LIBRARY UWVS1TY OP THE ORIGIN OF THE MODERN SYRIAN BY KALIL A. BISHARA, B. A., B. D., Ph. D., of the Presbytery of Baltimore AL-HODA PUBLISHING HOUSE 81 West Street, New York City, U. S. A., LOAN STACK E a SPECIAL REFERENCE Should be made, in regard of this publication, to my friend, N. A. MOKARZEL, Esquire, of New York, the author and able editor of the daily "Al-Hoda," who, besides suggesting to me the treatment of the subject in Arabic, has also generously undertaken to publish this work at his own outlay. For personal interest and kindly encouragement, I ^ him my grateful thanks. THE AUTHOR. 211 TO THE PERSONIFIED "COMMON SENSE" OF THJEL AMERICAN PEOPLE, IN THE NAME OF THE "SQUARE DEAL/ IN BEHALF OF THE SYRIAN IMMIGRANT, THE AUTHOR CONFIDENTLY DEDICATES THI& HUMBLE TREATISE. Kalil A. Bishara. INTRODUCTORY. It is the purpose of this^ treatise to set forth, with a fairly high degree of precision, the evidence con ducive to the determination of the racial identity of the modern Syrian. Speaking sometime since with certain uninformed Orientalists on this subject, I was amused to hear them speak of it as one of the prob lems to be solved by the present day ethnologist. To me, insufficient as my research and finding may be, the "origin of the modern Syrian" is, relatively speak ing, one of the simplest questions to decide, especially if, in considering it, we restrict ourselves to the bulk of the population, irrespective of any individual or group of individuals in particular. The point to be determined is this : Is the main stock of the modern population of Syria Caucasian, Mongolian or African White, yellow or black. Of course, purity of race is out of the question altogether, since it would be a most difficult task to discover anywhere in the world a really unmixed race. The White or Caucasian race, let it be borne in mind, is composed of Semitic, Hamitic, and Aryan or Indo-European peoples. (1) Professor Sayce, with (i) Mercy s "Outlines of Ancient History," p. 15. some modification, states that "Semites, Aryans, and Alarodians belong to the White Stock, and may thus be said to be varieties of one and the same orig inal race." (1) Of the Hamites, he says, "The Hamites were none of them black-skinned, with the possible exception of a part of the population of Cush." (2) The proper treatment of this subject naturally falls under two main heads: 1. The peoples of Syria in pre-historic times ; 2. The Syrian people in history. The second division may be sub-divided into, 1. An cient; and 2. Modern; each of these two subdivisions being divisible again according to the various elements constituting the population, such as, a. The Semitic element, represented by the Canaanites ; b. The Aryan element, represented probably by the Amorites; and c. The unclassified element the chief representatives of w T hich were the Hittites and the Philistines. Under "modern," we shall discuss the later invad ing settlers, beginning with the Arameans, down wards respectively to the Greeks, the Romans, the Crusaders; and ending with the most modern im migrants from Europe and Asia. I shall devote a special chapter to the origin of the Hittites, a problem, we must own, as obscure, just now, as anything in the laboratory of the Elixiric alchemist. (1) A. H. Sayce s "Races of the Old Testament/ p. 50. (2) Do., p. 41. The outlining paradigm of this treatise runs as follows : Introduction. C i. Horis (aboriginal) I. Prehistoric j 2. Babylonians L 3- Egyptians f A. Semitic (Canaanites), ! B. Aryans (Amorites?), i. Ancient - c - Unclassified (Hittites & Philis- f I. Ancient <- Unclassi II. Historic] tines), t 2. Modern f A. Aramea; Modern fA. Arameans, ! B. Arabs, ] C. Greeks & Romans, L D. Europeans. III. The Hittites. Summary. I. PREHISTORIC SYRIA. It is a bold assertion to say that we can speak, with any degree of certainty, of the prehistoric age of Syria, the term strictly applied. We may, quite ap propriately, speak of a stone-age in Syria. In this sense, prehistoric Syria would be that country as it was before the alphabet was invented, or rather before it was reduced by the Phoenicians (Syrians them selves) to its present phonetic form. According to this, we are bound to confine ourselves within the period falling between 2000 and 1000 B.C. the period of Babylonian influence and civilization, under Baby lonian and Egyptian suzerainty. What information we may catch by the line and hook of patient inves tigation relative to this dumb-tongued, secret-keeping period, is derived mainly from monumental sources. From modern explorations we gather that the Syrian population of the stone-age consisted of isolat ed communities planted in the country without inter marriage or the slightest fusion, (1) notwithstanding the fact that, in the main, they were all members of the Semitic race, the natural possessors of that country for many ages antecedent to the earliest Egyptian in vasion. (2) The only other power to whose rule the country had submitted was Babylonia, whose lan guage was for many centuries the international lan guage of all the civilized world in the East, as authori- (1) Geo. Cormack s "Egypt in Asia," chap. Ill, p. 25. (2) Do., p. 26. tatively revealed by the Amarna letters, which, besides being written in that language, refer to Babylonian gods and Babylonian civilization. (1) Consequently, the only prehistoric, ethnological problem in Syria would be to determine the origin of each of the Babylonian and Egyptian nations. Certain authors have, indeed, endeavored to establish another question relative to the aborigines of the country at the coming of the earliest Semitic invaders. But, of an aboriginal race, says George Cormack, it is almost vain to speak, since the Horites of the Old Testa ment (Gen. 14:6) are the only possibility on record, and they were extinguished by the Edomite invad- ers. (2) 1. The Horites. These Horites, in all probability, were not only of Caucasian descent, but of the blonde division there of. Their very name suggests "whiteness." It is Hari in Hebrew; and Hoor in Arabic, (3) from verb Hawira : to be shining white. (4) Hence the strong presumption that the aboriginal Syrians were pure Caucasian blondes of Aryan, Semitic, or Aryo-Semitic stock. (1) Geo. Cormack s "Egypt in Asia," chap. VIII, pp. 119, 120. (2) Do., chap. Ill, pp. 25, 26 See, Deut. 2:12, 22. (3) PI. Ahwar, Hatira. (4) Other derivatives : Hawari=one who whitens clothes ; Hoowara = very white flour; Hawaryah: white or fair woman; etc. See A. H. Sayce s "Races of the O. T.", p. 115. to 2. Syria a Province of Babylon. Of the early Babylonians in Syria we know ab solutely nothing conclusive. Of one thing we are certain, however, that Babylonian influence, during the later prehistoric periods, was very strong in that country. This would indicate that Syria must have yielded, in its remote antiquity, to Babylonian sway. Whether there was any fusion between the con quered peoples and their rulers or not, the Babylo nians of those days were Semites, at least in language, characteristics and manner of living. On the author ity of George Cormack, "The earliest achievement of the Semitic people was the conquest or the coloniza tion of Babylon, in the fourth millennium B. C." (1) If that be so, then no strange blood was introduced into Syria thru the Babylonian conquest. Where upon the same author is unhesitatingly able to speak of "the Semitic world, from the Persian Gulf to the Nile" (2) (in speaking of the latter days of the Hyc- sos in Egypt.) (1) There is nothing startling in those modern histo rians who speak of the "Sumerians" as the aboriginal race of earliest