:-NRLF m -t 4 <- SUPPLEMENT TO LANDSCAPE GARDENING IN JAPAN: BY JOSIAH CONDER, F.R.I. B.A., n AUTHOR OF "LANDSCAPE GARDENING IN JAPAN," "THE FLOWERS OF JAPAN AND THE ART OF FLORAL ARRANGEMENT," &c., &c. ; WITH COLLOTYPES BY K. OGAWA. TOKIO: PRINTED BY THE HAKUBUNSHA, GINZA, TOKIO: PUBLISHED AND SOLD BY KELLY AND WALSH, LIMITED, YOKOHAMA, SHANGHAI, HONGKONG, AND SINGAPORE. M. RIGHTS RESERVED.) PREFACE. In the preparation of this Album, which forms a Supplement to " Landscape Gardening in Japan," the writer has availed himself of the skillful collaboration of Mr. K. OGAWA, the well-known Japanese Photographic Artist. The original volume, being of a technical and historical character, has been fully illustrated from native works, a method of illustration in many cases essential to the proper elucidation of the designs, and, at the same time, one which seemed to provide the best means of conveying the true spirit of the ancient art in all its aspects. The introduction of modern heliographic plates, side by side with such quaint and idealistic draughtsmanship would have proved inappropriate and misleading, es- pecially as the existing gardens reproduced by the camera are but imperfect and fragmentary examples of a craft comparatively neglected in recent days. At the same time, the illustration in a separate form of some of the best compositions remaining, by the most scientific means available, presented itself as a fitting and desirable addition to the analytical work. The selection for the present Album has been made from many sources, and some of the photographs were specially prepared for the purpose by Mr. K. OGAWA, by whom all the Collotypes, without exception, have been executed. The principal object in view has been, within a limited compass, to make the arrangement fairly comprehensive, by illustrating as much as possible the various types of Japanese Landscape Gardens. Descriptions of some examples given may be found at length in Chapter I. of the original work; references are also appended in the text of the present volume, which is therefore limited to a brief notice of the subject of each Plate. A few illustrations of typical natural views have been added in order to render clearer the faithfully representative character of these artificial landscapes. Tokio, July, 1893. CONTENTS. PLATE I Shinobazu-no-ike, Uyeno. PLATE II Scenery of Matsushima. PLATE III Ishiyama, Cascades, Lake Biwa. PLATE IV Natural Cascades, Hakone. PLATE V Kama Rikiu Garden. PLATE VI Fukiage Garden. PLATE VII Ike-no-niwa, Kioto Palace. PLATE VIII Kinkakuji Garden, Kioto. PLATE IX Ginkakuji Garden, Kioto. PLATE X Tokusui-In Garden, Kioto. PLATES XI. & XII Koraku-En Garden, Koishikawa. PLATE XIII Garden Cascades. PLATE XIV Daimio of Mito's Garden, Honjo. PLATES XV. & XVI Satake-no-Niwa, Honjo. PLATE XVII Hotta-no-Niwa, Fukagawa. PLATES XVIII. & XIX Botanical .Garden, Koishikawa. PLATES XX. & XXI Tsuyama Garden, Tokio. PLATE XXII Garden at Komagome. PLATES XXIII. & XXIV Gentleman's Garden, Fukagawa. PLATE XXV Fukagawa Garden. Details. PLATE XXVI Tea Garden, Fukagawa. PLATE XXVII Gentleman's Garden, Bancho. PLATE XXVIII Merchant's Garden, Fukagawa. PLATE XXIX Public Gardens. PLATE XXX Tea-house Gardens, Oji. PLATE XXXI Okano-no-Niwa. PLATES XXXII. & XXXIII Monastery Gardens, Nikko. PLATE XXXIV Daimio's Garden, Kanazawa. PLATES XXXV. & XXXVI Koraku-En, Okayama. PLATE XXXVII Gardens at Kioto and Awomori. PLATE XXXVIII Garden at Kagoshima. PLATE XXXIX Shirase-no-Niwa, Niigata. PLATE XL Garden Rockery, Nedzu. PLATE I. SHINOBAZU-NO-IKE, UYENO. This is a large lotus-lake situated just below the elevated ground now occupied by the Uyeno Park, and containing a prettily wooded peninsula, with a shrine amidst the trees dedicated to the goddess Benten. The conversion of the surrounding shores into a modern race-course within recent years has somewhat destroyed its wild and picturesque character, but, regarded from the neighbouring heights, it still presents a fair example of a particular type of Japanese scenery, often reproduced in the landscape gardens of the country. The lake is said to have been excavated under the direction of the priest Jigen Daishi, in 1625, when a temple was first founded at Uyeno, and with the intention of imitating on a small scale the famous Lake Biwa, in the province of Omi. The little shrine to Benten, a goddess specially associated with lakes and lotuses, originally stood on an island, which was visited from the shore in boats. The causeway which now converts this island into a promontory or peninsula was added in the year 1660. Reed-covered