B 3 3bl 23*1 
 
 
' 
 
THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 PRESENTED BY 
 
 PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND 
 MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID 
 
LIFE BENEATH THE WAVES 
 
 AND A 
 
 DESCKIPTION OF THE BRIGHTON 
 AQUAEIUM. 
 
 iijj Jfemenms Illustrations, 
 
 INCLUDING GROUND PLAN OF THE AQUARIUM 
 
 AND 
 
 VIEW OF THE LARGEST TANK. 
 
 LONDON : 
 
 TINSLEY BROTHERS, 18, CATHERINE STREET, STRAND, 
 1871. 
 

L-5~ 
 
 PEEFACE. 
 
 WHEN I commenced this little work I did 
 not intend to have it published until some- 
 what later in the year, when the Brighton 
 Aquarium will be completed and open to 
 the public. But after taking into con- 
 sideration the fact that most people visit 
 the seaside during the summer and autumn 
 months, it does not seem to me advisable to 
 delay the production of my endeavours to 
 excite feelings of interest respecting the in- 
 habitants of the ocean. 
 
 And I trust that my brief accounts of some 
 of these submarine animals, and the descrip- 
 tion of the Brighton Aquarium in its finished 
 
iv Preface. 
 
 state, will prove to be a combination suffi- 
 ciently interesting to induce my readers to 
 visit the above-named building (when it 
 shall be ready for public inspection), not 
 only from the desire of beholding its 
 manifold architectural perfections and at- 
 tractions, but also from the wish to become 
 better acquainted with that portion of 
 creation which constitutes 
 
 " LIFE BENEATH THE WAVES." 
 BRIGHTON, July, 1871. 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Ground Plan of Aquarium . . to face page 7 
 
 View of Largest Tank ... 14 
 
 Dahlia Anemone .... 24 
 
 Smooth Anemones .... 26 
 
 Sabelta '. 30 
 
 Sea Worm Serpula? ... 36 
 Scarlet Worm Swimming Crab 
 
 Changing its Shell ... ,,40 
 
 Hermit Crab Angled Crab . 46 
 
 Spider Crab Nut Crab ... ,,46 
 
 Spider Crab 50 
 
 Helmet Crab Swimming Crab . 54 
 
 Large Pecten ..... 58 
 
 Pecten Dog Winkle Pelican's Foot 62 
 
 Trochus Naticas .... 64 
 
 Chitons Venus . . . . 66 
 
 Sea-mouse Cowry and. Pecten . 70 
 
 Dead Men's Fingers ... 74 
 
 Webbed Starfish Brittle Star . 78 
 
 Sea Urchin Five-fingered Star . 82 
 
 Shrimp and Prawn .... 86 
 
 Squat Lobster and Sea Slug . . 90 
 

LIFE BENEATH THE WAVES. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 THE indifference which exists amongst 
 people in general respecting the inhabitants 
 of the sea, is without doubt a fact to be 
 greatly regretted; but at the same time, 
 surprise can scarcely be mingled with regret, 
 when we take into consideration the few 
 opportunities which have been offered to the 
 public in this country, for acquiring any infor- 
 mation respecting Life Beneath the Waves. 
 For whilst children at school, and at home, 
 are taught almost from their infancy to feel 
 interested in the observance, and study of 
 animals, birds, insects, flowers, and trees, 
 
8 Life Beneath the Warns. 
 
 no effort, generally speaking, is made to 
 excite similar desires for information with 
 regard to the denizens of our oceans and 
 rivers. 
 
 And again, whilst facilities abound both in 
 public and private for rendering ourselves 
 familiar with, at any rate, the outward forms 
 of creatures which live on the earth, or in 
 the air, from the majestic Lion king, and 
 fierce sovereign of the feathered tribes, to 
 the insignificant field-mouse, and crawling 
 reptile, very few opportunities have 
 existed, up to the present time, for the ac- 
 quisition of a corresponding amount of 
 information respecting the living treasures 
 of the deep. 
 
 The result of this state of things cannot, 
 to say the least, be deemed satisfactory; 
 for although in some cases " ignorance " 
 may be "bliss," the exceptions to this rule 
 
Life Beneath the Waves. 9 
 
 are far more numerous than the corrobora- 
 tions thereof. 
 
 The plea of lack of opportunity for ac- 
 quiring information respecting the in- 
 habitants of the sea, can, however, no longer 
 be as justly brought forward as hitherto, 
 for the construction of a magnificent public 
 Aquarium in the fashionable town of 
 Brighton, effectually fills the gap so long 
 left vacant, and supplies the opportunity 
 so long left wanting, both for scientific and 
 unscientific persons to render themselves 
 acquainted, not only with the outward 
 forms of the inhabitants of the ocean, but 
 also for studying at leisure the various 
 " manners and customs " of the same. For 
 the object of the Brighton Aquarium is 
 not merely to please the eye, and enable 
 fashionable visitors to while away time 
 in a novel and agreeable manner ; it is 
 
10 Life Beneath the Waves. 
 
 intended to instruct as well as to delight, and 
 at once to excite and gratify a thirst for 
 information respecting submarine curiosi- 
 ties. 
 
 For some years past I have kept several 
 small aquaria, the inmates of which I 
 obtain by dredging at sea, or by searching 
 amongst rocks and stones on the shore : the 
 study of my marine captives is a source of 
 unfailing interest and amusement, and I 
 feel sure that those of my readers who have 
 had similar small tanks in their rooms, will 
 agree with me in the assertion that the 
 more one sees and knows of the inhabitants 
 of the ocean, so much the more does one 
 desire further information respecting them. 
 If then such be the feelings excited by 
 aquaria of very limited dimensions and 
 modest pretensions, we may safely conclude 
 that they will be increased a hundredfold 
 
Life Beneath the Waves. 11 
 
 by viewing the innumerable specimens of 
 submarine animals displayed, under the 
 most favourable circumstances, in the 
 spacious tanks of the splendid building 
 designed for public inspection at the 
 " Queen of the Watering Places." 
 
 The site of this building is close to 
 the Chain Pier, immediately below the 
 cliff: it is protected from the waves by a 
 strong sea-wall formed of concrete and Port- 
 land stone. The old road and promenade 
 formerly leading to the Pier exist no longer, 
 but a new road and promenade have been 
 constructed south of the Aquarium. 
 
 The principal entrance to the main 
 building is opposite the east side of the 
 Albion Hotel, near the spot where, for so 
 many years, stood the toll-house for the 
 Chain Pier, well known in Brighton as 
 " Ratty 's toll-house;" upon referring to the 
 
12 Life Beneath the Waves. 
 
 ground plan of the Aquarium,., my readers 
 will observe a flight of steps leading to the 
 building; these steps (twenty-three feet in 
 width) are composed of granite, with 
 spacious landings, and ornamental stone 
 balustrades at the sides : descending these 
 steps, the visitor finds himself in an open 
 court, considerably below the new road- way. 
 The dimensions of this entrance court are 
 sixty feet by forty; it is arcaded on three 
 sides by enriched terra-cotta arches, coupled 
 columns, and entablature of Italian cha- 
 racter in the same material ; the columns 
 have carved terra-cotta caps, red and 
 bun , whilst the keystones of the arches 
 consist of figures of mermaids; scrip- 
 tural texts in mosaic letters being inserted 
 in the frieze. 
 
 From this court the visitor passes on to 
 the entrance hall of the Aquarium, an 
 
Life Beneath the Waves. 13 
 
 apartment about eighty feet by forty-five, 
 with arcades on every side, composed of 
 terra-cotta and ornamental brickwork ; 
 the vaulted roof of this hall is composed 
 of stone ribs and coloured bricks, the 
 centre being glazed for the admission 
 of light. A corridor runs round the 
 hall, the outer pillars of which are cast 
 iron, elaborately worked ; the inside, 
 terra-cotta enriched columns of red and 
 buff. 
 
 Facilities for refreshing the "inner man" 
 are to be found at the north end of the 
 hall, and close at hand is the entrance to a 
 dining-hall a commodious room, with a 
 vaulted roof, supported in the same manner 
 as the one just described, and lighted by 
 plate-glass windows from the entrance 
 court. 
 
 From the entrance hall the visitor pro- 
 
14 Life Beneath the Waves. 
 
 ceeds to what may be termed the Aqua- 
 rium proper, which consists, in the first 
 place, of a corridor two hundred and twenty 
 feet long and twenty-three wide, divided in 
 the centre by handsome columns, constructed 
 alternately of Bath stone, serpentine, and 
 polished granite. On the caps of the 
 columns are carved designs of shells, fish, 
 sea-birds, and other marine subjects; while 
 the corresponding corbels from the piers are 
 enriched in a similar manner. From these 
 columns and corbels spring the ribs of 
 a handsome groined roof, the ribs being in 
 Bath stone, and the filling in, between the 
 groins, of brickwork ; black and red, and red 
 and buff alternately. On each side of the 
 corridor are ranged the tanks for the exhibi- 
 tion of the specimens, varying in size from 
 eleven feet six inches by twenty feet, to one 
 hundred and three feet by forty. By re- 
 
Life Beneath the Waves. 15 
 
 ferring to the plan it will be seen that the 
 length of the corridor is broken by a central 
 square, on the sides of which are the largest 
 tanks in the building ; the enclosed sketch re- 
 presenting the larger of the two. It may here 
 be stated that the corridors throughout are 
 divided into a series of bays of equal propor- 
 tions ; these divisions have Portland stone 
 piers, plinths, and cills to receive the sheets 
 of thick plate glass, which are secured to 
 them with waterproof cement ; exhibiting 
 a front of water behind each division of 
 glass, nine feet in length, and five feet six 
 inches in height ; and a glass roof covers 
 the tanks, so as to admit a sufficiently strong 
 light upon the inhabitants. 
 