Babylonia. In point of fact, however, this extinct race has never been known to come into the slightest communion w r ith the peoples of Syria. The Babylonians who pushed their conquests as far West as the Mediterranean were Semites; and the (1) "Egypt in Syria," p. 29. (2) Do., p. 34- II Babylonian laws that were introduced into Syria were the laws of the Arab Khammurabi, uncontroversially of pure Semitic descent. (1) 3. Syria an Egyptian Province. That there is Egyptian blood in the modern Syrian, is a matter of conjecture. However, there remains to be considered the fact that, in the period from 1600 to 1300 B. C., parts of Syria were under Egyptian rule. (2) The Egyptians seem to have been deficient in the genius of colonizing, so that all we can safely say about their period of conquests in Syria, is, that they were content to exact tribute; (3) having probably to keep a permanent army of occupation in the prov ince conquered, to hold the restless, liberty-loving Syrians in subjection. (4) So, on the possible presump tion that the present Syrian is not free altogether from Ancient Egyptian blood, we shall briefly inquire into the ethnological question of the builders of the pyramids. The earliest settlers of the valley of the Nile were undoubtedly of Hamitic origin ; (5) but, in the course of time, the Semites invaded the country, and made it (1) See any authentic Encyclopedia; esp. Ency. Brit., VoL III, tinder "Babylonia and Assyria," V, history. (2) C. R. Conder s "Syrian Stone-Lore," I. C. (3) Geo. Cormack s "Egypt in Syria," Ch. XIII, p. 177. (4) Do., ch. VI, pp. 87, 90. (5) Gen. 10 :6. 12 a part of the Semitic world. And, whether Semites or Hamites or a mixture of both, the ancient Egypt ians, who were originally Asiatics, belonged to the Caucasian race, for the following reasons : a. Their own traditions clearly point to the fact that the up per classes, at least, were of Arabian descent. (1) They called South Arabia, their earliest home, the Land of Pun. (1). b. Their appearance is identical with that of South Arabians. (1) c. Their language bears re semblance to both Semitic and Aryan languages, altho slightly affected by African tongues. (2) d. Their own consciousness of the fact that they were Whites. Says Prof. Sayce, "The Egyptians belong to the white race ; and they knew it ; the skin of the men is painted red; the skin of the women, who protected themselves from the sun, is a pale yellow or even white. (3) Prof. Vircshow came to the same conclusion, as serting that the Egyptian, like the Canaanite, belongs to the white race. (4) As for the Hycsos, who ruled Egypt 500 years, terminating with the fall of the 17th dynasty, the highest authorities pronounce them Semites Arabs or Phoenicians. C. R. Conder, quoting Manetho, af firms that there is hardly any doubt that the Hycsos were Semites. (5) And Herodotus seems to maintain (1) A. H. Sayce s "Races of the Old Test", ch. V, pp. 91-93. (2) C. R. Conder s "Syrian S tone-Lore," I, C. (3) "Races of the Old Test.", V, p. 83. (4) Do. Ill, p. 42. (5) "Syrian Stone-Lore," I, C. that the Philistines of Syria are the remnants of the* Hycsos. (1) George Cormack held the same opinion where he stated that the Hycsos were 500 years in Egypt, the consequence of which being that the 18th dynasty that succeeded them had a considerable Semi tic element in the population of Egypt. (2) Corrob orating the opinion of Herodotus, Cormack believes that the Hycsos fled to Syria, and built Jerusalem; and that the Egyptians followed and reduced the country. (3) In a previous chapter the same author had said, "When the Egyptians of the new empire invaded Syria, its inhabitants, whatever their diversity in respect to manners and government, were almost all members of that great family, the Semitic race , and that race had already been in possession of Syria for many ages. (4) The upshot of the whole matter is that the Ancient Egyptians were, in the main, Semites, in language, civilization, appearance and traditions, with an admix ture of other Caucasian constituents; and that when they invaded and conquered Syria, this country was inhabited by Whites, almost all Semites. (5) This closes the 1st chapter of this treatise with, the deep impression that prehistoric Syria was the (1) Herod, ii. 128. (2) "Egypt in Asia," Vi, 92. (3) Do., V. 71. (4) Do., ch. iii, p. 26. (5) Unless the Amorites be Aryans. home of several tribes, in their majority Semites, in their totality Whites. In the next chapter, we shall analyze the Syrian of history. II. THE HISTORIC SYRIAN. In order to facilitate the study of the ethnological question of the Syrian, it would be best for us to divide the period of his historical existence into two sections, Ancient and Modern. Under "Ancient," we shall treat of the earlier or Canaanite period, and the latter, or Aramean period; the earlier period being concerned with Semitic, Aryan, and unclassified tribes. Under "Modern," we shall consider the elements in troduced into Syria subsequent to the Greek invasion, under Alexander the Great. 1. The Ancient Syrian. A. The Canaanite Period (1500-1000 B. C.) We have shown in the first chapter that as early as the 16th century B. C., Syria was the meeting place of Babylonian and Egyptian elements. Parts of the country, especially in the North, are known, about that time, to have been under Cappadocian Hittite (or Hatti) domination. For convenience sake, we may divide the popula tion of Syria, during the five centuries following, into three elements, the Semitic (or Canaanite), the Aryan (or Amorite), and the unclassified (Hittites and Philistines). a. The Ancient Semitic Tribes in Syria. These are the Canaanites of the Old Testament and other sources of history. (1) In the narrower sense, the term was primarily indicative of the Phoenicians, and several other tribes occupying the coasts and valleys of the country. With them may be comprehended the Kenites, the Edo- mites, the Ammonites, and the Moabites, all of which are allied to the descendents of Abraham. (2) Hence, all these ancient tribes were racially white, almost wholly belonging to the Semitic family. It is true that the Phoenicians have been considered by a few historians as having been of Hamitic descent; but by none have they ever been racially enlisted as any thing but white. The following citations on this fact are taken from Geo. Rawlinson s "History of Phoenicia." In the 3d chapter of his excellent book. (3), Raw- linson says, "The Phoenicians are generally admitted to be Semites (Assyrians, later Babylonians, Arame- ans or Syrians, Arabians, Moabites, Phoenicians and Hebrews) The Phoenician language is purely Semitic." The original home of the Phoenicians is the earl iest home of the Ancient Semites, and probably all of the white race. Says the same author, quoting (1) See Sayce s "Races of the Old Test.", VI, 128. (2) Sayce s "Races of Old Test.", p 115. (3) Do., p. 49. i6 the father of history, "Both the Phoenicians them selves and the Persians best acquainted with history and antiquities, agreed in stating that the original settlements of the Phoenician people were upon the Erythrean Sea (Persian Gulf), and they had migrated from that quarter at a remote period, and transferred their abode to the shores of the Mediterranean." (1) Strabo (2), and Trogus Pompeius (3) are also quoted as bearing the same testimony in tracing the Phoenicians back to the neighborhood of the Persian Gulf as their original home. And the weighty words of the great Renan serve to cement and fortify the whole matter. Says the high authority of modern French hostorians : "The tradition relative to the sojourn of the Phoenicians on the borders of the Erythrean Sea, before their establishment on the coast of the Medi terranean, has thus a new light thrown upon it. It appears from the labors of M. Movers, and from the recent discoveries made at Nineveh and Babylon, that the civilization and religion of Phoenicia and Assyria were very similar. Independently of this the majority of modern critics admit it is demonstrated that the primitive abode of the Phoenicians ought to be placed upon the lower Euphrates, in the midst of the great commercial and maritime establishments of the Per- (1) Herodotus I, 2; VII, 89. (2) Strabo XVI. 3, 4- (3) Trogus Pompeius, Hist. Philipp. XVIII. 