marshes and a wavy sea of emerald lotus leaves, sprinkled with pink and white at blossom time, the whole set off by gnarled pine trees, and surrounding wooded bluffs, impart to it considerable natural beauty at certain seasons. The illustration here given has been selected partly to show in detail the mass of graceful undulating lotus leaves contrasted with the pine, the monarch among the trees of Japan, the soul of nearly every landscape real or artificial, and the emblem in Japanese art of all that is virile and enduring. ::u no PLATE I. S/iinobazu no Ike, Uyeno. PLATE II. SCENERY OF MATSUSHIMA. The islands off the coast of Oshiu, collectively known as Matsushima, or the Pine Islands, are classed among the three most beautiful sights in Japan. Said to number 808 in all, they vary from imposing masses of considerable dimensions down to mere sea rocks, large and small alike being overgrown with pine trees of picturesque shapes. The neighbouring heights afford a commanding view of the entire archipelago stretching in an irregular line for over forty miles from the town of Shiogama to Kin- kwazan, the parent island of the group. The sheltered coves and bays formed by the innumerable peninsulas and islets impart a tranquil beauty to the scenery, an effect which is enhanced by a light wooden bridge spanning the narrowest channel and tending to convert the whole view into the semblance of a beautiful garden. These volcanic islands with their precipitous sides, rock-strewn beaches, and summits clad with wind-twisted pine trees form the favourite models for the islets of lakes in Japanese gardens. The grounds of the Daimio of Kuwana in Tsukiji, Tokio, formerly contained a number of pine-clad islands representing the scenery of Matsushima, and in numerous smaller gardens the same idea is conveyed by one or two tiny islets scattered in the lake. b s PLATE III. ISHIYAMA, LAKE BIWA. As far back as the middle of the eighth century, a monastery was founded upon this beautiful wooded eminence. Its position on the banks of the Setagawa, just at the point where that river runs into Lake Biwa, gives it the advantage of a commanding view of the surrounding scenery. The spot has become famous as the retreat of the talented authoress Murasaki Shikibu, who, in monastic seclusion and inspired by the lovely prospect of Lake Biwa, here wrote her historical romance-G^V Monogatari. Ishiyama, or the Rocky Mountain, receives its name from the colossal natural rocks which project here and there from the rich surrounding soil on which maples and pine trees flourish in great profusion. Notwithstanding their elevation, these quaintly shaped monoliths bear the abrased and excoriated markings peculiar to stones long subjected to the wearing and decomposing action of water. Sea- rocks and river boulders of similar character are extensively used in the landscape gardens of the country, and the ancient rockeries of Ishiyama may be taken as one example amongst many in which this charming peculiarity of Japanese gardening finds its prototype and model in natural scenery. The priests of the temple have taken advantage of these picturesque rock masses to convert the surrounding hill-sides into a beautiful landscape garden on a gigantic scale. W 44 53 e S >-< ^ PLATE IV. NATURAL CASCADES, HAKONE. An example is here shown of a group of cascades called Tamadare-no-taki, situated near Dogashima in the Hakone district, which may be taken as characteristic of different types of waterfalls introduced into landscape gardens. The large fall on the left of the picture pours over a rugged rock surface, and is broken into numerous streamlets curving in different directions. Such cascades are termed by the Japanese " Thread-falls " or " Vermicelli-falls," because thy suggest the tangled lines of floss silk or vermicelli. The Shiraito-no-taki and Somen-no-taki, at Nikko, are famous examples of this class. In the centre of the group is a high precipitous cascade partly veiled by foliage and characteristic of what is termed a " Leaping-fall," of which Kirifuri- no-taki and Kegon-no-taki, near Nikko, are good examples. On the right, is a thin dribbling fall, somewhat after the style called "Linen-fall" owing to the supposed resemblance to a strip of thin white cloth agitated by the wind. The low torrent forming the overflow of the pool below must not be left unnoticed ; it is also a favourite feature in landscape gardening, used in combination with either of the higher falls. By a curious fancy it receives the name of the Me-daki, or Female Cascade, in contrast to the main