 The central square has the groined 
 vaulted roof on each side, forming a sort 
 of cloister, whilst the middle is covered 
 with an elaborately ornamented iron roof, 
 
16 Life Beneath the Waves. 
 
 part of the covering being antique coloured 
 glass. 
 
 Passing through the principal corridor,, 
 which, runs nearly from west to east, 
 the visitor has access to another cor- 
 ridor at right angles to the one just de- 
 scribed, or running directly north and 
 south. There are no tanks in this part of 
 the building, its chief use being a commu- 
 nication between the two main corridors. 
 
 But before giving any details of the 
 second main corridor, I must not forget to 
 mention the conservatory at the end of the 
 one just described. Its extreme length is 
 one hundred and sixty feet, and its width 
 forty feet the eastern end being designed 
 to form a rockwork waterfall, with ledges, 
 dropping well, small aquaria, ferns, &c. 
 The conservatory proper is seventy feet 
 long and twenty-three feet wide, the en- 
 
Life Beneath the Waves. 17 
 
 trance facing the main corridor from 
 the entrance hall. On each side are lofty 
 arches forming arcades, having a tier of 
 windows overlooking the terraces, and the 
 roof is in cast iron, resembling the iron 
 roof already mentioned. 
 
 The other main corridor, which is ap- 
 proached from the one running from north 
 to south, corresponds in length to the con- 
 servatory, its width being the same as 
 that of the principal one: it has twenty 
 tanks, part for the exhibition of fresh-water 
 specimens, and part for tropical specimens 
 requiring a higher temperature. The con- 
 servatory has communication, on the south 
 side, by means of the open arcade, to a part 
 of this corridor, which is arranged for 
 small table aquaria requiring minute in- 
 spection. The vaulting, lighting, glazing, 
 and roofing of this corridor are similar to 
 2 
 
18 Life Beneath the Waves. 
 
 those of the first, and at the end are the 
 engine rooms, for pumps and machinery, 
 boilers, &c., also naturalists' rooms. 
 
 Underneath the corridors are large re- 
 servoirs for containing a supply of sea- 
 water ; each reservoir communicates with 
 the others, and with a well in the engine 
 room. The pumps raise the water from 
 this well to an upper reservoir, which has 
 a pipe communication to every tank, to 
 admit the flow of water at any required 
 rate. A stand-pipe in each tank regulates 
 the height for the water, by permitting its 
 escape at the top, finding its way to the 
 lower reservoir by earthenware pipes, to be 
 re-used again thus keeping the water in 
 a perpetual flow from one end of the 
 building to the other. 
 
 And now, having detailed the leading 
 features of the interior of the Brighton 
 
Life Beneath the Waves. 19 
 
 Aquarium with as little of the technical as 
 possible, I must give a few particulars 
 respecting the exterior of the building, 
 trusting that the interest and patience of 
 my readers are not quite exhausted. 
 
 Terrace promenades, decorated with stone 
 balustrades, flowers, ferns, and shrubs, are 
 constructed over the corridors, whilst seats 
 and shady verandahs are provided for 
 the accommodation of visitors. There are 
 three flights of Portland stone steps leading 
 to these terraces, one at either end of the 
 building, and one in the centre, whilst 
 from the new road next the sea is an en- 
 trance for invalid chairs by inclines, one 
 leading to the entrance hall, and the other 
 to the middle corridor. 
 
 Such, my readers, is a brief description of 
 the architectural design, arrangements, 
 and attractions of the Brighton Aquarium ; 
 22 
 
20 Life Beneath the Waves. 
 
 many other particulars could I give of 
 this truly magnificent building, but as 
 most of my readers will probably receive 
 ocular demonstration thereof, a prolonged 
 peri and ink description is unnecessary; 
 therefore I will proceed to the considera- 
 tion of a few of the denizens of the ocean, 
 which, with innumerable other varieties, 
 will be displayed in the richly ornamented 
 and spacious tanks of the Brighton 
 Aquarium. 
 
 But before passing on to the subject 
 of Life Beneath the Waves, I wish to state 
 that this little book is not intended to 
 be what is called a scientific work ; its 
 object is simply to draw attention to the 
 inhabitants of the sea by short descriptions 
 of various specimens, and their most 
 striking characteristics, and to thereby pro- 
 duce desires for further information in the 
 
Life Beneath the Waves. 21 
 
 minds of those who were previously totally 
 indifferent to the fact that, hidden away in 
 the depths of the ocean, live tribes of 
 creatures of the most exquisite beauty 
 and wondrous organizations. 
 
 So multifarious are these submarine 
 denizens so interesting, marvellous, and 
 attractive their various idiosyncrasies that 
 it is rather a difficult matter to decide 
 which to select for consideration in a 
 little book of this description. 
 
 And again, on the one hand, if I indulge 
 in minute details, the charge of trespassing 
 on other people's grounds may be laid to 
 my account ; and on the other, if but few 
 particulars are given concerning the sub- 
 marine specimens selected, I may be ac- 
 cused of ignorance and inability. 
 
 So you see, I am, as Brother Jonathan 
 would observe, u rather in a fix ;" but as 
 
22 Life Beneath the Waves. 
 
 "fixes" do not, as a rule, "become small 
 by degrees and beautifully less" when un- 
 duly considered and brooded over, I will 
 no longer dwell upon the one now in hand, 
 but decide to limit myself, in the follow- 
 ing pages, to the description and delinea- 
 tion of some of the submarine animals 
 which have from time to time occupied my 
 own small Aquaria. 
 
 For some few years I have contributed 
 short papers on. these subjects to the well 
 known and popular magazine the Chat- 
 terbox : with the kind permission of the 
 editor, parts of these contributions are 
 now reprinted in this little work. 
 
PART II. 
 
 THE tanks wherein anemones are displayed 
 will doubtless be some of the most pictu- 
 resque and attractive in the Brighton 
 Aquarium, for although when out of water 
 the anemone is a shrivelled mass, unsightly 
 to the eye, and flabby and unpleasant to 
 the touch, its appearance when in water 
 fully justifies its appellation of " Flower of 
 the Sea." 
 
 There are, I believe, twenty known kinds 
 of British Anemones, some of them greatly 
 outrivalling others in point of beauty, as 
 well as in their resemblance to flowers. 
 
 The Dahlia Anemone is a beautiful 
 
24 Life Beneath the Waves. 
 
 species, and bears a striking resemblance 
 to the flower from which it takes its name. 
 It belongs to the group scientifically 
 termed Bunodes Crassicornis ; a specimen 
 now in my possession measures seven 
 inches across when fully expanded. The 
 colour of its rough base or disc is orange, 
 with white protuberances, its centre rosy- 
 pink, streaked with dark crimson, and 
 softening into white at its mouth the 
 outer rows of its transparent tentacles are 
 also white, with crimson marks the inner 
 rows faint pink, also streaked with crimson. 
 
 This anemone is extremely greedy and 
 voracious, shrimp after shrimp being caught 
 in its extended tentacles, and ere one victim 
 disappears in the Dahlia's mouth, another is 
 often captured, and gradually drawn inta 
 the same place. 
 
 One of the peculiarities of this anemone 
 
Life Beneath the Waves. 25 
 
 is the variety of shapes it continually 
 assumes : when fully expanded, and one is 
 admiring the regularity of its tentacles, 
 and its general perfection of form, sud- 
 denly, and without any apparent reason, 
 some of its transparent feelers become 
 contracted, and are withdrawn into its disc, 
 thus causing the creature to appear what is 
 called " lop-sided ;" at another time, instead 
 of altering the arrangement of its tentacles, 
 its mouth and interior are protruded in 
 such an extraordinary manner, that the 
 anemone seems to be actuated by the 
 desire of turning itself inside out, to use a 
 common expression ; and sometimes it sud- 
 denly closes itself up altogether, and instead 
 of reminding one of a beautiful Dahlia, it 
 looks more like an ill-shaped and unwhole 
 some orange. 
 
 Other anemones in the same tank with 
 
26 Life Beneath the Waves. 
 
 the Dahlia belong to the class scientifically 
 denominated Actinia mesetnbryanthemum. 
 The bodies or discs of this species are quite 
 smooth, and devoid of the rough excres- 
 cences which distinguish the bases of the 
 Crassicornis tribe : Smooth Anemones vary 
 very much in colour, some of them being 
 entirely crimson, green, or brown, whilst 
 others are ornamented with stripes or spots. 
 
 The Strawberry Anemone is a pretty, 
 though common, specimen ; thus called 
 because, when closed, its colours and 
 general appearance resemble that delicious 
 fruit. When the Strawberry is opened, and 
 its tentacles fully displayed, a row of bright 
 blue dots may generally be seen at its edge : 
 these blue dots may also be observed in 
 most of the anemones belonging to this 
 class. 
 
 Smooth Anemones may be found of all 
 
Life Beneath the Waves. 27 
 
 sizes as well as colours, but I believe they 
 never attain the proportions of the Dahlia 
 just described the largest in my tank at 
 the present time is about four inches across 
 when fully expanded; the smallest, about 
 the size of a pin's head: the number of 
 these tiny creatures continually increases, 
 and very pretty do they look, dotted 
 about the aquarium either on the pebbles 
 or seaweed, with their little arms widely 
 extended. 
 
 The tentacles of the Strawberry, and other 
 smooth anemones are very much longer 
 and thinner in proportion than those of the 
 Crassicornis family; and although perhaps 
 the Smooth Anemone is not quite so vora- 
 cious as the Dahlia, it is by no means of an 
 abstemious nature, for even the tiniest 
 specimen will readily seize and devour bits 
 of meat or fish, as well as living shrimps, 
 
28 Life Beneath the Waves. 
 
 and any other of their companions in cap- 
 tivity which seem good to them, and which 
 are unwary enough to venture within 
 reach of their murderous tentacles. 
 
