LIBRARY l/fllVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DAVIS UMVEnBITY OF CALIFORNU LIBRARY •^ DAVIS COPY 2 STATE OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES DmSION OF RESOURCES PLANNING Bulletin No. 58 NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES ^sSF^^ '()A1{D OF REVIEW 14 CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 15 Antlu)i-izati(iii for Investigation 15 Related Investigations and Reports 16 Objective and Scope of Investigation 16 Area Under Investigation 18 Drainage Basins 18 Climate 20 Geology 20 Soils 21 Ilydrographic Units 22 Present Economy and Development 28 Bntte Connty' 23 Colusa Connty 25 Glenn Connty 27 Lake Connty 20 Lassen Connty 31 Modoc Connty 32 Plumas County ' 34 Shasta County ' 36 Sierra County 38 Siskiyou County 39 Sutter County " 41 Tehama County 42 Trinity County 45 Yolo County 46 Yuba Connty 48 CHAPTER II. NATURAL RESOURCES 51 Water Resources 51 Precipitation 52 Precipitation Stations and Records 52 Precipitation Characteristics 53 Runoff 54 Stream Gaging Stations and Records 55 Runoff Characteristics 55 Quantity of Runoff 59 Ground Water 61 Water Quality 63 Water Quality Criteria 63 Water Quality Conditions 65 Water Qualitv Plainiing Considerations 108 PiiKe Land Rcsoni-ces 109 Presently li-rigated Lauds 109 Irrigable Lands 111 Standards for Determining Suitability of Lands foi- Irrigation 111 Land Classification Survey Pi'ocedurc 117 Dctei'mination of the Amount of Land That Will Ultimately be Irrigated 117 Probable Ultimate Crop Pattern 119 Urban Lands 128 Forest Lands 137 Recreation Resources 139 Fish and Wildlife 142 Recreation Use of Reservoirs 143 Po]iulatioii and Ihnplnyment 143 CHAPTER HI. WATER UTILIZATION AND REQUIREMENTS 147 Unit Values of Water Use 149 Irrigation AVater Use 149 TTrban and Suburban, and Rural Domestic Water Use 153 Forest Products Water Use 155 Use of Water for Recreation Development 156 Consumptive Use of Apiilied Water 156 Present Use of Aii])]ied Water 156 Probable ITJtimate Use of Applied Water 156 Pi-obable Ultimate Water Recpiirements to Meet Consumptive Uses 167 Water Recpiirements for Irrigated Agriculture 167 Water Re(|niremcnts foi- Urban and Suburban, and Rural Domestic Population 171 Water Requirements for the Forest Products Industry 171 Water Re(purements for Recreation Development 171 Total Seasonal Water Reipiiremeuts 172 Estimated Ultimate Depletion to the Total Water Supply 172 CHAPTER IV. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS 179 Summary 179 Natural Resources 180 W^ater ITtilization and Requirements 181 Consumptive Use of Api)lied Water 182 Water Requirements 182 Ultimate Depletion 183 Reconnnendatioiis 183 (3) TABLE OF CONTENTS-Continued TABLES Table Number 1. Areas of Ilydrojiraphio Units Within tlie Northoasteni Counties '2. Areas of the Xortlieastern Counties :i. Principal Irri-iation Water Serviee Apreneies in Butte County 4. Pi'iiu'ipal Irrij>atit)n Water Serviee Agencies in Colusa County 5. Principal Trrijiation Water Service Agencies in (Jlcnn County (i. Principal Irrigation Water Service Agencies in Shasta County 7. Principal Irrigation Water Service Agencies in Siskiyou County . 8. Pi'incipal Irrigation Water Service Agencies in Tehama County •). Principal Irrigation AVater Service Agencies in Yolo County 10. Principal Irrigation AVater Service Agencies in Yuba County 11. Kecoi-ded and Estimated Seasonal Precipita- tion at Selected Stations, North Coastal Drainage Basin 12. Monthly Distribution of Mean Seasonal Pre- cipitation at Selected Stations, North Coastal Drainage Basin 13. Kecorded Seasonal Precipitation at Selected Stations, Central Valley Drainage Basin -^ 14. Monthly Distribution of Mean Seasonal Pre- cipitation at Selected Stations, Central Valley Drainage Basin 15. Recorded and Estimated Seasonal Precipita- tion at Selected Stations, Lahontan Drain- age Basin 16. Monthly Di.stribntion of Mean Seasonal Pre- cipitation at Selected Stations, Lahontan Drainage Basin 17. Estimated Seasonal Natural Runott' at Se- lected Stations. North Coastal Drainage Basin 18. Estimated Monthly Distribution of Average Seasonal Natural KnnofF at Selected Sta- tions, North Coastal Drainage Basin __ ]!(. Estimated Seasonal Natural Hiuioff at Se- lected Stations. Central \'allcy Drainage Basin 20. Estimated Monthly Distribution of Average Seasonal Natural Runoff at Selected Sta- tions, Central Valley Drainage Basin 21. Estimated Seasonal Natural Hiuiott' at Se- lected Stations, Lahontan Drainage Basin 22. Estimated Monthly Distribution of Average Seasonal Natural Runoff at Selected Sta- tions, Lahontan Drainage Basin 2■^. Estimated Seasonal Natural Runoff of Major Streams aiul Principal ^Minor Streams Within the Northeastern Counties 24. Estimated Average Seasonal Natui-al Runoff from Hydrographic Units, Northeastern Ccmnties rage Table Number 25 22 23 24 26 27 37 40 44 47 48 53 54 54 55 56 56 57 57 5!) 59 60 61 26 Characteristics of Ground Water Basins Within the Northeastern Counties Following United States Public Health Service Drink- ing Water Standards, 1946 27. Qualitative Classifications of Irrigation Waters 28. Water Quality Tolerance for Industrial Uses 29. Mineral Analyses of Surface Water Within the Northeastern Counties 30. Mineral Analyses of Ground Water Within the Northeastern Counties 31. Present Water Service Areas (1954-1956) Within Hydrographic Units, Northeastern Counties _ 32. Present Water Service Ai-eas (1954-1956) Within the Northeastern Counties 33. Land Classification Standards 34. Classification of Irrigable Lands Within Hy- drographic Units, Northea.stern Counties _ 35. Classification of Irrigable Lands Within the Northeastern Counties 36. Probable Ultimate Pattern of Irrigated Land Use Within Hydrographic Units, North- eastern Counties 37. Probable Ultimate Pattern of Irrigated Land Use Within the Northeastern Counties 38. Probable Ultimate Pattern of Urban aiul Subui'ban, and Recreation Land Use Within Hydrographic Units, Northeastern Counties 39. Probable Ultimate Pattern of' Urban and Suburban, and Recreation Land Use Within the Northeastern Counties 40. Estimated Sustained Yield Capacity of Com- mercial Forest Lands of the Northeastern Counties 41. E.stimated Annual Production of Major For- est Pi'oducts at Sustained Yield Within the Northeastern Counties 42. Estimated Present (1956) and Ultimate Pop- ulation Within the Northeastern Counties. 43. Values of Consumptive Use Coefficient "K" for Use in Formula U=KF Within the Northeastern Counties 44. Estimated Mean Seasonal Unit Values of Consumptive Use of Applied Water on Ir- rigated Crops Within the Northea.stern Counties 45. Estimated Unit Values of Water Delivery Requirement for Urban and Suburban De- velopments, and for Rural Domestic Uses Within the Northeastern Counties 46. Estimated l^nit Values of Water Retpiire- ment and Consumptive Use for the Forest Products Industry Within tlu' Northeast- ern Counties Page 62 63 63 64 66 83 110 112 115 120 122 127 129 133 135 139 139 145 150 154 155 155 (4) TABLE OF CONTENTS-Confinued TABLES-Continued Table Number ' aS? 47. Estimated Unit Values of Consniiiptivc I'sc of Water for Reereation Activities Witliiii the Northeastern Counties 15(5 48. Estimated Mean Seasonal Consumptive Use of Applied "Water on Present Service Areas (1954-1956) AVithin Hydrographie Units, Northeastern Counties 158 49. Estimated Mean Seasonal Consumptive Use of Applied Water on Present Service Areas (1954-1956) Within the Northeast- ern Counties 160 50. Probable Ultimate Mean Seasonal Consump- tive Use of Applied Water "Within Ily- dropraphie Units, Northeastern Counties __ 16:! 51. Probable Ultimate Mean Seasonal Consuni])- tive Use of Applied Water Within the Northeastern Counties 165 52. Probable Ultimate Irrijjation Water Service Area Efficiencies Within Ilydropraphic Units, Northeastern Counties 168 53. Probable Ultimate Mean Seasonal Water Re- quirements Within Ilydroyrapiiic Units, Northeastern Counties 173 54. Probable Ultimate ^Mean Seasonal "Water Re(iuirements Within the Northeastern Counties 175 55. Estimated Probable Ultimate Mean Seasonal Depletion of Water Supply "Within Hydro- graphic Units, Northeastern Counties 178 Table Number Page 56. Probable Ultimate Mean Seasonal Depletion of Water Supply Within the Xoitlieastern Counties 178 57. Estimated Present and Probable Ultimate Population Within tlie Nortlieastern Coun- ties 179 58. Areas of Presently Irriirated Lands and Esti- mated Ultimate Irrigated Lauds Witliin the Northeastern Counties 180 59. Areas of Comiueiical Forest Land and Their Estimated Sustained Yield Capacity Within the Northeastern Counties 180 60. Areas of Probable Ultimate llij;h Tntensit.v Recreation Use "Within tlie Northeastern Counties 181 61. p]stimated Present and Probable Ultimate Mean Seasonal Consumptive Use (tf Applied "Water Within the Northeastern Counties __ 182 62. Probable T"'ltimate Mean Seasonal Water Re- (|uirements Within the Northeastern Coun- ties 183 63. Estimated Average Sea.sonal Natural Runoff and Probable THtimate ;\Iean Seasonal Re- quirements for Water in ]Ma.ior Drainage Basins, Northeastern Counties 183 64. Estimated Probable Ultimate ]\Iean Seasonal Requirements for Water and Probable Ul- timate Mean Seasonal Depletion of Water Supply AVithin the Northeastern Counties . 183 ILLUSTRATIONS Page CALIFORNIA 'S NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES Frontispiece Indian Valley, a Mountain Valley in the North- eastern Comities 19 Rice Under Irrigation on the Broad Floor of the Sacramento ^'alley 19 Unique Thermal Belts Permit Orange Culture in Butte and (ileun Counties 28 Copper Mining Operation at Walkermine in Plumas County 35 Haying in Plumas County 35 Boat Docking Facilities on Shasta Lake 43 Navigation on the Sacramento River 43 The Feather River, a Steep, Turbulent Stream Near Belden, Plumas County 50 Dry Stream Channel of Cache Creek, Character- istic of Coast Range Streams in the Sacramento Valley 50 Water Measurina' Devices Used by AVatermastei-s to Conti-ol Distribution of Irrigation AVater 58 Example of Land Classification Delineated on Aerial Photograph 116 Pase Live.stock Pastured on Cut Ihiy Land 118 Alilo in the Sacramento Valle.v 118 Young AValnut Orchard in Tehama County 126 Meadow Hay in Alodoc County 126 Urban and Suburban Areas 132 Logging Operation in Siskiyou County 138 Sawmill in Plumas County 138 Recreation at Bucks Lake, a Pacific (las and Elec- tric Company Reservoir 140 Fishing a Large Stream 140 Pacific Migratory Waterfowl Flywa>-. Showing Principal Fall Migration Routes 143 Agriculture Creates Large Industries to Process and Transport Products 144 Labor is E.ssential in Processing Agricultural Products 152 Furrow Irrigation in the Sacramento Valley 157 Irrigation by Sprinkler 157 Fort Jones, Siskiyou County, a Northern Califor- nia Town ^ 170 Rural Domestic Development Near Dun-smuir 170 (5) TABLE OF CONTENTS-Continued PLATES (Plates are bound at end of report) Plate No. Plate No. 1 Generalized Geologic Map of the Nortlieastern 3 Geographical Distribution of Precipitation in Counties (3 sheets) Northern Califoi-nia 2 Hydrographic TTnits Within the Northeastern 4 Classification of Lands for Water Ser\-ice (17 Counties sheets) 5 Forest Lands in the Northeastern Counties (0) APPENDIX To aid the Department of "Water Eesources in analyzing the ultimate water needs of the Northeastern Counties that would result from population increases and the growth of industry, connnerce, and recreation the Department employed the firm of Pacific Planning and Researeli, formerly Harold F. "Wise and As- sociates, consultants in planning and urban economics. Appendix A, "Future Population, Economic and Recreation Development of California's Northeastern Counties," was prepared by the consulting firm. Because of the man.v requests for the results of this phase of the investigation, this appendix report was published by the Department of "Water Resources in July, 1957, in advance of this bulletin. r River. about () miles above the City of Oroville in P.utte County, for conservation, flood control, and hydro- electric power generation. Extensive systems of pump- ing plants and conduits will convey surplus waters in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta made firm by operation of Oroville Reservoir, to areas of need in the San Joaquin Valley, the Santa Clara Valley, and southern California. The Legislature has recognized the imjiortance of developing the State's water resources to satisfy this growing demand for water in order that a healthy economy may be maintained. Realizing the need for development, yet recognizing that the jiresent and future interests of areas of water origin must be safeguarded, the Legislature has from time to time provided funds for planning of co(jrdinated, statewide developments of water resources in the best interests of all sections and for all people. To insure that some areas of the State do not expand to the detriment of other areas, in connection with the Central Valley I'roject, the Legislature has stated the policy that the watersheds wherein water originates and areas con- tiguous thereto which may be reasonably served therefrom, shall not be deprived of any water needed for their future development. Under the County of ( )rigin Act, now codified as Section l()o()5 of the State Water Code, in the assignment of applications which the State has filed to appropriate unapjiropriated water furtherance of general and coordinated jJans of development, no assignment can be made which would deprive the counties wherein the water origi- nates of any water which may be required for future development tlicrciii. The effect of this policy has been incorporated in all subsequent state planning for water resource develo])ment. Tlie policy applies to the Feather River Project, to which the autiioriz- ing legislation sjiecifically made a))iilicalJe all relevant lirovisions f)f the Water Code relating to the Central Valley Project. Li light of the foregoing jiolicy, and in connection with current ]ilaiining for major water resource de- velopment in California, the need for thorough eval- uation of the probable ultimate water re(|uirements of northern areas of water suriiiiis, based upon the full development of all their natural resources, is ap- parent. AUTHORIZATION FOR INVESTIGATION The Legislature, by the Budget Act of 1!1."')4, pro- vided : "Item 249. For necessary investigations, sur- veys, studies, and preparation of ])lans and specifi- cations for the purpose enumerated in the following schedule, the Division of Water Resources. Depart- ment of Public Works, to be paid from the funds specified in said schedule. * * * ***** "(b) The determination of the ultimate water needs of the County of Plumas and those portions of the Counties of Butte, Lassen, and Sierra in the Feather River Drainage Area, predicated upon the full development of all natui-al resources in those counties, payable from funds appropriated by Item 428.5 of the Budget Act of 1952. * * * "(c) The determination of the ultimate water needs of the Comities of Siskiyou, Shasta, Modoc, Trinity, Yuba, Tehama, (ilenn. Colusa. Lake, Yolo and Sutter, and those portions of the Counties of Butte, Lassen, and Sierra not in the Feather River Drainage Area, predicated upon the full develop- ment of all natural resources in those counties, payable from the funds a]ipropriated by Item 428.5 of the Budget Act of 1952. =■' * * " * * * and provided, that the money appro- priated by subdivision (c) of the above schedule shall remain available for expenditure until De- cember 31, 1956." The Budget Act of 1954 provided funds to meet the costs of the investigation in the amount of $376,895. Of this amount, the expenditure of $90,000 was authorized for Item 249(b) and $286,895 for Item 249(c). (15) 16 NORTHEASTERN COTTNTIES INVESTIGATION Additional funds in the amount of $10,000 were made available by the Bud<;et Aet of 1957 to eomplete editorial woi'k and to print the bulletin. RELATED INVESTIGATIONS AND REPORTS The followinp' reports of prior iuvestioations, con- taining information pertinent to evaluation of the water recpiirements and water resources of the North- eastern Counties, were reviewed in connection with the current investigation : Reports of California Siafe Department of Public Works, Division of Water Resources. "Sacramento Eiver Basin." Bulletin No. 26, 1931. "Pit River Investisation. " Bulletin No. 41, 1933. "Survey of Mountainous Areas." Bulletin No. 56, December, 1955. "Northeastern Counties Investigation, Report on Up- per Feather River Service Area." April, 1955. Reports of California State Water Resources Board. "Water Resources of California." Bulletin No. 1, 1951. "Water TTtilization and Reciuirements of California." Bulletin Xo. 2, October, 1954. "The California Water Plan." Bulletin No. 3, ^May, 1957. "Sutter-Yuba Counties Investigation." Bulletin No. 6, September, 1952. "Lake County Investigation." Bulletin No. 14, (pre- liminary report) October, 1955. "Interim Report on Klamath River Basin Investiga- tion, Water Utilization and Requirements." March, 1954. The Department of "Water Resources is presently conducting a cooperative investigation in Shasta County. This investigation has as its objective the formulation of plans for conservation and iitilization of the county's water resources to meet present and future needs. The Department also is investigating the geologic and hydrologic characteristics of the principal valley fill areas of the Northeastern Counties of Modoc, Las- sen, Plumas, and Sierra, as a possible source of an economic and dependable water supply for these mountain valleys. Pursuant to Chapter 61, Statutes of 1956, now con- tained in Section 232 of the California Water Code, the Department of Water Resources is conducting an investigation to determine in detail : the amount of water resources available in the separate watersheds in the State; the amounts of present and ultimate water required for beneficial uses in those water- sheds; and, from the foregoing, the (piantities of water, if any, available for export from the water- sheds of origin. This investigation, whicii will con- tinue over a jieriod of years, will be accomplished in greater detail than has heretofore been undertaken and will serve as a basis for assuring reservation of adequate water resources for the areas of origin. Numerous studies which relate to the problem of evaluating water re.sources and water refpiirements have been conducted by such federal agencies as the Bureau of Reclamation, Ceological Survey, and Soil Conservation Service, in the area of investigation. This information, as well as data supplied by many of the individual counties and other entities, has been utilized to the maximum jiossible extent. OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF INVESTIGATION The general objective of this investigation was to estimate the ultimate water needs of the designated counties in Northeastern California, predicated upon full development of all their natural resources. In attaining this objective, it was necessary that the seope of the investigation include evaluation of the potential development of the basic natural resources of the counties under consideration. Included were the water, land, and recreational resources, and pop- ulation and employment. Of major importance in foreca.sting ultimate water requirements was consid- eration of the present uses of water, and a detailed evaluation of unit values of consumptive water use under present, as well as ultimate, conditions for various types of development. A brief and generalized description of the methods emijloyed in estimating the present use of water and forecasting the ultimate water requirement will serve to illustrate the scope of this investigation. In general, the estimates and forecasts were made on an areal basis ; that is, determinations were made of the vari- ous types of development requiring the beneficial con- sumptive use of water. Appi'opriate factors of unit water iise for diflferent types of developnuMit were then applied to these areas in order to estimate their total water consumption and requirement. Exceptions to this general method M'ere made in estimating the ultimate water recjuirements for urban communities, and in estimating the quantity of water needed for the manufacture of forest products. In the case of the water needed for urban connnunities, require- ments were based on population estimates; for the forest products industry, they were based on the sus- tained timber yield of the forest lands. In the case of present water requirements, areas of irrigated agricultural types of development were de- termined from a land use survey conducted in 1954 through 1956. Unit values of consumptive use of irri- gation water were estimated on the basis of an as- sumed full available water supply, but reduced where ap]ilicable to express the present deficiency in actual water supjily development. Estimates of urban and y\u-d\ donu'stic populations were extended from cen- INTRODUCTIOX 17 sus data. Estimates of unit values of per capita requirement for urban and rural uses were based on data obtained from records fnrnislied by water serv- ice agencies and on records maintained by the Public Ttilitics Commission. Included in these estimates was water use by connnercial areas and industries. In the case of ultimate water requirements, methods similar to those used in estimatinecause of its close relationship to water utiliza- tion, estimates of the available water supply were in- cluded within the .scope of tlie investigation. For each hydrographic unit, estimates were made of the aver- age seasonal natural runoff. The pliysieal character- istics of ground water basins were also investigated, and tlie results summarized. AVater quality problems wei-e located and discussed, and a tabulation was pre- pared of the (piality of all waters available for devel- opment and use. Since a ]")rinci]ial jnirjiose of this investigation was to provide all available information on water use and requirements within the Northeastern Counties, the data were analyzed and studied on the basis of botli hydrographic units and counties. All data were there- fore tabidated by hydrographic units, and by the portions of each hydrographic unit within counties. Since the sum of seasonal water i-equirements for a number of smaller subdivisions does not represent the over-all area water requirement, it was necessary to determine the amounts of return flow that could be utilized within a given hydrographic unit, or would flow to and be made available in a lower unit. As a final step in the investigation an estimate was made of tlie ultimate -depletion to the total water supply that would result from full development of all natural resources witliin the fifteen counties. AREA UNDER INVESTIGATION The area under investigation, which lies in north- eastern California generally north of the City of Sacramento and east of the Coast Range, includes the 15 counties which comprise State Assembly Districts 2, ;5, and 4. These counties referred to in this report as the "Northeastern Counties," are Butte, Colusa, Glenn, Lake, Lassen, Modoc, Plumas, Shasta. Sierra, Siskiyou, Sutter, Tehama, Trinity, Yolo, and Yuba. Tliis group of counties comprises 23 per cent of the total area of the State, contains 3 per cent of the pres- ent population of the State, and is the source for almost 40 per cent of California's water resources. The area is one of bountiful land and water resources. Significant among these are tlie extensive agricultural lauds of the Sacramento Valley and upland valleys which arc ringed b\' tlic Coast Range, Klamath Mountains, Cascade Range, and the Sierra Nevada. These mountains give rise to the stream systems of the Klamath, Trinity, Pit, Feather, and Sacramento Rivers, which supply the agricidtural lauds with their necessary irrigation waters. Drainage Basins The Nortlieasteru Counties area extends into three of the major hydrographic divisions of the State. Por- tions of Modoc, Siskiyou, Trinity, and Lake Counties lie within the North Coastal Drainage Basin, which includes the Klamath, Trinity, ilad, and Eel Rivers draining westward directly into the Pacific Ocean. Portions of Modoe, Lassen, and Sierra Counties lie within the Lahoutan Drainage Basin, which includes minor streams draining eastward or into closed basins. The Susan River is the largest stream of the Lahontau Drainage Basin included in this investigation. The greatest portion of the area covered by the' North- eastern Counties lies within the Central Valley Drain- age Basin, tributary to the Sacramento River. In- cluded in this area are parts of the counties named above, except Trinity Coiuity, and all of the remain- ing counties. The area under inve.stigati"on within the North Coastal Drainage Basin is primarily mountainous, but has several valleys at elevations of 3,01)0 to 4,000 feet. Urban, industrial, and agricultural develop- ments are located primarily in these valleys. Tulelake Area, Butte Valley, Shasta Valley, Scott Valley, and Hayfork Valley are such areas located within sub- basins of the Klamath and Trinity Rivers. The Lahontan Drainage Basin, located east of the ridge of the Sierra Nevada, contains several valley areas suitable for development, but is handicapped by light precipitation. Honey Lake Basin and Surprise Valley, at elevations of 4,000 feet and 5,000 feet respectively, contain most of the agricultural develop- ment in this area. ^ladeline Plains contains a large area of land classified as irrigable but has no natural source of water suitable for development. The Central Valley Drainage Basin contains large upstream valley areas ranging in elevation from 2,500 feet to 5,000 feet, as well as the extensive Sacramento Valley area which varies in elevation from near sea level to about 500 feet. Principal upstream areas in- clude Fall River Valley, Big Valley, and South Fork of Pit River Valley along the Pit River; Sierra Val- ley, Mohawk Valley, and Indian Valley on the Feather River, and Upper Lake Valley, Scotts Valley and Kel- seyville Valley adjacent to Clear Lake. The Sacra- mento River, after being joined by the Pit and MeCloud Rivers above Shasta Reservoir, enters the Sacramento Valley below Redding and follows a mean- dering course through the valley to the Sacramento- San Joaquin Delta. It is joined by numerous inter- mittent and perennial streams from the Coast Range Indian Valley, a Mountain Valley in fhe Norfheastern Counties Depiirtment of M'ater Resources Pkotograpl! Rice Under Irrigafion on fhe Broad Floor of fhe Sacramenfo Valley United Stjtes Bureau of Rechviiation Photograph 20 NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION oil tlie west aiul the Sierra Nevada on the east. Chief ainoiit; the tributaries is the Feather River, whieli eon- tributes about 20 per cent of the flow of the Sacra- mento River at the Delta. Climafe In the area under investigation, which has a range in latitude of 3.5 degrees, or about 260 miles, the climatic conditions are influenced to a great extent by the Pacific Ocean and the orientation and location of the topographic features. The situation of the Pacific high-pressure area known as the "Hawaiian High" determines the general effect of Pacific storms on tlie weatlier. This pressure ridge exercises consid- erable control over the landward movement of water- bearing ail' masses that originate in the central and northern Pacific Ocean. Abrupt changes in topogra- phy, however, cause wide variations in the climate. The topograi)hy has a marked effect on the geo- graphical distribution of precipitation. This is evi- denced by the variation of the mean seasonal rainfall from in excess of 100 inches in western Siskiyou County to less than 10 inches in eastern Modoc and Lassen Counties. Precipitation on most of the agri- cultural lands is in the range of from 15 to 25 inches per season, occurring mostly during the montlis from October through March. Much of the precipitatioji falls in the form of snow on the higher mountain ranges, although rain above 8,000 feet sometimes occurs. Heavy snowfall is the usual winter feature of the Sierra Nevada at elevations above 5,000 feet. Snow falls in moderate amounts on the mountains and the plateaus in Lassen, Modoc, and Siskiyou Counties. Precipitation in the form of rain is characteristic in the lower Coast Range and the Saci'anu^nto Valley, while snow in small amounts falls in the higher ele- vations of the Coast Range. The northerly and west- ward movement of the prevailing Pacific high-pressure ridge during the summer results in a practically rain- less period during those mouths, except for local showers and thunderstorms which occur in tlie moun- tainous areas. Temperature, wind movement, and humidity are similarly influenced by the movement of the Pacific Coast air masses and the topography of northern California. Warm, dry summers characterize the Northeastern Counties, but there may be as much as 25 degrees difference between average daily tempera- tures in the Sacramento Valley and the higher eleva- tions of the Sierra Nevada. Maximum daily sunnuer temperatures in the Sacramento Valley and in the northern plateaus often exceed 100 degrees as a result of the solar heating of the air trapped in the basins under cloudless skies. In the winter, temperatures range from moderate in the Sacramento Valley to low in mountains and i)lateaus. Tlie Sacramento Valle.v generally experiences frost-free temperatures from March to about the middle of November. The moun- tain valley and plateau areas are usually frost-free fi'om June luitil the latter part of September, but in many locations frosts may occur in any month of the year. Geology The State of California has been divided into eleven geomorphic provinces. Geomorphic provinces are major land areas that have similar geologic and geo- graphic features. Within the Northeastern Counties are found at least parts of seven ))rovinces. These are : the Great Valley of California, the Northern Coast Ranges, the Klamath Mountains, the Cascade Range, the Modoc Plateau, the Basin-Ranges, and the Sierra Nevada. The major geologic characteristics of these provinces have considerable effect on the precipitation pattern, runoff, and ground water storage, as well as on soil types, main avenues of travel, I'ecreation fea- tures, and the su])]ily, location and accessibility of mineral (le]iosits in the area. A generalized geologic map of the Northeastern Counties is shown on Plate I. The Sacramento Valley, the northern part of the Great Valley Province, is a broad alluvial jilain about 40 miles wide and 150 miles long. The elevation of most of the valley is near sea level, but the valley rises gently toward the north and towards the foothills on either side. Rising conspicuously above the otherwise almost featureless valley plain are the ilarysville Buttes, the remnants of a large volcano. The alluvial sediments in the Sacramento Valley form a huge ground water reservoir. Structural traps in the uiuler- l.ving, older sedimentary rocks form reservoirs for natural gas. The near-surface clay deposits could sup- ply the ceramics industry for centuries, while alluvial sands and gravels provide an almost limitless suppl.v of aggregate. The western border of the Northeastern Counties area from Yolo to Tehama Counties lies in the north- ern Coast Ranges. These ranges are characterized by longitudinal ridges and intervening valle.vs which were formed by folding, faulting, and subsequent erosion of Mesozoic sedimentary rocks. Most of these mountains and valleys trend N. 30°-40° "\V. ]\Iany of the small valleys are alluviatcd and form small ground water basins flanked aiul underlain by the older sedimentary rocks. Irregular, knobby, landslides topography is characteristically developed on the Franciscan formation in the area. Volcanic flows and cones are prominent in the southern part of the area around Clear Lake in Lake County, which is the larg- est landslide-formed lake in California. The Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Tertiary sedimentary rocks which are found in the Coast Range dip to the east beneath the Sacramento Valle.v. The Klamath Mountains are complex formations witli rugged topography. Included in the Klamath INTRODUCTTOX 21 I\Ii)Uii1aiiis are jiortioiis of Shasta and Siskiyim Coun- ties, and almost all of Trinity County. Mncli of the area is inaeeessible. Tlie high nioniitaiiis cool the nioistiire-laden air of storms blowing in from tiie oeean. resulting in high precipitation. The area had once been eroded to a landscape of gentle relief, but tlie Klamath River and its tributaries have cut deeji, rugged canyons across the entire mountain mass. Only the gentler slopes and flat crests of the highest ridges reveal the existence of the once gentle plain. Successive terraces veneered with gold-bearing gravels have been left perched along steep canyon walls l)y the rapidly down-cutting streams. Hard, metamor- ]ihos(Ml Paleozoic and older rocks have been exjiosed by tlic deep stream dissection. Highly deformed Meso- zoic sedinuMitaiy and volcanic rocks aiul intrusives are also ex]iosed in the area. These older rocks contain valuable deposits of both metallic and nonmetallic minerals. A few small structural basins have pre- served remnants of the early Tertiary sedimentary and volcanic rocks which once may have blanketed the entire area. These structural depressions now form small ground water basins. The Cascade Range, which was formed by a chain of volcanic cones, extends from Washington and Oregon into the northern central part of California. The Cascade Range extends through the middle por- tions of Siskiyou and Shasta Counties, and into smaller areas of Lassen, Plumas, Butte, and Tehama Counties. Lassen Peak, the only active volcano in the I'nited States, forms the southern terminus of the Cascade Range. The Pit River transects the range between Lassen Peak and Mount Shasta. Lavas and fragmental volcanic rocks predominate, but lake sedi- ments are found in several of the structural depres- sions in the area. On tlie southwest, tlie volcanic rocks dip beneath the sediments of the Sacramento Valley. On the east, the rocks mei-ge with the lava beds of the ^lodoc Plateau. On the south, the volcanic rocks blanket the northern end of the Sierra Nevada, and on the west the flows extend along the eastern edge of the Klamath Mountains. Some of the lava flows, interbedded gravels, and volcanic debris are extremely permeable. Precijiitation, which is high near tlic peaks, is completely absorbed by the rocks in some areas. The moisture reappears as ground water flow- ing from large springs. Glaciers descending from Mount Shasta deposited moraines to the north. Out- wash from the glaciers extends into Shasta Valley. Several valleys now occupy depressions in the vol- canics of the area and form small ground water basins filled with lacustrine and alluvial sediments. The area drains to the Klamath River on the north and to the Sacramento River on the south. An immense volcanic plateau covers the eastern portion of the State of Oregon and extends to the Cascade Range in northern California. In California it is known as tlie Modoc Plateau. Tlic |)latcau area includes portions of Modoc, Lassen, Siskiyou, and Shasta Counties. The rocks consist of a thick accumu- lation of lava flows and tuff beds with an interlayer- ing of lake sediments, soils, and stream deposits. Some of the rocks are extremely permeabh\ and the scant j)reci])itation usually disappears into the ground and moves as ground water to the big springs in tiie area. The largest valleys were formed as structural depressions in the volcanic rocks. Many of the valleys have been, and some are now. occupied by lakes such as Eagle Lake. Tiic alluvial deposits in .some of the valleys are shallow, providing poor ground water storage. However, this deficiency is compensated in a few valleys by water-bearing volcanic rocks beneath and adjacent to the alluviated areas. The geomorphic i)rovince known as the Basin-Range extends from Nevada into California along the eastern margins of the Sierra Nevada and ^Modoe Plateau in Lassen and Modoc Counties. This region of fault block mountains is characterized by interior drainage with development of lakes and playas. Goose Lake, Honey Lake, and the lakes in Surprise Valley are examples of these. The liasin-Range structure extends into the Sierra Nevrfda as far as ]\Ieadow Valley in Plumas County and into the Modoc Plateau. The bed- rock reflects the granitics and volcanics found in the ad.jacent provinces. The valleys form ground water basins filled with alluvial and lake sediments. The Sierra Nevada is a huge fault block of granitic and metamorphic rocks overlain by remnants of Ter- tiary volcanic and sedimentary rocks. A multiple fault scarp forms the eastern boundary of the Sierra Ne- vada Province, hi the north, the older rocks of the Sierra Nevada disappear beneatli the volcanics of the Cascade Range and Jlodoe Plateau. The block is tilted gently to the west and disappears beneath the sedi- ments of the Sacramento Valley. Plumas and Sierra Counties, and the eastern half of Butte County, are included in the Sierra Nevada. Several belts of min- eralization extend through the area. A number of valleys have been formed as structural depressions in the main Sierra block. These valleys have been filled with alluvial and lacustrine sediments and form im- |iortant grountl water basins. Soils Soils within the Northeastern Counties vary widely in composition and depth, and in physical and chem- ical properties. The geology, previously di.scussed ac- counts for differences in parent material, while other variations are influenced by topography, climate, age, and vegetation. In general, tlie soils may be divided into three broad groups : ( 1 ) Residual soils, which have devel- oped in place by the disintegration and weathering, and the action of soil-foi'ming processes on the under- NORTHEASTERX COUXTIER INVESTIGATION lying: bedrock, whicli may he of botli sedimentary and ijjneons orifjin ; (2) Alluvial soils, which have de- veloped from transported sediments of pre-existing; soils and other materials; and (3) Organic soils, -which have been derived mainly from the decomposition of orofanic materials under marshy conditions. Residual soils occur mainly on hilly and mountain- ons lands. Soil differences largely are dependent upon variations of parent material and climatic factors. Soil depth varies from very shallow on scab lands or lands having considerable rock present on the surface ami throughout the profile, to good depth on lands having little or no rock present. Drainage is usually good. Suitability of much of these .soils for irrigation development is limited because of the complex topo- graphic conditions, shallow soil depth, and excessive amounts of rock. ITnder favorable conditions, however, certain of these soils are suited for many climatically adapted crops. Alluvial soils vary in their physical and chemical characteristics according to the nature of the deposi- tion, their age, and the degree of develo]unent that has taken place since their deposition. This group of soils can be further divided into three broad subdi- visions (1) old valley fillings, (2) basin and lacustrian soils, and (3) recent alluvium. (1) Soils derived from old valley fillings and remnants of former alh;vial fans are extensive along both sides of the Sacramento Valley floor and many other mountain valleys throughout the Northeastern Counties. These soils have undergone marked changes of profile characteristics since their deposition. Leach- ing and other soil forming processes have brought about soils varying from those with dense claypan or cemented hardpan subsoils, to those with moderately eom.pact subsoils. Agriculturally, these soils are gen- erally suitable for shallow to medium deep rooted crops. (2) Basin and lacustrian soils have developed from fine sediments deposited in overflow basins or fresh watei' lakes. These soils are normally fine textured and, due to limited or restricted drainage, an accumu- lation of saline and alkaline salts is often present. Much of the saline soil could be reclaimed by improve- ment of local drainage. Certain of the alkaline lacus- trian soils, because of the greater difficulty in reclama- tion, were not considered as jiotentially irrigable, particularly in Surprise Valley and Honey Lake Valley and certain areas in the Upper Klamath River Drainage Area. Otherwise the basin and lacustrian soils are siiitable for many climatically adapted medium and shallow rooted crops. (3) Recent alluvial .soils occupy flood plains ad- jacent to the ma.ior and minor stream channels. In general, these soils are deep, friable, and medium textured and have undergone little or no change in their ])rofile characteristics since their deposition. Where adequately drained, these soils have wide ci-op adaptability and are highly valued as agricultural lands. Organic soils are not found in any great extent within the Northeastern Counties. Small areas do exist in the Tule Lake and Klamath Lake areas, and in West Valley near Likely. In general, these soils are highly productive where reclamation has been brought about by drainage. They are normally me- dium to fine textured and suitable for a wide variety of climatically adapted crops. Hydrographic Units In order to facilitate analysis of present and prob- able future water requirements, and for subsequent investigations of water supply problems, the area of the Northeastern Counties l.ving within the three major drainage basins was divided into 75 hydro- graphic units. The hydrographic unit boundaries M-ere determined from consideration of water supply and related water service. Those units in the mountainotis and upland areas were separated on the natural drain- age lines of the larger tributary streams, and at con- venient stream gaging stations. Boundaries of hydro- graphic units on the valley floor in<-luded those water- using units that had similar physical and operational characteristics. Principal factors considered were present and potential sources of water supply, and existing water service agencies. The boundaries of the h.ydrographic luiits arc shown on Plate 2, "Hydrographic Units Within the Noi'theasteru Counties". Areas of the hydrographic units, whicli were determined by the cutting and weighing method from most recently available maps, are shown in Table 1. Areas of each of the Northeast- ern Counties, similarly determined, are presented in Table 2. TABLE 1 AREAS OF HYDROGRAPHIC UNITS WITHIN THE NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES Hydrographic Unit Reference number 9 10 11 Name North Coastal Drainage Basin Tulelake Butte Valley. Klamath River Shasta Valley Scott Valley Salmon River Upper Trinity River Lower Trinity River South Fork Trinity River Southern Trinity County Lake Pillsbury SUBT0T.4L.. .\rea, in acres 1.089.700 .387,800 1,190,200, 507,400 423,500 475,200 4fi7.400 652,000 509,300 419,900 243,700 6.36B,100 IXTRODUCTION 23 TABLE 1-Continued AREAS OF HYDROGRAPHIC UNITS WITHIN THE NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES TABLE 2 AREAS OF THE NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES Hydrographic Unit Name Central Valley Drainage Basin Goose Lake . Jess \'alley Alturas Big Valley Mc Arthur Hat Creek - Montgomery Creek McCloud River Dunsmviir Shasta Lake Clear Creek Keswick Cottonwood Creek Olinda . Redbank Creek Elder Creek Thomes Creek Stony Creek Clear Lake Middletown Stillwater Plains Cow Creek___ Bear Creek Battle Creek. ._ _. Paynes Creek Antelope Creek Mill Creek Deer Creek Chico Creek Paradise North Fork Feather River East Branch Featlier River Sierra Valley Middle Fork Feather River South Fork Feather River North Yuba River Challenge Wyandotte Anderson Corning Los Molinos Fruto __. Orland - Durham Colusa Gridley Browns Valley Cortina Arbuckle Sutter Marysville Pleasant Grove West Yolo Capay Woodland East Yolo SUBTOTAL. Lahontan Drainage Basin Surprise Valley . Madeline Plains Eagle Lake Willow Creek Secret Valley Susan River Herlong Little Truckee River SUBTOTAL TOTAL. NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES Aie'A. in acres 234.700 1 (10,300 7.53.400 795.800 779.200 609.400 234.000 383.500 274.700 244.500 147.000 29.900 601.600 51,200 1.54,000 83,200 222„500 476,700 609,600 132,000 80,500 272.700 103.700 231.600 86,000 1,30,800 118„30O ll',0,40() 222,700 116,.300 771,200 653,800 336,800 4,30,900 101,000 365,500 115,800 86,900 60,600 197, .500 182,100 171,700 138,000 110,100 589,000 330,900 42,400 289,300 128,300 82,400 231,600 18,700 63,000 ,58,200 207,100 182,500 14,445,500 496.400 513.300 278.100 93.000 416.500 371.200 363.100 101.000 County .\rea. in acres County Area, in acres Butte 1,075,600 741,300 828,000 855,100 3.026,500 2.694.300 1.681.000 2.482,300 609,300 4,054,400 Sutter 390,500 1,913,600 2,048,600 Lake Yolo 652,700 411,000 TOTAL, NORTH- EASTERN COUNTIES Shasta - - 23,444,200 Siskiyou - PRESENT ECONOMY AND DEVELOPMENT The present economy of the Northeastern Counties is ba.sed upon the development of the natural resources for ao;riculture, timber, and miiiinor industries, and, in recent years, also for recreation. The counties are endowed with broad areas of good (inality farm lands capable of growing numerous crops, and have exten- sive foothill and mountain meadow areas suitable for irrigated pasture and dry range for livestock. The mountains sustain vast stands of fir and pine forests, much of which is still in its virgin state after a cen- tury of logging. Mineral assets are present in varied forms. (lold was responsible for the original settle- ment of the area, but now plays a minor role in the economic pattern. Jlore important at present is nat- ural gas being developed in the Sacramento Valley. The land resources, enhanced by the climate, lakes, rivers, and wildlife, make much of the area desirable for recreational and sporting purposes. Services for tourists and sportsmen throughoTit the area constitute one of the more important factors in its economy. There follows a brief d(>scription of the i>resent economy and development within each of the l.'i coun- ties under consideration. Butfe County liutte County was one of the original counties or- ganized in the State by the Act of 1850. At the time of its founding it included portions of several sur- rounding counties, but was later reduced in size to its present 1,680 square miles. The 1956 population was estimated to be about 70,000. The 1950 Census showed the distribution to be about 40 per cent urban and 60 per cent rural. The terrain rises from the Sacramento Valley floor at an elevation of about 60 feet to over 6,000 feet at the summit of the Sierra Nevada. The change in topography is accompanied b.v seasonal diversity of temperatures and rainfall. Hot dry summers and mild winters are the usual jiatterii for the valley and foot- hill areas, while the higher lands experience cooler 24 NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION sTimmers and more rigorous wintei-s. ileaii spasoiial prei'ipitation varies from a low value of 20-iuehes near Chieo to in excess of SO-inches at Magalia, only 15 miles eastward. Heavy snowfall at higher elevations may occur from late in November to early in Mareli. Credit for much of the early development of Butte County goes to General John Bidwell, who made his home near Chico. Numerous land grants were made by the Mexican Government in the 1840's following surveys conducted by (Jeneral Bidwell. The rush of emigrants into Butte County, however, followed the discovery of gold at what is now Bidwell's Bar on the Middle Fork Feather River, a few months after James Marshall's discovery at Coloma. The easy diggings began to wane within a few years making necessary large cajiital investments to con- tinue extracting gold by underground and hydraulic mining. Accompanying the change in mining metliods was the development of water necessary in the opera- tions. Diversion works and many miles of ditches and flumes were constructed for this purpose. The timber industry began to develop as the demand for timber arose from the mining and water development enter- prises. An interesting \ise of water during this pe- riod was the tlnming of logs and lumber from the mountainous areas down to the valley floor for ship- ment elsewhere or use locally. Agriculture. As the cost of mining increased, small operators were excluded, and many were forced to turn to agricultural pursuits. General Bidwell's horticultural and agricultural experiments had .shown that a large variety of crops c(mld be grown, includ- ing vegetables, fruits, vineyards, and olives, as well as the grains grown by Spani.sh settlers. An orange seed- ling planted at Bidwell's Bar in 1856 grew and sub- sequent propagation farmed the beginning of a prof- itable citrus industry around Oroville. As Butte County's economy began to change from one of min- ing to agriculture, the water once used for the mines and places diggings was diverted to the valley farm land. The necessity for irrigation water had long been apparent, and the Miocene, Palermo, and Forbes- town mining ditches became the nucleus of the Thermalito, Table Mountain, and Oroville-Wyandotte Irrigation Districts' systems. Many enterprises were promoted befoi'e the turn of the century to develop large irrigation works, with most ending in failure. Among later notable private developments which proved successful were the Sutter- Butte Canal built iu 1905, and the Western Canal completed in 1915 to bring water from the Feather River to lands in the Biggs-Gridley and Nelson areas. In the years that followed, organized efforts through the formation of public districts brought much of the foothill and valley lands of Butte County under ir- rigation. The principal agencies now serving water to irrigate lands are shown in Table '■]. Butte County is adapted to a wide variety of crops, and contains an extensive agricultural area. The pres- ent irrigated area in the county, determined during the period from 1954 through 1956, is about 176.000 acres. Rice is the most widely grown crop, with 84,800 acres devoted to this purpose. The combined area of pasture and alfalfa amounted to 38.700 acres, while 29,000 acres were in deciduous orchard, including jieaches, prunes, cherries, apples, almonds, and wal- nuts. A great variety of vegetables, field crops, and garden products are grown on 20,100 acres of ir- rigated land. The unique thermal belts near Oroville enable 6,200 acres of citrus fruits to be grown in that area. TABLE 3 PRINCIPAL IRRIGATION WATER SERVICE AGENCIES IN BUTTE COUNTY Name Location Presently irrigated area, in acres Privately Owned Water Companies Sutter Butte Canal Company Pacific Gas and Electric Company, (Western Canal ) Mutual Water Companies Gridley. Biggs Nelson Biggs Chico Durham Gridley Oroville Paradise Rich vale Oroville Oroville Gridley Biggs Gridley 16,997 17.58fi 450 Dayton MutuaJ Durham Mutual Water Users Association, Gridley Colony. Ditch No. 1 Irrigation Districts 1 .808 4.800 ■ 1,200 4,450 450 13.475 450 Thermalito 1,670 Reclamation Districts Number 833 10 000 Water Districts Bigcs West CJridley 11.837 Butte ., 17.000 (Infill ni;it inn for iiciiml fi tim lilTid tlviiiigli l!l."i-l.) Timber. Since the construction of the first saw- mill in 1852, lumber has been a substantial contribu- tor to the economy of the County. Heavy precipita- tion on the higher watersheds has been conducive to the growth of substantial .stands of timber. Approxi- mately one-third of the county's area is commercial forest land, as reported by the California Forest and Range Experiment Station of the United States Forest Service. The total area of commercial forest land is 356,000 acres, of which 117,000 acres are iii public ownership, and 239,000 acres are privately- owned. In addition to the above area, there are ap- proximately 252,000 acres of noncommercial forest land, including land withdrawn from timber utiliza- tion hv statute or administrative order, or which. ixTRODrrnox because of adxerse site eonilitions, is physieally in- accessible. In 19.11 there were 24 active sawmills in the connty, protlucing S..^ per cent of the State's timber crop, placing Butte County as ninth in such jiroduction. Tile \-olnme jiroduced by species was as follows: }'ftlunir. in Ihomtiituls of Spcrie.i 1)0(11(1 frrt DouKlas fir .S6,r)31 I'oiuiorosa pine (>."). 024 True firs .Sri,S22 Snsar pine 2S,1.'')S Incense cedar 3,147 Total ie0.2S2 Mining. IMiniag' in Butte County bes:an with the oold rush in 1848, and rose to a peak after the devel- opment of the world's first successful floatinii: bucket- line dredge near Oroville in 1898. Over $71,000,000 in gold was produced in Butte County between 1880 and 1952, several times that amount having been pro- duced before that time. Since 19.52, gold production has dwindled to a mere trickle. Construction materials, including miscellaneous stone, sand and gravel, have been ijrodnced in sig- nificant, amounts since 1910. Annual production rose to a pre-depression peak of .$.5.'i6,301 in 1928, and to a post-war peak of over $1,000,000 in value during 1954. Natural gas has been produced in Butte County since 1917, but production did not become important until after the discovery of the Chico Gas Field. There are now three gas fields and one area iinder explora- tion in the county. Current annual production of natural gas exceeds .