\ : < \ TREATISE O N T H E DELUGE. TREATISE O N T H E DELUGE. CONTAINING I. Remarks on the Lord Bifhop of CLOGHER'S Ac- count of that Event. II. A full Explanation of the Scripture Hiftory of it. III. A Collection of all the principal Heathen Accounts. IV. Natural Proofs of the Deluge, deduced from a great Variety of Circumftances, on and in the terraqueous Globe. AND, Under the foregoing GENERAL ARTICLES, The following Particulars will be occafionally difcufled and proved, <i>:. The Time when, and the Manner how America was firfl peopled. The Mofaic Account of the Deluge written by Inspiration. The Certainty of an Abyfs of Water within the earth. The Reality of an inner Globe or central Nucleus. The Caufe ofihefubterranean Vapour and of Earthquakes. The Origin of Springs, Lakes, &c. The Formation of Mountains, Hills ; Dales, tallies, &c. The Means by which the Bed of the Ocean was formed. The Caufe of Caverns or natural Grottos ; with a Defcription of the moil remarkable, efpecially thofe in England. Alfo an Explication of feveral letter Phenomena in Nature. Adorned with ^.Copper-Plate, reprefenting the internal Structure of the terraqueous Globe, from the Center to the Circumference. BY A. CATCOTT, LECTURER of St. John's, in the City of BRISTOL LONDON: Sold by M. WITHERS, at ikefeven Stars, in Fleet-Jtreet ; and D. PRINCE, in Oxford, 1761. Where alfo may be bad, RZMAR KS on the Lord Bifliop of CLOCHER'S Expla- nation of the Mofaic Hiftory of the Creation and Formation of this World, &c. 2221169 PREMONITION. ABOUT five years ago I publifhed fome REMARKS on the Lord Bp. ^CLOGHER'J Explanation of the Mofaic Account of the Creation and Formation of this World^ and intended that this Trad fhould have followed foon after, as a kin<i of Second Part; but before \ could quite finifli it, I was feized with an illncfs, which affected my fight in fuch a manr- ner, that I was obliged to lay afide all thoughts of compleating it (tho' nearly finiflied) for three or four years: and it was not without feveral relapfes, that I could bring it to the ftate in which it is now prefented to the reader. PREMONITION. SOON after the publication of the firft Trad, his Lordfiiip of Clogher (the late Rev. Dr. Clayton) alfo died ; on whkh account (and for the reafons mentioned, page 8.) I have in a great meafure drop- ped the controverfial part in this; having only felected one or two principal Arti- cles, that I thought exceptionable ; and thefe, not fo much becaufe his Lordfhip had aflerted them, as becaufe feveral, otherwife learned and ingenious, writers had maintained the fame; and it appear- ed to me to be of fome confequence to fettle the truth. To pretend to introduce Novelties in Natural Philofophy in this enlightened age, may be efteemed by fome almoft as bad as to prefume to make new difcove- lies in Religion : and yet, fome points PREMONITION. difcufled in this Trad:, may poffibly be new to many. In order therefore to remove this formidable, though in it- felf weak, objection, I have frequently chofen to make ufe of the words of any other writer (that had exprefled himfelf judicioufly on the point) rather than my own : which alfo is the reafon, why feveral quotations will be found in this Tract, that otherwife might have been omitted. IT may be proper to inform thole, who have encouraged the publication of this Trad: by their Subscriptions (to all of whom I defire my fincereft Thanks fcr their favours), that it is a diftinct Trea- tife of itfelf, at leaft independent of the above-mentioned Tratf, relating to the Creation, &c. the few particulars in That, P REMO N ITI N. which were explicative of This, being introduced in their proper places, or fimilar explanations given. SOME of my Subfcribers may poffibly find a difficulty in underftanding the Mofaic Account of the Flood, as philo- fophically explained in \hz former part of this Tract, I would therefore advife fuch fir ft to make themfelves well acquainted with the Copper-Plate^ and the Expla- natory Notes belonging to it, p. 54; and then, I hope, there will be no great dif- ficulty in comprehending it ; or at leaft a fccond perulal will make the whole plain and clear. THE CONTENTS. Page Preliminaries. TH E Mofaic account of the Deluge full and complete, not too fhort or imper- , as fome have imagined - - - - i . 3 The nature of the Miracle exerted to effecl: the Deluge - - _ - - * - - . . ^ 8 The manner in which the Author propofes to examine his Lordfliip of Clogher's account of the Deluge ; with fome ftrictures on that account ------____ g jg A full Explanation of the Scripture Hiftory of the Flood. GEN. vi. ig. And God f aid unto Noah, 'The end of all fiejh is come before me ; and behold I will dejlroy them with the earth ; paraph rafed ; and the Univerfality of the Deluge urged therefrom - 17 18 Ver. 14. Make thee an Ark of gopher-wood, (rooms /halt thou make in the ark) and pilch it within and without with pitch. A window Jhalt thou make to the Ark, And of every liv- (CONTENTS. ing thing of all fiejh, two of tfvery fortjhalt thou bring into the ark to keep them alive^ &c. "-Thus did Noah, according to all that God commanded him, fo dtd he> The neceflity of Divine j Inftruttion in order to execute the above Command, and the certainty that all - creatures perifhed that were not wkhin the intent of that inftruction, fhewn - - -1825 GEN. vii. n. And the fame day were all the Fountains of the GREAT DEEP broken up. "What the Great Deep or Abyfs is, explained 25 6 And in order to ihew the full meaning of the Event here related, a brief explication of the firft Formation .of the earth is introduced. GEN. i. 2. And the Spirit of God moved upon the L fact of the waters - ? * - - - -26 9 AndGodfaid, Let there be Light and there was Light 29 And God f aid, Let there be a Firmament in the ' midft of the waters, and let it divide the wa- ters from the waters, &c. 29 34 And God f aid, Let the water under the heaven be gathered together unto one place, and let the dry -land appear *-'.--._ .34 GEN. vii. n. And all the fountains of the Great Deep were broken up. The manner how this Event was accomplimed fhewn at large -3740 And the Windows of heaven were opened. Ex- plained , and the Dtffblution of the earth proved therefrom , with other texts denoting the fame ------.__ -4.0 -44 CONTENTS. Page Ver, 12. And the Rain was upon the earth forty days and forty nights : and the waters increafed and bare up the ark : And the waters pre- vailed upon the earth exceedingly -, and all the hi, h hills i that were under the whole heaven^ were covered: The Univerfality of the De- luge urged from this paflage - - - -44 6 Ver. 2 4. And the waters prevailed upon the earth ^ an hundred and fifty days. What this preva- lence of the waters was, explained - - -46 7 Gen. viii. i. And God made a Wind [the Spi- rit] to pafs over the earth, and the waters affwaged. This Wind fhewn to be the fame as the Spirit that moved upon ihe face of the waters at the beginning ------ 48 Ver. 2. The Fountains alfo of the Deep, and the windows of heaven were Jiopped, and the rain from heaven was retrained ; paraphrafed on 48 50 Ver. 3. And the waters returned from off the earth continually. How this event was brought to pafs, fliewn ------- _^o i Ver. 4. And the Ark refted upon the mountains of Ararat^ &c. ----- - . - ^ t Ver. 8. And Noah fent forth a dove from him* ' to fee if the waters were abated from off the face of the ground, &c. - 51 Ver. 15. And -God fpzke unto Noah, Go forth of the ark, thou and thy wife, &c. And God bleffed Noah and his Sons, and f aid, Be fruit- ful and multiply, and repleni/h the Earth. An argument hence drawn for the Univer- fality of the Deluge ------ -52 3 CONTENTS. Page A Collection of the principal Hea- then Accounts of the Flood. The Roman defcription as given by Ovid - -56 8 The Grecian, Syrian and Arabian as recorded byLucian .- - - - -58 6% The Egyptian, as retained under the hi (lory of /_)'/><?#, from Plutarch - - -60 i The Babylonian, as preferved by Jofepbus and Berojus - ..... 61 4 The Adrian, from Afcdenus, as recorded by Eujehius ----------- 64 The Perf.an, from Dr. Hyde's Hiftoria veterum Perjantm, &c. - ...... 64 5 The Accounts of the Flood as retained by the inhabitants of the Eaft- Indies ..... 65 8 As preferved among the Chinefe - - -68 --70 The defcriptions of it as given by the feveral nations of America, in general - - - - 70 2 In particular, by the nation of the Iroptots - 72 By thofe of Cuba ........ -72 3 By the inhabitants of Terra Firma - - - - 73 By the Peruvians ......... 73 4 By the BraftUens -------- -74 6 CONTENTS. Page Some Conclufions, deduced from the above Accounts, refpecting the Certainty that there has been a Flood, that it was Uni- verfal, and that the Mofaic Description of it was written by Infyiration - - - - 76 83 The Time when, and the Manner how Ame- rica was firlt peopled ----- 83 99 Natural Proofs of the Scripture Account of the Deluge, dedu- ced from a great variety of cir- cumftances, on and in the ter- raqueous Globe. I. Proofs of the ABYSS, o R, That there is a quantity of Water in the in- fide of the Earth abundantly fufficient for anfwering the Effects of the Deluge as de- icribed in Scripture. This proved 1. From the Quantity of water that is poured into the Ocean from the mouths of all the Rivers upon Earth - - - -101 12 2. From the Quantity of water that is thrown out at the beads or fources of all the Rivers -------- -112 36 3. From Whirlpools, Under -cur rents, and Gulpbs in the Ocean ----- -136 42 4. From Lakes ------. -143 48 5. From Phenomena attending Eartfyttakfs 148 52 CONTENTS. Page 6. From accidental difcovcries of waters, ri- vers, &c. in the infide of the earth - -1^2 58 II. Proofs of the UNIVERSALITY of the FLOOD ; OR, That the Waters of the Deluge covered the whole furf ace of the earth. This proved 1. From the divifion of the Surface of th earth into Mountains, Hills \ Combs* Dales, I/allies, &c. - - - -159 88 2. From the Nature, Form, and' Situation offeveral Subftances that at prefent lie loofe upon the furf ace of the Earth - - - -189 232 3. From Caves, natural Grottos, Swallet- boles, fcfr. 232 50 4. From the numerous Spoils of fea and land Animals and Vegetables now found buried in all parts of the earth -251 60 III. Proofs of the DISSOLUTION ; o R That, during the Deluge, the whole earth was dijfohed, all the mineral and metallic matter being reduced to its original" cor- pufcles, and aflfumed up into the Wa- ter. This prove4 1. From the outward Farm of the Earth - 261 2. From the fame ------- -261-*- 2 CONTENTS. Page 3. From the prefent Solidity of the Earth -262 3 4. From the Veins in moft forts of Stone -263 4 5. From the Interchange or Mixture of *&/- ferent Jlrata -------- -264 5 6. From the Formation and Situation tf No- dules ---------- -265 6 7. From extraneous FoJJils - - - - -266 8 8. From the internal Structure of the Shell of /& 0r/ ........ 268 9 Corollaries; and Objections anfwered - - -270 6 IV. Of the RE-FORMATION, o R Confolidation of the terreftrial parts after the Diffolution ........ 276 9 A Paraphrafe of the iO4th Pfalm - - -280 4 Appendix, containing fome corroborating ar- guments for the manner in which the Author fuppofes America to have been firfi peopled ......... 285 296 ERRATA. Page 12. Line 32. dele_/a^. p. 38. 1. 2. read rend. p. 44. 1. 9. r. orbit. p. 53. 1. 32. r. Polibius.-~'$. 58, 1. 27. r. where. Any literal error the reader will correvt for himfelf. O N T H E DELUGE. B EFORE I proceed immediately to the }> difcuflion of the fubject I am to treat * of, it may be proper to premife a few articles. THE Mofaic defcription of the De- luge has been accounted by fcveral to be too fhort and concife for the due relation of fo important an event : but thofe who make this objection feem not rightly to underftand the nature of the cafe ; the proper ftating of which will ferve for a full anfwer to the objection. FIRST then, Let it be confidered that as at the time of the Deluge the Earth was deftroyed, broken to pieces, reduced to its chaotic ftate, or un-formed^ and afterwards, formed again; and this, its fecond For- mation, anfwerable, both in the manner and means, to its firft and original (for fimilar exprefiions are ufed, and the fame caufes are mentioned to have been employed, in both cafes) and as a defcription had been [2] given at large of the manner of the firft formation in the Mofaic narrative of the Original of things ; fo it would be needlefs to have enlarged on that point in the account of the Re-formation of the earth at the deluge , juft mentioning the chief articles would be fufficient, as every judicious reader would naturally recur to the firft and fuller defcription. Be- fides, As many of the effects of the Deluge are legibly written in the book of Nature, being engraved in the deepeft characters in the hardeft rocks all over the earth -, fo thofe, who would be at the pains to read this book, who 'would go up as high as the bills, and down fo the vallies beneath, and enter into the dark cham- bers of the earth (carrying the divine light in their hands) fhould find the ineftimable treaiure, Ihould fee that the world had been deftroyed, and formed again, and in what manner this furprifing tranfaction had been effected i and would by this means have full proof that there is a GOD, Who that GOD is, and that he governs the world. And they, who would not be at this pains (or liften to thofe that had been) did not deferve this peculiar proof and knowledge. Suf- ficient be it for GOD, and even gracious muft we efleem it, that he informs us of fuch and fuch things in his Word, and gives us eyes to fee the reft or another part of the evidence in Nature : and they who will neglect either or both of thefe proofs, may defer vedly remain fo far in ignorance. GOD indeed will do for us what we cannot do for ourfelves ; but we muft not ex- pect that he will do what we can do : This would be to undo what himfelf had before done, or give us power on purpofe to take it away, and give it us again ; and would alfo be encouraging floth, idlenefs, and the difufe of our rational faculties. Therefore to fpur up our abilities and quicken our diligence, he gives us That whereon we may reafon, and then juftly leaves us f 3 1 to reafon. From what has been faid then, two points I think are manifeft i firft, the ignorance and in- excufablenefs of thofe, who havefpoken againfl the 0/0- faic account of the Deluge as imperfefl and deficient -, fecondly, ho\v unqualified thofe perfons mufr be to give a true account of the Deluge, that have not examined Nature, but fat down at eafe in their ftudies, drew lines upon paper, &c. vainly imagining that the form and inclination of Rocks, courfes of Rivers, veins of Ore, and the fituation of things in the folid earth, would fnape and wind themfelves according to their fancies. ANOTHER article necelTary to be fettled, as prepa- ratory to the fubje<5t I am to fpeak of, is, in what manner and bow far the Divine Interpofition is to be allowed in the Miracle of the Noachian Deluge, or in deftroying and re-forming the earth at that time. For as in my interpretation ot the account of the forma- tion of the earth, I have had (becaufe Scripture di- re6ted me) much recourfe to the mediation of Natural Caufes, or endeavoured to explain it pbilofopbicalhj and I mall do the fame, (becaufe I think I ought) with regard to the Deluge, fo I would obviate an ob- jection, which an inattentive reader might make to fuch kind of explanations, as tho' they -took away or leffewd the Divine Power in the fact related. But I truft, upon examination, we mall find, that this way of explicating or unfolding Miracles, will manifeft the Wtfdom and Gccdr^fs as well as the Power of GOD, and in a manner too, far fuperior to any other. When an extraordinary effect is performed, to tell a perfon, that GOD did it i and there reft, without explaining the end) the means and the manner of doing it, is lofinr; great part of the evidence of the miracle, and the in- tent for which it was performed ; and is generally fl 2 m Ipoken as a cover for our ignorance, or rather our pride, which is piqued at a difficulty we cannot folve. But GOD is a GOD cf order ; and when things are done for the fake of .man, he adapts his operations to the ftate and circumftances of man. Now it is an allowed truth, that the fituation of man in this world is fuch, that he is confined for his ideas, the foundation of his knowledge, tofenfible or material objects-, and it is al- fo certain, that the prevailing Idolatry > both long before and long after the time ofMofes, even almoft from the creation of man to the coming of Chrift, was the wor- Ihipping the Natural Agents or fome Part or other of the Syftem of Nature, inftead of GOD the Creator and Former of all* Such then being the ftate of man and fuch the peculiar circumftances of the former world, the moft fuitable method to deftroy this idolatry would be, to overrule, fufpend, or divert the commsn courfe of the Natural Agents -, which would undeniably prove, that they had a Superior, one who could turn them, whither- Jcever hepleafed. And when fuch an act was performed, the part of man would be, to difcover the propriety of the Agent or Agents, over-ruled or fufpended, on parti- cular occafions ; and trace out how appofitely the Means conduced to the End. I mail illuftrate and exemplify my meaning from that publick and grand difpute be- tween JEHOVAH and Baal, under the conduct of Elijah and Baal's prophets, recorded i Kings xviii. which the reader is defired to perufe. The Conteft here was concerning the true GOD, whether JEHOVAH or Baal, or rather who was the Ruler (for that is the meaning of Deut. iv. 19. xvii. 3. i Kings xi. 5. 2 Kings xvii. 9. xxiii. 4, &c. 2 Chron. xiv. 3, <j. Job xxxi. 26 29. Jerem. vii. 9, 18. viii. i,&c. xix. 4, <j, 13. xxxii. xliv. Ezek. viii. 15, 16. xxiii. 30, 37. Wild xiii. i 4. The Writings of the Greeks and Romans abundantly teftify the fame, as feveral Authors have fhewn at large. Particularly Parker in his Tentamina Phyjico^-lbeologica de Deo. [5] the word Baal in the Original) the material Heavens or Agents, "or any Being above them. JEHOVAH had al- ready (hewed himfelf fuperior to the Heavens (at leaft, to every unprejudiced mind) by having fufpended their power or affion in giving de-w or r#/# for above three years-, (fee i Kings xvii. &f xviii. Luke iv. 25.) but Baal's followers regarded not this ; for all that time they eat at the royal [Jezebel's] table, and lived in plenty -, verifying a common obfervation, that as long as men have enough of this world, they are not apt to be very folicitous about the Governor thereof. But the famine increafing more and more, the king and his fervants are obliged to go from home, and feek in different places for food tor themielves and cattle ; and GOD at laft out of companion to his people fends Elijah to meet the king, and have the contefl decided at once. That Elijah's GOD had power over \hzWater of 'Heaven \ was pretty plain-, he now proceeds further, and will fhew that he has power over its oppofite, the Fire, and can make it act or ceafe from afting juft as he pleafes; and from Jerem. xix. 5. it is evident that Fire (which is the moil powerful operation of the Heavens or Air) was efteemed iacred to Baal, they have alfo built the high-places of Baal, to burn their fons with fire for burnt- offerings unto Baal. The Teft, agreed to on both fides then was, that the GOD which anfwereth by fire, and confumeth the offered viftim, Hejloould be GOD : and if Baal could aniwer by any thing, it certainly mufl be by one of his own emblems. The place chofen for the fcene of action was Mount Carmel, which probably thele idolaters had made an high-place of to Baal; fince we are told, they had broken down the altar of JEHOVAH that was there. Thus Elijah grants them every favour- able circumftance. And when they had called upon their God from morning even until noon (when the Heat, thzgreateft power of the day, was -come) and in their B 3 [6] furious fits of madnefs and defpair had leapt upon their altar ) and cut themfehes with knives and lancets ; but wither 'voice came, nor any to anfwer, nor any that re- garded: then Elijah repaired the altar of the LORD, and laid thereon a facrifice ; and to (hew the mighty power of GOD, ordered a great quantity of water to be poured on the facrifice and the altar, fo as to fill a trench that was drawn round about it; and by this means render the facrifice lefs fufceptikle of the action of Fire ; and take off all poffible fufpicion of deceit. All things thus prepared, Elijah invokes his GOD to give the decifive proof of his Deity ; and immediately, at his requeft, Fire ftreams down from heaven, confuwes the offered viftim, and licks up all the water in the trench. At whichftriking, <vifible manifeftation of the Superiority of Elijah's GOD, all the people fell on their faces, and cried out, JEHOVAH, He is GOD; JEHOVAH, He is GOD. And a greater proof of Divine Inter- pofition could not be defired, nor one more applicable to the purpofe be given. Here the Heavens were made, in a particular place, at an appointed time, in an interefting difpute, to exhibit their ftrongeft ope- ration, Fire, and pour it down in honour of a facrifice dedicated to JEHOVAH, and were with-held from doing the fame on a facrifice dedicated to themfelves : and fo themfelves in fact forced to confefs their own in- ability, bring confufion on their own votaries, arid give glory to the true GOD. Such alfo was the cafe at the Deluge. The grand object of falfe worfhip then was, the Natural Agents or fome part or other of the Syftem of Nature, as thofe words of GOD, Gen. vi. 17. (the prelude to that dreadful cataftrophe) indicate : And behold^ I, even J, do bring a flood if waters, &c. * It is not faid, Let there be, or let the Agents which 1 ' have eftablijhed, or let us bring-, but /, even /, in ' direct oppofition to all the Laws of Nature, or C7] * powers eflablifhed in Matter.' But the means ufed in, and the manner of, the execution declare this plainer. As the Corruption of mankind before the flood was. remarkably great, and the Imagination of their heart only evil continually, it could not well be in fuch a general Apoftacy, but that many objects of falfe worfhip would be fet up ; fome imagining one part, others another part of Nature to be Supreme. But from the manner of their punimment the three principal Deities Teem to have been, the Air, the Water, and the Earth; the firft, the heathen Jupiter ; the fecond, Neptune ; the third, 'Terra. Accordingly GOD to defeat this idolatry, and manifeft his power over Matter, inverted the order and natural State of Thefe in particular ; he made the Air to defcend into the place of the Water, that lay beneath the earth, and the Water to occupy the place of the air, and by the pafllng and re-pafiing of thefe two agents thro' the Earth ', the fhell or orb thereof would be torn to pieces, its lolid form reduced to fluid (of each of which effects more explicitly here- after) and all the idolatrous inhabitants deftroyed by the very Means or Agents they depended on for fuccour. Thus the true GOD demonftrated his power over Mat- ter i and tho' he made ufe of material Means, yet the Act was undeniably fupernatural, above all the laws and powers of nature. The Natural Agents could not? or if they could, they certainly would not, have over- turned their own empire, puniihed their own votaries, and fuffered themfehes to be made the inftruments of punifhing them. .This manner of working mir ades is eminently ftriking, and indeed irrefiftable ; as it af- fords manfenfible and material evidence, is level to the conception of all, and was peculiarly adapted to the ftate of the 'world, when fuch kind of miracles were wrought. B 4 [ 8 I THUS much I have premifed in general : IN particular, with regard to his Lp. of Clogher, I pro- pofe not to attend him, ftep by ftep, in his account of the deluge, as I have done in his explanation of the Scripture account of the Formation , becaufe replying to one, is much the fame as anfwering the other ; fincc the Deluge is a parallel a6V, (only in an inverted order) to that of the firft Formation, as I have ob- ferved already, and which will more evidently appear in the procefs of this treatife. I mall therefore only felect one or two of the mod exceptionable parts of our Author's account of the Flood, examine them, and have a principal regard to them in explaining that event. I hope alfo to lay down fuch a clear and full defcription of the deluge, that any one by com- paring his Lp's tract with this, may determine for himfelf where the truth lies. . THE chief exceptions I have to his Lord/hip's ac- count of the Flood relate to the Extent of it; firft with refpect to the inhabitants of the earth ; fecondly, with regard to the Earth itfelf, or its folid, metallic, and mineral part. In each of thefe points he is of opinion that the effefts of the Deluge were not univerfal, but only partial. 4 AND therefore (fays he, p. 171, concerning the firft) altho' I look upon that part of this [fcripture] narration, relating to the dejlruttion of mankind, and of birds, and of beafts, at the Deluge, to be literally true, in refpecl ONLY of that part of the world, in which Noah lived before the flood, and which was afterwards peopled by his three fons, Shem, Ham, and Japhet, yet I cannot but acknowledge that this Deluge, which happened in the time of Noah, muft have been general in fome degree ; as manifeftly appears from the general elevation of mountains over the whole world, and [9 J from the immenfe quantity of fea-lhells, which are frequently found in the mod diftant regions of the earth. Neverthelefs I cannot but fuppofe, that other parts of the then habitable world, which by the force of the Deluge were feparated into iflands, and were divided from the continent whereon the ark landed, were in fome fort exempted from the com- mon calamity, brought upon the reft of the world by the Deluge -, inafmuch as the Continent of Ame- rica, and many Iflands in the Eaft- Indies^ are at prefent partly inhabited by wild beafts and noxious animals, which it is not reafonable to imagine, that any body could, or would, have imported thither fince that time. Therefore, I own, I cannot fee any other probable folution of this difficulty, than to fuppofe them protected by the Providence of GOD from the general deftrudlion, in fome extraor- dinary manner, for the propagation of their own fpecies.' Which paffage, I humbly apprehend, is fcarce confident with itfelf ; at leaft the pofition, that is laid down therein, will not coincide with other parts of the author's treatife j and is contrary to Scripture and Reafon. His Lp. feems to forget, that, accord- ing to his Syftem, bait a very fmall part of the world was, or indeed poflibly could be, inhabited before the flood, viz. that tract of land only which lay be- tween the Northern 'Tropic and the Arftic Circle (fee of his Treatife, p. 74, 75) there being a great ' belt of water under the equator (equal in extent to the fp^ace between the two Tropics j fee PLATE 3 d ') which feparated one part of the earth from the other , fo that only one of the Hemifpheres [if the above-mentioned traft could be properly called an hemifpbere~] was the feat of the habitation or the Ions of Adam before the Deluge, p. 65, 75.' If fucii was the fituation of mankind before the flood, had even the far greater part of America been exempted from the effects of the deluge, no inhabitants of the former world would have been faved on it; much lefs could any have been faved by exempting the JJlands of the jEaft- Indies from that deft ruction ; be- caufe they lay either direfily under^ or quite on the other fide of the aforefaid great belt of waters ; and fo could not poffibly have been inhabited before the flood. Befides ; as according to his Lp. the falling down of this great belt of waters, or ' their rufliing c from under the equator [the higher ground] towards * the poles' [the lower] (p. 155.) was one great caufe of the deluge, fo it could not but be, that fuch a vio- lent efflux of water running in this direction would drive all the then inhabitants of the world towards the Northern Pole-, where if they arrived, they muft, ac- cording to himfelf, ' have pcrifhed on account of the 4 Cold/ Nay, what is more, he afferts, that the waters thus rufhing from under the equator ' would * return to their natural and original fituation of over- * Spreading the whole earth, p. 155, in the manner they did on the firft day of the Formation, before the kaft fpot of Dry-land had appeared. Now how we can reafonably allow, that any perfons, in fuch an univer- fal flood as this, could efcape being drowned, I cannot conceive. But even let us fuppofe, that fome of them were expert fwimmers, and could live a long time in the water* yet according to our author's further de- icription of the deluge, they certainly could not be able to weather out the whole ftorm, for thus dread- ful was it, ' When the fountains of the great Abyfs were broken #/>, and an immenfe hollow was excavated out of the earth from pole to pole, as a bed for the Tea to lye in ; when the rocks, and the fands, and the ihells, and the earth, that were taken thereout, were thrown upon the land, and raifed in mountain t " ] upon mountain, fo as to afiail the fkies and invade the region of the clouds : And when this heretoge- neous mixture was flowered down again upon the earth, it did not only rain, but the water, andfand, and earth, and rock, and (hells, were poured down in catarafts from heaven, for forty days, over the face of the whole earth,* p. 88, 153, 118. Surely in fuch a terrible florm as this, neither the leaft, nor the greateft, nor the ftrongeft animal, could efcape being darned to pieces, much lefs a poor, deftitute, af- frighted, naked man : So that it muft have required a miracle, far greater than That by which Noah and his family were laved, to have preferved one fuch per- fon. And fmce GOD took fo much care and allowed fo much time for the prefervation of a few juft ibuls, we cannot imagine, that he would fuflfer, by a more extraordinary miracle, a number of wicked to furvive , for whofe fake, and purpofely to dejlroy whom, he brought the deluge upon the world, and put even the righteous to a fevere trial of their faith in and depend- ence on him. This certainly is contrary both to Scripture and Realbn ; as will be fliewn more fully hereafter. But his Lordmip imagines, that the Text will au- thorife his fuppofing thztfome did efcape j which there- fore muft be examined. He lays, that the writers of Scripture * frequently put the whole for the great eft ' part, 9 p. 168. and would therefore conclude, that the words All and Every ufed in the account of the flood, as ' All flejh died, and Every living fubftance was de- * ftroyed, &c. ought to be underftood with certain H- ' mitations,' p. 1 70. and therefore we may fuppoie, that All were not deftroyed. That the words All and Every are fometimes ufed in the Scripture to fig nify an integral fart, is very certain ; and I believe, there is no language in which they, or fynonimous terms, are not fo ufed. Since they are words which occur fo often, and in fuch a variety of fenfes, it would have required much circumlocution to have de- fined, in every inftance, their precife meaning -, the Context therefore is always left to determine that point. Now, the fenfe, in which thefe words are ufed in the Scripture account of the Deluge, is fo fixed and de- termined, that it cannot poffibly be miftaken. Mofes fays (after he had related, that the waters of the flood had rifen to fuch a height, as to have covered All the high hills under the whole heaven) And ALL FLESH died, that moved upon the earth, both of FOWL, and 0/ CATTLE, and of BEASTS, and of EVERY CREEPING THING that creepeth upon the earth, and EVERY MAN. All in whofe noftrih was the breath of life, of all that was in the dry land died. And every living fubftance was deftroyed which wa* upon the face of the ground, both man, and cat- tle,' gnd creeping things, and the fowl of the heaven ; andtheyw^re deftroyed from the earth ; tf#afNoAH ONLY remained alive, and THEY that were with him in the ark, Gen. vii. 21. Had Mofes intended to declare that every individual living creature thatlwas upon the Earth, before and during the flood, were deftroyed by the flood, he could not have been more exprefs and particular , he fays, that every living fubftance, both man, and cattle, and creeping thing, and fowl of the air, that was upon the face of the ground, or in the dry land, died , and we know of but one ark which went upon the face of the waters, and fo faved the men and the animals therein : of courfe, according to the Scripture account, there was no living creature upon the face of the whole earth, but iflfc perifoed by the flood. And what mews this plainer is , that thofe, whomjwe know, were exempted from this, otherwife, univerfal deftruffion, are exprelsly mentioned to have been faved , and their prefervation mentioned too in fetch a manner as to fpecify, that no [ '3] other perfons or creatures were faved, And NOAH ONLY remained alive, and THEY that were with him in the ark. Nay, St. Peter defcribes this affair ftill more circum- ftantially, and fixes the very number that were delivered, i Epift. iii. 20. wherein [i. e. in the ark} FEW, that is, EIGHT fouls, were faved by water ; and again, 2* Epift. ii. 5. GOD /pared not the old world, but faved NOAH the EIGHTH perfon [who with his own wife, his three fons, and their three wives, was juft the eighth perfon] bringing in the flood upon the WORLD of the UNGODLY. All the ungodly therefore muft have periihed. So that the words all and every in the above pafTages muft be taken in the large/I latitude, and extended to the utmoft Univerfality, with regard to the wicked. I may juft add too, (for as many have urged the above objection againft the Univerfality of the Flood, fo I would will- ingly remove it by every means without being tedious) that each of the arguments, which will be hereafter brought, efpecially thofe from Scripture, in proof of the Univerfality of the Deluge, will mew alfo, that the words all and every are to be underftood in the fenfe I contend for; becaufe Scripture (as GOD was its au- thor) muft be confiftent with Itfdf, and with 'Truth. His Lordfhip's difficulty concerning the peopling of A- merica, I propofe to give an eafy folution to hereafter, obferving here by the by, that whether we could get over this difficulty or not, it would not invalidate the above arguing-, which depends entirely upon the fenfe of Scripture, and which may be corroborated by many proofs from the natural ftate of the earth; and where thefe two concur to offer clear, exprefs, and united evidence, there no event in nature, which may appear unaccountable to fome, but may be eafily ac- counted for by others, ought to fet afide their fupe- rior authority. [ 14 J THE other article which I am to confidcr, is our Author's fuppofition (p. 135.) that only the upper fur - face of the earth was difturbed or deftroycd at the Deluge. For ' He does not fuppofe with Dr. Woodward^ that * the whole material world was, at the time of the de- * luge, reduced into zfoft pulp, but allows that every 4 thing continued in its then ftate of folidity' And yet, he fays, ' it muft be acknowledged, that at the time * of the breaking up of the fountains of the Abyfs, a ' great part of the materials, which were fcooped out of the earth, as well as thofe, which then lay on. the * furface of the fand and of the more, would be loofe, ' feparate, and divided, and would float irregularly ' in that confufion of elements, which fuch a wonder- ' ful operation muft have occafioned, not only when * fhowered down in cataracts from on high, but alfo, c when conveyed by the force of the waters of the fea, * which gufhed forth, as out of a womb, to the place ' deftined for their abode,' p. 118. So that, if I rightly underftand his Lp. his opinion is, that the upper parts of the earth only were moved at the flood ; and thefe irregularly thrown about by the waters of the deluge, in large, loofe or detached, fetid majjes ; but were not diffohed or reduced to their original atoms ; much lefs were thejlrata, that lay beneath the places from whence thefe parts were torn : for thus he fays, p. 140, (where fpeaking of part of a fkeleton of an elephant and of feveral horns of the moofe-deer, that were found foflil in Ireland) ' klikewife hence appears, that ibme of the low grounds in Ireland have not been covered more than from five or ten feet thick with the Slutcb of the deluge ; fince it is not probable that at the time of the death of the afore- mentioned elephant and moofe-deer, the places upon which they were found lying, were the natural fur face vi the then habitable earth j or as it is more clearly exprefled, c p. 104. where we may fuppofe the furface of this * earth was, when there were no mountains, but all ' this world was an uniform globe, covered with water (as at the creation) there thejlrata are uniform , and 6 the feveral layers of them, whether land, clay, mi- 4 nerals, or gravel, are difpofed in an boriz/ontalfofition, ' parallel to one another.' This laft obfervation (which is the only proof brought for his Lordfhip's opinion, and is laid down upon the authority of Mon- Jieur Bujfcn} is certainly falfe in fact ; as I will venture to affirm, every one will find that will but make ten obfervations upon the regular ftrata of the earth, in ten different places ^ it being far more common to find the ftrata, which lye beneath the flutch and rub- ble left by the waters of the deluge, upon the furface of the earth, inclined in various direftions, rather than horizontally difpcfed; which muft undeniably prove that fuch Jirata have been moved or difplaced, and of courfe, that the effects of the deluge reached below what is called by fome, the f aft-ground, or what our Author imagines to have been the fur face of the Earth before the flood. And I dare fay, if he will have the earth opened in the places, where the above mentioned horns of the moofe-deer, &c. were found, deeper than ten feet, he will difcover as many infallible marks of the deluge, as the horns, &c. of the aforefaid animals, fuch, for inftance, as fea- (hells, teeth and bones of other animals, or plants, &c. At lead fuch are frequently found in England, beneath what is commonly called Slutcb; and I fuppofe Ireland was not more favoured during the deluge than Eng- land. In fhorr, what is called Slutcb y is no more, (as I obierved before) than that matter, which the waters in their retreat from the ea*& at the end of the deluge, left on places fit to receive it, as the/^/j on the fides of mountains, the bottoms of daks, va/Jifs y &: the fubftance of which this matter confifts, and the manner in which it lies, evidently prove; it being generally of a mixed nature, confifting of various fub- ftances, and lying, not in regular ftrata, as Hone, chalk, &c. do, but in fmall feams or ftreaks, of un- equal breadth in different parts, and in a train, juft as the laft fediment of water would naturally leave it. So that it is no wonder his Lp. cannot be of opinion that all the metallic and mineral matter of the earth was diffolvedvrfeparated and reduced to its original atoms at the Deluge, when it does not appear from-4iis ob- fervations, that he ever examined the earth below ten feet, but judged of the effefts of the Deluge upon the whole body of the earth, from what was tranfacled only, and that very weakly, on the fuperficial fart. But I hope to make -it evident, both from fcripture and na- ture, that all the ftrata offtone, coal, chalk, fciV. and all the veins of ore in the antediluvian earth were aQually diffolved, their conftituent corpufcles feparated one from another, and when in this ftate of feparation, were mixed with a large quantity of water, fo that the whole was reduced to a fluid colluvies. But of this in its due place and order. HAVING premifed thus much; I mail now endea- vour to lay before the reader a plain, clear, and full account of the Deluge , firft, as defcribed in Scrip- ture; fecondly, as confirmed by other hiftorical evi- dence ; and thirdly, as corroborated by the prefent natural ftate of the eaith. And I hope to bring fuch proof of every materisft-cif cumftance, that all, except thofe who will not fee, mall be able to difcern the manifold evidence for this wonderful tranfaction. And ,in explaining this event, I defign to have particular regard to the two above-mentioned exceptionable ar- ticles of our author, not only becaufe He has afierted them, but becaufe maty, other wife learned and ju- dicious writers, as Voffms, Bifhop Stilling fleet, &c. and fome fuppofed to be learned,- as Dr. Burnet, Mr. Whif- ton, &c. have maintained the fame, and his Lp. has flickered himielf under fome of their names. WITH regard to the Scripture account, I begin with Gen. vi. 13. And God f aid unto Noah, The end of all fiejb is come before me : for the earth is filled with -vio- lence through them: and behold I will deftroy THEM with the EARTH. So that the Earth itfelf, as well as its inhabitants, was to be deftroyefl,. The Earth, as we arc told before, was corrupt before God -, its primitive good- nefs and fertility had been abufed and perverted by man, and inftead of rendering him more dependent on and thankful to his Creator, caufed him to aflume independency, and even to deify the earth, the imme- diate producer of its fruits, and to forget GOD the ori- ginal Author and Former of all. b So that GOD (in C * Gen. vi. 12. /^WGoD looked upon the earth, and behold it was corrupt ; for all fejh bad coh-npted H^s WAY upon the earth, 1. e. GOD'S way ; for their own IK ay was corrupt enough ; and they could not properly be laid to have corrupted That. Noah we find, was exempted from the general deftruftion, becaufe (Gen. vi. 9.) he walked with GOD, ;'. e. he went in the true way, obferved the precepts of the true religion, or did not depart from his GOD, CHRIST, (who is filled THE WAY, 'John xiv. 6. and is the LIVING WAY, Heb. x. 20). But all thofe who do dtpart, and fet up other gods, other faviours, new protectors, of what kind or fort fot<uer, are fermed Idolaters, A- poftates, Imogir.crs', Ccrrupters of the way, &c. and fuch will be guilty of every evil work as well as thought ; for as their perverted thoughts or imaginations lead the way, fo bad practice will of courfe enfue. ' Corrupting, (fays dinjkvorth on the place) is in fpecial applied to ' Idolatry, and depraving of GOD'S true fervice. Exod. xxxii. 7. ' Deut. xxxii. 5. Judg. ii. 19. as, the people arefaidto do corruptly, 2 Cbron. xxvii. z. when they facrifced and burnt incttife in the high- ' places, 2 Kings xv. 35. So Idolatry was their chief corruption here, as may alfo be gathered by Gen. iv. 26. fee the Annotations there.' judgment always remembering mercy) determines to deftroy by a flood of waters the Earth that then was, retrench its luxuriancy, and fo take away the caufeof the general corruption ; that thus by altering the ftate of the earth, he might neceffitate man to a greater degree of labour, fhorten the period of human life, and demonftrate to the future race of men, their real weaknefs and abfolute dependence on Him. Hence appears the neceffity for the deftruBion of the whole globe. So that the opinion of thofe who have carried a -partial flood to the greateft extent, and allowed that all mankind, except thofe in the ark, were deflroyed ; imagining that mankind inhabited only a large part of the world ; but the brute- animals , the 'whole ; and that the deluge did not reach beyond the parts inha- bited by man (for wbofe Jake alone they fuppofe the flood to have been brought upon the earth) fo that the parts inhabited by beafts only, as the -Continent of America, &c. were exempted from the dellruclion, and the animals thereon preferved alive (by which they think they get over one difficulty, viz. the repleni/hing the earth with animals after the flood:) even this opinion, I fay, will not ftand the teft of the Scripture account; for the Deluge, we fee, was not aimed iblely at the inhabitants of the earth, but included alfo the Earth itfelf. Had Man been the only intended objett of dtftruBion, there v/ere many ways to take him off; there was the Famine, the Sword, the Peftilence, Fire, Wind, and Storm at the wor d or command of GOD ; and either of thefe might have been employed, without un- hinging the whole frame of the earth, and dijjolving all the fo lid ftrata thereof. But this laft method was in- tended, was threatned, was executed, was neceffary ; and therefore the Deluge UNIVERSAL. I PROCEED with the Scripture account, ver. 14, Make thee an Ark of gopher-wood; (rooms jhalt thou make in the Ark) and Jhall pitch it within and without [ 19 ] with pitch. And this is the fajhion which thou Jhalt make it of-, the length of the Ark jh all be three hundred cubits, the breadth of it fifty cubits, and the height of it thirty cubits : (a window /halt thou make to the Ark') and in a cubit JJjalt thou finifh it above : (and the door of the Ark Jh alt thou fet in the fide thereof) with lower, fecond, and third ft ories Jhalt thou make it. And behold I, even I, do bring a flood of waters upon the earth to deftroy all flejh, wherein is the breath of life, from under heaven, and every thing that is in the earth Jhall die. But with thce will I eflablijh my covenant : and thouJJoalt come into the e I have included this fentence, together with one juft before, and another^almoft immediately following, in parenthefes, as the fenfe of the Context requires, and the Original fully juilifies : for the word it in the next fentence, viz. in a cubit Jhalt tbou finijb it above, plainly refers to the Ark hot to the fffuutnv ; fince the relative it is in the feminine gender, and the word for Ark in the feminine alfo, but the word for Window is in the mafculine ; fo the fentence where That is, muft be taken fsparately from the reft, or included in a parenthefis. And the fenfe is, In a cubit thou Jhalt finijh it (the Ark') above, that is, the top part of the roof of the Ark was to be made a cubit high in the middle, and Hoping on each fide ; on purpofe I fuppofe that the rain and moiflure, which might fall during the Deluge, mould eafiiy flide off, without damaging the Ark. As Commentators have been much puzzled concerning what this Windo-jj in the Ark was, and I know but one Author that has pro- perly explained it, and fince his treatife is fcarce, (viz. DICKINSOM- Phyfica <vetus & <vera) I mall lay down, and endeavour to prove the certainty of his explication. The common opinion is, that this Windo-M was a Hole in the uf per part of the Ark about a cubit [quart, or a cubit in height ; but how fuch a cavity as this could poflibly af- ford light to the three fiories of the Ark (one of which wasdoubtlefs underwater) and to all t\&feparate partitions in thofeftories, and to the many 1'rJ/iuges leading to thofe partitions, and this during the night, at leaft feme part of the night, as well as in the day, is alto- gether inconceivable : fo^that this opinion, I think, cannot be true. But (z* 1 *'] the foundation on which it is built, viz. thpfe words, /// cubit tbou Jhalt fnijh it above, reft- r, as I have already fhew'd, to the Ark, and not to the m/dw. So that (3 dl > r -) let the reader r*- [20] Ark; thov.) and thy fans i and thy wife, and thy fons wives with thee. And of every living thing of allflejh^ tiyo of every fort jhalt thou bring into the Ark to keep them alive with thee : they Jhall be male and female. Of fowls after their kind y and of cattle after their kind, of every creeping thing cf the earth after his kind: two of every fort Jhall ccme unto thee, to keep them alive. And take thou unto thee of all food that i* eaten, and thou Jhalt gather it to thee ; and it Jhall be food for thee and for them. Thus did Noah ; according to all that God commanded him fo did be. WHAT Forefight and Wifdom were here requiiite ! I have already proved that the Deluge was zfupernatural irember, there is no precife outward form afcribed to this Window. And (4 thl) ") what is tranflated, A window thou /halt make TO THE ARK, if, render'd according to the Original, is, for, or for the ufe of the ark, LaTaBE ; fo that a window in the common acceptation of the word, canfcarcely be the meaning of the infpired writer. jtiuy. The word JER (tranflated window) properly denotes a clear light, and as IJER fignifying oil, comes fiom the fame root, and both are derived from a verb, fignifying tojbine bright, fothe command here given to Noah, in all probability was, to make a clear Jhining jub- Jlance, or a bright oleaginous matter, for the ufe of the Ark. Now fach would certainly be of great fervice by affording light to every feparate room fmce it might be hungup in fmall *v?J}els, or other- wife, as the circumllanccs of time and place required : this fubftance too might be of fuch a falutifcrous nature, or fend forth fuch vivify -\ ing rays, as would greatly conduce to the health of the animal f in the Ark. That it is poffible to make fuch a felf-Jkining matter, either liqtid Of folid, the bermetical Phcfpbor of Balduinus, the aerial and glacial Noflilucas of Mr. Boyle, and the Pantarba of Jarcbus, (which laft * ihone in the day, as fire, and at night emit- * ted a flame or light, as bright as day, tho' not altogether fo ttrong') and many other preparations cf the like fort fufficiently evince (fee Stackhoufe's Hijiory of the Bible, Vol. I. p. I 30.) ; and that it might have been, or that many have been, of the above fuppofed falutiftrcui nature, Widerifitlct in his fecond Book de Medicamentit has plainly fhew'd. And by the command here given to Noah, without any particular directions about preparing this fubftance, we may fairly coiled, that he well knew of what, and in what man- ner, to make it. 6^ h ^- The Jtwifi Rabbles feem to have had act, and it is undeniably certain that no human know- ledge, no natural experience, no deduction from caufes or effects, could poffibly have given mankind the ieaft notice of fuch an event : of courfe a revelation (as Mo fa informs us) muft have been made to Noah, in order that he might forefee and be provided againft fuch a tranf- action. And not only a revelation of the Fact, buf. the Means alfo declared, by which he might avoid the confequences of it, and have time to take due care fortheprefervationof himfelf and family, and for re- plenifhing the earth with a flock of its former inhabi- tants. As he was told that the whole earth was to be ibme notion of the true meaning of the word under confideration' by fup}X)fmg that it denoted a large bright Ca>t>urc/f, or frcdou? ftone, which Noah hung up in the middle of the Ark, to give 1^ all around ; but this certainly would not wholly anfwer the end, to*" fuch a ftone (fuppofing there was fuch) could not emit light into every feparate partition, and all the paffages leading to the partiti- ons, &c; fo that fame fuch Jhlning Sub/lance, as the above, which might be carried in the hand from p'ace to place, or hung up, or &c. was certainly neceflary and intended. 7 thl y- The Chaldee Faraphrafe renders the woj:d for window by one fignifying fimply light. 8 thl y- The Scptutgint Tranflators (probably not knowing any word in the Greek that would anfwer to the Hebrew ] E R) have omitted or elfe have fubftituted a \'erb (etrMvctfuv} for it, which con- veys neither the idea of/ig/jf nor window ; and this certainly they would not have done, had they thought the word meant a common window. 9 thl >' < But what adds great confirmation to the above expofition is that the common word for window [viz. HaLUN, which is de- rived from a verb fignifying to horc or cut thr<? t and properly de- notes a Hole or Window in a building] is not ufed in this place j and yet it is ufed in the account of the Ark, Gen. vii. 6. where Noah is faid to have opened the Vf'indsiv of the Ark and let out a ru- men. Here a Window as generally underftood, is certainly meant, and the common and proper word [HaLUN, not JER] is ufed; which evidently mews that fome other interpretation than that of Window, muft be attributed to the word JER; and fince the fignifi.- cation I have above contended for is ib remarkably corrobtf/ated by fuch a number of circumftahces, \ye may, I prefume, juftly con- clude it to be the true. [22] deftroyed by a flood of water, fb the moft he could pre- conceive concerning the impending danger (allowing he could conjecture thus much, which, unlefs Ship- ping had been in ufe before the flood, he probably could not) was, that a veflel of wood would be the moft likely means of faving him, and all that was neceffary to be fecured : but of what fize or form to make this vefiel, that it might fuitably contain the thmgs that were to be taken in, and anfwer in all other refpects, no human wifdom, I believe, could poffcbly adjuft. Had man been left to himfelf to form a veffel that fliould conveniently hold a certain number of all the 'various fpecies of birds ^ beafis, and creeping^ things in the earth, and contain alfo proper and fufficient food for them for the fpace of a whole year ', (forfo long the Dduge lafted) he probably would have made the vef- iel" unnecefiarily big, even fo large as to endanger it's fafety : and this is pretty certain, from the objections which thofe who have laid claim to the greateft mare of human Reafon (viz. our wife free or rather no-thinkers} have made to the Mofaic account, fuppofing the Ark therein defcribed to have been of too narrow dimenfions. But the wifdom of man is foolijhncfs with GOD, and every objection to Scripture proves nothing but the folly of the objector, which in this cafe is abundantly manifefti for after the ftricteft examination and moft accurate furvey, it has been proved by feveral learned perfons, that the fize of the Ark, as given by Mofes, was exactly correfpondent to the things that were to be taken in. d And tho' Mofes could not but forefee, that fuch objections as thefe would be raifed againft * See BUTEO de Area Not ; cujus form* & capacitatis fuerat. Sir WALTER RALEIGH'S HiJJotj of the World, Book I. Chap, 7. $ 9. TLv<t the Ark <was of fuff.dent capacity. Bifhop WJL KIN'S f>ffay toivards a real char after and a pbiiofcphical language. PzK II. Chap. v. $. 6. [23] his account, yet he left it to ftand the teft, barely re- lating the fact, not anxioufly explaining the reafon of every thing , well knowing that he was directed in what he faid by Infinite Wifdorn, who would order all things in meafure^ and number , and weighty and quite fatisfied that if man would but act the proper part and ufe his Reafon aright, that is, not judge till he had well weighed and confidered the fubject, the juftnefs and propriety of what he related would eminently appear. [Hence, by the way, we may fee the great neceflity of much natural knowledge in order to apprehend the philofophical parts of the Bible, and that Mofes did not fuit his defcriptions of things to the capacities of the vulgar, but wrote for the moft improved Under- frandings.] Again ; as it was necefiary that Iwo at leaft of each fpecies of animals of the land and air^ and thefe a male and female (for future propagation; fhould be taken into the Ark, fo it was impoflible that Noah and his family of themfelves could have collected them together ; many of the creeping kind&tt fo fmall as to efcape the human fight, unaffifted by the beft GlafTes, and probably many there are that cannot be difcerned even by the help of them, at leaft fo far as to difcover which are male and which fema/e ; others are of fo fwift a flight, or of fo wild and rapacious a nature that they cannot be caught and tamed by man: GOD therefore muft have directed the fever al kinds in fuitable numbers to the Ark (probably in the manner he influenced them to come to Adam^ when they were firfl named. Gen. ii. 19.) Agreeably to this Mofes informs us that the fame divine Perfon who forewarned Noah of the flood, aflfured him, that two [or rather as the word may be render'd couples ; for more than two of fome fpecies were taken in] of every fort Jhould come unto "him 10 be kept alive. Gen. vi. 20. All thefe articles were neceflary to be known, all thefe preparations neceffary to be made by thoic who could poffibly be C ?*] faved, and anfwer the end of their falvation (by being able to replenifh the Earth with a ftock of its former inhabitants) in fuch a Flood as was That in the time of Neah. But thefe articles could not be known, nor could thefe preparations be made without divine ajfift- ance ; fuch affiftanc^ therefore was undeniably given to Noah ; and it is equally undeniable, that all thofe who had it not, periflied. Hence our Saviour reprefents the Flood as coming upon the ungodly quite unexpectedly, Matt. xxiv. 38. In the days that were before the flood^ they were eating and drinking, marrying and giving in marriage, until the day that Noah entered into the ark, and KNEW NOT until the flood came and took them ALL away. Surely then none either did, or could efcape ; for, if even a few had reached the higheft mountains, yet as they had had no time to prepare themfelves with food and the common neceflaries of life, they mull foon have perimed thro* hunger. AGAIN ; had not the Deluge been univerfal, but partial only, and extended even over one half of the globe, there certainly had been no need of the Ark, Noah and his family might have retired from the de- ftru&ion, in the fame manner as Lot and his family did from that of Sodom and the countries adjacent, into fome other part of the earth ; and this might have been done in much Jefs time and with far lefs care and trouble, than to have built fo large a veflel as the Ark was, and prepared all the nece0ary things for the fafety of the animals that were to be included. At leail had the Deluge been partial, there had been no occafion of taking in animals of every kind^ male and female of every fort to keep feed dive upon the face of all ihe earthy (Gen. vii. 3.) for had any iflands or countries with the creatures peculiar thereunto, been exempted from the common calamity (as our Author fuppofes) it had been needlefs to have preferved fuch by means of the Ark 3 or indeed to have taken in any of the [ 25 ] Brute-creation at all, fmce they might have been con- ducted to thofe parts of the earth which the Deluge reached not, by the fame means that they were brought to the ark to be faved thereby ; many of the beafs fuch as are of the fwift and wild kind, might eafily have efcaped thither -, and the birds without difficulty, might have fled, from the approaching danger, into the molt diftant regions of the earth. But as all this pre- caution was taken, all thefe meafures executed, it is certain that GOD intended that the Deluge fhould be ttniverfal , and we mail fee hereafter from the effefts of it, that it really was fo. FOR, as foon as Noah and the animals were entered into the ark, we are told, that All the Fountains of the Great Deep were broken up. THE Maker of this earth (who certainly knows its inward as well as outward ftrudure) has inform'd us, that there is a vafl collection of waters within it, cha- racterifed (to diftinguim it from all lejjer Deeps, Seas, &c.) under the name of the GREAT D-E E P; it is called Gen. xlix. 25. The Deep that lieth under, \. e. the earth; and Dcut. xxxiii. 13. The Deep that coucheth beneath : and in the fecond commandment is in- cluded under the term ot the Water under the earth. From this refervoir all fountains and rivers receive their fupplies as the wifeft of natural Philofophers has told us, Ecdef.i. 7. All the rivers run into the Sea [the general collection of waters, part high up, and part beneath, the earth] yet the Sea is not full [doth not reach the height of, or run over, its mores]. Unto the place from whence the risers came^ thither they return again.* The fhell of the earth is reprefcnted as lying directly over this abyfs, or covering it as an e This collection of waters I have defoliated by G. H. in the fub- fequent Plate, which the reader will confult, and alib what is faid i Note k . [26] Arch ftretched over an orb of water , fo the Pfalmift, xxiv. i . The earth is the LORD'J ; for he hath FOUNDED it UPON THE SEAS, and ESTABLISHED it UPON THE FLOODS; and again, cxxxvi. O give thanks to tbe'LoRn of Lords, 'who alone doth great wonders ; to Him (for this is a wonderful and very beneficial act) that STRETCHED OUT the earth above the waters: So of the jirft fediment, jlrata, and laying the foundations of the earth, Prov. viii. 27. Whm he -prepared the heavens, 1 was there; when he fet a Circle upon the face of the Depth ; when he appointed the foundations of the earth. And Job xxxviii. 4. Where waft thou when I laid the foundations of the earth ? Whereupon are the fockets thereof faftened ? Or who had laid the Corner- flone [the key-ftone of the arch] thereof? And ch. xxvi. 10. He fet a Circle upon the face of the waters. So that the fhell of the earth is of a circular form, comprehending (as the fnell of an Egg contains the Fluid within) an crb of water, according to the delineation in the Plate, where F. denotes the cruft of the earth, and G. H. the fluid within. Thus were things fituated before the Flood, and thus indeed are they at preferit. BUT before I can mew what the alterations wej-e that were made in the terraqueous Globe at the time of the Deluge, what Agents were employed, and the Manner of their acting, it will be proper to fay ibmething of the original formation of the earth. THE firft Agent that is mentioned to have had any effect towards reducing thcformlefs mafs of the earth into fliape, is the Spirit, Gen. i. 2. And the Spirit of GOD moved upon ihe face of ihs waters. What this Spirit is may be judged of from fimilar pafftges in Scripture. The word rendered Spirit [RUE] is the fame as is ufually translated Wind, and denotes Air in wot ion, as If a. xl. 7. The grafs wither eth, the fower fc.dcth; bccauje the Spirit of the LORD BLOWETH upon [ 271 it : here certainly the natural motion of the wind is meant , as alfo it is in the following paffage, Pfalm cxlvii. 1 6. He givetb fnow like wool; fcatteretb the boar-froft like ajhes. He caftetb forth his ice like mor- fels ; who can ft and before his cold ? He fendeth out his Word [lymbolically placed for the Light cf the Sun ; as his real Son is the Light of the world, and the Word of life] and melteth them : he caufeth his Wind [RUE, his Spirit] to blow, and the waters flow. So alfo, Job xxx vii. 21. And now men fee not the bright light which is in the clouds [more properly it means, in thejkies] : but the Wind [the Spirit] paffetb away and cleanfcth them; i. e. by the motion of the air the iky is cleared, and the light rendered vifible. So again, ch. xxxvi. 16. By his Spirit he hath garnijhed the Heavens. But what more evidently confirms the above interpretation is, that at the time of the Deluge when the Earth was totally dif- folved, and. all things in \hzfame confufed Hate they were at the beginning of its firft formation, the fame Agent is mentioned to have been employed towards the re- forming of it, viz. Gen. viii. i. And GOD made a Wind ( RUE, the Spirit] to pafs over the earth and the waters ajjwaged. Here certainly a motion in the air is meant, and as certainly it is to be underftood in the former cafe when we are told, that the jpirit ef Goo moved upon the face of the waters; i. e. GOD by his immediate power caufed a motion or raifed an agi- tation in the (before) dark, ftagnant Air around the earth, (and it is called His Spirit, bccaufe he alone did, or indeed could, produce fuch a motion) which MeReHPeT, MOVED ; this word in the original, as his Lp. of Clogher obierves (who alfo allows that the Spi- rit here fpoken of is the Air r ) fignifies properly ' a f See bis Vindication of the bifivrics of the r.hi and ufw Tejlattfnt, Part II. p. 47. Many ancient writers have thus interpreted it, as [a8 J fhivermg or tremulous kind of motion, fuch as a man maketh, when he fhaketh for fear ; in which fenfe the word is ufed Jer. xxiii. 9. or as a hen [Deaf. xxxii, u. an eagle} ufeth when fhe expandeth her body and wings [fiuttereth] over her brood of chickens [her young ones]. And therefore this word is elegantly expreffive of the vibrating motion of tie Air? This action of the air, we are told, \yas upon ibe face of the water 's, i. e. upon \hefurface of the fluid turbid mafs of the earth, and therefore would have fuitable effects upon it, i. e. by furrounding and com- preffing the outfide, would determine the earth to be of a fyherical or orbicular fhape, as the action of the Air upon any fluid body, fufpended in ir, at prefent determines it to be. But the grofs action of the Spi- rit alone could not enter much beyond the furface or caufe any great alteration in the Injide ; fome other therefore more fubtle, penetrating Agent than this, was requifite to form thejhell cf the earth or drive to- gether the folid atoms thereof. Accordingly the next thing we read of was the Production of Light. Pbifo "Judfeus, Martain de Borbai, "Joannes Mariana, and two or three of the Fathers were of this opinion, as his Lp. obferves. And even Hobbes (whofe opinion may pleafe fome perfons better than any one's elfe) argues thus, (Lei-iat. p. 208.) 4 Gen. i. 2. The Spirit of GOD * moved upcn the face of the waters. Here if by the Spirit cfGoo ' be meant GOD himfelf, then is motion attributed to GOD, andcon- * fequently place, which are intelligible only of bodies, and not of * fubftances incorporeal ; and fo the place is above our underihnding, c that can conceive nothing moved that changes not place, or that has ' not dimenfion ; and whatfoever has dimenfion is body. But the 4 meaning of thofe words is beft underftood by the like places, Gee. viii. i. Where when the earth were covered with waters, as in the * beginning, GOD intending to abate them and again to difcover the ' dryland, ufeth the like words, I will bring my Spirit upon the curt b t * and the tnatertjball be dimlnijhed: In which place by Spirit is un- derftood a wind, (that is, an air or fyirit moved'] which might be called (as in the former place) the Sfifit of GOD, becaufe it was GOD'S work.' And GOD faid [decreed, commanded] Let there be Light ; and there was Light. HERE an Agent is introduced, the moft fubtlc as well as moft powerful of any in nature. We all know, that Light paffes freely thro' the hardeft and clofeft of terreftrial fubftances, and when its atoms are collected in a focus, will feparate and difiblve the parts of the moft compact body. Here then are two very powerful Agents , one that difplays itfelf principally by preJJ'ure, the other by penetration. And what might not fuch Agents as thefe do, in the hand of the mighty Creator ? No Command in Nature could be infuperable to fuch fervants, under the direction of fuch a Mailer. We need not therefore wonder, if we mould hear of great and mighty events brought about by thefe Agents in ever fo ihort a fpace of time, nay, if the earth, from a formlefs, fluid, confufed mafs^ mould be made, within the fpace of a day or two, into a folid habitable Globe. To effect which, thefe Agents are put in commiflion by the fol- lowing Command. And God j aid, Let there be a Firmament [Marg. Ex- pail/ion] in t fa MIDST of the WATERS \\htfluid, chaotic mafs of the Earth, called Waters before, ver. 2.] and let it [there] divide the waters from the waters. The reader then will remember that this whole tranfaction was to be upon or in the Earth, not in the midft of the heavens or in the Air at a vaft diftance from the Earth, as many Commentators have imagined, but the whole tranfaftion was to be in the midft of the waters of the Earth. And the words plainly imply, as others in this chapter do, a Command to natural Agents to operate. Light had been formed, had reached and afted upon this Globe : and wherever Light and Spi- rit [or Air in motion] are, there would of courfe be a ftruggl$ between them, and this ftruggle would pro- duce an Expanfion, this expaniion a divifion, and fo on. The word tor Firmament, RaQjo, explains what the Firmament is ; the word fignifies, as we fee in the margin of our bibles, Expanfton, and the mean- ing is, Let the Light and Spirit expand and diffufe themfelves, and let them prefs into the mixture, called Waters^ and let them act in, among, or between the 'parts of it, and drive the folid parts together, and thereby make a feparation, and with the parts fepa- rated a dhijton or wall between the waters ; fo that one moiety of the waters mall Jie on one fide of this wall, and the other on the other fide. To explain how this was done : the Earth, we are told, was created void, (Gen. i. 2.) i. e. hollow, emptyivithin (as the word means Ifa. xlv. 18.) or with a large central Hollow (called, Job xxxviii. 8. the womb of the earth) rilled only with air, as every hollow place in the earth at prefent \sfilled. As foon therefore as the light had reached .this central or inward air, there would in- itantly commence a conflict between them, or a ftrug- gling this way and that as from a center; which is ob- vious to every ordinary capacity in the cafe of a blad- der that is flaccid or half- filled with air, when held before the fire. The light, (which not even the clofeft-compacted fubflance can deny a paffage to) iflues forth from the fire, and penetrates the pores of the bladder, drives itfelf in amongft the grofs air, which muft force That to pum itfelf every way out- ward, and diftend the fides of the bladder that in- clofes it. Thus would the inward Expanfe or ex- panding-air act upwards every way from the center to the circumference of the Chaotic mixture , while the out-ward Expanfe or the light and fpirit on the outftde of this globe would act downwards on and through every part of it. And by thefe two equal and counter-acting agents the earthy Qr folid ^par Is of [30 the chaotic mafs would be driven together into a fpbericaljbett at a confiderable diftance irorn the cen- ter of the earth, and there be fuftained ; and as the earthy or folid parts would be driven together into a clofe hard fhell or cruft, fo by the fame action would the fluids be permitted to (lip between on each fide of this cruft. Thus would \hzjhell of ftone or tbe Earth be formed between two orbs of water ; one orb would cover the outward furface ; the other would cover, or by the force of the expanding air from the center, be prefled clofe to, the inward furface of the earth. Such being the fituation of things, it will now be apparent to every one how the earth was founded upon and formed between the waters. And as the fliell or cruft of the earth was driven together by the expanfive power of the air, and formed between two orbs of water, fo the Firmament acted the part it was commanded of dividing the waters from the waters. AND as the Expanfion had this power from the Creator (for He firft caufed the motion in the, before, dark ftagnant air ; that motion, produced Light , that Light and that Spirit an Exparfon, &c.) and as it was now immediately under the influence of its Maker , and acted according to his Directions; fo (and to pre- vent the Ifraelites from imagining it to be a God, and not the work of GOD, as the idolatrous nations did) Mofes adds, And God MADE the Firmament; and divided the Heaters which were under the Firmament, from the Waters which were above the Firmament. THIS is a further defcription of things, in order to prevent our miftaking where the Waters divided, and where the Airs dividing, were; and to prepare the reader for what was to follow. The Expanje, as we have feen, acted from above and from below, .and by forming the cruft of the earth in the midft of the* [32] Waters, feparated the waters from the waters , WhicK waters, thus feparated, would be in two diftinct orbs ; one covering the outward furface of the earth, which therefore would juftly be defignated by the waters under the open Air^ Heaven , Firmament ^ or Expan- Jion; in the fame fenfe as the hills (Gen..v\\. 