3, 2. sian Gulf, agreeably to the unanimous witness of anti quity." (1) It goes without saying, that the people having Semitic characteristics, Semitic physical construction, Semitic language, Semitic traditions, must be a Sem itic people. Such were the Phoenician people ; and no authentic evidence to the contrary is to be found anywhere. b. The Ancient Aryan Tribes in Syria. The second group of the ancient tribes inhabiting Syria, is the group designated by the term "Amorites," probably comprizing the Amorites of Mt. Lebanon, the Shasu of South Palestine, the Hivites, the Re- phaim, the Jebusites, the Anakirri, and the Zamzum- mirn. These tribes were all blonde, having blue eyes and light hair. (2) That is probably the only reason why certain historians claim they were of pure Indo- European stock, in contradiction to a great many others who do not hesitate to pronounce them full- blooded Semites (3) In my opinion, notwithstanding the possibility that those ancient mountaineers might have been Aryans, yet there is nothing to militate against their being Semites. In cold mountainous climes, Semites have been, and are still known to have light hair and (1) Kenan s "Histoire des langues Semitiques," p. 183. (2) See Sayce s "Races of the O. T.," pp. 113, 119, 121, 128. (3) See C. R. Conder s "Syrian Stone-Lore," I, B, p. 35. 2 iS "blue eyes; as Indo-Europeans in hot climates are designated by black hair and black or brown eyes. The Greek, the Roman, the Persian, the Armenian, : and even the Hindoo, were, in all likelihood, all blonde once; and what is their color now? Even the German and the English are rapidly shedding their fair skin for the more desirable dark-shaded complex ion ; while, on the other hand, the Semitic Jew in cold Russia and other parts of North Europe, is making -large strides in vying with the red-headed Irishman. The sun is no respecter of persons, nor has he ever ! been. This second group of Ancient Syrian tribes, then, whether of Semitic or Aryan stock, is, like the first ..group, of Caucasian origin, beyond the least shadow <of doubt. <:. The Unclassified Tribes of Ancient Syria. Of these, the most prominent are the Hittites and "the Philistines. As for the Hittites, theirs appears to be, just at present, an unsolvable problem, for which we shall devote an entire chapter (See ch. Ill below) ; focusing our attention meanwhile on Goliath and the clandestine order of which he was a worthy member. The Philistines of Ancient Syria. The Philistines were very prominent in the twelfth century, B. C. Like a thunderbolt from a clear sky, they appeared in South Syria at a time when Egypt was recoiling around its own .axis, .and fought against her shrinking armies. And when the pharao with drew his army of occupation, Syria was necessarily committed to the hands of the Philistines (in the South) and the Hittites (in the North.) (1) As to their origin, the Philistines were either of Semitic or Aryan stock. (2) Their language is clearly Semitic. Herodotus had the following opinion of them: "Probably the Philistines of Syria are the remnant of the Hycsos. (3) This opinion does not seem to shed much light on their origin. If the original Hycsos were Arabs or Phoenicians, then their remnant, i. e., the Philis tines, were Semites in general with probably a small strain of Egyptian blood in them. (4) At any rate, they would be racially Caucasian. But if the Hycsos were originally Hittites, which is not improbable, then we know absolutely nothing definite about the origin of the Philistines, except that there was a Caucasian Egyptian element in them. On the other hand, if Herodotus is wrong in his conjecture, and, according to certain modern scholars, the Philistines came as pirates from Crete or Cypress, (5) then the race problem is satisfactorily solved, and the philological question reasonably explained away, since it is highly probable that these Greek pirates (1) Geo. Cormack s "Egypt in Asia," XIII, p. 227. (2) Hastings Diet. Bible. (3) Herod. II, p. 128. (4) On the presumption that the Egyptians were not pure Semites. (5) Hastings Diet. B. settled in Syria, where a higher civilization existed, and is there anything more natural than their having adopted the language and manners of their hosts a striking instance of the irregular law of the survival of the fittest. Dr. J. D. Davis, in his Bible Dictionary, (1) main tains that the Philistines originally came from Caph- tor, an isle or sea-coast not unknown to the prophets of Israel. (Jer. 47:4; Amos 9:7). The same authority further holds that the Philistines as a whole were Cherethites, i. e., probably Cretans (1 Sam. 30:14; Ezek. 25 :16 ; Zeph. 2 :5) ; and Caphtor was perhaps the island of Crete. The weight of evidence in the light of this latter theory, clearly leans toward the highly creditable presumption, that if not Semites, the Philistines were, like the Greeks, of the Aryan family of nations, and consequently, as genuinely Caucasians as anything on earth. B. The Aramean Period, (1000-300 B. C.). As early as 2000 B. C, Arameans were found east of Syria proper; but not till the year 1200 B. C. did they begin to penetrate into the country, "finding there a population for the most part probably Semitic." (2). This great, irresistible torrent of Semitic emigra tion overran the country of Syria so completely as to (1) See under "Caphtor," and "Philistines." (2) New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia, XI, p. 229. 21 change the manners and racial character of the natives, thus forming the main stock of the population in modern times. (1) The Arameans were firmly established in parti cular in Damascus ; and with the exception of a short period of subjection to King David, the kingdom of Aram Dammesck was always a thorn in the flesh of Israel, until the year 733 B. C, when Tiglath-Pilesar II overthrew the kingdom of Damascus; (2) thus bring ing Aramean rule to an end in a country best re presenting the Aramean stock. The Assyrian con quest was concerned only with terminating the Ara mean civil sovereignty, leaving the traditional in fluence and moral sovereignty intact. In fact, the Aramean spirit in all circles and departments of life in Syria persisted unimpaired all through the Persian rule, which lasted until the year 332 B. C., when Alexander the Great became the master of Syria and the world ; and the Aramean blood in the country began to be reinforced by Aryan blood, and Aramean civilization to be extensively hellenised. (3) Under the general term "Arameans," may be in cluded the Hebrews and thei r kinsmen, the Sama ritans, since they all belonged to the same stock, and lived together in their first primitive home ; and the (1) See. Geo. Cormack s "Egypt in Syria," pp. 240, 268. (2) Encyclo. Brit., Cambridge Edition, Vol. XXVI, p. 308. (3) See Conder s "Syrian Stone-Lore," ch. V, p. 196. 