Pr ^TH E READER'S HANDBOOK OF ALLUSIONS, REFERENCES, PLOTS AND STORIES WITH THREE APPENDICES BY THE REV. E. COBHAM BREWER, LL.D. TRINITY HALL, CAMBRIDGE ATTHOR OF "guide TO SCIENCE" (THREE HUNDRED AND NINETIETH THOUSAND) "history of FRANCE TO THE CURRENT YEAR" (TENTH EDITION) "history of GERMANY TO THE CURRENT YEAR" SIXTEENTH THOUSAND HonUon CHATTO & WINDUS, PICCADILLY 1892 PRINTED BV WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, LONDON AND BECCLEi, I net m TO MY DAUGHTERS, NELLIE AND AMY, 2r{jis Uolumc is ©etn'catei BY THEIK AFFECTIONATE FATHER. PREFACE. The object of this Handbook is to supply readers and speakers with a lucid, but very brief account of such names as are used in allusions and references, whether by poets or prose writers, — to furnish those who consult it with the plot of popular dramas, the story of epic poems, and the outline of well-known tales. Who has not asked what such and such a book is about ? and who would not be glad to have his question answered correctly in a few words ? When the title of a play is mentioned, who has not felt a desire to know who was the author of it ?— for it seems a universal practice to allude to the title of dramas without stating the author. And when reference is made to some character, who has not wished to know something specific about the person referred to ? The object of this Handbook is to supply these wants. Thus, it gives in a few lines the story of Homer's Hiad and Odyssey, of Virgil's JEiieid, Lucan's Pharsalia, and the Thebaid of Statins ; of Dante's Divine Comedy, Ariosto's Orlando Furioso, and Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered ; of Milton's Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained ; of Thomson's Seasons ; of Ossian's tales, the Nibelungen Lied of the German minnesingers, the Eomance of tie Rose, the Lusiad of Camoens, the Loves of Theagenes and Charicleia by Heliodorus (fourth century), with the several story poems of Chaucer, Gower, Piers Plowman, Hawes, Spenser, Drayton, Phineas Fletcher, Prior, Goldsmith, Campbell, Southey, Byron, Scott, Moore, Tenny- son, Longfellow, and so on. Far from limiting its scope to poets, the Hand- book tells, with similar brevity, the stories of our national fairy tales and romances, such novels as those by Charles Dickens, Vanity Fair by Thackeray, the Rasselas of Johnson, Gidliver's Travels by Swift, the Sentimental Journey by Sterne, Don Quixote and Gil Bias, Telemachus by Fenelon, and Undine by De la Motte Fouque. Great pains have been taken with the Arthurian stories, whether from sir T. Malory's collection or from the Mabinogion, because Tennyson has brought them to the front n PREFACE. in hi<' Idylls of the King ; and the number of dramatic plots sketched out is many hundreds. Another striking and interesting feature of the book is the revelation ol the source from ^vhich dramatists and romancers have derived thoir stories, and the strange repetitions of historic incidents. Compare, for example, the Etratagem of the wooden horse by which Troy was taken, with thone of Abu Obeidah in the siege of Arrestan, and that of the capture of Sark from th French, p. 454. Compare, again, Dido's cutting the hide into strips, with the story about the Yakutsks, p. 164 ; that of Eomulus and Eemus, with th story of Tyro, p. 843 ; the Shibboleth of Scripture story, with those of th« "Sicilian Vespers," and of the Danes on St. Bryce's Day, p. 904; the story of Pisistrat-os and his two sons, with that of Cosmo de Medici and his two grandsons, p. 771 ; the death of Marcus Licinius Crassus, with that of Manlius Nepos Aquilius, p. 392 ; and the famous " Douglas larder," with the larder of AVallace at Ardrossan, p. 269. Witness the numerous tales resembling that of William Tell and the apple, p, 980 ; of the Pied Piper of Hamelin, p. 766 ; of Llewellyn and his dog Gelert, p. 369 ; of bishop Hatto and the rats, p. 429 ; of Ulysses and Polyphemos, p. 1050 ; and of lord Level's bride, p. 571. Witness, again, the parallelisms of David in his flight from Saul, and that of Mahomet from the Koreishites, p. 937 ; of Jephtha and his daughter, and the tale of Idomeneus of Crete, or that of Agamemnon an/' Iphigenia, p. 491 ; of Paris and Sextus, p. 895 ; Salome and Fulvia, p. 864 •, St. Patrick preaching to king O'Neil, and St. Areed before the king of Abyssinia, p. 738 ; of Cleopatra and Sophonisba, with scores of others. To ensure accuracy, every worn aUuded to in this large volume has been read personally by the author expressly for this Handbook, and since the compilation v/as commenced ; for although, at the beginning, a few others were employed for the sake of despatch, the author read over for himself, while the sheets were passing through the press, the works put into their hands. The very minute references to words and phrases, book and chapter, act and scene, often to page and line, will be sufficient guarantee to the reade that this assertion is not overstated. The work is in a. measure novel, and cannot fail to be useful. It is owned that Charles Lamb has told, and told well, the Tales of- Shakespeare ; but Charles Lamb lias occupied more pages with each tale than the Handbook has lines. It is also true that an "Argument" is generally attached to each book of an epic story ; but the reading of these rhapsodies is like reading an index — few have patience to wade through them, and fewer still obtain there- from any clear idea of the spirit of the actors, or the progress of the story. Brevity has been the ain^ of this Handbook, but clearness has not been sacrificed to terseness ; and it has been borne in mind throughout that il PREFACE. vii is not enough to state a fact, — it must be stated attractively, and the character described must be drawn characteristically, if the reader is to ai^preciate it, and feel an interest in what he reads. Three Appendices are added. The first contains the name, birthplace, dates of birth and death, and a pretty full list of works (first editions, dated) of our principal authors. In this appendix an effort has been made, by correspondence with publishers and authors, and by the help of books, to present almost an exhaustive list of the popular literature aud paintings of the second half of the present century. Appendix II. contains the names and works of those foreign authors referred to in the Handbook. Appendix III. contains the names and dates of the ancient Greek and Latin plays, with those of the best known translations and imitations ; the names and dates of those French and German dramas which have been adapted to the English stage, or have been borrowed from our own dramatists ; and the titles, names, and dates of some thousands of British plays. When the exact date of the first representation or edition of a play has not been ascertained, the dates of the birth and death of the author are given, except in the case of living authors, when the century of the " unknown date " has been substituted instead. More than twelve months of undivided labour have been given to these appendices. It would be most unjust to conclude this preface without publicly acknowledging the great obligation which the author owes to the printer's reader while the sheets were passing through the press. He seems to have entered into the very spirit of the book ; his judgment has been sound, his queries have been intelligent, his suggestions invaluable, and even some of the articles were supplied by him. The Author. Those verses introduced but not signed, or signed witli initials only, are by the author of the Handbook. They are the Stornello Verses, p. 918; the aspen tree (an epigram), p. 1025; Nones and Ides, p. 689 ; the Seven Wise Men, p. H9J ; the Seven Wonders of the World, p. 894 ; and the following translations :— Lucan '8 "Serpents," p. 769; " Veni Wakefield peraui.enuni," p. 373; specimen of TyrUtos, p. 1047; "Vus non vobis," p. 1U75; "Koi d'Yvetot," ]i. 1120; " Non amo te," p. 1126; Marot's epigram, p. 569; epigram on a violin, p. 1070; epigram on the Fair Kosa- mond, p. 844; the Heidelberg tun, p. 1040; "Roger Dontemps," p. 839; " Le bon roi Dagolx.rl," p. 678; " Pauvre Jacques," p. 741 ; Virgil's epitaph, p. 1070; "Cunctis mare," p. 874 ; "Ni fallat fatum," p. 879; St. Elmo, p. 859; Baviad, etc., pp. 85, 591; several oracular responses (see ruoPHECT, p. 795; Wooden Walls, p. 1117; etc.); and many others. The chief object of this note Is to prge'on," but by the gods he is called Bri'areus (3 syL). (Milton accents the word on the first syllable, and so does Fairfax in his translation of Tasso. — See Paradise Lost, i. 746.) jEge'on, a merchant of Syracuse, in Shakespeare's Comedy of Errors (1593). ^gi'na, a rocky island in the Saronic gulf. It was near this island that the Athenians won the famous naval battle of Sal'amis over the fleet of Xerxes, b.c. 480. The Athenian prows were decorated with a figure-head of Athe'nae or Minerva. And of old Rejoiced the virgin from the brazen prow Of Athens o'er ^i^gina's gloomy surge • . . o'erwhelmin^ all the Persian promised glory. Akenside, Hymn to Vie jVaiads. iEIlia Lse'lia [Crispis], an inex- plicable riddle, so called from an in- scription in Latin, preserved in Bologna, which may be rendered thus into English : ^LIA LELU CRISPIS. Neither man, nor woman, nor androgjM ; Neither girl, nor boy. nor eld ; Neither harlot nor virgin j But all (.of these]. Carried o£r neither by hunger, nor sword, nor poison : But by all [of them). Neither in heaven, nor in the water, nor In the earth ; But biding everywhere. LUCIUS AGATHO PKISCUS. Neither the husband, nor lover, nor friend r Neither griering. nor rejoicing, nor weeping; But [doing] all [these] — Tills — neither a pile, nor a pyramid, nor a sepulchre That is built, he knows and knows not (which it Is]. It is a sepulchre containing no corpse within It ; It is a corpse with no sepulchre containing It; But the corpse and the sepulchre are one and the same. It vould Karcely guide a man to the lolution of the "^tia Lalla CrUyU."—J. W. Draper. .Amelia, a lady of high degree, in love with Am'ias, a squire of inferior rank. Going to meet her lover at a trysting- place, she was caught up by a hideous monster, and thrust into his den for future food. Belphcebe (3 syl.) slew " the caitiff " and released the maid (canto vii.). Prince Arthur, having slain Corflambo, released Amias from the durance of Paea'na, Corflambo's daughter, and brought the lovers together " in peace and settled rest" (canto ix.). — Spenser, Faery Queen, iv. (1596). .ffimiria, wife of jTlge'on the Syra- cusian merchant, and mother of the twins called Antiph'olus. When the boys were shipwrecked, she was parted from them and taken to Ephesus. Here she entered a convent, and rose to be the abbess. Without her knowing it, one of her twins also settled in Ephesus, and rose to l>c one of its greatest and richest citizens. The other son and her husband JF.geon both set foot in Ephesus the same day without the knowledge of each other, and all met together in the duke's court, when the story of their lives was told, and they became again united to each other. — Shakespeare, Comedy of Errors (1593). JEraon'ian Arts, magic, so called from /Emon'ia ( Thcssaly), noted for magic , The ^monian. Jason was so called because his father was king of .iEmonia. .ffiJne'as, a Trojan prince, the hero of Virgil's epic called ^neid. He was the son of Anchi'ses and Venus. His first wife was Creu'sa (3 syl.), by whom he had a son named Asca'nius ; his second wife was Lavinia, daughter of Latinus king of Italy, bj' whom he had a posthumous son called JEne'as Sylvius. He succeeded his father-in-law in the kingdom, and the Romans called him their founder. According to Geoffrey of Monmouth " Brutus," the first king of Britain (from whom the island was called Britain), was a descendant of ^Eneas. ^ne'id, the epic poem of Virgil, in twelve books. When Troy was taken by the Greeks and set on fire, /Ene'as, with hi.« father, son, and wife, took flight, with the intention of going to Italy, the original birthplace of the family. The wife was lost, and the old father died on the way ; but after numerous perils by sea and land, yEneas and his son Asca'nius reached Ital}'. Here Latinus, the reigning king, received the exiles hospitably, and pro- mised his daughter Lavin'ia in marnage to iEneas ; but she had been already betrothed by her mother to prince Tumus, son of Daunus, king of Ku'tuli, and Tumus would not forego his claim. Latinus, in this dilemma, said the rivals must settle the dispute by an appeal to arms. Tumus being slain, yEncas married Lavinia, and ere long suceeded his father- in-law on the throne. Book I. The escape from Troy ; JEntRS and his son, driven by a tempest on the shores of Carthage, are hospitably enter- tained by queen Dido. II. iEncas tells Dido the tale of the wooden horse, the burning of Troy, and his flight with his father, wife, and son. The wife was lost and died. III. The narrative continued. The perils he met with on the way, and th« death of his father. iEOLUS. 10 AGAMEMNON. IV. Dido falls in love with ^neas ; but he steals away from Carthage, and Dido, on a funeral pyre, puts an end to her life. V. jEneas reaches Sicily, and celebrates games in honour of Anchises. This book corresponds to the Iliad, xxiii. VI. ^Eneas visits the infernal regions. This book corresponds to Odyssey, xi. VII. Latinus king of Italy, entertains MneiLS, and promises to him Lavinia (his daughter) in marriage, but prince Turnus had been already betrothed to her by the mother, and raises an army to resist ii'^neas. VIII. Preparations on both sides for a general war. IX. Turnus, during the absence of iEueas, fires the ships and assaults the camp. The episode of Nisus and Eury'- alus. X. The war between Turnus and iEneas. Episode of Mezentius and Lau- KUS. XI. The battle continued. XII. Turnus challenges iEneas to single combat, and is killed. N.B.— 1. The story of Siiion and taking of Troy Ib bor- fowed from Pisaiider. as Macrobius informs us. ~. Tlie loves of Dido and ^neas are copied from those of Mfcdea and Jason, in Apollonius. .1. The story of tlie wooden horse and the burning of Troy are from Arcti'nus of Miletus. JE'olus, god of the winds, which he keeps imprisoned in a cave in the ^Eolian Islands, and lots free as he wishes or as the over-gods command. Was I for this nigh wrecked upon the sea, And twics by awkward wind from England's bank Drove hack again unto my native clime? . . . Yet JioUis would not he a murderer, But left that hateful office unto thee. Shakespeaie, 2 Henry VI. act V. 8C. 2 (1591). .ffiscula'pius, in Greek Askle'pios, tho god of healing. W hat says my iEsculapiua ? my Galen ! . . . Ha I Is he dead! Shakespeare, Merry Wive» o/ Windsor, act ii. sc. 3 (1601). .ffi'son, the father of Jason. He was restored to j'outh bj' Medea, who infused into his veins the juice of certain herbs. In such a night, Medea gather'd the enchanted herbs That did renew old ^son. Bhakespeare, Merchant of Venice, act v. sc. 1 (before 1598). .ffisop, the fabulist, said to be hump- backed ; hence, "an .ilisop " means a hump-backed man. The young son of iienry VI. calls his uncle Richard of Gloster " ^Esop." — 3 Iienry VI. act v. Bi'. A. /Esop of Arabia, Lokman ; and Nas- eer (fifth century). jEsop of England, John Gay (1688- 1732). jEsop of France, Jean de la Fontaine (1621-1695). ^sop of Germany, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729-1781). jEsop of India, Bidpay or Pilpay (third century B.C.). Afer, the south-west wind ; Notus, the full south. Notus and Afer, black with thundrous clouds. Milton, Paradise Lost, x. 702 (1665). African Magician ( The), pretended to Aladdin to be his uncle, and sent the lad to fetch the " wonderful lamp " from an underground cavern. As Aladdin re- fused to hand it to the magician, he shut him in the cavern and left him there. Aladdin contrived to get out by virtue of a magic ring, and learning the secret of the lamp, became immensely rich, built a superb palace, and married the sultan's daughter. Several years after, the African resolved to make himself master of the lamp, and accordingly walked up and down before the palace, crying inces- santly, " Who will change old lamps for new ? " Aladdin being on a hunting ex- cursion, his wife sent a etmuch to exchange the "wonderful lamp" for a new one; and forthwith the magician commanded " the slaves of the lamp to transport the palace and all it contained into Africa. Aladdin caused him to be poisoned in a draught of wine. — Ai'abian A"«/A'^- act iv. sc. 7 (1589). Alci'na, Carnal Pleasure personified. In Bojardo's Orlando Innamorato she is a fairy, who carries off Astolfo. In ArioSto's Orlando Furioso she is a kind of Circe, whose garden is a scene of enchantment. Alcina enjoys her lovers for a season, and then converts them into trees, stones, wild beasts, and so on, as her fancy dictates. Arciphron or The Minute Philoso- pher, the title of a work by bishop Berkeley, so called from the name of the chief speaker, a freethinker. The object of this work is to expose the weakness of infidelity. Al'ciphron, "the epicurean," the hero of T. Moore's romance entitled The Epicurean. Like Alciphron, we swing in air and darkness, and know not whitlier the wind blows us.— Putnam's Magazine. Alcme'na (in Molibre, Alanenc), the wife of Amphitrj'on, general of the The- ban army. While her husband is absent warring against the Telebo'ans, Jupiter assumes the form of Amphitrj'on ; but Amphitryon himself returns home the, next day, and great confusion arises be- tween the false and true Amphitryon, which is augmented by Mercury, who personates Sos'ia, the slave of Amphi- tryon. By this amour of Jupiter, Alc- mena becomes the mother of Her'cules. Plautus, Molibre, and Dryden have all taken this plot for a comedy entitled Amphitryon. AlcofriTaas, the pseudonym assumed by Rabelais in his Gargantua and Pan- tag'ruel'. Alcofribas Nasier is an ana- gram of "Francois Rabelais." The inestimable life of the great Gargantua, father of Pantagruel, heretofore composed by M. Alcofribas, abstractor of the quintessence, a book full ofpantagruelism. — Kabelais. Introduction. Al'coloinb, " subduer of hearts," daughter of Abou Aibou of Damascus, and sister of Ganem. The caliph Haroun-al- Raschid, in a fit of jealousy, commanded Ganem to be put to death, and his mother and sister to do penance for three days in Damascus, and then to be banished from Syria. The two ladies came to Bagdad, and were taken in by the charitable sjti- dec of the jewellers. When the jealous fit of the caliph was over he sent for the two exiles. Alcolomb he made his wife, and her mother he married to his vizier. — Arabian Nights ("Ganem, the Slave of Love"). Aley'on, "the wofullest man alive," but once " the jolly shepherd swain that wont full merrily to pipe and dance," near where the Severn flows. One day he saw a lion's cub, and brought it up till it fol- lowed him about like a dog; but a cruel satyr shot it in mere wantonness. By the lion's cub he means Daphne, who died in her prime, and the cruel satyr is death. He said he hated everj'thing — the heaven, the earth, fire, air, and sea, the day, the night ; he hated to speak, to hear, to taste food, to see objects, to smell, to feel ; he hated man and woman too, for his Daphne lived no longer. What became of this dolefiJ shepherd the poet could never ween. Alcyon is sir Arthur Gorges. — Spenser, Daphaida (in seven fits, 1590). And there is that Alcyon bent to mourn, Though fit to frame an everlasting ditty, Whose gentle sprite for Daphne's death doth turn Sweet lays of love to endless plaints of pity. Spenser, Coliyi Clout's Come Home Again (1591). Alcy'one or Haley one (4 syl.), daughter of JLGlus, who, on hearing of her husband's death by shipwreck, threw herself into the sea, and was changed to a kingfisher. (See Halcyon Days.) Aldabel'la, wife of Orlando, sister of ALDABELLA. 19 ALESSIO. Oliver, and daughter of Monodan'tes. — Ariosto, Orlando Funoso, etc. (1516). Aldabella, a marchioness of Florence, verj' beautiful and fascinating, but arro- gant and heartless. She used to give en- tertainments to the magnates of Florence, and Fazio was one who spent most of his time in her society. Bian'ca his wife, being jealous of the marchioness, accused him to the duke of being privy to the death of Bartoldo, and for this offence Fazio was executed. Bianca died broken- hearted, and Aldabella was condemned to spend the rest of her life in a nunnery. — Dean Milman, Fazio (a tragedy, 1815). Alden (John), one of the sons of the Pilgrim fathers, in love with Priscilla, the beautiful puritan. Miles Standish, a bluff old soldier, wishing to marry Priscilla, asked John Alden to go and plead for him ; but the maiden answered archly, " Why don't you speak for j'ourself, John ? " Soon after this, Standish being reported killed by a poisoned arrow, John spoke for himself, and was ac- cepted. Standish, who was not really dead, appeared at the wedding, and said to John Alden — ll'j'ou would be aerred 700 must serre jounelf; an< moreover No man can gather cherries In Kent at the season of Christmas. Longfellow, Courtship of liilei Standiih, Ii. Alderlievest, best beloved. And to mine alderlievest lorde I must endite A wofuli case. G. Gascoigne, Vot/age into nolland (1B73). Aldiborontephoscophomio \_Al'- dibo-ron'tc-fos'co-foi-'nio], a courtier in Chrononkotonthoiogos, by II. Carey. (Sir Walter Scott used to call James Bal- lantyne, the printer, this nickname, from his pomposity and formality of speech.) Al'diger, son of Buo'vo, of the house of Clarmont, brother of Malagi'gi and Vivian. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). Al'dine (2 syl.), leader of the second squadron of Arabs which joined the fgyptian armament against the crusaders, asso says of the Arabs, " Their accents were female and their stature diminu- tive" (xvii.). — lasso, Jerusalem Delivered (1575). Al'dingar (Sir), steward of queen Eleanor, wife of Henrj' II. He impeached the queen's fidelitj', and agreed to prove his charge by single combat ; but an angel (in the shape of a little child) established the queen's innocence. Thit IB probably a blundering version of the story of Gunhilda and the emperor Henry. — Percy, Rcliques, ii. 9. Aldo, a Caledonian, was not invited by Fingal to his banquet on his return to Morven, after the overthrow of Swaran. To resent this affront, he went over to Fingal's avowed enemy, Erragon king of Sora (in Scandinavia), and here Loma, the king's wife, fell in love with him. The guilty pair fled to Morven, which Erragon immediately invaded. Aldo fell in single combat with Erragon, Loma died of grief, and Erragon was slain in battle by Gaul, son of Momi. — Ossian ("The Battle of Lora "). Aldovrand (Father), chaplain of eir Raymotd Berenger, the old Norman warrior. — Sir W. Scott, The Betrothed (time, Henry II.). Aldrick the Jesuit, confessor of Charlotte countess of Derby. — Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). Aldus, father of Al'adine (3 syl.), the " lusty knight." — Spenser, Faiiry Queen, vi. 3 (1596). Alea, a warnor who invented dice at the siege of Troy ; at least so Isidore of Seville says. Suidas ascribes the inven- tion to Palamcdcs. Alea est ludus tabulsB invent* a Grjecis. in otio Trojanl belli, a quodam milite, nomine AhEA, a quo et ars nomen accepit. — Isidurus, Orig. xviii. 67. Alector'ia, a stone extracted from a capon. It is said to render the wearer invisible, to allay thirst, to antidote enchantment, and ensure love. — Mirror oj Stu7WS. Alee'tryon, a youth set by IMars to guard against surprises, but he fell asleep, and Apollo thus surprised Mars and Venus in each others' embrace. Mars in anger changed the boy into a cock. And from out the neiKlilwuring farmyard Loud Uie coclc Alectrjon crowed. Longfellow, Ptganu in Pound. Aleph, the nom de plume of the Rev. William Harvey, of Belfast (1808- ). Ale'ria, one of the Amazons, and the best beloved of the ten wives of Guido the Savage. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). Alessio, the young man with whom Lisa was living in concubinage, when Elvi'no promised to marry her. Elvino made the promise out of pique, because he thought Ami'na was not faithful to him, but when he discovered his error he returned to his first love, and left Lisa t« ALETHES. 20 ALFADER. marry Alessio, with whom she had been previously cohabiting. — Bellini's opera, La Sonnambula (1831). Libretto by Scribe. Ale'thes (3 syl.), an ambassador from Egypt to king Al'adine (3 syl.) ; subtle, false, deceitful, and full of wiles. — Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered (1575). Alexander the Grreat, a tragedy by Nathaniel Lee (1G78). In French we have a novel called Roman d' Alexandre, by Lambert-li-cors (twelfth century), and a tragedj' by Racine (1665). This was a favourite part witli T. Betterton (1635- 1710). Wm. Mouiitford (l()60-169i>), H. Norris (1065- 1734); C. Hulet (1701-173(i), and Spraiiger Barry (1710- 1777); but J. W. Crolter says tliat J. P. Kemble. in "Hamlet," "Coriolaiius," "Alexander," and " Cato," excelled iill his predecessors. — Boswell's Johiison. Alexander an Athlete. Alexander, being asked if he would run a course at the Olympic games, replied, "Yes, If my competitors are all kings." The Albanian Alexander, George Castriot (Scanderheg or Iscander beg, 1404-1467). Tlie Persian Alexander, Sandjar (1117- 1158). Alexander of the North, Charles XIL of Sweden (1682-1718). Alexander deformed. Amnion's great son one shoulder had too high. Pope, Prolognte to the Satires, 117. Alexander and Homer. WTien Alex- ander invaded Asia Minor, he offered up sacrifice to Priam, and then went to visit the tomb of Achilles. Here he exclaimed, " most emnable of men, who had Homer to sing thy deeds ! " Which made the Eastern conqueror to cry, "O fortunate young man I whose virtue found So brave a tninip thy noble deeds to sound." Spensar, The Jiuiiia of Time (1591). Alexander and Parme'nio. 'V\Tien Darius, king of Persia, offered Alexander his daughter Stati'ra in marriage, with a dowry of 10,000 talents of gold, Parmenio said, " I would accept the offer, if I were Alexander." To this Alexander rejoined, " So would I, if I were Parmenio." On another occasion the general thought the king somewhat too lavish in his gifts, whereupon Alexander made answer, '' I consider not what Parmenio ought to receive, but what Alexander ought to give." Alexander and Pfirdiccas. When Alex- ander started for Asia he divided his possessions among his friends. Perdiccas asked what he had left for himself. "Hope," said Alexander. "If hope is enough for Alexander, " replied the friend, "it is enough for Perdiccas also ;" and declined to accept anything. Alexander and Raphael. Alexander encountered Raphael in a cave in the mountain of Kaf, and being asked what he was in search of, replied, " The water of immortality." Whereupon Raphael gave him a stone, and told him when he found another of the same weight he would gain his wish. " And how long," said Alexander, " have I to live ? " The angel replied, " Till the heaven above thee and the earth beneath thee are of iron." Alex • ander now went forth and found a stone almost of the weight required, and in order to complete the balance, added a little earth ; falling from his horse at Ghur he was laid in his armour on the ground, and his shield was set up over him to ward off the sun. Then understood he that he would gain immortality when, like the stone, he was buried in the earth, and that his hour was come, for the earth beneath him was iron, and his iron buckler was his vault of heaven above. So he died. Alexander and the RMer. When Dion'ides, a pirate, was brought before Alexander, he exclaimed, "Vile brigand! how dare you infest the seas with your misdeeds?" "And you," replied the pirate, " by what right do you ravage the world? Because I have only one ship, I am called a brigand, but j'ou who have a whole fleet are termed a conqueror." Alexander admired the man's boldness, and commanded him to be set at liberty. Alexander's Beard, a smooth chin, or a very small beard. It is said that Alex- ander the Great had scarcely any beard at all. Disgraced yet with Alexander's bearde. G. Gascoigne, The Steele Olas (died 1577). Alexander''s Runner, Ladas. Alexan'dra, daughter of Oronthea, queen of the Ara'azons, and one of the ten wives of Elba'nio. It is from this person that the land of the Amazons was called Alexandra. — Ariosto, Orlando Fu- rioso (1516). Alexan'drite (4 syl.), a species of beryl found in Siberia. It shows the Russian colours (green and red), and is named from the emperor Alexander of Russia. Alex'is, the wanton shepherd in The Faithful Shepherdess, a pastoral drama by John'Fletcher (1610). Alfa'der, the father of the three Asen (deities) of Scandinavia, creator and ALFONSO. 21 ALICIA. governor of the universe, patron of arts and magic, etc. Alfonso, father of Leono'ra d'Este, and duke of Ferrara. Tasso the poet fell in love with Leonora. The duke confined him as a lunatic for seven years in the asylum of Santa Anna, but at the expira- tion of that period he was released through the intercession of Vincenzo Gonzago, duke of Mantua. Byron refers to this in bis Childe Harold, iv. 36. Alfonso XI. of Castile, whose "favour- ite" was Leonora de Guzman. — Donizetti, La Favorita (an opera, 1842). Alfon'so (Don), of Seville, a man of 50 and husband of donna Julia (twenty-seven years his junior), of whom he was jealous without cause. — Byron, Don JiKin, i. Alfon'so, in Walpole's tale called TJie Castle of Otranto, appears as an appari- tion in the moonlight, dilated to a gigantic form (1769). Alfred as a Gleeman. Alfred, wishing to know the strength of the Danish camp, assumed the disguise of a minstrel, and stayed in the Danish camp for several days, amusing the soldiers with his harping and singing. After he had made himself master of all he re- quired, he returned back to his own place. ^William of Malmesbury (twelfth cen- tury). William of Malmesbury tells a similar story of Anlaf, a Danish king, who, he says, just before the battle of Brunan- burh, in Northumberland, entered the camp of king Athelstan as a gleeman, harp in hand ; and so pleased was the English king that he gave him gold. Anlaf would not keep the gold, but buried it in the earth. Algarsife (3 syl.) and Cam'ballo, sons of Cambuscan' king of Tartary, and Elfgta his wife. Algarsife married Theodora. I speak of Algarsife, How that he won Theodora to his wife. Chaucer, The Squire't Tale. _ Al'gebar' ("Me giant"). So the Ara- bians call the constellation Orion. Begirt with many a bla2ing star, Stood the great giant Algebar — Orion, hunter of tlie hejist. Longfellow, The Occuttation of Orion, All, cousin and son-in-law of Ma- homet. The beauty of his ej'es is pro- verbial in Persia. Aijn Hali ("ej'cs of All ") is the highest compliment a Persian can pay to beauty. — Chardin. Ali Baba, a poor Persian wood- carrier, who accidentally learns the magic words, " Open Sesame ! " "ShutSesamel" by which he gains entrance into a vast cavern, the repository of stolen wealth and the lair of forty thieves. He makes himself rich by plundering from these stores ; and by the shrewd cunning of Morgiana, his female slave, the captain and his whole band of thieves are extir- pated. In reward of these services, Ali Baba gives Morgiana her freedom, and marries her to his own son. — Arabian Nights ("Ali Baba or the Forty Thieves"). Alias. " You have as many aliases as Robin of Bagshot." (See Robin of Bagsuot.) Al'ice (2 syl.), sister of Valentine, in Mons. Thomas, a comedy by Beaumont and Fletcher (1619). Al'ice (2 syl.), foster-sister of Robert le Diable, and bride of Rambaldo, the Nor- man troubadour, in Meyerbeer's opera of Roberto il Diavolo. She comes to Palermo to place in the duke's hand his mother's "will," which he is enjoined not to read till he is a virtuous man. She is Robert's good genius, and when Bertram, the fiend, claims his soul as the price of his ill deeds, Alice, by reading the will, re- claims him. Al'ice (2 syl.), the ser\'ant-girl of dame Whitecraft, wife of the innkeeper at Al- tringham. — Sir W. Scott, Feveril of the Peak (time, Charles IL). Al'ice, the miller's daughter, a story of happy first love told in later years by an old man who had married the rustic beauty. He was a dreamy lad when he first loved Alice, and the passion roused him into manhood. (See Rose.) — Tenny- son, The Miller's Daiylder. Al'ice {The Lady), widow of Walter knight of Avenel (2 syl.). — Sir W. Scott, The Monastery (time, Elizabeth). Al'ice [Gray], called "Old Alice Gray," a quondam tenant of the lord of Ravens- wood. Lucy Ashton visits her after the funeral of the old lord. — Sir W. Scott, Bride of Laminermoor (time, William HI.). Aliclii'no, a devil in Dante's Inferno. Alicia gave her heart to Mosby, but married Arden for his position. As a wife, she played falsely with her hus- band, and even joined IMosby in a plot to murder him. Yacillating between love ALICIA. 