19.) are faid to be under the heaven ; and as thefe waters then covered the whole furface of the earth, they were more immediately under the heaven. And as we have feen already there was a body of expanding air at and round the center of the earth, fo the wa- ters that were directly above this inward Expanfion, $. e. thofe which were clofe to the concave furface of the earth, would properly be denominated Waters above Air^ Firmament ', or Expan/ion.t That there was really a body of expanding air at and round the center of the earth (on which fuppofition the above interpretation depends; and ignorance of this has produced all the difficulty which this part of Scrip- ture has been thought to labour under) is evident, not only from its being afferted that the earth was created comparatively hollow^ or filled only with air ; but from the text under confideration : For (i ft.) here is ex- prefs mention made of two Expanfes, and the opera- s The reader may have an idea how things were fituated at this time from the PLATE annexed (tho' not principally deiigned for this purpofe) by a little mental alteration. Let D. denote the outward Expanje^ (unrounding, compreffing and penetrating the mafs of the Earth. Letthe vacant Space, E. (encompaffing the Earth) be fup- pofed to be filled with the water H. as it was at this time, and then this water will fignify the waters utidtr the [outward] Firmament or Expanfe. Let the Spaces defignated by H. and 1. be filled with the Air or Expanfe E. and then this will denote the in-Mard Expanfe t acting upwards; and the orb of water G. will ftand for the waters above the [inward] Firmament or Expanfe. And thus the fhell of the Earth F. will be formed between two orbs of wattr, by the a&ioa of the tiva [33 ] tlon of each, as I have Ihewed already, was on or in this earth. It is allowed by all, that one Expanfe acted on the outward or convex furface of, the globe ; the other therefore muft be within, and act on the inward or concave furface. But (zdly.J had there not been an Expanfion from within, or from below, as well as from above, there could have been nofepa- ration of waters from the waters, or the /hell of the earth could not have been formed between the waters ; for had the outward Expanic acted only, it would have driven the folid parts of the terraqueous mafs quite down to the center, in the fame manner as it now precipitates mud or any earthy folid fubflances through the waters of the fea ; and in this cafe the earth would have been formed as a. folid ball, or kernel, at the center , and all the water would have lain over it in one united mafs, in the fame manner as the at- mofphere at prefent covers the earth. But there was a Separation of waters from the waters, by the interven- ing Jhell of the earth, formed by the expanfive power of the Air ; and therefore there was an inward Expanfton as well as an outward. And as there was an orb of water, feparated from the terraqueous mafs, by this inward Expanfton, fo it could be no otherwife diftin- guimed than by being called (as it. is) Waters above the Firmament, or Expanfwn. But then a queftion may be afked, How mould this inward orb of water be fuftained, or kept clofe to the inward or concave fur- face of the earth, and fo be prevented from falling down to the center ? I anfwer, by the fame means that the outward orb of water was kept clofe to the outward or convex furface of the earth, or as the fea is at prefent prevented from falling down through the clouds (cfpccially at our antipodes, to fpeak as the vul- gar would moft naturally think) or from returning again to cover the earth (though the earth be rcvolv- D [ 34] ed fo immcnfely fwift on its axis) all which is ef- fected by the compreffure of the Expanfion, or the Air acting on the outward furface of it-, which Agent might as well keep waters above it as under it ; for there is no fuch thing as innate gravity, or natural tendencies of bodies to centers, &c. All matter, as our modern philofophers allow, is dead, innert, in^, attive, quite indifferent to every kind of motion ; and therefore cannot poflibly move unlefs impelled , and which way fo ever it is impelled, either upwards, down- wards, or fideways, thither it muft move. Sir Ifaac Newton in feveral parts of his writings fpeaks of Gra- vity as being no more than Impulfe, and attributes the Caufe of it to an <etherial medium, or jubtile fluid *; which way foever therefore fuch a fluid impels, that way muft motion be. And with regard to up and down, or above and below, every child in philofophy knows that they are only relative terms, refpecting our fituation upon the earth. No fuch difference can properly be applied to the inanimate agents ; which muft of courie act uniformly the fame, up or down, juft as they are placed, and have room to exert their power : And as at this time they were differently fituated from what they are nowj there being a body of expanding-air at the center, as well as one upon the circumference of the earth, fo each would pro- duce the fame effect on the fide it acted againft, /. f. feparate andfupport an orb of water. THE Earth being thus totally covered with water* the next requifite ftep would be to free its furface of this fluid, and permit the dry land to appear. HENCE we read the next Command of GOD was, And GOD faid, Let the water under the Heaven be gathered together unto one place [or be united], and let the dry-land appear. The waters were before in two " Frittc. Mat. 3 d. Edit. p. 147. i8S. 488. Optics p. 323. 29. [ 35 1 places i one orb, covering the outward furface of the earth \ the other, incloled within its inward furface. The former of thefe muft be gathered to the latter, that is, the waters that were under the heaven or open air (viz. thofe which were upon the outward furface of the earth, and which prevented the appearance of the dry-ground) were to be gathered together to thcfe be- neath the earth, which was the only place where there were other waters. The manner how this was effected by the Agents then in Commiffion may eafily be con- ceived. As the matter of the heavens would be more and more melted down by the intenfe fiie at the focus of the primaeval light, fo would the flrength of the Expansion be increafed, in proportion to the quantity of matter melted, and the degree of agitation , and how great its force muft have been on this the third day, may be partly gathered from the extent of its fphere on the fourth, which reached by that time the other orbs, and even the fixed ftars, as is evident from ver. 17. The Light and Spirit having fuch an im- menfe fphere of action, and acting very powerfully near the earth (as is certain from the quick growth of vegetables, &c. on this, the third day) would prefs ' ftrongly upon the outward furface of it ; and by the continual and new admiffion of light, through the melt to the central air, the inward expan/ion would be vaftly heightened and increafed (in the manner defcribed p. 30.) and by this means would be made to act more forcibly againft the inward or concave furface of the earth. This force continuing to act with increafed vigour, would foon crack, cleave, and break the fhell of the earth in many places, and fo make room for the waters that covered the outward furface to defcend, or be prefied down through thefe cracks ; and as the inward air went out, the outward orb of waters would rufli in, and fupply its place -, and fo be mixed or united with the waters that were beneath the earth. [3H And thus by the waters under the heaven [viz. thofe that once filled the Space E] being gathered together to thofe that were beneath the earth, [viz. H. where was the one place appointed for them all, and when united in this one place they would conftitute the Great Abyfs^ G. H.] the dry-land would of courfe appear, and the Command be effected. And GOD called the dry -I and [that which was at firft immerfed in the waters, but now prominent above them] EARTH -, and the Gather- ing together [the whole collection] of the waters, called he [under the general Name of] SEAS. And thus would the Earth be formed, much of the fame fhape it is at prcfent, and as the Plate annexed reprefents it. FROM the defcription here given how the Earth was at firft formed, we may obtain an eafy folution of the fevcral feeming difficulties relating to the Deluge. For, firft, we have here difcovered where a body of water lies, (viz. G. H. the great Abyfs) fufficient to flood the Earth to an immenfe height, for but part of this water (viz. the orb G.) once covered its whole furface. And we have alfo difcovered two very pow- erful Agents, cne [viz. the Spirit or Air in a violent motion j capable ot performing the grander! tranfaftions by pre/ure ; the other (viz. the Light] capable of dif- playing immenfe power by penetration. We have feen that thefe two Agents (under GOD) feparated the Solids from the Fluids of this globe, drove them to- gether into a hard circular JheU, and permired the fluids to flip on each fide i and by renev/ed vigour and re- doubled power, cleaved^ cracked, and broke this ihell in various places and fo opened a way for the water that covered the outward furface of it to de- fcend, part into the infide, and part to occupy the large cavities it had made in-the mell, and fo confti- tute feas, lakes, and by this means fo diverfify the furface of this globe, with land and water, as to ren- [ 37 ] der it a commodious and a pleafant fituation for its future inhabitants. BUT as thefe inhabitants, about 1600 years after the formation of this beautiful feat, had greatly abufed thegoodnefs of the maker, forgot the original Author of it, and deified the Creature, inftead of the Creator; GOD determined, by inverting the order of Nature, to deftroy them, and demonftrate his power over the natural Agents to the future race of men, by bringing a flood of waters over the face of the whole earth, and fo making the air defcend into the place of the water, and the water afcend into and occupy the place of the air, and by this means deftroy that wicked generation in the moft dreadful manner. ACCORDINGLY GOD publifhes his Declaration, Gen. vi. 17. And behold 7, even 7, do bring [MCBIA, am the caufe or inftrument of bringing] a flood of waters upon the earth to deftroy all flcjb, &c. AND as foon as Noah and his righteous family were entered into the Ark, we are told, The fame day all the fountains of the Great Deep were broken up. WHAT the Great Deep is we have feen already, and alfo that the orb of the Earth furrounds it as a ihell ; and moreover have feen, that this fhell was at firft formed whole and entire by the expavfrce pcwcr of the Air or Firmament, and by an increafed ftrength or re- doubled force of that Power was cracked and broken in various places, in order to permit a quantity of wa- ter that covered its outward furface to defcend into the inlide. Now, an Agent that could once by the direction of its maker, do this, could do the fame at any time, when that divine Author pleafcd. The force of the natural perpendicular Preflure of the air upon the earth is known to be very great-,* and its lateral * The Weight of Air on every fupeificial Snuare Feet is alvu'e " 2cco Pound M'tigbt." And " fince the Nvmber of Square Miles on [33 1 or horizontal preffure, as in cafe of high winds and tem- pefts, will renefthe rocks, and elevate the v/aters of the Ocean to a prodigious height. So that the Power of this Agent being preternaturally increafed, and its force exerted upon the water of the Ocean and of courfe upon thai of the Abyis (which is connected with it and lies immediately under it) would caufe thofe waters to ifTue from their (before) confined ftation, buril open their common outlets or the paffages for fprings, fountains, &c. and flood the earth in pro- portion to the quantity of water emitted. The Con- fequence of fuch an extraordinary Preffure of the Air may be judged of from the EfffSs which a fimilar preffure of this Agent had upon the waters of the Red Sea, recorded Exod. xiv. 21, 22. xv. 8. When a Jlrong Wind [RUE, a violent Spirit or Agitation in the Air] drove back the waters of that Sea, caufed (be foods thereof to jland upright as an heap, and IK ere a wall to the Children of ifrael en the right hand and on the left as they faffed through. Now a Continuation of fuch a Force as this upon the waters of the Sea and thofe of the Abyfs would cer- tainly break open the fountains of the Abyfs, and raifc the water above the Tops of the higheft moun- tains or to any height whatever. To one of the above acts the Pfalmift alludes when he fays, (Pfal. xviii. 15.) T'ben the fprings of water vere feen, and the foun- dations of the round world were difcovered at thy chiding, O LORD, at the blajling of the breath of thy difpleafure. The effects alfo of zftrong Wind or a violent agitation " the Earth's Superficies is* computed 1992^0205, and in one Square " Mile are 27878400 Square Feet, the Square Feet on the Earth's " Superficies will befiMnewhat above 5547800000000000; whence " the Weight of the Icicle Atmcfphcre, or its Prefiure on the Super- " ficies of the whole Earth, is more than 11095600000000000000 *' Pounds, or much about jcccooooocooocro Tons ; that is. the " Atmofphere compreileth the Earth \vith a Force, or Power, nearly equal to that of" ei-jf-thyui~und Millions of Mi Hi -im 'f 'Tons.'" Sje Maftiiit f biUJopbical Grammar. Page i So, &c. [39] of the Spirit are defcribed i Kings xix. i %, When Ifaiab had an exhibition of fome grand difplay of the Power of GOD, And behold the LORD pajjed by, and a great and ftrong Wind rent the mountains and brake in 'pieces the rocks before the LORD , and after the Wind [as a confequence of this violent agitation of the air] c.n Earthquake : And fuch certainty there was at the Dif- ruption of the fhell of the earth in the time of the de- luge. A very terrible event this (fays a certain Au- thor) no lefs than the fhell of (lone broken up in many places, and fhartered in all the reft ; all the Inlets, Under- Seas, Lakes, &V. made Fountains-, and all the ftrata which formed their fides, and the fides of the old Springs, thrown up unto the furface ; fpouts of vapours to darken the fky, and vaft fpouts of water rifing like fountains, making a dreadful noife; rifing in the fea, and running to the fea, and the fea rifing and driving the people, &c. to the mountain tops, their laft fhift; where they with fright, rain, or hunger, perifh'd ; or thofe who furvived 'till the wa- ters came were deflroyed by them. And thus alfo the beginning, procefs, and completion of the deluge are defcribed in the book of Job, ch. xxxviii. 8. Who poured out*- (fays GOD) the jea thro* doors, when it brake forth, as if it had iffued out of the womb ? When I made the Cloud [grofs air] the garment thereof, and thick dark- nefs [condenfed, ftagnant air] a fwaddling-band for it [this muft have been at the time when the flood was at the higheft, when the inward Air or Firmament (or the air which had preffed upon and at laft broke its way thro' the fliell of the earth) had driven out great part of the water of the abyfs, occupied its place, and fup- ported the remaining part ot the water againft the in- ward or concave furlace of the earth-, and when the outward Air or Firmament, furrounded and comprdfed the upper orb of water, clofe to the outward furface of [ "\D ( from "]D3 fudit, rjfudit, ftrfudit liquor* aiiquo. MAR. CAL. [ 40] the earth]. And then I brake up for it my decreed place, [i. e. the fhell of the earth which I had formed and eftablimed between the waters ; and by breaking this, permitted the upper waters to go to their appointed place ; and when once retired thither] / fet bars and doors, andfaid, Hitherto JhaJt thou come, but no further ; and here jh all thy proud waves be Jlayed. BUT what is more than all this, an effect greater than the difruption of the fountains of the Abyfs, is That which follows, And the windows of heaven were opened. Mr. HUTCHINSON is the only Author I know of, who has properly explained thefe words, I fhall there- fore give the reader his explication ; Mcfes's Principia, p. 70. ' The windows of heaven have been taken for imaginary falls of water from above the heavens, from the clouds, from the air turning into water, &c. Synop. Crit. Tom. i. p. 97. ' CataraEfa c<eli, &c. 4 i. e. 'The Cataraffs of heaven, the windows, holes, 1 openings or cataraffs of HEAVEN, /'. e. of the AIR, ' asGfif. i. 7. Ifai. xxiv. 18.' Crit. Sacri, Tom. i. p. 147. ' Nam Cataraff<tefte Hieronimo, 6cc. i.e. For c a Cataraft, according to St. Jerom, is a hole in a ' wall, fuch as fmoak gets through. Ifai. Ix. 8. as ' doves cnvo'iN SK (by Sym.) to their doors [GufJaj] 6 to their windows. Ifai. xxiv. 18. The windows of ' heaven were opened-, li. 6. The heavens /hall vanijh 1 like fmoak. ' 'Tis plain, Cataraf*e fignify windows, holes, (luices, or flood-gates, or cracks or chinks in walls or buildings, fuch as fmoak paffes through out of one houfe into another, or windows fuch as pigeons go in at, or cracks or holes in the walls of great buildings or rocks, fuch as pigeons creep into and harbour in. This word is mod clearly compared, and is the very fame they fay it is. The Airs, and the Ab\fs of waters, are each called GOD'S Stcreboufe; and the wall between them is thtfpbere of the earthor [ 4' ] * Shell Q^ theStrata offlom^ in which there are innumerable * cracks^ through which the fumes or vapours or mix- .* /#ra ;/'/ air, like fmcak> continually pafs at the * famttpajfage, fometimes up for rain, &c. and fome- ' times down. 5 ' 11 [So that the phrafe windows of heaven k Mr. HUTCHINSON, in his Olfervatioat in the year 1706, (\ft. edit. p. 93.] remarks, (long before, I believe, he had any thought of interpreting the paffage under confideration in the manner he has done) ' Through the cracks in the ftrata, the water alfo paffes ' to fprings. In fair clear weather, when there is any wind Jlirring ' and motion in the Air above, the air telo<vu in mines pafies fo fenfi- bly at thefe cracks, as fometimes to blow out a candle. But when < the rains are rifing, the moifcure expels the air, and caufes fuch a ' fcarcity of it, or elfe a want of circulation of that air, that the can- ' dies will not burn ; and withal fuch a fenfation of heat to men, as ' fcarcity of air, in other places, does It is plain, the air will be * thus expelled out, and return alternately into thefe cracks, as the Steams that fupply rain, fill and quit them.' The fame is re- marked by Dr. Woodward ; and the free intercourfe between the /tir belo-M and our Atmofphcre or the air above, through every cranny in the earth, is fully proved ; and the alterations or the rife and fall of the mercury in the Barometer are fliewn to depend thereon ; vid. his Nat. liijl . of tbi Earth illus. &c. T raffia tor's Intreduflion, p. i co 153. See alfo Lcvut harp's Ab>idg*. of the Phil. Tranf. Vol. II. ch. iii. and Gcjjer.di animad. in \ o um librum Dioginit Laer/ti, Vol II. p. i oc 2. I may here obferve, with regard to the text under confideration, that the word nn~)i< (tranflated windowi) is derived from the verb 3~1X which fignifiesto lie in nuait, to lurk privily in a den, to ivatcb in a kale, undtr cover ; as Pfalm x. 9. n"1K he lieth in wait ftcretly as a lion in his den. Job xxxviii. 40. The young lions abide in the (overt to lie in wait. And the word 3.1X figninuth a dcr, or hole, or cave in the rock, asje xxxvii. 8. Then the btnjls go into deus [aiK]. And even the Septuagint Tranflation of this word, xax-ax'ai, in- cludes much of the meaning of the Hebrew, as ue&etyu&m is derived from xcC'xr^xcau to ijffitt out, to break through ; and may be rendered thcp/ace of rupture or breaking through ; it alfo fignifies a Gate, fee Scup. Lcxi. So that the fume idea of a bile, cavr. p'-Ji^e, '-punia?, &c. is prefervedin all the above places, the context in each place deter- mining the precife meaning of the word Hence other paiiages, which feem to differ, maybe reconciled to this explication, aa 2 l\mgi vii. 2. where, on account of an extreme famine., a Nobleman for difLelieving the word of ////?, (who had foretold that there ihculd fccn be a great pknty of ficur and barley) fays, Ij thi LORD ivea/d make windows [ 42 ] may here be rendered the paflages of the Airs.'] c In * the narroweft acceptation the pajjages of the Airs are ' through every fffure^ and between every fragment of c Stone, and they are fo many, that moft forts of Stone are divided by great cracks, into pieces of perhaps a [openings, paj/ages] in [not of] heaven, [and thro' them pour down flour and barley, as he had heretofore rained down manna upon the children of Jfrael, Pfalm Ixxviii. 23, 24 ] might this thing be ? And again, Malachi iii. 10. where GOD, accufing the Jt ws for robbing him in hii tithes and offerings, promifes (if they would repent) that he would rebuke the deftroyer that he Jhpuld not defray the FRUITS of their ground, and fays, Prove me now, If I 'will not open you the windows of heaven [the paj/ages of the Airs'] and empty out a blejjing, that there /hall not be room enough to receive it. Here is the very fame phrafe ufed as in the text under confideration, and muft be un- derftood in the fame fenfe. The Abyfs is called GOD'S Jiorehoufe ; and ihefruit/u/nefs of the earth or Vegetation, depends much upon the influences thereof, or water fentfrom thence, as any one may be convinced by confulting the Authors juft referred to, but I /hall con- fine myfelf to Scripturg. Ezekiel comparing the proud AJJyrian to a fourifhing Cedar in Libanu<, nouriihed by the fubterranean waters, fays, (xxxi. 4.) The WATERS made him great, the DEEP fet him up on high vjith HER rivers [fo rivers proceed from her, the Decp~\ running about his plants, and Jent out her little riven unto ALL THE TREES OF THE FIELD : therefore his height nuas exalted above all the trees of the field, and his boughs vjcre multiplied, and his branches became tang, BECAUSE OF THE MULTITUDE OF WATERS, 1V/je he Jhot forth. And the Blrftdncfs or Fruitfulnefs of a land is attributed to the Deep below as well as to the Heaven above, Deut. xxxiii. 1 1. BleJTedofthe LORD be Jofeph's Land for the precious things of hea- ven, for the dew, and for the Deep that coucheth beneath. And Gen. xlix. 2;. we have exprefs mention of the Blejfings of the Deep or Abyfs. So that, vvith-holding or clofmg up the pajfeges in the earth, thro' which the waters, Jt earns and kindly vapours arife for tnoiliening the Earth, and nourijhing its plants, would certainly ren- der a land dry, barren, and dcfolate ; and on the contrary, opening thefe pa/ages, and permitting the vapours to afcend, would greatly conduce to \kefruitfulnefs or ble/cdnejs of a land. The reader by viewing the irregular black jirottes in the figure of the fhell of the earth, reprefented by F, in the fubfequent plate, may have a ftill clearer idea what thefe pa/ages of the Ain arc, and how the Abyfs is the Storehoufe from whence they are fupplied. [43] tun weight, &c. How far the parts were divided, and the cracks opened at firft, is not to be deter- mined ; but they were opened, and the fragments diftanced fo wide, or in fo many places, that the Airs went down into the Abyfs as faft as the Waters came up, quantity for quantity. But the Continu- ancr and Repetition of this force would by degrees reduce them fmaller and fmaller. If we carry this expreffcon of the pajfages of the Airs being opened to the utmoft exte.nl, the Waters, much more the Airs, pafs between the grains or fands of moft forts of ft one -^ and perhaps it will at fome time appear that the parts of the Airs pafs between every atom of ftone, and then the words imply a DISSOLUTION, as it really was, though executed by degrees, as men, &c. were deftroyed.' As there are other texts which mention the Diffolu- tion of the Earth, it may be proper to cite them ; Pfalm xlvi. i. God is our refuge; therefore will we vot fear, though the Earth be removed [ B E M i R be changed, be quite altered, as it was at the Deluge] find tho* the mountains be carried into the midft of the fea i though the waters thereof roar, and be troubled, tho' the mountains Jhake with the fwelling thereof; God uttered his voice, the earth MELTED [THCMUG, flowed, dijfched to atoms 1 '] So Job xiv. 19. which I Ihall tranQate nearly according to Pagninus's verfion ; that being the nearefl of any other to the original ; For truly the falling mountain diffohed, and the rock [the ftrata of ftone] was removed out of its place. The wa- ters dafljed the ft ones to pieces , and wajhed away the pro- d','Hs of the dtift of the earth : and thou deftroyedft tfo hope of man. Again; Chap, xxviii. g. in which alfo I ihall chiefly follow Pagninufs verfion, Us fent his hand [the ExpanfiGn, his Inftrument or the Agent by . ! MAR. CALAS. : ; n eft Difihth & Diminu.'tc. [ 44 ] which he worked] againft the Rock ; he overturned the mountains by the roots; he caufed the rivers to burft forth from between the rocks ( or broke open the fountains of the abyfs]. His eye [fymbollically placed for the Light'] faiv [patted through or between] every minute thing [every atom ; and lo dijfolved the whole]. Pie (at laftj bound up the waters fro-,n weeping [i. e. from prefTmg through the fhell of the earth, as tears make their way thro' the orbjjftf the eye i or, as its related Gen. viii. 2. be flopped I he fountains of the ab"fs and the windows of heaven]. And brought out the Light from its hiding-place [i. e. from the inward parts of the earth from between every atom, where it lay hid, and kept each atom feparate from the other, and fo the whole in a ftate of dijfolution ; his bringing out thefe parts of the light which caufed the Diflblution would of courfe permit the Agents to act in their ufual way, and fo re-form the earth]. 2 Efdras. viii. O Lord, whcfe fervice is conversant in Wind and Fire ; whofe word is true ; whofe look drieth up the depths, and indignation makcth the mountains to melt away, which the Truth witneffeth, [which the word of GOD, and prefent natural ftate of the Earth bear witnefs to]. VER. 12. And the Rain [the vapours which were carried high up into the Atmofphere, and formed into rain] was upon the earth [falling and fubfiding] forty days and forty nights. And the waters increased, and bare up the ark ; and the waters prevailed and increafed greatly upon the earth \ and the ark went upon the face of the waters. And the waters prevailed exceedingly upon the earth ; and all the high hills, that were under the whole heaven, were covered \ fifteen cubits upward did the waters prevail, and the mountains were covered. m From mention being here made of Mountains, as fubfilting un- der the waters of the deluge, fome have imagined that Thy were not, US] So that, there was no high Hill or Mountain upon any part of the earth which was before covered with air, but what was now covered with water ; of courfe the Deluge was univerfal. But an irrefragable ar- gument may be drawn from thefe words againft a partial Flood, or an univerfal one effected by partial means, if I may fo fay, that is, by the waters firft warning over one part of the earth, and then the fame water proceeding on and overflowing another, and fo fuccefiively, 'till in the end the whole was drowned. For, according to Scripture, the water rofe gradually and equally, and at laft covered all the high hills and mauntains at one and the fame time, fo that the Flood could not have been of the above-mentioned wan- dering nature, as fome, for want of knowing where a fufficient quantity of water lay for flooding the whole earth, have falfly imagined. Befides, it is alto- gether impoffible to conceive, that the waters could have rifen to the height of any high hill under heaven, and not at the fame time to have been of equal height over the whole earth , for the parts of water are diffu- five, having no tie or connection with each other ; fo that as they mounted upwards they would fpread and extend themfelves equally on all fides ; and at the fame time that they covered one high hill, they would of courfe cover all others of equal height over the whole face of the earth. For we are not to imagine and of courfe that the <u.bole earth was net, dijol<ved Curing the flood. Uut fuch feem not to confider that the DiJJoliftiqn (as obferved above) was executed by degrees, as men, &c. were deftroyed. It is faid in- deed that on the day that Noah entered into the ark ALL the foun- tains of the Great Deep were broken up, but it is not faid, that ALL the ivineio-ius nf heaven or all the paJJc%(S of the airs were opened on that day, and it does not appear that they were all opened or the earth totally difTolved 'till the third and laft prevalance of the wa- ters, or the event mentioned ver. 24, was effected; as the comment en thaiverfe will fhew. [46 ) without a miracle of a mod aftonifliing kind (which in this cafe is not to be admitted, becaufe not men- tioned) that 4 a huge mafs of water could have hung ' about any particular part of the earth, as if congealed; ' or flood upon the middle of it like one great drop, ' or a trembling jelly, and all the places about it dry c and untouched,' as an author obfervesi and then that this faid mountain of water fhould be removed, or rolled to another place, and fo on, 'till at length it had cove-red the whole earth. This fliift to avoid one real miracle, is only multiplying a number of others that never were effected-, and I may juft add here the obfervation of a judicious Divine, ' that no ' man departed from the common faith upon pretence * of avoiding any abfurdity therein fuppoied, but that * he ran himfelf upon the neceflity of believing greater ' abfurdities than any he pretended to avoid.' ' WHAT is related above, that the waters prevailed fifteen cubits upwards , and (or according to the tran- flation of Jun. and 'Tremel. after) the mountains were covered, does not feem to be fpoken to determine the precife height of the waters, but only to denote that all living creatures muft have perijhed in fuch a flood ; For it immediately follows, And allfiejh died that moved upon the earth, both of fowl^ and of cattle^ and of beaft^ and of every creeping thing that creepeth upon the Earth^ and every man ; Noah only remained alive, and they that were with him in the ark. VER. 24. And the waters prevailed upon the earth an hundred and fifty days. As this is mentioned after the mountains are faid to have been covered fifteen cubits (which was only related to denote the means by which allflejh perijhed) we may reafonably fuppofe, that the waters prevailed anew or continued to prevail for feme time at leaft after the [471 mountains were covered fifteen cubits -, efpecially if we confider that there is no mention yet made of the foun- tains of the Abyfs or the pajfages of the Airs being clofed; fo that the waters were flill preffed upwards, and reached in their real altitude far above fifteen cubits higher than the mountains -, as many appearances in and on the earth undeniably evince. It may be proper to remark here, that the word rendered prevail, fignifieth fomewhat more than the bare increafe or augmentation of the waters, (tho' that idea is alfo included) for a diftincl:, and very proper word for the increafe of the waters is ufed ver. 17 and 18, and the waters increafed [IR C BU, were multiplied]. And the word which we render prevail, very juftly has that meaning ; it denotes power ; Jlrengtb to prevail, get the better of, to fubdue -, fo that by the waters prevailing upon the earth may be meant (efpe- cially as this prevalence is mentioned three times, ver. 1 8, 19, and 24) the total Subduing or Diffolution of the earth by the waters : Mofes by this expreffion giv- ing us to underftand, that the waters had atted upon the earth infuch a manner and effected it to fuch a degree, as to have reduced it, like itfelf, to a fluid, loofejtaie-, at leaft, this muft have been the confequence of fuch a prevalence of the waters ; for, as the Paffages of the airs are faid to have been opened and the fountains of the Great Deep broken up, BEFORE this Prevailing of the waters, it could not but be, that the waters, as they rofe upwards from the Abyfs, would make their way thro' thefe Pajfages, and by continuing and repeating this action, would feparate and widen the pores of the earth, and at laft reduce it to its original principles or unformed, fluid, chaotic condition, mentioned Gen. i. 2. So that the Earth muft now have been totally diffolved in the water. [ 48 ] VENGEANCE having been thus executed upon the wicked, a polluted earth deftroyed, and cleanfed by water; the next procedure would be to form it. again. Accordingly we are toldch. viii. i. that GOD (who delights not in feeing things in diforder, but pi- ties when he diftreffes) remembered Noah, and every liv- ing thing, and all the cattle that were with him in the ark. And God made a Wind [RUE, the Spirit} to pafs over the earth, and the waters ajfwaged. THE fame word that is here rendered Wind is tran- flated Spirit in the account of the firft Formation of things, (as I have already obferved) Gen. i. 2. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters. And as the motion then raifed in the air by the im- mediate power of God, was the primum mobile or chief Caufe of bringing the Earth out of its chaotic flate into its intended beautiful form, fo the fame Agent is here employed in order to re-form the earth af- ter its deftruction or diffolution during the deluge: and of courfe the fame effects followed. The Waters were before increa/ing and prevailing upwards, but now they are ajjwaged, and prevented from extending their orb by the faffing of the Spirit over them. The Spirit had before acted through the earth, and by its impulfe broke open the fountains of the Abyfs and the windows of heaven, but it was now made to act in its ufual way of preffing only or chiefly upon the fur- face : things therefore would now be returning to their former courfe, and the fame effects enfue as had been largely defcribed in the account of the firft For- mation, and fo needed not to have been repeated here. HENCE we read in the next verfe, The fountains of the Deep, and the windows of heaven were flopped, and the rain from heaven was retrained. THIS was no more than a confequence of fetting the Powers of Nature to work, as at the firft. The earth [49] had been difiblved, and all the atoms of the ftrata of ftone floating loofe and irregularly in the waters ; but as foon as the natural agents began to operate, as foon as the outward and inward Expanfe [z. e . the Light and the Air without and within the earth] began to aft, to make a divifion between the waters, they would drive all the folid parts of the earth together (much in the fame manner as the fame Agents at prefent feparate and impel the particles of (lime and mud in dirty water) into a Jhell or cruft and permit all the Fluids to flide between ; fo that there would be two orbs of water and one Jhell of ftone or the cruft of the earth between them ; as things were circumftanced on the^aWday after the creation, Gen. i. 6, 7. When, by the interpolation of the folid Jhell of the earth, the 'waters were divided from the waters, and the earth would be in the fituation it is defcribed to be in by St. Peter* (2 Epift. iii. 5.) during the height of the Flood* And the Earth ftand- ing out of the water and in the water ; whereby the world that then was, being overflowed with water, perifoed. The account of the deftruftion of the earth and of its Re-formation illuftrate and confirm each other : in order to deftroy the Earth the fountains of the Great Deep were broken up, and the paffages of the Airs through the ftrata opened, but at the Re-formation* Mofes tells us, they were both flopped of clofed* and even the vapours for rain prevented from rifing. So that the folid {hell of the earth permitted neither the waters to defcend, nor the vapours to afcend : and of courfe the Shell muft before have been dijfolved t& atoms; for had it been only broken or fractured into large pieces, it could not have been fo clofed 01 joined together, but that both waters and vapours would have paffed through ; and in this, cafe it could not have been laid, that the of the Airs were flopped. F; Tntjhell of the Earth having been thus confolidated and formed anew, did not, and indeed could not, re- main long whole and entire. For, as the Expanfe or Firmament had now received its full, if not new, powers of acting, the Light (which penetrates all ter- reftrial bodies) would ibon make its way through the waters and ftrata ofjtcne to the comparatively thinner me- dium or air at the center of the earth (for it muft be re- membered that the air or that part of our Atmofphere, which at the beginning of the deluge, was forced down into the Abyfs, drove out the waters from thence, and elevated them over the furface of the whole earth, would there continue as long as that elevation laded, and fo conftitute an inward Air or Firmament) caufe there a rarefaction, and fo increafe the force of the inward Expanfe, which by this means would a<5b more ftrong- ly againft the concave part of the fhell of the earth, and" by continuing to exert and extend its power on all fides from the center, would by degrees make fmall cracks and crevices in the fhell, and at laft by receiving new ftrength and increafed vigour open and widen thefe cracks, fo as to permit the water, that covered the furface of the earth, to be prefled down through them into the Abyfs by the force of the outward Ex- panfe, as was the cafe at the firft Formation. Hence it follows in the next verfe And the waters returned from off the earth continually. IN the verfe preceding, the fountains of the abyfs and the windows of heaven were clofed^ fo that neither va- pours nor waters could pafs ; but here we find that the waters are returning i. e. going back to the place from whence they came-, they came, we faw, from the Abyfs, fo that new inlets or apertures into the abyfs muft now have been made for the defcent of the waters, otherwife they could never have returned from whence they came j or have been gathered into [5- ] ene [and their former] place. They returned from off the earth^ CONTINUALLY, or as tranflated in the mar- gin, in going and returning^ in flowing backwards and forwards, in fluctuating here and there; for as the Airs began to afcend before the Waters began to de- fcend, they would of courfe impede and in part drive back the waters and fo caufe a fluctuating or reverbe- rating motion in them ; and by this means alfo the waters would be prevented from rulhing down too faft and from tearing the {hell of the earth too much. VER. 4. And the ark refted upon the mountains of Ararat. As antiquity, and the tradition of the coun- try at prefent, teftify." < VER. 8. And No ah fent forth a dove from him^ to fee if the waters were abated from off the face of the Ground: but the dove found no reft for the fole of her feet andjhe returned unto him into the ark. Again he fent forth the dove out of the ark. And the dove came into him in the evening, and to, in her mouth was an olive-leaf [or branch ; an emblem of peace~\ pluckt off: fo Noah knew E 2 * See Univerfal Hiftory, Vol. I. p. 239, &c. Some have imagined from the circumftance of the Dove*s bring- ing Noah a leaf or branch pluckt from a tree, as a proof of the dc- creafe of the waters, that this Tree muft have been landing upright Or in its original pofition : otherwife a branch pluckt from it could not have ferved for fuch a proof; and therefore, if the Tree was thus ftanding on the ground, it muft follow, that the earth was not total' y diflblved during the Deluge. But fuch feem not to have confidered that whether the earth was difTolved or not (but that it was, I think, I have abundantly proved above) it had been impof- fible for any thing upon the furface, fuch as Houfes, trees, Sec. to have withftood the prodigious torrents of water that muft have rufh- ed down from the mountains, after they had been covered far cibo<vr. ffteen cubits high ; but of all things, far lefs capable were trees and vegetabhi of withftanding thefe torrents, becaufe as the waters had been out upon the furface of the earth foe federal months, it could not be, but that, by their irregular motions in flowing backwards and forwards, they rmiil foon have difiblved, liquified of di [52] that tie waters were abated from off the earth. And he ft aid yet other feven days ^ and fent forth the dove-, which returned not again unto him any more. VER. 13. And Noah removed the covering of the arkj and looked., and behold^ the face of the ground was dry. So the dry-land appeared by the return of the wa- ters to the place from whence they came, in the fame manner as they had done at firft, when GOD com- manded that the waters under the heaven Jhould be ga- thered together unto one place (the abyfs) and the dry land appear. VER. 15. And God fpake unto Noah [as GOD had ordered Noah to enter into the ark at a particular time, fo Noah waits the divine command for his COITH ing out] faying^ Go forth of the ark, thou and thy wife+ and thy fons wives with thee. Bring forth with thee every living thing that is with thee^ of all fle/h^ both of fowl and of cattle, and of creeping thing that creepeth the vegetable mould and all the loofe parts on the upper furf ace of the earth ; fo that all trees would have fallen of courfe, as the ground, on which they flood, ga<v e <way : hence Noah could not but conclude (had he ever feen a common ftorm, attended with violent rain) that in fuch an inundation as was That in his time, when GOD affured him, be would dejlroy the 'whole earth ; all trees, &c. muft have been thrown down upon the furface ; and therefore if the Dove brought him a leaf from one, it muft have lain along upon the ground ; and fo be as full a proof of the abatement of the waters, as if it had been {landing up- right. And that the olive-tree did thus lie, feems evident from trie prefent ftate of things on and near the earth's furface ; it being very common to find prodigious numbers of trees lying juft beneath the vegetable mould, in fuch a manner as the waters ruming from the neighbouring mountains would naturally leave them. But there is another folution to this difficulty, which, confidering the emblematical ilyle of Scripture and the circumftances of the cafe, may be thought more juft than the former ; tho' very reconcilable with that interpretation. As it is particularly mentioned that Noah ftaid juft fe<ven days before each time of fending out the Dove, fo in all probability the day on which he fent her out was the Sabbath ; and the time of the day, juft after he -had performed religious fer- vice ; as he might moll rcafonably think that would be the beft for [ 53 ] upon the earth ; that they may breed abundantly in the earth, and be fruitful and multiply upon the earth. And Noah went forth and his fom and his wife, 6JV. And God blejjed Noah and his fans ^ and f aid unto them, be fruitful and multiply, and replenijh the earth. HERE the fame blejfling for repleni/hing the earth ivitlo men is beftowed upon Noah and his family, as was pronounced upon the firft pair of the human fpecits ; and zfimilar declaration made with regard to the brute- animals that came out of the ark to be fruitful and mul- tiply upon the earth, as had been done at their firft for- mation: whence it muft follow, that the earth, after the flood, was as entirely void of any living creature of the land or air (except thofe that were preferved by the ark) as it was before any fuch were in being. And therefore the Deluge, in this refpecl;, was unquef- jtionably uni-verfal. expefting a blefling or a favour from heaven : Accordingly, at the fecond return of the Dove the divine fignal was brought, an Olive- branch, an emblem of peace, in token that the -waters wrre abated and the/ary of GOD'S wrath upon a wicked world was ceafmg, and that joy and comfort would foon fucceed to the afflicled righteous. And unlefs this branch be looked upon as a divi ne fignal and pro- videntially given, it will be difficult to fay what could induce the Dove to bring any branch at all, and why an Olive-branch, and that this ihould be particularly mentioned ; when faying that a leaf or branch was brought, had been fufficient, without fpecifying the tree from whence the branch was taken; unlefs fomething particu- lar had been intended thereby. And, that the Olive-brat,ch was an emblem or f.gn of Peace, Yriendjhif, or Abatement of Anger, Dif- cord t tjfc. throughout almoft the whole world. See Ph-git's ^eid. Lib. viii. 116. & Lib. xi. 101. L'wy. Lib. xxix. 16. PokHus, Lib. iii. And we learn from Coiumbufs Voyages, chap. 101. that this Symbol was ufed even in America. So tlien Noub as foon as he faw the Divine Signal, deciphered the meaning thereof, and knew that the waters were abated. In this view, it does not at all fignify, whether the tree, from whence the branch which the Dove brought was pluckt, was lying down or /iand:ng i, fright : for the furtnularfpccies of tree fpoke its own meaning. [ 54] An EfXplanation of the C o p p E R-P LATE, REPRESENTING The internal ftrufture of the terraqueous Globe, from the Center to the Circumference, and the Air around it. D. The outward Expanfe or the open Firmament of Heaven. E. A drcular Space filled with water during the height of the Deluge, - but now with the Air that came from the central Hollow of the earth; and atprefent conftitutes what we call our Atmofphere. F. The Jhell of the earth broken into innumerable apertures and fjjures, of various lhapes and fizes ; the larger of which, f. f. f. f. f. being filled with the water that defcended from the furface of the earth, form Seas and Lakes ; the le/er (which branch from the former, or pafs immediately from the under-part of the fhell of the earth to the tops of the higheft mountains) ferve as canals for the water which fupplies Springs and Rivers to run in ; the leaft cf all (denoted by the irregular black ftrokcs in the folid fhell of the earth) represent the cracks thro' which vapours principally afcend. G. H. The Great Abyfs of water within the earth - f with which all Seas, Lakes, Rivers, &c. communicate ; and from whence they receive their fupplies. G. H. are divided from each other by a dotted circle, becaufe one of them reprefents the water that, dur- ing the Deluge, covered the whole furface of the earth, but which was afterwards forced down, thro' the above-mentioned larger apertures and fifTures, to its original place, as the inward Air was forced out thro' the letter and oblique figures : and the ether cf them reprefents that part of the Abyfs which, during the Deluge, remained beneath the earth. }. A folid Ball or Nucleus of terreftrial matter, formed from what the water in its defcent from the furface, and paiTage through the flrata of the earth, tore off", and carried down with it into the Abyfs, and repented at the loweii place, the center of the earth. j^ So that the Opinion of the Ancients concerning the Earth's re- fembling an" Egg has great propriety in it : for the Central Ku- c-'fus, ( I. } by its innermoft lituation and ihape, may well repre- ient rhe Yolk ; the Abyfs of water, (G. H.) which furrounds it, and is in a middle pofition, may ftand for the clear fluid of the White ; the Cruft of the Earth ( F. ) (allowing only for its breaks and cracks) by its roundnefs, hardnefs, uppermofl fituation, and little inequalities on its furface, isjullly analogous to the Shell, And on this account the term tks Jhell of the earth is frequently ufed in this treatife. [ 55] COLLECTION O F T H E Principal Heathen Accounts of the Flood. given at large an explanation of the Mofaic Hiftory of the Deluge-, I fhall now fubjoin the teftimonies of feveral Heathen Na- tions in proof of the fame facb. For, it may juftly be liippofed, that did any iuch event really happen, it could not be but that all or mod nations upon the earth muft have retained fome knowledge or tradition of it. And if upon enquiry it fhould appear that the fame of the Deluge has gone throughout the whole world, that almoft every nation upon earth has fome ftory or other to relate concerning it , it will certainly follow, that there has been fuch an Event, and that it was univerfeiL But of fuch deductions and corol- laries as thefe hereafter. To colled all the evidence that might be produced on this occafion would be endlefs and needlels ; I fhall therefore felect here and there particular ac- counts from the moft eminent nations ; and in ga- thering thefe, /hall travel quite round the world. I BEGIN with the great and famous nation of the Romans. Many of their writers, both Poets and Hiftorians, make mention of an univerfal Flood ; but one may fpeak the voice of all. I mail take That of Ovid-, who, purpofing to relate fome parti- cular circumftances of the hiftory of mankind from [56] the beginning, regularly proceeds from the formation of man, thro' the feverai ages of the world, to the. time of the Deluge j the caufe and manner of which (after having related the height of impiety and wick- ednefs that reigned upon the earth during the iron-age} he thus defcribes, Metam. Lib. i. Neve for et terris fecurior arduus tether^ &c. i. e. c Nor were the Gods themfelves more fafe above ; * Againft beleaguer'd Heaven the Giants move : ' Hills pil'd on hills, on mountains mountains lie, ' To make their mad approaches to the fky. ' Till Jove no longer patient, took his time * T'avenge with thunder their audacious crime ; * Red lightning play'd along the firmament, ' And their clemolim'd works to pieces rent. * Sing'd with the flames, and with' the bolts transfix'd, * With native earth their blood the monfters mix'd j f The blood, indu'd with animating heat, * Did in th* impregnant earth new fom beget. ' They, like the feed from which they fprung, accurs'd, ' Againft the Gods immortal hatred nurs'd ; p ' An impious, arrogant, and cruel brood j ' Expreffing their Original from Blood. * Which when the KING of GODS beheld from high ' He figb'd ; nor longer with his pity flrove ; ' But kindled to a wrath becoming Jove.' <c Mankinds a monfter, and the ungodly times " Confederate into guilt , are fworn to crimes. " All are alike involved in 'ill, and all li Muft by the fame relentlefs fury fall" * p This anfwers to the Scripture account of the Giant i, the 4pof- tates (thofe rebels to the Will of Heaven or Word of God] that were before the Flood, and to the children, the Sons, that {prang from them, who were 'iuorfe than their Fathers, fee Gen. vi. 15- i Gen. vi. 12. Ai:d God LOOKED UPON the earth, and BEHOLD // was corrupt ; for all Fkjb had corrupted his way upon the earth. [S7l f Thus ended he , the greater Gods afient, * By clamours urging his fevere intent ; ' The lefs fill up the cry for punifliment. 4 Yet (till with pity they remember man 4 And mourn as much as beatfnly Spirits can. * But Jove c Concludes to pour a watry Deluge down, 4 And what he durft not burn, refolves to drown. ' The Northern breath, that freezes Moods, he binds, ' With all the race of cloud-difpelling winds. ' The South he loofed, who night and horror brings ; ' And fogs are fliaken from his flaggy wings. * With rain his robe and heavy mantle flow, 4 And lazy mifts are lowring on his brow. c The fkies from pole to pole with peels refound, * Andjhow'rs inlarg'd come pouring on the ground. 4 ! Impetuous rain defends. 4 Nor from his patrimonial Heav'n alone ' Is Jove content to pour his vengeance down, 4 Aid from bis Brother of the fe 'as he craves; 6 To help him with auxiliary waves. 4 The watry Tyrant calls his brcoks and feeds, * Who roll from mofly caves (their moift abodes)-, 4 The floods, by nature enemies to land, 4 And proudly fwelling with their new command, 4 Remove the living ftones, that ftop'd their way, 4 And gufhing from their fource, augment the fea. 4 Then with his mace, their Monarch ftruck the ground ^ 4 With inward trembling earth receiv'd the voundj C 4 And rifmg fir cams a ready p^Jfage found. \ Aad it REPENTED the Lard that be lad made man on the earth, and it GRIEVED him at lit heart. And the Lordjnid, Zivi/t atflrty man nv^om 1 have created, &c. and bring a FLOOD OF WATERS t<poti the earth to dejlroy all f.ejb, &c. The reader, as he proceeds, may make many fuch finking refemblances as thcfe between Scripture and Heathen Hiitcry. ' Th' expanded waters gather-on the plain ; ' They float the fields and overtop the grain ; * Then milling onwards with a fweepy fway, * Bear flocks and folds and lab'ring hinds away. * Nor fafe their dwellings were, for fap'd by floods, * Their houfes fell upon their houfhold gods. * The folid piles too flrongly built to fall, * High or'e their heads behold a watry wall. * Now Seas and Earth were in confufion loft ; 4 A world of waters, and without a coaft. ' The moft of mortals perifh in the flood ; ' The fmall remainder dies for want of food. ' A mountain of ftupendous height there Hands 4 Betwixt th' Athenian and Emotion lands, ' Parnaffus is its name ; whofe forky rife c Mount thro' the clouds, and mates the lofty fkies. * High on thv- Summit of this dubious cliff, 6 Deucalion wafting, moor'd his little Jkiff. * He with his wife were only left behind * Qfperijk'd man\ they two, were hitman kind. * The mountain Nymphs and Themis they adore, ' And from her Oracles relief implore. c The moft upright of mortal men was he, ' The moftfmcere and holy woman, fhe. ' When Jupiter, furveying earth from high ' Beheld it in a lake of water lie , ' That vv;ere fo many millions lately liv'd, ' But two, the beft of either fex furviv'd ; ' He loos'd the Northern Wind ; fierce Boreas flies ' To puff away the clouds and purge the fkies : c Serenely, while he blows, the vapours driv'n * Difcover Heav'n to Earth, and Earth to Heav'n. DRYDEN. FROM Rome let us proceed to Greece. I fhall here take the teftimony of Lucian or the author of the book de Dea Syria, as it will include that of the Scythians^ [ 59] Syrians ; and Arabians ; as well as Grecians. Ot ^fv w TToXfoi ArjxaAiwKa, &c. i. e. ' Many fay that this 4 temple [that at Hierapolis in Syria] was built by ' Deucalion, the Scythian. That Deucalion, I mean, in whofe time the greateft inundation of waters was. I have heard in Greece, what the Grecians fay con- cerning this Deucalion. The ftory they relate, is as < follows : The prefent race of men was not the firft, ( for they totally perimed ; but is of a fecond genera - tion, which being defcended from Deucalion, in- ( created to a great multitude. Now of thefe former men they relate this ftory : they were infolent, and addicted to unjuft actions ; for they neither kept their oat-hs, nor were hofpitable to ftrangers, nor c gave ear to fuppliants , for which reafon this great c calamity befel them : on a fudden the earth poured forth a vaft quantity of water, great fhowers fell, * the rivers overflowed, and the fea arofe to a prodi- c gious height j fo that all things became water, and * all men were deftroyed : only Deucalion was left unto a fecond generation, on account of his prudence * and piety. He was faved in this manner : he went * into a large ark or cheft which he had, together c with his fons and their wives , and when he was in, * there entered fwine, and horfes, and lions, and fer- * pents, and all other creatures which live on earth, * by pairs. He received them all, and they did him * no hurt ; for the Gods created a great friendfliip a- ' mong them ; fo that they failed all in one cheft ' while the water prevailed. Thefe things the Greeks ' relate of Deucalion. But, as to what happened after 6 this, there is an ancient tradition among thole of ' Hierapolis, which deferves admiration ; viz. that 4 in their country a great chafm opened, and received 4 all the water , whereupon Deucalion erected altars, * and built the temple of Juno, over the chafm. [ 60 ] * This chafm I have feen, and it is a very fmall one * under the temple , whether it was formerly bigger, and fince lettered, I cannot tell ; but that which I have feen is little. In commemoration of this hif- 8 tory, they do thus : Twice in every year water is * brought from the fea to the temple, and not by the * priefts only, but all Syria and Arabia, many come ' from beyond Euphrates to the fea, and all carry * water, which they firft pour out in the temple and * afterwards it finks into the chafm ; which, tho* it ' be fmall, receives abundance of water. And when * they do this, they fay Deucalion inftituted the cere- * mony in that temple, as a memorial of the cala- * mity, and of his deliverance from it. r WE will next pafs to Egypt ; whofe ancient inhabi- tants have retained the knowledge of the Deluge under the hiftories of Ofiris and Typbon ; as is evident from what Plutarch fays concerning them in his Jfis and Ofiris. For firft he informs us p. 30, (of Squire's edi- tion) that they relate, ' that when Ofiris was born, a * voice was heard, faying, The Lord of all the earth is ' born,' and p. 42. that ' in their funeral-lamentation ' over him, they bewail'd him, who was born on the ' right fide of the world, and who periled on the left* P. 17.' He is faid to have been put into a cheft,' and they particularly aiTert, that it was on the i yth day of the month Atbyr [fee Gen. vii. u] and thrown into the fea" After thefe things Ofiris is faid to have re- turned from the other world, and to have appeared to his fon Orus. The perfon who thus ukd Ofiris is laid to have been one 'Typbo,* which name the Egyptians 1 LUCIAN de Dea S\ria, Tom. U. p. 882. Vid Univir. Hijlory Vol. I. p. 203. The name Typbo according to fo'me learned men fignifies a De- luge or Inundation ; fee JURIEU'S Dicirines and 'WQ'Jhip of the church. Part. in. Tr. iv. And Ttfhon, or as the Latin Poets call him [ 6i ] explain by interpreting it the Sea 9 and they call tbg fait ofthefea^ Typbo'sfoam, p. 42. and p. 54, agreeable to this interpretation is what we are further told^ 4 that Typho was once in pojjeflion of the portion orpro- * vince which belonged to Ofiris , by which they mean, * that Egypt was once covered with the Sea. Which ' opinion, fay thefe philofophers, is probable enough, c from that great number of fea-fhells, which are not ' only dug out of their mines, but found likewife upon ' the tops of their mountains , and hence likewife it * is, that their fountains and wells, though many in * number, have all of them a brackifh or faltiih tade, ' with them, as containing the vapid relics of the fea* ' water, which once covered their whole country.' FROM Egypt we will proceed to Babylon^ and fee what the Chaldeans relate of the Deluge. I mall cite their teftimoriy as preferved by Jofephus, in thcfirft book of his Jewijh Antiquities, p. 10. T <fc xa?xAw<r- ftoy ToyJa, &c. i. e. ' But of this [the Noachian] Deluge ' and the ark all the heathen hijlorians make mention j ' among whom is Berofus the Chaldean, who, relat- ' ing the particular circumftances of the Deluge, ' writeth thus, ' It is reported, that part of the fhip ' as yet remaineth in Armenia on the mountain of the * Cordy<eans ; and that fome perfons taking off -the ' alphaltus [bitumen or pitch] carry it away, and ' that men make ufe of that which is thus taken off, * by way of charm, to avert evil.' And again, in ' his difpute with Apion, he publickly appeals to the * teftimony of the fame Berofus^ as being agreeable to ' that of Mofes (Book the ift. p. 1044.) Typhus, is reprefented as a monftrous Giant warring againft heaven ; and who was at laft overconie by 'Jupiter, and as one fays, lies new fubmerjed in water. APOLL. ARC Lib. 2. The Arabs at this day expqefs the general Deluge by the word al tufan ; UNIVERSAL HIST. Vol. I. p. 200. [62] - 5 , &c. e Now this Berofus following the moft * ancient records, writeth the hiftory of the Deluge, * and of the deftruction of mankind therein, juft as c Mofes hath related it ; and alfo of the Ark^ in which ' Noah., the Chief or Leader of our race, was faved * when it was carried to the tops of the Armenian * mountains. 1 And if the Babylonian Antiquities, that now pafs under Berofus's name, be truly tranf- lated from the Original (and I fee no reafon to imagine that they are not, fince, as far as they re- main, they are confiftent with, at leaft do not con- tradict, what Jofephus and other writers have quoted from the Original 1 ) his account of the Deluge is as follows, c Ante aquarum cladem famofam, &c. i. e< * Before that famous devaflation of waters, in which c the whole world perifhed, many ages had pafTed, c which were faithfully remarked by our Chaldeans.* * They write that in thofe times there was a great * city of Giants, called Mno^ fituated near Libanus^ who governed the whole world, from the rifmg to 4 the fetting of the fun. Thefe trufting to the great- 4 nefs of their bodies and ftrength, and having in- ' vented arms opprefled all, and being (laves to their 4 luft found out mufical inftruments, and all kind of ' delights. They devoured men, and procured abor- * tions on purpofe to drefs them for food ; they pro- e mifcuoufly lay with mothers, daughters, lifters, ' men and brutes ; and there was no kind of wicked- 4 nefs which they did not commit ; they were de- ' fpifers of religion and of the Gods. Then many 6 foretold and prophefied, and carved out upon * I think what his Lordfhip fays on this head in the firjl part of his Vindication of the hiftoriet of the Old and Neiv Te/iametit, p. I 2 1 128. juftifies this afi'ertion. Berofxs was a Chaldaan Prieft ; and lived about 270 years before the birth of CHRIST. [ 63 1 c (tones the things relating to that deftru&ion which * was foon to come upon the world. But they, * following their old courfe, derided all fuch admo- 6 nitions, tho' the anger and revenge of the Gods 4 were ready to fall upon them for their impiety and wickednefs. There was one among the Giants who ' reverenced the Gods and was more wife and prudent ' than all the reft ; his name was Noa ; he dwelt in * Syria, with his three fons Sem^ Japet, Cham, and their 6 wives the great ffdea 9 Pandora^ Noela, and Nocgla. ' This man, fearing the deftruction which he forefaw c from the ftars would come to pafs, began, in the fe- ' venty-eighth year before the inundation, to build a (hip covered like an ark. Seventy-eight years from the ' time he began to build this Jliip, the Ocean of a ' fudden broke out, and all the inland feas, and the rivers and the fountains burfting from beneath, (at- * tended with moft violent rains from heaven for * many days) overflowed all the mountains -, fo that the whole human race was buried in the waters ; ' except Noa and his family who were faved by means ' of the (hip , which being lifted up by the waters, * refted at laft upon the top of the Gordyaan moun- c tain-, of which, it is reported, there now remaineth ' fome part, and that men take away the bitumen ' from it, and make ufe of it, by way of charm or * expiation, to avert evil. We mud therefore-. ' allow from thefe premiies, that which both the ' Chaldeans and Scythians write of, that, after the * earth was dried from the waters, there were no ' more than the above-mentioned eight perfons in ' Armenia Saga^ and "that from thefe all men upon * earth fprung ; and for this reafon it is, that the 4 Scythians jumy fay and call NOA the father of all the ' greater and leffcr Gods, the author of the human race,, ' and feed of the world. [ 64 ] FROM the Babylonians we will go to the Ajfyrians. For whom let Abydenus fpeak, whofe authority is thus cited and publickly appealed to by Eufebius, Prepar. Evang. Lib. ix. Cap. 12. * MfS' w aAAot TZ >ipai/, x> ' Sfto-tdp*, &c: After whom others reigned, and ' then Si/itbrus ; to whom Saturn foretold that there 6 fhould be a great flood of waters (or mariy fhowers) * upon the fifteenth day of the month Defuis ; and or- * dered him to hide whatever writings he could find, ' in Heliopolis? a City of the Sippari. Siftthrus having * performed this, immediately failed towards Arme- * ma ; and inftantly after, thofe things which GOD * had foretold came to pafs. And on the third day, * when the tempeft was ceafed, he made a trial, by * fending out birds, to fee if they could efpy any land * uncovered of water. But they finding nothing but ' the immenfe Ocean, and not knowing which way * to dire6l themfelves, returned to Sifitbrus , and af- ter thefe he fent out others. That the third time ' it anfwered, for the birds returned with their feet * all mudded. But as for Si/itbrus, the Gods took ' him from among men. And the Ship was carried c to Armenia, and afforded the people of the country ' amulets of wood, to difpel difeafes. u FROM Affyria we will pafs into Perfia. Dr. Hyde^ in his Hijtoria religionis veterum Perfariim^ p. 171. writes thus, ' Veterum Perfarum orthodoxi credunt u That by the Floods of Deucalion and Sijithrus, as alfo that which is faid to have happened in the time of Ogyges, the ancients could iean no other than the general Deluge in the time of NOAH is abun- dantly evident from the relations themfelves, but if the reader is defirous to fee it circumftantially proved, he may confuh the fol- lowing Treatifes, Bp. STILLI^G-FLEET'S Origines facr<e, Lib. iii. ch. 5. . 5. GALE'S Court of the Getitiks, Part I. Book 3. ch. 6. RAY'S Three Phyf. Thcol. Difceurfa, p. 66. KIRCHER'S Area Noa-, Lib. 2. cap. 6. GROTIUS de Verit, Lib. I. cap. 16, HiDEGGR.'.s HiJ}. Pafriar. Exer. xviii. . xliii. diluvium, &c. t The orthodox among the ancient Per- * ' jians believe a. Deluge, and that it was univerfal, and 4 overwhelmed the whole earth. But as they have 4 various opinions and fentiments concerning all thofe 4 things which are Ib remote in antiquity, they differ ' fomewhat among themfelves and run into fables. 4 For Ibn Shabna, the Arabian, in his book de Prirnis * 6? Poftremis afferts, That there are fome among the ^JVlagi who deny a Deluge ; others he fays, acknow- 4 ledge it ; but lay that it was not univerfal, and that ' it did not reach beyond the top Of a mountain near * Huhan , a city fituated between the confines of Af- 4 fyria and Perfia. From the opinion of Zoroaftef 4 they maintain, that there had not been a Deluge, 4 neither had the world been drowned, but for the * iniquity and diabolical wiles of that moft wicked of 4 mortals, Malcus. In the Book Pharb. Sftr. ttye * famous mountain, where Noah dwelt when the wa~ * ters of the deluge broke out from it, is mentioned ; * and Zala-Cupha is faid to be the name of the old wo- 4 man, from whofe oven the waters firft iffuedout.' FROM Perfia we will enter the Eaft-Indies, which eoifntry being vaftly extenfive, the inhabitants nu- merous, and of different feels and orders, it is no wonder that fome (as is afferted) deny a Deluge, and others affirm that there has been one. But if the tra- dition of it has reached this part of the world, it will be fufficient for our purpofe. LORD in his Difcourfe of the Banian Religion, c. 6 & 7. informs us, ' That 4 the Bramins fay, that the four tribes or cafts, of * which the firft race of men confided, de-generating 4 from their primitive innocence, the Prieft neglect - 4 ing his piety, the Soldier becoming infolent and ty- c rannical, the Merchant praclifing deceit in trade, 4 and ufing falfe balances, and the Artizan fpending 4 the profits of his inventions in riot and excefs ; their [ 66 ] 4 impiety and wicked nefs grew at length to fo infuffer- ' able an height, that GOD'S indignation was juftly * provoked, and he fent a Flood^ which dejiroyed all * nal'^m -without exception. Atter which GOD, to re- * pair mankind, created three perfons of greater ex~ ' cellency than thofe of the former generation , to one ' of whom named Bremaw^ he gave the power of cre- * ating men and animals, which he executed according- ' ly : the firil human pair proceeding, one from his ' right fide, the other from his left. The man was ' called Manow, and the woman Ceteroupa, and by * them was the earth replenifned.' w Father Boucbet, fpeaking of the Indians, efpecially thofe that live about Maduras and Carnate, writeth more largely thus,* * They fay, that Parabardvafwn, i. e. the Supreme God, * has created three inferior Divinities, viz. Bruma, .* Vichnou^ and Routren. To the firft he has given * the power of creating ; to the fecond of preferring 5 ' and to the third, that of deftroying.* The God ' Routren, who is the grand deftroyer of all created * beings, refolved one day to drown all mankind, pre- ' tending he had juft reafons to be dhTatisfied with * their behaviour. This defign was not kept fo fecret, * but it was found out by Vicbnou, Preferver of all * creatures, who difcovered the very day on which the ' Flood was to happen. Though his power did not ' extend fo far' as to fufpend the execution of what the * God Routren had refolved upon, yet, as he was the ' God-preferver of all created beings, this gave him a ' right to prevent, if poflible, the pernicious effects * of it. The method he took for that purpofe was as * follows. He one day appeared to Sattiavarti, his w Univer Hift. Vol I. p. 229. * See his Letter to the Bifliop of A-vrancbes, printed in Picar?