22 Bible expressly designates the Hebrews as descend- ents of an Aramean father. (1) THE HEBREWS. Owing- to their deliberate seclusion, the Hebrews have never made a figure in forming the permanent Syrian stock. For centuries they were in full pos session of the Land of Promise, until they were carried away into captivity, first by the Assyrians, then by the Babylonians, and finally reduced to a civil- figure-head by the Romans, who destroyed their State, and the capital of their State, thus terminating their national existence, and forbidding them from even entering within the walls of their holy city on pain of death. (2) At all events, it is a fact past discussion that the bulk of the Hebrew people are of pure Semitic descent, their genealogy going back to Jacob, to Abraham, and to Shem. (3) THE SAMARITANS. With regard to the Samaritans (who at present form a small community of 100 to 200 people in Nablus (Syria) and its vicinity, we may confidently (1) Deut. 26:5. (2) John D. Davis Diet. B., under "Jerusalem." (3) Gen, X. See also I Chron. MX. state that they are the identified survivors of the ten tribes of Israel, with an admixture of other Semitic constituents. When Samaria, in 721 B. C, was reduced by Sar- gon, this great Assyrian conqueror brought Babylo nians over to Palestine to inhabit Samaria which had been made almost desolate by the Northern captivity. (1) Then again, in 719 B. C., the same monarch dis patched men from Minni and Armenia; and 4 years later (715 B. C.) he transported Thamudite Arabs to Samaria (cf. 2 Ks. 17:24) (2). These transplanted subjects were totally Whites. All further considerations of the present day Samaritans go to prove the certainty of the fact that the supplanting successors of the followers of Jere- boam the First are, at least, as much Caucasians as the Modern Jews are. We have, for instance, the physical type of the people. It is purely Semitic, bearing striking re semblance to the Muhammadan Arabs, and especial ly those of the great plains of Northern Arabia (seem ingly the purest living representatives of the typical Semite). (3) Then there is the Samaritan Alphabet, which is not of Aramaic origin; and which leads us to sup- (1) 2 ks. 17:6, 24. (2) Gender s "Syrian Stone-Lore," p. 161. (3) Do. cf. Sayce s "Races of the Old Test," p. 28. pose that the Modern Samaritans are the true rep resentatives of the Ancient Hebrew stock in manners as well as in literature. (1) We conclude from what has been said in this chapter that the early Aramean invaders found Syria in the hands of tribes for the most part of Semitic descent, with the exception of probably the Hittites in the North, who had descended upon the country from Cappadocia, as we shall see later on ; (3) and the Amorites, supposed to be Aryans. (3) .This closes the Ancient period of Syrian history, without being marred by the least authentic intima tion that other than Caucasians had ever pitched a tent or set up a pillar in the land of Shem lying be tween the Great River and the Great Sea. 2. The Modern Syrian, In dealing with a country whose beginnings re trace their course five to six thousand years back on the High-way of the Past, (4), it is not at all arbi trary to set the starting point of its modern history at 332 B. C., the year in which Syria became a Greek province, by the conquest of the Great Macedonian. This period is divisible into three eras : A. The era of the Greeks and Romans, ending in the year 732 A. D. ; B. The Arab era, continuing to the present (1) Cf. Conder s "Syrian Stone- Lore," p. 161. (2) See chap. Ill below. (3) See chp. II, I, A, b above. (4) Sargon of Agade led his armies thru Syria as early as 3750 B. C. See Davis Bib. Diet., under "Babylonia." day; C. The era of European invasion and immigra tion, marked first by the Crusades in the llth century, A. D. A. The Greeks and Romans in Syria. It is not my purpose in this paragraph to discuss the race-question of the Greeks and Romans, but simply to show to what extent these Aryan peoples came in contact with the Syrians. There is not the least doubt that the Roman element in Syria never amounted to any perceptible degree. But the in fluence of the Greeks, says Conder, "was no less mark ed in Syria than that of the earlier civilizations of Egypt, Chaldea, and Persia." (1) That Syria was hel- lenised to a considerable extent, is apparent from the fact that with Antioch (Syria) as the capital, the Seleucidan dynasty ruled over the greatest Greek empire known to history (with the exception of the short-lived empire of Alexander the Great.) Lan guage, manners, blood, and all else were greatly af fected, so that the native Semitic dialects were long in danger of being shrunken into eternal inaudibility, were it not for a remnant of rural peasants, who, like the Teutons of England in the days of the Normans, clung most tenaciously to the tongue of their fathers ; and in the course of time, the Greek language had to give way to the Aramaic, then to the Arabic ; and the (i) "Syrian Stone-Lore," ch. V, p. 196. 26 Greek element in Syria was to all appearance Semitic- ized and Syrianized. But no sharp observer can fail to detect the almost pure Greek type among the Chris tians of the Phoenician coast towns, (1) where, ow ing to the dominance of Muslims, amalgamation has never been feasible. Without going any further into establishing the incontrovertible evidence for the presence of Greek elements in the formation of modern Syria, and into the likelihood of the presence of a Roman vein, suffice it to assert that these two nations are counted among the highest members of the Caucasian family of races, so that Semitic Syria is by no means ashamed of their introduction into her communities, nor of their par ticipation to the constitution of her modern popula tion. B. The Arab Element in Modern Syria. Geographically speaking, Syria is naturally a part of Arabia. North and East Syria have, from time im memorial, been inhabited by Arabian tribes. Damascus and the Hauran (Bashan) district were for centuries held by the Gassanite dynasty, first, independently, then as deputies of Rome and Constantinople. At the time the Apostle Paul was converted, a Gas sanite Arab, Alhareth (Aretas), was the King of Damascus. (2) Later on, in the 8th century A. D. (1) See Encyclop. Brit., Camb. Edition, Pop., Vol. XXVI, P. 307. (2) 2 Cor. 11:32. 27 Damascus, the capital of Syria, became, under the Omyyads, the capital of the whole Arabian world,, extending from the Wall of China in the East to the Atlantic Ocean in the West. At the present time, taking the country in general into consideration, about 75 per cent, of the Syrian people are Muslims, and consequently for the most part, pure Arabs. The Druses of Syria are nearly all of Arab descent, origin ally migrating from Hira and Yemen, Arabia. (1) Even the Christians of Syria have a liberal proportion of Arab blood in their veins especially in the North, South and East. In a word, Modern Syria may be safely regarded a part of the Arabian W^orld, (2) with regard to language, customs and blood. The Arabs are indisputably the purest type of the Semitic race, (3) in consequence of which they are fully qualified to be accorded a better claim upon the White Race than that of any modern nation of Europe, which, more than once in her history, was overrun by Huns and Scythians large Mongolian hordes who finally settled in that continen tand became an in tegral part of her population. (4) C. The European Element in Modern Syria. Racially making a general classification of Modern Syrians, we would unhesitatingly catalog them with (1) Encyclo. Brit., Camb. Edtn. Pop., Vol. VIII, p. 605. (2) The Arameans were originally Arabians. (3) A. H. Sayce s "Races of Old. Test.," P. 28, cf. p. 71. (4) Johnson s Universal Encyclo., Vol. IV, under "Huns."" See esp. Vol. V, under "Mongolia." 