22 ALKEN. for Mosby and respect for Arden, she repents, and goes on sinning ; wishes to get disentangled, but is overmastered by Mosby's stronger will. Alicia's passions impel her to evil, but her judgment ac- cuses her and prompts her to the right course. She halts, and parleys with sin, like Balaam, and of course is lost. — Anon., Arden of Fever sham (1592). AHc'ia, " a laughing, toying, wheed- ling, whimpering she," who once held lord Hastings under her distaff, but her annoying jealousy, "vexatious days, and jarring, joyless nights," drove him away from her. Being jealous of Jane Shore, she accused her to the duke of Gloster of alluring lord Hastings from his allegiance, and the lord protector soon trumped up a charge against both ; the lord chamberlain he ordered to execution for treason, and Jane Shore he persecuted for witchcraft. Alicia goes raving mad. — Kowe, JaTte Shore (1713). The king of Denmark went to see Mrs. Bellamy play "Alicia/'and fell into a sound sleep. The angrj' lady had to say, " thou false lord I " and she drew near to the gliimbering monarch, and shouted the words into the royal box. The king started, rubbed his eyes, and re- marked that he would not have such a woman for his wife, though she had no end of kingdoms for a dowry. — Comhill Magazine (la63). AHc'ia (The ladij), daughter of lord Waldemar Fitzarse. — Sir W. Scott, Ivan- hoe (time, Richard I.). Aliek [Polworth] , one of the ser- vants of Waverley. — Sir W. Seott, Waverley (time, George II.). Alifan'faron, emperor of the island Trap'oban, a Mahometan, the suitor of Pentap'olin's daughter, a Christian. Pen- tapolin refused to sanction this alliance, and the emperor raised a vast army to enforce his suit. This is don Quixote's solution of two flocks of sheep coming in opposite directions, which he told Sancho were the armies of Alifanfaron and Pen- tapolin. — Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. iii. 4 (1605). Ajax the Greater had a similar encoun- ter. (See Ajax.) Alin'da, daughter of Alphonso, an irascible old lord of Sego'via. — Beaumont and Fletcher, The Pilgrim (1621). {Alinda is the name assumed by young Archas when he dresses in woman's attire. This young man is the son of general Archas, " the loyal subject" of the great duke of Moscovia, in a drama by Beau- mont and Fletcher, called The Loyal Sub- ject, 1618.) Aliprando, a Christian knight, who discovered the armour of Rinaldo, and took it to Godfrey. Both inferred that Rinaldo had been slain, but were mis- taken. — Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered (1575). Al'iris, sultan of LoAver Buchar'ia, who, under the assumed name of Fer'- amorz, accompanies Lalla Rookh from Delhi, on her way to be married to the sultan. He wins her love, and amusei the tedium of the journey by telling hel tales. When introduced to the sultan, her joy is unbounded on discovering that Feramorz the poet, who has won her heart, is the sultan to whom she is be- trothed. — T. Moore, Lalla Rookh. Alisaunder {Sir), sumamed Lor- FELiN, son of the good prince Boudwine and his wife An'glides (3 s^^.)- Sir Mark, king of Cornwall, murdered sir Boudwine, who was his brother, while Alisaunder was a mere child. When Alisaunder was knighted, his mother gave him his father's doublet, "bebled with old blood," and charged him to revenge his father's death. Alisaunder married Alia la Beale Pilgrim, and had one son called Bellen'gerus le Beuse. Instead of ful- filling his mother's charge, he was him- self "falsely and feloniously slain" by king Mark. — Sir T. Malorj', History of King Arthur, ii. 119-125 (1470). Al'ison, the young wife of John, a rich old miserly carpenter. Absolon, a priggish parish clerk, paid her attention, but she herself loved a poor scholar named Nicholas, lodging in her husband's house. Fair she was, and her body lithe as a weasel. She had a roguish eye, small eyebrows, was "long as a mast and up- right as a bolt," more " pleasant to look on than a flowering pear tree," and her skin "was softer than the wool of a wether." — Chaucer, "The Miller's Tale" {Canterbury Tales, 1388). Al'ison, in sir W. Scott's Kenilworth, is an old domestic in the service of the earl of Leicester at Cumnor Place. AJ Kadr {The Night of). The 97th chapter of the Koran is so entitled. It was the night on which Mahomet received from Gabriel his first revelation, and was prob.ably the 24th of Ramadan. Verily we sent down tbe Eor&n in the night ef Al Kadr. — Al Kordn, xcrii. AlTien, an old shepherd, who instructs Robin Hood's men how to find a witch, ALKOREMMI. 23 ALL-FAIR. and how she is to be hunted. — Ben Jon- Bon, The Sad Shepherd (1637). Alkorerami, the palace built by the Motassem on the hill of " Pied Horses." His son Vathek added five wings to it, one for the gratification of each of the five senses. L The Eternal Banquet, in which were tables covered both night and day with the most tempting foods. II. The Nectak of the Soul, filled with the best of poets and musicians. III. The Delight of the Eyes, filled with the most enchanting objects the eye could look on. IV. The Palace of Perfumes, which was always pervaded with the sweetest odours. V. The Retreat of Joy, filled with the loveliest and most seductive houris. — W. Beckford, Vathek (1784). All's "Well that Ends Well, a comedy by Shakespeare (1598). The hero and heroine are Bertram count of Rousillon, and Ilel'ena a physician's daughter, who are married by the com- mand of the king of France, but part because Bertram thought the lady not sufficiently well-born for him. Ulti- mately, however, all ends well. (See Helena.) The story of this play is from the Decameron, Nov. ix. Day 3. All the Talents Administration, formed by lord Greville, in 1806, on the death of William Pitt. The members were lord Greville, the earl Fitzwilliam, viscount Sidmouth, Charles James Fox, earl Spencer, William Windham, lord Erskine, sir Charles Grey, lord Minto, lord Auckland, lord Moira, Sheridan, Richard Fitzpatrick, and lord Ellen- borough. It was dissolved in 1807. On " all the talenU " vent your venal spleen. Byron, English /lards and Scotch /tevieweri. Allan, lord of RaYcnswood, a decayed Scotch nobleman. — Sir W. Scott, The Bride of Lammennoor (time, William in.). Al'lan {Mrs.), colonel Mannering's housekeeper at Woodbume. — Sir W. Scott, Gv,y Mannering (time, George II.). Al'lan [Breck Cameron], the ser- geant sent to arrest Hamish Bean McTavish, by whom he is shot. — Sir W. Scott, The Highland Widow (time, George Allan-a-Dale, one of Robia Hood's men, introduced by sir W. Scott in Ivanhoe. (See Allin-a-Dale.) Allegory for Al'ligator, a mala- propism. She's as headstrong as an allegory on the banks of Uie NUe. Sheridan, The Rivals, ill. 2 (i775). Alle'gre (3 syl.), the faithful ser\-ant of Philip Chabot. When Chabot was accused of treason, Allegre was put to the rack to make him confess something to his master's damage, but the brave fellow was true as steel, and it was afterwards shown that the accusation had no foun- dation but jealous}-. — G. Chapman and J. Shirley, The Traijedij of Philip Chabot, Allelu'jah, wood-sorrel, so called by a corruption of its name, Juliola, wliere- by it is known in the south of Italy. Its official name, Luzula, is another shade of the same word. Allemayne (2 syl.), Germany, from the French Allemagne. Also written Allemain. Thy faithful bosom swooned with pain, loveliest maiden of Alle'niayne. Campbell, The Brave Roland. Allen (Ealph), the friend of Pope, and benefactor of Fielding. Let humble Allen, with an awkward shame. Do good by stealth, and blush to find it fame. Pope. Allen (Long), a soldier in the " guards " of king Richard I. — Sir W. Scott, I7ie Talisman. Allen [Major), an officer in the duke of IMonmoutli's army. — Sir W. Scott, Old Moi'tality (time, Charles II.). Alley {TJie), i.e. the Stock Ex- change Alley (London). John Kive, after many active years in the Alley, retired to the Continent ; and died at the age of 118.— CU and JTev London, All-Fair, a princess, who was saved from the two lions (wliich guarded tlie Desert Fairj-) by the Yellow Dwarf, on condition that she would become his wife. On her return home she hoped to evade this promi.^e by marrying the brave king of the Gold Jlines, but on the wed- ding day Yellow Dwarf carried her olf on a Spanish cat, and confined her in Steel Castle. Here Gold Mine came to her rescue with a magic sword, but in his joy at finding her, he dropped his sword, and w.as stabbed to the heart with it by Yellow Dwarf. All-Fair, falling on the body of hei lover, died of a broken ALLIN-A-DALE. 24 ALMEYDA. heart. The S3'ren changed the dead lovers into two palm trees. — Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales ("The Yellow Dwarf," 1682). Allin-a-Dale or Allen-a-Dale, of Nottinghamshire, was to be married to a lady who returned his love, but her parents compelled her to forego young AUin for an old knight of wealth. Allin told his tale to Robin Hood, and the bold forester, in the disguise of a harper, went to the church where the wedding cere- mony was to take place. ^Vhen the wedding party stepped in, Robin Hood exclaimed, "This is no fit match; the bride shall be married only to the man of her choice." Then sounding his horn Allin-a-Dale with four and twenty bow- men entered the church. The bishop refused to marry the woman to Allin till the banns had been asked three times, whereupon Robin pulled off the bishop's gown, and invested Little John in it, who asked the banns seven times, and per- formed the ceremony. — Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale (a ballad). Allnut {Noll), landlord of the Swan, Lam by the Ferry (1625). Grace Allnut, his wife. Oliver Allnut, the landlord's son. — Sterling, John Felton (1862). All-worth {Lady), stepmother to Tom AUworth. Sir Giles Overreach thought she would marry his nephew Wellborn, but she married lord Lovel. Tom AUworth, stepson of lady All- worth, in love with Jiargaret Overreach, whom he marries. — Massinger, A New Way to pay Old Debts (1G25). The first appearance of Thomas King was " Allworth," on the 19th October, 1748. — Boaden. AU'worthy, in Fielding's Tom Jones, a man of sturdy rectitude, large charity, infinite modesty, independent spirit, and untiring philanthropy, with an utter disregard of money or fame. Fielding's friend, Ralph Allen, was the academy figure of this character. Alma {the human soul), queen of "Bodj' Castle," which for seven years was beset by a rabble rout. Spenser says, " The divine part of man is circular, and the mortal part triangular." Arthur and sir Guyon were conducted by Alma over " Body Castle." — Spenser, Faery Queen, ii. 9 (1590). Almain, Germany, in French Alle- magne. Almansor {^Hhe invincible"), a title assumed by several Mussulman princes, as by the second caliph of the Abbasside djTiasty, named Abou Giafar Abdallah {the invincible, or al mansor-). Also by the famous captain of the Moors in Spain, named IMohammed. In Africa, Yacoub- al-Modjahed was entitled " al mansor," a ro3'al name of dignity given to the kings of Fez, Morocco, and Algiers. The kingdoms of Almansor, Fez, and Siis, Marocco and Algiers. MQton, Paradise Lost, xL 403 (1665). Almanzor, the caliph, wishing to found a city in a certain spot, was told by a hermit named Bagdad that a man called Moclas was destined to be its founder. " I am that man," said the caliph, and he then told the hermit how in his boyhood he once stole a bracelet and pawned it, whereupon his nurse ever after called him "Moclas" {thief). Almanzor founded the city, and called it Bagdad, the name of the hermit. — Marigny. Alman'zor, in Dryden's tragedy of T^ie Conquest of Grana'da. Alman'zor, lackey of Madelon and her cousin Cathos, the affected f.ne ladies in Molibre's comedy of Les Pr^cieuses RidicxUes (1659). AlmaviVa {Count and countess). The count is a libertine ; the countess is his wife. — T. Holcroft, The Follies of a Day (1745-1809). Alme'ria, daughter of Manuel king of Grana'da. While captive of Valentia, prince Alphonso fell in love with her, and being compelled to flight, married her ; but on the very day of espousal the ship in which they were sailing was wrecked, and each thought the other had perished. Both, however, were saved, and met unexpectedly on the coast of Gra- nada, to which Alphonso was brought as a captive. Here Alphonso, under the assumed name of Osmyn, was imprisoned, but made his escape, and at the head of an army invaded Granada, found Manuel dead, and "the mournful bride" became converted into the joyful wife. — W. Congreve, TJie Mourning Bride (1697). Almes'bury (3 syl.). It was in a sanctuary of Almesbury that queen Guenever took refuge, after her adul- terous passion for sir Lancelot was made known to the king. Here she died, but her body was buried at Glastonbury. Almey'da, the Portuguese governor ALMIRODS. 25 ALP. of India. In his engagement with the united fleets of Cambaya and Egypt, he had his legs and thighs shattered by chain- shot, but instead of retreating to the back, he had himself bound to the ship- mast, where he "waved his sword to cheer on the combatants," till he died from loss of blood. Similar stories are told of admiral Benbow, Cynsegiros brother of the poet ^schylos, Jaafer who carried the sacred banner of "the prophet" in the battle of Muta, and of some others. Whirled by tlie cannons* rage, in shivers torn, His thigtis far scattered o'er the waves are borne ; Bound to the mast the godlike hero stands. Waves his proud sword and cheers his woeful bands : Tho' winds and seas their wonted t. I^onan's Well (time, George III.). Andre (2 s>jl.), Petit- Andre and Trois Echelles arc the executioners of Louis XI. of France. They are introduced b^' sir W. Scott, both in Quentin Dunrani and in Anne of Geicrstein, Atulrd', the hero and title of a novel by George Sand (Jlde. Dudevant). This novel and that called Consue/o (4 s>jl,) are considered her Lest (180-1-187G). An'drea Ferra'ra, a sword, so called from a famous Italian sword- maker of the name. Strictly speaking, only a broad-sword or claymore should be so called. Tliere's nae sio thing as standing a Highlander's Andrew Fcr.irn ; tliey will slaugliie aff a fallow's head at a d;w>li slap.— C. Macklin, Lovu d-ht-mode (1779). Andre'os, Fortitude personified in The Furple Island, by Phineas Fletcher (canto X.). " None fiercer to a stubborn enemy, but to the yielding none more sweetly kind." (Greek, andrla or andrcia, "manliness.") An'drew, gardener, at Ellangowan, to Godfrey Bertram the laird. — Sir "W. Scott, Uu'j Mannerbvj (time, George II.). Andrews, a private in the royal armj' of the duke of Monmouth. — SirW. Scott, Old Mortality (time, Charles II.). Andrews (Joseph), the hero and title of a novel by Fielding. He is a footman who marries a maid-servant. Joseph Andrews is a brother of [Richardson's] " Pamela," a handsome, model young man. The accounts of Josepli's bravery and good qualities, his voice too niu^icAl to halloa to tlie dojirs. his bravery in riding races for the gentlemen of the county, and ' his constancy in refusing bribes and temptation, have something refreshing in their naivetd and freshness, and prepossess one in favour of that liandsonie young hero. —Thackeray. Androclus and tlie Lion. An- droclus was a runaway Roman slave, who took refuge in a cavern. A lion entered, and instead of tearing him to pieces, lifted up its fore paw that Androclus might extract from it a thorn. The fugitive, being subsequcntl}- cajitiiroil, was doomed to fight with a lion in tlie Roman arena, and it so happened that the very same lion was let out against him ; it instantly recognized its benefactor, and began tc fawn upon liim with every token of gratitude and joy. The story being told of this strange behaviour, Androclus was forthwith set free. A somewhat similar anecdote is told of sir George Davis, English consul at Florence at the beginning of the present ccnturj-. One day he went to see the lions of the great duke of Tuscanj-, There was one which tlie keepers could not tame, but no sooner did sir George appear, than the beast manifested every symptom of J03-. Sir George entered the cage, when the creature leaped on his shoulder, licked his face, wagged its tail, and fawned like a dog. Sir George told the great duke that he had brought up this lion, but as it grew older it became dangerous, and he sold it to a Barbary captain. The duke said he bought it of the same man, and the mystery was cleared up. Andromache [An.d)-om'.a.hi/'\,\vidow of Hector. At the downfall of Truv both she and her son .tVi-ty'anax were allotted to Pyrrhus king of ICpIrus, and Pyrrhus fell in love with her, bat she repelled his advances. At length a Grecian embassy, led by Orestes son of Agamemnon, arrived, and demanded that Astyanax should be given up and put to death, lest in manhood he should attempt to avenge his father's death. Pyrrhus told Andro- mache that he wouid protect her son in defiance of all Greece if she would become his wife, and she reluctantly consented thereto. While the marriage ceremonies were going on the ambassadors rushed on Pyrrhus and slew him, but as he fell he placed the crown on the head of Andro- mache, who tlius became the queen of Epirus, and the ambassadors hastened to their ships in flight. — Ambrose Philips, 2'he iJistressed Mother (1712). *:^* Andromache was a favourite part with Charlotte Clarke, daughter of Collev Gibber (1710-17G0), and -with Mrs. Yates (1737-1787). Androni'ca, one of Logislilla's hand- maids, noted for her beauty. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (Iblij). Androni'cus ( Titus), a noble Roman general against the Goths, father of La- vin'ia. In the play so called, published amongst those of Shakespeare, the word all through is called Andron'icus (1593). Marcus Andronicus, brother of Titus, and tribune of the people. ANDROPIIILUS. ANGELIQUE. Androph'ilus, Philanthropy per- sonified in The Furplo Island, by Phiueas Fletcher (1633). Fully described in canto X. (Greek, Andro-philos, " a lover of mankind.") An'eal (2 syl.), daughter of Maii'ni, who loves Djabal, and believes him to be "hakeem'" (the incarnate god and founder of the Druses) returned to life for the restoration of the people and their return to Syria from exile in the Spo'rades. "SMien, however, she discovers his imposture, she dies in the bitterness of her disappointment. — Eobert Browning, The Eeturn of the Druses. Angel. WTien the Eev. Mr. Patten, vicar of Whitstable, was dying, the arch- bishop of Canterbury sent him £10 ; and the wit said, "Tell his grace that now I own him to be a man of God, for I have seen his angels." To write like an Angel, that is like Angel [Vergecios] , a Greek of the fifteenth century, noted for his caligraphj'. L'ange de Dieu, Isabeau la belle, the "inspired prophet-child" of the Cami- sards. Angels {Orders of). According to Dionj'sius the Areop'agite, the angels are divided into nine orders : Seraphim and Cherubim, in the frst circle ; Thrones and Dominions, in the second circle ; Virtues, Powers, Principalities, Arch- angels, and Angels, in the third circle. Novem angelorum ordines dicimus, quia videlicet esse, testante sjvcro eloquio, scimus Angelos, Archangelos, Vir- tiites, Potestates, Piincipatiis. Domiiiationes, Throiios, Clierubiin, atque Seraphiiii.— St. Gregory the Great, Jlomily 34. (See Hymns Ancient and Modern, No. 253, ver. 2, 3.) Angels' Visits. Norris of Bemerton (1G57-1711) wrote — those joys which Soonest take their flight Are tlie most exquisite and strong, Liite angels' visits, short and bright. Robert Blair, in 1743, wrote in his poem failed TliC Grate, "in visits" Like those of angels, short and far between. Campbell, in 1799, appropriated the Kimile, but without improving it, wrote — Like angels' visits, few and far between. Angel'ica, in Bojardo's Orlando In- namorato (1495), is daughter of Gal'aphron king of Cathay. She goes to Paris, and Orlando falls in love with her, forgetful of wife, sovereign, country, and glory. Angelica, on the other hand, disregards Orlando, but passionately loves JRinaldo, who positively dislikes her. Angelica and Rinaldo drink of certain fountains, when the opposite effects are produced in their hearts, for then Rinaldo loves Ange- lica, while Angelica loses all love for Rinaldo. Angelica, in Ariosto's Orlando Furioso, (1516) is the same lady, who marries Medoro, a young Moore, and returns to Cathay, where Medoro succeeds to the crown. As for Orlando, he is driven mad by jealousy and pride. The fairest of her sex, Angelica, . . . Souglit by many prowest knights, Both painini and the peers of Charlemagne. Milton, Paradise Regained, iii. (1071). Angelica {The princess), called "Th« Lady of the Golden Tower." The loves of Parisme'nos and Angelica form an important feature of the second part of Parismus Prince of Bohemia, by Emanue^ Foord (1598), Angel'ica, an heiress with whom Va- lentine Legend is in love. For a time he is unwilling to declare himself becaaise of his debts ; but Angelica gets possession of a bond for £4000, and tears it. The money difitcuHy being adjusted, the marriage is ai ranged amicabl3\ — W. Con- greve. Love for Love (1G95). [Mrs. Anue Bracegirdle] equally delighted in ineltine tenderness and playful coquetry, in "Statira" or " Milla- mant ;" and even at an advanced age] when she played " Angelica."— C. Dibden. Angelica, the troth-plight wife of Valcre, " the gamester." She gives him a pic- ture, and enjoins him not to part with it on pain of forfeiting her hand. How- ever, he loses it in play, and Angelica in disguise is the winner of it. After much tribulation, Valere is cured of his vice, and the two are happily united by marriage, — Mrs. Centlivre, The Gamester (1705). Angeli'na, daughter of lord Lewis, in the comedy called The Elder Brother, by Beaumont'and Fletcher (1637). Angelina, daughter of don Charmo. Her father wanted her to marrj- Clodio, a coxcomb, but she preferred his elder brother Carlos, a bookworm, with whom she eloped. They were taken captives and carried to Lisbon. Here in due time they met, the fathers who went in search of them came to the same spot, and as Clodio had engaged himself to Elvira of Lisbon, the testy old gentlemen agreed to the marriage of Angelina with Carlos. — C. Cibber, Love Makes a Man, Angelique'(3 syl.), daughter of Argan ihemaladcimaginairc. Her lover is Cle'ante AXGELIQUE. 39 ANGUISANT. (2 syL). In order to prove whether his wife or daughter loved him the better, Argan pretended to be dead, whereupon the wife rejoiced greatly that she was relieved of a "disgusting creature," hated by every one ; but the daughter grieved as if her heart would break, rebuked herself for her shortcomings, and vowed to devote the rest of her life in prayer for the repose of his soul. Argan, being assured of his daughter's love, gave his free consent to her marriage with Clc'ante. — Moliere, Malade Lnaginaire (1673). AngeUquc, the aristocratic wife of George Dandin, a French commoner. She has a liaison with a M. Clitandre, but always contrives to turn the tables on her hus- band. George Dandin first hears of a rendezvous from one Lubin, a foolish servant of Clitandre, and lays the affair before M. and Mde. Sotenville, his wife's parents. The baron with George Dandin call on the lover, who denies the accu- sation, and George Dandin has to beg pardon. Subsequently, he catches his wife and Clitandre together, and sends at once for M. and Mde. Sotenville ; but Angelique, aware of their presence, pre- tends to denounce her lover, and even takes up a stick to beat him for the " in- sult offered to a virtuous wife ; " so again the parents declare their daughter to be the very paragon of women. Lastly, George Dandin detects his wife and Cli- tandre together at night-time, and succeeds in shutting his wife out of her room ; but Angelique no-\v pretends to kill herself, and when George goes for a light to look for the body, she rushes into her room and shuts him out. At this crisis the parents arrive, when Angelique accuses lier husband of being out all night in a debauch ; and he is made to beg her pardon on liis knees. — Moliere, George Dandin (1668). An'gelo, in Measure for Measure, lord deputy of Vienna in the absence of Vin- ccntio the duke. His betrothed lady is Maria'na. Lord Angelo conceived a base passion for Isabella, sister of Claudio, but his designs were foiled by the duke, who compelled him to marry Mariana. — Shakespeare (1603). An'gelo, a gentleman, friend to Julio in The Captain, a drama by Beaumont and Fletcher (1613). Anger . . . the Alphabet. It was Athenodo'nis the Stoic who advised Augustus to repeat the alphabet when he felt inclined to give way to anger. Un certain Grec disait i I'empereur Augiiste, Comme une instruction utile autant que juste, Que, lorsqu' une aventure en coidre nous met, Nous devons, avant tout, dire notre .ilpiiabet, Afin que dans ce temps la bile se tempere, Et qu"on ne fasse rien que Ton ne doive faire. Jlolioie, L £cole des Femmes, ii. 4 (1662). Angioli'na (4 syl.), daughter of Loredivno, and the young wife of Mari'no Faliero, the doge of Venice. A patrician named Michel Steno, having behaved in- decently to some of the women assembled at the great civic banquet given by the doge, was kicked out of the house by order of the doge, and in revenge wrota some scurrilous lines against the doga- ressa. This insult was referred to " The Forty," and Steno was sentenced to two months' imprisonment, which the doge considered a very inadequate punishment for the offence. — Byron, Marino Faliero. The cliaracter of the calm, pure-spirited Angiolina Is developed most adniircably. The great difference between lier temper and tliat of her- fiery husband i3 viridly por- trayed , but not less vividly touched is that strong bond o! union which exists in tlie conmion nobleness of tlieir deep natures. There is no sparii of jealousy in the old man's thoughts. He does not expect the fervour of youtliful passion in his young wife ; but he finds what is far better — tlie fearless confidence of one so innocent that she can scarcely believe in the existence of guilt. . . . She thinks Steno's greatest punisliraent wiU be "tlie blushes of hii privacy." — Lockhart. Anglan'te's Lord, Orlando, who was lord of Anglante and knight of Brava. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). An'glesey, i.e. Angles cJi-land (the island of the English). Edwin king of Nortliumberland "warred with them that dwelt in the Isle of Jlona, and they became his servants, and the island was no longer called Mona, but Anglesey, the isle of tlic English." An 'glides (3 sgl.), wife of good prince Boud'winc (2 syl.), brother to sir Mark king of Cornwall ("the falsest traitor that ever was born"). AMien king Mark slew her husband, Anglides and her son Alisaundcr made their escape to Magounce (i.e. Arundel), where she lived in peace, and brouglit up her son till he received the honour of knighthood. — SirT. Malorv, Hist, of J'r. Arthur, ii. 117, 118 (1170)." An'glo-ma'nia, generally applied to a Frencli or German imitation of the manners, customs, etc., of the F'nglish. It prevailed in France some time before the first Revolution, and was often ex- tremely ridiculous. An'guisant, king of Erin (Ireland), subdued bj' king Arthur, fighting in behalf ANGULE. 40 ANNIE WINNIE. of Leod'ogran king of Cam'eliard (3 s>/i.). — Tennyson, Coining of King Arilair. Angule {St.), bishop of London, put to death by Maximia'nus Hercu'liiis, IJoman general in Britain in the reign of Diocletian. St. Angule put to death, one of our holiest men. At London, of that see the godly bishop then. Drayton, Pvfyoibioti, xxiv. (1G22). Angurva'del, Frithiofs sword, in- scribed with Eunic characters, which blazed in time of war, but gleamed dimly in time of peace. Animals admitted to Heaven. According to the ISIoslem's creed, ten animals are admitted into paradise besides man. 1. The dog Kratim, of the seven sleepers of Ephesus. 2. Balaam's ass, which reproved the disobedient prophet. 3. Solomon's ant, M'hich reproves the sluggard. 4. Jonah's whale. 5. The ram of Ismael, caught by the horns, and offered in sacrifice instead of Isaac. 7. The camel of Saleb. 8. The cuckoo ofBelkis. 9. The ox of Moses. 