Serranus in this matter, who, in 
 in his preface to the Tim^us, is very fevere upon thefe 
 unfeafonable allegorizers, and refutes them copioufly 
 from the words of P/tf/0himfelf. It was very ill-judged 
 in Acofta, therefore to mention this (lory from Plato, 
 and put it off with the obfolete pretence of it's being 
 an allegorical difcourfe.i He hath indeed urged fome 
 reafons in defence of what he fays, but they are too 
 trivial to deferve any particular confideration. We 
 
 p Intotum (mare fcil.) abftulit terras, primurn omnium uii Atlan- 
 ticu:;i mare eft, Ji Platoni credimus, immenfo fpatio. Plin. Nat. 
 Hift. Lib. 2. cap. 90. 
 
 Cs Nat, and Moral Htf. of the Indies, p. 72.
 
 fa??] 
 
 are obliged then to underftand it as an hiftorical tradi- 
 tion. Thofe who are inclined to flight it, and think 
 the Earthquake Plato has defcribed is incredible, be- 
 caufe fome fabulous circumftances are blended with 
 the account, Ihould endeavour to (hew us, what could 
 pofiibly give rile to fuch a Report in the eafterrt 
 world : for that Plato fhould fo exprefly defcribe an 
 oppofite continent '1w KoclocflMgv rpru^bv} fuch as is aclu* 
 ally now difcovered, together with the way that led 
 to it from the Streights of Gibraltar^ and that this 
 ftrange report fhould be grounded on no antient know- 
 ledge of the American continent, and prove to be true 
 afterwards only by accident all this would be more 
 incredible than the matter reported, which, if the 
 natural monuments of this great Earthquake, frill 
 fubfifting, are taken into the account^ has all the ap- 
 pearance of truth that can be defired. 
 
 The celebrated Abbe le Plufche, Author of the Spefta- 
 cle de la Nature? tells us, it has been aflerted by many 
 learned men, that there was formerly a communication 
 between Africa and America: but he unfortunately 
 fuppofes this opinion to have been wholly derived 
 from a miftake in Ptolomy\ antient Chart of the then- 
 known world, which ftretches out the continent of 
 Africa too far to the Weft; and obferves withal, -that 
 the pretenfion is defeated by what Herodotus relates, of 
 the voyage that was frequently made from the Red Sea, 
 round the Cape of good hope, to the Pillars of Hercules 5 
 which could not have been, had the continent of 
 Africa been extended to the Weft-Indies. This Objec- 
 tion will not in the leaft affect any thing you have laid 
 upon the Subject : ior Herodotus is fpeaking of what 
 was done long after the Divifion of the continents had 
 U 
 
 I Vol. 4. p. 43-
 
 [ 2 9 ] 
 
 taken place ; and even before that divifion, according 
 to the Geography of Plato ^ there was a gulf which af- 
 forded a pafiage round the weftern coaft of Africk, to 
 the mouth of the Mediterranean Sea. 
 
 No reaibnable Objection, therefore, can be made to 
 your Solution of this difficulty. Every candid In- 
 quirer into Antiquity and Phyfical Knowledge, will 
 hold himielf obliged to you for the curious Obferva- 
 tions you have thrown in by the way ; and the piety 
 of your defign muft recommend it to every fmcere 
 friend of Divine Revelation. 
 