$1,000,000 in value. World "War II stimulated the production of zinc and copper and their associated minerals, but produc- tion stopped after the war. Chromite production reached a peak during World War I, and production was revived during World War II. Kecent production of chromite has been high under stimulus from the Federal strategic minerals buying program. As reported by the California State Division of Mines, the total value of mineral production in Butte County during 1954 was $2,068,460, principally for natural gas and aggregates. Recreation. Diversity of recreational activities and ease of access make this an important resource of Butte County. There are several mountain streams along the northeast county line that are nationall.v famous for their trout fisheries. The Feather Kiver below the site of Oroville Dam and afterbays is im- portant for salmon, steelhead, and shad fishing. The Sacramento River, which forms the western county boundary, abounds with salmon, steelhead, sturgeon. striped bass, smallmouth bass, and catfish. Deer hunting is inipoi'tant and very pr()(l\icli\i' in the mountainous eastern section. The foothill area is utilized as winter range. Upland game such as ])heasant, (|Uail, and dove arc exploited to a considerable extent. There are VS clubs in Butte County with over 11,000 acres open to pri- vate pheasant hunting. Waterfowl .shooting is an in- tensive short season sport. There are a number of hunting clubs in the county, one of which is a 9,000- acre private idub. The California Department of Fish and Game maintains the Gray Tiodge Waterfowl ^lanagement Area in the southern |)art of the county, Iiartly to jirovide a i)\iblic luinting area and jiartly to reduce depredation of crops by waterfowl. The timbered areas at the higher elevations ]irovide many camping and jiicnic inducements. The 640-foot high Feather Falls on Fall River is a major scenic attraction. The canyon of the Middle Fork Feather River is one of sj)ectacular beaut.v which lures the more hardy venturer. The main highways, V. S. 99-East and 40- Alternate, carry large volumes of tourist traffic through the county. Many accommodations are available to trav- elers in the Cities of Chico and Oroville and along the higliwa.vs. Richardson Springs, near Chico, is a pri- vate mineral spring resort. There are two state parks in Butte County: Feather Falls State Park and Curry-Bidwell Bar State Park on the Middle Fork Feather River. The latter |)ark will be inundated by Oroville Reservoir. Colusa Counfy Colusa County was one of the original 27 counties organized by the Legislature in 1850. It originally in- cluded the present County of Glenn and parts of Tehama County. In 1891, the county boundaries were finally established giving the county an area of 1,160 square miles. The 1956 population was estimated to be about 12,000. On the basis of the 1950 Census, the distribution would be about 26 per cent urban and 74 per cent rural. The terrain of Colusa County slopes eastward from the ridge of mountains which sejiarates it from Lake County, to the Sacramento River. The maximum eleva- tion at Snow Mountain in the northwest corner of the county is 7,056 feet, with the lowest elevation on the Sacramento Valley floor approximating 30 feet. The climate is typical of the Sacramento Valley, with hot dry summers and mild winters. Average seasonal rain- fall varies from less than 16 inches at the town of Colusa to over 50 inches in the mountains. The grow- ing season on the valley floor extends from eai'ly in ]\Iarch to late November, making the county well adapted to growing many agricultural products. Although the first white men in Colusa County were probably immigrants coming from Oregon to California, settlement did not take place until after 26 NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION surveys were made in the 1840 's by General John Bithvell. Early settlers took up land jirants from the Mexican Government. Navigation advantages of the Sacramento River were responsible for the first set- tlements taking place along the river. The production of grain became of major importance in the years that followed. Grain raising received its impetus from the demand created by the large number of freight teams hauling supplies to tlie mines in the Sierra Nevada. Over half the county was planted to wheat and barley, but near the turn of the century produc- tion of those grains declined a.s the emphasis turned to irrigated crops. Agriculture. The availability of abundant water from the Sacramento River proved an attraction for the promotion of large scale water development proj- ects for ii-rigation. One of the earliest schemes was promoted by "Will S. Green of Colusa in 1864, and was to consist of a large irrigation and navigation canal to serve Colusa and Yolo Counties. It was not until after passage of the Wright Act in 1887, how- ever, that progress was made toward bringing water to the lands from the Sacramento River. The Central Irrigation District was the fourth irrigation district to form in the state, and embraced an area of 156,550 acres in what was then Colusa County (now Colusa and Glenn Counties). A portion of the Central Canal was constructed, but financial difficulties postponed progress for several years. Private capital took over the project in 1903. The canal was completed and a pumping plant installed at the river intake. The years that followed were frought with litigation and finan- cial difficulty, until it appeared advisable for the formation of irrigation districts to take over the sys- tem. Six districts were then formed in the two coun- ties from 1916 to 1920, the largest being the Glenn- Coliisa Irrigation District, with a gross area of about 121,600 acres. Irrigation development by ])nblie agencies was not confined to irrigation districts. One of the earliest forms of public impi-ovement was the reclamation of swamp and overflow lands by means of levees and drains. Of the several reclamation districts that have entered the field of irrigation service, Reclamation District No. 108 is notable. This district in Colusa and Yolo Counties was formed in 1870 under the reclamation law of 1868, and comprises 74,246 acres in the two counties. Like many other districts, it was plagued with financial setbacks in its early years. The principal agencies now serving water to irrigated lands are listed in Table 4. The vast acreage of wheat and barley, ])romiiU'nt in the early development of Colusa County, gave way to other crops. Rice became the dominant cereal fol- lowing its introduction into the county in 1911. As indicated bv the crop surve.v, made under this inves- tigation in 1955 and 1956, 63,400 acres were ero]iped TABLE 4 PRINCIPAL IRRIGATION WATER SERVICE AGENCIES IN COLUSA COUNTY Name Location Presently irrigated area, in acres Mutual Water Companies Colusa Irrigation Company Roberts Ditch Irrigation Company Swinford Tract Irrigation Company ._ Irrigation Districts Coiiipton-Delevan Glenn-Colusa Maxwell Princeton-Codora-Glenn Provident Reclamation Districts Number 108 Number 1004 _ Water Districts Compton Water District,. Colusa Colusa Colusa Maxwell Delevan Maxwell WiUows Willows Grimes Colusa Maxwell 1,200 1.-400 136 3.022 73.687 1.730 See Glenn County See Glenn Cotmty 12.661 11,460 3.500 (Informiilion for period from lit-')0 thiouuli 19.54.) to rice out of the total of 108,000 acres of irrigated land in the county. Other leading irrigated crops in- cluded 15,200 acres of orchard, 11,400 acres of pas- ture, 8,000 acres of field crops, consisting mainly of beans and silage, 4,600 acres of alfalfa, and 1,800 acres of truck crops. Timber. While the United States Forest Service has classified 276,000 acres of Colusa County as fore.st land, only 27,000 acres are of commercial importance. All but 1,000 acres of these are in public domain. In 1951 there was only one active mill in the county, and the i)roduction figures are not available. The Forest Service estimates that jiractically all of the commer- cial saw timber is old growth with an approximate volume of 564,000,000 board feet. Mining. Colusa County can boast of mineral oc- currences as unusual as any in the State. The eai-ly history of mining in the county is obscure, only frag.- mentary reports being available prior to 1875. Copper excited some interest about 1861, but only a little ore was shipped to a smelter. In 1865, gold was first pro- duced from the Manzanita Mine. This mine is the one notable quicksilver mine of the world where there has been a sufficient percentage of gold to work the ore at times for that metal alone. Bitumens are also present in the ore. The production of "Colusa Sand- stone" was once a major industry. The massive sandstone was used in construction of several large buildings, inclviding the Ferry Building, Monaduock Building, and St. Francis Hotel in San Francisco, and the Clunie Building in Sacramento. The sand- stone quarries have been relatively idle since 1915. Important production of mineral water and mercurj- was registered during the first decade of this century, INTRODUCTION hut, iifter 1916, iji-odiictioii dwiiullrd. Scops of oil anil natural gas have long been kiuiwii in thi' county, hut j)r()(luctioii ha.s been negligible. As reported by the California State Division of Wines, the 1954 minei'al ])roduction of Colusa County amounted to $88,400, ])rinuirily for santl and gravel, but including natural gas ami chroniite. The State Division of Oil and (ias recorded the production of 4.()!)4.()0() cubic feet of natural gas during 1954. Pro- diu-tion of sand and gravel wa.s down from the 195:! higli of 201,627 tons valued at $111,341. Recreation. Little Stony Creek and the South Pork of Stony Creek in the mountainous area in ■western Colusa County provide suitable conditions for sujiport of trout populations and are stocked with catchable trout by the Department of Fish and Game. East Park Reservoir of the Orland Reclamation Proj- ect furnishes good warm water fishing, especially for white crappie. The Sacramento River, which flows through a portion of the county and forms several miles of the eastern boundary, supports an important fishery for salmon, steelhead, sturgeon, striped bass, catfish, and small mouth bass. Deer hunting is restricted to a limited area in west- ern Colusa County. There is one commercial hunting club west of "Williams of about 20,000 acres which affords good deer hunting. There are nine commercial clubs with a total area of over 8,500 acres devoted to pheasant hunting. "Water- fowl hunting is a ma,ior part of the recreational econ- omy of the county. There are several commercial gun clubs with approximately 45,000 acres devoted to waterfowl shooting. At the higher elevations in the ^Mentlocino National Forest, there are desirable camping and picnic areas. However, these are too far from centers of population to be heavily used on a one-day basis. At Wilbur Springs, south of Bear "N'alley, there is a commercial health resort using the natui-al mineral springs. Glenn Counfy Glenn County, originally part of Colusa County, was created by the Legislature of 1891, and was named for Dr. H. J. Glenn, a prominent landowner and early settler. The 1956 papulation was estimated to be 17,000. Based on the 1950 Census, the distribu- tion of the population is about 20 per cent urban and 80 per cent rural. Glenn County's 1,290 sipiare miles extend westward from the Sacramento River at an elevation of about 70 feet to a maximum of about 7,400 feet at the crest of the Coast Range. The climate is typical of the Sacramento Valley with hot dry summers and mild winters. Seasonal rainfall varies from approximately 17 inches near "Willows to over 50 inches in the moun- tains. The growing season extends from March until November. The early histiu'y of (ilcnn ('ounty is c-ouplcd to that of Colusa County, of which it was a part for some 40 years. The promotion ol' llic Central Irriga- tion District by "Will S. Gi-ccu probably had the greatest impact on the agricultural economy of the area. Until the turn of the century, the emphasis was on dry grain farming. Although, the feverish activity of the Sierra Nevada gold mines b.\-|)a.s.sed Glenn County, it was here that the grain was ])ro(luced for freight teams hauling sujjplies to the mines. Agriculture. The early grain farming was pro- ductive but showed the need for irrigation. Attempts at irrigation were local in nature until the formation of the Central Irrigation District in 1877, com])rising some 156,500 acres in what is now Glenn and Colusa Counties. In the nu'antime irrigation devi'lopment in the northern portion of the county did not remain static. Shortly after the turn of the century, the United States Reclamation Service was solicited to study the possibilities of development of Stony Creek for ir- rigation in the Orland area. This resulted in the con- struction of East Park Reservoir on Stony Creek in 1910, with Stony Gorge Reservoir added iii 1928. The Orland Reclamation Project was among the earliest to be constructed under the Reclamation Act of 1902. The i^rincipal agencies serving water to irrigated lands are listed in Table 5. TABLE 5 PRINCIPAL IRRIGATION WATER SERVICE AGENCIES IN GLENN COUNTY Name Location Presently irrigated area, in acres Mutual Water Companies Loam Ridge Mutual Users Company Orland Unit Water Users Association- Willow Creek Mutual Water Company Irrigation Districts Glenn-Colusa Orland Orland Willows Dele van Willows Willows Glenn (See Colusa County) 1.000 22AoO 750 (See Colusa County) 9.095 fj,848 10,579 Reclamation Districts Number 1004 (Infmniation for period from 1950 thiouBli l!t-'4.) Agriculture is the leading economic activity in Glenn County. The 1955 County Agricultural Com- missioner's report shows the total values of agricul- tural products to be about $32,000,000. This includes about $19,000,000 for crop production and about $13,- 000,000 for livestock, poultry, and minor agricultural products. The leading crop in (ilenn County is rice. The present land use survey, made during this investi- United States Bureau of Reclamation Photographs ixTRonrcTiox 29 jiatimi in 1955 aiul 1!)5(), sliowcd ()2,.'i()() iicres in rii-c ont of a total irrigated area of 150,500 acres. The see- ond major erop, irrigated ]iasture, occnpied 58.10(1 acres. Otlier important crops included alfalfa with 8,500 acres, deciduous orchards with 8,100 acres, grain 1,500 acres, and subtropical orchards 1,400 acres. Timber. Tindjci- production in (Henu Coiuity is a uiinor contributor to the county's economy. The total area of commercial forest lands amounts to about 11:^,000 acres, of which 87,000 acres are in i)ublic owncrsliip and 26,000 acres are privately owned. In addition to the above, there are 250,000 acres of non- commercial forest lauds, includiuo; chaparral areas. In 1951 there were two active sawmills in the county, but their exact production figures are uuknowu. How- ever, these two mills, together with the one in ("olusa County, produced approximately 14 million board feet of hunber in 1951. Lundier is produced from ponderosa pine, Douglas and tru(> firs, sugar iiinc and incense cedar. Mining'. The economy of (ileun County is not materially affected by its mineral production. How- ever, of historical interest is the salt-seepage in Salt Spring Valley which was a far-famed source of salt for the Indians of California, and was the resort of most of the tribes within a radius of 75 miles. The top crust of the seep was scraped off in summer, stored crude, or refined on the spot by dissolving in water and gathering the salt after evaporation. The salt springs are at present utilized only as salt licks for cattle. With the exception of some manganese and chro- mium ores produced during war years, and the ]iro- duction of natural gas since 1944, mineral production in Glenn County has consisted almost entirely of sand and gravel. As of December, 1954, the proved acreage, in the four gas fields and one exploratory area in Glenn County was 690 acres. As reported by the Cali- fornia State Division of ilines, the total value of mineral production, mostly sand and gravel, in Glenn County during 1954 was iJ;47S.,")47. The State Division of Oil and Gas rcjiorts that 6Sl,7:U,OO0 cubic feet of natural gas were produced in (ileun County during 1954. This would account for nearly .$190,000 of the total value of mineral production. Recreation. Fishing and hunting jirovide the major recreation outlet in Gleini Coiuity. The Coast Range in the western extremity of the county provides streams which support sizable populations of trout. These streams, not easily accessible, are the ujipcr tributaries of the Eel River. The East Pork of Stony Creek is a good trout stream in its upper reaches and is stocked regularly. The Sacramento River forms a portion of the east- ern county boundary and flows through a portion of the southeastern corner. There is good fishing in the river for salmon, steclheail, striped ba.ss, black bass, catfish, shad, and sturgeon. Stony Gorge Reservoir of the Orland Reclamation Project, located on Stony Creek, is a steep-sided reser- voir that is more suitable foi- surface watei- sports than it is for fishing for th(> warm-water fish which spai'sely iidiabit the lake. Deer hunting is an important big game sport in Glenn t'ounty with the mountainous area pi'oviding natural habitat. T'pland game bagged in important (piantities in the county include pheasants, (piail, and doves. Two licensed clubs maintain shooting areas for members. Waterfowl shooting receives considerable attention with approximately 3,000 acres in four gun clubs (hn'oted to hunting of ducks and geese. The tindjered areas in the National Forest lands in the westei-n poi'tion of the coiuity provide attractive camping and picnicking sites. Lake County Lake County was ci-eated by the Legislature of 1861 out of territory that was originally part of Xa]ia County. Its outstanding feature is Clear Lake, which is the largest fresh water lake wholly within the State. The 1955 population was estimated to be about 11,000, and the 1950 Cen.sus listed the entire population as I'ural. This included 25 per cent rural farm popula- tion and 75 per cent rural non-farm population. There are about 1,340 square miles of land area in the county. The terrain is characterized by smooth valleys and rolling hills, as well as steep mountainous areas. Elevations vary from about 650 feet to in excess of 5,000 feet on the higher peaks. The elevation of Clear Lake is about 1,320 feet. The summers are warm and dry, and winters are moderate in Lake County. Sea- sonal precipitation varies from 22 inches at Kelsey- ville to in excess of 80 inches on Mt. St. Helena. Pre- cipitation in the form of snow frequently falls in winter nujutlis at the higher elevations, but does not form a siu)w pack. The growing season extends from late in Jlarch into October. Before 1840, the only inhabitants of what is now Lake County were numerous tribes of liulians. Settle- ment by white men followed receipt of one of the first land grants in the area by Salvador Vallejo, brother of General ^Mariano G. Vallejo. The early settlers were principally engaged in -stock raising, farming, and fur trapping. Much of the early history i-e\dlves around cou- tro\ei'sy over the waters of Clear Lake. For those at- tracted to its shoi'es. conflicts arose with those who would regulate the level of the lake by changnig the regimen of its outflow. One of the earliest water supply developments was that of the predecessor to the Clear Lake Water Company which purchased an existing flour mill and dam on Cache Creek two miles below the outlet of Clear Lake in 1867. Heavv rains 30 NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION the folIoAvinp: winter caused the lake level to rise to nnpreeedented heights, eansinfr some floodinig Valley. Agriculture. The natural pastures and range land made the area ideal for cattle. The meadow- grasses could be eut for hay and dry-farmed grains could be raised. Because of the ease with which water could be divei-ted from the sti'eams, irrigation and water development conniienced almost immediately. ]Most of the endeavors were by private individuals, although there was limited collective development. Numerous reservoirs were constructed to give regvda- tion to the stream flow. The first jmblic district to form in the county was Hot Spring ^'alley Irrigation Dis- trict in 1919, followed in 1925 by Big Valley Irriga- tion District in Modoc and Lassen Counties. The latter district has been inactive until recently. Following the Pit River Investigation by the former State Division of Water Resources, the South Fork Irrigation Dis- trict was formed in 1934. The northwest corner of Modoc County extends into the Federal Klamath Rec- lamation Project area east of Tule Lake where recla- mation and irrigation development was begun in 11)04. This area, covering some 64,000 acres of irrigable land, is ojie of the imjiortant agricultural areas in the county. In 19o2, the Tule Lake Irrigation District was organized in Jlodoc and Siskiyou Counties to assume the distribution of water from the Klamath Reclama- tion Project. The present land use survey made during 1955 and 1956 under this investigation shows that about 151,- 300 acres of land were irrigated. The leading acreage is in irrigated pasture which was 80,200 acres. Irri- gated grain aiul grain hay were produced on 34,100 acres, alfalfa on 27,800 acres and truck crojis on 9,200 acres. The ilodoc County Agricvdtural Comnu.ssioner reports that the value of agricultural crops and live- stock produced during 1954 amounts to $9,300,000. The value of truck and field crops was about $4,940,- 000. This, however, represents cash crops from about 60,000 acres. The additional 90,000 acres were de- voted to feeding and maintenance of livestock. The 2 — 67S29 total cash value of livestock, wool, and dairy |)rodncts was about .$4,360,000. Timber. The harvesting of the vast stands of timber has made lumber the second major industry in IModoc County. The Modoc .Xational Forest alone cncomjiasses 1,357,000 acres. Within the county, there are approximately 675,000 acres of commercial forest land of which 458,000 acres ari' |)iiblicly owned and 217,000 acres are i)rivately owned. In addition to the above area, there are 622,000 acres of forest lands covered with juniper and other noncommercial vege- tation. There were eight acti\c sawnnlls in Modoc County in 1951 which jn-oduced 106,300,000 board feet of pondero.sa ])ine, 24,200,000 board feet of true firs and about 600,000 board feet of incense cedar. Mining. Modoe County contains a mnnber of mineral resources including gold, silver, copper, and mercury, but connnercial production of these has not been very successful. Since 1921 production of non- metallic minerals has exceeded the value of the pro- duction of metals. Unusual nonmetallic iiunerals mined in Modoc Cotmty include ojitical grade Iceland spar and high grade peat moss. Sand and gravel leads the nonmetallic minerals in value of production. Ptnnice for blocks and for aggregate is also important. The occurrence of variegated obsidian is of interest to rock collectors and lapidai'ies, but is of little commer- cial value. The search foi- uranium lias recently brought prospectors to Modoc County The California State Division of Mines reports that the total value of mineral production tor ]\Iodoc County in 1954 was $445,800. This iiududes $310,700 for sand and gravel. Recreation. The many pereiniial streams which are tributary to the Pit River below Alturas support sizable trout populations. The upper reaches of the South Fork of the Pit River likewise support a good trout fisliery, as do New Pine and P>idwell Creeks in the Warner Mountains. Goo.se Lake and its tribtitary streams provide lim- ited trout fishing. Several of the artificial reservoirs throughout the {■ounty contain cold watei' anil are suitable for trout. Deer hunting is the most imi>ortant big game s|>oi-t, although antelope and bear are taken in considerable numbers in .some years. The Devils tJarden area in ilodoc County provides winter range for one of the largest herds of Rocky Mountain mule deer in Cali- fornia. Clear Lake Reservoii- and Goose Lake are large bodies of water along the Pacific Migratory Water- fowl Fly way, and are important nesting and moulting areas for wildfowl, i)articidarly geese. Goose hunting in these areas provides considerable sport, while duck hunting is somewhat .secondary. Clear Lake Reservoir and ]iart of Tule L;ike sum]) are federal waterfowl refuges. 34 NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION Thi'i-p arc many timbered ar(>as that jirovide exeel- the ease with wliii-h the sti'eams couUl he (li\'ei'te(l. h'lit camiiiiig- and vacation attractions. The Warner ]irovided tlie impetus for an agricultural ai'tivity ^Mountains alouj;- the eastern boundary ofifer outstaud- wliich was to remain one of the important industries ing indvieements to vacationers. Much of this area is of the area. Afiriculture was developed to its present primitive with limited access at the present time. level prior to World War I, and has remained fairly stable since then. There arc no or»ani/ed agencies Plumas County serving irrigation water in significant amounts. IIow- In 1854 the Legislature created Plumas County out fver, water rights have been adjiulicated by the of a portion of Butte Covmty. The county derived its courts for the motmtain valleys, and distribution of name from tlie Spanish designation foi' the Feather t'le available supplies is administered by a State De- River, "El Rio de las Plumas", named by Captain partment of Water Resources Watermaster. Limited Louis Arguello in 1820. Phimas County covers an area water supplies prevent expansion of the irrigated area of about 2,630 s(inare miles and contains a population without additional development to conserve winter of about 12,000, according to 1956 estimates. The 1950 and early spring runoff. Census shows the population as entirely rural but only The 1954 land use survey by the Department of 4 per cent is listed as rural farm. Water Resources showed the total irrigated area in Located at the contact between the Sierra granitics Plumas County to be almost 52,800 acres. This was and the volcanies of the Cascad<>s, Plumas County is ]iredominautly pasture; 17,100 acres being imiu'oved an area of deep canyons, high mountains, and uumer- |)asture, and 31,900 acres being meadow jiasture. Irri- ous valle.vs. Elevations range from approximately gated grain and grain ha,v were grown on 2,100 acres 1,000 feet in the depths of the Feather River Canyon and alfalfa on 1.000 acres. The gross value of agricul- to 8,377 feet at i\It. Ingalls Peak in the east-central tural products was reported b.v the County Agricul- section. Precipitation is extremely heavy in the west- tural Commissioner to be about $2,300,000 for 1955. eru portion of the county, amounting to as much as This was derived almost entirely from the sale of beef 90 inches per season near Bucks Lake but is as little cattle and other livestock products, as 10 inches per season along the eastern boundary Timber. The production of tin.ber in Plumas of the county m Sierra Valley. Much of the precipi- (.^^^,^^^, -^ ^j,^ ^^^^-^^ industrv of the area. From the tation falls m the form of snow. The wniters are quite beginning of the first sawmills of the 1850 's. this cold, and the summers have warm days and cool ^.^.^^^ ^,^^^^^.^1 ,.p,o^„.^,p ,,.„ ^p^^ developed. Todav, ap- nights. The growing season in the valleys is quite p,.oximately three-fourths of the countv area is still short, averaging about 140 days from early in May to ^^^^^.^^ ^^ ^j^^ j 228,000 acres of commercial forests, late m September. ^^^ ^j^j^ ^^,^^j ^^,^^^ gn^QOO acres are public forest land Development of Plumas Comity began following 3,^1 317,000 acres are privately owned. In timber pro- the gold discovery in the Gold Lake territory in 1850. duction Plumas County ranked sixth in 1951 among Prior to this, emigrants following the Peter Lassen the State's counties, producing five per cent of the route passed through the northern area on their way total crop. There were 19 active sawmills in the county to earlier discovered diggings. Later they entered the that year whose output in 1951 reached 243.800.000 county by way of Sierra Valley through the pass to board feet. The volume produced by species is shown the east discovered by James Beckwourth. The first ;,, the following tabulation, settlements were those of the gold seekers, but as the ... ... , ^ ' I oliime. Ill ihinisiniil demand for food increased, due to the difficulty of ob- Hpecies honni feet taining provisions from the outside, early attempts Douglas fir :i!i.!isT were made at agricultural pursuits in the mountain Ponderosa inue ,;!;I':!;'!;I "^ ' . „ Trup firs KMI.S'.I!) valleys. Cereals were grown, and the production 01 Siijjar piup .".o.oiT dairy products reached some importance. Flour mills liu-cnse cedar l.'!.:i4."i . , 1 ■ . • ITT 11 other softwdcids 11 were constructed in American and Indian valleys. Sawmills were constructed in the early 1850 's to Total .'■4:>.7'.is satisfy the demand for lumber used in the mines and Mining. The colorful history of the gold-rich flumes. Gold mining was the foundation of the Plumas County area began in 1850 wiieii credulous county's economy, and, as hydraulic mining activities ju'ospectors spread throughout the area in search for increased, many miles of ditches and several small a mythical lake with gold-pebbled shores. "Cities" dams were built to develo]) the necessary water. After si)rang up almost overniglit wiierever prospectors the turn of the century mining activity began to tound rich diggings. Rich Bar, one sucli city, turned ■^'ane. iiiit to be one of the most spectacular discoveries of Agriculture. Early settlers in the valleys of tlie gold ru.sh. The claims there were .so fantastically Plumas County were attracted to the favorable con- i-icli tliat they were limited to ten square feet. From ditions for livestock raising. The abundant grass and two to three million dollars in gold were produced Copper Mining Operation at Wa/(cermine In Plumas Couniy E a liitih cash value. Soil and climate conditions enable tlie culture of a vigorous, disease-free plant which is sold to other areas wliere strawberries are I'aiscd. The land use survey in 1954 through 1956 showed the |)resent irrigated area to be about 62,000 acres. Tile i)redominant crops were pasture with 55,300 acres, alfalfa with 3,600 acres, and hay and grain with 1,200 acres. The remainder was in truck, field, and orchard crops. In 1914. the formation of the Anderson-Cottonwood Irrigation District in Shasta and Tehama Coiuitics marked the first such organization in the Sacraiuento Valley, other than those formed under the Wright Act betw^eeu 1887 and 1891. This district of some 32,113 acres was organized in the head of the Sacra- mento Valley below Redding to divert water from the Sacramento River. Its early history of financing and consti'uction was not without difficulty. However, im- provement of conditions enabled it to achieve a .sound financial status. The principal agencies now serving water to irrigated lands are shown in Table 6. Tiniber. Development of Shasta County's large timber resources began with the supplying of hunber for early day mining operations. Today the industry TABLE 6 PRINCIPAL IRRIGATION WATER SERVICE AGENCIES IN SHASTA COUNTY Name Location Presently irrigated area. in acres Commercial Water Companies Happy \'alle}.' Mutual Water Companies Bee Creek Ditch and Water Company, Olinda Ono Oak Run Anderson Milh-ille Redding Anderson Anderson 5.000 •260 Grover and Wilcox Ditch Millville Dit of copper production exceeds that of gold. More than $110,000,000 worth of copper has been produced in Shasta Co\inty. The cop- jier mining and smelting industry thrived from 1896 until the end of World War 1. A big smelter was oper- ated at Keswick until 1907. Otluu- smelters were built near the Afterthought, P.alaklala. P.ully Hill, and Mammoth Mines. The maximum amount of copi)er produced in one year was 58.665,447 pounds in 1909. The maximum anntml value of copper prodiu'tion amounted to .^9, 701, 500. An increase in the zinc con- tent of the cojiper ores, together with increasing costs of operation, lower prices of copper and silver, and law suits resulting from smoke damage, combined to make copper smelting unjirofitable in the Shasta Cop- per Belt. All of the smelters were idle by 1919, and some of the largest mines were shut down. ^luch of 38 NORTIIEASTERX COUNTIES IXVESTKIATIOX tlic jiost Woi-Iil Will- I iircidnctioii of cdiiiier cainc from the Ii'on Alouiitain dciiosit, but rcsci-N-es tlicrc were rcjiorti'il (Icplcti'd in 1947. From 18116 until the ciid of World War T, Shasta ("ouuty led the state in total value of ininei'al produc- tion exclusive of petroleum. Several indu.stries were active durin<>: that period as a result of the jirosjierity pi-oduced by the hii>h copper and gold production. Of these iudusti-ies, the following: failed to survive the post World War I de])ression : brick, chromite, lime, and mineral water. Limestone production lasted oidy a little lono-er. Chromite mining was later revived under stimulus from the economic demands of World War 11. The lime.stone in Shasta County occurs abundantly and is of n()od (|uality. Early production jjrovided tlux for local smelters, lime for agricultural and other local uses, and dimension and miscellaneous stone. In the future, the abundant limestone and shale deposits, plus the gypsimi and coal which can also be jM-oduced in Shasta County, c(ndd provide the raw ma- tei'ials for a future cement manufacturing industry. Pyrite has been prodneed in Shasta County almost continuously since 1902. For many years California has been oiie of the four principal pyrite jjroducing states. Most of California's production of pyrite comes from the Hornet Mine in Shasta County. The principal use of the pyrite is in the production of sulphuric acid. The Hornet ^line was originally de- veloped near the turn of the centnry to produce sulphuric acid for the manufacture of superphosphate fertilizer. However, the increasing production of pe- troleum, with its recpiirement of large quantities of sulpluiric acid during refining, developed a market for the high-grade pyrite that eventually far exceeded the expected demand of the fertilizer business. Large deposits of diatomite, iron ore, and lignite, occur in Shasta County. These can provide raw ma- terial for future industries, but past development and production has been negligible. As reported by the California State Division of Mines, the total value of the 1954 mineral production in Shasta County was .l5l,r)80,233, of which $583,000 was credited to sand and gravel production, and the remainder to ''other minerals" including chromite, copper, gold, iron ore, ]iyrites, silver, stone and vol- canic cinders. Recreation. Shasta Comity is liouutifully en- dowed with recreational resources and is visited by thousands of vacationers traveling through northern California. Among the most inii^ortant aspects of these re- sources are the mountain streams. Some of these in- clude Hat, Bur]U"y and Sfiuaw Creeks, and Fall and Rising Rivers. McCloud and ui)per Sacramento Rivers are larger streams that are also good trout fishing streams. McCloud River traverses i)rivate lands most of its length, and its dcvclopnieut has been lim- ited to ]ni\ate sportsmen's clubs. Fall River and Rising Rivei- ai'e also excellent fishing streams. How- ever, there is practically no access available to the public because they course through private lands. Shasta Reservoir is an outstanding example of a nniltipurpose water development project from which reci'cational benefits are derived. Surface water sports and fishing have grown in importance. Warmwater and coldwater fish both thrive in the lake, which pro- vides different habitats. Kokanee salmon and king salmon have been planted, as well as a variety of rainbow trout known as "Kandoops". Releases from Shasta Reservoir liave made the Sacramento River below Keswick Dam a prime fishery for king salmon. Operation of Shasta and Keswick Reservoirs main- tains adeipiate flows of water with temitcratures at the optimum for these anadromous fish. The numbers of salmon and steelhead in the river are greater now than before the dams were built, due to improved natural spawning- coiulitions and to hatchery ])ropagati(ni. Deei' hunting is an imjiortant big game sport in the count.v, and waterfowl and U]iland game birds jirovide some hunting. Shasta County contains many areas that are suit- able for camping, hiking, and picnicking. Lassen Volcanic National Park is mostly within the county and is known worldwide for unique scenic, geologic, and natural history features. Besides a ninnber of ITnitcd States Forest Service campgrounds in tlie county, the State Division of Beaches and Parks maintains Castle Crags, and Shasta and McArthur- Burncy Falls j\Iemorial State Parks. Sierra County Sierra County was a part of Yuba County initil its creation by the Legislature in 1852. The 1956 popu- lation was estimated to be 2,400, the smallest within the northeastern counties. The 1950 jiopulation was shown as all rural. The county lies in the Sierra Nevada and its area of 950 square miles is entii'el.y mouutainou.s, except for the part of Sierra Valley within its borders. It is an area of rugged mountains and deep stream cut canyons. The terrain rises from approximately 1,800 feet on the west to over 8,600 feet on the crest of the Sierra Nevada. Sierra Valley in the northeast lies at an elevation of approvimately 5,000 feet. The sunnners throughout the countj- are cool, while the winters arc severe. Seasonal precipita- tion ranges from about 10 inches in Sierra Valley to in excess of 70 inches on the west slope of the Sierra Nevada. Much of the precipitation falls in the form of snow. The short growing season lasts only about 140 days froin early May to late in September. It is not known who the first white men were to exploi-e the wilderness of Sierra County, but the lure of gold beckoned early prospectors. Under the leader- .shij) of Ma.jor William Downie an exiicdition up the Yuba River in 1849 established a settlement and dis- IXTRODUCTION 39 (.'ovci'tnl ^old. Till' jzoUl rush was on. and tliousaiids madf their way up river into tlie ru<>ged interior. Fabulous wealtli was extracted from the plaeer digfjinprs which in turn frave way to cjuartz mining-. Before the turn of the century tliere were over 200 miles of ditches conveying water to the mines and stamp mills. Agriculture. Ao-ricultnral pursuits, princi])ally in Siena Valley, liave provided a source of wealth for Sierra County. The availability of public lands for jii-azinfi', and the climatic limitation to foraj;e crojjs, have made the in-oduetion of livestock the nia.jor activity. The land use survey made under this investi- gation in 1955 ami 1956 shows the pi-esent irri{>ated area in Sierra County to be about 21,600 acres. This includes 20,700 acres of improved and meadow pas- ture. The remaining area is devoted to alfalfa and grain hay. The County Agricultural Commissioner's report for 1955 shows the gross value of agricultural products for that year to be about $7^1,000. This is almost entirely from the sale of livestock and a.ssociated products. Timber. At present the major factor of the county's economy i.s the production of timber. Com- mercial forests cover appro.ximately 393,000 acres, or 64 per cent of the area. As reported by the California Forest and Range Experiment Station, 301,000 acres are public forest land and 92,000 acres are private forest land. In addition to the above area, there are approximately 122,000 acres of noncommercial forest land. In 1!»51 there were 11 active sawmills in the county producing 1.4 per cent of the State's timber crop. The production during that year comprised 66,600,000 board feet, including about 39,900,000 board feet of pondero.sa pine, 17.600,000 board feet of true fir, and 3.300,000 board feet of Douglas fir. The remainder was in sugar pine and other soft woods. Mining. The settlement of Sierra County began in 1849 as a result of the gold rush. But, unlike most other areas in California aft'eeted by the gold rush, gold production has remained continuous and rela- tively constant in value. Several of the towns estab- lished by the gold miners in the eaidy 1850 's are still occupied. The first gold production came from rich placers along the Yuba River and its tributaries. Drift mining of gold quartz veins and of ancient buried river channels was begun in the 1850"s and "60's, even before many of the rich placers were worked out. A few of the oldest drift mines are still in opera- tion. Of the producing gold mines in 1952, eight were lode mines and eight were placer. In that year the lode mines produced 12.534 ounces of gold against 231 ounces for the iilacer diggings. Some silver is ob- tained with the recovery of gold. Chromite was produced during "World War I, but the liigh cost of hauling has precluded much develop- ment. Signifii'aiit ili'vclopmcnt of the co])pcr, iron, soajistone, limestone, marble, and zinc deposits in the county is pi'evented by this same handicap. Cranium discoveries have been reported near Sierra \'allry but no jiroduction has been recorded. As reported by the California State Division oT Mines, the total value of mineral [irodnction in Siei'ra County dni-ing 1954 was ^^51)8, 097. Gold protluction accounted for $468,400 of the 1954 total. Peak pro- duction of gold was reached in 1886, when nearly two million dollars worth w'as produced. Recreation. The major recreational attraction of Sierra C'ounty is the variety and abundance of moun- tain streams and lakes. The major streams arc the Middle and North Yuba Rivers which support large fish population.s. The latter is heavily planted with catchable trout and is considered one of the majoi' trout streams in the State. The Little Trnckee River in the Lahontan Drainage Basin, and a portion of Mhich is situated in Sierra County, is also a good trout stream. There are several small lakes in the Lakes Basin area which afl'ord good trout fishing. Weber Lake and Independence Lake are also heavily fished. Deer hunting is important throughout the short sea- son. A part of the inter-state Washoe-Las,sen herd migrates through the eastern end of the county. There is some waterfowl hunting in Siei-ra \'alli'v and minor shooting of (juail and pheasant. The rugged timber-covered mountains of Sierra County make them an attractive vacationland, al- though they have been exploited only to a limited degree because of lack of accessibility. The Lake Basin area could support considerably more resorts than at present. The United States Fore.st Service maintains a number of public camp and jncnic grounds in the county. One of the recreational attractions of Sierra County is the presence of former gold mining towns along State Highway 49. Among the picturesque remains of the gold rush days can be found a rich history of the Mother Lode. Siskiyou County Siskiyou County is the centei- county of the three forming the northernmost tier of the State. It was originally part of Shasta County, out of which it was created bj- the Legislature in 1852. The county area was reduced in size to its present 6,340 s([uare miles when Jlodoc County was formed in 1874. The 1956 [lopulation was estimated to be about 31,500. Accord- ing to the 1950 Census about 20 ]ier cent of the popu- lation is urban and 80 per cent is rural. The terrain is one of rugged mountains and deep stream-cut canyons in the west, with large valleys and volcanic plateaus in the central and eastern por- tion. Elevations range from approximately 500 feet in the canvon of the Klamath River, where it leaves 40 NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES IXVESTIGATIOX the founty in the west, to tlie ]4,l(il-foot suminit of Mt. Shasta in the sonth-central part of the fonnty. Warm da>s and cool nifihts are typical in the lower valleys in the summer, with cooler days and nijihts on the higher plateaus. "Winters range from moderate to severe with increase in elevation. Seasonal precipi- tation varies from in excess of 110 inches on the western mountain slopes to less than 15 inches in the county's eastern extremity. The growing season, de- pending on elevation, varies from 140 to 200 days. The first known white men to enter the area were trappers from the Hudson's Bay Company. In 1827, Alexander McLeod conducted a party through the area on its way from Oregon to the head of the Sac- ramento Valley. It was not until Major Pearson B. Reading's di.scovery of gold on Clear Creek in Shasta County in 1848, however, that attention was called to the Siskij-ou County area. Immigrants from Oregon stopped enroute to the California gold fields to pros- pect the northern streams. The resulting discoveries brought thousands of seekers into the Scott Valley and Yreka diggings. As elsewhere in California, the easy placer methods gave way to larger scale quartz mining and hydraulicking, and the small operators turned to other pursuits. Early in the 1850 's land grants were taken np in Scott and Shasta Valleys, and the raising of hay and cattle followed. Grist mills were constructed to mill the grains produced. As in other gold fields, sawmills were built to furnish the timber for the mines; the timber industry eventually surpassing mining in economic importance. Agriculture. The ease with which streams in the valley floor could be diverted over the adjacent natural pasture land brought early irrigation to the valleys. The developments were first made by indi- vidual ranchers with some cooperative efforts. Later the need for organized districts became apparent. The first such public district formed in the county was the Scott Valley Irrigation District in 1917. The period 1920-1927 saw three irrigation districts formed in Shasta Valley and one in Butte Valley . Reclamation of lands in the Lower Klamath Lake and Tule Lake areas has played an important part in the economy of the county's development. The Klamath Project was authorized by the Secretary of the Interior in 1905 as a flood control and irrigation project for lands in Oregon and California. Leasing of reclaimed lands, and later homesteading, has de- veloped the area initil it was considered desirable to organize an irrigation district. In 1952, the Tulelake Irrigation District was formed in Siskiyou and Modoc Counties to enter into contractual agreement with the United States f(n- a water supply and i)roject repayment for development of Ijost and Klamath Rivers. The principal agencies serving irrigation water are listed in Table 7. TABLE 7 PRINCIPAL IRRIGATION WATER SERVICE AGENCIES IN SISKIYOU COUNTY Mutual Water Companies Fanners Ditch Company - . Forks of Salmon Water Supply . . Klamath River Cooperative Ditch- . . - Shasta River Water Users .Association. Irrigation Districts BiK Springs Butte Valley ( Irenada Montague Water Conservation Dis- trict Scott Valley Tule Lake United States Bureau of Reclamation Klamath Project . Location Etna Forks of Salmon Klamath River Montague (irenada Mt. Hebron Grenada Montague Fort .Jones Tule Lake Presently irrigated area, in acres 500 .50 325 3.895 2,100 3,fi47 1.394 3.950 3,fi.50 See Modoc County 79,350 {InliiinKtlinii fur peiiod frum lil50 throiit^h Ut-")4.) Early in its history the valley agricultural areas of Siskiyoii County produced a variety of truck, field, and orchard crops to meet tlie demand of local markets. However, the natural characteristics of the area made it most suitable for livestock. After the establishment of effective transportation and local markets were able to be supplied from outside sources, most of the agriculture was devoted to livestock. The irrigated valley areas jirimarily produced pasture, alfalfa, grass, and grain liay. The largest livestock areas are in Scott and Shasta Valleys, where there are large areas of irrigated pasture and hay lands on the valley floors and extensive areas of range land sui-- rounding the valleys. In Butte Valley and the Tule- lake areas livestock is supplemented by specialty crops including potatoes, barley, and seed crops. The present irrigated area within Siskiyovi County was determined in the land use survey made in 1955 and 1956 to be 186,200 acres. This included about 74,000 acres of irrigated pasture, 35,500 acres of irrigated grain. 20,200 acres of alfalfa, and 6,500 acres of truck crops. Timber. As previously stated, timber was devel- o]ied to meet the mining necd.s, but has since surpassed mining in importance to become the major industry of Siskiyou County. A]iproximately 58 per cent of tlie land area of the county is covered with commercial forests. Of the total 2,828,000 acres of commercial forest, 1,605,000 acres are jiublicly owned and 718,000 acres are privately owned. In addition to the com- mercial forest area, there are ai)proximately 1,047,000 acres of non-commercial forest land, including land withdrawn from timber utilization by statute or ad- ministrative order, or because of adverse site acces.si- bilitw In 1951 there were 80 active sawmills in the couiitv. These mills itroduced 874,172,000 board feet INTRODTTCTIOX 41 or 7.7 per cent of the total cut in the State, ranking Siskiyou County third in production. The volumes of the various species include 17:i'2;i7, ()()() board feet of ponderosa pine, 9(i,r)ti!),()0() boai'd feet of true fir.s, 7:i,;^0;i()()() board feet of Doufilas fir, 27.8!)!) board feet of su^ar jiine, and .'{.KU. ()()() i>oai'd feet of iiicen.se cedar. Forest products shipped fi-oiu Siskiyou County in- clude finished lumber, rouph lumber for remanufac- turino' elsewhere, sawlogs, veneer, and box shook. Mining. Mute evidence of the extent of eai-ly <;old mininj? operations in the 1850 's is provided bv vast piles of rock and debri.s which fill man,v of the can.vons and gullies in Siskivou Comity. Only a few reliable, but many legendary, records are available of gold production ju'lor to 1880 when the |ii'ograni of keeping accurate com])rehensive mineral production records was initiated. The peak in recorded gold pro- duction in .Siski,vou County occurred in 1941. Eco- nomic factors and government restrictions forced manv of the gold mines to shut down during World \Xnr 11. Few have been reopened. Silver in Siskiyou County is seldom produced for this metal alone, but rather is a b.v-product of gold and copper mining. Only a little chroniite was produced during World War I, and production ceased until World War II. Chi'oinite mining has continued dui'iug recent years. Copper production was initially recorded during World War I, and has been rather sporadic since that time, reaching a peak during World War II. Most of the copper produced in Siskiyou Count.y came from one mine. The ore body in that mine is now considered to be exhausted. Limestone production ha.s been recorded from time to time from large deposits favorably located near transportation. The limestone is processed and sold as agricultural limestone, road material, and for use in sugar refining. Pumice found in the extensive vol- canic regions is cut into "grill" blocks, or is pulver- ized for lightweight aggregate. A.S reported bv the California State Division of Mines, the total value of mineral production in Sis- ki.vou Count.y during 1954 was ^1,. '555, 000. Gold pro- duction was valued at $489,000, followed b.v chromite ore and concentrate valued at $345,000. Commercial stone products, including sand, gravel, crushed stone, pumice, and volcanic cinders, reached a value of nearly $600,000. Recreation. Siskiyou Count,v is an area of out- standing recreational resources. Throughout the Klamath, Hiski.you, and Cascade ilountains, there are many excellent trout streams. These include the headwaters of the Sacramento, Klamath, and Rogue Rivers. Streams and lakes in the rugged ilarble Mountains are good trout fisheries, although access is only by horseback or b.y foot. The entire systems ol' tiic Salmon, Scott, and Shasta Rivers lie within Siskiyou ('ount,v, and are important sjiawuing streams for salmon and steelhead. The Khiinatli liivci- sujiports a si/.eablc trout population. Medicine Lake in the castci-n pai't of the countx' sn))ports trout fishing, as docs Lake Dwinncll, an artificial reservoir on the Shasta Kiver. Tliei'c are numerous small lakes high in the mountains west of the Sacramento River that are excellent ti-ont fish- eries, although there is limited accessibility. Deer hunting is an iin|)ortant s|)ort in Siskiyon Count.y and large nmnbcrs are bagged. The eastern part of the county is inhabited by the Rocky Moiuitain mule deei-, while most of the deer in the western portion are black tail deer. Bear are hunted to some extent and mountain lion, co.yote, and bobcats, are hunted for bounty. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service main- tains wildlife refuges at Tule and Lower Klamath Lakes, where wetlands, food, and safet,y attract vast hordes of ducks and geese. The combination of lakes, swamps, and grass.y meadows, provide re.sting and nesting places for the several million migrant birds. Ap|)roximatel.y 20,000 acres are open to public shoot- ing on these areas. Upland game bagged in important numbers include quail, dove, and pheasant. Vacationers in great num- bers are attracted to Siski.you County b.v the abundant camping areas throughout the national forests. The Marble Moiuitain Wilderness Area, between the Sal- mon, Scott, and Klamath Rivers, provides a chal- lenge to the more rugged outdoorsnian. The United States National Park Service maintains the Lava Beds National Monument on the Siski.vou-Modoc County line. Suffer County Sutter County was one of the original 27 counties established by the Legislature in 1850, and at its crea- tion contained areas which were later joined to Placer and Colusa Counties. Sutter Count.y is now one of the smallest counties in the State containing some 610 square miles of land area. Its 1956 population was estimated to be 29,000. On the basis of the 1950 Census, the distribution would be 30 per cent urban and 70 per cent rural. Except for the Sutter Bnttes. wliicii tlirnst them- selves out of the valley flooi- to an elevation of 2,132 feet, the terrain is uniforml.v level and lies at an average elevation of less than 100 feet. The ma.ior por- tion of the count.y lies on the alluvial plain between the Sacramento and Feather Rivers. Located in th(> Sacramento Valle.v, Sutter County's climate is ty|)i- fied bv hot, dr.v summers aiut mild winters. Rainfall over most of the area averages about 18 inches per 42 XORTIIEASTERX COI'XTIES IXVESTKiATlOX season. There is no connncrieal forest area witliin the Aijiai-y $l.',i.r)ri!i Fiold crops 17.".l07.;i4S *^'"""'>'- Horticultural crops 14.ti()4.r>2r. The first wliite men to visit the area now known as Uvestock :'..4l:i,iioij Sntter County were probably Spanish explorers in PoumT r!"!'!/"IIIIIII"III"rr"'" u!ium the early 1800 's, who were seeking sites to establisli Seed crops ].i;::7,'.mvj missions. It was ('ai)tain Sutter, however, who founded Truck crops :!.7:;i.!tiri much of the early (le\-e]o]>ment after 1850. Sutter's rp,,,,,] S42'.i7o.]!)0 farm on the banks of the Feather River was named after the Iloek Indians who were the earlier inhabi- Mining. Sutter County lias nevei- been noted for tants of the area. Tlie rieh soil produeed fiood ei'ops mineral wealth. The cumulative value of recorded of s-rain and hay, with many vegetables grown along outi)ut from 1908 through 1954 is only $2,424,11:1 the stream bottoms. •'^•'' I'eported by the California State Division of T-,, , , ., TT ,, , r, . 1,- Mines, the minerals produced in Sutter Countv dnr- Floods along the Feather and Sacramento Kivers ■ -,,.^. , , , • , , ' , ,, t *• t 1 ■ „ ■+ "1°' i-ioi were elav, natural gas, and sand and gravel, made the construction of levees an expensive necessity ^.^ r. . V ■ , • -, -,, ,. 