10. The animal called Al Borak, which convej-ed Mahomet to heaven. The following are sometimes added or substituted : — The ass on which our Saviour rode into Jerusalem ; the ass on which the queen of Sheba rode when she visited Solomon. Anjou (The Fair Maid of), lady Edith Plantagenot, who married David earl of Huntingdon (a roj'al prince of Scotland). Edith was a kinswoman of Richard Coeur de Lion, and an attendant on queen Berengaria. *** Sir AValter Scott has introduced her in The Talisman (1825). Ann {The princess), lady of Beaujeu. — Sir W. Scott, Quentin Lhirimrd (time, Edward IV.). Anna {Donna), the lady beloved by don Otca'vio, but seduced by don Gio- vanni. — Mozart's opera, Don Giovanni (1787). An'nabel, in Absalom and Achi- iophcl, by Dryden, is the duchess of Monmouth, whose maiden name was Anne Scott (countess of Buccleuch). She married again after the execution of her faithless husband. With secret joy indulgent David [Charles II.] viewed His youthful image in his son renewed ; , To all his wishes nothing he denied, And made the charming Annabel his bride. Part I. An'naple [Bailzou], Etlie Dean's "monthly" nurse. — Sir W. Scott, Henri of Midlothian (time, George II.). An'naple, nurse of Hobbie Elliot of the Heugh-foot, a young farmer. — Sir W. Scott, The Black Dixarf (time, Anne). Anne (Sister), the sister of Fat'ima the seventh and last wife of Blue Beard. Fatima, having disobeyed her lord by looking into the locked chamber, is- allowed a short respite before execution. Sister Anne ascends the high tower of tho castle, with the hope of seeing her brothers, who were expected to arrive every mo- ment. Fatima, in her agony, keeps ask- ing "sister Anne" if she can see them, and Blue Beard keeps crj'ing out for Fa- tima to use greater despatch. As the patience of both is exhausted, the brothers arrive, and Fatima is rescued from death. — Charles Perrault, La Barhe Bleiie. Anne, own sister of king Arthur. Her father was Uther the pendragon, and her mother Ygerna, widow of Gorloi's. She was given by her brother in marriage to Lot, consul of Londonesia, and after- wards king of Norway. — Geoft'rev, British History, viii. 20, 21. *«* In Arthurian I'omance this Anne, is called Margawse (History of Prince Arthur, i. 2) ; Tennyson calls her Belli- cent (Gareth and Lynette). In Arthurian, romance Lot is alwaj's called king oli Orknej'. Anne. Queen Anne's Fan. Your thumb to your nose and fingers spread. Annette, daughter of Mathis and Catherine, the bride of Christian, captain of the patrol. — J. E. Ware, The Bolish Jew. Annette and Lubin, by Marmon- tel, imitated from the Dajohnis and Chloe of Longos (q.v.). An'nic Lau'rie, eldest of the three daughters of sir Robert Laurie, of Max- welton. In 1709 she married James Fer- gusson, of Craigdarroch, and was the mother of Alexander Fergusson, the hero of Burns's song The Whistle. The song of Annie Laurie was written by William Douglas, of Fingland, in the stewardry of Kirkcud'bright, hero of the song Willie was a Wanton Wag. (See Whistle.) An'nie Win'nie, one of the old sibyls at Alice Gray's death ; tlie other was Ailsie Gourlay. — Sir W. Scott, Tht Bride vf Lammcnnoor (time, William III.). AX^'IK. 41 ^VNTHONIO. Annir, king of Inis-thona (an island of ScandinavLa), He had two sons (Argon and Kuro) and one daughter. One day Cor'malo, a neighbouring chief, came and begged the honour of a tournament. Argon granted the request, and overthrew him, which so vexed Cormalo that during a hunt he shot both the brothers secretly with his bow. Their dog Runa ran to the palace, and howled so as to attract attention ; whereupon Annir followed the hound, and found both his sons dead, and on his return he further found that Cormalo had carried off his daughter. Oscar, son of Ossian, led an army against the villain, and slew him ; then liberating the young lady, he took her back to Inis- thona, and delivered her to her father. — Ossian (" The V»'ar of Inis-thona "). An'nopliel, daughter of Cas'silanc (3 S'jl.) general of Candj'. — Beaumont and Fletcher, The Laws of Candy (1G17). Anselm, prior of St. Dominic, the confessor of king Henry IV. — Sir W. Scott, llic Fair Jlaid of Ferth (time, Henry IV.). Anselme (2 syl.), father of Valore (2 syl.) and Mariane (3 sy/.). In reality lie is don Thomas d'Alburci, of Naples. The family were exiled from Naples for political reasons, and being shipwrecked were all parted. Valere was picked up by a Spanish captain, who adopted him; Mariane fell into the hands of a corsair, who kept her a captive for ten years, when she eilcctod her escape ; and Anselme wandered from place to place for ten years, when he settled in I'aris, and intended to marry. At the expiration of sixteen years they all met in Paris at the house of Ilar'pagon, the miser. Valere was in love with Elise (2 sijl.), the miser's daughter, promised by Ilarpngon in marriage to Anselme ; and IMariauc, affianced to the miser's sonClcantc (2s///.), was sought in marriage by Harpagon, the old father. As soon as Anselme discovered that Valere and Mariane were his own children, matters were soon amic- ably arranged, the young peojilc married, and the old ones retired from tlie unequal contest. — Molifcre, L'Aiare (16G7). Anselmo, a noble cavalier of Florence, the friend of Lothario. An- selmo married Camilla, and induced his friend to trj- to corrupt her, that he might rejoice in her incorruptible fidelity. Lothario unwillingly undertook the task, and succeeded but too well. For a time Anselmo was deceived, but at length. Camilla eloped, and the end of the silly affair was that Anselmo died of grief, Lothario was slain in battle, and Camilla died in a convent. — Cervantes, Doit Quixote, I. iv. 5, 6 ; Fatal Curiosity (1G05). An'ster {Iloh), a constable at Kinross village. — Sir W. Scott, Th& Abbot (time, Elizabeth). Ant. Ants' eggs are an antidote to love. Ants never sleep. Emerson says this is a "recently ob3er\-ed fact." — Nature, iv. Ants have mind, etc. "In formica non modo sensus, sed etiam mens, ratio, memoria." — Pliny. Ant (Solomoii's), one of the ten ani- mals admitted into paradise, according to the Koran, ch. xxvii. (See Axijials.) Ants lay itp a store for the icinter. This is an error in natural history, as ants are torpid during the winter. Antse'os, a gigantic wrestler of Libya (or Irassa). His strength wag inexhaustible so long as he touched the earth, and was renewed even.- time he did touch it. Her'cules killed him by lifting him up from the earth and squeezing him to death. (See Malegek.) As wlien earth's son Anteus . . iu Inissa strove With Jove's AlcicWs, and oft foiled, still ro.-c, RecciviiiK from his mother eartli new strenjxth, Fresli from his fall, and fiercer grapple joined. Throttled at length i' the air, expired and fell. Milton, Paradise lieijained, iv. (1C71). *♦* Similarly, when Bernardo del Carpio assailed Orlando or Powland at Konccsvalles, as he found his body was not to be jnerced hy any instrument of war, he took him up in his arms and squeezed him to death. N.B. — The only vulnerable part of Or- lando was the sole of his foot. Ante'nor, a traitorous Trojan prince, related to Priam. He advised Uh'sscs to carry away the palladium from Troy, and when the ■\\ ooden horse was built it was- Antenorwho urged the Trojans to make ft breach in the wall and drag the horso into the city. — Shakespeare has intro- duced him in Troilus and Cressida (1G02). Anthi'a, the lady beloved by Abroc'- ' omas in the Greek romance called /^' Amoribus Anthicc et Abrocomce, by Xcnophon of Ephesus, who lived in the fourth Christian century. (This is not Xcnophon the historian, who lived i$.c. 4-1-1-359.) Anthonio, " the merchant of Ve- ANTHONIO. 42 ANTIOPE. nice," in Shakespeare's drama so called (1598), Anthonio borrows of Shylock, a Jew, 3000 ducats for three months, to lend to his friend Bassanio. The con- ditions of the loan were these : if the money was paid within the time, only the principal should be returned ; but if not, the Jew shoald be allowed to cut from Anthonio's body " a pound of flesh." As the ships of Anthonio were delayed by contrary winds, he was unable to pay within the three months, and Shylock demanded the forfeiture according to the bond. Portia, in the dress of a law- doctor, conducted the case, and when the Jew was about to cut the flesh, stopped him, saying — (1) the bond gave him no drop of blood ; and (2) he must take neither more nor less than an exact pound. If he shed one drop of blood or if he cut more or less than an exact pound, his life would be forfeit. As it Avas quite impossible to comply with these restrictions, the Jew was nonsuited, and had to pay a heavy fine for seeking the life of a citizen. Antho'nio, the usurping duke of Milan, and brother of Pros'pero (the rightful duke, and father of Miranda). — Shake- speare, The Tempest (1G09). Antho'iilo, father of Protheus, and suitor of Julia. — Shakespeare, The Tvco Gentlemen of Verona (1594). An'tliony, an English archer in the cottage of farmer Dickson, of Douglas- dale. — Sir W. Scott, Castle Dangerous (time, Henry I.). An'thony, the old postillion at Meg Dods's, the landlady of the inn at St. Ronan's Well. — Sir W. Scott, St. lionan's Well (time, George III.). Antid'ius, bishop of Jaen, martj'red by the Vandals in 411. One day, seeing the devil writing in his pocket-book some sincommittedby the pope, he jumped upon his back and commanded his Satanic ma- jesty to carry him to Rome. The devil tried to make the bishop pronounce the name of Jesus, which would break the spell, and then the devil would have tossed his unwelcome burden into the sea, but the bishop only cried, " Gee up, devil ! " and when he reached Rome he was covered with Alpine snow. The chroniclw naively adds, "the hat is still shown at Rome in confirmation of this miracle." — General Chronicle of King Alphonso the Wise. Antig'one (4 syl.), daughter of OE'dipos and Jocas'te, a noble maiden, Avith a truly heroic attachment to her father and brothers. When CEdipos had blinded himself, and was obliged to quit Thebes, Antigone accompanied him, and remained with him till his death, when she returned to Thebes. Creon, the king, had forbidden any one to burs* Polyni'ces, her brother, who had been slain by his elder brother in battle ; but Antigone, in defiance of this prohibition, buried the dead body, and Creon shut her up in a vault under ground, where she killed herself. Hajman, her lover, killed him- self also by her side. Sophocles has a Greek tragedy on the subject, and it has been dramatized for the English stage. Then suddenly — oh 1 . . . what a revelation. of beauty I forth stepped, walking in brightness, the most faultless of Grecian marbles, Miss Helen Faucet as "AutigonS." What perfection of Athenian sculpture ! the noble figure, the lovely arms, the fluent drapery I What an unveiling of the statuesque ! . . . Perfect in form ; perfec; in attitude. — De Quincey (1845). The Modern Antigone, Marie The'rese Charlotte duchesse d'Angouleme, daugh- ter of Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette (1778-1851). Antig'onus, a Sicilian lord, com- manded by king Leontes to take his infant daughter to a desert shore and leave her to perish. Antigonus Avas driven by a storm to the coast of Bohemia, Avhere he left the babe ; but on his Avay back to the ship, he Avas torn to pieces by a bear. — Shakespeare, The Winter's Tale (1604). Antig'onus {King), an old man with a young man's amorous passions. He is one of the four kings Avho succeeded to the divided empire of Alexander the Great. — Beaumont and Fletcher, Tlie Humorous Lieutenant (1647). Antin'ous (4 sgl.), a page of Had- rian the Roman emperor, noted for his beauty. Antin'ous (4 syl.), son of Cas'silane (3 sgl.) general of Candy, and brother of An'nophel, in The Laws of Candy, a drama by Beaumont and Fletcher (1647). Anti'oehus, emperor of Greece, who sought the life of Per'iclcs prince of Tyre, but died Avithout efEecting his desire. — Shakespeare, Pericles Prince of Tyn (1608). Anti'ope (4 syh), daughter of Idom'eneus (4 s?/^), for whom Telem'achus had a tendrc. Mentor approA'ed his choice, and assured Telemachus that the ladA' Avas designed for him bv the gods. ANTIPUOLUS. 43 ANTOXY. Her charms were " the glowing modesty of her countenance, her silent diffidence, and her sweet reserve ; her constant at- tention to tapestry or to some other useful and elegant empio}'ment ; her diligence in household affairs, her contempt of (inery in dress, and her ignorance of her o%vn beauty." Telemachus says, " She encourages to industry by her example, sweetens labour by the melody of her voice, and excels the best of painters in the elegance of her embroidery." — Tcnelon, Te'le'inaquc, xxii. (1700). He [Pa'at\ fancied he had found in Vu-ginia the wisdom of Antiope witli the misfortunes and the tenderness of Eucharls. — Beniardin de St. Pierre, Paul and Virginia (1788). Antiph'olus, the name of two brothers, twins, the sons of iEge'on a merchant of Syracuse. The two brothers were shipv.-recked in infancy, and, being picked up by different cruisers, one was carried to Syracuse, and the other to Ephesus. The Ephesian entered the service of the duke, and, being fortunate enough to save the duke's life, became a great man and married well. The Syra- cusian Antipliolus, going in search of his brother, came to Ephesus, where a scries of blunders occurs from the won- derful likeness of the two brothers and their two ser\-ants called Dromio. The confusion becomes so great that the Ephesian is taken up as a mad man. It so happened that both brothers appeared before the duke at the same time ; and the extraordinary likeness being seen by all, the cause of the blunders was evident, and everj'thing was satisfactorily ex- plained. — Shakespeare, Comedy of Errors (1593). Antipli'ony, alternate singing of opposite choirs, as when psalms are intoned in cathedrals. Oh ! never more for me shall wields intone With all your tops a vast antiphony. Robert Browning, A. Blot on the 'scutdieon. Anton {Sir). Tennyson says that Merlin gave Arthur, when an infant, to sir Anton and his lady to bring up, and they brought him up as their own son. This does not correspond with the History of Prince Arthur, which states that he was committed to the care of sir Ector and his ladj', whose son, sir Key, is over and over again called the prince's foster- brother. The Iliitory furthermore slates that Arthur made sir Key his seneschal because he was his foster-brother. So the child was delivered unto Merlin, and he bare tim forth unto sii- Ector, and made a holy man christen him, and named liim " Arthur." And so sir Ector's wift nourished him with her own breast. — Part L 3. So sir Ector rode to the justs, and with h!ra rode sir Key, his son, and young Arthur that was his nourished brother.— Ditto. " Su-," said sir Ector, " I will ask no more of you but that you will make my son, sir Key, your foster- brother, seneschal of all your lands." " Iliat shall be done," said Arthur (ch. 4).— Sir T. Malory, History o/ Prince Arthur (1470). Anton, one of Henry Smith's men in The Fair Jfaid of Perth, by sir W. Scott (time, Henry IV.). Anto'niad, the name of Cleopatra's ship at the battle of Actium, so named in compliment to Mark Antony. — Plu- tarch. Anto'nio, a sea captain who saved Sebastian, the brother of Vi'ola, when wrecked off the coast of Illvria. — Shakespeare, Twelfth Xiyht (1G14)". A}ito'7iio, the SAviss lad who acts as the guide from Lucem, in sir W, Scotfs Anne of Geierstein (time, EdAvard IV.). Anto'nio, a stout old gentleman, kins- man of Pctruccio, governor of Bologna. — Beaumont and Fletcher, The Chances (a comedy, before 1621). Antonio (Don), father of Carlos a bookworm, and Clodio a coxcomb ; a teiity, lieadstrong old man. He wants Carlos to sign aw.ay liis birthright in favour of his younger brother, to whom he intends Angelina to be married ; but Carlos declines to give his signature, and elopes with Angelina, whom he marries, wliile Clodio engages his troth to Elvira of Lisbon. — C. Cibber, Love 3Iahcs a Man. Antonio (Don), in love with Louisa, the daughter of don Jerome of Seville. A poor nobleman of ancient family. — Sheridan, The Duenna (1778). Antonomas'ia (The pi-incess), daughter of ArchipiVla, king of CandaA'a, and his wife Maguncia. She married don Clavijo, but the giant Malambru'no, by enchantment, changed the bride into a brass monkey, and her spouse into a crocodile of some unknown metal. Don . Quixote mounted the wooden horse Clavileno the "Winged, to disenchant the lady and her husband, and this he effected " simply by making the attempt." — CerA-antes, Don Quixote, II, iii. I, o (1G15). Antony (Saint) lived in a cavern on ANTONY AND CESAR. 44 APOLLO. the summit of Cavadonga, in Spain, and was perpetually annoyed by devils. Old St. Antoiiius from Uie hell Of his bewildered phant^usy saw fiends In actual vision, a foul throng grotesque Of all horrific shapes and forms obscene, Crowd in broad day before his open eyes. Southey, Jioda-ick, etc., xvi. (1814). An'tony and Caesar. Macbeth says that "under Bauquo his own genius was rebuked [or snubbed], as it is said Mark Antony's was by Ctesar " (act iii. sc. 1), and in Antony and Cleo- patra this passage is elucidated thus — Tliy dtemou, that's lliy spii-it which keeps thee, b Noble, courageous, high, unmatchable. Where Ca;sar's is not ; but near him thy angel Becomes a fear, as being o'erpowered. Act ii. sc. 3. An'vil ( TJie Literary) . Dr. Mayo was so called, because he bore the hardest blows of Dr. Johnson without ilinching. Aodh, last of the Culdees, or primitive clergy of lo'na, an island south of Staffa. His wife was EeuUu'ra. Ulv- fa'gre the Dane, having landed on the island and put many to the sw'ord, bound Aodh in chains of iron, then dragging him to the church, demanded where the "treasures were concealed." A mys- terious figure now appeared, which not only released the priest, but took the Dane by the arm to the statue of St. Oolumb, which fell on him and crushed him to death. After this the "saint" .gathered the remnant of the islanders together, and went to Ireland. — Campbell, Beullnra. Aon'ian Mount (27ic), in Bceo'tia, the haunt of the Muses. Milton says his Muse is to soar above "the Aonian mount," i.e. above the flight of fable and classic themes, because his subject was "Jehovah, lord of all." — Paradise Lost, i. 15 (16G5). Ape (1 syl.), the pseudonym of !M. Pellegrini, the caricaturist of Vanity Fair. Dr. Johnson sa3's " to ape is to imitate ludicrously ; " whence the adoption of the name. Apes. To lead Apes in Hell, to die an old maid. Thus Fadladin'ida says to Tatlanthe (3 syl.)— Pity that you who've served so long and well Sliould die a virgin, and lead apes in hell ; Choose for yourself, dear girl, our empire round. Your portion u twelve hundred thousand pound. II. Carey, Chrononhotonthologos. Women, dying maids, lead apes in hell. The London i'roUigal, i. '2. Apel'les and the Cobbler. A cobbler found fault with the shoe-latchet of one of Apellcs' paintings, and the artist rectified the fault. The cobbler, thinking himself very wise, next ventured ta criticize the legs ; but Apelles said, Ne sutor supra crepidum (" Let not the cobbler go beyond his last "). Within tliat range of criticism where all are equ.allr judges, and where Crispin is entitled to dictate tL> ApelJes. — Encijc. Brit. Art. " Uomauce." Apelles. "\^Taen his famous painting of Venus rising out of the sea (hung by Augustus in the temple of Julius Caesar) was greatly injured by time, Nero re- placed it by a copy done by Dorotheus. This Venus by Apelles is called " Venus Anadyom'cne," his model (according to tradition) being Campaspe (afterwards his wife). Aperaan'tus, a churlish Athenian philosopher, who snarled at meu systematically, but showed his cynicism to be mere affectation, when Timon attacked him with his own weapons, — Shakespeare, Timon of Athens (1600). Their affected melancholy showed like the cynicism of Apemantus, contrasted with tlie xta\ misaiitliropy of Timon.— Sir W. Scott. Apic'ius, an epicure in the time of Tiberius. He wrote a book on the ways of provoking an appetite. Having spent £800,000 in supplying the delicacies of the table, and having only £80,000 left, he hanged himself, not thinking it possible to exist on such a wretched pittance. Apicia, however, became a stock name for certain cakes and sauces, •and his name is still proverbial in all matters of gastronomy. There was another of the name in the reign of Trajan, who wrote a cooking book and manual of sauces. No Brahmin could abominate yourmeal more than I do. Hirtius and Apicius would have blushed for it. Mark Antony, wiio roasted eight whole boars for supper, nerer massacred more at a meal than }'ou have done. — Cumber* land, I'/tc Fashionable Lover, i. 1 (1780). Apollo, the sun, in Homeric mytho- logy is the embodiment of practical wisdom and foresight, of swift and far- reaching intelligence, and hence of poetry, music, etc. The Apollo Beltiderc, that is, the Apollo preserved in the Bclvidere gallery of the , Vatican, discovered in 1503 amidst the ruins of An'tium, and purchased by pope Julius II. It is supposed to be the work of Cal'amis, a Greek sculptor of the lifth century e.g. The Apollo of Actiuni was a gigantic statue, which ser\'ed for a beacon. The Apollo of lihodes, usually called the colossus, was a gig.antic bronze statue, 150 ArOLLYOX. 45 AQUILINE. feet high, made bj' Chares, a pupil of Lysippus, and set up n.c. 300. Animals consecrated to Apollo, the cock, (he crow, the grasshopper, the hawk, the raven, the swan, and the wolf. Apoll'yon, king of the bottomless pit ; introduced by Bnnyan in his Pihjrim's Frogrcss. Apollyon encounters (Christian, by whom, after a severe contest, he is foiled (1C78). Apostle or Patron Saint of — Abtssinians, St. Fruinentius (died 3G0). His di\y, October 27. Alps, Felix Neff (17PS-1829). Antioch, St. MnrRaret (died t7'>). Her day, July 20. Arden.nES, St. Hubert (656-730). Armenians, Gregory of Armenia (256-3.31). C'AGLIARI {Sardinia), St. Efisio. Corfu, St. Spiiidion (fourth centui-j). His day, Decem- ber 14. English, St. .\ugustin (died 607; ; St. GeorRe (died 290). Ethiopia, St. Fnuueiitius (died 360). His day, Octo- ber 27. Franconia, St. Kili.nii (died 689). His dny, July S. Free Trade, Ricliard Cobdeu (lS04-18«.i). French, St. Denis (died 272). His day, October 9. Frisians, St. Wilbrod (657-738). Gaui.S, St. Irena;'us (130-200) ; St. Martin (316-397). GENTHUS, St. Paul (died 06). His d.iys, June 29, January 25. riEORGlA, St. Nino. ( iKRMANV, St. Boniface (680-755). His day, June 5. li IKHLANDERS, St. Coloinb (521-597). His day, June 9. Hungarians, St. Anastaslus (iw 1-1044). His day, January 22. INDIANS, Eartolomi de Las Casas (1474-1566); Rev. Jolm Eliot (1603-1690). I.NDIES, St. Francis Xavier (1506-1532). His d.iy, Decem- bers. INFIPELITT, Voltaire (1694-1778). Irish, St. I'atrick (372-493). His day, ^^arch 17. Liuertt, Thomas Jefferson, third president of the U.S. (1743-1826). London, St. Paid ; St. Michael. Days, January £a ; September 29. Netherlands, St. Armand (.589-679). North, St. Ansg.ar (801-864) ; BernardGilpin (1517-15S3). Padua, St. Anthony (1195-1231). His d.iy, June 13. Paris, St. Genevieve (419-512). Her day, January 3. Peak, W. B,ig.sh.iw, so called from his missionary labours in Derbysliire (1628-1702). PiCTS, St. Ninian. TlsA. .St. Genevieve. Scottish Reformers, John Knox (1505-1572). SlCHV (the tutelary deity is) CerCs. Slates, St. Cyril (died 868). His dav, February 14. Spain, St. J,-unes t!ie Greater (died 44). His day, July 24. Temperance, Father Kathew (1790-18.56). Venice, St. Marlj; St. Pantaleon ; St. Andrew Jiistiniani. St. Mark's day, April 25 ; St. Panfaleon's. July 27. VoRKSHIKE, St. Pauli'nus. bishop of York (597-644). Wales, St David (480-544). His day, March 1. Apostle of Free Trade, Richard Cobdcn (1804-180,5). John Bright is also so called (1811- ). Apostolic Fathers (Tlie Five): Clement of Rome, Rarnabas, Hernias, Igna'tiiis, and Polycarp. All contem- porary with the apostles. Ap'petiser. A Scotchman being told that the birds called kittiewiaks were ad- mirable appetisers, ate six of them, and then complained "he was no hungrier than he was before." Apple (Prince Ahmed's), a cure for every disorder. — Arabian J^ii/hts' Enter- tainments ("Ahmed .and Pari-banou"), The Sinrjing Apple, the perfect em- bellisher of wit. It would persuade by its smell alone, and would enable the possessor to write poetrj- or prose, to make people laugh or cry, and discoursed such excellent music as to ravisli every one. — Countess D'Aunov, Fairy Tales (" Chery and Fairstar," 1082). Apples of Sodom (called by Wit- man, oranges) are the yellow fruit of the osher or ashey tree. Tacitus {His- tory, V. 7) and Josephus both refer to these apples. Thevcnot says, " Tlie fruit is lovely [externally], but within is full of ashes." The fruit of the osher or asliey tree, cilled "Apples or Oranges of Sodom," resembles a smooth apple or orange, hangs in clusters oi three or four on a branch, and is of a yellow colour when ripe. Upon being struck or pre.^ed, it explodes witli a pnfT, and i^ reduced to tho rind and a few fibres, bring chiefly filled with air. — CaHery of Geography, 811. T.ike to the apples on the Dead Sea shore, AU ashes to the la-stc. r.jron, Chihie Harold, ili. 34. Appul'durcombe (4 syJ.), the Isle of Wight. The word is a com- pound oi apiildre-comhe (" valley of apple trees"), and not y pul dur y cum ("the lake in tlie valley "). April Fool. One of the most favourite London jokes was to send green-horns to the Tower, " to see the lions washed." — See Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, April Showers. Ajml sJmixrs bring 3Iay flowers. Sweet April showers do spring May flowers. T. Tusser, 500 Poinfs of Good Jlusba)idr!/, \xiix. {\557). Aquarius, Sagittarius. Mr.«. Browning says that "Aquarius" is a symbol of man bearing, and " Sagit- tarius " of man combatting. The passive and active forms of human labour. Eve. Two phant.nsms of two men. Ad), "a proud Caledonian knight, whose tongue, like the dart of dcatli, spares neither sex nor age . . , His insolence of family and licentious- ness of wit gained him the contempt of every one" (i. 1). Sir Archy tells Char- lotte, "In the house of IM'Sarcasm are twa barons, three viscounts, six earls, ane marquisate, and twa dukes, besides baro- nets and lairds oot o' a' reckoning " (i. 1). He makes love to Charlotte Goodchild, but supposing it to be true that she lias lost her fortune, declares to her that he has just received letters " f rae the dukes, the marquis, and a' the dignitaries of the family . . . expressly prohibiting his contaminating the blood of M 'Sarcasm ARCllYTAS. 48 AEETIIUSA. wi' onytliing spnmg from a hogsbeacl or n coonting-housc " (ii. 1). The man has something droll, something ridiculous in him. His abominable Scotch acoent. his grotesque vis.ige almost buried in siuifT. tlie roll of his e.ves and twist of his mouth, his strange inliuman lau^h, his tremendous peri- wig, and his manners altosether— why, one migiit tike liim for a mountebank doctor at a Dutch f:ur.— C. Mackliu, Love d-Ia-mode, i. 1 (1779). Sir Archy's Great-grandmother. Sir Archy M'Sarcasm insisted on fighting sir Callaghaii O'Brallaghan on a point of ancestry. The Scotchman said that the Irish arc a colony from Scotland, "an ootcast, a mere ootcast." The Irishman retorted by saying that " one Mac Fergus O'Brallaghan went from Carrickfergus, and peopled all Scotland with his own hands." Charlotte [Goodchild] inter- posed, and asked the cause of the con- tention, Avhereupon sir Callaghan replied, " Madam, it is abont sir Archy's great- grandmother." — C. Macklin, Love a-la- moda, i. 1 (1779). We shall not now stay to quarrel about sir Archy's ^rcat-grandniother. — Macpherson, Dissertation upon (tisian. Archy'tas of Tarentum made a wooden pigeon that could fly; and Eegio- monta'nns, a German, made a wooden <>agle that flew from Koenigsberg to meet tlto emperor, and, having saluted him, returned wJieuce it set out (1436-1476). Tliis enjii'.e may be contrived from the same principles by wliich Archytas made a wooden dove, and Kegiomou- tanus a wooden eagVs.— Dr. John Wilkins (1614-1B72). Ar'eite (2 syl.) and Pal'amon, two The ban knights, captives of duke The- seus, who used to see from their dungeon window the duke's sister-in-law, Emily, taking her airing in the palace gardan, and fell in love with her. Both captives having gained their liberty', contended for the lady bj' single combat. Arcitc was victor, but being thrown from his horse was killed, and Emily became the bride of Palainon. — Chaucer, Canterbury Tales ("The Knight's Tale," 1388). Eicbard Edwards in 156G produced a drama entitled I'alamon and Arcite. Arcit'enens, the zodiacal sign called the Archer. .s'Kjji Aries, Taurus. Gemini, Cancer, JLeo, Virgo, Libragwe, Scorpius, Arcitenens, Caper, Amphora, Pisces. Ar'den {Enoch), the hero of a poetic tale by Tennyson. He is a seaman wrecked on a desert island, who returns home after the absence of several years, and finds his wife married to another. Seeing her both happy and prosperous, Enoch resolves not to mar her domestic })cace, so he leaves the place, and dies of a broken heart. — Tennyson, Enoch Arden. Ar'den of Fev'ersham, a noble cha- racter, honourable, forgiving, affectionate, and modest. His wife Alicia in her sleep reveals to him her guilty love for IMosby, but he pardons her on condition that she will never sec the seducer again. Scarcely has she made the promise when she plots with Mosby her hus- band's murder. In a planned street- scuffle, Mosby pretends to take Arden's part, and thus throws him off hia guard. Arden thinks he has wronged him, and invites him to his house, but Mosby conspires with two hired ruffians to fall on his host during a game of draughts, the right moment being signified by Mosby's saying, "Now I take j'ou." Arden is murdered ; but the whole gang is apprehended and brought to justice. (This drama is based on a murder which took place in 1551. Ludwig Tieck has translated the play into German, as a genuine production of Shakespeare. Some ascribe the pla}"- to George Lillo, but Charles Lamb gives 1592 as the date of its production, and says the author is unknown.) Ardenne (Water of). This water had the power of converting love to hate. The fountain was made by Merlin, to cure sir Tristram of his love for Isolt (but sir Tristram never drank of it). It is men- tioned by Bojardo in Orlando Tnnamorato, Nepenthe (3 syl.) had the contrary effect, viz., turning hatred to love. (See Ne- penthe.) . . . that s,ame w.ater of Ardenne, The which Rinaldo drank in happy hour. Described by tliat famous Tuscan pen. . . . It had the power to change the hearts of men Fro' love to hate. Spenser, The Faery Q,uecn, iv. 3 (159G). Ardven, west coast of Scotland (Argyleshire and its vicinity). " Go," . . . said Starno ; " go to Ardven's sea-surrounded rocks. Tell the king of Selma [Fingal, the capital of ■whose Mngdom wai Helma'] ... I give to him my daugh- ter, the loveliest maid that ever heaved n breast of snow. Her arms are white as the foam of my waves. Her soul is generous and mild." — Ossian ("Fingal," iii.). Areous'ki, the Indian war-god, war, tumult. A cry of Areouskl broke our sleep. Camiibell, CeHrude of iryomiiitj, j. IC (1S09). Aretha's a, daughter of the king INIossi'na, in the drama called Philaster or Love Lies a-bleeding, bv Beaumont and Fletcher (1638). Arcthusa, a nymph pursued by Al- pheos the river-god, and changed into a foimtain in the island of Ortygia ; but the river-god still pursued her, and mingled his stream with the fountain, ARETHUSE. 