28 the Semitic nations, which simply implies that the Semitic element is the predominating one in that country. Attention must be directed, however, to the Aryan element in the nation. It has already been pointed out to us that the Ancient Amorites are sup posed to have been Aryans by a few of the leading scholars of the day. (1) We have also been assured that the conquering Greeks and Romans, on evacuat ing the land, left behind an Aryan element of the highest type. (2) And now we come to consider briefly the latest deliberate invasion of Syria by Aryans from the West. I refer to the Crusaders (1095-1249). These European enthusiasts waged war against the Muhammadans, with the intention of recovering the Holy Land, and succeeded in establishing in Jerusalem a kingdom that lasted about 200 years. French, English and German combined together in the effort which ended in complete discomfiture. (3) In spite of the downfall of Christian power, however, several European families (designated by their names) made Syria their home, and have since been assimiliated thru inter-marriage, especially in the provinces where Christian influence dominates. The present-day colonists from Russia and Ger many, will in time be transmuted by amalgamation, (1) See II, i, B, above. (2) See II, 2, B, above. (3) For a full account of the Crusades, see Phil. Schaff s "History of the Christian Church," Vol. V, under "Crusades." and another Indo-European element will be added to the Modern Syrian Nation, unquestionably the finest type of Semitic and Aryan stocks blended together. 111. THE HITTITES IN SYRIA. The Hittites are the missing link of history, re cently discovered in the monuments of Egypt and the inscriptions of Assyria, to verify and corroborate the statements given in the Scriptures respecting their national life. It certainly sounds queer that the nation whose sway was once paramount from the Archipelago to the Euphrates ; the nation that imperi ously said, Halt! to Ramses II, the greatest of Egypt ian monarchs, and dictated to him the humiliating "Great Treaty" which for ever sealed the doom of Egypt as a prospective world-power; the nation that withstood for 400 years the almost irresistible military aggression of Assyria, the first great world-power in history. I say it sounds almost incredible that such a powerful nation should so suddenly slip into the background of the Unknown, that only fifty years since it would have raised a sneer among secular his torians and ethnologists to make even the slightest intimation that a Hittite people ever existed any where. Despite the strong assertions of our Sacred Records, and the positive remonstrances of our able scholars, the only definition admitted and recognized in scientific circles of that age concerning the Hittites, was one similar to that accorded to the "Honest Amer- lean Indians," namely, that "they belonged to an ex tinct race that never existed." But in the light of modern research and close investigation in Assyria, in Egypt and in North Syria, we have come to know this extinct people as a real Simon Pure fact, being no other than the Kheta of Egyptian monuments, the Hatti of Assyrian records, the Greek Kifreiot of Homer in his Odyssy (XI:521), and the Hittim of Hebrew Scriptures. I do not claim in this review to solve the hitherto unsolved or unsolvable points of the Hittite question, such as their racial identity, or the exact groove on the magical wand of obsolete languages into which their sphynx-silent dialect may be cast altho I shall not treat these points of inner-circle interest with ut ter disregard ; but one and only one point stands up permost in my mind, while I write and that is some thing no other writer, to my knowledge, has ever clearly brought out namely, that whatever their nationality, and to whatever group of tongues their dialect belonged, the Hittites cast not the faintest shadow of suspicion over the ethnological identity of the modern Syrian as a high-spirited Semite in parti cular, and a pure Caucasian in general, being in the main a worthy descendent of the amalgamated galaxy of such leading peoples as the Arameans, the Arabs .and the Greeks. 1. Let us take up, first, the original home of the Hittites. Uncontroversially, the Orientalist historians of Europe and America are of the opinion that the Hit tites were of Asiatic origin. But they seem somewhat to differ among- themselves on the matter of locating the starting-post of their migration, whence they set out on their military campaign Southward. Col. Sir Charles Wilson maintains that the Hit tites came originally "from the Anatolian plateau East of the Halys." (1) According to C. R. Conder, (2) Prof. Sayce holds that the Hittites emigrated either from the Caucasus, or from Cappadocia. (3) Dr. Wm. Wright, (4) substantiating other authorities, endeav ors to connect the Hittites with the Georgians. And Dr. John D. Davis, in his B. Diet., believes that the "Hittites first lived among the snow-clad range of Taurus and the Armenian mountains." From all this we conclude that the children of Heth were Western, or near Eastern, Asiatics, flour ishing originally somewhere to the North of Syria, in a part of the world for the possession of which the representative armies of all three sons of Noah measur ed lances and crossed scimitars. (1) Quarterly Statement of Palestine Exp. Fund, for Jan. 1884. (2) Syrian Stone-Lore, I, A. (3) Sayce s Memoir of Hittite Monuments. (4) See his "The Empire of the Hittites," vii. p. 82. II. The Language of The Hittites. Owing to the fact that both the Bible and certain Egyptian inscriptions give to a great many Hittites Semitic names, the tendency among the earlier philo logists of the 19th century was to pronounce the Hit- tite language as being purely Semitic, Reginald S. Poole making it "nearer to the Hebrew than to the Chaldee." (1) But later discoveries have shown that "most Hit- tite names seem to be of non-Semitic origin." So are Brugsch and Sayce. (2) For about one thousand years the neighbors of Semitic communities, these scholars argue, the Hittites could not but introduce Semitic names into their own communities and their family circles. Now, if the language of the Hittites was not Semitic, what was it, then? Prof. A. H. Sayce, who is expertly interested in Hittite remains, has an opinion to propound on the subject, which Dr. Wm. Wright strongly favors as being quite reasonable. Prof. Sayce s view is that the language of Heth "belongs to the Alarodian family of speech of which Georgian is a modern representative/ (3) "The com munity of language," he further asserts, "is, there fore, white." (3) Pursuant to the better views of modern authorities, (1) Wm. Wright s "The Empire of the Hittites," ch. vii. 79. (2) Do., pp. 81-82. (3) "Races of the O. T.," VII, p. 134. cf. "The Empire of the Hittites," VII, pp. 82-84. 33 then, it seems advisable to hold it as highly probable that the Hittite dialect was, in the main, of the Alaro- dian group of Caucasian languages, tho influenced to a considerable extent by the Semitic dialects spokea in Ancient as well as Modern Syria. Thus far, we have in stock two fairly well-estabn- lished facts which may be of great value in determin ing further suppositions regarding the Hittites. 