 It is. perhaps, not generally known that 
 various kinds of worms inhabit the sea, 
 as well as those which live in the earth; 
 and that whilst earth-worms with their 
 dull colours, and wriggling movements are 
 not calculated to inspire interest and ad- 
 miration, most sea-worms, or Annelids as 
 they are properly called, are extremely 
 pretty and attractive objects. 
 
 Some of the most beautiful of this 
 group of the denizens of the sea are those 
 denominated Serpulas, and Sabellae; these 
 worms inhabit tubes, something like the 
 stem of a clay pipe in shape and colour, 
 and more or less bent and twisted. The 
 
Life Beneath the Waves. 29 
 
 inhabitant of each tube can push out and 
 draw back, at its pleasure, a bunch of 
 feathery tufts, extremely delicate in tex- 
 ture, and most brilliant and exquisite in 
 colour. These feathery tufts are the gills of 
 the Annelid. They vary very much in hue, 
 some being scarlet, some grey, green, blue 
 or brown. Others, again, are orange, dotted 
 with black, or light yellow, edged with 
 white; in short, the various colours are so 
 numerous, that when a group of bright 
 tufts is displayed at one time, the eifect is 
 almost as gay as that produced by flowers 
 in a conservatory. At the first glance no 
 very particular difference is to be ob- 
 served between Serpulse and Sabellas, but 
 a closer examination discovers distinct 
 characteristics. 
 
 Upon looking at the illustration of the 
 Serpulse, something like a little cork on a 
 
30 Life Beneath the Waves. 
 
 stem will be noticed amongst its plumes; 
 when the Annelid draws back its feathery 
 tufts, this little cork goes into the shell 
 last, and acts as a stopper to the opening 
 of the tube; and when the gills are pro- 
 truded, the cork makes its appearance 
 first, as a matter of course. Every Ser- 
 pula has two horns or antennae, the one 
 being ornamented with this tiny cork the 
 other being shorter, and, as a rule, devoid 
 of any such " terminal cone" (as a well- 
 known naturalist denominates the stopper). 
 But I have occasionally found Serpuke 
 with a stopper on each of the antennas, and 
 upon examining the movements of these 
 specimens through a magnifying glass, I 
 observed that when the feathery plumes 
 were withdrawn, one of the little corks 
 followed slightly behind the other; and 
 when the gills were again protruded, the 
 
Life Beneath the Waves. 31 
 
 antennse appeared first, in the same order 
 in which they had disappeared; and as they 
 issued from the tube, closely followed by 
 the beautiful plumes, with a jerking move- 
 ment they righted themselves side by 
 side. Upon looking down the tube when 
 closed, I could only perceive one of the 
 stoppers, and as it fitted exactly into the 
 tube, the natural conclusion is, that the 
 two " terminal cones' 7 act like two doors, 
 thereby rendering the inmate of the shell 
 doubly safe from injury. The shape of 
 these little stoppers is not always the 
 same, for some are pointed at the top, and 
 bear a resemblance in shape to a tiny 
 mushroom. The colour of these Serpuke is 
 generally brown, drab, or black. 
 
 One of the principal differences between 
 Serpula3 and Sabella? is, that although the 
 feathery plumes of the latter are more 
 
32 Life Beneath the Waves. 
 
 delicate and fragile in appearance than 
 those of the former, they have no protec- 
 tion in the way of a stopper when hidden 
 in their tubes. The elegance, lightness, 
 and gracefulness of these gills of the 
 Sabellae are indeed beyond description; 
 like the Serpulae, they vary in colour. 
 Those I have sketched were delicate gold, 
 with brilliant scarlet dots; some are pale 
 green, streaked with black, and when fully 
 opened, and waving backwards and for- 
 wards in the water, they are most ex- 
 quisite and beautiful objects. Another 
 distinction between the Annelids of which 
 I am writing is, that whilst the Serpula5 
 are usually found in groups adhering to 
 broken shells or pieces of rock, the SabellaB 
 I have drawn are, as a rule, seldom to be 
 obtained even in pairs. And whilst the tubes 
 of these SabellaB adhere but partially to their 
 
Life Beneath the Waves. 33 
 
 resting-places, three-fourths of their shells 
 generally being quite independent of any 
 support, Serpulae, on the other hand, 
 adhere closely to rocks or shells, and only 
 a small portion of their tubes stands 
 aloof. 
 
 Both kinds are excessively shy, and very 
 easily frightened, the slightest noise or 
 movement of the aquarium causes them to 
 retreat into their tubes, and very quiet 
 must the observer remain if he desires to 
 see the gay plumes come forth again. 
 
 And yet, strange to say, when Serpulse 
 adhere to a shell whereof a Hermit-crab 
 has taken possession, the creature's rapid 
 and abrupt movements do not alarm the 
 Annelids, for they extend their gay plumes 
 to the utmost width, as the crab hurries 
 about the aquarium in a manner by no 
 means remarkable for its lack of noise. 
 3 
 
34 Life Beneath the Waves. 
 
 But if a finger is laid on the glass, or the 
 breath of the beholder ruffle the water, 
 the tufts disappear in a moment. Ser- 
 pulae and Sabellae appear to possess hardy 
 natures, for I kept the specimens I have 
 drawn, for more than twelve months; and 
 at the end of that period they were evi- 
 dently quite healthy, for their plumes were 
 as brilliant as at first. I then left that 
 part of the country, and gave away my 
 marine pets, greatly to my disinclination 
 I must confess. 
 
 Whilst dredging at sea one day, at a 
 distance of twelve or fourteen miles from 
 the shore, the first thing which attracted 
 attention, as the contents of the dredging- 
 net were emptied on the deck, was a piece 
 of rock about six inches in length, and 
 four in depth, completely covered with 
 Serpulae tubes of various dimensions ; and 
 
Life Beneath the Waves. 35 
 
 upon placing it in an aquarium after re- 
 turning home, it soon became evident that 
 other Annelids besides Serpulse had taken 
 possession of the rock. 
 
 The first intimation of the presence of 
 these worms was a bunch of long, thin, buff- 
 coloured feelers or tentacles, ornamented 
 by a short thick crimson fringe, hanging 
 down from the piece of rock. These feelers 
 were continually in motion, elongating 
 and shortening themselves every instant. 
 And as I examined them through a magni- 
 fying glass, the bunch moved forwards, 
 and in a few moments a salmon-coloured 
 worm had displayed itself, to the length of 
 about an inch and a half. 
 
 Thinking that in all probability the 
 
 Annelid was searching for food, I dropped 
 
 a small piece of meat near the perpetually 
 
 moving tentacles, and in an instant it was 
 
 '62 
 
36 Life Beneath the Waves. 
 
 enveloped by the numerous feelers, which 
 twined and untwined themselves round it 
 with great rapidity, the tentacles appearing 
 to act for the worm as our teeth act for us, 
 with the exception of theirs being out- 
 side instead of inside the mouth, for the 
 piece of meat was gradually softened 
 and divided into very small particles, 
 and drawn up beneath the crimson fringe. 
 
 These Annelids lived but a week or two ; 
 they came out of their houses in the rock, 
 and lay extended amongst the pebbles 
 some hours before they died, the rest- 
 less tentacles gradually becoming quieter, 
 until at length they ceased to move at 
 all. 
 
 Serpulae and Sabellae, and many other 
 worms which inhabit tubes, forsake their 
 shells in this way before death; their 
 brilliant hues generally become fainter 
 
Life Beneath the Waves. 37 
 
 and fainter as their life ebbs away, and 
 fade entirely after death. 
 
 Besides the Annelids just described, 
 numerous specimens of those which do not 
 inhabit tubes have been captured in our 
 dredging net; the colouring of these 
 creatures is also extremely brilliant and 
 varied, and their movements are both 
 active and graceful, and very pretty do 
 they look as they dart amongst the stones 
 and seaweed of an aquarium. The one I 
 have drawn was scarlet, with white marks 
 on its body and a white line on its back, 
 reaching from its head to its tail. The 
 sketch is the same size as was the worm 
 itself; and I may as well observe that all 
 the illustrations of marine creatures in this 
 little book, are of the same dimensions as 
 the originals, unless mention be made to 
 the contrary, and that, with one or two 
 
38 Life Beneath the Waves. 
 
 trifling exceptions, they are drawn from 
 specimens which have inhabited my own 
 aquaria. 
 
 A broad back, strong claws, tiny eyes, 
 and side-long walk are familiar associations 
 in our minds with respect to the common 
 or edible crab ; but the fact is not perhaps 
 equally familiar, that when this "dainty 
 morsel " is, so to speak, in his infancy, his 
 outward form bears no resemblance to that 
 which it attains when he arrives at years 
 of maturity. 
 
 Indeed so very different are the Zoea, or 
 young crabs, from the old ones, that at one 
 time they were supposed to be a distinct 
 race of creatures. The transformations 
 they undergo before attaining the shape 
 familiar to us all are very extraordinary, 
 and well worthy of description. 
 