11 • .1 1 t-i-i ♦ T) i„ „+;„., „„,„" I he one gas field in the county contains 880 iiroved toUowing tlie early settlement. Reclamation com- „ ^ ,. , ,^_,, ,,^ ,,„ , • ,. „ meneed subsequent to the creation of the State Board ^"'^ *«''" ^vhich 9.,( ,49o,000 cubic feet of gas were of Swampland Commissioners in 1861. Works con- l^-oduced during 1!)54. This was the peak in gas pro- strncted bv the original districts provided only minor 'l"etion. baud and gravel production reached a peak protection' from normal overflow of the streams, and 'l'"''"" 1"*^ ^^'^"^ t''*^ ^"l"'" was *2.,8,197. it w^as not until after 1878 that major protective works Recreation. Most of Sutter County lies as a were constructed following the organization of Reela- wedge between the Sacramento and Feather Rivers mation Districts Nos. 1 and 9. Reclamation and land adjacent to many miles of good fisiiing waters, settlement followed tlie formation of subse(|uent recla- Salmon, steelhead, siiad, and sturgeon, are caught ination districts. Flood waters have continued, how- along their reaches, although public aece.ss to the ever, to plague the residents of Sutter County to the rivers is extremely limited. Boating and water skiing present day. The devastating floods of December 1955, are popular sports, although subject to the same ac- wrought the greatest havoc to the works of man in cess limitations. the area to date. Waterfowl and upland game bird hunting are very Agriculture. With the advent of the mechanical important recreation pursuits in Sutter County. There ptimpiiig plant, dry farming and subirrigation meth- are two commercial duck clubs, and 18 commercial ods gave way to the more productive irrigation same bird clubs in the county, as well as several pri- praetices. The rivers bounding the area provided a ™te clubs offering hunting areas to sportsmen, dependable supply of water, and several mutual water The State Department of Fish and Game maintains comiiaiiies as well as iiublic districts were formed to the Sutter Waterfowl Management Area to reduce exjiloit this resource. Many pits were dug and pumps crop depredation by ducks, and the area is open to installed to utilize the underground basins in the the public for controlled shooting, area. The development of the deep well turbine has caused the rapid expansion of ground water pnmjiing. Tehama Counfy Agriculture is the basic economy of Sutter Count.v, Tehama County was created in 1856 by Act of Leg- placing this area among the leaders of California's islature which combined portions of Butte, Colusa, and agricultural counties. While Sutter County contains Shasta Counties. It was named for an Indian tribe extensive orchards, and is known as the "Peaehbowl that inhabited the vicinity. There are 2,840 s(|uare of the World," the recent emphasis has been on miles within the county boundaries. The 1956 popula- better paying field crops, particularly beans and rice. tion was estimated to be about 20,700. The 1950 dis- The wide variety of crops produced in the county are tribution was 40 percent urban and 60 percent rural, listed in the^County Agricultural Commissioner's re- The county extends from the crest of the Coast port for l.)ao. Range on the we.st across the floor of the Sacramento The leading orchard crops are peaches, prunes, al- Valley and well up the slope of the Sierra Xevada. monds, and walnuts, with smaller acreages in apples, The elevation on the valley floor is approximately 250 cherries, nectarines, olives, and pears, as well as vine- feet, while the highest point in elevation in the Coast yards. Truck crops include melons, s(juash, sugar Range is the 8,083-foot peak of South Yolla Bolly beets, and tomatoes. Field crops include beans, rice, Mountain. Hot, dry summers and cool winters typifv alfalfa, corn, safflower, and small grains. Seed crops the valley floor portion of the county, while summei- are grown for a number of field and vegetable crops. temperatures are much cooler at the liigher elevations The farm value of all agricultural produce in 1955 as with winter temjieratures (piite severe. Precipitation reported by the agricultural commissioner is tabu- varies from about l!l inches per season in the valley lated as follows: to 60 inches seasonally in the mountains to th(> cast. Boaf Docking Facilifies on Shasfa Lake SiWnmrcino Ecu Fhotoi^mph 44 NORTIIEASTERX COUNTIES INVESTIGATION Mueh of the prpeijiitation falls in the form of siiow at the higher elevations in the Sierra Nevada. The first white men to enter the area, which later became Tehama Coniity. were probably Spanish ex- ])lorers traveling' up the Saeramento River. However, except for occasional fur trappers who visited there, it was not until after 1843, and the explorations of Peter Lassen and General John Bidwell, that settlers were enticed to the area. These early settlers, who were attracted by the abundance of game and luxuriant growth of grasses, came .soon after Peter Lassen's acquisition of a Mexi- can land grant of over 22,000 acres. Their first agri- cultural pursuits were the raising of grain. The discover}^ of gold in neighboring counties had a sub- stantial effect on Tehama County 's population growth. Many of its people departed for the gold fields. As the ea.sy digging began to wane, many miners returned to former activities and settlement again expanded. Saw- mills and flour mills were constructed to process the raw materials produced in the county. The Lassen Ranch with other properties were later acquired by the Leland Stanford interests who developed the world famous Stanford Vina Ranch. There were 7,000 acres of grapes planted on this ranch, and it was the world's largest vineyard at that time. Agriculture. The early grain farming showed that irrigation was needed for reliable crop produc- tion. The first irrigation consisted of diversions of uni-egulated flows from the streams re(|uiring a mini- mum of develojiment works. The development in the vicinity of Vina took advantage of the spring-fed flows of Mill and Deer Creeks. The first organized district was the Anderson-Cottonwood Irrigation Di.strict in 1914, with the majoi-ity of the acreage served being in Shasta County. Diversion was made from the Sac- ramento River at Redding, and the water was brought south into Tehama County by canal and siphon. The principal agencies serving irrigation water are listed in Table 8. TABLE 8 PRINCIPAL IRRIGATION WATER SERVICE AGENCIES IN TEHAMA COUNTY Name Location Presently irrigated area, in acres Mutual Water Companies Bend Los Molinos Corning Los Molinos Vina Anderson Corning Tehama 300 350 1.000 Los Molinos Mutual Water Company Stanford Vina Ranch Irrigation Corn- 18.000 5.412 Irrigation Districts See Shasta Deer Creek,.- -. County 1.890 El Camino - - 4.500 (Infuimatin:! for [»eriiid frtim IH.'il) thniiit:!) I(t."i4.) Agriculture is the leading industry in Tehama County, and livestock raising is the major segment of this argrieultural economy. The climate together with good soil and plentiful water supply, have combined to make the production of a wide variety of crops a l)rofitable enterprise. The County Agricultural Com- missioner's report shows that the value of agricultural production during 1955 amounted to nearly $16,300,- 000. The value of all agricultural products in 1955, as reported by the agricultural commissioner, is tab- ulated below : Fruit ,aucl nut crops .$:^.71fi.l00 Truck orop.s 12r.,7()() Field crops 3,159,8(K) Seed and nnr.sery stock 1,463,900 Api.Try products 72,100 Livestock and wool (I.."i48,0(l0 Poultry l.i;(«.700 Total . $ir,,28!t,.S()0 Fruit and nut crops include mostly olives, almonds, walnuts, prunes, jieaches, apricots, and vineyards. Field crops include grain, alfalfa, corn, milo, saf- flower, and sugar beets. The land iise survey made in Tehama County in 1955 and 1956 under this investigation showed the total irrigated area to be 64,700 acres. This included 40,200 acres of pasture, 7,600 acres of deciduous orchard, 4,800 acres of sub-tropical orchard, 6,500 acres of alfalfa, 1,100 acres of grain, 1,500 acres of truck, and 3,100 acres of field crops. Timber. The production of lumber in Tehama County also constitutes an important segment of the county's economy. Substantial precipitation in the mountains in the eastern and western extremities of the County is conducive to the growth of timber. Approximately 23 per cent of the area is in commer- cial forest land. Of the total of 436,000 acres, 206,000 acres are publicly owned and 230,000 acres are pri- vately owned. In addition to the above, there are 942,000 acres of foothills and other lands with non- connnercial forest cover. In 1951, seven active .sawmills in the county pro- duced 60,527,000 board feet or about 1.2 per cent of the state's total timber crop. Nearly one-half of the cut was ponderosa pine and most of the remainder was Douglas fir and true firs. Some sugar piiu' and incense cedar were also cut. Mining". The mineral industi'y in Tehama County has been of minor significance. A little gold was pro- (hiced during the gold rush, but subsequent produc- tion has been small. Chromite production has been sporadic with peaks in 1895, 1918, 1944, and 1953. The annual value of sand and gravel i)roduction has been over .'|ilO,()00 since 1931, but has exceeded .$50. 000 only a few times including the current pro- diiction peak. Until the last half of 1954, the natural gas production in Tehama County has been negli- gible. The California State Division of Oil and Gas INTRODUCTION 4.") reptn'ted ])rochictii)ii of ."iOT.l ."14. ()()() (Mibic fei^t of nat- ural pas from the two -ras fields in the eounty during the period July-Deeeniber, 1!)54. The proved aereafic included in the two fields is 740 acres. As reported by the California State Division of Mines, the total valne of mineral production in T(>- hama County during 1954 was $505,889. The in- eluded value of sand and gravel was about $825,000 while chromite was valued at $72,000. Recreation. Teliama Comity offers a variety of iM'fivational ai-ti\-ities. Among these is trout fishing in many of the mountain streams, the most im])oi'tant of which arc Rattle, Mill, and Deer Creeks, in tlie east, and the ujipcr reaches of Cottonwood and Thomes Creeks in western Tehama County. The east- ern Sierra Nevada streams spring from the volcanic formations and have substantial summer flows which make them jiarticularly desirable for front fishing. The Sacramento Hivcr, which flows thi-ough the middle of the county, provides a great recreation resource in the form of salmon and steelhead angling. Many of the tributary streams along this reach of the river are used f(n' spawning areas by thcs(> anadro- mous fishes. Deer hunting is a ma.jor s])ort in the coniity. whii'h ranks near the top in the state for the inimber bagged. A herd of deer which summers near West- wood, Lassen County, migrates into Tehama County, and winters in part of the Tehama Deer "Winter Range maintained b.y the State Department of Fish and Game. Some black bear are also hunted in the higher Coast Range. Goose hunting is a rewarding late season sport in the valley, and large niunbers of pheasants and (piail are bagged each year. Dove and bandtailed pigeon are also hunted. A jiortion of Lassen A'olcanic National Park is in Tehama County. This world-famous park attracts throngs of vacationists, and the surrounding area is attractive for cam]iing. One of the ma.ior winter sports resorts in northern California is located at Mineral, near the southern entrance of the park. Trinity County Trinity County was one of the original 27 coun- ties created by the Legi.slature in 1850, but then in- cluded parts of what are now Del Norte and Hum- boldt Counties. The present area is 3,200 sipiare miles. The 1956 pojinlation was estimated to be about 6,900. Based on the 1950 Census, the ]>opulation is entirely rural. The county was named for the Trinity River which was mistakenly believed to flow into the ocean at Trinity Bay near Trinidad. Trinity County is a land of rugged mountains, deej) canyons, and fast flowing streams. Elevations in the county range from less than 500 feet in the lower valleys to the peak of Mt. Eddy at an elevation of 9,():W feet in the uorthea.st corner of the count}'. In the valleys, snmmcr climate is warm and I lie winters arc mild. The higher elevations are characterized b.v lower sunnner temperatures and more severe winters. Seasonal precipitation varies fi-om appro.ximately '■]'! inches in Hayfork Valley to in c.xcess of 70 inches, much of the latter occurring in the form of snow. Growing season in the valleys generally e.xtcnds from Ai)ril into October. Except for the occasional white fur tiajiper or ex- |ilorei-, Indians were the oidy inhabitants of the Trinity area until after the discovery of gold by P. B. Reading. In 1848 Reading made his fii'st discovery on Clear Creek in Shasta County, aiul then pushed over the mountains to prospect the gravels along the river he named the Trinity. The lure of (piick i-iches attracted hordes of miners into the canyons as it was doing elsewhere in California. As the easy diggings jilayed out, many left the area and the small oi)cra- tions were replaced by hydi-aulic mining and dredg- ing methods. Agriculture. Stream-fed valleys nestling hetween mountain ridges attracted iiermaiient settlers in the early 1850's near Ilyamjion and Ilayfoi'k. Some fruit growing was started in the Salyer aiul Hawkins Bar areas, but cattle raising heeanic the dominant agri- cultural activity. Extensive agricultural development in Trinity County is limited by the small amount of valley farm land. The land use survey made in 1955 and 1951) under this investigation shows the total irrigated area to be 3,470 acres. This includes 3,300 acres of jiasture. 150 acres of alfalfa, and 20 acres of grain. Timber. Tlu' vast timljer resources of Trinity County have made lumbering the ma.jor industry, surpassing mineral production in importance. Al- though access to much of this timber is a problem, most of the stand is old growth and ripe for harvest- ing. Apiiroximately two-thirds of the county, about 1.357,000 acres, is commercial forest laud. About 1,002.000 acres are publicly owned and 355.000 acres are privately owned. In addition to these there are approximately 602,000 acres of iu)ncommercial forest laud. In 1951, there were 32 active sawmills in the county. In that year the timber production rcac'hed 172,887,000 board feet, giving Trinity County eighth rank in the State. Much of Trinity County's prodm-- tion is in the form of sawlogs which are transjiorted to Shasta and Tehama Counties to be milled. About ()5 per cent of the cut is Douglas fir. while the othei- leading species are ponderosa pine and sugar i)ine. Mining. Following discovery of gold in Trinity Comity in 1848, gold seekers began t(i converge on the relatively inaccessible area. By the end of 1852, most of the gold-bearing sections of the county had be(>u prospected, and there were claimants on every bar along the Trinity River from Salyer to Carville. The best of the small-scale placer deposits were con- 4(i NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION sidcn'il workrd out l)y IS."):!. ;Maiiy sti'eaiiis \\(' Mine tainers. was opened in 1851 to produee go\d from one sm-h IIi- jeo ' ' 1 m 1 • 1 1 ' liiiiniitc Oil' :iiiil ciiiK-ciitr:itc_, Short tdiLS Ml .>,5t>,4(Ki rich period were not kept. Two peaks iii recorded (•„,,,„.,■ I'mimls lO.SOO 3.18(; annual produetion should be noted; one, a hii>h of VnM Fine ounws C>,12() 2:4,41(t .1.1 iiwi mm „ 1 ;., 1 kJOO +l-,o (.■/„. n.nl uiwl Miiuf;;ui<'se ore LoiiK tons 27:! ;51,!t!tl over !fl,4()(),()()() occurred ni 1892; the .second and s.n,i i,n,i Cn.vei Short tons 70„S73 ,si..WO highe.st peak oeeurred in 1940. Adver.se economic fae- silver Fine ounces g.j2 ."TiSK) tors, government restrictions, and a labor shortage '>tiiei' minerals 35,485 during World War II, resulted in a reduction in the ,,,,,j.jj .$402.7(i4 aniuial gold output to the all time low for the county of .$19,250 in 1944. Gold production has risen since Recreation. The climate and jdiysiograiihy of the war, but is still relatively low. Trinity County make recreation a major resource. Mercury has been second to gold in total value of The rugged mountains that are characteristic of the produced metal. Over 1,000 fla.sks had been pro- area give birth to many .streams which are fed through duced before 1875 from shallow deiiosits. Production the summer months by snow^nelt draining from the has been intermittent with peaks recorded in 1875 liigher elevations. The environment is conducive to and 1898, and with no production recorded during trout ju-oduction and the streams are heavily fished, the 1880 's and 1920 's. Other production peaks prob- The ma.ior .streams that dissect the county are the ably occurred during each World War. The recorded Trinity and Mad Rivers, and the headwaters of the cumulative value of mercury iiroduction to 1913 was ^'all Duzen and Eel Rivers. Salmon and steelhead $1,293,099. The exact produetion figures for mercury migrate from the ocean and spawn in the gravel beds have not been made available, but the cumulative of these rivers and their tributaries, production has been estimated to be over 32,000 flasks. Deer hunting provides an important sjiort in Trin- ()f this total, over 30.000 flasks are said to have come ity County. However, the rugged terrain and dense from one mine, the Altoona. Mercury production growth of brush make it a diflienlt sport. Bear are ended in 1946. also hunted, although in lesser amount. The only game Sizable deposits of many useful minerals, including bird bagged in significant numbers is quail, several strategic and critical minerals, are found in Camping areas are abundant in the county through- Trinity County. Little production has been recorded ont the national forests, and the United States Forest for many of these deposits, because of the long haul Service maintains many public camps. Two wilder- distance to railroads and the longer distance to mar- ness areas, Salmon-Trinity Alps and Middle Eel-Yolla kets. Production, usually minor but occasionally sub- Bolly, have been set aside to preserve the primeval stantial, has been recorded for ores of the following state. There are a number of resorts near Miiiersville strategic and critical materials: asbestos, chromite, and Trinity Center and along the main highways, and copper, platinum-group metals ( platinum, iridium, there are possibilities for considerably more develop- rhodium, osmium, palladium, and ruthenium), lead, nieiit, T'. S. Highway 299. which extends from Red- and manganese. The costly trans]iortation ]U-obleni of ding to Areata, jiasses through Trinity County along the bulkier ores has hindered their (levelo|unent. the rugged canyon of the Trinity River, This high- Coal, apparently higher in (piality than any other way is used by a large number of tourists and sports- coal or lignite in northern California, occurs iieai- men for acci'ss to Trinity County, Big Bar. Some has been produced for local consump- tion, but the distance to a railroad jirecludes much Yo/o Counfy development. Other large deposits of coal (lignite) Yolo C^ounty, one of the original 27 counties created are found near Hayfork and Hyamiiom Valleys, ■ by the Legislature in 1850, contains an area of 1,020 A little soapstoue of fair ipiality has been jtrodiiced s((uare miles. The 195(i poi>ulation was estimated to for use as fire proof material in fireplaces. Intlians be about 54,000. The 1950 C'eiisns showed the popu- IXTRODUCTIOX 47 latidii ilistfihiiliiiii to be -"14 \ii'r immiI iirliaii and 4(1 |ii'r ci'iit nii'al. Vdlii ('(iiiiity lies primarily in flic Safraiiiciitd \'al- Icy with its eastern Ixirder alon^' the Siieraiiiento Ixiver but rises abruptly into low foot hills at its west- ern extremity to include the lower ilraiiia<;e area of ('ai4ic Creek. The iiia.xiiunin elevation in the coiinfy is approximately .S.IOO feet. Tliei'c are no forests of comiiiercial quality in Yolo County. The cdimate is tyjiieal of the Kacraineuto N'alley, with hot, dry sum- mers and mild winters. Seasonal preci]iitatioii ranges froiri 17 inches to 'M) inches over most of the valley area. The growiiifi' season extends from March into Xovember. The earliest white men to visit the area were Sjiaii- isli explorers, followed by fur trappers from the Hud- son's Bay Company. Settlement bej;an almost imme- diately after diversions of water were made alon<;' Cailie Creek by William Cordon and later b.v James Moore. V>y lS(i() several thousand acres were reeeivinj:' service from ditches carrying:' water from Cache Creek. Agriculture. The raising;- of dry-fanned ^raiu was a Hourishinjf activity until the need for crop rotaticui and subsequent irrif^ation re(|uirement became evi- dent. To increase the ii-rijiation sujijily already de- veloped in Yolo County, the predecessor of the Clear Lake Water Company built a dam on Cache Creek in 186-1: to control the outflow from Clear Lake. Much liti uuo Mutual Water Companies Tajjay Valley Ditch Company Kmiisey Ditch Company.. Sweetwater Company. Reclamation Districts Number 108- _. 1.280 158 2.440 Number 150 County o 000 Number 307 Number !J99 Number 2035 , . . 23,33r, 7.418 (IiifiMiii.itimi for iierlod rrcim 1B50 through lflr,4.i about $65,640,()()(). Nearly one half of the returns were from field crops which include rice, sugar beets, corn, safBower, grain, hay, and pasture. The next largest item, nearly 25 per cent of the total, was tru<-k crops which includes mostly tomatoes. Large amoinits of asparagus, spinach, peas, onions, and other vege- tables were also grown. Orchard crops, mostly al- monds, walnuts, apricots, and prunes, and livestock, also figure significantly in the total for agricultural production. The value of all agricultural produce in 1955 as reported by the agrioiltural commissioner is tabulated belo-\v : ApiMi-y .$3S!I..S00 Field ciop.s 30,941, 4(MI Hi)rticiiltural (orchard) 8.4rpS..";40 Livpstock 7,7.S4.7(MI Poultr.v l,44li.-JllO Seed crops 2,072.S,SO Tnick crops 14,5(i!).llMI Total $65,638,620 Mining. Gold was probably tlie first mineral pro- duced in Yolo County, but the first recorded pro- duction was of mercury. The early period of mercury ]iro(luction began in 1873 and ended in 1880. Subse- ((ueiitly, production was recorded during the first World War and intermittently since 1938. Production of sand and gravel has been significant since 1920, rising to a peak in value in 1953. Yolo County is the leading producer of natural gas among the fifteen Northeastern Counties. During 1954, production came from 1,704 proven acres in three gas fields and one exploratcn'y area. A fourth gas field was abandoned during 1954. Gas production reached a peak during 1952, but production may be expected to increase as new fields are discovered. As reported by the California State Division of .Mines, Yolo County mineral ]iroduction was limited to natural gas which was valued at if;550,000, and sand 48 XORTHEASTERK COUNTIES INVESTIGATION and fi'ravel valued at !t^!):52,W)(). Tlu> total value was $1,482,600. Recreation. Yolo County as a recreation area is subject to heavy pressure from the populous Sacra- mento area to the east. The Sacramento River, which forms the eastern county boundary, supports heavy anjiling- pressure and })rovides other water sports. Salmon, striped bass, black bass, catfish, shad, and sturgeon are all cauofht in the river. On the western side, Cache Creek is heavily used for swimming- and picknicking, as well as for fishing. Lake Washington is used for fishing and boating activities, but this use may be adversely affected by the construction of the jiroposed Sacramento- Yolo Port which will use this lake as a part of the ship turning basin. The ridge of hills in western Yolo County near Rumsey and Guinda affords good deer hunting. Duck hunting in the valley is a major sport, with approximately 19,000 acres available to sportsmen in one commercial hunting club alone. Pheasants are important upland game birds in the county and are heavily hunted. There are several commercial game bird dubs that open several thou- sand acres to hunters. Yuba County Yuba County was one of the original 27 counties created by the Legislature in 1850. At the time of its founding it included Sierra and Nevada Counties and a portion of Placer County, but was later reduced in size to its present (540 scjuare miles. The 1956 popula- tion was estimated to be about 28,000. The 1950 Census showed the population distribution to be 65 per cent urban and 35 per cent rural. From the western border along the Feather River, the county extends across the valley and up the slope of the Sierra Nevada. The terrain rises from an eleva- tion of less than 200 feet on the Sacramento Valley floor to more than 4,000 feet in the Sierra Nevada foothills. Seasonal precipitation varies with elevation from about 20 inches on the valley to in excess of 70 inches in the northeastern part of the county. The higher elevations are subject to heavy winter snow- fall. The climate is hot and dry in the sunnner. In the winter, temperatures are moderate in the valley and more severe at the higher elevations. The average annual growing .season extends from late March to early November in the valley, and is somewhat shorter in the foothill areas. Before the coming of the white man, the area was inhabited by the Maidu Indians. Settlement began in the 1840 's, following a series of land grants from the Mexican Government. Although early settlers pur- sued the raising of grain and livestock, it was the di.scovery of gold in 1848 that accelerated the growth of Yuba County. The gold bearing gravels along the Yuba River and its tributaries attracted thousands of miners. However, in a few years the hand placer operations gave way to extensive hydi-aulic opera- tions. In the years that followed so much debris was washed down the Yuba River that the bed of the stream along its lower reaches was raised by as much as 50 to 60 feet. Prior to 1850, sailing shijis cotdd navigate the Bear River to the vicinity of Wheatland. Early settlers who had been attracted to the fertile bottom lands had their farms buried under tons of debris. Litigation that followed resulted in temporary suspension of hydraulic mining. However, in 1893. Congress ]iassed the "Camanetti Act" which per- mitted partial resumption of operations provided lii-()])er storage of debris could be secured. With the stabilization of the Yuba River, development along the lower reaches was again possible. Agriculture. Following the jiattem typical of early California development, diversified agriculture began after dry farmed grain raising was found to he uncei'tain. A variety of more jn-ofitable crops were grown with irrigation. Diversions from the Yuba River for irrigation on the valley Hoor in the Cordua area date back to around 1874. The first organized effort toward development, however, was that of the Browns Valley Irrigation District in 1888. Like many of the early irrigation districts formed under the Wright Act, there was a lack of ade((uate engineering studies, resulting in considerable litigation and finan- cial difficulties. In this district, though organized with an area of abo\it 40,000 acres, less than one-tenth re- ceived an adequate irrigation supply. Water was diverted from the North Yuba River and brought to the lands through about 48 miles of main ditch. Early developments along the Bear River consisted of brush diversion dams. The Camp Far West Irrigation Dis- trict, organized in 1924, later constructed a concrete dam for storage and regulation on the Bear River. The principal agencies serving irrigation water are listed in Table 10. TABLE 10 PRINCIPAL IRRIGATION WATER SERVICE AGENCIES IN YUBA COUNTY Name Location Presently irrigated area, in acres Mutual Water Companies Hallwood Irrigation Con Plumas Mutual Water C Irrigation Districts pany ompany Marysville Mary8\'ille Browns Valley Sheridan Marysville Marysville Wheatland Wheatland 7.036 1.244 3.300 Camj) Far West *2.085 5.090 Reclamation Districts 9,800 Number 817 4,000 Water Districts 8,000 (liifninwitlfin fnr period from 1950 through l!)r)4.) '* Inrhide'i iireii in Tlaa-r Comity. IXTRODUCTIOX 49 Most of the asi'iciiltui'al devclopnuMit in Y\iba difi-^iiifjs played out. After Icfial action in 1884 County is in the vicinity of Marysville and in a wide forceil tlie virtual cessation of hydraulic oi)erations, band alonp' the Feather River for the full leiifith of ijold production in Yuba County dropped. In ^'M)r>, the county. The deep alluvial soils adjacent to the the Yuba Consolidated Cold Fields be;rau dredjiin^ river are inten.sively fanned to fruit, truck, and ti<'ld operations near llaninionton, nine miles east of crops, while much of the heavier hardpan land outside Marysville. Since that time the annual iiroduction of the flood plain is adaptable to rice and pasture ju-o- oold has been consistently hitrh. Over !iil()(),()()(),()()() in ductiou. The foothill afjrieulture is mainly forage •rold has been produced by dred^res in the Ilammon- crops to sustain livestock. The principal irrigated ton area alone. Even today, auriferous gravels crops as .shown by the land use survey made in 1955 remain the chief source of nnneral wealth in Ynl)a and 195H under this investigation included 25,000 County. Reserves of lode gold are considered high, acres of pasture, nearly 20,000 acres of rice, and but are not being exploited at the jjresent time for about 9,100 acres of deciduous orchard. Other leading economic reasons. irrigated crops included 4,700 acres of truck, 4,200 xj,,, d,,]).,,. ,j..,i,„. „f ^hc sand and gravel recovered acres of alfalfa, and 3,600 acres of tield crops. f,.,„„ tailings piles and used for aggregate and road Timber. Timber production has been a substan- material is second to gold. Silver and platinum follow tial contributor to Yuba County's economy. The in point of cumulative value. Production re|)orted for heavy precipitation belt extending across the higher other materials has been relatively insignificant. elevations in the eastern part of the county accounts As reported by the California State Division of for the productive forest stands. Approximately 116,- Mines, Yuba County mineral protluction during the 000 acres, or 28 per cent of the county, is covered by 1954 period was valued at )|!2, 612,000 and gold ])ro- commereial forests. This includes 45,000 acres in duction alone was valued at $2,878,000. I.ublic ownership and 71,000 acres owned privately. Recreation. Mountain .streams in Ynl.a Countv In addition to the above area, there are approxi- ^re limited to Slate Creek and the North Yuba River mately 83,000 acres in forest land classified as non- ^bove Bnllards Bar Reservoir. These are heavily commercial. .stocked with trout and are good fisheries. In 1951 there were 15 active sawmills in the county The Feather River, which forms the western with an output accounting for 2.2 per cent of the county boundary, supports considerable fishing for State's production. The volume produced by species salmon, steelhead, .shad, catfish, and sturgeon, was as follows: Dredger ponds near Hanunonton are suitable for Volume, m wamiwater fishing;, and, though in-esentlv restricted, Sperhx honrrifeet public access IS being negotiated by the State Wild- r)MUf;his fir ^G.-'ioi life Conservation Board. INiiidenisa pine 41.13.5 Deer hunting is limited to the area generally lun-th- SiV!,'!ii- pinellllllllllllllllllll^IIIIir 14','572 easterly of Dobbins at the higher elevations. Iiicciise cedar ,3,2(52 Although there are no organized gun clubs, water- ,j,^j^, lo9Si!) ^°^^ shooting is a rewarding sport in the valley. Pheasants are a very imiiortant upland game bird. Mining, (iold mining in Yuba County commenced and there are several commercial and private in 1848. After 1857 hydraulic mining became im- game-bird clubs which |)r(>vi: headiufis: "Water Resources, Land Resources, Recreational Resources, and Po]iulation and Em- ])loynieut. WATER RESOURCES The water resources of the Xortheastern Counties ori^j'inate almost exclusively from jn-ecipitation. In the Klamath Kiver Basin, however, water which orijjiuates outside the study area flows into the region. Throughout the area, the water sujij^ly in excess of the amonut.s used or stored in the soil, or in surface and subsurface reservoirs, flows out of the Northeastern Counties. Surface streams carry water westward into the Pacific Ocean, southward into the Saeraniento-San Joaquin Delta, and eastward into the closed Lahontan Basin. Although the land area of the 15 counties is about one-fourth of the total for the State, the surface runoff is about 40 per cent of the state total. Even as the water supply of the entire State is subject to ine(|ualities in its geographical and sea.sonal distribu- tion, similar inequalities occur within the Northeast- ern Counties. The Klamath, Trinity, Pit, Feather, and Sacra- mento Rivers are the ma.jor streams of the area. Nearly all of the unused mtuoft' of the Northeastern Counties is discharged to the ocean by the Klamath and Sacramento Rivei's. The Sacramento River flows through miles of flat valley land where it furnishes irrigation water to much of the Sacramento Valley. Contrariwise, the Klamath River flows through a rough, niouutajnons region containing little irrigable laud, and is subject to only minor local development. The numerous tributaries of these streams constitute the source of water for most of the agricultural lands and tirban areas, ilany of the streams have water- shetls of small size, linntiug the t: year. Runoff Season — The r2-mouth period from October Lst of a "-iveu year tliroufih September 3()th of the f<)llo\viu<>' year. Mean Period — A jieriod whieh is believed to rejii-e- sent conditions of water .supply and climate exi.stin^' diirinjj a long period of years. Mean — The arithmetical avera<;e of (|uantities oc- currin<;' durinji' the mean period. Average — The arithmetical avera<>e of i|uantitics Occurring' duriuo' other than mean periods. Natural Runoff (Plow) — The flow of a stream as it woukl exist if unaltered b.v upstream diversion, stor- age, import, exjiort, or change in upstream consump- tive use caused by development. Natural runoff is reconstructed from measured (historical) runoff by adjusting for the (juantitative effect of alterations in stream flow above the jioint wiiere the flow is measured. In studies for the Statewide Water Resources In- vestigation, it was determined that the oO-year period from 1897-98 through 1946-47 is the most representa- tive of mean seasonal precipitation. Similarly, the 58- year period from 1894-95 through 1946-47 was se- lected for determining mean seasonal runoff. These periods were chosen to represent mean conditions of water supply and climate throughout the Northeast- ?rn Counties. Studies were made to select a more recent period for which reliable data on stream flow were available. It was determined that the 34-year period from 1920- 21 through 1953-54 was satisfactory for this purpose in most respects. Stream flow during this period aver- aged about 90 per cent of the mean, and other condi- tions of water supply and climate approximated mean conditions. During this period a critical series of dry years occurred. Runoff during the six consecutive sea- sons from 1928-29 through 1933-34 averaged only about 51 per cent of the mean. Precipitation The influence of topography upon the passage of the frontal type .storms which originate in the North Pacific during the winter months is the major factor affecting precipitation in the Northea.stern Counties. Air flow and thermodynamic characteristics of each storm contribute to variations in precipitation, al- though individual storm and mean seasonal distribu- tion of precipitation, as determined by plotting i.so- hyets, shows a striking similarity. The variation of precipitation within each season is caused by a latitudinal migration of the weather circulation pattern and of the storm-producing cen- ters of action. Although there is generally sufficient moisture througliout the year, conditions leading to coiulensation and jjrecipitation rarely exist during the sunnner months. Average duration of the precipila- lion .season, wliich normally extends from October tlirough March, increases with latitude as does the nu^an seasonal amount of precipitation. Not all i)recipitation is frontal or orographic in origin. Convergence in advance of low pres,sure sys- tems, instability of air masses preceding or following H front, aiul localized temi)erature dift'erentials con- tribute to variation in the precipitation averages and )>atterns. The orographic influences predominate, how- ever, and maxinnun i)recipitation generally occurs in tlie higher elevations on the windward slopes of the mountain i-anges. while tlie minimum occurs in the valley and plateau areas in the leeward "rain- shadoAvs. " Precipitation Stations and Records. One hundied and fifty-one precipitation stations in the Northeast- ern Counties have continuous records of 10 years' duration or longer. However, these station.s are poorly distributed throughout the area, ilost stations are maintained in the valleys and lowlands, in or near tlie centers of ]iopulation. Relatively few stations record precipitation in the mountainous areas where the greatest amount of preciiiitation occurs. Data from the 65 snow coui-ses located within the area provide additional information, particularly for the higher elevations where few precipitation stations are located. To develoji maps depicting liiu^s of equal mean seasonal precipitation, or isohyets, it was neces- sary to consider many short-period records together with orographic factors, as well as the available data from the continuously operated precipitation stations and .snow courses. Almost all of the available records for preci|)itatiou stations have been published in the Bulletins of the United States Weather Bureau. The distribution of stations throughout the area of investigation, as stated above, is uneven, and more data would be desirable for hydrologic analysis. Most of the snow course rec- ords have been published in the annual series of rejiorts of the Depai'tnu'Ut (»f Water Resoui-ces en- titled "Water Conditions in California.'" The 28 precipitation stations in the North Coa.stal Drainage Basin within the Northeastern Counties re- sult in an average coverage of one station for every 350 s(iuare miles. The precipitation stations re]n-esent mainly the valley areas. There are practically no sta- tions located in the higher areas, however. 18 snow (■(uirses add to the precipitation data available for the mountainous areas. In the Central Valley Drainage Basin within the investigational area there are 114 precipitation .sta- tion.s representing an average coverage of one station for every 197 s(|uare miles. Although records of ]ire- cipitation at higher elevations are lacking, distribu- tion throughout the area is good. Forty-five snow courses provide valuable additional data in the moun- tainous areas. NATURAL RESOT'KCES 53 Xiiic iirecipitation stations in the Lalidiitan Drain- h>j:i' IJasiii of tlie Xorthcasteni Counties, rcprt'sciit a (•o\('r;ijie of but one .station for every 470 square miles, and reeords of two snow courses were available to supplement the reeords at hij>:ber elevations. Precipitation Characteristics. The mean seasonal precipitation jiattern is indieated on Plate .'1, entitled ■■(ieoroniid water reservoirs. Tlie relationslii]i of ninotf' til preeipitat ion in individual basins is strongly influeiu'i'd by tiie \i'j;etation, soils, geology, and topog- raphy of the wateislieil. 'fhese factors determine the quantity of riiiinlil' liiat results from tlie rainfall and siiowmelt. TABLE 16 MONTHLY DISTRIBUTION OF MEAN SEASONAL PRECIPI- TATION AT SELECTED STATIONS, LAHONTAN DRAINAGE BASIN CedarviUe Susanville JNIonth In In In inches per cent of In inches per cent of of depth seasonal total of depth seasonal total July 0.25 2.1 0.18 1.1 -August 0.16 1.3 0.14 0.8 September 0.49 4.0 0.48 2.8 October 1.01 8.3 0.91 5.3 November- 1.48 12.1 1.94 11.3 December 1.51 12.4 2.79 16.3 January 1.73 14.2 3.36 19.6 February --..-.- 1.54 12.6 2.59 15.1 JMarch 1.43 11.7 2.25 13.1 April 0.94 7.7 1.01 5.9 May - 0.96 7.9 0.96 5.6 June 0.70 5.7 0.53 3.1 TOTALS 12.20 100.0 17.14 100.0 * SusanvilU' .stiition liiscontiniu'ii, rifonl is for Siisiinville Airiinit. t Kslimatt'il. The cyclic seasonal variation of runoflf is caused by the effect of natural storage factors upon the lirecipitation distribution. One of the most striking of these factors is the storage of winter precipitation in the snow pack at elevations generally above 5,000 feet and subsequent release during the snowanelt pe- riod in the spring and early summer months. A num- ber of watersheds liave extensive capacity for ground water storage, particularly those which drain areas of volcanic formation. Where ground water is dis- charged through springs, the tributary streams have more uniform flfiw cliaraetcristics. Stream Gaging Stations and Records. Available records of runoff of the jirincipal streams of the Northeastern Counties were sufficient in number, length, and reliabiiit.v to form the basis of estimates of runoff utilized in hydrologic studies for the current investigation. Runoff records for the area have been published either in the Water Supply Papers of the I'nited States Geological Survey, or by the Depart- ment of Water Resources in the annual reports of the Sacramento-San Joa(|uin Water Supervision and in annual reports of the results of watermaster serv- ice in Watermaster Service Areas. Runoff Characteristics. The general mean sea- sonal runoff pattern is very similar to the mean seasonal precipitation iiattmi. and tlie most highly 56 N'ORTHEASTERK COUNTIES IXVESTIOATION productive watersheds are necessarily tliose with hi^h mean seasonal precipitation. In addition to the mean seasonal variations, there occnr series of years for which preciiiitation, and therefore rnnoif, is siiinificantly ditferent from the mean. The period from 1928 through 1934 was one of the most severe dronglit periods for which reliable records of runoff are available. This period is particu- larly significant in regard to studies of potential wa- ter development. Water supply projects which are able to sustain appreciable annual drafts throughout this period would generally experience no difficulties during the remainder of the period of record. Seasonal distribution of runoff may be classified into three fairly distinct patterns, (1) runofl' largely determined by rainfall distribution, (2) runoff largely determined by snowmelt distribution, and (3) runoff of relatively even distribution due to a large base flow or ground water flow contribution. In the North Coastal Drainage Basin portion of the Northeastern Counties, streams may be found with each of the several distributional patterns. However, TABLE 17 ESTIAAATED SEASONAL NATURAL RUNOFF AT SELECTED STATIONS, NORTH COASTAL DRAINAGE BASIN (In acre-feet) TABLE 18 ESTIMATED MONTHLY DISTRIBUTION OF AVERAGE SEASONAL NATURAL RUNOFF AT SELECTED STATIONS, NORTH COASTAL DRAINAGE BASIN Season Fall Creek at Copco Trinity River at Lewiston Eel River at Scotia 1920-21 20.500 20.500 2(1,.500 20,500 20.500 20.500 20.500 2O..500 25.400 24.700 22.900 25.000 24.000 22.400 23.700 23.200 22.500 28.500 21.000 23, .500 22,200 24,400 31,700 25,200 28,200 29,400 25,200 27,000 20,000 28,300 30,800 33,500 33,800 34,000 1,795.000 783,700 080,200 200,200 1,499,000 808,200 1,820,000 1,058,000 528,500 814,700 401,800 720,300 803,200 (182,(100 905,000 1,025,000 999,400 2,105,000 .573.300 1.013.000 2,547.000 1.804.000 1.108.000 (1.54,100 1,048,000 1.415.000 732.400 1,205,000 1,091,000 853,000 1.010.000 1.817.000 1.012.000 1,595,000 7 815 000 1921-22 3.729.000 1922-23 2,755.000 1923-24 808,000 1924-25 7,170,000 1925-26 3,270,000 1926-27 7.802.000 1927-28 4,014,000 1928-29 1,908,000 1929-30 3,522.000 1930-31 _ 1,012,000 1931-32 . 3,018,000 1932-33 3,040,000 1933-34 . . _ . 2.484,000 1934-35 5,075,000 1935-36 5,7.57,000 1936-37 3.572.000 1937-38 10.744,000 1938-39 . 2.078.000 1939-40... 7.291.000 1940-41 8.235.000 1941-42 7.411.000 1942-43 5.091.000 1943-44 ■.. . . 2,2.50,000 1944-45 4,709,000 1945-46 0,029,000 1946-47... 2.054.000 1947-48. 4,701,000 1948-49 4,149.000 1949-50... 4.121,000 1950-51 7,1.58,000 1951-52. 8,025,000 1952-53.. 7.099.000 1953-54 0,931.000 20,500 1.148.400 4,979.000 Fall Creek at Copco Trinity River at Lewiston Eel River at Scotia Montli In acre- feet In per cent of seasonal total In acre- feet In per cent of seasonal total In acre- feet In per cent of seasonal total October November. . December... January February March April May June July .\ueust September.. 2.000 2,100 2,400 2,500 2,500 2,800 2,500 2.100 1.900 1,900 1,900 1,900 7.5 7.9 9.1 9.4 9.4 10.6 9.4 7.9 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 17.800 49.400 83.800 93,300 130,800 158,800 217,700 225,900 115,700 34,800 11,800 8,000 1.5 4.3 7.3 8.1 11.4 13.8 19.1 19.7 10.1 3.0 1.0 0.7 40.400 293.000 819.900 1.008.600 1.095.000 785.100 534,100 223,100 81,500 22,100 9,100 0,500 0.8 5.9 10.5 21.5 22.0 15.8 10.7 4.5 1.6 0.4 0.2 0.1 TOTALS 26,500 100.0 1,148,400 100.0 4,979,000 100.0 it should be noted that many streams drain complex basins and reflect a distribution influenced by combi- nations of these factors. The Eel River, above the gaging station at Scotia, has only a small portion of the drainage area above 5,000 feet in elevation and is a good example of a stream with a runoff distribution pattern largely de- termined by rainfall. The Trinity River above the gaging station at Lewiston has a large portion of the drainage area above 5,000 feet in elevation and is t.v])ical of streams with a runoff distribution pattern largel.v determined bv snowmelt. Fall Creek above the gaging station at Copco has a drainage area largel.v composed of highly pervious volcanic materials, re- sulting in a large uniform base flow of runoff. Continuous records of stream flow are available for the Eel River at Scotia for the period since October, 1916; for the Trinity River at Lewiston for the period since August, 1911; and for Fall Creek at Copco for the period since .Inly, 1928. These stream gaging stations were established, and the records of runoff maintained, by the United States (ieological Surve.v. Estimates of seasonal natural runoff for each of these stations for the period from October, 1920, through September, 1954, are shown in Table 17, and esti- mated monthly distribution of average seasonal natural runoff for the period are given in Table 18. Li the Central Valley Drainage Basin jiortion of the Northeastern Counties, streams generally reflect complex combinations of the several distributional patterns. Clear cut examples of each pattern are fewer here than in the North Coastal Area since most watersheds in this area have a runoff distribution reflectini;- a coinhiiiatioii of factors. XATl'IiAL HESoriiCES 57 Tlidint's Creek alxive the jra^in^ statiidi at Paskeiita, f(ir iiistanee. has a sii;iiificaiil portion of the draiiiajzi' area in hoth the rainfall and snowinelt environmental zones, and eonsequently refleets a eombination of rainfall and snownielt runoff. The distribution is typical of the minor tributaries of the Saeraniento Kiver. many of wliieh experience a double peak, one due jiriniarily to rainfall runoff, and the other due primarily to snowmelt. The North Yuba River, above the 5iajrin>> station near Goodyear 's Bar, has a larp;e portion of the drainage area in the snownielt environ- ment but reflects some rainfall runoff characteristics. It has a distribution of runoff which is typical of Sierra Nevada streams, maii.A- of which experience an upward trend due to rainfall, but do not peak niitil the snowmelt season. Hat Creek, above the s'afiingr station near Hat Creek, has a drainage area larfiely comiiosed of highly pervious volcanic materials. It fiains most of its flow from .spring discharge, but peaks during the snowmelt season. Tt has a distribu- tion of runort' typical of many streams in the Pit Kiver Basin with large base flow. TABLE 19 ESTIMATED SEASONAL NATURAL RUNOFF AT SELECTED STATIONS, CENTRAL VALLEY DRAINAGE BASIN (In acre-feet) Season North Yuba River below Goodyear's Bar Thonies Creek at Paskenta Hat Creek at Hat Creek 19''0-21 -- -- 712.600 720.600 499.200 166.000 465.800 333.200 769.100 596,100 245,600 433„500 173,400 497,000 281,000 247,000 .533,200 606,400 436,000 917,100 219,100 676.100 707.700 786,200 7.33,400 337,000 498.800 559.600 317.000 467.900 .334.300 535,900 827,500 924.900 623.500 454.900 302.200 193.200 145.500 32.500 284,000 144,400 337,100 256,700 .55.400 142.200 53.700 113.200 88,300 74,400 154,000 190,000 112,200 446.200 64.700 285.100 431,800 289,100 201,700 66,500 122.800 200.700 80.100 141.000 132.700 130.400 220.600 321.600 252.000 237,000 110,800 1921-22 106,400 1922-23 19"3-24 93,700 85,600 1924-25 86,400 1925-26 79,000 1926-27 91,700 1927-28 93,900 1928-29 80,300 1929-30 79,800 1930-31 63,000 1931-32 6ti,000 1932-33 60,200 1933-34 - .59.500 1934-35 66..500 1935-36 68.800 1936-37 68.600 1937-38 108.900 1938-39 90.300 1939-40 92,400 1940-41 105„500 1941-42 110,900 1942-43..- 115.000 1943-44 103,900 1944-45 101.400 1945-46 98.600 1946-47 91.200 1947-48 97.400 1948-49 86.100 1949-50 »t,400 1950-51 : - 99.000 1951-52. _ 1952-53. 117,200 118,800 1953-54 114,000 .Average 518.700 185.400 91,100 Continuous records of strcaiii flow are available for Thomes Creek at I'askeiila for the jieriod since Oc- tober, 1!)2(); the Xorth Vnba Kiver at and below (ioodyears Bar for the period since November, lf)K); and for Ilat Creek neai- Ilat Creek for the period since April. lil'iM. These stream gaging stations were established, and the records of runoff are maintained, by the I'nited States (ieological Surve.v. Estimates of seasonal natural runoff for each of these stations for the period from October, 1!I2(), through September, 1954, are shown in Table 111, and estimated monthly (listribnti(ni of average seasonal natural runoff for the period are shown in Table 20. TABLE 20 ESTIMATED MONTHLY DISTRIBUTION OF AVERAGE SEASONAL NATURAL RUNOFF AT SELECTED STATIONS, CENTRAL VALLEY DRAINAGE BASIN North Yuba River Thomes Creek Hat Creek below at near Goodyear's Bar Paskenta Hat Creek Montti In per In per In per In acre- rent of In acre- cent of In acre- cent of feet seasonal total feet seasonal total feet seasonal total October 9,800 1.9 1,100 0.6 6.800 7.5 November . . 19,900 3.8 6,80n 3.7 6.900 7.6 December. . . 33,800 6.5 20.000 10.8 7..300 8.0 January 37,000 7.1 27.100 14.6 7,000 7.7 February 46,700 9.0 35.500 19.1 6.300 6.9 March. 61,200 11.8 32,700 17.6 7.100 7.8 April . — 88,200 17.0 33.800 18.2 7,800 8.5 May 113,500 22.0 20.200 10.9 10,400 11.4 .Tune. 67,100 12.9 6.400 3.5 10,000 11.0 .luly. 21,500 4.1 1,300 0.7 7,800 8.6 .\ugust. 11,300 •) o 300 0.2 7.100 7.8 September. . 8,700 1.7 200 0.1 6.600 7.2 TOT.\LS 518.700 100.0 185,400 100.0 91.100 100.0 In the Lahontan Draina.ge Basin of the North- eastern Counties, there are few streams for which records are available for entire seasons during any continuous period. However, the records which are available furnish some understanding of runoff' char- acteristics. The Susan River above the gaging station near Snsanville largely reflects snowmelt runoff, while Willow Creek above the gaging station near Susan- ville largely reflects ]ironiinent base flow charac- teristics. Contiiuions records of stream flow arc available for both the Susan River near Snsanville and for Willow Creek near Snsanville. for the period since October, lO.^O. These stations were established, and the records of runoff' are maintained, by the T'nited States Geo- logical Survey. Records of stream flow for these two streams are also available for the irrigation season for the period since April. 1 !•:?.'). and for the entire Wafer Measuring Devices Used by Wafermasfers to Control Distribution of Irrigation Water Department of M\iter Resources Photoi^riiphs Above: Continuous water stage recorder Right: Parshall flume with continuous water stage recorder NATURAL EEftOT'RCES 59 water year 1940-50, from stations established and maintained by the Dejiartiiieiit of Water Kesources in the Susan River Waterniaster Service Area. Esti- mates of seasonal natural runoff for each of these stations for the iieriod from Oetober, 1920, through September, 1954, are shown in Table 21, and estimated monthly distribution of avei-a^e seasoiud natural run- otf for the period are friveii in Table 22. Quantity of Runoff. Sut'liiient liistorieal records of runoff were available to permit an estimate of the amount of runoft' from each hydrographie unit in the Northeastern Counties. The available records are ])resented in Table 23. "Estimated Seasonal Natural Kuiiotf of ^la.jor Streams and Principal Minor Streams Within the Northeastern Counties." The quantities shown are the average seasonal natural runoff for the 34 year base period Oetober, 1920, through Sep- tember, 1954; the average seasonal runoff for the critical period October, 1928, through Septendjer, TABLE 22 ESTIMATED MONTHLY DISTRIBUTION OF AVERAGE SEASONAL NATURAL RUNOFF AT SELECTED STATIONS, LAHONTAN DRAINAGE BASIN Susan River near Susanville Willow Creek near Susanville Month In acre-feet In jjer cent of sea-sonal total In acre-feet In per cent of seasonal total 600 1.800 3,.500 4.100 6.700 9.900 15.200 11.300 3.600 1,400 900 700 1,0 3,0 5.9 6.9 11.2 16.6 25.5 18.9 6.0 2.3 1.5 1.2 700 1 .000 1 .200 1 .400 1 .500 1,900 2,600 1,700 1,100 900 800 800 4.5 6.4 7.7 9.0 9.6 March --- 12.2 16,7 May .. - 10.9 7.0 .Ivilv 5.8 5.1 5.1 TOTALS 59,700 100.0 15,600 100.0 TABLE 21 ESTIMATED SEASONAL NATURAL RUNOFF AT SELECTED STATIONS, LAHONTAN DRAINAGE BASIN (In acre-feet) Season Susan River near Susanville Willow Creek near Susanville 1920 21 82.500 92.600 41,300 15,200 34,100 49,700 90.700 .54.100 18.900 65..500 20,300 47,100 24,600 22,200 63,800 54,800 44,-500 152,600 25,100 86,400 74,900 95,300 93,600 43,400 48,700 64,600 35,100 42,300 33, .500 52.100 79.300 147.000 75.600 58.100 28,200 1921-22 25,300 1922-23 - - - ... 13,600 1923-24 - 5,100 1924-25 - 6.100 1925-26 10,100 1926-27 22,300 1927-28 16,400 1928-29 7,100 1929-30 - 14,200 1930-31 1931-32 - 6,. 500 9,700 1932 33 -- - -- 5,700 1933-34 3,600 1934-35 .... - 12,400 1935-36 13,800 1936-37 - 12,000 1937-38 36,300 1938-39 9,600 1939-40 20,100 1940-41 21,200 1941-42. - - -- 26,000 1942-43 25,600 1943-44 - -- 13,800 1944-45 -- - -- 12,900 1945-46 16,300 1946-47 ..... 10,700 1947-48 . ... 11,200 1948-49 8,400 1949-50 11,800 1950-51 19,000 1951-52 38,200 1952-53 21,400 19.53-54 16,600 59.700 15,600 1934; and the maximum and minimum seasonal runoff values. The records of runoft' at stations oper- ated only for intermittent short periods of time were extended to obtain an estimated continuous rec(jrd for the 34 year base period. This was done through correlation with records of flow at nearby stations with similar watershed and runoff characteristics for which continuous records were available. The estimated average seasonal natural niiiotf foi- each hydrographie unit for the 34 year base period is presented in Table 24, "Estimated Average Sea- sonal Natural Runoff from Hydrographie T'nits, Northeastern Counties." p]xcept for the hydro- graphic units on the Sacramento Valley floor, each unit represents a watershed or portion of a water- shed for which the runoff could be measured at one or more points. The estimates for each hydrographie unit represent the runoft' under natural conditions from that unit only which would occur at one or more lowermost measurement jioints. Accumulated flows from upstream units were subtracted and not in- eluded in the runoff values for each unit ])resented in Table 24. Estimated unit values of runoff from ungaged areas were determined by comparison with those from nearby measured watersheds having sim- ilar watershed and runoff' characteristics. Quantities representing runoff from these ungaged areas were computed from the estimated unit values of runoff per square mile, multiplied by the area of the watershed. 60 NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION TABLE 23 ESTIMATED SEASONAL NATURAL RUNOFF OF MAJOR STREAMS AND PRINCIPAL MINOR STREAMS WITHIN THE NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES Reference number* 1-1 1-2 1-4 1-6 1-8 1-21 1-25 1-31 1-32 1-37 1-44 1-55 1-58 1-62 1-63 5-29 5-38 5-44 5-61 5-69 5-74 5-91 5-79 5-99 5-98A 5-248 5-252 5-87 5-95B 5-80A 5-102 5-97 5-95 5-122 5-105 5-145 5-191 5-190 5-189 5-231 5-207 5-20(i 5-200 5-205 5-228 5-94 6-22A 6-18 Stream and station North Coastal Drainage Basin Klaniatli River at Klamatli Fallst Lost River at Clear Lake Dam Butte Creek near Macdoel Antelope Creek near Tennant Klamath River at Keno ' Klaniath River near Copco. - Shasta River near Yreka Scott River near Fort Jones Salmon River at Somesbar Klamath River at Somesbar Trinity River at Lewiston Trinity River at Hoopa Eel River at Van Arsdale Dam Eel River. Middle Fork, below Black Butte River near Coveto. Eel Riverat Scotia Van Duzen Ri\'er near Bridgeville Central Valley Drainage Basin Inflow to Goose Lake § Pit River near Canby Pit River near Beiber Pit River at Fall River Mills... Pit River below Pit No. 4 Dam.,.- Pit River near Ydalpom McCloud River at Baird Sacramento River at .\ntler Sacramento River at Shasta Dam Cottonwood Creek near Cottonwood Clear Creek near Tko Thomes Creek at Paskenta . Elder Creek near Paskenta Redbank Creek at foothills Stony Creek at canyon mouth Cache Creek near Capay Putah Creek near Guenoc - Battle Creek near Cottonwood Paynes Creek near Red Bluff Cow Creek near Millville Deer Creek near Vina Mill Creek near Los Molinos Antelope Creek near Red Bluff Butte Creek near Chico Chico Creek near Chico . North Fork Feather River near PrattviUe Feather River near Oroville - Middle Fork Feather River at Bidwell Bar South Fork Feather River at Enterprise South Honcut Creek near Bangor Dry Creek at Vii'sinia Ranch Oregon Creek near North San Juan Middle Yuba Ri\'er above Oregon Creek North Yuba River below Goodyear's Bar North Yuba River below BuUard's Bar Dam Yuba River at Smartsville Sacramento River at Red Bluff Drainage area, in s- boina lialtiel ai (iJ Driw' I'IdiloMne irnil lloMnl rJlttviJ am l>k> itgcmf. vat ddt VoleuU BO^ uodertyLm o-too Chiel iKhatio is relanld •lotu «■> Bd< gl baan, LlmiUd mham aloBI nuUKial fianV ol basa. ProbablainBo- Ihnulb YoliiaBiM r™. nulla Vat ley. Pmhably lowatil and IbOlaa Toiu Laka. Usncially confined tomiu. U.S.G,8. -SS U.8.B.11. -M IncOQipliile, conaid- cralile calimnlion. FlowiDi UDO (Mlo, 10) anowuii i.iijfi.) O-eraU). hwh allium «n. tmUoD. ol the ba.iD. tmoUoD Stock siE No liDd UH prcHntly limited by biib w»tef ubie '■'"= m Qtl Vpptt PIcuLonu and Rtoal lUuviiJ and UVc I Rwrtl sllunum. O.TW+ (W004- AjM«.U«m.4Ild»Iul«lo KHitLun Taflw AIlu.-uJ adjuial w vaUnj' Hw- Mod- 0-140+ l«00+ 0^00+ D-IS.CIOO + cuMl mlloy. Loirlo modw- lof ow abiefly Iros v.]