1. We are led to believe that the Hittites came originally from a country recognized to be a part of the White World. And we are, 2. told that the community of their language is, also, white. III. We shall proceed next, very briefly, to discoss the ethnological question of the Hittites. What was their nationality? Unreservedly we must acknowledge that the Om niscient Maker of Heaven and Earth alone knows to what race this strange people belonged. Neither is there in sight any hope of ever persuading the cir cumference of any decent circle to pass thru their three points of identification, to wit, language, orig inal home and snouty face. Had it not been for their repulsive ugliness, as represented on foreign monuments, and native remains, so-called, the Hittites would comfortably pass for Caucasians, on the ground that they grew on Caucasian soil and spoke a Cauca sian language. But, unfortunately, a few deformed pictures of theirs have been recently excavated, only to make the Hittite problem as knotty as a lizard s 3 34 tail, unless those pictures be cases of foreign caricature of a despicable and dreaded enemy. It might be high ly entertaining to give a few of the leading views on this contestable point. Prof. Sayce considers the Hittites Alarodians of Cappadocian origin. (1) This, of course, would make them in all probability, Whites. Mr. Vaux espouses the theory that they were Persians. (2) Whites, this time, beyond the least doubt. Captain Conder, on the contrary, alleges that they were Turanians, (3) i. e., of unclassified origin. Col. Sir Charles Wilson, respective of their appearance, proposes the following : "The features," he says, "are rather those of a north ern people, and on the temple of Ibsamboul the Hittites have a very Scythic character." (4) This would assign for their aboriginal fatherland the region lying North and North East of the Black Sea. In disavowing the possibility of their Semitic origin, George Grove says, (in Smith s Bib. Diet.) "The Hittites were a Hamitic race, neither of the country nor kindred of Abraham (5). This view, by the way, falls in line with the genealogies in Gen. X. 6, 15, where Heth is declared the grandson of Ham, and the second son of Canaan. But Dr. J. D. Davis of Princeton is characteristically cautious in stating his opinion. (1) "Memoir of the Hittite Monuments." (2) Conder s "Syrian Stone-Lore," I, A. (3) Do. cf. his "Heth and Moab," p. 22. (4) Quarterly statement of Palestine Exp. fund, for Jan., 1884. (5) Wright s "Empire of the Hittites," VII, p. 79- 35 He leaves it an open question by simply suggest ing that the Hittites were connected by blood or con quest with Canaan. We need not grope any further in the dark, citing more of these contradictory views. The point to keep in mind is that, after all, we have not landed any where. The Hittites are Whites and no Whites, just as you please. And there we drop the question, just as obscure and apparently unsolvable as ever. We know absolutely nothing official about the race-ques tion of the Hittites. IV. The last point to be tortured is the fate of the Hittites. What became of their Empire? What was their final destiny as a nation? Have they any representatives at the present time? There is nothing of particular interest in what we have of the history of the Hittites. Sturdy, brave, and persevering as they were, they seem to have lacked the romantic element which figures very high in the formation of enchanting aesthetics, as expressed chiefly in literature and art. The main points of their history which, by the way, looks to me more like a poor antitype of a variegated patchwork of cast off material promiscuously basted together, may be briefly stated as follows: In the year 1280 B. C, the celebrated "Great Treaty" was made between the Hittites and the Egyptians, as the outcome of a great struggle for supremacy, waged for 500 years by Egypt against Syria, in which the Egyptian resources were so para- lyzingly exhausted, the Hittites coming out victorious, that the latter could peremptorily dictate their own terms in a decisive treaty, whereby they disposed of this old Southern foe so as to be free to apply them selves exclusively to whet their swords and gird up their loins in preparation for their Northern, and far more dreaded foe, namely, the Great Empire of As syria. Just before this volcanic eruption burst out, how ever, a frightful hurricane was on the way Northward, blowing, once more, from the Valley of the Nile. The hosts of Israel are marching to the land promised to Abraham and his seed forever, under the leadership of the greatest personality of B.-C. times, with the express injunction to inflict an exterminating penalty upon the wicked Canaanites, including, probably, the Hittites, who are at any rate to be dispossessed, if not to be annihilated altogether. At the arrival of the Hebrews, the Hittites natural ly availed themselves of every opportunity applicable to check their progress. Forming one of the chief constituents in the confederacy organized against Israel, the Hittites, with their allies, were signally defeated in the decisive battle of Merom, (3) which placed the destiny of the whole country in the hand of the valiant son of Nun. Later on, in the days of Solomon, the Hittites (i) Josh. 9:1; ii :3. seemed to be still somewhat independent. (1) The last mention the inspired writers of the Scriptures make of the Hittites was, during the life of the Pro phet Elisha. (2) Here abruptly ends the history of the Hittites in Hebrew Records. Successfully frustrating the military schemes of the great warlike monarchs of Ancient Egypt, and in a measure surviving the sweeping campaigns of Joshua and David, the Hittites, notwithstanding their seem ingly inexhaustible national vitality, even they had a day of judgment. And their inevitable doom was sealed in the year 1100 B. C, when the all-conquering armies of Assyria began to swing their stormy slings on the frontiers of North Syria. The bloody contest between waxing Assyria and waning Syria, lasted no less than 400 years, the Hittites on the defensive, stubbornly holding their own, until the year 717 B. C., when the terrible Sargon, one of Assyria s ablest monarch s, and the world s great conquerors, won his mercilessly decisive battle from Pisiri, the last king of the Hittites, whose capital, Carchemish, was razed to the ground, and whose empire, over 1,000 years old, was forever terminated. (3) In one of his inscriptions, Sargon vindicates his outrageous achievement in this brief statement: "In the fifth year of my reign, Pisiri of Carchemish sinned against the gods." (4) (1) i Ks. 10:29. (2) 2 Ks. 7:6. (3) "The Empire of the Hittites," p. 122. (4) See "Records of the Past," VII, 28-30. "In the sequel/ quoting Wm. Wright, "the Hittites were carried into captivity, and Assyrians were placed in their cities." (1) Thus Syria passes seriatim and in toto into the hands of Semite masters, who at the present time form the main stock of the nation, and the Hittites disappear from history in the inscriptions of Sargon B. C. 717, after the Israelites had been swept from Samaria with the same besom (2). This is the end of the children of Heth. Like the ten tribes of Israel, they were carried away into cap tivity, and their place has never known them any more since. Nay, it went even worse with the Hitti tes. The ten tribes are supposed to be represented by a small community of modern Samaritans, about 150 people in number. Whereas, the poor Hittites are not known to be represented by a living soul under the sun. Like the Amalekites, rather, they seem to have been totally wiped off the face of the earth, as tho they had never existed. And God s verdict has been literally as well as metaphorically executed, that the Canaanitish tribes were to be expelled, cut down, and utterly destroyed, conformably