Life Beneath the Waves, 39 
 
 In its first stage of existence the young 
 crab has, says a writer on this subject, " a 
 helmet-shaped head, terminating behind in 
 a long horn, and furnished in front with 
 a pair of huge sessile eyes, and it moves 
 through the water by means of its long 
 swimming tail. After the first change of 
 skin the body assumes something like its 
 permanent shape ; the claws are developed, 
 and the legs resemble those of the crab; 
 but the change is still incomplete, for the 
 tail is still long, and furnished with false 
 feet like that of the lobster. The swimming 
 habit has not yet been laid aside. At the 
 next stage, while the little creature is still 
 about the eighth of an inch in diameter, 
 the crab-form is completed, the abdomen 
 folding in under the carapace. All the 
 subsequent changes are merely changes 
 of coat, consequent on the growth of the 
 
40 Life Beneath the Waves. 
 
 now complete animal. In these several 
 metamorphoses we see portrayed in suc- 
 cession the peculiarities of three different 
 types, one rising above the other in struc- 
 ture. In the first stage the crab resembles 
 one of the least perfect Crustacea, such as 
 the Water-flea ; in the next, it assumes the 
 aspect of the lobster ; and finally puts on 
 the form of the most perfect animals of the 
 class." 
 
 Another curious circumstance in con- 
 nexion with the edible, and other crabs, is 
 that, contrary to the general course of 
 nature, the shell does not expand in propor- 
 tion to the creature's growth, consequently 
 he is obliged from time to time to cast it off. 
 
 It is very interesting to watch the crab 
 as he rids himself of the coat which has 
 become too small for him. I have seen the 
 whole proceeding many times. One crab in 
 
Scourl&b - Worm. 
 
 Cr*oub 
 
 its 
 
Life Beneath the Waves. 41 
 
 particular which lived in my aquarium, grew 
 very quickly, and, if I remember rightly, 
 threw off his coat six times in less than a 
 year. At length he became so large that he 
 continually made his escape from the glass, 
 generally selecting the night for that 
 purpose, and one of my first acts, upon 
 entering the room in the morning, was to 
 search for the truant and put him back in 
 his home. His propensity for persisting in 
 thus roaming by night terminated fatally, 
 for he was unfortunately crushed to death 
 beneath the fender. I was sorry for his 
 untimely decease, for he had long been in 
 my possession, and always appeared to be 
 in an excellent state of health and spirits; 
 we had moreover become quite upon 
 friendly terms, and for many months before 
 his death he had ceased to exhibit any 
 symptoms of alarm when I approached the 
 
42 Life Beneath the Waves. 
 
 aquarium ; and when a small stick was 
 inserted, with a modicum of food attached, 
 the moment the piece of wood touched the 
 water, he would scramble towards it with 
 great rapidity, and eagerly snatching off 
 the bit of raw mussel or other fish, dart 
 away to the nearest shelter of rock or sea- 
 weed, and devour the morsel with every 
 appearance of relish and enjoyment. 
 
 The first sign that a crab is about to 
 cast off his shell is generally an extra 
 amount of restlessness round and round 
 the aquarium, backwards and forwards he 
 crawls, till he finds what he considers a 
 sufficiently retired spot for the purpose of 
 making his strange toilet. He then remains 
 stationary, arid the shell begins to move 
 forwards very slowly, the crab's claws 
 being slightly elevated at first, and his legs 
 extended. On moves the coat, very 
 
Life Beneath the Waves. 43 
 
 gradually, but perceptibly, and as it gets 
 more and more forward, we perceive that 
 the crab is gently doubling up his legs and 
 lowering his claws, till at length the shell 
 which has hitherto protected him protects 
 him no longer, but falls from him, not 
 broken into pieces, but perfect, even to the 
 covering of the eyes and antennae or horns. 
 The marks on the crab are precisely the 
 same in shape as those on the discarded 
 coat, but larger, and the colouring very 
 much more brilliant. 
 
 So greatly is the crab now increased in 
 size, that our first thought upon viewing 
 him without his discarded coat, is surprise 
 that he could ever have worn it at all ; and 
 this idea seems generally to occur to the 
 crab also, for his frequent custom, on 
 getting rid of his shell, is to seize it with 
 his claws, and after examining it for a 
 
44 Life Beneath the Waves. 
 
 moment with apparent astonishment, he 
 pushes it contemptuously away, and 
 hastens to find some snug hole or obscure 
 corner wherein he can hide himself, till he 
 can again issue forth in all the glory and 
 comfort of a new suit of armour. 
 
 His present skin is now very soft 
 and tender, and by no means calculated 
 to act as a defence against the attacks of 
 his companions those of his own kind 
 being especially ready to take every advan- 
 tage of his weak and forlorn condition. 
 Upon one occasion I noticed a tiny crab 
 crouching down under a stone, close to the 
 spot where another crab, twice his own 
 size, was occupied in casting off his shell; 
 whether the little one owed the larger one 
 a grudge, or not, I cannot say, but no sooner 
 was the latter rendered defenceless by the 
 loss of his armour, than the little wretch 
 
Life Beneath the Waves. 45 
 
 darted at him, tore off one of his legs, and 
 actually proceeded to eat it. 
 
 In order to save the poor denuded crab 
 from further insults and cannibalistic 
 attacks, I placed him in another aquarium, 
 where there were none of his own species, 
 and there he remained until his shell 
 became hard again, and he could fight his 
 own battles. 
 
 Judging by their behaviour in an 
 aquarium, crabs of all kinds are, as a rule, 
 extremely quarrelsome and pugnacious ; 
 they live in a state of perpetual warfare ; 
 and their custom of pulling off each other's 
 limbs, and demolishing the same with the 
 greatest gusto, is of very frequent occur- 
 rence. Strange to say, the loss of one or 
 more legs does not seem to interfere much 
 with the comfort or well-being of the 
 victim, for he scuttles about as quickly as 
 
46 Life Beneath the Waves. 
 
 ever on his remaining members, and takes 
 the first opportunity of playing the same 
 trick on his comrades. 
 
 It is worthy of remark that new legs 
 soon appear in the place of the old ones ; and 
 that crabs, lobsters, and other Crustacea 
 have the strange power of breaking off 
 their legs and claws at will, when alarmed, 
 or enraged : this circumstance accounts 
 for the difference in size often seen in the 
 large claws of crabs and lobsters, or for the 
 absence of one claw altogether, or of one or 
 more of their legs. 
 
 There are a great many different kinds of 
 crabs : some can be obtained only by dredg- 
 ing at sea. some may be found amongst the 
 rocks on the shore, and others are seen crawl- 
 ing about on the sand when the tide is out. 
 
 Amongst those to be found by dredging 
 in deep water, is the crab known by the 
 
PI. 7. 
 
 Hermit- Crab . 
 
 - CraJb . 
 
 PL 8 
 
 Spider- Crab . 
 
 Nut-Crab. 
 
Life Beneath the Waves. 47 
 
 name of the Angled-crab ; its chief peculiari- 
 ties are its immensely long claws, or arms, 
 its long-stalked eyes, and its having on its 
 carapace or shell a curiously distorted 
 impression of a human countenance. The 
 colouring of the Angled-crab is very pretty 
 and somewhat varied. The smaller 
 specimens are generally of a delicate 
 pink hue, merging into white ; in larger 
 specimens, the arms, legs, upper part of 
 the back, and the stalks of the eyes are 
 salmon-colour, the lower part of the 
 carapace being much lighter, whilst the 
 moveable joint of the large claws is densely 
 black, also the shining eyes. 
 
 The disposition of the Angled-crab 
 appears to be more amiable than that of 
 many of his relations ; I have continually 
 had specimens in my aquaria, and have 
 never seen them attempt to quarrel, fight, 
 
48 Life Beneath the Waves. 
 
 or eat their companions ; on the contrary, 
 they allow the smallest crabs to crawl quite 
 close, and even over them without dis- 
 playing any annoyance or wrath, and if 
 too much advantage is taken of their good 
 nature and peaceable disposition, they 
 gently push the offenders away, or betake 
 themselves to a more secure place of 
 refuge. 
 
 The Nut-crab is another kind to be ob- 
 tained only by dredging at sea, and a 
 quaint-looking little creature it is, with its 
 particularly short legs, plump arms, and 
 curiously shaped shell, whereon, as with the 
 Angled, a strange resemblance to a human 
 face is depicted. Very sluggish in its 
 movements is this little Crustacean; very 
 shy and retiring its disposition. It does not 
 stir about much when in captivity, but 
 appears perfectly contented to squat 
 
Life Beneath the Waves. 49 
 
 amongst the stones, or to bury itself in the 
 sand ; a desire of attracting observation is 
 certainly not one of its characteristics, but, 
 after a time, it will venture from its hiding- 
 place if offered food, which it will readily 
 seize and demolish. 
 
 Its colour is generally light brown, or 
 dull white, and in some specimens the 
 plump little claws and legs are tinged with 
 red. 
 
 The distinguishing features of Spider- 
 crabs are totally different from those of our 
 compact-looking little friend the Nut very 
 long thin legs, triangular-shaped bodies, with 
 a sort of snout in front, being their most 
 striking characteristics. 
 
 There are many varieties of this class 
 
 some of them being far more like spiders 
 
 than others. The body and legs of the 
 
 one depicted with the Nut are semi-trans- 
 
 4 
 
50 Life Beneath the Waves. 
 
 parent, and ornamented with fine silky 
 hairs, its colour is dark brown, with white 
 marks on the body, and it moves gracefully 
 along with a languid floating motion. It is 
 a very pretty object in an aquarium, but 
 I have not been able to keep it alive for 
 more than a few months. The other 
 Spider-crab sketched is a much commoner 
 species, and is not nearly so light and 
 graceful, its body being opaque, and hard, 
 and covered with sharp spines and knobs r 
 and generally profusely adorned with sea- 
 weeds, which sometimes flourish so luxu- 
 riantly that the shape of the crab is- 
 scarcely perceptible ; and very curious- 
 does he look as he crawls slowly through 
 clear water, with his burden of variegated 
 seaweeds waving around. The legs are 
 long and slender, but the arms are strong 
 and stout, and both legs and arms are 
 
Life Beneath the Waves. 5 1 
 
 covered with thick short hair; its move- 
 ments are sluggish, and its habits re- 
 tiring. 
 