waterfall, which, owing to its bolder character, is called the O- daki, or Male Cascade. The natural scene here illustrated has been given somewhat the appearance of a garden view, by the addition of a stone lantern and vertical rocks disposed according to the rules of landscape gardening. s o PLATE V. HAMA RIKIU GARDEN. The Imperial garden parties held in the Spring, for viewing the cherry blossoms, have rendered this garden familiar to most residents and visitors. Prior to the Restoration, the site was occupied by the summer palace of the Shogun, called the Hama-goten, or " Palace of the Coast," and it formed a favourite resort during the hot season, situated on the shore of the Tokio Bay. The garden was designed with considerable imagination and skill to suggest famous views in Japan, such as, Matsushima ; the Eight view's of Omi ; and different coast scenery. " Swallow Tea- house," " Pine-tree Tea-house," " Thatched Tea-house," " Hut of the Salt-coast," " Ocean View Hill," " Fujisan-viewing Hill," "Azuma Arbour," and "Trellissed Arbour" were a few of the names given to particular features of the grounds, some of which remain still intact. The upper illustration of Plate V shows the garden-lake and surrounding hillocks overgrown with evergreens and clipped bushes. In the centre of the lake may be seen one of the pine-clad islets connected to the shores by bridges. The lower illustration exhibits the long double wooden bridge, with intermediate pavilion, which crosses the lake in two right angle lines. The further bridge is roofed with trellis-work, overgrown with wistarias which make a splendid show of flowers in the early summer. A large quantity of cherry trees of single and double blossom, planted on the lawns and hills surrounding the water, now form the chief attraction of this Imperial villa garden. PLATE V. Hama Rikiu Garden, Lake View. Haina Rikiu Garden, View of Bridge and Trellis. PLATE VI. i FUKIAGE GARDEN. The- Kin-En, generally known as the Fukiage Garden, formed originally a part of the grounds of the old Yedo Castle. A historical description noting the various changes through which it has passed is given in "Landscape Gardening in Japan." At present this garden is included within the grounds of the central Palace of the Emperor, and is no longer accessible to the public. The upper illustration on Plate IV. shows a portion of the hill-garden as it existed some few years ago, the centre being occupied by a curious rockery and a cascade consisting of two falls. The upper waterfall leaps from the hill-side into a basin formed by a rocky cliff, and the overflow from this forms the second torrent. Flanking this lower cascade may be observed the "Statue Stone," or "Guardian Stone," fully described in the preceding treatise upon Japanese Gardening ; and on the opposite side of the view are two stone lanterns of different designs, one on the hillock, and one on the level below. The foreground is occupied by large reciunbent rocks and a row of stepping stones leading to the rocky pathway which crosses the hills of the background past another stone standard-lantern of what is called the Kasuga shape. The lower illustration shows a portion of the grass-covered moor, or park, of this garden, ornamented with rounded bushes, clumps of handsome trees, and an enormous stone lantern of the " Snow-scene " class. At the side may be seen the end of the Fukiage lake, a small sheet of water, with clipped bushes and a few rocks on its banks. P LATE Fukiage Garden, Rockery and Cascade. Fiikiagc Garden, Moor and Lake View. PLATE VII. IKE-NO-NIWA, KIOTO PALACE. The Ike-no-Niwa, or "Garden of the Lake," in the grounds of the Imperial Palace at Kioto, may be taken as a characteristic though somewhat imperfect example of a Japanese lake-garden. As the surrounding areas partake of the nature of broad gravelled approaches to the different detached buildings of the palace, the expanse of water lacks the charming and natural environment of verdant hills which distinguishes other gardens of this class. A few boulders, evergreen bushes, and trees fringe the stone-faced banks on the palace side, and prettily carved stone and wooden bridges connect the lake-islets with the shores. These islands abound in curious rocks, and dwarf pine trees trained out over the surface of the water: other handsome scoriated rock masses are scattered in the shallows of the lake. In the background of the view given in Plate VII. may be seen the handsome curved roof of one of the Im- perial buildings, remarkable, like the gardens surrounding them, for their chaste simplicity as