to the eternal, moral law, solemnly and emphatically enunciating that the wicked shall be dried up and cut off root and branch, their light turning to utter darkness and their memory chased out of the w r orld. (3) (1) "The Empire of the Hittites," p. 122. (2) "The Empire of the Hittites," p. 123. (3) Job 18: 16-19. SUMMARY. As an American citizen, I appeal to the American Common Sense to consider with dispassionate fairness the following facts : 1. We have ascended the stream of history to its remotest antiquity, in our endeavor to ascertain the racial identity of the modern Syrian, with the result that all along the way of our investigation, from the starting-point to the terminal, he was paraded with this badge of honor on his breast : "Caucasian by race, a composite Aryo-Semite." We have plainly shown that Syria has always been the rendez-vous of world powers, in consequence of which the modern Syrian may naturally be regarded as the descendent of those leading nations which have made the history of the world and they all were Caucasians. Strictly speak ing, however, the main stock of the modern population of Syria is of Aramaic, Arabic, and Greek origin. The only occupant of Ancient Syria of unknown racial identity was the Hittite. But, like several other Canaanitish peoples, the Hittite was doomed to utter destruction. And we have historically proved him an extinct race exterminated upward of two thou sand six hundred years ago. In any event, the Hittite, for all that we know, might have been a genuine Cau casian race. No account can any trust-worthy ethnol ogist take of this Turanian people in considering the origin of the modern Syrian, who sprang from invad- . ing 1 nations of later times with the exception of the -Arameans who entered the country at an early date. 2. The modern Syrian is an Asiatic in the sense feat he is a native of the near East, a section of the -primitive home of all white peoples. Syria has always been a part of the Caucasian world. "Asiatics" in the "Asiatic exclusion laws" was clearly meant to be a synonym of "Mongolians" as applied to the Chinese . and the Japanese and other peoples of the far East who have a peculiar type of civilization of their own so radically different from our Christian civilization ; as to make racial amalgamation and national assimila tion with respect to all Mongolian immigrants almost -.impossible. Nothing prejudicial is there, we must aver, in saying that wherever Christian civilization and Pagan civilization come together, a sharp conflict is inevitable. Such has lately been the case on the Pacific Coast; and the "Asiatic Exclusion Laws" had been enacted in anticipation of such a conflict of de- ; trimental character. But no such collision is ever IScely to be generated by the introduction of the Syrian element into America, for, besides the similarity exist ing between the American and the Syrian ideals in life, owing to the dominating influence of the Holy Scriptures common to both parties, the modern Syrian is by nature and by training, the living picture of Cosmopolitanism, more able to adapt himself to his ^environment than any other immigrant. 3. As a native of Asia, the Syrian is naturally to . be classed with the Armenian, the Hebrew, the Greek (Asiatic), and the Persian. And to debar the Syrian alone from our American citizenship, would be as glar ingly unjust and inconsistent as it would be imprudent to generalize the rule by excluding all Asiatics, White as well as Yellow, Christian and Heathen together. For, are not all American and European nations of Asiatic origin? A simple retrospect of the imagina tion would easily land all Westerners either in South Arabia, or on the coasts of the Persian Gulf, both of which sites are in Asia. 4. The Syrians are undesirable, some of us may say ! Some of them are and very much so, too, in verification of the dictum that "The worst is the de generation of the best." This, however, may be said, and at least with fully as much emphasis, of almost all other nationalities, our own not excepted. "Un- desirability" cannot be ascribed to "all" Syrians. Good, "desirable" Syrians, at least, should be admitted. And if the "undesirable" among the Syrians are to be re jected which is absolutely legitimate so should the "undesirable" of all other nationalities be rejected, which is the actual case, as enunciated in the Immi gration laws of our "Commerce and Labor Depart ment." In addition to that, let us not forget that if our country is flooded with criminals, anarchists, and extreme socialists, these pestilential parasites are com ing to our shores, not from Syria, nor from any part of Asia, but from South Europe. The Syrian char acteristically is a diligent, peace-loving, law-abiding, God-fearing merchant of unlimited ambition, in spite of the fact that his character has been marred in a period of servility and suppression of long duration. He is now taking large strides in redeeming, redressing and reasserting himself, by identifying his destiny with that of this wonderfully resourceful country of reassuring opportunities. Let us not checkmate him, but generously sustain and encourage him, as we see in him a future citizen worthy of living in our Demo cratic Commonwealth, under an untainted, liberty- disseminating flag. 5. The Syrian is pre-eminently the most popular man in history. We can neither deny nor be blind to the significant role he has played (or, rather, earnestly worked out) in forming this wonderful civilization of which we are rightfully proud. Not to say anything of the actual human life of Jesus of Nazareth, (Syria), nor of the intrinsic value of the Holy Scriptures re vealed to, proclaimed and penned by Syrians, let us with unbiassed cogitation dwell upon two other great historical facts. Consider, first, the life of the Apostle Paul, the Syrian missionary, with his glorious work in Europe especially, which culminated in laying a solid foundation for the Christian civilization of mod ern times. Consider, secondly, the immeasurably great service rendered to Europe and to all the West ern world by the Syrian Callinicus, the inventor of the "Greek Fire" which saved Constantinople, the key of Europe, from falling into the hands of the all-con quering Moslem Arabs, thus affording the Christian continent an ample opportunity to waken and set up 43 means of defence to thwart later invasions. As it required the services of a Syrian Saint to sow the first seeds of Christian civilization in the West, so it fell also into the lot of a Syrian genius to come to its rescue when it was in imminent danger of extinction. That much the Syrian has done for America and the world; and "that much" should be put down to his credit. The Syrian, moreover, is not dead yet he still lives to accomplish his allotted task on the field of modern civilization. Don t block his way ! Give him a chance ! 6. If the Syrian is legally prohibited from enter ing into this land of liberty, he undoubtedly would sustain a crushing forfeiture. For the last thirteen hundred years, the original native of Syria has been defending the faith of his fathers with his blood. For thirteen centuries past, he has been vexatiously op pressed by foreign yokes. For the past nineteen hundred years, his sword has been intermittingly drawn in defence of his high ideals. Many a time has he been almost dislodged and dispossessed. To exterminate him root and fruit, more than one con spiracy have his task-masters contrived. Many a bitter cup of tyranny, disappointment, and discomfiture has he been compelled to drain to the last drop. But he has outlived all of these prostrating torments and purgatorial afflictions. He is just coming out of his dungeon to enjoy God s air and light, and take a free, deep breath of life. Liberty-loving America should rejoice with him, and should glory in the fact that it 44 is in her power to see that he come to himself and stand on his feet, by extending a sympathetic, helping hand to give him a lift. He feels he is only migrating from the "old" Land of Promise to the "new" Land of Promise, it would be just as strange as it is un- American to throw him off and cut him adrift in his seeking to take refuge in the Land of the Free and Home of the Brave." 