* Cerent, abrid. p. 379. * great confident, and privately affured him, that an 4 univerfal Flood would foon happen ; that the earth 4 would be covered with water, and that /?0#/ra;'s de- 4 fign was no lefs than that of thereby deflroying all * mankind, and every kind of animal. He neverthe- 4 lefs affured him that he himfelf need not be under 4 the leaft apprehenfions ; for that in fpite of Routren, 6 he would find opportunity to preferve him, and to * take fuch meafures, that the world fhould afterwards 4 be re-peopled. His defign was to make a wondef- 4 ful bark rife up on a fudden, at a time when Routren ' fhould leaft fufpect any fuch thing, and to ftore it ' with a large provifion of fouls and feeds of beings, 4 eight hundred and forty millions at leaft. As for 4 Sattiavarti, he, at the time of the Flood, was to be * upon a very high mountain, which he pointed out 4 to him very exactly. Some time after, Sattiavarti, 4 as had been foretold him, perceived a numberlefs 4 multitude of clouds drawing together, but beheld e with unconcern the ftorm which was gathering over the heads of the guilty, when the moft dreadful rain 1 that had ever been feen, poured down from the fkies ; the rivers fwelled, and fpread themfelves with rapidity over the furface of the whole earth ; the lea e broke its appointed bounds, and mixing with the 4 rivers, which now had left their channels, foon co- 4 vered the higheft mountains. Trees, animals, men, * cities, kingdoms, were all drowned ; in a word, all 4 animated beings were inftantly deftroyed. In the 4 mean time, Sattiavarti^ with fotne of his penitents, 4 had withdrawn to the appointed mountain, where he ' waited for the fuccour which God had promifed him. 4 However, this did not prevent his being feized with * fome fhort intervals of terror. As the water ga- 4 thered ftrength continually as it rolled, and each mo- ' ment drew nearer to his djyfam, he was every now F 2 [ 68 ] c and then in a panic. But that very inftant which ' he thought would be his laft, he beheld the bark ' that was to fave him : No fooner did he fet his" eyes ' upon it, than he immediately got into it, with all ' the devotees in his company, and alfo the eight hun- * dred and forty millions of fouls and feeds of beings. * The difficulty now was how to fleer the bark, and ' to preferve it from the impetuofity of the waves, * which raged with prodigious violence ; but Vichnou ' took care of this ; for immediately afluming the 6 fhape of a fim, he fleered the fhip with his tail, as ' though it had been a rudder. The God who was * now both fim and pilot, played his part fo well, ' that Sattiavarti waited very quietly in his Afylum, 'till ' fuch time as the waters were run off from the furface of the earth.' Wz come now to China. Among whofe Inhabi- tants we find the knowledge of the Deluge flill re- maining-, only fome afTert that it was but partial ; tho' others maintain that it was general. The authors of the Univerfal Hi/lory, Vol. I. p. 204. (quoting Anciennes relations des Ind.es, fcf de la Chine, p. 67.) write thus, ' An Arab, who travelled into China about 4 the beginning of the ninth century, giving an ac- ' count of a converfation he had with the Emperor, ' among other things, ays, that mentioning the * Flood to that Prince, on occafion of a picture of * Noah which he mewed him, and telling him, that * that prophet, and thofe that were faved with him ' in the ark, peopled the whole earth ; the Emperor ' laughed, and faid, ' Thou art not deceived as fo " the name of Noah ; but as to the univerfal Deluge, " we know .nothing of it. It is true, that the Deluge t [fo even thefe allow a Delu?e\ did drown a part of " the earth ; but it did not reach fo far as our country, << nor yet to the Indies" Which laft circumftance [ 69 ] is juft as probable, as what, tkofe among the Per/tans who denied the tmiverfality of the Deluge, aiTerted, viz. that it reached no farther than fluhan^ a city on the .confines of their country (p. 65.). But we have already (hewed the impojjibility ot fuch a Deluge i (p. 45., and therefore this confeflion muft be the remains of the Flood in the time of Ncth. And that it really is fo, or that the tradition of the Flood as held by fqme of them is the lame with Noah's, feems certain, becaufe (as Martinius obferves, Sin. Hi/}. Lib. i. p. 12.) ' The Cbinefe hiftory of the Deluge ' fallcth in nearly with the time of the Noacbian, for ' it preceded the common chriftian aera about three ' thoufand years.' Befides , many reafons may be given to prove that their firft king, Fobi, was no other than the fcripture Noab. For firft (to ufe the words of Dr. Sbuckford on this occafion in his Gannett, of Sacr. &? Prof. Hijtcry, Vol. I. p. 29, 102.; ' The ' Cbinefe antiquities reach no higher than the times c of Noah, for Fobi was their firft King. Their wri- ' ters in the general agree, that Fobi lived about 2952 ' years before Cbrift: the Author Mirandorum in Sina * & Europa, computes him to reign but 2847 years 4 before our Saviour, and Alvarez Scvedo places his * reign not fo early, imagining it to be but 2060 ' years ; and all thefe computations agree well enough * with the time of Noab ; for Noab was born, accord- 4 ing to Arch-bifhop U/her 2948 years, and died '2016 years, before Cbrift; fo that all the feveral * computations fall pretty near within the compals of ' Noab's life. And therefore we may conclude Mofes's ' Noab and the Cbinefe Fobi to be the fame perfon. ' But, 2.dly. They fay Fobi had no father, i. e. Ncab ' was the/r/? man in the poftdiluvian world ; his an- ' ceftors perimed in the Flood, and no tradition there- * of being preferved in the Cbinefe annals, Noab or F 3 1 70] 6 Fohi Hands there as if he had had no father at all. ' fdly. Fobfs mother is faid to have conceived him * encompaffed with a rainbow \ a conceit very probably * arifing from the rainbow" 'j firft appearing to Noah, * and the Chineje being willing to give fome account ' of its original. 4thly. Fobi is faid to have carefully * bredfeven forts of creatures, which he ufed tofacri- * fice to the fitpretne Spirit of heaven and earth , and ' Mofes tells us, that Noah took into the ark^ of every * clean bead by fevens, and of fowls of the air by fevens. c And after the flood built an altar, and took of every ' clean beaft, and every clean fowl and offered burnt- offerings, fthly. The Chinefe derive the name of ' Fohi, from his oblation, and Mofes gives Noah his ' name upon account of the grant of the creatures for 4 the ufe of men, which he obtained by his Offering. * Lailly, the Chinefe hiflory fuppofes Fobi to have ' fettled in the province of Xeitfi, which is the North- c weft province of China^ and near to Ararat where 4 the Ark refted.' FROM China we will pafs into America ; an immenfe traft of land unknown to us 'till lately ; and yet when firft difcovered, the people thereof almoil univerfally retaining the knowledge of the Deluge. Acojla in his Hiftory of the Indies (one of the firft Treatifes printed on the fubjecl:) Lib. i. c. 25. fpeaketh thus in gene- ral, ' They [the American Indians] make great men- tion of a Deluge^ which happened in their country : but we cannot well judge, if this Deluge were the univerfol (whereof the Scripture makes mention) or fome particular inundation of thofe regions where they'' are. Some expert men fay, That in thofe countries are notable figns of fome great inundation, and I am of their opinione which thinke that thefe marks and Ihewes of a deluge, w.as not that of Noe, but fome other particular, as that which Plato [7* 1 * fpeaks of, or Deucalion's Flood which the poets fmg *of: y whatfoever it be, the Indians fay, That ALL ' men were drowned in this Deluge. And they re- * port, that out of the great lake Titicaca, came one * Viracocha, which (laid in Tiaguanaco, where at this 4 day there are to be feene the ruines of ancient and * very ftrange buildings, and from thence came to ' Cufco ; and fo begane mankind to multiply. They 4 fhew in the fame ifland a fmall lake, where they ' faine that the Sunne hid himfelf, and fo was pre- ' ferved , and for this reafon they make great facri- * fices unto him in that place, both of meepe and ' men. Others report that fix, or I know not what * number of men, came out of a certaine cave by a f windowe ; by whom men firft begane to multiply ; * and for' this reafon they call them Pacaritampo. And * therefore they are of opinion, that the Tambos is the * moft ancient race of men. They fay alfo, thatAz- ' go Cupa, whom they acknowledge for the founder * and chiefe of their Inguas^ was ifTued of that race, 4 and that from him fprang two families or linages ; c the one of Havan Cufco, the other of Hurni Cufco. * They fay moreover, that when the Kings \lnguas\ e attempted warre and conquered fundrie provincies, * they gave a colour and made a prerext of their en- 4 terprize, faying, That all the world ought to ac- * knowledge them , for all the world was renued by ' their race and country : and alfo, that the true reli- gion had been reveiled to them from heaven.' BUT as America may be looked upon as a little world of itfelf, it may be expected that I mould be fomewhat more explicit than giving a fingle general teftimony , I mail therefore traverfe it throughout, as I have done in relation to other parts of the earth. ' See Note u p. 64, and what folfews fhews that it was a tradition of the Vnivtrfal Flood. [7*1 AND firft, for the upper or Northern part of Ame- rica. HENNEPIN in his new dicovery of a V aft country in North- America, (vid. Continu. of the new Difcovery, &c. p. 54.) fays thus, ' Other Savages upon the fame ' continent, are of opinion, that a certain Spirit, ' called Otkon by the Iroquqis, and Atahauta by the 6 other barbarians at the mouth of the river St. Lau- ' rence, is the Creator of the world, and that one ' Mfffou repaired it after the Deluge. They fay, that ' this Meffbu or Otkon being a hunting one day, his * dogs loft themfelves in a great lake, which thereupon ' over-flowing, covered the whole earth in a fhort ' time, and fwallowed up the world. They add, ' that this Mejfou or Otkon gathered a little earth to- ' gether by the help of fome animals, and made ufe * of this earth to repair the world again.' FROM the nations of the Iroquois, &c. we will def- cend fouthward to Cuba. ANTONIO DE HERRERA in his Hiftory cf America from the firft difcovery thereof \ ivith the beft accounts the people could give of their anti- quities; collected from the Original relations fent to the Kings of Spain , tranjlated from the Spanijh, by Capt. John Stevens, Decad. I. Book ix. C. n. informs us, ' That the people of Cuba knew that heaven, the ' earth, and other things .had been created : and faid c they had much information concerning the Flood, f and that the world had been deftroyed by water, by * three perfons that came three feveraJ ways. Men of c above feventy years of age faid, that an okl man * knowing the Deluge was to come, built a great * fliip, and went into it, with his family and abun- * dance of animals, that he fent out a crow, which did * not return, flaying to feed on the dead bodies ; and 4 afterwards returned with a green branch , with other ' particulars, as far as Noah's fons covering him when ' drunk, and the other fcoffing at it; adding, that [73 ] the Indians defcended from the latter, and therefore had no coats nor cloaths : but that the Spaniards defcending from the other that covered him, -were therefore cloathed and had horfes. What has been here faid, was told by an Indian of above feventy years of age to Gabriel de Cabrera, who one day quarrelling with him, called him dog, whereupon he afked, Why he abufed and called him dog, fmce they were brethren, as defcending from the two fons of him that made a great fhip, with all the 'reft that has been faid above. The lame he repeated in the prefence of feveral Spaniards, after his matter had reported it.' FROM Cuba we will pafs to Terra-Firma, the firft country of South- America. The laft cited Author ac- quaints us, Decad. n. Book I. chap. iv. that the inhabitants of Caftilla del Oro (in lerra-Firma] faid, ' That when the univerfal deluge happened, one man ' with his wife and children, efcaped in a canoe, and ' that from them the world had been peopled ; as allo ' that there was one LORD in heaven, who fent the ' rain and caufed all the celeftial motions. That 'there was likewife a very beautiful woman in heaven* ' with a child ; but they went no farther, nor did ' they know any thing of their own original.' BORDERING upon 'Terra-Firma is Peru. ' The an- 4 cient Indians (fays the above cited Author, Decad. in. * Book xi. chap. i. fpeaking of the Peruvians) report- ' ed, they had received by tradition from their an- * ceftors, that many years before there were any Ingas ' [Kings], at the time when the country was very ' populous, there happened a great Ficod ; the fea ' breaking out beyond its bounds, fo that the Land ' was covered with water, and all the people perifh- * ed. To this the Guancas inhabitating the x r ale of ' Xaufca, and the natives of Ckiquito in the province [74J * of Collao, add, That fome perfons remained in the ' hollows and caves of the higheft mountains, who again peopled the land. Others of the mountain- * people affirm, that all perifhed in the Deluge, only fix perfons being faved on a float ; from whom de-- c fcended all the inhabitants of that country.' FROM Peru we will pafs into Brafil. NIEUHOFF in his Voyages, &c. to Brafil, p. 150. writes thus : ' The * m,oil barbarous of the Erajilians inhabitating the * inland countries fcarce knew any thing of religion or * an almighty being. They have fome knowledge ' remaining of a general Deluge it being their opinion, * that the whole race of mankind were extirpated by * a general Deluge, except one Man and his own ' filter, who being with child before, they by degrees * re-peopled the world.' But Monf. Thtvet fpeaking of the Brafilians that lived near the fea-coaft, viz. at Cap de Frie or C. Frio, gives their account of the De- Juge very circumftantially thus (Cofmographie univer- felle, Tome quatrieme, Livre xxi. cap. iiii.) Le 4 Deluge done, que ces Barbares chantent & duquel m*ont * fouventefois parle, &c. The Deluge which thefe Sa- c vages talk fo much about, of which they fpoke < often to me, was in their opinion univerfal ; they fay, that Sommay, a Carribee of great dignity, had two children, the name of one was Tametohttfre, * the name of the other Ariconte, who were of differ- * ent complexions and natures, and therefore mortally * hated each other. Tamendonare (they fay) was a * good ceconomift, having a wife and children, anc^ * took great delight in cultivating the earth: Ariconte, * on the contrary, regarded not this, being folely * bent on war, and defiring nothing but to fubdue by * his power all the neighbouring nations, and even ' his brother. It happened as this warrior returned ' one day from the battle, he brought the arm of [75] * his enemy to his brother Tamendonare^ telling him * with great haughtinefs, go, coward as thou art, I * mall have this wife and children in my power, thou c art not ftrong enough 'to defend thyfelf. Tamjtuio- 1 nare hearing his brother fpeak thus, was very much ' grieved at his pride, and faid to him, If thou wert * fo valiant as thou boafteft, thou wouldft have brought ' thine enemy entire. Ariconte incenfed at this re- ' proach, threw the arm againft the door of his bro- 6 ther's houfe : but at the fame inftant, the whole vil- * lage, where they were, was carried up into the fky, and they remained on earth. Tamendonare feeing ' this, whether out of aftonilhment or paffion, ftruck ' the ground, fo violently, that out of it ifiued a great ' fource of water, which flowed fo high, that in a * fhort time it reached the hills and mountains, and * feemed to exceed the height of the clouds, and which * continued till the earth was entirely covered. The ' two brothers feeing this, and follicitous to lave themfelves, afcended the higheft mountains of all ' the country, and with their wives got upon the trees c that were thereon. famendonan climbed up a tree, * named Pindona^ (of which tfrere are two forts ; one, ' whofe fruit and leaves are much larger than the * other) taking with him one of his wives : Ariconte ' with his wife climbed up another tree, named Geni- ' par , that they might fee if the waters were abated. 8 Whilft they were there, Ariconte offered fome of the * fruit of his tree to his wife, faying, break off a ' piece of this, and let it fall down ; which being * done, they knew that it was not yet time to defcend ' into the vallies, and that the waters were yet very 4 high. They affert, that by this deluge all mankind * and all animals were drowned, except the two bro- 4 thers and their wives : from whom afterwards fprung * two different people, called 'Tonafearrt^ furnamed Toupinambaux, and the Tonaiatz Hoyanas, furnam- ed Tominous, who live in perpetual difcord and war: hence alfo it is that the 'Toupinambaux^ when they are defirous of praifing themfelves as above their neighbours, fay, we are defcended from Tamendo- nare^ and you from Ariconte ; as if by this they would infer, that Tamendonare was a better man than Ariconte.'' THUS I have travelled quite round the world, and fhewed that the fame of the Deluge has gone through- out. I am now to draw fome conclufions or corol- laries from what has been advanced. Thefe fliall re- fpect principally the certainty that there has been a Flood, that it was univerfa/, that the Mofaic account is true or written by one infpired by GOD, the author of the Event. FIRST, with regard to the certainty of the Flood, I may argue in the manner of Ariftotele, ' What feems true to fome wife men is fomeivhat probable ; what feems fo to moft or to all wife men is very probable -, what moft men, both wife and unwife, affent unto, doth {till more refemble truth ; but what men generally confent in, hath the higheft probability , and approaches near to demonftrable truth :' Surely then, what men uviverfally agree in, what, I may fay, all nations (o- therwife differing in opinion, cuftoms, language, re~ ligion, and even ignorant of one another's exiftence) have, throughout all known ages, affented unto, may well pafs for an eftablffid axiom and a demon/arable truth. And fuch I have fhewed is the ftate of the cafe with regard to the knowledge of the deluge. AGAIN ; the report of the Flood muft have come from fome quarter or other, and when or wherefoever it was firft publifhed, the relation of a fact fo extra- ordinary, would naturally raife thecuriofity of the firft hearers, and excite them to inquire into the truth of [77] it. Now if they difcovered that the report was falfe or groundlefs ; the hiftory would have been immedi- ately difcredited, and the relater and his ftory no more heard of: But the tradition prevailing univer- fatly, it is certain that fuch an event did "happen ; and moreover that it was univerfal in its effects, elfe it could not have been tiniverfally believed. WHICH (feccnd) article is further evident from the afore-cited teflimonies themfelves ; for in all thofe that are tolerably full and explicit, we find a method mentioned by which a few efcaped out of the general deftru<5tion, from whom the world was afterwards peopled , which is a plain confeffion, that according to their opinion the whole race of mankind (except the few allowed to be faved) was defrayed'* and fo the deluge unrperfal. BUT farther yet , an univerfal deluge, is not an ar- ticle of mere fpeculation, or a point, the certainty of which, might be proved only by properly examining the afierter thereof, but is an Event, a Faff in Nature, and of fuch a peculiar kind that did fuch ever happen, it could not but have left undeniable marks of its ex- iftence on every part of the earth ; and fo the relater of fuch an event might have been confuted or his ad- verfaries convinced on the fpot. Efpecially was this confutation or confirmation eafily to be eftabliflied in the firft ages of the world ; or rather, This is a point which could not but be then fettled. For as men be- gan to multiply after the flood, they would of courfe feparate -and divide, and fo re-people the earth ; and as they thus feparated they could not fail of knowing whether the Flood was univerfal or not. For, if they could find no human inhabitants in the countries to which they came, nor any marks of their former works, as houfes, palaces, temples, gardens, &c. and could fee nothing but ruin and devaluation in the things that t 7 3 did remain, they would certainly conclude that the deluge was univerfal: On the contrary, if, as they difperfed or endeavoured to difperfe, they found the neighbouring countries ftill full of inhabitants* the lands cultivated, &c. they would as certainly conclude that the deluge had not been univerfal. And from this infallible and unavoidable means of knowing the truth, the relation of the flood would have been handed down to pofterity , but pofterity all over the world fpeak of it as univerfal ; or allow that there has been a deluge, which comes to the fame tiling-, for had it been partial or extended only over a few countries, the remaining part of the world would have been utterly ignorant of fiich an event, or at leaft if they fpoke of it, they would not have acknowledged, as they gene- rally do, that it happened in their own country, and have fuppofed that a king or an eminently righte- ous perfon of their own nation (including fome others) was preferved from the deftruction. All this abun- dantly proves that the deluge was univerfal. THE certainty and universality of the flood appear- ing thus evident, I mall now, (thirdly), make fome obfervations concerning the Truth, Perfection, and Divinity of the Mofaic account. FIRST, as Truth is the purer the nearer to the foun- tain head, fo Mofes has the advantage of all other hiftorians in this refpecl: j none can prefume to equal him in antiquity ; he is allowed by all learned men whatever to have wrote a confiderable diftance of time before them all. AND as he lived nearer the event than any other writer, fo is his relation more full and exprefs , nay, if you take all the above-mentioned heathen accounts together, and collect from them every different part, you cannot exceed the Mofaic in fulnefs of defcription > t79l far lets can you do this, if you add to it the confide- ration I have mentioned p. i. AND not only in fulnefs of matter does Mofes fur- pafs, but in juftnefs of thought and diction, and in the confiftency of the icheme he delivers. Jn the heathen hiftorians there are many imperfections of this kind, fome failing in more, fome in fewer arti- cles. But Mofes tho' he extends the duration of the Deluge far beyond what any of them do, and afferts its Univerfality in the higheft degree, has yet provided againtt all exigencies ; he fafely embarks the numerous creatures in the ark, prepares every thing necefTary for their being and well-being there, and as fafely lands them. As the heathen accounts differ more or lefs from the Mofaic, which was confcffedly prior to them all, fo we may afTert of the relaters of them, as Scaliger is faid to write of the Greek hiftorians, ' They ought ra- * ther to be pitied for not having had the advantage * of authentic antiquities and records, to let them ' right, than to forfeit their authority for fueh deviations * from the truth of the ftory, as render their confir- * mation of the truth of the Sacred Hiftory much 1 ftronger, becaufe much lefs to be lufpedled, than if * they agreed with it in every circumftance.' So that the imperfect and in many refpects falfe accounts of the Heathen bear witnefs to the truth and perfeftioa of that of Mcfes. BUT what diftingiufhes the Mofaic writings, and fets them in an eminently confpicuous light, and inti- mates their high Antiquity and Divinity, is, that in them there is no reference made, for the truth of what they contain, to any prior traditionary accounts, hif- tories. . or- records, as is the ufual manner with other hiftorians , which kind of proof all mere human writers are glad to embrace, thinking nothing more [8o] venerable and true than that which has been delivered down to them from their forefathers. But Mofes, as greatly fuperior to them in time, fo much more in dignity and authority, demands audience from us as from GOD himfelf , he refers, for the truth of what he fays, to an immediate Infpiration from the Deity, the Author and Difpofer of all events ; I AM,^fays he (Exod. iii. 14.) hath fent me., JEHOVAH HIMSELF commimoned him to act, and a Thus faith the. LORD authorifed him to write. AND had not Mofes been thoroughly perfuaded, that he was infpired by GOD in his writings, he certainly never would have ventured the truth of all he fays upon the afiertion of a moft impro- bable and aftonifhing fact, viz. That the whole world had been deftroyed by a flood of waters -, a Fact, which lie could not by any natural means have had proof of, unlefs he had travelled all over the world, or had re- ceived his information from one that had, which I be- lieve no perfon will fuppofe. any one to have done in thofe early ages , a Fact too, the truth or falfity of which could not but have been difcovered, as mankind difperfed to re-people the earth, or as commerce had opened a correfpondence throughout , a Fact alfo, which Mofes, as a human writer, does not appear to have been under any neceflity of mentioning at all ; or if he thought proper to record it he might not have made it fo extenfive as he has done, and yet in all probability have faved his credit as an author. But, inftead of all this, confcious of Truth and of the unerring Wifdom of his Infpirer, he openly de- clares the Univerfality of the Flood, and that the whole world was deftrcyed, and leaves the iffne to Providence and the difquifition of the truth of his afifertion to fu- ture ages. [ 8. ] BUT what fets Mofes in the higheft point of view, and his writings on the firmed foundation, is his ex- erting fupernatural powers, performing MIRACLES* and delivering PROPHECIES, in proof of his divine Jnfpiration: fome of which are remaining at this day. J mall mention one, refpefting the affair of the >/#<?. Mofes writes thus, Gen. ix. 12. And GQD /aid. This is the token of the Covenant which I make between me and you, and every living Creature, for PERPETUAL GENE- RATIONS : I do fet my Bow in the Cloud? and it Jhall came to. pafs, when 1 bring q cloud over the earth, that the Bow /ball be fan in tbe cloud : and I will remember my Covenant 'which is between me and you, and every living creature of all fleft) , and the waters Jball no more become a flood to dejlroy allfiejb.. This Token we fee is frequently exhibited, fo that this faithful IVitmfs in heaven* is ftjll prefer ved. No flood has really yet happened (fmcethat on account of which this promife was made) in which the whole earth has been drowned. Now if there be any God fuperior to Mefes's GQD, it behoves him to deftroy this Prophecy by annihilating thefign of it out of heaven, or the remembrance of it G i>9-+*";r f-: .-.' -. - : - ~ r~r ~ " ?"~P^T " That tbe rnjracles aflbrted in thp Bible to have been performed by Mcfts, were really tranfaftcd as there related, and of courfe that the do^rines delivered upon the authority of thofe rpiracks are in- difputably true or were of divine Infpiraticn, the Reader may fee a regular and fuccinft proof of in the Rev. Mr. A. S. CATCOTT'S Str- marn p. 5 51 48 It wou'd be tpo tedious to introduce fiich a proof here, and therefpre the Author reds the evidence of Mofes'i Infpira- tion upon a Prophecy, relative to t)ie Subjcdl he is treating of, and which is exiftent at this day, and affords ocular Demonltration of Mofcsi I^ifllon fron) the Divine Being. a That thefe words of the Fjl?/rijt (Pfol. Ixxxix. 37.) are really to be underftood of the Rainbow, (and not of the Moon, as ufually interpreted) appears to be fufiiciently evident fioin what the Author of An Effay on the proper Lr//oni, npjbhifid l<y the Lftatfy of tbe Cbunh , &.-C. fays on this text, Vol.11. r\ 87. [82 ] cut of the mind of man, elfe it will remain an indubita- ble proof of Mofes's Miflion from the Supreme Being, the GOD of Heaven and Earth, the Creator, Former, and Preferver of all Things in this world. If it be faid, that the Rainbow was exiftent before the flood -, therefore the argument will not ftand good. I reply, that fuppofing it to have been fo, it could not have exifted as a Sign from the Supreme Being, that a flood of waters mould never cover the earth (becaufe fuch did cover it) and therefore it will not in the leaft affect the argument here ufed ; which does not refpeft its bare natural State, but its fuper-natural ufe and divine appointment. .And left it mould be imagined, that Mofes afligned this token as of himfelf, and to mew the folly of fuch imaginations when men prefume to make appearances in heaven figns or tokens of things upon earth, without a divine direction, I mail here quote a Fact recorded by Gaffendus in his Animadver- fions on the tenth book of Diogenes Laertius, Tom. II. p. 93~8. * Memorabile certe eft, &c. /'. e. It is really * worth remarking, what is written in the hiftories, * and in almofi. all the books of the laft age : When 4 the Aftrologers, by reafon of the many great con- ' junctions of the Planets, and not a few of them hap- ' 'ning in the watry Conftellations foretold, that in the ' month of February in the year 1524, there would be * a general Deluge, and fo great a devaflation of ' things, as was never heard of before. So that- ' numbers of perfons in France, Spain, Italy, and ' Germany, being terrified with thefe apprehenfions, ' had prepared Ships, or had got together what pro- ' vifions they could, and other necerTaries, and made ' to the higheft places : But fo it happened, that the c whole month of February was the moft ferene and c fair weather ever known ; apparently, as if it had ' been fo ordered on purpofe for refuting the predic- ' tions of thefe Aftrologers (when otherwife it is very * unufual, that the month of February fliould be with- ' out rain ,) which even Cardan and Origan [two noted ' judicial Aftrologers of that time] could not deny ; * greatly grieving that this Judgment concerning the * Deluge was declared by Sttffler fo much to the in- ' famy of Aftrology.' As long then as the above Appeal to the true GOD, and Challenge to all falfe Deities remains, fo long will each fucceeding age have undeniable proof, nay ocular Demonftration of Mofes's Mijfion from, and Infpiration by, the GOD of all truth, power, and wifdom. And when we con- fider that this bold Appeal has been recorded in wri- ting, already above three thoufand years, and no de- teftion yet made that it was falfe or unauthorifed by the true GOD, we may juftly fuppofe it will remain as long as the Heavens themfelves mail endure, /. e. to the Confummation of all things. AND this I think a proper place (before I have quite done with Scripture and ancient Hiftory) to take notice of his Lordlhip's objection to the Univerfality of the Flood drawn from the peopling of America, and its being inhabited with wild beafts, &c. when we firft difcovered it. To account for which he fuppofes, ' that fome parts of the habitable ante-diluvian world, which by the force of the Deluge were feparated into 4 iflands, and were divided from the Continent where - ' on the Ark landed, were in fome fort exempted from 4 the common calamity brought upon the reft of the * world, &c. 5 But how inconfiftent this fuppofition is with his own defcription of the Deluge and with the truth of Scripture, I have (hewed already (p. 9, &c.) and alfo obferved, that fuppofing we could not folve this difficulty, yet a feemingly unaccountable event in Nature (or rather that which may appear unaccountar ble to fome, but not fo to others) ought not to fet afide the united evidence of Scripture, Reafon, and Fact, concurring in all other refpects to prove the Point un T der confideration. BUT to mew bow or by what means America became inhabited by men and other animals. AND here it will be neceffary to premife a few things, introductory to the difcuflion of this article. FIRST, then, America was peopled after the Flood. This is certain from the inhabitants thereof having the knowledge of that Event. SECONDLY, Since the Tradition of the Flood was univerfally fpread throughout that vaft tract of land, and acknowledged by the feveral nations thereof to have been delivered down to them from the higheil antiquity, we may reafonably fuppofe, that it was peopled foon after the deluge ; whilft the knowledge of the Fact was frem and lively upon the minds of the original inhabitants. AND fince, when this part of the world was firft tlifcovered by the Europeans* the inhabitants were found to be ignorant of the art of writing with letters* and could record things only in the ancient hiercglyphi- cal way, by figns and emblems, 13 it feems alfo hence evident that it was peopled early. WHICH will further appear from their ignorance of the art of working iron into ufeful tools or warlike wea-. pons, 'till the method was difcovered to them by the Spaniards. For tho' there is plenty of iron-ore in A- merica, yet the ancient inhabitants were ignorant of the ufe which the Afiatics and Europeans make of it; and initead thereof ufed Ihells, bones, or generally hard b Furchas's Pilgrimage, p. 8 1 1 . quoting dccfla, Gamqra, Peter Martyr, &c. ftones, which with immenfe labour and trouble they fhaped by grinding or whetting, into the utenfils or weapons the^ wanted, 6 And tho' the art of manu- facturing iron, was known before the flood (Gen. iv. 22. d ) yet it feems to have been loft, foon after ; and the lofs was probably owing to thefe two caufes ; firft, that as all the metallic and mineral bodies that were in the earth before the Deluge were deftroyed and even diflblved during that Cataftrophe (as will be fhewn hereafter) fo of courfe all the inftruments and utenfils that were made of thefe bodies perimed likewife , which would certainly tend much towards obliterating the memory of ftich inftruments in the poft-diluvian world. And fecondly, fince, for fome confiderable time after the flood, the inhabitants of the new earth would be employed and their time wholly taken up in providing and fecuring the common necefiaries of life at firft hand, or when they came to feparate from one another in travelling and feeking out agreeable countries to inhabit, fo the art of mining and work- ing metals, and fuch like knowledge, (among their cares and concerns for many things immediately need- ful and abiblutely neceflary) might be forgotten. And it feems certain that this art was loft, 'till fome time after the flood ; for there are found, even at this day, in almoft all parts of the world many inftruments, fuch as axes, chifels, heads of arrows, &c. conlifting wholly of Stene^ generally of the hardeft kind-, which certainly were made before the ufe of iron was reco- c Dr. WOODWARD'S Lefters, relating to the method of Fojpls ; Letter III. d And7M!a~h, fit atfi tare TuBAL-CAlN, an inf.ruStr of cverv artificer in brafs and inn. From this petfon's N.7n:f and Ojfj : ce %va r . the -fictitious VUL-CAN of ths Latins. [ 36] vered after the deluge, for they are neglected and dif- ufed wherever iron is known. And fmc;e when we fir ft difcovered the Americans they had no other tools or weapons but fuch as were formed out of Stone, &c. it is evident, that they departed from us before the working of iron was in practice after the Flood ; for had they ever known this ufeful art, it is not proba- ble that they would ever have loft it, any more than ourfelves j and fmce we have retained it for thefe fe- veral ages back, even from time immemorial, it is certain that the Americans departed from us even be- fore that early time. ANOTHER. Gonfideration which may be brought in favour of the early peopling of America, is, that the inhabitants were ignorant of that noble and ufeful Structure the Arch, and even of building with mortar or any kind of Cement-,* and yet their edifices con- fifted of Stones great beyond imagination, 5 and thefe Stones were fo artificially wrought, and placed upon one another, that in many places their joinings were not vifible: 'And that which is moft ftrange (fays Acofla], thefe Stones not being cut nor fquared to join, but contrariwife very unequal one with another both in form and greatnefs, yet did they join them together without cement, after an incredible manner : all this was done by the force of men, who endured their labour with an invincible patience.' Certainly if they had known the ufe of mortar or cement, they would never have taken fuch a tedious method as this. Now the firft poft-diluvian account we have of Cement being ufed in building was at the 'Toiler of f See ACOSTA'S Hrftory of the Indl<s, Book vi. chap. 14. 8 AcoK. meafured one of thefe Stones in a building, and it was 38 feet long, 18 broad, and 6 thick; which I think, vaftly exceeds any of thofe that are now remaining in our ancient Druidical Temples. f 87] Babel (Gen. xi.j; but as this in all probability was that pitchy fubftance, called Afpbaltus, with which that Country particularly abounds, fo unlefs the Ameri- cans had difcovered a fubftance of a fimilar nature yi their new land, they might not think of making ufe of any other, and be as much at a lofs for what we now call mortar as if they had never heard of any thing like it. So that indeed we cannot conclude from hence that they departed from us before the Building of Babel but only before the general ufe of Mortar or Cement; and even this was very early, as the remains of the oldeft Buildings in the world fuch as the Pyramids of Egypt &c. teftify, in which the mortar is vifible at this day. h THE laft circumftance I mail mention, tending to prove the Antiquity of the American Colonies (for I might enlarge upon feveral, as their ignorance of coined money, the plough, the bellows, &c. all which would ferve to mew that they departed from us in the very infancy of the poft-diluvian world, before thefe arts were known to mankind) is, that they were igno- rant of Shipping or the art of making large veflels with Sails &c. till they firft faw ours ; knowing be- fore no other kind of veflels than fmall boats^ made of the bark of trees, fkins of fifties, &c. or canoes, confiding of a fingle trunk of a tree hollowed out by means of fire, and thefe to be directed only by the help of oars or a paddle. 1 From whence I would THIRDLY obferve, that America muft have been peopled by land: for had the original inhabitants been carried thither in a Ship, either by diftrefs of weather or defignedly (both which are fuppofitions G 4 h Dr. SHAW'S Travels, p. 415. 1 PURCHAS'S Pilgrimage, p. 750, 755 &c. HEYLYN'S Cafmogra ic, p. 10 1 6. [88] that can fcarcely be allowed when we confider the dif- ficulties attending them) they certainly would never have forgot that ufeful part of (hipping, the Sail', even fuppofing that fabricating a large veflel might be inconvenient or impofiible to them when they fir ft arrived on their new land, and therefore the know- ledge of it be loft to their pofterity ; yet, I fay, the ufe of the Sail -would in all probability have remained among them, fmce it would have been of fuch fervice in navigating their fmall canoes. BUT what feems moft to confirm the opinion, that America was peopled, or at leaft (locked with animals, by land, is, that that vaft Continent is every where in- habited by wild beafts and the moft noxious creatures, fuch as Lions, Tygers, Rattle -fnakes, &c. which we cannot imagine that any perfons would be at the trou- ble, or expofe themfelves to the danger, of conveying over thither in Ships, and at the fame time leave be- hind them fuch ufeful creatures as the Horfe, the Camel, &c. which were not known in the Weft- Indies 'till tranfported thither from us. k Nay, what is moft remarkable, America has creatures pecu- liar to itfelf, fuch at leaft as are not known to exift in any other part of the world-, which therefore cannot be fuppofed to have been carried from hence thither : and befides they are of fuch a nature that ot themfelves they could not have crofied the Seas, and therefore muft have come thither by land. 1 ' IT appearing then thus clear that America was peo- pled early and by land^ the next queftion to be folved is, by whom or from -what land? IN order to folve which, Let itbeobferved, that the facred and moft ancient Hiftorian informs us, in his account of mankind after the flood, \h*\. the whole earlfr k PURCHAS p. 732 35. HEYLYN, p. 1017 19. was over fj>rtad by thl defcwdtnts dftht tfctt $*ns rfNoab, Sbcnt) Ham and J-aphet, who went forth of the Ark* Gen. ix. 19. From whence it is certain, that no part of the world could have been peopled by any other anti-diluvians than thofe that went out of the Ark; and of courie that America was peopled jfter the Flood, and by the Pofterity of Ninth. SECONDLY, Let us confide^ that Mofis proceeds next to give us the names of the firft defceridents of theie three Sons, and to mention the names of the Countries which the principal of them inhabited, tfpecially thofe whofe affairs would afterwards be mixed, or have Ibrtie connexion, with the Tranf- actions related in the Bible, particularly with tlielfravti- tijb Nation. But as tor the reft he takes little or no notice of them. So that, Thirdly, We cannot expect that any great notice fhould be taken of the inhabitants of ib diftant a part of the world (from that where Mofis wrote, and the intent of his writing) *s the Continent of America , and yet, one would be apt to imagine, that as He, who infpired Mofes in his account, f&w aU things from the beginning to the end (and asbo had mtidt of one blood all mtiam &f in?,i for to dwell on all the fact of the earth, and had at I fr mined the times beftin appointed^ and the bounds of their habitation, Acts xvii. 26.) fo He would, in fpeaking of the migration of mankind towards re-peopling the earth, make fome mention, let drop fome few words concerning the manner by which fo large a part of the world, as the Continent of Amerka, became inhabited. AND fuch there is reafon to think he has done, and left recorded in the following remarkable paifage (the event denoted by which, was fo fmgular as to give name to one of the poft-diluvian Patriarchs ; and is twice repeated in Scripture) viz. Gen. x. 25. i Chr&n. [90] i. 19. And the natty of one (ofHeber'sfons) was PELEG, for in bis days was the earth DIVIDED [NePeLeGEJ On which words, that celebrated Biblical Critic Bengelius thus occasionally remarks in his Ordo Temporum, p. 54. * Peleg a divtjione terra nominatus eft, &c. i. e. Pe- * leg was named from the divijion of the earth [which * happened in his days'] - 9 The earth after the deluge ' was divided by degrees, by a genealogical and 'political * divifion, .which is exprefied by the words rws:* and * vnffl!. 1 But a very different kind of Divifion is * meant by the word HJJWM [NePeLeGE], namely, apby- * Jical and geographical divifion, which happened at * once, and which was fo remarkable, and of fuch ex- * tent, as fuitably to anfwer the naming the Patriarch ' therefrom. By this word [peLec] that kind of Divi- * fan is principally denoted, which is applicable to ' Land and Water. From whence in the Hebrew * tongue jSs [peLec] fignifies a River, and in the Greek ' IlEAAros [PELAGOS] the Sea? [and in the Latin, Pelagus denotes the fame]. From this precife meaning f the word then we may conclude, that the Earth wasj5>/// or divided afunder for a very great extent, and the Sea came between, in the days of Peleg. Now fu re- ly when any perfon views the fkuation of America, and confiders how it Hands disjoined from this part of the world, and what an immenfe Sea divides it from us, he will not be backward in allowing, that This was the grand Divifion intended by the Paffage under confideration. And therefore we may juftly fuppofe k As Gen. ix. 19. Tbefe are the three Sons of Noah : and cf thtm was the whole earth OVERSPREAD [ni*D3]. 1 As Gen. x. 5. By thefe were the ijlands of the Gentiles DIVIDE* [n"lD3] m their lands ; every one after hit tongue, after their fa- milies, in their nations ; fo alfo ver. 18, and 32 ; and ch. xl. 9. Frcm thence [from Babel] did the Z,c?WsCATTER THEM ABROAD [Dtf'SiT] vfori the face of all the earth. [ 9' ] 'with the above-mentioned writer, * That, foon af- ' ter the Confufion of tongues and the difperfion of ' mankind upon the face of the whole earth, fome of ' the fons of Ham [to whom Africa was allotted] went ' out of Africa into that part of America, which now * looks towards Africa ; and the earth being divided or ' fplit afunder in the dap of Peleg, they with their pof- .' terity (the Americans) were for many ages feparated ' from the reft of mankind. This feparation of the ' human race, by means of fo large a fea, prevented * in like manner any evil and pernicious confpiracy, * as the Confufion of tongues did.' AND if this account can be feconded by any fimilar event related in ancient Heathen Hiftory, our fuppo- fition may deferve a greater degree of credit. And fuch an event we have recorded by Plato in his Dia- logue named Tim<eus; in which he treats of Nature or the Syftem of the Univerfe, its generation or begin- ning, and the Nature of Man, And as a prelude to his Subject he makes mention of a Fadt that happened in the mod early ages, the nearefl of any known to the beginning of the world ; and that is of a vaft Tracl of land or an Ifland greater than Libya and AJia, fitu- ated beyond the bounds of Africa and Europe, which, by the ciincuffion of an earthquake, was fwallowed up in the Ocean. Plato introduceth this fact, as related by Solon (one of the firft of the feven wife men of Greece) who, while he was in Egypt, had heard it of an old Egyp- tian Priejl, when he difcourfed with him concerning the mcft ancient events. This Prieft tells Solon, that the Greeks, with regard to their knowledge in antiquity, had always been children , and then informs him of the hiftory of this famous Ifland (which they knew nothing In From what the Indian fays to the Spaniard t p. 72, it appears, that the American! themfelves retained fome kind of tradition that they were descended from this Son of Noah. [ 92 ] of before). The description of which and its cataf- tophre is as follows (which in itfelf is fo remarkable, that there muft have been fome ground in nature for the tradition of it), ' There was formerly an Ifland at * the entrance of the Ocean, where the pillars of Her- * cults ftand [and fo beyond the then fuppofed bounds c of Europe and Africa]. This ifland was larger than * all Ubya and AJia , and from it was an eafy paflage * to many other iflands.; and from thefe iQands to all * that Continent which was oppofite, and next to the * true fea [*A?i0u/o!/ iroflov]. Yet within the mouth, 4 there was a gulf, with a narrow entry. But that * Land, which furrounded the Sea called rieXay^ [Pz- * LAGOS, where the 'Divifion was made] might juftly * be called a Continent. In after-times there hap- ' pe-ned a dreadful earthquake and an inundation of * water, which continued for the fpace of a whole day ' and night, and this ifland Atlantis, being covered * and overwhelmed by the waves, funk beneath the * ocean, and fo difappeared : Wherefore that Sea [II*- * A*yo?] is now unpaffable, on account of the flime and * mud that has been left by the immerfed ifland.' THIS paffage of Plato may receive fome illuftration, and the point I am upon, fome degree of confirmation* from what occurs in the i8th ch. of the third book of ^ELIAN'S Htftory of various things. ' T'heopompus re- * lates a certain difcourfe that paffed between Midas the 4 Phrygian and Si-terms. This Silenus was the fon of a * Nymph, and was inferior to the Gods, but iuperior * to mortals. When thefe two had difcourfed of ma- * ny things, Siknus, above all, tells Midm, ' That *' Europe \ A/ia, and Libya, ought to be confrdered as " Iflands, which the Ocean wholly furrounded \ and 114 that that part of the world, which lay beyond this, * c ought only to be cfteemed the Continent : as it was * of an immenfe extent, and nourished very different, [ 93 ] *' and vaftly larger, kinds of animals than this fide " of the world , and the men, that inhabited it, were " twice as big." FROM what has been offered, I think, we may con~ elude, that Africa and America were once joined, or at leaft feparated from each other but by a very nar* row gulf-, and that iome time after the Flood the earth was divided or parted afundcr, probably by means of an earthquake, and then this middle land funk beneath the Ocean. ACCORDING to Scripture this event came to pafs *'* the days of Peleg, for we are told, that IN HIS DAY* the earth was divided. From whence fome have ima- gined, that this divifion fell out exactly at the time of bis birth \ but the extenfive expreflion of his days rather implies the contrary, and denotes that it happened when he was in an advanced age, when he had feen many days, not when he had feen but one. So that nis name muft have been given him prophetically, in the fame manner as was Noah's, under which was predicted an event which did not come to pafs 'till fome hundreds of years after his birth (Gen. v. 519. viii. 2 1 ). Several other of the Patriarchs alfo had fuch prophetical names. Now it appears from Gen. xi. 1017. tftat P&g was born in the ioi st year after the flood, and Jived 239 years : fo that if the circumftance that caufed his name to be given him, happened, when he was in an advanced age, we may fairly fuppofe that it fell out about 300 years after the flood. ALLOWING this diftance of time, we fliall find up- on calculation, that there muft have been a fufikient number of mankind upon the earth to have re-peopled it abundantly. In order to mew this, and a!fo in what manjier the poft-diluvians may be juftiy fup- pofed, even in a natural way, to have fepaj^ted and [94] difperfed, and r'e-peopled the globe, I fhall tranfcribe fo me li nes from the Abridgment of P i c A R T 's religious Ceremonies^ p. 279. * 'Tis very probable, that Ameri- ca was as populous a few centuries after the deluge as it is at this, time ; after which States and King- doms were foon formed : However this was done progreflionally, according as Families feparated, and that the children themfelves becoming Parents of a numerous progeny, were obliged to quit their na- tive countries. Thefe Separations gave rife to States, in which ambition and a defire of fuperiority might even in thofe ages have had fome mare. Ne- verthelefs 'tis probable that Afia did not fend out any colonies, 'till after having been forced to drive out fuch young people as were capable of fubfifting by themfelves. But thefe Settlements were very eafily made in thofe times : Hufbandry was then the onl^, employment ; mankind then fpent their lives in lead- ing their flocks to pafture ; and 'tis by the opportu- nities which rural occupations gave to people whofe paflions were as yet but in their infancy, that the firft conquefts were made in Afia, and the fending out of the firft Colonies. A Shepherd, who was at the head of a numerous family, mafter of feveral flocks, and who found himfelf well fettled in Chaldea^ fent one of his Children or Dependents, feveral leagues ofF, with a detachment of oxen, afTes and camels. The flock went gently on, grazing in their paffage, and infenfibly drew farther from the true owner. In the mean time the Detachment grew more numerous; from this flock there fprung another. The Shepherd, who at firft was no more than a de- puty, became himfelf the Mafter and Father of a family : He then alfo feparated part of his wealth, and gave it as an inheritance to that Son whom he intended fhould fettle, in a foreign country, or to [95l * fome dependent that .was going to fettle further oft. * We prefume that in this manner an hundred years ' was time fufficient to people Europe, Afia, and Afri- ' sa, very confiderably -, and an hundred more to peo- 4 pie the Continent of America. Let us fuppofe for * this purpofe, that at the flood Sbem, Ham, and Ja- ' pbet had each 12 children," and that all thefe chil- ' dren were fit for marriage about 15 or 18 years af- 4 ter the flood. 'Tis very probable, that after they * had been married 12 years, they might fee apofteri- ' ty of four hundred and thirty-two perfons. In this * manner Noah might have been at the head 0f above ' five hundred defcendents in the fpace of thirty years ; ' and if we then fuppofe that every one of Noah's great ' grand-children had ten children, thefe four hundred * thirty two perfons might have begot four thoufand ' three hundred and twenty children in ten years time. ' All this might have happened in the fpace of half a * century , fo that multiplying them always by ten, * and' leaving an interval of about twenty or twenty - " Left the fubfequent Calculation mould feem unreafbnable, the reader is defired to attend to the following, which is founded npon a Scripture-matter of fact, ' It is evident from facred Hiftory, \_Exod. xii. 37.] that in the fpace of about 266 years, the pofterity of Jacvb alone, by his [twelve] fens, amounted to Jix hundred thou- fand males above the age of twenty, all able to go forth to war. Now by Mr. Graunt's obfervations on the bills of Mortality it ap- pears that about -^ are between the ages of fixteen and fifty-fix : which may be near the proportion of males numbered, to the en- tire number of them all. So that as 34 is to 100, by the Golden Rule, muft fix hundred thoufand be to the entire number of the males of Ifrael at that time: which was therefore one million f even hundred fixty-four thoufand and jc<ucn hundred. To which add/>- ma/es, near T " 5 fewer, as fuppofe, to make the fum even, one mil- lion Jtx hundred thirty-Jiije thoufand three hundred, the Total is, Three millions and four hundred thoufand ; add forty-three thoufand for the Levitts (not included in the former accounts), the entire fum will at laji amount to three million s t and four hundrtd Jortj thret thoufand fouls.' WHISTCN'S Theory, p. 2^0. [ 9 6] * five years between oe generation and another, Afia., 4 Europe^ and Africa may have been peopled with four c hundred thirty- two millims of inhabitants, an hundred 4 and fifty years after the ftood. Methinks this could * not be difputed, were we only to have regard to the c ordinary methods of propagation. 'Tis true indeed, * that we fuppofe every Head of a family to have 4 had ten children, when probably fever^l of thofe * Chiefs might not have had rjear fo many, But then ' how many do we fee jn our days, who have more 4 than ten , and if we cqnfider wha,t Bp. Burnet has tojd * US concerning Meff. fr endow ancj Calfindrin of Geneva* " the former of whom at the age of feventy five, had 4 one hundred and fifteen children* or perfon married *- c to his children, that coujdcajl him Father -, and the *' other, at the age of forty feyen, had one hundred " and five peribns who were all his nephews or 4 ' nieces by his brothers or fillers." If, I fay, we * cqnfider thefe two inftances, 'twill be found that * our computation is model! enough, for an age ' when poverty and the cares of life had not yet * deflroyed man's vigour, nor reduced Jiirp to the * neceffity of refraining from marriage (the lawful * method of propagation) for fear ot not being a- 4 ble to iupport his family. But although the in- * creafe of our fpecies had for one hundred and 4 fifty years been much lefs than we have fup- * pofed it, and that only four hundred millions of 6 people had came into the world ; nay farther, * tho' we were Hill to fubftract thirty millions from 4 that fum, for the immature and violent deaths, * difeafes and wars, which in all probability were * not fo bloody in thofe ages as they have been * fmce, 'tis very natural to think that fome millions e might detach themfelves from the remaining three ' hundred and feventy millions, in order to leek their [ 97 1 * fortunes in America. And tho' we afterwards fup- ' pofe, that propagation may have been very much ' prejudiced by reafon of the fatigues they laboured ' under in their voyage, and from the change of ' climate, &c. we mall neverthelefs find that ten 4 or twelve millions of people may have been able ' to furnifh America with forty millions of fouls, in * fifty y ears ti me - What is here advanced ought ' not to be looked upon as a paradox, nor mould * any difficulties be raifed with refpect to our cal- ' culation ; difficulties which are founded only on , * the length of man's life in our days. Mankind in ' thofe ages had not invented all thole pernicious arts, ' which at the fame time that they morten life, do alfo ' leflen propagation.' And if to all this we add the confideration of what we are told in Gen. ix. i. viz. That GOD, immediately after the deluge, bleffcdNoab and his font , and f aid unto them^ Be fruitful and multi- ply and replenijh the earth ; if, I fay, we add to the above obfervations the confideration of this divine JBlefTing, and injunction, we cannot doubt that the Progeny of Noah and his Sons was very much increafed foon after the Flood, and fufficiently numerous to re- people the earth.' And, when we farther confider, that after the Confufion of Babel (which happened about an hundred years after the deluge) it is faid, Gen. xi. 9. And from thence did the Lord feat ter them [i. e. the Projectors of Babel] abroad upon the face of the whole earth , I fay when we confider this, that thofe who were reluctant to GOD'S defign were forced to go, and doubtlefs many co-operated with the divine inten- tion willingly, and as mankind, within two or three hundred years after the flood, were abundantly fuffi- cient for re-peopling the whole earth, fo we may fairly conclude, that within that fpace of time they actually peopled it. WITH regard to the brute part of the world, they certainly complied with the divine injunction, Gen. viii. 1 7. and were fruitful, multiplied upon the earth^ and bred abundantly. And with refpedt to their difperfion, their peculiar qualities and inflincts would prompt them to feek fuch countries and climates as would be moft fuitable to their natures i in the fame* manner as many of them now pafs from one country to another, to immenfe diftances, when the alteration of the fea- fon affects them. Add to this, that the mild and meek kind of animals, fuch efpecially as were defigned to be the prey of others, would naturally avoid the wild and rapacious, and the lafl would as naturally fjurfue , fo that both would be induced to get as far from the place where the ark landed, as they conve- niently could: and by this means the whole globe would be foon re-fupplied with animals. THUS then, within two or three hundred years af- ter the Deluge, the whole Earth would be re -peopled with men, and flocked with other animals. And as about this time the Earth was divided or fplit afunder, and we may juflly fuppofe that the land, which united Africa and America together, fuffered in this divijien, was disjoined from the two Continents, and funk be- neath the Ocean , fo would both Continents be ftill inhabited ; tho' for the time forward the inhabitants of each would be feparated from the other. THUS we have difcovered an eafy way by which -America might have been, and I apprehend, the true way, by which it really was fupplied with inhabitants after the flood ; a way this, that affords a very con- venient paffage (thro 5 a warm and fruitful climate) for the moft tender and delicate animals, and fuch as could not endure any great degree of Cold, and of courfe a very eafy one for robuft man. t 99 ] NATURAL PROOFS OF THE Scripture Account of the Deluge, Deduced from a great variety of circumftances, on and in the terraqueous globe. &>*<08( AM now come to Jay before the reader *Jf j "y what natural proofs may be deduced, C\ /"S f rom tne P re ^ ent Situation of things id xLr \J* tne eartn) j n favour of the Mofaic de- fcription of the Deluge. AND here, I mall felect four Particulars, which if I can evince, the truth of the whole will, I believe, be readily admitted, viz. if I can prove, I. THAT there is a quantity of water in the earth abundantly fufficient for flooding it to the height re- prefented in Scripture ; II. THAT this water did actually thus overflow it ; III. THAT, during this Flood, the folid ftructure or compages of the earth was diflblved, all the mine- ral and metallic matter reduced to its original corpuf- cles, and affumed up into the water; fo that the whole conftituted one fluid mafs or colluvies , IV. THAT all this matter, together with the animal and vegetable bodies inclofed within it, fubfided again, and formed the prefent folid ftrata of the earth. IF, I fay, I can prove thefe four points, the truth of the Mofaic defcription of the Flood cannot, I think, well be difputed. H 2 AND I. to flievv, That there is a fuiEcient quantity of water in the earth for covering alt the high moun- tains under the -whole heaven, or rather the whole fur- face of the Earth above the height of the higheft mountains. THIS has been thought the main and principal hinge on which the whole affair of the Deluge turns, the Cauja fine qua non of folving that grand cataftrophe , for un- lefs we can procure fufficient materials for the work, it would be idle to attempt the foliation of the effect. And all nature, both from above and from below, has been ranfacked by feveral writers on this fubjeft to find out a place where there lies a quantity of wa- ter fufficient for flooding the earth ; which, confidering the light that writers in general have looked upon the deluge in, namely as a flood of waters barely over- flowing the terreftrial parts of the globe, is a matter of fome furprize that they mould be at a lofs to find a fuitable quantity : for let any one but caft his eye over a map or globe of the earth, and he will at once perceive that the Ocean and Seas greatly exceed the terreftrial j&rts, and if he will take a nearer and more accurate furvey and add to the account the fpaces occupied by all the rivers and lakes upon the earth, he will find, that the dry land comprehends not more than, if fo much as, one third part of the earth's furface. And as it is well known, that the fea is unfathomable in many places, and that its depth is equal to the height of the mountains -, fo it is evi- dent;, and manifelt to ienfe, that there is a quantity See VARENIUS'S Geograpb\, by SHAW, Vol. I. p. i '3, 195, 8. As I fhall have occafion to quote this Trcatife hereafter, it may not be arnifs to acquaint the reader with its authority and character. Sir Jfaac Newton thought it fo judicious and ufetul a work, that he re- printed an accurate latin edition of it at Cambridge, for the ule of the Students in that Univerfky. This edition meeting \vith a quick fale. of water in the earth capable of covering all the mountains under the whole heaven. But as this act of barely covering the mountains will not anfwer the defcription of the Flood as given in Scripture, nor fuit with the efeEls of that Flood as they are now dilcernible upon and in the earth (of which hereafter) fo we mull find out a quantity, even greater than this. But what I have faid may ferve to pave the way, and leflen the wonder the reader may conceive concerning the quan- tity of water requifite for fuch a grand tranfaction. THE Prelude to which mighty event was, accord- ing to Mofes, The breaking up of tbe fountains of (be Great Deep. What this Great Deep or Abyfs is has been fbewn already, namely, that it is an immenfely large Refervoir of water lying beneath the circular fhell of the earth, communicating with all lefier Deeps or Seas, and affording lupplies for the numerous rivers upon the earth. Such is the Scriptural account of this Abyfs, fee p. 25, &c. LET us now fee whatreafon there is to believe, from a view of the ftructure and parts of th!s globe, that there is fuch a fubterraneous magazine ot^vater. i. THE/r/? argument which I ihall bring in proof of this Abyfs is (to fpeak in the words of Scripture wherever we can) That all the rivers run into tbe Sea, and yet tbe Sea is not full, or does not reach the height and confequently foon becoming fcarce, Dr. Bent!e>; importance! Dr. Jut in to print another edition, and to affix an appendix of later Dif- coveries. Mr. DugdfiU published an cn^i-ji? 7V 1 ,/,//;/^ from Juries edition, with feveral additional notes ; which has fi nee been revifed, corrected and re publifhedby Dr. 6'<7if. And 1 fcarce know a more ufeful Book for a Student in Flsiloibphy to begin with. See alfo Hiltti-e Pbf/jquc d .-lamer far O.n:e d, MARSILLI, p. i i. This alfo Is a valuable Treatife, and the Author of it fo w-.-li known for his indefatigable indaftry, judgment and accuracv in making ex- periments and observations upon the tops of the hi^heft mountains, the deepeil cave-, and even t'^e bottom ><\ t!\..' Sea, that 1 need unly to ir.tution Li^ naiiie to ^aiii credit to liis b:uk t I2 ] of, or run over, its fhores. This is a fact as flu as it is apparent \ but, like other common truths, the obvioufneis of it leffens the wonder, and takes off the weighty confiderations deducible therefrom. But the Event in itfelf i truly wonderful, and deferves our particular notice on the prefent occafion. To enu- merate and defcribe all the rivers upon the earth would be endlefs and impofiible. I mall therefore mention fome of the largeft ; in order that we may form a judgment of the 'quantity of water poured into the Sea by all of them. The Danube, after it has ran a courfe of above two thoufand miles, and received by the way fixty rivers, (thirty of which are fo large as to be navigable) throws itfelf, by five or fix great ftreams, with fuch rapidity into the Euxine Sea, that its water continues frefh and unmixt with the fait for twenty leagues. Its depth, in moil places, is two hundred feet.? The Volga, after it has taken an irregular tour of two thousand nine hundred miles , and increafed its ilream by the addition of two hundred rivers and brooks, difcharges itfelf by twenty five mouths into the Cafpian Sea, and makes that Sea lefs brackilh for many leagues.* The Oby, a river in Siberia, in fome places half a league, and in others a whole league broad, runs for about two thoufand four hundred miles (without reckoning its windings) and then empties it- felf by fix mouths into the Icy Sea. r To which we may add the Jenifa, about ten weeks journey diftant from the former river, and equal, if not fuperior to it, both in length and breadth.* The Crocc<us or yellow r'tver of China, after having flowed thro' feveral Pro- vinces for more than two thoufand miles, falls at length * COLLIER'S Miflorita/, Geographical, &c. Dictionary. i Atlas Ge'.grapbus, Vol. I. p. 164. Vdrcnius, p. 291. r Atlas Gtcg. p. 165. VA RE Nil's'/ Geography, Vol. 1. p. 349. ' f'arcniu}, ibid. into the Haft-Sea. 1 Not far from this is tfre J&ttft, re- markable for its depth) being unfathomable in feverai places, fo that the Chinefe have a proverb among them \vhich fays, The Sea hath no bounds and the Kiam hath no bottom. This impetuous river (which is fo very- rapid when the torrents from the mountains incrcafe its ftream, that it frequently bears away the iQands that lye in its channel, and buries them under ite waves) after having ran a courfe of twelve hundred miles, difburthens itfelf into the Eaft-Sea of China* The Ganges, famous for its length, breadth and depth, being VK&X fifteen hundred miles long; and in its nar- roweft places eight miles broad, in the molt open parts twenty , and feldom fo mallow but that its depth mea- fures an hundred feet. w The Euphrates, after having ran a courfe of about a thcufand miles joins that remark- ably rapid river the Tigris (after the Tigris had patted a courfe of about five hundred miles) and both of them, about j&# miles beyond their union, exonerate them- felves into the Per/tan Gulph. The Nile takes its rife in 12 deg. of N. Lat. and having flowed fifteen hun- dred miles, nearly from South to North, divides into two branches, and then falls into the Mediterranean Sea.* The Niger, the longeft river in Africa, after a courfe of two tboufand four hundred miles, empties it- felf by fix great ftreams into the Atlantic Ocean. 7 The Zaire, another river in Africa, which, though it does not equal any of the above in the length of its courfe, yet exceeds them all in its breadth, being at H 4 1 LE COMTB'S Qbfir-vations made in a Journey thro' the Empire of China, p. 108. " Ibid. w SALMON'S modern Gazetteer: HE VLYN'S CnCmtgrpphy, p S'Q. * SALMON'S /)/-, /<;// Jlatc aft ill nation*, Vol. V. p. 10. * VARENIUS, p, 349. COLLIER'S Did. 104 its mouth twenty eight miles broad, and rufhes into the Ethiopic Sea with fo great a force, as to preferve its waters pure and frefh for ten miles commonly, for fif- teen at other times. z But if we pals into America, we mall find rivers exceeding any yet mentioned. The river of St. Laurence, alter having ran through, and been fed by, feveral great Lakes, and taken a courfe of one thoufandfive hundred miles (and its fource yet un- known) difcharges itfelf into the gulph of St. Laurence ; being at its mouth between feventy and eighty miles broad, and two hundred fathoms deep. 3 The Paria or Oronoque is navigable for a tboufand miles by mips of burden, and two tboufand by boats and pinnaces ; and having received into its channel an hundred rivers, openeth into the fea with fixleen mouths, which part the earth into fo many iflands. b Rio de la Plata, in length from its firft fountain two tboufand miles, in breadth at its fall into the Stzfixty miles , and of fo violent a ftream that the Sea for many leagues together altereth not the taile of it. The River of the Amazons, efteemed the greateft in the world ; Orellana is reported to have failed in it five tboufand miles, including the feveral turnings and v/indings he took; in many places it is fo deep as to be unfathomable-, and, at the time of its higheft rifings, the Current is an hundred and eighty miles broad, and rufhes into the Sea with fuch impetuofity as to preferve its natural tafte and colour for more than thirty miles.* Now to the above let any one make an addition of all the remaining ri- vers upon the earth, and then conceive within himfclf HEYLYN'S Cofmog, p. 989, 995- COLLIER'S Dit. HETL,YN'S Cofmograpby, p. 1056. Ibid. Ibid. CcckSs fejage to the South Sea, &c. p. 254. [ 105 what an immenfe profufion of water muft be poured into the Ocean, 1 need not lay, yearly, monthly, but daily, or even hourly? It was the opinion ot that ac- curate Geographer Farenius,* [and to which I believe, every one upon mature consideration wi-il confent, as Bp. Stillingfleet, Dr. Plot, Stackhoufe, and others have done] that each of the larger fort of rivers, (and fuch, every one of thofe that t have mentioned above, may well be efteemed, and many others that are not mentioned) empties into the Sea, in one year's time, a quantity of water fufficient to cover the whole fur face of the earth. And if feveral rivers, fmgly coniidered, throw in fuch a quantity, and fome of them a. far greater, What muft all of them added to- gether effund ? In order to fee what a quantity this would amount to, and to what an height, if it was poured upon the earth, it would arife, Let us fuppofe, that the mouths of all the rivers, or the places where they enter into the Sea, were flopped and dammed up fo high, that their currents were diverted from rufhing into the fea, and turned back upon the dry-land ; and how foon would the higheft mountains be covered ? For, if one river, in one year's time, produces a quan- tity fufficient to effect this, (or rather twice as much as would be fufficient, for the Dry-land occupies but one third part of the earth's furface) and there are many fuch rivers, and feveral much larger, and if all the lefler ftreams were united, they would exceed the larger already mentioned, How foon, I fay, in this cafe, muft the higheft mountains be covered ? Surely, not many days, it hours, would be requifite for fuch an inundation. Now when we confider, that fuch an inconceivably great quantity of water is daily ^ or at ^ Gin/ Geography, p 299. [ io6 J lead weekiy difcharged into the Sea, and yet//^ Sea is not full, nor even any vifible increafe produced there- by, What an immenfely large receptacle mutt there be beneath the Ocean and the Land for containing fuch an afiemblage of water ? Well might it be called in Scripture THE GREAT DEEP, as all leffer Deeps or Seas are nothing in companion to it. ALLOWANCE indeed muft be made in the above cal- culation, for the quantity of water that is raifed from the Ocean in vapour by the heat of the fun, &c. which fome have been fo extravagant as to imagine to be equal to That which is poured into the Ocean by all the rivers upon earth ; and therefore they fuppofe, that what the Sea gets by the rivers, it loies by eva- poration ; and fo a mutual and equable interchange is prefervcd. But furely this Hypothecs can never Hand the examination of common fenfe or experi- ments. For i/}. it is well known, that the vapours and rain fall upon the Sea, as well as upon the land ; and the furface of the Ocean is full 'as large again as That of the Dry-land; fo we may juftiy fuppofe that two thirds of what is raifed in vapour returns from whence it came, without falling upon the Dry-land. idly. Befides, as, it has been obferved ' This is a 1 Summer reafon, and would pafs very ill in winter, 4 efpecially in our Northern climate, when the heat of 1 the Sun is much lefs powerful ;' and yet our Seas have no fuch fenfible diminution in Summer, or over- flowing in winter, as might be expected, if their in- creafe and decreafe depended fo much upon vapours. And, %dly. I may add too, This is a day reafon, and will not hold in the night; when the vapours fre- quently fall nearly as fail as they role in the precedent day. But, ^tbly. fince the favourers of this hypo- thefis fuppofe, That the fnpply of all the rivers upon earth is owing to the vapours that are raifed from the Sea, carried from thence by wind, and condenfed againft the fides of mountains, and fo trickling down thro' the crannies of the rocks, enter into the hollow places thereof, form collections of water, &c. from whence they illue out at the firft orifice they can find, and by this means conftitute Springs and Rivers , fince, I fay, they hold this hypothefis as a conference of the former, it mould follow, That as the evaporations are greater in Summer time than in Winter, fo the Springs and Rivers, which depend upon the quantity of theie evaporations, ought to be higher and fuller in Summer than in Winter; the contrary to which is well known to be fact, at leaft in our Northern re- gions ; unlefs when the vapours happen to be con- gealed and frozen into Snow, asfoon as they fall ; and then they of courfe (in their frozen and confined ftate) cannot afford any fupply for the augmentation of ri- vers , and in this cafe, or in fuch places where this happens, the rivers generally remain of the fame height in Winter as in Summer. Which laft confederation will furnifh another argument againft the opinion of thofe who afcribe the origin of Springs and Rivers to the condenfation of vapours againft the fides of mountains, &c. for it is obferved by Mr. Ray, (who himfelf tra- velled over the Alps) ' That the tops of the Alps above ' the fountains of four of the greateft rivers in Europe, ' the Rhine, the Rhofne, the Danube, and the Po, are * for about./?