compared with the more elaborate and fantastic style which characterises the old castle palaces of the Daimios. This is but a small portion of the extensive grounds surrounding the ancient Palace at Kioto, which consists of several separate blocks, each having its independent garden in varied style. W h o -*^ o - o K i imm PLATE VIII. KINKAKUJI GARDEN, KIOTO. The garden of the Kinkakuji, or Golden Pavilion, is one of the most his- torically interesting spots of the ancient capital, Kioto. It was laid out in the four- teenth century for the Regent Ashikaga Yoshimitsu as a landscape to surround a palace built for his seclusion. From this place of retirement, in priestly garb, and ostensibly indifferent to the cares of State, he secretly directed the government of his successor. A three-storied pavilion richly covered with gold formed the principal feature of the palace ; this still remains, bearing traces of its former magnificence. The lake which surrounds this garden pavilion, now thickly covered with the water-weeds of centuries, was called the " Mirror Ocean," and contained three pine-clad islets shaped to resemble in their outline the principal islands of the Japanese Empire. Much artifice is said to have been bestowed upon the whole composition, in the grouping of rare trees and rocks, and in adapting the design to the surrounding prospects. Perhaps the best proof of its original artistic perfection is to be found in the wildly natural aspect which it now bears, time having assisted art in that self-concealment which it is the latter's highest purpose to attain. As now to be seen, the spot is no longer recognisable as an artificial garden, but resembles rather some romantic watered glen in which man has " built himself a lordly pleasure house." v. ?-,ffeiit 1_ *-mtol!S$> '^S* . * -. O- : f," I ,, " o -4^ O PLATE IX. GINKAKUJI GARDEN, KIOTO. The Regent Yoshimasa, following the example of his predecessor Yoshimitsu, built himself a secluded retreat which he called Ginkakuji, or the Silver Pavilion, and which bore a striking resemblance to the Kinkakuji just described. The landscape- artist, Shoami, is said to have been the designer of the surrounding garden. It bears many traces of the Tea Garden style, which received a great impetus during the rule of Yoshimasa. A lake containing pine-clad islands and rare water-rocks is the principal feature of the grounds; it flows close up to the silver-plated pavilion, a structure of two stories, and of more modest proportions than the gilded pavilion of Yoshimitsu. A view of the lake and dwelling, as they now remain, is given in the lower illustration of Plate IX., and the upper illustration represents a portion known as the lotus-lake, thickly overgrown with lotus leaves, and crossed by monolithic granite bridges, with an intervening island of rocks and pine trees. A thickly wooded hill in the background imparts a charming beauty to this view. Other interesting features of this old garden are referred to in the writer's previous volume on " Land- scape Gardening in Japan." PLATE ** 3f ./"* a, - J, *i.g>U LO/MS La^e, Ginkakuji. Lake and Pavilion, Ginkakuji. PLATE X. TOKUSUMN GARDEN, KIOTO. The Abbot's palaces belonging to the Shinshu Monto sect of Buddhists have always been remarkable for their princely magnificence. That of the Eastern Hon- gwanji, in Kioto, presents a good example of the luxury displayed in the buildings and surroundings of these establishments. A suite of gorgeously decorated chambers, painted by some of the best artists of the time, and originally forming part of the Regent Hideyoshi's palace at Fushimi, serve as the Abbot's chief reception rooms: In the grounds adjoining may be seen a three-storied building, somewhat resembling in its outline that of the Kinkakuji, and called the Huin-kaku, or " Pavilion of Fleeting Clouds." This, like parts of the Momoyama Palace, was removed from Fushimi, having been presented to the Hongwanji Temple by the great Taiko-Sama. It is round this quaint villa that is constructed the small garden Tokusui-In, a portion of which is represented in Plate X. A narrow lake encircles two sides of the building, crossed in one place by a fantastic wooden bridge, the floor, parapet, and curved roof of which are all gracefully arched. The belt of water widens out in one place and contains a little island adorned with evergreen bushes and rocks, and connected with the opposite shore by bridges formed of granite monoliths. Portions of the banks are thickly, planted with maples, pines, and blossoming trees, shading the water and its moss-covered rocks, and