49 ARGILLAN. and novr, "like friends once parted grown single-hearted," tliey leap and flow and slumber together, "like spirits that love but live no more." %* This fable has been exquisitely turned into poetry by Percy B. Shelley {Arethusa, 1820). Arethu'se (4 syl.), a Syracusiau fountain, especially noted because the poet Thioc'ritos was born on its banks. Milton alludes to it in his Lijc'ickis, v. 85. Argali'a, brother of Angel'ica, in Ariosto's Orlando Farioso (1516). Ar'gan, the malade iinaginaire and father of Angelique. He is introduced tax- ing his apothecary's bills, under the con- viction that he cannot afford to be sick at the prices charged, but tlien he notices that he has already reduced his bills during the current month, and is not so "tvell. lie first hits upon the plan of marrying Angelique to a young doctor, but to this the lady objects. His brother suggests that Argan himself should be his own doctor, and when the invalid replies he has not studied either diseases, drugs, or Latin, the objection is over- ruled by investing the "malade" in a doctor's cap and robe. The piece con- cludes with the ceremonial in macaronic Latin. *^* When Argan asks his doctor how many grains of salt he ought to eat with an egg, the doctor answers, " Six, huit, dix, etc., par les nombres pairs, comme dans les me'dicaments par les nombres impairs." — Moliere, Le Malade Iinaijinaire. ii. 9 (1G73). Argan'te (3 s'jl.), a giantess called " the very monster and miracle of lust." She and her twin-brother Ollyphant or Oliphant were the children of Tj-phoe'us and Earth. Argante used to carry off young men as her captives, and seized "the Squire of Dames" as one of her victims. The squire, who was in fact liritomart (the heroine of chastity), was delivered by sir Sat'yrane (3 syl.). — Spenser, Faery Queen, iii. 7 (1590). Argante' (2 syl.), father of Octave (2 syl.) and Zerbinette (3 stjl.). He pro- mises to give his daughter Zerbinette to Leandre (2 syl.), the son of his friend Gc'ronte (2 syl.) ; but during his absence abroad the young people fall in love unknown to their respective fathers. Uoth fathers storm, and threaten to break off the engagement, but are delighted beyond measure when they discover that the choice of the young people has ua- knowingly coincided with their own.— Moliere, Les Fourberies de Scapin (1671). (Thomas Otway has adapted this play to the English stage, and called it T/ie Cheats of Scapin. "Argante" he calls Thrifty; "Geronte" is Gripe; "Zerbi- nette" he calls Lucia; and "Leandre" he Anglicises into Leander.) Argan'tes (3 syl.), a Circassian of high rank and undoubted courage, but fierce and a great detester of the Naza- renes. Argantes and Solyman were un- doubtedly the bravest heroes of the infidel host. Argantes was slain by Rinaldo, and Soh'man by Tancred. — Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered (1575). Bonaparte stood before the deputies like the ArgantiSa of Italy's heroic poet. — Sir W. Scott. Ar'genis, a political romance by Barclay (1621). Ar'genk (T/ie halls of). Here are portraj'ed all the various creatures that inhabited this earth before the creation of Adam.— W. Beckford, Vathek (USi). Ar'gentile (3 syl.), daughter of king Adelbnglit, and ward of Edel. Curan, a Danish prince, in order to woo her, became a drudge in her house, but being obliged to quit her service, became a shepherd. Edel, the guardian, forcing his suit on Argeniile, compelled her to flight, and she became a neatherd's maid. In this capacity Curan wooed and won her. Edel was forced to restore the possessions of his ward, and Curan became king of Northumberland. As for Edel, he was put to death. — William Warner, Albion's Enyland (1586). Ar'gentin {Le sieur d'), one of the officers of the duke of Burgundy. — Sir W. Scott, Anne of Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). Arge'o, baron of Servia and husband of Gabrina. (Sec Dictionary of Phrase and Fable.) — Ariosto, Orlando Furiosc (151G). Arges'tes (3 syl.), the west wind. Wing6d Argestes, faire Aurora's soiine, Licensed that day to leave his dungeon. Meekly attended. Wm. Browne, Britannia's Pastorals, ii. 5 (1613). Arges'tes (3 syl.), the north-east wind ; Coe'cias, the north-west ; Bo'reas, the full north. Boreas and Crecias and Argestes loud . . . rend the woods, and se.as nptiirn. Milton, Paradise Lost. x. iiit'J. etc. (1665). Ar'gillan, a haugbty, turbulent kuigiit, born on the banks of the Trent. ARGON AND RURO. 50 ARIMASPIANS. He induced the Latians to revolt, was arrested, made his escape, but was ulti- mately slain in battle by Solyman. — Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered, viii. ix. (1575). Argon and. Euro, the two sons of Annin king of Inis-thona, an island of Scandinavia. Cor'malo, a neighbouring chief, came to tlie island, and asked for the honour of a tournament. Argon granted the reqiiest, and overthrew him, and this so vexed Cormalo that during a hunt he shot both the brothers with his bow. Their dog Runo, running to the hall, howled so as to attract attention, and Annin, following the hound, found his two sons both dead. On his return he discovered that Cormalo had run off with his daughter. Oscar, son of Ossian, slew Cormalo in fight, and restored the daugh- ter to her father. — Ossian ("The War of Inis-thona"). Arg'nri (in Russian Armenia), tra- ditionally where Noah first planted the vine. {Argh iirri, "he planted the vine.") Ar'gus, the turf-writer, was Irwin Willes, who died in 1871. Argyle' {Mac Calliun More, duke of), in the reign of George I. — Sir W. Scott, Eob Boy (1818). Mac CaUum More, margtiis of Argyle, in tlie reign of Charles I. , was commander of the parliamentary forces, and Ls called " Gillespie Grumach ; " he disguises himself, and assumes the name of Murdoch Campbell.— Sir W. Scott, Legertd of Montrose (1819). (Duke and duchess of Argyle are intro- duced also in the Heart of Midlothian, by sir W. Scott, 1818.) Ariad'ne (4 syl.), daughter of Minos king of Crete. She gave Theseus a clew of thread to guide him out of the Cretan labj'rinth. Theseus married his deliverer, but when he arrived at Naxos (Di'a) for- sook her, and she hung herself. Surely it is an Ariadnfi. . . . There is d.-iwning woman- hood in every line; but slie knows nothing of Naxos. — Uuid^, A riadn6, i. 1. Aria'na, an ancient name of Khoras- Ban, in Persia. Ar'ibert, king of the Lombards (653- C61), left "no male pledge behind," but only a daughter named Rhodalind, whom he wished duke Gondibert to marry, but the duke fell in love with Bertha, daugh- ter of As'tragon, the sage. The tale being unfinished, the sequel is not known. — Sir W. Davenant, Gondibert {diiddi 16G8), Arieo'nium, Kenchester, in Here- ford, on the Ine. Here Offa had a palace. In poetry, Ariconium means Hereford- shire, noted for its wool. I {UcrmCs] conduct Tlie English merchant, with the buxom fleece Of fertile Ariconium, while I clothe Sarmatian kings [Poland and, Russia\ Akenside, Iiy7nn to tlie Kaiads. Arideus [^A.ree'.de.us'], a herald in the Christian army. — Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered (1575). A'riel, in The Tempest, an airy spirit, able to assume any shape, or even to be- come invisible. He was enslaved to the witch Syc'orax, mother of Cal'iban, who overtasked the little thing, and in punish- ment for not doing what -vvas beyond his strength, imprisoned him for twelve j-ears in the rift of a pine tree, where Caliban delighted to torture him with impish cruelty. Prospero, duke of Milan and father of Miranda, liberated Ariel from the pine-rift, and the grateful spirit sensed the duke for sixteen years, when he was set free. And like Ariel in the cloven pine tree, For its freedom groans and sighs. Longfellow, The Golden Milestone. A'riel, the sylph in Pope's Rape of the Lock. The impersonation of "fine life" in the abstract, the nice adjuster of hearts and necklaces. When disobedient he is punished by being kept hovering over the fumes of the chocolate, or is trans- fixed with pins, clogged with pomatums, or wedged in the eyes of bodkins. A'riel, one of the rebel angels. The word means "the Lion of God." Abdiel encountered him, and overthrew him. — Milton, Fardise Lost, vi. 371 (1665). Ariman'es (4 syl.), the prince of the powers of evil, introduced by Bj^ron in his drama called Manfred. The Persians recognized a power of good and a power of evil : the former Yezad, and the latter Ahriman (in Greek, Oroma'zes and Ari- man'nis) . These two spirits are ever at war with each other. Oromazes created twenty- four good spirits, and enclosed them in an egg to be out of the power of Arimanes ; but Arimanes pierced the shell, and thus mixed evil with every good. However, a time will come when Arimanes shall be subjected, and the earth will become a perfect paradise. Arimas'pians, a one-eyed people of Scythia, who adorned their hair with gold. As gold mines were guarded by Gryphons, there were perpetual conten- tions between the Arimaspians and the Gryphons. (See Gryphon.) Arimaspi, quos dixinius uno oculo in fronte media in. ARIOCH. 51 APJSTOMENES. agnesj quibus assidue bellum esse circa metalla cum grjphis, feraruni volucri geuere, quale vulgo traditur, eruente ex cuniculis aurura, mire cupiditate et feris custo- dientlbus, ct Arimaspis rapientibus, multi, sed niaxime illustres Herodotus et Aristeas Proconnesius sciibunt.— Pliny, A'at. Hist. vii. 2. Ar'iocli (" a fierce lion"), one of the fallen angels overtlirovrn by Abdiel. — Milton, Paradise Lost, vi. 371 (1665). Ariodan'tes (5 syl.), the beloved of Geneu'ra, a Scotch princess. Geneiira being accused of incontinence, Ariodantes stood forth her champion, vindicated her innocence, and married her. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). Ari'on. William Falconer, author of The Shipwreck, speaks of himself under this nom dc plume (canto iii.). lie ivas sent to sea Avhen a lad, and says he Avas eager to investigate the "antiquities of foreign states." lie was junior officer in the Britannia, which was wrecked against the projecting ver^^e of cape Colonna, the most southern pomt of Attica, aud was the only officer who survived. Tliy woes, Arlon, aTid tby simple tale O'er all the hearts shall triumph and prevail. Campbell, Pleasures of Ilope, ii. (1799). Ari'on, a Greek musician, M'ho, to avoid being murdered for his wealth, threw himself into the sea, and was carried to Taj'naros on the back of a doli^hin. Ari'on, the wonderful horse, which Her- cules gave to Adrastos. It had the gift of human speech, and the feet on the right nide were the feet of a man. (One of the masques in sir W. Scott's Kcnilworth is called " Ariou.") Ario'sto of the North, sir Walter Scott (1771-1832). And, like the Ariosto of the North, Sang ladye-love and war, romance and knightly worth. ByTon, Cliilde Harold, iv. 40. Aristae'us, protector of vines and e'£ Labour's Lose, act V. sc. 1 (15a4). Armande (2 syl.), daughter of Chry- sale (2 syl.) and sister of Henriette. Armande is a femme savante, and Hen- riette a "thorough woman." Both love Clitandro, but Armande loves him pla- tonicly, while Henriette loves him with womanly aifection. Clitandre prefers the younger sister, and after surmounting the usual obstacles, marries her. — Molibre, Les Femmcs Savantes (1072). Armi'da, a sorceress, who seduces Rinaldo and other crusaders from the siege of Jerusalem. Rinaldo is conducted by her to her splendid palace, where he forgets his vows, and abandons himself to sensual joys. Carlo and Ubaldo are sent to bring him back, and he escapes from Armida; but she follows him, and not being able to allure him back again, sets fire to her palace, rushes into the midst of the fight, and is slain. [Julia's] small hand Withdrew itself from his, but left behind A little pressure . . . but ne'er magician's wand Wrought change with all Armida's fairy art, Like what this light touch left on Juan's he.'xrt B}Ton, Don Juan, i. 71. "When the young queen of Frederick "William of Prussia rode about in military costume to incite the Prussians to arms against Napoleon, the latter wittilj' said, " She is Armida in her distraction setting fire to her own palace." (Both Gluck and Rossini have taken the story of Armida as the subject of aii opera.) Armida^s Girdle. Armida had an en- chanted girdle, which, "in price and beauty," surpassed all her other orna- ments ; even the cestus of Venus was less costly. It told her everything; "and when she would be loved, she wore the same." — lasso, Jerusalem Delivered{\.blb). Arm'strong {John), called "The Laird's Jock." He is the laird of Man- gerton. This old warrior witnesses a national combat in the valley of Liddes- dale, between his son (the Scotch chief- tain) and Foster (the English champion), in which young Armstrong is overthrown. — Sir W. Scott, The Laird's Jock (time, Elizabeth). Armstrong {Grace), the bride-elect of Hobbie Elliot of the heugh-foot, a voung farmer.— Sir W. Scott, The Black Dwarf (time, Anne). Armstrong (Archie), court jester ta ARNALT. 53 ARROW SHOT A MILE. James I., introduced in TIte Fortunes of A'ijel, by sir Walter Scott (1822). Ar'naut, an Albanian mountaineer. The word means "a brave man." stained with the best of Aniaiit blood. 15)Ton, The Giaour, 526. Arnheim (2 syi.). The baron Iler- vutH von Arnheim, Anne of Geierstein's grandfather. Sihilla of Arnheim, Anne's mother. 'The baroness of Arnheim, Anne of Geier- fitcin. — Sir W. Scott, Anne of Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). Ar'no, the river of Florence, tlie birth- place of both Dante and Boccaccio. At last the Muses rose . . . and scnttercd . . . astliey flew Tlicir blooming wreaths from fair Valclusa's bowei-s [PetrurcU], To Arno's myrtle border. Akenside, Pltatures of Imagination, ii. Ar'nold, the deformed son of Bertlia, vlio hates him for his iiglinoss. ^^'cary of life, he is about to nKike away with liimself, when a stranger accosts him, and promises to transform him into any shape he likes best. He chooses that of Achilles, and then goes to Rome, where he joins the besieging army of Bourbon. During the siege, Arnold" enters St. Peter's of Rome just in time to rescue Olimpia, but the proud beauty, to prevent being taken captive by him, flings herself from the high altar on the pavement, and is taken up apparently lifeless. As the drama was never completed, the sequel is not known. — Byron, The Deformed Transformed. Ar'nold, the torch-bearer at Rollierwood. — Sir W. Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Ricliard I.). Ar'nold of Benthuysen, disguised as a Ocggar, and called "Ginks." — Beaumont and Eletcher, The Bejgar's Bush (1G22). Arnoldo, son of IMelchtal, patriot of the forest cantons of Switzerland. He was in love with Mntliildc (3 syl.), sister of Gessler, the Austrian governor of the district. Wlien tlie tyranny of Gessler drove the Swiss into rebellion, Arnoldo joined the insurgents, but after the death of Gessler he married Matliilde, whose life he had saved when it was imperilled liv an avalanche. — Rossini, Gujlielmo Tell (i829). Arnol'do, a gentleman contracted to Zeno'cia, a chaste lady, dishonourably pursued by the governor, count Glodio. — Beaumont and Fletclier, llie Custom of the Countrij (lG-17). Ar'nolphe (2 syL), a man of wealth, who has a crotchet about the proper train- ing of girls to make good wives, and tries his scheme on Agnes, whom he adopts from a peasant's hut, and wlioni he in- tends in time to make his wife. She is brought up, from the age of four j-ears, in a country convent, where difference of sex and the conventions of society are wholly ignored ; but when removed "from tlie con%-ent Agnes treats men like school- girls, nods to them familiarly, kisses them, and plays with them. B"eing told by her guardian that married women have more freedom than maidens, she asks him to marry her ; however, a young man named Horace falls in love with her, and makes her his wife, so Arnoljihe after .all profits nothing by his pains. — Molicre, VicoU des Femmes (1GG2). Dans un petit convent loin de tout* pratique Je 1» fis *lcver scion nia politique ; C'ejt-Sdire, ordonnant quels soins on emplolerolt Pour lit rsndre idiote autant qu'il se pourroit. Act I. L Ar'not (Andrev), one of the veomen of tlie lialafre [Ludovic Lesly].— Sir W. Scott, Quentin T>urward (tiiiie, Edward IV.). Aron'teus (4 stfl.), an Asiatic king, who joined the Egyptian armament against the crusaders. — Tasso, Jerusalem iJelitered (157ij). Ar'oundight, the sword of sir Lan- celot of tlie Lake. Arpa'sia, the betrothed of Mono'se?, a (ircek, but m.ide by constraint the bride of liaj'azet sultan of Turkey. Bajazet commanded MonOses to be bow-strung in tlie presence of Arpasia, to frighten her into subjection, but she died at the sight. — Is'. Rowc, Tamerlane (1702). Ar'rant Knave {An), a corruption of the Anglo-Saxon nearo-emipa ("great knave"). Similarly, >UYiro-6r(';/(/ ("great fear") ; nearo-grdp ("great grip") ; nearo- urenee ("great deceit"), etc. Ar'rot (Dame), the weasel in the beast* epic of Meynard the Fox (1498). Arrow Festival {The), instituted by Zomastcr to commemorate the flight of tlie arrow shot from the top of tho Peak of Dcniavcnd, in Persia, with sucli miraculous prowess as to reach the bank/i of the Oxus, causing the whole inter\'cnin{^ country to be ceded to Persia. Arrow shot a Mile. Rubin Hood ARSACES. 54 ARTEMISIA. and Little John ' ' frequently shot an arrow a measured mile" (17G0 j-ards). Tradition informs us that in one of Kobin Hood's pere- grinations, attended by Little Jolin, lie went to dine at Whitby Abbey with the abbot Richard . . . they werit to the top of the abbey, and each of them shot an arrow, which fell not far from Whitby-laths. and a pillar was set up by the abbot where each arrow w;is found . . . both fell more than a measured mile from the abbey. — Charl- ton, History of Whitby, Fork, 14G. Al"'saces (3 syL), the patronymic name of the Persian kin^s, from Arsaces, their great monarch. It was generally- added to some distinctive name or appel- lation, as the Roman emperors added the name of Cajsar to their own. Cujus memorise liunc honorem Parthi tribuernnt ut omnes exinde reges suos Arsicis nomine nuncupent. — Justin, Biatorlarai Philippicc^, xli. Arse'tes (3 sijL), the aged eunuch •who brought up Clorinda, and attended on her. — Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered (1575). Ar'taban, the French type of nobi- liary pride. Ar'tameiies (3 s;/l.) or Le Grand Cyrus, a "long-winded romance," by Mdlle. Scude'ri (1G07-1701). Artaxam'inous, king of Utopia, married to Griskinissa, whom he wishes to divorce for Distafti'na. But Distaffina is betrothed to general Bombastes, and ■when the general finds that his ' ' fond one" prefers "half a crown" to himself, he hates all the world, and challenges the ■whole race of man by hanging his boots on a tree, and daring .any one to displace them. The king, coming to the spot, reads the cnallenge, and cuts the boots down, ■whereupon Bombastes falls on his majesty, and " kills him," in a theatrical sense, for the dead monarch, at the close of the bur- letta, joins in the dance, and promises, if the audience likes, "to die again to- morrow." — W. B. Rhodes, Bombastes Furioso. Ar'tehila Mur'tehila, the magic ■words which " Fourteen " was required to pronounce when he ■wished to get any specific object "into his sack." — A Basque Legend. (See Fouhteen.) Ar'tegal or Arthegal {Sir), son of Gorlois prince of Cornwall, stolen in infancy by the fairies, and brought up in Fairyland. Brit'omart saw him in Yenus's looking-glass, and fell in love with him. She married him, and became the mother of Aurelius Conan, from v.'hom (through Cadwallader) the Tudor dynastv derives descent. The wanderings of Britomart, as a lady knight-errant and the imper- sonation of chastity, is the subject of bk. iii. of the Faeri/ Queen ; and the achievements of sir Artegal, as the im- personation of justice, is the subject of bk. V. Sir Artegal's first exploit was to decide to which claimant a living woman be- longed. This he decided according to Solomon's famous judgment respecting "the living and dead child" (canto 1). His next was to destroy the corrupt practice of bribery and toll (canto 2). Ilis third was the exposing of Bragga- doccio and his follower Trompart (canto 3). He had then to decide to which brother a chest of money foimd at sea belonged, whether to Bracidas or Am'idas ; he gave judgment in favour of the former (canto 4). He then fell into the hands of Rad'igund queen of the Amazons, and was released by Britomart (cantos 5 and C), who killed Radigund (canto 7). His last and greatest achievement vfas the deliverance of Ire'na (Ireland) from Grantorto (rebellion), whom he slew (canto 12). N.B. — This rebellion was that called the earl of Desmond's, in 1580. Before bk. iv. G, Artegal is spelt Arthegal, but never afterwards. *»* ' ' Sir Artegal " is meant for lord Gray of Wilton, Spenser's friend. He was sent in 1580 into Ireland as lord-lieutenant, and the poet was his secretary. The marriage of Artegal with Britomart means that the justice of lord Gray was united to purity of mind or perfect in- tegrity of conduct. — Spenser, Faery Queen, V. (1596). Artemis'ia, daughter of LygdSmis and queen of Carta. With five ships she accompanied Xerxes in his invasion of Greece, and greatly distinguished herself in the battle of SalSmis by her prudence and courage. (This is not the Artemisia who built the Mausoleum.) Our statues . . . she The foundress of the Babylonian wall [SemirSmis}; The Cariau Artemisia strong in war. Tennyson, The Princess, ii. Artemis'ia, daughter of Hecatommis and sister-wife of Mauso'lus. Arte- misia was queen of Caria, and at the death of her fraternal husband raised a monument to his memory (called a inau- solu'um), which was one of the " Seven Wonders of the World." It was built by four different architects : Scopas, Timo- theus, Leochares, and Bruxis. Tliis made the four rare masters which began Fair ArtemysLa's husband's dainty tomb (When death took her before the work was dene. And so bereft them of all hopes to come). AKTFUL DODGER. 55 ARTHUR. Tliat they would yet their own work perfect make E'en for their workes, and their self-glories sake. lord Brooke, An Imiuiry upon J^'amc, etc. (15D4-1628). Artful Dodger, the sobriquet of John Dawkins, a young thief, up to every sort of dodge, and a most raar\'cllous adejjt in villainy. — Dickens, Oliver Twid (1837). Arthgallo, a mythical British king, brotlier of Gorbonian, his predecessor on the throne, and son of Mor'vidus, the tyrant who was swallowed by a sea- monster. Arthgallo was deposed, and his brother El'idure was advanced to the throne instead. — Geoffrey, British Ilistorij, lii. 17 (1142). Arthur (King), parentage of. His father was Uther the pendragon, and his mother Ygerne (3 syl.), widow of Gorlois duke of Cornwall. But Ygerne had been a widow only three hours,' and knew not that the duke was dead (pt. i. 2), and lier marriage with the pendragon was not consummated till thirteen days after- wards. When the boy was born Merlin took him, and he was brought up as the foster-son of sir Ector (Tennyson says "sir Anton"), till Merlin thought proper to announce him as the lawful successor of Uther, and had him crowned. Uther lived two j'ears after his marriage with Ygerne. — Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, i. 2, 6 (1470). Wlierefore Merlin took the child And gave him to sir Anton, an oid kuight And ancient friend of Uther; and liis wife Nursed the young prince, and reared liini witli her own. Tennyson, Coming (if Arthur. Coming of Arthur. Leod'ogran, king of Cam'eliard (3 syl.), appealed to Arthur to assist him in clearing his kingdom of robbers and Avild beasts. This being done, Arthur sent three of his knigjifs to Leodogran, to beg the hand of " liis daughter Gucnever in marriage. To this Leodogran, after some little hesitation, agreed, and sir Lancelot was sent to escort the lady to Arthur's court. Arthur not dead. According to tra- dition Arthur is not dead, but rests in Glastonbury, " till he shall come again full twice as fair, to rule over his people." (See Barisarossa.) According to tradition, Arthur never died, hut was converted into a raven liy enchantment, and will, in the fulness of time, appear again in his origin.il shape, to recover his tlirono and sceptre. For tliis reason there is never a raven killed in England.— Cervantes, Don Quixote. I. ii. 5 (1G03). Arthur's Twelve Battles (or victories over the Saxons). 1. The battle of the river Glem {i.e. the glen of Northumber- land). 2 to 0. The four battles of the Duglas (which falls into the estuary of the Ribble). 6. The battle of Bassa, said to be Bashall Brook, which joins the Kibble near Clithcro. 7. The battle of Celidon, said to be Tweeddalc. 8. The battle of Castle Gwenion {i.e. Caer \Yen, in Wedale, Stow). 9. The battle of Caerleon, i.e. Carlisle ; Avhich Tennj-son makes to be Caerleon-upon-Usk. 10. The battle of Trath Treroit, in Anglesej', some say the Solway Frith. 11. The battle of Agned Cathrcgonion [i.e. Edinburgh). 12. The battle of Badon Hill (i.e. the Hill of Bath, now Banncrdown), A.u. 520. Then bravely chanted they The several twelve pitched fields he [Arthur'] with the Saxons fought. M. Dr.ayton, PolyoHion, Iv. (1612). Arthur, one of the A^ine Worthies. Three were Gentiles : Hector, Alexander, and Julius Caesar ; three were Jews : Joshua, David, and Judas ilaccabteus ; three were Christians : Arthur, Charlemagne, and Godfrey of Bouillon. Arthur's Fuster-Father mid Mother, sir Ector and his lady. Tlieir son, sir Key (his foster-brother), was his seneschal or steward. — Sir T. JIalorv, History of Prince Arthur, i. 3, 8 (1470)." N.B. — Tennyson makes sir Anton the foster-father of Arthur. Arthur's Butler, sir Lucas or Lucan, son of duke Corneus ; but sir Griflct, son of Cardol, assisted sir Key and sir Lucas "in the rule of the service." — History of Prince Arthur, i. 8 (1470). Arthit,r's Sisters [half-sisters], Mor- gau?e or IMargawsc (wife of kiiifj Lot) ; Elain (wife of king Nentres of Carlot) ; and Morgan le Fay, the "great dark of Nigromancy," who wedded king Vricnce, of the land of Core, fatlier of Ewayns Ic Blanchcmaync. Onl_v the last had the same mother (Ygraine or Ygerne) as the king. — Sir T. ;>ialory, History of Prince Arthur, i. 2. Arthur's Sons — Uricn, Llew, and Arawn. Borre was his son by Lyonors, daughter of the carl Sanam . — History of Prince Arthur, i. 15. Mordrcd was liis son by Elain, wife of king Nentres of Carlot. In some of the romances collated by sirT. Malorj'he is called the son of Margause and Arthur ; Margause being called the wife of king Lot, and sister of Arthur. This incest is said to liavc been the cause of Jlordred's hatred of Arthur.— Pt. i. 17, 3G, etc. Arthur's Drinking-Horn. (See Chas- tity.) Arthur's Dog, Cavall ; Dagger, Cam- wenhau ; Lance, Ehongomyant ; Mare^ Llamrei (the bounderj. ARTHUR. ARTHURET. Arthur's Shield, Pridwin. Geoffrey calls it Priwen, and Bays it Avas adorned with the picture of the Virgin Marj'. — British Jlistory, ix. 4 (1142). Arthur''s Spear, Rone. Geoffrey calls it Ron. It was made of ebony. — British Jlistory, ix. 4 (1142). His spere he noin an honde th.i Ron wcs iliaten. Layamon, Brut, (twelfth ceaturj'). Arthur'' s Sword, Escal'ibur or Excal'ibcr. Geoffrey calls it Calibum, and says it was jiiade in the isle of Avallon. — British History, ix. 4 (1142). The temper of bis sword, the tried EscaJabour, The bigness and the length of Rone, his noble spear, , With Pridwin, liis groat shield. Drayton, Polyolbion, iv. (1G12). Arthur's I\i), Asclges rushes for- ward to avenge liis death, but the martial maid caught him with her spear, and tossed him so high i' the air "that he hardly knew whither his course was bent.'"' (Greek, ast%es, " intemperate, wanton.") — Phineas Fletcher, The Purple Island, xi. (1633). As'en, strictly speaking, arc only the three gods next in rank to the twelve male Asir ; but the word is not un- frequently used for the Scandinavian deities generally. As'gard, the fortress of the Asir or Scandinavian deities. It is situate in the centre of the universe, and is accessible only by the rainbow bridge (JJifrost). The river is Nornor, overshadowed by the famous ash tree Ygdrasil'. As'gil's Translation. John Asgill wrote a book on the possibilitj- of man being translated into eternal life without tasting death. The book in 1707 was condemned to be burnt by the common hangman. Here's no depending upon old women in my country, . . and a man may as safely trust to Asgil's translation as to ASHFIELD. 50 ASPAIIA. his great-grandmother not raarrj ing. — Mrs. Centlivre, The Busybody, it 2 (1709). Ash'field. {Farmer), a tnily John Bull farmer, tender-hearted, noble-minded but homel}', generous but hot-tempered. He loves his daughter Susan with the love of a woman. His favourite ex- pression is " Behave pratt}*," and he himself always tries to do so. His daughter Susan marries Robert Handy, the son of sir Abel Hand}-. Dame Ashfiekl, the farmer's M'ife, whose hete noire is a neighbouring farmer named Grundy. "What Mrs. Grundy will say, or what Mrs. Grundy will think or do, is dame Ashfield's decalogue and gospel too. Susa7i Ashfield, daughter of farmer and dame Ashiield.