* months in the year conjlantly covered with 4 Snow to a great tbicknefs , Ib that there are no vapours ' all that while that can touch thofe mountains, and be ' by them condenfed into water : there falls nothing ' there but Snow ; and that continuing all that while ' on the ground without diffolution, hinders all accefs of c vapours to the earth, if any rofe, or were by winds ' carried fo high in that form, as I am confident there ' are not. And yet lor all that do not thofe Springs [ io8 ] 6 fail, but continue to run all winter, and it is likely ' too, without diminution.'' But, Laftly, this Hy- pothefis that the origin of Springs and Rivers is ow- ing to vapours condenfed into water and rain, and that the quantity of water which is evaporated from the Ocean is equal to that which is poured into it by all the rivers upon the earth, has been fo fully examined and confuted by Dr. Gualtieri in anfwer to Dr. Valif- nieri (who maintained the above hypothefis) and this too, by making the mod reasonable or rather over- reafonable allowances to the favourers of this hypothe- fis, That I mail only tranfcnbe part of what Dr. Gu- altieri has faid on this head, as it is abridged in the Memoirs of Literature for Aug. 1725. 'After this, * Dr. Gualtieri undertakes to prove the impoflibility of ' afcribing the origin of Springs and rivers to rain- ' water, &c. To demonftrate this impoffibility, * it ought to be proved that the quantity of rain-water ' is far from being fufHcient to keep up the continual 4 courfe of fprings and rivers. And to fet that pro- 4 pofition in its full light, one mud determine by a * Calculation the quantity of rain-water, andthequan- ' tity of the water of thofe rivers that fall into thefea: 4 and jf one exceeds the other confiderably, the quef- * tion will be decided. It refill cs (fays the Author) ' from the obfcrvations made by the Paris- Academy, * for the fpace of nineteen years, that the mean quantity * of rain, that falls at Paris, is about 18 or 19 inches * high every year. f To find how much it rains in f It may be proper to make a few remarks here, I st - That it has been now determined by a cov.rfe of oHfervati ops that hav? been fuc- ceflively continued bv the Profdlors of the Academy for no lefs than tfVrv fi-ve yt.a>-s, that it a rnedi.:m, crone year with another, there falls no more than ibmcbc;, and 8 lines of rain; feeTi-.MPLtMA.N's Kxtrafis from the mrtn'iin cf the Acini >n\ tit Parif, Vol II p. 32-?; juft prir.tcd. 2 d1 '- That under the term R.\in is ulib included all the [ T 9 J * Italy during one year, the Author requires that the 4 whole furface of that country be reduced to an ob- * long rectangular parallelogram ; the length whereof 4 be or 600 miles of Bologna, and the breadth of 1 20. 4 In the next place, he fuppofes that all the water fall- 4 ing upon that extent of ground, in the fpace of one year, is kept in, without being able to run out. 4 That water, in this fupp^ofidon, will rife, according 4 to the obfervations of the Academy, to the height of * one foot and a half; and if the whole be calculated, ' it will appear to amount to the fum of two trillions, 4 feven hundred billions of cube feet of water, that 4 Kill in one year upon the furface of all Italy. Now, 4 in order to know the quantity of water carried into 4 the fea by all the rivers ot that country in one year, 4 we mufl fuppofe a canal of a depth and breadth pro- * portionable to the dimenfions of thofe rivers, where- * of thofe that fall into the fea, are two hundred in ' number, without reckoning the other rivers, brooks, * fountains, fubterraneous canals, &c. Dr. Gualiierr^ 1 before he determines the length and breadth of fuch * a canal, obferves that the Po is near a mile broad at 4 its entrance into the fea. If we add to the waters of 4 the Po thofe of eighteen other great rivers^ can we al- 4 low to a canal that mould contain them all, lefsthan 4 one mile or, 5000 feet in breadth, and 20 feet in 4 depth ? If we add (till the water of the" fmall rivers, 4 and of all the fountains and fprings, that fall into 4 the fea ; Can any one believe that thole waters col- 4 leded can be contained in inch a canal ? [Doubtleft water that fails in [now, dt<w, vapours, &c. 3 <ly> That this quan- tity is meafured almoft as foon as it fa h, and the fum total determined from thefe feveral lefier meafurements j and no allowance made fbi what would othervvife have been carried ofFby <uvW.<, by cxh <//;//'. , contained in vegetation, imbibed by the earth t &c ; which, if ukca into the account, would greatly lefien the above eftimare. not]. However the Author is willing to reduce the * breadth of that canal to that of 1250 feet, which is only the fourth part of 5000, and its depth to that * of 15 feet. [This certainly is an over-reafonable < allowance given to his adverfary]. After this re- < duction, the author following the calculation of < Dr. Guglielmini^ finds that the quantity of water con- tinually carried into the fea by a canal of that di- < menfion, during 366 days, would be equal to the 6 fum of five trillions, five hundred twenty two billions, three hundred ninety one millions of cube feet of water. But all the rain-water, that falls in Italy during one year, amounts only to the quantity of two trillions, feven hundred billions of cube feet of < water. Therefore all the rivers in Italy carry into * the fea two trillions^ eight hundred twenty two billions^ ' three hundred ninety one millions of cube feet of water ' ABOVE that which the rain affords in one year. From * whence comes that overplus, if it be not from the fea itfelf [or rather from the Abyfs that lieth within * the earth] ? The Author confirms this "' proof by another fort of fupputation, viz. by that * of the quantity of water, which evaporates daily. 1 'Tis well known, (fays he) by feveral experiments, that from a furface of water ten inches fquare, a cube 4 inch of water evaporates in 24 hours. A fquare * mile of water contains twenty five millions of fquare 1 feet of water, which make three billions, fix hundred ' millions of fquare inches : from whence it follows * that from a furface of a fquare mile, three hundred ' fixty millions of cube inches of water evaporate in c 24 hours, which make 208 thoufand, 333 cube feet. * Allowing the Mediterranean Sea to be 3000 miles ' long and 420 miles broad, its whole furface will be * of one million, 260000 fquare miles, which number 6 being multiplied by that of 208 thoufand, 333 cube ! [ "I ] c feet, we fliall have the number of 262 billions, 499 ' millions, 580 thoufand cube feet of water, which ' in 24 hours evaporate from the whole furface of the c Mediterranean fea ; and multiplying again that num- 4 ber by that of 365 days, there will be 95 trillions, 4 812 billions, 346 millions, 700000 cube feet of 4 water, which evaporate from the fame furtace, in ' the fpace of one year. Afterwards if we reduce all 4 the rivers that fall into the Mediterranean to a canal 4 fix Italian miles broad, and 15 feet deep 'which is a 4 very low fuppofition) fuch a canal will carry into { that fea, a hundred thirty two trillions^ five hundred 4 thirty fe-ven billions , three hundred eighty four millions 4 of yibe feet of '-water , a quantity very much exceed - 4 ing tha which evaporates from that fea in one year. 4 That Dr. Valijnuri may have no ground to complain, 4 the Author is willing to grant him, againftthe tefti- 4 mony of all obfervations, that thirty inches of water 4 fall in Italy every year. But he tells him at the fame ' time, that all this water is not employed in keeping 4 up the courfe of fountains and rivers. One mult 4 deduct out of it, i. All the quantity neceflary to* 4 moiften the ground to the depth of lome fathoms, c without which an excefiive drought would reduce it ' to duft; and this quantity muft needs be very con- 4 fiderable. 2. One muft deduct that quantity which 4 ferves for the nourifliment and growth of trees, and 4 all the other plants of Italy ^ during the whole year ; 4 and in order to conceive how far this can go, it is fuf- 4 ficient to cbnfider, that according to the experiments 4 of Mr. de la Hire^ one fingle fig-tree, furnifhed with 4 an hundred and thirty leaves, ablorbs two pounds and 4 a half of water, in the fpace of five hours, and con- 4 fequently three thoufand one hundred and ninety four 4 founds in one year. 3. One mull deduct out of 4 rain-water that which continually evaporates? the quantity whereof has been determined above. Now, how likely is it that 30 inches of water yearly may be fufficient for all thofe ufes j and that there fhould remain enough ftill to keep up the courfe of fountains and rivers. Again-, Dr.Gualtieri makes another im- poffiblc- fuppofition in favour of his adverfary, viz. that out of thofe 30 inches of water, 15 only are em- ployed for the continual evaporation, and to fupply the wants of the ground and plants; and that the other 15 inches ferve for the courfe of fountains and rivers. But notwithftanding all the endeavours of Dr. Gual- tieri in favour of his antagonift. what Ihift can the latter make with 15 inches of water, whilft the 18 inches found by the Academy, are, as has been (hewn above, much beneath the quantity requifite to keep up that perpetual commerce between freih and fea- water.' II. SECONDLY, as the quantity of water that is poured into the Ocean from the mouths of all the ri- vers upon the earth proves the certainty of an Abyfs be- neath the Ocean and the Land, fo the quantity ^hat is thrown out at the heads or fources of all the rivers equally proves the fame ', and efpecially that this Abyfs lyeth beneath the Earth as well as the fea. In the above defcription of feveral of the larger rivers, I have men- tioned the length of their ccurfcs as well as breadth of their mouths, in order that the reader may judge from thence what an immenfe quantity of water is requifite for preferving their channels full, and keeping their currents ilrong; and alfo that he may obferve that their Sources, or the Springs that fupply them with water, lye high up in the inland countries, fo that fe- veral of them are fome hundred, nay thoufands of miles diftant from the Se# they at laft fall into; and fome of their Springs rife in the very middle or centre of the largeft Continents. So that fmce they are fituated [ "3 ] at fuch a vaft diftance from any fea, and take their rife generally' in the higheft mountains, the refervoir that fuppiies them with water muft certainly be beneath thofe mountains. And fmce, befides thefe larger ri- vers there are a multitude of other rivers, rivulets, and fprings, that indifcriminately arife in, and pafs thro' the different parts of any one of the larger Con- tinents into which the world isufually divided, fo that it a perfon would but take a view of the map of either of the Continents, and obferve the heads of the feveral rivers that fpring up in it, that Continent, and fo the whole Earth, would appear as~ if it were bored thro* in innumerable places, thro* which a continual efflux of water proceeded; and from hence he will readily conclude, that the Earth is, as the Pfalmtft fays, ftretched out or expanded upon water, or eftablijhed upon the Abyfs that lieth bemath\ fee p. 25, &c. To fay, that the Origin of thefe fprings and rivers is owing to rain and vapours condenfed againfl the fides of mountains, is, as we have already feen, falie in fact as wf 11 as anti-fcriptural. But as it is the prefent pre- vailing opinion, it may be expected that 1 mould ex- amine the chief of the arguments ufually brought in favour of it-, which I-fhall do, and endeavour to con- fute them ; and. then introduce an experiment or two, which ought forever to filence this opinion, and which indeed might make thofe afhamed of it that have em- braced it. The firft and chief argument, that the quantity of water which falls in rain and vapours throughout the year is fufficient for the fupply of ail the rivers upon the earth, has been already (hewn to be an egregious miftake ; there being no rcafon to think it fufficient for the fupply of one of the larger rivers, much lefs for all, during that fpace of time. 'idly. It has been faid, That fmce rivers increafe and overflow their banks after any great rains, efpeciall/ fuch as are periodical, and after the flowing or melt- ing of the fnow upon the mountains, it certainly fol- lows, that their fupplies are owing to rain, vapours or fnow. But this is fo far from proving that the conflant and regular flux of rivers (which is the point in quef- tion) is derived from hence, that it rather proves the contrary ; and only mews that the fudden incresife or accidental inundations of rivers may be owing to thefe caufes ; but does not at all account for the water that continually iflues forth from the fprings or heads of rivers, and which affords them a conftant and equable fuppfy, when no fuch rains fall, and no fnow is melt- ed. Again , it has been faid, That the rain that falls, and the fnow that is melted, upon the mountains, fink thro' the earth, and is referved there in large ca- vities or bafons, from whence 'tis gradually difpenfed for the fupply of fprings and rivers. But the above argument deftroys this, for we find that rivers fwell and increafe immediately after and in proportion to the rain that falls or the fnow that is melted ; and there- fore, the water that proceeds from either is not detained within the mountains. And it is evident to fenfe, that, after any fudden mower or even a rain of long continuance, or the gradual melting of fnow, the water which proceeds from either flows down from the mountains along upon the furface, almoft as foon as it falls, and does not enter into the bowels of the earth [unlefs where there happen to be natural hollows or pits dug for mining, &c. which lie open to the fur- face -, and then fome part of the rain that falls will of courfe pafs thro* thefe -, but as this tinges the water of the fpring with the colour of the foil it has pafied thro', fo its continuance is eafily diftinguifhable, and it feldom lafts above a few hours after the rain] but in general, I fay, it is evident to fenfe, that the water which falls in rain or from fnow flows down from the fides of the mountain in fireams or torrents towards the lower grounds, and either unites with rivers and with them tails into the fca, or e'le fettles at the bot- tom of hills (but not upon the tops or fides, from whence fprings generally rife, and to can afford no iupply for them ) i and even from thence is in a few days conveyed away, part of it being evaporated by the heat of the fun, part carried off by the winds, part fpent in the nourimment of vegetables, and part imbibed by the earth. But it has been farther aiTerted, Thar, fince in the hotter feafons of the year and in great droughts, when no rain has fallen for fome time, the fprings and rivers fenlibly tail or are diminifhcd ; therefore, as their deficiencies are owing to want of rain, their fupplies muft be owing to rain. But this by no means follows, for the part that rain bears in the fupply of rivers is only (as we have feeh al- ready") an accidental increafe or fwelling of their wa- ters, but has no mate in affording a regular and fuf- ficient quantity of water for their, otherwife, equable and conjtant courfes. And the reafon why fprings and rivers fail or are leffened in great droughts and the hotter feafons of the year is evident, for during fuch times the heat of the weather and the action of the Sun-beams upon the water at the Spring-head ^ where the quantity is generally fmall, and in the channels of rivers- will caufe the water to be exhaled and evapo- rated in proportion to fuch heats and droughts, and therefore" fprings and rivers will proportionably fail. Befides ; in fuch hot and dry weather, the ufual moifture of the ground is exhaled, and the fur- face of the earth parched and cracked into chafms and openings, fo that the moid vapours that arife from beneath or from within the earth, (of which more particularly hereafter) and which in a great meafure afford fupplies for fprings and even for rain, I 2 [ 1, are, when they come to the furface of the earth, at- tenuated, divided, and difperfed here and there (as our breath or the fume emitted from our lungs, is in the fummer-time) by the action qf the fun-beams or heat in the air, inftead of being collected and condenfed at and under the furface of the earth - (as is the cafe during the colder, and more moderate months) and fo faturating the vegetable mould, and repleniihing fprings, &c. And hence it comes to pafs (quite con- trary to the hypothefis of fprings being derived from rain, Sec.) that tho' there fails in England and the adja- cent countries a much greater quantity of rain in June and July than in December and ^-fc.mic.r'^ yet the fprings and rivers are much lower and the earth more dry in the two former months than m the two latter ; and this certainly happens on account of the greater heat of the fun, and more copious exhalations from the earth and water ; whereas in the two other months, the fun's power is lefs, and the furface of the earth clofed and frozen ; fo that the inward or fubterranean vapours are confined, ccndenfed, and increafed beneath the earth's furface ; and hence fprir.gs and wells receive a furplufage of water, and the inward parts of the earth are quite fated or glutted with moifture, which collect- ing into drops falls more plentifully from the tops of caves, grottos, &c. during thefe colder months : and yet this is a time when Rain is not only lefs in quan- tity, but lefs able to fend fupplies to fprings, on ac- count of the clofe union or compaction of the upper parts of the earth ; fo that their, fources mull lie be- neath the earth, and their fupplies be inward^ not cut" ward. E WOODWARD'S Nat. Wjl. p. 213. MARTYN'S Abridgment cf ike Memoirs of the Acadtm^ of Sciences, &c. Vol. II. p. 44. [ "7] BUT I mall now produce an experiment or two of Mr. de la Hire, fufficient to overthrow this whole theory of the origin of fprings being owing to rain and vapours. This gentleman was reiblved to bring this hypothefis to the teft of experiments, and to ex- amine it in its moft ejjential article, viz. by endeavour- ing to find to what depth rain or fnow- Water did really defcend into the earth. In order to know this, h ' He * dug a hole in the lower terrafs of the Obfervatory at ' Paris, and placed therein, eight feet under ground, ' a large leaden bafon, a tittle inclined towards one of ' its angles, to which was foldered a leaden pipe 12 c feet long, which, after a confiderable defcent, reached ' into a cellar adjoining. And after having covered * the head of the pipe in the bafon with feveral flints of ' different fizes, to prevent the orifice from being ' Hopped, he threw in a quantity of earth of a middle * nature, between fand and loam, (and fo eafily per- 4 meable by water) to the depth of eight feet -, and then ' judged, that if the rain and fnow-water penetrated ' the earth to the depth that fome fprings are found ' at (which in digging wells and mines are difcovered ' to be at all depths, from 8 to 800 feet) or 'till they ' meet with the firft clayey or compact flratum to flop ' them, that then the bottom of the bafon would ferve to Hop and collect the water : and by this means there 4 would foonbe a fpring burfling forth thro' the leaden * pipe into the cellar. But on the contrary, after hav- ' ing kept the bafon in this fituation for no lefs than ' 15 years, and the ground all the while expofed open 4 to whatever rain, fnow, or vapours that fell, he ' could not obferve that ^fingle drop of -water had ever I 3 h See Mittioin de la Acadim, or MARTYN'S Abridgvur.t ^ Vol. II. p. 52. &c. pafled thro* the leaden pipe into the cellar. At the _' fame time that he begun the above experiment, he placed another bafon about 8 inches under ground, < and chofe a place where the rain and vapours might fall, and yet the ground be fcreened from the heat of ' the fun and the aclion of the wind, and took care to pull up all the grafs and herbs which grew over the bafon, that all the water, which mould fall on the < ground, might pafs uninterrupted to the bottom of ' the -bafon, wherein was a little hole, with a tube to < convey the water into another veiTel. The effect was, < that in all the fpace of time from the iith of 'June < to the igth of February following (more than eight 'months) no water came by the tube from the bafon ; e and tho' it began to run on the lyth of February, this was entirely owing to the great quantity of fnow < which had fallen, and was then melting. From that ' time the earth in the bafon was always very moift, though the water would only run a tew hours aftef 1 raining, and it ceafed running, when the quantity < fallen was drained off. A year after, he repeated c the fame experiment, but buried the bafon 16 inches ' under ground. He took care alfo that there was no ' grafs on the ground, and that it might be fcreened ' from the fun and wind, which would dry it too fail. ' The effect was much the fame as in the former, ex- ' cepting that when a confiderable time pafled without ' raining, the earth would grow a little dry ; fo that ' a moderate rain coming on, it would not moiilen ' it fufficiently to make it run. Laflly, he ' planted herbs on the ground over the bafon, but ' found, that when thefe were grown up a little, the ' ground was fo far from fending any water after rain, ' that all that fell was not fujfident to fujlam them, ' but they would droop and wither, unlefs re-fprinkled ' from time to time with water.' This, I think. [ "9] abundantly proves, not only that the rain-water does not penetrate the earth, fo as to form the (mailed col- lection of water, above 16 or 18 inches, but that the quantity that falls, is not fuffident to furnifh the quota requifite for the growth of vegetables ; fo that we muft call in, as the above-mentioned author re- marks, ' fome foreign affijlance to fupport them ;' which alfo he found to be true from * feveral experi- * merits that he made upon the quantity of water eva- 4 porated thro' the leaves of plants. '_ And what he fays concerning the rain-water not finking above 1 6 or 1 8 inches in a foil of a middle nature, between fand and loam, I have obferved to be nearly true even in the moft lax and gravelly foil, fuch as that in the low-lands about Oxford, which confifts of fmall round pebbles and fand. I have examined it frequently after the hardeft rains, and thofe of long continuance, [but could never perceive that the rain had defcended, (tho' the ground was upon a level, in a valley, and of a wide extent) above 20 inches or two feet at moft; and at about this depth I obferved in feveral places where the earth was opened, that the gravel was un- commonly hard and compact, the parts of it fo in- timately united, that it formed a kind of ftratum, which in tenacity equalled fome kinds of ftrata of (tone : and upon examining the reafon of it, I found it to pro- ceed from hence, that the rain water had drained down as low as this, and here lodged ; and as it defcended, it had carried with it the fmaller granules of fand and other finer matter, which being repofited among and between the other pebbles, cemented them clofe to- gether and confolidated the whole ; and that this was the caufe of their union was manifeft from the finer matter being affixed to the fides and under-parts of moft of the pebbles, juft in the manner as the draining or laft fediment of water would naturally leave it, Buu I 4 [ 120 ] I fay, after repeated obfervations, I could never per- ceive that the rain-water had penetrated thro 1 this com- pact ftratum of gravel , and unlefs the ram haa bf-en of long continuance, and the weathef very moift and wet before, I could not find that it had penetrated even thus far; but faw plainly that all the rain that fell was not fufficient for the fupport and nounmment 1 of the herbage and vegetables ; which, unlefs they had been aflifted by the foreign fuppiy of the vapours that afc end from the infide of the earth or whkh proceed from beneath upwards (not thoie that fall from the clouds, or from above, downwards) would foon have drooped and withered, as thofe planted by the above- mentioned gentleman did. IT appearing then thus evident that the origin of Springs and Rivers is not owing to rain or any vapours that -may fall from above, we muft feek for an internal fupply, for a magazine of water underneath the earth ; and how immenfely great this muft be, I have given the reader reafon to judge from what has been faid at the beginning of this argument, p. 105. But it may be proper (in order to obviate all objections and" entirely to clear the fubject I am upon; to explain how and by what means the water of this fubterranean Abyfs is conveyed to the tops of the highefl moun- tains, and there breaks out in Springs, &c. Now any one that has but ju.lt looked into the infide of the earth, and obferved the ftructure of ir, cannot but know that the ftrata or beds of (lone, &c. of which it confifts, have innumerable cracks or ffures in them, ibme perpendicular, others oblique > and others hori- zontal, or rather fuch as interfect and divide the ftra- ta at all angles, and in all directions whatever ; and alfo that thefe fiffures are of various frzes and capa- cities, from foir.e that are feveral feet in breadth to a multitude of "others that arc not more than a line in width, or even invifible ('till fome force be applied to the ftonc, &c. and then the (lone will break into fmall fhatters or fragments, and difcover where thefe cracks were, as every one knows) ; and it is alfo certain, that feveral of thefe fifiures or rather thefe divifions or part- ings of the regular flrata are filled with a rubbley-kind of matter, confitling of a mixture of fmall loofe flones, clay, fludge and fand ; and that others of them are quite open. 1 It is allo well known to thole that are at all converfant in the fubterranean world, that there is a moift vapour or a kind of fleam continually paffing, from beneath upwards, thro' the fhell or cruft of the earth i and that this vapour pervades, not only the fmaller and leffer fiffures, but even the interflices and pores of moft forts of flone, &c ; and that the deeper you defcend, the more fenfibly and forcibly this vapour ads or aicends. k Now upon the certainty of thefe two facts (the reality of which any perfon may be convinced of, by giving himfelf the trouble of look- ing into the infide of the earth) we (hall be under no great difficulty in accounting for the afcentof the fub- terranean water to the tops and fides of mountains for the origin of fprings, rivers, &c. For, firft, fince the Earth is thus cracked and divided, from the bottom of its iliell to the top, into an innumerable number of fiffures of various fhapes and various fizes, it cannot but be that the water of the Abyfs pervades thefe cracks and enters 'up into them to a level with the water of the Sea : for however irregular and wind- ing thefe fiffures may be, yet it is evident, from the common experiment of immerging feveral tubes that are of the moil different fhapes and fizes into a veffel of water, that the water will rife to an equal height ' See the Expltu^tizn of the l j latc under the Letter F. k See Note k p. 41 . and the references. [ ,22] in each, and be level with the furface of the water in the veffel -, and fo muft the water of the Abyfs fcand with refpect to the furface of the Ocean. So that if we were to fuppofe the Earth, or rather the mountain- ous Part of ir, to be cut off to a level, or concentri- cally, with the furface of the Sea, it is certain that the fiffures and chafms, which communicated with the Abyfs beneath, would be full of water to their very tops, notwithftanding the-- Preffure of the out- ward Air upon them , for, neither this nor the ir- regularity of the fubterranean canals would prevent the water from rifmg in every one of thefe fiffures to a level with the furface of the Ocean, as is evident from the above-mentioned well-known experiment. Nay, it will rile much higher, for (as Dr. Gualtieri juftly obferves) ' Two Liquids of an unequal weight, 4 put in an equal quantity into two equal tubes raifed c perpendicularly upon the fame plain, have a different * height relatively to their weight. This being laid 6 down, 'tis certain by many experiments, that Sea- * water is heavier than frefli water, and that the gra- * vity of the firft is to that of the fecond, as 103 to * 100. And therefore if we fuppole the Sea to be an 6 100 feet deep, and that the fea- water being deprived 6 of its fait by filtration, fills up the fubterraneous * paffages thro' which it circulates, it may rife to the * height of 3 Feet above the level of the lea. Now, * if we fuppofe the fea to have the depth of an Italian * mile, which makes 5000 feet (meafure of Bologna)^ c frefh water may rife to the height of 1 50 feet above * the fame level. That height of 150 feet is already 4 fomething confiderable for a mountain. But be- c caufe fome are much higher, at the tops of which ' there are Springs of frefh water ; we may obferve, ' that in many places, Pilots have not been able to 1 meafure the depth of the fea, becaufe they could not * firrd the bottom of it ; but tho' they mould find it ' in fuch places, one may very well fuppoie that there ' are in them abyffes, caverns, c\c. which the plum- 4 met does not reach, and which penetrating into 4 the moft internal pares of the earth, from a perpen- ' dicular column of fait- water ot an immenfe height.' Now if, under thefe circumftances, we fuppofe the mountainous part of the earth or that portion of its fphere which is higher than the fur face of the Sea (and which we before ilippofed to have been taken off) to be re-placed in its firft and original pofition, fo than the fiffures in the mountainous Part mall be directly over the fiffures that are full of water to their tops (as is the real fituation of them in the prefent ftructure of the earth) how foon, in this cafe, and to what a height would the water of the Abyfs be preffed up thro' the fiffures into the mountains ? For now the per- pendicular preflure of the outward Air upon the fur- face of the water in the fiffures being taken off or e- luded by the covering of the mountains or their fuper- incumbent ftrata, the fubterranean water, by the force and action of the outward Air upon the Seas and the weight of the fait water in the Seas (which com- municate, or are one, with the Abyfs), would be forced up through the fiffures in the mountains vaft- 'ly above the level of the Sea-; in the fame manner (to compare great things with final 1) as water is pref- fed up thro' the pores in a heap of fand, or thro 1 the cracks in a block of ftone, whofc bottom or under-part lies immerfed in a pond of water, but whofe upper part is much above it , for by this fituation of the Sand or Stone, that part of either which is prominent or above the water receives the perpendicular prei- fure of the outward air upon its exterior furface, and io eludes or weakens the action ot the Air upon the water that is under or in the pores of the ftone , and [ alfo, comparatively fpeaking, increafts the pfefTui'e and ftrength of the external Air upon 'the. furface of the water in the pond, which therefore will force the water that is leaft preffed (viz. That which is under and in the pores ot the ftone) to that place where it can find eaiieft admittance, which will be up into the pores and cracks in the ftone, as there is the thineft medium and freed paffage. Now if we carry this analogy farther, and confider that the whole furface of the- earth is compreffed by the ftrength of the Ex- panfe, or the Fluid of the Heavens furrounding and binding it on all fides ; and that this Preffure or Ten- fion is fo very great and fo clofely applied to every part, as to prefer ve the earth in its prefent folid ftate and circular form (tho* it be revolved fo immenfely fwift upon its axis).* And when we farther confider, that, while the external Air or grofier part of the Hea- vens (the Spirit} preffes chiefly upon the furface, the finer, purer, or the ethereal Part (theL/g$/) pervades and reaches the inmoft receffes of the earth (for, we find, that no terreftrial body can deny it entrance) and penetrates even to the center. And as there is anew and fnccej/i-je ftream of Light, almoftinftantaneoufly, mov- ing or impelled from the Fire at the Sun, and con- tinually preffing againft, and making its way into the orb of the earth (chiefly at or under the torrid Zone), and having palled thro' the fhell or the wa- ters of the Ocean, enters into the Abyfs and there agitates and expa nds the water : And as in order to gain itfelf admittance and occupy a fpace in the Abyfs equivalent to its own bulk or quantity, a proportion- able quantity of other matter mull recede, give way, or pafs out of the Earth -,' fo this receding matter, as * Sec alfo what is faid of the ?---^v/r t of the air, in the note, p. 37. 1 To explam ihife fomewhat farther, it is now, I think, univer- fally allowed that Light is a bod-; or a material fukjiaxce. And \\ hen we confider that its particles refie&cd from a concave ff eculuai, [ -25 ] it is impelled upwards from the center to the furface, would takte the eafieft and readieft paiTages it could find, and therefore would endeavour to pafs thro' the cracks and fifliires of the earth ; but as all the fuTures that communicated with the Abyfs beneath, were before full of water, even to a level with, or rather much higher than the furface of the Sea, fo this receding matter in its afcent would certainly contribute to- wards forcing the water in the fi fibres y?///^ /for up aft with fuch force as to divide and inftantly to fplit aflnder the parts of a diamond or the clofeft body we know, it muft be allowed to be a fubilance inconceivably bard and I'ubtlc ; and its motion immenfelt fnaift and Jhvng : which laft article is further evident from the almoft infinite number of reverberations it will endure from fpecula to fpe- cula, and yet its angle of reflection be equal to its angle of incidence. Such being the Solidity, Subtilty, Activity, and Velocity of Light, no terreftrial body furely can prevent its paffing thro' their pores; and when we confider that the Earth has been expofed to the aftion of this fjbtie penetrating Agent for federal tboufand years, there cer- tainly can be no fpace in it, that can receive an atom of Light, b.:t what has one ; and therefore the Earth from center to circumference is a Plenum, cr there is no one atom in it, but what is in contact with another atom, of fome kind or other, but chiefly with the particks of Light; as is evident not only from the tenuity of this body which will premeate the pores of any other, but fince the far greater part of the terraqueous globe is in a ftate ofyf^V/Vj or confiftsof ivnter ; and we know that the adion or comparative non-aftion of Light, Heat or Fire (for each are the fame in fubftance, and differ only in degree or mariner of motion) cau!es the Fluidity .or Soliairv r,f <watt:r (its fluid or frozen ftate) ; and as the earth is warmer, the deeper we deicend; and there is an imraeniely large fphere of water in a (late of fluidity and motion or perpetual circulation underneath the earth (as will more evidently be (hewn hereafter 1 ! ; fo there muft be a free admiflion and full penetration of the particles of Light thro' that mafs of water in order to preferve \iiuch or keep it in a (late fuf- ccptiBle of eafy motion and brifk circulation. Such being the con- dition of the earth ; and iince it is imporiible that any two bodies can fubfift together in one and the iame place, it muft follow, that wherever, in iuch a plenum as the above-mentioned, there is an intrufion of any other body or matter, there mull be a protrufion of other marttr, quantity f/r quantity. f .26] or nearer to the tops of the mountains : And this its Effect muft be judged of from the nature and force of this receding matter. We muft therefore next de- termine what this matter is. Now this can be, no other than the above-mentioned fubUrrancan moift va- pour-, it being certain, that this is inceffantly palling thro' (and we know of no other matter that is fo) the ihell of the earth from beneath upwards or from the center to the circumference , and it anfwers in its nature and form what we might juftly expect fuch receding matter to be. For it cannot but be allowed, that, as the Light penetrated into the Abyfs; and protruded or pufhed out other matter to gain itfclf admifiion, the matter thus driven out would be the fineft and pureft that was in the Abyfs, which could be no other than the Light and fine Air that were there before (for it is certain that there is fome, tho' very pure air, as well as Light, in the Abyfs, elfe fifties could not live and breathe at the bottom of the Ocean , nor the water of the fprings that are difcovered at the loweft depth in the earth be fo replete with air). Now as this Light and fine Air were pufhed outward, they muft ot courfe pafs thro' the water of the Abyfs. And as this water had been before rahfied and expanded by the colluctation of the atoms of Light between themfelves (and it is not improbable, fince the earth is of a fpherical form, that the rays of light which pafs thro' the Ocean and the Abyfs, on each fide of the equator, are refracted or converge towards one another till they meet in a focus near the center of the earth-, and then the heat and agitation would be much greater) and alfo by their ftruggle to difpoffefs and drive out the fubterranean light and air, fo this light and air thus driven out would arife from the Abyfs in form offteam or vapour-, which we find actually to be the cafe. Now this vapour, in its paflUge [ 127 ] from the Abyfs thro' the cracks and pores in the ftra- ta of the earth, would not only be a means of elevat- ing the water in thofe cracks, but would itfelf be turned or condenfed into water (as the fleams that rife in an alembick are) as it ftruck againft the tops, fides, and irregular hollows in the failures ; and by this re- peated action be continually forming into drops, and trickling down the fides of the failures and thus, not only increafe the water that was before paffing thro' the fi iTu res, but in fome places, where there were natural bafons or cavities in the rock, be amaffed in confiderable quantities. And if fuch bafons or fiffures happen to be higher than the ordinary furface of the earth, or than the lower grounds (as is the fituation of them all in mountains) the water thus collected, or rather inceffantly collecting would break out, where - ever it could find vent, on the outfide of the moun- tain, and there form fprings, rivulets, &c. But if the bafons or fiffures in the infide of the mountain be not higher than the mean furface of the earth, or there happen to be any depreffed or hollow place on the outfide of the mountain, the water that ouzed out of the infide would then fall into them, and there fettle , and become either fmall -pools or large lakes, according to its extent or quantity. And thus, by this inward fupply, by the afcent of the fubterranean water and vapour > there will be a conftant Fund and fufficient Source of water for the production of Springs, Rivers, Lakes, &c. throughout the whole earth. BUT there is a difficulty attending this account of the origin of Springs which may be thought too ma- terial to be patted by without a folution : and that is, That if Springs derive their water from the Sea or from the Abyfs which communicates with the fea, how comes it to pals, that Spring-water is not fait and briny, like the fource from whence it proceeds ; [ "3] but on the contrary is generally frefh and fweet, or infipid. Now fuppofing the Abyfs beneath the earth to be fait like the Sea (which yet we can have no ab- folute proof of; and I could give feveral reafons to ihew, that it may not be fo, at leaft, not equally fait with the Sea) yet we may folve the difficulty upon the fol- lowing facls and obfervations. Firft, let it Be re- marked, that Sea-water may be diverted of its faline particles, and is frequently rendered frefh in a natural wa y . the vapours that are exhaled from the fea, and which fall again in frefli fhowers of rain, is one proof of this , and the flefh of fifli, which are caught, and which before lived and fed, in the Sea, being fweet, is another proof of it ; and from in experiment which Mr. L^jier m made, it is certain, that the w'ater which is fucked up (as we commonly fay) or rather impelled and ilrained through the tubes and veffels of the Alga marina or common Sea-weed is frefh, fweet and pota- ble ; tho' the diftillation be made from a bafon full of falt-water. Or, what is more applicable to the prefent cafe, Monf. Marjtlli having -filtrated a certain- quantity of the falteft and heavier! Sea- water he could procure thro' feveral veflels filled with fand, all which together made up a cylinder of fand of 75 inches in depth, found, that the water had loft near one half of its degree of faltnefs -, and concluded that had it been drained again thro' twice the fame quantity of {and, it would have been entirely deprived of its faline particles -, n or we may fafely fay, that had it pallid thro' a -cylinder of land, confining of as many feet, as the above did of inches, it would have been as pure and frefh as the water of the wells of St. Marfs on the fhore of Languedoc in France, which Phil. Tranf. N- 156. Q^Lywtkor^s Abridg. Vol.11, p. 297. De laMtr. p. 33. f I2 9 1 fays are not more than 60 feet diftant From the neareli place where the Sea- water reaches. Here then are feveral flrainers, or means by which Sea-water may be percolated and rendered frem, in aneafy, natural, and expeditious way* Now tho' the pores of the earth are larger or more open than the ftrainers here men- tioned, yet when we confider the bulk of the earth or the thicknefs of its mell, the great variety of ftrata of which it confirts, the many turnings and windings of the fifllires (by means of which the fubterranean water may pafs thro' this variety of ftrata), the thick grofs vapour that is continually paffing thro* the whole body of the earth, and the great quantity of Sea-weed and other marine productions that are at the bottom of the Ocean, efpecially in fuch calm and quiet places as the cavities at the mouths of the fiffures,- I fay, taking all thefe into consideration, which may be efteemed as fo many percolators, and tho' more open and porous than the above-mentioned, yet by the length of their courfes and the variety of their fubftancesi they will certainly anfwer the end of the atore-men- tioned. And this appears to be fact from hence, That in fuch places where the Sea-water has admif- fion into the earth, the Springs and Wells are more or lefs brackifh, as they are nearer to, or farther from the Sea. Thus Mr. Norwood, fpeaking of the Ber- muda iflands, fays, p * We dig WtUs of frejh 'water * fometimes within 20 yards of the fea, or lefs , which * rife and fall upon the Flood and Ebb, as the fea ' doth ; as do mofb of the wells in the country, tho* ' further up (as I am informed). Wherefoever they e dig wells here, they dig 'till they come almofl to z K De la Mer, ibid. p i Abridg. Vol. II. p. 2q9. ' level with the fuperficies of the fea, and then they * find either frejh water or fait. If it be/r^&, yet if ' they dig two or three feet deeper, or often lefs, they ' ccme to fait water. Jf it be a fandy ground, or a * faxdy crumbling ftone, that die water foaks gently thro', * they find ufually frejb water ; but if there be hard c lime-ftone rocks, which the water cannot leak thro', ' but pafieth in chinks or clefts between them, the c water is fait or brackifh' Parotitis relates the fame of feveral places, and obferves ' that Springs near the ' Ocean are fait or brackifh, and the nearer they are c the fea, the more .they are fated with fait ; as on the ' more of Africa, and in India y chiefly on the more of ' Coromandel, where no vines grow, and all their wells ' tafte fait. Near the town of Suez, at the end of the ' Red Sea, their fprings are all fait and bitter ; and * even the water which is fetched two German miles from the more, taftes a little bracki/h. Alfo in fe- ' veral fmall iflands there are no frefh fprings but ' all fait (tho' fomething lefs fated than the Ocean) ' as in the ifland of SL Vincent, and others. In the ' low countries of Peru that border upon the Ocean, * their Lakes are faltifh y becaufe of the vicinity of c the Sea. q But farther up in the inland countries, it is well known, that the Springs and Lakes are frefh and fweet. Hence then we may fairly conclude, that the water of the Ocean and the Abyfs is, by a gradual filtration thro' the ftrata of the earth, fo itrained and purified as to leave behind all its faline or briny particles, and when it arrives at a due dif- tance (either greater, or lefs, according to the poro- fity or tenacity of the ftrata it paffes through) from its original refervoir, there to become fweet and frefh, or at leaft diverted of its primitive qualities. A fur- VAREXIUS'S Geography^ Part I. Ch. xvi. Proportion 5. thef proof, that the water of the Abyfs, in its paf- fage thro' the ftrata of the earth, depofits its faline particles, may be drawn from the peculiar qualities of mineral Springs-, of which there are almoft an infi- nite number, differing from each other in the moft diftinguifhable properties, according to the particular fpecies of the mineral or metallic effluvia they are im- pregnated with; and tho' feveral of thefe have a laltilh tafte, yet it is well known, that even That pro- ceeds from other fairs than thofe which the Sea- water is replete with. "Whence it muft follow, that all mineral waters, before they arrive at their outlets, have not only depofited their faline particles, but even affumed others, very different and diftinct there- from. And fince this is the cafe^ we may fairly fuppofe, that where the fubterranean water pafles through ftrata that have no proper, or no great quan- tity of proper, matter for the production of mineral waters * that there it will break out in fprings of pure and frefh water. It may not be amifs to obferve in this place, that> upon the fuppofition of Springs, being owing to rain or vapours that fall upon, and make their way through the outfides of the mountains^ to the places from whence they rife, it is altogether abfurd and impofiible to conceive, that the fmall por- tion of the earth which lies above feveral mineral fprings, efpecially fuch as break out near the tops of the high- eft mountains, can be fufficient for affording a conftant and equable fupply of mineral matter for the impregnation of them. Befides; it is well known, that in fuch places where mineral Springs are, and there happen to be any cavities open at the furface of the earth, or any chinks or crevices in the rock, through which the rain-water may defcend and gleet down to the nfiure through which the mineral water flows, that in fuch cafes the rain-water is fo far from increafing the vir- tues of the Spring, that it either deftroys or leficns them for a time, and renders fuch as are hot and warm cold or cool, fuch as are acrid and bitter fome- vvhat f #eet or lefs acrid, and fo of the reft , which plainly mews, as I obferved before, that when rain- water permeates the earth, and reaches the water of Springs, it only makes an accidental or temporary in- creafe, but does not afford the conftant and regular flux , and is fo far from being the Source of mineral water, or bringing down any matter proper for the production or continuance of fuch Springs, that were it reaches them, it in part deftroys their qualities ; which, I may obferve, the Springs recover again when the rain is over : fo that their fupplies cannot be ow- ing to rain : and we muft feek deeper for their fources than that fmall portion of the earth which rain-water penetrates , and therefore muft have recourfe to zfub- terranean refervoir. And upon the fuppofition of an Abyfs of water beneath the earth, as the grand fund or promptuary of all Springs, thereis the whole thicknefs of the mell of the earth, confifting of a vari- ety of different ftrata, rilled with a variety of folubie mineral and metallic particles, and the fiiTures full of a grofs watery vapour, that has paffed through the neighbouring ftrata, at every crack and cranny, re- plete with the mineral cr metallic effluvia that it has brought out of thefe ftrata, There is all this, I fay, for the waters of the Abyfs to make their way through - y before they break out in fprings on the furface of the earth. So that there is reafon to believe, that fome min- eral waters may have loft their original properties, gain- ed others, loft them, and have regained their original or others of the fame kind, before they appear as Springs - t and certain it is, that feveral of them come up endued or impregnated with a variety of mineral qualities, and thereby mew the large Ipace they have ranged through [ '33 ] for the acquifition of them. And though the mouths or firft -pajfages of the nfTures that reach from the Abyfs to the furface of the earth, are probably large and fo open as to -admit freely to fome diftance the fubterranean water, endued with its peculiar pro- perties, whether faline, or whatever they are , yet as thefe fiflures gradually lefien as they tend towards the furface of the earth, and frequently break off or run into other fiflures that are of an horizontal or oblique fituation, which again divert and branch off into others ftill lefs, and fome fo fmall as to be invifiblej fmce many of thefe figures, are filled with a rubbley kind of matter, as fand, clay, fludge, fmall ft ones, &c. and fo fit for ftraining and refining the water ; fmce the fubterranean Vapour, by being condenfed againft the tops, and trickling down the fides of the fUTures is continually adding irefh fupplies of water that has been purified or deprived of its original properties by evaporation and diftillation ; and fmce there is a perpetual ouzing of water into the larger fiflures through the cracks and crannies in their fides ; to which ' continual diftilling alone, gleeting, or ftrain- 4 ing of the watery particles through the terreftrial flra- ' ta' Varenius attributes the deprivation of the faline particles in the fea-water ; and juftly remarks, * that ' we obferve this very thing in mines digged to a vaft ' depth (and the deeper we defcend, the more difcern- 4 ible it is), how that water on every fide is conti- 4 nually dropping, and collecting itlelf into fmall guts, 4 which are called veins of water-, and if feveral fuch 4 guts or runnels as thefe, concur in one receptacle, 4 they form a fountain, as they who make drains, to 4 bring water into wells, ver/ well know :' r Now all thefe circumftances being added together, we ccr- r General Geog. p. 305. 1 134} fcainly have a folution to the above-mentioned difrkulr ty, and have reafon enough to conclude, that the wa- ter of the Abyfs, in its pafiage through the flrata of the earth, is deprived feveral times of the different qualities it gains, and therefore, foon after its per- meation, is entirely diverted of its faline pr original properties, whatever they be. THUS, I hope, I have now cleared ray way, and fufficiently anfwered every material objeflion, and plain- ly mewed, That the origin of Springs is owing to an internal fupply ; the water of which,, by the general action of the Air upon the Seas and (by their commu- nication) upon the Abyfs, and by the recefs of the finer Air and Light from the centre of the earth to the circumference, is impelled or prefTed up through the cracks and MrTures in the terreftrial ftrata to the tops of the higheft mountains. And as there are Springs breaking out all over the furface of the earth y as well in the moft inland as the maritime parts ; and thefe Springs are the Heads or Sources, from whence that profufion of water proceeds which affords the con- flant, uninterrupted, and regular ftreams or courfes of all the numerous rivers upon the earth, it muft fol- low that there is an internal magazine or an Abyfs of water beneath the earth-, and that this Abyfs is alfo equal in extent to the lower part of the Ihell of the earth. So that as I before argued, that, from the quantity of water poured into the Ocean from the mouths or at the ends of all the rivers upon the earth, there muft be an immenfely large Receptacle beneath the Ocean for containing it, fo from the quantity that is thrown out at the Heads or Sources of .all the rivers, there muft be a Refervoir beneath the earth for fupply- ing this ; and if thefe two'Confervatories were not full and in union with each other, there muft loon appear a great fuperfiuity in one, or a great deficiency in the r >35 ] other, but as neither of thefe is obferved, they muft be in conjunction, and a mutual interchange and per- petual circulation be maintained between them. And hence is evident that two-fold fcriptural argument Ecclef. i. 7 ; the firft part of which I have already quoted, proved, and mewed the reafon of from Na- ture ; and by now adding (fince I have proved) the fecond, they will, when united, corroborate each other ; All the riven run into the Sea, yet the Sea [the general collection of waters, including the Sea and the Abyfs ; fee page 25, and p. 36.] is not full; unto the place from whence the rivers come^ thither they return again. And, I hope, it now at lall ap- pears, from all that has been laid, to be no more wonderful that there fhould be a circulation of waters throughout the earth, and that Springs mould break out on the tops of the highell mountains, than that there mould be a circulation of blood in the human body, and that a man mould bleed, when pricked, in the veins or arteries of his forehead, as freely as in thofe of his feet. For, the fame Caufe produces both thefe effects. The Blood, by the preflure of the outward Air or Atmofphere upon, and by the penetration of the finer Air and Light into, the hu- man body, is impelled or ejected from the Heart (the Centre.) into the arteries to the extremities of the body, and from the arteries is forced into the veins, and by the veins is refunded back into the heart : So the Subterranean or Central Water, by the fame A- gents and after the fame manner, is prefted up through the veins or fiffures in the earth to its extreme or higheft parts, and from thence is conveyed down, through the channels of rivers, into the Sea, and from the Sea is returned into the Abyfs, from whence it firft came. And the afcenf of thefe two Fluids (the Blood and the Water) is as natural as the detent --, for K 4 [ neither of them having any innate Gravity or Levity, but, like all other matter, being indifferent, and therefore fubject, to motion any way, they are moved either up or down, this way or that, juft as they are impelled by tl>e Univerfal Agents Light and Air* III. -Thirdly. ANOTHER Proof of a Subterranean Abyfs of water may be drawn from Whirlpools, Un- der-current s and Gulphs in the Ocean. OF the firft of thefe is that remarkable Whirlpool upon the coaft of Norway , which is thus briefly de- fcribed by Gordon in his Geographical Grammar, p. 76. ' Upon the coaft of Norway, near the ifle of Hitterej ' in the latitude of 68, is that remarkable and dan- ' gerous whirlpool, commonly called Maeljlrocm, and * by "navigators the Navel of the Sea. Which whirl- * pool is, in all probability, occafioned by fome migh- 4 ty fubterranean Hiatus, and proves fatal to mips that ' approach too nigh, provided it be in the time of * flood : for then the fea, upwards of two leagues 4 round, makes fuch a terrible Vortex, that the force * and in- draught of the water, together with the noife * and tumbling of the waves upon one another, is ' rather to be admired, than exprefled. But, as in * the time of flood, the water is drawn in with a migh- ' ty force, fo during the tide of ebb does it throw out * the fea with fuch a violence, that the heavieft bodies * then caft into it, cannot fjnk, but are tofifed back ' again by the impetuous ftream which rumeth out 6 with incredible force. AncJ during that time is ' abundance of fifties caught by fifhermen who watch * the opportunity ; for being forced up to the fur- * face of the water, they cannot well dive again, fo ' violent is the rifing current.' Some have imagined from the circumftance of the bodies that are thrown in- to this Vortex being returned again, that therefore there t '37 1 is only a great Cavity with a confined bottom, but no Hollow or Paflage through the (hell of the earth*. But were there not a free pafiage for the waters thro* the whole Ihell of the earth, I cannot fee how they could return with fuch impetuonty as here defcribed, and the reafon why the bodies .thrown in do not to- tally difappear but are caft back again, is, in all pro- bability owing to the irregularity of the aperture or channel of this Vortex, being in fome places narrower, in others broader, as is the form of the natural cavi- ties in the earth, and even of thofe in the Sea, where we can vifit them, as witnefs thofe remarkable ones in the bottom of Zirchnitzer Sea in Carniola, defcribed in the Phil. Tranf. No. 54, 109, 191. AGAIN , ' The Cafyian Sea (fays Stackhcufe in his ftiftory of the Bible, Vol. I. p. 122, citing for proof Moll's Geography t p. 67. Stillingfieet's Orig. Sacr. 1. 3. c. 4. and Bedford's Scripture Chronology, c. 12.) 4 is 'reckoned in length to be above an 120 German ' leagues, and in breadth from eaft to weft about 90 ' of the fame leagues. There is no vifible way tor 4 the water to run out, and yet it receives in its bofom * near an hundred large rivers, and particularly the ' river Volga, which of itlelf is like a Sea for large - ' nefs, and is fuppofed to empty fo much water into ' it in a year's time, as might fuffice to cover the whole ' earth [fee p. 105.] -, and yet it is never increafed nor ' diminished, nor is obferved to ebb or flow, which ' makes it evident, that it muft neceflarily have afub- ' terraneous communication with other parts of the world. ' And accordingly, Father Avril, a modern traveller, * tells us, that near the coaft of Xylan there is in this ' Sea a mighty Whirlpool, which fucks in every thing * that comes near it, and confequently has a Cavity in 4 the earth, into which it delcends.* [ '38 1 OF a fimilaf nature and of the fame name with the above Sea is another in Hifpaniola in the Weft- Indies, 4 which (as Peter Martyr in his Hiftory of the Weft-Indies, f p. 135, informs us) confifts of fah, four, and bitter 4 water, as we read of the Sea called Cafpium, (lying 4 in the firm land between Sarmatia and Hircania] ; we 4 have therefore named it Cafpium. It hath many * fwallowing Gulphs, by which both the water of 4 the great Sea fpringeth into it, and alfo fuch as 4 fall into it from the mountains are fwallowed up. ' The rivers which fall into this Lake or Sea, are thefe ; 4 from the North, Guanicabon , from the South, Xac- 4 fOfi 3 from the Eaft, Guannabo -, and from the Weft, 4 Occoa ; they fay, that thefe rivers are great and con- * tinuat, and that befides thefe there are twenty other 4 fmall rivers which fall into this Cafpium. This Lake 4 istoffed with ftorms and tempefts,and often drowneth 4 ffnatt mips or fifher's boats, and fwalloweth them 4 up with the mariners, infomuch that it hath not been 4 heard of, that any man drowned by fhipwreck was 4 ever caft on the fhore, as commonly chanceth of the ' dead bodies of fuch as are drowned in the Sea,' OF Under -Currents, Dr. Smith in the Phil. Tranf. No. 158. writes thus, ' In the Offing between the Norih-foreland and oti!h-forcland, it runs tide and half tide, that is, it is either ebbing water or flood upon the fhore, in that part of the Downs, three hours, (Which is, grofsly fpeaking, the time of half a tide) before it is ib off at fea. And it is a moil certain obfervation, that where it flows tide arid ha>f tide, though the ride of flood runs aloft, yet the tide of ebb runs under foot, that is, clofe by the ground ; and fo at the tide of ebb, it will Row under foot. Th~re is a vaft draught of water poured continually out of the Atlantic into the Mt diterranean, the mouth or entrance of which between Cape Spartel or Sprat, f '39] c as the feamcn call it, and Cape Trafalgar, may be ' near feven leagues wide, the current fetting flrong ' into it, and not lofing its force 'till it runs as far as c Malaga, which is about twenty leagues within the ' Streights. By the benefit of this current, though c the wind be contrary, if it does not overblow, fhips * eafily turn into the Gutt? as they term the narrow ' paffage, which is about twenty miles in length. At * the end of which are two towns, Gibraltar on ' the coaft of Spain, which gives denomination to the * ftreights, and Ceuta on the Barbary coaft : at which ' Hercules is fuppofed to have fet up his pillars. What * becomes of this great quantity of water poured in 6 this way, and of that, which runs from the Euxine < into the Bofpborus and Propontis, and is carried at ' lail through the Hellefpont in the Mgean or Archipt- 6 lago, is a curious fpeculation, and has exerciled the * wit and underflanding of philofophers and naviga- * tors.. For there is no fenfible Fifing of the water ' all along the Barbary coaft even down tv Alexandria -, ' the land beyond ^ripoli^ and that of Egypt lying very * low,, and eafily overfiowable. They obferve indeed ' that the water rifes three feet, or three feet and a half, * in the Gulf of Venice, and as much, or very near as * much, all along the Riviera of Gemua, as far as the * river Arno : But this rather adds to the wonder. ' My conjecture is, that there is an Under- current, c whereby as great a quantity of water is carried out, ' as comes flowing in. To confirm which, befides ' what I have faid above, about the difference of tides e in the Offing, and at the more in the Downs, which ' neceffariiy fuppofes an Under-current, I mall prefent 4 you with an inftance of the like nature in the Baltick * Sound, as I received it from an able feaman, who ' was at the making of the trial. He told me, that [ , 4 o] ' being there in one of the king's frigates, they went * in -their pinnace into the middle ftream, and were ' carried violently by the current : That foon after ' they funk a bucket with a very large cannon-bullet * to a certain depth of water, which gave a check to ' the boat's motion , and finking it ilill lower and * lower, the boat was driven a- head to the windward * againft the upper-current ; the current aloft, as he * added, not being above four or five fathom deep, c and that the lower the bucket was let fall, they found 4 the under-current the ftronger.' So alfo Marfelli (as quoted by Mr. Ray in his three Phyfico-Theological Difcourfes, p. 8 1.) affirms, 'That * the lower water in the channel of the Thradan BoJ- * pborus, is driven Northward into the Euxine Sea, * whilft the upper flows conftantly from the Euxine c Southward. And that that which flows from the * South is falter and heavier ; which he found by let- 1 ting down a vefiel clofe {hut up, fitted with a c valve to open at pleafure, and let in the lower water, * which being brought up and weighed, was obferved ' to be ten grains heavier than the upper. That the ' upper and lower flow contrary ways, he found by the * fifhermen's nets, which being let down deep from * veffels that were fixed, were always by the obferva- * tion of the fifhermen, by the fprce of the current' ' driven towards the Black Sea : and by the letting 1 down of a plummet , for if it were flopped and de- c tained at about five or fix feet depth, it did always * decline towards the Marmora or Propontis, but if it ' defcended lower, it was driven to the contrary part, 4 that is, the Euxine' And though Mr. Ray fpeaks of this (and alfo of the Under-current at the Streigbt's Mouth) as being ' the concurrent and unanimous vote * and fufFrage of mariners, voyagers, and philofophers,' yet he feems to make a doubt of it, becaufe, fays he, ' I do not underfland how waters can run backward ' and forward in the fame channel at the fame time ; * for there being but one declivity, this is as much as 4 to affirm, that a heavy body mould afcend.' But furely Mr. Ray may eafily conceive, how water may be made to run into a vefiel or pond at one part, and be made to run out in a contrary direction at the bottom by means of a cavity beneath, and fo two dif- ferent Currents be formed , which certainly is the cafe in the above-mentioned feas ; there being a great cavity or aperture at the mouths of each leading into the Abyfs beneath, which caufes a current different from, and in a contrary direction to, That which ap- pears upon the furface of the waters. VARENIUS (in his Syftem of Geography, Chap. iv. Sect, iv.) gives an account of the feveral principal Currents in the Ocean i fome of which are certainly owing to fubterranean gulpbs or paflfages that lead un- der the earth, particularly the two that follow, (as he himfelf imagines) fmce they fet in towards the Shore ; i. ' The moil extraordinary Current of thefeais that by which part of the Atlantic or African Ocean moves about Guinea from CapeFerd towards the cur- vature or bay of Africa, which they call Fernando Poo, viz. from Weft to Eaft, which is contrary to the ge- neral motion. And fuch is the force of this current, that when mips approach too near the more it carries them violently towards that bay, and deceives the Mariners in their reckoning. This current effects not the whole Ethiopic Ocean, only that part which is ad- jacent to the more of Guinea, to the end of the bay, and to about one degree of fouth latitude. It is ob- ferved not to exceed the diftance of fourteen miles from the more , therefore mips are very careful left they mould approach fo near, when they fail along [ 142] * thefe coafts ; which would hinder their intended * courfe and drive them to a place they would not * care to vifit.' 2. The fecond perpetual current is * where the Ocean moves fwiftly from about Sumatra * into the bay of Bengal, from fouth to north [that is * from the lea towards the more] ; fo that it is proba- * ble this bay was made by the rapidity of the current. * I do not know whether the caufe may be owing to the * many iflands, and to capeM*&? 3 upon the fouth con- ' tinent, whereby rhe ocean in it's paifage weftward may * be diverted northwards, or there may be a fubterra- c neous Receptacle in the bay itfelf.* THE reader may fee defcriptions of feveral o- ther lefler Gulphs, Whirlpools, and Under-Currents in the Sea in Kircber's Mundus Subter Lib. ii. & iii ; and from viewing and confidering the number and fituation of them, we may reafonably conclude that there are few or no Seas without one or more of fuch Gulphs, and confequently that there is an immenfc quantity of water daily poured into the infide of the earth through the mouths of them all. AND here, by the way, I may juft animadvert up- on the inaccuracy of thofe writers who have endea- voured to prove, by exact mathematical calculation (which proves juft nothing at all when founded on falfe facts), that the quantity of water which is raifed from the Ocean in vapour is equal to that which is poured into it by all the rivers upon the earth, with- out having taken notice of, or made any allowance for, thefe U^r- currents and In- draughts^ which muft neceffarily carry off a great quantity of the water. I have already had occafion to examine this opinion at large (page 108, &c.) and have fhewed the falfity of it from facts and experiments ; and this article be brought as another argument againfl it. [ '43 1 IV. A fourth Proof of a fubterranean Refervoir tf wafer may be deduced from Lakes. OF thefe there are feveral forts, each tending to prove the point in queftkm, as, firft, Thofe which re- ceive a great quantity of water, either from rivers or other means, but externally emit none; fecondly, Thofe that fend forth a great quantity of water, but outwardly receive none ; thirdly, Thofe that neither increafe nor decreafe, notwithstanding the difference of fcafons, or the quantity of water carried off by evaporation. In each of thefe cafes there muft be a fubtrraneoi4S exit, or elfe an internal fupply , and when it has been proved, that there are fome of thefe Lakes in almoft every part of the world, it muft be allowed that the refervoir which fupplies them muft be equally extenfive with themfelves, or that there is a collection of water which extends under the whole furface of the earth. OF t\\tfirft fort of Lakes are the following, reck- oned up by Varenius, (Syftem of Geog. p. 280.) 