|.,ymarcu.No flow. Nonl.cn. TaDoy ward lo WiUow Ciwak. Dl.all=T Local conrmcDuit u.aG.s. 'ss u.as.R. H Siimracr 300 nowinc Flowin, 82 isu 280 ai 13) 8 (SI IJIO) tnleKor quality, limit. u» In Kae iiaaa Guxnlly hard •.■«.Lo«Uyld«b-*liun.. ihloride, nilnle. boron. InlvttlDB Municipal SKniDeanl Minor Eilcuivo No C.« buall in eul anini .-alley foon. bat d.pa«laap„a™po-.hle 131 jDR«eiHandoWe..JlurieD,. (0) lo Tcrtiarr-Quileenur roleuila. 1-S ■0 1^ ni.i«pi™io«»«dH«"»»n'"^ ^tt. ma«J, i>PP«- tiabi. inflow 0. mi Wow. Towud Stall K.v« oloni nvo PnUblrflnaVa Tb. principal laulU ail In bediDcb-N'okaowaeaoat on tfouod water. Bomc wiiulan froin weatem fan.. Ar- lodan Bow nenr PaiUally eocopleu data. EciaBt daU .Tailabla. 8on.mo. lOM • n«..n. 100 M • • 400,000 300.000 (icntrally ,„iiablo for all tuullieleni infonnition. Imialioo Innfficienl tDfonniU Minor UokDuwa Additional denlopmcnt aiuble in flood plain aTr= 74! " 5-1 GoK 1*1 1 v.]kr Apmw. men Qal i:[.i<.n«u(««MaBdR<»eiil»ll''»i») tJtl*. {0) AUui"«l UklUkrdci>a>la InfutmauoD ri.i». CtufflMl and flood pUiD ol SouihlortaaiolLiWy. tun*. • uoui lemnt No eridEHXs or ovjl- flow. South ant. of «llay then weal luavnl Canbx. Effoet of faiiltlni unknowD. UODalTllN.nilE.SU. aBdTt2N,RIIE,ai5. SOD.C Bowlw wdiM onwalbaUol Ineompleledatawitb eonulenble atimilion. 20 no-inj 700 40O ^ 2OIO2J0 WS.OO0 Keoao-Dicfeto... quell ly liout. luo in aomo All otbor u». Minor Sicnilicant M Jo VoUtx " and Ui dtpoBU. thBYailey. • N«li«ihl.ioflow. Outflow Uimutti Watwafd townnj viUay outlet. * Bcul data availabla. • ' * ' ' • • • • l-ufl;e«.udo,TD..ion. t)ofliatie Sloek Minor Minnr E-( B>( ViUar 103 Q>l RcHDl alluvial aulUkftooHlu. IJ01 + tlaio and diilribuUry chu- MJ.otPllRi™,Aahaod Wlllgw CF«k«. • inootltlinyala. Toward, valley out- Ul about lour NoTlbwat'nuU.Dut trend- ini fault, may bale Km* fined. KaU, 19S7 40 Flo-iog SCO 300 « S Mlo 230 S3S.O0O 400,000 Etonomie futon and low yidd ol GfCf rally •uit.bl. but lortrior quality Umil. uaa in bido Irriotlon DomeaUe etock MunJcioal Minor Scutani IDnor Mine. &^ F*U IU.« V.irey A|.t™i. Qal Pbutowna asd ItHUt Ulia aod allu'-ud dfimiU. nialb UkD depoi'U. O.JKI+- Oewially aiBiiDd oafiiM Dllb<>» inta p«n<«bl. volcanic flow^ IleJdlimBMin (W B«nl alluviuo.; P1bjU«i» Red .. Thfoudxput altera pM- uon. jcooally br infil- ralini "^rtioo. mt S^nifieant Minor .,. —■>••-' ' W R«OI.UuHUBL ^■^ "r =??:?£?.. »i Hirt- Inflow and ooUtow aJoiU Spaiuab CfMll, FoUow, nrf>« v-all-y outlet. No ImporUnl ara. DWR-M '■ESSr"" « " wo =M .... lOloSlO 60.000 -"■Z.-"^"-'- Stock AUothen Minor ^ S-ll UaUrt ViUct »U,«,.fluvttl ■rfKMOta. Nodal.. 8ou(heMlaidoI»al[iT La*. I>«uJJ.po«U Toward MjddJfFo-l. FalbEl River, * DWB'M Scanl daU aradabla. 22 100 Iniuflt sIlDt (nJof ""'" Slock .Mloor ky- Cr«k. ™110. outlet ■•tlDiaUOD. fr-ll Moh»-ii v.u. PoKblo inOow rroiB unic. Pn>b.My DO ouWow. ^b^ly ly, UiuiU UK in ma- Si^iT ° Siiniir,™al 8l(n,ll«al SmiGcant Somo hiih boran iralw. 1ll(li BuonMe aiuj/of ■UTO to boi nil watm «th BcoU Click. iB- NortLwBlwud tOHird lawn eod olvtUny. NoksDwobuTiucnnL All si vallty ctucpl Kulhctn pari ol vall^. SWRB BuUoUo No. 11. 'U Bummer I-lo-ai G.OOO 1,S00 TUbl -dio^Dla. C™mlly •u.ubii lor all na- Itematu Stoek Other* Minor No Mom wdb iD pr«»r, w. flow .1 laut put t-T«JOaDdlOOI«l. ■ ,>-.illoV»ll»T " d l»k» di—ita. 0.T6* o-(oa± KclvudAd»l»Cnek<. MwUy Modo- cificul iuBaw; ClxuUke. Ntt known bamct eOtel, NortbotTIJ-UN Una Local pn»- SWRB BuUoIio No, 11. 'M Good uvenn ol adcQusU dala. 100 +- BbaUow Ho».n« 1.S50 ISO fiTlll) -(12) lOtolOD ios,ooo 00,000 quality lake water and poeablf troffl (ifnanlly euilable eicepl (o> Doomtlo SlDok iDdiutnal IntoD.i« urraii. m aouU. nl]*y in TtrUary. TanUrT^ tU) Weal da.»lopn,„i ,» .hallow Uppu PI— tocaeaDdII<«Dldo|»«ti. -,. llijtValkT J.1 Q>l Cpp=rPl«t««.«,dII««.l»U"'-iiJ r W, No.pp™d»bU.in- Probobly noariy >J1 Nn known bamrt nOool.. PoBilily coDnnod upptr rmo-sralndd dupuvla. U,8.G,a W9P 1207. 'M eonaidmbln •— ^1 8 a. 6 Oo^^y 10 to 100 0,000 000 Tiiihi MdHnooIa. Domatio Stock Minor Two auRoHful deep Irrioliun wcU. rcpnrUd drlUfd aintw igso. r-iT B«™ V»ll^ ID Q.1 B«.nlcl*K«le».«l«.">dflmdr1.l'i d Crock; ODlflnw 10 Ukt. Pnbably •oulliwMI poadMs lauli aan~ valloy ■teadlDf to aorUiwol- Probably aooie iD o.Jy. u.a.o.e. WBP iao7,BH(«,w 6omn.B 1051 IB 1 sso ' 10 to (JO 1.000 1.100 Fcaible boroD da- ■radatioD f«m aeu lake. lUbl Bith bomn WBlor (rotn laki Domalie Stock BiniGcanl Sllooi No pUin. thuul. nDuvLil tu ud U* j.lljC«l»form.Uo«. Alon« r«lah r™k. m»r- Diul lUgvul luu. a&d us. .dlHUI lO CHb* aitcro rttUv bgnl«. ModirmU. PwibI* inllow from ud bBBli .k>u POKibli (adR«cnl>Ul>] 0-330 Loir. HDU tittUmt. ProbiUy in (cnnni diTMUOD of «ur- lui dninwe. Ccdlayomi (aull a i^miMe buTier in wotl i«rt of nwUi valley edit. ApirtKDily noM. D.a.n.B. wsp INT. 'fiS. Biiw daU. 13.0 OS i,a» 190 * loioioo w.ooo 7,000 TiEbl wdiment.. aone u>al.l. •Iniw Wuw 100 fe»L 3wn°.alo V.^^ 6,0UO '^ar.dUJiMd.I-.il". ° TQ TMliMy and Lower Plsulunuir d> p.bly ' luwardi nllDy HDlcr. ILiD wbI- * tr aca whp 338 -IS Bum dala avadabla. ■ Mu-Int ■ ■ ■ ■ Uenarally aulubla l« iiriia- U«B but auaUly limit, u-no Irrlallnn 8k^ Mianr Mionr MlDDI SlrouB dutnooo (n.Jn «um at water, Snma itUliMUoo iuad* of bat and wum .priapk fr^ Griuly ViUiy la 041 Rsnol wd oljn lUuTiuui uid ULc FnUbly to Bil Oriuly Cfotk •urfain aaMvaid to nllDy ImuBdcnl biJorma- Beant dau availibln. luulSel.ul iBfomiatlon. Slock Eioiiled daoi_tie uh (rom .prino. M Swri-ViU^ a« q>l Upmr I>IdiU«Q,«x. 900 " ao 2010 MO a. 080.000 iBTMlof quallly liinJta UM In JrrlcaUan DomsUe Slock MlDor Slanifleaal BIcoifioiDl Nuneroua hoi well. Id eulcm portloa of baaln. " MidoliM FUiM Boxin !i& ClMO-f R»l Rock Cr«k .ro. «r. wuadlo, .nlnudc (Ion ■lUJiUuvUKutafBilW ud Vu U>n Cl«k Low. -i^— " loiulGclcal dau. DWR WQ M Buramof tM * no §0 ' 30toS30 1,709,000 lufrn-. quallly linut. u- in DDi'.e M«or WeU loo .bow 0,11(1, clay and tara. Inlomal dreiioao. M WUJo-CiKk '• o-ii-k Low. Inflow trwm E^do L>ke. OuUlo- po— Uylirwud Hooey I^t. ToBorlhaldfoI baaln, • "7^'""""'™" DWR.« 7. Burlau UokDown 30 to 110 »1.§00 CeDenlly .uiublo lor ^U n* OOD-Iia Minor C-l llwrUUBuii. IM Qil Pli^iKmis lod Rnuil (lluiid uid lAkeodiNDU. (woo■^ F™ cI Sim. Nn.d>. Stt- ud Pom VaUgy Cntk*. Low. PoMibloilkaowftOII. Willow Crnk. Toward. llQ»y nQBiy 1^« (aull. w™w. DWR'M Bummw IBM 2QJ FloKloi a.ioa LIST ' X la 2X1 6,000,000 Intoriot quiily lioll. u>e In •oioaanai. AUiwa Ofnineant Inl«oal drauiM.. c NATURAL KESOrnc'ES (>:} Water Quality The water (|iiality dhjectives of this invest i^intioii iiielude detenniiiatiou of the mineral eharaeteristics of the .surface and ground waters and a survey of water quality problems. An evaluation has been made of the usability of the surface and prouiid water su])- plies for existiiifi' and potential beneficial uses, in- eludinu- domestic and municipal, irrif^atioii, fisli and aquatic life, industrial and recreation. Water Quality Criteria. Water (piality criteria ]ireseiited in the foUowinp' sections are those presently used by the Department of Water Resources. They should not be considered absolute limits; and waters exceeding these values shoitld not be completely eli- minated from consideration as sources of supply. However, where these criteria cannot be met, it may be advisable to explore the possibility of obtainini;' waters of better quality. Domestic and Municipal Supplies. The United States Public Health Service has published recom- mendations for quality of drinking water which have been adopted by the State of California. Table 2() o-ives the limitini;- concentrations of mineral con- stituents. TABLE 26 UNITED STATES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE DRINKING WATER STANDARDS, 1946 Mineral constituent Concentration, in parts per million Mandatory limits: Lead (Ph) ._ 1 I'Uloride (F) _. . _._ 1.5 Arsenic {.\s) 05 0.05 0.05 Nonmandatory, but recommended, limits : Copper (Cu) 3 Iron (Fe) and Manganese (Mn) together 0.3 Magnesium (Mg) 125 Zinc (Zn) _ Chloride (01) 2.50 Sulfate (SO.) 250 0.001 500 permitted 1.000 Altlioii^ili hardness of water is not included in the aI)o\e driiikint; water standards, it is of importance in domestic and iniliislrial uses. Excessive hardness in water used for (lomestic purposes causes increased consum])tion of soap and formation of scale in pipes and fixtures. The following tabiilalion for degrees of hardness has been suggested by the United States ( Jeoh.igical Survey : Ixiiiifff ttf Imrilnftts ('hiti.-< ill funis pir iiiillioii 1 ."..") Sell 2 .'>(i-100 Sli-htlv liMi-il :'. tOM'lHI .Mn(l,.nilcl.v Imnl 4 201-.")0() Vciy li;ii-il Class 1 and 2 waters generallv reipiire no softening, while those of class 8 and 4 ordinaril.v re(iuire soften- ing to some degree, depending on its use. A water ex- ceeding 500 parts per million hardness would prob- abl.v require softening bv methods other than the conventional means. Irrigation Supplies. Siiitabilit.v of water for ir- rigation is evaluated bv criteria suggested by Dr. L, D. Doiieen of the I'niversit.v of California at Davis. The principal factors considered in this classification include: (1) total dissolved mineral solids; (2) chloride concentratioii ; (3) percentage of sodium, and (4) boron concentration. Irrigation waters are divided into the following groups: Class I. Excellent to good, or suitable under most conditions Class IL Good to in.iurious, or harmful to some plants under certain conditions Cla.ss III. In.iurious to unsatisfactoi'.\-, or harmful to most plants under most conditions These limits are presented in Table 27. Class I irrigation water is usually suitable for all types of crops. Class II irrigation water is of doubt- ful suitability, under certain conditions, for low salt- tolerant crop plants, including citrus and deciduous fruit, certain vegetables, and most clover grasses. Class III water is ordinaril.v unsatisfactorv for any except the more tolerant plants such as cotton, beets, and salt-tolerant forage grasses. TABLE 27 QUALITATIVE CLASSIFICATION OF IRRIGATION V^ATERS Class I Class II Class III Chemical properties Excellent to good Good to injurious Injurious to unsatisfactory Total dissolved solids: In parts per million Less tlian 700 Less than 1.000 Less than 17o Less than 130 Less than 0.5 700-2.000 1.000-3.000 175- 350 no- 75 0.5- 2.0 .Mure than 2.000 More than 3.000 Chloride in parts per million . _ _ More than 350 64 XORTIIEASTERX COrXTIES iXVESTIGATlOX Tlie applicatidii of these criteria tu sjiecific eoiuli- tioiis is subject to several iiinitations. In many in- stances a water may be wholly unsuitable for irrijia- tion under certain conditions of use. and yet be com- pletely satisfactory under other circumstances. Soil permeability, temperature, humidit.v, rainfall, and other eontributini;' conditions, must also be considered in addition to ((uality classification. Industrial Supplies. The rcMpiirements for quidity of water used for industrial pui-poses are many antl diverse, dependinj;' on the type of industry and the \ise to which it is ajijdied. Requirements for food-processiny- plants, in general, conform to the United States Public Health Service's drinking water standards set forth in Table 26. Cool- inj;- waters used in many industrial processes ordi- narily are the least exactiufi' as to quality require- ments. Table 28 provides water quality values for various industrial uses as suggested by the Committee on Quality Tolerance for Industrial Uses. These require- ments should serve only as a guide to a selection of the best or most economical source of water supply for a particular industry. I'n.scrration aud I'rotcctiou of Fish and Aquatic Life. Studies by various state and federal agencies have definitely ascertained that water u.sed for fish and a(|uatic life propagation should be free of exces- siv<' turbidity or toxic or harmful concentrations of minei-al and organic substances. The following water ((uality criteria are recommended by the State De- partment of Fish and (iame: U I)iss(dved oxygen content not less than 85 per cent saturation. 2. Hydrogen-ion concentration (pH) ranging be- tween 7.0 and 8.5. 8. Conductivit.v between 150 aiul 500 microndios at 25^ C, and in general not exceeding 1,000 micromhos. Other factors that ci'cate serious i)roblems to the existence of fish antl a(|uatic life are listetl as follows: 1. Mineral salts of high toxicity to fish are those of silver, mercury, coppei-, lead, zinc, catlmiiun, alu- minum, nickle, trivalent and hexavalent chromium. TABLE 28 WATER QUALITY TOLERANCE FOR INDUSTRIAL USES => ALLOWABLE LIMITS IN PARTS PER MILLION Tur- bidity Color Hard- ness as CaCOj Iron<^ as Fe Man- ganese as Mn Total solids Alkalinity as CaCO.i Odor taste Hydro- gen sulfide Miscellaneous requirements Health Other 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.02 1.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.05 0.0 0.2 0.25 0.25 1.0 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.02 0.5 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.0 0.2 0.25 0.25 1.0 0.2 Low- Low Low Low- Low Low Low- Low- 1 0.2 0.2 0.2 1 1 0.2 0.2 5 Baking Brewing: 10 10 10 10 10 10 Potable >• Potable >• Potable 1- Potable'' Potable »■ Potable !> Potable t> tion. 500 1.000 75 150 NaCl less than 275 ppm (pH 0.5-7.0). NaCl less than 275 ppm (pH 25-72 Canning: Legumes 7.0 or more). Carbonated beverages. Confectionery 10 250 850 100 50-100 Organic color plus oxygen con- sumed less than 10 ppm. 50 10 5 5 50 50 50 180 100 100 50 8 55 50-135 Low Low Potable !• Potable'' tion. Ice SiO" less than 10 ppm. Plastics, clear, 2 50 25 15 .5 5 0.3 20 5 5 20 15 10 5 5 10-100 20 5-20 70 5 200 Paper and pulp: 300 200 200 100 High-grade Rayon (viscose); Pulp production total 50; hydroxide 8 Al'Oa less than 8 ppm, SiO- less than 25 ppm. Cu less than 5 ppm. pH 7.8 to 8.3. total 135; hydroxide 8 Textiles: General ..- Dyeing 200 Constant composition. Residual Wool scouring _ alumina less tluin 0.5 ppm. 5 Low .Monre. E. W., Progress Report of the Committee tin Qu;i!ity Tolenini-es of W;iter foi' Indusltiiil Vses: Jouninl, New Engbnid Water Works Assoriation. Volume .')4. pnce 271. 1940. '■ Potahle water, conforms to U.S.P.H.S. st.irnliiids. '■ Limit given applies to both iinii alime ami tin- ^iim nt irnii ami maiit;anese. NATURAL KESOFRCES ().> till, ii-oii. fi'old. (.'('i-iniii, iilatiiiuin, flKiriiiiii. and palla- dium. 2. Many determents and auriodtui'al poisons and insecticides which are toxic to tisldifc arc hein<>- used in increasing;- ((iiantitics. '■]. Normal ran^i' of water tcmjieratui-e for cold- water fish lies between ^2" and 70° F, with an extreme inaxiimun oi Sl° F. For warm-water species, a tem- ]ierature ranjre from 32° to 86° F and a high of 91° F is generally considered acceptable. 4. "Waters eontainin O u z Oi. LU (— to < O z z X < UJ U < 3 CO >- _J < Z < < LU Z 5 1 s a. CO ■3 CM As z S ooocso ooo=>oocooo 3a e2S Per cent sodi- um Totals dis- solved solids in ppm S CO -^ CD OS o= J3 OS CM CC OO 00 CO CM d -J s «*£« s «= o d s d o d d d s d s d d d d 2 d 2 d 4 oj ~ d d d -: CO d 1^^ d d d o d d z 2g d d d O CO d -p d -H d oi O CO d d o o d — 2 "? g o. d -^ 2 - d d S o o d 2 -^ o o £ m j S OS o did d 2 d gis 00 d -^ i ^ d — CO S o 2 -!• d d 2 -^ d -t- CO d d "3 d " CO — d "" d d -^ 2 >^ o d CO d 1 is iM oo O CO o — CO o — d d = C^ CO d - g s So CO d "" S5 o d "^^ S o d ^ 3? o d ~ CM OS d " « CO d d O O CM d CM O 4 , - 3 d '^ d S = 1 _ O 1 CO (M g oo CO S S 2 £ 2 , OS OS g 2 3 3 - 2 ., 2 ajii o S o d 1 = ° 2 d -- £ g g o CO CO CJ S o d S o d S o d g = d i ° 8 o d 2 = d 2 => d i ^jls 05 d d o 2 2 ^ » d d d d d d d ci d '^ d r: — 00 d -r CM 2 - d CM d Pi CD CO CD d -* 5i 1 § 03 oo CO oo CO (D »0 d "■ d "^ 00 d ^ it CO d '^ d " '"■ CM ^ s •2 2 ^ d CD d "" d " 2 „ d CO ?o c^ d ™ d 5 QO S 2 d d t-i d d d d ;: CO d t>; d oo CM d d d d g _ d d U3 CM l» d r^ CO d 3|b d o CO Ol d d CO oo d " OS CO d "" °. 2 d d o d d S CO d ~ CD CM CO (M <6 '^ S ~ g CO d "" g „ d ■" oo «D d g 2 d " g _ d " d "" d c — . — — Oift — ro-MOC. -TOO — -T-acr- t^ r-I d d d 1- r- t- r- t~ i^ d r-^ d t-^ Spe- cific con- ductr ance (mi- cro- mhos at 25T.) gS§|2 SS^glggggg CC lO O M T— -r OC' :o c ~ CI c-1 115 CO lO lO lO I- --= -r -— -o Dis- charge in sec- ond- feet g^ '^ CM'-oScOiOX — ^1-- n 111 Hi ro trx 5^,^ ^cy ^c ^z ?^5 c^ ^« ^^ ^= ^S ^^ zS ^^ ^^ z2 zl zJ? z= z2 ^:; ' S 1 z = 2 i a c o S o ; IM 3 1 1 1 4, c i 1 i ■] 3 S , J - 1 1 J ■ i s t c 'c C E i t2 : ; i ^ 1 1 1 1 1 ! ? 3 11 i 1 1 1 1 1 £ 5 NATURAL RESOURCES G7 z o u z J to < o z < > - m U < u- tn ID to O CO LU «o >- — I < Z < -J < Ol Z 1 a: If $1 Tr, a. OOO-r — — o OOOOOOOOO II "S°"° = " siSgjiiSii Per cent sodi- um 2S = ?;"2" 2S2S-Sg"sg Totals dis- solved solids in ppm — — — — — pomwSm-? lit 16 s 2 lO S s O s oo s g 1 1 .1 1 s > 1! ^se S o o o d d d o o o d O d CO d 2 d d o d d o d 4 o„ o O d d o o o d d IM d d CO d CO d 9 == d © ■-|o I to d d O -V d d O -»• O CO d d d d d d d d d d O oo d d d — d « 3 ^ d d d d g « d d d d o d iig o d — ■ d d d -^ s « d -r — o d d S o d c^i o o d d ^ 00 d d 5 ^ CO to d "^ eo r- 00 d -^ d " 00 1 00 .1 i ii ill o 3 ^ d " « o d d d d o o d d CO d M d oi O «3 d CO d •« d od d '^ C4 00 d 1^ ^^ e-s d d d "^ O j o liMi «5 ^ K ° s 0:> 2 " 2 g 2 " 5 2 2 S 2 «. S JO d S 00 e^ d g 3 i d 5i€ o S o d g o § o d d g o d d g o d g o d g o d g O g o d 8 o d 8 = d '^ d g o d 8 o d g d ■a < ■s is .a i 5 i Klamath River Scott River east of Hamburg 1 c c 6 1 & 3 'o c 5 « 1 « is n 1 1 J 1 1 o > I J 'o -C ■E 2 E _> 1 Eddy Creek south of U.S. Highway 99 Carrick Creek at Edgewood-Big Springs Koad 68 NORTHEASTERN COT'NTIES IXVESTI(i.\TT()X UJ I— Z z> O u z UJ I— to < Z X Of UJ I— < UJ U < U- :3 to U- o to UJ CO > < Z < < a: UJ Z 1 1 ^1 n -r cn ^^ in •^ OI c-i in t— tn i— "~ "" re Total'' dis- solved solids in PPni 138 199 267 318 71 95 210 309 148 1,100 1,190 100 142 89 195 oS.f .13 as CO M CO CO CO - - "" 2 0; d S3 CM 2 CM g a 1 a 1 c 1 '5 9 ^ig d g d d CO d CD CO g d s d g d CD d a d d q d d ° == d q d =>' d ••=■1° S ec 00 0000 t- q q d d CJ d d d cj t- -- CO 00 d d -*■ d — *o d d -9| d d WS d d q 00 d — CO oj to 10 t-^ 04 oj cj ° 9 W3 S N d d d — CO q M d -^ CO q q d w CO q tn d M 2 00 • QO oc eg ^ d «3 d ^ CO w d -J^ CO d 1 is ill OS n QO 2 - QO ° '=1 0' CO = «; ° g 000 d d — CO d d q ^ d ""* CO ^ 12 s co-ooio;co-f — - o. 1 S k s c 1 a is S d d o d o d § d g d o d ^ d d o d d d d oo o d g d d d o d d d o d o o d o o d o d d o d d o d CM d o d ■-■1° o d oi o o d d d o O 1^ o o d ^ g „ d d O CM d d g c d d o d d o O CO d d d d 8 CM o d 8 CM d d d d g c^. d d g d 1^5 d d ■'1' d d o ua d TO o ^ d d o o d 00 CM w d -^ o »« d d d ^ d d S oo d ■-• d d o o d — d -: d d 8 d c C! o eo d d — 00 d d d d — to d — d d d d d d d CM O lO d d d c^ O r^ d -4 o r^ d CM o w o - d li^si CO CO ^ 2 ^ s ^ s O «3 o> oo to CM (N ^ = cm' S oo d " OS M d *^ CO oo d " d " So?; d "^ d ai€ o 1 = ! = 1 = o 2 ° O 1 = d = fo i = 1 = 1 = ! = i = 1° ! = g d ^i|g d d d d d d d O CO 3 =^ d — ' d -i o t^ d -^ O eo d d d -4 d d o to d d O CO d d d d g ^ g ^ d d d d o d Pi o O OS d -I-' (M CM d ^ d '^ d d o> d GO ir oo d oo -r o d '~ d X Spe- cinc con- duct- ance (mi- cro- mhos at 25X\) D. . Dis- charge in sec- ond- feet «= — O* 3 a s i t: 1 ! 5 J C 3 s s i 1 i "3 1 ■ 1 1^ s ElI ■s 1 1 g 70 NORTHEASTERN COUNT FES INVESTIGATION z o u z Oi. \u \— to < UJ -^ u < lO u. O v> LU to >- < Z < —J < UJ Z 1 1 2o d a OOQCCOO ooc^o ooweo Sa Per cent sodi- um cjicunoioro HOC — c^ oo — -ri^ Total h dis- solved solids in ppm 353 .tgS gSsg SSgg JgS o ".J 16 Sffi = :: s 2 CO - 2 = - = -*• oo »c OJ 1 ■=1 g a 1 B > lis s oo -t- o o o o o d s d o d d o d d g d s d d d CO o d IIS o o o d o d d o d ' ' d d : •-•so o 8 -^ o o o m d c^ o o d d d d d d d d °. ° 8 = o o ° ° d d d d o d d o d d o o o d d g d o o oo d d o o d -^ S o d -^ d d o o d eo oo o oo d -^ d cm" O CM d -^ ° oo d d O CM d d oo — oc d i^ ^ OD d '^ d 1 1 -3 S c i III lO S o O CO d "^ d CO S o d 'i^ ° - d -^^ d -»^ d ws d ^ o ^ d lo ^ oo d — o o O CM d d CO d oo' 00 d Ig-gsg -*• d OS d S3 CO oo CD ^ M |. ^ § 3 ^ o d oo ■*r CO CO cm' 3i^i o 1 = i° 5 ° g d ° i = 1 = 1 = ° = o ! = g d ° 1° o 5 = g d .sj^is o -^ d d d d O CO d d d d d d g c, d — d U5 d CO d «« d d d d o o d lO d ei PI 2 o o d cvi d -i- 2 ^ d ^ S 2 % o d "^ d 00 d " d " »0 kO d " " 2 d "* °. 3 d "^ ° CO d Tt^ CO d '^ o CD — d d CO g c t~ i~ 00 t^ t- r- oc cc CO 00 t^ oo oo oo cific con- duct- ance {mi- cro- mhos at 25°C.) tj-eom >-ru3 mcosous lo^o^oio Dis- charge in sec- ond- feet o-M-oooco ooo;-i-oo o.o-fo .3 3i 3=s zg z^ zS? z2 zS z2 zS zSS z2 z|§ §S « OT UI .^ i 1 ilj 5? -1 1 si 1 s "S 1 S ICO ST o = 11 z i i5 u CO g ■-s 1 1 a 1 c 1 3 s s i: j -J. = > ] s 1 s 4 1 1 % g E ■c 1 * = c 6 % a 1 c * s c o E 1 Z X 1 * 1- 1 ; a % a ^ i 1 s 1 1 S; 'c: •$ 1 £ 1 NATURAL RESOURCES 71 s 1 SS3 ^1 ^— o-^ =o o oooco II -J ^o «J t- trs lO C» — M 00 O «S OTi c"3-r oi- o »oJ-;iooi« Per cent sodi- um 3:2^ 2— 2Z So C:2^?^S Total ^> dis- solved solids in ppm to-r ooift ooi CO cgwaeooioc e050 iOCO OiOl to C>t^Mt^»-- 1 J o a o S o" 3 o S o s II o. II a. II a. II c MO. - 1 CO 1 -r " i •0 OS (O '3 iis o o 0' 3 0* d 0* (M d d CO d d 8 d ^^c £■=- ! 0' -■ ° d d d d d o o 1 C i ^ u 1 i - ~ i £■ 1 1 " £ 1 I 1 : g - CA ; h i i i un ■ ^ i : ; t£Ml i = 1 ; = lili £;S 1 -^ ^ i 3 c 20,.° =»iij s > s -e - lljii S:al si s 1 1 « J3 a < '■S •< ST 1 5 ^ a < a NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTTf4ATT0N i/> O u z (/I < Of O z TJ 7" 3 T 1— o u ^ 1 fV CN UJ UJ < CO < ^ ^ UJ U < u. on 3 lO to OJ lo >- I < Z < < on UJ Z 03 1 Si ■A =«= Z a. OOOO OOO =0= OO -TO 58 (M-^O— OOOCD — X-r CC^D EJ** Per cent sodi- um Total" dis- solved solids in ppm 2||gg?S g22f;S :; iij s g QO CO ^ 2 S s 1? eg CO ! a o 1 c 1 .2 1 1 'a ^is g o ^ § d d d d 8 g d d d d g d g d g d fa-- d d d d d (M d d d d d = 1 d d eg d -i CO d •-' d d d d C*) d d g ^ d (O d CO d d eg d d is 1 • : Is5 o ui — 10 d CO 2 d I- d to 2 „ d -^ 00 d d d d ca d d S c^ CO d CO — OS d d d d d d d g ill 00 g 00 d oJ g « d CO eo d oi d -*: 8 « d d d d ro d d d -r d eg' d cJ d -^ CO ■ d 1 OS S ° S ^ " 3 « S d 2 s ^ 5 QO "^ 5 1== S ;. =0 d ^ to CO d ai^s o 5 ° io g i d d ° 1 = g ; d c c 5 ° g d g g d g d ^i|g eg eo d oi M d CO d -r 2 0, d -M 00 d d S d - S 00 d — ' d ei OS d d d — d d = -: d d g d PI ~ wi 00 d CO r- CO g , r-.' d d 1 a £ J I Q U E f : >% 1 5 s 1 1 -0 - J -a .£; J i = s t = = « i -s -s 1 E £ « a i go t. 3 NATTTKAL RESOUKCES 73 z o u 10 < O lU X Z X UJ I— < LU u < LI. Q£ =3 CO Ll_ o to LU to >- < Z < < UJ Z 1 § n .^OOOO QOOM •-hOOOOOO 3a Per cent sodi- um .ficie^ikot^ to^^^^ -T-io«Csac»OM Total'' dis- solved solids in ppm 1 ; I-j-oo cnOM5 Moofoci-foa ■ u h & i. Is. g: i 111 ll| iuh 1 56 1 r QO S s S3 M :: CO S s S CO 1 s a S 1 .5 S c S 1 ^is § o o O d d g d O d g d d 8 O o d o d CO O d d d ; ^ o o -^ d d o o d d d d o d o d o d d o d o d o d m ; ; ; d d d g c. d — g o o — d M d d 8 ., d d o o d d g ^ d d S o d d g ^ d d d d 8 d m „ g o o o o 8 o d CI d M d oo S o d -r ^ o d r- S o d '^ d c« 8 S d d — d d d d oo o m d 00 d d s d C 1 S .5 : ^ in i - 2 g O ^ d — 00 - < Z < < Of UJ to 1 e a: ■D CO rt is ^1. z S 0>r^ O OOOOOOOOCflOO '• H a MOO to OOJI^ — — -r00S0«C-5O ' ^ S g = tor- — — »otOiototo«sco3o— .ooira Total '■ dis- solved solids in ppm s| 1 SSSSSESiiii; w - 2 U5 o. "^ b * ^ »o csj s s ? S ■ 1 a a 'i D. J2 e 1 ^i» o CO b to o b U3 b O b ^ So b 3 CO b " "^ «3 b " lie o b b b o b b o b b C3 b b b - ' b , b b ■-•1° b b b b b o b g „ b o o o g , b b o t-. b CO S =0 b b o -- S w b b b b « 1 5 CO b b 1 b b 5 01 b b d E- m o ° <= == =^ b b b r-^ b b b t^ CM W3 b 1-^ b t^ CM -r b *" 2^- W5 _» CM "^ : s « CM 1 o is CO .2m ec O b b oo b "" CO b '^ CO CM b " b " CO b ""* CM CO b ~" d ec 00 0. . b H (0J3 "~0 S « C^J «> (M ° g Oi CO — U3 * S o o o CO — C-) CI S s s 10 CO OS -r b ai€ o b g b g b b g o ° g o b g o b g o b g o o g « b d 1 = ^ - 5^ CO c* ■^i|@ OS b O OS b b o o b '-^ b --^ b d U3 b CN> CD b (N b c^ § CO b cj b o — oo b 00 b b oo ■^ CO b lO CO b "" b 2 = b 01 f 3 oc g r^ b — b "^ Oi O CD Ol b "" eo 2 ^ " 00 ^ oo 2 ° 2 s S CO ac -f t-- 2 » 2 CO oo 3|o ft CO B s oo -r ! s c^ oo -t< lO S o ? " - ;] s ;] s I5 2 CO — d '^ ! s t^ p. -TO — OOCMd — OOOlOCJt-I-lO 1 i~ oti 00 t-I oo oc QC CO r-1 t^ cc r-l cc" 00 ■ Spe- cific con- ducts ance (mi- cro- mhos at 25°C.) -r (TO , . CO t-- to r- a= CD t- iz; -^ -O • Dis- charge in sec- ond- J^ ^ 1 C ^ 1 1 1 t t C 1 - ?t '^ Hi ■3=s i ^ -^ca ^^ i ^ & ^ P^.-x ii^ ^^ 1 liJ g Z c Si -s \ 1 > % \ 3 > i 3 5 1 i i c 8 \ 3 \ 1 \ d 3 s 1 s z 3 > . ; s: : ^ 1 1; 1 1 ^^ 1 33 a; :a XATTTRAL RESOTTRCES 75 '^ P 1 is Z a I '- '£ O O O C =5 -jTj O O 1- O «0 3 a e2& -rc^ (OiM '5 pa S£ C^ o CO OS o d 3 d CO d O d 00 o d 2 d d d o o o o o o o o d o d d o d o d o d o d o d Z EZ CO o o o o — O CO o us o o d d o o d d § -. § o d d d d d d d d d d 8 - d d d 00 □0 o CO ui 5 ° o -^ o « d w d "^ d M S M § o d d — ' d 00 d -^ d eo' 2 2 d "" d 1 i ■3|o s O CO (O oo 3 c, o eo d »o o d — O QO d -ri- o --. 00 d 00 CO — d lO d d 2 2 d '^ n o d 00 d '^ d 00 -H -* CO Oi o O lO 00 ^ o d cj CO d oJ CO ^ at O d ; r* GO t^ I- t~ t^' CO t^ r-.* i~ rJ ac r-' Spe- cific con- duct- ance (mi- cro- mhos at 25°C.) .3,780 273 1,460 126 133 108 Ul 84.6 345 84.6 166 106 102 200 Temp, in to 1 -r -f 1 1 1 , , . , Dis- charge in sec- ond- feet o Date sampled 7/ 7/39 4/ 9/52 4/ U/52 2/ 4/55 1/28/55 2/19/52 10/30/62 2/19/52 10/30/52 2/19/62 10/30/52 1/23/52 2/15/52 10/30/52 14N/5W- 27M1S 11N/6W- I2N/6W- 16KIS 28N/3W-22 29N/2W- 6E1.S 33N/1W- 6KIS 34N/2W- 36R1S 33N/2W- 16N1S 32N/3W- 31N/3W- 5Q1S c 1 CENTRAL VALLEY DRAINAGE BASIN— Continued Cache Creek— Continued Rp»r Crnrk helow Wilhnr KriHue a. i 2 1 c c 1 ^ i f ^ CD 1 c B c c c e i o: Hatchery North Cow Creek east of Inffnt 1 1 ' 1 1 CC 'c 1 I 1 1 c 'c Be o 5', 76 XORTHEASTERX COUNTIES INVESTIGATION z o u z CO < a: O Z Z X I lU ^ ^ u < u. u. O in ui I/) >-• < Z < Z J 2 pi 1 i of'*, If = 3 ueI = = = = = = =- = = = = = = = z S 1 3e ci-— -r^-^'O «si~-. r;-^iar- ?cr^?4 -si 5 p as c« i o O s s ^ m e 1 1 1 .1 1 1 s g 1 iis o o = =1 nl S o o I o 1 o d S i § d 1 d o d 3 o_ 1 O 1 o 1 - 1 o d 1 d ' d d d o o o o o 1 o 1 o ; o ^ — o_ 1 — o c^_ r» o o o 1 o' 1 O 1 O O ' o 1 o 1 O j o" 1 o o" 1 o' 1 o o C5 8 « o" o' O O O M d d o o' o o d d o 1 - o « i =; M d d j d d gels =,o..|g2 = — = o d =" d d ::i , d d d d s -1° d o = ^"E:" _* ■ o — ' = — o M j o" — g = ! z «. ' = a =. « d»o'd d|o'"o d o o d d = ■=. -. 2 o o o " 00 d d S O* TO c o d "" d d ] d Mineral conslituon ill c* ' o w o =^ 1 --. ■==. — 1 O O O oo O ■9 d'"id'^d'^d sJd"'— r-^d pll 7.2 7.6 7.0 7.0 K.ll 7.K 7.0 7.7 7.1 7.1 7.11 7.;i 7.2 O.K 0.7 i^i-ibiii-5 1 ^. - i = 3 = g S =. S 3 H - = & — .1 O^QCoc — r]— c^^c =■-= 1 Q|-=Sg£ , - - - r- - . "5 ^ in ss i- i i i^ i 1 12 ^S z2 ^ z ^ ^g ^ ^ SS g 111 s z SI . > c 2 UI ® - o 9 : m j 3 ^ > 3 - 5 3 i 1 - 1 s -i -= at 1 5 i : ^ - — o ^ I ^ ' a 3 O s Is J5 s i 1 oc — S = a .:£ ■^ i: 1 \ 1 ~ i 11 -| 5 — XATUKAL KESOURCES 77 u I Z o u z at in < o z lU I z , Of ui I— < lu < IL. r> lO O lU >■ < Z < -J < iij Z 5 1 1 21 21 o = = = = ■= = = = = os=» = II ?3P:¥ = ^ r|| = 5 ^ SeSS t?:^E s s s s; r, £ ?. s r. £ s s » - 3ili-£ S i S £ .- 5 K H '» S g . U ? Iij •e CI d 5 n S «3 ' 1 1 xi- ' *=> 1 1 Ol = OI J E 9 .1 =: S 1 .1 s lie 1 d d d 1 g d 3 d d d d s d ■^ Oi d d s d = 1 = = 1 =■ o d 1 1 C ( — = cc d ] d d 1 d o d d d d d d ^JL-gO 1 M 1 O •C O « '^ is^ j = ' o" o o o 5 -T d d S o j S — = »(5 5 — d d d d = r i = - = -^ d d d = =. d d gig d d a 'O ci d — ' d -^ I d d d did oi s ■© — — I "" •" d d 1 d did -r d "" 1 =s o o o d S o ■= 1 »iS30 1 d 1 o oi ! o w j o — ' ] o — d — d — 15 O «5 s; - It d « ] d .- 2 d t«- O M d to d 51 S O 2 oc is » ao Ot ^i oi " i^ M aiii i = i = i = i -1 o !• = i = s = d g o ig = |S i' o o d g o d s. ^ilg j 5'i 5 i : i S i 5 O W I O TO d -lo- d oi = -. =. -^ d — 1 d d d d [ d d d d O f d -^ d 111 :^ i : !■ :i2 :s 1 "Ii 5 2 3 O 1 re 1 -^ ci i « d d d .-■ d did 1 > 78 NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION z 13 o u z LU I— to < Of O z z X < u < o to to >- < z < z ^•1 0.M PhSJ CO* is" 11 — COO OCOC^-MUSO-fOO ^ 3 6 Per cent sodi- um Totalb dis- solved solids in ppm :;|S 3SS£Rn:gSSS^ | lij So S :: -T- -r to iM CM a s CM «o CD 15 CM a 1 J > '3 cr m SS o O o o o g o ° d d CD d CO d o CM d d o d CO d CM O d g d cs o o o CD o o d d o d o d d CM d d d o o o g = d o g c^ d d o d 5 o o « d d o d d O «3 d d O 00 d d o — 8 « d d o — d — d d O -f d d O d m o O U3 O -1^ 2 o ] g = O O O CO 00 O 00 d -■ d CO d (N d -^ d oc W CO d TT d QC CM 00 d CM d CO d ~ d 1 g %%% Ol CO o « o to O lO s = O eo g „ d OO d CO O 00 O U5 d d OS d d d d CO d i-^ 2 OO d d d --r g - d d CO ^ 5 ^ s ^ £ o CO g « eo g » so g » Oi 00 d " d " CO 5 s QC d " 5 != 2 g u5 ea — 2 CM CO 51^1 o g = o g o o o o o g o o g o d g o d g o d o o o d o o o d o o o d O o o d o o o d =. d g d -*i|S GO o O CO o" o o o o ^ C CO d ^ CO o ^ d -^ O CO d ^ O CO o so ■:^ Ji e£ -^ C CO d d o ^ d --^ O CO d d O r^ d o* O OO d — ' O CO d d d Pi c^ o oa O CO 2 „ d lo d t^ CO o d d ^ -. d d O 00 CO — d '^ d lo d r- S o d t-^ d 00 d ^ d |s|| CO CO 00 O CO OS d CO d tp S o O CO M OO d -* o d '^ eo o d »xi CO d CM d CM d r^ 5 ■«• d t~^ d " ° 3|3 o ^ j3 o ^ g o S 2 d to 1— us ta CO CO CO d CO CO d d CO M d o to t^ d -i^ d " o »n CO d " U5 CO -r d d " s Spe- cific con- duct- ance (mi- cro- mhos at 25T.) oi *0 ' c: c^ -T '^^ -r ift 1 u5 lO Id U5 1 '-^ ; OP — to -r Dis- charge in sec- ond- feet ; : g g g § g " «s (-' »o ?o' lO O ■* c: ■ ; 2 S " ; lis w=£ g w'2 i ^ ^2 Sx i.v, ^i2 S^.. S^ i ?PUi r ?o ^c :!:o ^o :t5 ^^ ^o ^- ^^ s:! ^00 ^»n .-,^GO K^oo ^00 ^-f ^jc. ^kJ ►^— K^i-s ^< -V" *Kcq Zee -^ — Z. c^ ^— -< i > L. o * E 5 5 i ' > si ? £ -1 > 5 2 2 C c 5 = 4 i 5 > i i 1 < 5 I t 3 = C i 1 i i 1 1 1 t -5 ^ s 1 i Ip 1 X O 1 ^ C/3 NATURAL RESOURCES 79 to 1 § 0^1 Ph73 a; 2 "33 o,cc cuSc 21 Is - 5 Z S C« = = OOQO«OOr-tO-rOOS5 "3= ost^r^CJC^Ov «C(OtM^0(Oco — -r^>i-r ■Sip Total b dis- solved solids in ppm ^'1 16 (N = M CO -r s s -f r^ 00 o d — c^ 2 ''^ en 1 a c. JS 1 g 'a a a 1 > iig 2 «5 d d 3 d 2 d o d o d o d o CO d o d d [ d d i|£ o' o o d o d d d d d d CO d d d CO d U5 d •A -so O =■ =■ O CO o — d d O CO O (>J d d d d CO d -3 — d -^ d ^ O CD d ui d d O (M d d d d O Oi d d o en d ^ d -. 2 3 c. d -^ d d 00 M -. CJ — O d Ti^ d (N 5 s CO d " CO d "^ d 5 o 2 = U3 00 1 = d 2 : - to en Ci d " = i 3 1 iM o — CO iM « w — o cj — * g 00 d V o -M CO d r^ d lo d c^ o OS U3 IM QO CO U5 1^ d '* ^ u = U~'^i g 2 " 2 s 00 CO =; S CO o 2 o 2 o CO «o -»• C^ ^ OJ w oo t^ CO CO S i us CO N ^ 2 en en c« Co" M^ o g = ° S o d S o d g = d g o d g ,, d d o o o d o o o d g o d 8 = d g o d g o 8 <= d d 8 = d 8 d im eo O 00 o" CO 2 „ d ^ d CO d --•' d — d d O OS d d d csi d oo — en en 00 ^ 2 „ ° m to CO oo d oc eg d " ° 2 d S oc d " 2 " 2 ^ : s 2 " Z o Oi S o g = 8 - - " ci " 2 g s a: a 50 = ac-i'-r-T-(MU5i--fc:(MM — oo-i- t' r~ r- r~ t^ t^ 00 t-^ [^ t-- cc oo 00 cc t^ r-1 liiill^l^y 0»0 ■CMcoc^ooi^inc^oo-riooo — -'^^ocM--c^co-r5^0co?^S^u5 1 CO ;c Dis- charge in sec- ond- feet 1 i : 2 1 1 1 - 11- ""SI *1 ^1 ■rt C;^ «0 Oi lO m — lO" ITS' o w3 io ^ ^' u? c; a sO J =5 S S S i i i i iy. iv'. ti :'.2 2:"=; zg ?:g zS 2g z2 zfe z5 zZ S S S! ?! S ::3 2-2 = i -5. UJ o ^ i i ■9 3 a i 3 i ■ h 5- 3 1 = ' i 2 1 I 3 i 3 1 I Q i \ I 3 : 5 i i ^ i ^ : i B g 3 1 i ■ 1 i s a S c i 80 NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION Z o u z en. LU I— in < o z u UJ -^ < ^ - m U < u. to UJ >- I < Z < < Of lu Z 1 -0 Oh CO ^1 ii If OOO-H^t^tD — OOOOOOO-l- II ■Slli OiOlOOClC^ — COOi-rc^ — iMC. iCTJ^O Total !> dis- solved solids in ppm iij .15 oo ^ c^ I^ c^ g M s lO OC OS S n CM ^ § § 2 o. 1 1 S 1 9 ^ie d d o d d d d s d g d o d s d so o d d 1 OC CO d _J d d d d d o d C4 d d d d d — 1 CO ° 1 == d d -It d O «3 d d d o d d o d d g =. d d d d o d d O CO d d d d 8 « o d O CO d d O CD d d d cj o *n d d O CM d d g 323 s; as 5 - 00 ^ o d '^ d -H 3 » o o g 2 d ^ g „ d CO — CO d t-^ d d — oo o o o « d CO d d CM CD d " 5 o o' " d ^ 5 1 ill :: S o d t-' d CO d oo d ■*" o ^ d d od oo 5 - M3 O O O d co" d -r 00 o eo d '^ s? « 1? .- g « 5^^ li^sg 2 2 c. 5 " 2 s oo l« CO d '^ ! " d 5 5 " ^ g ^ CO CM CO 5 1 ^ -*. £ o CJ ■ QO ■V CM CO C^ s « cgjli O g O o g o d d o o o S o d g o d § o d § o d 8 o d i° 8 o o o 1 S o d 1 d g = s » t^i|g m" d M d d d d o o S oa d d o o S o. d d 3 » d d d -H d -^ S oo o ^ U3 1 t^ CD t^ 1 O 0> d IN 1 d cNj d — d CM CO CQ M 00 2 u. d M 2 =0 d T-' d CO d co' 2 ^ d t^ eo ■* d -^f^ Dis- charge in sec- ond- feet « ; ^ -■ i "" Ef ^ s" n : '^ : "^ .1 °1 2 2 — — S22^2 — * — "'^S — 22 ' Ul 1 ID < ■; ill ^ ^ 1 111 9 CO 1 P a 3 5 5 ■J i i 1 > i 5 i 5 1 : 1 J i 1 5 3 j 1 \ 3 i 3 2 ': \ • j S i 1 -j 1 i \ 1 \ i & is I u i 1 3 3 NATURAL RESOTTRCES 81 10 O u z UJ »- to < O z UJ X TJ Z 0) — o I < LU u < u. a: :d lO CO UJ to >- I < Z < < UJ Z 1 a 18 S3 o o o oooooo ooo 3a — — W Per cent sodi- um Total" dis- solved solids in ppm o o o o^cocno«n «s — -^ -f CO OO dOOOOt-M— MSllOO CO OO iC CO ..O O . .CO ^ .,— o o ..o -:aoa oSaB. o Eo a ds dads a| a 1 g:l g: 1 i:| g: | g tl §: II a .IS S s to ^ s Ol CO ' OS 2 £ o 's a 1 § 3 'i c. c ^Is OS s IM d fO d CO d d d CS — d d lis O o CO c; o o d d d o o o d « d -ii d d CO o d o o — d d S o o d O CO d W5 OS O CO d d O CO d d CJ d d d d g c^. d c^' d 2 CO U3 o w d « CO o o d ^ O OO d — d « d d CD ° d " d " d J 1 13 ii llg s CO CO CO tS OS -r d d o I^ d d O U3 d — s . o o o ^ d )C^ CDC*'*' III Hi zi &i zi z2 zS zs z;; z„ z zi zs ^i s Z 55 F g - z g a ii; i .1 < a CO j i \ * 3 ! 1 c = 3 3 3 1 5 „ - ~ .E - i 1 ^ 1 3 5 i 3 7 _ I 3 ^ S ;l - 2 ! ^ 3 5 i \ 1 3 r \ ' I £ s -S - = = - = s ^ c -^ iL d 5 = J S h : ^ 1 t i c ji 82 NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION Z :3 O u z OL UJ t- < 0£. O z z X u I UJ -^ u < li_ a: o to UJ CO >- — I < Z < Z J3 1 % p;s i aj* a: PhCO is o s o o o o o o z & ■Eo ei^ II ac 1* o CD CD o KS « GO CO lO HC Per cent sodi- um 0-. o ^ C-) _^ __ ~f Oi CC otj-o o- S - 2 .t o g Ol fa- "-"^ o d d d M — _ § to S -t. o M S o -rf o 1 o d d d d d d o oi d o d '5 i OJ — lO t* (M o CO lO .2* I^D o (N "3 o 00 o o o iM 00 g c o >-~-- 05 d '^ o d d d d CD 2S ■^ to lO 00 U5 OS CD o eo CC o CO •ft (^i d ^" csi CD d e i M€ o g o § O g o § s Ol o s o d d d •o -^ d ^ifg 05 05 o d _: CO o d s d «i d c^ ^ E^ m m CD lO o (N CO « o oo 00 (M IM -r lO o aZ; ED o M w " ec d W3 o Ui M -f CI ^ oi »o d d to d O d d »o QO o d s s 50 o d :: d OO d O) d o d d X N „ lO CO O: O c OC '^ ^ ■^ OC '■^ Spe- . Cine con- duct- ance (mi- cro- mhos at 25T. _ IX, en g O s »> ^ "= ^ m «c »o CI S cb. so ^ lO CD ^.-o t M 1 ' *J (M o CO „ ■ 22 b c o-O o IM o Q|--Sg* CC S3 -M ^ lO US -t" -r ^« ^ •o ua lO m -^ l| •O o « «" -^ ^ ^ ~-^ t— '"" lO Oi to '^ m 3 td ca W-_o tdyj !>T PS zS ^s 5.^ z2 o oo e^ V3 (M M z "5 .a CO i < Oj' ^ 5 CO ^ :4 UJ _t 3 '> > c o o s II 1 1 c 3 i J K c rt tn i^ s "" s S £ ■^ J^ 2i « iL S >. Z 1 '^ O-J t- > 3 o X < o = 1 f- 5 i --0 a > li 1 ||f|l| ■s g °.a I i ~ 2 o I =< ^ rt ■3 E i _::3 F 3 CC K < D rt E _ ■^ "o E 2 < •3 1^ •5 tf ? < h X E o - d .a c fS ^ -i s U>UI J= s -< nJ NATURAL RESOURCES 83 1 s Si 2 521' Depth cased to 211' 200' Depth 172' Depth S,. 2 -S H. S. ■£ =. 5g^ r i £ r A h-I"^ jl ■? 's b a — CO O) ro eo oi ■* 1 i-l " jl d?^l r 2 gg s 11 C E zi: COSOiCiMOOOCTOOOOCiOC II Per eerit sodi- um ■ft- — ojc^occeccitc'cioaocjottj Total '• dis- solved solids ill ppni C 1 — U3c^«=iOtOJO iOMO:C. -r;- i- i = « C5 a» i ; — ■ oc S Ml W 05 so CO -r 1 • \ CO 1 00 U3 -r S : ? S3 J B 1 S 1 J E '5 S lis to I OC r3 O o = — 1 o O = 1 c= o § d 3 d d d d d d g •= r d CM d lis r o o o d d I . t-^ to GO a:' oc oc c-^ 5 5 = 5 £-= a9_ r- rx re t— lo -r -c -i- i~ c^ oc cs -r f "5 r— ."2 .1 — o ^ — e^ ro e^ fc r? co" ^"" c;" -r 5C 50 « c: - I < z < < a. lij Z 5 1 67' Cased depth 190' Depth 365' Depth cased to 210' 201' Depth; 130'-195': Perforations SO' Depth 22' Depth 200'+ Depth 10(1' Depth 20' Depth 27' Depth 32' Depth 148' Depth 65' Depth 18 W 53 ^1 z; a oo ooo M = oo 2'^°n!2 3e oon — — CO n ~ — S ro— - C^^l Per cent sodi- um -r C^ C^ C'l -T — 1* C-T ~- ^T Total'- dis- solved solids in ppm Or- -OC-*C5 ^QC' — o aocT — "O — ^ -2 lij OO ° ..cc fc. Z fa .16 5 o U5 :; U3 ^ 00 00 lo »o s to S W5 's D. 1 .2 c ■g ^ig O CO O d 8 d 00 d d ci o d d d o d s d d d O d d d CO d d 00 d o d d CO d d d - 2 ^ d d O N d d O CO d t-^ 2 CO d d i ^ CO »o — " d o -^ d CO d d d (M d oj o — d " ^ o d " CO d M d ^ o »o d CO d " g o d != m d - i d 3? 1 d d « I d r- d oo d c>i o d 1 1 ^li i O -H °. 2 d S 2 d d (N U3 2 d o d C] CO d g d -'1' o oo d M g c. d t^ U3 d i^ " 2 d o d Jjisi 2 ^ s ^ (- 1 = ^ S c^ 5 1-* « ! S OS d ;= oo o °^ E M CO m to 2 S d — ^ 2 Oi ^- IS us so 3i€ O I = 1 = o d = o d ° S = d """ S? -r d =^ 2 = d = O d ° o o d = d ° 1 = o o d ^i|g ?! d '^ d CO 2 ^. d r-^ d " d d d j OS 5 - -^ 04 M Oi 00 1 ^ — CO ■ '-' U3 « 1^ 3 g M ^■is o ° 5 ?5 - U5 C^ o o 2 £ -H CO CO to OS 3 g d oo CO ^ 1 - ^ d -rid g o d 1- o CO E t^ t-J t^ t-* rJ oc cc r-T io oo oc' t^ i^ oo Spe- cific con- duct- ance (mi- cro- mhos at 25"C.) Q 1 111 25 3gi 3S5§ Ssils OCQC OOOOOO tOtDCOt— — — Off-JC^ 1 Ul g z «!■ 1 " i ^ - 1- % Si i 3 5 1 : - o = i. 3 g 1 ■ 1 i 3 S 3 3 :' ; =3 =S =5 =5 =S s ; >, s s s i s 1 » > 1 1 i 1 1 i -rja c c 2 2 NATURAL KESOT'RCES 85 X 110' Depth Iti' Depth ■14' Depth; ;{0'-44'; Perforations 27' Depth 150' Depth; 100'-150': Perforations 59' Depth 12' Depth 95' Depth 175' Depth: 65'-l75' : Perforations 6:r Depth 20' Depth us 18 z i -rO = 00000-r«Ot=iog«00 3g e2£ t-sc. oel=o-rocc:l«w^*roou5^J;o•»■ fjCJ — irJ-M CI — ■?» — — — — U5SO — Per cent sodi- um Total'' dis- solved solids in ppm OC'i?COos(o-rciC:i--T'-r3-roM c^ixc^ojoi — -M^o'-s — — -M — o>aoi us d d CO d to d d s 2 « — S -r d — ° s d ^ d d d U3 t- d d d CO d 00 d d d CO CO d r- d d lO — 00 s? s 2^ s « i s CO 5 " 5 - 00 us d CO S d ^ ^ N OS d " d - d CO ! s 00 us )C 1 ■Co — ?;~ :^ ?: ^ 5^ 2 x ^ ?r ^ z s^^ '^ x" ^ x c^ro cc r^ ro 4, -f -r -r -r 10 lO "5 •« m « ' < z ill Z « - s ^ i 3 5 3 - 3 5 ^ ^ 1 J S 1 5 C i 3. : ; i 1 3 a ^ -1 P ; ^ N 1 M ! J 1 i = : = : -2 -t; g' -s ; = 1 = = = 5 2 ■£ .s ■ -3 1 -J -S ■ § 'S -5 J = 86 NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION O u z a: LU < O UJ X < o z o O u. o IT) UJ CO >- _J < z < Z B 16' Depth 20' Depth 22' Depth 25' Depth 15' Depth 65' Depth; 30 '-65' : Perforations 17' Depth 18' Depth 20' Denth 30' Depth 19' Denth |8 $1 2S e2& t~ ?r CO ^ -r »0 lO — — — i~ oC t^ 0> Per cent sodi- um ^iftc— ao-rcO-ftOr^Ci-T-TCT; 3 Total'' dis- solved solids in ppm MS ■35 « »o OS g >« »o 2 CM ;;: = iC CM ITS t^ 1 1 c .s 'b a -2 s > ^i» g d d g d CD o d d cc 1 = 1 = ° 1 ° d d d g d d d g d d c d o d d d o d o d o o d d d d d o d eo d - eo oi CO o g ^ d d S o d oc — d d g CM d -^ d ■* O lO d M 3 o d 2 o d 2 s m o d — d d O eo d lo d d d — d -* d d O 00 d d d -^ g = d - O 00 d d S CO d d i i 1 c ii ill r- d « °. 2 d d d oo d CM d 00 d CM Ol d — ' = 5 O d ^ d — CM CD 5 = Ji^^i oc — ec n O ^ CO 2^ W3 ^. g g g 2 s eo CD " SE d "= CM CO w d eo ^ 00 CM ^ 2 «o cm" !5 S^O o g o d g = d s = d g = d O d g o d g o d g = d o g = d O o o d =. ° d g o d d ^i|S c: d --i d d O CO g r- d d .-. CO d d d d d M d — d — d d O Ol d CM d CM d d o O CO d U5 O 00 d d CO CO d " 5 o d oo eo cc d eo .— CO d c^ d d E5 c^, d —" d eo — o d in d d CM -^ d so d " 00 d z ^ s n s to OS CO o ■^ eo d d W3 IC d '^ o CI eo oo CM *^ ci d o o d S o d CM eo CO CO OS 2 - CM 00 o to s - d S o d g =, eo ^ - S o d o d O CM CM CM 2 „ CM d " O K __4or^cMOOcjtocs=;ciO)cco*" Spe- cific con- duct- ance (mi- cro- mhos at 25T.) SiliSSII-SISsi c. ; ; ;S '• !S^'o«io"5^ -a If Ib ?S--s<5S '5 ^og o U3 d s d d to d d « OO OO d d g d cJ = = d d d d d => d r 3 » O W3 d — d — d — g c2 d '^ ° d d -- ° ; d z c3 o d d d d d t~ = 2 o" d « d «o d -*• ^ o d »ra d " 2 d d -fl^ — o d ' "• «. ^ ? s» d (m' 00 o d 3 e i iM o CO o w d od d g = d i^ S o d » 2 o d csj d d OS d « t~~ -r d g d '*' d d d c* ? § 2 g ! » IN «o o ^ 2 J S S o oi d 00 I- 1 S o S2 5i€ a g o d o o d g o d S o d g o d g o d d " — ^ = |§ o 1 ^ O o o d o o d m^ w CO d 00 C4 OO d ■* 2 » d i-^ O U3 U3 N t- — OO W M d iri d d d r-^ OO d 1 — O 00 o d N d Pi s d o r— to d s - CB — O O d - c^ " 2 e CO OO -r ^ "» OC' 2 2 d 2 2 «o d t4i •^ n Oi -r d CO d r^ «5 «> d d d -' ^- OS d QO d OO 5 = d d d cc 1 ^ 2 - .- - g ■= OS (N 04 o 3|3 -r d 5 ^ lo , - oc ■^ o> d d S O g ■; -h" d d ^ CO c ■* O \ -r 1 09 fooo-r osj-rorjloc-r d r- i~ r- t-^ t^ oc" r- t3:' oc [~ ■ X t- t- Spe- cific con- duct- ance (mi- cro- mhos at 5 5 ^ i fl — ^ ^ X — ^ QO oo cs en OJ 5D — \ ^. ^. -" ^_ " " --, C ~ ^, ^ si III iiiiiiii iii Z ^ 5^" Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z g - I < Z < < Of UJ Z € 330' Depth 4S7' Depth Cased to 480'; Per- forations: 90'-480'' 578' Cased depth 460' Cased depth d — 175' Depth 450' Depth cased tu ;JI>0' 72' Depth f t e |8 3s Per cent sodi- um oo = c-i 1^ IM r— « OS O — oo — O 30 — r: GO (MCC50 C^ Oieo (MfCNtO 3g 2 Kg| i i; i^iii lit ""I R as 5 3 3 - eo to eo to 00 eo ; g 1 S 1 5 'a 1 s £ > '3 a IS o o o O ■ o d s d 40 § d o d s d d 00 d CO U9 o d • =^ o o ". d d o d ; o d d d CO d o d ! zSz o O cm O M O 00 o d o oo d -h" O OS d d o oo d d d ; d d O "rf. d d o w d -^ d CO d c^i o ^ = !5 S R O — -r — 00 d — ' g g d S 2 "; OO d «' o o d lo o 55 2 d ^ S o M 00 d " S 2 s d i c c is 3|6 s I^ o o* c^i o to d — s d m' 3 o d (N O 00 d d d ; to o> to _ CO 3 r- eo o» d -h" ° 2 d "^ d g 2 3 s i lii B CO = s o ^ OS CO ^ CO — to to ca ^ 2 eo -f s « d s o g o d § d 1 ° d ° ! = 1 = 1 = 1 = 1 = o d » O OO « ° o 2 ° i - to d £i.ig to o to o -^ d d d d O 00 d d -rp ^ OS d d g 00 d d O 00 d d o --. d to 00 o »o d d O (M d oo d "" o d pi 00 Oi M 00 t- to r^ d s 1 d S 1 - d ^ n g « oo 2 =^ " 2 im' d l^li 00 CO O W3 oo ■rr to d to ^ 00 oo ° 2 d " to c» S -r o '^ ^ C2 § » d d "" oo CO so 00 to a:> d — 2 o d eo CO CO to O CO ! s lO = -rio to (M-rO Oiftio 00eOU5iO»O t^ t-I r~ rJ t^ lo 1^ t-^ 1-,* t^ oc r^ r-I « Spe- cific con- duci- ancc (mi- cro- mhos at 25°C.) lOf^ oi or—o co»ooo co'i— >n — CDC^ 1 !0«D' r-QOtO iiiOOOCl : ; ; ; si •OOl 00 COtOO tOtOtO tO-T-Osff O— c^" « = ?c cceoco «-^C4ocac 5S 5 ^g| sis 1-1 §^ 3 3 3 SsiS feiS: isl:^:^:^ 2:z z ZZ5?: zzz zzzzz S5 S SSS SSS 22e2S2 ' •si' ; ; : ; : ; : : ; ; ; ; 3 ; ; ; 1 ! 1 III 1 1 1 1 1 a| i 1 1 1 J ; i ill 1 1 1 1 1 |g 1 1 i 1 1 II i 1 %i 1 1 ^ "^ 1 1 1 1 gi i, 5 ^ 1 -J 1 -i .1 1 5 .1 J J 1 1 -s .1 -^ .1 "1 1 1 1 1 i ^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 i m E u 1- o NATURAL RESOURCES 89 1 •0 ■5 5 2 " 18' Depth 111' Depth ■10' Cased depth 40' l)ei)tli 175' Depth 137' Cased depth ; Perforatiuiia; 84'-137' go s 558: 05000000 = = Or^ MOO 3g tD to ->• C-l CI — 10 1- ^1 U3 g S ■"' ?; S ■" g r, 2 2 [2 2 S » f£4s 3.^11 = 1 III 11 CO 00 C t^ c ^is eo s d d U3 d -t" »o d d d d d fit. '-■^ -. d d U3 d d d d d 1 : 1 ^ d ^^li CO U3 00 (O C4 — d d d ci -^ d d «» d — " d 2 » d d Ci d d 3 d '^ d ' W5 d d d iig S 00 »o 2 „ ei S -a^ d -^^ 2 _ g 00 d « d " d m3 e» d d d eo 2 « d d S - d m d eo 00 d 1 1 i is iig 00 ° :: " g rr 5 ^ d OS oa — 00 d — r- d — to « eo CO CJ d d d t^ = - S3 = d -r d -r d isixS i 3 i C4 CM ■ M " 3 eo ci eo c^ d 3 1 S eo 00 CO 03 o-i€ i « S = d - d ° 1 = d ° § d ^ d i = g d § d £l|g I- — ■ d d — d d d d «s d d d d 00 d d 8 d — ' S CO d d d -1^ d — ' d cj U3 d ii| CO ^ = ^ d ** oo d 00 M CO d d = CO M3 d "" d so oo 01 —• d ■" d — d 2? «= d d d i^ii 00 03 CO oo — CO r^ CO ^ cc 00 01 d ce 2 s S ° ^ " S s ffl 5 ?3 :: = d '^ s 3|I •0 «5 C* QO OS eo ^ CO CO 5 - ^ s — 2 " «. s SS " 2 d "" 5 s ;;5 s d X i^ 30 t^ I- 00 t- r^ r* =0 cc 00 1^ «> mum — -t-ac^ Oirao too sr--^ r^oI'dCiOoooi loo i-^i (M-roro-r-r- I < Z < -J < LU z 1 oc JS -3 j2 ^ -c cS ~i -5 :S ^^■JX, a c 5 ,^ ^ o I: Q ::i Q 1 :S p 2 &. Ui CO -~ "" ds = s = - CO O o = = =5 O = CO = 11 zg CO JE '^» ac s S s s % £5 3:? s oc g E- - ^ c^ -r ,, (, ^ CM (, r. =^ s CO CO Cl^ Sg = x_ Is-s „ -T j^ „ -o ,_ — - _ ,, ^ 1-5-= g c» " — — ' " H " ~" V. , h o *2 Jo j^ CO t~ CM Ci Sm o CO o d d d CO cm" d eo d o d CO d o d eo d o d cc d d d d d d d d d d e oo a o 00 •J- o _ QO MS o 8 >o 5 »o o o s o ^ o ^ o g U5 3 to — r^ "^ c-i o OO to o o o o c eo C5 o o o o o o o o ^ O i Mi 3 CO o o CO d d d CO d Z!i eo o d o d d ^ ". = -■ d CO d CO ° d d d d 1 1 _^ lO U3 l|-«58 OD OS ^ s M Tj- ?■ o CM ii 03 ■* K ■■A so >Q - CQ ^ o - — — ^ CM -■ o '^ "" '" •^ '-'' ^ la o o o O o o o "■ ai-«i o d o d o d o d o d o d o d o d o d o d o d O d o d Ails o s o U3 o s — o o M5 ui § CM o ^ o o CO s «o s "* o •^ o eo o Ol s a,^.__ o* o CD O - o - o to O CM o o o o o -^ o CO o o o o o o o o o . ^ _ f-h le. -»• *o o eo ^ -r OO o « "" i« cs CM o CM o "^ o «3 c CM o CO o - i° o o Oi g r- CO CO CO eo *o CM 00 % OO oo ^f •O O) o ^ «3 s ^ OS - Oi o ao o - o •rf o " ro f- o •O o CM C3 U5 o «o o eo o us o ^ o o 5|3 cc ^ CO s d 00 d - oo d CO S S d CO to d 2 d eo OS CO d oo CO d ~ •o d 2 d CM s d eo 12 ^ ^ W5 CO CO Ol W5 ^ Ol c: t.) lO M5 - '- '- -^ «C ^ '^ to •~ '^ cc t-- ■o CO ^ £ u ' * (mi- cro- mhos at 25°C.) s? = _ g ^ t» >o CM oc g oc Si ■^ S2-; c^ "" iC g E =i W5 s CO CO »o »o eo s s M3 U3 4« s s CO S s U3 s ^ s «5 U3 s ? n d" CO r- ? o" ^^ o" s CO lO 1 s _ z fS ^ i i 7. is zT 1 7. 00 Z Z CM 9= Z o Z z ^ g? ^ ^ ?3 S CM CM CM c. ^ vr •^5 = "a* e 5= = e "3 1 = 1 ¥ s ! ii 2 .? 5 a. HUJ 1 : ^ ft ft ft .t .~ 1 c S .3i 1 e ■ ^ ■^ u 11 UJ< uz < (E Q is a t = S 1 --s 1 o^ 2 1 m S 00 z NATURAL RESOTRCES 91 z o u z oc 111 I— to < a: O Z ■D Z o — J s I z o a: O u. o CO UJ to >- < Z < < Oi lU Z 5 1 94' Depth 120' Depth 146' Depth cased to 127'; Perforations: 80'-117' 104' Depth cased to 24 ' 164' Depth 87' Depth 600' Depth cased to 20' 60' Horizontal depth 900' Depth 900' Depth Cased to 16' 600' Depth 620' Depth Cased to 70' If ..• = 51 oooo ooooccot^ooo Is evi — -TOO iOio-TeOCt--rC5«C^oo =^lli Total I' dis- solved solids in ppni 4nr~w3m oc — — — Oc. — O — — cj lo ^ o =: i~ ^^ c-i CI e-j :-- --1 1- 1- -,r --^ ^ — — Ol c^ ci — ^. — -T -^. — — — u ,2 4, i, s Jo r-; CO o eo d S d s ° 4o_ 1^- d d d d r^ o «o d d ^ CO d cm' o d o OO CM o d to d o d -it d d d o O (N d d O CO d -^ d '^ d d O CO d d d d o eg d -^ o o d d S CO d d o -v o eg d d d d 8 - d d g „ d d o d ii§ d s .- o d d — d ci O CO g o ^ d g o d M 1-^ d o o d -r eg d o » to 00 o d S -* c>i S to d cm' o o d ^' d 1 o -s s s ill en d (N* d -^ § o d d g „ d — d d i 3 2 «^ CO oi d CO o « to « o d CO o w d CO g CM d d ° 1 d cj 9 d |i^=i i s lO lO ^ ° «o o» to =; 2 ^ CO o CO ^ CM 00 to d ^ !• i ^ " d 2 CM — eM ©1 a J IB o ° = 1 = § = ° 5 = 5o 1 = 1 = =. o g o d d g o d g o d g o d 8 d =^i|S d d d O OS d — d d d -^ 2 « d cm" g » O OO CM c>i «o d eg d d 3 00 d d 00 eo cc d to 12 — d CO o to d eo d m - OS d w CO d to 2 d to OO 2 i c« t- CM CM WS 2 i to eo 1^ OO CO CO -*; d — 5 = « OO d '^ CM C» — Ol eo d i=ii ui 00 d " o « lO CO 5D d 00 d "^ 2 - CO — CM ^ OO d f' ^ to d d O CO d oo' d -I- CO to d ~ CM —1 eo d ess d CO d '^ d dIS g ^ ?3 ^ o — Ol 2 ^ Oi CO d CO 2 S ^ 2 o ^- d » o « eo d OS d "^ cm" " lO OS d «o d d = t- -^ t^ '-o !C r~ t- (-J OC r"^ r- ao t~ t— t— Spe- cine con- duct- ance (mi- cro- mhos at 263 238 11)2 185 443 321 1,480 145 2,230 175 582 2,450 204 198 197 |.5r SSs'g S is^SSRggg j Date ,sampled 2^ z z z z :^ -^ ^ z :^ 5^ 3^ ?: 2: :s 1 - 1 "S >= g l-UJ ,0, t ZC3 u. - as 1 1 i % \ z 5 'i 1 C 1 : g rt _ 9 — li E I i J "i 1 1 % 5 \ : a I \ E 3 1 1 ; c =J = "?: t, o S 1 1 1 C M M '-g 1 1 1 SEC 92 NORTHEASTERN COTXTIES INVESTKiATIOX is ^1 ^ e o a i^o c^ C^ 00 OO 00 5 2 >.i z o u z LU I— < o Z < o Z o Of o u. o to ILI to >- -J < z < < UJ z 5 .HO mi? =j.ig sM ^ lO ■* — 1 5 CO -4^ zu UJ< uz S Q E Q B o Q NATURAL KESoriJCES 93 1 192' Depth cased to 184'; Perforations: 3(i'-184' 124' Depth 100' Depth 162' Depth cased to 96'; Perforations: 56' Dejith 1 g w ^ ?4 OO S 2 18 ^•1 ooooo ooo — oocooc^o « z ~ ^ ^ 21 Per cent sodi- um Total !• dis- solved solids in ppm "= S. = 2 ^. H 5i S s ?; a 2 s S s '1 - = 1 S g 1 eo s s § 1 s 1 s s CO 00 o K c 1 s c 's 1 s £ 1 to SS O __ t^ o b lO b § d b b b g b 3 b b b o b lie O ° 2 d b o b o o b b o o b b b o b ^li C) o — b o oi b — b b b — b e^ b ci !§ -^ b b c^ b — b b 2 « b r-^ o -11 C5 O O d d ^ ^ § QO « -: g » b -' 5 s ^ B O 00 « — 2 s CO CD O H =0 b I^ i ro c-i D. 1 C^ s ; s s ; ; i ; g s : ? ; s s ^f CO -r ^ « ^ QC i" cc ^ cc i" i> oe r^ ?;? 5:iiSSs C UJ O £» J = UK - . "1 ?• OC -5 D ■§ - * :iii i^i=g;:=si; = i 1 ; ; 1 i 1 ; i 1 ; ; .1 - «, "S "ij t; "n "3 "c "t) "o "c "^ "3 'Z 5 j -J -J 1 J J -^ -J -h -J i -J .^ -i li§3a.ii5Siifi§i m 94 NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION O u z < 0£ O 2 Tl z 3 T t— C O u ^ 1 rv CO in 1— UJ < CO ^ Z3 o Of o CO >- I < Z < < UJ Z ja d d d d "S. J2 « -C"" ^ -^"X .c"" -=0 •=0 ^ _c -3 |.2 -J ss *J -^ Q c. c.** D.-^ a-^- c -^ c 1 q"! Q'v °1 a^ q1 Q £=: - u - ^ S us u « 30 2 CO CO us to W CM c» CO "" "• de to 0: -r -r ^ — -r -r t^ CJ CO C-l is 15 z^g: " "N to m Oi OC' CM to to »o X ^ -0 KSi Oi c OC ci » 0. r^ CM 04 -^4 HO- - **.i ^ U3 OS CO CJ 00 OS 0= CM eo «D CM CM to us CM C3 CO CO ■:3 ^feZ us CO CM 3 d d d CM d us d d d c^ d ^r d d d d d d D. ST lie ■^ us t^ to "* to CD CD 2 CO r^ 0) o» to ■^ CO t* CO us 00 us to 00 CO CO t^ us C4 5 C^ U3 . o^ us OS CM CM '■^ w» d •« d d d '^ us d us CM d d -r CD £ "" CO d "^ ^»s CD 10 CM ^ _^ ^^ o> U3 t^ -*■ CM r^ r- t^ c^ CM 00 t~ OS 00 03 CM CM us us CO -S" CM CO "f p CO CO tB 00 CO us i 1 as 03 CO t— d " « d d d d d CM d oc d d -^ CO *" CM d ^ ' 1 -— "«■ ^ eo CO OS CO CM us 00 ^^ t- CO ^ O) «o OS 00 «o us ^ 00 CO us CD 00 00 CM CS CM ^■ U3 CO CO a» 00 OS CM CO 1 c N ■^ CM CM CO "■ "' CO d CO us CO — . CO ^ CO us CO CO us CM -»■ CO us ^ d <=> ^ ~^ CO S 51^8 d ® d d d d d d 00 d d d d d d CO d ^i|g ^ ^ CO CM CO CO ~zr to us us CO CM CO ^^ r- d d d d d CO d to d d ^ d CO d 2 d CO cm' d 00 d QO d CO d OS d d CO d d d , CM j^ »o ta CM ■^ CM J^ CO CM J^ J^ |i£ » p. «D ■V CO tC oo Ttl oa CO US us CO CO 00 us CO GO CM 10 CO o> OS us CM CO d oi d = d csi d d d t-^ d '^ ^ CO J_ cm" *"■ us' ^" ci l^li _^ CO oa to 00 _^ CM OS us us CO 00 us rf" CD r- C4 ■rr CM o> U3 03 CM oa to to CO us c«s 00 00 OS d ~ " OS ^, " 1 ^■ cm' CM X IM CM -f 00 -r -r OS 00 CO r. us c r^ ^ ^ ^ 00 ^ ^ t>. 00 '^ *~ 3C 1 CD = e £:j= cflo CO CO eo CM CO us s us °»- "E S - us" - d 00 C^l ^ ^ to i.s^ u? S 10 us u; •o us eS CO (M « to to to to CD to CM CM CM CM CI CD »o to ^ K3 "5 us us y5 "5 us us }^ '^ us f" ---. ~^ at (= 2 '~ to" '^ •^ •^ »~ " CM us" CD '-= " ^ -^ --^ ■\ -^ s CO oc CO CO CO CO CO CO CO t— 00 us us us" ro 5 - c U. 5 3 5 1 X -3 < 5 < i =2 CO ^ 00 OS CO -7 to CM =7 ^ a w ^ w w ^ bb ■s js js c£ 5t ■s ■j: " ^r. :::;^ -~ ?^ T CM ~ " ~ CM ::::;^ CM ^ CO ?^ z z z Z z z z; z z z z z z z z S c^ s gs ss CO ■V us ■0 ffi 3 C >'§ 1 Uj^ -T3 = ^ 3 <^ 0^ ! = ^ 1 ■ = CO is 1 J .Id .2 •p — -S J ■fc ■T t ^ i£ ^ > > 1 c .= .£; .Si .£; "S 1 . to CM CM CO 00 cc CM r~ to CO W »o Qi OC CM us o C- CM M CO CM CO CM E-=- us W5 ^ CO Oi US 00 00 ,, ^ __ ^ OJ US j^ Sc:5 6 -♦• 00 «5 »o eo us CM CO '^SS' llll.sl M CM _^ CO 00 ee OC OJ CM us CO CM C^ OO CO 00 CO Ci us iO US CO fQ CO CO 10 •r c^ CO so CO o-a o o o. f-. WW " fe .^ Hi il it % =£ fa rt Ti .20 01 s CO eo »o CO OO CO -T* CO us CO i^f^ CM CO ^r CO CO CM CM us CO CM M w c^i« CO -f J^ ~r OS OS rf CO OS CO CM CM 2 t^ s d d d d CO d d d CM d d = d d 1 OO OJ ^ 17 -f i <^ 1 CM ^ eo r— 1 CM _ us 'e A E'=- d -" ° 1 d d = d d d 1 d d d s a 1 a ^li 00 =. s CM CM -r OC •r 5 s I^ to 10 CO us OO CM -r m OS CO d d d d d d d d d -' d CM d -r d eo ^ r^ d oi d ui d 3 1 1 __^ o- iy.8 u? ua 00 us 1 -r CO O lO (M I^ CM OS CO CM CM eo us h- to to 2 "* us 1 rt eo ca co CO cc CM CM CM _■ o — 00 => d ^ d CO d CM d d — us d 00 d f 00 t- CM OS OC CO to l"g 00 CO CM 2 CO to e« OS r- 10 us CO eg Jo OC us — '" ^ CM CM rw us 10 "^ »o OJ CM eo CM cm 1 CO 02 50 ." ° "* — d '" d CM US = CO d ' = '^ d d ' . ^- 00 « OO CO _ _j US CO 00 -r 1^ to -r 3 g-Sad CO eo 00 00 Ol CM to 00 r^ CM QO CO eo CO CM OS us 00 00 00 CO Oi CO CD r* us CD CO 1 so «s a> CO CO CO OS CO CO 00 CO OS CO CO t^ to f t^ c US 1 US 0: t- CO OS to ' 0-. C 00 00 OS CO to QO OS OD CO eo 1 OC CO t-I us w CO CM CO CM CO CM CM — [ eo CO '^ CM «3 d " CM eo ^^ CM ^ d ~ CO cm' "^ ]« m US o> U3 eo US lus CO C4 1 1 n lo leo CO CM « « 2 OS <£, I-- 00 US US 1 *^ t^ 00 CO OS CM 1 — CO — OC 1 =r r^ 1 eo c^ W3 CM eo CO CO -r 1 c— 1 — 1 "^ d d "" CO ~ " 1 "" d [-- 1 ^ 1 " "** cm' 1 " K ^ >o 00 CM CM ^_ 00 «■ CO ^ cc „ to us - ^ 00 00 '- 00 I^ 1^ ^' ^' '- r^ '^ •- •^ r- Spe- cific con- duct- ance (mi- cro- mhos at 1 00 ^ ^ __ *o 00 _ _ ^ CM o- C-l _ CO CM CO -JS CM CO CM OS 3C «o 0; r- OS CM US us r- 5 1 — ■ •r _ „ CO — _ CM !■=?■ ift 10 US us u; us US ^ ,1 CM CM to CM CM ce CM CM ■M CO to CM „ to to m tfi U3 MS "3 U5 US US *s us us US us us us II 00 "5 kO us =? US^ US~" us us us — CM "-^ ■^- ^-^ s ws CO OD 10 co OC t— " '^ co" CO OC CO" eo eo fcS s a! 3 -J - ^ 5 - ^. B c 5 _ C-l x> lO CD ■= < sis CM C- C ; j me -i9 3 . s 1 . 1 i "5 ! oz £ !5 1 1 1 t c 5 'C .5; 1 1 ^2 < EC — 5 ^ c 1 c c y 1 3 = 3 Q Q S ^ a Q Q Pi Jz :5 C C p. ^ a 96 XORTHEASTERX COUNTIES INVESTIGATION z :d O u z Of HI I— < O Z Z X m ^ < -* Z o O UJ «o >- —I < Z < < Of Ul Z 1 79' Depth' 105' Dejith" 27' Depth 125' Depth" 80' Depth; Sampled at 55' 290' l)r|.th" 80' Depth" 127' Depth 82' rased depth; Perforations: 67 '-82' 1 t •£ Q. — '- CO c; - -r — cs 11 ^1 II = 2 2 oo g jr „ =, - ■» 2 ,- ,- g .o Per cent sodi- um -r(MC:to^ CO _^ d i>^ d d O ^ d 00 —• 00 d 0:1 d -h' 1 = d d d d -f d rr d iig s g o d "^ g o d " ^ s ^ d s 2 s CO d oc OJ CO d — CO N -1^ 00 d »o CO d ^ CO d 1 c ill CO d S 2 d ^ 2 ^ (M d " d "^ «M CO d CO d (N CO d »o 5 " (M 1 - ws CO CO d — ^ 00 d f^ 2 d rimi s CO — ^ g 00 CD lO (M S fj ". s CO o d ^ QO lO 5 S 00 00 (O CO c- " -• ^3 S s ^ 51 »i o g o g = d S o d g o d g =, d s = d g = d § o d g 2 d "" d ^ d I ^ QO d S 2 d d (£i.|g o O CO o d c: OS d d d d O CO d d d d g ^ d d o ro d d O CO d (M d CO 00 d r^ d — ' 10 d t^ 2 „ d [^ 2 d d g d ii| s us CO U3 US W5 d ^ d ° 2 d OO d S3 « d 00 d oi CO d oi — 10 d 00 d ^ 01 •*• 00 d is|i s ^ § 2 ^ 2 s « 2 s o 2 ^ 2 g CO t— d CO >-* d " ^- IN ca 00 d 00 d 2 CO 3|b s £ 5 ^ " ? " to 2 g 00 CO o c^ "^ I ^ o — ' »o 1 ' ' > 1 ' ' ...1.1 1 : 1 ^ i i i 1 i i i i i ; i i ui= .o;;;;i-io;i ;=-!iii ^I 1 ; ; i J : * 1 i i i "^ i ; i -i !;! 1 i i i 1 1 1 1 i i ; 1 i ; i ■ i SS Y =' =i ? 1 ^ .1 1 =^ =^ =■ .a J ^ = = 5< § .i .2 g, .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 § g .2 .2 g = = "S ,3 S S :i 2 S E 2 £ £ o 1 £ £ :2 '^ 1 - I < Z < UJ Z 1 E 154' Depth cased tn 1111' 172' Depth 70' Depth cased to 60' c Q 1 z. ■s o 100' Depth 261 'Cased depth S7' Depth cased to 10' 157' Depth CI « '- '=;|3||?S = = = = = SS?3 = = II ||gg|gSS3| = |SS5g =^1li 2SSSSSS2SSgS!SiSS ff-.xr-£ rM -M — — -r -r i as ^J -r re o r^ -r r^ -r (M c» — . tC «5 CO . — -»■ CO rt ec ?7 <0 O CI 16 « ? - n CO ? 5 eo ^ r- S s t^ § 1. .1 E 1 1 o 1 iig r: to o CO M o o o o O O o" d d CS d g d d 3 d d s d 1 : i ; 1 o o" o o o o o o o ; d d o d d d d -^3 «o CI O O CI = =1 ° -. o ci o o o d d o o d d g « d d Is g o ^ 00 d " S 00 d d oo d d d 2'^ o o to g jc S -r r- ic (O I^ s = fo as d t-' s - o '^ g 2 (M d ° K 00 CO ° S 00 d 00 CO d d j s iM d t- o o> o o o 5 ua S ; OS ci d 00 d d d -r g 2 d n 2 d 2 ' CO d CO d -^ d d s ° li-Sxo 1 CO eo CO ca -^ 2 •o to -^ SS •o -*■ so to oo -»-cc Cl CI — to — ti'~' — O ! Iw3 loC4t-Ci ! — CI iC3 .:= t- J i 13 . (O t^ ^ -^ . l-~ to 1 O 2 = C — ocooj — coooccjcJiO-rci-r ir3«3iOiOiOiOiOtOU3iOiO»OW5U3iO>0 c:c?r^i^tccc ri'eo^oc^O oc at ^ ao a:i^ci-^to05h--j5oooo!oac ' ' ' 1 1 I ! 1 i ; i ■ §;;;;,:;;;;:::, C ' i < ■ 1 < 1 ' . ' ■ 1 ' ■ >•= : ; i : i ; 1 ; ; ; 1 ; : i dfe i = ! i ■ : i ■ ; ; : i ; : - < Z < < m Z u I .So «*i5 55 2Z 3:20 53 ^-SO SjIs 6 M :-3S 185 QS M 0. Z ?l 00 ^ u g E M J_ ^_ W3 „ -T- „ ._ ~i •TJ _ 00 I' *- OO t^ '- '- '- l^- '- CO ^ "■ QC ^o I- „ ^ _p -^■s s^ CI =0 (M (N « CO ec CO c^ •^ C^ "" t* '^ T ^ 10 H LiJ O s o Q XATrUAL KESOrRCES 9y - c 50c to -0*1: _ is wa og ■2| ° s- OT3 o O'" .So •-■So S.i« =5 a^ ■9. =2; lij^p Q2 = -22 > c UJ o "9 Sea 100 XORTHEASTERX COI'XTIES IXVESTIGATIOX z o u z ULI I— «/> < a: O Z •o Z 4> — a: lu I— < Q Z => o o II. o CO 111 (O < Z < < Of (§ 60' Deptli 60' Depth 275' Depth 95' Depth; Perforations: 28' 134' Depth 252' Depth 280' Depth 96' Depth 660' Depth si CM tj 545' Depth cased to 490' 90' Depth cased to 80' is K3 ^ ^ 1 oi eg 3e o c Per cent sodi- um Total'- dis- solved solids in ppm 00-Tt~a;M-i-— '• C'i occ-J .000 lii n CC CO CO CO o I- CTi s 1 eg - - £ s .1 Fa B a o ■0 1 2 g 3 c mis «5 o o CO o to -: d o CO d d o d o d _; CM d 4 0)^ 3-Ott, o o o =■ o o o d ; CM d o ° o d d o .i-2c5 eo O 00 O M S 2: O -r O 03 o -r O CO d d 00 d '^ d -rr d d o — d d 8 ; d -: o d 8 d |l§ lO CO lO CO CO ca d CO »0 CO CM Ui CO 3 CD ^ s Z 2 CO o JO csi^i tD CO ° O g o o o d g o d S o d O c U o 5? 1 S2 1 ii; > 1 -, i 1 t I z I 1 ' : 3 1 5 1 '. 1 1 i 1 J = i 1 1 i o a -i > 1 "o c- = I s ^ i I = c i 1 .