— Thom. Morton, Speed the Phwjh (1764-1838). Ash'ford {Isaac), "a wise, good man, contented to be poor." — Crabbe, Parish licijistcr (1807). Ash'taroth, a general name for all Syrian goddesses. (See AsTonExii.) {They'] had general names Of Baalim and Ashtaroth : those male, These feminine. llilton, Paradise Lost, i. 422 (1GG5). Ash'ton {Sir ^Villiam), the lord keeper of Scotland, and father of Lucy Ashton. Lady Eleanor Ashton, wife of sir Wil- liam. Colonel Sholto Douglas Ashton, eldest son of sir William. Lucy Ashton, daughter of sir William, betrothed to Edgar (the master of liavens- wood) ; but being compelled to marry Frank Hayston (laird of Bucklaw), she tries to murder him in the bridal chamber, and becomes insane. Lucy dies, but the laird recovers. — Sir W. Scott, The Bride of Lammermoor (time, William IIL). (This has been made the subject of an opera by Donizetti, called Lucia di Lam- mermoor, 1835.) Asia, the wife of that Pliaraoh wlto brought up Moses. She was the daughter of Mozahem. — Sale, Koran, xx. notes. Asia, wife of that Pharaoh who knew not Joseph. Her husband tortured her for believing in Moses ; but she was taken alive into paradise. — Sale, At Koran, Ixvi. note. Mahomet says, "Among women four have been perfect : Asia, wife of Pha- . . raoh ; Mary, daughter of Imran ; Kha- dijah, the prophet's first wife ; and Fatima, his own daughter." As'ir, the twelve chief gods of Scandi- navian mythology — Odin, Thor, Baldr, Niord, Frey, Tyr, Bragi, Heimdall, Vidar, Yali, Ullur, and Forseti. Sometimes the goddesses — Frigga, Freyja, Idu'na, and Saga, are ranked amongst the Asir also. As'madai (3 syl.), the same as Asmo- de'us (4 syl.), the lustful and destroying angel, who robbed Sara of her seven hus- bands {Tobit iii. 8). Milton makes him one of the rebellious angels overthrown by Uriel and Ra'phael. Hume says the word means "the destroyer." — Paradise Lost, vi. 365 (1665). Asmode'us (4 sjiL), the demon of vanity and dress, called in the Talmud "king of the devils." As "dress" is one of the bitterest evils of modem life, it is termed "the Asmodeus of domestic peace," a phrase employed to express any "skeleton" in the house of a private family. In the book of Tohit Asmodeus falls in love with Sara, daughter of Eag'uel, and causes the successive deaths of seven husbands each on his bridal night, but when Sara married Tobit, Asmodeus was driven into Egypt by a charm made of the heart and liver of a fish burnt on perfumed ashes. (Milton throws the accent on the third syl., Tennyson on the second.) Better pleased Than Asmodeus with the fishy fume. Milton, PariulUe Lost,\v. 16S. Ah.iddon and Asmndilus cauglit at me. Tennyson, St. iSimcon titylitCs. Asmode'us, a "diable bon-homme," with more gaiety than malice ; not the least like MephistophelC's. He is the companion of Cle'ofas, whom he carries through the air, and shows him the inside of houses, where they see what is being done in private or secrecy without being seen. Although Asmodeus is not malig- nant, yet with all his wit, acuteness, and playful malice, we never forget the fiend even when he is most engaging. (Such was the popularity of the Diable Boileux, that two young men fought a duel in a bookseller's sliop over the only remaining copy, an incident worthy to be recorded by Asmodeus himself.) Miss Austen gives us just such a picture of domestic life as Asmodeus would present could he remove the roof of many an English home. — Encyc. Brit. Art. " Komaiir e." Aso'tus, Prodigality pcrsonifiad in The Purple Island (1633), by Phineas Fletcher, fuUj' described in canto viii. (Greek, asotos, "a profligate.") Aspa'tia, a maiden the very ideal of ASPHALTIC POOL. GO ASSIDOS. ill-fortune and wretchedness. She is the troth-plight wife of Amintor, but Amin- tor, at the king's request, marries Evad'ne (3 syL). Women point with scorn at the forsaken Aspatia, but she bears it all with patience. The pathos of ber speeches is most touching, and her death forms the tragical event which gives name to the drama. — Beaumont and Fletcher, The Maid's Tragechj (IGIO). Asphal'tie Pool [Tlie), the Dead Sea, so called from the asphalt or bitu'- men abounding in it. The river -Jordan empties itself into this "pool." — Milton, Faradise Lost, i. 411 (1665). As'phodel, in the language of flowers, means "regret." It is said that the spirits of the dead sustain themselves with the roots of this flower. It was planted by the ancients on graves, and both Theo- philus and Pliny state that the ghosts beyond Acheron roam through the mea- dows of Asphodel, in order if possible to reach the waters of Lethe or Oblivion, The Asphodel was dedicated to Pluto. Longfellow strangely enough crowns his angel of death with amaranth, with which the " spirits elect bind their resplendent locks," and his angel of life with aspho- del, the flower of "regret "and emblem of the grave. lie who wore the crown of asphodels , . . fsaiil] " My errand is not death, but life" . . . [butj Tlie angel wilh the amaranthine wreath Whispered a word, that had a sound like death, Longfellow, The Two A ngcls. As'pramont, a place mentioned by Ariosto in his Orlando Fiirioso, in the department of the Meuse (1516). Jousted in Aspraniont and Jlont'alban [Montauban]. Milton, ParadUe Lost, i. 033 (16C5), As'pramonte (3 sy?.), in sir W. Scott's Count Eohcrt of Paris (time, P.ufiis). 2'lie old /might, father of Brenhilda. The lady of Aspramonte, the knight's wife, Brenhilda of Aspramonte, their daugh- ter, M'ifc of count Robert. As'rael or Az'rael, an angel of death. He is immeasurable in height, insomuch that the space between his ej'cs equals a 70,000 days' journey. — Moham- medan Mythology, Ass {An), emblem of the tribe of Issachar. In the old church at Totnes is a stone pulpit, divided into comprirtments, containing shields decorated with the several emblems of the Jewish tribes, ot which this is one. I.ssacliar is a strong ass, coucliing down between two burdens. — Gen. xlix. 14, Ass. Three of these animals are by different legends admitted into heaven : 1. The as.s on which Christ rode on His journey to Jerusalem on the da}' of palms. 2. The ass on which Balaam rode, and Avhich reproved the prophet, "speaking with the voice of a man." 3. The ass of Aaz'is queen of Sheba or Saba, M'ho came to visit Solomon. (See Animals, p. 40.) Ass's Ears. IMidas was chosen to decide a trial of musical skill between Apollo and Pan. The Phrygian king gave his verdict in favour of Pan, whereupon Apollo changed his ears to those of an ass. The scr\'ant who used to cut the king's hair, discovering the deformitj', was afraid to whisper the secret to anj' one, but not being able to contain himself, dug a hole in the earth, and, putting his mouth into it, cried out, "King Midas has ass's ears." lie then filled up the hole, and felt relieved. Tennyson makes the barber a woman. No livelier than the dame That whispered "Asses' eai-s" [sic] among the sedge, "My sister." The Princess, ii. As'sad, son of Camaral'zaman and Haiatal'nefous (5 syl.), and half-brother of Amgiad (son of Camaralzaman and Badoura), Each of the two mothers conceived a base passion for the other's son, and when the young men repulsed their advances, accused them to their father of gross designs upon their honour. Camaralzaman commanded his vizier to put them both to death ; but instead of doing so, he conducted them out of the city, .and told them not to return to their father's kingdom (the island of Ebony). They wandered on for ten daj-s, when Assad went to a city in sight to obtain provisions. Here he was entrapped by an old lire-worshipper, who offered him hos- pitality, but cast him into a dungeon, in- tending to offer him up a human victim on the "mountain of fire." The ship in which he was sent being driven on the coast of queen IMargiana, Assad was sold to her as a slave, but being recaptured was carried back to his old dungeon. Here Bosta'na, one of the old man's daughters, took pity on him, and released him, and ere long Assad married queen Margiana, while Amgiad, out of gratitude, married Bostana. — Arabian Kig/its ("Amgiad and Assad "). As'sidos, a plant in the countrj' oi ASSISE. Prester John. It not only protects the •wearer from evil spirits, but forces every spirit to tell its business. Assise (in feudal times), toute chose qui Ton a vue user et accoustumer et deliverer en cour du roiaume. — Clef dcs Assises. Astag'oras, a female fiend, who has the power of raising storms. — Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered (1575). Astar'te (3 syl.), the Phoenician moon-goddesSj the Astoreth of the Syrians. With these Came Astoreth, whom the Phcenicians called Astarte, queen of heaven, with crescent iiorns. ililton, Paradise Lost, L 433 {1665). As'tarte (2 s;/!.), an attendant on the princess Anna Comne'na. — Sir W. Scott, Count Robert of Paris (time, Kufus), Astarte (2 or 3 s///.), beloved by Man- fred. — Byron, Manfred. We think of Astarte as youns, beautiful, innocent, — guilty, lost, murderetl, judged, pardoned ; but still, in her permitted visit to earth, spealving in a voice of sorrow, and with a countenance yet pale with mortal trouble. We had but a glimpse of her in her beauty aud innocence, but at Last she rises before us in all the moral silence of a Khost, with fixed, gl.-ized, and passionless eyes, revealing death, judgment, and eternity. — Professor Wilson. {2s!/l.) The lady Astiirte his? Hush! who comes here? (3«y(.) ... The same Astarte ? no (iii. 4). [(iii. 4.) As'tery, a nymph in the train of Venus ; the lightest of foot and most active of all. One day the goddess, walking abroad with her rymphs, bade them go gather flowers. Astery gathered most of all ; but A^enus, in a fit of jealousy, turned her into a butterfly, and threw the flowers into the wings. Since then all butterflies have borne wings of many gay colours. — Spenser, 2Iuiopotinos or the i5utterjl>fs Fate (1590). As'tolat, Guildford, in Surrey." Astol'pho, the English cousin of Orlando ; his father was Otho. He Avas a great boaster, but was generous, cour- teous, gay, and singularly handsome. Astolpho was carried to Aloi'na's isle on the back of a whale ; and when Alcina tired of him, she changed him into a myrtle tree, but IMelissa disenchanted him. Astolpho descended into the infernal regions ; he also went to the moon, to cure Orlando of his madness by bringing back his lost wits in a phial. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (151G). Astolpho' s Horn. This horn was the gift of Logistilla. "Whatever man or beast heard it, was seized with instant Gl ASTREE. panic, and became an easy captive. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso, viii. Astolplid's Book, The same fairy gave him a book, which would direct him aright in all his journeyings, and give him anj^ other information he re- quired. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso, viii. As'ton (Sir Jacob), a cavalier during the Commonwealth ; one of the partisans of the late king. — Sir W. Scott, Wood- stock (period, Commonwealth). As'ton (Enrico). So Henry Ashtou is called in Donizetti's opera of lAtcia di Lammermoor (1835). (See Ashtox.) As'torax, king of Paphos and brother of the princess Calls. — Beaumont and Fletcher, The Mad Lover (before 1618). As'toreth, the goddess-moon of Syrian mythology ; called by Jeremiah, "The Queen of Heaven," and by the Phoenicians, "Astar'te." (See Asiita- ROTII.) With these [the host of heaveni in troop Came Astoreth, whom the Phoenicians cilled AstartS, queen of he.aven, with crescent horns. Milton, Paradise Lost, i. 4'J8 (ICC)). (ililton does not always preserve tho difference between Ashtaroth and Asto- reth ; for he speaks of the "mooned Ashtaroth, heaven's queen and mother.") As'tragon, the philosopher and great physician, by whom Gondibert and his friends were cured of the wounds re- ceived in the faction fight, stirred up by prince Oswald. Astragon had a splendid library and museum. One room was called "Great Nature's Office," another " Nature's Nursery," and the library was called "The Monument of Vanished Mind." Astragon (the poet says) dis- covered the loadstone and its use in navigation. Ho had one child, Bertha, who loved duke Gondibert, and to whom she was promised in marriage. The tale being unfinished, the sequel is not known. — Sir W. Davenant, Gondibert (died 1668), Astl'e'a, Mrs. Aphra Behn, an authoress. She published the story o£ I'rince Oroonoka (died 1689). The stage now loosely does A^trea tread. Pope. Astree (2 s\il.), a pastoral romance by Honorc D'Urfe (1616), very cele- brated for giving birth to the pastoral school, which had for a time an over- whelming power on literature, dress, an* ASTKINGEE. C2 ATE. amusements. Pastoral romance had re- appeared in Portugal full sixty years previously in the pastoral romance of Montemayer called Diana (1552) ; and Longos, in the fifth centurj-, had pro- duced a beautiful prose pastoral called The Loves of Daplinis and Chloe, but both these pastorals stand alone, while that of D'Urfe' is the beginning of a long series. Astringer, a falconer. Shakespeare introduces an astringer in AIPs Well that Ends Well, act v. sc.'l. (From the French artstour, Latin austercus, "a goshawk.") A "gentle astringer" is a gentleman falconer. We usually call a falconer who keeps that kind of Iiawk [the goshawk] au austringer. — Cowell, Law Dictionari;. As'tro-fianiinan'te (5 syl.), queen of the night. The word means "fla-ming star." — Mozart, JJie ZauherflOte (1791). Astronomer {The), in Rassclas, an old enthusiast, who believed himself to have the control and direction of the weather. He leaves Imlac his successor, but implores him not to interfere with the constituted order. "I have possessed," said he to Imlac, "for five years the regutatioii of the weather, and the distrihution of the seasons : the sun has listened to m-y dictates, and passed from tropic to tropic by my direction ; the clouds, at my call, have poured their waters, and the Nile has over- flowed at my command ; I have restrained the rage of the Dog-star, and mitigated the fervour of the Crab. The winds alone . . . liave hitherto refused my authority. . . . I am the first of human beings to whom this trust h,as been unparted." — Dr. Johnson, Rasselas, xli — xliii (17.59). As'trophel, Sir Philip Sidney. Phil. Sid." maybe a contraction of philos sidus, and the Latin sidus being changed to the Greek astron, we get ash-on philos C' star-lover"). The "star" he loved was Penelope Devereux, whom he calls Stella ("star"), and to whom he was betrothed. Spenser wrote a poem called Astrophel, to the memory of sir Philip Sidney. But while as Astrophel did live and reign. Amongst all swains was none his paragon. Spenser, Cclin Clout's Come Home Again (1531). Astyn'ome (4 syl.) or Cbryseis, daughter of Chryses priest of Apollo. "WTien Lyrnessus was taken, Astynome fell to the share of Agamemnon,, but the father begged to be allowed to ransom her. Agamemnon refused to comply, whereupon the priest invoked the anger of his patron god, and Apollo sent a plague into the Grecian camp. This was the cause of contention between Aga- memnon and Achilles, and forms the subject of Homer's epic called The Iliad, As'wad, son of Shedad king of Ad. He was saved alive when the angel of death destroj-ed Shedad and all his sub- jects, because he showed mercy to a camel which had been bound to a tomb to starve to death, that it might serve its master on the day of resurrection. — Southey, Thalaha the Destroyer (1797). Asy'lum Chris'ti. So England was called by the Camisards during the scandalous religious persecutions of the " Grand Monarque" (Louis XIV.). Ataba'lipa, the last emperor of Peru, subdued by Pizarro, the Spanish general. Milton refers to him in Para- dise Lost, xi. 409 (1665). At'ala, the name of a novel by Francois Rene' Chateaubriand. It was published in 1801, and created universal admiration. Like his novel called Bene, it was designed as an episode to his Ge'nie du Christianisrne. His wanderings through the primeval woods of North America are described in Atala and Rene also. (This has nothing to do with Attila, king of the Huns, nor with Athalie (queen of Judah), the subject of Racine's great tragedy.) Atalanta, of Arcadia, wished to remain single, and therefore gave out that she would marrj- no one who could not outstrip her in running ; but if any challenged her and lost the race, he was to lose his life. Hippom'enes won the race by throwing down golden apples, which Atalanta kept stopping to pick up, William Morris has chosen this for one of his tales in Earthly Paradise (March). In short, she thus appeared like another Atalanta.— Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairi/ Talcs ("Fortunio," 1682). AtalilDa, the inca of Peru, most dearly beloved by his subjects, on whom Pizarro makes war. An old man says of the inca — The virtues of our monarch .alike secure to him the affection of his people and the benign regard of heaven. — Sheridan, Pizarro, ii. 4 (from Kotzebue), (1799). Atba'ra or Black River, called the " dark mother of Egypt." (See Black RrvEK.) Ate (2 syl,), goddess of revenge. With liim along is come the mother queen, An Ate, stirring him to blood and strife. Sh.ikespeare, King John, act ii. sc. 1 (1596\ Ate (2 syl,), "mother of debate and all dissension," the friend of Duessa, She squinted, lied with a false tongue, and maligned even the best of beings. ATELLAN FABLES. 63 ATHOS. Her abode, "far under ground liard In- the gates of hell," is described at length in bk. iv. 1. When sir Blandamour -was challenged by Braggadoccio (canto 4), the terms of the contest were that the conqueror should have " Florimel," and the other "the old hag Ate," who was always to ride beside him till he could pass her off to another. — Spenser, Faeri/ Ouccn, iv. (159G). Atell'an Fables (The), in Latin Atclla'na; Fahulcc, a species of farce per- formed by the ancient Romans, and so called from Atella, in Campania. Thej' dirtered from comedy because no magis- trates or persons of rank were introduced ; the}' diifered from the tahernaria; or genre drama, because domestic life was not represented in them ; and they differed from the mimes, because there was neither buffoonery nor ribaldrj'. They were not performed by professional actors, but by Roman citizens of rank ; were written in the Oscan language, and were dis- tinguished for their relined humour. Tliey were supposed to be directly derived from the ancient Mhni of the Atellan Fables.— Sir W. Scott, 'J'!i« Drama. A'tha, a country in Connaught, which for a time had its own chief, and some- times usurped the throne of Ireland. Thus Cairbar (lord of Atha) usurped tlie throne, but was disscatcd by Fingal, who restored Conar king of Ulster. The war of Fingal with Cairbar is the subject of the Ossianic poem Tcm'ora, so called from the palace of that name where Cairbar murdered king Corniac. The kings of the Fir-bclg were called "lords of Atha." — Ossian. Ath'alie (3 s>/l.), daughter of Ahab and Jezabel, and wife of Joram king of Judah. She massacred all the remnant of the house of David ; but Joash escaped, and six j-ears afterwards was proclaimed king. Athalie, attracted bj' the shouts, •went to the temple, and Avas killed by the mob. This forms the subject and title of Racine's chef -d' centre (1091), and was Mdlle. Rachel's great part. (Racine's tragedy of Athnlie, queen of Judah, must not be confounded with (Jorneille's tragedy of Attikt, king of the Ilims.) Atheist's Tragedy {The), by Cyril Toumeur. The "atheist" is U'Amvillc, . who murders his brother Montferrers for Lis estates. — (Seventeenth century.) Ath'elstane (3 syL), sumamed " The Unready," thane of Coningsburgh. — Sir \V. Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Richard L). *^* "Unready" does not me.aii unpre- pared bu.t injudicious (from Anglo-Saxon, rd:d, "wisdom, counsel"). Athe'na {Juno) once meant "the air," but in Homer this goddess is the repre- sentative of civic prudence and military skill ; the armed protectress of states and cities. Ath.e'nian Bee, Plato, so called from the honeyed sweetness of his com- position. It is said that a bee settled on his lip while he was an infant asleep in his cradle, and indicated that "honeyed words " would fall from his lips, and flow from his pen. Sophocles is called "The Attic Bee." Atlienodo'rus, the Stoic, told Augus- tus the best way to restrain unnilj- anger was to repeat the alphabet before giving way to it. The sacred line he did but once rcpe.it, And liiid tlie storm, and cooled the raging heat Tickell, The Uorn-book. Ath'ens. German Athens, Saxe-Weimar. Athens of Ireland, Belfast. Modern Athens, Edinburgh, so called from its resemblance to the Acropolis, when viewed from the sea opposite. — Willis. 3fohammcdan Athens, Bagdad in the time of Haroun-al-Raschid. Athens of the Keio World, Boston, noted for its literature and literary in- stitutions. Athens of the North, Copenhagen, un- rivalled for its size in the richness of its literary and antique stores, the number of its societies for the encouragement of arts, sciences, and general le«rning, to- gether with the many illustrious names on the roll of citizenship. Athens of Su-it-.crland, Zurich, so called from the number of protestant refugees who resorted thither, and inundated Europe with their works on controversial divinity. Coverdale's Bible was printed at Zurich in 15;)') ; here Zuinglius preached, and here Lavator liTcd. Athens of the West. Cor'dova, in Spain, was so called in the middle ages. Ath'liot, the most wretched of all women. Her comfort is (if for her any be), Tliat none can show more cause of grief than she. Wm. Browne, Britannia's Pastorals, li. 5 (I(>13). Ath'os. Dinoc'rates, a sculptor, pro- posed to Alexander to hew moimt Athos ATHUNEEE. 64 AUBREY. into a statue representing the great con- queror, with a city in his left hand, and a basin in his right to receive all the waters which llowed from the mountain. Alexander greatly approved of the sug- gestion, but objected to the locality. And hew out a huge mountain of pathos, As Philip's son proposed to do with Athos. BjTon, Hon Juan, xil 86, Athim'ree, in Connaught, where ■was fought the great battle between Felim O'Connor on the side of the Irish, and William de Bourgo on the side of the English. The Irish lost 10,000 men, and the whole tribe of the O'Connors fell ex- cept Fe'lim's brother, who escaped alive. At'imus, Baseness of Mind personified in The Purple Island (1633), by Phineas Fletcher. "A careless, idle swain . . . his -work to eat, drink, sleep, and purge his reins." Fully described in canto viii. (Greek, atlmos, "one dishonoured.") A'tin (Strife), the squire of Pyr'- ochles. — Spenser, Facrij Queen, ii. 4, 5, 6 (1590). Atlante'an Sliou.ld.ers, shoulders broad and strong, like those of Atlas, which support the -world. Snge he [ncclzi'bub] stood, With AtJantean shoulders, fit to bear The weight of miglitiest monarcliies. Milton, Paradise Lost, ii. a05 (16C5). Atlan'tls. Lord Bacon wrote .an allegorical fiction called Atlantis or The New Atlantis. It is an island in the Atlantic, on which the author feigns that he was wrecked, and there he found every model arrangement for the promotion of science and the perfection of man as a social being. A moriJ country— but I hold my hand, For I disdaiji to WTite an Atlantis. Byron, Don Jiian, xi. 87. Atlas' Shoulders, enormous strength. Atlas king of Mauritania is said to sup- port the world on his shoulders. Change thy shape and shake ofT .ace . . . Get thee Medea's kettle and be boiled anew, come forth with . . . callous hands, a chine of steel, and Atlas' shoulders. — W. Congreve, Love/or Love, iv. (IGaS). Atos'sa. So Pope calls Sarah duchess of Marlborough, because she was the great friend of lady Mary Wortley Montagu, whom he calls Sappho. But what are these to great Atossa's nund ? Pope. (The great friend of Sappho was Atthis. By Atossa is generally understood Vashti, daughter of Cyrus and wife of Ahasuerus of the Old Testament.) At'ropos, one of the F.ates. whose, office is to cut the thread of life with ^ pair of scissors. . . . nor shines the knife. Nor shears of Atropos before their vision. Byron, Don Jufin, ii. '). The plot of this comedy is as follows : Harpagon the miser and his son Cle'ante (2 syl.) both want to marry INIariane (3 s'//.), daugliter of An- selme, alias don Thomas d'Alburci, of Naples. Cldante gets possession of a casket of gold belonging to the miser, and hidden in the garden. When Har- pagon discovers his loss he raves like a mad man, and Cle'ante gives him the choice of Mariane or the casket. The miser cliooses the casket, and leaves the young lady to his son. The second plot is connected with Elise (2 syL), the miser's daughter, promised in marriage by the father to his friend Anselme (2 syl.) ; but Elise is herself in love with Valfcre, who, however, turns out to be the son of Anselme. As soon as Anselme discovers that Valbre is his son, who he thought had been lost at sea, he resigns to him Elise, and so in both instances the j'oung folks marry together, and the old ones give up their unnatural rivalry. — Molifere, VAvare (16G7). Ava'tar, the descent of Srahma to this earth. It is said in Hindii mvtho- logy that Brahma has already descended nine times in various forms, but is yet to appear a tenth, in the figure of a warrior upon a white horse, to cut off all incor- rigible offenders. Nine times have Brahma's wheels of lightning hurled His awfid presence o'er the alarmed world ; Nine times liatli Guilt, through all his giant frame, . Convulsive trembled, as tlie Mighty came; Nine times hath suffering Mercy spared in vain,— ' But heaven shall burst her starry gates again. He comes 1 dread Brahma shakes the sunless sky . . Heaven's fiery horse, beneath his warrior-form. Paws the liglit clouds, and gallops on the storm. Camjibell, Pleasures of Hope, i. (1790). Ave'nel (2 syl^, Julian Avenel, the tisurper of Avenel Castle. Lady Alice Acenel, widow of sii Walter. Mary Avcnd, daughter of lady Alice. She marries Halbert Glendinning. — Sir W. Scott, The Muiiastcry (date 1551*). Ave'nel {Sir Halbert Glendinning, hnitjht of), same as the bridegroom in T/ie Monastery. The ladi/ Mary of Avenel, same as The bride in The Monastery. — Sir W. Scott, The Abbot (time, Elizabeth). The White Lady of Avenel, a spirit mysteriously connected with the Avenel family, as the Irish banshee is with true Mile'sian families. She announces good or ill fortune, and m.anifests a general interest in the family to which she is attached, but to others she acts with con- siderable caprice ; thus she shows un- mitigated malignitj- to the sacristan and (he robber. Any truly virtuous mortal has commanding power over her. Noon gleams on the lake, Noon glows on the fell ; Aw.ake Uiee, awake. White maid of Avenel 1 Sir W. Scott, T/io ilonattery (time, El'izabeth). Aven'gei* of Blood, the man who had tlie birthright, according to the Jewish polity, of taking vengeance on him who had killed one of his relatives. . . . tlie Christless code. That must have life for n blow. Tennyson, Maud, II. I. 1. Av'icen or Abou-ibn-Siiia, an Arabian physician and philosopher, bom ai Shiraz, in Persia (980-1037). He com- posed a treatise on logic, and another on metaphysics. Avicen is called both the Ilippo'cratcs .and the j\jristotle of the Arabs, Of phj-sickc spoake for me, king Avicen . . . Yet w.-u hii glory never set on shelfe. Nor never shall, vhylcs any worlde may stande Where men have mindc to take good bookes in hands. G. G;iscoigne, The /Viiir* of fi'arre, Ivii. (died liS77). Avirion ("/ Kehama, xxiii. 15 (ISOO). Baal, plu. Baalim, a general name for all the Syrian gods, as Ash'taroth was for the goddesses. The general version of the legend of Baal is the same as that of Adonis, Thammuz, Osiris, and the Arabian mj-th of El Khouder. All alle- gorize the Sim, six months above and six months below the equator. As a title of honour, the word Baal, Bal, Bel, etc., enters into a large numlier of Phoenician BAALBEC OF IRELAND. 69 BACCHUS. and Carthaginian proper names, as Hanni- bal, Hasdru-bal, IJel-shazzar, etc. . . . [the) general names Of Eaalini and AihUroth : those male ; These female. Milton, Paradise lost, i. 422 (16fi5). Saalbee of Ireland, Kilmallock in Limerick, noted for its ruins. Bab {Ladij), a waiting maid on a lady so called, who assumes the airs with the name and address of her mistress. Her fellow-servants and other servants address her as " lady Bab," or " Your ladyship." She is a fine wench, "but by no means particular in keeping her teeth clean." She says she never reads but one " book, which is Shikspur." And she calls Lovel and Freeman, two gentlemen of fortune, " downright hottenpots." — Rev. J. Townley, Iligh Life Below Stairs (1759). Ba'ba, chief of the eunuchs in the court of the sultana Gulbev'az. — Bvron, Do)i Juan, v. 28, etc. (1820). Baha (AH), who relates the story of the " Forty Thieves " in the Arabian j\"ights' TJntei'tainments. He discovered the thieves' cave while hiding in a tree, and heard the magic word " Ses'ame," at which the door of the cave opened and shut. Cassim Baha, brother of Ali Baba, who entered the cave of the forty thieves, but forgot the pass-word, and stood crying "Open Wheat !" " Open Barley !" to the door, which obej'cd no sound but " Open SesamG I " Baba Mus'tapha, a cobbler who sewed together the four pieces into which Cassim's body had been cleft by the forty thieves. When the thieves discovered that the body had been taken away, they sent one of the band into the city, to ascertain who had died of late. The man happened to enter the cobbler's stall, and falling into a gossip heard about the body which the cobbler had sewed together. Mustapha pointed out to him the house of Cassim Baba's widow, and the thief marked it with a piece of white chalk. Next day the cobbler pointed out the house to another, who marked it with red chalk. And the day following he pointed it out to the captain of the band, •who instead of marking the door studied the house till he felt sure of recognizing it. — Arabian Xiijhts ("Ali Baba or The Forty Thieves"). Bababalouk, chief of the black eunuchs, whose duty it was to wait on the sultan, to guard the sultanas, and to superintend the harem. — Habesci, State of the Ottoman Empire, Ibb-G. Ba'bel (^^ confusion''). There is atown in Abyssinia called Habcsh, the Arabic word for "confusion." This town is so called from the great diversity of races by which it is inhabited : Christians, Jews, and Mohammedans, Ethiopians, Arabians, Falashas (exiles), Gallas, and Negroes, all consort together there. Babes in the 'Wood., insurrec- tionary hordes that infested the mountains of Wicklow, and the woods of Ennis- carthy towards the close of the eighteenth century. (See Ciiildken in the Wood.) Babie, old Alice Gray's sen-ant-girl. — Sir W. Scott, Bride of Lammcrmoor (time, William IIL). Babie'ea (3 syl.), the Cid's horse. I learnt to prize Babieca fi-om his head unto liis hoof. The Cid (1128). Baboon (Philip), Philippe Bourbon, due d'Anjou. Lewis Baboon, Louis XIV., "a false loon of a grandfather to Philip, and one that might justly be called a Jack-of- all-trades." Sometimes you would see this Lewis Baboon behind hij counter, selling broad-cloth, sometimes measuring linen : next day he would be dealing in mercery-ware; high heads, ribbons, gloves, fans, and lace, he understood to % nicety . . . n.ay, he would descend to the selling of taped garters, and shoebuckles. AVhen shop w.is shut up he would go about the neighbourhood, and e,arn half-a-crown, by teaching the young men and maidens to dance. By these means he had acquired innnense riches, which ho used to squander aw.ay at b.ick-sword (i>i war], quarter- staff, and cudgel-play, in which he took great pleasure. — Dr. Arbuthnot, Ilistorij of John Bull, ii. (1712). Bab'yloii' C'^^'o in Fgypt was so called by the crusaders. Borne was so called by the purit.ans ; and London was, and still is so called by some, on account of its wealth, luxury, and dissipation. — The reference is to Bcv. xvii. and xviii. Babylonian Wall. The foundress of this wall (two hundred cubits high, and fifty thick), was Semiramis, mythic foundress of the Assyrian empire. She was the daughter of the fish-goddess Der'ceto of Ascalon, and a Syrian youth. Oiir st;ituc9 . . . she The foundress of the Babylonian w.-»D. Tennyson, I'he I'rinecti, ii. Bacchan'tes (3 syl.), priestesses of Bacclius. Kound about him [Baechua} fair Bacchantes, Bearing cymbals, flutes, acd tbyrses. Wild from Naxian groves, or ZanI6's Vineyards, sing delirious verses. Longfellow, Drinking Sony. Bacchus, in the Lusiad, an epic BACHARACH. 