4 In the ' foregoing proportion we obferved that the Lake 6 Titicaca difcharges a river into a fmaller called Parta, * which therefore may be referred to this clafs, viz. to ' fuch as receive rivers but emit none. The lake c Afphaltites, which is alfo calJed the Dead Sea, re~ ' ceives the river Jordan, but emits none : Its length, ' from north to fouth, is feventy German miles, and ' its breadth five, as fome make it. There is one 4 in the lefler Afia. There is a fmall one in Mace- * donia, called Jana, which receives two little rivers. ' One in Perfia near Calgiftan. The lake Soran, in c Mufcovy, receives two fmall rivers. The river ' Gbir, in Africa, is reported, by Leo Africanus, to ' lofe itfelf in a lake, and fome maps fo reprefent it, ' but others join it to Nubia.'' Peter Martyr in his Hiftory of tbe Weft- Indies, p. 135, fpeaking of Hijpa- t '44 I toiola, fays, ' That about threefcore miles diftant from ' the chief city of St. Dominick, there are certain high ' mountains, upon the tops whereof is a Lake or * (landing Pool of frelh water three miles in compafs^ * and well replenifjied with divers kinds of fifhes. ' Many fmall rivers and brooks fall into it. It hath * no paflage out, but is on every fide inclofed with c the tops of mountains.* Under this head we may reckon a Lake mentioned by Du Hatde, in his Defcrip- tion of the Empire of China, Vol. I. p. 20. ' This vaft Lake [named Tong-ting-Hu, in the province of Hu- quang\ is remarkable for the greatnefs of its circum- ference, which is above 80 french leagues, and the abundance of its waters, efpecially in certain feafons, when two of the largeft rivers in the province, fuelled with the rains, difcharge themfelves into it, and when it difembogues them, one can fcarce per- ceive it to be diminifhed.' To this article alfa may be referred what has been already faid concern- ing the two lefTer leas or lakes, called the Cafpian, one in Afia, the other in America, p. 137, 8. OF the fecond fort of Lakes, or, thofe which fend forth a great quantity of water but outwardly receive nonej take the following account from Vartnius (Syf- tem of Geog. p. 278^) c There is an infinite number * of thefe Lakes and moft large rivers flow from fuch, 6 as out of citterns -, of the fmaller fort are the follow- ' ing, the Lake Wolga, at the head of the river Wolga \ * the Odoium at the head of the Tanais ; the Adac^ from * whence one of the branches of the river Tigris flows , * the Ozero [or White Lake] in Mufcovy^ that gives * fource to the river Sbackfna^ which is poured into * the Wol^a, and many more little ones , we mall * here only reckon fome of the larger fort that are * more remarkable. The great lake Chaamay in the ' latitude of twenty fix degrees north, not far from [ '45 ] 6 India to the eaftward of the river Ganges , out of this * lake flow four very large rivers, which water and fer- c tilize the countries of Siam, Pegu, &c. viz. the ' Menaw, the Afa> the Caipoumo, and the Laquia. ' Some maps exhibit a fmall river that runs into this * lake. The lake Singhay, upon the eaft border of 6 China, fends out a great river fouthward, which ' being joined to another, enters China. The lake 37- ticaca, in [Los Charcas] a province in fouth America, is eighty leagues in circuit, and emits a large river, which is terminated in another fmall lake, and is no 4 more feem There are feveral towns and villages * difcovered about this lake. The lake Nicaragua, in * a province of the fame name, in America, is only * fourteen German miles from the Pacific, or fouth fea, c and above one hundred from the Atlantic, into which * it is difcharged at broad flood-gates. The lake Fron- 4 tena, in Canada, out of which iflfues the river of St. * Lawrence. The lake Annibi, in AJia, in the latitude * of lixty-one degrees.' And after p. 282, where the Author gives an account of Lakes that both receive and emit rivers, it is evident that the quantity of water emitted by fome is far fuperior to what is received ; and in others the quantity received fuperior to what is emitted ; fo that there muft be fubterraneous fupplies and exits. THE next quotation I mall cite may ferve both for this fecond article and alfo for the laft, viz. for thofe Lakes that neither increafe nor decreafe, notwithftanding the difference of feafons and the quantity of water carried off h evaporation: It is from Acofta's Hiftory of the In- dies, Book iii. chap. 1 6, ' It is a queflidn often alked, ' Why there are fo many Lakes in the tops of thefe .* mountains, into which no river enters, but contrary- * wife many great dreams ifiue forth, and yet do we [ i 4 6 ] 4 fcarce fee thefe lakes to diminim any thing, at any ' feafon of the Year. To imagine thefe lakes grow 4 by the fnow that melts, or rain from heaven, That 4 doth not wholly fatisfy me ; for there are many that * have not this abundance of fnow, nor rain, and yet 4 we fee no decreafe in them : which makes me to be- 4 lieve they are fprings which rife there naturally ; 4 although it be n6t againft reafon, to think that the ' fnow, and rain help fbmewhat in fome feafons. 4 Thefe Lakes are/:? common in* the higkeft tops of the 4 mountains, that you mail hardly find any famous ri- * ver that takes not its beginning from one of them. ' Their water is clear and breeds little ftore of fifh, * and that little is very fmall, by reafon of the cold 6 which is there continually. Notwithftanding- fome 4 of thefe lakes be very hot, which is another wonder. * At the end of the valley of Tarapaya near to Potozi, 4 there is a lake in form round, which feems to have * been made by a compafs, whofe water is extreamly 4 hot, and yet the land is very cold : they are ac- * cuftomed to bathe themfelves near the bank, for elfe * they cannot endure the heat being farther in. In the * midft of this lake there is a boiling of above twenty 4 feet fquare, which is the very fpring, and yet (not- 4 withftanding the greatnefs of this fpring) it is never * feen to increafe in any fort: it feems that it exhales 4 of itfelf, or that it hath fome hidden or unknown 4 iflue : neither do they fee it decreafe, which is an- * other wonder, although they have drawn from it a * great ftream, to make certain Engines for metal, 4 confidering the great quantity of water that ifllieth 4 forth, by reafon whereof it mould decreafe.' But the greateft Lake of this kind in America, and indeed 'in the whole world, is the Lake Parime, lying directly under the Equator. 4 It is (as Varenius fays in his 4 v//. Geog. p. 278) in length from eaft to weft, about f 147] * 105 German miles, and in the broadeft place 100 * miles over or thereabouts , fo that it may be com- c pared with, if it do not exceed, any lake in the 6 world for magnitude , yet it neither receives nor * emits any rivers/ Gordon in his Geographical Gram- mar fpeaking of Scotland, writeth thus, page 204* ' Towards the north-weft part of Murray is the fa- c mous Lough-Nefs, which never freezeth ; but retain- c eth its natural heat, even in the ejitreameft cold of ' winter ; and in many places this lake hath been c founded with a line of 500 fathoms but no bottom * found. Nigh to Lock-Nefs is a large round Moun- ' tain [called Meal-fuor-rtouny] about two miles of per- * pendicular height from the furfaceof the Nefs-, upon * the very top of which mountain is a lake of cold frefli * water often founded with lines of many fathoms, but ' never could they reach the bottom. This lake, * having novifible current running either to it or from c it, is equally full all feafons of the year , and it never c freezeth.' Sir Robert Sibbald in his Scctia illuftrata, p. 22, fays * That there are various Lakes in Scotland, ' efpecially in the bigkeft places, which neither emit c nor receive rivers, and yet are full of water-/ and concludes ' that fuch mull be fupplied by fources * from beneath, at leaft with a quantity of water equi- * valent to what is carried off by the heat of the Sun/ IN Kircher's Mundus Subterraneus, Lib. v. Ch. 4. there is an account of feveral other Lakes of each of the above-mentioned kinds, and full proof that they derive their origin from, and are continued by, Jub- terrene fources. And though probably fome of thefe Lakes are maintained by rivers that run under-ground or by fprings that iflue out at their bottoms, yet, as we have already mewed (p. 120, &c.) that the Springs and Rivers which appear above ground owe their fupplies to L 2 [ '48 ] an infernal Refervoir, it muft much more ftrongly fol- low that thefe covert Springs and Rivers are owing to the fame, and therefore that the Lakes, which are fupported by them, plainly mew that there muft be a ju&terranean Refervotr of wafer. V. A. fifth Argument in proof of an Abyfs of water beneath the earth may be drawn from the confideration of fome phenomena attending Earthquakes. AN account of which I mall tranfcribe from Dr. Woodward's Nat. Hi/lory of the Earth j the truth of which every perfon that is at all converfant in the hiftory of Earthquakes cannot but know j and indeed the effects of the late dreadful mock of the earth at Ujbon, which extended themfelves (through means of the agitation of the waters of the Sea and the Abyfs) to the four quarters of the world,* being at prefent freih in the memory of almoft all now living, will bear ample teftimony to the truth of what the Doctor afierts, Nat. tlift. p. 133, ' That this fubterranean ' Heat or Fire, which thus elevates the water out of ' the Abyfs, being in any part of the earth flopped, and * fo diverted from its ordinary courfe, by fome acci- * dental glut or obftruction in the pores or paflages * through which it ufed to afcend to the furface : and ' being by that means preternaturally afTembled, in * greater quantity than ufual, into one place, it caufeth 4 a great rarefaction and intumefcence of the water ' of the abyfs, putting it into very great commotions ' and diforders : and at the fame time making the like ' effort upon the Earth, which is expanded upon the c face of the abyfs, it occafions that agitation and con- ' cuffion of it, which we call an Earthquake. That 1 See an Account of thefe effefts, and how extenfive they were, in Phil. Tranf. for the year 1756," Vol. XLIX. Part i. .ii. [ H9 ] 6 this effort is in fome earthquakes fo vehement that it 4 fplits and tears the Eartb t making cracks or cbafms 4 in it fome miles in length, which open at the in- 4 flants of the fhocks, and clofe again in the intervals 4 betwixt them : nay, it is fometimes fo extreamly 4 violent, that it plainly forces the fuperincumbent 4 Strata ; breaks them all throughout, and thereby * perfectly undermines and ruins the foundations of 1 them j fo that thefe failing, the whole Trail, as foon 4 as ever the mock is over, finks down to rights into 4 the Abyfs underneath, and is fwallowed up by it, ' the water thereof immediately rifing up, and form- 4 ing a lake in the place where the laid tract before 4 was. That feveral confiderable tracts of land, and * fome with cities and towns Handing upon them ; as 4 alfo whole mountains, many of them very large, and c of a great height, have been thus totally /waucvvedug. 4 That this effort being made in alldzre&iojisindiffcrent- * ly ; upwards, downwards, and on every fide -, the fire * dilating and expanding on all hands, and endea- vouring, proportionably to the quantity and ftrength 4 of it, to get room, and make its way through all 4 obftacles, fails as foul upon the water of the Abyfs 4 beneath, as upon the earth above, forcing it forth ' which way foever it can find vent or paflage ; as 4 well through its ordinary exits, wells, fprings, and 4 the outlets of rivers ; as through the chafms then 4 newly opened ; through the Camini or fpiracles of 4 JEtna, or other near Volcanoes ; and thofc Hiatus's * at the bottom of the fea, whereby the Abyfs below' * opens into it and communicates with it. That as ' the water refident in the Abyfs is, in nil farts of it, 4 ftored with a confiderable quantity of heat, and more 4 efpecially in thofe where thefe extraordinary aggre- 4 gations of this fire happen, fo likewife is the water ' which is thus forced out of it ; infomuch, that when ' thrown forth, and mixed with the waters of wells, * of fprings, of rivers, and the fea, it renders them. ' very fenfibly hot. That it is ufually expelled forth ' in vafl quantities and \v\\h. great impetuofity, infomuch * that it hath been feen to fpout up out of the deep ' wells, and fly forth, at the tops of them, upon the ' face of the ground. With like rapidity comes it ' out of the fources of rivers, filling them fo of a * fudden as to make them run over their banks, and ' overflow the neighbouring territories, without fo * much as one drop of rain tailing into them, or any * other concurrent water to rife and augment them. 4 That it fpues out of the chafms opened by the Earth - ' quake, in great abundance : mounting up, in * mighty fir earns to an incredible height in the air, and ' this often-times at many miles diftance from any '* fea. That it likewife flows forth of the Volcanoes in * vaftfloods^ and with wonderful violence. That it is ' forced through the Hiatus's at the bottom of the fea ' with fuch vehemence, that it puts the fea immedi- 4 ately into the moft horrible diforder and pertur- * bation imaginable, even when there is not theleaft c breath of wind ftirring, but all, 'till then, calm and ' ftill , making it rage and roar with a moft hideous 6 and amazing noife , railing its farface into prodig- ' ious waves, and toffing and rolling them about in ' a very ilrange and furious manner; overfetting mips ' in the harbours, and finking them to the bottom , 1 with many other like outrages. That it is refunded * out of thefe Hiatus's in fuch quantify alio, that it ' makes a vaft addition to the water of the lea , raifing ' it many fathoms higher than ever it flows in the ' higheft tides, fo as to pour it forth far beyond its * ufual bounds, and make it overwhelm the adjacent ' country ; by this means ruining ant] deftroying towns > and cities , drowning both men and cattle ; breaking ' the cables of fhips, driving them from their anchors, 4 bearing them along with the inundation feveral miles 4 up into the country, and there running them a- 4 ground -, (handing whales likewife, and other great 4 fifties, and leaving them, at its return, upon dry-land.* And again, Nat. Hift. of the Earth illus. p. 104. * Now fiace there are, on record, earthquakes, and ' indeed not a few, by which the globe, for many 4 hundred miles together, has been fhaken, at the very * fame moment of time, it thence follows, that the 4 waters, which caufed thofe concuffions, were not 4 only equal in extent to that fpace of the Globe which 4 was fo fhook, but one fluid body continued^ and not * divided into parts or diftinguifhed into regions, fo 4 that particular portions thereof mould be confined 4 each to its proper cavern. Nay, there want not in- 4 fiances of fuch an univerfal concuffion of the whole 4 Globes as mufl needs imply an agitation of the 4 whole abyfs. For an effect of fo vaft an extent * could never have proceeded but from a caufe equally 4 extenfive ; fuch as might affect the whole earth at 4 once ; which cannot be done without fuch an orb 4 of water, as I have defcribed. We have had ac- 4 counts from writers of the mod unqueftioned fideli- ty, and even from eye-witneffes, that there have ' been earthquakes, in our own times, wherein the 1 motion, given to the earth at the feveral fhocks, ' perfectly refembled that of the waves of the fea railed 1 by a flrong wind. Whoever mail rightly attend ' to this phenomenon in particular, he muft, not ' only acknowledge that the earth contains in it an 1 abyfs of water, and is moved by the fame : but mufl ' alfo readily agree with me that this terreftrial part L 4 * See RAY'S Phyfico-tbezlogical Df/aur/es, p. 13. [ 15'] * of the globe is nothing but a //&/ foelt, which i$- ' eludes in it, clofely on every fide, an immenfe mafs ' of waters, and whenever thofe waters happen to bq * put into any extraordinary motion, the earth is by c them moved and agitated juft in the fame manner as c the inclofed waters are moved and agitated.' VI. THAT there is an Abyfs of waters beneath the earth, may be ftill further mewed from the quantity of water that has been difcovered in the infide of the earth, in opening the ftrata either for Stone, Coal, &c. in digging for wells, &c. in fearching after minerals, ores,&c. from fuddenand accidental eruptions of water out of the bowels of the earth -, or from difcoveries of fubterranean waters that have been made by any other means, either accidental or defigned, that do not pro- perly come under the heads I have already difcuffed. Mr. HUTCHINSON in his Obfervations on the earth (fee Vol. XII. of his works, p. 331.) fays, ' It is ' hardly credible how great a quantity of water will be ' fometimes flung upon miners, when they come to 6 break up ftrata of ftone, that have in them many of ' thefe cracks, that are fo fmall that they are hardly 4 difcernible. Thefe are indeed the natural convey- * ances of water : and, when once they are opened, ' it runs inceffantly. I have obferved fuch an irrup- 4 tion of water in vafl quantity out of Stone, that, ex- * empting thofe cracks, is much too denfe and clofe 5 to let any, the leaft, humidity pafs. 3 The vafl profufion of water that fometimes enfues the break- ing up of the ftrata in Coal-pits is well known to all that are in the leaft converfant in that affair , and what amazing quantities are drawn off from deep mines, cither by chains or levels, or raifed by engines, is alfo well known : Nay, in digging common wells and ponds, in places where there are no Springs above [ '53 ] ground, it frequently happens, that fuch a glut of water ifiues forth as to endanger the lives of the workmen. Of this Dr. Shaw gives us a remarkable inflance in -his Travels , p. 135, 'The Villages of 4 Wadreagg [in the eaftern province of Barbary~\ arc * built in a plain, without any river running by them, ' and are fupplied in a particular manner with water. 6 They have, properly fpeaking, neither fountains nor * rivulets; but by digging wells to the depth of an ' hundred and fometimes two hundred fathom, the in- * habitants never fail of obtaining a plentiful dream. c And to this purpofe, they dig thro' different layers of fand and gravel, 'till they come to a fleaky kind * of ilone, like unto Slate, which is known to lie im- * mediately above The [Bahar ta.ht el Era 1 ] Sea below ' ground^ as they feem to call the Abyfs. This is eafily ' broken through ; and the flux of water which fol- * loweth the flroke, rifeth generally fo fuddenly and c in fuch abundance, that the perfon let downtoper- ' form the operation, hath fometimes been overtaken * and fuffocated by it, tho* raifed up with the greatefl 4 dexterity.' Of fudden Eruptions of water from out of the bowels of the earth there are feveral ac- counts recorded in hiftory, fome that have overflowed whole countries, others large towns and cities, others villages : of thefe the reader may fee feveral accounts in Kir cherts mundus fubterraneus , Ehrartus de Belemnitis Suevicis, Prxfamn ; Phil. Tranf. &c. I fnall cite one account from the laft mentioned Treatife in order to give the reader an idea of fuch Eruptions, No. I. p. q. ' In the beginning of July 1678, after fome gentle e rainy days, which had not fwelled the waters of the * Garonne more than ufual, one night this river fwelled * all at once fo mightily, that all the bridges and ' mills above Totcufe were carried away by it. In 6 the plains which were below this town, the inhabi- [ 154] c tants, who had built in places which by long cx- ' perience they had found fkfe enough, from any for- * mer inundations, were by this furpnzed , fome were ' drowned together with their cattle i others had not * faved themfelves but by climbing of trees, and get- * ing to the tops of houfes ; and fome others who ' were looking after their cattle in the field, warned * by the noife which this horrible and furious torrent 4 of water (rolling towards them with a fwiftnds ' like that of the lea) [in Britaigne he means'] made * at a diitance , could not efcape without being over- ' taken, though they fled with much precipitation : * This neverthelefs did not laft many hours with this * violence. At the fame time exactly, the two c rivers only of Adour and Gaue, which fall from the ' Pyr^nean hills, as well as the Garonne, and fome * other little rivers of Gafcoyne, which have their ' fource in the plain, as the Gimone, the Saue, and * the Rat, overflowed after the fame manner, and * cauled the fame devaftations. But this accident ' happened not at all to the Aude, the Ariege y or the ' Arife, which come from the mountains of Foix, only * that they had more of the fame than thofe of the * Conferunt, the Comminge, and the Bigorre. M. Mar- ' tell (by the order of M. Foucault ) \\zt\\ fearched after * the caufe of this deluge, being aflured that it muft 4 ha>ve had one very extraordinary : for all who had ' feen the circumftances agreed, that it had rained in- * deed, but that the rain was neither fo great, nor 4 lafted fo long, as to fwell the rivers to that excefa or ' to melt the fnows of the mountains. But the nature * of thefe waters, and the manner of their flowing ' from the mountains, confirmed him perfeclly in his 6 fentiments. For, i. the inhabitants of the lower * Pyrxnsans obferved, that the water flowed with vio- * knee from the entrails of the mountains, about which t '553 * there were opened feveral channels, which forming 6 fo many furious torrents tore up the trees, the earth, ' and great rocks, in fuch narrow places where they ' found not a pafiage large enough. The water aifo * which fpouted from all the fides of the mountain in ' innumerable Jets, which laded all the time of the ' greateft overflowing, had the tafte of Minerals. * 2. In fome of the pafiages, the waters were ftinking ' (as when one ftirs the mud at the bottom of the mi- ' neral water ) in fuch fort that the cattle refufed to ' drink of it, which was more particularly taken no- ' tice of at Lomber, in the overflowing of the Saue ' (which is one of the rivers) where the horfes were ' eight hours thirfty before they would endure to drink 'it. 3. The Bifliop of Lombez having a defire to ' cleanfe his gardens, which the Saue paffing thorough 6 by many channels by this overflowing, had filled * with fand and mud , thofe which entered them * felt an Itching, like to that which one feels when ' one bathes in Salt-water, or wafhes onefelf with ; fome ftrong Lixivial. This Itching could not 4 be produced by either rain or fnow water, but by ' fome mineral Juice, either Vitriolick or Aluminous, ' which the waters had difiblved in the bowels of th'e ' mountains, and had carried along with it in pafTing * out through thofe numerous crannies. For thele * reafons M. Mart ell' believes the true caufe of this * Overflowing to be nothing elfe but fubterranecus 1 Waters' I might here add an account of the Rivers that are known to run wholly under-ground, and even of the Catarafts- that have been difcovered there (of which Herbinius in his Differtationes de admi- randis mundi Cataraflis, fupra & fubterraneis, &c. gives a defcription) but to avoid prolixity mail conclude with obferving, that the deeper we penetrate into the earth, the greater quantity of water is met "jcitb^ and [ '56] ikat generally this water breaks forth infuch a manner as manifeftly to (hew that it is raifed by a power from underneath, thereby plainly indicating its fubterranean origin. THUS I have produced feveral arguments to prove that there is an Abyfs of water beneath the earth -, and feveral others might be brought ; but thefe may more naturally be introduced under fome of the fublequcnt heads. For, I would obferve here, once for all, that there is fuch a clofe connection between the feveral parts of the fubject I am treating of, or the Heads I have been obliged to divide it into,, that very often one and the fame argument (or at leaft with the help of a few additional fentences) will prove two or three of thefe Heads, but yet is more immediately applica- ble to one, I fnall therefore difpofe of it under its proper Head, and as far as it affords proof for other particulars, deduce them by way of corollaries or con- clufions. BUT before I quite finim. the Article I am now up- on, it may not be amifs to endeavour to mew what the Form and what the Size of this Abyfs may be. FROM what has been already faid (p. 134) it ap- pears that the Abyfs and the Ocean are in conjunction v/ith each other, and therefore that the Abyfs is not divided into feparate parts or diftinguifhed into large detached caverns (as fome have imagined) but is one continued and united body of water, and equal in extent to the circumference of the lower part of the fhell of the earth, and lying immediately under k ; as~Ts~ al- fo evident from what is faid page 151. And there- fore as the Shell of the earth is of a round form, we may juftly efteem the Abyfs to be fo likewife, as it is reprefented in the Plate by G. H. And, that the Abyfs is really of this form we have better proof than any that can be deduced from natural evidence, for He who made it and the whole earth hath allured us [ '57] that it is fo, as I have mewed page 26; and in ordef to ftrengthen the comments there made upon Scrip- ture, and to add authority to the juftntfs of them, I (hall cite the opinion of the celebrated Stackhoufe in his Hiftory of the Bible, p. 125.. I feleft this writer (out of feveral that might be brought) not only becaule he has determined the Form of the Abyfs, but has fpo- ken of the Size of it, and given a calculation by which -the reader may judge of the quantity of water con- tained therein. e Tis certainly (fays he) more thaa 4 probable (becaufe a matter or divine Revelation) that 4 there is an immenfe body of water enclofed in the 4 center of the earth, to which the Pfalmift plainly al- 4 hides when he tells us, that (Pfal. xxiv. 2.) God 4 founded the earth upon the feas, and efiablijhed it on the 'floods; that (Pfal. cxxxvi. 6.) he jlretched out the 4 earth above the waters; that (Pfal. xxxiii. j.) he ga- 4 tbered up the waters as in a Bag (fo the beft tranflati- 4 ons have it) and laid up the Deep as in a Storehoufe. 4 Nay, there is a paffage or two in the proverbs of 4 Solomon (where Wifdom declares her Antiquity, and 4 pre-exiftence to all the works of the earth j which 4 lets before our eyes, as it were, the very Form and 4 Figure of this Abyfs; (Proverbs viii. 27, 2%.) When 4 be prepared the heavens, I was there, when he fet a 4 Compafs upon the face of the Deep, and Jirengthened the 4 Fountains of the. Ab\fs. Here is mention made of 4 the Abyfs and of the Fountains of the Abyfs ; nor is 4 there any queftion to be made, but that the Foun- 4 tains of the Abyis here are the fame with thofe, 4 which Mofes mentions, and which, as he tells us, 4 were broken up at the Deluge. And what is more 4 obfervable in this Text, the word, which we render 4 Compafs, properly fignifies a Circle or Circumference, 4 or an Orb, or Sphere: fo that according to the tefti- , 4 mony of V/ifdom, who was then prefent, there was [ in the beginning a Sphere, Orb, or Arch, fet round the Abyfs, by the means of which, the fountains * thereof were Jtrengthened-, for we cannot conceive, 6 how they could have been ftrengthened any other way, e than by having a ftrong Cover or y^r ;#tf^ over < /i/9. If, fuch then be the form of this Abyfs, * that it feems to be a vaft mafs, or body of water, e lying together in the womb of the earth, it will be e no hard matter to compute what a plentiful fupply c might have been expected from thence, in order to * effect an univerfal Deluge. For, if the Circumfer- * ence of the earth (according to the loweft com- putation) be 21000 miles, the diameter of it (accord- c ding to that circumference.) 7000 miles, and confe- * quently from the fuperficies to the center, 3500 6 miles -, and if (according to the bed account) the higheft mountain in the world (taking its altitude from the plain it Hands upon) does not exceed four perpendicular miles in height -, then we cannot but conclude, that, in this Abyfs, there would be infi- nitely more water than enough, when drawn out upon the furface of the earth, to drown the earth, to a far greater height than Mofes relates.' [ '59 1 SECONDLY, I AM now to prove that the whole Earth was covered to an immenfe height by this Subterranean Water, or that the Deluge, in the time of Noah, wa$ univerfal ; the Fountains of the Great Abyfs having been broken up, and the water thereof elevated above all the high Hills under the whole heaven. AND, firft, to begin with proofs deducible .from the circumftances of things on or near the Surface of the Earth. I. THE Divifion of the furface of the earth into Mountains, Hills, Combs, Dales, Vallies, &c. isib obvious and ftrikmg, that few or none but muft have obferved it ; though probably but few have feen how far this regularly irregular Divifion (as I may iuftly call it) was owing to, and is a proof of, an univerfal Flood, or that the furface of the earth has been covered to a great height by an inundation of water. I fhall therefore enlarge on this article, and point out the evidence deducible therefrom. Mountains and Hills have generally on all fides a regular defcent or inclination from their tops, greater or lefs, longer or fhorter. And when feparately.con- fidered, and without attending to every little inequa- lity, may be faid to be of a conical or pyramidal lhape; and when many lie clofe together, or are con- tinued in a direcl: chain through whole countries, they may be faid to be of a prifmatical form. The point therefore to be decided is, Whether this be their original Jbape, That which was neceffarily produced by, and in which they have always remained fmce, the firfl fituation of their materials in the places they now ftand ? Or, Did they obtain their prefent form af- tcrwards, i. e. were their original materials modelled, framed, or brought into this fhape by the action of fome outward Caufe ? And what was that Caufe ? THAT Mountains were not originally of this fhape feems'evident from the manner in which their mate- rials or conftituent parts fubnded and at prefent lie, they being difpoied in ftrata, beds, or layers (whe- ther of ftone, clay, chalk, &c.) of equal thicknefs throughout, and regularly lying upon each other in a flat, level, or horizontal pofitionj which ihuation of all others feems the ieaft proper for difpofmg fuch materials into a conical or prifmatical figure. Did their ftrata or layers Hand one againft another in a Hoping poihire like the ridge of a houfe, or even perpendicularly upright, it might more probably have indicated their prefent fhape to have been the original ; but fince they are pofited in a flat, level fituation, (which is the moil different from any of the upright forms) it feems plainly to mew that their prefent fliapes were not the original, but are owing to fome external force. Which is further evident from hence, That in mountainous countries, which confift of the fame kind of ftrata, the ftrata in each moun- tain (hall exactly anfwer or correfpond together in every refpect, in fpecies, in colour, in depth, in thicknefs, in fituation and in their contents. So that fuppofe, the ift [under the vegetable mould] or up- permoft ftratum to be of a whitifh coloured Sand- ftone, one yard thick; the 2d a red Marl, two yards ; the gd a blue Lime-ftone, containing fhells, teeth, bones, &c. of particular kinds, one yard thick-, the 4th a blue Clay, containing native foffils, fuch as fe- lenitae, pyritae, &c.' three yards thick ; the 5th a grey Flag-ftone, eight yards thick \ the 6th a ftratum of Coal, [with its ufual attendant, a black clayey flate, replrte with plants of all forts ] two yards thick ; the yth a Rag-ftonc, ten yards thick-, the 8th a Free- ftone, containing a great variety of fhells, twelve yards thick i the 9th a red Sand-ftoae, fifteen yards thick ; the loth a ftratum of grey Lime-ftone, containing d great variety of corals, fhells, &c. reaching to the bot- tom of the mountain." Now in the fame order and in the fame horizontal pofition you mall find fimilar ftrata in each mountain throughout fuch a country. The queftion therefore is, whether they were not all once united, or the ftrata continued throughout in one entire body^ without any of thcfe Eminences We call Mountains, or thofe Hollows called Vallies ? And it fo, then the prefent mountainous form was not the origi- nal, or thefe mountains were not coeval with, or any ways owing to, the difpofition of their materials oif the fettlement of their ftrata. Now in order to fhew that the ftrata in thefe mountains were once wholly continued, let a perfon firft examine a fingle chain or M u If any perfon mould he defirous of examining the ftrata of the earth in a mountainous country, and fhoitld not find any great variety of ftrata, or even but one fingle ftratum, yet upon ftrift infpe&ion or rather at firft fight he will perceive that this fmgJe ftratum is divided into a great number of lefTer ftrata or fmall layers, which will be ea- fily diftinguifhable from each other, either by their colour, depth, thicknefs. or more remarkably by their Contents or the fofiU bodies they contain, one layer abounding with one fpecies of ihells, another with a different ; another layer containing bones and teeth of nfhes ; another corals of various kinds, &c. &c. &c. fo as to afford.him e- vident marks by which he may diftinguiih one layer from another alonoft as readily as if there had been ftrata of different lubftances. In the description of the above fuppofed Mountain the Strata are not reprefented as lying according to their fpecifkk Gravities, for however commonly received the opinion is that they do fo lie, vet 1 never could find them in this fituation in any place that I have Veen. And the feveral experiments and obfervations that have been made upon the ftrata of the earth, when opened to the greateji depths, fhew that they do not lie according to their fpecifick gravities ; fee in particular l j hilcfof. Tranfac. No. 336. Art. xi. No. zjo, Art. \\. No. 360, Art. iv. No. 391, Art. i. VARKNIUS'S Gepgrqffy, Lib. I. Cap. vii. Propos. 7. HAUSKBEE'S Experiments, p. 317, Exttcriix, xx. LUIDII Lytbafhil. p. MO, [ 162 ] ridge of them, riming for ten, twenty, or thirty miles only, [and they Ibmetimes continue for feveral hundred] in which chain particular mountains are diftinguifhable from each other only by the reparation or vacant fpaces between their tops, reaching to dif- ferent depths and at various diftances , and fuppofe, upon examination, he mould find that the ftrata in each of the tops were of the fame kiad, colour,.thick- nefs, &c. (as above defcribed) and lying in the fame pofition, and only parted from each other by the va- cant fpaces between their fummits, and that ti\z ftrata underneath, in the body of the mountain, were quite whole and entire, lying in the fame direction or parallel with thofe in the tops, Would he not conclude that the uppermoft ftrata were likewife once whole and li- nked [which are now only difcontinued by the com- paratively fmall vacant fpaces between the fummits of the mountains] as well as thofe that are underneath ? Efpecially, if he was to remark, that, where the fepa- ration between the tops of fome of the mountains was not fo great or deep as in others, the ftrata that did not appear in the reft, would appear in thefe ; or fup- pofe the depth of the fpace between fome of the moun- tains to be no more than thirty yards or to reach down to the ftratum of Free-ftone (in the above defcription) but that in other of the vacant fpaces between the mountains even this ftratum of Free-ftone fhpuld not be found, or, as is frequently the cafe, only a part or half of it be wanting, Would he not conclude, that the other part was formerly fubfifting in its due place and order ? And if he would judge thus of this ftra- tum, doubtlefs he would determine the fame of the reft, and that the vacant fpaces between the tops of the mountains throughout this chain were formerly filled up with their refpective ftrata. Judging then thus of this fingle Ridge of mountains, Jet him now extend his view on every fide, and behold how exact- ly parallel the lame kind of ftrata in the adjacent mountains lie with their fimilar ones in this chain, and he will as readily conclude that they were all once in conjunction and the vallies between them filled up with correfponding ftrata, as thofe vacant fpaces were between the tops of the firft chain of mountains he examined. In Ihort, if a perfon was to fee the broken walls ot a palace or caftle that had been in part de- moliflied, he would certainly conclude that the breaches or vacant fpaces in thofe walls were once filled up with fimilar fubftances, and in conjunction with the reft of the walls, and could eafily with his eye fee the lines in which the walls were carried, and in thought fill up the breaches and re-unite the whole : And in the fame manner if a perfon was to view the naked ends or broken edges of the ftrata in a moun- tain on one fide of a valley and compare them with their correfpondent ends in the mountain on the other fide of the valley, he would manifeftly perceive that the fpace between each was once filled up, and the ftrata continued from mountain to mountain. So that the prefent conical mape of mountains was not coeval with their fubftances or with their inward and origi- nal form , they being primarily of no outward form, if I may fo fay, or rather there were once none of thofe Eminences upon the earth which we now call Moun- tains ; for when the ftrata of the earth were whole and entire, and in conjunction- with one another, and the vacancies that now occafion vallies, dales, &c. filled up with their refpeclive ftrata", the earth muft have been of cm Jpberical form without mountains, hills, dales, vales, &c. and all the ftrata muft have lain originally horizontally upon one another, or rather, to fpeak philofophically, concentrically with each other. And wlut further lliews, That mountains [ 164] are only Eminences of the earth, caufed by the exca- vation or fcooping out of the fubftances or ftrata that formerly occupied thofe Hollows, which we now call Vallies, Dales, Combs, &c. is this, that it may be demonftrated, That the origin of mountains cannot be owing to any Elevation or Depreflion of their ftrata -, though mofl writers have attributed it to this caufe, and fuppoled them to have been produced by Dif- ruptions from within the earth, occafioned by the breaking out of fubterranean fires, earthquakes, &c. whereby the ftrata became elevated in fome places, and depreffed in others : but this could not have been the cafe. For, the ftrata of Mountains in the inland countries (and fuch mediterranean Eminences are pro- perly to be termed Mountains -, Hills being lefs, and fituflted at a diftance from mountains, and nearer the fea) are generally, and if the higheft or moft inland in the Continents or Iflands on which they ftand, are, I may venture to fay, always pofited in an horizontal direction, or but very little inclining therefrom, and even this inclination accountable from other caufes than Difruptions, as will be feen in the procefs of this treatife. w Now the ftrata of Mountains being thus horizontally placed, which alfo appearing to have been their original pofition, (as will more clearly be fhewn w Thus much I can fay for certain, that the Strata in fome of the higheft ridges of Mountains in England and Wales are horizontally pofited', which is a plain proof that Mountains in general might have been, and that thefe in particular really were, formed without any elevation or depreffion of the ftrata : and hence alfo it appears that the horizontal pojition is the original and natural fetuation of the ftrata. And in fuch mountainous places where I have obferved the ftrata to be fomt<what inclined, it has generally been where there are large and deep vallies, fteep precipices, naked rocks for a great extent of ground, and many other fuch like proofs that the Agent (the 'water, as will be feen hereafter) that tore out the hollows of the dales and rallies, paffed off with great rapidity and adedwith great force upon hereafter) is an undeniable proof, that they have wt been difylaced, and therefore that thefe eminent parts of the earth were not owing to any Elevations, or )/?- fre/ions of their ftrata ; for had they been produced by either of thefe means the ftrata muft have been in- clined in various angles, and placed in. the moft differ- ent directions from the horizontal. Befides, had Moun- tains been owing to the Elevation or Depreflion of their ftrata, the outfides and forms' of Mountains would have been fhaped or in a great meafure have anfwered the inward pofition of the ftrata -, whereas this is feldom the cafe , and in Mountains where the ftrata are horizontal, never can be, provided thofe Eminences are of the common pyramidal or conical fhape ; but where fuch have large extenfive plains or much level ground upon their tops, the outward fhapes of thefe indeed ufually anfwer or correfpond with the inward level fite of the ftrata j but fuch fiat eminences as thefe are not what we generally under- ftand by the term Mountains^ and ougtit rather to be called, as they commonly are, high Plains or Dows. And in fuch mountains or rather Hills where the ftra- ta are inclined, I have feen the outward form very M 3 the fubjacent ftrata; in doing which it would naturally (in fuch places where there was a variety of ftrata) wafh and carry away the more foft and brittle ftrata, and by this means undermine, and fo incline, the fuperior beds of ftone ; &c. and in many places I have remarked, particularly upon the fides of fteep mountains, that this inclination of the ftrata is but for the depth of fom,e feet, or what I may call, fuperfidal ; and that the beds of ftone upon the top of the mountain are but little, or not at all, inclined ; and in the body of the mountain are horizontally fofited : which plainly mews, that the upper ftrata only have been moved, and moved too by fome aut- fuaard caufe, and not the whole body of the mwntfiin, cither by ele- vation or depreflion of the ftrata. different from what one might expect from the inward inclination of the ftrata, nay, fometimes direflly con- trary to it. It being then thus certain, that the prefent outward form of Mountains was not owing to, either, the inward difpofttion, or prefent fituation, of the ftrata, and that the vacant Spaces between the tops and fides of mountains were once filled up, it muft follow, That thefe high and eminent parts of the earth were caufed by fome external Agent or Means that acled upon the outward fur face of the earth, and which, by tearing off and carrying away the matter or ftrqta that formerly occupied thofe places we now call rallies, left thole Eminences ilanding, which we now call Mountains. AND that this was really the cafe will yet more manifeftly appear, in tracing out what that Agent was that effected this, which is the next thing to be con- fide red. THAT the outward form of Mountains was owing to the action of fome Fhtid, which by foftening and mollifying the parts gradually wore and tore away the circumjacent ftrata, is evident from the conical fhape, regular Hope or gradual defcent of Mountains from their tops quite down their fides ; and when we con- fider the bulk of a mountain, and the prodigious number of them upon the earth, there is no Fluid of a nature proper, and in quantity Efficient, for effect- ing this but IVaier. And that Water was the A- gent is further evident, from the general tendency'or inclination of the fides of mountains down towards the Sea, efpecially in iflands and peninfulas, chiefly and more remarkably in fuch as are longer than they are broad-, and in necks or promontories of land that jut out into the fea, and have water on both fides of them. So in the iflands of Cuba, llij'pun'iola, California, Ma- Sumatra, Sucoma,St.Cbriflopber, and many others, there is a ridge or Chain of mountains run - ing directly through the middle, in a line with the length of thofe iflands and peninfulas, gradually leflen- ing and lefiening with gentle declivities on each fide, tending outward or falling away down to- wards the two feas [not inward towards the land], juft in fuch a manner as Water defcending from the tops of thefe ridges would naturally have torn and carried away the ground, and fo have formed regular defcents on both fides ; which defcents generally con- tinue for feveral miles underneath the feaj for it is a common obfervation with mariners that where the more lies nearly level or upon a gentle defcent, that there the fea gradually increafes deeper and deeper the farther you proceed from land ; x fo as plainly to mew that the ground underneath or the bottom of the ocean was formed after the fame manner, and is only a con- tinuation of that at Land : fmcethen thefe Defcents or Declivities are at prefent in part covered with water^ there can be no reafon to doubt that this was the A- gent that formerly covered and formed the whole. So in Promontories or parts of land that project into the Sea, where fuch are long and narrow, there is commonly a ridge or feveral ridges of mountains pafling through the middle with gentle declivities on each fide. Thus in Italy the Apennine mountains are con- tinued lengthways through the middle of that country, and divide it in two parts, juft in the manner (as it has been reprefented) as the back-bone of an animal does his body, fimilar is the fituation of the mountains in Norway ) Malacca, Ccrea, Cambodia, India within the Ganges, the South part of Africa for feveral hundred M 4 * KIRCHER'S Mundus Subterrancus, p. 97. MARSILLI Je la. Met; p. ii. RAX'S Three phyftco theological Di/cour/ej, p. 27. [ i68 ] and for as many in the fouthpaftqF/fmV0, &c. And what is further remarkable in Promontories and iuch procurrent parts of land, they generally, and cfpecially where there is an open and free Sea, gradu- ally le'ffen and terminate in a point like a Wedge -, which is exactly the form that water, retreating from the upper lands, and falling on each fide, would natu- rally fhape and reduce it into. Whereas, the effects of the water defcending from the furface of fuch extenfive parts of the earth, as large Continents are, would exhibit a different appearance of things from what they do upon iilands and promontories; for in this cafe the water would take many and various courfes, according to the greater number, diftance, and irregular fituation of the PaiTages or Inlets it had into the Abyfs (which inlets we may fuppofe to be in iuch places where Seas and large Lakes are at prefent) , and alfo according to the greater variety of the Strata it had to act upon (many of which ftrata would refift, and as many yield to, the force of the water; andlbme more, fome lefs) fo that under fuch manifold and dif- ferent : circumftances we might expect to find the Chains or Ridges of Mountains upon large Continents lying in many and various directions ; and accordingly we lo find them. But yet, in fome degree, the outward form or furface of Continents and Iflands would refemble each other; for upon both, and even where there were no remarkably great mountains, we Yn'tght reafonably imagine, that the inland parts would be the higheft, or more eminent than the maritime , for the water would act more ftrongly and tear off a greater quantity cf the earth near the fea-coafts than higher up within the land; and this, for two reafons; becaule the PafTages into the Abyfs lay nearer the fea-coalb, and thither the whole force of the v/ater was directed ; and becaufe all ths water that covered the inland [ 169 ] parts of the earth would flow over and act upon the maritime, and would bring along with it large frag- ments of rocks and a great quantity of rubbifh, which by being driven upon, would wear and tear away, the land near the fea-coafts to a great degree ; and there- fore the mediterranean parts of Iflands and Continents would be lefs, or but little, torn ; and on this ac- count, after the retreat of the water, be left ftanding higheft. And this alfo we find to be fact : as is evi- dent from the courfes or falls of rivers ; they gene- rally, or indeed almoft univerfally, taking their rife in or near the Middle of Continents and Iflands, and flowing down towards, at lafl empty themfelves into the Sea ; and as it is certain that the fall of water is always from the higher to the lower grounds, fo it is as certain that the inland parts of the earth are higher than the maritime. Befides, it is a common obfervation that Mountains or inland Eminences are higher, and their defcents or fides longer than thofe of Hills ; which are generally fhorter, but their fides or falls more fudden and precipitous : and that the ftrata in Mountains are horizontal, but in Hills (or lefier Eminences nearer the fea) are generally oblique or inclined. All which is exactly confonant to what a Flood of water, retreating from the furface of the earth, would naturally produce; as is evident from what has been faid in the above paragraph : and the truth of the. fact may be exemplified from the man- ner in which water moves when permitted to run out at an orifice at the bottom of a large and deep veflel ; the chief action or motion of the water is at and near the orifice;' while the furface is almoft calm -, and if the bottom of the vefiei be made of any matter that will yield to the force of water, it will be moft torn at and near the orifice, fince the current will be there ftrongeft: And fo, as the \va- ter, that covered the earth, retreated from the fur- face towards the apertures in its fhell, the chief mo- tion and violence would be at the mouths of the ori- fices that led into the abyfs, whither the whole body . of the water tended, and its whole force was exerted ; and near thefe apertures the currents of water would be very ftrong and rapid, and which, by wafhing away the more foft and brittle ftrata, would undermine whole ridges of mountains and lay their ftrata in a Hoping pofture, and by its continual action in pafling over thefe ridges, would reduce and wear them lefs and lefs until they came to be of their prefent fize or Hills. But higher up or at a greater diftance from the fea, the force would be proportionably diminifhed, as the quantity of water would be iefs and the current weaker; fo that the ftrata in mountains are but little or "not at all difturbed from their original horizontal pofition -, and as a lefs degree of force was exerted in forming them than in Hills, fo their defcents would of courfe be longer and more gradually declining than thofe of Hills. And from what has been juft faid, we may fee the propriety of Monf. Buacbe's plan of the difpofition of Mountains, as laid down and de- lineated in Hiftoire de V Acad. des Scicn. An. 1752, Nov. 15. according to which, the greater or moft re- markable Ridges of Mountains upon the feveral Con- tinents of the earth take their rife in or near the middle of large Tracts of land , and are ftretched out, as radii, from fome high and extenfive Plains , one of which plains rifes in Africa, another in Afia, two fmall ones in Europe, one in North and another in South America ; and from each of thefe, refpectively, iilue out, like horizontal fhoots from a ftock, feveral long Ridges or Chains of Mountains. In order to fee the reaibn of this from Experiments, and how far it would favour our prefent hypothecs, I provided a large veiTel of Glafs, had feveral holes of different fizes bored in the fides about fix inches from the bot- tom, and flopped each with cork : I then filled the veflel with water ; and having pulverized before-hand certain portions of the various ftrata of which the earth confift, as Ston<, Coal, Clay, Chalk, &c. I permitted thefe fubftances to fubfide one after another through the water, 'till the terreftrial mafs reached about two inches above the level of the holes : and the whole fettled in regular layers one upon another, juft ac- cording to the difpofition of things in the earth. I then (with the afliftance of another) pulled the corks out of each hole as nearly at the fame time as poflible. The water immediately began to drive the earthy parts through the holes, and fcooped or tore the furtace of the earthy mafs in fuch a manner as that the deepeft Hollows were near the Apertures, /'. e. where the force was greateft, and the feveral furrows gradually Jefs and lefs, towards the middle part , as the force of the water was proportionably diminifhed to its diftance from the place where its moft violent action was : So that at the greateft diftance from the apertures, /'. e. in the middle of the heap of the terreftrial mafs there were no furrows at all, and that part remained the higheft of all the reft, and anfwered to one of the above-men- tioned high plains upon the furface of the earth : and from this middle-part there tended feveral ridges, be- tween the furrows leading down towards the holes in the vefTel, juft in fuch form as the chains of mountains, which take their rife in or near the middle of fome Continent upon the earth, and tend, like radii, from fome high inland plain towards their refpective aper- tures in the Seas next adjoining. Befides , the ftrata in the middle- part of the terreftrial mafs remained immoveable, ar.d without the leaft alteration, but thole near the apertures in the veffel, were, bent and [ '7* ] inclined, and in fome parts confufedly mixt together, agreeably to the difpofition of- things in the earth, with refpeft to inland and maritime Eminences, as I have obferved already. Thus do the phe- nomena, on the fuiface of the earth, with regard to Mountains and Hills, higher and lower lands, both upon iflands, peninfulas, promontories, and conti- nents, exactly anfwer to, and manifeftly fhew forth, the effects of a Flood of Water which once covered the whole, and gradually retreated therefrom. AND this will be ilill more evident if we defcend to a particular examination of the form, fituation, and caufe of Combs, Dales, Vallies, &c. It was ne- ceffary to fpeak fomewhat of thefe before, but they deferve a feparate and clofer confideration than could hitherto have been conveniently beftov/ed upon them. A Comb, a Glin, a Dingle, or a Gill, &c. (for it paiTes under different names in different parts of Eng- land) is a gradually increafing or gently declining Hollow upon the furface of the earth ; the fides regu- larly doping down towards the middle part. They are of various fizes ; fome being not more (or even lefs) than 3 or 400 yards in length, 50 in breadth, and 20 in depth at their largeft end ; others there are that are three or four miles in length, a mile in breadth, and 4 or 500 yards deep ; and others of all intermediate fizes. They generally begin at a ridge of mountains or hills, and tend down their fides to- wards the lower lands; their beginnings or upper parts are very fmall, in fome places fcarcely percep- tible ; and they gradually open or increafe to fome of the above-mentioned lengths, breadths, and depths. The ftrata in moil of them are bare and vifible, if not throughout the whole Comb, yet in fome part or other, or rather in fever al parts \ and the broken ends or edges of the rocks that project from each [ 173 ] fide generally anfwer each other to a furprifing exacr.- nefs ; and near the beginning or in the upper parts of the Comb they almoft touch and meet each other, and at the very beginning are united ; and fo leave no doubt to conclude but that the ftrata were once in contact or continued in parallel lines from fide to fide throughout the whole Comb/ And this mutual agree- ment between the ftrata on each fide of Combs evi- dently mews, that thefe and fuch like Cavities were caufed by fome outward Agent that acted upon the furface of the earth, and which by tearing off and carrying away the interjacent ftrata, left thefe Hol- lows, and were not owing to any inward difruption, or a force from beneath : for, had this latter been the cafe, it could not be but that the ftrata on one fide or other of Combs would always appear elevated or deprefTed, or fome way or other altered. And k is further demonftrable that Combs and Gills were not owing to any inward difruptions, fmce it is com- mon to obferve in fuch of them as have rapid rivers or ftrong currents of water runing through them, y Sometimes indeed the ftrata on one fide of a Comb are different both in kind and fituation from thofe on the other ; but then the reafon is evident upon, the fpot ; as, firft, either the Comb was formed in a place where the ends of different llrata met, or in a deep fUTure, or two or three Combs happened to be formed near together, and by the fide of each other, and then the Agent that tore the largeft has fhelved off or inclined the ftrata of the larger to- wards the lefler, there being no ftrata on the back-part (on account of the cavity of the letter Comb) to fupport it ; or fome fuch accident or other has made a difference, which will be at once manifeft to a. judicious fpeftator. And thefe accidents generally happen in hilly countries or fuch as are near the lea, where the water of the deluge, in its retreat from the furface of the earth, defcended with violence and acted with great fotce ; whereas higher up in the inland countries or near the mountains the Combs and Gills are generally very regular and exact, and the broken edges of the Urata on each fide tally aad correfpond to the uttnoft nicety. [ '74] that the ftrata at their bottoms are whole and entire, and lie parallel with thofe above ; nay, when miners have occafion, in tracing or purfuing a vein of ore, to dig under Combs they find the ftrata be- neath, as regularly placed and in the fame direction as thofe above, and where they are horizontal above they are horizontal below; which affords an undeni- able argument that Combs were not formed by any Force from beneath, but by the operation of fome out- ward Caufe. And when we confider the general regu- larity, fmoothneis, gently Hoping fides, and the gradu- ally increafing length, breadth and depth of Combs or Gills, we can attribute the Caufe of their formation to no other Agent than Water, that formerly covered the tops and ridges of the Mountains and Hills where thefe doping Hollows are now found, and which by dele-end- ing from thence, gradually tore and furrowed the earth into fo many afoei or channels, juft in the fame manner as water, falling in a ludden and great thun- der-mower, and retreating from the hills above to- wards the fea or any great river, tears and wears channels in the ouze or mud upon the more. Ano- ther mark, that Gills and Combs were formed by currents of water is the ferpentine lhape or winding courfe of fuch as are long and large, and the apparent caufes of fuch deflexions or curvatures. For water defcending from the mountain-tops would of courfe be diverted from a rectilineal motion (efpecially if it ran for any confiderable length , by reafon of the dif- ferent ftrata, or different conftitution of the fame ftra- ta, it acted upon ; fome parts being hard, others fofr fome having but few, others many and large crack &c. and according to the different circumilances thefe accidents the courfe of the water would be varic and the ftream occafionally diverted from the pa that refilled moft towards thofe that refilled lefs : r [ '75 J on the fame account, there would be many and va- rious dreams rulhing down the fides of the fame moun- tain, and as thefe would be irregular and winding, two or more would frequently unite, particularly the Jeffer fall in with and join the larger ; and of this there are manifeft marks and the effects now remaining ; for it is common to oblerve at fuch places where a long and large Comb begins to turn off, that there is a furrow or channel now vifible upon the furface of the earth, and the Comb is deflected from its former courfe according to the angle in which this furrov; meets it (allowing for the fize of the furrow) and alfo is proportionably broader and deeper according to the fize of this concurring channel j manifeftly fhewing, that where the dream that formed this lefier furrow met the larger, that there the deflexion would natu- rally begin, the Comb be turned off, and enlarged, in proportion to the additional force of the Current that formed this lefTcr channel. Many fuch obler- vations as thefe might be made, if we were to confider particularly and minutely the form and fituation of the mountain or hill in which the Comb lies, the condi- tution and pofition of the drata within, the courfe of the fiffures, the lhape of the valley beneath, the dif- tance of the ft-a, or any great lake, &c. from each and all of which many and different proofs might be drawn, plainly indicating, that Combs were formed by currents of water , but thefe are eafier to be feen and difcovered by a fpectator than to be defcribed to a reader; and they will be very evident to any one that has had but the hint given him that Combs and Gills were channels tore in the e.arth by the defcent of water from the upper lands. And what has been laid above in relation to Gills may in a great meafure be applied to Dales \ which begin at the end of two or more Gills, and gradually increafe in length, breadth, and depth, in proportion to the number and lize of [ i 7 6] the Gills that lead into them ; juft in the fame ner, and as evidently by the fame means, as the larger Combs were increaied and opened by the flreams of water that tore the lefler channels that enter into them. As the Dales fall off from the moun- tains, and meet or unite at a greater or lefs diflance, a ftill larger Hollow prefents itfelf ; which gradually opens and dilates as the former-, and conftitutes what we call a Valley -, of greater or lefs extent and dimenfion according to the number and fize of the Gills and Dales thatdefcend into it. At laft, at a great diftance from the mountains, two or more vallies unite, and open into a wide extenfive low-land Plain, or rather, a gently declining country , which ad- joins to the Sea-Jbore; the bottom of which (efpecially if it is of a foft yielding nature, not rocky and ftoney) is- of a fimilar form, continues the fame declivity, or gradually grows deeper and deeper 'till it ends in an unfathomable Abyfs. And thus does the Whole clearly point out the effedls of a Flood of wa- ter that formerly covered the mountain-tops, and retreated therefrom down to, and even beyond, the very depth of the Ocean ; forming (in its paflage from the furface of the earth to the center) high up, where its force was weakerr, the lefler channels or Gills and Combs , and where feveral flreams united, the Dales -, and where the currents, that made the dales, met and joined their forces, hollowing out the Vallies \ and were the torrents that fcooped out vallies opened and expanded themfelves, there forming the wide low-land Plains, gradually declining Sea-Jhore, and the Jloping bofom of the Ocean. HAVING thus, fafely and truly, I hope, conveyed the reader from the tops of the highefl Mountains down to the bottom of the deeped Seas, we will now take a review of the paths we have trod, and draw ibme fuitable conclusions from the whole. And [ '77 ] : l . FROM what has been faid, we may fee the error of his Lordihip's opinion concerning the origin of moun- tains, p. 88, viz. c That when the Fountains of the ' great Abyfs were broken up, and an immenfe Hollow 6 was excavated out of the earth from pole to pole, as 4 a bed for the fea to lie in , when the rocks, and the 4 fands, and the fhells, and the earth, that were taken 4 thereout, were thrown upon the land, and raifed in 4 Mountain upon Mountain, fo as to afiail the fkies ' and invade the region of the clouds ; when Promon- * tories, and Capes, and Head-lands ftarted up in an 4 irregular order, &c ; or as it is elfewhere defcribed 4 p. 118. ' At the time of the breaking up the foun- 4 tains of the Abyfs, a great part of the materials, e which were fcooped out Of the earth, as well as thofe * which then lay on the furface of the fand and of the * more, would be loofe, feparate and divided, and 4 would float irregularly in that confufion of Elements, * which fuch a wonderful operation muft have bccafi- 4 oned, not Only when Ihowered down in cataracts 4 from on high, but alfo, when conveyed by the force * of the waters of the Sea, which gufhed forth, as out 4 of a womb to the place deftined for their abode ; 4 where this heterogeneous mafs would fubfide, and 4 form itfelf into fuch' Hills and Mountains, of fuch a 4 mixed kind of materials, as we now find them to be, * according to the wife defignation of the great Author 4 of Nature.' Such was the Manner, fuch the Means, according to his Lp. by which Mountains and Hills were produced. From whence it ftlould follow, that Mountains and Hills are no more than huge heaps of Rubbijh, thrown out of the Sea, of the place where the fea now is, by the omnipotent Hand of GOD ; as his Lp. more clearly afferts, p. 108, and 115: But this referring to the firft Caufe, when the operation N [ '78] was manifeftly performed by fecond Caufes, is boldly cutting the Gordian knot, which we cannot fairly un- tie, and {hews neither the Philofopher nor the Divine in this cafe-, for both the Word of GOD, and the whole face of the earth, declare the contrary, as I have already Ihewed at large, and fh all conclude this fection with the Teftimony of another Author, againft this opi- nion, ' We are to confider that a great many Moun- * tains of the Earth are far diftant from any feas, as * the great iii-land Mountains of Afia and of Africk, 4 and the Sarmathk Mountains and others in Europe \ 4 how were thefe great bodies flung thorough the air 4 from their refpe&ive feas, whence they are taken, ' to thofe places were they ftand? what appearance is 4 there in common reafon or credibility, that thefe 4 huge mafies of earth and flone that ftand in the mid- * die of continents, were dug out of any feas ? we c think it ftrange, and very defervedly, that a little 4 chapel mould be tranfported from Pale/tine to Italy 4 over land and fea, much more the tranfportation of 4 Mount Atlas or Taurus thorough the air, or of a 4 range of mountains two or three thoufand miles long, 4 would furely upon all accounts appear incongruous 4 and incredible : befides, neither the hollow form of 4 mountains, nor the flony matter whereof they com- e monly confift, agrees with that fuppofition, that they 4 were prefs'd or taken out of the channel of the fea. * Then too, we are to confider, that the moun- 4 tains are not barely laid upon the earth, as a tomb- 4 ftone upon a grave, nor ftand as ftatues do upon a 4 pedeftal, as this opinion feems to fuppofe-, but they 4 are one continued fubftance with the body of the 4 earth, and their roots reach into the abyfs ; as the 4 rocks by the fea-fide go as deep as the bottom of the 4 fea in one continued mafs : and 'tis a ridiculous 6 thing to imagine the earth firft a plain furface, then 6 all the mountains fet upon it, as hay-cocks in a * Field, {landing upon their flat bottoms. There is * no fuch common lirface, in nature, nor confequently * any fucli fuper-additions: 'tis all one frame or mafs, 4 only broken and disjointed in the parts of it. . 2. FROM the above defcription of things appears alfo the abfurdi:y of the opinion, that is at prefent fo much in vogue in France,, concerning the origin of Mountain's, 2 viz. That Mountains are only Heaps of Sand and Mud, formed by the agitation of the waters of the fea, which were chiefly put into motion by the flux and reflux of its waves in tides, or fome ftrong currents that met and oppofed each other, during the time when the whole furface of the earth was covered with water (for the maintainers of this fyftem allow that it has been thus covered). The Sand and Mud having been thus collected and heaped up together, and the water fubfiding and finking to occupy the cavities at the bottom of the fea from whence the fand and mud were excavated, the dry- land by this means and mountains were raifed upon the whole furface of the earth. But lurely the Authors of this hypothecs could never have obferved the effects of the Agent, which they fuppofe to have been the Former of mountains, during any violent agitation of the fea, nor have obferved the inward Conftitution, or outward Form of Mountains. For with regard to the firft of thefe articles, as his Lp. juitly remarks (in his Anfwer to this Syftem of the origin of Mountains, p. 1 1.) * The Sea, in itsgreatefl 4 agitations, always levels every thing in its power, ' inftead of raifmg it into Hills and Vallies. And if z Sec MefTrs. Le Cat's, Baffin's, DC Mailht's t c. writings. N 2 [ i8o] c thefe Authors will but make the experiment, of * raifing a Mound within the reach of the Tides, and * let but a fmgle Spring-tide get above their works, I ' believe, inftead of finding their Mound increafed into * a Mountain, they will find their Mountain reduced * into a Mole-hill, if not entirely carried off and * levelled with the bottom of the Sea.' And, in oppofition both to his Lp's. Syftem and that of thefe Authors, it muft be remarked, that the inward Jlrufture of Mountains undeniably difproves each of their opi- nions. For, mountains confift of regular ftrata or beds, (whether of ftone, coal, clay, &c.) orderly pofited upon each other, and in an horizontal direction; and befides, each refpective ftratum is of equal thicknefs throughout, though they continue for feveral miles in extent; all which clearly demonftrates that the whole fettled in a regular and fuccefiive order, during a quiet and calm fea, or without the lead perturbation of the water it fubfided in. And fince thole parts, that now remain ,and are vifible, of the Mafs that thus fettled, viz. the Mountains and their tops, ftill retain their firft and horizontal direction, it is evident that they have not been difplaced or their pofition altered; and alfo that they have not received any new or frefti Matter to cover them (except the vegetable mould and a few feet of loofe ftones and fludge; of which hereafter) ; neither were they formed by occa- fional or fucceffive additions of Sand and Mud or heaps of Rubbifh, for had this been the cafe, there would have been no regular ftrata or layers of ftone, coal, clay, &c. or if there had beenfuch, they would have been inclined on all fides or Ihaped according to the outward form ot the mountain, and have covered thefe conical or prifmatical Eminences like fo many caps or arches laid one upon another; neither could f '8, ] the layers have been of the fame thicknefs throughout even in a fingle Mountain (much lefs in hundreds or thoufands) but would have been much thicker at bot- tom than at top ; at lead thofe layers that fettled laft mufl have been formed thus; for when the Mountain had attained to any confiderable fize, and a new layer or fediment of loofe matter fubfided on it, the far greater quantity would (all down on each fide, and fettle molt at and round the bottom, with thin edges towards or near the top; which is a form that, I believe, no mountain upon earth has. But what further fhews, that Mountains are not Heaps of Rubbim thrown out of the fea, or quantities of Sand and Mud confufedly coacervated, is, the general uniformity of their fhapes, their regularly doping fides, the man- ner in which Chains or Ridges of Mountains are con- tinued, being extended length ways upon fuch iflands and peninfulas as are longer then they are broad; and fhooting oiit, like branches from a flock, from high extenfive Plains upon the larger Continents of the arth: and then the Gills gradually falling off from the mountain- tops, and meeting the Dales down their fides, the Dales uniting with the Vallies, andtheVal- lies opening into extenfive declining Countries, and thefe adjoining to the IhelvingBed of the Ocean, all manifestly mew, that the Agent that formed moun- tains did not acY from the Sea upward, or towards the inland countries, and amafled together large heaps of fand and earth, but defcended from the mountain-tops, or the moft inland parts of the earth, and furrowed or made its way down towards the very bottom of the Ocean, carrying before it almoft every thing that was moveable or oppofed its paffage. 