 BEFORE I conclude, it may not be impertinent to 
 add, that although the more Southerly parts of the 
 continent of America were originally peopled, in your 
 way, from the countries that lie near the Mediterra- 
 nean ; it is by no means improbable, that the Northern 
 parts may have received inhabitants from fome other 
 quarters of the Globe, 
 
 IN a Natural Hiftory of Greenland, written fo lately 
 as the year 1 741, by Hans Egidius, a Danijh Miflionary, 
 we are informed, that it is yet undetermined whether 
 Greenland does not join to America, on the North- well 
 fide, round Da-vis's Streights. The Hiftorian himfelf 
 inclines to the affirmative. He adds moreover, that 
 the Norwegians, who difcovered it in 982, were not 
 the firft inhabitants -, fcr that they found 'wild people on 
 the Weft-fide of the country, whom he takes to have been 
 Americans. Now the Country of Greenland, to. the 
 South- eafl, is not fo far, either from Iceland, Lapland, 
 or Norway, but that various accidents in former ages 
 may have occafioned fome communication between 
 them. And thus much for the Norib-wefterly parts of 
 America. If we go to the North-eajlerly parts, it is ftill 
 more probable, that fome colonies may have been 
 transplanted thither from Tartary. Father Avril^ a 
 Jefuit-Miffionary of France, who with fome others
 
 [ 2 9 I 
 
 undertook the difcovery of a new way by land into 
 China, met with a famous Naturalift among the Muf- 
 covites, who gave him the following account. 
 
 * That in the extreme parts ofTartary, to the North- 
 
 * eaft, there is a great River, called Kawoina, at the 
 
 * mouth of which is a fpacious Ifland well peopled. 
 4 The Inhabitants go frequently, with their wives and 
 4 families, upon the frozen Sea, to hunt the Behemoth, 
 
 * an amphibious animal, whofe Teeth are in great re- 
 4 queft. It happens many times, that being furprized 
 4 by a fudden Thaw, they are cut off from all commu- 
 
 * nication with the land, and carried away, no-body 
 4 knows whither, on huge floating Iflands of Ice, For 
 
 * my own part (added this philofopher) I am perfuaded, 
 4 feveral of thefe Hunters have been carried to the 
 
 * mod Northern parts of America, which are not far 
 4 off: and what confirms me in this, the Americans of 
 4 thofe parts have the fame countenance and com- 
 4 plexion with thofe unfortunate Iflanders, whom a 
 4 violent thirft after gain, expofesin that manner to be 
 
 * tranfported into a foreign region.' 1 The Hiftorian 
 adds trom his own Oblervation, that there are alfo, 
 in that part of America, feveral of thofe creatures 
 which are fo common in Mufeovy, and efpecially 
 Beavers, which might have been conveyed by the fame 
 means. But to determine a matter of fuch impor- 
 tance, it mould be enquired, whether there is any af- 
 finity between their languages ; for if that fhould ap- 
 pear, there would remain no farther doubt. 
 
 As to the Author you have undertaken to confute, 
 
 he, itfeems, would have America to have been exempt 
 
 from that Deluge, by which the reft of the world was 
 
 overflowed. This, as you juftly obfcrve, is con- 
 
 T 2 
 
 d-vril's Travels, p. 176,
 
 [ 292 ] 
 
 futed by a tradition among the Americans themfelves 
 concerning the Flood : and it is certainly put out of 
 all difpute by the natural Evidence afforded by the 
 country itlelf, in which the fpoils of the Sea are found 
 as plentifully as in other parts of the world. If I re- 
 member right, I once communicated to you fome 
 fpecimens ot Fofill bodies that came from thence. 
 Since that time, you muft undoubtedly have enriched 
 your Collection wifh a great many more from the 
 
 I am, Sir, 
 (Heartily wifhing you all fuccefs in your laudable Undertaking,) 
 
 Tour very fine ere Friend, 
 
 W A D E N H o, Jlnd obedient bumble Servant, 
 
 June 20, I/6l, W. y. 
 
 AN EXTRACT FROM 
 
 L'Hifloiredela Decouverte et dela Conquet 
 
 Traduite de L'Elpagnol D'Aucusriw DE ZARATE, 
 
 Par. S. D. C. 
 A AMSTERDAM; Ann. 1700. 
 