 Another crab remarkable for the extra- 
 ordinary length of its arms is that known 
 by the name of the Helmet- crab, which 
 title is bestowed because the body is some- 
 thing like an old-fashioned helmet in shape. 
 It is rather a rare species, and seldom to be 
 obtained alive without dredging at sea; 
 its arms are indeed enormously long, and 
 when stretched out, they look very awk- 
 ward and disproportionate : the upper part 
 of the body and legs is fawn colour, the 
 under side white, and on its back (as on 
 that of the Angled-crab, Nut, and some 
 other kinds) a distorted likeness to the 
 human face may often be observed. 
 
 And now I must mention another class 
 of crabs, totally different, in one respect at 
 43 
 
52 Life Beneath the Waves. 
 
 least, from those already described. Edible 
 crabs, and many of their relations, can 
 crawl with great rapidity at the bottom of 
 the sea, or on the shore, but they are quite 
 unable to swim. But when dredging in 
 deep water, various specimens of swimming 
 crabs may be obtained, and they form very 
 interesting additions to an aquarium, their 
 movements being so different from those of 
 other species. 
 
 The bodies of these crabs are much 
 broader than they are long, and much 
 wider in front than behind, and their eyes 
 are placed a considerable distance apart; 
 their chief peculiarity, however, consists 
 in their hindermost legs, which are broad 
 and flat at the end, and are used by their 
 owners as oars or paddles, thereby 
 enabling them to swim or float with the 
 utmost ease. But the fact of these crabs 
 
Life Beneath the Waves. 53 
 
 being able to " paddle their own canoes" 
 in such a truly natural manner, does not 
 debar them from pedestrian movements, 
 for swimming crabs can crawl, and scramble 
 over rocks and stones, as easily and rapidly 
 as they can swim above them. A beautiful 
 member of this family is the Velvet-crab, 
 so called by reason of its body and limbs 
 being thickly covered with hair, as fine as 
 silk and as soft as velvet ; its colours are 
 golden brown, and blue, and it is a most 
 attractive object in an aquarium. Its dis- 
 position, however, is not as worthy of ad- 
 miration as its personal beauty, for the 
 Velvet-crab is particularly fierce and 
 quarrelsome, and its cannibalistic propen- 
 sities are decidedly objectionable in tanks 
 of small dimensions. 
 
 Before leaving the subject of crabs, I 
 must touch upon one other kind, for it is a 
 
54 Life Beneath the Waves. 
 
 particularly amusing inmate of an aquarium, 
 and that is, the Hermit, or Soft-tailed crab. 
 
 In shape he is totally different to any of 
 those previously mentioned; in fact, the 
 Hermit bears a greater resemblance to a 
 lobster than a crab, his body being long 
 and thin, instead of flat and broad; and he, 
 moreover, possesses a tail, which, strange 
 to say. is quite soft, and devoid of the pro- 
 tection of shelly armour, which covers the 
 fore part of his body, arms, and legs. 
 
 In consequence of this deficiency of his 
 " latter end," the Hermit takes up his abode 
 in a shell, in which he fixes himself very 
 firmly by means of a pair of pincers at the 
 end of his tail, so firmly indeed, that it is a 
 difficult matter to pull him therefrom with- 
 out injury. As a rule, one of the Hermit's 
 arms is larger than the other; his horns 
 are of a considerable length ; his eyes are 
 
Life Beneath the Waves. 55 
 
 mounted on long stalks, and very inquisitive 
 and impudent does he look, as he peeps out 
 of his place of refuge ; he moves about very 
 quickly, and does not seem in the slightest 
 degree inconvenienced by the weight of his 
 house on his back. 
 
 The Hermit may be found in all kinds of 
 shells, and when he grows too large for, or 
 becomes tired of living in one shell, he 
 changes it for another. When in captivity, 
 the Hermit is often very restless, and will 
 continually change his residence, if suitable 
 shells be given him. The way he conducts 
 himself during the transit is very amusing 
 I have often watched his comical evolu- 
 tions as he forsakes one abode for another. 
 
 As soon as an empty shell is dropped 
 into the aquarium within the Hermit's sight, 
 he darts eagerly at it, seizes it with his 
 claws, and after dragging it away to some 
 
56 Life Beneath the Waves. 
 
 retired spot, proceeds to examine it tho- 
 roughly, both inside and out, thrusting his 
 arms and legs into it, and over it, as if 
 anxious to discover whether its dimensions 
 are likely to suit him. If not satisfied with 
 his examination, the Hermit pushes the 
 shell away; but if he considers it worthy 
 of a trial, he suddenly draws himself out of 
 his old house, and jerks his tail into the 
 new one with surprising rapidity; if the 
 new habitation prove comfortable, the 
 Hermit remains therein, but if not, he re- 
 turns to his old quarters as eagerly as he 
 quitted them. 
 
 If the Hermit forsakes one shell without 
 making an attempt to enter another, it is 
 generally a sign that he is ill, and likely to 
 die. Occasionally his companions will allow 
 him to draw his last breath without moles- 
 tation, but more frequently the poor crea- 
 
Life Beneath the Waves. 57 
 
 ture is torn in pieces, and devoured within 
 a few minutes of his quitting his place of 
 refuge. 
 
 Sometimes, instead of desiring to ensconce 
 himself in an empty shell, the Hermit takes 
 a fancy for one wherein its legitimate 
 owner is still living, and I have read that 
 on such occasions he will " seize the animal 
 with his claws, and having devoured its 
 flesh, take the shell for his own use/' thus 
 forming a striking illustration of the say- 
 ing that " Might is right," 
 
 The appellation of Soldier-crab is also 
 bestowed upon the Hermit, in consequence 
 of his excessive pugnacity, and love of 
 fighting. He soon becomes reconciled to 
 captivity, and seems perfectly happy scram- 
 bling over the stones in pursuit of his com- 
 panions, or resting under seaweed when 
 tired of warfare. 
 
58 Life Beneath the Waves. 
 
 Many other species of crabs besides those 
 just mentioned, have, from time to time, in- 
 habited my aquaria; and so numerous are 
 the varieties to be found in the ocean, that 
 volumes might, (and have been) written 
 respecting them: but as the subject of 
 crabs, however interesting, is not the only 
 one now to be considered, I must refrain 
 from further dilatation thereupon, and in- 
 vite the attention of my readers to other 
 groups of marine curiosities. 
 
 Few people walk along the seashore 
 without picking up mutilated shells of 
 various descriptions, but these broken 
 shells, pretty as they may be deemed, give 
 but a very inadequate idea of the beauties 
 of living, perfect specimens. 
 
 The shells denominated Pectens are 
 amongst the most beautiful of British 
 
Life Beneath the Waves. 59 
 
 groups. I have obtained a great number 
 at different times with the dredge, and so 
 various were they in size, colour, and pat- 
 tern, that it was a difficult matter to decide 
 which were the most worthy of admiration, 
 which to keep, and which to throw away. 
 
 The colouring of Pectens dredged up at 
 sea is very gay ; some specimens are bright 
 yellow, marked with crimson; some, light 
 brown, or red, dotted over with black; others, 
 a delicate pink, with lines of dark rose 
 colour; others again, are all white, or orange, 
 or pink, as the case may be, with no marks 
 at all ; and some are rich chestnut or fawn 
 colour, ornamented with sharp white points. 
 It is, in short, quite impossible to describe 
 half the exquisite tints and shades of these 
 beautiful Sea-butterflies, as Pectens are 
 also called, owing to their peculiar mode of 
 moving about : for instead of crawling from 
 
60 Life Beneath the Waves. 
 
 place to place, in the same way as most other 
 shells, Pectens spring lightly through the 
 water with a series of leaps, caused by quickly 
 opening and shutting their valves, something 
 after the manner of a butterfly's wings. 
 
 The best time to see a Pecten to perfec- 
 tion is after it has been in an aquarium (or 
 any other vessel filled with sea-water), for 
 two or three hours ; its shell will then gene- 
 rally be open about half, or a quarter of an 
 inch, and we find that beautiful as is the 
 exterior of the Sea-butterfly, the live in- 
 mate of the shell is, if possible, still more 
 capable of inspiring us with admiration and 
 interest. When open as just mentioned, a 
 brightly coloured narrow band is visible on 
 either half of the shell, and on the edge of 
 each band is a row of tiny dots of the most 
 brilliant hues, glittering and flashing as 
 brightly as jewels; these dots are supposed 
 
Life Beneath the Waves. 61 
 
 to be the eyes of the Pecten ; a double row 
 of white tentacles is to be seen on each 
 band, those attached to the lower, or inside 
 edge, being shorter and finer than those 
 at the top, close by the shell ; these feelers 
 are continually in motion, waving to and 
 fro in the most light and graceful manner. 
 
 The Sea-butterfly fixes itself to rocks or 
 stones by means of a bunch of fine silky 
 threads which it has the power of spinning; 
 they issue from the top or hinge of the shell, 
 and are properly termed " Byssus." 
 
 The common name of these beautiful 
 bivalves is " Scallops," or as it is properly 
 spelt "Escallops;" and to some people 
 they are known merely as an article of 
 food ; very large quantities are sold for this 
 purpose, and they are stewed, scalloped, 
 or curried, according to taste. The large 
 Pecten, with the seaweed attached, was 
 
62 Life Beneath the Waves. 
 
 amongst some others which I bought off a 
 fisherman's barrow, the white bunch on 
 the shell is the spawn of the common 
 whelk. In " Chambers's Encyclopaedia," we 
 are told that " Pecten Jacobaeus, a native 
 of the Mediterranean, is the scallop-shell 
 which pilgrims were accustomed to wear 
 in front of their hats in token of their 
 having visited the shrine of St. James at 
 Compostella. It attains a size of about four 
 inches long and five inches broad." 
 