70 BADROULBOUDOUR. poem by Camoens (1569), is the personi- fication of the evil principle which acts in opposition to Jupiter, the lord of Destiny. Mars is made by tlie poet the guardian power of Christianity, and Bacchus of Mohammedanism. Bacharach, a red wine, so called from a town of the same name in the Lower Palatinate. Pope Pius II. used to import a tun of it to Rome yearly, and Nuremberg obtained its freedom at the price of four casks of it a-year. The •word Bacharach means ' ' the altar of Bacchus" (Bacchiara), the altar referred to being a rock in the bed of the river, which indicated to the vine-growers what sort of year they might expect. If the head of the rock appeared above water the season was a dry one, and a fine vintage might be looked for ; if not it •was a wet season, and bad for the grapes. . . . that ancient town of Bach.irach,— The beautiful Imvn that gives us wine, ■With the £ragi-ant odour of Musc^diije. Longfellow, The Golden Legend. Backbite (Sir Benjamin), nephew of Crabtree, very conceited, and ver>' cen- sorious. His friends called him a great poet and -u-it, but he never published any- thing, because "'twas very vulgar to print;" besides, as he said, his little pro- ductions circulated more " by giving copies in confidence to friends." — Sheri- dan, School for Scandal (1777). When I first saw Misa Pope she was perfomiing "Mrs. Candour," to Miss Farren's "lady Teazle." King as "sir Peter," Parsons "Crabtree," Dodd "Backbite," Baddeley "Moses," Smith "Charles," and John Palmer "Joseph" [Surface].— James Smith, Memoirs, etc Bacon of Theology, bishop But- ler, author of T/iC Aihtlogi/ of Religion, Natural and ran-cakd, etc. (1G'J2-1752). Bacrack, a red German wine. (See Bacharach.) Bactrian Sage {The), Zoroas'tcr or Zerdusht, a native of Bactria, no^w Balkh (B.C. 589-513). Bade'bec (2 syl.), wife of Gargantua and mother of Pan'tagniel'. She died in giving him birth, or rather in giving birth at the same time to 900 dromedaries laden with ham and smoked tongues, 7 camels laden with eels, and 25 waggons full of leeks, garlic, onions, and shal- lots. — Rabelais, Pantagrucl, ii. 2 (1533). Badger {VTiU), sir Hugh Robsart's favourite domestic. — Sir W. Scott, Ecnil- uorth (time, Elizabeth). Bad'ger {Mr, Bayliam), medical prac- titioner at Chelsea, under whom Richard Carstone pursues his studies. Mr. Badger is a crisp-looking gentleman, with "sur- prised eyes ; " very proud of being Mrs. Badger's "third," and always referring to her former two husbands, captain Swosser and professor Dingo. — C. Dickens, Bleak House (1853). Badinguet [Bad'.en.ga;/'], one of the many nicknames of Napoleon III. It was the name of the mason in whose clothes he escaped from the fortress of Ham (1808, 1851-1873). Ba'don, Bath. The twelfth great vic- tory of Arthur over the Saxons was at Badon Hill (Bannerdown). They sang how he himself [king Arthur] at Badon bore that day, Wlien at tlie glorious goal his British sceptre lay. Two days together how the battle strongly stood ; Pendragon's worthy son [king Arthur] . . . Three hundred Siuons slew with his own valiant hand. M. Drayton, Polyolbion, iv. (1612). Badou'ra, daughter of Gaiour (2 syl.) king of China, the " most beautiful woman ever seen upon earth." The em- peror Gaiour wished her to marry, but she expressed an aversion to wedlock. However, one night b}' fairy influence she was shown prince Camaral'zaman asleep, fell in love with him, and exchanged rings. Next day she inquired for the prince, but her inquiry was thought so absurd that slie was confined as a mad Avoman. At length her foster-brother solved the difficulty thus : The emperor having proclaimed that whoever cured the princess of her [supposed] madness should have her for his wife, he sent Camaralzaman to play the magician, and imparted the secret to the princess by sending her the ring she had left with the sleeping prince. The cure •was instantly effected, and the marriage solemnized with due pomp. When the emperor was informed that his son- in-law was a prince, •\vhose father was sultan of the " Island of the Children of KJial'edan, some twenty days' sail from the coast of Persia," he was delighted with the alliance. — Arabian JSights (" Camaralzaman and Badoura "). Badroul'boudour, daughter of the Bultan of China, a beautiful bnmette. "Her eyes were large and sparkling, her expression modest, her mouth small, her lips vermilion, .and her figure per- fect." She became the wife of Aladdin, but twice nearly caused his death : once by exchanging" "the wonderful lamp" for a new copper one, and once by giving B.ETICA. hospitality to the false Fatima. Aladdin killed both these magicians. — Arabian Nights ("Aladdin or The Wonderful Lamp"). BaB'tiea or Baetie Vale, Granada and Andalusia, or Spain in general. So called from the river Ba;tis or Guadal- quivcr. While o'er the Boetic vale Or tliro' the towers of Memphis [Hyi/pt], or the palms By sacred Ganges watered, I conduct . The English merchant. Akenside, Eymn to the Naiads. Bagdad. A hermit told the caliph Almanzor that one Moclas was destined to found a city on the spot where he was standing. "I am that man," said the caliph, and he then informed the hermit how in his boyhood he once stole a bracelet, and his nurse ever after called him "Moclas," the name of a well-known thief. — Marigny. Bagshot, one of a gang of thieves who conspire to break into the house of lady Boimtiful. — Farquhar, The Beaux' Stratagem (1705). Bagstoek {Major Joe), an apo- plectic retired military officer, living in Princess's Place, opposite to Miss Tox. The major had a covert kindness for Miss Tox, and was jealous of Mr. Dombey. He speaks of himself as " Old Joe Bag- stock," "Old Joey," "Old J.," "Old Josh," "Rough and tough Old Jo," "J. B.," " Old J. B.," and so on. He is also given to over-eating, and to abusing his poornativc servant. — C. Dickens, Dombey and Son (1846). Bah'adar, master of the horse to the king of the Magi. Prince Am'giad was enticed by a collet to enter the minister's house, and when Bahadar re- turned, he was not a little surprised at the sight of his uninvited guest. The prince, however, explained to him in private how the matter stood, and Bahadar, entering into the fun of the thing, assumed for the nonce the place of a slave. The collet would have murdered him, but Amgiad, to save the minister, cut off her head. Bahadar, being arrested for murder, was condemned to death, but Amgiad came forward and told the whole truth, where- upon Bahadar was instantly released, and Amgiad created vizier. — Arabia7i Nights ("Amgiad and Assad"). Bahman {Prince), eldest son of the sultan Khrossou-schah of Persia. In 71 BAILLIF. infancy he was taken from the palace by the sultana's sisters, and set adrift on a canal, but being rescued by the superin- tendent of the sultan's gardens, he was brought up, and afterwards restored to the sultan. It was the "talking bird" that told the sultan the tale of the young prince's abduction. Prince Bahman's Knife. "VMien prince Bahman started on his exploits, he gave to his sister Parizade (4 syl.) a knife, saying, "As long as you find this knife clean and bright, you may feel assured that I am alive and well ; but if a drop of blood falls from it, you may know that I am no longer alive." — Arabian Nights (" The Two Sisters," the last tale). Bailey, a sharp lad in the service of Todger's boarding-house. His ambition was to appear quite a full-grown man. On leaving Mrs. Todger's, he became the servant of Montague Tigg, manager of the "Anglo-Bengalee Company." — C. Dickens, Martin (jhuzzlewit (1844). Bailie {General), a parliamentary leader. — Sir W. Scott, Legend of Mont- rose (time, Charles I.). Bailie {Giles), a gipsy; father of Ga- brael Faa (nephew to Meg Merrilies). — Sir "W. Scott, Guy Manner ing (time, George II.). Bailiff's Daughter of Isling- ton (in Norfolk). A squire's son loved the bailiff's daughter, but she gave him no encouragement, and his friends sent him to London "an apprentice for to binde." After the lapse of seven years, the bailiff's daughter, " in ragged attire," set out to walk to London, " her true love to inquire." The young man on horse- back met her, but knew her not. " One penny, one penny, kind sir ! " she said. "Where were you born?" asked tha j-oung man. " At Islington," she replied. "Then prithee, sweetheart, do you know the bailiff's daughter there?" "She's dead, sir, long ago." On hearing this the 3'oung man declared he'd live an exile ia some foreign land. " Stay, oh stay, thou goodly youth," the maiden cried, "she is not really dead, for I am she." "Then farewell grief and welcome joy, for I have found my true love, whom I feared I should never see again." — Percy, Relics of English Poetry, ii. 8. Baillif {Herry), mine host in tha Canterbury Tales, by Chaucer (1388). When the poet begins the second fit of 13AILZ0U. the '•Rime of Sir Thopas," mine host exclaims : Ko mor of Uiis for GoddCs dlgnltie ! For thou makeat me so wery . . . that Mine eeres aken for thy niisty speeche. V. 15,327, etc. (1388). Bailzou {Ann'aple), the nurse of Effie Deans in lior confinement.— Sir W. Scott, Heart of Midlothian (time, George II.). Baiser-Lamourette (Lamourette's Kiss), a short-lived reconciliation. n y avail (20 juin, 1792), scission entre les menibres de r Assemble. LaniourettelesexhortaAscreconcilicr. Per- .^iindtSs par sou discours, ils s*enibrass6rent les uns les autres. Mais cctte r(5conciIiation ne dura jms deux jours ; et elle fut bientfit ridiculisii sous le nom de liaiscr- Lamourette. — liouillet, JjicC. d'Uist., eta. "Bajar'do, lilnaldo's steed. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (lolG). Baj'azet, sumamed "The Thunder- bolt " (ilderim), sultan of Turkey. After subjugating Bulgaria, Macedonia, Thessaly, and Asia Minor, he laid siege is Constantinople, but was taken captive ty Tamerlane emperor of Tartary. He was fierce as a wolf, reckless, and in- domitable. Being asked by Tamerlane how he would have treated him had their lots been reversed, " Like a dog," he cried. " I would have made you my footstool when I mounted my saddle, and when j'our services were not needed would have chained you in a cage like a wild beast." Tamerlane replied, "Then to show you the difference of my spirit, I shall treat you as a king." So saying, he ordered his chains to be struck off, gave him one of the royal tents, and promised to restore him to his throne if he would lay aside his hostilit}'. J5ajazct abused this noble generositj' ; plotted the assassination of Tamerlane ; and bow- Btrung Monc'ses. Finding clemencj' of no use, Tamerlane commanded him to be used "as a dog, and to be chained in a cage Irke a wild beast." — X. Kowe, Tamerlane (a tragedy, 170'2j. *^* This was one of the favourite parts of Spranger Barry (1T19-1777) and J. Kemble (1757-1823). Bajazct, a black page at St. James's Palace. — Sir "W. Scott, Fevcril of the Peak (time, Charles 11.). Bajura, Mahomet's standard. Baker ( The), and the "Baker's Wife." Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette were so called by the revolutionary party, because on the tJth October, 1780, they ordered a bujiijly of bread to be given to 72 BALANCE. the mob which surrounded the palace at Versailles, clamouring for bread. Balaam (2 syl.), the earl of Hunt- ingdon, one of the rebels in the army of the duke of Monmouth. And therefore, in the name of dulncss, be The well-Lung Bahutm. Drjden, Absalom and AchitophcL Ba'laam, a "citizen of sober fame," who lived near the monument of London. AVTiile poor he was " religious, punctual, and frugal ; " but when he became rich and got knighted, he seldom went to church, became a courtier, " took a bribe from France," and was hung for treason. — Pope, Moral Essays, iii. Balaam and Josaphat, a religious novel by Johannes Damascenus, son of Almansur. (For plot, see Josathat.) Balack, Dr. Bumet, bishop of Salis- bury, who wrote a history called Burnet's Own Time, and Histortj of the Beforma- tion. — Dryden and Tate, Absalom and Achitophcl, ii. Balacla'va, a corniption of hclla chiare ("beautiful port"), so called by the Genoese, who raised the fortress, some portions ofwhich still exist. (SeeCnAUGic.) Balafre (Be), alias Ludovic Leslj', an old archer of the Scottish Guard at Plessis les Tours, one of the castle palaces of Louis XL Le Balafre' is imcle to Quen- tin Durward. — Sir W. Scott, Qucntin Duricard (time, Edward IV.). *«* Henri, son of Francois second duke of Guise, was called Be BalafrC (" the gashed "), from a frightful scar in the face from a sword-cut in the battle of Dormans (1575). Bal^m', the ox on which the faithful feed in paradise. The fish is called Nun, the lobes of whose liver will suffice for 70,000 men. Balan', brother of Balyn or Balin le Savage, two of tlie most valiant knights tliat tJie world ever produced. — Sir T. Malorv, JBstory of Prince Arthur, i. 31 (1170)'. Balan, " tlie bravest and strongest of all the giant race." Am'adis de Gaul rescued Gabrioletta from his hands. — Vasco de Loueira, Amadis of Gaul, iv. 129 (fourteenth centurj'). Balance (Justice), father of Sylvia. He had once been in the army, and as he had run the gauntlet himself, he could make excuses for the wild pranks of BALAND OF SPAIN. BALIN. young men. — G. Farquhar, The Recruiting Officer (1701). Ba'land of Spain, a man of gigantic strength, -who called himself " Fierabras." — Mcdieeval liomancc, Balehris'tie {Jenny), hotisekeeper to the laird of Dumbiedikes. — Sir W. Scott, Heart of Midlothian (time, George II.). JBalelu'tha, a town belonging to the Britons on the river Clyde. It fell into the hands of Comhal (Fingal's father), and was burnt to the ground. " 1 have seen the walls of Balclutha,' said FingaJ, " but they were desolate. The fire had resounded in the halls, and the voice of the people is lieard no more. The thistle shook there its lonely head, the moss whistled in the wind, and the fox looked out from the windows."' — Ossian, Carthon. Baldassa're (1 syl.), chief of the monaster}' of St. Jaoopo di Compostella. — Donizetti's opera. La Favorite (1842). Bal'der, the god of light, peace, and day, was the young and beautiful son of Odin and Frigga. His palace, Briedab- lik ("wide-shining"), stood in the Milky Way. He was slain by Iloder, the blind old god of darkness and night, but was restored to life at the general request of the gods. — Scandinavian Jfi/thologi/. R-Jder the beautiful God of the summer sun. Longfellow, Tegnier's Death. (Sydney Dobell has a poem entitled Balder, published in 1854.) Bal'derston (Caleb), the favourite old butler of the master of Kavenswood, at Wolf's Crag Tower. Being told to provide supper for the laird of Bucklaw, he pretended that there were fat capon and good store in plenty, but all ho could produce was "the hinder end of a mutton ham that had been three times on the table already, and the heel of a ewe-milk kebbuck [cheese] " (ch. vii.). — JSir W. Scott, Bride of Lammermoor (time, William III.). Baldrick, an ancestor of the lady Eveline Berenger " the betrothed." He was murdered, and lady Eveline assured Rose Flammock that she had seen his ghost frowning at her. — Sir W. Scott, The Betrothed (time, Henry II.). Bal'dringhara (The lady L'rmcn- qardc of), great-aunt of lady Eveline Berenger "the betrothed." — Sir AV. Scott, The Betrothed (time, Henry II.). Baldwin, the youngest and comelicst of Charlemagne's paladins, nephew of sir lioland. Baldwin, the restless and ambitious duke of Boloigna, leader of 1200 horse in the allied Christian army. He was Godfrey's brother, and very like him, but not so tall. — Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered (1575). *^* He is introduced by sir Walter Scott in Count liobcrt of Paris. Baldwin. So the Ass is called in the beast-epic entitled licynard the Fox (the word means " bold friend "). In pt. iii. he is called " Dr. " Baldwin (1498). Bald' win, tutor of Rollo ("the bloody brother ") and Otto, dukes of Normandy, and sons of Sophia. Baldwin was put "to death by Rollo, because Ilamond slew Gisbert the chancellor with an axe and not with a sword. Rollo said that Baldwin deserved death "for teaching Hamond no better." — Beaumont and Fletcher, 27ie Bloody Brother (1639). Baldwin (Count), a fatal example of paternal self-will. He doted on his elder son Biron, but because he married against his inclination, disinherited him, and fixed all his love on Carlos his j'oungerson. Biron fell at the siege of Candy, and was supposed to be dead. His wife Isabella mourned for him seven years, and being on the point of starvation, applied to the count for aid, but he drove her from his house as a dog. Villeroy (2 syl.) married her, but Biron returned Uie following day. Carlos, hearing-' of big brother's return, employed ruffians to murder him, and then charged Villeroy with the crime ; but one of the ruffians impeached, Carlos was arrested, and Isabella, going mad, killed herself. Thus was the wilfulness of Baldwin the source of infinite misery. It caused the death of his two sons, as well as of his daughter- in-law. — Thomas Southern, 'lyie Fatal Marriage (1692). Baldwin, archbishop of Canterburv (1184-1190), introduced by sir W. Scott in his novel called The Betrothed (time, Henry II.). Baldwin de Oyley, esquire of sir Brian de Bois Guilbcrt (rreceptor of tho Knights Templars). — Sir W. Scott, Jvanhoe (time, Richard I.). Balin (Sir), or " Balin le Savage," knight of the two swords. He was a Northumberland knight, and being taken captive, was imprisoned six months by king Arthur. It so happened that .a damsel girded with a sword came to BALINVERNO. 74 BALRUDDERY. Camelot at the time of sir Balin's release, and told the king that no man could draw it who -vvas tainted with "shame, treachery, or guile." King Arthur and all his knights failed in the attempt, but sir Balin drew it readily. The damsel begged him for the sword, but he refused to give it to any one. 'NMiereupon the damsel said to him, "That sword shall be thy jjlamie, for with it shall ye slay your best friend, and it shall also prove your own death." Then the Ladj- of the Lake came to the king, and demanded the sword, but sir Balin cut off her head with it, and was banished from the court. After various adventures he came to a castle where the custom was for every guest to joust. He was accommodated with a shield, and rode forth to meet his antagonist. So fierce was the encounter that both the combatants were slain, but Balin lived just long enough to learn that his antagonist was his dearly beloved brother Balan, and both were buried in one tomb. — Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, i. 27-44 (1470). *»* " The Book of Sir Balin le Sa- vage" is part i. ch. 27 to 41 (both in- clusive) of sir T. Malory's History of Prince Arthur. Balinverno, one of the leaders in Agramant's allied arm}'. — Ariosto, Or- lando Furioso (1516). Ba'liol (Edward), usurper of Scotland, introduced in Pcdgauntlet, a novel by sir W. Scott (time, George II.). Ba'liol {Mrs.), friend of Mr. Croftangrj', in the introductory chapter of The Fair Maid of Perth, a novel by sir AV. Scott (time, Ilenry IV.). Ba'liol (Mrs. ]\Iartha Bctlainc), a lady of rjuality and fortune, who had a house called Baliol Lodging, Canongate, Edin- burgh. At death she left to her cousin Mr. Croftangry two series of talcs called The Chronicles of Canonqate (q.v.), which he published.— Sir W. " Scott, The High- land Widow (introduction, 1827). Baliol College,Oxford, was founded (in 12G3) by John de Baliol, knight, father of Baliol king of Scotland. Balisar'da, a sword made in the garden of Orgagna by the sorceress Fal- eri'na; it would cut through even en- chanted substances, and was given to Roge'ro for the express purpose of " deal- ing Orlando s death." — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso, XXV. 15 (151C). He knew with B.alisarda's lightest blows, Nor hehn, nor shield, nor cuirass could avail. Nor sUongly tempered plate, nor twisted mail. Book xxiii. Baliverso, the basest knight in the Saracen army. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). BalkorBalkh. (" iocni6race"), Omurs, surnamed Ghil-Shah ("earth's king"), founder of the Paishdadian dj'nasty. He travelled abroad to make himself familiar with the laws and customs of other lands. On his return he met his brother, and built on the spot of meeting a city, which he called Balk; and made it the capital of his kingdom. Balkis, the Arabian name of the queen of Sheba, M-iio went from the South to witness the wisdom and splendour of Solomon. According to the Koran she was a fire-worshipper. It is said that Solomon raised her to his bed and tlirone. She is also called queen of Saba or Aaziz. — At Koran, xxvi. (Sale's notes). She fancied herself already more potent than Balki.-;, and pictured to her imagination the genii falling pros- trate at the foot of her throne. — W. Beckford, Vathck. Balkis queen of Sheba OT Saba. Solomon being told that her legs were covered with hair " like those of an ass," had the presence-chamber floored with glass laid over running water filled with fish. When Balkis approached the room, supposing the floor to be water, she lifted up her robes and exposed her hairy ankles, of which the king had been rightly informed. — Jallalo \linn. Bal'lenkeiroch. (Old), a Highland chief and old friend of Fergus M'lvor. — Sir W. Scott, ^yaverley (time, George II.). Balraung, tlie sword of Siegfried, forged by nieland the smith of the Scandinavian gods. In a trial of merit, Wieland cleft Amilias (a brother smith) to the waist ; but so fine was the cut that Amilias was not even conscious of it till he attempted to move, when he fell asunder into two pieces. — 2\ibclunger, Lied. Balni-Barbi, the land of projectors, visited by Gulliver.— Swift, Gulliver's Travels (1726). Balrud'dery (The laird of), a re- lation of Godfrey Bertram, laird of Ellangowan.— Sir "W. Scott, Guy Maiv- ncriny (time, George 11.). BALSAM OF FIERABRAS. BANASTAR. Balsam of Fierabras. "This famous balsam," said don Quixote, " only costs throe rials [about sixpence] for three quarts." It was the balsam with which the body of Christ was embalmed, and was stolen by sir Fierabras [Fe.d'.ra.by-ah], Such was its virtue, that one single drop of it taken internally would instantly heal the most ghastly wound. " It is .1 balsam oCtalsanis ; it not only licals all wounds, but even defies death itself. If thou should'st see no- body cut in two, friend Sancho, by some unlucky back- stroke, you must carefully pick up that half of me which falls on the ground, and clap it upon the other half before the blood congeals, then give me a draught of the balsam of Fierabras, and you will presently see me as sound as an orange."— Cervantes, Bon Quixote, 1. ii. 2 (1605). ,_- ■ Baltha'zar, a merchant, in Shake- speare's Comedj of Errors (1593). Baltha'zar, a name assumed by Portia, in Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice (1598). Baltha'zar, servant to Romeo, in Shakespeare's Borneo and Juliet (1507). Baltha'zar, ser\-ant to don Pedro, in Shakespeare's 2Iuch Ado about Nothimj (1600). Bcdtha'zar, one of the three "kings" shown in Cologne Cathedral as one of the " Magi " led to Bethlehem by the guiding star. The word means ' ' lord of treasures." The names of the other two are Melchior ("king of light"), and Caspar or Caspar ("the white one"). Klopstock, in The j/css/a/i, makes six " Wise Men," and none of the names are like these three. Balthazar, father of Juliana, Yo- lantu, and Zam'ora. A proud, peppery, and wealthy gentleman. His daughter Juliana marries the duke of Aranza ; his second daughter the count Montalban ; and Zamora marries signor Rinaldo. — J. Tobin, The Honeymoon (1804). Balue (Cardincd), in the court of Louis XI. of France (1420-1-191), intro- duced by sir W. Scott in Qucntin Dur- u-ard (time, Edward IV.). Balugantes (4 s>jl.), leader of the men from Leon, in Spain, and in alliance with Agramant. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). Balveny (Lord), kinsman of tlie carl of Douglas.— Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of Berth (time, Henry IV.). Balwliidder [Bdl'.u-ithcr], a Scotch presbyterian pastor, filled with all the old-fashioned national prejudices, but sincere, kind-hearted, and pious. He is garrulous and leves his joke, but is quite ignorant of the world, being "in it but not of it." — Gait. Annals of the Parish (1821). The Rev. Mieah Datiohidder is a fine representation of the primitive Scottish pastor ; diUgent, blameless, loyal, and exemplary in his life, but without the fiery zeal and "kirk-filling eloquence" of the supporters of the Cove- nant.— U. Chambers, rngllsh Literature, ii. 591. Baly, one of the ancient and gigantic kings of India, who founded the city called by his name. He redressed wrongs, upheld justice, was generous and truthful, compassionate and charitable, so that at death he became one of the judges of hell. His city in time got ovenvhelmed with the encroaching ocean, but its walls were not overthrown, nor were the rooms encimibered with the weeds and alluvial of the sea. One day a dwarf, named Vamen, asked the mighty monarch to allow him to measure three of his own paces for a hut to dwell in, Baly smiled, and bade him measure out what he required. The first pace of the dwarf compassed the whole earth, the second the whole heavens, and the third the infernal regions. Baly at once per- ceived that the dwarf was Vishnu, and adored the present deity. Vishnu made the king " Governor of Pad'alon " ot hell, and permitted him once a year to revisit the earth, on the first full moon of. November. Baly built A city, like the cities of the gods, Ecing like a god himself. For many an aga Hath ocean warred against his palaces. Till oierwhclnied they he beneath the waves, Not overthrown. Southey, Curse of Kchama, it. 1 (1809). Ban, king of Benwick IBrittany'], father of sir Launcclot, and brother of Bors king of Gaul. This " shadowy king of a still more shadowy kingdom " came over with liis royal brother to the aid of Arthur, when, at the beginning of his reign, the eleven kings leagued against him (pt. i. 8). Yonder I see the most vali.int knight of the world, and the man of most renown, for such two brethren a.s are king r.an and king Bors arc not living.— Sir T. JIalory, History of Prince A rthur, L 14 (1470). Ban'aglier, a town in Ireland, on the Shannon (King's County). It fonnerly sent two members to parliament, and was a pocket borough. 'When a member spoke of a rotten borough, he could de- vise no stronger expression than That beats Banaijher, which passed into a household phrase. Banastar {Humfrey), brought up by Henry duke of Buckingham, and ad- vanced by him to honour and wealth. BANBERG. BAPTISTA. lie professed to love the duke as bis dearest friend; but v.'ben Kicbard III. offered £1000 reward to any one wbo would deliver up tbc duke, Banastar betrayed him to John Mitton, sheriff of Shropshire, and he was conveyed to Salis- bury, where he was beheaded. The ghost of the duke prayed that Banastar's eldest son, " reft of his wits might end his life in a pigstye ; " that his second son might "be drowned in a dyke" containing less than "half a foot of water;" that his only daughter might be a leper ; and that Banastar himself might "live in death and die in life." — Thomas Sackville, A Mirrour for Majistraytcs ("The Com- i)laynt," 1587^, Banberg (The bishop of), introduced in Donnerhugel's narrative. — Sir W. Scott, Anne of Geier stein (time, Edward IV.). Banbury Cheese. Bardolph calls Slender a "Banbury cheese" (Mcrri/ Wivca of IVindsor, act i. sc. 1) ; and in Jac/i JJnans Entertainment we read " You are like a Banbury cheese, nothing but paring." Tlie Banbury cheese alluded to was a milk cheese, about an inch in thickness. Bandy-legged, Armand Gouffc (1775-1845), also called Le panard du dix-neuvieme siede. He was one of the founders of the " Caveau moderne." Bane of the Land {Landschaden), tlie name given to a German robber- knight on account of his reckless depre- dations on his neighbours' property. He was placed under the ban of the empire for his offences. Bango'rian Controversy, a theo- logical iiapcr-war begun by Dr. lloadly, bishop of Bangor, the best reply being by Law. The subject of this controversy was a sermon preached before George I., on the text, " My kingdom is not of this world." Banks, a farmer, the great terror of old mother Sawyer, the witch of Edmon- ton. — Tlie Witch of Edmonton (by liow- iey, Dekker, and Eord, 1G58). Ban'nat3rae Club, a literary club which takes its name from George Ban- natjTie. It was instituted in 1823 by sir Walter Scott, and had for its object the publication of rare works illustrative of Scottish historj', poetry, and general -literature. The club was dissolved in Bannockburn (in Stirling), famous for the ^reat battle between Bruce and Edward II., in which the English army was totally defeated, and the Scots re- gained their freedom (June 24, 1314). Departed spirits of the mighty dead 1 . . . Oil 1 once R^'ain to Freedom'^ cause return Tlie pattiot Tell, the ISruce of Bannockburn. Campbell, I'lcature$ oj lIoi>e, i. (1799). Banquo, a Scotch general of royal extraction, in the time of Toward the Confessor. He was murdered at the in- stigation of king ]\Iacbeth, but his son Flcance escaped, and from this Fleance descended a race of kings who filled the throne of Scotland, ending with James I. of England, in whom were united the two crowns. The witches on the blasted heath hailed Banquo as — (1) I.esser than Macbeth, and greater. (2) Not so happy, yet much happier. (3) Thou sh.ilt get kings, thougli thou be none. Shakespeare, Macbeth, act i. sc. 3 (1606). (Historically no such person as Banquo ever existed, and therefore Fleance was not the ancestor of the house of Stuart.) Ban'shee, a tutelary female spirit. Every chief family of Ireland has its banshee, who is supposed to give it warn- ing of approaching death or danger. Bantam (Ayigelo Ci/nis), grand-master of the ceremonies at "Ba-ath," and a very mighty personage in the opinion of the dite of Bath. — C. Dickens, The I'ick- v:ick Papers (183G). Banting. Doinij Banting mca.ns living by regimen for the sake of reducing superfluous fat. William Banting, an undertaker, was at one time a very fat man, but he resolved to abstain from beer, farinaceous foods, and all vege- tables, his chief diet being meat (17'JG- 1878). Bap, a contraction of Hap'homct, i.e. Jlahomet. An imaginary- idol or symbol which the Templars were accused of em- ploying in their mysterious religious rites. It was a small human figure cut in stone, with two heads, one male and the other female, but all the rest of the figure was female. Specimens still exist. Bap'tes (2 si/L), priests of the god- dess Cotytto, whose midnight orgies were so obscene as to disgust even the very goddess of obscenity. (Greek, bapto, " to baptize," because these priests bathed tlieinsclves in the most effeminate man- ner.) — Juvenal, Satires, ii. 91. Baptis'ta, a rich gentleman of Padua, father of Kathari'na " the shrew " BAPTISTI DAMIOTTI. 