£ .2 1 1 f 1 NATURAL KESOT'KCES 101 i 1 120' Depth IfiO' Depth Q CO 24' Depth 25' Dr[>th 95' Depth 25' Depth 120' Depth c e SCOOOCOOO 'OO c = — 3b Per cent sodi- um Totali" dis- solved solids in ppm 3 g g 2 g g tL. i. t, < b- C=. If g - CO s 10 Oi 00 CO - ; CO CO 3 S a 1 a. B .s 'a 1 s s i 5 iis 00 g d CO d 00 g d ws d ^ 2| g d d 8 CO d d d d «3 d d d : oo d d d d d =3 g „ OD d d 01 3 d d g » d d CO d Ti^ d S ; d ! S d ^ d M d -rj 3 c^ d '=^ d 4=,- g^a OJ d — CO — (N 10 d 2 2 m to ^ d <>j us — 10 d « ^ d CO CO d -^ d CO d us 2 « d ^ S 1 ii ^If 00 2 - cj d lo d - 5 " CO 00 d CO d d CO d « 00 d -I- __ d ~ d eg' R d jjisi CO M — ^ 1 en 00 5 ^ 00 t- C^ 1— i» 00 d ^ » . CO (M 5 S CM ? ■— CO" ^ ^ ?f ^ CO M CO Well number MDB&M oi^c5t.ot,-ic-;M?j — o^ ;2'^2 ^ ^ ^ --^ ^ ■"^- ~^ ". ^. -~ ^ " ^ ^^ '-^ s i i ; ; i i : i i i i : ; i i 1 i i 1 1 1 1 i i ; 1 i J i IS 1 1 ; ■; i =s i 1 i i ; i i s ; OSs-Ss ^ i= ■- ■ M rf^>»o fcC y ;^ '^ S P ^ 1 "^ Of Co "3 3 ^ SB M tc .£ « .- c — ' ^ *^ a, *^ — '*^ .1 ■* S i s Si S § = = :S 1=1 = 1 Q.^ _= ^ _2 'z ^ z J .0 ti 0*0 S '^ '■^ --^ ■— -^ ■■=^ ~ < s: ^ a ^ a a a 102 NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION O u z 10 < O Z -o Z < O Of O to >- — I < Z < < a. 1 5 & ■a 1 18' Depth 280' Depth cased to 90' 60' Cased depth 198' Cased depth ;i50' Depth cased to 120' 1 t^^OOOOOOOO-fO oo 36 i?j CI t- CO -t- )— t— r- oi o o -*■ I- -r _-rCM CO — — c-J(M Per cent sodi- um Total b dis- solved solids in ppm c, ;D<0-T'|^^oc-T•o;|^?c^-'■s^ MOD 1=1 =1 11 ?s 5 ■^ -^ S ^ 1^ CO g d CJ t? »o CO 00 CO o a .1 6 a s c: 1 z k'm d s d CO d O o ° CO d d d 2 g d d d O) o d ■a. ^ ^^ d d d d CO d d d d d o d d d d o d = d "^^ d d — d d O 00 d — O >o ci d O d d d g ^ d d O 00 d d d CO -- d -i^ 55 d d d d o d « d 2 c^ C4 d d d OS OO CO O 00 d CO CO d - d d *^ d -T CO d '1 g ill s g 2 d '^ d QO 5 - d r^ d " g 2 d d OO d d d Oi 2 d d - Oi C) O CO d d o d ijisi i CO »c CO eo CO s s w — ° 3 eg CO 2 K 1» CJ CI ^ CO — CO *? S 2 CO -f CO CO O OO ^ djii o S o d d cJ O d S o d S o d g o d S o d g o d d S o g o d s d g o d d £i|g o O* OO d oj c5 00 d CO 2 00 d r-^ o ci OS d d 2 o d ^ d CO 00 d d d c.- d P5 o ' d '^ ^ d ' -r o d CO o d |i| W3 2 " ^ » d CO Mio3coroeo«ic^r3cococo :-rrc 1 1 CO ; ; 1 : 1 1 ! 1 1 I ! 1 «C .,,11.11.1,. CO III; S 1 i i i : i i : ; ; i ; i il 1 : i i i i i i ! ! ; i ! <= 9 ; ; 1 : ; ! ; : ; ; ; ; zi'«s % ' b % is a ' & ' S S ^ ^ a. u .a X .i: .i .i .H ■?: .i ' .H .2 S zgll'llsiJIgil « S 1 1 i 1 1 ^ 1 i 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 ^ -■ S 3 6* 1- NATURAL RESOURCES 103 z o u z to < 0£ O z UJ X I- -s ? I ^ u -^ LU ^ » I < > I— a z rs O O lU >• < Z < < Of lU Z 5 63' Depth 500' Depth 1 1 700' Depth 540' Depth is" OS OC: — -rcoc-iO oocoso-r Per cent sodi- um ~3rc mcN-^oi-rci ftc-r-foi-r Totalb dis- solved solids in ppm or- o 4C c^ C-. oi t» 00 [- oc r* O -r g g S g g ll It !l 11 !l ClH U. tL4 bn tb, .id -M ?£ 1 o ^ 3 5 ; S3 S? CO - 00 ao 'B S J ■g Us c d U3 d to d d SO d g d d d CM d o 1 = d d d T d d d to d d r ^ ^li cri 2 c -r d ^ d CO o I - CO CM CO d CM CO d to o d d g - o m d d d C5 5 ° " 2 d «» S 2 S o d S » d " OS o — " =1 d 00 CM 00 d '^ lO « d ''' n i g ^ eo 1 i ill s c^ to ; ci w 5 " 5 » 40 CO ° CO 00 ^ CO to l-^ CM d d Ol — CO — OS to S |i^=i ^ S 1 « g M p5 1 C^ CM S 5 S S ^ 1 03 W CO CM — to 00 to 2 g 00 oo 2 2 CO tn 5 to d CM CO aJM ■o - = =. ° d d g o d g 2 d d "^ g o g o, d d o o d g o d g o d d s to o d o d m^ to d 00 d w to d w d d "^ d t^ d CM d --^ 3 - d TT d CM CO CO d d 2 d PI W3 OS C5 1 i^ to .-. to " s S i lO oo ! i 1 - » g •? § o — S CO CM- S2 lO CO OS lO -tj- CO CM oc » 8 i J S u (M 1 = o; — 1 I- O in CO 2 o g » 2 „ ° CM to r^ d d -1- CO 00 CO -• 00 — d "" 1 d '^ CO d " ^ "= ° S5 -' od r-^ Spe- cific con- duct- ance (mi- cro- mhos at - il-^ = ii! S = lO CM ^f S - a: S IP CO CO ' oi ■ ■ ro > r- c: t-~ 1(5 ir iOi«.UT.i (0,U^'^U7S0 OT -?" Ol' OC- OC" C-i' ■ 1 OS CC O Ci O O »C to n — if lo t~ m o U5 if? lo-r zj SCi 'ic -~ Oi in iJh — loo — — »rt -r -f (M -r »n (M lo i~ r- -o CO r~ r- ?: £ :^ 5?; 5^ ?? 2: :^~ >^ x >^ :^ 5^ z — — ocoioicnoo; ci*o:or^<— I— Z CO s z = z ^ 5 1 1 5 _ < h - * -3 > = c s 1 : : 1 : : i - I ,11-3 1 ! = >. ■ ^ 2f < -_ -^ ,^ ; - jr ^" >. -^ "" 1 < 1 j 1 %_ 1 11 104 NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION O u z oi. LU (— < a: O Z T) Z LU -^ Q Z o o >- I < z < < UJ z iS ^ L. « Ot a a? Q 'v' 1 is d 6 zS ■ic3 S8^ 3a c i^ eo X3 E-o. Sg^S CO CO 00 "^8° = -i -a ,^ Total dis- solve solid! in ppm Cl s ,i iil s II a ■s ^ rt w .20 a: Oi = 12 (M :c^ ,_ — raiS ^ ^ _o 0" s a i^„ 'a 1 s 1. 1 0* ■-|3 z|5 CO o. ■g =• A oj- lO 3:20 Z^ 00 (N ,£; O"- 00 s tl 00 s = ^If s 10 CO 0" Ji^si t~ ^ -^ OJ °. "g is ■i o'=fi 5 'c — — U g ^£ >eiierally re- flects that of east side streams, clue to the mueh larfjer quantity of iuHow from that source. Durinji' periods of low flows, the lower reaches of the Sacramento River near Kniohts Landing contain increased total dissolved solids, because of irrigation water i-etnrn flows from reclamation and drainage district di-ains. The Sacramento River is generally a calcium bicai-- bonate type water but, from Knights Landing south, reflects return flows during the irrigation season by a change to sodium bicarbonate water, increased total dissolved solids, chlorides, and per cent sodium. Total hardness in the river ranges from soft to moderately liard. (Jround waters occurring in the upper watersheds of the Central Valley Drainage Basin are ordinarily of good to excellent (|nalit.v, soft to moderately hard, and are calcium or sodium bicarbonate in nature. However, in the Bieber area in Big '\'alley, a more highly mineralized sodium sulfate water, with con- siderable hardness, high total dissolved solids, and a significant boron content is indicated by one analysis. Highly mineralized springs frequently occur in the foothills of these upper valleys, and contain sodium chloride water of high total dissolved solids content and significant boron concentrations. Like most of the ground water supplies in the Upper Feather River area, those in Sierra Valley are good to excellent calcium bicarbonate waters suitable for most beneficial uses. However, several wells in the Valley yield highly mineralized ground water. Most of these wells appear to be in the vicinity of Marble Hot Springs and yield hot, highly mineralized ground waters. These waters are characterized b,v a fluoride content exceeding the 1.5 parts per million maximum recommended by the LTnited States Public Health Service for drinking water, and values of boron greatly exceed Class II irrigation water standards. High sodium percentage and chloride concentration make this an undesirable supply for most irrigation, industrial, or domestic purposes. Ground waters in the valleys contiguous to Clear Lake are generally of excellent mineral (jualit.v. How- ever, scattered wells in Big Valley and the Upper Lake areas yield very hard waters with signficant con- centrations of boron. Although the wells containing boron in Big Valle.v seem to be located predominantly along the lower edges of the Valley, their intersper- sion with M'ells yielding waters of excellent mineral quality prevents the delimitation of anv specfic area of poor quality ground water. A limited number of wells scattered throughout the Upper Lake area yield water containing boron in quantities toxic to the more sensitive crops. Wells in Big Valley and the TTpper Lake area contain t.v]iically magnesium bicarbonate water, with an occasional well showing predominant sodium or calcium cations. Sacramento Valley ground waters i;enerally reflect the quality of sources of recharge. East side ground water basins, recliarged by streams originating in the Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada, nsuall.v contain calcium bicarbonate waters of excellent quality with low concentrations of dissolved solids. Similarly west side ground waters, rejilenished by streams fi'om the Coast Range, reflect the qualit.v of tributary surface waters. These waters, although of a more mineralized character than east side waters, are nevertheless of good quality suitable for most beneficial uses. Dominant cations in east side and west side ground waters are calcium and magnesium. Toward the trough of the valle.v, sodium replaces the calcium and/or magnesium as the predominant cation, par- ticularh- in the lower reaches of the Sacramento Val- ley. Total hardness of ground waters in the Sacramento Valley trough appears generall.\- to range from slightly hard to very hard, with the ma.ioi'ity of the observed wells containing relatively hard water. Excessive ni- trates have been noted in a number of wells through- out the valley. Variance fi-om good qimlity is noted in ground waters in the Cache and Putah Creek drainage basins. Class III irrigation water exists in the following areas : lower Yolo By-Pass in Yolo County ; an area to the east of Woodland and extending between vi- cinity of Woodland and the Davis-Sacramento High- way; North Fork of Willow Slough to the west of the Plainfield Ridge; upper Chickahominy Creek; and lower Capay Valley. Boron concentrations toxic to the more sensitive crops are found in these poor (jual- it.v ground waters. Aside from boron content, the mineral quality of the water is usually good. Ground waters in these basins are generally verv hard and, for domestic iise, would no doubt require softening to some degree. A water quality problem area exists in portions of Sutter and Yuba Counties, located in the trough of the Sacramento Valle.v. In the areas enclosed b.v the Sacramento River and Sutter B.v-Pass, that bounded by the Feather River and Sutter By-Pass to the south of Yuba Cit.v, and two small areas in the vicinit.v of Wheatland, appreciable chlorides have been encoun- tered in the ground water. Many wells in these areas have yielded ground water of such poor mineral (juality as to mak(> its use for irrigation undesirable, particularly Tipon such crops as sensitive as peaches and apricots, extremely important products of the area. Chloride concentrations as high as 3500 parts per million have been found in water from wells in the vicinity of Robbins. Boron concentrations consid- erabl.v in excess of the 0.5 part per million limit, for Class 1 irrigation water, were noted also in many wells. A geochemical study of the area has indicated that deep-seated brines are res]ionsible for the lii'jh XATT'UAl. HESornCES 107 clilorido content. Those brines an- nsnally enconn- tered in the deeper wells. However, in these four gen- eral areas they have been foniul at shallow depths. This is, in most instances, due to risin<>- of tlie brines where the water table has been lowered excessively. Around the frinjjes of the northern iioi-tion of tlic Reddinji' pi-onnd water basin, wells yield waters of a predominantly sodium chloride type, and occasionally moderate to high fluoride concentrations are found. Boron is often found in excess of Class II irrifiation water standards. These waters are not reconnnended as a domestic supply dni' to their hiph chloride con- tent. Water quality problems in the Central A'alley Draina<;e Basin have been investigated in detail in only specific local areas. Municipal and domestic sew- ajre, treated and untreated, is discharged into many stream systems throughout the area, but waste dis- charge recpiirements set by the Regional Water Pollu- tion Control Board provide adecjuate protection of water (juality. Numerous lumbering and food-process- ing industries contribiTte substantial (juantities of mineral and organic wastes to both surface and ground waters. Most lumbering activities are carried on in the mountain valleys, and in the Redding area of the Anderson-Cottonwood Valley. AVaste drainage from mines and associated industiy is especially prevalent in the mountain counties. The principal mines in the area include chromite, copper, gold, iron, manganese, silver, and tungsten. ]\Ian}- of these mines are presently inactive. A number of natural gas fields are located in the Sacramento Valley including portions of Butte, Co- lu.sa, (41enn, Sutter, Tehama, and Yolo Counties. Wastes from gas wells ordinarily contain high con- centrations of dissolved mineral constituents. With the present small production of gas in these fields, resulting waste waters are at a minimum. A substan- tial industrial increase in the Sacramento Valley will increase the demand for natural gas by industries and will no doubt create an increased production of waste waters. These waste discharges could pollute receiv- ing waters unless stringent controls were exercised by the Regional Water Pollution Control Board. Highly mineralized hot springs widely scattered throughout the mountains and foothills impair the quality of some streams and, in man_y cases, percolate and impair ground water. Deep-seated saline connate brines are believed to underlie the entire Sacramento Valley. Heavy ground water pumping in certain areas, notably that of Sut- ter County to the south of Yuba City and in the vicinity of Redding in Shasta County, have created an overdraft, causing the connate brines to rise up- ward or laterally and commingle with usable water in the overlying aquifers. A major soui'ce of surface and ground water im- pairment in the Sacramento \'ailey and, to a much lesser extent, in the mountain valleys is irrigation return water which includes minerals leached fi-oui the soils and the various applied fertilizers. As the Sacramento Valley becomes more highly in- dustrialized, increased use of grouiul and surface water for industrial and domestic uses will occur. Increased use of these waters for cooling ])nrposes in air conditioning and refrigeration installations may create localized teinpci-atnrc increases in I'eceiviiig waters. Lahoiifftii Drainage Basin. Surface waters orig- inating on the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada, and draining into the highly mineralized lakes of the Lahontan Drainage Basin, are generall.y of excellent mineral <|uality. All are calcium bicarbonate type waters, soft to slightly hard, and are satisfactory for all ordinary beneficial uses. In Surprise Valley, the Alkali Lakes contain so- dium chloride type water, with excessive concentra- tions of Hnoride, b(n-on, total dissolved solids, and arsenic, which preclude their use for domestic, irri- gation, or most industrial purposes. Water in Honey Lake contains high concentrations of sodium, bicarbonates, chlorides, and sulfates; and significant quantities of fluoride, boron, iron, and ar- senic. This water is unsuitable for domestic uses or as a source of irrigation water supply. Long Valley Creek, tributary to Honey Lake, contains water less highly mineralized than the lake. However, it is un- suitable for such crops as deciduous fruit, most vege- tables, and grasses, due to its boron content, which runs as high as 0.95 parts per million and its per cent sodium which is as high as 80. Eagle Lake is a sodium bicarbonate type water of doubtful quality for unrestrictetl irrigation use. The lake waters are moderately to very hard, re(|uiring softening to .some degree for domestic use. Ground water in Surprise Valley generally varies from a soft to slightly hard sodium bicarbonate to sodium sulfate in type. The sulfate water appears to be concentrated in the area near Jliddle xMkali Lake. They also contain excessive amounts of boron, high total dissolved solids, and per cent sodium which place them in Cla.ss III irrigation water. A toxic amount of arsenic was found in the analysis of water from one well. These waters originate from mineral- ized hot springs prevalent in the area with tempera- tures ranging up to 200 degrees Fahrenheit. The sodium bicarbonate type ground watei's appear to be l)rincipally found in the vicinity of Upper and Lower Alkali Lakes. An excessive per cent sodium in these waters restrict its use for irrigation. Ground waters in the iladeline Plains area are liredominantly cah'ium or sodium bicarbonate in character. The majoi'ity of tin' wells sampled yielded 108 NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION modpi-ately hard to vory hard water. The mineral (juality of these ground waters is generally exeellent to good and fall within Class I in respect to irriga- tion use. "Waters high in nitrates were found in sev- eral areas. (h-ound waters in Honey Lake Valley are gener- ally classified as fair to good but variable as to min- eral composition. Waters to the north of Honey Lake are ordinarily sodinm bicarbonate in nature, soft to moderately hard, and contain total dis.solved solids ranging from 200 to 700 parts per million. However, water from a deep M-ell in the Janesville area, in the immediate vicinity of Honey Lake, contains a very hard, sodium chloride water, with total dissolved solids exceeding 1,000 parts per million, and per cent sodinm in the order of 60. Hot springs located near Wendel contain a sodium sulfate type water with high concentrations of chlorides and total dissolved solids, and a per cent sodium of about 90. Ground water in the vicinity of Janesville and Wendel to the north of Honey Ijake is Class III irri- gation water, and generally usable for only the more salt-tolerant crops. Ground waters to the south of Honey Lake are generally of a sodium bicarbonate nature, soft to moderately hard, and contain total dissolved .solids ranging from 200 to 400 parts per million, with the exception of ground waters foi;nd in the vicinity of the Sierra Ordnance Depot near Herlong. This latter area contains sodium sulfate type water, very hard, with total solids ranging from 400 to 800 parts per million. Impairment of ground and surface water resources in the Lahontan Drainage Basin is caused primarily by discharges of domestic and industrial wastes. Do- mestic wastes in the principal grouud water basins are ordinarily discharged to the ground water by means of individual septic tanks or cesspools. Industrial development in Madeline Plains, and in Surprise and Willow Creek Valleys, is presently at a minimum. In Honey Lake Valley, the lumbering in- dustry is of considerable importance, esi:)ecially in the Su.sanville area adjacent to the Susan River. Mining operations are of minor importance. Natural causes of ground water quality impair- ment include highly mineralized hot springs, and the inability of the closed basins of Madeline Plains and Surprise and Honey Lake Valleys to maintain a satis- factory salt balance. Salt balance refers to the condi- tion wherein the quantity of soluble salts entering the water supply of a basin are balanced by an equal quantity of soluble salts being removed from the basin by surface or subsurface outflow. Water Quality Planning- Considerations. In de- veldiiing ))lans for the utilization of water resources, both .surface and underground, thorough considera- tion must be given to the maintenance of quality levels suitable for the intended beneficial uses. Plan- ning toward this objective involves the evaluation, of the native (juality of waters, the effects on this water quality of future developments, and a determination of protective measures required to maintain suitable water quality. In order to determine whetlier water quality re- quirements for all intended beneficial uses will be met under conditions of future development, it is necessary to consider and evaluate the various causes of water qnalit.v impairment. The more common causes of impairment in quality of waters in the Northeastern Counties are indicated as follows: 1. Domestic and municipal sewage 2. Industrial wastes a. Organic wastes b. Mineral wastes 3. Irrigation return water 4. Interchange of poor quality water between a(|uifers due to improperly constructed, defec- tive, or abandoned wells 5. Adverse salt balance 6. Upward or lateral ditfusion of connate brines and juvenile waters 7. Poor quality waters originating from highly mineralized springs and surface runoff. The use of water resources for waste disposal must be considered along with the water requirements for other planned beneficial uses. Manj^ organic wastes can be .successfully treated by ordinary sewage treat- ment processes, including self purification in streams and ground water bodies. In surface streams ade- quate quantities of water must be provided to permit natural purification of these wastes in order to pre- serve the quality of the receiving waters for down- stream beneficial purposes. Ordinary treatment proc- esses do not, however, materially reduce the mineral content of these Avastes, which may be many times greater than that of the original water supply. In cases of highly mineralized wastes, therefore, the im- portation of water of high qualit3' specifically for dilution, or removal of wastes through a separate waste conve.vance channel, may be required. Irrigation return waters present a problem similar to that of mineralized sewage or industrial wastes. These return flows are usually of a higher mineral content than the original supply due to leaching of soils and applied agricultural chemicals. Further, since plants use only minute quantities of dissolved minerals, the concentration of mineral constituents is greatly increased in irrigation return waters. In many cases these return waters could seriously impair the quality of ground or surface water resources of the area. Plans for water development should include pro- . visions either for adequate dilution water, or a sepa- rate waste eonve.vance channel in order to maintain water of a suitable quality for other beneficial uses. In manj' areas, water of poor mineral quality either overlies or underlies water of usable quality. The NATURAL RESOURCES 109 iiiterL-haugv of tliese poor (juality waters hctwrcii aquifers, due to improperly constructed, defective, or abandoned wells could seriously impair the quality of usable tjrouud water supplies. The enforcement of proper well construction and sealiufi' standards can control quality impairment from this cause. Overpumping in {rround -water basins often results in (piality impairment of usable water supplies. It nuiy red\ice outflow from the basin to tiie ixiint that adverse salt balance conditions exist. Continued ad- vei'se salt balance would eventually increase the concentration of soluble salts in the basin to the point where the soil and oround water would be riMKh-red unfit for beneficial use. Excessive concentration of pumping can also cause upward or lateral diffusion of poor (luality waters, such as connate brines or highly mineralized juvenile watei-s. into usable water supplies. Tn planning water development jirojects, it may be necessary to consider the need for control of the pumping: draft and pat- tern in order to avoid creation of quality problems from adverse salt balance or diffusion of poorer qual- ity waters. The existence of highlj^ mineralized springs and streams within the area of water resources develop- ment projects may adversely affect the quality of water for intended beneficial purposes. Isolation or dilution of these iioor quality waters should be con- sidered in planning water development projects. Prom the foregoing, it can be seen that plans for water development must include consideration of all causes of quality impairment, and an evaluation of their effect on proposed beneficial uses. Since there are no specific water development projects proposed in this bulletin, it is not possible at this time to evaluate future water quality conditions. LAND RESOURCES Agriculture, and the utilization of forest jn'oducts, will continiu* to constitute the major factors in the economy of the Northeastern Counties. Further, the developnuMit of these resources will continue to pro- vide the greatest demand for water service. By far the largest use of water in the Northeastern Counties is for agi'iculture, a condition that will continue to prevail even under conditions of ultimate develoj)- ment. Detailed and extensive surveys to determine the nature and extent of present land use, as well as the probable nature and extent of the ultimate land use pattern, were conducted by the Departnuuit of Watei- Resources during this investigation. The T'nited States Forest Service provided data and estimates of the sustained yield of the forest laiuls aiul the esti- mated future production of forest products. These land surveys and estimates of sustained yield were the basis for the evaluation of the greater part of the water i'e(|uireinenls of tlie Xorl heastei'U Counties. The methods of collecting and com])iiing' the basic data, as well as the data itself, are presented in the following sections: Presently Irrigated Lands, li'rigable Tjaiids, T^'rban Lands, and Forest L;inds. Presently Irrigated Lands Data as to the nature, location, and areal extent of lands in the Northeastern Counties, to which w-ater is ju'cscntly applied in addition to jireeipitat ion, were obtaiiunl wherever available, from fedei-ai, state, and local agencies. These data geni'raily were based ou res\ilts of field surveys, segregated in aeeordaiice with various classes and types of laiul use, and are regu- larly determiiuHl by many watei- sei'vice agencies as a part of their operational procedures. The Biireau of Reclamation of the United States Department of the Interior, in jdanning for and operating the Central ^'alley Project, has made land use sui-veys of much of the irrigated area oil the floor of the Sacramento Valley. The former Division of Water Resources, now the State Departnu^nt of "Water Resoiu-ces, in connection with recent and current water resources investigations, has examined and classified water- using lands in many areas of northern California, including areas where water rights determinations have been made and which are now administered under watermaster service. Surveys of present water service areas, conducted during this investigation, were accomplished gener- ally by field insiieetion, using aerial photographs to delineate the boundaries of the various classifica- tions. Areas so delineated were then measured and the data compiled with that from other sources. Within the scope of the present investigation, it was impractical to survey during any single season all areas receiving water service in the Noi'theastern Counties. Tabidations of ]ireseiit water service areas included herein represent a composite of survey data covering the period from 1!».")4 through 19.56, which is the period referred to in this report in discussing present conditions of development. Irrigated lands include all agricultural lands de- pending upon application of surface or ground water, as well as those utilizing water directly from a high water table. The irrigated laiul was categoi-ized into the following individual crop types: alfalfa, im- proved and meadow pasture, grain and urain ha.v, truck crops, field crops, deciduous orchard, sub- tropical orchard, rice, and vineyard. In-igated ]>as- ture crops were groujied in accordance with differ- ences in water use. Improved ])asture is that with improved irrigation facilities, and is generally cropped to select grasses and legumes. Meadow pas- ture consists of that with little or no improvements, normally growing forage of native grasses including rush and wire grass, and utilizing mor^ water than 110 NORTHEASTERN COUNT! KS IXVESTKiATlOX TABLE 31 PRESENT WATER SERVICE AREAS (1954 TO 1956) WITHIN HYDROGRAPHIC UNITS, NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES (In acres) Hydrographic unit Type of land use Name Irrigated lands Urban lands Swamp and marsh lands Refer- Alfalfa Pasture Grain and grain hay Truck Field De- ciduous orchard Sub- tropical orchard Rice Vine- yard Total irri- gated Prin- cipal res- nuniber Im- proved Vleadow ervoirs 1 North Coastal Drainage Basin TuleLake 5.400 1.S20 910 11.210 4.370 SO 70 1) 11.780 4.120 3.830 22.700 12.130 100 1.890 300 990 70 8.440 2.780 370 3.930 8,630 50 43.840 3.490 910 1.330 7,320 20 12.960 2.610 20 10 1) 11 111 20 10 10 82,420 14.830 6.040 39.200 32.470 100 1.890 380 1,080 120 260 720 250 1.450 160 460 2.580 110 1,310 120 43,330 3.570 3 1,000 2.050 5 Scott Vallev -- g 16.400 9 South Fork Trinity River 11 T.akc Pillsburv 2,170 SUBTOTALS 23.860 940 5.200 3.060 1.710 970 120 10 10 II 210 2.350 110 80 260 80 10 90 II 490 1,210 30 830 3.970 4.700 100 6.070 1.660 12.820 4.940 250 2.850 2.340 4.910 460 610 23.770 13.750 57.910 1.900 40 2.530 6.950 5.940 3.140 1.340 1.650 1.810 60 1.240 650 220 620 760 3.560 1.480 350 7,010 2,040 830 270 80 220 1,530 4,650 11.300 2.660 80 210 1.070 1.000 21.200 24.560 9,430 660 31.330 5.940 53.330 18.640 2.4.30 290 3,930 5,270 23,260 2,350 60 400 12,010 14,840 24,200 8,270 4,950 27,550 17,900 17.890 6.550 50 560 930 80 1,610 40 110 70 1,670 170 860 1.580 200 10.390 11.650 26,310 3,580 30 870 120 10 50 50 40 300 2.120 20 370 570 20 56,910 260 7.110 1.900 30 590 60 10 10 90 990 1,370 850 470 560 20 1.020 5.650 1.520 200 70 270 6,410 15.600 90 40 10 50 U ,S0 30 380 30 30 20 140 500 4.710 70 2.470 32.440 8.710 10 2.750 13.130 5.090 11.450 15.850 60 III 340 10 160 1.490 6.210 1.970 3.400 26.660 4.150 50 2.210 4.680 4.150 70 70 10.000 24.510 50 10 70 10 10 6.180 20 30 50 120 230 1.220 80 20 10 10 30 390 380 2,060 10,340 10 3.990 12.200 11.590 21.690 1.460 7.840 22.140 13.280 50 200 970 7.380 650 410 470 480 180 4.170 4.780 40 1.360 40 120 1.490 330 20 50 410 20 220 120 710 40 150 50 1.420 19.260 199.980 85.540 40 6.310 19.920 25.510 5.610 17.870 25,900 750 50 10 10 30 40 60 280 178,530 11.370 4.990 42.480 29.810 25.570 11.320 1.560 2,220 2.770 50 70 1.860 1.160 230 620 1.050 15.260 1.610 530 7.460 2.310 2.740 360 170 860 1.580 280 2.090 11.920 17.860 40.190 6.260 120 1.090 1.400 6.340 23.610 37.840 36,190 840 47,310 45.010 342.890 148.800 2,780 2,100 26,150 68.030 77.450 8.560 260 2.050 82.980 101,930 3.300 90 1,910 320 440 390 10 670 1,300 50 20 470 100 100 110 1,650 150 1,810 30 180 10 10 190 530 280 100 250 130 3,320 1.170 3.250 2,660 1,970 2.420 1.410 20 SIO 2.370 3.560 2,810 2.520 4,120 50 1,240 700 600 40 II 80 980 20 20 20 30 60 10 10 50 1,420 6,000 9,570 70 650 50 68.520 12 Central Valley Drainage Basin 190 3.690 14,360 1,710 16 1,500 Hat Creek 1,460 IS 80 19 McPload River 20 29,500 Clear Creek - ■'3 640 24 110 05 Oljnda - 50 26 Rpdhank Creek - - 27 ElderCreek 28 3,110 30 Clear Lake 43,050 120 60 10 15 Rattle Creek 180 37 Mill Creek 39 Deer Creek -- 450 38,610 43 680 44 45 Sierra Valley Middle Fork Feather River 10 300 120 47 530 320 49 Wvandotte 110 40 52 53 Fruto 54 55 56 57 Orland - Durham -- - Colusa -- Gridley 60 58 370 59 Cortina ■ 60 61 Sutter 62 10 63 600 65 66 Woodland 67 East Yolo --- SUBTOTALS . . 100,970 297,120 147.540 29.460 98.080 90.200 124.720 14.590 408.430 1,230 1,312,340 39,290 24,260 141,830 XATUHAL KKSOTUCES 111 TABLE 31-Contmued PRESENT WATER SERVICE AREAS (1954 TO 1956) WITHIN HYDROGRAPHIC UNITS, NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES (In acres) Hydrographic unit Type of land use Name Irrigated lands Urban lands Swamp and marsh lands Refer- Alfalfa Pasture Grain and grain hay Truck Field De- ciduous orchard Sub- tropical orchard Rice Vine- yard Total irri- gated Prin- cipal res- number Im- proved Meadow ervoirs 6!! Lahontan Drainage Basin 16.5-10 20 5.070 1.000 1.490 1.010 60 850 160 3.150 2.980 440 11.960 5,030 3,580 3,940 2.760 10.250 920 2.420 3.890 1.960 120 2.S40 420 60 160 11 33,880 8.020 3.640 4.970 2.920 21.470 5.320 2.860 310 1.430 520 460 ISO 380 40 980 20 140 370 69 1,920 70 71 Willow Creek - 70 72 Secret Valley . 750 7.'i 5.700 10 75 Little Truckee River SUBTOTALS 22.630 10.140 40.950 9,230 220 83.080 2.260 2,200 8,820 TOTALS. NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES 147.460 365.170 212.600 95.600 113,900 90.200 124,770 14,590 408,430 1,230 1,573.950 44.850 27.990 219.170 improved ])asturc because of hiph water table condi- tions. This hi^'h water table condition may be either natural or induced, depending: upon the method of irrigation ])raeticed. Deciduous orcliard includes all kinds of deciduous fruits and nuts such as peaches, pears, walnuts, aliiiniHls, prunes, and apples. Subtropical orchard is made up of oorai>liic groups: smooth lying valley lands, slightly sloping and un- diilating lands, and steeper and more rolling lands. Where other conditions limited the suitability of the lands to ])roduce climatically adapted croiis, the three board classes were further subdivided in accordance with the nature of the limitations. Such limiting cmi- ditioiis included shallow soil depths, rockiness, high water tables, coarse textures with low moisture- holding capacities, very fine textures limiting the effective depth, and the presence of saline and alka- line salts. In certain of the mountainous and foothill areas in the Xortheastern Counties, lands are found with soils and physical characteristics Avhich make them sxiit- able for irrigation development. However, due to climatic and other factors associated witii their jircs- NATT'HAL KESoritCKS n.") cut iitilizatidii, tlii'\- were classiticJ as best suited to remain under some tyiie of forest iiuuiaiiciueiit. In general these areas lie at elevations where Ic^iiutli of growing season and frost hazards greatly limit n-o]) adaptabilities. The soils are usually of the residual type noi'mall.\' associated with conifer production. Such soils were formed in place thi-ough the action of soil forming processes upon the underlying bed- rock. They exhibit cliemical and physical character- istics wliieh make them well suited for tind)er produc- tion where rainfall is aderpiate. In other areas, whcr(> the economy is influenced by the production of live- stock with the accompanying demand for range land, ])articnlai-ly in the national forests, it appears rea- sonable that the marginal land classes would remain as grazing lauds under general forest management practices. Other areas, adjacent to high mountain lakes and streams, have a value for recreational ac- tivities and were not considered as potential agri- cultural lands, but were assumed to remain under forest management. Table 33 comprises a dcsci-iptiou of the land classes used in the survey as they affect irrigability and crop adaptability. TABLE 33 LAND CLASSIFICATION STANDARDS Land class TABLE 33-Continued LAND CLASSIFICATION STANDARDS Characteristics Land class ' Characteristics Irrigable Valley Lands \' Sinootli lyinti \alley lands with slopes up to 6 per cent in general gradient, in roiisonably large-sized bodies sloping in the same plane; or slightly undulating lands which are less than 4 per cent in general gradient. The soils have medium to deep effective root zones, are permeable throughout, and free of salinity, alkalinity, rock or other conditions limiting crop adaptability of the land. These lands are suitable for all climatically adapted crops. Vw Similar in all respects to Class V, except for the present condition of a high water table, which in effect limits the crop adaptability of these lands to pasture crops. Drainage and a change in irriga- tion practice would be required to affect the crop adaptability. For the purpose of this investigation, it was assumed that there would be no future change In use of these lands. Vs Similar in all respects to Class V. except for the presence of saline and alkaline salts, which hmits the present adaptability of these lands to crops tolerant to such conditions. The presence of salts within the soil generally indicates poor drainage and a medium to high water table. Reclamation of these lands will involve drainage and the application of additional water over and above crop refiuirenients in order to leach out the harmful salts. Vh Similar in all respects to Class V, except for having very heavy textures, whicli makes these lands best suited for the production of shallow-rooted crops such as rice and pasture. VI Similar in all respects to Class V, except for having fairly coarse textures and low moistvire-holding capacities, which in general make these lands unsuited for the production of shallow-rooted crops because of the fretpiency of irrigations required to supply the water needs of such crops. Vp Similar in all respects to Class V. except for depth of the effective root zone", which limits use of these lands to shallow-rooted crops, such as irrigated grain and pasture. Vr Similar in all respects to Class V, except for the presence of rock on the surface or within the plow zone in sufficient quantity to prevent use of the land for cultivated crops. These lands are suitable for irrigated pasture crops. \'\]'< Similar in all respects to Class V, except for the limitations set fortli for Classes \'h and Vs, which nuikcs these lands best suited for the production of shallow-rooted, salt-tolerant crops. Vis Similar in all respects to Class V, except for the limitations get forth for Classes VI and Vs, which makes these lands best suited for the production of deep-rooted, salt-tolerant crops. Vps Similar in all respects to Class V, excejjt for the limitations set forth for Classes Vp and Vs, which restrict the crop adaptaV>i!ity of these lands to shallow-rooted, salt-tolerant crops. \\tr Similar in all respects to Class V, except for the limitations set forth for Classes Vp and Vr, which restrict the crop adaptability of these lands to irrigated pasture. Irrigable Hill Lands H Rolling and undulating lands with sloi)es up to a maxiiiium of 20 I)er cent for rolling large-sized bodies sloping in the same plane; and grading down to a maximum slope of less tlian 12 per cent for imdulating lands. The soils are permeable, with medium to deep effective root zones, and are suitable for the production of all climatically adapted crops. The only limitation is that im- posed by topographic conditions, which affect the ease of irriga- tion and the anioimt of these lands that may ultimately be develoijed for irrigation. Ill Similar in all respects to Class H, except for having fairly coarse textures and low moisture-holding capacities, which in general makes these lands unsuited for the production of shallow- rooted crops because of the frequency of irrigations required to supply the water needs of such crops. Hp Similar in all respects to Class H, except for depth of the effective root zone, which limits use of these lands to sliallow- rooted crops. Hr Similar in all respects to Class H. excei)t for the presence of rock on the surface or within the plow zone in sufficient (piantity to restrict use of the land to nonciUtivated crops. Hpr Similar in all respects to Class H, except for depth of the effective root zone and the presence of rock on the surface or within the root zone in sufficient quantity to restrict use of these lands to noncultivated crops. Ht Similar in all respects to Class H, except for topographic limitations. These lands have smooth slopes up to 30 per cent in general gradient for large-sized bodies sloping in the same plane, and slopes up to 12 per cent for rougher and more undulating to- pography. These lands will probably never become as highly developed as other "H" classes of land, and are best suited only for irrigated pasture. Htl Similar in all respects to Class Ht, except for having fairly coarse textures and low moisture-holding capacities which in general makes these lands unsuited for the prodviction of shallow-rooted crops and presents a great erosion hazard. Htp Similar in all respects to Class Ht, except for depth of the effective root zone, which limits use of these lands to shallow-rooted crops. Htr Similar in all respects to Class Ht, except for the presence of rock on the surface or within the plow zone in sufficient (piantitj' to restrict use of these lands to noncultivated crops. Htpr Similar in all respects to Class Ht, except for depth of the effective root zone and the presence of rock on tlie surface or within the root zone, which limits use of these lands to noncultivated shallow-rooted crops. F Presently forested lands, or lands subject to forest management, whicli meet the requirements for irrigable land but which, because of climatic conditions and pliysiograpliic position, are better suited for timber production or some type of forest management program rather than for irrigated agriculture. L" L'rban lands presently used for residential, commercial, resort, and industrial purposes. N" Includes ail lands which fail to meet the requirements of the above classes. IKi XORTHEASTERX COUNTIES IXVESTICATIOX Example of Land Classification Delineafed on Aerial Photograph NATURAL KESOT'RCER 117 Land Classification Survey Procedure. The land classification ]n-(icc(liiri' ciniiloycd dtiriiiK' the inves- tigation consisted basically of an examination of the soil characteristics and the physionraphy of the land- scape. Field mapping- was done on aerial photographs having a scale of approximately 1 to 20,000. Stereo- scopes were nsed in tlie field to assist the soil tecli- iiologists in making delineations in aci'ordance with observed conditions. The character of the soils was established by examination of materials from test holes, I'oad cuts, and ditch banks, together with ob- servation of the type and quality of natural vegeta- tion and crops. The presence of rock, high water tables, alkalinity and salinity were observed. Kepre- seutative slopes throughout the area were measiu'ed with a clinonu^ter to determine their degree of slope. Considering all these factors, the appropriate crop adaptability class for each parcel of land was deter- mined and delineated on the aerial photograph. In certain areas covered by this investigation, work doue bj' other agencies was of value in the land classi- fication procedure. Tlie Soil Conservation Service of the Ignited States Department of Agriculture has made detailed land capability surveys for a number of soil conservation districts througliout tlie North- eastern Counties, and the Bureau of Reclamation of the United States Department of the Interior has made land classification studies in connection with Federal reclamation projects. The surveys of both these agencies were used to supplement the work of the Department of "Water Resources. In addition, the coopei'ative soil siirveys of the University of Califor- nia and the United States Department of Agriculture aided in the classification procedure. After irrigable areas were delineated in the field on aerial photographs, the areas were projected to either United States Geological Survey topographic maps or United States Forest Service planimetric maps at scales of approximately 1 :24,000 or 1 :31,680, respec- tively. The areas of each of the land classes were de- termined by cutting the delineated areas on the base maps and weighing with an analytical balance. The areas by land classes were then computed and tabu- lated by hydrographic unit and county. Results of the land classification survey indicate that approximately 1,575,000 acres of land within the Northeastern Counties, out of a total of about 23,- 500,000 acres, are susceptible of agricultural develop- ment luider irrigation. Approximately 3,170,000 acres, or some 76 per cent of the lands classed as irrigable, are valley lands. Pi'actieally all of these irrigable valley lands are composed of recent alluvial and lacustrine soils, and the greater part is of excellent agricultural quality and will produce all climatically adapted crops. Some of the irrigable hill lands are found on recent alluvial soils, but for the most part they are comprised of residual soils or old vallev ten-ace soils. The best of the irrigable hill lands, tiiose which ha\-e aileipiati' soil dc|)tli and reasonably smooth tojjograjihy, comprise about 325,0f)() acres, or approximately 7 per cent of the total irrigable area. The remainder of the irriga- ble hill lands, totaling some 780,000 acres, or about 17 per cent of the irrigabre area, are quite limited in their crop adaptability by inade(puite soil depths, preseiu-e of rock, or excessive slo|)es. Results of the classification of irrigable lands in the Northeastern Counties are presented in Table 34, segregated by hydi-ogi-ajihic Tinits. Table 35 presents the results summarized by counties. The irrigable val- ley lands, irrigable hill lands, and other irrigable lauds best suited to forest management are delineated on Plate 4. Determination of the Amount of Land That Will Ultimately Be Irrigated. Even in the most inten- sively developed areas of irrigated agricxdture, not all of the irrigable lands receive water every year. Since the results of the land classification survey were in terms of gross areas, it was necessary to determine the net acreage that might ultimately be irrigated in any one season. This probably will depend on one or more of the following factors : (1) Quality of the Land and Crop Rotation. It is anticipated that in tlie future the higher quality irrigable lands will be intensively developed for ir- rigation and will remain in relatively continuous op- eration, wliereas lands of poorer quality and of limited crop adaptability will be in production only as favorable economic conditions permit. Also, even though it is assumed that all irrigable lands will re- ceive water service, the effect of crop rotation is acknowledged. Even in areas of intensive irrigation development certain lands lie fallow each year, thus reducing the water recpiirements. (2) Irrigable Areas Utilized for Purposes other than Agriculture. It is anticipated that there will always be a portion of the irrigable lands that will be occupied by urban types of development, farm lots, highways, railroads, canals, industrial establishments, etc. The nature of the agricultural development will, to some extent, determine the amount of certain of these nonagricultural land uses. For example, orchard and truck farming areas ordinarily include more land used for roads and farmsteads than areas where field crops are dominant. (3) Inclusions of Xonirrignhlr Land. Due to the scale of the photographs on which the irrigable lands were mapped, it was not possible to delineate all of the small areas of nouirrigable land which occurred within the lands classed as irrigable. The occurrence of these small plots of nouirrigable land, which are included within the areas classed as irrigable, varies generally with the detail of the survey and classes of lands being surveyed, being greatest in the marginal cla.sses. Livesfock Pastured on Cuf Hay Land Department of JKijrt'r Resources Photograph United States Bureau of Hcclaviatloii Photograph NATTTRAL KESOURCES ll'> (4 ) Sit( . Sli( rdopnicnt of the Irrigahh' Landa. The inherent diftieulties encountered in developing; and serving water to lands with more adver.se topo- graphic conditions will tend to prevent them from being utilized comi)letely. This is particularly true of those lands with hilly topography which could not be served completely by a gravity irrigation .system and would recjuire numerous pump lifts. ( 6 ) Economic Conditions. The economic effects of crop pi'odnction costs and net returns are recognized as one of the most influential factors in limiting the annual irrigated acreage and resultant water re(piire- ments. It is probable that there will always be a tendency to withdraw land from production in years of economic adversity. Inasmuch as the concept of ultimate development adopted for purposes of the present studies presupposes maximum land use within physical limitations, and water suppl.v availability, economic effects as discussed above were not given consideration in determining the probable ultimate irrigated area. This assumption is conservative in re- lation to water requirements, in that the estimated requirements have thus been maximized in this stage of planning for future water resources development. (7) Availability of Water Supply. It is recog- nized that one of the limiting factors of ii-rigation develojimeut is the availability of an adequate an- X coooooocooo lOOOSOOOOOOOOO^OOCOOOCOOOOCJOOOO oooocoooooo o oooooooo OOCJ03000000COOOOOOOOOOCC:OC;C:00 CC Oi Oi »0 (— >0 - — -r c^ CM ec c^ cr. 00 = 00000000 r- CD (O : o c o o o ooooooooo ooocooooooooooo co»rac^CMC^-rcocci oiociO -r-r to OOtOt— 0»00> — — t^ C-JTS !^_ C^' .— ID »ft »0 C^ ?C OOOOOOOOOOO I o lOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOwOOOOOOOOOOOCO OOOOOOOOOOO — «MCDO>0 ^e CO Ci — coco — GO— "rfCC CM CD >0 eD t— 1— CO '-'CM •— C-l -T" ^- OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO^OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO irSCMeOOJOCO CMiCCM CMOi-H ^rOCCOOSDr- lOiO eOCMr^ •" eo«Door^Ma»o oi»f — — — — — — —.— .-..«--.. ■^ •-H m e*3 CM eo — oo T CO -r CO CO U3 lO <0 C-l OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOCOO in^C-lOC'CD-r^- t^,-<»-. i-_ cOOcDCOCOCMOlOOOOl'^CMO'OCOC^^'''^'^-*'^ 1>-CMCM — -r--»*»n ^- — ^- CCi CM — 1-1 C'l (D CD t— CM -^ CM OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO eoto«3foeo-r cococi ooor- — eooo«OOOomo: eo co<0 ma;- ^ lO'-tDior-co »no --•-rcD«D-*'r---7'coo>o=D — — « c^ — -»■ co CO cm'—"— C^ cD — uf— WiCMUS— cm— M c^^ »0 CM — ^ — OOOOOOOOOOO O OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOO CDCCOC'CM^C'O — OIOIOO -I- -r oo «o - OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOCOOOOCOOOOOOOOOCCO a;-:-r-j"COCCOicoeoo»n -t-cMCOococ — — m-r — ococr-tc toarcD-T-'^ico-^;*^??^ O — »O0C— 'M^-CMft t^r--l--CMC:-r — I^QC Co"^tDOC"tD eo IC Ol eC OC (T* C^ CO cococcTro-TiOGC z - to o z < CO < z o l- < u lO < JOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOOOOCOO CM <0 — OOCOOO-^OiOi tDCDOC CM — »0 OS Ol -^ CM OOOOOOOOOOO o OOOOOOOOOOO o OOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOO — incMOt— -5"i~ir^o CO a -r lOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOOOOOOCOOOOOO ooooooo ; ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo ^CM — Oi — eOOCOSD — — r^ CO -foeocio — ™"->'^"^'~' ^ ™™.r^(-^ M — CMOeO— CO — IT-- oooooooooooooooooooooooo; OC0CM0005C0 -r Tj-o-i-'OCMt^eoacc^'O-f I^"^CO«Dt^ CM OOt^"— 'fCCt--^t-~l^3i O^ — 'c-feDCM e^ — CMCOiOCM'— OOOOOOOOOOO iOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOC:'C::00000 OC OOOOO : OOOOOOOOOOO lO O'OOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOO CO »0 I~ CM CI OC OOOOOOOOOOOOOOi lOCM- CO-fOt-OJCD lO QO_ oq t-~ o; co_ co oo -3- -5"" I" 00 ?D (d' >000000000000000000000' CMO ffSDCO-- CD M5 -roi-fO — - OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOOOOCOOOOO COCM»01CCJ0 lOC^CMO^— tD — CO — IfSoi Ol'— ' COCOI^— 'l^t-- 'H 'c j»: £- ^ ■J O 3 2 "^ r- ""Is 9. ^ :£ ™ 2 ^ i^-5"fSi|s|2-§:gti|s^lss2l3Ss.i2|sfc -.»" "^" = Si So3»2^2-S:s3 ° " " S =-^ ^-a 55.° =*.=; -if •= ■ fe 3 a> 3 fe 0* • -r lO CD I- 30 Oi O • NATURAL RESOT^RCES TJl O u to < o Z Z y Q. < o o X ° c z - a z < CO < o DC Oi z g I— < CO < .J u Irrigable lands best suited to forest man- age- ment o CO i o_ 2,030 15,540 96,550 3,250 5.780 50,650 60 4.520 i if? 46,070 37,120 178,520 117,920 64,920 129,850 96,970 557,990 264,090 21,930 89,750 126,430 76,600 199,180 18,310 10,200 12,680 194,500 167,660 o 5 CO 114,940 169,360 5.170 12,760 22,060 89,280 118,0,50 11,545 1 Ot o OS t-' is 1 1 [*. ■— CO — oi wi — " — " CO s OOOOOOOO CO o CM K OOOOOOOOOCiOOCT'OOOOOO o 03 oooooooo §- "KG CO* CO 1 i OOOOOOOOOOOOOCiOCOOO o" oooooooo lO Ol CI a^ — 05 — (N — c>» CO CO o o CO CO W ooooooooooooooooooo o oooooooo 5 1 CO" ffi ooooooocooocooocrooo c^ oc "^ -r ^ lo -r ^. ". T o OI oooooooo CO -r — « i^ OS — CO -*■ -r cm" g OS 1 CO CO lO — r- r- — W5 —• —" co' 1^ ||SSg|°= 2 o g £ ooooooooooooooooooo o n ggH=gg£g ~ lO f OS Ol — " 04 OJ 5 1 s osQcosto-»'_— -r^scocor^os od -t t-- r-T eo" — ' -^ so o" eft co -^ O i-^ 1 oooooooo IM_ m CO 0_ O Oi lO 1 o CO OS i S ooooooooooooooooooo o oooooooo CO ;C — OS IC eo" "^ S CD* CM X — " CO — " ^" o-r — " o* — " — " oj teS — ' M -f' o_ «o ?s oooooooo OS*0 ooooooooooooooooooo — (M e» «c -- 40 1^ ^ g Oi to* oooooooo -r OC' CO OS CO CD 0__ o OJ O CO OS > OO'OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 1 oooooooo — OS g OS o" s CM* > ooooooooooooooooooo tC eo oc o" o o o o' CO oooooooo OS — o eo o_ CO o s g ^ OO'OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO t^cOQOt^ec— -O ^- P^ OS -r 00 — -f of uS o CO ll^=s§ll ° s a. > ||§|SB|g||g|||?g=2| " ■"" 'i S = S ^' g" S " 2 s 5 1 =' ?f o cr. oooooooo OS lO CO oo CO o r- o oi CM co" -r c^' o o" o g > ooooooooooooooooooo -re^-r (O0C<;DeD acoccocj «5 CO — -»• W5 «0 — CO 0_^ CO oi oooooooo CO 00 (M 00 OS lO CO OJ W5 ui CD OS i g OS > ooooooooooooooooooo asoir— -reo (moico i-~ -r(M — (MOoqos """. '^ °^ -TOO o; O I^ o: ■— " o" of — ' oi f (D «3 W :r; to § CO oooooooo 3 '""" o »o OS^ o O 1 -J ooooooooooooooooooo O 40 — . OJ Ol O -ft* i oooooooo S 5 - g S S SS OD — -r -1-' -r CO o OS s ^^^g^gsgsg^^gg^^^®® o CO oo* 12,430 5,750 3,820 3,550 2,770 10,.390 950 2,490 g oi o CO o" > ooooooooooooooooooo ooosr— «S'rr«3^-^-pa-ri-ic>»"*-c>JO«ra—' too oooor~iocoeoi--cocoiOt— (M!Mr-rooocoooj o" »o" f' (M CO i~-" 1^ "" OS to (D — " -r CO* oo" «o -r c^ 1 o ■S i i i i i i ; ; i ; ; i ; : ; i : i i g : ; ; ; 1 ; : ; : ; ; ; : •=:;;; 1 :; 1 ;;;:;; i ;;; ; 9;;;,^;::;ii;;;;|;;:: s J i.i ■ ; ! : :3 ; j \d°4 ■is 1 7D Lahontan Drainage Basin Surprise Valley. Madeline Plains __, Eagle Lake.- _ Willow Creek tjecret Valley Susan River _ Herlong Little Truckee River 2 1 IIP ?gSSSSSS5SSgSSSSSS5 CD CD 1^ »— r~ t~ t— 1- 122 NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION z o u z < Of O z z X Q Z < < o 0£. z o I— < u < V •S- , ^ C = C C C O ■ ■ 1 1 Q 1 > 1 1 1 1 > > 1 1 1 1 t 1 c o o c = 1^ r~ lO 3-. -r »o -I CM 00 OS I~ CM 1^ CO f llliii tn a; — ?-:_ --s cj <". CO CD CD_ OS O — CO_ o_ tn S) c in -r lO m" oc oo CO co" t'^ CD CO O cm' tft "E^ « m CD CO — •"■ M o o o o o O O O O O O O C5 o o o o 1 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o gS a ci a> OS «o oo t^ •»■ r- r- OS CO «> — r* OS I-- 1 I- CO CO CO O OS m o ■ft o CM OS r^ o — «o «3 OJ • • O 1 c o ■ o O > 1 I > ' t. r* (O ' c i to . 1 ■ «5 OC' o 2 c ^r — r- CO W lO . . o tn -f -f . o • ■ 1 — ' U (O ' CQ " W '^ (M" o o c o . O O ' o o O O ' O 1 o o o 1 O O O • ( o o o o O O • ' 1 o Oi oc lO -r . CC M 1 W CO -* 1 r- CM ^ ■«• OS CD Oi -t- CM m Tf 00 CO CO ' O 00 1" <^ — I^ K — CO OS* cm' us 00 o' o" 3 O O ■ C 1 o o o o c 1 O O > 1 • 1 o o o o O O 1 1 1 o 13 O eo «0 oo 00 1 CM CM ' 1 1 1 OS — o p. CO US — '^' — CM -f ' CD 3 K —* in — " — cm' to 1 o c: o 1 o o o o o o o o 1 3 O 1 ■ 1 ■ o o o C2 o O O 1 o o o r- M5 _ , o OS »ft ' lO . uo »0 1 . 1 1 o CD CO OS CM C-l OS — S "^ !S M 1— CO W c^" Ift "" O O 1 1 1 o o o o o o o o o ; 2 g o . rs o o 1 1 o o o o C o O O • 1 1 o e-5 (O 1 1 1 CO . CO CO O 1 1 CO Ift cc c 00 oo o. en c-i -r 1ft o_ CO "^ In ' r^_ t-_ CO to CJ_ ^ f O CO CM OS W eo t--" ^ ro CI -^ CO ^- •ft' r-T CO CM U3 s co" ~r , , o o o ' ' 1 2 ' 1 ' o • o 1 . . . O o 1 o; 00 ■ 1 1 t-- OS CO ft O OS 1 CM «) CO r- ■ I 'CO > CO — to CM f CO -*" , , , O o , . 1 O 1 o c o 1 1 1 O O ■ 1 o O O 1 1 ■ o • ■ . m 1 1 1 ,— O 1 1 cc CI 1 > 1 -r a t-._ ' Tt 'So CO CD o CM lO — I-" ja 1 1 I I ; :;:;;;; : — i ■ : I > 1 1 1 O 1 1 o o o . . t . . C 1 1 1 OS 1 1 t— CO o >■ OS CM CO OS co" co" t-' CO co" r-T s OS OS 2 1 ! ' 1 — o o :^ O O 1 < 1 1 o o 1 O O O 1 1 1 o C = — O O 1 o o o O IC CO ' ' 1 ' — o> C CM CM OS OS 1 — 1* to 1 > CO ^ QC "" CO - "3 ^ , O ■ 1 ' o o o o =! O O 1 o < o o o o O O 1 . • o 1 C: 1 1 ' oc CO 1 oo . CM CO CO >. > co" c-i -^' s-i co' ^' CO t-£ '^ ^ 00_ cm' 05 -r OS ^- CC r* c^^" ^- "^ 5 1 OS t" CO — co — — . , c o o o 1 O ■ O 1 o o 1 . 1 O O 1 1 o O 1 o ■ O ■ 1 o o . CO • -f 1 00 oo 1 1 ' (D ^ ' ' 00 00 . tn ' 1 CO oc 3 ' M -r S >-• CO fO «i ift > "" os' oi "^ to" 1 O o o , ■ 1 o o o o o 1 ■ O O O O I O 1 o O 1 1 1 1 o , , r- c ■ 1 1 lo r- CM t— 1 I OS O: O CO 1 CM CO 1 1 F , so ja o — _ ■*. *i ^. •*. — CM t- OS > O PO cm' ^ >-- OS m" Oi" os" -r OS -T m OS CO CO ^- CO OS , . , O 1 1 o o 1 1 1 1 O . 1 o O ' c; O 1 1 ' o o , . , CO 1 1 — 1 1 1 . O) 1 1 c>» CM ' CM O 1 ■ i CJ — r^ -r o_ o_ '" ^ -r -f — ^- O ' O ' ' o O O 1 O ' 1 • 1 , 1 O O ' 1 C5 ■ O c o o o o o o -f 1 W 1 . o CM M5 1 CO 1 1 ' 1 ( 1 oc r~ 1 . U3 . »ft CO oc cr r- CJ ift ift ■s CO ^- CO '^ •*' 00 CM in CM o r^ > ~ cm' -r ui — " in" O O C 1 O CD O O 1 o ■ o o o 1 o o o o o o o o o cs o o ■ o o o 5? S m ' — 00 CO — ^ CM in ^- 1 m 1 CO OS CO 1 oo o i^ oc — ■-r CO W5 o CD CM I tn CM o ^5?" CO CM_ c^ o^ -r CT — CO •»■ OS CM "5. lO 00_ eo_ -r -r co to in ci" OS -r CM co' o' cm' cm' — ' r~ -f-r„ — 1- — m i2 CD CO c. 1 ; 1 I 1 MM i i i i i i i i ; ; i i ; i ■s O 1 i i i i -< C II CO ^ I I I 1 1 1 1 2 *; I 2 < c : : !2 ; -; § ■ ■ L. fe^ ? 