 ANY doubts and objections have been formed 
 ' concerning the firft people who fome ages 
 
 * fince dwelt in Peru^ and it has been often afk'd, 
 ' How could they get thither, feeing this country is 
 ' (as it really is) parted by luch an extent of ocean 
 "from that where the firft inhabitants of this world 
 'lived? It feerns to me that this difficulty may be 
 
 * folv'd by an account given by Plato in his Tiat<eMS or 
 c Dialogue on Nature, and which he fets down more 
 ' fully in the following (the Atlantic) Dialogue. 
 
 T% /T 
 J[VJL
 
 [293 ] 
 
 * There he relates, that ' the ^Egyptians faid in honour 
 " of the Athenians, that, after the defeat of fome cer- 
 <l tain kings who carne by fea with a numerous army, 
 " they had part of a vaft ifland called Atlantique, juft 
 " beyond the pillars of Hercules. That this ifland was 
 <c larger than all AJia and Africa together, and that 
 " it was divided into ten kingdoms by Neptune, one 
 *' of which he allotted to each of his ten fons, beftow- 
 <c ing the largeft and bed on his eldeft fon Atlas.' To 
 c this he adds divers particulars concerning the cuf- 
 
 * toms and the wealth of this ifle, but above all about 
 
 * a fumptuous temple in the metropolis, the walls of 
 c which were entirely deck'd and covered with gold 
 
 * and filver, and the roof covered with copper, with 
 
 * many other particulars too long to enumerate here, 
 ' and which may be feen in the original. It is certain 
 4 that many of the cuftoms and ceremonies mention'd 
 ' by this author are yet to be feen in the provinces of 
 
 * Peru. From this ifle one may pafs to other large 
 
 * iflands beyond, and which are not far from the firm 
 c land, near which is the true fea. But hear the words 
 4 of Plato in the beginning of his Timteus, where So- 
 ' crates thus harangues the Athenians, ' It is look'd OH 
 " as a faft that in times paft your city refilled a great 
 " number of enemies who came from the Atlantic Sea, 
 " and had taken and poffeffed almoft all Europe and 
 " Afia ; for then this flrait was navigable, and near 
 " it was an ifland juft beyond the pillars of Hercules^ 
 " which they. faid was larger than Afia and Africa put 
 *' together : from this ifland was an eafy paflage to 
 *' others that were near it, and oppofite the Continent 
 " or the main land bordering on the true fea , for one 
 "may juftly call that fea the true fea or ocean, and 
 " the land I mentioned the Continent or main Land.' 
 
 * Juft below Plato adds, ' Nine thoufand years ago 
 " happened a great change, the fea furrounding this
 
 L 294 J 
 
 * ifle fwell'd fo high by a prodigious increafe of water, 
 * fc that in one day and night it cover'd the whole ifland, 
 " and fwallow'd and totally cngulph'd it , and that 
 " the fea in this place has been ever fmce fo filPd 
 " with mud and fands, that no one can fail over it, 
 * c or pafs by it to thofe other iflands on the firm land.' 
 
 * Some deem this relation an allegory as Marftlius Ft- 
 
 * cinus tells us in his notes on Tim^us. Neverthelefs 
 
 * mod commentators on Plato, even Platinus and Fi- 
 
 * ttj himfdf look on this account not as a fiction but 
 ' an bifterical Truth. Befides ; one can by no means 
 
 * think that the 9000 years which he mentions is a 
 
 * proof of its being a fable, becaufe according to Eu- 
 doxus one muft count them after the ^Egyptian man- 
 
 < ner, not as folar, but as lunar years, that is to fay, 
 9000 months, anfwering to 750 years. On this 
 
 < fubject one may obferve, that all Hiftorians and Col- 
 mographers antient and modern, call that Sea in 
 which this ifland was engulph'd the ATLANTIC O- 
 CEAN, retaining even the very Name the ifland bore ; 
 which feems a fufficient proof that there had been 
 fuch an ifland. Admitting then the truth of this 
 