producing a delightfully cool effect. The foreground has garden lanterns, curious rocks, and other characteristics of a Japanese landscape garden. PLATE X, Hs-W ^ i \ Tokusui-In Garden, Kioto. PLATES XI. AND XII. KORAKU-EN, KOISHIKAWA. This is the best preserved of the old gardens of Tokio. Its full description, as originally designed for Mitsukuni, the Daimio of Mito, in the seventeenth century, is given in the work "Landscape Gardening in Japan." Most of its original features remain intact, rendering it a very interesting and instructive example; it also has the advantage of being easily accessible to the public. Plate XI. shows an inlet which runs into the lake, representing one of the rivers of Japan, crossed by a bridge consisting of two slabs of granite supported in the centre on stone bearers: its banks are overgrown with grass and bushes, giving it the appearance of a natural stream. In the background may be seen" the thickly wooded borders of the lake. Plate XII. illustrates a picturesque view of the lake with an island connected to a rocky islet by a stone bridge consisting of a single slab. Rounded bushes relieve the bareness of the bold rockeries, and other stones lie scattered on the beach of the promontory grouped with a lantern and a number of bushes. The fore- ground is marked by a handsome old tree of great age, and the island is thickly planted with evergreens. The opposite banks of the lake, planted with an orchard of blossoming fruit trees, may be faintly distinguished. The waterfall which supplies the lake of this garden is illustrated in Plate XIII. PLATE 7J- , zVw, Koraku En, Koishikawa. W h 5 o -ft: PLATE XIII. GARDEN CASCADES. This Plate gives two examples of artificial cascades from noted landscape gardens. Ornamental grounds of any importance are considered incomplete without the introduction of this feature in some form or other. Sometimes no actual fall of water is obtained, but elevated mounds, rocks, and boulders are arranged to indicate the configuration of a cascade. Such a dried-up waterfall may be seen in the garden of the Akasaka Rikiu, as represented in the upper illustration of Plate XIII. In this particular case the resemblance is to a mountain torrent, consisting of a long series of steps, parts being covered with boulders and portions strewn with sand and pebbles. A tall rock, somewhat conical in shape, placed on the right of the principal declivity, represents the " Guardian Stone " an important accessory of all garden cascades. The " Cliff Stone," also frequently referred to in the technical volume on " Landscape Gardening in Japan," may be easily recognised. The lower illustration represents the cascade of the Koraku-En at Koishikawa, displaying a single broad sheet of water flanked by the "Guardian Stone." The background is thickly wooded, branches of the surrounding trees being arranged so as to partially veil the fall, in accordance with rule. A number of fine rocks are disposed in a natural and inter- esting manner in the pool below. ' f LATE Cascade, Akasaka Rikiu. - " " Cascade, Koraku En, Koishikawa. PLATE XIV. DAIMIO OF MITO'S GARDEN, HONJO. Among the numerous Tokio gardens belonging to the former territorial nobles, that of the Daimio of Mito, at Honjo, illustrated in Plate XIV., is a good example on a small scale. The view given shows a paucity of large trees, a peculiarity of most Japanese gardens, and especially of those occupying city sites. The greenery consists of dwarf pine-trees, and evergreen shrubs and bushes, with a large quantity of artificial detail in the form of granite lanterns, pagodas, and rocks. In the foreground is a monolithic block of granite, forming a bridge across the stream, and near this is a handsome stone lantern, of what is called the Snow-scene class, carried on four stone legs, and with a cap of wide diameter. On the hillock behind may be observed another gigantic lantern of the Standard class flanked by several rocks of interesting outline, and surrounded by clipped bushes and dwarf pine trees. A small pagoda, just visible from between the trees, occupies the background, and a rugged flight of stone steps, flanked by rocks and bushes, passes over the brow of the hill. Other small rocks line the banks of the garden stream in the foreground. (a 1 JO *b -*- * PLATES XV. AND XVI. SATAKE-NO-NIWA, HONJO. The Satake-no-Niwa is a characteristic example of the more artificial kind of Hill Garden, and is at present easily accessible to the public. It abounds in rare rocks, pagodas, and lanterns, collected by its original owner Mizuno Devva no Kami. An