3 H c 3 S ; e- i : O ; a 'i ■3 i >-9 < i 5^ 1 i illl §i 1 i o O 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 o ; 1 1 1 1 ; ; 03 > s ; : 1 1 1 ; ; "1-i i i i ;J rS O fc O O O -3 o E- H ?^ o o : ; : ; 1 ; ; = £^ : ; ; i ; ; o| g 1 1 1 ; ; 1-4 -/l ti. O O O O o -1 i o nil o O o 3i o "l5f tl .5Pii M o ^ J3 33 S S >^ X> S ^ « a fe O — CM lO eo OC o> ca in l-. OS O CO CD r^ OS o — OS CO f to 1- OS ^ o CO — CM >o *n ift *ft »ft —■ CM CO CO — « rl -r CD CD NATURAL RESOrRCES 128 z 3 o u z a. IT) < O z LU X I— z X $: I " Q - !y Z 5 < CO < Z o t— < to to < 9 ■= = = = o , . o O O O 1 o c = c = o o o O o o o o o ■ ■ . , . o o o o ■ al 111 ill tti *n ■x. iTi « 1 ■ CM o r^ CO ■ O u? W5 o; ~ -r O «D t- CD OC to CM • 1 ' ■ I- CO OS •n ■ g « '^. •'. *« QO to to 00 oo CR '-, -n — - «* '^ 5 1- O CO Ol eo. » iS to M W3 O t^ r-' 00 "v" o" -^ oc" eo" oo" CM W3 cf OJ to t- CO "1- *C ^ O m 00 — " ^o — O eo ^1 so S^ '-' 05 il> O O O C2 C5 ^ ssggsgg O o o cs o o 1 . o ^ O O O O O O O o o o o o o o o s-S « t- to -^ QC m — t- — r- CM -r X_^ to oi iO OJ ^ « — co' (N co' c-i" CM -T c: 1 - lo tH -T CO -r (^^ to —cm •r o' I- oi — ' o' » — CI oc — CO -r %n m — M f CM CM — CO -r CI — CM to " - -r c« ■ • ■ c o o 1 1 o o o o ■ O . O ' >. ' • ■ . p . O 1 o ■ . 1 W3 C^ ee lO ' • 'CO 'X c >o K . 1 ■ O O o , O O ' O ' o o o o o o g O O O > 1 ■ O 1 1 o o o . . . TT OS to . -T- U5 1 O 1 CO »o X CM CM ■ 1 'CO is '^. W3 -f. CM to CO S S C!_ CO lO U5 OI -T^ a C^ C^ "" c^' eo" -f ^ to- 1 C O C =: ^ 1 O O O O ' o <= , o ■ o CO 1 ■ o o o O O O O ' ' ■ o o . N ao — a: , U5 CD M3 Tf . lO kO -r eo O Oi . . o, — CM «0 rt oo W — ro o; r-" cm" cT •o d' o 1 , . t^ s S ■= ' 1 a — -r co" 1 O 1 o o o , O 1 O ' 1 C5 o coco o O Q O O O O O O ' o o o o o O) 1 lO 1 CM ' ■ -r CM 2 ^ S lO S CO CO CO O U3 eo . — eo »o ic CO "'^ t~ CM Ol OT r-. CM x_ O) CO ". ■a J X fM -T -P »o — — CM — C-l — -r C 3 = = ■ > O O C O O O — o o o ^ o o o o ■ o c o • o "o" ^ OC OC -O CT> 1 5 CO — ^* eo CO •O lO T oo lO ■1 g. — lO CO »o 00 «5 ira OC lO X -r sc -r — w i •r -h" ro cm' oc" — " •T- S O C! O O O C3 O , — , O : o o o O ' o o o o 1 o o — ic 35 5 C3; m CM CM — CM — S . -,. _ , «3 — _- r^ ■ CO CM oi o p. -r 30 CD T t- CM 0_ 00 CO TT W — •o 3 "" »o ^" CO -p CO " c' C5 -r co' OC ■ = 00 o o o o o o 1 o o 1 o o c . , o o O O ■ F O o o O O O O O' ' ' o ~o 1 i^ en — iM CO . lO CO o t 1 CO a-. -^ . . CM to CM o X X m c; ' 1 r- a. CD O O (M o "1 S — * -i-' «" (m' OC* to' cm' oo' cm' o' •cm' cm' eo » (N m t- " CM ■A ' ' S >n o CO ' 'i g ^ __ ' ' ' '^ ifi to § = = o c; = CJ C! O O O 3 O = _ _ _ _ _ Q c o c o o o o o o o o o o 1 o ~o o -r 00 -f ro CO -r ^ o -r QO M3 »o CM to -r = -f -r to 00 Oi o -f- o «o CM CM -r — O CM ■ CO a> c^ ro — CO -r o — CM »0 -r O CD X CO CO X 00 «> ^ 5D r-.' «" lO lO cm" co" CO s — ' co" CO cd" s CM* C-{ CM* — " co" -r" in" — " cm" X CO ■ = o o • o o o o o o o . o o O O 1 o o < ~o o «D CM t^ -r o O 1 5 -r CM 1 CO — 1 eo o_ ^ 00 ro OC TO — cc CM — CM r^ > co' «5 «ii : = ; ; ;| ; ; ; 1 ; ;| : § 1 > t5 ~ (m" # -r -V =■ ' = o o »0 1 -r -T- 31 o ■ ■ O 1 o o_ t- 05 CM_ > — " ct" s" "" ^^ . s t 1 ^ ' 52 — c; > »o' ?f , , _ _ _ =5 o = O C O ' = — o O O O ' o o o o o c o o 1 o o o — CO 0> — O ' lO OC OC ^. c) i^ CO J t4 '^. CK CO CO — 'cm — oi in ?- > — ' — — ' CM — " — — ti -a _d 1 O =: O O o 1 O 1 O O ' 1 — O C C 1 O O O ' 1 1 1 t o o o o = 1 o ~^ 1 lo r^ oc CO lO to -r CM CO 1 1 1 1 1 t^ O CI « -P 1 >, o IM_ CM 00 O) w CM t~ I^ OS CI V (TJ ■—" cm' Ol CM* cm' — " lO ta -s > 3 CO '^ Ol '^ "^ ~ CO = i t = o o . o o 1 1 1 o , — O 1 ■ ■ ■ ■ ' o o Ot 1 > X cs OC ■ a: ■ « -rr •5 x_ — t^ ac_ CM oo .1 -O" 3)' c" CO 11 ■ o ;:;:;:; ;;;;;. : C O w o o o O O 1 O O 1 o o 11 — o , , 1(1111 I^ C = — -M CO lO ifi =_ -r cr. C-l_ > "^ ZX ^ s" ^ CO S t>\ cm" ^ _ -» _ _ — o o o o o o o — — — _ _ C O O O 1 ■ 1 i ■ o o o o O ; o Cl lO t^ g lO O: m — 0-. = o o OC CO t-- »0 1 ' 1 ■ ^^ CO CO r^ t* s CM m lO 00 QO «D CO CM CO CO — =1 CO r- •>* r-' -I-' CO -r" in cm' — ' cm" o:" — " co' CD QC* U5 « "" tn> CM ^- CO ~ -5 c =: =3 c: o o o o o o =:■ c o c o c o c o o o o o c ' o o re r c: r~ £ r- CO 0 CM o — CM CO — -r o_^ X r- eo -r — — _ eo_ X X_ CO o= > S "^ c= oi -^* to' <^ -T -1-' !>f cJ ac" — " i~ d-. IC O t~ O" CO — ^ co" to" to ^ ^ ^ ^ CO CO CO "^ ;;',', ; i ; 49 =3 I t, ' I.' ; ' c ^ U 1 ^ L. U I 3 .2 " ; ; ; i i 3 < 1 1 M M M 2 i 1! i?l < C i • I 1 I ; I ! I 1 ^ s c 3 H o . . ■ 1 1 f , 1 : : ; ; : H 1 i M M ;i II ill ^ -a ^-^ " > ; e >- H u ; ;-S ; ; : ; i2 ; : s ! ; ; ; ■§ ' (^ ^' -g s ^ i jll^Sl "c :^ ^s S S "m 5 c; c CO w as a^ a> 1 ■s ; 1 : g 8 E- O -^ -i3 P3 S oj g ^1 -2 s= S-S 111 p <::: =c si ^ ^ ^ 1 g " i s a t -_»,_, — ■ CM CO ^ »0 O » c •N CO -r «o ;o t~ CO -r 40r-XO:0— "C^CO f « CM CO -»■ >0 X CM O ^ ?^ 5^ - — CMCMOIM CM CM PO eo CO eo CO -I- U3 ci " 124 NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATIOX z O u z CO < o Z Z X D O 1 . 1 . > 1 OS oo i . loooo .oo lO 1 , c^_ -r -O •M U5 % o; w 2,340 140 1.170 2.900 o CD 250 500 220 5,720 70 ; :| to' , . ,o .ooooooooo , "" c. •X, 150 10 700 1.500 1 1,100 450 5,730 8,440 1,060 1 ; 2 o OS 2 ' O O O 1 . 1 QO C4 lO 1 . OO i 9,100 5,670 1.610 5.430 1.100 160 780 41,900 60 140 90 2 O S ' K 2.4.30 500 380 170 o oc 9.320 4,380 8,180 16,720 11,480 400 1 CO OS ^- o CO s g| ; ; ; ; 1 7,120 4,030 880 3,580 890 6,210 590 60 60 860 1,980 140 g O i C ■>, 1 > O 1 , 1 • OD 1 1 1 > i 40 100 2,290 1 1 1 O , 1 . 1 t 1 CO I 1 1 < • 1 180 .530 980 10 90 90 410 14,720 - a 1 ; ; ; ; CO 1 1 ■ -t" o 1 , , , c 1 ' 1 ' ' ' 1 ' ' ' .i2 > 1 O 1 ' ::::::::::::::::| : > 1.7,30 30 20 260 o -r ei 300 3,550 420 20,600 4,970 . o o . CO OI i OS 2g ;?g5iBg :g§si ; ; __D. o . . , . o ' ' ' ' o o o o o o . , §322 ■ ■ . . o ea «o 23,060 18.470 28,400 16,460 11,140 22,190 § 1,570 1.140 450 2.820 640 58,700 .3,130 680 o CO i > 120 1,030 460 o CO oO'i.i .,..oooi o > 36,450 730 2,870 3,330 t^ ' 5 O ' ' ■ . o 8,910 6,250 7,870 o o_ CO g :::::;::::;;:;:: : s 14.440 910 2.490 o Q0_ gsgli ; 2§g CO_ CO CO 1 CO ; ;g ; I : 1 o i o . i O ■ O O 1 1 ^^ , CO ,,_.„-, , > 10.670 1,170 490 1 58,970 71,160 6,990 62,110 35.750 OI CO CSJ^ 1 48,680 37,650 46,240 9,790 4,300 18,550 o i 7.700 7.300 1.590 7,820 1,930 530 1.040 320 750 1.580 7,240 65,770 31,220 20 880 o cs CO i "S 1 t e 1 s c Sierra County Sierra Valley Middle Fork Feather River North Yuba River Herlong Little Truckee River d -< >* H 1 Siskiyou County Tulelake Butte Valley Klamath River Shasta Valley Scott Valley Salmon River Rif Vallev . 1 > ■ : (2 : ■J-g-l f o S -S3 s E O « 3 ssa i < e- Z o Sutter County Colusa.... Gridley Sutter Marysville Pleasant Grove East Yolo - 3 < E- O E- >< t- O Tehama County Cuttonwood Red Bank Creek Elder C'reek Thomes Creek Stony Creek Battle Creek Paynes ( 'reek - Antelope Creek MiU Creek Deer Creek-. Chico Creek Anderson Corning,-- - Los Molinos Fruto --. Orland.. _. i > E- z P Refer- ence num- ber •r «ft t^ -r »o — ■ C-J CO -V "3 to »^ CO OS O iO lA CO CO CO CO -rcoi^QOOTioeot^cxjOiOO— ■cieo-r NATTTRAL RESOUKCES 125 ■c _« X ■■= 3 s rt s o o o O fC , ■ «^ •£■5 = to I— OC OC M Young Walnuf Orchard in Tehama County United Stales Bureau of Reclamation Photograph mmm^MM Meadow Hay in Modoc County Department of Water Resources Photograph NATURAL RESOURCES TABLE 36 PROBABLE ULTIMATE PATTERN OF IRRIGATED LAND USE WITHIN HYDROGRAPHIC UNITS, NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES (In acres) 127 Hydrographic unit Irrigated lands Name Alfalfa North Coastal Drainage Basin Tule Lake Butte Valley Klamath River Shasta Valley Scott Valley Salmon River Upper Trinity River Lower Trinity River South Fork Trinity River Southern Trinity County Lake Pillsbury SUBTOTALS.. Central Valley Drainage Basin Goose Lake Jess Valley Alturas Big Valley... Mc Arthur Hat Creek Montgomery Creek McCloud River Dunsmuir Shasta Lake Clear Creek Keswick Cottonwood Creek Olinda Redbank Creek Elder Creek Thoraes Creek Stony Creek Clear Lake Middletown Stillwater Plains Cow Creek Bear Creek Battle Creek... Paynes Creek Antelope Creek Mill Creek Deer Creek Chico Creek Paradise North Fork Feather River East Branch Feather River Sierra Valley Middle Fork Feather River South Fork Feather River North Yuba River Challenge Wyandotte Anderson Corning Los Molinos Fruto Orland Durham Colusa Gridley.-- Browns Valley Cortina Arbuckle Sutter Marysville Pleasant Grove West Yolo .- Capay Woodland East Yolo SUBTOTALS 14,600 lfi,400 5,500 24,100 17.500 .500 .500 1.800 900 81.800 6.400 16.000 23,000 16,200 5.300 800 700 BOO 200 8,700 700 5,400 1,000 4,700 10,000 13,000 1,600 2,300 8,000 2,100 2,100 1.000 200 400 900 2.200 13.000 500 800 200 300 6.800 21.800 15.300 5.700 18.400 4.400 37.200 7.700 100 11.200 15.700 1,900 6,900 1,700 1,700 2,400 25,700 11,400 344.300 Pasture Improved Meadow 12,000 3,700 10,100 11,400 15,000 400 1,100 1.300 2.800 2.000 59.800 19.800 2.700 37.200 25.200 20.500 6.500 2.600 1.700 6,700 900 200 23,100 5,000 8,600 2,400 9,300 17,200 20,000 4.100 19.700 18.900 10.500 11.300 1.800 1.300 300 100 1.700 8.000 9.000 12.400 25.000 8.100 600 500 9.600 21.800 18.600 50.300 29.. 500 21.900 27.600 11.300 49.200 50.000 13.900 27.100 13.000 3.. 500 61.900 3.900 2.800 1.700 16.000 18.000 794.500 11.600 800 200 5.600 6.900 25.100 4.000 4.300 15.000 6.700 15.200 4.000 100 300 800 900 100 1.700 200 100 700 1.600 100 6,600 8,500 11,000 2,800 800 100 85,600 Grain and grain hay 56.300 14..300 2.700 7.800 12.400 100 200 900 800 95.500 2.800 4.800 14.500 5,600 2,900 400 200 3,.500 700 1.800 600 2,500 5,300 3,000 1,800 2,900 2,000 1.300 400 300 600 2.000 6.000 400 200 300 1,800 15,200 5,300 9,400 12,100 4,000 22.600 7.900 300 5.800 6,000 1,.500 6.500 1,000 700 600 4..300 1,000 172,800 22,500 10,800 200 1.200 400 100 100 35.300 1.200 2.600 4,000 600 100 100 400 700 100 400 200 800 600 600 1,200 500 400 200 100 200 2,200 5,000 200 200 300 600 6,. 500 6.000 3.000 6,700 2,. 500 56.300 12,000 100 6,800 20,800 6.000 5,600 500 600 1.400 53.700 27.. 500 239,500 Field Crops 6..500 13.100 .500 2.700 600 200 Dcfiduou.'. orchard 23.600 1.000 17.700 2.800 500 100 2.600 400 1.200 500 2.900 fi..500 3.000 1.400 1.500 1.600 900 500 1.700 24.600 19.000 5.700 24,900 19.000 .55.100 20.300 100 8.900 26.300 3.000 11.600 2.000 900 1.800 45.100 40.400 355.500 100 100 100 .300 1,300 400 200 3,900 1,500 900 300 600 4,000 28,700 1,900 2.800 7.500 1.900 3,500 200 100 300 8.100 800 1.800 200 200 300 l,.30O 1,400 1,900 21,900 23,000 3,900 12,000 20.000 62,500 35.000 700 11,900 14.600 35.000 32.100 500 1.400 2,900 7,600 13,800 374.800 Sul*- tropical orchard 300 300 3,600 600 1,800 7,000 8,000 2,000 1,400 3,100 1,000 1,400 400 1.100 32.000 Rice 123.500 .59.100 19..300 52.800 52.800 400 1.700 2.200 5,900 3.700 8.700 23,000 202,600 92.200 14.300 17.600 36.000 6.000 18.200 34.700 Total irrigated .321.400 35.200 7.000 75.600 91.100 60.900 19.200 5.300 2.700 8.900 1.700 200 42, .500 8,400 18,300 5.000 21.100 43.900 69.200 12.000 29.700 38.500 16.900 19.600 3.200 1.700 1.000 1.700 2,100 20.600 18.500 29.100 60,000 12,200 800 2,400 13.300 31.100 31.400 148.300 100.100 51.000 113„50O 85.200 485.500 226.500 15.700 71.700 110.700 68.500 161.700 15.600 8.100 10.800 170.600 146.800 453.300 2.852.300 128 XORTIIEASTERX COT'XTIES INVESTIGATION TABLE 36— Continued PROBABLE ULTIMATE PATTERN OF IRRIGATED LAND USE WITHIN HYDROGRAPHIC UNITS, NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES (In acres) Hydrogi-apllic unit Irrigated lands Refer- Name Alfalfa Pasture Grain and grain hay Truck Field Crops Deciduous orchard Sub- tropical orchard Rice Total ence number Improved Meadow irrigated 68 69 Lahontan Drainage Basin Surprise \'alley 18,000 2,700 500 9,700 2,000 300 2,900 900 100 800 200 3„50O 2,800 6,100 10,200 5,100 3,400 3,900 2,800 9,200 800 2,300 6,000 1.000 100 200 6,000 2,000 3,000 100 3,000 700 1,000 8,000 1,000 41,100 9,700 70 71 Eagle Lake 4,100 5,000 72 3,000 73 39,400 74 75 Herlong Little Trvickee River 9,300 8,700 Sl'BTOT\LS 33,200 17,300 37.700 15,300 6,800 10,000 120.300 TOTALS, NORTH- EASTERN COUNTIES... 459,300 871,600 148,400 283,600 281,600 389,100 375,100 32,000 453,300 3,294.000 In some parts of the Sacramento Valley, climatic conditions are favorable for the production of sub- tropical orchards, such as citrus, olives and figs. This is most significant in the Oroville-Wyandotte area and in the vicinity of Orlaiid and Corning. Rather extensive plantings of orange and olive orchards ex- ist at the present time in these areas and could be expected to expand considerably in the future. In the probable ultimate pattern, the various crop categories are comprised of the same crops as in the present pattern of land use. The future crop pattern may be influenced to .some extent by Federal supports for certain commodities and acreage limitations imposed as a result of such price support plans. However, even though there may be considerable variances between years in any given period of time due to economic and other factors, the ultimate crop pattern as projected appears reasonable ill view of foreseeable activities and adequate for pur- poses of determining the water requirements. Results of the probable ultimate crop pattern pro- jected for the Northeastern Counties are presented in Table 36, segregated by hydrographic units. Table 37 presents the results segregated by counties. Urban Lands Present urban lauds include the developed areas of cities and towns, sawmills, small communities, indus- trial areas, and resorts. These urban areas are gross delineations of the presently (levelo]ied area includ- ing homes, business districts, streets, vacant lots, in- dustrial areas, etc., and are not limited by municipal boundaries or any specific density of development. The delineation was made during the course of the field survey of presently irrigated and irrigable land. The acreages of present urban lands for each hydro- graphic unit and county are tabulated in Tables 31 and 32. Although the ultimate urban water requirement was determined on a population basis, the area of land which is expected to become predominantly urban and suburban in character was forecast b.y the consulting firm of Pacific Planning and Research. The acreages for each unit and county are presented in Tables 38 and 39, respectively, as an indication of the extent of lands that may ultimately be devoted to this use. As evidenced by present development, this use may occur on the best irrigable land, dredger tailings or steep slopes. The areas which would prob- ably become urbanized were delineated on quadrangle maps after a review of the character, location and potential of eacli urban center. Included as urban and suburban areas would be those lands occupied by commercial, industrial, and residential develop- ments, and, in addition, surrounding suburbs, although these latter may have low population densities. They include individual homesites up to approximately five acres. The areas are delineated on Plate A-3, Ap- pendix A, "Future Population, Economic and Rec- reation Development of California's Northeastern Counties," and encroach to a limited extent on lands classified as irrigable. XATIKAI. KKSoritCKS T_'!l TABLE 37 PROBABLE ULTIMATE PATTERN OF IRRIGATED LAND USE WITHIN THE NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES (In acres) c otinty and hydrographic unit Irrigated lands Refer- Name Alfalfa Pasture Grain and giain liay Truck I'icld crops Dccidunus orchard .Sub- tropical orchard Rice Total ence umber Improved Meadow irrigated 40 41 Butte County Chico Creek - 400 300 8,200 4.400 4.500 1,500 8,000 3,000 600 500 21,800 12„30O 11,300 43.100 100 n 300 300 3..300 4.000 5.000 200 300 4.000 2.500 4.000 14.000 19.000 17.000 300 8.100 800 200 200 1 .400 10..500 20.000 13.000 3,600 600 7.000 1..500 1.000 1,400 (1 23,000 72,000 l.iion 20,liOO 42 45 46 48 North Fork Feather River Middle Fork Feather River South Fork Featlier River Challenee 4,400 SdO 7110 49 31.10(1 52 53.80(1 55 85,200 57 160,000 COUNTY TOTALS 17.800 2,800 1,900 15.000 8.400 10.700 102.100 5.800 3.. 500 23.100 16.200 8.600 100 500 12.900 1.400 1.200 9.000 3.700 4.900 11.000 300 25.000 6.800 13,800 .50.000 1..300 800 25.000 Ci.OOO 1().700 54.. 500 800 .500 28..500 7.600 12..300 15,100 95,000 103,000 1,600 9,200 358,500 2!) Colusa County 12,400 30 8,400 53 36 228,600 57 1,600 59 60 Cortina Arbuckle --- COUNTY TOTALS 48,700 76.200 38.800 6,000 5,700 17,900 13.200 57.200 9.900 21,700 27,100 16,000 1.700 800 500 20.200 3,100 9,400 12,100 lO.fiOO 1.900 200 45,900 200 3,000 6,700 9,600 49.800 4. BOO 5.700 24.500 12.600 1..300 49.700 3.100 3.900 12,000 16.200 300 1,400 3,100 113,800 8,700 50,600 8,600 375.900 1 1 Glenn County (1 29 27.200 53 50.800 54 Orland 112.100 36 128.800 37 Gridley 1 3.. 500 39 1.000 COUNTY TOTALS .,. . . 42,800 11,100 1,600 77,200 16,300 4,100 ° 400 37,300 1.800 1,800 19,300 600 1,200 48.700 2,200 1,400 35,200 28,200 1,900 4,800 67,900 333.400 11 Lake County 29 30 60.600 31 12,000 COUNTY TOTALS 12,700 14,000 3,800 100 600 300 2,700 500 9,700 1,700 20,400 700 16,400 8,900 300 3,100 300 900 100 800 200 3,500 1,200 400 1,100 4,. 500 3.800 4.700 600 5.100 3.400 3.900 2.800 9.200 800 3,600 9,400 1,200 100 300 200 1.000 100 200 6.000 1.900 1,800 2,600 100 100 3,000 700 3,600 11,500 400 100 8,000 900 30,100 72,600 13 Lassen County 1,800 14 15 58,400 16 18,200 17 Hat Creek - -- 500 42 68 Nortli Fork Feather River 8,700 1,500 69 9,000 70 4,100 71 Willow Creek - 5,000 72 3,000 73 39,400 74 7,200 33,400 5,800 6,400 16,000 9,000 400 17,700 36,400 7,300 19,800 2,000 37,200 8,800 300 2,600 39.900 6.300 4.000 3,200 15.000 2.200 2.400 9.600 20.400 24.300 2.800 4.800 5.100 200 5.800 6„500 10,600 1,200 2,600 1,400 3,000 20,900 l.IOO 1. 000 6.200 400 900 157,500 1 Tulclake 55,400 12 35,200 13 5,200 14 75,600 15 Big Vallev 32,700 16 3,700 68 39,600 cor NT V TOTALS . Plumas County Cliii'o Creek - . . North Fork Feather River East Branch Feather River 40 42 43 55,300 300 2,200 78,000 2,900 12,400 42.700 1 .900 8..".00 43.000 ,300 2,000 18,800 2,200 9.600 1,800 b 247.400 5,4(K1 29,1(K) -07829 130 NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES IXVESTIOATION TABLE 37— Continued PROBABLE ULTIMATE PATTERN OF IRRIGATED LAND USE WITHIN THE NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES (In acres) County and hydrographic unit Irrigated lands Refer- Name Alfalfa Pasture Grain and grain hay Truck Ficlrl crops Deciduous orchard Sub- tropical orchard Ri.e Total ence umber Improved Meadow irrigated 44 45 4(1 47 Plumas County — Continued Sierra Valley Middle Forli Featlier River South Forlt Featlier River - 8,200 500 15,800 7,500 100 6,900 2,800 3,800 400 3,100 200 37,800 11,400 100 73 74 COUNTY TOTALS 11,200 12,000 5,200 800 300 100 200 1,400 700 2,300 8,000 2,100 600 4,600 38,700 11,100 6,200 2,600 500 700 900 200 1 1 ,600 5,000 19,700 18,900 10,.500 5,100 13,400 20,100 7,.500 4,000 100 100 (100 6,500 4,200 2,800 400 1,400 700 2,900 2,000 1,300 400 900 5,,500 500 100 100 400 400 100 500 400 200 100 300 2,000 500 100 900 400 1,500 1,600 900 500 1,000 1,800 1,300 400 200 3,200 1,500 2,800 7,500 1,900 1,200 1,400 ;: 83,800 16 17 Shasta County McArthur, . - Hat Creek - - - 37,300 18,700 18 5,300 19 800 20 1,400 21 1,700 22 200 23 24 18,900 25 Olinda 8,400 32 29,700 33 Cow Creek - 38,.5O0 34 16,900 35 38 Battle Creek Mill Creek 8,500 42 50 North Fork Feather River 21,600 COUNTY TOTALS 38,300 4,800 800 300 300 106,400 9,300 1,600 6,100 12,300 4,100 800 2,300 17,000 2,200 100 3,100 1,800 9,400 100 21,400 207,900 44 Sierra County 22,200 45 47 Middle Fork Feather River . 1,600 74 2,100 75 Little Truckee River 8,700 COUNTY TOTALS 6,200 8,800 16,400 5,. 500 24,100 17,. 500 400 500 17,000 4,700 3,700 10,100 11,400 1,5,000 400 200 1,200 6,000 7,200 5,300 800 200 5,600 6,900 1,500 300 800 2,300 32,000 14,300 2,700 7,800 12,400 200 1,800 11,900 10,800 200 1,200 400 100 5,400 13,100 500 2,700 600 100 34,600 1 Siskiyou County Tulelake 68,100 2 Butte Valley 59,100 3 19,300 4 Shasta Valley - - - 52,800 5 Scott Valley 52,800 6 400 15 Big Valley Hi 1,700 19 1,900 20 7„500 COUNTY' TOTALS 73,200 8,000 3,200 1,900 1,100 1,700 3,000 52,700 5,200 5,200 3,500 4,900 3,900 4,100 21,400 69,400 3,000 1,000 1,500 1,000 1,000 1,000 24,500 20,000 8,000 6,000 600 .500 5,000 22,300 10,000 2,000 3,000 1„500 2,000 5,000 100 15,000 22,000 35,000 8,000 500 8,000 34,000 10,000 17.600 6,000 6,000 12,000 263,600 511 Sutter County 95,200 57 51,400 61 Sutter. - 68,500 62 Marysville 23,000 63 15,600 67 38,100 COUNTY TOTALS 18,900 7,300 5,400 1,000 4,700 1,200 1,500 1,000 200 26,800 U,.M0 8,600 2,400 9,300 1,500 6,200 1,800 1,300 300 100 200 1,100 200 100 700 1,600 8,500 2,100 1,800 600 2,500 800 40,000 300 400 200 800 100 23,500 1,700 1,200 500 2,900 600 88,500 700 900 300 600 100 2,300 200 100 300 85,600 291,800 24 26 27 Tehama County Cottonwood .. Red Bank Creek Elder Creek 23,600 18,300 5,000 28 Thomas Creek _ 21,100 29 Stony Creek .. _ 4,300 35 Battle Creek 11,100 36 Paynes Creek _ . _ . 3,200 37 1,700 38 Mill Creek 1,000 39 Deer Creek _ , 1,700 40 Chico Creek. 200 NATURAL RESOURCES 1:51 TABLE 37 -Continued PROBABLE ULTIMATE PATTERN OF IRRIGATED LAND USE WITHIN THE NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES (In acres) County and hydrographic unit Irrigated lands Ri-f.-r- Name Alfalfa Pasture Grain and grain hay Truck Field Crops Deciduous orchard Sub- tropical orchard Rice Total ence number Improved Meadow irrigated 50 Tehama County- Cuntinued 2,200 21,800 7,100 500 5,200 .•)0.300 17,200 200 500 900 15.200 2.000 300 (l,.iOO 2,000 700 24,(500 5,000 400 500 21,900 12,500 8,000 500 9,800 51 148,300 52 40,300 53 200 54 Orland - 1,400 COrNTV TOT.\I,S . Trinity County 7 53,900 500 ,500 1,800 900 110,000 1,100 1,300 2,800 2,000 3.700 25.900 100 200 900 800 10,000 100 100 37.000 200 40,100 100 100 8,800 297,200 1 700 g 2,20f) 9 South Fork Trinity River 5 900 10 3,700 COUNTY TOT.\LS . - 3,700 1,000 2,800 5,000 1.700 2,400 25,700 8,400 7,200 200 4,900 10,100 4,400 2,800 1,700 10,000 13,900 2,000 1,900 1,100 700 1100 4, .300 200 1.700 7.000 000 1.400 53.700 22,500 200 7,500 2,900 9.000 900 1,800 43,100 35,400 200 2,800 4,300 2,300 1,400 2,900 7.000 5,800 15,000 5,100 18,200 22.700 13,300 30 Yolo County Clear LaVie-, 200 32,900 59 (10 04 115 (111 117 Cortina . . Arbuckle- - West Yolo. Capay Woodland - East Yolo- COUNTY TOTALS _ Yuba County Soutli Fork I''catlier River . . Nortli Y'uba River _ . . . 22,000 34,500 8,100 10,800 170,(100 108,700 4(1 47 48 47,000 200 100 5,800 54,000 500 9.(300 13.900 57,000 n 100 S.OflO 200 300 5,500 80.900 200 100 5.100 103,200 100 10.100 27,100 300 1,,300 700 24,100 1,800 400 1,100 01,000 30,000 387,800 800 13 300 58 02 Marysvilie .- . . COUNTY TOTALS TOTALS. NORTH- EASTERN COUNTIES. _. 15,700 138,700 0,100 81.000 100 fi.OOO 5,400 10,200 20,400 3,300 30.000 168,500 459,300 871.000 148.400 283,000 281,000 389.100 375,100 32,000 453.300 3,294,000 ...•«*" >>^ .# ■W ^ ■ft. ^ Urbon and Suburban Areas Depinliiie/il of ]l'iitt'r licsoiina l'hotonral)bs NATURAL RESOTTRCES TABLE 38 PROBABLE ULTIMATE PATTERN OF URBAN AND SUBURBAN, AND RECREATION LAND USE WITHIN HYDROGRAPHIC UNITS, NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES {In acres) n:i Hydrographie unit Nun North Coastal Drainage Basin Tule Lake- Butte Valley Klamath River-- .-.- Sliasta Valley- Seott Valley- - - - - Salmon River - Upper Trinity River- Lower Trinity River- - --- - Soutli Fork Trinity River Southern Trinity County Lake Pillsbury- -.- .- . SUBTOTALS- Central Valley Drainage Basin Goose Lake Jess Valley Alturas -- -. Big Valley-- - Me Arthur Hat Creek Monttiomery Creek MeCloud River Uunsinuir . — - Sliasta Lake - Clear Creek Keswiek Cottonwood Creek Olinda - ; Redbank Creek Klder Creek Tliomes Creek Stony Creek Clear Lake Middletown Stillwater Plains Cow Creek Bear Creek Battle Creek Paynes Creek Antelope Creek Mill Creek 1 )eer Creek Chiro Creek Paradise North Fork Feather River Kast Branch Feather River Sierra Valley M iddle Fork Feather River South Fork Feather River North Yuba River Challenge Wyandotte Anderson Corning Los Molinos Fruto Orland Durham . . Colusa Gridley Brown's Valley Cortina Arbuckle Sutter Marysville Pleasant Grove West Yolo Capay .- _. Woodland Kast Yolo SUBTOTALS. ^ Ri'pri'sents less than 50 acres. tfrbau and aiibtubau areas 1,900 S.800 12,200 30,700 9,600 2,600 12,800 7,400 83,000 600 900 600 100 400 200 200 800 200 200 400 500 200 400 200 100 000 000 ,200 800 .500 ,500 ,200 ,800 ,200 ,800 ,800 ,900 ,800 ,500 ,300 ,200 ,900 ,400 ,600 ..300 ,500 ,100 ,.500 ,100 ,400 ,300 ,300 .400 655.300 llish iuiensity reereation areas 123,400 48,100 163,400 59,600 92,400 58,000 149,400 225,700 192,900 120,600 120,900 1,3.54,400 96,300 46,700 120,800 207,100 120,400 232,900 117,600 149,200 141,000 256,300 124,500 23.900 218,400 5.700 26.900 45,400 92,500 239,400 468,000 88,600 2,400 178,600 35,100 172,400 58,800 127,100 76.600 158..500 114,900 22,100 528,500 456,000 158,.300 370,100 97,800 351,100 118,100 15,000 37,800 9,900 (i2,100 3,300 800 73.900 20.800 18,600 53,600 400 8,100 60,900 1,400 20,700 51,600 18,100 32,000 6,337,000 Medium intensity rci'leation areas 1,300 2,800 223„500 27,200 70,500 128,800 133,600 174,500 60,800 34,000 8,000 865,000 20,200 16,100 46,500 28,000 7.100 .39,. 500 61,800 1,400 16,100 47,400 8,300 33,300 24,700 10,500 97,900 32,600 51, .300 1,200 4,600 548.500 Low intensity recreation areas 981,800 279,. 500 17.200 171.000 29,900 1,479,400 47,100 51,300 459,200 3.34,000 227,700 265,100 51,900 64,400 15,800 400 400 2.57,100 13,200 69,600 14,400 74,400 20,000 9,400 10,100 31,700 47,600 20,000 15,200 2,000 34,500 20,500 1 1 ,300 4,700 98,300 600 2,000 152,900 17,200 30,700 99,800 3,000 11,100 3,300 27,200 3,200 7,700 31,700 !,66l,700 Principal reservoirs 43,400 4,200 .39,100 8,800 1,900 4,700 16,400 26,900 8,200 7,. 500 2,200 163,300 200 5.. 500 18.400 9,800 7.100 1 .600 100 3,fiOO 400 29.500 4,100 600 4 1 .500 1.800 5.000 1.200 17,900 ,50,300 3,400 12,100 6,300 1,000 1,900 300 2,500 1,800 4,200 56,400 15,500 2,900 9,400 4,700 4,600 2,900 SOO 13,900 6,500 400 100 1,300 2,500 6,400 600 Swamp and niarih lands 8.200 100 1 ,300 100 9,700 10(1 1 .30(1 700 600 100 1.000 100 1.400 0,000 9,600 100 700 134 NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES 1NVEST1(4AT]0N TABLE 38— Continued PROBABLE ULTIMATE PATTERN OF URBAN AND SUBURBAN, AND RECREATION LAND USE WITHIN HYDROGRAPHIC UNITS, NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES (In acres) Hydrographic unit Urban and suburban areas Hich intensity recreation areas Medium intensity roLMcation areas Low intensity recreation areas Principal reservoirs Refer- ence number Naiiir Swamp and marsh lands r.8 m 70 71 Lahontan Drainage Basin Surprise Valley . - . Madeline . . - Eagle Lake - - - Willow Creek- - -- -.- r.,000 10,900 1,900 lfi7.300 24.400 142,000 40,700 20,100 120,100 94, .500 4y,.300 31.900 12.300 1.700 2.400 90,300 290,800 99,400 .30.400 402,000 183.400 011,200 400 1.900 17.000 1.100 800 0,,400 800 3,900 500 200 400 73 1.000 74 7.5 HerlonK 100 SUBTOTALS 18.800 058.400 48.300 1,194.500 32,900 2,200 TOTALS, NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES- __ 757.100 8,349,800 1.401.800 5,335.(100 556,700 33.000 Itfpii'sfiits less than 50 acrrs NATI'IJAL T?ES()IMU;ER TABLE 39 PROBABLE ULTIMATE PATTERN OF URBAN AND SUBURBAN, AND RECREATION LAND USE WITHIN THE NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES {In acres) 1 :ir) County and hydrographic unit Name Bulte County Chico Creek - - Paradise .- .- North Fork Feather River. . Middle Fork Feather River - South Fork Feather River. . Challenge Wyandotte- . - Los Molinos- Durham Gridley -.. COUNTY TOTALS Stony Creek. Clear Lake. . Fruto Colusa Gridley Cortina — . Arbuckle - Colusa County COUNTY TOTALS. Glenn County Lake Pillsbury . - Stony Creek .. . - Fruto Orland - - - — Colusa Gridley - Cortina. - . COUNTY TOTALS. Lake County Lake Pillsbury Stony Creek . . - Clear Lake Middletown — COUNTY TOTALS. Lassen County Jess Valley . . - — Alturas Big Valley Mc Arthur -- Hat Creek North Fork Feather River Surprise Valley. . Madeline Plains- . Eagle Lake Willow Creek Secret Valley --. Susan River Herlong COUNTY TOTALS. Modoc County Tulelake. .. Goose Lake. Jess Valley. Alturas Big Valley Mc.4rthur Surprise Valley COUNTY TOTALS. Urban and Mlburban areas 43.500 3S.200 3.200 1.300 2.r)00 17.300 13.400 24.300 12.100 1.52.900 3.200 2.000 5.800 2.(500 fiOO 3.200 73.000 Ifi.OOO 89.000 2.200 fiOO 10.900 1,900 15.fi00 fiOO 99.000 4.300 20,800 High intensity recreation areas (i7,200 22.100 l.">5.800 91.900 r,r).400 2..500 1.5.000 4.(500 800 11.300 437.600 55,500 52,500 18,800 39.200 10(5.000 28.300 143..300 S.-WO 18..500 .500 193.900 92.600 7.400 388.000 88.(500 .570.(500 31.400 1..500 (53.100 44.800 42.800 50,700 14.000 24,400 142,000 40,700 20,100 117,800 87,000 680,900 37,000 90,300 1.5.300 119.300 144.000 12.000 1.53.300 577.200 Medium intensity recreation areas 13,300 4.200 17.. 500 7.400 32.400 1.200 400 41.400 600 600 r)..500 7.(500 1 2.300 1.700 800 27.900 1.300 20.200 10.100 31.900 69.500 I^ow intensit.v recreation areas 9.600 9,600 11,800 9,400 93,100 1,500 69,400 185,200 32.700 32,700 29,900 29,900 27,900 108,400 149,800 01, .500 24.700 41.100 29(5.800 99.400 50.400 402.000 183.100 65.100 741.900 47.100 23.400 459,20f) 1.58.500 3.800 5.5.200 1.489.100 Principal reservoirs 1.800 4,200 10.800 5.200 3.800 300 100 26.200 1,800 2,500 4,300 8,700 400 9,100 2,200 50.300 3,400 55.900 2.700 1 .(500 900 1.300 5.900 1.900 17.(500 1.100 800 0,400 800 41.000 27.800 200 2.800 10.800 8.900 400 50,900 Swamp atul marsh lands (1 1,400 4.100 5.500 2.000 100 2.700 100 100 2.900 1.400 4.. 500 n 1.000 1.000 200 300 200 400 MOO MX) KM) 1.100 500 1.800 136 NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES IXVESTKIATION TABLE 39— Continued PROBABLE ULTIMATE PATTERN OF URBAN AND SUBURBAN, AND RECREATION LAND USE WITHIN THE NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES (In acres) Refer- ence number 40 4'J 43 44 4S 4li 47 73 74 115 17 18 19 ■20 21 ■22 23 24 25 32 33 34 35 38 42 50 44 45 47 74 75 15 111 IH 20 sr, 57 (il r)2 i« (■'7 24 20 27 28 29 35 36 County and hydrographic unit Name Plumas County C-Iiico C'reek - _ — Nortli F'ork Feather River East Branch Feather River Sierra Valley --,-- Middle Fork Feather River South Fork Feather River North Yuba River Susan River Herlong COUNTY TOTALS. Shasta County Me Artluir Hat Greek MontEOluery Creek McCloud DMnsimiir Shasta Lake Clear Creek Keswick Cottonwood Creek Olinda Stillwater Plains Cow Creek Bear Creek Battle Creek MUl Creek North Fork Feather River Anderson COUNTY TOTALS. Sierra County Sierra Valley Middle Fork Feather River North Yuba River Herlong Little Truckee River COUNTY' TOTALS. Siskiyou County Tulelake Butte Valley Klamath River.. Shasta Valley Scott Valley Salmon River Big Valley Mc.\rthur McCloud River. Dunsniuir COUNTY TOTALS. Sutter County Colusa Gridley Sutter Maryaville Pleasant CIrove. I-'ast Yolo - COUNTY TOTALS Cottonwood Creek. Redbank Creek Elder Creek . Thomes Creek Stony Creek . . . Battle Creek Paynes Creek. Tehama County Urban and suburban areas II ,1100 .200 COO ,1100 300 ,(100 16,900 000 400 200 200 200 200 400 ,500 ,200 ,200 ,800 ,500 ,200 152,000 3,200 3,200 6,400 1,900 5,800 12,200 30,700 9.600 6,400 7,200 36,500 High intensity recreation areas 110,.300 600 13,400 1 ,300 1,600 16,900 5,400 200 100 1,000 303,300 4!j6,000 39,800 277.800 3 1 ,000 10,000 2.300 1.600 1,122,800 .33,200 190,100 117,600 54,100 73,100 2,56,300 124,,500 23,900 66,200 5,700 2,400 178,600 35,100 .58,300 3,000 12,700 9,100 1,243,900 118,500 400 292,600 5,300 49,300 466,100 86,400 48,100 163,400 59,600 92,400 58,000 30,400 95,100 67,900 Medium intensity recreation areas 2,9(K) 97,900 32,600 51,300 (I 1,600 186,300 42,000 22,500 2,000 16,800 16,000 99,300 Low intensity recreation areas 9,S(H) 20,.500 1 1 ,300 300 1,100 43,000 17,800 203,600 51,900 3,. 500 3.100 400 400 127.300 13.200 10.100 31.700 19.700 800 483,500 Principal reservoirs 701.300 35.800 9,500 8,100 2,600 1,100 6,100 63,800 152,200 26,900 45,400 92,.500 33,200 114,100 58,800 2,800 223, ,500 27,200 70,500 128,800 4,500 5,100 22,700 485,100 45,800 1,400 16,100 1,700 239,900 279„500 17,200 171.000 7.100 56,300 60,900 12,700 844,600 27,100 6,100 3,000 1,300 3,300 6,,500 47,300 129,800 69,600 14,400 74.400 8,200 27,900 20.000 39.7IX) 15..50O 1 ,900 4,200 900 62,200 5,800 1 ,600 100 2,100 29„500 4,100 600 19,400 1,800 12,100 6,300 600 1,000 900 3,900 Swamp and marsh lands 5,800 15,000 4,200 39,100 8,800 1 ,900 4,700 1 ,500 400 76,200 22,100 5,000 1,200 7,400 400 1,900 XATI'KAL KESOl'RCES 137 TABLE 39— Continued PROBABLE ULTIMATE PATTERN OF URBAN AND SUBURBAN, AND RECREATION LAND USE WITHIN THE NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES (in acres) County and h.vdrosrapliic unit Urljan and sviburban areas HiEh intensity recreation areas Medium intensity recreation areas Low intensity recreation areas Principal reservoirs ,Refer- ence nuuibei- Name Swamp and marsh lands 37 Tehama County — Continued 13,900 10,000 127,100 73,000 158,.500 46.700 28,700 9.900 57„500 8,300 33,300 24.700 15,200 2,000 3,900 98,300 000 2,000 300 2, ,500 13,900 6.500 38 Mill Creek 39 40 Chico Creek - .50 51 ^ ,5'> 53 54 COUNTY TOTALS 29.600 2.600 12,800 7,400 1,025.100 149.400 225,700 192,900 120,000 131.300 133,600 174 ,,500 60,800 34,000 460,300 .0 01,200 10,400 20,900 8,200 7,500 „ 7 Trinity County g Lower Trinitv River - • 10 COUNTY TOTALS 22,800 200 2,600 49,300 5,800 088,000 27. .500 800 13,900 400 20.700 51,600 18,100 25,600 402,900 30.400 27.200 3.200 7,700 25.200 39.000 600 30 Yolo County Clear Lake . - - .... 5(i 59 fiO t'i4 West Yolo .--,.-_ -- Cio Til) n a COUNTY TOT.\LS 57,900 11„M0 11 ,,500 34,000 158.600 400 48„500 115,000 18,000 58,300 93,700 30,700 9,800 600 3.700 2,900 1,300 6,400 4r, 47 48 58 Challenge. 62 700 COUNTY TOTALS 57,000 241,400 40,500 14.300 700 TOTALS, NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES 757,100 8.349.800 1,401,800 5,335.600 556.700 33.600 " Kepresents less than 5U acres. Foresf Lands Recent surveys and appraisals of the forest-area and timber-volume show that -IB jier cent of the en- tire area of tlie State of California is classed as tim- ber cropland and other forest land. About 17 million acres comprise commercial forest lands capable of prodiicinr;' lumber and other forest products. About 9,yU(),()00 acres of the commercial forest lands are located within the Xortheastern Counties. These coun- ties also contain about fi. 500. 000 acres of non-com- mercial forest, comprised of lands withdrawn for parks and primitive areas, as well as forest lands incapable of yielding usable -wood products. The com- mercial forest lands, which are predominantly pine. Douglas fir. and fir, are found in-incipally in th(> mountainous parts of the Northeastern Counties lying- in tlie North Coastal Drainage Basin, and above 3,001) 6 — 67!<2;i . feet on the westerly slopes of the Sierra Nevada in the Central Valley Drainage Basin. Tlie location of the principal forest lands are shown on Plate 5. As the result of this bountiful natural resource, and the development of the forest products industry during the past centiiry, the production of lumber and other forest products is the leading industry in most of the Northeastern Counties. Lumber produc- tion lias increased from 1.1 billion board feet, pro- duced by 128 mills in 1940 to 1.9 billion board feet, lu-oduced by 208 mills in 1951. The greatest lumber ])roduction is found in Siskiyou County, followed by Shasta, Lassen, and Plumas Counties. The production in these four coimties accounts for more than one-half of the total for the 15 counties. Until recent years, forest products from this area have consisted of sawlogs and rougli lumber exported Logging Operation in Siskiyou County Yreka Studio & Camera Shop, Yreka, Photograph Sawmill in Plumas Counfy Department of M'ater Resources Photof^raph NATURAL RESOliRCES 139 for re-inauufac-ture, and sciiiic finished lumber for local use and export. In several areas box shook has been an important item, but its jiroductioii is now- being reduced by the growing preference for fiber- board boxes. There is now a trend toward more re- niauufacturiiig of lumber within the area and increased production of plywood and veneer. Only recentl.v have fiberboard plants begun operating within the Northeastern Counties. Wood chips for ]nili> are produced from salvaged waste and shipped elsewhere for processing. It has been estimated by the ITnited States Forest Service, upon request by the Department of Water Resources, that the ultimate sustained yield capacity of the commercial forest lands within the Northeast- ern Counties would be about '2,2()7 million board feet (International Scale) per year. This is based on the assumiition that management Avould obtain and main- tain at least 80 per cent stocking on total commercial forest lands, both private and public lands inchidiiig present de-forested areas. Based on further informa- tion from the Forest Service and from the California Forest and Range Experiment Station, tlie estimate of sustained yield was converted to estimates of an- nual production for ma.ior forest products. These esti- mates for the 15 Northeastern Counties include : 1. Lumbei- — 2,186 million board feet (lumber tally) 2. Plywood — 357,200 thousand square feet (|-inch basis) 3. Pulp — 1,097 thousand tons 4. Fiberboard and paper products — 701 thousand tons The amount of possible production for each item was determined for each of the 15 counties. Produc- tion was further broken down to the amounts for each hyilrographic unit. The area of commercial forest TABLE 40 ESTIMATED SUSTAINED YIELD CAPACITY OF COMMER- CIAL FOREST LANDS OF THE NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES TABLE 41 ESTIMATED ANNUAL PRODUCTION OF MAJOR FOREST PRODUCTS AT SUSTAINED YIELD WITHIN THE NORTH- EASTERN COUNTIES County Commercial forest lands, in thousands of acres .\nnual yield per acre, in board feet Total annual yield in million board feet Butte . .- 356 27 113 175 829 675 1,228 1,263 393 2,323 436 1,357 116 380 240 240 240 160 140 240 240 350 240 380 240 380 Colusa 6 97 Lake Lassen 133 Modoc ,_ 94 Plumas.. 295 Shasta _ .- 303 138 558 Siskiyou Sutter.. Tehama 166 Trinity Yolo.. Yuba 44 TOTALS 9,291 2,267 County Lumber, in million board feet Plywood, in thousand square feet* Pul|), in thousand tons Fiberboard and paper producta, in thousand tons Hutte 286 6 27 42 134 95 149 417 140 560 168 111 45 21,840 985 4,.3B0 6,790 21,, 520 13,195 47,7.30 06,610 11.1.50 90.283 44.440 8.000 18,290 244 431 106 213 103 156 Colusa Glenn Lake Lassen -- Modoc Plumas .... - Shasta 276 Sierra 68 135 Trinity 66 T0T.4LS 2,186 357,200 1,097 701 lands within each hydrographic unit was used as a basis of apportioning the production to the various hydrographic units. p]stimatecl sustained yield cai)acity of commercial forest lands, and the estimated annual production of major forest pr(.)ducts for each county of the North- eastern Counties are presented in Tables 40 and 41, respectively. RECREATION RESOURCES The northeastern part of the State of California has an exceedingly colorful history woven from its streams and rivers, gold and silver mines, and vast stands of pine and fir. Indians, Chinese, and Yankees, miners, woodsmen, trappers, and cattlemen all have played a part in the fascinating drama of northern California. The Chinese temple in Weaverville, the lava trenches of the Modoc War, Susanville's Fort Defiance are historic reminders of this not so distant past. Historical romance intrigues the historian and the tourist, but the modern-daj- resident of the area — the farmer, the lumber mill worker, tlie commercial and industrial employee, and the small entrepreneur can- not live on the memories of the past. The economic life of individuals and business operations depends upon a stable, prosperous future. The declining economy in a number of the counties within this area indicate a need to evaluate the potential return from full develoi)ment of the natural resources of the area. Ilistoricall.v, the economic life of the northern mountain counties has been based upon timber, min- ing, agricultural operations, and related service .in- dustries. In recent vears, however, recreation activity Recreation af Bucks Lake, a Pacific Gas and Electric Company Reservoir Department of Water Resources Fhotogriiph Moulin Studios, S>m Fmncisco, Photograph nati:ral KEs<)rR('p:s 141 has increased rapidly to a position of major inipor- taiiee in the region's economy. There is now every reason toiiulation and its ability to enjoy the recreation resources of the Xortheastern Counties. According to the United States Forest Service there were 8.3.51,600 visitor-da.vs use of national forest recreation areas in the Xortheastern Counties in 19.55, compared with 2,958,500 only five v'ears earlier. This increase, amoiintiug to 182 per cent, in recreation use occiu'red during a period when the State population was increasing by 23 per cent, and population of the Xortheastern County area increased only 10 per cent. It is clear that per capita use of recreational re- sources has increased substantially in recent years. The increase in recreation use reflects an increas- ing national propensity to spend more time in leisure and recreation activities. It has been estimated by the X'ational Association of Travel Organizations that, in 1955, tourists in the United States spent $24,000,000,- 000 for recreation purposes, about 7^ per cent of the national income. Persons visiting the national parks and forests, for varying periods of time in 1955 totalled 96,000,000, an increase of 140 per cent over 1946. On a per capita basis, these visits more than doubled between 1946 and 1955. In California, visitor-days use of the national parks and national forests increased from 23,085,000 iu 1946 to 35,614,000 in 1955, an increase of 54 per cent. State po))ulatiou increased 36 per cent during this period. Present development of hotels, resorts, camp- grounds, and other facilities in the X'ortheasteru Counties is relatively minor. Despite the historic antiquity of the area, exploitation of its recreation resources is in its early stages. Thei'cfore. the rate of development from this time forward to probabh" ulti- mate development can be expected to be rajiid. and to exceed the rate of population growth in the state by a considerable degree. "While State population is ex- pected to increase three or more times between now and ultimate development, recreation use in the Xortheastern Ciiunt.v area nia.\' increase b.y 10 times or moi-e. Potential reci'catiou areas, which may idtimately be developed or utilized, were determined bv the firm of Pacific Planning and Research, retained by the De- partment of Water Resources to coiuluct stuilies on this phase of the investigation. These areas w^ere then delineated on United States Geological Siu-vey map c|\iadrangles. After a field inspection of the Xorth- eastern Counties, the recreation areas were segregated by use categories. The categories used are based u])on aecessibilit.v and probable use and are described as high, medium, and low intensity recreation areas. High intensit.v recreation areas are lands of prime recreation jiotential that are accessible by motor ve- hicle during the entire vacation season. They include readily accessible rivers, streams, lakes, mountainous areas, and desirable highwa.v frontage. These lands have scenic, climatic, topographic, location, and other resource values which will attract public and private recreation developments. Most of the future develop- ment is expected to occur in these areas. Medium intensity recreation areas are lands of prime recreational value but which are not readil}' accessible b.v motor vehicle. They include mountainous areas, and lands along streams having physical at- trib^ites conducive to recreation develo]nnents. These areas will be developed to .some extent but their greatest use will probably be for fishing, hunting, hiking, camping, etc. Low intensity recreation areas are lands with gen- erally inferior scenic and topographic qualities, but which may be important for hunting. Each of these categories will be subject, in varying degrees, to de- velopment for permanent and summer homes, com- mercial resorts and motels, organization and group camps, and camping and picnic areas. For purposes of evaluating present and idtimate water requirements, certain additional land areas were classed as a part of the recreational resource. These land areas are the swamp and marsh lands which are covered by water for most of the year and which support a rather dense vegetative growth. The lands do not have agricultural value but, in most instances, are important to the econom.v since the.v provide habitat for waterfowl. The water surface area of existing reservoirs, as well as natural lakes which are controlled by dams and operated for water supply purposes, are also in- cluded in this category. Acreages shown are those at the spillway crest elevation, or at the maximum op- erating elevation, whichever is applicable. Table 31. previou.sl.v presented, summarizes, for each hydrographie unit, the extent of lauds presently occupied by swamp and liiarsh lands and b.v princi- ]ial reservoirs. Table 32 suunnarizes the.se data for counties. 142 NORTHEASTERX COUNTIES IXVESTIGATIOX For conditions of ultimate development, it was as- sumed that existinj;- swamp and marsh lands that pro- vide habitat for mig-ratory waterfowl woidd be main- tained in their present state rather than be drained and reclaimed. In addition to the present swamp and marsh lands, an area of about 6,000 acres in Lower Klamath Lake was considered to be converted from its present use as winter-irrigated grain land to con- trolled marsh for waterfowl habitat. In the ultimate pattern of land use, the water sur- face areas of the principal reservoirs required for full development were al.so considered because of their potential recreational value. The reservoir areas so classified were the maxinmm water surface area for both presently existing reservoirs and for reservoirs proposed under The California Water Plan. Natural lakes were included when controlled by dams and regulating structures. Natural lakes not developed for use as operating reservoirs were not included in this grouping. In Table 38, the areas of high, medium, and low intensity recreation areas, as well as the areas of swamp and marsh lands and principal reservoirs, are tabulated for each of the hydrographic units of the Northeastern Counties. The same information segre- gated by counties is .shown in Table 39. The land areas included in these tables, in some instances, coin- cide with lands presentlj' irrigated and lands classi- fied as irrigable. The potential recreation development in Cali- fornia's Northeastern Counties, predicated vipon full development of the natural resources, is discussed and presented in greater detail in Appendix A "Future Population, Economic and Recreation De- velopment of California's Northeastern Counties". Included within this appendix report are plates de- picting the location of lands estimated to have ulti- mate recreation value and use. Fish and Wildlife Fi.sh and wildlife are an important renewable re- source of the State of California. Surveys indicate that Californians devote nearly twice as much time to outdoor sports and recreation as do the people of the nation as a whole. Angling license sales in California iu ]9.5.'i were more than 1,303,000, the second largest number sold in any state in the nation that year. California ranked sixth in number of hunting licenses sold in 1952-53, about 588,000. By 1954-55 licenses i.ssued had increased to nearly 621,000. A survey in 1955, by the State Department of Fish and Game, indicated that the average angler spent 15 days fishing in fresh water and 11 days fishing in salt water, while the average hunter spent 14 days pur- suing game. This amounted to a total of over 31,000,000 man-days spent in such recreation activi- ties in 1955. The Saci-amento River is probably the outstanding example of the efl'ects of stream flow maintenance on fi.sh and fisheries. Prior to the construction of Shasta Dam, summer flows were small and water tempera- tures were above the tolerable level for salmon. Steel- head trout were rare. However, operation of the Cen- tral Valley Project has maintained large continuous flows of cold water in the river and steelhead and salmon population have increased greatly. The De- partment of Fi.sh and Game now estimates that the average run of steelhead is about 27,000 fish, while in 1953 the king salmon run amounted to at least 300,000 fish. Silver salmon have been introduced into the upper Sacramento River tributaries. They recjuire a year's residence in the .stream before migrating to the sea, and therefore are dependent upon a river habitat for the first year of their life. The Sacramento River below the Balls Ferry Bridge was recently opened for year-round fishing. Smaller streams in the Northeastern Counties are important to fish and game resources. Many thou- sands of miles of stream support trout populations of suflicient size to afi^ord angling. It has been estimated that there are about 6,000 miles of stream which are normally fi.shable, with many thousand of miles of other streams fishable on an intermittent basis. The deer herds of the Northeastern Counties pro- vide another substantial recreation resource. Thou- sands of hunters visit the mountains during deer season. During the five years 1952-56, deer hunters took an average of 24,678 deer annually in the North- eastern Counties. Using the statewide hunter success ratio of about 20 per cent, this harvest indicates an average of about 125,000 deer hunters each year. The State Department of Fish and Game has esti- mated that hunters harvest approximately 7 per cent of the deer herd in a typical year. It is estimated by that Department that approximately 20 per cent of the deer herd could be harvested annually with no harm to the deer population. It is probable, therefore, that about three times the present number of hunters could utilize this resource if present harvesting levels were maintained. The greatest consumptive water requirement for game in the Northeastern Counties will continue to be for the maintenance of waterfowl areas. The ex- tensive areas of .swamps, marshes, water surfaces, and rice lands provide protection and food for great flocks of migratory waterfowl. The economic and recreation importance of these waterfowl is such that they are protected from over-harvesting by interna- tional treaties between the govci-nments of the United States, Canada, and Mexico. To grasp the significance of California's waterfowl resources, it is first neces.sary to become familiar with the flywa.y concept and its implications. There are four major flyways on the North American Conti- nent : The Atlantic, Missi.ssijipi, Central, and Pacific. NATURAL RESOURCES 143 The Pacific Flyway covers California, Orejron, Wash- ington, Idaho, Montana. Nevada, Utah, and Arizona, and is shown on the followin": illnstratioii. Pacific Migratory Waterfowl Flyway, Showing Principal Fall Migration Routes Dncks and geese using the Pacific Flyway nest and breed, for the most part, in Alberta and Sas- katchewan. They also originate in British Columbia, Alaska, and Siberia. These breeding areas have only slightly been affected by man's activities, while win- tering areas to the south are continually being reduced as a result of increases in population and accompany- ing increases in land use. Consequently, the two areas are seriously out of balance, with waterfowl popula- tions being limited by insufficient wintering areas. Throughout recorded history, California has been the jirincipal wintering ground for migratory water- fowl of tlie Pacific Flyway. An estimated 60 per cent of Pacific Flyway waterfowl winter in California. Extensive marsh areas in the great valleys of tlic State were formerly utilized by hordes of ducks and geese. Today, although these same valleys have a nuicli reduced marsh and water acreage, they are still crowded with watci-fow] dnriuL;- the wint(>r season. As indicated on the illustration, there are .several major routes within the flyway; also a complex of branching routes, concentrations or fnnneling ])oints, and interchanges between snbflyways. As an examjile, at least seven migration routes converge at Tule Lake-Tjower Klamath Concentration area, one of the largest in the nation. From there comes the tremen- dous movement down the Central Valley of Cali- fornia. A major problem in the management of waterfowl has been that of crop depredation. Large concentra- tions of Raldjiate duck annually flock to green crops in tiie Imperial \'alley and other area of intensive winter vegetable farming. Coots and geese feed on licrmanent pasture lands throughout the Central Yal- h'v, many of them late into the spring. Pintail and ilallard ducks feed heavily on rice in the Central Valley. These problems have been pai'tially resolved by holding waterfowl on large management areas until after harvest, and by sjiecial liunts, lierding, and other methods. Present land use in the valley incluiU's lai-ge acre- age of rice, with attendant high water reciuirement and with high correlative value as waterfowl area. Increased I'ice culture would accommodate larger pop- uhitions of waterfowl. Conversely, decreased rice cul- ture might influence governmental agencies to acquire and manage more areas for waterfowl. In either even- tuality, total water requirement in these areas would not be increased, but the retiuirement nominally ciiargeable to waterfowl might be increased. Recreation Use of Reservoirs Reservoirs used for recreation provide an imjior- tant resource for the Northeastern Counties. The at- tractions of natural sites wotdd be multiplied many times with the large bodies of water created by stor- age dams. Recreation use of Shasta Reservoir and its surrounding area is an outstanding example. Visitor days to that facility in 19i54 were about 228.000. In 195.') they had increa.sed to 42(5,000 and in V.)M to 629,000 visitor days. Future recreation use includes the activities of the \acationer and tourist, the hunter and fisherman. It also includes the establishment of permanent homes, as well as sunnuer homes by those in retirement or semi-retirement. Many, who have their place of work or business elsewhere, are attracted to such areas for relaxation and healthful living. POPULATION AND EMPLOYMENT Population data and projections for each of the 1.5 Northeastern Counties were prepared for the De- partment of Water Resources by the consulting firm of Pacific Planning and Re.search. A complete report on these studies is presented in Appendix .V. "Future Po|)ulation, Economic and Recreation Development of California's Northeastern Counties". i/' ■ Agriculture Creates Large Industries to Process and Transport Products United Stiites Bureau of RecLriiiation Photograpl?s :f;;_/!erf*^ NATURAL KESOUKCES 145 Present jiopiilation was based on V.