3. FROM the above-mentioned uniformity in the fhape and courfe of Mountains, and the apparent N 3 [ 182 ] cajufe thereof; and from the regular manner in which Gills, Dales, and Vallies defcend from the mountains and run into each other, gradually declining towards the Sea, it is alfo evident that Mountains were not owing either to any irregular Elevation or Depreffiori of the ftrata of the earth : for had either of thefe been the Caufe, this regularity could never have been pre- ferved and been vifible over the whole face of the earth. So that neither Dr. Burners, nor Dr. Woodward's and Mr. fflbifton's Syftem of the origin of Mountains is true or confident with the face of Nature ; the firft of whom fuppofes them owing to a fudden depreflion or finking in of the ftrata of the earth, a.nd the other two, to as fudden and violent a Depreflion of fome of the ftrata and Elevation of others; for,' upon either of thefe fchemes, the Eartn muft have exhibited the moft ghaftly appearances of Rocks and Precipices, and the whole form of it would have refembled the ruins of a defolated edifice, that had been thrown down by a Tempeft, or blown up by a fubterranean explofion : fo that there would have been no traces of the operation of a Fluid Agent that dt-fcended from the mountain-tops and gra- dually tore its way quite down to the Sea, and fo formed the regularly-Doping fides of Mountains, the cafy and natural Cadence and Connexion of Gills with D.alcs, Dales with Valiies, &c. And 4. THIS fame regularity and uniformity in the rifings and fallings of the higher and lower lands, and their mutual dependences on and inclinations with each other, remaining the fame at this day in all countries, manifeftly (hews, that there have been no Mountains or Hills, Dales or Vallies made fmce the Deluge or the Inundation that caufed the prefent; and therefore that Mountains are not continually a- forming, as fome of the modern French philofophefs afiert; neither were they occafionally thrown up by earthquakes or fubterranean eruptions as fome of the old philofophers imagined: indeed earthquakes and fuch like explofions, inftcad of railing new mountains, rather tend to throw down the old, by fhaking and diflocating the land, where the violence of the concufllon prevails, and finking it beneath the Ocean or into the Abyfs-, and befides earthquakes generally happen near the fea, and affect not inland eminences or Mountains. 5. NEITHER could the channels of Gills, Dales, and Vallies have proceeded from Contractions or la- teral fhrinking of the ftrata of the earth (and fo the parts of the earth above, or on each fide of thefe cracks, be left eminent or in the form of mountains) in the fame manner and by the fame means as Chaps or Cracks are made in the mud and ouze upon the fea-fhore by the heat of the fun-beams and action of the wind, according to the opinion of fome of the An- cients. But had this been the cafe, as the tops of the mountains were dry fooneft and mofb expofed to the influence of thefe two agents, the Combs and Dales would have been deepctt near the fummits of hills and mountains, and gradually have leifened or been fhal- lower and mal lower as they proceeded down the fides, and terminated in a point at the bottom of mountains ; but the direct contrary to this is their form : therefore This could not have been the Caufe, Befides \ fuch Contractions as thefe could never have made Eminences, nor would there have been any difference between Mountains and Hills, neither would the in- land parts of Continents and large iflands have been the higheft, as I have plainly fliewed they are ; for when the mud upon the fea-fhore or when the ground in large flat and low marmes is dried and cracked in -the fummer-time, the parts or pieces of land between N 4 jthe cracks are equally high, and the whole fur&ce. level. Though indeed thus much may be faid for this opinion, that the Cracks and Fiffures that were made in the fhell of the earth (after it had fettled, fa- turated with water, and the Expanfe from above and from below had compreffed and hardened, and fo contracted the ftrata in fome places, and thereby left gaps andfj/ures in others 8 ) gave room for the water that covered the earth during the deluge to defcend through into the Abyfs ; and fuch as ferved for this purpoie directed, in fome meafure, or were the caufe of the direction of, the courfes of the Vallies, Dales and Combs-, but they neither did, nor could have formed them for the reafons above given : befides, thefe Cracks are feldom above eight or ten feet broad (and generally much lefs) and feveral vallies are as many mites in breadth, and exceed them as much in length as they do in breadth -, and what is more re- a Or, to give an account of this Effedt in the words of a modern writer, firft then thefe Fiffures are no more, as they feem to me, * than the neceffary confequences of the firft fettlement of matter, ' when it was divided into wet and dry, folid and fluid. That we * may the more clearly apprehend this, let us recolleft what happens * to finall maffes of matter, cloven by like failures, whence we may ' infer what is probably the caufe of thofe greater cliffs which we are * now infearch'of. We all know that flime, diluted clay, andpul- * verized or diiTolved done, mall occupy more fpace in that ftate of ' moifture than when the fame clay, (lime, or ftone, becomes dry and ' hard; and, from a parity of reafon we may argue, that when folids * and fluids formed, and from a ftate of chaos became divided into, * diftinft bodies, the parts of the former, being defeated by the latter, * nuift needs grow cloier together, and confequently leave chafms and crevices betwixt them. But the maffes of earth, ttone, and clay, ' were not at this time meerly paffive; they formed larger and more ' compact bodies every where, in proportion to the quantity and ' mutual attraction of their fimilar parts, within proper diftance. ^ Hence arofe firmer combinations, and confequently greater open- [ 1*5] markable, the Cracks and Veins of ore in many places run directly acrofs the rallies, and yet the vallies con- tinue on in their ufual courfes ; which plainly {hews that they were neither formed, nor even altered, by thefe cracks. But, in fhort, the fea-fhore itfelf (from whence the above hypothecs is brought) affords a manifeft difference between the Cracks made by fhrinking and the regularly-increafing Channels of Combs, Dales, and Vallies ; for upon the fea-fhore or the banks of a large river, efpecially where there is any quantity or depth of mud and ouze, the chinks caufed by the action of the Sun-beams and Wind are nearly throughout of the fame fize, meet and interfect each other at almoft all angles, chiefly at right, and fo divide the parcels of ground or mud between into fquares, pentagons, or fome fuch figure, but never, or fcarcely ever, into long ridges like the chains of mountains. And what is further obfervable in the fame place, the Channels or Gulleys tore in the ings between fuch maffes. Farther, it muflbe obferved, that as all fimilar particles ftruggkd to come into contact with each other, fo, ' at the fame time, they deferted, and repelled, and expreffed all * diflimilar and contending particles ; confequently maffes of differently ' natured particles feceded and fled from each other, every party (if ' I may ufe the expreffion) tending to form and flick clofe to its like : betwixt fuch different fubftances therefore, attracted here, and there ' repelled, fome chink or interval mult needs happen. Thefe caufes * then, viz : the defertion of moifture, the union of fimilar and the mutual repulie of difimilar particles, muft all have contributed to ' form the maffes of our terraqueous globe into fuch feparate portions ' as we now find them in ; for that indeed it was not poflible for * bodies to grow hard and dry, unite and contract, without leaving ' fome chafms and fiffures between them. What enfued upon the hard- * ening of particular and fmaller maffes, enfued alfo in the larger pcr- ' tions of the whole earth, in proportion to the quantity of fojids united at any one effort, whether a grain, zftratum, a county, or a region:\ mud by the retreat of the fea-water in ebbing, or by the defcent of land-floods, do really leave the interjacent land in prominent ridges juft like Thole of Mountains ; and thofe gulleys or little furrows gradually increafe in length, breadth, and depth, as they unite and fall in with each 'other, juft in the fame manner as Gills, Dales and Vallies do ; which manifefliy fhews, that both kinds were formed by currents of defcending water. 6. SINCE there are Mountains and Hills, Combs, Dales, and Vallies upon the whole fur face of the earth, and thefe were caufed by the retreat of Water from the furface, it is certain, that the Deluge that formed them was univerfal: And I have already proved that there never was but one univerfal Flood, which was That recorded by Mcfes. 7. SINCE Gills, Dales and Vallies, fall away from the Mountain-tops, and tend in their courfes down to- wards the neighbouring feas, and are united to the fhelving Bed of the Ocean, nay, fince fome of the chains of Mountains are continued under the lea and appear again on the oppofite land, or, what is more, fmce there are Mountains and Hills, Dales and Vallies, even entirely under the fea, b it is evident, that the water that formed them, defcended not only down towards the fea, but even beyond it, into fome great Cavity in the infide of the earth ; for had it reached no farther than the prefent furface, or even any con- fiderable way into the bed, of the Ocean, its waves muft have been reverberated or returned upon them- felves, and fo would foon have loft all their force : but fmce this force continued and cut and tore the * KIRCHER'S Mundiu Subterraneus p. 69, ^6, &c. MARSILLI dt la Mcr.-p. 312. earth under the fea to unfathomable depths, we may juftly fuppofe that the water defcended far beyond, entered into, and filled up, a large Concavity within the earth, and fo conftituted what Mofes calls the ABYSS. 8. SINCE the Water that fcooped out the hollows of Combs, Dales, and Vallies defcended into the Abyfs, it muft ofcourfe have carried with it all that quantity of the earth which it tore away for making thefe hol- lows; and as it defcended from every part of the earth's furface down towards the centre, it would at lad repofit and fettle the whole there, in form of a Central or inner globe or nucleus of terreftrial matter, furrounded on all fides by the water of the Abyfs. To which, or to a fimilar kind of nucleus, moveable in a fluid medium, Dr. Halley afcribes the Caufe of the variation of the magnetic needle^ and to which not only This, but many other and far greater effecls, both in and on the earth, are to be attributed. And q. WHEN we confider the great length, breadth and depth of the larger Vallies upon the earth, the multitude of the leffer, together with the numerous Combs and Dales that lead into them, the Height of the Mountains and inland Eminences above the* lowland, their diftance from the Sea, or rather, from the correfponding Chain of Mountains on theoppoiite Continent, the vaft Bed of the Ocean, the cavities pf all the Lakes, Rivers, &c. I fay, when we confider all this, and reflect, that all thefe Hollows were once filled up, with the folid ftrata or fubftance of the earth, from the top of one ridge of Mountains to the oppo- fite, and from that to the next beyond, and fo on quite round the globe, (which therefore was once en- , e Pbibf.Tranf.W. 148, 195.- [ '88 ] tirely fpherical, and without any inequalities, or the lead rifing and falling, of hill or dale) - 9 and that all this fubftance was fcooped or hollowed out and car- ried down into the Abyfs, we may fuppole the central nucleus to be of fome confiderable bulk or fize. But the Agent that did all this, the Water that thus tore and fwept away the folid rocks, and left fuch deep and wide marks of its power, muft be great in quantity beyond conception, far exceeding what might be fufficient barely to fill all thefe Hollows, for it muft have pafled over and through the folid rocks, where thefe Hol- lows are, many times before it could have made fuch gradually worn channels and have opened fuch exten- five breaches; and therefore be far fuperior in quan- tity to the bulk of the whole Ocean itfelf and all the water that fills every other Cavity upon the earth ; for all thefe Cavities were made by the repeated aftions of this defcending Flood. And fmce the Tendency of thele Hollows and Channels plainly fhews, that the Water that tore them defcended down towards the Ocean or the feveral Seas upon the earth, and fince the water in them is not fumcient in quantity to have effected all this, there muft be (from a consideration alone of the quantity of Water neceflary to caufe thefe effects) a large Refervoir or an Abyfs of Water be- neath the earth; which, during thefe Tranfaclions, muft have been elevated far above all the higheft Mountains or Eminences upon the whole furface of the earth-, and therefore the Deluge at that time uni- verfal, and caufed not barely by an effufion of the waters of the Ocean, but principally by thofe of the y according to the defcription given by Mofes. [ '89 ] II. ANOTHER general argument (including, like the former, feveral particular ones, and deduced alfo from the circumftances of things upon the furface of the earth) in proof of an Univerfal Flood may be drawn from the consideration of the nature, form, and fitu- ation of feveral bodies or fubftantes that at prefent lie loofe upon the furface of the earth. For, i. IT is common to obferve upon the fides, and even the fummits, of the higheft Hills, Mountains, and inland Eminences (efpecially fuch as confift of folid flrata or hard rock within, and have long flats or any level ground at their tops) a prodigious num- ber of Stones^ of various forts and fizes, but generally of one or nearly the fame form i being either perfectly fpherical or oval, or fome way or other tending to a round figure ; their furfaces or outfides being quite fmooth, without any projections or angles. I have obferved multitudes ot fuch flones, of all fizes, from fome that were eight or ten feet in circumference to others that were but two or three inches in circuit, lying upon the tops and fides of fome of the higheft hills and eminences in England and Whales \ particularly ' upon the long chain of Mountains that run through the middle of South Wales, and upon the high lands in the northern parts of Worcefterjhire^ Warwick/hire* Strop/hire^ and Staffordshire. And thofe large ftones that lie upon the wtjlcrn fide of Sbotover hill, near Oxford, and which on account of their Roundnefs, are called, by Dr. Plot, Lapides tefticulares^ are of this fort. So alfo upon Marlborougb Downs, in Wiltjkire> are an inconceivable number of large flones, which, from their fhape and fituation, are called the grey Wea- tbcrs, as refembling a flock of fheep lying down ; and Nat.Hift ofOxfordfhire, p. 129. [ i 9 o ] many of thefe, efpecialiy fuch aslie at a diftance frotn, the center or middle of thefe flones, are quite round and fmootK, though vaftly large. Mr. Hutchinfon fays, that he obferved ' rriahyfuch round fmootli Hones, * of various fizes, frofn the bignefs of a melon to an * hundred weight, lying, not only upon the fides, ' but upon the tops and ridges of the high hills in the 4 North of England, particularly in Arkendale, and in * many other places ; and alfo in Cornwall, and in 4 Devon/hire, upon Dartmoor'* Dr. Lifter, in Phil. Tranf. N. 164, remarks, ' that all the high mountains c and Woolds in the North of England are covered, * more or lefs, with a quantity ot Sand, mixt with c white pebbles of a greater fize.' Langius in his Pre- face to his Hiftoria Lapidum figuratorum Helvetia, &c. or, Hiftory cf the figured Stones in Switzerland, ftarts the following queftion (but leaves it undecided) * Al- ' fo it has often been inquired, Whether the fmootb c round ft ones and flints that are now found upon the * tops of the highefl mountains, even of the Alps, * where no river can poffibly pafs, were thus fmooth ' and round by nature, or whether they were at firft c and originally rough and unequal, and then afterwards < fmooth id and rounded by currents of water, during the ' Deluge, and carried to the higheft mountains ? f9 e Vol. XII. of his Works, p. 294. f Cffta-um de Si/uilus fubwtundis & licvibuSi &c. It may be proper to remark here, with. Dr. Woodward, (fee his Cat. of Englijb Fcji!.<, p. 83.) 'That the Damjb, German, and other writers of FoflU? do not reilrain. the name Silix, to what we in England call ' Flint, but apply that name to very various bodies ;' and alfo that the Rhf'.t-Ks (s* the Doftor proves at large, p. 22.) did the fame; undemanding by it ajiy very hard Scone that would ftrike fire, as indeed moft hard Stones wi ! l. I mention this, becaufe the bodies u-hich we in England call Flints, are fometimes found, and were fo p formed, natural^ of a rwvdjhepe ; and it might be objefted to the Dr. Baltbafar Ebrhart in the account he gives of his Journey from Memingen over the fyroknfian Alps (fee Phil. Tranf.N . 458, for 1740) makes the following obfervations ' The mountains of Memingen, which are ' higher than the middle of the higheft mountains in * thefe parts, have upon their very fummits vaft quan- 1 tities of Stones about three or four inches in circum- * ference, that have been plainly worn round, andjuft * after the fame manner as thofe that are thus formed ' by the ftream and attrition of rivers. But it is ma- ' nife'ftly evident that this immenfely large heap of ' Stones, which lie, as it were, in a feparate and de- 6 tached manner upon thefe mountains, where KO river 1 flows, could never have been formed by currents of c this kind. Another remarkable circumftance is, ' that thefe Stones are found to increafe in bulk or di- c atneter from Memingen towards the Alps, fo as at lad ' to equal maffes or trunks three or four feet thick, . " but from Memingen towards the oppofite country and * more remote from the Alps they proportionably de- 4 creafe lefs and lefs, fo as at laft to be reduced to a 4 fpecies of grofs fand. This remarkable phsnomc- * non, which may ferve to explain the-theory of the '- earth, may be accounted for from the following above quotation that the Flints therein fpoken of might have been naturally of a round form, and fo not have been worn by any agita- tion in water. But, firft, I would obferve that round flints are <ve*y feiv in comparifon of the number of others that are found in all kinds of fhapes; and Langius himfelf, in the defcription he afterwards gives of a Flint or rather of the body he applies the word Silix to ;p. 13.) does not mention it as being nnti-ral'y, or even accidentally of a round form ; and whatever he underllands by the word Silix y it is certain that the bodies he fpeaks of in the above quotation carried in themfelves evident marks of having been ivorn, ground dcwn, and even rounded, by water ; otherwife he would never have thought of putting the above queftion. [ 192 ] dbfervations and reflexions. I have obferved among * the Tyroknfian Alps whole and entire fummits of * Mountains, that have in one continued rock the very < fame kind of Stone with that which is now found * infeparate and worn-parts^ and placed at a diftance in the country between the Alps and the Danube. * There are alfo juft as great a variety of thefe worn * (tones, as there are of Rocks in the Alps. The Caufe which broke the Alpine rocks and covered all ' this part of Germany with fragments torn from thence * (and which were afterwards rounded by the mutual * attrition, between themfelves and the waves) could ' be no other than the great deluge. The fragments ' of ftone which were torn from the mattered Alps 4 (which were as high again as they are at pfefent be- * fore the deluge) the farther they were carried and * the more they were rolled, the more were they worn * and leffened. Hence the places the neareft the Alps * were covered with the largeft fragments, thofe that c were more remote, with the fmalleft. The exact * agreement between the moft broken pieces of thefe * ftones, and the larger and entire rocks in the Alps * demonftrate to the eye the place from whence they c came, and that the former are no other than the 4 difperfed ruins of the latter.' Swedenborg in his Mifcellanea obfervata, &c. p. 11, fpeaks of Mountains in Sweden, ' qui lapides habent admodum tritos, 6? quaft * politos, & mixtos cum arems? i. e. which have ftones ' upon them that are much worn, and as it were polijhed y 6 mixed with Sand.' Bifhop Pontoppidan mhisHiftory of Norway, p. 56, fpeaking of the Effects or Confe- quences of the Deluge, writes thus, ' This [/'. e. the * Deluge] is like wife the origin of moft of thofe Peb- 6 bles, which are found fcattered in all parts of the * globe* And indeed, I think, we may fairly conclude t '93 1 &om the inftances I have brought, that, if all parts of the globe were examined by proper and ju- dicious perfons, fome fuch round or fmooth Stones as the above-mentioned, lying ( at greater or lefs diftances, in greater or fmaller numbers, would be found upon rh'm. THE Point therefore to be decided is, How came thefe Stones to be of this round fhape ? Were they originally thus ? Or, formed fo afterwards ? And by what means ? THAT thefe ftories were not originally and at firft of their prefent figure is evident trom many particu- lars, as, ift, From fome of them having on their - outfides the bafes of hexagonal moots of fpar and chryftal, which are now of a round or circular form at their tops, whereas it is well known that thefe naturally terminate or end in fharp pointed angles, wherever there is room or fpace for them to fhoot, and fuch there rnufl have been here, if thefe ftones had always been of the fame fhape arid fize : fo that as thefe moots of fpa"r were once longer, and alfo pointed at top, and being now round or hemi- fpherical, it is manifeft, that they have been Worn and ground down to this form by fome regular at- trition. 2 dly , From feveral of thefe Stones having now, lying immerfed in them, and united with their fubftance, the ihells, teeth, and bones of various animals, pieces of wood, coral, &c. all of which bodies are naturally of fome determinate figure, and greatly differing from each other, and yet fuch parts of thefe (hells, bones, corals, &c. as appear on the outfides of thefe Stones mall be round or circular or anfwerable to the outward fhape of the ftohe; and yet the parts which lie immerfed within the ftone mail be of the true, ufual, and natural form of thefe bodies ; nay, when the ftone is broken * there ftiall frequently O [ 1943 be Found in the infide the fame fpecies of (Hells, corals, &c. quite whole and entire, as thofe on the outfide, which are now ihaped to the figure of the ilone -, and therefore thefe on the outfide were formerly of the fame fhape as thofe in the infide ; and of courfe both Shells, Corals and Stone muft have been rounded or brought to this unnatural, fpherical, figure by fome external force or agency.- ^ lf . The fame is jmanifeft from the Contraft between the manner in which the c onftituent parts of thefe Stones originally fe /- tied, and their prefent outward form, it being evident to fight, particularly in the larger ones, and efpecially in fuch, as are of a fiflile nature, that they fettled in a flat regular manner, or in lines, layer upon layer, each of equal length, breadth, and thickneis in all its parts; which could not poflibly form a body ot a fpherical fhape; but as thefe are now of an orbicular form, they muft have been reduced and rounded by fome outward force.; But, 4 thty . Where thefe Stones occur, the far greater number of them are gene- rally of the fame kind, contain the fame fpecies of fhells, corals, &c. and apparently fettled in ftrata of the fame fize and order, as the Stone or Rocks in the adjacent Mountains; and fo afford an undeniable proof that they are only fragments or pieces torn off from the adjoining mountains; and therefore were not ori- ginally of the fame fize and form as they are now; but have been, fince their feparation, much lefTened and worn into a round figure. And their lhape and fmoothnefs manifeftly fhew, that they ob- tained their form in, and . by the motion of, a wet Fluid, fuch as Water; for had they been fubjecled to the adion of a dry Fluid, fuch as the Air, in a vio- lent wind or tempeft, &c. it could not be but that they would have been of the moll irregular forms, and their outfides j^g^ed and pointed with angles or em- [ '951 tofied with protuberances in every direction-, but fince they are fo regularly rounded and their furf'aces fo ex- tremely fmooth they muft have procured their fhapes from being agitated in and by a moid Fluid, fuch as could penetrate and mollify their outward parts, and fo permit them to be worn away, granule after gra- nule, of by a gradual attrition. And when we confider the great fize and weight of fome of thefe Stones, their immenfe number, and the vaft extent of ground that in fome places they are fpread over nay that there is reafon to fuppofe, that they are in fome meafure fcattered over the whole face of the earth) it may fairly be concluded, that there is no motft Fluid?, in or upon the earth, in a quantity fufficient for ef- fecting this but Water \ which therefore muft have been the Medium in which, and the Agent by which, this wonderful phcenomenon was tranfacted. > As is moreover evident from the manner in. which thefe Stones lie. Thofe that are upon the long tops and fiats of Mountains or upon high level ground are fituated for the moil part at a little diftance from each other or lie in a feparate detached form [not heaped together or in trains]-, for as upon fuch even land, there could be no inclination in the ground to determine them to one place more than another, and as the cur- rents of water, that formed the Combs that defcend on all fides of fuch high land, fet different ways, fo thefe Stones, that were muffled and rolled about upon the top, would be left in the moft irregular, loofe, de- tached or ilragling manner pomblej arid accordingly we fo find them. But thole that are upon the fides' of Hills, efpecially fuch are fomewhat fteep, and parti- cularly at fome considerable diftance from the top, lie thick and clofe, and heaped upon one another: thofe that are in the Combs, Dales, and Vallies (tha.t fall off from the Mountains) lie ftill thicker and clofer: O 2 1 196 ] and chiefly in the bottoms of fuch Cavities, there being few or none upon their fteep fides; and alfo tend in a train from the tops of thefe Cavities, and gradually increafe in number and quantity, as the gills, dales and valliesopen and enlarge by receiving other gills, dales and vallies into them ; in which lateral gills and dales are allb a few, the greater part having been carried down into the large vailies, where they lie in inconceiva- ble numbers-, and particularly in the curving parts of the vallies, juft before their turnings-, or where any rock, that withftood the force ot the Flood, or large fragment of a rock, that the waters could carry no further, ftands in the middle or any part of a valley, there thefe round Stones are found in ftill greater plenty for the depth of many feet under the ground. And what is remarkable, and yet a general rule in this cafe, is, that fuch Stones of the above kind as lie near the beginnings of the Combs are leaft worn, thofe that lie farther down in the dales more woin, thofe that lie in the vallies and in the low flat countries moil of all worn and perfectly rounded, as having been carried furtheft, and agitated mod. So that all of them manifeftly bear the appearance of having been, not only formed or rounded by water, but alfo of hav- ing been placed juft in fuch manner, as water alone, re- treating from the mountain-tops down through the vallies, would naturally difpofe them.s Many other It is not uncommon to find among the Stones, that were thus apparently worn round by accident, fome, that were always, or na- turall of a ro nd mape; and it may be proper to inform the reader how to diftinguifti between the one and the other; and alib to fhew how far even thefe laft are ferviceable in proving the point in debate. The Stones that are naturally of a round fhape, and which are com- monly called hcdul<}. have generally an outward coat or cruft, dif- fering from the internal part of the body either in fubftance, colour, or hardnefs ; or elfe confift of ieveral coats ,- and are ufually very hard : thofe that are of the fame fubftance throughout (as flinty, alabafter f '97 ] circum (lances there are (which will readily be perceived by an obferver, though they are not fo eafily to be defcribed to a reader) depending either upon the nature of thefe Stones, the Conititution of the ftrata in the adjoining land, or the fituation of the ground, &c. that afford occular demonftrations, that thefe round Stones are only Fragments, which were beaten off from the neighbouring rocks, and worn into their prefent figures, by the agitation of Water ; which fluid muft therefore once have filled all the deep Vallies, and have covered all the high Hills and Mountains, where thefe Stones are now found. nodules, &c commonly are) when broken, fplit or fall apart in aP kinds of directions; thofe that confift of feveral coats of different matter, open or feparate in pieces, that are convex on the o ;tfide and concave in t .e infide according to the feveral coats. On the con- trary, Stones that are worn to a roundntfs, which was not natural to them, fuch as Pebbhs found upon the fea more, and thofe that are now found upon the higheit mountains, have never any coat or inveftient cruft, break reg .larly, or according to the grain of the ftone, and freq emly into a number of thin flat plates like the flone thit lies in ftrata in the adjoining hills, and are generall., either foft or hard, accordmg to fuch fton. j ; and carry in themfelves evident marks of which I have already recited at large the particulars) thatthey are pieces orfragm:nts of the adjacent rocks, ivom round by being rubbed againft one another in fuch a fluid as Water And even the Noddles themfelves, that are fometimes found among the Pebbles, exhibit manifeft proofs of having been broken out of regular itrata, car- ried from their natural and original place, and of having endurtd the outward force or aftion of Water For, firft, in fuch places where v.'e find Nodu'e-. of flint, cryftal, alabafter, &c. lying loofe upon the furfaceof the earth, it is common to find the very fame kind of No- dules, immerfed in their natural beds in the ftrata of the rocks adjoin- ing, and very diftinft and eafily feparable from the fubftnnce of the rock (which is another mark by which Nodules may be known from rounded pieces ofthe rock) : it is therefore reafonable, to believe that the Nodules, that are now loofe, and detached upon the fuy/ace of the earth, formerly lay in, and were beaten out of, the adjacent rocks, by the fame means or by the fame flood of water, that parts of the rocks themfelves were broken off and worn found; among \vhici, O 3 [ -931 BUT befides this larger fort of round or Bowler Stones^ (as they are called in fome parts of England; their very form indicating to the mo(t fuperficial obferver that they have been rolled or bowled about) there is another kind of a lefs fize, from fome that are two or three in- ches in circuit to others that are as fmall as peafe, com- monly known under the name of Gravel. This con- fifts of a variety of fubftances, not only of hard, round or fmoothed Stones of different kinds, but of parts of Bones, pieces of Shells, Coral, &c. that have been alfo rounded or worn,* 1 fo as evidently to demonftrate, that the whole has been in agitation, and that fuch a thefe Nodules now lie. This a'fp is evident from a circumftance at- tending many of them, viz. that their outward coats have apparently been much rubbed and worn, efpecially in the more prominent parts, and in fome of them quite worn off I have obferved too that feveral of them have had parts or pieces of the rock, from whence they were originally torn, affixed to their outfides, which though at firft certainly of no determinate fhape, have been, fmce their feparation, regularly rounded to the ftiape of the Nodules : nay, I have obferved large Mattes of the rock, containing feveral Nodules in them, thus worn, and rounded ; which manifertly {hews, that even thefe Nodules arc Fragments, or at leaft were beaten out, of the rock. Then, laftly, Nodules, being found lying together with and exactly in the fame wanner as, the mountain pebbles and other worn fragments of ftone, undeniably proves, that they were pofited upon the places, and in the manner, they are now found by the fame means, that the inland- pebbles were, and though they do not flievv fuch ftrong and clear figns of having endured the force or action of water as the pebbles (chiefly on acco nt of their fuperior hardnefs and original roundnefs); yet they exhibit fufficient marks, as I have defcribed above, of having beea fubjeft to its force. h It may not be amifs to obferve here, that in fome parts of England the inhabitants very improperly call any fmall, lobfe, rubble Hones, though they are fiat, pointed with angles, or of all lhapes, provided they lie near the furface of the earth, by the name of G reeve I: but unlefs they are anfwerable to the above defcription, and apparently worn, or a great part of them worn and rounded, they ought not properly to be, neither indeed are they generally and commonly, fo called, [ '99 ] fluid as Water was the Agent. Which is further apparent from the manner in which, and the places on which, Gravel lies. It being always pofited in a loofe, irregular form, not in a clofe compact ftate, or in uniform ftrata of equal thicknefs in all parts, as the regular beds of Stone, &c. are; no, this is thrown or pitched, as it were, in ftreaks or unequal feams, and in all directions, generally in an oblique, fometimes in a wave-like form, juft in fuch manner as the undulat- ing motion of departing Water would naturally caft it. Betides, it is ufually found free and void of all lighter, earthly, ochreous, clayey or fuch like matter, which, being fokibje in water, would, when once aflbmed up therein, be contained longer, and carried farther than (and fo feldom fubfide together with) the heavier and harder parts of Gravel; which therefore would be left clear and divefted of all fuch lighter matter, and indeed at prefent it appears to the eye to have been warned and cleanfed "by Water. Then too Gravel is commonly found over unmoved and horizontal beds of Stone, Chalk, &c. and being of a nature different from thefe, and lying in a man- ner different from that in which the ftrata of the earth originally fettled, it is manifeft that This has been, moved, agitated, and brought from other places. And fince great part of this mixt fubftance, Gravel, is of the fawie nature with, and confifts of the fame kind of (hells, corals, &c. as thofe which are found in the higher lands or in the grounds above, it is an evident proof that it was brought from thefe lands. And when we confider the places where Gravel is com- monly found, viz. either upon extenfive flats juft un- der Mountains or higher ground or in the bottoms of large vallies, or elfe fpread over low-land gently-de- clining countries, but feldom or never (or but in very {mall quantity) upon the tops or even fides of fharp- O 4 20 pointed and fteep mountains, it affords an additional and undeniable evidence, tuat it was brought from the upper lands-, and being difpoftd or pofiied juft iri fuch manner and juft upon thoie places, where water, retreating from, the higher grounds., would naturally throw or leave it, it evidently fhews, that Water was not only the Cauft of the /cm of roundnefs of the va- rious parts of Gravel, but of the Difpofition or Settle- ment of the whole. Such is the form and fnuation of Gravel in En land; and no doubt is to be made but that ic is the lame or fimiiar in every part of the earth where it is found; and fince there is i'carce a country over the whole globe but what has it, more or lefs, fo it is certain that all thefe countries or the whole face of the earth have been overfpread by Water. UNDER this article may alfo be reckoned a ftill lef- fer fpecies of round ftones than any of the above- mentioned, viz. thofe which conftitute what we com- monly call Sand; this fubftance ' being really no other * (as Dr. Woodward $&\y obferves, Nat. Hifc. p. 188) c than very fmall pebbles; as may appear to any one 6 who mail carefully examine it, efpecially with a * good microfcope.' And when thus viewed and magnified ; the various bodies of which it confifts as manifestly exhibit marks of having been worn or ground clown to their prefent fize and form by the agitation of water, as the parts of Gravel 4o. Sand too lying in a fimiiar irregular manner, a,nd being pofited upon fuch pieces, as Gravel, equally points out the aftion of water, retreating from the higher grounds, to have been the Caufe of its fituation and pofition. 1 5 In fome places indeed what is properly, and ought fo to be called, S'-inrfJionf, lies in fuch a loofe lax manner, even upon the tops of the higheft mountains, (where their upper parts happen to confift of Sandiione) and in fome places Sand itielf lies thus, as at firft fight greatly to referable the Sand, found in the vallies and in the low cam- at adds confirmation to this is, that where the up* per lands confift of a lax friable ftone, there the Sand lies in the valleys beneath in a greater plenty than, ufual, or where the country is an extenfive low-land plain, and the mountains at a great diftance, there alfo is generally a vaft quantity of Sand ; as is the cafe with thofe immenfely large fandy Defarts in the lower or remote parts of Africa, bordt ring upon the Mediterranean fea; for the water, that termed the Mountains in the in-land or higher part of that great Continent, muft have patted over fuch fpacious tracts of land in its retreat towards the fea, that in all pro- bability it would meet, in many places, with ftrata of a loofe friable kind of ftone, which it would foon fe- parate, tear afunder, fhatter to pieces, and at laft grind down to Sand, and when thus reduced, this matter would be eafily carried and hurried away by the tor- rents of defcending waters to a great diftance from the mountains, and at laft be naturally left expanded over the low flat countries ; or pofited in the bottoms of large and deep vallies , and fuch from the maps ap- pears to be the fituation of moft of the fandy Defarts upon the earth. And I cannot but think that the far greater quantity of, what is called, Sea-fand^ was pot termed upon the mores, where it is now found, but was originally Land-fand^ and brought down even paign countries: but there is always a manifeft difference between them; for the Sand or Sandftone of Mountains it more coarfe than the other, and generally adheres in lumps, and is found in vaft large ftrata or beds of equal thicknefs in every part, and regularly divided by horizontal and perpendicular fiffures, as the Tblid unmoved beds of ftone, &c. are; whereas the Sand found in the vallies is fmail and fine, eafily feparates when touched, and is alway> pitched jn unequal ftreaks, that are commonly thicker in one part than another, and gradually terminate in points towards either end, and is pofited in all the variety of directions, that water, flowing over uneven ground, could po&bly throw it into. [ 202 ] From the in-land countries. Thus much is certain, that the rains that fall upon the higher grounds gene- rally come down replete with Sand, and depofit it in rivers-, and rivers, by wafhing away their banks, ftill receive more fand ; which being carried down by the currents is at laft difcharged into the Ocean. And it is very remarkable that upon a fandy fhore there is generally a great load or bar of Sand at the mouths of the rivers, the very place where the Sand, brought down by the river, would naturally fubfide, not only on account of the dream being there broadeft and lefs itrong, but chiefly by reafon of the oppoiition the ri- ver-water would meet with from the waves of the Sea, which would beat back the current of the river, wea- ken its force, and oblige it to lay down its burthens. So alfo with regard to thofe immenfe Sand-Banks that are found upon fome fhores, even where there are no very large rivers immediately adjoining (though they are generally, where there are fuch rivers) it is certainly very reafonable to conclude, that they are in a great meafure the product, of the diluvian waters -, and had the Sea, after the deluge, retreated farther within its bed they would have been left upon the low-lands and now found in the form of fandy T)efarts\ for as the waters of the deluge retreated from the higher lands, tore out and carried away fuch vaft quantities of ter- reftial matter (as the hollows of the Combs, Dales, and Vallies over the whole furface of the earth abun- dantly demonftrate) they wpuld naturally depofir a great portion of that mixt fubftance they were loaded with, efpecially of the finer and lighter fort, upon thofe parts or places, where their force firil began to abate, or the land was of a proper form for receiving and retaining it, and fuch certainly are thofe low flat Shores where the principal Sand-banks are found. Some perfons indeed have imagined that there is a dif- ference between Sea-fand and Land-fand; but ftricteft inflection can difcover none: And Dr. ward obferves, that ' The Sand upon the fhores of * i^/'/x?)' confift of extremely fmall pebbles of the very ' fame kind with thofe corrjmonly found in land-pits ' at land, in various parts of England, particularly ia ' feveral parts of Kent* (in which County the ifle of Skep- pey lies): Dr. Lifter too remarks (Phil. Tranf. N. 164) ' That the in- land Sand- hit's above Eulloigm in Picardy * in France is of the very fame kind with that on the ' fea-Jhore at Calais.'' So that, upon the whole, we may as fairly conclude, that the granules of Sand were caufed by a friction of the parts among themlelves in agitated water, as that the pebbles of which Gravel confifts were; and alfo that the far greater quantity of the Sand now lying upon the fea more was not owing to the agitation of the waters of the Sea, but that the origin of this and of all the Land-fand is to be attributed to the action of other waters : and when we confider the vaft extent of the feveral Sandy Defarts upon the earth, and the largenefs of many of the Sand-banks upon the fea-fhore, and the diftance of thefe from one another, and how in a meafure they are fcattered over the whole face of the earth, we muft infer that the Caufe was as univerfal as the Effects, and therefore that a flood of Platers has covered the whole furface of the (firth. II. BUT befides thefe Stones that have been thus ap- parently rounded by water, there are others that have plainly endured the force of this fluid, though not in fo great a degree as the above, either on account of their fize, hardnefs, or the fliort time they were fub- ject to its force, but yet they manifeflly exhibit marks pf its power ; and their fize, number, and fituation iufficiently demcmftrate that the action of the water, t 204 ] to which they were fubjecl:, was univerfal or extended over the whole lurface of the earth. For THERE is abundant reafon for believing, that there are very few hills or mountains, at lead luch as con- fift of folid ftrata or hard rock within, but what have feparate maiTes of ftone, fome of an immenfe bulk, together with fmaller pieces, lying upon their tops or fides, and alfo that there are fuch ftones in the val- lies beneath; and both the larger and fmaller mafies, of a^l kinds of fhapes, and lying in all kinds of pof- tures, though generally in fuch a direction, and fo fituated, as plainly to indicate that a flood of waters, re- treating trom the higher grounds, was the caufe of .their pofition. What Mr. Lhwyd fays of Wales (Phil. TranJ. N. 334) I have obferved to be true, not only in that Country, but in various parts of England : * What feemed to me moil ftrange, were 'vajt confufed * Stones, and, to appearance, Fragments ofrocks^ Handing * on the furiace or the earth, not only in wide plains, * but on the fummits alfo of the higheft mountains ;* To which hefubjoins this remark, ' There is no Brim- c ftone or Pumice-ftones on the tops oi our mountains, * nor any thing elfe that I fufpedt to have be;-n the ef- * feels oif Volcanoes', [fo thefe ftones not to be attributed to fuch cautes]. Again; Dr. Slukeley (after having cited the above quotation from Mr. Lhw.d in his Alury- reftored, &c. p. 17) writes thus : ' So [in the fame ^nan- 4 ner as the above Stones] lie the Moof-ftones c^n the c waftes and hill tops 'of Cornwall, Derbyfcire. Dcicn- 'Jbire, Torkjhire, and other places, of a harder nature * than thefe \ i. e. the grey weather-fiords on the Marl- * borough downs, of which the Dr. is firft fpeaking] * and much the fame as the Egyptian Granate.* But the grey weather-ftones themielves (of which I have fpoken in part before p. 189) are probably as remarka- ble as any, and as they lie in a part of England, that [ 2 5 I is much frequented on account of the great roads, that are near them, principally one that leads from the fecond to the firft City of the kingdom, and are xveil known to mod travellers in thefe parts, I mail give a particular account of them, to fave the trouble of being circumftantial in other relations. Thefe Stones are of a baftard kind of lighted grey marble: and are of various fizes; fome of them ot 50, 60, or even 70 ton weight ; k others fo fmall as to weigh but a few pounds. They are fpread over an irregular fpace of ground for forty miles in circuit, as I have obferved myfelf; and have been informed, that they extend much farther. 1 They begin at, or thole that are higheft lie upon, the tops of the greateft Eminences on thefe downs, and tend on each fide in incredible Numbers for feveral miles down towards the two nearly oppofite Seas, the Englijh Channel and the Brif- tol Channel, and many of them lie in long trains, juft in fuch a manner and direction, as water retreating from k 'But our grey- weather ftone is of fo hard a texture, that Mr. AylojftfiVotton baJTtt hewed one of them to make a rape- mill ftone, * and employed 20 yoke of oxen to carry it off; yer fo great was its weight, that it repeatedly broke all his tackle, and he was forced to * leave it Ld. Pimbrok-r caufed feveral of thefe ftones to be dug un- * der, and found them loofe and detached. My Lord computed the general weight of our ftones at above 50 ton, and that it required * an oo yoke of oxen to draw one. Dr. Stephen Hales makes the 'larger kind of them 70 ton.' Dr. STUKELEY'S Stonehcngr, p. 6. Some of the largeft of thefe Stones lie in the bottom of a Comb or Valley called Grey-rweatber-bottom', and are in a great meafure covered with coppice wood, which muft be removed, and the Stones carefully Purveyed on all fides, in order to fee their due fize. 1 It is certain that thefe Stones were formerly far more numerous than they are at prefent, for many of the Houfes and moft of the Walls for garden^ and enclofures of all the Villages on and near thefe Downs are built ot them ; and for feveral years paft full liberty has been given to all, that might want them, to take them away (in order that the ground might be ploughed) and vaft numbers have accordingly been taken off. Then too, the huge Stones of which the two Druidical [ 206 ] thefe ridges would naturally have thrown of placed them, as the courfes of the rivers adjoining evidently de- monilrate, they tending thefe two ways ; nay, even the rain, that falls perpendicularly upon the earth parts on the tops of feveral of thefe hills, and retreats towards the two above-mentioned feas-, one portion, falling into a branch of the river Avon, delcends to Brijiol-, and another, entering into the river Kennet^ (which at fome diftance joins with the Thames) goes to London^ and empties itfelf near the Eaft end of the Englijh Channel ; but on the South fide of thefe downs* the rain that falls retreats into another river called the -) and runs directly into the very middle of the Channel: fo that thefe Hills are manifeftly the higheft land in the South part of England, and from them there lies a gentle declination on each fide to- wards the neareft feas : which declination (as I have above mewed) was caufed by, or was the natural con- fequence of, a flood of waters that formerly covered Temples of A^ury and Stowebenge (the former fituated on, the other at about the diftance" of 16 miles from, thefe Downs) confiit, werr brought from thefe Hills and once made a part of the Grey-weathers, as cannot be do bted when we confider, That there is no ftone of the kind of which thefe Temples are built, nearer than thefe Downs ; nay, that ti.ere is no ftone, that I know of, in all England of the fame kind but thofe that lie on thefe downs : which alfo by being fe- parate and detached from any rock, and lying loofe upon the furface of the earth, were n;oft fit for ufe and ready for carriage: befides; in the Valley where the biggeft of thefe Stones lie are now to be feen feveral great Holes or Cavities in the ground with fiopes on each lidc, which have been plainly dug, and the chief fubftance carried away; and in two or three of thefe Cavities I obferved a large grey <weathcr- Jtcnc lying, but broken in the middle , and it was very evident, that the earth had been dug away from fuch Stones, that they might the more eafily be carried oft"; but probably, by fome -ccident (as the machinery not being ftrong enough), the Stone in r dfmg, fell and fplit alunder, and then was too fmall to ar.fwer the enu de%ned s and therefore wasleft, as not being worth the carriage, [ 207 1 thefe lands, and retreated from the in-Iand parts down towards the fea-coafts ; and as the Stones I am fpeaking of, tend in a courfe anfwerable to the effects of fuch a flood, we may juftly fuppofe that their pre- fent pofition and fituation were owing thereunto. Which will be further apparent from a more particular confideration of them. On the tops, and near the ridges of the Hills, there are few, and thofc feparate from each other; but as the diftance increafes, they in* creafe in number, lying thicker and clofer, and chiefly in the bottoms of the Combs; and befides, ihape and wind their courfe according to the direction of the Combs and V allies-, which clearly fhews that the Agent that formed the one (the Combs), placed alfo the other (the Stones): and when we lofe fight of them above ground, they are ftill to be found under- neath, lying among broken flints and gravel, and fuch as I difcovered here were much lefs than thofe that lay upon the furtace of the earth and higher up in the Vai- lies, and alfo much more worn, and many of them fairly rounded: All which evidently denotes, that water deicending from the higheft eminences on thefe Downs was the caufe of the pofition, fituation, and direction of thefe Stones. I have obferved too fuch maffes of Stone, as the above, lying not only in in-land countries, but alfo on the Sea-coafts, and many of them fo large as to conftitute Rocks and fmall I/lands; and that they were really no more than Frag- ments broken off, and brought down from the mountains or hills above, was fufficiently manifeff, not only from the ftrata in them being in a different pofition, and of a different kind from the unmoved ftrata on the fea-coafts, but that the neareft place, where there were any ftrata of the fame kind with the fragments, was in the mountains or hills above-, and from them there lay ieparate roafies of the fame kind . ( "8 ] of ftorie, fome more, forhe lefs worn, in the cornbs 3 dales, and vallies, quite down to the fea-coafts-, where the larger fragments lay, and refted, as it were, upon the loweft ground. AND what is thus obfervable in England is to be feeri alfo in other parrs of the world. Mr. Innes in his Mifcellaneous Letters, &c. (p. 6) fpeaking of the parifh of Magilligan in the County of Londonderry in Ireland, fays thus, ' The Deluge hath left us other marks of * its tury, for more than half of our Mountain, is one * continued Heap of Stones and Rocks tumbled down, * and in particular one Rock left Handing upon the ' fide of the precipice: it is about 28 feet in height, * about 6 yards about, with natural feams in it, not ' very well cemented; no art of the Irifo could place c it there.' So alfo Mr. Smith in his ancient and pre~ fent State of the County of Kerry in that kingdom, p. 82. * The moft confiderable natural curiofities in this [the < Southern ) part of the Country are two Rocks, on * either fide of the river Roughly, [which in this place * is about a mile broad! which feem to have exchang'd c their fituation : one of them the Country-folks name ' Clough-Bearradh, /. e. the (tone flice. This river < divides a lime-ftone foil, from one of common grit, * a thing very frequent in Ireland, tho' but little no- c ticed, becaufe of its being very common. Except * the above-mentioned rocks, all the (lone on one fide of this river, is lime-ftone, and that on the other, ' is a coarfe grit, or common mountain- (tone: but * oppofite to each other, on different fides of the river, ' a large rock, too heavy for human force to remove, * of lime-ftone, hath feated itfelf on the grit- (tone fide ' of the ftream , and a large rock of grit, hath oc- * cupied the place from whence the other feemed to be ' detached, and is feated among the rocks of lime- * ftone : which is a fpeties of Lulus Naturae, or fport* . 2 9 c ing of nature, not very incurious; and which muft * have been effected by fome prodigious flood, or fhock 4 of the earth; but earthquakes have been hitherto, 4 'till of late, quite unknown to this kingdom.' Bifhop Pontoppidan in his Hijtory of Norway, p. 56, writes thus, ' Hence [i. e. from the Deluge, as her 4 rightly concludes] likewife remain on the fur face of * the earth the many detached blocks and fragments, * like lumps of mortar, feattered not only in the val- * lies and creeks, but alfo on the tops of the higheft 4 mountains ; many fu*:h being found here of the bulk ' of a common houfe, confequently too ponderous to ' have been railed to fuch a height by the hands of * men-, and befides, of no vilible ufe.' Again; p. 177, ' The higheft creft of the mountain of Svuka 4 in Oefterdalen, a province of Norway, lies, according * to afurvey taken by the barometer, above two thou- * fand ells higher than the lake of Famund, a water * betwixt the mountains. This mount confifts of one 4 folid, hard iand-ftone-, on the top of the mountain 4 ftands a folid huge mafs of the fame ftonc, which * bears on it many marks of a diflblution and difrup- * tion, which can be attributed to nothing but water.* Zwcdenborg in Aft a Literaria Sueri<e (tranflated in the literary Memoirs of Germany, Vol. I. p. 66).obferve's thus, c That the Ocean once ftood high above the * Earth feems to be more evidently concluded from ' the face of the Northern parts, than from that of c countries more Southerly. Here [in Sweden] we 4 find entire tracts filled, as it were paved* with Stones * of a huge weight and bulk : and the higher the * country lies from the tea, thefe Stones ars larger and * more numerous; as in Orebo, which lies high 4 and between two Seas, larger and more numerous c Fragments are obferved than any where elfe.' Ijift- in his Preface to his Hiftoria Lapidum, &c, or P Hiliory of the figured Stones in Switzerland^ remarks thus, 6 Then concerning Stones this truly wonderful occurs, 6 that the tops of rocks and fummits of the higheft * mountains are fometimes divided by ioints into ie- 4 parate pieces ; and moreover that certain Fragments 6 or large pieces of Stone offome cubits in height and * breadth are found lying upon Plains, and even upon * Hills which are at a great diftance from higher * grounds, or feparated from them by vallies : now * by what means the aforefaid Divisions or Sepa- ' rations were produced in the hardeil Rocks, and * how the above-mentioned Fragments of rocks were * brought down to the places where they are now found * deferves, in my opinion, a diligent inquiry : for I 4 can fcarcely think that they were naturally generated * in thefe places, fmce they carry in themlelves evident * marks of being really the Fragments of Rocks., cum ve- 4 riflima rupium Fragmenta pr^-fe-ferant* A perfon, who attended Sir Martin Frobijher in his fecond voyage to the Streights that pafs under his name, obferved upon the adjoining land, * Huge and monftrous 4 mountains, whofe great fubflance were Stones, and 4 thefe Stones fo fhaken by fome extraordinary means ' that one is feparated from another, and difcordant c from all other quarries,' Hakhqfs $d. Vol. of Voyages y p. 38. Mr. Ellis in his Voyage to Hudfon*s-Bay y &c. p. 147, fpeaking of an ifland (called Marble-ifland) near the Coaft of new Nortb-Wales, fays, ' The tops c of the hills are prodigioufly rent and mattered, 4 numbers of huge Rocks are confufedly huddled to- 4 gether, as if by an irruption.' Ltidolphus, in his Hiftory oi Ethiopia, p. 28 j defcribing the Mountains and Rocks in Habeffmia, writes thus, ' Amongft 4 thefe Mountains, and frequently in the Plain itfelf, 4 and in the middle of the fields, rife up Rocks every 4 way fteep, yet varying their ihape ; fome looking afar off like towers, fome like pyramids, fome like four-fquare towers built by art, and fo even on the fides, as if the workman's hand had done it : fo that there is no way to get to the top but by the help of ladders and ropes.* Under this head may probably be reckoned thofe two remarkable Rocks or Stones,, which front each other, near tilankemburgh in Germany., and which are called Monks Craigs^ on account of their refembling at a diftance the appearance of two monks in their proper habits, Atlas Geograpbus^ p. 544. So alfo I may here mention that large and curious Mafs or Mountain (as it is called) of iron-ore at Taberg in Smalandia, in Sweden, for it can really be no other than an enormous Fragment, torn from the mountains above, as is evident from Dr. Afcanius*?. defcription of it, 1 * which is as follows, c This Moun- tain is fituated in a fandy tract of land, of which the fand is extremely fine. Oppofite to it is a valley, through which a fmall river flows. It's perpendi- cular height is above 4 op feet-, its circumference half a Swedifh league, or three Englifh miles. The whole mountain is one mafs of rich iron-ore, and even in fome parts is mixed with particles of native iron. There are many perpendicular as alfo horn- zontal fiffures all over the mountain, which are filled with the fame fand, reduced to a kind of line mudr like pafte, and in no part whatever is it impregnated with the leaft particle of the iron-ore of the mountain, but is of the fame purity and nature as is found on the fea-beaches. No ore is found beyond the foot of the mountain, nor on the neighbouring plain ; fo that it appears as if the mountain frad been artifi- cially laid on the fand , for it has no roots, or, like other mountains, its fubftance does not penetrate the B S&P&ilof. Tratrfaffions, Vol. XLlX, p. 30, fortheyw 1756 P 2 [ 212 ] ' ground. It is fituated near 40 Swedifh leagues dif- * tant from the lea.* Another Hill or Eminence that may come under the denomination of a Fragment, is that called the inaccejjible or Needle-mountain in Dau- phiny in France? as the form and fituation of it plainly denote, ' The pofition of this Hill is fuch, that it ap^ ' pears to have been inverted or turned upfide down t * for it is no more than a thoufand paces in circumfe- ' rence at the bottom, and is two thoufand at top , from ' whence it is called the inaccejjible Mountain. At the ' top upon the plain of this hill there is a narrow and ' fteep Rifing or a marp-pointed Elevation ; which ' gave this hill the name of the Needle-mountain (fee * Htftoire de JJAcad. des Sciences \ for the year 1700, ' p. 4)' and which, probably was the caufe, why it did not fettle upon its larger bafis, or the plain at the top. The famous Rock in Horeb, anciently called Maffah or Meribah, and at prefent the Stone of Mofes and the Stone of the Fountains (being that which Mofes ftriick with his rod, in order to give water to the children of Ifraclin the Wildernefs, Exod. xvii) is preferved to this day without the leait injury from time or accidents, and is certainly a Fragment from mount Sinai, as ap- pears from Dr. Shaw's dcfcription of it, ' It is a Block * of Granate marble, about fix yards fquare, lying 4 tottering as it were and loofe in the middle of the * valley [of Repbidim], and feems to have formerly be- ' longed to mount Sinai, which hangs, in a variety * of precipices, all over this plain.'" n SHAW'S Travels, p. 352. It may not be unacceptable to the reader, nor altogether foreign to our prefent purpofe, to continue the Dr's defcription of this Rock, which is as follow?. * The 'Maters ivbich giifbed out, and the Stream ivbicb jlo-~wed ivithal 1 (Pfalm, Ixxviii, 20) have hollowed acrofs one corner of this rock a Channel about two inches deep, and twenty wide, ap- * peuring to be incruftated all over, like the infide cf a tea [ 213 J THUS I have given inftanccs of large maffes of Stone or Rocks lying loofe upon the ground in various parts of the earth, and no doubt is to be made but that iimi- lar mafles are to be found in every part, where there is any confiderable extent of land, though fuch only are taken notice of by travellers as have fomething remarkable in their appearance. And that thefe are really no other than Fragments torn off, and car- ried down, from higher grounds, every circumftance in the above defcriptions tends to point out, as the reader will be a fufficicnt judge for himfelf from what has been already faid on the lubject. I mall therefore kettle, that hath been long in ufe. Befides feveral mo/Ty produc- tions, that are ftill preferved by the dew, we fee all over this channel, a great number of Holes, fome of them four or five inches deep and one or two in diameter, the lively and demon- ftrative Tokens of their having been formerly fo many Foun- tains. It likewife may be further obferved, that Art or Chance could by no means be concerned in the contrivance; for every circumftance points out to us a Miracle, and, in the fame man- ner with the Rent in the Rock of mount Calvary at Jerufalem, never fails to produce a religious furprize in all who fee it.' Simi- lar to which is Dr. Pccotke's Account of this Rock, and alfo that of the Prefetfo's of 'Egypt ; each of which the reader may fee inferted in the Bijbcp of CLOGHER'S Tranjlailon of a MS. Journal from Grand Cairo to Mount Sinai, &c. p. 34, Z A Edit. I may here obferve too, that in confidering this Rock as a fragrpegt, the Miracle of the water's flowing out of it will ap- pear much greater than if it had been in its natural bed or united to the folid orb of the earth'; for it is not uncommon, in break- ing up or only boring through the regular ftrata of the earth, to enter into a natural ft flu re, which, communicating with thj; Abyfs, is always full of water, and when fuch is broken into, a ftream of water will immediately iffue out and continue flow- ing: but as this Rock was feparare and detached from the re- gular and undifturbed ftrata, and lying loofe upon the furface of the earth, it cannot be fuppofed to have had any communication with the natural fiflures, and therefore the water that proceeded from it, muft have been owing to a fupernamral Cauic; which is agreeable to what an ancient Traveller (M. BAUMCARTEX, * P 3 in this place only enlarge a little on the aforecited paf- iage tofLangius, (p 210) ' That the tops of Rocks and * lummits of the higheft mountains are fometimes 'divided by joints into feparate pieces-/ for though this may feem a trifling and infignirlcant obfervation, yet the opening or widening of thefe kind of joints was the immediately preceding effect to the tearing off and carrying down of the Fragments, and one was the confequence of the other, as will be evident from the following particulars. :; Thefe Joints or Openings between the ftones in the upper parts of Rocks ought to be diftinguifhed from the natural fiffures in the body of the rock, and are diftinguimable there-from German Nobleman, who travelled into Arabia in the year 1507 ; fee his Travels in CHURCHILL'S Colhflion of Voyages, &c. Vol. I; p. 337) remarks : Which Miracle (of the water's flowing out of ' the above-mentioned Rock) was the more wonderful, becaufe * thie Stone, though it is feparated from the reft of the rock, ' and is almoft of a fquarc figure, yet is fixed in the ground by < only one pointed corner [fee Dr. SHAW'S Draught of it, in his * Travels, p. 350] and confequently not in fo fit a pofture to ' extraft any moifture from the earth; and therefore its fending ' forth fuch abundance of water muft have been the work of an ' Almighty Hand.' I may here add too, that this Stone was 'fo fmall, expofed in fuch a manner, and fituated in fuch a tot- tering condition, that it might eafily be viewed on all fides, and even turned upfide ddwn, had the people that attended Mvfcs iafpeed any cheat or impofture in this affair; and in order to take oifall iufpicion of this kind might be one reafon why GOD made chou-p of fuch a Stone as this for the operation of this miracle, which was fo extraordinary and attended with fuch in- dubitab'e proof, that the perfons, who had juft before murmured and queiUoned the divine Miffion of Mofes, now entirely ac- qniefced in it: :;t d if inch perfons as Corab^ Datban, Abiram, md tkar companies (who were ready on every occafion to find fault with A/V>.- <md difpute his Authority) were fatisfied, furely our prefent unbelievers (who lay claim to great modefty and i'ea- fon) ought to be fo, fince the Miracle was examined by their own iet of people, and they may have ocular demonllration of thfc tm:h ot it at this day. f 1 215 ] .. by various marks, being generally far more nume- rous than the others, commonly filled with fludge or an earth-like matter, but principally are to be known from the others on account of their greater width in proportion to their length, and becaufe their edges or terminations are much worn and rounded, and alfo the extraneous bodies, fuch as fliells, corals, &c. that project from the edges, much worn and rubbed. All which clearly Ihew that thefe edges have been fubject to fome gradual attrition, and that thefe joints or openings have been a pafTage for fome fuch fluid as Water; which alfo muft have parTed through them with fome force or violence, ejfe thefe edges (which doubt- lefs at firft like the ends or terminations of other cracks in ftone, were fharp, jagged, or pointed with acute angles) cojjld not have been worn to fuch a de- gree ; which laft confideration further mews, that this effed is not to be afcribed to the flow and gentle gleanings of rain through the earth; ^ nor even where the rock is naked and expoled to all the violence and beating of the wind and rain are thefe openings to be attributed to them (though probably they may en- large them a little), for they are found almoit equal in number, and fize, and have as manifeft marks of the force of running water, where the rocks are covered with mould and rubble for the depth of feveral feet, as where the rocks are expofed to the weather. And I believe that there are few or no rocks but what have thefe joints or openings made by the aclion of water, in a greater or lefs degree, even under the turf; which is a proof that this effect was produced before the earth' was covered with vegetable mould: and fince thefe marks of the force of water, are to be feen upon the fummits of the higheft mountains and rocks throughout the whole world (for we may reafonably fupppfe that what is common to the rocks and mount: P 4 1 216 ] tains in England and Switzerland, is common alib to all other) we muft conclude, that the water that opened or enlarged, and patted through thefe cracks was equally univerfal with its effects, or fpread over the whole furface of the earth , and therefore the Deluge, in which thefe accidents happened, univerfal. And as the Water made its way through thefe cracks, it would not only wear and widen them, but by con- tinuing and repeating its action would at laft feparate and disjoin large pieces of the rock, and remove them from their places : and accordingly it is com- mon to fee, in a country that is expofed and the rocks laid bare, large mafies of Stone, ibme difplaced but two or three 'inches from their original beds, others two or three feet (and there remaining pendulous at the tops of precipices and brows of hills), others carried down the fides of mountains and hills for fe- veral yards -, but none of them removed to fuch a dif- tance, or fo much injured in the carriage, but that a judicious perfon may find the very place they for- merly occupied in the natural rock, and have as con- vincing a proof that they are disjefta membra or the difTevered parts of the adjacent rocks, as if he had feen them torn from thence. And if he would judge thus of thofe that lie upon the tops and fides of mountains, he would certainly determine the fame of thole that lie farther down in valiies , for the former, are only the beginning ; the latter, the end of the fame train : and as the former were pufhed down or re- moved out of their places by the force of defcending water, fo alfo we muft conclude of the latter; and that both are proofs that a flood of waters formerly covered, and retreated from, the furface of the 4e earth. II. Bi'T befides thefe larger Stones, there are others are lefsj which aifo are to be found Icofe upon 1 2,7] the furface of the earth, or elfe but a little way be- neath it-, and are of fuch a nature themfelves, and lie in fuch a manner, as clearly to point out that they are Fragments torn from the itrata above, and placed in the form they now lie, by currents of water defcend- ing from the higher grounds. Of thefe lefier frag- ments there are a great variety, and no country what- ever without them. And as it would be endlefs to fpeak of every different fpecies, trace out the acci- dents that have happened to them, and particula- rize the arguments deducible from each, I fhall there- fore treat, only of one fpecies, which, on account of its ufefulnefs in leading to the difcoveries of veins of ore, &c. has been accurately fearched into, and care- fully examined, by moft miners. The fpecies I mean, are thofe Stones which are commonly called Shoad- ftones. An account of which I fhall take from Mr. Borlafis Natural Hiftory of Cornwall, p. 149 ; as that Author has illuflrated his meaning by fome Copper- plate cuts, which the reader, if not converfant in the affair, would do well to confult. But firft it will be necefTary to explain a few terms. A Vein of ore, or a fffure containing ore, is called in Cornwall a Lode or ra- ther Load; and I fuppofe for this reafon, becaufe that is the place where the ore lies, as if it had been loaded up or laded in, as goods are in a fhip. The Top-part of the Vein or that which is neareft to the furface of the earth, and which generally confifts of a mixture of ore, loofe ftones and rubble, is called the Broil. When this Broil, or rather that which was once the Broil, is found difperied or lying at any diftance from the Load, thefe difperied or ieparated parts are called Shades or Sboad-jlones, becaufe, I fuppofe, they lie in fuch a manner as manifeftly to fhevv that they were Jhed abroad or detached from the main Vein or Load -, and that this detachment or iepararion v.'as made by / [*i8] the Force of water will appear from the following phce- nomena, as extracted from the above-mentioned Author. " Firft, the Broil is found in greater quan- tity in the valiies than on the tops or fides of hills ; in the level grounds, it is but juft moved from its firft Ilation, and fpread on each fide the vein in an equable manner i but if the lode has any declivity near it, then many of the looie ftones of the broil are found ilrewed down the hill. .2 dly< The longer the de- clivity, the farther are thefe Stones removed ; but the fhorter and fteeper the fides of the hill are, the lefs diftant they are found. 