 It is quite impossible for a pencil draw- 
 ing to give anything like an adequate 
 notion of the beautiful hues of Pectens, 
 and it would moreover be very difficult for 
 a painting to do ample justice to the ex- 
 treme brilliancy or delicate transparency of 
 the colours of the lovely Sea-butterflies. 
 
 The Pelican's-foot is a very pretty and 
 curiously shaped shell; its chief peculiarity 
 
-o 
 
 I 
 
Life Beneath the Waves. 63 
 
 consists in its having a large lip ending in 
 several points, and bearing a resemblance to 
 the webbed foot of the Pelican (whence 
 its name). 
 
 The size of this mouth or lip depends 
 upon the age of the shell ; when young, the 
 lip is small, but when the shell arrives at 
 years of maturity, the lip becomes dis- 
 proportionately large. 
 
 Numerous marks will be seen on the 
 shell, upon looking at the illustration : these 
 marks are prominent, and are generally 
 reddish-brown, on a surface of the same 
 hue, but considerably lighter. The inside of 
 the lip is smooth, and of a faint buff, or 
 salmon colour. 
 
 The shells called Trochus, or Top-shells, 
 are very numerous on some of our shores, 
 and a large quantity of different kinds and 
 sizes may be picked up in the course of a 
 
64 Life Beneath the Waves. 
 
 few hours ; but as all these shells are more 
 or less chipped, and otherwise damaged, they 
 are of no value in the eyes of a collector. 
 
 Those procured by dredging are almost 
 as gaily tinted as the Sea-butterflies ; the 
 groundwork of some specimens being 
 yellow, with marks of bright crimson; 
 others, fawn colour, marked with delicate 
 pink. If muriatic acid be applied to these 
 shells the outer surface will be destroyed, 
 and a coating of delicate pearly whiteness, 
 shot with crimson, green, and gold will be 
 disclosed ; in this state they are frequently 
 made into breast-pins and other ornaments. 
 
 Chitons, or Mail shells, belong to the class 
 of Sea-slugs; their bodies are well protected 
 by a shell arranged in plates, some- 
 thing like ancient armour, from which 
 circumstance they are called Mail-shells; 
 the plates lap over each other, and are 
 
Life Beneath the Waves. 65 
 
 joined at the bottom to a sort of band 
 which goes quite round the animal. If a 
 Chiton is removed from its resting-place 
 and held in the hand, it generally rolls it- 
 self up into a ball, after the manner of a 
 woodlouse ; indeed, in some respects the 
 outward appearance of a small Chiton re- 
 sembles that of the insect just mentioned. 
 Mail-shells move slowly along by means 
 of a foot attached to their stomachs, and of 
 the same length as the creatures themselves. 
 British Chitons are much smaller than 
 foreign ones ; I have seen engravings of 
 the latter measuring three or four inches in 
 length, and two in breadth, whilst the 
 Chiton marmoreus, the largest British 
 species, is only an inch and a half long, and 
 about seven-eighths of an inch broad. This 
 kind is, I believe, never found on our 
 southern coasts, but belongs especially to 
 5 
 
66 Life Beneath the Waves. 
 
 the north and north-east. The particular 
 specimen I have copied (which was kindly 
 lent to me for that purpose) was obtained 
 off the Irish coast; the colouring is dark 
 brown, with marks of olive green and 
 chestnut. 
 
 The smaller Chiton represented is the 
 commonest British species, and may be 
 found amongst rocks and stones at low 
 water. I have various specimens of this 
 kind in my aquarium, but their numbers 
 continually diminish, thanks to the crabs, 
 who never fail to take advantage of any 
 unwonted " absence of mind" on the part 
 of the poor Chitons, and to make their 
 shells remarkable for " absence of body." 
 
 Amongst the broken shells cast up by 
 the waves on the shore, the Natica or Sea- 
 snail is common enough ; the Necklace 
 Natica is the largest of this class. When 
 
o 
 
Life Beneath the Waves. 67 
 
 alive it has a smooth shining surface, 
 usually yellow or brown, with streaks of 
 deep crimson on its spiral rings ; we are 
 told that it is called the Necklace Natica 
 on account of "the curious ribbon-like form 
 in which its eggs are laid, somewhat re- 
 sembling a broad necklace of pearls." 
 
 The chief peculiarity of the Necklace 
 Natica is the extraordinary way in which 
 the animal spreads its body over its shell 
 when crawling about from place to place. 
 
 The lesser Sea-snail of the two illustra- 
 tions is the prettiest shell ; like the one just 
 described, its surface is smooth and 
 polished ; its colour bluish-white, with 
 rows of violet; the streaks are arranged in 
 rows over the entire shell, not merely at 
 the top like those on the Necklace Natica. 
 
 The pretty little shells called Cowries, or 
 Tokens are very plentiful on some of our 
 53 
 
68 Life Beneath the Waves. 
 
 coasts : like Sea-snails, they are also re- 
 markable for almost concealing their shells 
 with their bodies when moving about; they 
 are generally white, tinged with pink, 
 brown, or grey, and sometimes spotted 
 with black. 
 
 The Purpura, or Dog-winkle, as it is 
 commonly called, is not at all a rare shell, 
 for living specimens may be found in abun- 
 dance amongst the rocks when the tide is 
 out, and dead shells may be found in equal 
 profusion on the beach. 
 
 But in spite of its being what is termed 
 a " common shell," the Dog-winkle is well 
 worthy of our notice ; it was highly prized 
 by the ancients on account of its having 
 some yellowish matter in a sort of bag 
 behind its head, from which a purple dye 
 was made. 
 
 I have read that the inhabitants of Tyre 
 
Life Beneath the Waves. 69 
 
 were famous for wearing purple cloth, the 
 dye of which was procured from shells 
 B.C. 2112, and that it was also worn in 
 Greece B.C. 559, and that after having 
 been lost for ages, the method of producing 
 the Tyrian purple was discovered again in 
 the seventeenth century. 
 
 The Venus shells are some of the most 
 attractive of British groups; not only are 
 their colours very pleasing, but their valves 
 are, moreover, ornamented with raised lines 
 or bands running parallel to the edges of 
 the shells. The specimen drawn is called 
 the Banded Venus; its surface is covered 
 with broad bands of a delicate pink, very 
 much raised, and separated from each 
 other by an indented line from the hinge 
 to the margin are three dark-purple streaks, 
 narrow at the top, and gradually increasing 
 in width as they approach the edge of the 
 
70 Life Beneath tlie Waves. 
 
 valve. In spite of the delicate hues of the 
 Banded Venus, its appearance is by no 
 means fragile; on the contrary, it looks, as 
 it is, very strong, the valves being solid 
 and thick. 
 
 The Tapestry or Carpet shells belong to 
 this group : this name is given because the 
 arrangement of colour is thought to re- 
 semble that of the needlework so much in 
 vogue amongst ladies many years ago 
 tapes, their Latin denomination, signifying 
 tapestry. 
 
 These shells live in mud, as has fre- 
 quently been testified when brought up by 
 the dredge ; indeed, the contents of the net 
 have on some occasions been so extremely 
 unprepossessing when emptied on the 
 deck, owing to the mud with which they 
 were enveloped, that it required both time 
 and patience to render them fit for ex- 
 
Life Beneath the Waves. 71 
 
 animation by repeated applications of sea- 
 water. 
 
 Another inhabitant of muddy ground is 
 the Sea-mouse a creature sufficiently ugly 
 and uninteresting when covered with its 
 u nativesoil,"but remarkable nevertheless for 
 its extreme brilliancy and variety of colour. 
 
 The body of the Sea-mouse is brownish- 
 grey, its sides are thickly covered with fine 
 soft hair of the most gorgeous hues, ex- 
 quisitely glossy in appearance, and con- 
 tinually changing in tints, giving one the 
 idea of what is called a " shot silk dress." 
 Amongst this beautiful hair are rows of 
 strong bristles or spikes, which the Sea- 
 mouse withdraws and pushes out at 
 pleasure, and in all probability uses as 
 weapons of defence. 
 
 As Mr. Wood remarks, in his " Common 
 
72 Life Beneath the Waves. 
 
 Objects of the Seashore," "it would be a 
 most unpleasant circumstance if the 
 creature were to wound itself with its own 
 weapons. In order therefore to obviate 
 this difficulty, each spear or bristle is fur- 
 nished with a double sheath, which closes 
 when it is retracted into the body, and 
 opens again when protruded. It is hardly 
 possible to conceive a more wonderful struc- 
 ture in the whole of the animal kingdom." 
 The Sea-mouse is also provided with a 
 number of stiff feet, which are also capable 
 of retraction and protrusion. 
 
 Still more unprepossessing at first sight 
 than the mud-covered Sea-mouse is a cer- 
 tain soft, dirty white or yellow substance, 
 found adhering to shells and pieces of rock, 
 and owning a name as unattractive as its 
 appearance. Which name, however, is by 
 
Life Beneath the Waves. 73 
 
 no means inappropriate ; the shape of this 
 unsightly mass frequently bearing a striking 
 resemblance to dead men's fingers, or dead 
 men's toes. 
 
 But if a piece of the Alcyonium digitatum 
 (as " Dead Men's Fingers" are scientifically 
 called) be placed in water, we soon become 
 aware that it possesses various beauties and 
 attractions, and that, instead of being an 
 ugly, inanimate lump, it is in reality a mass 
 of the living creatures called Polypes. 
 