^M cstiiiiatcs made by tlie State nciiartinent of Fiuaiice. These data were segregated into urban, rural-farm, and ruial- non-farni populations for eai-h eounty in aeeordaiicc with pereentages in each category derived from the ]950 ccii.sus. During the course of the land use studies for this investigation, areas of present urban (h'veloji- ment. including all developments of size sufficient to be majiped, were classified for each hydrograpliic unit. The extent of urban areas so determined was used to estimate distribution of ]iresent \irban popu- lation and rnral-nou-farm pojiulation throughout the hydrographie units. The county totals of rural-farm ]iopulation were distributed throughout the hydro- graphic units in jiroportioii to the present irrigated area. The present poindation of the Xortheasterii Counties, as shown by the l'J.j(i estimates, was .'JGOjlDO. This estimate is slightly greater than the 1950 census enumeration, which totaled 3:30,400 for the Xorth- easterii Counties. Estimates of ultimate population by Pacific Plan- ning and Research, subdivided into the three cate- gories of urban and suburban, rural-farm, and rural- non-farm, were based, for statistical purposes, on a time in the future (years 2020-20.')0) when the popu- lation of the United States would be about 375,000,- 000. Correspondingly, the population of California would be about 45,000,000, and the population within the Northeastern Counties would be 1,750,000. These estimates were substantiated by analysis of the Northeastern Counties with respect to their ca- ]iacity to sustain the estimated ultimate population through development of their natural resources. At such a time the following conditions were assumed to prevail : the area of irrigated land in the North- ea.stern Counties would increase to about three time.s the acreage irrigated in 1954; the number of farms and the farm population wmild be about twice that in 11150, and agricultural employment would also be doidile that in 11150; em])loyment in the forest prod- iiets intliistries, ba.sed on sustained yield production, would be about twice that in 1950, but total manufac- tiu-ing emiiloynient would rise to nearly six times the |)reseiit level. The largest category of employment would include such item.s as construction, distribution of jiroducts and service activities, while antici])ated development of recreation areas would provide for a substantial portion of the service activities. It was estimated that urban and suburban residents would comprise about 70 per cent of the total ])oi)U- lation. as com])ared with 35 per cent in 1950. The I'emaining population would include both rural-farm and rural-non-farm. The latter classification would con.sist of permanent resis of water use for irri- gated agriculture, urban areas, industrial production. and recreation development would be based ujion mea.sTired values. Sueli data should be measured within the area under consideration to reflect the varyinp- climatic and ojierational influences, and shoidd be extensive enough to reflect season-to-season variations. In the absence of adequate data, it was necessary to use the available water use measin-e- ments conjunctively with supiilementary data which express some of the physical conditions that affect consumptive use of water, and from this data, and utilizing judgment to an extent, estimate unit values of water use. Analyses of all available data were made and tabu- lated. Extensive studies were initiated to collect new data on water use by irrigated lands, urban and do- mestic areas, the forest prodnct.s industry, recreation activities, and evaporation from reservoir surfaces and swamp and marsh lands. Then mean seasonal unit A'alues applicable to the entire Northeastern Counties area were estimated for each of these types of water use. The procedures and results of these studies for the various categories of water use are presented in the following sections. Irrigafion Water Use ilean seasonal unit values of consumptive use of applied watei- for ii-rigated crops within the North- eastern Counties were determined by an empirical method which makes use of measured values of con- sumptive use and related climatologieal factors. It has been stated that the most desirable method of determining unit values of consumptive use of water by irrigated crops woidd be actual measure- ment and observation. Past studies .show that the most reliable methods of measuring consumptive \ise of water by growing plants are soil moisture sampling from field plots, and by measuring the use of water by plants grown in tanks simulating field conditions. There is a general lack of this type of basic informa- tion, even though a limited amount of research and experimentation has been carried on for the past 40 years by the I'nited States Department of Agricul- ture and the University of California. Furthermore, little of the available data, outside of that collected by the University of California at Davis, is applicable to the Northeastern Counties area. A considerable amount of data regarding diver- sions, delivery, and application of water to irrigated lands, as well as return f!< of the con- sumptive use factor. "_F, " in the basic formula. To account for variations in the value of "A" because of climatic conditions, the coefficients were analyzed for zones of like climatic conditions. Four major zones for this purpose were selected and are termed Sacramento Valley Floor, East Side Sacra- mento Valle.v, Westside Sacramento Valley, all in the Central Valley Drainage Basin, and ilountain Val- leys, which latter zone includes areas l.ving in both the North Coastal and Lahontan Drainage Basins. The consumptive use coefficients determined for each crop within each of these zones are given in Table 43. The consumptive use of water during the noncul- tural ])eriod supplied by precipitation is determined from appropriate values of unit consumptive use of water, which are based on experimental and investiga- tional data, experience, and judgment. The values used in the current investigation, when not limited by available precipitation, were: (a) 1-inch of depth of water per month for annual crops or for land without vegetation. TABLE 43 VALUES OF CONSUMPTIVE USE COEFFICIENT "K" FOR USE IN FORMULA U = KF WITHIN THE NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES Sacramento Valley Floor East Side Sacramento Valley West Side Sacramento Valley Mountain Valleys Normal growing season "A- Normal growing season "A- Normal growing season ■■A" Normal growing season "A" .Mfalfa Improved pasture Deciduous orchard 4/1-10/31 4/1-10/31 4/1-10/31 4/1-10/31 5/1- 9/30 5/1- 9/30 5/1-10/31 ll/l- 6/30 0.80 0.80 0.60 0.60 0.45 0.50 1 1 5/1- 9/30 5/1- 9/30 5/1- 9/30 5/1- 9/30 5/1- 8/31 5/1- 8/31 5/1- 8/31 0.85 0.85 0.65 0.60 0.55 . 55 0.50 5/1-10/31 5/1-10/31 5/1-10/31 .5/1- 8/31 .5/1- 8/31 4/1- 7/31 0.80 0.80 0.60 0.53 0.60 0.30 5/1- 9/30 5/1- 9/30 5/1- 9/30 6/1- 8/31 6/1- 8/31 H/1- 9/30 0.85' 0.85 0.65 Truck Field crops Rice .. o.no 0.65 Grain and grain hay 0.70 1 Special method used to evaluate consumptive use units, see text. WATER FTILFZATTOX AND EEQTTREMEXTS 151 (b) 1.5-inelies of dpptli of water per month for land devoted to orehai-ds or vineyards. (c) 2-inehes of depth of water per month for forage or t'over erops. Whenever available jn-et-ipitation was not suffit^^ient to provide the quantity of water believed to be neces- sary, the total precipitation dnriiii;- the deficient month was considered to have been i-onsnmptively nsed. The total seasonal unit value of consumptive use of water, regardless of source of water, is the sum of the values applicable to the cultural and noncultural periods. To determine the seasonal \uiit value of con- sumptive use of applied water, that is, the water pro- vided by means other than precipitation, an estimate of effective precipitation is necessary. Effective precipitation is that portion of precipita- tion that is consumptively nsed and does not run off the surface or percolate to ground water. The dif- ference between total seasonal unit value of consump- tive use of water and seasonal effective precipitation represents that portion of the seasonal consumptive use which must be provided by deliberate apiilication of water to the irrigated area. Effective precipitation is segregated into three portions for the purposes of evaluation : (a) Precipitation occurring and consumptively used during the cultural period. In California this is generally minor in amount. (b) Precipitation occurring during the noncultural period and consumptively used during that period. The amount is limited by the previously stated criteria governing consumptive use of water during this period. (c) Precipitation occurring during the noncultural period and percolating to the root zone of the crop where it is retained for consumptive use during the following cultural period. In item (c) above, the amount of moisture stored in the root zone of the crop for consumptive use dur- ing the following cultural pei-iod is based upon as- sumptions of the dejith of the root zone, the moisture holding capacity of the soil, the moisture deficiency in the soil at the end of the cultural period and the amount of precipitation available, in addition to that I'onsumptively used during the noncultui-al period. The sum of the above three items of effective precipi- tation which is consumptively used during both the cultural and noncultural period is then subtracted from the total seasonal consumptive use to determine the miit value of consumptive use of ajiplied water. In this investigation only the consumptive use of applied water was computed, since this is the signifi- cant portion of the total seasonal consumptive use involved in the evaluation of water reciuirements. Siiecial cultui'al and irrigation methods in pro- ducing rice and winter grown irrigated grain ni|uired that consumptive use of these erops be determined differently than by previously described jjroecdures. Irrigation practice in rice culture varies consider- ai)ly from that followed in the production of other crops. Fields are kept flooded from the time of |)hmt- ing to the time the crop matures, when fields arc drained to enable harvesting the yield. PlantiuL; usu- ally takes place between April 15 and ]\Iay 1."). The fields are drained the following September and har- vested during October. The period used for determi- nation of the consumptive use of applied water was the five-month iicriod from Jlay thi-ongh September. The volume of irrigation water applied varies con- siderably and is dependent to a large extent upon soil type and a\ailability of water. The gross amount of irrigation water applied is frcf|ucntly greatly in excess of the consumptive use, since the maintenance of a small flow through the ponds facilitates the con- trol of fungus and water plants and enhances the crop yield. Existing cultural practices indicate that satisfactory yields are produced when the return flow, or difference between applied water and consumptive use of applied water, amounts to about one foot in depth on the cropped area. Available data for rice farming areas in the Saci'a- mento Valley indicate that the total water applied during the gi-owing season amounts to about 5A feet in depth, and that the return flow is about one foot in depth. Reliable estimates of deep percolation below the root zone indicate that about 0..3 foot of water is disposed of in this manner. The unit seasonal value of consumptive use of applied water is, therefore, about 4.1 feet in depth, and that value has been u.sed in estimates of water requirements for the present study. Winter grown hay and grains, such as barley, oats, and wheat, threshed for grain or cut for hay, are grown extensively throughout the Sacramento Valley. Unit values of water use by irrigated crops of this type during the summer months were estimated by the previously described general method. These crops, however, are also grown during winter months b.v specialized cultural practices. Winter-grown grain is planted in the fall, matures during the winter months, and is harvested in June and July. Experience indi- cates that, in general, when the depth of seasonal precipitation is approximately 17 inches or more, normally distributed throughout the season, these crops can be satisfactorily grown without irrigation. In some areas, however, precipitation is not .sufficient for this purpose, and the available winter moi.sture must be supplemented by irrigation. From monthly precipitation records in a zone of 17-ineh depth of mean annual rilinfall, it was deter- mined that the precipitation falling during the --V United States Bureau of RecLmiation Photographs WATER T'TII.IZATIOX AXD REQI'IREMEXTS 153 months from November through April, the cultural period for winter hay and grain, averages about lo inches in deptli. It was assumed that all of this winter precipitation is consumptively used in maturing the crop, and that it is adequate iu amount for that pur- jiose. The remaining two-inch depth of annual precijii- tation was considered to be consumed by weed growth or evaporated from soil during the noncultural pe- riod. It was further assumed that in areas where the normal seasonal depth of precipitation is less than 17 inches, the supplemental irrigation I'equired for ma- turing winter-grown small grain and hay is measured by the difference between the actual Xovember- thniugh-April precipitation and the consumptive use reijuirement, estimated to be equivalent to a depth of 1.") inches. Ill the northern mountain valleys, extensive areas are cropped to meadow pasture and meadow hay. This generally consists of native grasses and receives abnn- dant water supplies from widely prevalent high-water tables and from natural and artificial flooding. Avail- able information indicated that the consumptive use of applied water for such ci-ops was about 25 per cent greater than that required for improved pastures. It should be recognized that the application of the foregoing empirical methods, based on natural phe- nomena, to practical engineering problems results in derived mean values of consumptive use of water. Consequently, the computed mean value is not abso- lute, but merely represents the mean of a range of values which vary from season-to-season and in acord- ance with land characteristics and agricultural prac- tices. Seasonal climatic variations will cause wide variations in the total amount of water that can be evaporated and transpired from irrigated land. Addi- tionally, the c)uantity of precipitation stored in the soil during the noncultural period, and the amount of precipitation occurring during the cultural period, will have a definite effect on the volume of applied irrigation water necessary to meet the consumptive requirements of crops. Values used in this investigation were based on the assiunption that sufficient water would be available at all times to meet the normal demand of growing plants for water. However, those familiar with the operation of water service agencies will recognize that agricultural practices, as well as a number of economic factors, will affect the demand for irriga- tion water and, in turn, the amount of water con- sumptively used. Estimated mean seasonal unit values of consumptive u.se of applied water on irrigated lands are presented in Table 44. Urban and Suburban, and Rural Domestic Wafer Use Estimates of unit values of water use for present urban, and ultimate urban and suburban areas of the 7—67829 Northeastern Counties were detei-mined on a per cap- ita basis I'athcr than on a unit area basis. Information relative to population and water use for various types of urban development are more readily available and i-cliable than data on the extent, dcTisity, and water use of land areas occupied by urban development. Fui'therinoi'c, ultimate ]iopulation is more readily adaptable to determination under conditions which would exist with full development of the natural re- scHirces of the Northeastern Counties than is the growth and final disposition of urban and suburban lands. Urban water use was analyzed for cities and towns within the Northeastern Counties from data submitted to the ('alifornia Public Utilities Connnis- sion by public utility companies, and to the State Controller's Office by munii'ipal water agencies. Rec- ords of water use consi(lei'ased on records frcnn eight representative towns in the mountainous area, the present average rate of water con.sumption in upland connnunities was deter- mined to be Kit) gallons per capita per day. Records from 10 towns and cities within the Sacramento Val- ley area resulted in an estinmted present average rate of water consumption of about 250 gallons per capita per day. From the same data, it w'as estimated that the present average rate of per capita water use for rural domestic developments, including both farm and nonfarm classifications, would be I'M) gallons per capita per day iu upland areas, and 200 gallons per capita per day in valley areas. In the estimation of per capita rates of water use uiulcr ultimate conditions of development, considera- tion was given to the following: (a) Per capita wat<'r use increases as the size and level of develoiunent of urban centers increase. (b) Per capita water use inci-eases as the standard of living increases. (c) Per capita water use is expected to increase in the future due to an cx]iected increase in the iise of air conditioning. It was assumed that past increases in use of water for urban purposes would not form a completely sat- isfactory base to project the level of future use. After thorough research and study of water use trends, it was estimated that urban use in upland connnunities 15-t NORTHEASTERN CorXTIES INVESTIGATION TABLE 44 ESTIMATED MEAN SEASONAL UNIT VALUES OF CONSUMPTIVE USE OF APPLIED WATER ON IRRIGATED CROPS V/ITHIN THE NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES (In feet of depth) Hydrographic unit Crops Refer ence number 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Name Tule Luke Biltle Valley.- Klamath River Sliasta Valley Scott Valley Salmon Ri\-er Upper Trinity River Lower Trinity River South Fork Trinity River_- Soutliern Trinity County. .. Lake Pilisbury Goose Lake Jess Valley .\lturas Big Valley -. McArtliur Hat Creek Montgomery Creek McCloud River Dunsmuir Sliasta Lake Clear Creek Keswick Cottonwood Creek Olinda Redbank Creek Elder Creek Thomes Creek Stony Creek Clear Lake Middletown Stillwater Plains Cow Creek Bear Creek Battle Creek Paynes Creek Antelope Creek Mill Creek Deer Creek Cliico Creek Paradise Nortli Fork Featlier River.. East Branch Featlier River Sierra Valley Middle Fork Featlier River Soiitii Fork Feather River. Nortli Yuba River Challenge Wyandotte Anderson Corning Los Molinos Fruto Orland Durham Colusa Gridley Browns Valley Cortina Arbuckle 1.6 1.4 1.6 1.9 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.4 2.2 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.8 2.0 2.4 2.1 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.6 2.3 2.5 2.3 2.4 2.4 Improved pasture 1.7 1.6 1.8 2.1 1.9 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.7 1.6 2.5 2.2 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.2 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.7 2.2 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.4 2.3 2.7 2.3 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.2 2.6 2.6 Meadow pasture 2.1 2.0 2.2 2.6 2,4 2.3 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.3 3.3 3.3 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.1 2.8 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.6 2.5 2.9 3.3 3.3 Grain and grain hay 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.0 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.5 Truck crops 1.1 1.1 1.2 0.9 0.8 1.3 1.2 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.2 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.1 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 O.H Field crops 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.7 0.9 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 1.1 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Deciduous orchard 1.0 1.1 1.4 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.3 1.6 1.6 Sub- tropical orcliard 1.7 1.8 Rice Vine.vard 4.1 4.1 4.1 WATER UTILIZATION AND REQUIREMENTS 155 TABLE 44-Continued ESTIMATED MEAN SEASONAL UNIT VALUES OF CONSUMPTIVE USE OF APPLIED WATER ON IRRIGATED CROPS WITHIN THE NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES (In feet of depth) Hydrographic unit Refer- ence number 61 62 63 64 63 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 Name Sutter MarysviUe Pleasant (irove West Yolo Capay _. Woodland East Yolo . . Surprise Valley Madeline Plains Eagle Lake Willow Creek Secret Valley Susan River HerlonK Little Truekee River Crops Alfalfa 2.S 2.3 2.3 2.0 2.5 2.5 2.4 1.7 1.5 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 Improved pasture 2.6 2.6 2.3 2.7 2.5 1.8 1.7 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 1.6 Meadow pasture 3.3 3.3 3.1 2.9 3.4 3.4 3.1 2.3 2.1 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.0 Grain and grain hay 0.7 O.fi 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0..5 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.5 Truck crops 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 Field crops 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.8 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 Decidurius orchard 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.6 1.6 l.S 1.2 1.1 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 Sub- tropical orchard 1.5 Rice Vineyard 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.1 would iiierease to about the present level of use in the valley areas of 250 gallons per capita per day. It was tlicii assumed that ultimate use in valley eomnninitics would increase a proportionate amount and would approximate 390 gallons per capita per day. This estimate is about 60 per cent greater than the present average per capita use in the City of Sacramento. The values of water use estimated for rural domes- tic use under ultimate conditions for both rural-farm and rui-al-non-farm classifications were 300 gallons ]ii'r cajuta per day in the valley areas and 200 gallons per capita per day in upland areas. The values dis- cussed above and presented in Table 45 refer to ixrban and domestic delivery requirements at the point of use. The consumptive use was estimated as 50 per cent of the delivery requirement. Foresi Products Wafer Use The estimates of water use for urban areas include amounts sufficient to provide for light manufacturing and other industries normally found in urban areas. Separate estimates were made of potential water use by the forest products industries, since these amounts may be a significant item in the future requirements of a community. The Tiltimate output of the forest products industry, based upon United States Forest Service estimates of the sustained yield of commer- cial forests lands within the Northeastern Counties, was estimated by the consulting firm of Pacific Planning and Research as a step in evaluating the ultimate population of the area. The major categories into which the products were grouped are lumber, ]iIywood, fiberboard and paper products, and pulp. Unit values of water use for these items were obtained from information made available by the United States Forest Service and various private companies. TABLE 45 ESTIMATED UNIT VALUES OF WATER DELIVERY REQUIRE- MENT FOR URBAN AND SUBURBAN DEVELOPMENTS, AND FOR RURAL DOMESTIC USES WITHIN THE NORTH- EASTERN COUNTIES (In gallons per capita per day) Item Present Ultimate Urban and suburban Valley communities 2.50 160 200 130 390 250 Rural domestic 300 Upland communities . - 200 Consumptive use of processing water in the produc- tion of fiberboard and paper products, and pulp was assumed to be 10 per cent of the gross refjuirement. The values used in this rejiort to detenuiue consuin]i- tive use and total water requirements arc shown in Table 46. TABLE 46 ESTIMATED UNIT VALUES OF WATER REQUIREMENT AND CONSUMPTIVE USE FOR THE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUS- TRY WITHIN THE NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES Item Unit Requirement Consumptive use Luiiibpr Plywood Fiberboard and paper products Pulp.. Gallons per board foot of product Gallons per board foot of logs used Gallons per ton of chips Gallons per ton of cliii»s 1.0 1.0 10,000 GO. 000 1.0 1.0 1.000 6 000 1 5() NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION Use of Water for Recreation Development Iiu-liultHl ill the ultimate ctiiisiiinptivc use and re- quirements for water are estimates of water needed for recreation aetivities. These estimates were based on user-days as determined by the firm of Pacific Planning- and Research and tabulated in Appendix A, "Future Population, Ec()iiomic and Recreation De- velopment of California's Northeastern Counties." The categories comprised permanent and summer residences, commercial resorts and motels, organiza- tional camps, and camping and jiicnic areas. The unit values of water iise, largely estimated from experi- ence and judgment, represent both delivery re(|uire- ment and consumptive iise, and are shown in Table -17. TABLE 47 ESTIMATED UNIT VALUES OF CONSUMPTIVE USE OF WATER FOR RECREATION ACTIVITIES WITHIN THE NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES (In gallons per user-day) Type of use Unit value of delivery and consumptive use of water Permanent and summer residences Commercial resorts and motels 150 100 50 10 All available water surface evaporation records for northern California were used as guides in sujierim- posing lines of equal mean seasonal evaporation on a map of the Northeastern Counties. This map was used to estimate net evaporation (the difference be- tween mean seasonal precipitation and mean seasonal water surface evaporation ) from water surfaces of princi]ial reservoirs, and for determination of \init values of consumptive use for swamji and marsh land. Based on a review of available data ]iertaining to use of water by swamp and marsh lands, mean sea- sonal unit values of consumptive use of water were estimated as 30 per cent greater than mean seasonal watei- surface evaporation. The unit of water Tise on these lands, comparable to consumptive use of applied water, was determined by subtracting the mean sea- sonal precipitation. CONSUMPTIVE USE OF APPLIED WATER Estimates were made of the amount of Avater con- sumptively used in the Northeastern Counties under present and probable ultimate conditions. In general, these estimates were derived by applying the appro- 111-iate unit values of water use to the present and estimated iiltiniate patterns of land use. Present Use of Applied Water Present consumptive use of applied water on irri- gated lands, swamji and marsh lands, and principal reservoirs was estimated by multiplying the esti- mated acreage of each type of land use by its respec- tive mean unit value of consumptive iise of applied water. Total consumptive use of water in urban and I'ural domestic development was estimated as the product of the population for each category times the appropriate value of per capita water use. The esti- mate of consumptive use for present urban and rural domestic jiui'poses includes water use for industrial and recreation purjioses. Unit values of consuin|)tive use of applied water for iri'igated crops were determined on the basis of a full water supply, sufficient to meet the optimum moisture needs of the croj). In many areas of the Northeastern Counties full seasonal water sup]>lies are not ]iresentl.v available, and cro]is are subject to a deficient ii-rigation suppl.v during summer and fall months. Where this condition exists, the computed con.snmptive use of applied water was reduced by an estimated factor to reveal actual consumptive use under present water supply conditions. The ratio of actual consumptive use to optimum consumptive use, expressed as a percentage, was estimated by compari- son of developed water supplies to potential con- sumptive use, and from information furnished by watei-masters on availability of water in watermaster service areas. Irrigated lands on the Sacramento Valle.v fioor were evaluated as having a full water sup])ly available, while in some of the mountain valleys in Siskiyou, Modoc, Lassen, and Plumas Counties, it was estimated that the available water supply would meet as little as 30 per cent of the potential consumptive use. Estimates of mean seasonal consnmiitive use of applied water on present water service areas in the Northeastern Counties, based on present developed water supplies, are presented in Tables 48 and 4!), by hydrographic iniits and counties, respectively. Probable Ultimate Use of Applied Water The ]irocedures utilized in estimating probable ulti- mate consum]itive use of applied water in the North- eastern Counties were similar to those employed to estimate present consumptive use. The amount of water that will be used on ultimately irrigated lands was estimated by nudtiplying the forecast ultimate acreage of each ci-op type by its respective \init value of consumjitive use of applied water. Ultimate sea- sonal consumiitive use of ap])lied water by urban and subui-ban, rural domestic, recreation, industi-ial, ]irin- cipal reservoirs, and swamp and marsh lauds was estimated as the ]iroduct of the foi-ecast level of de- vido))ment times the correspoiuling unit value of water use. Furrow Irrigafion in fhe Sacramenfo Valley Departvient of Water Resources Pbotogrjpb 158 NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION TABLE 48 ESTIMATED MEAN SEASONAL CONSUMPTIVE USE OF APPLIED WATER ON PRESENT SERVICE AREAS (1954 TO 1956) WITHIN HYDROGRAPHIC UNITS, NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES (In acre-feet) Hydiographic unit Irri^iated lands Urban and rural domestic population Swamp and marsh lands Net reservoir evaporation Reference number Name Totals 1 North Coastal Drainage Basin Tulelake - --- - 91.400 18,400 8.800 56.300 44.300 200 3.400 600 1.400 300 300 300 100 700 100 400 9.800 400 3.700 200 115.000 5.400 1.300 3.900 216.500 ■) Butte Vallev - - 24.500 3 10.200 4 64.600 Scott Valley - - - - - 44.600 200 7 3,400 s 600 1,800 10 300 11 Lake Pillsbuiy - - --- - - SUBTOTALS - -- - - 225,100 19.500 9.000 58.200 37.100 47.200 15.600 2,100 3.500 4.900 200 3.500 2.000 600 1.600 2.700 27,100 3,700 1,100 lfi,.300 5,000 6.900 800 300 1.500 2.700 500 2.400 13.100 18..500 31.700 7.300 200 2,700 2,500 15,500 50,600 90,200 61,000 2.200 118.200 123,300 1,070,800 466,800 5,900 3,900 60.300 1.55.000 208.500 .30.100 400 4.200 197.900 213,800 1,900 & 500 200 300 200 300 500 a a I> 300 100 100 700 100 1,300 100 400 200 400 100 300 u 200 n 2,600 1,400 4,000 a 1,200 2.700 2.400 2.400 400 2.100 4.300 a a a 3,.300 3.100 14,100 200 4,000 2.300 1.700 300 2,400 a a a 100 200 a 3 200 4,400 26,500 34,300 300 2.000 200 125,600 500 7,400 34,700 3,800 3,300 100 100 7.200 68,200 200 n a a 100 34.000 100 100 100 100 100 300 a 1,100 .366,700 12 Central Valley Drainage Basin 20,000 13 16,400 14 93.600 15 45.100 Ifi 53.100 17 Hat Creek -.... 17.600 18 2,100 IH 3.800 20 5.400 21 a 0-) 200 23 24 3,500 25 2.400 26 700 27 28 1.700 29 10.200 30 98.400 31 4.000 32 2.400 33 16.300 34 Bear Creek - - - 5.000 35 7.000 3G 800 37 300 38 Mill Creek 1,500 39 2,700 40 Chipo Creek - - 500 41 2,900 42 47,300 43 19,000 44 31,800 45 Middle Fork Feather River - - 7,700 4fi 200 47 2,900 48 Challenee - - - -- - -- 2,600 49 15,700 50 53,400 51 91,700 52 65.000 53 2.200 54 Orland - - - 119.600 55 130.400 56 l.O9«,70O 57 503.500 58 6.200 59 3,900 no 60,700 r,i 157,400 62 214,800 63 30.100 64 1.500 65 4,200 66 201.200 67 217.100 SUBTOTALS 3,230.600 36.200 79,100 161,500 3,507,400 WATER UTILIZATION AND REQUIREMENTS 159 TABLE 48-Continued ESTIMATED MEAN SEASONAL CONSUMPTIVE USE OF APPLIED WATER ON PRESENT SERVICE AREAS (1954 TO 1956) WITHIN HYDROGRAPHIC UNITS, NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES (In acre-feet) Hydrographic unit Irrigated lands Urban and rural duniestic population Swamp and marsh lands Net reservoir evaporation Reference number Name Totals 08 119 70 Lahontan Drainage Basin Surprise Valley Madeline Plains 41.900 9.700 8,400 8,200 (i,700 31,100 10,200 5,500 100 800 300 1,500 600 1,200 100 3,000 100 400 900 3,000 200 1,700 8,000 44.400 12,700 9.000 71 72 Willow Creek _ 9,noo 8.500 73 42,900 74 10 I'lOO SUBTOTALS 121,700 1,200 0,900 13.800 143 600 TOTALS, XORTHEASTERN COUNTIES 3„577,400 39,300 100,100 300,900 4,017,700 ' Less than 50 acre-fuet. 160 NORTHEASTERX COUNTIES IXVESTIGATIOX TABLE 49 ESTIMATED MEAN SEASONAL CONSUMPTIVE USE OF APPLIED WATER ON PRESENT SERVICE AREAS (1954 TO 1956) WITHIN THE NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES (In acre-feet) County and hydrographic unit Reference number Name Irrigated lands Urban and rural domestic population Swamp and marsh lands Net reservoir evaporation ■10 41 42 45 4G 48 49 52 29 30 53 56 57 59 60 11 29 53 54 56 57 59 11 29 30 31 13 14 15 16 17 42 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 1 12 13 14 15 16 68 40 42 43 Butte County Chico Creek Paradise North Fork Feather River Middle Fork Feather River South Fork Feather River Challenge Wyandotte Los Molinos Durham Gridley COUNTY TOTALS, Stony Creek _ Clear Lake. _ Fruto Colusa Gridley Cortina Arbuckle Colusa County COUNTY TOTALS- Lake PiUsbury. Stony Creek Fruto Orland Colusa Gridley Cortina Glenn County COUNTY TOTALS. Lake Pillsbury. Stony Creek Clear Lake Middletown Lake County COUNTY TOTALS. Lassen County Jess Valley Alturas Big Valley Mc Arthur Hat Creek North Fork Feather River Surprise Valley Madeline Plains Eagle Lake Willow Creek Secret Valley Susan River Herlong COUNTY TOTALS, Tulelake.. Goose Lake Jess Valley Alturas Big Valley Mc Arthur Surprise Valley., Modoc County COUNTY TOTALS. Plumas County Chico Creek North Fork Feather River. East Branch Feather River... 500 2,400 BOO 100 200 15.500 30,700 123,300 335,000 508,900 1,000 1,700 525,700 1,300 2,000 39,800 571,.500 1,400 2,100 117,700 294,800 46,300 462,300 25,400 3,700 29,100 1,900 21,600 9.300 900 3,600 2,400 9,700 8,400 8,200 6,700 31,100 7,000 110,800 53,000 19,500 7,100 58,200 15.500 5,300 39,500 198,100 8,900 18,500 3,300 2.700 1.900 8.100 1.100 1.200 600 100 1,900 700 100 800 100 800 300 1,400 100 500 100 100 800 200 400 100 4,400 14.400 18,900 MOO 200 300 200 12,400 5.300 18,200 2,400 2,400 500 1.200 600 1,200 100 3,000 100 6.700 300 200 3.500 100 1..500 5,000 100 100 3,800 100 3,900 3,400 3,400 68,100 200 68,300 5,500 300 2,100 2,500 5,.50O 3,000 200 1.700 8.000 28.800 74.100 500 1,900 34,400 1,700 900 113,500 28,.500 100 AVATER I'TILIZATIOX AND REQUIREMENTS 161 TABLE 49— Continued ESTIMATED MEAN SEASONAL CONSUMPTIVE USE OF APPLIED WATER ON PRESENT SERVICE AREAS (1954 TO 1956) WITHIN THE NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES (In acre-feet) County and liydrograjiliic unit Reference number Name Plumas County- Sierra Valley Middle Fork Feather River — South Fork Feather River North Yuba River Susan River Herlong -Continued COUNTY TOTALS. Shasta County Mc Arthur Hat Creek Montgomery Creek McCloud -- Dunsmxiir Shasta Lake Clear Creek Kes\vick Cottonwood Creek Olinda Stillwater Plains. Cow Creek Bear Creek Battle Creek. Mill Creek.. North Fork Feather River .\nderson COUNTY TOTALS. Sierra County Sierra Valley Middle Fork Feather River North Yuba River Herlong Little Truckee River COUNTY TOTALS. Tulelake Butte Valley Klamath River., Shasta Valley — Scott Valley Salmon River — Big Valley McArlhur McCloud River. Dunsmuir Siskiyou County COUNTY TOTALS. Sutter County Colusa Gridley Sutter. Marys ville Pleasant Grove- East Yolo COUNTY TOTALS. Cottonwood Creek. Redbank Creek. Elder Creek Thomes Creek.. Stony Creek Battle Creek Paynes Creek .\ntelope Creek. Mill Creek Deer Creek Chico Creek Tehama County Irrigated lands 15,700 7.200 50,300 28.100 14,700 2.100 1.000 300 200 2.900 2.000 1.100 16.300 5.000 2,600 40.900 117,200 16.000 2.600 3.200 5.300 27,300 38.400 18.400 8,800 56,300 44,300 200 4,300 2,300 4,600 Urban and rural domestic population 178,000 171,300 83,600 155,000 40,200 30,100 68,700 548,900 liOO 600 1.600 300 4,300 800 300 1.500 2,700 300 900 200 200 300 1,300 100 !,300 100 100 200 200 300 100 700 100 100 300 500 500 400 2,100 200 100 3,300 100 100 .Swamp and marsh lands 1,000 1,700 100 2,800 400 400 9,500 400 3,700 200 13,800 2,000 14,400 300 200 Net reservoir evaporation 16,900 100 28,700 800 100 100 1,000 40,900 5.400 1.300 3.900 51,. 300 Totals 15.700 7,600 79,900 30,100 16,700 2,100 1,000 30O 200 2,900 2,400 2,400 16,.300 3,000 2,700 43,.500 12.5,600 16,100 2,700 3,200 5,900 27,900 89.000 24..500 10.200 64,600 44.600 200 4.600 2.800 .5,100 245,600 173,800 98,400 157,400 40.400 30.100 69,000 569,100 600 700 1,700 300 4,300 800 300 1,500 2,700 1G2 NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION TABLE 49— Continued ESTIMATED MEAN SEASONAL CONSUMPTIVE USE OF APPLIED WATER ON PRESENT SERVICE AREAS (1954 TO 1956) V/ITHIN THE NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES (In acre-feet) County and hydrographic unit Irrigated lands Urban and rural domestic liopvilation Swamp and marsh lands Net reservoir e^■aporation Reference number Name Totals 50 Tehama County — Continued 9,700 90,200 30,300 100 500 100 1,400 700 100 . 100 9.900 51 91.700 52 31,000 53 Fruto -- - 100 54 .500 COUNTY TOTALS -.- 143,500 3,400 600 1,400 300 2,400 400 100 100 146,100 7 Trinity County Upper Trinity River 3.400 8 600 9 South Fork Trinity River - 1.800 10 300 COUNTY TOTALS 5,700 79,000 1,900 20,500 400 4,200 197,900 145,100 400 200 200 a 3,300 3.000 1,100 6.100 30 Yolo County Clear Lake 56 79.200 59 1.900 60 20.700 64 1.500 65 4.200 66 201.200 67 148.000 COUNTY TOTALS . Yuba County 46 449,000 100 2,500 5,900 168,300 6,700 100 4,100 2,000 1,100 100 300 a 456.800 47 200 48 2.600 58 6.200 62 174,400 COUNTY TOTALS 176,800 4,200 2,000 400 183,400 TOTALS, NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES 3,577,400 39,300 100,100 300,900 4,017.700 « Less than 50 acre-feet. Estimates of ultimate eonsuinptive use of applied water for irrigated lands are based on the assumjitioii that a full seasonal water supply would be available to the net crop acreage that might ultimately be irrigated in any one season. Consumptive use of applied water for urban and suburban, and rural domestic purposes, was computed as the product of the appropriate population esti- mates times the unit value of per capita Avater use. Consumptive use of ajtplied water was estimated to be 50 per cent of the urban delivery requirements. The ultimate consumptive use of applied water for recreation purposes was determined by multipl.ving the estimated user-day.s for each type of use in the recreation areas by the appropriate unit value of gal- lons per user-day. The totals were then expressed in acre-feet per season and totaled for both hydrographic units and counties. The probable ultimate consumptive use for forest products manufacture was estimated by ninlti]ilyiiii;' the estimated annual production of lumber and other forest products that would be ultimately iiroeessed, on a sustained yield basis, bv the appropriate average unit values of water consumed in processing. For the purposes of evaluating consumptive use, the evaporation from water surface under tiltimate conditions was estimated as the .surface area in acres at maximum ojierating levels for existing reservoirs and those included in the Northeastern Counties un- der The California Water Plan, times the mean sea- sonal net evaporation loss. Seasonal consumptive use of ajiplied water from swamp and marsh lands was computed by multiplying the mean seasonal unit value of consumptive use by the estimated acreage of such lands. Tables 50 and 51 show, by hydrographic units and counties, respectively, estimates of ]U'obable ultimate mean seasonal i-onsumptive use of applied Avater within the Northeastern Counties. WATER T^TITJZATTdX AND KK(,)riHEMEXT8 163 TABLE 50 PROBABLE ULTIMATE MEAN SEASONAL CONSUMPTIVE USE OF APPLIED WATER WITHIN HYDROGRAPHIC UNITS, NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES (In ocre-feet) Hydrographic unit Nam North Coastal Drainage Basin Tulelake Butte Valley Klamath River Shasta Valley Scott Valley - Salmon River Upper Trinity River Lower Trinity River South Fork Trinity River Southern Trinity County Lake PiUsbury SUBTOTALS. Central Valley Drainage Basin Goose Lake Jess Valley Alturas Big Valley McArthur -- Hat Creek Montgomery Creek MfCloud River Dunsinuir Shasta Lake Clear Creek Keswick Cottonwood Creek Olinda Redbank Creek Elder Creek Thomes Creek Stony Creek Clear Lake Middletown Stillwater Plains Cow Creek Bear Creek Battle Creek Paynes Creek Antelope Creek Mill Creek Deer C reek Chico Creek Paradise North Fork Feather River East Branch Feather River Sierra Valley Middle Fork Feather River South Fork Feather River North Yuba River Challenge Wyandotte Anderson Corning Los Mohnos Fruto Orland Durham Colusa Gridley Browns Valley Cortina Arbuckle Sutter. Marys ville .".r Pleasant Grove West Volo Capay Woodland East Yolo Irrigated lands SUBTOTALS. 134.70n 65,800 30,800 94,900 80,900 800 3,100 3.800 9,600 7,200 431,600 .59,300 12.900 116.300 104,700 91.400 28.100 6.800 4,200 14.600 2,100 300 89.300 17.000 39.200 10,100 42.200 84.700 116.400 17.600 55.300 71.200 31.700 39.400 6.800 2.700 1.800 3.200 3.300 38.700 36.600 32.800 102,000 23.400 1,500 4.900 25.100 71.900 64.300 279.300 173.900 93.400 222.300 190.900 1.277.100 618.800 33.000 136.800 201.600 151.800 398.100 41,900 13.200 18.600 289,800 291.500 5.926.000 Urban, suburban. rural, domestic population 1.200 1.200 2.300 3.700 1.700 400 400 1.200 800 300 900 14.100 400 100 2.600 2.500 2.700 i.yoo 500 1.600 6.000 1.400 900 1.400 1.400 3.600 3.000 200 400 2.700 8.000 1.400 10.300 3.300 800 700 100 300 200 400 12.700 9.800 5.700 1.600 1.100 2.800 1.800 1.900 4.400 3.300 3.300 8.300 9.900 300 9,. 500 7.100 12.200 5.300 3..500 2.000 7.600 10.600 12.000 200 1.400 3.. 500 60.400 10.900 1* orest products industry 274..30O 200 200 700 1.200 200 200 100 100 100 100 100 Recreation areas 3,200 100 200 200 500 200 800 700 100 100 200 a a 100 100 100 100 200 100 300 200 100 200 100 200 100 8.800 2,100 2.100 2,300 2.500 2,100 26,500 4.000 1,800 2,100 1,400 900 1.000 2.300 3..30O 2,100 1.300 1.200 21.400 400 400 1.800 1,600 1,800 3,300 1.200 1,300 1,200 1,900 900 200 3,600 100 600 400 1.200 2.300 3.500 60O 1.400 500 1.500 500 1.000 700 1.200 1.200 300 4.. 500 3.300 1.200 3.300 1.100 2.400 1.300 200 300 700 300 1.900 500 600 1.200 100 900 100 600 700 300 800 Swamp and marsh lands 31,100 400 3,700 200 63.300 33.400 200 4.000 2.300 1,700 300 2.400 100 200 200 4,400 26,500 34.300 300 2,000 200 Net reservoir evaporation 79.100 115.000 6.400 2,300 16.700 200 140,800 500 11.200 44.400 22.000 13.900 200 7,200 1.800 10.100 3.100 46.900 76.100 3.400 26.000 5,900 1.400 3.900 200 700 3.100 44.300 9.000 5.300 5.100 900 900 200 27.800 100 12,900 1.000 1.400 6.900 11.500 1.000 412.300 'r<)(als 286,200 73.800 38.400 121.600 84.100 2.400 5,900 8.400 12.600 8.900 2.200 646.500 60.600 24.600 163.400 133.000 114.300 33.700 8.700 7.900 22.500 5.500 2.400 1.600 101.700 22.500 42.800 20.800 47,000 136,900 206,400 23.000 91.600 81.900 33.000 43.200 11.300 4.000 2.800 .5.100 18.100 .52.000 91.600 67.100 109.700 34,800 5.400 9,400 31,800 77.700 104.900 290,300 199,300 94.900 232.000 204.900 1.317.700 661.400 38..500 146.900 209.200 162.800 426.600 42,200 16.200 22.800 3.50.500 303,400 6,780..500 164 NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION TABLE 50-Confinued PROBABLE ULTIMATE MEAN SEASONAL CONSUMPTIVE USE OF APPLIED WATER WITHIN HYDROGRAPHIC UNITS, NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES (In ocre-feet) Refer- ence num- ber 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 Hydrojiraphic unit Name Lahontan Drainage Basin Surprise Valley Madeline Plains Eagle Lake Willow Creek Secret Valley Susan River Herlong Little Truckee River SUBTOTALS TOTALS, NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES - Irrigated lands 67,400 15,200 9,200 8,200 26,500 65,200 15,800 15,000 222,500 6,580.100 Urban, suburban, rural, domestic population 1,900 300 400 200 100 4,500 1,200 100 8,700 297,100 Forest products industry 100 100 29,000 Recreation areas 900 1,000 800 300 1,300 900 500 300 6,000 90,700 Swamp and marsh lands 1,500 600 1,200 100 3,000 100 400 6,900 Net reservoir e\aporation 900 3,000 36,700 2,500 1,700 8.800 1,900 7,500 63,000 Totals 72,600 19.500 47.800 12.400 29.700 82.500 19.500 23.400 307.400 7,734,400 " Less than 50 acre-feet. AYATER UTILIZATION AND KEQT'IREMEXTS 165 TABLE 51 PROBABLE ULTIMATE MEAN SEASONAL CONSUMPTIVE USE OF APPLIED WATER WITHIN THE NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES (In acre-feet) County and hydrographic unit Irrigated lands tlrban, suburban, and rural domestic population Forest products industry Recreation areas Swamp and marsh lands Net reser\'oir evaporation Refer- ence niuii- ber Name Totals 40 Butte County Chico Creek -- --- -- .. 3,000 38,700 8.200 1.500 1.300 71,900 87.200 190.900 464.000 12.600 9.800 3,200 1,700 1.700 .'■..300 4,100 7,100 4,600 200 100 400 100 100 a K 2,500 2,500 900 300 2,100 1,200 900 a 200 100 300 u 100 4.400 14.400 700 3,100 2.600 900 200 41 17,400 42 45 Middle Fork Featlier River 4e 48 Ciiallenge - - 49 77,700 ')5 Durham . .. . - ->7 COUNTY TOTALS 866,700 25.200 15,200 621.200 i;.iioo iio,.-,nn 1-37,100 50,100 700 600 6,300 900 4,300 5.900 B 6,000 .500 400 700 a 700 18.900 12.100 200 7,500 3.800 100 6,900 29 Colusa Comity 30 Clear Lake 53 Fruto -._ -- 56 Colusa . . . .. 57 Gridley 59 (iO COUNTY TOTALS 895.800 51,600 92.900 219.200 337,200 42,100 2,200 12,800 .300 1,900 500 9,500 3,300 100 s 2,300 300 1,400 400 12,300 300 200 12,400 5,300 10,800 23,300 1,000 934,000 11 Glenn County Lake Pillsbury 29 Stony Creek- 78„500 53 Fruto 54 Orland 56 57 Gridley - 59 2,200 COUNTY TOTALS __ 745,200 100,700 17,600 15,600 600 6,200 1.400 100 2,100 900 100 2,800 600 18,200 2,400 24.300 76,000 3,400 805,400 11 Lake County Lake Pillsbury 29 30 Clear Lake 31 23,000 COUNTY TOTALS 118.300 3,300 68,100 28,200 700 17.900 2.700 15.200 9.200 8,200 26,500 65,200 12,200 8,200 100 1,100 400 100 200 100 300 400 200 100 4„500 1,200 100 100 100 100 100 100 4.400 200 .1 700 600 300 300 200 1,000 800 300 1,300 900 500 2,400 500 1,200 600 1,200 100 3,000 100 79,400 5.500 3.800 2.100 2.900 5,500 3,000 36,700 2,.50O 1.700 8,800 1,900 13 Lassen County Jess Valley__ 9,100 3,800 72,600 33,400 14 15 Big Valley 16 17 Hat Creek 42 23,900 3,000 19,500 47,800 12,400 29.700 82,500 15,900 68 Surprise Valley 69 Madeline Plains -- ... - 70 71 Willow Creek 72 Secret VaUey 73 Susan River __ 74 COUNTY TOTALS 257,400 76..500 59.300 9,600 116.300 36.600 6.200 64,700 8,700 200 400 2,600 1,400 1,800 500 100 100 100 7.100 2,300 400 200 1,800 900 700 6,700 300 200 3,.500 100 1,500 74,400 74,100 500 5,700 40.600 19,900 900 354,800 153.500 60.600 15..500 161,600 62,400 6.300 69,600 1 Modoc County Tule Lake . _ , . . . 12 Goose Lake.. . 13 Jess VaUey-,. 14 Alturas _ . 15 Big Valley :-.. _. 16 Mc Arthur .. 68 COUNTY TOTALS 369,200 6,400 300 6,300 5,600 141,700 529,500 KSfi NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES IXVEyTKiATlOX TABLE 51— Continued PROBABLE ULTIMATE MEAN SEASONAL CONSUMPTIVE USE OF APPLIED WATER WITHIN THE NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES (In acre-feet) County and hydrographic unit Refer- ence num- ber 40 42 43 44 45 4fi 47 73 74 1(> 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 32 33 34 35 38 42 50 44 45 47 74 75 3 4 5 6 IS 16 19 20 56 57 61 62 63 67 24 26 27 28 29 35 Name Plumas County Cliico Creek North Fork Feather River- East Brancli Feather River Sierra Valley Middle Fork Feather River South Fork Feather River- North Yuba River Susan River Herlong COUNTY TOTALS--, Shasta County McArthur Hat Creek Montgomery McCloud Dunsmuir Shasta Lake Clear Creek Keswick Cottonwood Olinda Stillwater Plains Cow Creek Bear Creek Battle Creek Mill Creek North Fork Feather River,, Anderson COUNTY TOTALS-.. Sierra County Sierra Valley Middle Fork Feather River. North Yuba River Herlong Little Truckee River COUNTY TOTALS. - Siskiyou County Tule Lake Butte Valley- . - Klamath River Shasta Valley Scott Valley Salmon River Big Valley McArthur McCloud River Dunsmuir COUNTY TOTALS--. Sutter County Colusa Gridley Sutter Marysvilie Pleasant Grove East Yolo COUNTY TOTALS-- Tehama County Cottonwood Creek Redbank Creek Elder Creek- Thomes Creek Stony Creek Battle Creek Irrigated lands 10,500 52,800 64,300 21,900 200 149,700 ,53,700 27,400 6,800 1,200 1,800 2,100 500 38,700 17,000 .55,.300 71,200 31,700 16,500 45,300 369,200 37,700 3,500 3,600 15,000 59,800 ,58,200 65,800 30,800 94,900 80,900 800 3,300 3,000 12,800 350,300 228,200 106,100 151,800 55,200 41,900 87,200 670,400 50,600 39,200 10,100 42,200 7,900 22,900 Urban, suburban, and rural domestic population 2,200 1.000 300 1,100 100 300 >,600 1,500 1,800 500 200 2,000 1,400 900 1,400 1,000 3,600 10,300 3,300 800 300 100 3,400 32,500 800 1,100 100 2,000 1,000 1,200 2,300 3,700 1,700 400 800 1,400 4,000 16,500 2,100 600 10,600 1,200 200 1,600 Forest products industry 100 200 100 400 200 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 !,800 10,100 100 200 100 400 100 200 700 1,200 200 200 100 700 600 16,300 400 3,000 200 400 100 400 100 100 100 Recreation areas 2,000 3,,500 500 2,100 200 100 8,400 700 3,000 1,200 400 700 1,900 900 200 1,500 100 1,400 500 600 100 100 13,300 700 1,700 300 2,700 1,700 1,800 2,100 1,400 900 1,000 500 900 500 Swamp and marsh lands 1,000 1,700 100 400 400 30,800 400 3,700 200 800 200 100 100 100 200 1,500 2,100 600 400 1.200 300 900 35.100 2,000 14,400 300 200 16,900 Net reservoir evaporation 36,200 9,000 3,600 6,100 53.900 13,000 200 900 1,800 2r,,000 5,900 700 48,500 1,700 7,500 9,200 40,900 6,400 2,,500 16,700 200 66,700 6,300 10,100 3,100 19,800 700 AVATER ITILIZATIOX AXD KEQl' IKEMEXTS 167 TABLE 51 -Continued PROBABLE ULTIMATE MEAN SEASONAL CONSUMPTIVE USE OF APPLIED WATER WITHIN THE NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES (In acre-feet) County and hydrographic unit Irrigated lands Urban, suburban, and rural donie.stic population Forest products industry Recreation areas Swamp and marsh lands Net reservoir evaporation Refer- ence niiin- ber Name Totals 36 Tehama County — Continued 0,800 2.700 1,800 3,200 300 19,000 279,300 86,700 500 3,100 100 300 200 400 100 100 8.300 5,800 a a 100 100 a 2,100 2,100 500 1,000 700 1,200 300 200 700 400 a 100 3,900 200 27.800 100 12.900 11,300 4.000 2.800 37 38 Mill Creek 39 40 SO 51 oqo 'lOO 52 53 Fruto - - - - 500 54 3.100 COUNTY TOT\LS 576.300 3,100 3,800 9.600 7,200 19,800 400 1,200 800 300 4,700 100 100 100 100 10.500 2,300 3.300 2.100 1.300 100 84.900 696.300 "> 900 Trinity County 8 8.400 9 10 8.900 COUNTY TOTALS 23,700 .WO 90.500 44,100 64,500 13,200 18,600 289,800 204,300 2,700 1,200 500 1,100 3,300 1,400 3,500 60,400 9,300 400 9,000 300 500 600 700 300 600 1.000 35,800 2.000 91.000 45.700 67.800 30 Yolo County 59 00 M 65 ■'■* 800 66 Woodland 350.500 214,200 67 COUNTY TOTALS 725,.500 1,400 25.100 33,000 342,900 80,700 a 500 4,400 3.500 10,800 a a 100 2,100 3.000 600 1.300 600 800 2,000 1,000 900 1.400 11,500 810.200 46 Yuba County 47 2,.50O 48 58 Browns Valley 38,500 370,100 6'' COUNTY TOTALS 402,400 19.200 2,200 3,300 2,000 13,800 442,900 TOTALS, NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES 6,580,100 297.100 29,000 90.700 121,400 616,100 7,734,400 " Less llian 'lO acre-feet. PROBABLE ULTIMATE WATER REQUIREMENTS TO MEET CONSUMPTIVE USES A deteniiiiiatioii was made of tlie probable ultiniatc i-eqiiiremeiit for watei- for eaeli liydropraphie unit and rouiity in tlic area under investigation. Tliis esti- mate represents tlie tiross amount of water re((uired to meet both demands for eonsumjitive n.se of applied water and irreeoverable losses ineidental to its appli- cation, takinw into eonsideration the re-nse of return How from water ajiplied within the unit. Such an estimate is the measure of the recpiired water suii]>ly that ultimately should be developed for the iwirticu- lar hydroji-raphie unit or county. In f;-eiieral, the esti- mates of water requirements were derived by dividinu- the consumptive use of applied water by the ap|)ro- ]iriate water service area efficiency factor. The various water re(|uirements are considered and evaluated separately: foi' irrifiated a,i:riculture ; for urban, suburban, and domestic iiopulatioii; for the forest products industry; and for recreation. The esti- mates of probable ultimate mean seasonal water re- quirements to meet consumjitive demands are sum- marized for hydrofiraphic units and counties witiiin the Northeastern Counties in Tables .')3 and o4, re- spectively. Water Requirements for Irrigated Agriculture ritimate seasonal water requirements for irrioation in the Northeastern Counties were estimated by ap- plyiiifr appropriate water service area efficnency fac- tors to the .seasonal consumptive use'of applied water for each hydrosraphic unit. The resultih<,r estimates rejiresent the amounts of water which should be dc- 168 NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION veloped and delivered to the land at one or more stratet;it'ally located points within the imits to pro- vide for irrigation nse and for irreeoverable losses incidental to such iise. The first .step in determination of the ultimate ir- rigation requirement for water was to divide each hydrographic unit into subai'eas, largely (ni the basis of topographic and geologic conditions. Irrigable lands within these subareas were segregated, on the basis of geological conditions, into lands overlying free ground water basins and those overlying confined ground water basins or nonwater-bearing materials. In the former case, relatively high water service area efficiencies were assumed, while in the latter case the water service area efficiency was estimated to be some- what lower. Available data aiul experience in irriga- tion practice in comparable existing fully developed irrigated areas was coasidered in developing estimated ultimate water service area efficiencies. For each hydrographic iinit a weighted average water service area efficiency was computed, based on previously computed subarca efficiencies of irrigated lands overlying absorptive and nonabsorptive mate- rials. Ke-use of return flow from one subarea by another subarea which is tojiographically situated and geologically adapted to use of the return flow was also considered as an element in the overall effi- ciency. Return flows of irrigation water were thus routed through the entire hydrograjihic iniit in order to determine the total requirement for irrigation w-ater. In Table 52 are presented the probable ultimate irrigation water service area efficiencies within hydro- graphic units of Northeastern Counties. Although, as stated above, water service area efficiencies include consideration of the re-use of water applied within the service area, they do not include allowances for unconsumed applied water, either surface or luider- gronnd, from an upjier hydrographic \init flowing into and fulfilling a portion of the requirement of a downstream unit. TABLE 52 PROBABLE ULTIMATE IRRIGATION WATER SERVICE AREA EFFICIENCIES WITHIN HYDROGRAPHIC UNITS, NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES Refer- ence number Hydrographic unit Name Efficiency, in per cent Hydrographic unit Refer- ence number Name Efficiency, per cent 1 2 3 4 o 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 IS 16 17 IS 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 North Coastal Drainage Basin Tulelake Butte Valley Klamath River Shasta Valley Scott Valley Sahiion River Upper Trinity River Lower Trinity River South Fork Trinity River Southern Trinity County Lake Pillsbury Central Valley Drainage Basin Goose Lake Jess Valley Alturas Big Valley- --- McArthur Hat Creek Montgomery Creek McCloud River Dunamuir Shasta Lake Clear Creek Keswick Cottonwood Creek Olinda _- Redbank Creek Elder Creek Thomes Creek Stony Creek Clear Lake — -- Middletown Stillwater Plains Cow Creek Bear Creek Battle Creek Paynes Creek_ Antelope Creek 65 60 50 65 55 50 50 50 50 55 55 50 70 70 70 70 70 70 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 .50 60 60 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 Mill Creek Deer Creek Chico Creek Paradise North Fork Feather River East Branch Feather River Sierra Valley Middle Fork Feather River South Fork Feather River North Yuba River Challenge Wyandotte Anderson Corning Los Molinos Fruto Orland Durham Colusa Gridley Browns Valley Cortina Arbuckle Sutter ' Marysville Pleasant Grove West Yolo Capay Woodland East Yolo Lahontan Drainage Basin Surprise Valley Madeline Plains Eagle Lake Willow Creek _ Secret Valley Susan River Herlong Little Truckee River 50 50 SO 75 30 75 80 70 50 .50 75 75 50 7S 80 60 75 80 70 75 SO SO 60 80 90 60 60 SO 50 70 70 70 70 50 WATER TITILIZATION AND REQT'IRE:\IEXTS 169 Seasonal water requirements for irrigated aiiriciil- based on full devplojinient of all resources, were jriven tare, as evaluated herein, are mean values siiiee they s])eeial consideration. It is evident that between the apply to mean seasonal conditions of water snj)ply two extreme types of areas ])revioui5ly enumerated and climate. It has been further assumed that a full tliere will be many for which available information supply of water would be available to crops at all or i^nowledge of future economic conditions does not times and that optimum a-rowing- conditions would be i)ermit, at this time, a supjiortable conclusion on the maintained. Tt is recof;nized that seasonal variations economics of projects which might meet their de- in climate will cause appreciable variations in water mands. requirements, and that the most critical effects will The hydro ^i -^ ,, ■ ,T,^ , 1 i J. 1 ■ 1 • i 1 • 1 . (1) J^or each of the units, all iiertinent iniblished demand, and for which interbasm exchange or trans- , i,i- , i , ,■,■ ^ -, ... , . ,, ,.