3 dl/p The fmaller Stones are carried farthefc , on the contrary, the largeft ftones are neareft to the lode. 4 th! '- The fmaller are alfo nearer to the furface of the ground, but the larger ones, deeper, and ftill deeper as you approach the lode, 'till the laft are found contiguous to the lode itfelf. 5 thly - The farther diftant thefe Stones are from the lode, the lewer they are in number ; but they multiply as you come nearer, and are always in greateft plenty next the lode. 6 thly - Thefe Stones are known from all others by their being of a different colour and ftruclure from the fhelf, rubble ? and other common ftones of the ground where they lie, but more particularly by their angles being worn off; and the farther diftant they are from the lode, the fmoother they are ; and the nearer, the lefs are their angles blunted. In Cornwall we call thefe difperfed parts of the broil Shcdes. (Now) From daily obferving the grounds they fearch, and the dif- ferent fubftances they there meet with, the tinners can readily diftinguifh between what has been removed, from what has perpetually kept one and the fame fta- tion; the karn, that is the firm folid rock, feldom affords us any inftances of alteration or movement, but every looie unconnected part of the earth has been [ "9 ] moved and (hifted , and for as much as the tranipoied bodies are found to be moved more or lefs, farther or lefs diftant from their former beds, according to their own fpecific weight, and the declination of the plane they moved on," it is the general perfuafion of every intelligent tinner, that this change of fituation can be owing to nothing but tbe Force of Water, and of no other water fo likely as that of the uniuerfal deluge^ neither are we to think this lei's the voice of truth, be- caufe it is fo common an opinion , for indeed the caufe fpeaks fo much for itfelf, that in order to con- firm the juftnefs of this reafoning, there remains no- thing more to do, than to point out the correfpon- fdence and circumftantial agreement betwixt this af- (igned caufe, and each particular effect and property mentioned before. Firft then, In low and level grounds the Broil is greater in quantity, and lefs dif- turbed, than on the tops or fides of hills, as being but juft moved from its firfl iettlement by the vacillating waters of the deluge on a plane furface; whereas on a declivity, and a more expofed fituation, the waters had more power to agitate and dilperfe, and confe- quently the original covering of the lode is much lef- fened in quantity. 2 dly> The gravitation of thefc ftones (ulually impregnated with metal) will, xvhen moved with water, -make them deicend a deep hill quicker than down a more eafy deicent, in the fame proportion as bodies moved on inclined planes, their velocity being in proportion to their own weight, the declivity on which they move, and the impediments they meet with there ; but the quicker they defcend, the fooner they get at reft, and fix by immerging them- felves in the ftiff clay and rubble andr/V* verfa. 3 dly The fmaller Shodes were moved to and fro eafily and frequently, and consequently much difperied ; whereas the greater and weightier the Ihod^s were, the more [220] they refitted the agitation of the waters, and were lei*. removed. -4 thl > r ' The fmaller Shodes are ufually found in and near the furface, being waflied down- wards, till, by the refiftance of the ground on which they are fpread, they are forced out like the rills of brooks into open day, whilft the larger by their fupe-. riour weight, reft deeper interred, and nearer the lode. 5 thly> The more diftant Shodes are found from the lode, the more they were difperfed by the water, and confequently became fewer in number in any equal fpace, like diverging rays-, and the nearer to the lode, the thicker and more frequent they re- main for the fame reafon. 6 thlyt That the an- gles of thefe Hones are blunted, proceeds evidently from the agitation of water, and they are fmoothed in proportion to the diftance they have been rolled; and had the force continued a fufficient while, thefe ftones would have been as round as the pebbles on the fea-fhore; but the farther we find them from the lode, the more trituration they have undergone, and vice verfa." III. TOGETHER with the above-mentioned Frag- ments of Stone, both thole of the larger as well as thofe of the fmaller kind, both thofe that are round as well as thofe of the moft irregular fhapes, there are alfo found a variety of other fubftances, lying in ftich a manner, both with refpeft to themfelves, and alfo with regard to the ground they lie upon, as plainly to fhew that their fituation and direction were owing to the effects of a Flood of Water that once covered, and retreated from, the furface of the whole earth. FOR, firft, it is common to obferve upon the tops of the higheft Mountains a fmall thin covering of a kind of blackifh bituminous earth, commonly known in England by the name of Peat-earth or Turf ; and this upon examination appears to be no other than a [ "I ] mafs of rotten and perifhed vegetable s. And where the mountains happen to have any extenfive flats or large fpacious Cavities, in form of bafons, at or be- tween their tops, there is generally a ftill greater quan- tity of thefe fubftances, lying in a moffy or moraffy kind of ground, with a vaft number of trees, of all forts and fizes, buried under them : and many of the trees and vegetables ot fuch fpecies are not now known to be growing near thefe places, nay, fomeofthem of luch kinds as the nature of the climate will not permit to grow there:? confequently, they muft have been brought from other, far more diftant, regions: and no Agent or Medium can be thought upon ib proper for effecting this as Water, a Medium upon which thefe bodies would naturally fwim and float, and therefore be eafily conveyed from place to place. And the parts they are now found upon plainly ihew, that their prefent fituation was owing to a flood of waters that covered the whole furface of the earth ; for they are left upon fuch places where fuch a flood, in its retreat to the lower land, would molt naturally depofit a great portion of its floating wealth, viz. upon the higheft and more eminent parts, or thofe places which it firft receded from -, in the fame manner as the water upon the lea-more in retiring, after an high tide, throws, and by the unequally reciprocal or gradually decreafing repercuflive motion of its waves, leaves, upon the parts it firft recedes from, all lighter bodies or the fubftances that fwamupon its furface; and in a fimilar manner as the fame water in retiring from the channels of rivers, bays, &c. leaves upon the banks and fliores the finer parts of the mud and ilutch that WOODWARD'S Cat.ofFoJfils, Part II. p. 17. MORTO.N'S //;-?. of Northampton/hire, p. 83, &c. HALE'S IP WOODWARD'S Nat. Hiji. Him. p. 60, 222 it was pregnant with, fo when t;he flood that drowned the whole earth retreated to its appointed place, it left thefurface in a manner covered with the fined, lighteft } and pureft of terreftrial matter, Vegetable Mould. Secandly -, Under the vegetable mould there lies a vaft variety of Subftances, of all forts, fliapes, and fizes, but each and all of them placed in fuch a direction as manifeftly to indicate that their pofition and fituation were the effects of a flood of water retreating from the higher grounds. Thus, for inftance, where the higher and more inland countries abound with free- ftone, and chalk, interlined with layers of flint ; in the lower lands you will find for the depth of feveral feet the two former fubftances intimately blended together <r \vafhed and worn down to a gritty kind of maum, and the nodules of flint broken into innumerable pieces, and confufedly mixed with the afore-mentioned matter. In fuch places where the upper ftrata of Mountains confift of Lime-ftone, with interjacent layers of clay, and of iren-ftone, replete with yellow and red oker, or ruddle-, in the vallies beneath you may difcover both large and fmall, round and ir- regular, fragments of the iron and lime-ftone, with unequal and uneven ftreaks or feams of Clays of all colours, that the above-mentioned fubftances could tinge them with. Where the upper ftrata confift of it loofe Sand-frone, and a brittle flakey Slate, with beds of clay intervening-, in the lower lands you will find for a considerable depth a gritty marly rubble, filled with immenfely fmall pieces of iharp flakey ftone, thrown in a variety of poftures. And the fame may beobferved refpeclively and proportionably of all kinds of flrata, in fuch places. If we defcend from the in-land and mountainous countries to the Hills and the Vallies beneath them, and examine the rranner in which things 'ie under the vegetable Mould, we mall find them placed much in the fame form as thofe already defcribed, only a greater quantity and a greater variety of them (according to the different fpecies of ftrata that lay between the Hills and the Mountains) and thefe alfo in general much more worn and much imaller, efpecially thofe parts that came from the Mountains. If we go farther down, and vifit the Low-lands and Marmes near the Sea-fhore, a ftill greater variety and greater quantity of Rubble will prefent itfelf to our view ; and the fragments of ftone much more worn, and in many places, ground down to a fine Sand or Slutch. Now that this Rubbly-matter was placed in the manner above-defcribed by the action of Water re- treating from the higheft in-land Eminences down towards the Sea-fliore is evident, from the multitude of Stones that are found in it which have been appa- rently worn round by agitation of Water ; from the number of fragments of Stone that lie in trains, tend- ing from the higher towards the lower grounds, juft in fuch form and direction as water in its retreat would naturally caft them (as I have already mewed \vith refpect to thofe Stones and Fragments that lie above ground) j from the irregular and unequal ftreaks and feams into which it is caft - y and what is very remarkable that in fueh places where there is any eminent projection in the ground or rock underneath, or large fragments of Stone which the waters could carry no farther, there thefe ftreaks and feams of dif- ferent matter are thrown over it in various concentric arches, and the whole terminated in fuch a form as plainly to indicate that the force of a defcending flood placed them thus ; and alfo from the manner in which this Rubble lies all over the earth ; as for in- ftance, upon the higheft in-land Eminences, efpecially fuch as are (harp-pointed and fteep, there is but * [ 224 ] fmall portion of this rubble, feldom exceeding a few inches in depth -, i,n the bottoms of the combs that defeend from thefe Eminences, you will find the quantity Ibmewhat increafed , in the, dales, (till more; in the vallies, a much larger portion -, and in the low- land marfhes near the fea-lhore a ftill greater quantity, for 2 or 300 feet in depth, and in many places even un- fathomable. All which would be the natural refult of a flood of water, that formerly covered, and re- treated from, the furFace of the whole earth, and de- fcended into the Sea, or rather, the Abyfs beneath the Sea. For, as the in -land parts of the earth were at the greateft diftance from thofe places (the apertures into the Abyfs) where the moft violent force and flrongeft action of the water was, fo they would be leaft torn, and of courfe lead covered with Fragments and Rubbiih ; and the wear and tear by the water would be in proportion greater and greater, and the load of loofe rubble gradually and continually in- creafed, till it approached the Sea-more i and by the time that the latter- waters arrived thither, the Ocean would be full or nearly fo, and therefore thefe waters would be repelled back again, and the loofe clay-, mud, flutch, &c. with which they were filled, be caufed to fettle upon or near the fea-fhore, and fo conilitute, what we call a Marjh or Moor, being a loofe clayey ground, confiding of a variety of terref- trial fubftances worn extremely fmall, and placed, in all kinds of direction, as the reciprocal and undulating motion of water would naturally caft them. THUS I have mewed, from the confederation of that vaft variety of bodies or fubftances that are now found loofe upon the furface of the earth (each parti- cular fpecies carrying its particular proof) that this terreftrial globe has been covered by an inundation of water. [ "5] I AM now to deduce fome Corollaries from what hag been advanced. 1. THEN, from the quantity of matter that is now found loofe at the bottoms of Combs, Dales, and Val- lies, and from this matter being principally of the fame kind with the ftrata in the fides of thefe Cavities j we may reaforta'bly infer that it once made a part of the ftrata, and fo, that the firata were once continued from fide to fide, and of courie that the Hollows of Combs, Dales, and Vallies, were once filled up with ftrata fimilar to thofe, which now appear in their fides or in the bodies of the mountains Or hills, in which thefe fuperficial Cavities are : and as Mountains and Hills are no more than Eminences caufed by the formation of the Hollows of Combs, Dales, a"nd Val- lies, fo it is certain that the earth was once of one uni- form fpherical furface, and that the prefent irregular, mountainous form, was not the original, but owing to fome after-caufe, as I have already endeavoured td prove, p. 1 60, &c. 2. FROM that vaft Quantity of Rubble which in ^ manner covers the whole furface of the earth, chiefly from that which is pcfited in Combs, Dales, and Val- lies, it is manifeft that the Hollows of combs and Vallies were not caufed by any ContraSfieH or lateral Jhrinking of 'the ftrata ( fee p. 183) for had thefe cavi- ties been owing to fuch a caufe, there would have been but little or no loofe matter found in them, for in fuch a cafe the parts of the ftrata (when the whole earth began to be confolidated after its diflblution) by being contracted within themfelves, atom to atom, would be fo clofely united together, that the Cavities Caufed by thefe Contractions would contain little or no loofe matter in them, as is the cafe with the covered Fiffuresor thofe Chafms in the body of the earth, which terminate in themfelves and have no Communication with other cracky ; in thefe we never find any fuch Q [226] loofe matter or rubble as that which lies in the bot- toms of dales and rallies : had therefore one fort of thefe Cavities, as well as the other, been formed by Cetttraflions, there would have been like matter found in each and refpectively placed. 3. FROM the regular and gradually increafing proportion of the rubble that is found in Combs, Dales, and Val- lies, it is manifeft that thefe Channels were not caufed by any elevation and depreflion of the ftrata -, for had this been the cafe, this rubble would have been placed in the moft confufed and irregular manner pofiible. 4. FROM this fame increafe and apparent tendency of this rubble from combs to dales, from dales to val- lies, from vallies to the (helving bed of the ocean, we may determine the place, whither the other part of this rubble (viz. That which formerly filled up all the Hollows and Channels upon the earth and in the lea) was carried to, namely, the Center of the Earth. For had it been carried no farther than the bed of the ocean, and depofited there^ it would more than have filled that ; becaufe the matter that was tore out for making that Cavity, would equally have filled it when in the form of rubble, as when it remained in whole and unbroken ftrata : and then there was the additional fubftance of all that matter, that before filled up the hollows of the Combs, Dales, and Vallies over the whole furface of the earth : and had all this been placed in the bafon of the fea, it muft more than have filled it. Now fmce it is certain that all this rub- ble was carried down into the bed of the Ocean, and as that did not retain it, it muft therefore have pafTed through, and been carried into fome place beyond the bottom of the fea, and that could be no other than the center of the earth, the laft place it could be driven to ; and there it would remain in form of a nucleus or inner-globe^ as defcribed p, 54, 187, and. delineated by I in the Copper-plate. [ 2 7 ] 5. IF this load of rubble and fragments of ftone were carried down to the center of the earth, it will cer- tainly follow, that the Agent that did this, that the water (as it is of a more fubtle and penetrating nature than this matter) accompanied it in its paflage and de- fcended together with it j and as this loofe matter oc- cupied the center, the water would naturally fettle around it, as denoted by G. H. In the PLATE 5 and fo conflitute the Mofaic Abyfs. 6. As in tracing the fragments of ftone that lie in trains from the mountains, it is common to obferve where the defcents are gradual (where they are irre- gular and attended with fudden falls and precipices* great irregularity rriuft naturally be expected) that thofe flones that are largeft and lead worn lie neareft the tops, and thofe that are lefs and moft worn at the greateft di fiance, and alfo that thefe Stones are of the fame kind with the ftrata in the mountains above, and not of the kind with the ftrata m the vallies be- neath (unlefs where they both happen to be of the fame fpecies) fo it is certain that the currents of water which removed thefe ftones from their original beds, and placed them in the manner we now find them, came from the mountain-tops and drove towards the fea, and therefore that thefe Stones were not thus placed by partial deluges, owing to high tides or ac- cidental inundations of the fea, aslbme have imagined; for had either of thefe latter been the caufe, the larger ftones would have been left neareft the lower grounds, and the lefTer necefiarily thrown higher up: and if the water of fuch a flood, in its return tc the fea, had force enough to bring back any of thefe bodies, it would naturally leave them in the greateft irregularity, the lefTer would be brought to the larger, and the ftones of the vallies be mixed with thofe of the mountains j which is not the cafe: and therefore thefe Stones were not thus placed by fuch partial floods. Q^ 2 [ 228 ] 7- FROM the confideration of fomc other circum- fiances attending thefe fragments of Stone, efpecially thofe that have been worn round by water, we may fee the falfity of another hypothefis, calculated to folve thefe phenomena, without reference to the univerfal Deluge in the time of Noah -, viz. that thefe Stones were thus rounded, and the fragments of Rocks torn from their original beds and fcattered over the furface of the earth, at the firft formation of things, when the earth was totally covered with water, at which time the high'eft mountains conftituted part of the bottom of the fea, therefore it is no wonder, fmce the retreat of thofe waters, that we now find pebbles and rocks in the moft inland countries. But the grand queftion to befolved, is, How came thefe waters to retire? in which principal particular the Authors of this hypothefis are not agreed, fome imagining that the water was rarified and changed into air , others that the Sea by the violent motion of its flux and reflux, threw up vaft quantities of fand and mud, and thereby left the fpaces between them as Vallies, which the water oc- cupying, the eminent parts became dry and habitable ; with feveral fuch groundlefs and unphilofophical afler- tions. But it required, and thefe Authors fuppofe it did require, a great length of time, even that of ages, before thefe tranfaclions were completed, and therefore that the parts of the earth, which at prefent bear marks of the Sea conftituted for a long time the bottom of it, and thereby gave room for the waters to feparate the rocks from their natural places, and form the fragments of ftone into pebbles, and place them in the manner we now find them in the moft diftant coun- tries from the fea. But then there is a very material difference between the in-Jand pebbles and rocks, and thofe formed arid found at fea. It is common to ob- ferve vaft numbers of pebbles and ftones upon the fea- fhore which have feveral extraneous bodies, fuch as (hells, corals, and corallines, affixed to their outfides a and many of thefe fo clofely adhering that it is almoft impofiible to difengage one from the other without breaking both-, and it is alfo certain that thefe grow and are formed at this day, especially in calm and quiet places. But now, after the ftricleft examination I could make upon immenfe multitudes of Rocks and rounded ftones that I have feen at land, I never could obferve any fuch extraneous bodies adhering to them,* 1 nay, not upon fuch as were but a few miles from the fea, when the pebbles upon the fea-mpre abounded with them ; which muft plainly mew, that the places where thefe pebbles are now found were never the bot- tom of the fea, nor the pebbles themfelves formed at fea, but that they were made at fome particular time, or in fome general deluge, the waters of which muft have been in fuch conftant agitation and perpetual fluctuation, as not to permit fuch things to fettle and grow , which is agreeable to the Mofaic account of the Flood in the time of Noab^ fee p. 51. And what further mews that the places where thefe Stones are now found were never the bottom of the fea, nor the Stones themfelves formed at fea, is, that we never find (what is very common to find at fea, and upon the fea- more) any artificial things, fuch as regularly fhaped pieces of wood, ftone-inftruments, iron-tools, potfherds, &c. > I have feen indeed one or two inftances of Nodules, having a {"mail fhell or a plant flicking to their outfides ; but then thefe are a very different fpecies of Stones from in-land pebbles (though they refemble them in their outward fhape) as I have fhew'ed, p. 196. Ncduhs were formed during the ' diflblved llate of the earth and the great confufion of things at that time, and many of them have apparently paffed through feveral ftrata that abounded with (hells and plants, and at laft fettled in ftrata that were replete with thefe extraneous bodies, fo that it is no won- der that we fcmetimes find one or two of thefe bodies adhering to their outfides : but in-land pebbles were formed at a different time, in a different place, and in a different manner, as oiay be f?en in the above cited page. naturally lying among them, but only fuch as were placed there by defign or accidentally dropt, as is evi- dent from the prior disturbance of the earth, where fuch have been taken up at any depth, and their being generally found in fuch places where Old Cities, Caftles, Camps, or Lakes have been/ And indeed had thefe artificial things ever been cceyal with thefe fragments of (tones, or fubject to the agitation of water as they have been, they would certainly have been worn and rounded in the fame manner as they are. Befides, the artificial things that are taken up at Tea, have indifcriminately fhells and corals, growing on them, as well as the {tones and pebbles on the more, r 'I have read indeed of boats, fmall barques, anchors of Ships, &c. being found at land in countries' far diftant from the fea, but then it has generally been in authors of no great credit, and the facts aflerted upon no good teftimony ; but even allowing them to have been true, it is certainly much more reafonable to fuppofe, that the places where thefe things were found, were for- merly the bottoms of large Lakes, which by defign or accident had been drained, rather than the ancient bed of the Sea 1 ; in the fame manner as in draining the famous Lake of Martin-mcsr in Lancajbire, which was eighteen miles in circumference, there were found in the dutch at the bottom no lefs than eight boats, fhaped fomewhat like the Canoes made ufe of in America, as Dr. Leigh in his hiftory of that County, ' aflures us of his own know- ledge, p. \S, and 181. Or elfe thefe things might be attri- buted to violent tempefts or accidental overflowings of the Sea; and befides, whatever things of this nature may be now found at land in Europe, fome alldwance muft be made for the event recorded (p 82) of this treatife, when numbers of perfons procured Ships and other conveniences, under apprehenfion of a general Deluge, and probably many of thefe were made at land in countries far diftant from the Sea, as it was fuppofed that the devaftntio'n would reach all over Europe : which therefore, as the event did not happen, would be left in the places where they were firft made, and in the future ages might be imagined to have been wrecks of mips loft at fea, though the fea never reached thefe parts; and what parts of the earth the fea has really covered vi I j be beft determined by the marks given in the text, in the iubfequent pages. [ 231 ] but the artificial things, even thofe that bear the marks of the greateft antiquity, which are taken up in the inland countries, have no fuch bodies adhering to them; which is a plain and an undeniable proof, that neither they, nor the places where they are now found, were ever covered by the fea. And here, by the way, we have an eafy and certain method of dif- covering what parts of the earth the fea might formerly have encroached upon, and covered for any length of time, and after have retreated there-from, and what not, viz. by obferving whether the rocks and flones, efpecially the artificial things, found at land, have any marine productions adhering to them or not ; if they have none, we may depend upon it, the Sea never reached thefe parts , if they have fome, efpecially if they are of the fame kind with the fhells and corals upon the neareft fea-ihore, we may conclude it has. But upon the ftricteft refearches I could make with regard to thefe particulars, I could never find that the Sea had receded above a few miles in length, or a few yards in depth, from its original and firft known boun- daries ; and that only in places where the land was low and flat, and thefe recefles or retreats chiefly ow- ing to banks thrown up, or canals cut, by the art and labour of man. All Hypothefes therefore to ac- count for thefe in-land rocks and pebbles (which fo apparently carry marks of having been moved, muf- fled, or worn round by water) upon fuppofition that the places where they are now found were formerly the bottom of the fea, muft fail, and recourfe can only be had, for the explication of thefe phenomena, to the one Universal Deluge in the time of Noah. III. FROM the confideration of things upon the fur- Face of the earth, let us now defcend into the inftde % and fee what proofs we can educe from thence of an UNIVERSAL FLOOD. AND here let us enter the fubterranean Kingdom by thofe eafy and convenient paffages, the natural Caves and Holes of the Earth : and in the firft place collect what evidence we can for the point in queflion from thefe Caves themfelves. ALL the natural Caverns that I have feen myfelf, or thofe that I have read defcripdons of, appear to me to be no other than what in the North of England are called Swallows, and in the PFeJl, Swallet-boks. Thefe Holes or Caves are generally nearly circular at top -, and from twenty tp two hundred yards or more in circumference. Many of them have a direct perpen- dicular defcent, like the Hollow of a Well, for the depth of feveral fathoms ; in others the defcent is fomevvhat winding and crooked ; and generally, at a greater or lefs diftance, there is a large fpacious Open- ing, into which enter leveral leifer Caves or Conduits ; fome gently declining from the top, others lying in nn horizontal line, and fome defcending perpendicu- larly downright to unfathomable depths. The En- trance or Mouth leading into many of thefe Caverns is at prefent horizontal and very fmall; and hence Na- turalifts have been greatly puzzled about the vaft Spaces within, and how it came to pafs that fuch fmall orifices mould lead to fuch fpacious Openings; whereas in fact the larger Cavities were made nrft, and the lefier that proceed from them after : and the true entrance into fuch Caverns is at top, upon the furface of the earth, and only covered with rubble and mould ; and indeed the large Spaces within, in mod of thefe Caverns, reach near to the furface and form part of the true and original entrance j fo that they aii may r be looked upon as Swallets, or in-Iand gulpbs that f wal- lowed down the waters of the deluge. HAVING thus far explained myfelf, I fhall now fhew in what various parts of the earth, and how dif- tant from each other, thefe Caverns are to be found. THE firft that I fhall mention, and the moft noted in England, is that called Elden-hcle, \nDerbyJhire. This is a direct perpendicular Chafm, of an oblong form, as far as the eye can difcern its depth ; the mouth of it is about twenty yards over one way, and eight the other. Mr. Cotton endeavoured to find the bottom* by plumbing it with a line eight hundred and eighty-four yards long, but could not reach it: and upon ex- amining the lower end of the line, he found that eighty yards of it had funk through Water. 5 Another gen- tleman let down a line nine hundred and thirty- three yards, without meeting with the bottom. 1 The Earl of Leicejler, in Queen Elizabeth's days, caufed a man to be let down with a bafket of Hones tied to his mid- dle, in order that by letting fome of them occafionally fall, he might judge of the depth of the Cave, and after he had remained at the length of a rope 6f two hundred ells for fome time, was pulled up, in expectation of fome great difcoveries : but when he came up, he was fenfelefs, and died of a phrenfy in eight days* When I was upon the fpot, I found, upon enquiry, that two men had lately ventured down this cavity, upon fuppofition, that fome cattle, that had been miffing, might have fallen into it : and when they had de- fcended to the depth of feventy yards, they found the carcafes of feveral oxen and meep ; but could get no further ; thefe carcafes, together with the frones that had been thrown in by the curious in endeavouring to s . See the Wonders of the PtaL~, p. 40. * Pbilof. T'ranf. N" 2. * HOBBES de Mirabilibus Petti. [ 234 3 diicover its depth, having probably covered and (lop- ped up the leading Cavity. They faid alfo, that af- ter they had been let down about half way, the cavern opens and widens into a fpacious vault, and that there appeared to be another great cavity, befides that of Elden-hole, leading to the fur face of the earth. And upon examination, I obferved, that, at about the dif- tance of two hundred yards from Elden-hole, there was a gradual, nearly circular, Sinking in the earth, near three hundred yards in circumference, and from its ut- tnoft fummit, about twenty yards deep : and this ap- peared to me to be undeniably the true mouth of this Swallow^ and that Elden-hole is no more than a lateral conduit leading into it. Three miles. Northward of Elden is another famous Cavity, called Peak-hole^ fituated almoft in the Village of Caftltton, and at the foot of a femi-circular, or rather femi-cylindrical Rock, (the hollow fide facing you as you enter) above i/voo hundred feet high, and the diameter of the cylinder jfoQutJixty feet ; at the bottom of this^jperpendicularly hollowed rock, this Cavern opens its mouth in form of an arch atleaft/tfr/y/a?/ high, andyfo/jy broad at the bottom j w the top part, and the fides of this arch, as alfo the whole femi-cylindrical rock above, are very fmooth, and apparently worn away by the gradual at- trition of fome fuch Agent as water ; and had not one fide of this tubular Hollow been broken down and carried away by the Agent that firft formed this per- pendicular Channel, it had refembled at the top and in the infide a common well, and at firft fight would, have been efteemed a Swattet-bole , and the not attend- ing to this particular, has caufed great perplexity in ac- counting for the origin of this Cave. From the w If the reader has not feen the place, he may have a juil idea of it from N- 8. of Mr. SMITH'S Prints of the profpefts iji th& Mountainous parts of Derlyfeire , &c. 1 235 ] mouth of this Hole to the diftance of one hundred yards the roof gradually declines, till you are obliged to bend and creep in order to proceed forward, and after you have crept a little way, you enter into a fpacious wide apartment-, which continues for about thirty yards^ when the rock almoft clofes again, and after you have palled (in a little boat) a river that runs through the Cave, the rock widens again into a (till greater Opening, till you come to a fecond ftream of water, where it again contracts itfelf , but as foon as you have paJGTed this Current, another fpaeious Open- ing prefents itfelf, which continues in fome places higher, in others wider, till the roof of the rock lies upon the very furface of a third Current of water, and puts an end to the traveller's journey ; but by agitating this water with our feet, we heard a rumbling undulat- ing noife in fome great cavern beyond. From the en- trance to the end of this Cave is about feven hundred yards. Where the larger Openings were, there v/ere feveral leflfer lateral Cavities or rather Conduits, and fome that defcended perpendicularly down from the top, a*nd the fides of all, both large and fmall, are worn ' as ijnooth and as round or rather tubular as a conflant paffage of water could poflibly wear them : and as this Agent would exert itfelf ftronger and make more room for itfelf where the greater number of ftreams met, hence it is that where the Conduits for the water appear to be larger and more numerous, there the Openings within are wider and more fpacious ; and where there appear to have been but one or two paf- fages for the water, and thofe fmall, there the Cavi- ties are proportion ably lefs. Not that I would fup- pofe that the water tore thefe pafiages through the fo- lid rock without any prior opening or fiilurc : no ; there were proper cracks and chafms made for its de- fccnt before, as I have me wed, p. 50, 184. But where thcfe cracks were larger than in other places, there the water would defcend in a fuller body and with greater impetuofity, and would work and wind its way through lefTer cracks to get into the greater Cavities, and by its frequent paffages through both forts of thefe Channels, would wear and tear away the rock to a great degree, and fo vaftly widen the original openings. And as thefe original Cracks would naturally be tf- regular, according to the grain or different conftitu- tion of the ftone or ftrata in which they were formed, fo thefe irregularities, when opened and widened by the pafTage of the water, would produce the rifings and fallings in this and fuch-like Caverns. I have been longer in defcribing and accounting for the ori- gin of this Cave, than I need be with refpecl to any other, for though there are fcarcely two that are ex- actly alike in every thing, yet there are none, that I have feen, but what agree in the chief and principal particulars. Thus, at about the diftance of eight miles South-Weft from Peak-hole there is another fimilar Cavity known by the name of Poolis-hole (not far from the village of Buxton] aboutyfo hundred yards in length. In this alfo there are feveral rifings and fallings, feveral lefTer and larger Openings, with col- lateral conduits, and the fides of the rock in all much worn, and in many places greatly torn, as appears from the large fragments that lie loofe at the bottom. The three above defcribed Caverns are indeed juftly efteemed the principal in this County, but there are many that are lefs, and equally demonftrative of the opinion I have advanced -, and there are {till a greater number that are, in a manner, undifcovered ; for though they cannot be entered and examined, yet thefe entrances or orifices are very vifible, and are cafily diftinguifnable from the mouths of the pits from whence they dig ore, for thefe latter have generally a [2371 li^.p of rubbifh thrown out all around them, and dc- fcend perpendicularly downright, whereas the ^wallet- holes have no fuch matter round them, but the rubbilh. lies in the bottom, and there is commonly a gradual inclination or feeming finking in of the earth that leads to them. It is not unuiual for miners in tracing veins of ore to open fome of thefe concealed Cavities, and when they do fo, they generally find as large Caverns within them as either of the above defcribed. This Country indeed abounds with thefe covered Swallows (as they are called) efpecially upon the moor-lands, and I have feen fome of the extenfive flats there fo perfo- rated with them, that the face of the earth refembled, (comparatively fpeaking) a Sieve. I have alfo feen ieveral fuch upon the Mountains in Wales^ efpecially upon thofe above Tenby in Pembroke/hire, and van: numbers of them upon Mendip-bills in Somerfetfoire* particularly in Charterhoufe-liberty and near Green-ore Farm; and Ookey-hole, which is about four miles dif- tant from the lafl mentioned place (of which and of fome other Caverns near it, there is a particular account in Pbilof. Tranf. N- 2) is evidently no other than a Sw&ttet itfelf-, as alfo are the Caves lately difcovered at Lockfton and Banwell^ about twelve miles to the North Weft of Ookey ; all thefe being in every material cir- cumftance exactly fimilar to thofe I have already de- fcribed. There are alfo a few of thefe Swallet-boles in and near St. Vincent's Rocks, about two miles dif- tant from Briftol; and Penpark-hole (of which the reader may fee a defcription, and a cut reprefenting the infide of it, in N 0> 143, of Philof. Tranf.) which is about four miles Northward from the aforefaid Rocks, is manifeflly no other. Of the fame kind is the Cavern mentioned by Sir Robert Atkyns, in bis ancient and present State of Gloucefterflrire, p. 230, to have been difcovered at Cold-AJhton^ ten miles to the Eaft of Pen- park (which upon enquiry, I found has been fmcc [238 ] ftopped up) ; the defcription of which is fo natural that it is worth reciting, ' As a perfon was plowing with oxen, one of the oxen faltered in a hole, which, * when the earth was removed from it, appeared like * to the Tun of a Chimney -, through which feveral * perfons have been let down ; where they found a c Cavity, in which one might walk above half a mile * one way, and it is not known how far the other : and as they walked with candles, they obferved fe- * veral fuch Tunnels afcending towards the furface of c the earth.' An ingenious gentleman, in giving, an account of his Journey over* Crcfs-fell Mountain in Cumberland (which is part of that immenfe ridge of mountains that reach from Derbyjhire to Scotland, and are called the Britijh Alps) writes thus : The Swal- * lows, thofe inconteftable remains of Noalfs Deluge, c begin here [on Roderic heights] to be very frequent. * Some of thefe are thirty or forty yards in diameter, 4 and near as much deep, perfectly circular, but con- 4 tain no water at any feafon, the ground having gra- * dually fallen in at the finking of the waters ; but c where they happened amid rocks, the holes 'are left c open to incredible depths.' The lame Author fays, * That on the top of the fame \Roderic} heights, is a ' pretty large Lake, called Greencaftle-lecb^ which re- * ceives no vifible feeder, but emits a fmall ftream c Northward to the faid burn;'* and this in all proba- bility is no other than the mouth of a large Swallet. Another gentleman gives the following defcription of Ingleborough Mountain in the Weft-riding of Tork- Jbire ; Y which as it contains not only an account of * Gent. Mag. for Auguft, 1747. i Gent. Mag. for March, 1761. This Mountain is reckoned to be one of the higheft in England, according to an old faying in the North, P enHle -bill, Petti gent and Inglelorough Are the higheft Hills all England thorough. 1 239 ] Swallet-holes, but alfo fome other particulars relative to the fubject I have been treating of, I mall infert it at large. ' This mountain is fingularly eminent, whether c you regard its height, or the immenfe bafe upon ' which it ftands. It is near twenty miles in circumfe- ' rence. In this mountain rife confiderable ftreams, e which at length fall into the Irtfb Sea. The land c round the bottom is fine fruitful pafture, interfperfed e with many acres of lime-done rocks. As you afcend * the mountain, the land is more barren, and under the ' furface is peat-mofs, in many places two or three yards c deep, which the country people cut up, and dry for ' burning, inftead of coal. As the mountain rifes, it * becomes more rugged and perpendicular, and is at ' length fo fteep that it cannot be afcended without * great difficulty, and in fome places not at all. In * many parts there are fine quarries of flate, which the 6 neighbouring inhabitants ufe to cover their houles ; * there are alfo many loofe ftones, but no lime-Hones^ 4 yet, near the bafe, no ftones but lime-Hones are to * be found. The loofe flones near the fummit the * people call greet-ftone. The foot of the mountain * abounds with fine fprings on every fide, and on the * weft- fide there is a very remarkable fpring near the * fummit. The top is very level, but fo dry and bar- * ren that it affords little grafs, the rock being but * barely covered with earthi It is faid to be about a 4 mile in circumference. There are likewife difcover- * able a great many other mountains in fPeftmoreland * and Cumberland^ as alfo the town of Lancafter, from * which it is diftant about twenty miles. The weft and * north fides are moft fteep and rocky ; there is one * part to the fouth, where you may afcend on horfe- * back i but whether the work of nature, or of art, I * cannot fay. A part of the faid mountain juts out to 6 the north-eaft near a mile, but fomewhat below the [ 240 ] e fummit ; this part is called Park-fell -, another part ' juts out in the fame manner, near a mile, towards * the eaft, and is called Simon-fell , there is likewife 4 another part towards the fouth, called Little Ingh- * borough ; the fummits of all which are much lower 6 than the top of the mountain itfelf. Near the bafe, * there are holes or chafms, called Swllows, fuppofed e to be the remains of Noah*s deluge ; they are among * the lime-ftone rocks, and are open to an incredible * depth. The fprings towards the eaft all come to- * gethcr, and fall' in*j one of thefe fwallows, or holes, * called Allan Pctf-, and after pafiing under the earth * about a mile, they burft out again, and flow into * the river Kibble, whofe head, or fpring, is but a 4 little further up the valley. The depth of this fwal- * low, or hole, could never be afcertained ; it is * about twenty poles in circumference, not perfectly * circular, but rather oval. In wet foggy weather, ' it fends out a fmoak, or mifl, which may be feen a * confiderable diftance. Not far from this hole, c nearly north, is another hole, which may be eafily ' defcended. In fome places the roof is four or Jive * yards high, and its width is the fame ; in other f places not above a yard ; and was it not for the run * of water, it is not to be known how far you might c walk, by the help of a candle, or other light. c There is likewife another hole, orchafm, a little weft e from the other two, which cannot be defcended with- c out difficulty : you are no fooner entered than you c have a fubterraneous paflage, fometimes wide and * fpacious, fometimes fo narrow you are obliged to * make ufe of both hands, as well as feet, to crawl a c confiderable way ; and as I was informed, fome per- e fons have gone feveral hundred yards, and might * have gone much further, durfl they have ventured. 6 There are a great many more holes, or caverns, well [ 24' ] c worth the notice of a traveller : fomedry, fomehav- * ing a continual run of water; fuch as Elackfide Cove, 4 Sir William 9 s Co-ve, Atkinfoiis Chamber^ &c. all vvhofe curiofities are more than I can defcribe. There is 4 likewife, partly fouth-eaft, a fmall rivulet, which 4 falls into a place considerably deep, called Long-Kin-, 4 there is likewife another fwallow, or hole, called * Johnforfs Jacket-hole^ a place refembling a funnel in * ihape, but vaftly deep ; a ftone being thrown into it, makes a rumbling noife, and may be heard a ' confiderable time-, there is alfo another, called Ga- 4 psr-Gill, into which a good many fprings fall in one 4 ftream, and after a fubterraneous pafTage of upwards 'of a mile, break out again, and wind through, Clap- 4 ham\ then, after a winding courfe of feveral miles, 4 this ftream joins the river Lon, or Lune; and, pafs- * ing by the town of Lam -after , it falls into the Irijh ' Sea: there are likewife, both on the weft and north fides, a great many fprings, which all fall into fuch ' cavities, and burfting out again, towards the bafe of 4 the faid mountain, tall likewife into the Irijh Sea, 4 by the town of Lane after ; and what feemed very re- 4 markable to me, there was not one rivulet running 4 from the bafe of the mountain, that had not a confi- 4 derable fubterraneous paffage. All the fprings arofe 4 towards the lummit, " amongft the greet-ftoms and ' funk or fell into fome hole, as foon as they descended 4 to the lime-ftone rocks ; where pafling under ground 4 for fome way, they burft out again towards the bafe. 4 There is likewife, to the weft and north, a great * many fwallows or holes, fome vaftly deep and 4 frightful, others more fhallow, all aftoniming, with * a long range of the moft beautiful rocks that ever '-_ adorned a profpecr., rifing in a manner perpendicular ' UD to an immenfe height.' R BEFORE I proceed to ihew, that thefe Swallet-bolss are to be found in other parts of the world than Eng- land^ it may be proper to fubjoin fome other particu- lars (which could not well be reduced under the fore- going heads, without breaking the narrative too much) which will ferve further to prove, that thefe Cavities were formed by the pafTage of water. i. THEKT it is common to obferve in Caverns of this kind where the Rock contains any extraneous foffils, fuch as '(hells, corals, bones, &c. that thefe extra- neous fubftances are all worn fmooth and fhaped to the form of the rock. Now it is certain that thefe bodies have naturally a determinate figure, each dif- ferent from the other, and all diverfe from what we can fuppofe the infide of a rock to be ; and when we fee, that parts only of thefe bodies remain in the rock, here an half, there a quarter, and in an.pther place a third part,' and thefe remaining portions, not of their natural figures, but fliaped and curved according to the concavity of the rock, it is manifeft that fome external force hath carried av/ay the deficient parts ; and when we confider the regular fmoothnefs of the rock, and the gradual wear or attrition that thefe bodies have apparently undergone, we can attribute this work to no other agent than Water ; and though in thefe caverns there are generally drainings and droppings of this fluid, yet die motion of it in this cafe is fo (low and the quantity fo fmall, that the above-mentioned effects can never be afcribed to it ; nay, I haveobferved the above-mentioned phcenomena in covered Swatiets., and even near the mouths of them, when the mouths themfejves had been covered, for the depth of feveral feet with rubble, and yet none of the rubble in the infide of the SwaHst-boles, fo that the wear and tear of thefe extraneous bodies could never have 1 243 ] been owing to the fluggifh motion of the draining? of water fro.n the furface of the earth. And befides, thefe bodies themfelves exhibit full proof, that the water pafled through the concavities in which they are, with vaft violence and impetuofity ; for, it is common to obferve in the natural and unworn fifiures of the eirth (where the rock happens to contain extraneous bodies) part of a fliell or of a branch of Coral flicking in the rock on one fide of a fiffure, and the other part of the fame Shell or Coral on the oppofite fide, fo that it is plain that no force has been here ufed befides that which made the original crack: but on the contrary in Swalkt -holes I have often feen part of a large fhell or the ftem of a fpreading branch of Coral on one fide of the Cavity and no appearance of any fimilar fubftance on the other-, fo that it is undeniable, that the original fiflure has been torn, widened, and the rock carried away, the whole face of the Cavity pointing out, that Water was the Agent, which theulore mult have parted through with great force and violence. Ano- ther proof that thefe Caverns were formed by water, or, that rapid currents of that fluid has pafled through them, may be drawn from the multitude of in-land pebbles that are to be found in molt of them. That thefe pebbles obtained their fhape by being agitated in water, and that wherever they arc now naturally found, water has been, I have already fhewed at large (p. 193) and that this water pafTed through the Caverns in a full body, and brought down with it vafl quantities of thefe pebbles, is evident from hence, that they are not only to be found at the bottoms or in the lower parts of thefe Caves, but even high up in the nitches and covered cavities in the fides, and many of thefe pebbles confift of a different kind of Hone from that of the rock of the cavern, fo that they mtift have came from far, and the flreams that brought them been ra- - R 2 [ 2 44 3 pjd and ftrong. Another material circumftance evincing that thefe Swallows were made by water, is, that where great numbers of them occur together^ reaching over perhaps an extent of land ot fome miles in circumference, there the land is nearly level and fiat, without any of the Pivifions or breaks in the earth caufed by Combs and Dales , and the reafon is plain, for the water that would otherwife have torn the ground into gills a.nd dales, patted off through thefe S wallet holes, and fo tore inward and fubter- ranean Cavities, inftead of outward and fuperficiai Hollows. This, J fay, is the cafe where va.ft nym- bers of thefe holes happen to be near each other, but where there are few, not more than three or four, and thofe very large, and fo clofe together as to make but one, and no Swallows near them for the fpace of feve- ral miles, there I ha.ve obferved two or three fmall Combs, running in different, almoft opposite direction, and meeting in the mouth of the Swallet as in a cen- ter. - And -the reafpn of this is equally clear for the point in. queftiqn.- For there being here a natural drain for the waters, and that a very large one, and no other fimilar cavity near it, npp only the waters that were immediately, over this hole, but even thofe that were at a diftance, would rufh towards it and in their accefs wear and tear the ground into gulleys and combs, and Jeave the prefent ftanding marks of its courfe and agency. ' And wherever we fe.e three or four Combs terminating, from oppofite fides, in a point, and a deep finking in the earth in the center, we may depend upon it there was a Swallet-hole , and this I have frequently obferved to have been the cafe in a low .wet marlhy bottom, or where there has been a fmall lake or natural pond. And from the defcrip- tion that I have already given of Lakes (p. 143, &c.) jive, may conclude that moft, if not all of them, were f 245 ] briginally Swaff ft -boles, and alfo that the Cavities of the Wb'irlpools, Under -currents, and Gulphs, treated of (p. 136, Src.) were the fame, and therefore that thefe holes are to be found all over the face of the earth, and of courfe the water that palled through them muft have been equally extenfive. BUT befides what I have already faid, to mew the extenfivenefs of thefe effecls, I may alfo add fome other accounts from different countries. Mr. Smith in his ancient and prefent ftate of the County of Kerry in Ireland (p. 122) fpeaks ' of a large and deep Hole, 4 filled with water, called the D'fuiFs punch-bowl, on 4 the Weft- fide of the mountains called the Reeks-* which certainly can be no other than a Swallow ; anct the cave mentioned (p. 167) are of the fame fort, ' All 4 the lands about Killeehe are good lime-fidne grounds, 4 having, in fome places, confiderable Caverns , a thingj ' not uncommon in fuch kinds of Soil :" which lad obfervation is fo true that I fcarce ever faw alime-ftone country but what abounded with Swallet-holes. In France, at a place called Roufgnac, about foe Leagues from P'erigueux, is a famous Cavern called Grandville's Hole, whkh has feveral deep cavities , collateral conduit s^ and circular holes in the vaulted roof, rifinglike regular cupolas, fimflar to thofe in Ookey and in the Peak- holes* Bifhop Pdntoppidan, in his hiftory of Norway (p. 47) defcribes a rock or mountain, ' that has an * aperture in it paflable throughout, one hundred and ' fifty dti m height, and three hundred in length ,' and (p. 49, 50) he mentions other Caves, * in fome of 4 which he obferved fmooth beds of little ftones or a 4 gravelly bottom.' Dr. Behrens in his natural Hiftory of Hartz-foreft, in Germany, gives a full and particular - Gent. Ma?, for 1748, p. 581, tranflated from the French* 1 3 [ 246 ] account of a great number of Caverns that are to be found there ; and from the defcription it appears, that there is fuch a fimilarity between them and thof - found in England, that no doubt can be made that they w-re all owing to the fame origin, or formed by the fame means. In thePbilof. Tranf. (N 0< 109, and N ot 191) there is a long account of a little Sea or rather a large Lake, called the Zircbnitzer-Sea in Carniola, in the South-Eaft part of Germany ; the water of which re- tires under-ground through feveral great holes at the bottom of it, once every year, and then thefe holes are vifible, ' which are in the fhape of bafons or caul- ' drons, the breadth of them being from twenty to fixty * cubits more or lefs ; and the depth from eight to * twenty cubits ; and in the bottom of them are feverai ' leffer holes.' ' And befides thefe there are alfo di- ' verfe Caverns and deep places in this Country, even ' where there is no water , particularly in the moun- ' tain called Javorrick, near this lake, there are two ' Holes or exceeding deep precipices, in which many ' thoufand wild pigeons rooft all the winter; and on * the top of this Hill is a Hole of an unknown depth, ' out of which there often proceed noxious fleams : ' and on another mountain are two great and terrible c ftony caves, which though far diftant from each ' other, have yet the lame effect, viz. when it thun- c cters and lightens, do emit water with an incredible * force. Near this Lake is the natural Grotto Podpetf- ' cbio, with feveral channels in it, running di verfe * ways, and all the channels are formed in a very hard ' rock, and are fmooth or poliflied as if cut by men's * hands.' And the Author mews from feveral phoe- nomena, that the Country is cavernous for feveral miles in extent, and though water pafies through fome of thefe caverns at prefent, yet it does not through all, f 247 ] though all have marks of its force. 'the farribuS Grotto, in one of the Iflands of the Archipelago , called Anti-paros, which is reputed to be nine hundred yards deep, and has fl-veral collateral Cavities and profound Abyfies in it, is certainly a great Swallet, as is abun- dantly evident from the defcription, given at large of it, by Monf. Tourmfort in his Voyage into the Levant $ Vol. I. p. 146, &c. Scbeucbzer in his Itinera Al-pina^ Vol. I. p. 281, fpeaking of a Lake upon one of the mountains of the Alps, writes thus, ' Circa bfinc La- ' cum, &c. You may fee, on every fide, around this e Lake* certain winding traces or furrows worn in the 6 hard rock, which perhaps were owing to the waters ' of the deluge.' Kircher in his Mundus fiilterraneu? gives particular accounts of federal Caverns (too long to be inferred here) and mews from a- variety of Authors, that fuch like Cavities are to be found in all parts of the world, both in Europe, . Afia, Africa, and America; and as no doubt is to be made that iimilar effects were owing to fimilar caufes^ fo we may fafely conclude^ that the Caverns in other parts of the earth were formed by the fame means and are of the fame kind with thofe in England-, and a$ I have already mewed, that thofe in England were owing tOj or at leaft have been torn and widened by, the paffage of ftrong currents of water } fo we muft determine of the reft ; and of courfe that the water was as extenfive as its forcej i. c. extended all over the earth, and therefore that there has been an Unherfal Deluge. I SHALL now fubjoin a corollary, or an obfervation or two, to what has been above difcufled, by way of general proof of fome of the particulars already advanced. Lib. ll; Cap. XX* R C 248 ] 1. As the regular defcent of Combs, Dales, and Vallies, and the final union of all thefe in one large furrow, even under the Sea, (hewed, that -the water that excavated thefe hollows, defcended into fome great cavity in the infide of the earth, even beyond the bed of the Ocean, and there formed an Abyfs* fo the collateral Conduits of the Swallet- holes, lead- ing down into one great unfathomable Cavity in the bowels of the earth, prove, that the Water that formed them, defcended likewife even through the fhell of the earth, and there conftituted a part of the above-mentioned fubterranean 'Refervoir. 2. IT is not uncommon to find Swallets that have fmail rivers running into them, and which have no known exit; and when miners are digging very deep in the earth, they fometimes break fideways into a Swallet-hole, and when they do fo, they advan- tageoufly turn all the water of the mine into it, and moreover throw in all the rubbifh they dig out, and yet can difcover no bottom. And it thofe Lake's men- tioned p. 143, which receive one or more large rivers into them, are alfo Swallets (as I have above-fhewed they in all probability are) then this alfo is a proof that there is a fubterranean refervoir of water. And left any one mould imagine from this particular, that therefore Swallets in general might have been formed, by river-water, let it be remembered that they are com- monly found upon the tops of the bigbeft Mountains efpecially fuch as have extenfive flats y where neither river nor rain-water could have any force to tear fuch Cavities, and therefore they could not owe their origin to fuch a Caufe. In thofe places indeed where thefe holes lie at the bottoms of mountains, fuch ri- b See Page 186, &c. 2 49 vers as take their rife near the tops, would naturally flow into them ; and where the Swallet-holes are fu- $erfitial, or even run for a confiderable way under the Earth, but not deep into it, would flow out again ; in the fame manner as the rivers run down the bottoms of Combs and Dales, or any natural declivity or hollow; but as thefe latter were not formed by river-water, fo neither were the former. 3. As Swallet-holes are extended all over the earth, and the water that formed them defcended down- wards from every fide towards the center and paffed through the fhell of the earth, it would naturally re- pofit at the center all the matter that it tore out in ex- cavating thefe Hollows, which would there conftitute a nucleus or inner-globe. 4. AFTER the drifted fearch and examination I could make, either from books or obfervation, 1 could never learn that there had ever been any natural fea- fhell, coral, or coralline difcovercd in any of the ca- verns at land in the manner they are frequently found in the caves and cavities in the rocks on the fea-fhore, the fides of which are ufually lined, and the fmalier cracks and crevices filled, with them; but no fuch being to be difcovered in the Caverns and Swallet- holes at land, we may fafely conclude, that the parts of the earth where thefe in- land Cavities are, were never the bottom of the Sea or for any confiderable time covered with the Ocean, and therefore that the hypothecs, (lately renewed and refitted by fome French philolbphers, and favoured by feveral Eng- lilh) is falfe, which attributes the manif eft appearances of this Globe's having been covered by water, to the primeval inundation of the Sea, by which it is fup- pofed that at the fird fettiement of things, the water would naturally cover the whole furface of the globe, [ ijo] and conflitute a Sea over every part ; but after a long time (by fome means or other) it receded and permit- ted the Sea to retire into the lower and hollow parts of the earth'; and to this original inundation or difpofi- tion of things are to be attributed all the marks of an inundation on tke furface and in the infide of the earth ; but had this been the cafe, thefe in : land Caves would have been filled with the fpoils of the Ocean, and we fhould fee Shells, Corals and Corallines, in their na- tural ftate, flicking on to the fides and filling the cre- vices of the rocks ; xvhereas all the fHells and corals that ever I difcovered in thefe caverns were in an ex- traneous ftate, either filled with (lone or immerfed in the folid body of the rock, which could never have been their natural ftate; and therefore they could never have been placed in this manner according to the common laws of nature. 5. AND from the fame arguing and circumfta'nces of things we may have undeniable marks how far the Sea, in any place for any confiderable time, has covered the land ; for if in the holes and caves of the earth, in any fuch fuppofed place* there be found iriells and corals in their natural ftate, efpecially if they be of the kinds with thofe ufually growing in the neareft adjoining Sea, we may then juftly fuppofe$ that the Sea has covered thefe parts ; but if no fuch fhells or corals be difcovered in thefe caverns* then we may depend upon it> that the Sea has never reach- ed thefe parts, or covered them in the manner it novr covers and overflows its ufual and well known bed$ or the Sea-fhore, 1 251 ] IV. ANOTHER general and comprehenfive Proof of an UNIVERSAL DELUGE may be drawn from the nume- rous and various fpoils of fea and land animals and ve- getables that are now found in every part of the earth. * HERE then [to make ufe of the words of a learned ' and ingenious Author 6 ] we appeal once more to Na- 4 ture , and find that, in faft, there are, at this day, * as evident, as demonftrative, as incontestable proofs * of the deluge, over the face of the whole Earth, at 4 the diftance of about four thoafand years, as if it had ' happen'd but laft year. And whereas Mofes allures ' us, that the waters prevailed fifteen cubits above the 4 tops of the higheft mountains, let the mountains them- 4 felves be appealed to for the truth of this affertion : * examine the highefl eminences of the earth, and they 4 all, with one accord, produce the fpoils of the ocean 4 depofited upon them on that occafion ; the fhells and ' fkeletons of fea-fifh, and fea-monfters of all kinds. * The Alps* the Apennine, the Pyrenees, Libanus, and ' Atlas, and Ararat, every mountain of every region 4 under heaven, (where fearch hath been made) from ' Japan to Mexico, all confpire in one uniform, one * univerfal proof, that they all had the fea fpread over 4 thieir higheft fummits. Search the" earth ; you {hall 4 find the moufe-deer, natives of America, buried in 4 Ireland-, elephants, natives of Afia and Africa, bu- 4 ried in the midfl of England; crocodiles, natives of 4 the Nile, in the heart of Germany, mell-fim, never 4 known but in the American leas, together with entire ' fkeletons of whales, in the moft in-land regions of c Revelation examined with Candour, Vol. I, p. 192; and for the truth of the fubfequent particulars, and many more equally furprifing, the reader may confult Dr. Wood-Mard'*, Dr. Scfouckzcr's or Darggm'tlle's Writings, or indeed any other emi- nent Author on the Subjeft. 4 England ; trees of vaft dimenfions, with their roots * and tops, and fome alfo with leaves and fruit, at 4 the bottoms of mines and marks ; and that too, ih 4 regions where no tree of that kind was ever known to 4 grow ; nay, where it is demoriftrably impoffible they * could grow.' THIS has beeri thought by feveral to be the chief, and indeed the only argument, that could be brought in proof of an Univerfal Flood, and hence it has been oppofed by every objection; that the infidel could think of. About a century or two ago it was urged, that thefe foffil Animals and Vegetables were not really what they appear to be, but Only Mock-forms, or reprefentations of fuch things, caufed by a lufus nature or an accidental Sporting of Nature under- ground. But fince this affair has been more accu- rately inquired into, and collections of fea and land Productions been made from every part of the globe, and compared with the foffils of the fame kind, fuch a nice refemblance and exact agreement has been found between them, * The foffil ones being ofthe fame fiz6 4 that the others are of, and of the fame fhape pre- 4 cifely ; ofthe fame fubftance and texture; as confift- 4 ing ofthe fame peculiar Matter, and this conftituted ' and difpofed in the fame manner, as that of their ref- 4 pective fellow-kinds at Sea: the tendency of the 4 fibres and Stride the fame : the compofition of the 4 Lamella, conftituted by thefe fibres, alike in both : 4 the fame Veftigia of Tendons (by means whereof the 4 Animal is faften'd and join'd to the fhell) in each : 4 the fame Papilla : the fame Sutures, and every thing 4 elfe, whether within or without the fhell, in its ca 4 vity or upon its convexity, in the fubftance, or upon 4 the furface of it: anfwering all Chymical tryals in 4 like manner as fea-lhells do; their parts when dif- 4 foiv'd have the fame appearance to view, the fame * imell and tafte , they have the fame vires and effedli 4 in medicine, when inwardly adminifter'd, to animal * bodies , Aqua-fort is, Oil of Vitriol, and other like * Menjlrua, have the very fame effecls upon both.'* Such an exaCl agreement as this, I fay, being found between thefoflli and natural bodies of the animal and vegetable kind, it is now univerfally allowed that the foflil are, what they appear to be, the Remains of de- ftroyed Animals and peri/hed Vegetables. AND at prefent a prevailing opinion is, that though thefe bodies are what they appear to be, yet thofe, that feem to have belonged to the fea, were never of ma- rine production, nor the vegetables, the growth of the earth, but both forts were produced and formed in the places where they are now found, the femina qf thefe things having been placed in and difperfed throughout the whole globe of the earth at the time of its Creation, when all things were confufedly mixt together: and ftnce that time thefe femina have occa- fionally (hot out, grown and increafed by fome plaftic virtue or power. BUT till this plaftic virtue or power be further fhewn, and proved to exift, it will be looked on by all fenfible perfons to be no other than the lufus nature, or an occult Quality of the Ancients. And with regard to the Semina of thefe bodies being placed in the earth at the time of the Creation, v/hen the whole earth was in a diffoived chaotic ftate, it muft be re- membered (if we follow the Mofaic account, which I have already mewed is the only true, p. 78, &c.) that the femina of thefe things were not made till after the earth was confolidated and dry land had appeared (Gen. i. 12, 20, &c.) fo that they could never have funk through the earth at that time : and if it be fuppofed that fome of them funk through after, it muft have * WOODWARD'^ Nat, His. p. 23, [ 254 .1 been through the cracks and crevices, not the folicj body, of the earth ; but unfortunately for this opinion there are fcarce ever any of thefe bodies, even in a foffii flate (never any in a natural) to be found in the cracks and crevices, but commonly all fixed in the iblid ftrataj and as that part of the flrata which immediately furrounds thefe animal and vegetable bodies, has the exprefs image of the outfides of thefe bodies delineated upon it to the niceft exactnefs, it is certain that the Rock, Stone, Clay, &c. that con- tains thefe bodies, was formed and hardened after thenH as certain as that the impreffion of a Seal upon Sealing-wax was pofterior to the feal ; and both formed after a different manner, at different times, and in different places. Befides, as Fabius Columna argues, Natura nihil facit fruftra^ Nature makes nothing in vain ; but thefe teeth, bones, mells, &c. were they thus formed in the earth, would be in vain ; for they could not have been of any life as teeth, neither could the bones have been of ufein fupporting of any animal. Nature never made teeth without a jaw, nor mells without an animal inhabitant, nor fingle bones, much lefs pieces of bones, teeth, &c. no not in their own proper element, much lefs in a flrange one.* Therefore the places where thefe bodies are now found, couid never have been their original. And in order to fhew that the fcffil mells, bone?, teeth, &c. that fo exactly refemble the marine ones of the fame fpecies, were really the product of the fea, and not formed in the places where they are now found, I fhall make life of a few arguments as they are judicioufly drawn up by Dr. Woc&ixard in his Nat. Hi ft. of the Eartb illujlrated, p.