 If in a healthy state when placed in sea- 
 water, the surface of the specimen of Dead 
 Men's Fingers quickly becomes covered 
 with these little creatures, which push them- 
 selves out from the unattractive lump, 
 and entirely change its aspect. The tough 
 mass is the polypidom, or general body of 
 these polypes; and, strange to say, each 
 polype assists to support its companions; 
 
74 Life Beneath the Waves. 
 
 for the nourishment received by each mem- 
 ber of the family group passes into the 
 polypidom, and thus benefits not only the 
 receiver, but all his companions. When 
 facts such as these are taken into conside- 
 ration, the Alcyonium is not to be despised 
 or deemed uninteresting on account of its 
 frequent unattractive shape and appearance. 
 
 Another submarine creature, apparently 
 devoid of attractions or pretensions to 
 beauty when out of water, is the Star- 
 fish ; and as it lies on the beach, in a limp 
 and lifeless state, it is certainly not a very 
 fascinating object; but a living specimen of 
 even the commonest kind is well worthy of 
 observation when placed in water. 
 
 Starfish are provided with an immense 
 number of sucker feet, which they stretch 
 out and retract at will, and by means of 
 
^v 
 
Life Beneath the Waves. 75 
 
 which they are enabled to cling tightly to 
 slippery rocks and stones. The mouth and 
 stomach of the Starfish are situated in the 
 middle of its disc or body. " Small as the 
 mouth of a Starfish appears to be," says a 
 writer on this subject, " small as is its sto- 
 mach, and feeble as are its muscular powers, 
 it can swallow a bivalve mollusc entire, or, if 
 needful, open it and suck out the contents 
 in some mysterious way, a feat that no 
 man could accomplish without tools. . . . 
 The ancient naturalists were well aware," 
 continues this writer, "that the Starfish 
 possessed the power of eating oysters, but 
 they thought that the creature accom- 
 plished its design by watching until an 
 oyster opened its shell, and then poking 
 one of its rays between the shells as a 
 wedge then, having gained a partial 
 admission, it slowly insinuated itself, and 
 
76 Life Beneath the Waves. 
 
 finished by devouring the inhabitant. It 
 appears however, by the reports of careful 
 observers, that the oyster eating is true to 
 the fact, but false as to the mode. 
 
 "The Starfish seems to bring its mouth in 
 contact with the edge of the shell, and 
 then from some delicate vessels, never pro- 
 truded at any other time, to pour into the 
 oyster some drops of a poisonous fluid, 
 which forces the animal to open the shells, 
 and finally kills it. Such is the account as 
 it stands at present."* 
 
 There are various species of Starfish, 
 some of them being much more beautiful 
 than others; the kind denominated Five- 
 fingered is one of the commonest, and 
 doubtless has been found on the seashore 
 by most of my readers. 
 
 See " Common Objects of the Seashore," pp. 84, 85. 
 
Life Beneath the Waves. 77 
 
 The Webbed Starfish is a very much 
 rarer species: I have never dredged but 
 one specimen, and very beautiful it was 
 its colour being the most brilliant orange, 
 gradually softening to white under the 
 rays, and deepening into rich scarlet, 
 marked out with black, at the edge or 
 border of the web. The original was twice 
 the size of the drawing, and it was, unfortu- 
 nately so much bruised and injured, that it 
 died before my sketch was quite finished, 
 and its brilliant tints died with it. 
 
 One of the especial peculiarities of Star- 
 fish is, that (like crabs, lobsters, and some 
 other Crustacea,) they possess the extra- 
 ordinary power of breaking off their limbs 
 when handled or otherwise alarmed. Those 
 known by the name of Brittle Stars are 
 particularly prone to dismemberment; the 
 rays of the species are very long and thin, 
 
78 Life Beneath the Waves. 
 
 and frequently, when I have taken them in 
 my hand for examination, at least three of 
 the five rays would, in the space of a few mo- 
 ments, be cast off by their alarmed owner. 
 
 The tints of these Brittle Stars are ex- 
 tremely brilliant; hundreds, nay, thousands 
 of these creatures has the dredge con- 
 tinually brought up at a time, writhing and 
 entwining themselves together in a gor- 
 geous mass, and yet, owing to their habit 
 of breaking themselves up, I have never 
 been able to preserve one specimen really 
 perfect. 
 
 The Sun Starfish is another brilliantly 
 coloured species ; its shape is very different 
 from that of the Brittle Star, for instead of 
 having a small body and five long rays, 
 this creature has a comparatively large disc 
 and twelve short arms ; its colour is gene- 
 rally pink or scarlet, and, although the Sun- 
 
':.>>-, 
 
Life Beneath the Waves. 
 
 star is not a very rare species, it is one of 
 the most beautiful. 
 
 The largest British Starfish is the Ling- 
 thorn. I have never seen a member of 
 this class, but have read they measure two 
 feet across, and that, like the Brittle Stars, 
 they are extremely liable to break them- 
 selves up when angry or frightened, and 
 that, when broken up, "the dismembered 
 fragments continue active long after their 
 dispersion. The feet move about, and 
 attach themselves to any object that comes 
 within their reach, retracting and pushing 
 out with as much vigour as they did when 
 the creature was entire." 
 
 I have seen an amusing account of the 
 attempts made by Professor Forbes to cap- 
 ture a specimen of the Lingthorn Star 
 complete. It appears that the first time 
 this gentleman obtained a Star of this de- 
 
80 Life Beneath the Waves. 
 
 scription, lie was not aware of what he 
 terms " its suicidal powers, and spread it 
 out on a rowing bench, the better to 
 admire its form and colours." And he 
 continues, " on attempting to remove it for 
 preservation, to my horror and disappoint- 
 ment I found only an assemblage of re- 
 jected members ; my conservative en- 
 deavours were all neutralized by its de- 
 structive exertions, and it is now badly re- 
 presented in my cabinet by an armless 
 disc and a discless arm. Next time I 
 went to dredge on the same spot, deter- 
 mined not to be cheated out of a specimen 
 in such a way a second time, I brought 
 with me a bucket of cold fresh water, to 
 which article Starfishes have a great anti- 
 pathy. As I expected, a Luidia," (or Ling- 
 thorn,) "came up in the dredge, a most 
 gorgeous specimen. As it does not gene- 
 
Life Beneath the Waves. 81 
 
 rally break up before it is raised above the 
 surface of the sea, cautiously and anxiously 
 I sunk my bucket to a level with the 
 dredge's mouth, and proceeded in the most 
 gentle manner to introduce Luidia to the 
 purer element. Whether the cold air was 
 too much for him, or the sight of the 
 bucket too terrific, I know not ; but in a 
 moment he proceeded to dissolve his cor- 
 poration, and at every mesh of the dredge 
 his fragments were seen escaping. In 
 despair I grasped at the largest, and 
 brought up the extremity of an arm with 
 its terminating eye, the spinous eyelid of 
 which opened and closed with something 
 exceedingly like a wink of derision." 
 
 There are many other kinds of Starfish ; 
 
 but as limited space will not allow them to 
 
 be mentioned, I must pass on to the notice 
 
 of an inhabitant of the sea, whose outward 
 
 6 
 
82 Life Beneath the Waves. 
 
 appearance is, at first sight, very dissimilar 
 to that of the Starfish tribe, but who is, 
 nevertheless, closely related to them. I am 
 speaking of the Echinus, or Sea-urchin, the 
 dead shell of which may frequently be 
 found on the seashore, and is, doubtless, 
 sufficiently familiar to iny readers, al- 
 though a living specimen is seldom washed 
 up by the waves. Like the Starfish, the 
 Sea-urchin is provided with hundreds of 
 sucker feet, capable of being pushed forth 
 and drawn back at pleasure; the position 
 of its mouth is also the same as that of the 
 Star, being in the centre of the under part 
 of its shell, or body, and a terribly large 
 mouth it is, with its five protruding teeth, 
 so particularly hard and sharp. 
 
 When alive, the shell of the Sea-urchin is 
 covered with sharp spines, and upon close 
 examination, a number of transparent 
 
Life Beneath the Waves. 83 
 
 horns, or feelers, will be seen amongst them; 
 they terminate in a sort of knob, and are 
 continually in motion, being elongated and 
 shortened according to the desire of their 
 owner. 
 
 The movements of the Sea-urchin are 
 very slow, in spite of its having such a 
 large number of sucker feet, and being, 
 moreover, probably helped along by some 
 of its numerous spines. It seems to possess 
 a modest and retiring nature, for its chief 
 delight, when in an aquarium, appears to 
 be to cover itself with pebbles, which it- 
 picks up with its spines. At first I 
 imagined that the little stones had fallen 
 by mistake, and wishing to do all in my 
 power to render my captive happy, I re- 
 moved the pebbles with a brush, but the 
 Sea-urchin evidently did not appreciate my 
 would-be kindness, for, in a short space of 
 62 
 
84 Life Beneath the Waves. 
 
 time, he had again covered himself with 
 pebbles ; and so completely was he hidden 
 beneath them, that if he had not crawled 
 up the side of the aquarium with his load, 
 I should have had some difficulty in dis- 
 covering his whereabouts. 
 
 Occasionally the Sea-urchin will add the 
 adornment of a piece of seaweed to that of 
 the small stones, and I was much amused 
 one day to see him moving slowly along 
 with half a mussel shell on his back, 
 (which mussel I had opened, and placed in 
 the aquarium as food for its inmates), and 
 in the half shell sat a tiny crab as com- 
 fortably as possible, tearing off bits of the 
 mussel with its claws, and stowing them 
 away in its mouth, as complacently as if a 
 ride on the back of a Sea-urchin were its 
 usual custom at dinner time. 
 