7. And lastly, by locking her doors in the face of the Syrian, America herself would also sustain a great loss. As a Semite myself, and as an American proud alike of his racial origin and his American citizenship, I most emphatically declare that our national char acter needs the Semitic element in it. That "pliability combined with iron fixity of purpose," which has developed a Moses, an Elijah, a Hannibal, an Amos, a Paul, a Peter, a John, not to begin to enumerate that large host of Fathers, Prophets and Apostles; that depth and force coupled with capacity for the hardest work; that love of abstract thought fortified by that ideally realistic grasp of ideals in the realm of the invisible and the spiritual ; that heroic spirit of ab solute trust in the Deity in any and all circumstances ; that upward look towards the heights perpetuated by an automatic, self-prompting feeling of hunger and thirst after God, the source of all life and light and true happiness all these highly developed character istics of the Semite we must have at our disposal in forming our modern national character. The Syrian has them all, and he is the only one to give them to us. 45 We say, We have the Jew? Well, the Jew is a fine type. But the Jew is a secluded hermit in the earth, solitary in the midst of populous society a crystallised Separatist, "a Phar isee of the Pharisees." The modern Jew racially lives to himself, and shall indefinitely remain self-centred. He has lifted up his hand that he shall never desecrate his racial identity even tho his nation should eventual ly embrace Christianity in a body. The Samaritan is almost extinct; and anyhow would not exchange his "Nablus" for the very "Elixir" or the "Fountain of Perpetual Youth." The Abyssinian could scarcely be regarded as a typical Semite; and, at any rate, neither the pass of time nor the love of adventure has ever succeeded in convincing him that Texas, Arizona, South California, or even Mexico may prove to be as comfortably hot as the sand deserts of his continent, whereupon, as a matter of fact, he has always liberally given himself the benefit of doubt. The Bedouin of Arabia, with his strong polygamic propensities, can never tolerate the "moderately pract ical" clandestine system of Utah. He also considers it most unworthy of his prowess to build a dungeon of stone, brick, or even timber, and call it home, and incarcerate himself within its clumsy walls for weeks at a time, not to say years. His hair-tent is ideally good enough for him it has "utopially" satisfied him since the days of Abraham, and probably many cen turies before. The Syrian alone is the genuine, "desirable" Sem itic timber for the American Structure of national character. Let us welcome him to our shores. In thinking of Syria and speaking of Semiticism, we ordinarily move in the region of religion, and point the telescope of our imagination toward that high degree of characteristic spirituality. As a matter of fact, however, the Syrian, as well as the Semite in general, has distinguished himself in all departments of life and human activity. Besides Moses. Solomon, Isaiah, Paul and Muhammad, the Semites have given to the world the immortal Hannibal, the greatest mili tary genius of all ages, and Nebuchadnezzar, and Sar- gon, and Khammurabi; not to mention any of the great philosophic sages, and the unsurpassed poets. But apart from that, even in the department of commerce and industry, the Syrian has never been surpassed. If Judea has taught the world how to worship the only true God, Phoenicia did teach the world how to make money. Jerusalem, Tyre, Athens, and Babylon were the foremost cities of the Ancient world in concentrating power, splendor and wealth, and propagating religion and philosophy. Three of those leading cities were purely Semitic, two of them (50% of the total) being in Syria alone. Even Athens herself must go back for her philosophy and thinking to Semitic Chaldea, Egypt, and Syria. The first great Greek philosopher on record was a Syrian. Should we desire to have a comprehensive idea of what the Ancient Syrians on the shores of the Medi- 47 terranean did to develop material wealth and pop ularize the idea and practice of its acquisition, it would fully pay us to peruse Rawlinson s masterpiece called "The History of Phoenicia." A short passage of it should be sufficient for our purpose in this trea tise to indicate just how far the world is indebted to the Syrian with regard to the evolution of its civiliza tion, wealth and material prosperity in addition to the moral and the spritual. "They" (i. e. the Phoenicians), says Rawlinson. "were the great pioneers of civilization. Intrepid, in ventive, enterprising, they at once made vast progress in the arts themselves, and carried their knowledge, their active habits and their commercial instincts into the remotest regions of the old continents. They ex ercised a stimulating, refining and civilizing influence wherever they went. North and South and East and West they adventured themselves amid perils of all kinds, actuated by the love of adventure more than by the thirst for gain, conferring benefits, spreading knowledge, suggesting, encouraging, and developing trade, turning men from the barbarous and unprofit able pursuits of war and bloodshed to the peaceful occupations of productive industry. They did not aim at conquest. They united the various races of men by the friendly links of natural advantage and mutual dependence; conciliated them, softened them, humanized them. While, among the nations of the earth generally, brute force was worshipped as the true source of power and the only basis of national 48 repute, the Phoenicians succeeded in proving, that as much can be done by arts as by arms, as great glory and reputation gained, as real a power built up, by the great agencies of exploration, trade and commerce, as by the violent and brutal methods of war, massacre and ravage. They were the first to set this example. If the history of the world since their time has not been wholly one of the potency in human affairs of blood and iron/ it is very much owing to them. They and their kinsmen of Carthage, showed mankind what a power might be wielded by commercial states. The lesson has not been altogether neglected in the past. May the writer be pardoned if he expresses a hope that, in the future, the nations of the earth will more and more take the lesson to heart, and vie with each other in the arts which made Phoenicia great, rather than in those which exalted Rome." * * Rawlinson s "History of Phoenicia," p. 552. 49 In the Drummond-light of the foregoing presenta tion of the case, let the hope of the author be that, in the heart and mind of every thoughtful reader of this humble treatise, common sense will rivet the self-evident fact that the Syrian immigrant is in no position or mood to apply for any "favor" : all he wants and does insist upon is "Fair Judgment and Just Treatment." 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