77 BARD OF AVON. and Bianca. — Shakespeare, lamiivj of the Shrew (1594). Baptist! Damiotti, a Paduan quack, who shows in the enchanted mirror a picture representing the clandestine mar- riasje and infidelitj- of sir Philip Forester. — Sir W. Scott, Aunt Margaret' s Mirror (time, William III.). Bar of Gold. A bar of gold above the instep is a mark of sovereign rank in tlie women of the families of the deys, and is worn as a "crest" by their female relatives. Arouiul, as princess of her father's land, A like gold i)ar, above her instep rolled, Announced her rank. Eyron, Don Juan, iii. 72 (1820). Bar'abas, the faithful servant of Ralph de Lascours, captain of the Uran'ii. His favourite expression is "I am afraid;" but he always acts most bravely when he is afraid. (See Barrabas.) — E. Stirling, The Orphan of the Frozen Sea (1856). Bar'adas (Count), the king's fa- vourite, first gentleman of the chamber, and one of the conspirators to dethrone Louis XIII., kill Richelieu, and place the due d'Orleans on the throne of France. Baradas loved Julie, but Julie married the chevalier Adrien de Mauprat. 'Wlien Richelieu fell into disgrace, the king made count Baradas his chief minister, but scarcely had he so done when a despatch was put into his hand, reveal- ing the conspirac}-, and Richelieu ordered Baradas' instant arrest. — Lord Lytton, liichelieu (1839). Barak el Hadgi, the fakir', an emissary from the court of Ilyder Ali. — Sir W. Scott, The Surgeon's Daughter (time, George II.). Barata'ria,the island-city over which Sancho Panza was appointed governor. The table was presided over by Dr. Pedro Rezio de Ague'ro, who caused every dish set before the governor to be whisked away without being tasted, — some be- cause they heated the blood, and others because they chilled it, some for one evil effect, and some for another, so that Sancho was allowed to eat nothing. Sancho then arrived at a tomi coi\taining about a thousand inhabitants. They nave him to umlerstand that it was called the Island of 1-vataria, either because Barataria was really the name of the place, or because he obtained the government barato, i.e. " at a cheap rate." On his arrival near the gates of the town, the municipal o£Bcers came out to receive him. Presently after, Willi certain ridiculous ceremonies, they presented him with the keys of the town, and constituted him perpetual governor of the island of Barataria.— Cervantes, Don Wixote, II. iii. 7, etc. (IGIS). Barbarossa (" red beard"), surname of Frederick I. of Germany (1121-1190). It is said that he never died, but is still sleeping in Kyffhaiiserberg in Thuringia. There he sits at a stone table with his six knights, waiting the "fulness of time," when he will come from his cave to rescue Germany from bondage, and give her the foremost place of all the world. His beard has already grown through the table-slab, but must wind itself thrice round the table before his second advent. (See Mansur, Charlkmagne, Arthuk, Desmond, Sebastian I., to whom similar legends are attached.) Like Barbarossa. who sits in a cave. Taciturn, sombre. sedat«. and f^rave. Longfellow, Tbe Golden Legend. Barbarossa, a tragedy by John Brown. This is not Frederick Barbarossa, the emperor of Germany (1121-1190), but Horuc Barbarossa, the corsair (1475- 1519). He was a renegade Greek, of Mitylene, who made himself master of Algeria, which was for a time subject to Turkey. He killed the INIoorish king ; tried to cut off Selim the son, but without success ; and wanted to marry Zaphi'ra, the king's widow, who rejected his suit with scorn, and was kept in confinement for seven years. Selim returned unex- pectedly to Algiers, and a general rising took place ; Barbarossa was slain by the insurgents ; Zaphira was restored to the throne ; and Selim her son married Irene the daughter of Barbarossa (1742). Bar'bary {St.), the patron saint of arsenals. ANTien her father was about to strike off her head, she was killed by a flash of lightning. Bar'harij {Roan), the favourite horse of Richard 11. Bolingbrolte rode on roan RarKiry, That horse that thou so often h.ast bestrid ! Shakespeare, Jiicfuird II. act v. so. 5 (1537). Bar'bason, the name of a demon mentioned in The Merry Wives of Wiiui- sor, act ii. sc. 2 (159G). I am not Barbnson ; you cannot conjure me. — Sliake- spe.are, Henry V. act ii. sc. 1 (ISilU). Barco'chebali, an antichrist. Shared the fall of the antichrist Barcocbebar. — Professor Selwin, £ccc Homo. Bard of Avon, Shakespeare, born and buried at Stratford-upon-Avon (15G4-- 1G16). Also called the Bard of all Times. Bard of Ayrshire, Robert Bums, a n.ative of Ayrshire (1759-179G). Bardof liope, Thomas Campbell, author of The Pleasures of Hope (1777-1844). BARDS. BARKIS. Bard of the Imagination, Mark Aken- ■side, author of The Pleasures of the Im- agination (1721-1770). Bard of Memory, S. Ro2;ers, axithor of The Pleasures of Memory (17G2-1855). Bard of Olney, W. Cowper {Coo'.pr'], who lived for many years at Olney, in Bucks (1731-1800). Bard of Prose, Boccaccio. He of the hundred tales of love. B)Ton, ChUde Harold, iv. 5G (ISIS). Bard of Rydal Mount, William Words- worth, who lived at Rydal Mount ; also called " Poe'- of the Excursion," from his principal poem (1770-1850). Bard of Twickenham, Alexander Pope, who lived at Twickenham (1688-1741). Bards. The ancient Gaels thought that the soul of a dead hero could never be happj' till a bard had sung an elegy over the deceased. Hence when Cairbar, the usurper of the throne of Ireland, fell, though he was a rebel, a murderer, and a coward, his brother Cathmor could not endure the thou^^ht of his soul being unsung to rest. So he goes to Ossian and gets him to send a bard ' ' to give the soul of the king to the wind, to open to it the airy hall, and to give joy to the darkened ghost." — Ossian, Temora, ii. Bardell {Mrs.), landlady of "apart- ments for single gentlemen " in Goswell Street. Here Mr. Pickwick lodged for a time. She persuaded herself that he would make her a good second husband, and on one occasion was seen in his arms bv his three friends. Mrs. Bardell put herself in the hands of Messrs. Uodson .and Fogg (two unprincipled lawyers), who vamped up a case against Mr. Pick- wick of " breach of promise," and obtained a verdict against the defendant. Subse- quently Messrs. Dodson and Fogg arrested their own client, and lodged her in the Fleet. — C. Dickens, The Pickwick Papers (1836). Barde'sanist (4 syl.), a follower of Barde'san, founder of a Gnostic sect in the second century. Bar'dolph, corporal of captain sir John Falstaff, in 1 and 2 Henry IV. and in 77ie 3fcrry Wives of Wiyidsor. In Henry V. he is promoted to lieutenant, and Nym is corporal. Both are hanged. Bardoiph is a bravo, out great humorist ; he is a low-bred, drunken swaggerer, wholly without principle, and always poor. His red, pimply nose is an ever- lasting joke with sir John ). (Mrs. Quickly says o'f sir John Falstaff, " 'A parted even just between twelve and one, e'en at the turning o' the tide." — Henry V. act ii. sc. 3, 1599.) Bar'laham and Josaphat, the heroes and title of a minncsong, the object of which was to show the triumph of Christian doctrines over paganism. Barlaham is a hermit who converts Josa- phat, an Indian prince. This " lay " was immensely popular in the Middle Ages, and has been translated into every Euro- pean language. — Rudolf of Ems (a min- nesinger, thirteenth century). Barley {Bill), Clara's father. Chiefly remarkable for drinking rum, and thump- ing on the floor. — C. Dickens, Great Expectations (1860). Barleycorn {Sir John), Malt-liquor personified. His neighbours vowed Ihat sir John should die, so they hired ruflians to "plough him Math ploughs and bury him ; " this they did, and afterwards "combed him with harrows and thrust clods on his head," but did not kill liim. Then with hooks and sickles they "cut his legs off at the knees," bound him like a thief, and left him " to wither with the wind," but he died not. They now "rent him to the heart," and having " mowed him in a mow," sent two bravos to beat him with clubs, and they boat him so sore that "all his flesh fell from his bones," hut yet he died not. To a kiln they next hauled him, and burnt him like a martyr, but he surs'ived the burning. They crushed him between two stones, but killed him not. Sir John bore no malice for this ill-usage, but did his best to cheer the flagging spirits even of liis Avorst persecutors. *^* This song, from the English Dancing-Master (1G51), is generally Jiscribed to Robert Bums, but all that tli'c Scotch poet did was slightly to alter part s of it. The same may be said of " Auld lang Syne," " Ca' the Yowes," "My Heart is Sair for Somebody," "Green grow the Rashes, ! " and several other songs, set down to the credit of Burns. Barlow, the favourite archer of Henry VIII. He was jocosely created by the merry monarch " Duke of Shore- ditch," and his two companions "Marquis of Islington " and " Earl of Pancras." Barlow {Billy), a jester, who fancied himself a " mighty potentate." He was veil known in the east of London, and died in Whitechapel workhouse. Some of his sayings were really witty, and some of his attitudes truly farcical. Bar'meeide Feast, a mere dream- feast, an illusion, a castle in the air. Schacabac "the hare-lipped," a man in the greatest distress, one day called on the rich Barmecide, who in merry jest asked him to dine with him. Barmecide first washed in hypothetical water, Schacabac followed his example. Barmecide then pretended to eat of various dainties, Schacabac did the same, and praised them highlj^ and so the " feast " went on to the close. The story says Barmecide was so pleased that Schacabac had the good sense and good temper to enter into the spirit of the joke without resentment, that he ordered in a real banquet, at which Schacabac was a welcome guest. — Arabian Nights ("The Barber's Sixth Brother"). Bar'nabas (-S";.), a disciple of Gama- liel, cousin of St. Mark, and fellow- labourer with St. Paul. He was mar- tyred at Salamis, a.d. G3. St. Barnabas' Bay is June 11. — Acts iv. 3G, 37. Bar'naby ( Widow) , the title and chief character of a novel by Mrs. Trollope (1839). The widow is a vulgar, pre- tentious husband-hunter, wholly without principle. Widow Barnaby has a sequel called The Barnabys in America or The Widow Married, a satire on America and the Americans (1840). Barnaby Rudge, a half-witted j'oung man, whose companion is a raven. He was allured into joining the Gordon rioters, and condemned to death, but afterwards reprieved. — C. Dickens, Bar- naby Rudge (1841). (See Rudge, Bar- KABY, p. 850.) Barnacle, brother of old Nicholas Cockney, and guardian of Priscilla Tom- boy of the AVcst Indies. Barnacle is a tradesman of the old school, who thinks the foppery and extravagance of the " Cockney" school inconsistent with pros- perous sliop-keeping. Though brusque and even ill-mannered, he has good sense and good discernment of character. — The Romp (altered from Bickerstatf's Love in the City), Bam-Burners, altra-radicals or BARNES. 80 BARTOLDO. destructives, who burnt the bams in order to reform social and political abuses. These wiseacres were about as sapient as the Dutchman who burnt down his bams to get rid of tlie rats which infested them. Barnes (1 syl.), ser%'ant to colonel Mannering, atWoodburne. — Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George II.). Barney, a repulsive Jew, who waited on the customers at the low public-house frequented by Fagin and his associates. Barney always spoke through his nose. — C. Dickens, Oliver Tidst (1837). Barn'stable {Lieutenant), in the British navy, in love with Kate Plowden, niece of colonel Howard of New York. The alliance not being approved of, Kate is removed from England to America, but Bamstable goes to America to dis- cover her retreat. In this he succeeds, but being seized as a spy, is commanded by colonel Howard to be hung to the yardarm of an American frigate called the Alacrity. Scarcely is the young man led off, when the colonel is informed that Barnstable is his own son, and he arrives at the scene of execution just in time to save him. Of course after this he marries the lady of his affection. — E. Fitzball, The Pilot (a burletta). Barnwell (GVo?;^?), the chief character and title of a tragedy by George Lillo. George Barnwell is a London apprentice, who falls in love with Sarah Millwood of Shoreditch, who leads him astray. He first robs his master of £200. He next robs his uncle, a rich grazier at Ludlow, and murders him. Having spent all the money of his iniquit}', Sarah Millwood tums'him off and informs against him. IBoth are executed (1732). *^* For many years this play was acted on boxing-night, as a useful lesson to London apprentices. A gentleman . . . called one day on David Ross (1728-1790) the actor, and told liim his father who lay at the point of death greatly desired to see him. When the actor was at tlie bed-side, the dylnj; man said, "Mr Ross, some forty years a^o, like ' George IJarnwell,' I wronged my master to supply the unbounded extravagance of a ' Millwood.' I took her to see your performance, which so shocked me Uiat I vowed to break the connection and return to the lath of virtue. I kept my resolution, replaced the money > had stolen, and found a ' Maria ' in my ma.ster's daughter. f soon succeeded to my master's business, and have bequeathed you £1000 inmywill."— Pelham, Chroniclet of Crime. Baron {The old English), a, romance by Clara Reeve (1777). Bar'rabas, the rich " Jew of Malta." He is simply a human monster, who kills in sport, poisons whole nunneries, and invents infernal machines. Shakespeare's "Shylock" has a humanity in the very whirlwind of his resentment, but Mar- lowe's " Barrabas " is a mere ideal of that "thing "which Christian prejudice once deemed a Jew. (See Bauabas.) — Mar- lowe, The Jew of Malta (158G). Bar'rabas, the famous robber and murderer set free instead of Christ by desire of the Jews. Called in the New Testament Barab'bas. Marlowe calls the word "Barrabas" in his Jew of Malta; and Shakespeare says : Would any of the stock of Bar'rabas Had been her husband, rather than a Christian ! Merchant of Venice, act iv. sc. 1 (lOSS). Barry Corn'walljthe nom de plume of Brj-an Waller Procter. It is an imperfect anagram of his name (1788- 1874). Barsad (John), alias Solomon Press, a spy. He had an aquiline nose, but not straight, having » peculiar inclination towards the left cheek; expression, therefore, sinister. — C. Dickens, A Tale of I'wo Cities, ii. 16 (1859). Barsis'a {Santon), in the Guardian, the basis of the story called Tlie Monk, by M. G. Lewis (1796). Barston, alias captain Fenwicke, a Jesuit and secret correspondent of the countess of Derby. — Sir W. Scott, Pcveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). Barthol'omew {Brother), guide of the two Philipsons on their way to Strasburg. — Sir W. Scott, Anne of Oeier- stcin (time, Edward IV.). Barthol'omew {St.), Hisdayis August 24, and his symbol a knife, in allusion to the knife with which he is said to have been flayed alive, Bartholomew Massacre, the great slaughter of the French huguenots [pro- testants] in the reign of Charles IX., begun on St. Bartholomew's Daj', 1572. In this persecution we are told some 30,000 persons were massacred in cool blood. Some say more than double that number. Bartholomew Pigs. Nares saya these pigs were real animals roasted and sold piping hot in the Smithfield fair. Dr. Johnson thinks they were the "tidy boar-i)igs " made of flour with currants for their e^'es. Falstaff calls himself A little tidy Bartholomew boar-pig. •J Henri/ IV. act 11. sc. 4 (1598). Bartoldo, a rich old miser, who died of fear and want of sustenance. Fazio BARTOLE 81 rifled his treasures, and at the accusation of his own wife was tried and executed. — Dean Milman, Fazio (1815). Bartole (2 syl.), a French lawyer of the fourteenth century, whose authority amongst French barristers is equal to that of Blackstone in our own courts. Hence the French proverb, lie knows his '^Bar- tole " as well as a cordelier his " Dormi," The Dormi is an anonj'mous compilation of sermons, for the use of the cordeliers or preaching monks. Bartole or Bartoldo, a man who sees nothinn; in anything, quite used up. This is not the lawyer referred to above, but Bartoldo or Bartole, the hero of an Italian tale by Croce, and very popular in the earl}' part of the seventeenth centurj-. This Bartoldo was a comedian by profes- sion, and replies to everything, "I see nothing in it." He treats kings and princes with no more ceremony than he does beggars and sweeps. From this character comes the French phrase, licsoiu comme Bartole, " qui vcut dire, un homme que rien ne de'concerte."— //iYaiVe le Gai. Bai''tolviS, a covetous lawyer, hus- band of Amaran'ta. — Beaumont and Fletcher, The SpanisJi Curate (1G22). Barton {Sir Andrew), a Scotch sea- oflicer, who had obtained in 1511 letters of marque for himself and his two sons, to make rcjirisals upon the subjects of Portugal. The council-board of England, at which the earl of Surrey presided, was daily pestered by complaints from Britisli merchants and sailors against Barton, and at last it was decided to put him down. Two ships were, therefore, placed under the commands of sir Thomas and sir Edward Howard, an engagement took place, and sir Andrew Barton was slain, bravelj' lighting. A ballad in two parts, called " Sir Andrew Barton," is inserted in Percy's lleliques, \\. ii. 12. Bartich. Ddes, done, avez-vous hi Baruch ? Said when a person puts an unexpected question, or makes a startling proposal. It arose thus: Lafontaine went one day with Racine to tcncbra:, and •was given a Bible. He turned at random to the " Prayer of the Jews," in Baruch, and was so struck with it that he said aloud to Racine, " Dites, done, who was this Baruch ? ^^^ly, do you know, man, he was a fine genius ; " and for some days afterwards the first question he asked his friends was, Ditcs, done, Mons., avcz-vous In Baruch ? BASIL. Barzil'lai (3 syl.), the duke of Ormond, a friend and firm adherent of Cliarles II. As Barzillai assisted David when he was expelled by Absalom from his kingdom, so Ormond assisted Charles II. when he was in exile. Barzillai, crowned witli honours and with years, . . , III exile with his god-like prince he mourned, Tor him he suffered, and with him returned. Dryden, Abailom and Achitophel, i. Basa-Andre, the wild woman, a sorceress, married to Basa-Jauu, a sort of vampire. Basa-Andre sometimes is a sort of land mermaid (a beautiful lady who sits in a cave combing her locks witli a golden comb). She hates church bells, (See Basa-Jaun.) Basa-Javin,a wood-sprite, married to Basa-Andre, a sorceress. Both hated the sound of church bells. Three brothers and their sister agreed to serve him, but the wood-sprite used to suck blood from the finger of the girl, and the brothers resolved to kill him. This they accom- plished. The Basa-Andre induced the girl to put a tooth into each of the foot- baths of her brothers, and, lo ! they be- came oxen. The girl crossing a bridge saw Basa-Andre, and said if she did ncit restore her brothers she would put her into a red-hot oven, so Basa-Andre told the girl to give each brother three blows on the back with a hazel wand, and on so doing they were restored to their proper f orm s. — Rev. W. Webster, Basque L cjciids, 49 (1877). Bashful Man (The), a comic drama by W. T. Moncricif. Edward Blush- ington, a j'oung man just come into a large fortune, is so bashful .and shy that life is a misery to him. He dines at Friendly Hall, and makes all sorts of ridiculous blunders. His college chum, Frank Friendly, sends word to say that he and his sister Dinah, with sir Thomas and lady Friendly, will dine with him at Blushington House. After a few glasses of wine, Edward loses his shyness, malics a long speech, and becomes the accepted suitor of Dinah Friendly. Basil, the blacksmith of Grand Pre, in Acadia (now Xova Scotia), and father of Gabriel the betrothed of Evangeline. Wien the colony was driven into exile in 1713 by George II., Basil settled in Louisiana, and greatly prospered ; but his son led a w.andering life, looking for Evangeline, and died in Pennsylvania of the plague. — Longfellow, EvangeliiM (18-lG). BASILE. 82 BASTARD. Ba'sile (2 syl.), a calumniating, nig- gardly bigot in Le Mariage de Figaro, and again in Le Barbicr de Seville, both by Beaumarchais. "Basile" and"Tar- tuffe" are the two French incarnations of religious hypocris}'. The former is the clerical humbug, and the latter the lay religious hypocrite. Both deal largely in calumny, and trade in slander. Basil'ia, a hypothetical island in the northern ocean, famous for its amber. Mannert says it is the southern extremity of Sweden, erroneously called an island. It is an historical fact that the ancients drew their chief supply of amber from the shores of the Baltic. Basilis'co, a bully and a braggart, in Solynian and Perseda (1592). Shake- speare has made " Pistol " the counterpart of "Basilisco." Knight, knight, good mother, Basilisco-Iilte. Shakespeare, King John, act i. sc. 1 (1596). (That is, "my boasting like Basilisco has made me a knight, good mother.") Bas'ilisk, supposed to kill with its gaze the person who looked on it. Thus Henry VI. says to Suifolk, " Come, basilisk, and kill the innocent gazer with thy sight." Natus in ardento Lj'dise basiliscus arena, Vuhierat aspectu, luminibusque nocet. MantuanuB. Basilius, a neighbour of Quiteria, whom he loved from childhood, but when grown up the father of the lady forbade him the house, and promised Quiteria in marriage to Camacho, the richest man of the vicinity. On their way to church they passed Basilius, who had fallen on his sword, and all thought he was at the point of death. He prayed Quiteria to marry him, "for his soul's peace," and as it was deemed a mere ceremonj', they were married in due form. Up then started the wounded man, and showed that the stabbing was only a ruse, and the blood that of a sheep from the slaughter-house. Camacho gracefully accepted the defeat, and allowed the pre- parations for the general feast to proceed. Basilius is strong and active, pitches the bar ad- mirably, wrestles with amazing dexterity, and is an excellent cricketer. He runs like a buck, leaps like a wild goat, and plays at skittles like a wizard. Then he has a fine voice for singing, he touches tlie guitar so as to make it speak, and handles a foil as well as any fencer In Spain. —Cervantes, Don Quixote, II. ii. 4 (1615). Baskerville (A), an edition of the New Testament, or Latin classics, brought out by John Baskerville, a famous printer (1706-1775). Basrig or Bagseeg, a Scandinavian king, who with Ilalden or Halfdene (2 syl.) king of Denmark, in 871, made a descent on Wessex. In this year Ethel- red fought nine pitched battles with the Danes. The first was the battle of Engle- field, in Berkshire, lost by the Danes ; the next was the battle of Reading, won by the Danes ; the third was the famous battle of iEscesdun or Ashdune (now Ashto7i), lost by the Danes, and in which king Bagsecg was slain. And Ethehed with them [the Danes] nine sundry fields that fought . . . Then Reading ye regained, led by that valiant lord, Where Basrig ye outbraved, and Halden sword to sword. Drayton, rolyolbion, xii. (1613). Next year (871) the Danes for the first time entered Wessex. . . . The first place they came to was Reading. . . . Nine great battles, besides smaller skirmishes, were fought this year, in some of which the English won, and in others the Danes. First, alderman jEthelwulf fought the Danes at Englefield, and beat thenv Four days after that there was another battle at Reading . . . where the Danes had the better of it, and .asthelimlf was killed. Four days afterwards there was another more famous battle at jEscesdun . . . and king ^Ethelred fought against the two kings, and slew Bagsecg with his own b.and.— E. A. Freeman, Old English nistory (1869) ; see Asser, Life of Alfred (ninth centurj). Bassa'nio, the lover of Portia, 'suc- cessful in his choice of the three caskets, which awarded her to him as wife. It was for Bassanio that his friend Antonio borrowed 3000 ducats of the Jew Shylock, on the strange condition that if he re- turned the loan within three months no interest should be required, but if not, the if^yf might claim a pound of An- tonio's flesh for forfeiture. — Shakespeare, Merchant of Venice (1598). Bas'set {Count), a swindler and forger, who assumes the title of " count" to further his dishonest practices. — C. Cibber, The Provoked Husband (1728). Bassia'nus, brother of Satur'nius emperor of Rome, in love with Lavin'ia daughter of Titus Andron'icus (properly Ancironlcus). He is stabbed by Deme'- trius and Chiron, sons of Tam'ora queen of the Goths. — (?) Shakespeare, Titus Andronicus (1593). Bassi'no {Count), the "perjured husband " of Aurelia, slain by Alonzo. — Mrs. Centlivre, The Perjured Husband (1700). Bastard. Homer was probably a bastard. Virgil was certainly one. Neoptol'emos was the bastard son of Achilles by Deidamia {5 syl.). Romulus and Remus, if they ever existed, were the love-sons of a vestal. Brutus the regi- cide was a bastard. tJlysses was pro- BASTAED, 83 BATTLE OF WARTBrHG. Lably so, Teucer certainly, and Darius gloried in the surname of Nothos. Bastard {The), in English history is William I., natural son of Robert le Diable. His mother was a peasant girl of Falaise. Bastard of Orleans, Jean Dunois, a natural son of Louis due d'Orlcans (brother of Charles VL), and one of the most brilliant soldiers France ever pro- duced (1-103-14G8). Bc'ranger mentions him in his Charles Sept. Bastille. The prisoner who had been confined in the Bastille for sixty-one years was A. M. Dussault, wlio was in- carcerated by cardinal Ilichclieu. Bat. In South Staffordshire that slaty coal which will not bum, but which lies in the fire till it becomes red hot, is called "bat;" hence the expression. Warm as a bat. Bata'via, Holland or the Nether- lands. So called from the Bata'vians, a Celtic tribe, which dwelt there. . . . void of care, Eatavia nishcs forth ; and ns tlicy sweep On sounding skates, a thousand different war". The then gay land Is maddened all with Joy. Thomson, Seatoni (" Winter," irCd). Bates (1 s>/l.), a soldier in the army of Henry V., under sir Thomas Erpinghnm. He is introduced with Court and Williams as sentinels before the English camp at Agincourt, and tlie king un- known comes to them during the watch, and holds with them a conversation respecting the impending battle. — Shake- speare, Jlcnrij V. act iv. sc. 1 (l.'iOH). Bates {Frank), the friend of "Whittle. A man of good plain sense, who trios to laugh the old beau out of his folly. — Garrick, The Irish Widow (1757). Bates {Charley), generally called " Master Bates," one of Fagin's "pupils," training to be a pickpocket. lie is always laughing ujiroariously, and is almost equal in artifice and adroitness to "The Artful Dodger" himself.— C. Dickens, Oliver Ticist (1837). Bath, called by the Romans Aqucr Solis ("waters of the sun"), and by the Saxons Achamxmmim ("city of" the sick"). Bath {King of), Richard Xash, generally called Beaxi Nash, master of the cere- monies for fifty-six rears in that fashion- able city (1674-1761). Bath {The Maid of), Miss Linley, a beautiful and accomplished binger, who married Richard B. Sheridan, the states- man and dramatist. Bath {The Wife of), one of the pilgrims travelling from Southwark to Canterbury, in Chaucer's Cantcrburij Talcs. She tells her tale in turn, and chooses " Midas" for her subject (1388). Bath'sheba, duchess of Portsmouth, a favourite court lady of Charles II. As Bathslieba, the wife of Uri'ah, was criminally loved by David, so Louisa P. Keroual (duchess of Portsmouth) was criminally loved bj- Charles II. My fatherfCTiarffj //.], whom with reverence I name . . . Is grown in Bathsheba's embraces old. Drydcn, Abtalomand Adiitophcl, ii. Battar {Al), i.e. the trenchant, one of Mahomet's swords. Battle {The British Soldiers'), Inker- man, November 5, 1854. Battle of Barnet, 14th April, 1471, was certainly one of the most decisive ever fought,' although it finds no jilace amongst professor Crcasy's list of "de- cisive battles." It closed for ever the Age of Force, the potentiality of the barons, and opened the new era of trade, literature, and public opinion. Here fell "Warwick, the "kingmaker," " last of the barons ; " and thenceforth the king had no peer, but king was hiwj, lords were lords, and commons the pcojilc. Battle of Nations, the terrible conflict at Leipsic (October 18 .and 19, 1813) between Napoleon and the Allies. Its issue was the defeat of Napoleon and the deliverance of Germnny. It is called " the Battle of Nations " not only from the num'ocr engaged therein, but also from its being the champion battle of the nations of Europe. Battle of Prague, a piece of de- scriptive music verj' popular in the first quarter of the nineteenth ccntur}-. It was composed bj' Franz Kotzwara of Prague, burn 1701. Battle of Wartbvirg {The), the annual contest of the minnesingers for Ihc prize offered by Hermann mar- graf of Warlburg, near Gotha, in Ger- many, in the twelfth century. There is a minnesong so called, celebrating the famous contests of Walter von "Vogel- weide and Wolfram von Eschenbach with Heinrich von Ofterdingen. Ildnrich lost the former and won the latter. BATTLE OF THE GIANTS. 8i BAUCIS AXD nilLEMON. Battle of the Giants, Marignfino, September, 1515. Francois I. won this battle over the Swiss and the duke of Milan. The French numbered 2(5,000 men, the Swiss 20,000. The loss of the former was COOO, and of the latter 10,000. It is called " the Battle of the Giants " be- cause the combatants on both sides were "mighty men of war," and strove for victory like giants. Battle of the Three Emperors, Austerlitz, 2nd December, 1805. So called because the emperor Napoleon, the emperor of Russia, and the emperor of Austria were all present. Napoleon won the fight. Battle of the West (Great), the battle between king Arthur and Mordred. Here the king received his death-wound. For battle of tlie boohs, of the herrings, of the moat, of the standard, of the spurs, etc., see Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. Battles {The Fifteen Decisive) , accord- ing to professor Creasy, are — (1) Mar'athon (b.c. 490), in which the Greeks under Milti'ades defeated Darius the Persian, and turned the tide of Asiatic invasion. (2) Syracuse (b.c. 413), in which tlic Athenian power was broken and the ex- tension of Greek domination prevented. (3) Arbe'la (b.c. 331), by wliich Alex- ander overthrew Darius and introduced European habits into Asia. (4) Metau'rus (b.c. 207), in which the Romans defeated Hannibal, and Carthage came to ruin. (5) Armin'ius (a.d. 9), in which the Gauls overthrew the Romans imder Varus and established the independence of Gaul. (6) Chalons (A.n. 451), in which Attila, "The Scourge of God," was de- feated by Actius, and Europe saved from utter devastation. (7) Tours (a.d. 732), in which Charles Martel overthrew the Saracens, and broke from Europe the Mohammedan yoke. (8) JJastintjs (a.d. 1066), by which William the Norman became possessed of .5e English crown. (9) Orle'ans (a.d. 1429), by which Joan of Arc raised the siege of the city and secured the independence of France. (10) Armada (a.d. 1588), which crushed the hopes of Spain and of the papacy in England. (11) Blenheim (a. p. 1701), in which Marlborough, by the dffeat of Tallard, broke off the ambitious schemes of Louis XIV. (12) Pultowa (a.d. 1709), in which Charles XII. of Sweden was defeated by Peter the Great of Russia, and the sta- bility of the Muscovite empire was established. (13) Sarato'ga (a.d. 1777), in which general Gates defeated Burgoyne, and decided the fate of the American Revolu- tion, bv making France their allv. {Uy Valmij (a.d. 1792), in which the allied armies under the duke of Bruns- wick were defeated by the French Revo- lutionists, and the revolution was suffered to go on. (15) Waterloo (a.d. 1815), in whicli Wellington defeated Napoleon and saved Europe from becoming a French pro- vince. Battles. J. B. Martin, of Paris, painter of battle-scenes, was called by the French M. des Batailles (1659-1735). Battle for Battle-axe. The word battle . . . seems to be used for haitle-axa in this unnoticed passage of tliel'salms: "There brake He the arrows of the how, tlie sfiicUl, the iword, and tiie battle [axe]."