 The shell of the Echinus appears, at first 
 
Life Beneath the Waves. 85 
 
 sight, to be moulded in one piece. Such, 
 
 however, is not the case, several hundreds 
 of pieces, or, as they are properly termed, 
 
 u pentagonal plates," being joined together, 
 but so neatly, that very careful scrutiny is 
 necessary to observe them at all. 
 
 The spines of the Sea-urchin in the illus- 
 tration are pale green, tipped with purple : 
 the Echinus is also called the Sea*egg, 
 because in some places it is used as an 
 article of food. 
 
 And speaking, or rather writing, of articles 
 of food, I will now give a few particulars 
 respecting shrimps and prawns; mentioning, 
 in the first place, that the appearance of 
 these delicacies, when alive, is very dif- 
 ferent from that produced by the influence 
 of boiling water. 
 
 Instead of being of a delicate pink as it 
 
86 Life Beneath the Waves. 
 
 appears on our breakfast-table, the prawn, 
 when alive, is of a transparent greenish- 
 grey, streaked with black, white, and orange, 
 intermixed with purple tints : its eyes are 
 extremely bright, and its antenna remark- 
 ably long. 
 
 The strong ? sharp kind of sword, which 
 projects from the prawn's head, is doubtless 
 used as a defence against its foes, and, 
 judging by the array of teeth on either side 
 of the sword, it must truly be a useful 
 weapon to its owner. 
 
 When alarmed, the prawn has the power 
 of darting backwards ; this manoeuvre is 
 executed by means of its tail, which 
 consists of five fringed pieces, capable of 
 being expanded, or of overlapping each 
 other, at the will of the prawn. 
 
 The Crustacean known as the Olive 
 Squat, or the Squat-lobster, is also distin- 
 
Life Beneath the Waves. 87 
 
 guished for being able to shoot backwards 
 through the water by a peculiar movement 
 of its tail. 
 
 The Squat is extremely shy and nervous ; 
 its long horns and arms are ever on the 
 alert to discover danger, and when alarmed, 
 it throws its arms and legs forwards, and, 
 flapping its tail underneath its body, darts 
 backwards into a hole with wonderful 
 rapidity and precision. The colour -of 
 some specimens is dark olive, with light 
 brown or yellow streaks: its claws are 
 rough, and adorned with sundry sharp 
 spikes. Other members of this class are 
 scarlet, and others blue. 
 
 The colouring of shrimps is not so varied 
 as that of prawns ; their heads are flatter, 
 and devoid of the projecting sword : they 
 are also called Sand-raisers, by reason of 
 their propensity for burying themselves in 
 
88 Life Beneath the Waves. 
 
 sand. This they do very quickly by raising 
 up a cloud of sand with their feet, which, 
 falling on them, helps to conceal their 
 whereabouts. Even when not completely 
 covered with sand, it is sometimes rather 
 a difficult matter to find the shrimp, 
 owing to the similitude which exists 
 between its own tints and that of its sandy 
 resting-place. 
 
 As before mentioned, the shrimp has not 
 a very happy or long life if placed in a 
 small tank wherein also dwell anemones or 
 crabs, for both races of creatures are always 
 on the watch to catch and demolish the 
 poor little sand-raiser, and, when darting 
 hurriedly away from the outstretched claws 
 of the one enemy, the shrimp is but too 
 often caught in the outspread tentacles of 
 the other. As a rule, the unfortunate 
 victim makes no attempt at escape when in 
 
Life Beneath the Waves. 89 
 
 the grasp of a large anemone, such as the 
 Dahlia for instance : it remains as motion- 
 less as if it were paralysed, or devoid of 
 life; and yet it is not really incapable of 
 motion, for if removed in good time from 
 the encircling tentacles with the aid of a 
 brush or pencil, it darts away with sur- 
 prising activity; and if there is any sand 
 provided for it in the aquarium, the 
 rescued shrimp immediately buries itself 
 with remarkable rapidity, considering its 
 late apparent incapability of movement. 
 
 Numerous specimens of the creatures 
 commonly called Sea-plumes, or Plumed 
 Slugs, may be found amongst the rocks at 
 low water : the chief characteristic of these 
 Sea-slugs is, that their breathing organs or 
 gills are placed outside their bodies, spread 
 open after the manner of the anemone's 
 

 90 Life Beneath the Waves. 
 
 tentacles, undefended by shell or any other 
 covering. In consequence of this peculiarity, 
 they are also called Nudibranchiata, or 
 Naked-gilled Molluscs. 
 
 The colouring of some Plumed Slugs is 
 extremely delicate : the one represented 
 crawling on a rock, close to the Squat- 
 lobster, was particularly lovely and fragile 
 in appearance, being of a pearly whiteness, 
 whilst the semi-transparent gills or plumes 
 were tinged with pink. 
 
 The Sea-slug's mode of progression is 
 the same as that of the Chiton, already 
 described viz., by means of one foot, 
 attached to the lower surface of its body. 
 
 Such, my readers, are a few, and a very 
 few, of the countless inhabitants of the sea. 
 Much more could I tell you about them, 
 and many interesting particulars could I 
 
Life Beneath the Waves. 91 
 
 give respecting that portion of submarine 
 life which especially comes under the deno- 
 mination of Fish, and of which no mention 
 has been made in the foregoing pages; but 
 I trust that sufficient has already been writ- 
 ten to fulfil the object of this little work 
 viz., to prove that the study and observance 
 of Life Beneath the Waves is fully as inte- 
 resting, and equally as worthy of attention, 
 as other parts of Natural History. 
 
 Such being the case, the construction of 
 the Brighton Aquarium may assuredly be 
 looked upon in the light of a public benefit ; 
 for not only will it be a novel and delight- 
 ful place of resort, and an inestimable boon 
 to naturalists, but the expectation may be 
 safely entertained, that the exhibition of 
 marine animals, in a state of perfect health 
 and beauty, will effectually eradicate apathy 
 and indifference from the mind of the 
 
92 Life Beneath the Waves. 
 
 public in general, and establish, instead, 
 feelings of interest and admiration, respect- 
 ing the beautiful and marvellous creatures 
 which first sprang into existence in obe- 
 dience to the command of the Almighty 
 Creator of the universe, 
 
 "LET THE WATERS BRING FORTH. 
 ABUNDANTLY:' 
 
INDEX. 
 
 ANEMONES 
 
 Dahlia 
 
 . 24 
 
 Strawberry 
 
 . 26 
 
 Angled-crab .... 
 
 . 47 
 
 Annelids ....... 
 
 . 28 
 
 BETGHTON Aquarium 
 
 . 9 
 
 site of 
 
 . 11 
 
 entrance court . 
 
 . 12 
 
 entrance hall 
 
 . 13 
 
 principal corridor . 
 
 . 14 
 
 second main corridor . 
 
 . 17 
 
 central square . . 
 
 . 15 
 
 conservatory 
 
 . 16 
 
 dining hall 
 
 . 13 
 
 reservoirs underground 
 
 . 18 
 
 
 . 15 
 
 terrace promenades 
 
 . 19 
 
 Brittle-star 
 
 . 77 
 
 CABPET-SHELLS . ' . . 
 
 . 70 
 
 Chitons . . . * :- . 
 
 . 64 
 
 Marmoreus ..... 
 
 . 65 
 
 Crab, edible ...... 
 
 . 38 
 
 transformations of 
 
 . 39 
 
 change of shell 
 
 . 42 
 
 quarrelsome disposition 
 
 . 45 
 
 power of dismemberment 
 
 . 46 
 
 Angled 
 
 . 47 
 
 Helmet 
 
 . 51 
 
 Hermit 
 
 . 54 
 
 Nut 
 
 . 48 
 
94 Index. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Crab, Spider 49 
 
 Swimmer ........ 52 
 
 Velvet 53 
 
 DAHLIA Anemone 24 
 
 Dead Men's Fingers 73 
 
 Dog- winkle 68 
 
 ECHINUS . .82 
 
 shell of . .85 
 
 Escallops 61 
 
 FIVE-FINGEBED Star . 76 
 
 GILLS of Serpulse and Sabellae . , . .29 
 Naked-gilled Molluscs 89 
 
 HELMET crab 51 
 
 Hermit crab 54 
 
 change of abode ...... 56 
 
 excessive pugnacity 57 
 
 LOBSTEE, squat 86 
 
 MAiL-shells . 64 
 
 Molluscs, naked-gilled 89 
 
 Mouse, sea 71 
 
 bristles of 72 
 
 NATICAS 66 
 
 Necklace 67 
 
 Nudibranchiata . 90 
 
 Nut crab 48 
 
 OLIVE squat ........ 86 
 
 Oyster, starfish's mode of eating . .. ... .75 
 
 PECTEN . . .58 
 
 Jacobseus 62 
 
Index. 95 
 
 PAQB 
 
 Pelican's-foot 62 
 
 Prawn . .86 
 
 Purpura 68 
 
 SABELL.E 32 
 
 Sea-slugs 89 
 
 Sea-mouse 71 
 
 Sea-butterfly 59 
 
 Sea-urchin 82 
 
 Serpulse . 29 
 
 Shrimp 88 
 
 Squat-lobster .86 
 
 Starfish 74 
 
 Five-fingered 77 
 
 Brittle 77 
 
 Lingthorn 79 
 
 Webbed 76 
 
 Sun 78 
 
 TAPESTRY shells ....... 70 
 
 Top-shells, or Trochus 63 
 
 Tyre, purple dye of 69 
 
 UECHIN, sea 82 
 
 VELVET-CBAB 53 
 
 Venus, banded . . . 69 
 
 WOEM, sea, in rock 35 
 
 Worm, Scarlet 37 
 
 ZOEA . . 38 
 
 THE END. 
 
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