 * hiftory, no one can deny this ifland (beginning near 
 
 * the ftraits of Gibraltar) to have been of that extent, 
 
 * from the north fouthward and from the eaft weft- 
 c ward, as to be more than as large as Afia and Africa. 
 4 By the other neighbouring iflands are doubtlefs meant 
 
 * Hifpaniola, Cuba, Jamaica, St. Johns, and thofe on 
 
 * the Coaft. By the Continent or Firm-land, (oppofite 
 
 * to thofe ifles) mentioned by Plato, is certainly meant 
 That land which is even to this day called Terra Fir- 
 
 * ma, with the other provinces, which from Magellan 
 
 < northward comprife Peru, Popfiyan, Cas-del-oro, Pa- 
 ' raguay, Nicaragua, Guatimala, New-Spain, Se-ven- 
 ' towns, Florida, the Bacullaos, and north up to Nor- 
 
 * way. Without doubt this vail tract of land is
 
 1 295] 
 
 c larger than the three quarters of the then known 
 world. And one mufl not be furprized at this new 
 c world's not having been difcover'd by the Rowans, 
 ' or any of thofe other nations that at different times 
 6 abode in Spain , becaufe one may reafonably imagine 
 ' that the 'fore- mentioned fuppofed difficulty of na- 
 vigating this fea then remained. This indeed I 
 c have heard faid, and can fee no difficulty in believ- 
 ing that this mould eafily prevent the difcovery of 
 
 < this new-world mentioned by Plato. The authority 
 c of this philolbpher is enough to convince me of 
 
 < the truth of this affair, and I make no queflion 
 
 * but our new found world is the fame as that main 
 Land or Continent of which he fpeaks , as whatever 
 c he has faid of it perfectly correfponds with our mo- 
 
 * dern Difcoveries ; particularly in what he fays of 
 c this land, that it is adjacent to the true fea y which 
 ' is what we now call the Great South Sea ^ in com- 
 1 parifon of the vail extent of which, the Mediterranen 
 
 * Sea and Northern Ocean are but as rivers. Having 
 ' cleared up this difficulty thus far it feems no way 
 
 * hard to fuppofe, that men could eafily pafs from the 
 c Atlantic and its neighbouring TJles to what we call the 
 c Continent or Terra Firma, and thence by land or 
 ' even by the South Sea to Pent. 
 
 ' THUS I have declared what feems to me tnoft 
 c probable on a fubjecl fo perplexed, on account of its 
 
 * antiquity, and alfo becaufe one can get no intelli- 
 ' gence from the inhabitants of Peru , who know not 
 
 * the ufe of letters or writing to preferve the memory 
 c of things paft. In New Spain indeed they have 
 ' certain pictures which ferve them for letters and 
 ' books ; but in Peru they have nothing but knotted 
 
 ' firings of various colours : It is true, by means of 
 thefe knots, and the diftance they are fet at from 
 ' each other they comprehend (though butconfufedly)
 
 [296] 
 
 * any thing, as I fhall mew at large in this hiftory of 
 
 * of Peru. In regard to the difcovery of thefe vafb 
 
 * tracts of land, what Seneca fays, as it were in a pro- 
 phetical fenfe, in his Medea, feems to me to be not 
 
 * unapplicable, 
 
 " Venient annis Ssecula feris, 
 
 " Quibus Oceanus vincula rerum 
 
 " Laxet, novoique Tiphys detegat orbes. 
 
 " Atque ingens pateat tellus, 
 
 " Nee fit terris ultima Thule.* 
 
 " In lateft times our hardy fons mall brave 
 " Stern Oceans' rage, and ftem the diftant wave, 
 " In them reviv'd lhall Vtybys wond'ring fee 
 " The new-found world, emerging from the fea ; 
 " No more (hall fhule be the utmoft bound, 
 *' But earth from pole to pole be fearched round." 
 
 FINIS. 
 
 *,#*#,,#,,*#*#.* 
 
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