^ w J ■ .. 1- T "'1'' unpublislied reiioi'ts were studied to secure data ter IS phj'sicallv difficult and expensive to accomplish. i • i i .- i i • ^, •, > , i •' ' i^ ou piiysical plans tor developing the available water (2) Those hydrographic units in which the total supply. water supply exceeds the computed water retiuire- /Q^ t?.,„,„ ^u , i„ ,,- ,. , ■ , , • , • • ,• .• • t tu ,»• .f (-j) "'1 the basis of topographic antl geologic con- extensive investigation prior to the preparation ot i- •,••,,,,, . . , „•., i-i iiui tt/iti, I litions the irrigable lands overlvnig iiotential ground project plans which could be demonstrated to have , . . , . , . • "^ ' ."^ , ■, n „■ 1 i! -u-v* water basins, withm the units, wei-e aiiproxiniatelv economic and finaneial leasibuity. , ,- , delineated. (3) Those hydrographic units in which the total ,,. tt^-i- ■ ^\ i i. i ■ .. i i , ,, , . (4) Utilizing these data as a basis, temneretl bv water supply exceeds the computed water require- • , , , , ^. ^i ^ ^ ^ ■ ■ . i" " ■ , • , •,■ P , 1 .pidgment and observation, the total gross irrigable ments, and the ease and practicability of development , , , , ^ ., , i i i^- . i . ^ „ ,, .,1 ■ ■ ., r, £! Ifi'id was reduced to an area that coulil nltimatelv be IS apparent. Generally these units are on the floor ot i i ^i -i ui . ^, ,, -.T ,,' , , ,• , served bv the available water resources, the Sacramento \ alley where water supplies can be regulated and conveyed to the areas of demand within ^''^ ^^ •^•'""P P''""-" ''-''^ projected on the net irn- present standards of permissible cost. The degree of "^^^'' '^'"' determined in Step 4, and the ultimate -, „ .,„.,.,. „ , . seasonal consumiitive use was computed bv the appli- economic and financial feasibility for each service . ■ „ • , -j. i c ' i , , , . ■ . . cation ot appropriate unit values ot seasonal con- area would, howe^■er, require detailed investigation sumptive use to each crop tvpe. and study. //.\ rp. u- ., , * (6) The ultimate seasonal water requirements were In evaluating practicable and reasonable ultimate computed by applying estimated water .service area irrigation requirements, only those areas in which the efficiency factors to the computed quantities of eon- water supply is less than the water requirements, sumptive use of applied water. Forf Jones, Siskiyou County, a Northern California Town »^ I'jv^'.T Studio iff Camera Shop Photograph Department of }Vater Resources Photograph WATER TTIMZATIOX AXD T?E^)T'IHE:\rEXTS 171 Y/aier Requirements for Urban and Suburban, and Rural Domestic Population AVater reiiuirenients for t-ities and towns, and for rural domestic uses were estimated by iiudtiplyiiig' the estimated population in each category, within each hydrouraphic nnit. by apjn-opriate unit vahics of delivery requirements. Estimates of population made by I'acific IMaiuiin^' and Research assume full development of all natural res(nirces within the Nortlu'astern Counties. Under present conditions, as'ricultui'C and timber resources now support, citlier directly or indirectly, about two- tliirds of the e.\istin<;' |io])ulatioii. Under ultimate con- ditions, it is expected that employment in agriculture and foi'cst products industi'ies will double witli an attendant increase in population. However, it is an- ticipated that a substantial portion of the population in the Xortlieastern Counties, at the time of ultimate development, will be supported by recreational activi- ties and their attendant services. Xo unusual water requirements are anticipated for industrial ]nirposcs in lu-ban areas. The requirements for forest products industries which may ultimatel.v be located in the Xortheasteru Counties have been estimated separately. Estimates of ultimate sea.sonal water requirements for urban and suburban, and rural domestic popula- tions within hydrogi'aphic units and counties are presented in Tallies ."i.'i and .")4, respectively. Water Requirements for the Forest Products Industry Seasonal water recjuirements for the forest protlucts industry were computed by applying to the estimated production of each item, within each hydrographic unit, its iniit value of seasonal water requirement. For fiberboard. iiapcr products and pulp, only a minor amount of tlie ]iroeessing water required is actuall.y eonsum00 130,. 500 40,200 9,800 8,500 29,200 4,100 1,000 178„500 34.000 78,300 20.300 84,500 141.100 193.900 35.300 110,700 142,400 I13,.300 78,900 13,fi00 3,300 3,600 6,400 6,700 51,500 73.100 70.300 128.600 34.200 3.000 9.800 33.500 95.900 128.700 .372,400 217.400 1.10,700 296,300 238,600 1,824,400 825,000 66.000 273.600 336.000 189,700 442,300 69,900 24,000 21,900 340,100 416,300 8,611,700 Urban, suburban, and rural population 2,300 2,300 4,600 7,400 3.400 800 900 2,400 1,700 500 1,800 28.100 900 300 5,200 5,000 5,.500 3.900 1.100 3.200 12,100 2,900 1,800 2,800 2,900 7,200 6,100 300 900 5,400 IB.OOO 2,700 20,300 6.600 1.600 1.400 300 600 400 800 23., 300 19.700 11.400 3.200 2.200 5.600 3.600 3.800 8.900 10..500 7.000 16.600 19.700 1.000 19.000 14.200 24..300 10.600 7,000 4,100 15.200 21,200 24,000 300 2,800 6,900 120,800 21,700 549,200 Forest products industry 200 200 700 10,900 200 200 100 100 100 100 100 12,900 100 200 200 500 200 5.700 5,600 100 100 200 a a 100 100 200 100 100 200 100 500 200 100 200 100 200 100 87,800 21,700 21,700 24.900 24,900 21,000 217.200 Recreation areas 4.000 1.800 2,100 1,400 900 1,000 2,300 3,300 2,100 1,300 1,200 21,400 400 400 1,800 1,600 1.800 3,300 1,200 1,300 1,200 1,900 900 200 3,600 100 600 400 1,200 2,300 3,500 600 a 1,400 500 1,500 500 1,000 700 1,200 1,200 300 4,500 3,500 1,200 3,300 1,100 2,400 1,300 200 300 700 500 1,900 500 600 1,200 100 900 100 600 700 300 800 Swamp and marsh lands 31,100 400 3,700 200 35,400 200 4,000 2,300 1,700 300 2,400 100 200 200 4,400 20,500 34,300 300 2,000 200 79,100 Net reservoir evaporation 11 Ci, ,000 400 2.500 16,700 200 140,800 500 11,200 44,400 22,000 13,900 200 7,200 1,800 10,100 3.100 46,900 76,100 3,400 26,000 5,900 1,400 3,900 200 700 3,100 44,300 9,000 5..300 5.100 900 900 200 27.800 100 12.900 1,000 1.400 6,900 11,500 1,000 412,.300 Totals 339,800 126,100 71,600 200,100 151,900 3,700 9,600 13,.300 23,100 15,100 3,100 977,600 120,400 30,300 218,500 182,400 156,200 49,800 12,300 18,700 48,100 9,000 3,800 3,000 192,400 43,100 83.000 31.100 89,800 196,000 291,900 42,000 157,200 156,400 65.400 83,400 18,300 6,900 4,800 8,700 34,300 74,700 133.800 86.200 137,400 48,400 8,700 16,200 44,700 106,900 251,800 411,500 272,200 157.700 315.500 282.100 1.877.100 895.300 75.000 285.800 351.200 211,300 501,700 70,300 28.400 29,500 461.200 439.000 9,932,800 174 NORTHEASTERX COUNTIES IXVESTKiATloX TABLE 53— Continued PROBABLE ULTMATE MEAN SEASONAL WATER REQUIREMENTS WITHIN HYDROGRAPHIC UNITS, NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES {In acre-feet) Hydrograjjhic unit Irrigated lands Urban, suburban, and rural population Forest products industry Recreation areas Swamp and marsh lands Net reservoir evajjoration Refer- ence num- ber Name Totals (i8 69 Lahontan Drainage Basin Surprise Valley 112,000 30.000 18.400 .37.800 37.800 93.000 22.600 30,000 3,800 700 900 300 200 9,000 2.300 200 a 100 100 100 900 1.000 800 300 1.300 900 500 300 1,500 000 1,200 100 3,000 100 400 900 3,000 36,700 2,300 1,700 8.800 1,900 7,500 119.100 34 700 70 Eagle Lalce 57 300 71 Willow Creek 4' 100 72 Secret Valley 41 100 73 Susan River .. .. 114 800 74 27 400 75 Little Truckee River 38 ,500 SUBTOTALS - . 381,600 17.400 300 C.OOO 6.900 63.000 TOTALS, NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES 9.732.300 394.700 230.400 90,700 121,400 616.100 11.385.600 ' Ia'ss Ilian 50 ;icre-feet. WATER UTILIZATTOX AND KEQUIREMF.XTS TABLE 54 PROBABLE ULTIMATE MEAN SEASONAL WATER REQUIREMENTS WITHIN THE NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES (In acre-feet) County and hydrographic unit Irrigated lands Urban, suburban, and rural population Forest products industiy Recreation areas Swamp and marsh lands Net reservoir evajjoration Refer- ence num- ber Name Totals 40 Butte County Chico Creek -- 6,000 51,500 16,400 3.000 2,600 95,900 109.000 238.600 618.700 25,300 19,700 6,400 3,400 3,400 100 10,500 8,200 14,200 9,300 200 100 400 100 100 24,900 24,900 900 300 2,100 1,200 900 200 100 a 300 100 4,400 14,400 700 3,100 2,600 900 200 33,100 41 74,700 42 27,900 7,700 46 7,900 48 100 49 106,900 117,300 55 282,100 57 Gridley - 667,600 COUNTY TOTALS Colusa County 29 1,141.700 41.900 25.300 887,400 8,700 181,000 228,500 100,500 1,400 1,300 12,500 1,900 8,600 50,700 a 6,000 .500 400 700 700 18,900 12,100 200 7,500 3,800 100 6,900 1,325,300 47,(;00 30 npar Lake 27,100 53 56 912,700 57 Gridley - 8,900 59 190, .500 r>o 237,100 1.372.800 86.000 154.800 292.200 481.700 56.200 4.400 25,700 700 3,700 1,000 19,000 6,600 200 2,300 .300 1,400 400 12,300 300 200 12,400 5,300 10,800 23,300 1,000 1,423,900 11 Glenn County 1,000 29 Stony Creek -- 114.700 53 136.800 54 311,400 5fi 301,100 57 61,700 59 4,400 COUNTY TOTALS ... . 1 .073.300 167.800 35.300 31,200 1,100 100 12,300 2,700 100 2,100 900 100 2,800 600 18,200 2.400 24,300 76,000 3,400 1,151,100 11 Lake County 2,100 29 Stonv Creek 200 30 261,300 31 42,000 COT^NTY TOTALS 203,100 4,700 97,200 40,300 1,000 33,700 4..500 30,000 18,400 37,800 37,800 93,000 17,400 16,200 200 2,300 800 ,300 400 100 700 900 300 200 9,000 2,300 100 100 100 100 100 100 4,400 200 700 600 300 300 200 1,000 800 300 1,300 900 300 2.400 500 1.200 600 1,200 100 3,000 100 79.400 5.500 3.800 2.100 2.900 5.500 3,000 36,700 2,500 1,700 8,800 1,900 305,600 13 14 Lassen County 10,600 3,800 15 102,900 Hi 45,900 17 1,700 42 41,900 68 4,800 H9 34,700 70 57,500 71 Willow Creek . . 42,100 72 41,100 73 114,800 74 22,200 417,800 117,700 118,600 13,700 166,800 32,400 8.800 107.500 17,500 400 900 100 5,200 2,700 100 3.700 500 100 100 100 B 7,100 2,300 400 200 1,800 900 700 6,700 300 200 3„50O 100 1,500 74,400 74,100 500 5,700 40,600 19,900 900 524.000 1 Tulelake . 194,900 12 120,400 13 19,700 14 214,700 15 79,300 16 9,000 68 114,300 COl'NTY TOTALS 585.300 13.100 300 6.300 5,600 . 141,700 732,.500 176 XORTIIEASTERX COUNTIES INVESTIGATION TABLE 54-Continued PROBABLE ULTIMATE MEAN SEASONAL WATER REQUIREMENTS WITHIN THE NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES (In acre-feet) Refer- ence num- ber 40 42 43 44 45 46 47 73 74 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 32 33 34 35 38 42 50 44 45 47 74 75 3 4 5 6 15 16 19 20 56 57 61 62 63 67 24 26 27 28 29 35 County and hydrographic unit Plumas County Chico Creek Nortli Fork Feather River,. East Branch Feather River- Sierra Valley Middle Fork Feather River. South Fork Feather River.. North Yuba River Susan River Herlong COUNTY TOTALS. Shasta County McArthur Hat Creek Montgomery Creek McCloud.. Dunsmuir Shasta Lake Clear Creek Keswick Cottonwood Creek Olinda Stillwater Plains Cow Creek Bear Creek Battle Creek.. Mill Creek North Fork Feather River. Anderson COUNTY TOTALS- Sierra County Sierra Valley Middle Fork Feather River- North Yuba Ri^■e^ Herlong Little Truckee River COUNTY TOTALS. Siskiyou County Tulelake Butte Valley Klamath River Shasta River Scott Valley Salmon River Big Valley McArthur — McCloud River . Dunsmuir COUNTY TOTALS., Sutter County Colusa Gridley Sutter Marysville Pleasant Grove East Yolo COUNTY TOTALS. Tehama County Cottonwood Creek Redhank Creek . Elder Creek Thomes Creek Stony Creek.. Battle Creek Irrigated lands 21,000 70,300 81.400 31,200 400 204,300 70,700 39,200 9,800 2,500 3,000 4,100 1.000 77,300 34.000 10.700 42.400 133,300 33,000 90,600 688,200 47.200 7.000 .i.-'OO 30,000 89,400 89,.50O 13,000 01,700 00,000 47,000 1,700 4.700 6.000 25,600 611,200 326,000 141,400 189,700 01.300 09,900 124,500 Urban, suburban, and rural population 912,800 101.200 78,300 20,300 84,. 500 13,200 45,900 4,500 3,200 600 2,200 200 600 11, .300 3,000 3,000 1,100 500 4,100 2,900 1,800 2,800 1,900 7.200 20.500 0,000 l.fiOO 600 100 6,700 65.000 1.000 2,100 200 3,900 1,900 2,300 4.600 7.400 3.400 800 1.000 2.700 8,000 Forest products industry 100 200 100 400 400 200 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 89,100 100 200 100 32,700 4,200 1,100 21,200 2,300 300 3,200 32,300 1,000 6,100 300 900 200 800 400 100 200 700 10,900 200 200 100 5,600 5,500 Recreation areas 2,000 3,500 500 2,100 200 100 8,400 700 3,000 1,200 400 700 1,900 900 200 1,500 100 1,400 300 600 100 100 Swamp and marsh lands 13,300 700 1,700 300 23,. 500 100 100 100 2,700 1,700 1,800 2,100 1,400 900 1,000 a 500 900 500 10,800 800 200 100 100 100 200 2,100 600 400 1,200 300 900 1.000 1,700 100 2,800 400 Net reservoir evaporation 400 30,800 400 3.700 200 35,100 2,000 14,400 300 200 10.900 30,200 9,000 3,600 5,100 53,900 13.000 200 900 1,800 26,000 5,900 ft 700 48,500 1,700 7,500 9,200 40,900 6,400 2,500 16,700 200 60,700 6,300 10,100 3,100 19,800 700 WATER UTILIZATION AX11 KE^>nr{E:^rEXTS; TABLE 54— Continued PROBABLE ULTIMATE MEAN SEASONAL WATER REQUIREMENTS WITHIN THE NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES (In acre-feet) County and hydroKrajiliie unit Irrigateti lands Urban, suburban, and rural population Forest products industry Recreation areas Swamp and marsh lands Net reservoir evaporation Refer- ence num- ber Name Totals Tehama County— Continued I3,l',00 3,300 3,600 6,400 700 38,100 .372.400 108.400 900 4,100 300 600 400 800 200 300 111,600 11,. 500 100 100 21,700 21,700 500 1,000 700 1,200 300 200 700 400 100 3,900 200 27,800 100 12,900 18,300 37 6,900 4.800 8.700 1.200 50 66,500 51 411, .500 1.54,900 53 900 54 Orland - - 4.100 COUNTY TOTALS Trinity County 896.900 6,300 7.700 19,200 13,200 40.000 900 2.400 1,700 500 43,900 100 100 100 100 10,500 2,300 3,300 2,100 1,300 100 84,900 1.076.300 9.600 s 13,500 9 10 South Fork Trinity River 23,100 15,100 COUNTY TOTALS 46,400 800 129,300 88,200 107,500 24,000 21,900 340,100 291,800 5,500 2,400 1,000 2,200 6,600 2,800 6.900 120,800 18,500 400 9,000 300 500 a 600 700 300 600 a 1.000 61,300 30 Yolo County Clear Lake -- 3,500 56 130.300 59 90.900 60 114,100 64 West Yolo - 28,400 65 29,,500 66 461,200 67 East Yolo 310.900 1.003,fi00 2,800 33,500 66,000 381.000 161,200 1.100 8.800 7.000 21,700 a 100 21,000 3.000 ft 600 l,.30O 600 800 2.000 1,000 900 1.400 11,500 1,168,800 46 Yuba County „ 47 North Yuba River _ 4,300 48 44.600 58 75.000 62 Marysville -.- 438.000 COUNTY TOTALS 483,300 38,600 21,100 3.300 2.000 13,800 562,100 TOTALS, NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES 9,732,300 594.700 2.30,400 90.700 121.400 616,100 11,385,600 ' Less than 50 acre-feet. XORTIIEASTERN COUNTIES IXVEST[(;ATI0N Refer- ence number 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 TABLE 55 ESTIMATED PROBABLE ULTIMATE MEAN SEASONAL DEPLETION OF WATER SUPPLY WITHIN HYDROGRAPHIC UNITS, NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES Hydrographic unit Name North Coastal Drainage Basin Tulelake -..- - ■ Butte Valley - Klamath River Shasta Valley Scott Valley - Salmon River Upper Trinity River Lower Trinity River South Fork Trinity River Southern Trinity County Lake Pillsbury SUBTOTAL. Central Valley Drainage Basin Goose Lake Jess Valley --■ Alturas Big Valley Mc Arthur Hat Creek Montgomery Creek McCloud River Dunsmuir Shasta Lake Clear Creek Keswick Cottonwood Creek Olinda ---- Redbank Creek Elder Creek Thomes Creek Stony Creek Clear Lake M iddletown Stillwater Plains Cow Creek Bear Creek Battle Creek Paynes Creek Antelope Creek -- MiU Creek Deer Creek Depletion, in acre-feet 369.000 126,000 72,000 200.000 151.000 4,000 10,000 14,000 23,000 15,000 3,000 977,000 120, 30, 213, 134, 114, 11, 5, 19, 48, 3, 193, 41, 85, 31, 90, 196, 292, 42, 98, 156, 66, 83, 18, 7, 5. 9, 000 000 000 000 oon ,000 000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 000 000 ,000 ,000 000 000 000 000 000 000 i.OOO 000 Hydrographic unit Refer- ence number 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 .56 57 58 .59 liO 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 Name Chico Creek Paradise North Fork Feather River. _ East Branch Feather River. Sierra Valley Middle Fork Feather River. South Fork Feather River. . North Yuba River Challenge Wyandotte Anderson Corning Los Molinos Fruto Orland Durham Colusa Gridley Browns Valley Cortina .\rbuckle Sutter Marysville Pleasant Grove West Yolo Capay Woodland East Yolo SUBTOTAL. Lahontan Drainage Basin Surprise Valley Madeline Plains Eagle Lake Willow Creek Secret Valley Susan River Herlong Little Truckee River SUBTOTAL TOTAL, NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES. Depletion, in acre-feet 34,000 75.000 118.000 86.000 137.000 26.000 16.000 16.000 39.000 107,000 83,000 335,000 247,000 158,000 218,000 282,000 ,331,000 801,000 65,000 286.000 240.000 211.000 473.000 70.000 29,000 447,000 109,000 8,152,000 119,000 35,000 ,58,000 42,000 41,000 89.000 27.000 39.000 450.000 1.579.000 TABLE 56 PROBABLE ULTIMATE MEAN SEASONAL DEPLETION OF WATER SUPPLY WITHIN THE NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES County Totals, in acre-feet 1.229.000 1.072.000 940.000 Lake - - - 306.000 453.000 735.000 257,000 660,000 101.000 779,000 799.000 Tehama - 927,000 61,000 Volo - 739,000 521,000 TOTAL NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES 9,579,000 CHAPTER IV SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS The people and the Le!i:islatui-e have recognized the iinportanee of developino- the water resoixrees of Cali- fornia to satisfy the fjrowiii"- demand for water in order that a healthy eeoiioniy may be maintained. Realizing' the need for .such as contiguous thereto which may be reasonabl.v served therefrom, shall not be deprived of an.v water needed for their future development. Further, procedures have been established by which the Department of "Water Re- sources shall make and file applications to appropriate water which is or ma.v be rerpiired in the develo])- ment of a general or coordinated plan looking toward the development, iitilizatiou. or conservation of the water resources of the State. But no priority .shall be released nor assignment made of any such ap]iro]iria- tion that will deprive the county in which the ajipro- priated water originates of any water necessary for the development of the county. As a result of these policies, and in connection with current water resources development planning, for local needs as well as for export, the necessity for thorough evaluation of the probable ultimate seasonal water re(|uirements of areas of surplus is evident. SUMMARY In 1947, the Legislature ]>i-ovided funds for initia- tion of the Statewide Water Resources Investigation, to formulate a comprehensive master plan for the full control, conservation, protection, distribution, and utilization of all the State's water resources for the benefit of all areas of the State. This extensive study included estimates of the water requirements, botli present and future, for all beneficial purposes for each area of California, as best those requirements could be foreseen. The estimates of water require- ments M'ere based largel.y on data obtained from field surveys during -1949 and 19r,{). "While the surve.vs utilized the most recent and suitable maps or aerial photographs, they were admittedly of a reconnais- sance nature that could have been improved by more accurate data and by more advanced field and office procedures, had the iiecessai\' funds, personnel, and lime been available. During the intervening years, since 19.')(), a very significant growth has occurred in California. Ex- jianding agriculture and industry, growing demands for developed water supjilies, and resulting depletion of local water resources, jiarticularl.v in many areas of the central and southern portions of the State, have stimulated a statewide interest in the waters of northern California, a region of general water sur- jilus. In 1954, tlie Legislatui-e directed a revaluation of the ultimate water needs of the 1.') Northeastern Counties of the State, the determination to be predi- cated upon full development of all natural resources in the designated counties. The 15 Northeastern Counties comprise Butte, Colusa, Glenn, Lake, Lassen, Modoc, Plumas, Shasta, Sierra, Siskiyou, Sutter, Tehama, Trinity, Yolo, and Yuba Counties. Collectively, they occupy 2.'3 per cent of the State's area, contain 3 per cent of the present (1956) population, and comprise the watersheds for 40 per cent of California's water resources. This chapter summarizes information relating to the natural resources of the Xortheastern Counties of California, as their development atfects the need for water; and to their present and probable ultimate water utilization and water requirements, as have been evaluated and presented in detail in the pre- ceding chapters of this report. TABLE 57 ESTIMATED PRESENT AND PROBABLE ULTIMATE POPULA- TION WITHIN THE NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES County Estimated present (1956) population Estimated ultimate population Butte ._. ._ 70,200 11,700 16,600 11,300 l.i.oOO H,300 1 1 ,900 46.000 2,400 31,500 29.100 20,700 6,900 33.900 28,100 284.000 Colusa _ 68 000 Glenn,. .. _ 85,000 Lake- 65 000 67,.iOO Modoc _ 51 100 44,700 Shasta IH.j.OOO 16.000 127,200 Sutter. ,. 121,800 Tehama.. .. .. 105,100 Trinity ... 22,000 Yolo 390,000 Yuba _ '_._ 103,000 TOT.\L 365.100 1.747.000 I 17! I I 180 NORTHEASTERN COUXTIES IXVESTKiATloX Nafural Resources A great agricnltiiral oeonomy occupies the rich flat lands of the Sacramento Valley and much of the lower foothill areas, and extends into the mountain valleys and ad.joininfi: ^razing: land. ]\Iagnificent stands of timber are located in the monntainnns por- tions of the Xorth Coastal Drainage Basin and above 3,000 feet on the Sierra Nevada in the Central Valley Drainage Basin. Mineral resources, including con- struction materials, ores, and oil and gas, are found in many locations. Many thousands of visitors each year utilize the outstanding recreational and scenic opportunities of the region for vacationing, hunting, and fishing. The catalyzing factor, making possible the full use and enjoyment of the multitude of re- sources, is the natural abundance of water. Agricultural crops now grown in the Northeastern Counties are many and varied. Pasture, rice, alfalfa, orchard, and truck comprise the principal crops grown on the 1,574,000 acres of land presently irri- gated. For purposes of the current studies, it was assumed that similar crops would be grown in the Northeastern Counties under ultimate development. The ultimate irrigated area was estimated to be slightly more than twice that of the present, or ap- proximately 3,300,000 acres. Northern California crops are marketed through- out the United States, while some are distributed to world markets. Many products are processed for mar- keting within the area. Portions of the fruits and vegetable crops are canned and frozen prior to ship- ment. Other products, such as sugar beets, rice, and nuts are partially or completely processed within the area before distribution. A large share of California's commercial stand of timber is ioxmd in the Northeastern Counties. These timbered areas are shown on Plate 5. It was estimated TABLE 58 AREAS OF PRESENTLY IRRIGATED LANDS AND ESTI- MATED ULTIMATE IRRIGATED LANDS WITHIN THE NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES (In acres) County Present (1954-1956) Ultimate Butte 175,590 174,410 150,540 16,220 74,720 151,320 52,300 62,050 23,640 136,190 224,450 64,700 3,470 196,940 67,410 358,500 375,900 333,400 72,600 157,500 247,400 83,800 207,900 34,600 263,600 291,800 Colusa , Glenn Lake Lassen ... Modoc Plumas Shasta Sierra Siskiyou. Sutter. Tehama Trinity. 13 500 Yolo 387,800 168,500 Yuba. . TOTAL 1,573,950 3,294,000 that under ultimate conditions, with adequate man- agement and extensive restocking of public and pri- vate lands, including the presently deforested area, a sustained yield of about two and one-quarter bil- lion board feet of lumber could be harvested annually from the nine million acres of commercial forest lands of the Northeastern Counties. Many timber by-prod- ucts are now processed in these counties, and it is expected that eventually most logging and milling residues will be used in allied manufacturing proc- esses. It is expected, also, that this industrj- will expand appreciably in the portion of the Northeast- ern Counties lying in the Central Valley Basin. With the further establishment of certain timber by-product industries, such as the manufacture of pulp and rayon, serious problems relating to disposal of associated wastes and their effect on water quality may arise. It has been assumed, however, that pollu- tion problems will be overcome as they arise, and that suitable regulation and control will be exercised to insure the maintenance of good quality water below the industrial plants. TABLE 59 AREAS OF COMMERCIAL FOREST LAND AND THEIR ESTIMATED SUSTAINED YIELD CAPACITY WITHIN THE NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES County Commercial forest land, in acres Yield, in thousand board-feet Butte 356,000 27.000 113,000 175,000 829.000 675.000 1,228,000 1,263,000 393.000 2.323,000 463.000 1,357,000 116.000 135 000 (1,000 27.000 Lake 42.000 133,000 Modoc 94.000 295,000 Shasta 303,000 138.000 Siskiyou 5.58,000 Sutter . ...... ... Tehama 11 16 ,000 Trinity.. ... 3211,000 Yolo 44.000 TOTALS 9,291,000 2,207,000 California's early growth was stimulated by wide- spread production of gold and other minerals. The Northeastern Counties area was the center of this indastrj'. Because of recent unfavorable economic <'on- ditions, the mining of gold has fallen from its former commanding position, although some production still results from the working of auriferous gravels, largely by dredges. In general, these extractive indu.stries do not impose significant water supply problems, their requirements being relatively small as related to other uses of water. Historically, the economic life of the Northeastern Counties has depended upon timber, mining, and agri- cultural operations, and related service industries. In sr.AniAKY AND KECOMMENDATTOXS 181 Ti'ciMit years, liowever, rpcreatioiial activity lias iu- iTcased rapidly to a position of major importance iu the region's eeouomy. It appears that the Northeast- ern Counties are on the threshold of substantial growth in the development and use of their recreation resources. These counties are favored with some of the finest mountain country in ("alif(n-nia and in the west. All or parts of eight national forests are included ill their boundaries, as well as one national park and line national momnuent. The pressure of population in the oldei', more developed i-ecreation areas elsewhere in California is sending more people into the North- eastern Counties each year in search of recreation oppiirtunities. TABLE 60 AREAS OF PROBABLE ULTIMATE HIGH INTENSITY RECRE- ATION USE WITHIN THE NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES {In acres) County Areas 437.600 166.000 Glenn - - 193.900 Lake - -- .576,600 686,900 577,200 1,122.800 1,243.900 466,100 701,300 Sutter - 63,800 1,02,5,100 688.600 Yolo - . 158,600 Yuba 241,400 TOTAL --- - - - 8,349,800 The water of the Northeastern Counties is its most significant natural resource, and is of prime impor- tance to the State as a whole. Although the land area is only about one-fourth of the total for California, the flow of streams in the 15 counties is about 40 per cent of that for the entire >State. The iminensely valu- able water resource, like all others, must be conserved, protected, and developed in order to yield benefits to the residents of the region and to those requiring water elsewhere in California. The Klamath and Trinity Kiver System, and tlie Sacramento Kiver and its tributaries include the ma.ior streams of the Northeastern Counties, The Sac- ramento River, rising on the slopes of Mt. Shasta, flows through rugged cauvoii reaches and then through more than a hundred miles of the flat fertile lands of the Sacramento Valley. Tu the valley it furui,shes irrigation water to snpjiort the important agricultural economy. The Klamath River, on the other hand, ris- ing in Oregon, flows in California through rough, mountainous areaT5 bordered by little irrigable land and is suh.iei't to only minor develo]iment for local needs. The gross inequalities in geographical and seasonal distribution of runoff and ]irecipitation, charaeteri.stic of California, are present within the Northea.stern Counties. Preci))itMtion Aarie.s widely, from a ma.xi- muiii seasonal depth of over 100 inches ill western Siskiyou County to a minimum of less than 10 inches in eastern Modoc and Lassen Counties. Several higher zones of precipitation, in which the dejith averages from .'lO to 70 inches seasonally, occur over the cre.sts of the Klamath Alcnintains, the Coast Range, and the Cascade Mountains, and west of the crest of the Sierra Nevada. Precipitation from storms ])assiiig eastward or southeastward over the Northeastern Counties de- creases from the crest of the Coast Range to the Sac- ramento Valley floor, where it averages about 20 inches seasonally. Seasonal distribution is similar to that for other portions of California, with ajiproxi- mately three-quarters of the precipitation occurring in the winter period from November through I\Iarcli. In general, northern California streams maintain year-round flow, but are subject to high flows during the winter and s]ii-ing, and low flows during the sum- mer and fall. In addition to this characteristic sea- sonal variation, there occur series of years for w'hieh precipitation and runoff' depart significantl.v from the normal. In this connection, the period from 1928 through 1934 was one of the most severe drought periods of record. Ground water is found throughout the numerous basins of the Northeastern Counties. However, it occurs principally in the Sacramento Valley where vast underground storage capacity exists. Smaller ([uaiitities are found iu the shallow alluvial valle.vs of the Coast Range and northern Sierra Nevada, (iround water development for irrigation has oc- curred principally in the alluvial de]iosits of the Sacramento Valley, but has been undertaken, to some extent, thi-oughont all the Northeastern Counties. Both surface and ground water sujijilies of the Northeastern Counties are generall.v of good mineral quality. Water (pialit.v problems exi.st in certain areas, but the.v are local in character and generally occur in springs, closed lake basins, or certain ground water aquifers. As the Northeastern Counties develop in the future, as the population grows, as the timber, mining, agri- cultural, and recreational industries mature, and as the urban centers expand in area and density, vigi- lance must be exercised by responsible agencies in order to maintain water supplies at a level of suitable (|ualit.v for beneficial uses. Natural recreation areas are of jiarticular significance to the future economy of the Northeastern Counties. The abundant fish and wildlife comprise a vital part of the recreation re- source and their preservation and maintenance is of prime importanee to the entire State. Water Ufilization and Wafer Requirements The nature and extent of water utilization and water requirements in the Northeastern Counties, both at jiresent and under ]u-obable conditions of 182 NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION ultimate development, were evaluated during this in- vestigation. The presently irrigated areas, as well as urban and suburban areas, were first located and de- lineated by field survey. In the course of the survey, all of the lands were classified as to their suitability for development under ]u-obable ultimate conditions. The resulting data were utilized as the basis for esti- mating present and probable ultimate water needs with full development of all natural resources. In portions of the Northeastern Counties lands suitable for irrigation exceed the amount of the available local water supply and import of supplemental supplies does not seem practicable. In these instances the evaluation of ultimate water requirements was limited to the local water supplies available. Consumptive Use of Applied Water. The (juan- tity of water consumptively used was estimated by applying the appropriate unit value of consumptive water use to the acreage of each of the various classes and types of land use, and totaling the results for each hydrographie unit and county. Estimates of ultimate urban and industrial water use were based on population estimates derived from forecast devel- opment of all natural resources. Estimates of con- sumptive use of applied water assumed a full water supply, sufficient to meet the optimum moisture needs of the crops. However, in many areas of the North- eastern Counties, full seasonal M'ater supplies are not presently available, and crops are subject to deficient irrigation supplies during summer and fall months. Where this condition exists, the computed present consumptive use of applied water was adjusted to actual use under conditions of present water supply development. Estimates of ultimate seasonal consumptive use of applied water, however, were based on the assumption that an adequate water supply would at all times be available. In those portions of the Northeastern Counties in which water supply development is in- herently limited by inadequacy of the resources, potential areas of water service were reduced to those which could be adequately served by the quantit.v of water that can be practicably developed. Water Requirements. In broad generalization, the gro.ss amount of the requirement for developed ir- rigation water supplies necessary to fully meet the consumptive uses, operation requirements, and irre- coverable losses, was derived by dividing the quantity of consumptive use of ajiplied water by an appropriate service area efficiency factor. This factor was chosen so as to account for unavoidable losses within the particular service area under consideration. Water requirements for urban, suburban and rural popula- tions, as well as forest products industry and recrea- tion areas, were estimated from the expected level of development and an appropriate unit value of water re(|uireiiieiit. For swamp and marsh lands and reser- TABLE 61 ESTIMATED PRESENT AND PROBABLE ULTIMATE MEAN SEASONAL CONSUMPTIVE USE OF APPLIED WATER WITHIN THE NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES (In acre ■feet) County Present (1954-50) Probable ultimate Butte 530,100 589,000 485,800 100,K0a 147,700 318,000 79,900 125,000 27,900 245.000 569,100 146,100 6,100 456,800 183,400 Q55 100 Colusa _ . filenn. 9.-34.000 80,J 400 ■'1' 800 Lassen. 354 800 Plumas •^IS 000 Shasta .. Sierra 74 500 Siskivou _, 483 600 Sutter , 705 100 Tehama ()90 300 Trinity 35 800 Yolo 810 200 Yuba 44'* MOO TOTALS 4,017.700 7,734,400 voir water surfaces the water requirement was gen- erally estimated as equal to the net evaporative losses. Most nonconsumptive requirements for water are not readily susceptible of evaluation, except as they relate to actual water development projects, and should be evaluated with consideration to all water requirements at the time projects are implemented. For this reason, nonconsumptive Avater requirements are discussed only generally and are not summarized in this chapter. As has been indicated, the requirement for irriga- tion water was estimated as the sum of the products of appropriate unit values of consumptive use of applied irrigation water and the areas of the various irrigated crop types, divided by estimated irrigation water serv- ice area efficiencies, or by an equivalent jirocedure. In many instances, data available from agencies serving irrigation water permitted direct derivation of the present efficiency factor. Where such data were not available or applicable, the efficiency of water use was estimated on the basis of available information on conveyance and distribution losses, re-use of return flows from previously applied irrigation water, flush- ing water re((uired to maintain salt balance, and topo- graphic and geologic conditions affecting the applica- tion and use of irrigation water. Of primary impor- tance among the topographic and geologic factors are the existence, extent, and type of ground water basins, and their position with relation to sources of water supply and to other water service areas. The total requirement for water in each service area was estimated as the sum of the individual require- ments for the several classes of water use, with al- lowance for usable return flow from applied water within the area. Similar consideration governed the evaluation of total water reciuirements of larger land areas. ST'M:\rAKY AND KE('( »MMEXnATTOX8 183 TABLE 62 PROBABLE ULTIMATE MEAN SEASONAL WATER REQUIREMENTS WITHIN THE NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES (In acre-feet) County Irrigated lands Urban, suburban and rural population Forest products industry Recreation areas Swamp and marsh lands Net reservoir evaporation Totals Butte 1,141,700 1,372,800 1,075,300 203,100 417.800 .585.500 204.300 688.200 89.400 611.200 912.800 896.900 46.400 1.003.600 483.300 100.500 25.700 31.200 16.200 17. ,500 13,100 11,300 65.000 3,900 32.700 32,300 40.000 5.500 161.200 38.600 50.700 100 500 300 400 89.100 400 23,500 43.900 400 21.100 6.000 2..300 2.100 4.400 7.100 6.300 8.400 13.300 2.700 10.800 1,.500 10. ,500 9.000 3.000 3.300 18.900 12.300 18.200 2.400 6.700 5.600 2.800 400 35.100 16.900 100 2.000 7.500 10.800 24,300 79,400 74.400 141.700 .53,900 48,500 9.200 66,700 84,900 1,000 13.800 1.325.300 1.423.9(X> Colusa Lake _ -- 305 600 524.000 752.,500 278 300 Modoc _ 106 000 Siskiyou 780.000 M63 500 Telmina 1.076.300 Yolo - 1 168 800 562 100 TOTALS. NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES- 9,732,300 594,700 230.400 90.700 121.400 616.100 11,385,600 TABLE 63 ESTIMATED AVERAGE SEASONAL NATURAL RUNOFF AND PROBABLE ULTIMATE MEAN SEASONAL REQUIRE- MENTS FOR WATER IN MAJOR DRAINAGE BASINS, NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES (In acre-feet) Drainage basin Natural runoff Probable ultimate mean seasonal requirement for water 9.630.000 16.640.000 650.000 978.000 9 933 000 Lahontan 475.000 TOTALS 26,920.000 1 1 386 000 TABLE 64 ESTIMATED PROBABLE ULTIMATE MEAN SEASONAL RE- QUIREMENTS FOR WATER AND PROBABLE ULTIMATE MEAN SEASONAL DEPLETION OF WATER SUPPLY WITHIN THE NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES {In acre feet) County Requirements Depletion Butte.. - 1,325,600 1,423,800 1,151,100 305,500 .532.900 752.400 278.200 907.000 106.000 780.200 963.500 1.076.200 61.200 1.168.700 562,200 1,229,000 Glenn Lake Modoc Plumas _ _ 735,000 057 QOQ 6i;o,ooo 101.000 -79,000 799 000 Sierra Sutter _-^ Trinity Yolo 61.000 739,000 521.000 Yuba TOTALS 11,386,000 9,579,000 Ultimate Depletion. The ultimate depletion of the total water supply in the individual basins and eoiiiities, i-esultiii": from development and local water use within the respective basins and counties, was estimated by totaling the ultimate water requirements for each hydrographic unit, giving consideration to the re-use of water in tliose units which are geograph- ically situated so as to enable the rediversion of re- turn flow from upstream units. Thu.s, the estimated ultimate depletion of the total water supply com- prises the water that will be consumptively iised within the area under consideration, plus the irrecov- erable losses essential to the develo]imeiit, application, and local use of water. RECOMMENDATIONS It is recommended that : 1. Adequate funds be made available on a regular basis for continuing investigations of water require- ments in California, as presently authorized by Sec- tion 232 of the California Water Code. 2. The Department of "Water Resources be author- ized to proceed with an adequately financed program of basic data collection regarding the relationships of soils, water, and plants as they affect utilization of the State's water resources, said jn-ogram to be fully co- ordinated with the similar activities of federal and other State agencies. 3. The estimates of ultimate water requirements in the Northeastern Counties and other areas in Califor- nia, for which comparable estimates have been made, be reviewed periodically. 67S29 12- 500 prni/ett hi CAIIFORNIA STATE PRINTING OFFICE PLATE I ""^""f LOCATION OF THE NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES AND INDEX TO SHEETS •ANT* CKUZ LEGEND Qal RECENT AND SOME OLDER ALLUVIUM, ALLUVIAL FANS AND TERRACE DEPOSITS LARGELY FLUVIAL BUT INCLUDES PLAYA LAKE DEPOSITS, WARSH DEPOSITS, PLEISTOCENE LAKE BEOS, AND GLACIAL MORAINES AND DRIFT CONSISTS OF GRAVEL , SAND. (SOME TUFFACEOUS), SILT, CLAY, AND LACUSTRINE MARL, AND CLAY THE AREAS OF Oal ARE IN GENERAL GROUND WATER BASINS IN MODOC, SISKIYOU AND LASSEN COUNTIES THE GROUND WATER BASINS IN- CLUDE SOME RECENT WATER-BEARING VOLCANICS TQ TQv JK be UNDIFFERENTIATED PLIOCENE AND SOME PLEISTOCENE NON- MARINE SEDIMENTS OF VARIABLE LITHOLOGY INCLUDES CACHE, TEHAMA AND TUSCAN FORMATIONS WATER- BEARING IN PART UNDIFFERENTIATED OLDER TERTIARY (MOSTLY EOCENE OR PALEOCENE), MARINE AND NON-MARINE SEDIMENTS OF VARIABLE LITHOLOGY INCLUDES THE iONE MONTGOMERY CREEK. WEAVERVILLE, CAPAY, AND MARYSVILLE FORMATIONS, BUTTE GRAVELS, AURIFEROUS AND ANOESITIC GRAVELS. AND HAY FORK BEDS GENERALLY NONWATER- BEARING UNDIFFERENTIATED TERTIARY AND QUATERNARY VOLCANIC ROCKS MOSTLY NONWATER-BEARING. BUT SOME BASALT FLOWS ARE VERY HIGHLY WATER. BEARING UNDIFFERENTIATED JURASSIC AND CRETACEOUS SEDIMENTARY, VOLCANIC, METASEDIMENTARY, AND META VOLCANIC ROCKS INCLUDES THE KNOXVILLE AND FOREMAN FORMATIONS, SHASTA SERIES AND THE FRANCISCAN GROUP GENERALLY NONWATER. BEARING, BUT LOCALLY CONTAIN CONNATE WATER, BASEMENT COMPLEX INCLUDES METAMOfiPHIC AND INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS. CRE- TACEOUS AND OLDER GENERALLY NONWATER-BEARING. STATE OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES DIVISION OF RESOURCES PLANNING NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION GENERALIZED GEOLOGIC MAP OF THE NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES SCALE OF MILES 6 12 18 ' iManchestef PiArenfc ' ] \SACRAMENTO NUMERICAL DESIGNATION OF GROUND WATER BASINS 5-15 Kelsyville VolUy 5-17 Burns Volley 5-18 Coyolt Vall.y 5-19 Colloyomi LOCATION OF THE NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES AND INDEX TO SHEETS rwi [W2 CZD LABCELT FLUVHL SUl INCLUOES PL*'* L*« DEPOSITS, U*BSH OETOSITS. PLEISTOCENE L*M BEOS, *f« CL*0*L MOWINES *(« DRIFT COMSISTS Of CfuvEL , MWJ, (SQUE TUFF*CE01JB1. SILT, CL«Y. *«lL*Cl«rBINE>**SL. AM3CLAT TW tSE*! OFOsI *I)E mCEHE(WLGltOUNO"*TE« B*SIK1 iw; V01C*HIC5 UMDIFFEHENTIATEO PLIOCENE AND SOUE PLEISTOCENE NON. MARINE SEOIUENTS OF VARIABLE LITKOLOGT INCLUDES C*ChE. TEK*MA *« TLSCANFOeuATIOM oalER- BE*«ING IN P*I1T UNOIFFEOENTIATEO OLDER TERTIARY (UOSTLY EOCENE OR PALEOCEMf), UAftlNE AND NON-KARINE SEDIMENTS OF VARIABLE LITHOLOGT iMCLUOESTHI IOHEM0>.TCOUEBYC(iEE»."£"KPHLLE.C*P*I *ND MAOTSVILLE FOSUtTIOJO. BUItE CWVELS, *U'«IFSBOtB M© *N0ES1TIC COiVELS IHOHAf FOOH 8E0S C£NEH*LL' M>**rEl» eE*eiNi I TOv I UNDIFFERENTIATED TERTIARY AND OUATERNART VOLCANIC ROCKS ' ' UCSTL' NOWiTER-BEiRINC, BUI SOW B*S*LI FLOW «(!£ VEB' m fbTI INCLUDES THE KNOXVILLE *NO FOOeiWN FO(m*TIO«. SHASI* SER>ES*NO rnE FR*nCiSC*m GROUP CENEULLi nOMATER BEARING, BUT LOCALLI CI>1T*IN CONNATE HATER BASEMENT COMPLEX rHCLUOESHETAHORF^IIC *!«> INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS CRE- TACEOUS *N0 OLDER GENERALLY NOMIATER BEARING STATE OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES DIVISION OF F»ESOURCES PLANNING NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION GENERALIZED GEOLOGIC MAP OF THE NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES PLATE I GENERALIZED GEOLOGIC MAP SHEET 2 OF 3 SHEET SCALE OF MILES 6 i; PLATE I ^ PLATE I PLATE I NUNC IC»L 0£Si6MiriON OF 1-I.0I - 1-J.CS 13 (T„\. LpL. A/«) l-l t-S l-A Sha.la Vail., ScatT ValU, Ha,l«h Vsll., 5-1 Gmi. Lsli* Vail,, W Saulk Fa.k Pll R,.R Vo lo. 5-3 i-* B>» Vail., y-i Fall R>..> Vallo, ti qWdin, S(»<» S-33 ir»mSp„nB, Vail., |0*[ 1 «-■ Swpr.i. Veil., 6-1 » PI.IOCCHE UC WHt rLISTCOKE MH pan . PLATE 2 v.. I VO :x V-fla- 1 69 I 70 #? ,^- Pl.ieer^-illc /TMarklevinie^ / ,y I (a L P I N ^ HYDR0GRAPH1C UNITS NORTH COASTAL DRAINAGE BASIN 25 Olindo 51 Comin, I Tolelolo*«i< 24 CorlanwDod Oei HYDHOGRAPHIC UNITS !S Olinda SI C=mi-^ 7b R.dbonk Craah 53 L=. M,l,no. 37 Eld.. G..I, 53 F.gto 28 Thonoi G..b 54 Olond 30 Slony C'**t. Cl.<» Loh. SS St Durham Col».o )1 Mid(ll«li>>.n 57 Gridltr J! 58 Br<»n* Vol!., 33 C*. C.«k 59 Cortma 34 fitor Crt.k 60 Arbu.U. 3S Balll. Oiik fil Su»>r 34 Payn*i Cx.t. 41 Moryt.JI* 37 AmelDM Cr«l< 43 Pl.OKnr Gro.. 38 M.ll 0«V M W„i Yolo 39 0.«' 0«k 65 Cgf-r 40 Ch.» 0<.h 46 Weedland 4, PamdiH 67 Eoil Yala 43 Norlh Foth F •other Rivsr LAHONTAN DRAINAGE BASIN 43 Ea.t B>gichF«_.o»» 11 S«l*,T.i»ii,C«-, " **' CENTRAL VALLFf OBAINACE BASIN )? ..„i, LAtlOMTHH DRAINAGE BASIN e« h.p.»v.ii„ STATE OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION CLASSIFICATION OF LANDS FOR WATER SERVICE PLATE 4 R 8 W R 7 W T 42 N T 36 N 4I"00' NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION CLASSIFICATION OF LANDS FOR WATER SERVICE SHEET 4 OF 17 SHEETS PLATE 4 R B W R 7 W T 42 N T 41 N T 40 N NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION CLASSIFICATION OF LANDS FOR WATER SERVICE SHEET ^ OF 17 SHEETS kJ TT^. 3 ! m ' 6 , 7 , ' : 10 ^ — rr—^ I" -^ INDEX TO SHEETS LEGEND I ■ :\ UBB*" »S£*S H^^ PAESENTLT IRRIOirECI LtUDt I I IBBia»BL£ V*H.£» L*HOS ■ BOUMOIHT OF IMVEtriMTCD «RE< 17 HIDROCR*PHIC UNITS "OftTH CDMT*L DRAINAGE BUIM c siiii.«, Pi.„, CENTRAL VALLEY DRAINAGE BASIN 17 i-,.i».&„, LAHONTAN DRAINAGE BASIN AND MERIDIAN STATE OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION CLftSSIFICATION OF LANDS FOR WATER SERVICE PLATE 4 NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION CLASSIFICATION OF LANDS FOR WATER SERVICE SHEET 5 OF 17 SHEETS PLATE 4 NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION CLASSIFICATION OF LANDS FOR WATER SERVICE SHEET 5 OF 17 SHEETS INDEX TO SHEETS LEGEND f^sffisl UMBAN A E.S ^^■1 PAESENTLV inmOATEO L*NDS 1 1 1 1 IBfllCABlE ORICBLE ML1.E» L*«OS 1 1 OTHER IR icablc lands best forest manage mem eOUNOMIV Of INVESTlOAtED *R A 0(^ U*JOn OIAINAGE BA9 — BOUNDlini r.z"r.r."',r ' 17 MroROBw iPHic gmi MUMBER HYDROCRtPMi: iwm NORTM CO*ST*U DHAIK*GE BUIN 5 SwVdln " Uf„Cn^ I CEHTRALVAUEY DRAINAGE BASIN w . a E«.B«<.r»h.Bi LAHOKTAN DRAINAGE BASIC I- STATE OF CAUFOHNIA DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION CLASSIFICATION OF LANDS FOR WATER SERVICE i^ PLATE 4 R 14 E R 15 E NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION CLASSIFICATION OF LANDS FOR WATER SERVICE SHEET 6 OF 17 SHEETS PLATE 4 R 14 E R 15 E R 16 E R 17 E NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION CLASSIFICATION OF LANDS FOR WATER SERVICE SHEET 6 OF 17 SHEETS i" E-Li.l- I INDEX TO SHEETS LEGEKD i: .■■ 1 1 1 SBESEhTLY IBfilSArtO LAND >1BIS«8L€ ««LLer L«N05 BfliOABLE HILL L««[)S [■1 SUITED TO (OBEST WANIGE mInt — — eOUNOAUT OF INVESTIDITCO A»E — BOyNDA«- OF UAJOfl OfiAIN. GE e — WITHIU uajou drainacc basims 17 HioRocnAPHic tmiTS NMTM COASTAL WMlr«CE B«l CEMTRAL VALLEt W(A1«ACE BASIM 17 *«.tawO«» " W— «0„ LAMOHTAM DRAINAGE BAilN R7E le t T 42 N STATE OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES NOHTMEASTEBN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION CLASSIFICATION OF LANDS FOR WATER SERVICE /^ PLATE 4 NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION CLASSIFICATION OF LANDS FOR WATER SERVICE SHEET 7 OF 17 SHEETS PLATE 4 NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION CLASSIFICATION OF LANDS FOR WATER SERVICE SHEET 7 or 17 SHEETS INDEX TO SHEETS LEGEND |:;-;.;;r.;X[ umn IRE AS EZl PRGSEHTLV inniOtTED LANDS ikrigasle vallet lands ■drioable hill lands OF tNVESTlDBTED ARE A Of MAJOR OHAINAGE SA J7 HlDROBRAPMIt UNIT NUMBER htorocraphic umti NORTH OIUTW. DRAIHtCE BASIN U Ctl^g CENTRAL VALLEfDiUINACE B*JIH I S-wLal» UAHOHTAN DRAINAGE Basin STATE OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES PLATE 4 42"^" 5 E R 6 E NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION CLASSIFICATION OF LANDS FOR WATER SERVICE SHEET 8 OF 17 SHEETS PLATE 4 42 " ' E R 6 E NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION CLASSIFICATION OF LANDS FOR WATER SERVICE SHEET 8 OF 17 SHEETS INDEX TO SHEETS LEGEND {•"•>" I UUBBN aBE«S ■■M (■AESENTLT IRRiaiTEO LAND! I \ IflBlOMLE V*LtE» LINOS ^~^!\ mi»o»eLE HILL Litos L*HOS BEST SUITED TO fOfltSI BOUNDIRT OF INVCSTIQATCD DDE* BOUNOMtT OF UAJOR DRAINAQe BISIN 17 KTDROCRtPHIC UNITS WRTX COUTU. OOMHAQi 8UIH 1 Byn.V.lln CENTRAL VALLEY DRAINAGE BAilN T7 u.l.t.&>.l li U«iL^ M HItOHt '1 *.»V-1., „ o„c«i «<•« LAHONTAH drainage BAilN STATE OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION CLASSIFICATION OF LANDS FOR WATER SERVICE PLATE 4 R 15 E R 16 E R 17 E |-40''30' NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION CLASSIFICATION OF LANDS FOR WATER SERVICE SHEET 9 OF 17 SHEETS PLATE 4 R 15 E -*-40'»30' R 16 E R 17 E NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION CLASSIFICATION OF LANDS FOR WATER SERVICE SHEET 9 or 17 SHEETS INDEX TO SHEETS LEGEND I eDESEHTlV mRIG«TED LANDS CD iGlBLE VALLET LAND! lOBkE HILL LINOS OTHEn IRAICABLE LANDS BEST 17 HrDBOCBiPHIC UWTJ NOOTU COASTAL DflAIFUCE BASIM CERtftAL VALLEY DRAINAGE BASIN .AHOMTANORAIMACE Bi STATE OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES NOnXHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION CLASSIFICATION OF LANDS FOR WATER SERVICE n PLATE 4 NOR 2 2: 2: 2< SHEET 13 R 8 W R7 W R 6 W NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION CLASSIFICATION OF LANDS FOR WATER SERVICE SHEET 10 OF 17 SHEETS PLATE 4 R7 W R 6 W NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION CLASSIFICATION OF LANDS FOR WATER SERVICE SHEET 10 or 17 SHEETS INDEX TO SHEETS LEGEND [."r:.-;:;:';l urban »be»s pRESENrLV inniOATEO lands inni&tBLE VILLET LANDS IHOiatfiLE Hllu LINDS F U&JOH ORAINAGE BASI ^.^ eCWNOAST OF mOnOGHAPHIt UNIT 1*7 HIDBOSRAPrtlC UNIT NUUBeH MYOROCBAPHIC iwtis NOffTK COASTAL DRAINAGE BASIN M Cl« B Iitll. CENTRAL VALLEY ORAINAGE 6 LAMOKTiH DRAINAGE BA5IN TzsfT DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES R 7 w new NOBTHEASTEHN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION CLASSIFICATION OF LANDS FOR WATER SERVICE /^ PLATE 4 n.-i-u T 30 N T 29 N T 28 N T 27 N T 25 N R 4 E SHEET 13 S SHEET 14 R 5 E R 6 E NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION CLASSIFICATION OF LANDS FOR WATER SERVICE SHEET II or 17 SHEETS PLATE 4 T 25 N -1 lMl,a'ov R 5 E R 6 E NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION CLASSIFICATION OF LANDS FOR WATER SERVICE SHEET II OF 17 SHEETS INDEX TO SHEETS izzi LEGEND PB£S£NILT IBRIBiTEO l.»Nt>S IHI«l6iai.E HILt. l.*NOS ■ eouNDAAv c • eOUMOARY riOATeO AREA ) onsiNASE e*sii 17 HTDROCRAPHIC IfWIS HOffTM coMiw. DRAiMce a CEKTUL VALLEY WAIHAOE BASIN J7 A«.fc».c™rt 28 ""w STATE OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES Divi5iOr- Of BESOLiRces PlANNl'-G i9'j7 NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION CLASSIFICATION OF LANDS FOR WATER SERVICE PLATE 4 RISE RISE NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION CLASSIFICATION OF LANDS FOR WATER SERVICE SHtET 12 OF 17 SHEETS PLATE 4 70" 'i INDEX TO SHEETS LEGEND Hm UBBAH AREAS ^^ P«£SENTLY mRISAIED LANDS 1 1 >n>)ieABI.E VALLEY LANDS 1 1 ..m«BL£ H.LL LAND. ^ OTHER IRRIGASLE LANDS BEST — eOUHOlflV OF IHVEStlOATEO AREA — eOUNOABt OF MAJOR DRAINAGE BA 17 HTOROSROPMIC UNIT NUMBER HTDFTOCRAPKIC UNITJ NOirni COASTAL ORAJNACE euiH 31 bill«h.PI... CEKTRAL VAUET ORAIHACE BASIN )7 AM.Iw.C»t '1 C«.L.A. M WIOMk LAHOHTIN DRaINACE BASIN STATE OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION CLASSIFICATION OF LANDS FOR WATER SERVICE ^ PLATE 4 R I E SHEET 15 I SHEET 16 R 2 E R 3 E R 4 E NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION CLASSIFICATION OF LANDS FOR WATER SERVICE SHEET 13 OF 17 SHEETS PLATE 4 R 1 E SHEET 15 I SHEET 16 R 2 E R 3 E R 4 E NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION CLASSIFICATION OF LANDS FOR WATER SERVICE SHEET 13 OF 17 SHEETS INDEX TO SHEETS 17 "•0«(M(l»P HIDOOCIUPHIC UMTS Honx ausTM. maduce si CDfTWL vtLLH MiUiucc euiH luOHIlH DRtlMCE Bl /3V PLATE 4 j T 24 N T 23 N R 15 E ^'R 16 E T 19 N NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION CLASSIFICATION OF LANDS FOR WATER SERVICE SHEET It OF 17 SHEETS RITE PLATE 4 R 15 E RISE ^"R 16 E T39050' T 19 N NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION CLASSIFICATION OF LANDS FOR WATER SERVICE SHEET 14 OF 17 SHEETS ^^^^^^^ — ^^^^^^^^^ RITE INDEX TO SHEETS LEGEND nz\- rx ausiu. oiuiNici CEITftllVlU.ETI>RUNAGE BUIH m PLATE 4 R I W T 14 N 22 23 24 R 2 W I22°0(J' R 1 W R I E NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION CLASSIFICATION OF LANDS FOR WATER SERVICE SHtET 15 or 17 SHEETS PLATE 4 22''00' R I W R I E NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION CLASSIFICATION OF LANDS FOR WATER SERVICE SHEET 15 or t7 SHEETS v_y \ ( 2 3 ) V 5 6 L / 7 ^ « 9 c 10 ^" "2 M li I3\ [. 14 M W^^' "^ r >F S^i UIUUCIITO INDEX TO SHEETS WRTH WUJU. WUiltUCt eUlN CEMTRU. ¥*U.ET WUltUM a 1-momAN oBAimcf a< NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES PLATE 4 NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION CLASSIFICATION OF LANDS FOR WATER SERVICE SHEET 16 OF 17 SHEETS PLATE 4 NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION CLASSIFICATION OF LANDS FOR WATER SERVICE SHEET 16 OF 17 SHEETS INDEX TO SHEETS ED" HTDMKaimic w THOUlIti OUIHiOl UUH CtnruiviutTWUiiuCI UIM It («M.o. •■-• UMMTIUMIUUM*! DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES NOATHEASTCAN COUNTIES INVCSriGATION CLASSIFICATION OF LANDS FOR WATER SERVICE PLATE 4 NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION CLASSIFICATION OF LANDS FOR WATER SERVICE SHEET 17 OF 17 SHEETS PLATE 4 NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION CLASSIFICATION OF LANDS FOR WATER SERVICE SHEET 17 OF 17 SHEETS D INDEX TO SHEETS cn- CIHTRW. VlUTr DUIIUU » DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES /Si PLATE 5 PLATE 5 y li'ALPIN SCRAMENTO ^ - |Jai'kson»,V*: •' ^^^ ' ' «* > STATE OF CALIFORNfA '^ DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES DIVISION OF RESOURCES PLANNING NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION FOREST LANDS IN THE NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES SCALE OF MILES ^P , I ° Zp 40 60 # /JMarkleviM- /"n ^: LEGEND TIMBER LANDS BOUNDARY OF INVESTIGATED AREA ■iinRalafl,--, J ^^5r^°HTflA COSTA STATE OF CALrFORNIA A, DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES DIVISION OF RESOURCES PLANNING NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES INVESTIGATION FOREST LANDS IN THE NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES 5CALE OF MILES 20 20 40 60 DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES 1957 rj- THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW RENEWED BOOKS ARE SUBJECT TO IMMEDIATE RECALL - '" '385 1 SJUL '"5 DEAD -y! 1 ^ ^%7 m '^^'^ mY29 RfC'D JAN 8 1979 NOV 21 REC'D MAY 1 4 1979 RECEIVED r/lAY 1 4 1979 >HYS SCI UBRARV! ^RARY, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS Book Slip-20m-8,'61(C1623s4)458 ?!.Q).ei California, Dept, water resources. PHYSICAL SCIENCES LIBRMiy of Call Number: LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DAVIS 240481 ^-i'^IRffifffiljl^^ifSllMiiSSli 57V75 02037 7100