extensive lake occupies the centre of the grounds, surrounded by hills which are thickly planted with evergreen trees and bushes cut into rounded forms, presenting a great variety of vivid colouring. During the spring and summer, the bright greens of the foliage are set off by red maples, azaleas, and other flowering shrubs. The shores of the lake are spread out at places into sanded and pebbly beaches, crowded with river boulders, rocks, and picturesque stone lanterns. Plate XV. gives a general view of this garden, showing the lake and opposite hillocks, and in the lower illustration of Plate XVI. is shown a corner of the lake, thickly shaded with handsome trees, and over- grown with irises and other water-plants. A rustic looking temple-shrine, with a Tom, occupies the background. The upper illustration of Plate XVI. represents a portion of a garden of a similar class at Shinjiku. Here may be seen to perfection the typical Japanese arrangement of garden hills with rounded bushes and lanterns. , X, W h .0 S PLATE XV I, Dainty? s Garden at Shinjiku. Satake no Niwa, Honjo. PLATE XVII. HOTTA-NO-NIWA, FUKAGAWA. Until recent years the Hotta-no-Niwa, a Tokio garden belonging to the Daimio of Sakura, in the province of Shimosa, was one of the most elaborate city gardens. Unfortunately it no longer exists, having been broken up and the material conveyed elsewhere. As in almost all first class gardens, an extensive lake formed the central feature. Around this were winding walks and intercepting mounds and hillocks slop- ing down to the water's edge to terminate in sandy beaches adorned with enormous stone slabs, rocks, and graceful lanterns. The garden hills were covered with a num- ber of evergreen bushes clipped into spherical and trailing shapes, and interspersed with curious rocks and granite standard-lanterns. In the lower illustration on Plate XVII. may be observed the principal vertical rock of the garden, situated in front of the main hillock, in the background. The steps and stones below it are arranged in such a way as to suggest, to those acquainted with the rules of Japanese landscape gardening, the cascade-inlet of the lake. At one point a trellis of wistaria creepers overhangs the water, and on the opposite side a raised gallery forms a cool summer retreat. In the foreground of the upper illustration may be noticed a characteristic leaning pine-tree with an attenuated branch trained over a stone lantern of the Snow-scene class. The distance displays a curious stone bridge consisting of long granite slabs supported upon wooden piles driven into the bed of the stream. This garden may be taken as a very good example of the style of Hill Garden formerly very common in the thickly populated districts near the river and canals of Tokio. The water of the neighbouring river is utilised to form the lake, and the noise and unsightliness of the crowded streets outside are excluded by a boundary of high hillocks giving the garden the appearance of a secluded country spot. f LATE Hotta no Niwa, Fnkagawa. Hotta no Niwa, Fukagawa. PLATES XVIII. AND XIX. BOTANICAL GARDEN, KOISHIKAWA. These grounds, which belong to the Imperial Educational Department, are partially devoted to the cultivation of exotic plants and trees, and are called the Shokubutsu-En, or Botanical Gardens, of Tokio. In consequence of their miscellaneous character, certain portions exhibit the stiff formality of European gardens, but other parts still preserve the purely Japanese style of the original design, as executed a century and a half ago for the Daimio of Sagara, the original owner of the site. The full page illustration of Plate XVIII. shows a portion of the lake and surround- ing Kills of the garden, the former covered with water-weed and fringed with rocks and bushes, and the latter clad with coniferous evergreens and rounded bushes. Occasional ornamental rocks, a lantern, and a group of dwarf palms constitute other interesting features of the surrounding areas. Set back amid the shadow of some pine-trees my be seen the vertical rocks marking the head of the lake, which near this point is crossed by a granite bridge. Plate XIX. presents another view of the lake, and the grassy mounds surrounding it which carry quite a number of neat rounded bushes. Below, on the same Plate, may be seen a group of lotuses, and other detail in the form of bushes, a stone lantern, and a leaning pine-tree. The illustrations of this garden are produced from photographs taken by Mr. K. Ogawa, and are remarkable as showing with great clearness the delicate detail of the different kinds of