- 151. " Firft, the (foffii) fliells, which are digged up in places, and found lodg'd in matter, fit to preferve them, and which therefore are firm, found, and have lefs felt the injuries of time, yield ftill a true marine fait fuch as recent fhells taken [S5l out of the fea, or cafl on t}ie mores, are wont to yield. 2 a:/. j nere are a if found in the earth the teeth of fifties ground down, and worn away, in the very fame manner as the teeth of thofe kinds of fifhes, taken at fea, ufually are, by chewing their food. 3 dly - The fhell-fifh called the Purpura^ has a tongue of a con- fiderable length, terminating in a hard boney fharp point, with which, as with an augre, he bores holes through the fhells pf other mell-fiih, and feeds on the Jubilance of them drawn forth through thofe holes. Now there are commonly found in the earth, among others, fhells bored thorow in the manner above de- fcribed, whence it is certain that thofe fhells had once living fifhes in them, and that thofe fifnes formerly lived in fome place, where allb there were Purpur<e to feed on them : and that place could be no other than the fea. 4 thl> ' It is common to dig up the fhells of Oyflers, Concha, Peftims, and other Bivalves, which retain plain marks of tendons, and other figns which undoubtedly fhew that they had once living creatures in them. 5 th ly< Laftly, The Echinit*, Conchit<e y Chocb- Iif<e, and other bodies of that kind, confiiling of flone, flint, fpar, and other mineral matters, which every* way match the fize, and exhibit the perfect refem- blance of the interior part of thofe fhells, from which they have deriv'd their names, could never have been fo formed, moulded and fliaped, had not thofe fhells been quite empty. But there are other bodies alib, of which I have famples by me, formed likewife of flone, flint, and fpar, which reprefent only pieces, or fome particular parts of the Ecbimt<e, Conchit<e, and: Cochlit. Thefe, any one, at firfl fight, may plainly difcern were formed in the fhells, while they had yet their fifhes actually in them : and therefore could receive only fo much of the Honey, flinty or fparry matter, as would fill up the parts which were empty or vacant, and not pofleflcd or taken up by the fifh. Thence it is, that thofe ftoney, flinty and fparry bodies bear only the refemblance of that vacancy, as having been moulded in it. Now thefe bodies plainly mew thofe fhells to have had fimes for- merly in them : and at the fame time point forth to us the true origin of them, viz. that they were not pro- duced in the places where they are now found, but were at fome time brought all from the fea." OTHERS indeed allow that the fo fill animal and vege- table bodies are really what they appear to be, and that the marine ones were produced and bred at Sea , but then they fuppofe that they were brought to land by "partial deluges, or occafional inundations of the fea. But certain it is, there are no records in hiftory of any fuch inundations that can by any means be applicable, either with refpeCl to their Antiquity or Extent, to the phoenomena of this kind obfervable throughout the whole body of the Earth. The Py- ramids of Egypt are reckoned to be fome of the moft ancient ftrutures in the known World, and fituated alfo in a Country that is frequently overfiooded by the Sea, and yet the Stones, of which thefe Pyramids confift, abound with foffil marine Jhells and corals ; (as I have feen in feveral famples of thefe ftones, and have fome fpecimens by me, given me by Dr. Sbaiv] and thefe fhells and corals are of the fame kind with thofe that are now found in the regular ftrata of the earth in the neighbourhood ot theie buildings. So that it is evident that thefe marine bodies were brought to land before the time of erecting thefe Pyramids. Again, Steno (who was an Italian, and wrote about a Century ago; in his Prodromus to a DirTertation De Solido, intra Solidum naturaliter content '0, i.e. Concerning Solids See SHAW'S Travel's, p. 416. naturally contained within Solids (p. 87) fays, That in the foundation-ftones and walls of the City of Vdaterra, (the ancient Seat of the Etrurians') there are various forts of/Wfrj and the fhells are of the fame fpecies with thofe that are found in the ftone and natural beds of the Hill on which the City formerly ftood. Now it is certain that Vdaterra was a place of great note and power, long before the foundation of Rome, It is now fomewhat more than two thoitf and five hundred years fince Rome was firft founded. And certainly feveral centuries muft have pafied from the time that the Etrurians firft fettled there* till their City had gained the character and fize it Had, when. Rome was firft began to be built. Now if we allow but jive of fix hundred years for the completion of this, it will then follow, that thefe fhells have remained there for at lead three tboufatid years. And when we confider that this will advance the proof of their etfiftence to within one thoufand years of the very time when the Deluge of Noah happened, furely norie will be at a - fland to attribute the time of their tranfpo'rtatibn to this Caufe, which in every refpect was anfwerable thereunto, and prior to all accounts of partial Floods. But when we take in the additional circumfta'nce of the exten/ivenefs of the Effetts of that Deluge in which thefe things happened, the matter will foon appear inconteftably clear. Let any one read the argument in proof of an Unive rfal Deluge as dated and dcfcribed p. 251, and he can never, with the leaft mew of rea- fon, attribute the EffeRs there related to -partial Floods. Befides ^ I have already laid down fuch marks as will demonftrably mew, how far the Sea in any place has occafionally covered the landj and that the effects of an Universal Flood are vifible where partial inunda- tions never reached (p. 230,; and alfo have fhewed, that the marine bodies that are difcovered at land are S [ 253 j found in fucb places, viz. in the folid fuljlame of the ftrata, where partial floods or any mere inundation of the Sea, how extenfive foever, could never have placed them, and that thefe bodies are fcarceever found in thofe par ts^ viz. in the cracks andjiffures of the earth, where fuch floods would moft naturally have thrown them (p. 254)-, which is an unanswerable argument againft this hypothecs : and other particulars, to (hew the weaknefs of this Suppofition, will occafionally oc- cur in the procefs of this treatife. BUT betore I fmifh this head, it may be proper to take notice of Monf. Le Cat's argument, againft the opinion of the fcfiil animal and vegetable bodies be- ing placed in the earth at the time of that Deluge which is recorded in Scripture : ' The waters of the 'Deluge, faith he, according to the aiTertion of Scrip- * ture itfelf, exceeded the higheft mountains by fifteen ' cubits-, whence it muft follow, that thefe mountains ' were before the Deluge. Now in the bowels of thefe 4 mountains are found animals inclofed in the (tones ' and quarries of which they confift. Therefore thofe ' animals, inclofed in the bafes of thefe mountains, ' muft have exifted, together with thofe mountains * before the Deluge. The Deluge then is a Revolu- 1 tion which does not account for thefe phcenomena.' But Monf. Le Cat feems not to have confidered, or not to have known, that the mountains that were be- fore the flood and thole that were after, were not one and the fame, but formed at two different times, and with refpect to the point in queftion, vaftly different. The mountains that were before the flood were formed by the retrtat of thofe waters that frft covered the fur- face of the earth, and permitted dry land to appear^ on the third day after the Creation, and before any animal or vegetable body was made j and therefore no fuch could poffibly have been found in thofe mountains. The mountains that were formed after, or at the end of the Flood, had their origin at a time when the earth was replete with animal and vegetable bodies j and as all the folid ftructure of the earth had juft be- fore been totally diffolved (and fo all the ante-dilu- vian mountains wholly deftroyed) but thefe animaj and vegetable bodies preferved entire, it could not but be that in the fettlerr.cn t of this diflblved earth thefe bodies would be found involved therein* and buried at the loweft depths ; which could not have been the cafe with regard to the mountains before the flood* for the reafons above-given : and therefore Mohf. Le. Gz/'s argument which hie is pleafed to fay is founded upon a ' Reafon which admits of no reply/ is, in fhort, founded upon a falfe matter of f aft, and fo de- ft roys itfelf. THUS I have mewed, by feveral general and exten- five arguments, the certainty of an Univerfal Flood* or that this earth has been covered to an immenfe heighc by an inundation of water, and moreover have prov- ed, that this water was brought from the Abyfs be- neath) and have Ihewed that in feveral other refpects the effects of the Flood, fo obfervable on and in every part of the earth, are exactly confonant to, and can- not with propriety be attributed to any fuppofed Event of this kind, other than that Deluge which happened in the time of Noah, and is defcribed by Mcfes in hi$ writings. And IN the pirocefs of thefe arguments the reader can- not but have obferved that I have been very careful and induftrious in collecting a variety of testimonies (befides my own) from different Authors, who lived at different times and in different places, in order to confirm and eftablifh the chief particulars upon which each argument depends j fo that it appears, that there S 2 [ 260 ) is fcarre a region under heaven but what bears tefti- mony co the UNIVERSALITY of the flood: buc left the reader fhould fufpect thefe evidences, or rather, would be fatisfied in this cafe by nothing lefs than ocular dsniortftratiori) I would defire him to afcend the neareft high mountain to the place where he lives, and carefully examine the upper parts of it, and in all pro- bability he will foon find fome marine extraneous fo- flil, either a fhell, tooth, bone, coral, coralline, or elfe fome in-land pebbles, trains of ftone, &c. or at leaft perceive fome one or other of the marks already given, whereby he will foon be fatisfied that this mountain has been covered to a confiderable height by an inundation of water : and if this Mountain was thus covered, certainly the Combs, Dales, and Val- lies benea:h, (which were formed by Currents of wa- ter from this mountain; were equally inundated: or rather, fince the parts of water have no tie or con- nection with each other,, but naturally fall away or are carried to the loweft places firft, it could not but be that every Comb, Dale and Valley, nay Hill and Mountain over the whole furface of the earth, that was of equal height with this, muft have been equally covered. So that, in fhort, any perfon, at this day, by giving himfelf only the trouble of vifiting the neareft high mountain may have full proof that that moun- tain was covered, nay, formed by water-, and if any one mountain upon the earth was thus covered and formed, he will readily conclude that they all have been fo-, and hereby have, Iromany fingle Mountain, undeniable teftimony that all the high hills and moun- tains under the izhok heaven have been covered by an in- of water. [ 2 6r J THIRDLY, I AM now come to the third Divifion of this Section, wherein I am to fhew, that, during the above-mentioned Flood, the Earth, was not only covered by water, but totally diffohed, all the mineral and metallic matter being reduced to its original cor' pufctes ; and ajjumed up into the water ; fo that ihe whole terraqueous globe wee cpnftituted one fluid Mafs or Colluvies. THE Effects of this Diffolution are vifible on, in, and throughout the whole body of the earth. For i. THE very outward form of the earth indicates as much. I have already (hewed that all the Cavities upon the earth's furface, fuch as Combs, Daks, Val- lies, &c. were once filled up with beds of matter of the fame kind, and placed in the fame manner, as their correfponding ftrata in the fides of the adjacent hills or eminences-, fo that the earth was once regularly round without any of the inequalities of hills and dales. But this torm could never have been the re- fult of matter fetcling in large feparate maffes or de- tached rocks : had the parts of the earth fubfided in fuch enormous fragments as thefe, the furface of the earth would have been almoft as irregular as it is at prefent. But as the earth, when the parts of it firft fettled, was perfectly fpherical and all the ftrata lay upon each other, with the niceft exactnefs, in parallel circular lines ; fo it muft follow, in order that fuch a regular difpofition of things might take effect, that the whole was diflblved, and fubfided in the minuted parts or primogenial atoms. ir. THE fpherical rnape of the earth alfo may be juftly efteemed as the natural refult of the equal pref- fure of the Air upon its once fluid, diflblved parts. S 3 It is certain that whatever is in a fluid ftate, and is 1 furrounded and lupported by the air, is of a globular form -, and as the earth is not only buoyed up, but at prefent prelTed on all fides by the air, and was at firft formed by its circumambient force, and as this force is not fufficient to reduce Solids (if of a different figure) into a regular fpherical fhape, unlefs the parts thereof are fo intimately m;xed with a fluid, as to be equally lufceptible of motion, fo the earth, unlefs it had been dilTolved, and the parts of it blended with a fluid, could never have been modelled to a globu- lar form, in. THE Solidity, or Coheilon of the folid parts of the earth, is another proof that the whole has been diflblved and immerled in a fluid. It you take any of the fclid fubftances of which the earth confifts, though reduced to rj^e minuted fize polLble, and Erefled ever fo clofe together, yet if the mafs is free om all moift or fluid particles, the whole will ftilj remain in a manner difunited and the parts thereof eafily feparablc from each other, being no other than a congeries ot fine duft or dry Sand prelTed together ; and in order to bring the parts into fuch a dole contadt and cohefion with each other as to form a compact Solid, there is a neceffity of adding, or rather ot in- timately mixing with thefe fubftances, fome fluid body-, in which and by which (on account of the lubricity of its parts) the particles of the Solids might be fo moved and fhifted every way, till at laft fimilar furfaces might meet, prefs out the fluid between them and come into clofer contact with each other than they were before ; and this compreflure and union ftill continuing and encreafing by the farther expulfion of the moift particles, the mafs would at laft be brought into a much narrower compafs th'an it at firft occupied, ;'. e. the parts would be brought into a clofer contact with each other, and fo the (before) loofe, feparate, detached Solids be united into one firm compact body. And if this is the general procefs of Confolidation in the various fubftances of the earth that we can make any trials or experiments upon, we may reafonably conclude the fame of the whole ; and alfo that the firmer, finer, and clofer any body is at prefent, the greater has been the diffoluticn and divifion of its parts. iv. A FOURTH argument that the earth has been in a loofe fluid (late may be drawn from the confideratica of the Veins in fome forts of ftone, particularly in the harder!: and moft beautiful marbles. It is common to obferve in fuch, a great variety of matter in the greateft variety of forms and directions ; in fome part matter that was lighter (to fpeak in the common ac- ceptation of worcis) than .the neighbouring, pi efied down below the place due to its fpecific gravity, and afterwards elevated to a confiderable height, till at laft meeting with matter that was heavier and making its way downwards, the whole (hall be curved, by the afcent of the one and the defcent of the other, into a vaft variety of arches, confiding of the fined and molt delicate lines : in other parts you may fee ftreaks or feams of different fubftances proceeding on, as ir were, horizontally, in nearly ftreight lines, till they have been met and oppofed by other matter in a contrary direction ; and at the point of conflux both fpecies of matter turned back and deflected in all the variety of wave- like difpofitions that can well be imagined to have happened to two dreams of water, meeting each other in oppofite currents : and in fhort you may ffe all the diverfities of forms and figures in the Solid that any kind of agitation in a fluid could poflibly dif- S 4 play : and therefore we cannot but conclude, that the Solid was once in as great a date of fluidity as if it had been a Fluid itfelf. And though indeed thefe greatly variegated beds of ftone are but few in com- panion of the flrata that compofe the whole body of the earth, yet there are very tew ftrata but what have fome fuch wave like ftreaks or learns , and as thefe beds of ftone are fometimes found at confiderable depths in the earth, and confiii of layers of equal thicknefs throughout, it had been impotflble that they fhould have been in a (late of fluidity, unlefs all the iuperincumbent ftrata had been equally fluid, or not formed : nay, when we confider that theie veined beds of ftone generally conftitute the hardeft fpecies of marble, we may reafonably conclude, that if they were diffolved, all the other flrata of the earth were equally in 4 date of djfTolution. v. IT is coromon to obferve in places where dif- ferent ftrata meet, that there has been fuch an inti- mate mixture of both, as could not pofiibly have happened without a free and eafy interchange between each, and confequently not without a Diffolution. Thus, for inftance, in a country that abounds with chalk, where the chalk ends, and a different foil and different ftrata begin, (fuppofe) that of Free- ftone, there is commonly to be feen upon the edge of thefe two countries a kind of fubftance between Chalk and Free-ftone, confiding chiefly of Chalk upon the Chalk fide of the Country, and principally of Free^ ftone upon that of the Free-ftone Country j fo that on the on- fide, there is a coarfe fort of Chalk, on the otuer a fine fott fpecies of Free-ftone : the former fort gradually coarkr and coarfer the nearer it ap- proaches the Free 'ftone, the latter finer and finer the nearer it is fituated to the Chalk. And this I have ob^ 1 265 ] ierved for leveral hundred yards upon the furface of the earth, and for a confiderable depth Within it. A fimilar kind of Conjunction or Intercovrfe I have feen alfo between the ftrata of Sand-ftone and Lime- flone, between Flag-ftone and Iron-ftone, and indeed every kind of ftrata, where they happen to meet in conflderable quantities, or large tracts ^of land abound with them. And generally, the greater the quantities that meet, the more extenfive the int-r- change appears to have been, and of courfe the Dif- fplution the greater. vi. THE Formation and Situation of Nodules plainly evince that the Earth has been in a fluid, dif- folved (late. What thefe are I have already in part mewed, and alfo how to diftinguifh them from fea or in-land pebbles (p. 196). But befides the fpecies of Nodules principally there fpoken of, viz. Thofe of a ftoney or mineral nature, there are others of the metallic or iemi-metallic kind, fuch in particular as the Pyrites. This body is found in great plenty ; ef- pecially in chalky countries ; and commonly of a round form outwardly ; and its inward texture mews, that itfelf and all the matter around it has been in a fluid (late-, for it confifts of a multitude of long and extremely fine fpiculae, clofely united together, and all driven to a center ; and the fubftance of which it is formed, is of a quite different nature and kind from the matter or ftratum in which it is ufually found, and bears but a very fmall proportion to the ftratum. Now this body muft either have been formed out of the ftratum, and afterwards have fettled in it, or elfe been originally formed where 'tis now found : and in either cafe there muft have been a diffblution or fe- paration of the parts of both. For wherever the body was formed (either in the ftratum where it now lies, [ 266 ] or in any other above it) as it confifts of matter of fuch a peculiar kind, and is of fuch a particular ihapc*, as plainly to (hew, that its atoms, during its formation, were collefled togecher from above, from beneath, and trom each fide (otherwife it could never h ,v- b^en of a radiated globular form), fo it muft follow that there muft have been a feparation of its own parts and alfo of the matter around it, in order to permit a free and eafy pafiage for the accefs of one and recefs.of the other lort of matter. Other Nodules there are that were undeniably formed out of the ftratum where they now lie, and afterwards fettled in it-, efpedally thcfe of the coated kind, and in particular where the coats or crufts of the nodules confiit of the fame kind of fubftances, reflectively, wi:h thole that conftitute the Itrata immediately above the bed where they are now found. Now it is certain that thefe bodies could never have obtained teguments of the fame fpecies of matter, and placed in the fame order trom the center, with the fuperincumbent ftrata, unlefs they had pa/Ted "through them; for the beds wherein they are now found have no fuch matter in them (except what immediately furrounds thefe bodies themfelves), and the ftrata underneath are frequently of a very different kind from either; fo that they muft have pafied through the fuperior ftrata, and have procured their coats in their pafiage; and if fo, thofe Itrata muft undeniably have been foft and fluid, otherwife they could never have pafled through them and have collected coats frorn each, as alfo muft the bed have been fo, where they are now found, other- wife they could never have fubfided and fettled in it : fo that the whole was once in a ftate of Fluidity. vu. BUT the moft ftriking proof of this kind may be drawn from the extraneous foffils or thofe bodies 1 267 ] that are now found in the earth, and which do not properly belong to the places where they are now found, fuch as corals, fea-fhells; the bones, teeth, &c. of fea and land animals , plants, trees, &c. Now t have already {hewed (p. 254) that the former fort of thefe bodies were produced at lea, and the lat- ter, at land , that the broken parts of thefe bodies once conftituted complete forms ; that the bones, teeth and fhells once belonged to living animals, fur- viving in their proper elements ; that the leaves and branches pt the vegetables once grew upon their pro- per plants and trees : fo that the marine productions were originally bred and formed at the bottom of the fea ; the terrene, upon the furface of the land : but at prefent thefe bodies are found lying promifcuofly throughout the whole folid body of the earth; fome at the tops of the higheft mountains, others at the bot- toms of the deepett cavities that were ever dug; and lying too in fuch a manner as to make but one com- mon mafs with the ftrata in which they are found ; andjhis, not only in the fofter kinds of ftrata, as thofe of clay, chalk, &c. but in the inmoft fubltances of the hardeft and clofeft marbles; and generally, the harder and more compact the matter is, the clofcr and more intimately united is the extraneous foffil ; which, if a tooth or a fhell, has not only the exterior furface or outward lineaments moft nicely delineated in the, rock, but the infide totally replete with the fame fub- flance, every, even the fmalleft vacuity and flighteil indenture being filled up with floney matter; and in fome cafes, where the Ihell has been doled, the ca- vity through which the matter palled or entered into the Ihell is inconceivably fmall ; in others the various convolutions and different concamerations are fo many and yet fo minute, and the paffage leading through them fo extremely fmall, as not to exceed in fize the [ 268 J orifice of a capillary tube in the human body, and yet each and every one of thefe totally filled up with the ftoney fubftance; fo that the matter contained within the fheil exactly refembleth any liquable fub- ftance caft fluid into a mould. If the extraneous fof- fii be a Leaf, then not only the upper and under-fides are molt accurately imprefied in the rock, but the very pores filled to the inmoft recefles, and the leaf as turgid and as much fwelled by fhe penetration of the itoney matter, as if it had been for a long time foaked in, and moil intimately permeated by, the particles of water. Now for a fubftance, The tex- ture of which is inconceivably delicate and compli- cated, and even its largeft pores invifible to the naked eye, and which once grew uppn the furface of the earth, to be thus immerfed in, and penetrated by, the folid rock, and to have lunk through the folid body of the earth to the greateil depths we ever dig, is an undeniable teftimony that the Earth was once as fluid as water itfelf. And thefe extraneous bodies point out alio the time when this Diffolution happened, viz. at the Deluge, and not at the Creation, as fome have imagined (fee p. 253). vni. THE eighth argument I fhall mention in proof of the DiiTolution is drawn from the internal Structure of the /bell of the earth. It is well known to thofe that are in the lead converfant with philofophical matters, that all the various fubftances of which the main body of the earth confifts, are difpofed (as theChymifts caJJ it) (Iratafuperftrata, or layer upon layer; and it is alfo well known that fuch a Difpofition of things could na- turally be the refult of nothing but ihefetttementof thefe bodies in a dijfolvedjlate through fuch a Fluid as Water. If, for inftance, you take a certain portion of thefe bodies, and pulverize them to the fineft de- 269 J gree imaginable and mix them as confufedly together as pofiible, and let them fall through a dry Fluid, fuch as the Air, they will fettle juft in the fame con- fufed ftate as they were at firft, and without the leafi; appearance of forming Jlrata : if, on the contrary, you permit them to fubfide through water, they will fettle more or fefs in parallel ftrata. Indeed it re- quires twenty or thirty times the Quantity of water to earth to make this layer-like fubfidence tolerably ap- parent, even in the mixture of but three or four bo dies. But the greater quantity of water you ufe, and the finer you pulverize the fubftances, the more ap- parent and regular the ftrata will be : yet after all the Trials that can be made, the diftinction of ftrata will never be fo exact as they are in the body of the earth. It is not uncommon to fee in .the earth vaftly large beds of ftone, coal, clay, &c. lying each upon the other, at one depth the ftone above the coal, at another depth the coal above the ftone, in one part the clay above each, in another under all, &c. and yet each of thefe ftrata fo diftinct in themfelves, and fo nicely forted, that the ftone contains none of the coal, nor the coal any of the ftone, nor does the clay partake of either (^only each ftratum a little tinged on the fides next to the adjoining ftrata). Now the quantity of water requifite for effecting this mufl have been immenfely great^ and the whole body of the earth muft have been dijfohed to its very elements or primogenial atoms, to produce fuch a regular affort- ment of ftrata. HAVING thus proved that the whole ftructure of the earth has been unhinged, the conftituent parts thereof feparated one from another, and aflumed up into a large body of water -, I (hall now draw fome conclufions from what has been advanced. f 270] 1. SINCE the quantity of water requifite for thfi aflumption of the dillolved parts of the earth, and the fubfidence of them in regular ftrata, muft be vaitly greater than what appears of this Fluid on the furtace of the earth or in the Seas or Ocean, there muft be an immenfely large body of water in the infide. I have ob- ferved already indeed (p. 100.) that the water on the furface of the terraqueous Giobe occupies more than two thirds of the earth's fuperficies : butthen it muft be remembered, that the land is ftill continued, in a, great meafure, under this water : and from the ap- pearance of iflands in the midft of large feas, at a great diftance from the fea-fhore, and irom the many known ridges of mountains that run under the fea, and front the time, that, according to fcripture, the waters of the deluge were retreating from the furface of the earth, we muft conclude that the apertures in the feas thro* which the water defcended are, comparative- ly fpeaking, but ftfiall : fo that the Ihell of the earth is in a manner continued quite under the feas (except where the above apertures occur). And probably the iand under any fea equals in bulk that fea itfelf. So that upon a thorough infpection of the whole fhell of the earth, the terreftrial parts vaftly exceed the waters* And though there appears water enough upon the furface of the globe abundantly fufficient for lardy covering the dry- land ; yet there by no means appears a quantity fufficirnt for dijfching or ajfuming up the diffofoed parts of the earth, and permitting them to fubjide in the manner we now find them : and fmce this quan- tity does not appear upon the furface or within our reach, it muft be in the infide, and there conftitute an abyfs of water. 2. FROM the quantity of water neceffary for the fublevation of the diifolved parts of the earth, we fee, ['7' J that all folutions of a deluge, without having recourfe to an Abyfsj muft fail or not anfwer the effects vifible throughout the whole body of the earth. And hence, I am furp'rized, that a modern ingenious Writer/ (whofe works I have made fome quotations from in this Trad) mould attempt to folve it without the in- troduction of fuch means. He imagines, that the water of the Sea only would be fufficient for the work. And in order to account for the elevation of this wa- ter over the tops of the higheft mountains, he fup- pofes, That the Omnipotent hand of GOD orfrft Al- mighty Caufe lifted up the bottom or bed of the'fea, and by that means poured its water all over the earth ; and by letting it drop down again, reftored all things to their former fituation : and fo the deluge was over. This he is pleafed to call the eafieft and moft eligible method of tranfacting this event : But I fuppofe that all methods are equally eafy to Omnipotence ; and I could mention an hundred other methods by which GOD might have deluged the world, and yet neither of them the true, though all equally eafy to the firfl Caufe. The point to be decided is, What was the method GOD did ufe ? If we can difcovrer this, we may depend upon it, that 'That was the moft eligible. Now GOD himfelf tells us, that in order to dejiroy the earth by a flood of water, he broke up the Fountains of the Ab_fs, and opened the windows of heaven (or the pa/agcs of the air through the (hell of the earth) and fo unhinged and dijjohed the whole globe. This I have (hewed to be the Cafe from the ftate of the earth, from the Center to the Circumference , and all nature bears ample tefti- mony to the truth of the Word of GOD : and yet Mr. Borlafe is pleafed to ridicule this method and cha- racterize it as attended with ' the egregious abfurdities cf { Rev. Mr. BORLASE in his Natural Hijfory of Cornwall, p. 78. an Abyfs, apertures, difruptibns of the Jhell, atid tht ' like :' I was forry to fee fuch words fall from fuch an Author, and as he gives us reafon to think that he will write fomething farther upon the fubjecl:, I hopb he will kindly take this friendly hint* and re-confider the affair. 3. FROM the certainty that the whole globe was diffolved during the deluge we may fee the impro- priety of his Lordfhip's opinion, that the fuperficial parts only were affected during that cataftrophe* and that the Rubble and Slutch left by the deluge on the furface of the earth are the only marks of its devafta- tion i s but we have feen that the Very form of the earth throughout, its internal conftitution, its difpo- fition in ftrata, and thefe ftrata abounding with the exuviae of land and fea animals, &c. manifeftly de- jmonflrate its DifTolution in every part. Though indeed there is one circumftance even in the Rubble and Slutch that indicates the DiJJoluticn of the whole earth, and therefore may not improperly be mentioned in this place. After all the refearches I could make, Or the bed teftimonies I could procure, I could never learn that there was ever any ante-diluvian artificial thing , either utenfil or weapon of ftone, iron, or brafs, &c. found in the Rubble as naturally left there by the waters of the deluge. All things of this kind that I have feen were evidently found in places where the Rubble had been diflurbed, fuch as in old caftles, camps, &c. and therefore the things themfelves might have been pofterior to the Deluge. And, though the Rubble itfelt lies in an irregular manner (with refpecl to the regularity of Strata) yet it is not fo irregular, but that had it been diflurbed or broken through by digging, &c. the rupture would have been vifible : * See of this Traft p. 14, &c. ['73 1 F&r as it confifts of ftreaks and feams extended length-^ ways or inclined in wave-like directions, any perpen- dicular irruption muft have been difcernible. So that if the Rubble, left by the deluge, naturally contains- no metallic or mineral fubftance worked by the art of man or engraven by his device, we may then juftly. conclude that all fuch inftruments, and of courfe all matter of the fame kind with them, -/'. e. all the me- tallic and mineral fubftances in the whole body of the earth, were diffblved during the deluge. 4. IT may feem ftrange to fome, how it was pofli- ble that all the diffblved parts of the earth mould float in or be fupported by fuch a thin fubftance as Water. But to folve this difficulty, let it be remembered, that they were diffohed, and alfo to their fineft parts or original atoms. Salt and Sugar, when in maffes, will both fmk in water, but v'hen the parts thereof are dif- united and feparated one from another, they are eafily fuftained thereby : and the quantity of Salt that is 1 fwimming in the waters of the Ocean is inconceivably great, and if collected in one mafs would be immenfe- ly weighty. Then too, there is no water whatever, even the moil limpid, but what contains a great va- riety of earthy particles, a? chymical experiments un- deniably mew : Nay, that there is a fpecies of water Or of a fluid (Aqua regia) that will difiblve and fup- port the dirlblved parts of the heavieft of terreftrial bodies, Gold; and though the particles of the gold fhall be fwimming in or difperfed through every pare of this fluid, yet the whole mail be as clear as chryftal. Or, wh.lt is more to the purpofe, a Thunder-cloud., big with a deluge of rain, and containing a vaft varie- ty of terreftrial fubftances, is yet fupported, at a con- fiderable diftance from the earth, by fuch a thin fluid as the air : now according to Scripture, at the time of the deluge there was a large body of expanding T [274] air" in the infide of the earth, acting or prelling from beneath upwards, i. e. from the centre to the circum- ference, which therefore would counter-act and in fome degree abate the force of the perpendicular preffure of the air or expanfe upon the furface of the earth^ and by this means leflen the power, of, what is called, the Gravity of bodies , and fo make them lighter ; as is the cafe in rainy or mifty weather, when bodies do not weigh fo heavy as at other times, and when, on account of thcfe afcending fleams impeding the preffure of the atmofphere, the mercury alfo irr the barometer fubfides and finks.. Such being the ftate of the earth during the time of the deluge, it was really no more wonderful, that the water of the terraqueous globe (which in all probability exceeds in. bulk feveral thoufand times the quantity of earth) fhould fuftain all the diffolved ftrata thereof, with the exuviae of animals and vegetables then deftroyed, than that a thunder- cloud fhould contain and fupport a vaft variety of mineral and metallic effluvia, inter- mixt with hail-ftones of various fizes , for in both cafes a body of expanding air was the bafis and prop : and Air, as i have already mewed (p. 34), will keep water above as well as under it. That the ftate of the Earth and Air, during the time of the deluge, was really different from what it is at prefent, is very manifeft from feveral effects, then tranfacted, and now viable, in the terraqueous globe. Certain it is, that neither the ftrata of the earth, nor the heterogeneous bodies enclofed therein, do lie according to the Lawz of fpecific Gravity^ or as bodies would fettle at prefent. It is as common to find heavier ftrata above lighter as lighter above heavier : and the fame kind of ftrata (after the interpofition of both heavier and lighter. ones) repeated ; and remitting the whole in a retro- grade order. So that this phenomenon feems plainly [ 275 i to point out the actions of two Agents, one that acted from above downwards, the other, from beneath up- wards : from whence it mould follow, that at the fame time as the downright perpendicular preffure of the Air feparated and precipitated any fpecies of terreftrial atoms through the waters of the deluge and formed them into a ftratum, the fame alfo did the Air from beneath, with refpect to the fame fpecies on the' op- pofite fide. , To effect which alfo there muft have been a total diffolution of the terreftrial Globe, other- wife there could never have been fuch a free and eafy accefs for the Air to and from the Center. And what further mews, that there was a body of Air or fome Agent at the center of the earth during the time of the deluge, which counter- acted the force of Gra- vity, is, the manner in which the diluvian Spars and Cryftals are at prefent found ; the moots of fuch be- ing in fome places perpendicularly upright, in others varied in all kinds of direction, but generally fpeaking they are in an horizontal pofition^ fo that the angles and columns meet in and interfect each other from the fides of the vein or fiffure. But as the Spar that has been formed fince the deluge, or, as the Miners call it, that is forming at this day, is always pointed down- wards, (unlefs where the rock intervenes, and diverts its natural courfe) hanging like icicles from the tops and arches of caverns, grotto's, &c. in form of Sta- laftitx ; it is evident that the preffure Of the Air down- ward is at prefent ftronger than it was at the time of the Deluge : and as many of the diluvian Spars and Cryftals are pointing perpendicularly upright, it mews that the force of the air from beneath upwards was then ftronger than it is now : and of courie that the gravity of bodies Was lefs, and fo more eafily fuitain- able in the waters of the flood than fuch bodies would be now. T 2 FOURTHLY, HAVING thus proved that all the folid ftructure of the earth has been diffolved, and the diffolved parts' thereof affumed up into, and fupported by, a large iphere of water. I AM now to mew, that all this diffolved matter, to- gether with the animal and vegetable bodies indofed within it, fubjided again, and formed the prefent folid ftrata of the earth. I HAVE obferved already (p. 156) that there is fuch a clofe Connection between the feveral parts of the Subject I have been treating, or the Heads I have been naturally led to divide it into, that very often one and the fame argument would prove feveral of thefe heads ; and fo it has come to pafs that the dif- cuffion of the former articles of this Section has in a manner exhaufted thisiaft. For, infhortthis laft de- pends entirely upon the truth of the Cafe as repre- fented in the former. All the arguments that 1 have there brought in proof of the Hood, the Dijfolution, &c. were entirely taken from the prefent ftate of the earth. If therefore the foundation, on which thofe arguments were built, was found, or the ftate of the Earth juftly given, little more need be faid in this place. And in order that the reader mould not rely barely upon my teftimony, I have fubjoined, under each of the former articles, the teftimonies of a variety of authors, who lived in different times, and in very diftant places : fo that in a manner the voice of all mankind, and the face of the whole earth, fpeaks the truth of what I have endeavoured to prove. ' WHAT weight thefe teftimonies ought to have (to * fpeak in the words of the celebrated Author of Reve- ' lation examined with Candour) the reader will beft ' J ac ^S e: Teftimonies fo numerous, fo various, fo ' difconcerted, and yet fo connected, is it poifible, [ *77 3 -that they can deceive ? Could all nations confpire with all nations, and all ages with all ages, to im- pofe upon themfelves, and their pofterity ? Could the religion of the true GOD, and the religion of the Syrian goddefs ! the Jews and the Heathens, that hated them ! Mofes and Melo his enemy ! tra- dition confpire with hiftory, and hiftory with my- thology ! men of all characters, complexions, con- ditions, and perfuafions ! Plutarch with Berofus^ Benjamin the Jew with Chryfoftom^ and Lttcian with both ! Plato with Pliny, and Dio with Fakonerius ! the imaginations of poets, and the experiments of naturalifts ! antiquity, poetry, philoibphy, and philology ! wifdo-m, and folly ! truth, and fiction ! regions unknown ta' one another ! and regions that never heard of one another ! the Greeks , and the Hot- tentots! the Perfians, and the Banians! Afia, with the ides of the G.entilcs ! and America with both ! all con- fpire to eflabiim one univerfal delufion! And ALL NATURE join in the atteftation , produce all her ani- mals, and all her vegetables, all her heights, and all her depths, her mountains, her vales, her levels, to vouch one univerfal lye, with all the IRRESISTIBLE EVIDENCE OF TRUTH.' SURELY thofe who fee not the Force of the Evidence in this particular muft wilfully ftiut their eyes againft the truth ; and may juftly be characterifed with a fet of people (if they are not themfelves the very people) fpoken of by St. PetersIn the LAST DAYS/M// come SCOFFERS walking after their own lufls, and faying, where is the promife of bis (Chrift'jJ Coming; for fince [or as it mould be rendered, except that' 1 } the fathers 2 Epift. iii. 3. See Hammond on the text. i 278 3 fell ajleep, [faye only-, that our fathers or all the men .that have lived upon the earth are dead, and others now live in their fteacf] all things continue as they were from th: beginning of the Creation-, i. e. there ha_th been no material alteration in heaven or earth that can evidence the Interpofition of Providence in the affairs of men, either to puniih the wicked or reward the good, and therefore we may do as we pleafe, walk after our own lufts, &c. For this (continues the Apoille) they are WILLINGLY IGNORANT OF, T'hat by the Word of GOD the heavens were of old, and the earth ftanding out qf the water and in the water: whereby the World that then was, being overflowed with water, pe- rijhed: that is, the Eyes of their underflandings are fo blinded by a wilful purfuit after their pajjions and lufts that they cannot fee, or will not acknowledge, (if they do) the plaineft truths in Nature -, they will not own, what all the world befides confefleth, what all ages have maintain'd, what is faithfully recorded in the written word of GOD, and what is engraven in the deepeft characters all over the face of the earth, and what they may have (which infidels fo often demand) ocular demonjlration of the truth of, viz. THAT THERE HAS BEEN AN UNIVERSAL DELUGE, and that the Threat- fling pronounced by GOD, four thoufand years ago, on a wicked, race of mortals was really accomplished, viz.' And GOD faid unto Noah, the end ofallflejh is come before me, for the earth is filled with violence through them, 'and I will deftroy them* i. e, the inhabitants, -with the earth that bare them : and which through its abundant Fertility (abufed by them) furnifhes provifion only For their lufts, luxury, and idolatry. The Evidences of this Deflruction are fuch, that the very bodies or bones of the perfons thus deftroyed, together with the * Gen. vi. 13. [ 279 ! animal creation that perimed with them, are flill re- maining as {landing, ftriking Monuments of this ex- ecution of Divine Wrath upon a wicked world, and .are to be feen in every part of the Earth, not only upon the furface, hut in die very folid fubftance of it, not only in vallies and dales, but upon the tops of the higheft mountains and eminences, and buried alfo to the greateft depths that human art or labour has ever penetrated. Certain then it is that this whole earth has been deflroy'd, all the folid ftructure of it unhinged, broken to pieces, and re- duced to its original loofe chaotic flate, and afterwards formed anew into its prefent folid, beautiful and con- venient fhape. Effects thefe fo great ! that they could never have happened of themfelves, never have been the performance of blind inanimate matter. Matter cannot even deftroy itfelf, much lefs, when deftroyed, form itfelf anew. Thefe tranfactions therefore muft have been effected by a Being fuperior to all the Powers of Nature : and they carry in themfelves fuch .evident marks of Wifdom y Power, Goodnefs and Jufltce^ that they not only prove that there is a GOD, but alfo that He GOVERNS the World. IT may not be unentertaining nor uninftructive to the reader, with refpect to the fubject of this book, if (before I conclude) I prefent him with a paraphrafe in verfe of the iO4th Pfalm, as compofed by my fa- ther from the true fenfe of the Original *, fince that Pfalm contains, among other things, a defcription of the two principal Particulars difcufled in this Tract, viz. tbe Manner ', in which the Earth was at firjl formed^ and tbe Manner in which it was deftroyed and formed anew-, at the time of the Deluge. T ? The Hundred and Fourth PSALM PARAPHRASED By the late Rev. Mr. A. S. CATCOTT. TT^XERT thy reas ? ning powers, my vital Frame, *-' And grateful praife the great JEHOVAH's name ; Hail thou who ART ! refiftlefs in thy might, Array'd in glory and majeftick light ! As a wide tent, extended over -head, Thy forming hands the vaft Expanfe out-fpred, Whofe binding force the fluid Orb reftrain'd, And reach'd thofe atoms the loofe ma-fs contain'd. Whence the firm ftrata, which the Globe compofe, Each over each in mounting flories rofe. Onward it mov'd, impell'd by grains of air ; The wings of winds the floating Orb upbare. With J double impulfe pufh'd the Spirit's force, And Light primeval fteer'd it in its courle. 1 As mnn being in the plural number, indicates. The Wind or Spirit and the Light or a Flame of Fire were the Agents or Ministers that GOD made ufe of in garni/hing the Heavens and in forming the Earth, as I have <hewed p. 26, &c. of this Tract. As the Works 6f Nature are here fpoken of, it is certainly more natural to fuppofe the material Angds or Agents are here meaijt than immaterial 'j&dfh-iiual Beins. [ 28l ] On th' Airs, as bafes, he machin'd the Sphere, And firmly bid the folid parts cohere. As yet the Shell beneath the waters lay, And future mountains had not leen the day. At thy command th' affrighted waters fled, And fought, tumultous,- their appointed bed. O'er hills they roll'd, and followed the defcent, Deep channels tore, and the fplit valleys rent. There lodg'd, in Earth's capacious Womb, they reft, By the ftrong Heav'n's expanfivepow'r.comprefs'd. Their bound'ries ftill their raging waves confine, Bound'ries unmov'd by any pow'r but thine. Hence rais'd in {team, they work their fecret way, -* In lowly vales thro' openings meet the day, Or trickling 'twixt the winding mountains ftray. Here haunt the Beafls, and find a cool retreat, - ,- And parch'd wild Aflfes quench their thirfly heat. In neighb'ring trees, amidft the leafy fprays, Birds build their nefts, and chaunt their chearful lays. The oozing fprings bedew the moffy hills, And thence glide down the fertile vale in rills : Hence new in ftrength the fatu rated Soil With verdant grafs fupports the cattle's toil ; With various herbs for human ufe is crown'd, Or yellow harveftsload the fruitful ground, [ 282 ] Hence 'rife th* effects of induftry and art ; Hence bread is form'd the ftrength'ner of the heart. From fwelling grapes the foaming wine is prefs'd, Diffufmg gladnefs o'er the penfive bread. Oil with youth's bloom renews each fading grace. And iheds frefh glories o'er the beauteous face. Trees, facred emblems, and once Edtn\ pride, From the fame ftorehoufe are with fap fupply'd \ Cedars, which Lebanon's high fummits grace, Set there by GOD, coeval with their place : Lodg'd in whofe branches Fowls fecurely reft ; And tow'ring firs which yield the ftork a neft. On higheft hills the fhy Chamois are found ; And delving Conies bore the rocky ground. The Moon's fair Light (her Orb by dated force Impell'd) determines periods by its courfe : The Sun more glorious runs its known career. And gilds by turns each mifting hemifphere. The light goes off, and night fucceeds the day ; The beafts come forth, and proul in fearch of prey. With hunger pinch'd the whelps of lions roar, And from their Maker's hand their meat implore. Again the Light irradiates on the Sphere ; The Beafts retire to dens, and difappear. m i. e . Set there by Nature or the Author of Nature y in oppoft- tion to thofe//a/^ by the Art of Man. f 283 3 Men -iffuing forth their daily toils attend, 'Till ev'ning-twilight bids their labours end, O great JEHOVAH 1 dreadful, glorious name! What wonders fill this univerfal frame ! In ALL thy fovereign wifdom mines exprefs'd j But thou profufely kind this globe haft blefs'd : How yaft the Sea ! magnificently fpred ! Of Creatures numberlefs the fpacious bed ! .O'er the wide level mips purfue their way, And huge fea-monfters tofs the deep in play. All wait on thee, and thou fupremely good, In proper feafon giv'ft to all their food : Thou giv'ft, They take, thine hand thou open'ft wide, Whence all, that live, with plenty are fupply'd. When once from earth thy prefence difappear'd, Man's impious race impending vengeance fear'd. The world's great courfe was chang'd j no more fupply'd With vital fpirit; all expir'd, and dy'd. Ev*n Nature's adamantine chain was loos'd, And things to their primaeval ftate reduc'd. Soon as thou bad'ft the Spirit work again, And as at firft the fluid Orb reftrain; New forms appear'd refemblant of the old, And Earth was cloath'd with vegetable Mold. t 2*4 ] . But he whofe mbkm GLORY is, whole name JEHOVAH is, for ever IS the fame. When e'er his works propitious he furveys, Nature proceeds fuccefsful in her ways ; But when in wrath his flaming bolts are hurl'd, The mountains fmoke, and tremblings make the world, So long as Life fupports this breathing frame, I'll fing my Saviour, great JEHOVAH'S Name. When Thought of him my ravifh'd foul employs, I feel a foretafte of immortal joys. While fliort on earth the pleafures are, that flow From Sin, and lollow'd by eternal Woe : My vital frame ! the great JEHOVAH blefs, Adore his Goodnefs, and his Pow'r confefs. * * APPENDIX. JUST after I had printed the fheet, relating to the manner in which I apprehend America was >y peopled, I had occafion to go to Oxford^ and took that opportunity of carrying the fheet with me, in order to have the opinion of a friend upon it. He deferred reading it while I was prefent, and promifed to fend me an anfwer by the poft. In the mean time he fent it to the Rev. Mr. Jones, of Wadenho in Nortbampton- Jhire, (a common friend to us both) as having heard that that gentleman had particularly confidered the fubjeft, and had difcovered a method of fblving the difficulty. Soon after which I received the following letter from Mr. Jones, containing a folution of the affair in the very fame manner as that propofed in this Tradt : and as his letter has feveral corroborating proofs, I thought proper to affix it here, as alfo an extract from a Spanijb Writer, containing/^* other Jlrengthen- ing circumftances, which I did not difcover 'till I had printed the above-mentioned meet. The Rev. Mr. JONES'S Letter. s I R, T HAVE lately been favoured with a fight of fome printed Pages, containing that part ot your work, in which you account (or the peopling of the American Continent. The point docs well deierve to be ex- [ 2 86 1 amined and cleared up; many writers, of little know- kdge and lefs Faith, having made the obfcufe ftate in which that part of the globe remained for fo many Ages* an handle for perplexing weak minds with doubts about the authenticity of fome Articles related in the Holy Scripture. I WAS much pleafed to find, that, without knowing it, you are come to the fame conclufion with myfelf, and, in part, by the fame premifes too. A$ we have both fallen upon the fame fcheme, without confulting one another, it is to be prefumed, that neither of us can be very far from the truth. THAT the Weftern Continent did once communicate more nearly with Europe and Africa, than it does at prefent, I was firft inclined to believe on reading the following account of Teneriffe, one of the Canary Iflands. That the whole Ifland is deeply impreg- nated with Brimftom, and is fuppofed in former ages to have taken fire, and blown up all at the fame time. That many mountains of huge Stones, calcined and burnt, which appear every where about the Ifland, were raifed and heaved up out of the bowels of the Earth at the time of that general conflagration ; and that even the Pico Teneriffe itfelf was raifed up by this means to that amazing height at which it is now feen. Huge heaps of thefe calcined rocks, or pumice {tones, are fpread for three or four miles round the bottom of the Pico, in fuch a manner, as to perfuade any be- holder that it muft have been generated by the fudden eruption of a Volcano: and even to this day, the mountain fmoaks and burns perpetually, and there re- main the very tracts of the burning rivers of Sulphur, as they ran all over the South- weftern parts of the Ifland, and deftroyed the ground pait recovery. There is a Volcano in another of the Canaries, called the Palme Ifland, which raged fo about twelve years before this account was written, that it caufed a vio- lent Earthquake in Teneriffe, though at the dtiiance of near twenty leagues, and the people ran out of their houfes, fearing they would have fallen upon their heads/ Now as it appeared to me, from this relation, that the Pico was certainly thrown up by the eruption of a- Volcano, and an Earthquake, in all probability the moil violent that ever happened in the world, and fuch as muft have made ftrange havock. The monu- ment of this Cataftpophe being ib fingular in its height, a Thought fuddenly ftruck me, that in fome very remote age, a great alteration might have been made in this part of the globe, and a vaft tract of land fw al- lowed up in doe Ocean, of which the -Canaries, Azores., and perhaps the great banks of Newfoundland alfo, are fo many remaining fragments, Handing like pieces of a wreck above the waves, and ftill exhibiting to us fome foot-fteps, as it were, of the ancient path that once led from Africa to the Weft-Indies. I was fo poffeffed with this notion, that I could not help propof- ing it to fome learned friends, long before I had heard of Plato's tradition, as a probable conjecture* n For thefe particulars, fee Dr. Sprat's Hift. of the Royal So- ciety, p. 200. This Suppojition will not at all invalidate the Account given of the Formation of Mountains, p. 159; for the Pico is no other than a formlefs Maj's or huge Heap of Rubbijb, confifting of&urnt Stones and' Cinders, and was as certainly thrown out by a Volcano as the fa- mous Monte di Cinere in the Lucrine Lake was, or as thofe little^ Iflands or rather Moles in the bay of Sant-Erini in the Archipelago, were raifed by fubterranean fires and combuftible Explofions in the year 1707 [fee N' 314. of Pbilof. Tranf,}. As neither of thefe Eminences have any thing fimilar to the horizontal Jhata or internal Conftitution of Mountains ; fo they cannot come under the denomination of fuch, nor ought they to be called Mountains or IJla.ndsy as fome writers have named them. whereb^ the peopling of America might be accouhtea for i and endeavoured to recommend it to their con- fideration, by placing a terreftrial Globe before them. You may imagine then, with what fatisfaclion I found this opinion confirmed even beyond my hopes, when the paffage you have extracted from Plato's Ti- m<us firft occurred to me. This paftage is referred to by Pliny the natural hiftorian,? and it is hafdly to be imagined, that fuch a curiofity in its kind mould efcape the notice of fo indefatigable a Compiler; though it was of much lefs value to him then, than to us now. America was then unknown ; and there was no profpect, that the tradition, which Solon pickt up in Egypt, would ever be confirmed as an article ot true hiftory by the difcovery of a new world. Therefore Pliny fpeaks of it with fome doubt, inferring the words -fi Platoni credimus : and fome of the anci- ent Commentators on the works of Plato, did for thd fame reafon convert the whole into an Allegory. And fome excufe may be made for the Critics who did ic in thofe days, but none at all for thole who would do it now ; as it muft appear to any perfon that will con- fult the judgment of Serranus in this matter, who, in in his preface to the Tim^us, is very fevere upon thefe unfeafonable allegorizers, and refutes them copioufly from the words of P/tf/0himfelf. It was very ill-judged in Acofta, therefore to mention this (lory from Plato, and put it off with the obfolete pretence of it's being an allegorical difcourfe.i He hath indeed urged fome reafons in defence of what he fays, but they are too trivial to deferve any particular confideration. We p Intotum (mare fcil.) abftulit terras, primurn omnium uii Atlan- ticu:;i mare eft, Ji Platoni credimus, immenfo fpatio. Plin. Nat. Hift. Lib. 2. cap. 90. Cs Nat, and Moral Htf. of the Indies, p. 72. fa??] are obliged then to underftand it as an hiftorical tradi- tion. Thofe who are inclined to flight it, and think the Earthquake Plato has defcribed is incredible, be- caufe fome fabulous circumftances are blended with the account, Ihould endeavour to (hew us, what could pofiibly give rile to fuch a Report in the eafterrt world : for that Plato fhould fo exprefly defcribe an oppofite continent '1w KoclocflMgv rpru^bv} fuch as is aclu* ally now difcovered, together with the way that led to it from the Streights of Gibraltar^ and that this ftrange report fhould be grounded on no antient know- ledge of the American continent, and prove to be true afterwards only by accident all this would be more incredible than the matter reported, which, if the natural monuments of this great Earthquake, frill fubfifting, are taken into the account^ has all the ap- pearance of truth that can be defired. The celebrated Abbe le Plufche, Author of the Spefta- cle de la Nature? tells us, it has been aflerted by many learned men, that there was formerly a communication between Africa and America: but he unfortunately fuppofes this opinion to have been wholly derived from a miftake in Ptolomy\ antient Chart of the then- known world, which ftretches out the continent of Africa too far to the Weft; and obferves withal, -that the pretenfion is defeated by what Herodotus relates, of the voyage that was frequently made from the Red Sea, round the Cape of good hope, to the Pillars of Hercules 5 which could not have been, had the continent of Africa been extended to the Weft-Indies. This Objec- tion will not in the leaft affect any thing you have laid upon the Subject : ior Herodotus is fpeaking of what was done long after the Divifion of the continents had U I Vol. 4. p. 43- [ 2 9 ] taken place ; and even before that divifion, according to the Geography of Plato ^ there was a gulf which af- forded a pafiage round the weftern coaft of Africk, to the mouth of the Mediterranean Sea. No reaibnable Objection, therefore, can be made to your Solution of this difficulty. Every candid In- quirer into Antiquity and Phyfical Knowledge, will hold himielf obliged to you for the curious Obferva- tions you have thrown in by the way ; and the piety of your defign muft recommend it to every fmcere friend of Divine Revelation. BEFORE I conclude, it may not be impertinent to add, that although the more Southerly parts of the continent of America were originally peopled, in your way, from the countries that lie near the Mediterra- nean ; it is by no means improbable, that the Northern parts may have received inhabitants from fome other quarters of the Globe, IN a Natural Hiftory of Greenland, written fo lately as the year 1 741, by Hans Egidius, a Danijh Miflionary, we are informed, that it is yet undetermined whether Greenland does not join to America, on the North- well fide, round Da-vis's Streights. The Hiftorian himfelf inclines to the affirmative. He adds moreover, that the Norwegians, who difcovered it in 982, were not the firft inhabitants -, fcr that they found 'wild people on the Weft-fide of the country, whom he takes to have been Americans. Now the Country of Greenland, to. the South- eafl, is not fo far, either from Iceland, Lapland, or Norway, but that various accidents in former ages may have occafioned fome communication between them. And thus much for the Norib-wefterly parts of America. If we go to the North-eajlerly parts, it is ftill more probable, that fome colonies may have been transplanted thither from Tartary. Father Avril^ a Jefuit-Miffionary of France, who with fome others [ 2 9 I undertook the difcovery of a new way by land into China, met with a famous Naturalift among the Muf- covites, who gave him the following account. * That in the extreme parts ofTartary, to the North- * eaft, there is a great River, called Kawoina, at the * mouth of which is a fpacious Ifland well peopled. 4 The Inhabitants go frequently, with their wives and 4 families, upon the frozen Sea, to hunt the Behemoth, * an amphibious animal, whofe Teeth are in great re- 4 queft. It happens many times, that being furprized 4 by a fudden Thaw, they are cut off from all commu- * nication with the land, and carried away, no-body 4 knows whither, on huge floating Iflands of Ice, For * my own part (added this philofopher) I am perfuaded, 4 feveral of thefe Hunters have been carried to the * mod Northern parts of America, which are not far 4 off: and what confirms me in this, the Americans of 4 thofe parts have the fame countenance and com- 4 plexion with thofe unfortunate Iflanders, whom a 4 violent thirft after gain, expofesin that manner to be * tranfported into a foreign region.' 1 The Hiftorian adds trom his own Oblervation, that there are alfo, in that part of America, feveral of thofe creatures which are fo common in Mufeovy, and efpecially Beavers, which might have been conveyed by the fame means. But to determine a matter of fuch impor- tance, it mould be enquired, whether there is any af- finity between their languages ; for if that fhould ap- pear, there would remain no farther doubt. As to the Author you have undertaken to confute, he, itfeems, would have America to have been exempt from that Deluge, by which the reft of the world was overflowed. This, as you juftly obfcrve, is con- T 2 d-vril's Travels, p. 176, [ 292 ] futed by a tradition among the Americans themfelves concerning the Flood : and it is certainly put out of all difpute by the natural Evidence afforded by the country itlelf, in which the fpoils of the Sea are found as plentifully as in other parts of the world. If I re- member right, I once communicated to you fome fpecimens ot Fofill bodies that came from thence. Since that time, you muft undoubtedly have enriched your Collection wifh a great many more from the I am, Sir, (Heartily wifhing you all fuccefs in your laudable Undertaking,) Tour very fine ere Friend, W A D E N H o, Jlnd obedient bumble Servant, June 20, I/6l, W. y. AN EXTRACT FROM L'Hifloiredela Decouverte et dela Conquet Traduite de L'Elpagnol D'Aucusriw DE ZARATE, Par. S. D. C. A AMSTERDAM; Ann. 1700. ANY doubts and objections have been formed ' concerning the firft people who fome ages * fince dwelt in Peru^ and it has been often afk'd, ' How could they get thither, feeing this country is ' (as it really is) parted by luch an extent of ocean "from that where the firft inhabitants of this world 'lived? It feerns to me that this difficulty may be * folv'd by an account given by Plato in his Tiat<eMS or c Dialogue on Nature, and which he fets down more ' fully in the following (the Atlantic) Dialogue. T% /T J[VJL [293 ] * There he relates, that ' the ^Egyptians faid in honour " of the Athenians, that, after the defeat of fome cer- <l tain kings who carne by fea with a numerous army, " they had part of a vaft ifland called Atlantique, juft " beyond the pillars of Hercules. That this ifland was <c larger than all AJia and Africa together, and that " it was divided into ten kingdoms by Neptune, one *' of which he allotted to each of his ten fons, beftow- <c ing the largeft and bed on his eldeft fon Atlas.' To c this he adds divers particulars concerning the cuf- * toms and the wealth of this ifle, but above all about * a fumptuous temple in the metropolis, the walls of c which were entirely deck'd and covered with gold * and filver, and the roof covered with copper, with * many other particulars too long to enumerate here, ' and which may be feen in the original. It is certain 4 that many of the cuftoms and ceremonies mention'd ' by this author are yet to be feen in the provinces of * Peru. From this ifle one may pafs to other large * iflands beyond, and which are not far from the firm c land, near which is the true fea. But hear the words 4 of Plato in the beginning of his Timteus, where So- ' crates thus harangues the Athenians, ' It is look'd OH " as a faft that in times paft your city refilled a great " number of enemies who came from the Atlantic Sea, " and had taken and poffeffed almoft all Europe and " Afia ; for then this flrait was navigable, and near " it was an ifland juft beyond the pillars of Hercules^ " which they. faid was larger than Afia and Africa put *' together : from this ifland was an eafy paflage to *' others that were near it, and oppofite the Continent " or the main land bordering on the true fea , for one "may juftly call that fea the true fea or ocean, and " the land I mentioned the Continent or main Land.' * Juft below Plato adds, ' Nine thoufand years ago " happened a great change, the fea furrounding this L 294 J * ifle fwell'd fo high by a prodigious increafe of water, * fc that in one day and night it cover'd the whole ifland, " and fwallow'd and totally cngulph'd it , and that " the fea in this place has been ever fmce fo filPd " with mud and fands, that no one can fail over it, * c or pafs by it to thofe other iflands on the firm land.' * Some deem this relation an allegory as Marftlius Ft- * cinus tells us in his notes on Tim^us. Neverthelefs * mod commentators on Plato, even Platinus and Fi- * ttj himfdf look on this account not as a fiction but ' an bifterical Truth. Befides ; one can by no means * think that the 9000 years which he mentions is a * proof of its being a fable, becaufe according to Eu- doxus one muft count them after the ^Egyptian man- < ner, not as folar, but as lunar years, that is to fay, 9000 months, anfwering to 750 years. On this < fubject one may obferve, that all Hiftorians and Col- mographers antient and modern, call that Sea in which this ifland was engulph'd the ATLANTIC O- CEAN, retaining even the very Name the ifland bore ; which feems a fufficient proof that there had been fuch an ifland. Admitting then the truth of this * hiftory, no one can deny this ifland (beginning near * the ftraits of Gibraltar) to have been of that extent, * from the north fouthward and from the eaft weft- c ward, as to be more than as large as Afia and Africa. 4 By the other neighbouring iflands are doubtlefs meant * Hifpaniola, Cuba, Jamaica, St. Johns, and thofe on * the Coaft. By the Continent or Firm-land, (oppofite * to thofe ifles) mentioned by Plato, is certainly meant That land which is even to this day called Terra Fir- * ma, with the other provinces, which from Magellan < northward comprife Peru, Popfiyan, Cas-del-oro, Pa- ' raguay, Nicaragua, Guatimala, New-Spain, Se-ven- ' towns, Florida, the Bacullaos, and north up to Nor- * way. Without doubt this vail tract of land is 1 295] c larger than the three quarters of the then known world. And one mufl not be furprized at this new c world's not having been difcover'd by the Rowans, ' or any of thofe other nations that at different times 6 abode in Spain , becaufe one may reafonably imagine ' that the 'fore- mentioned fuppofed difficulty of na- vigating this fea then remained. This indeed I c have heard faid, and can fee no difficulty in believ- ing that this mould eafily prevent the difcovery of < this new-world mentioned by Plato. The authority c of this philolbpher is enough to convince me of < the truth of this affair, and I make no queflion * but our new found world is the fame as that main Land or Continent of which he fpeaks , as whatever c he has faid of it perfectly correfponds with our mo- * dern Difcoveries ; particularly in what he fays of c this land, that it is adjacent to the true fea y which ' is what we now call the Great South Sea ^ in com- 1 parifon of the vail extent of which, the Mediterranen * Sea and Northern Ocean are but as rivers. Having ' cleared up this difficulty thus far it feems no way * hard to fuppofe, that men could eafily pafs from the c Atlantic and its neighbouring TJles to what we call the c Continent or Terra Firma, and thence by land or ' even by the South Sea to Pent. ' THUS I have declared what feems to me tnoft c probable on a fubjecl fo perplexed, on account of its * antiquity, and alfo becaufe one can get no intelli- ' gence from the inhabitants of Peru , who know not * the ufe of letters or writing to preferve the memory c of things paft. In New Spain indeed they have ' certain pictures which ferve them for letters and ' books ; but in Peru they have nothing but knotted ' firings of various colours : It is true, by means of thefe knots, and the diftance they are fet at from ' each other they comprehend (though butconfufedly) [296] * any thing, as I fhall mew at large in this hiftory of * of Peru. In regard to the difcovery of thefe vafb * tracts of land, what Seneca fays, as it were in a pro- phetical fenfe, in his Medea, feems to me to be not * unapplicable, " Venient annis Ssecula feris, " Quibus Oceanus vincula rerum " Laxet, novoique Tiphys detegat orbes. " Atque ingens pateat tellus, " Nee fit terris ultima Thule.* " In lateft times our hardy fons mall brave " Stern Oceans' rage, and ftem the diftant wave, " In them reviv'd lhall Vtybys wond'ring fee " The new-found world, emerging from the fea ; " No more (hall fhule be the utmoft bound, *' But earth from pole to pole be fearched round." FINIS. *,#*#,,#,,*#*#.* * A I University of California SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 305 De Neve Drive - Parking Lot 17 Box 951388 LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 90095-1388 Return this material to the library from which it was borrowed. t Ui FNTI TWO\ iivf? OCT 2 2001 SHLF QUARTER LOAN I * A 000112930 3 . - ' mam