foliage in which Japanese gardens abound. #w w h PLATE XIX- Botanical Garden View of Lake and Hills. Botanical Garden Bushes and Lotuses. PLATES XX. AND XXI. TSUYAMA GARDEN, TOKIO. The spot occupied by this garden is of some historical interest, having been presented by lyeyasu, the first of the Tokugawa Shoguns, to one of his Ministers of State. It afterwards passed into the hands of the Daimio Tsuyama Matsudaira. The present owner is a wealthy silk merchant named Sugimura, but the garden is still known as the Tsuyama Garden. Three views of these grounds are given; jthe first being taken from across the narrower end of the lake, showing the outlet at the side of the residence, crossed by a wooden bridge. On the further side is a conical hillock shaped to represent Fuji-san, having its slopes adorned with rounded bushes and artificially trimmed pine-trees. This hill has a spur and the intermediate depres- sion is crowded with stones and low bushes, high evergreens occupying the back- ground. The lower view on Plate XX. is taken from in front of the building, looking across the whole length of the lake. Two important features may be observed in the form of peninsulas or promontories jutting out into the water, one in the right foreground, and the other in the distance on the left. Both are provided with a pebble-strewn beach, ornamented with low shrubs, numerous rocks, and a stone lantern. The distant promontory carries in addition a little arbour partly hidden amid trees. This may be considered the principal view of the garden, the further banks of the lake having a large rockery indicating the imaginary source of water. Plate XXI. presents another aspect of this composition, as seen from the opposite end looking towards the residence. It shows more clearly the further promontory with its sea-beach, lantern, and pine-tree stretching out over the water. The lower illustration on this Plate is taken from a public garden at Mukojima, called the Komatsushima Garden, receiving its name from the island of small pine-trees in the centre of the lake. It is somewhat bare and uninteresting in the details, but is given as an example of the more common kind of public garden frequented by holiday-makers. PLATE XX- Garden of the Daimio Tsuyama, Hill View. Garden of the Daimio Tsuyama, Lake View. PLATE XXI- Garden of the Daimio Tsuyama, Lake View. Public Garden, Mnkojima. PLATE XXII. GARDEN AT KOMAGOME. This beautiful modern park covers the site once occupied by the garden called Mukusa-no-Sono, belonging to Yanagisawa, a favourite of the Shogun Tsuna- yoshi Ko. This noble was famous as having risen from the rank of a petty court chamberlain to that of the wealthiest territorial Daimio. The grounds, as extended by their present owner, cover nearly a hundred acres, and comprise, the lake-garden immediately facing the residence ; a winding stream, the banks of which are thickly wooded; numerous plantations of pines, cedars, and other evergreens; groves of blossom- ing trees ; orchards of fruit trees ; a duck pond ; a vegetable garden ; and a model farm. The lake view shown in Plate XXII. is remarkable for its serene and unassum- ing grandeur. In other gardens of this class a multiplicity of detail, in the form of hillocks, spherical bushes, rocks, and lanterns, creates, a restless finical effect which is here altogether absent, being replaced by a dignified repose and stately simplicity. The lawns surrounding the ornamental water are adorned with some magnificent old pine-trees of picturesque shape, and of a size rarely found in such numbers in a single garden; and these, together with a colossal stone lantern, a few shrubs, and rocks judiciously and sparingly arranged, impart a noble scale to the foreground of the composition. In the background may be observed a high Standing stone con- stituting the central feature of the view, but not in this case connected in any way \vith the water-supply of the lake. The cascade is at the eastern extremity of the lake, tastefully designed to suggest a mountain torrent. In the middle of the wide expanse of water may be seen a group of rocks arranged to form an open archway, in imitation of the hollowed sea-rocks which are seen at various places near the Japanese coast. The lake is also furnished with a pretty wooded island connected to the shore by a simple curved bridge of timber and wattling covered with earth. A single garden hill of considerable height, thickly planted with camellias, azaleas, pines, and oaks, forms an important feature of the background, and commands a fine view of the surrounding garden. u