— Kev. J. Wliitaker, Gibbon's Uittory Re- viewed (17^1). Battle-Bridge, King's Cross, Lon- don. Called "Battle" from being the site of a battle between Alfred and the Danes ; and called " King's Cross" from a wretched statue of George IV., taken down in 1842. The historic name of "Battle-Bridge" was changed in 1871, by the Metropolitan Board, for that of " York Road." Jliscrabile dictu ! Battus, a shepherd of Arcadia. Hav- ing witnessed Mercur3''s theft of Apollo's oxen, he received a cow from the thief to ensure his secrecy ; but, in order to test his fidelity, Mercury re-appeared soon afterwards, and offered him an ox and a cow if he would blab. Battus fell into the trap, and was instantly changed into a touchstone. Wlien Tantalus in liell sees store and staves ; And senceless Battus for a touchstone ser\'es. Lord Broolie, 7'reatise on Monarchic^ iv, Bau'eis and Philemon, an aged Phrygian woman and her husband, who received Jupiter and Mercury hospitably when every one else in the place had refused to entertain them. For this courtesy the gods changed the Phrygians' cottage into a magnificent temple, and appointed the pious couple over it. They both died at the same time, according to BAULDIE. their wish, and were converted into two trees before the temple. — Greek and Jio- man llj/tholog'j. Baul'die (2 s>jl.), stable - boy of Josliiia Cieddes the quakcr. — Sir W. Scott, licdijauntkt (time, George 111.). Baul'die (2 suL), the old shepherd in the introduction of the story called The Black .Dwarf, by sir W. Scott (time, Anne). Bav'iad (The), a satire by W. Gifford on the Delia Cruscan school of poetry (1794). It was followed in 1800 by T/ie Maviad. The words " Baviad " and "Maeviad" were suggested by Virgil, Eel. iii. 90, 91. He may with foxes ploiiKli and milk he-goats Who jiraisea liavius or on Ma;vius dotes. Bavian Fool {The), one of the characters in the old morris dance. He wore a red cap faced with yellow, a yellow " slabbering-bib." a blue doublet, red hose, and black shoes. He represents an oycrgrown baby, but was a tumbler, and mimicked the liarking of a dog. The word Bavian is derived from baton, a "bib for a slabbering child" (see Cot- grave, French Dictionary). In modern French iarc mcans."drivel," " slabbering," and the verb haver " to slabber," but the bib is now called bavctte. (See Mc^r.uis Daxck.) Bavie'ca, the Cid's horse. He sur- vived his master two years and a half, and was buried at Valencia. No one was ever allowed to mount him after the death of the Cid. Bavie'ca [i.e. '^ Boob;/"]. When Rodri- go was taken in his boyhood to choose a horse, he passed over the best steeds, and selected a scrubby-looking colt. His godfather called the boj' a booby [bavic- c«] for making such a silly choice, and the name was jrivcn to the horse. vile poet. (See Ba'vius, any MjKVIVS.) Qui r.avium non odlt. amct tiia oarmiiia, MiBvi, Atqiio idem jungat vulpcs, ct nuilgeat hircos. VirgU, JCcl. ill. 110, 91. May some choice patron bless each grey goosc'iiiill ; May every Barius have his Hufo still. I'opc, I'roloyuc to tht Sntircs. Bavvlry. Like the aaddler of Baictry, tcho was han{]cd for leaving his Hi/mr (Yorkshire Proverb). It was customary for criminals on tlieir way to execution to stop at a certain tavern in York for a " parting draught." The saddler of Baw- try refused to accept the liquor, and was 85 BATES. banged, whereas if he had stopped a few minutes at the tavern his reprieve, which was on the road, would have arrived in time to save him. Bayard, Le chevalier sans peur et sans reproche (1476-1.524). I'he British Bayard, sir Philip Sidney (1554-1584). 'The Polish Bayard, prirce Joseph Poni- atowski (1763-1814). The Bayard of India, sir .Tames Outram (1803-1863). So called by sir Charles Napier. Ba'yard, a horse of incredible speed, belonging to the four sons of Aymon. If only one mounted, the horse was of the ordinarj' size, but increased in pro- portion as two or more mounted. (The word means "bright bay colour.") — Villeneuve, Lcs Quatre-Filz- Aymon. Bayard, the steed of F:tz-James. — Sir W. Scott, Lady of the Lake, v. 18 (1810). Bayar'do, the famous steed of Einaldo, which once belonged to AmSdis of Gaul. It was found in a grotto by the wizard Malagigi, along with the sword Fusberta, both of which he gave to his cousin Kinaldo. His colour b.ay, and hence his name he drew— l;a)ardo calleiL A star of silver hue Kuiblazed his front. Tasso, RinaJdo, iL 220 (1502). Bayes (1 syl.), the chief character of Tlie lichcarsal, a farce by George Villiers, duke of Buckingham (1G71). Bayes is represented as greedy of applause, im- jiatient of censure, meanly obsequious, regardless of plot, and onlj- anxious for claptrap. The character "is meant for John Drvden. *** d. Dibdin, in his History of the Stage, states that Jlrs. Mountford played "liaycs" "with more variety than had ever been thrown into the part before." No .species of noTel-wrltlng exposes itself to a severer trial, since it not only resigns all Bayes' preten.-ilons " ti> elevate the im.iginaUon," . . . but places its producUons within the range of [general] criticism.— i(i<-;(c. Brit. Art. " r.omance." Dead men may rise again, like Bayes' troops, or the savages in the I'antocini. In the farce above referred to a battle is fought between foot-soldiers and great hobby-horses. At last Dr.awcansir kills all on both sides. Smith then asks Baves "How are they to go off?" "As they came on," says B.-iyes, " ujion their legs." Whorcuiion the dead men all jump up alive again. *** Thia revival of life is imitated by BAYEUX TAPESTRY. 86 BEARDED. Rhodes in the last scene of his Bombastes Furioso. Bayeux Tapestry, said to be the work of English damsels retained in the court of Matilda, the Conqueror's wife. When Napoleon contemplated the invasion of England in 1803, he caused this record to be removed to Paris, where it was ex- hibited in the National Museimi. Having served its purpose, it was returned to Baj'eux. Fac-similcs by Stothard were published in the Vetusta Monumenta, at the expense of the Society of Antiquaries. The original is presened in the Hotel of the Prefecture of Bayeux (Normandy) and is called Toile de St. Jean. It is coiled round a windlass, and consists of linen worked with wools. It is 20 inches broad, 214 feet long, and contains 72 compartments. 1st compartment, Edwardus Bex : the Confessor is giving audience to two per- sons, one of whom is Harold. 2nd, Harold, with a hawk in his baud (a mark of nobility) and his hoimds, is on his way to Bosham. 3rd, Ecclesia : a Saxon church, with two figures about to enter. 4th, Harold embarking. 5th, The voyage to Normandy. Gth, Disembarking on the coast of Normandy. 7th and 8th, seizure of Harold by the count of Ponthieu. 9th, Harold remonstrating with Gu}', the count, upon his unjust seizure. 10th to 20th, scenes connected with the sojourn of Harold at the court of William. 26th, Harold swearing fidelity to William, with each hand on a shrine of relics. 27th, Harold's return. 28tb, his landing. 20th, presents himself to king Edward. 30th to 32nd, the sickness of the Confessor, his death, and his funeral procession to Westminster Abbey. 33rd, the crown offered to Harold. 3-lth, Harold on the throne, and Stigant the archbishop. 35th, the comet. 36th, William, orders a fleet to be built. 55th, orders the camp at Hastings to be constructed. 71st, death of Harold. 72nd, duke William triumph- ant. Although 530 figures are repre- sented in this tapestry, only three of them are women. Baynard (Mr.), introduced in an epi- sode in the novel called Iliunphry Clinker, by Smollett (1771). Bayswater (London), th.at is. Bayard's Watering, a string of pools and ponds which now form the Serpentine. Bea'con {Tom), groom to Master Chiifinch (private emissarj' of Charles II.). — Sir W. ^Q.oit,Pcveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). , Beadle. The running banquet of tivo beadles, a public whipping. (See Menrg VIII, act V. sc. 3.) Bea'gle {Sir Harry), a horsy country gentleman, who can talk of nothing but horses .and dogs. He is wofully rustic and commonplace. Sir Harry makes a bargain with lord Trinket to give up Harriet to him in exchange for his horse. (See Goldfinch.) — George Colman, The Jealous Wife (1761). Beak. Sir John Fielding was called "The Blind Beak" (died 1780). Bean Lean {Donald), alias Will Ruthven, a Highland robber-chief. He also appears disguised as a pedlar on the road-side leading to Stirling. Waverley is rowed to the robber's cave and remains there all night. Alice Bean, daughter of Donald Bean Lean, who attends on Waverley during a fever. — Sir ^\'. Scott, Waverley (time, George II.). Bear {TIic), emblem of ancient Persia. The golden lion was the emblem of an- cient Assyria. Where is th' Assyrian lion's golden hide, That all the East once grasped in lordly paw Where that great Persian bear, whose swelling pride The lion's self tore out with ravenous jawf Phin. Fletcher, The Purple Island, vii. (1633). Bear {The), Russia, its cognizance being a bear. France turns from her abandoned friends afresh. And soothes the Bear that prowls for patriot flesh. Campbell, Poland. Bear { Tlie Brave) . Warwick is so called from his cognizance, which was a bear and 7-agged staff. Bear {The Great), called " HellicG." ': Night on the earth poured darkness; on the sea I The wakeful sailor to Orion's star ' And Hellicfi turned heedful. ApoUonius Khodius, Argoyiautics. BeareliflF {Deacon), at the Gordon Arms or Kippletringam inn, where colonel Mannering stops on his return to England, and hears of Bertram's illness and distress.— Sir W. Scott, Guy Manner- ing (time, George II.). Bearded {The). (1) Geoffrey the crusader. (2) Bouchard of the house. of Montmorenc}'. (3) Constantine IV. (648-685). (4) Master George Killing- Avorthe of the court of Ivan the Terrible of Russia, whose beard (saj^s Hakluyt) was five feet two inches long, yellow, BEARNAIS. BEAUJEU. thick, and broad. Sir Hugh Willoughby was allowed to take it in his hand. The Bearded Master. Soc'rates was so called by Persius (b.c. 4GS-399). Handsome Beard, Baldwin IV. carl ■of Flanders (llGO-1186). John the Bearded, John Mayo, the German painter, whose beard touched the ground when he stood upright. Beai-nais {Le), Henri IV. of France, 60 called from his native province, Le Beam (1553-1610). Be'atrice (3 syl.'j^, a child eight years old, to whom Danto at the age of nine was ardently attached. She was the daughter of Folco'Portina'ri, a rich citizen of Florence. Beatrice married Simoni de Bardi, and died before she was 24 years old (12GG-1290). Dante married Gem- ma Donati, and his marriage was a most unhappy one. His love for Beatrice re- mained after her decease. She was the fountain of his poetic inspiration, and in his Divina Commcdia he makes her his guide through paradise. r.intfi's Beatrice ixnd Milton's Evo Were not drawn from their spouses you conceive. ! Byron, Don Juan, iil 10 (IS'^O). (Milton, who married Mary Powell, of Oxfordshire, was as unfortunate in his •choice as Dante.) Beatrice, wife of Ludov'ico Sforza. Beatrice, daughter of Ferdinando king of Naples, sister of Leonora duchess of Ferrara, and wife of Mathias Cor\'i'uu3 of llungarj'. Beatrice, niece of Leonato governor of Messina, lively and light-hearted, affec- tionate and impulsive. Though wilful she is not w.aj'ward, though volatile she is not unfeeling, though teeming with wit and gaiety she is affectionate and energetic. At first she dislikes Bene- dick, and thinks him a flippant conceited coxcomb ; but overhearing a conversation between her cousin Hero and her gentle- woman, in which Hero bewails that Beatrice should trifle with such deep love as that of Benedick, and should scorn «o true and good a gentleman, slie cries, " Sits the wind thus ? then farewell con- tempt. Benedick, love on ; I will rcfjuite j'ou." This conversation of Hero's was a mere ruse, but Benedick had been caught by a similar trick played by Claudio. The result was they sincerely loved each other, and were married.-^ Shakespeare, Much Ado about Nothinq (1600). Miss Helen Faucit's Impersonations are nature Itself. "Juliet," "Rosalind," divine " Imogen," "Beatrice,"ali crowd upon our ta,i\cy.— Dublin Univcriity Maaaxine (1S«). Beatrice Cenci, The Beautiful Par- ricide (q.v.). Beatrice D'Este, canonized at Rome. Beau Bx'iunniel, George Brvau Brummel (1778-1840). Beau Clark, a billiard-maker at the beginning of the nineteenth century. He was called "The Beau," assumed the name of Bcauclo-c, and paid his addresses to a proteg(fe of lord Fife. Beau Fielding, called " Handsome Fielding" by Charles II., by a play on his name, which was Hendrome Fielding. He died in Scotland Yard. Beau Hewitt was the original of sir George Ethercge's "sir Fopling Flutter," in the comedy called The Man of 3fode or Sir Fopling Flutter (1676). Beau Nash, Richard Nash, called also " King of Bath ; " a Welsh gentleman, who for fifty-six years managed the bath- rooms of Bath, and conducted the balls with unparalleled splendour and decorum. In his old age he sank into poverty (1674- 17G1). Beau d'Orsay {Le), father of count d'Orsay, whom Byron calls ^^ Jeunc Cu- pldon." Beau Scant, the Templars' banner, half white and half black ; the white signified that the Templars were good to Christians, the black that they were evil to infidels. Beau Tibbs, in Goldsmith's Citizen of the World, a dandy noted for his finery, vanity, and povertj'. Beauclerk, Ilenrv I. king of Eng- l.ind (10G8, 1100-1135). Beaufort, the lover of Maria Wilding, whom he ultimately marries. — A. Mur- phy, 'Jhe Citizen (a farce). Beaujeu (Mons. le chevalier de), keeper of a gambling-house to which Dalgamo takes Nigel. — Sir W. Scott, Fortunes of XiVc/'.v:mT], nomadic tribes of Arabia. In common parlance, "the homeless street poor." Thus gutter- children are called " Bedouins." Bed'reddin' Has'san of Baso'ra, son of Nour'eddin' Ali grand vizier of Basora, and nephew to Schcms'eddin' Mohammed vizier of Egypt. His beauty was transcendent and his talents of the first order. ^^^lcn 20 years old his father died, and the sultan, angry with him for keeping from court, conliscated all his goods, and would have seized l>edreddin if he had not made his escape. During sleep he was conveyed by fairies to Cairo, and substituted for an ugly groom (Hunchback) to whom his cousin, the Queen of Beauty, was to have been mar- ried. Next day he was carried olf by the same means to Damascus, where he lived for ten years as a pastry-cook. Search was made for him, and the search party, halting outside the city of Damascus, sent for some cheese-cakes. When the cheese-cakes arrived, the widow of Nour- eddin declared that they must have been made by her son, for no one else knew the secret of making them, and that she herself had taught it him. On hearing this, the vizier ordered Bcdreddin to be seized, "for making cheese-cakes with- out pepper," and tlie joke was carried on till the party arrived at Cairo, when the pastry-cook prince was re-uriited to his wife, the Queen of l?eauty. — Arabian A'iijhts (" Noureddin Ali," etc.). Bedwin (^fr.<.), housekeeper to Mr. Brciwnlow. A kind, motherly soul, whn loves Oliver Twist most dearly. — C. Dickens, Oliver Twist (1837). Bee. The ancient Egyptians sym- bolized their kings under this emblem. The honcij indicated the reward they gave to tlie meritorious, and the stiu'j the punishment they awarded to the \m- worthy. As the Egjptians used by liccs To express their ancient Ptoleniie.^. S. Butler, J/udiOra4, iii. 2. *^* In the empire of France the royal mantle and standard were thickly sown with golden bees instead of "Louis flowers." In the tomb of Chil'dcric more BEE. 90 BEGGAR OF BETHNAL GREEN. J than 300 golden bees were discovered in 1653. Hence the emblem of the French empire. Bcc, an American word recently intro- duced to signify a competitive examina- tion : thus — A Spelling Bee is a company met to- gether to compete with each other in spelling. A Husking Bee la a company assembled together to compete with each other in stripping the husks from the ears of maize. A Musical Bee is a company assembled together to compete with each other in singing or playing music "at sight," etc., etc. Bee-line, the straightest or shortest distance between two points. This is an American expression, equivalent to "As the crow flics ;" but crows do not always fly in a direct line, as bees do when they seek their home. Sinners, you are making a bee-line from time to eternity, and wliat you have once passed over you will never pass over again.— Dow, Lay Sermons, Bee of Attica, Soph'ocles the dra- matist (B.C. 495^05). The "Athenian Bee " was Plato the philosopher (b.c. 428-347). The Bee of Attica rivalled ^Eschylus when in the posses- Eion of the stage. — Sir W. Scott, 2'/ta Dratna. Bee Painted {A) by Quintin Matsys on the outstretched leg of a fallen angel painted by Mandyn. It was so life-like that when the old artist returned to the studio he tried to frighten it away with his pocket-handkerchief. Beef'ington (Milor), introduced in The Rovers. Casimir is a Polish emi- grant, and Beefington an English noble- man exiled hy the tyranny of king John. — Anti-Jacohin. " Will without power," said the sagacious Casimir to Milor Eeefington, "is like children playing at soldiers." — Macaulay. Be'elzebub (4 syJ.), called "prince of the devils" {Matt. xii. 24), worshipped at Ekron, a city of the Philistines (2 Kings i. 2), and made by Milton second to Satan. One next himself in power and next in crime — Beelzebub. Paradise Lost, i. 80 (1665). Bee'nie (2 syl.), chambermaid at Old St. Ronan's inn, held by Meg Dods. — Sir W. Scott, St. Bonan's Well (time, George III.). Befa'na, the good fairj' of Italian children. She is supposed to fill their shoes and socks with toys when they go to bed on Twelfth Night. Some one enters the bedroom for the purpose, and the wakeful j'oungsters cry out, '■'■ Ecco la Befana!" According to legend, Befana was too busy with house affairs to take heed of the 5lagi when they went to offer their gifts, and said she would stop for their return ; but they returned by another way, and Befana every Twelfth Night •watches to sec them. The name is a corruption of Epiphania. Beg ("lord"), a title generallj' given to lieutenants of provinces under Ihe grand signior, but rarely to supreme princes. Occasionally, however, the Persian em- perors have added the title to their names, as Hiigmet beg, Alman beg, Morad beg, etc.— Selden, Titles of Honour, vi. 70 (1G72). Beg (Callum), page to Fergus M'lvor, in Waverleg, a novel by sir W. Scott (time, George II.). Beg (Toshach), MacGillie Chattanach'a second at the combat. — Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.). Beggars {Eing of the), Bampfylde Bloore Carew. lie succeeded Clause Patch (1693, 1730-1770). Beggar's Daughter ( The) . " Bessee the beggar's daughter of Bethnal Green," was very beautiful, and was courted by four suitors at once — a knight, a country squire, a rich merchant, and the son of an innkeeper at Romford. She told them all they must first obtain the consent of her poor blind father, the beggar of Bethnal Green, and all slunk off except the knight, who went and asked leave to marrv " the prettv Bessee." The beggar gave" her for a ""dot," £3000, and jBlOO for her trousseau, and informed the knight that he (the beggar) was Henry, son and heir of sir Simon de Montfort, and that he had disguised himself as a beggar to escape the vigilance of spies, who were in quest of all those engaged on the baron's side in the battle of Evesham. — Percy's Reliques, II. ii. 10. The value of money was about twelve times more than its present purchase value, so that the "dot " given was equal to £36,000. Beggar of Bethnal Green {The), a drama bv S. Knowles (recast and pro- duced, 1834). Bess, daughter of Albert, " the blind beggar of Bethnal Green," was intensely loved by WiLford, who firgt BEGGAR'S OPERA. 91 BELERMA. -saw her in the streets of London, and subsequently, after diligent search, dis- covered her in the Queen's Arms inn at Romford. It turned out that her father Albert was brother to lord Woodville, and Wilford was his truant son, so that Bess was his cousin. Queen Elizabeth sanctioned their nuptials, and took them under her own conduct. (See Blind.) Beggar's Opera {The), by Gay (1727)T The beggar is captain Macheath. (For plot, see Machkath.) Beggar's Petition {The), a poem by the Rev. Thomas Moss, minister of Brierly Hill and Trentham, in StafEord- fihire. It was given to Mr. Smart, the Srinter, of WolverhamptoQ. — Gentleman's lagazine, Ixx. 41. Begxiines [Bay-giceen'], the earliest •of all lay societies of women united for religious purposes. Brabant says the order received its name from St. Begga, daughter of Pepin, who founded it at Namur', in 69G ; but it is more likely to be derived from their b^guins, •or linen caps. Beh'ram, captain of the ship whicli was to convey' prince Assad to the " mountain of fire," where he was to be 'offered up in sacrifice. The ship being driven on the shores of queen Margia'na's kingdom, Assad became her slave, but ■was recaptured by Bchram's crew, and ■carried back to the ship. The queen next day gave the ship chase. Assad ■ was thrown overboard, and swam to the •city whence he started. Behram also was drifted to the same place. Here the captain fell in with the prince, and re- conducted him to the original dungeon. Bosta'na, a daughter of the old fire- ■worshipper, taking pity on the prince, released him ; and, at the end, Assad married queen Margiana, Bostana married prince Amgiad (half-brother of Assad), " and Behram, renouncing his religion, became a mussulman, and entered the service of Amgiad, who became king of "the city. — Arabian ^^Ights ("Amgiad and Assad,"). Bela'rius, a nobleman and soldier in the army of Cym'bcline (3 sijl.) king of Britain. Two villains having sworn to the king that he was "confederate with the Romans," he was banished, and for twenty years lived in a cave ; but he stole away .the two infant sons of the ^ king out of revenge. Their names were Guide'rius and Arvir'agus. 'When these two princes were grown to manhood, a battle was fought betAveen the Romans and Britons, in which Cj'mbeline was made prisoner ; but Belarius coming to the rescue, the king was liberated and the Roman general in turn was made captive. Belarius was now reconciled to Cymbeline, and presenting to him the two j'oung men, told their story ; where- upon they were publicly acknowledged to be the sons of Cj'mbeline and princes of the realm. — Shakespeare, Cgmbelino (1G05). Belch {S!r Toby), uncle of 01i\-ia the rich countess of lUjTia. He is a reckless roisterer of the old school, and a friend of sir Andrew Ague-clieek. — Shakespeare, Tvxlfth Xight (1G14). Belcoui', a foundling adopted by Mr. Belcour, a rich Jamaica merchant, who at death left him all his property. He was in truth the son of Mr. Stockwell, the clerk of Belcour, senior, who clan- destinely married his master's daughter, and afterwards became a wealth}* mer- chant. On the death of old Belcour, the young man came to England as the guest of his unknown father, fell in love with Jliss Dudley, and married her. He was hot-blooded, impulsive, high-spirited, and generous, his very faults serving as a foil to his noble qualities ; ever erring and repenting, ofl'ending and atoning for his oifencos. — Cumberland, The West Indian (1771). Be'led, one of the six 'Wise Men of the East, lead by the guiding star to Jesus. He was a king, who gave to his enemy who souglit to dethrone him half of his kingdom, and thus turned a foe into a fast friend. — Klopstock, The 3Ies- siah, V. (1747). Belen, the mont St. IMichael, in Normandy. Here nine druidesses used to sell arrows to sailors " to charm away storms." These arrows had to be dis- charged by a young man 25 years old. Belerma, the lady whom Purandarto ser\-cd for seven years as a knight-errant and peer of I'rancc. AVhon, at length, he died at RonccsvallOs, he prayed his cousin Montesi'nos to carry his heart to Belerma. I saw a procession of beautiful damsels in mourninj, with wliitc turbans on their heads. In the rear came a lady with a veil so long that it reached the ground : her turban was twic« as large as the Lirgest of Uie others ; her eyebrows were joined, her nose was rather flat, her mouth wide, but her lips of a vermilion colour. Hec \ BELESES. 92 BELINDA. teetli were thin-set and irregular, tliough very white ; and she carried in hor hand a fine linen cloth, containing A heart. Montesinos informed me that this lady w.is Belernia. — Cervantes, Don Quixote, II. ii. 6 (Itila). Bele'ses (3 s;/l.), a Chaldrean sooth- sayer and Assyrian satrap, wlio told Arba'ces (3 sj/l.) governor of Me'dia, that he would one day sit on the throne of Nineveh and Assyria. His prophecy came true, and Beleses was rewarded with the government of Babylon. — Byron, Sardanapalus (1810), Belfab orac, the palace of the em- peror of Lilliput, in the middle of Mildendo, the metropolis of the empire. — Swift, Gulliver's Travels ("Yovage to Lilliput," 172ti). Bel'field (Brothers). The elder brother is a squire in Cornwall, betrothed to Sophia (daughter of sir Benjamin Dove), who loves his younger brother Bob. The younger brother is driven to sea b}' the cruelty of the squire, but on his return renews his acquaintance with Sophia. He is informed of her unwilling betrothal to the elder brother, who is already married to Violetta, but parted from Jier. Yioletta returns home in the same ship as Bob Belfield, becomes reconciled to her husband, and the younger brother marries Sophia. — Bich. "Cumberland, The Brothers (1769). Bel'ford, a friend of Lovelace (2 syl.). They made a covenant to pardon every sort of liberty which tliey took with cacli other.— Kichardson, Clarissa JJarloicc (1749). Belford (Major), tliC friend of colonel Tamper, and the plighted husband of Mdlle. Florival. — G. Colman, sen., The JDeu:e is in Ilim (1762). Beige (2 syl.), the mother of seventeen sons. She applied to queen INIercilla for aid against Gerj'on'eo, who had deprived her of all her offspring except live. — Spenser, Faery Queen, v. 10 (1590). *^* " Beige " is Holland ; the " seven- teen sons " are the seventeen provinces which once belonged to her ; " Geryoneo " is Philip II. of Spain ; and " Mercilla " is queen Elizabeth. Belgrade' (2 syl.), the camp-suttler ; so called because site commenced her career at the siege of Belgrade. Her dog's name was Clumsej'. Be'lial, last or lowest in the hierarchy of hell. (SeeKiMMOX.) Moloch was the fiercest of the infernal spirits, and Belial the most timorous and slothful. The lewd and profligate, disobedient and rebellious, are called in Scripture " sona of Belial." Belial came last, than whom a spirit more lewd Fell not from heaven, or more gross to love Vice for itself (L 490, etx;.) . . . though his tongue Dropt manna, and could maie the worse appear The better reason . . . but to nobler deeds Timorous and slothful. Wilton, Paradite Lost, ii. 112 (leCii). *^* Belial means " the lawless one," that is, one who puts no restraint on his evil propensities. Belia'nis of Greece (Don), the hero of an old romance of chivalry on the model of Am'adis do Gaul, It was one of the books in don Quixote's library, but was not one of those burnt by the cure' as pernicious and worthless. '* Don Belianis," said tlie cwrtS, "with its two. three, and four parts, hath need of a dose of rhubarb to pui-ge off that m.ass of bile with which he is inflamed. His Castle of Fame and other impertinences should be tot.olly obliterated. This done, we would .show him lenity in proportion as we found him capable of reform. Take don Behanis home with you, and keep him in clote confinement." — Cervantes, Doyi Quixote, 1. i. G (160.")). (An English abridgment of this ro- mance Mas published in 1673.) Belinda, niece and companion of lady John Brute. Young, pretty, full of fun, and possessed of £10,000. Heart- free marries her. — Yanbrugh, The Pro- voked Wife (1G97). Belin'da, the heuoine of Pope's Bape of the Lock. This mock heroic is founded on tlie following incident : — Lord Petrc cut a lock of hair from the head of Miss Arabella Fermor, and the young lady resented the liberty as an unpardonable affront. The poet saj's Belinda wore on her neck two curls, one of which the baron cut off with a pair of scissors borrowed of Clarissa, and when Belinda angrily demanded that it should be delivered up, it had flown to the skies and become a meteor there. (See Beuenice.) Belinda, daughter of Mr. Blandford, in love with Beverley the brother ol Clarissa. Her father promised sir William Bcllmont that she should marry his son George, but George was already engaged to Clarissa. Belinda was very handsome, very independent, most irre- proachable, and devotedly attached to Beverley. V/hen he hinted suspicions of infidelity, she was too proud to deny their truth, but her pure and ardent love instantly rebuked her for giving her lover causeless pain, — A. Murphy, All vi the Wrong (1761). BELINDA. 93 BELL-TIIE-CAT. Belin'da, the heroine of Miss Edfce- ■worth's novel of the same name. The object of the tale is to make the reader iccl what is good, and pursue it (1803). Belin'da, a lod^'inp;-housG scn'ant-girl, very poor, very dirty, very kind-hearted, and shrewd in observation. She married, and Mr. Middlewick the butter-man set licr husband up in business in the butter line. — 11. J. Byron, Our Boys (1875). Beline (2 syl.), second wife of Argan the malado imaginairc, and step-mother of Angelique, whom she hates. Beline pretends to love Argan devotedly, humours him in all his whims, calls him " mon Ills," and makes him believe that if he were to die it would be the death of her. Toinette induces Argan to put these specious protestations to the test by pre- tending to be dead. He does so, and when Beline enters the room, instead of deploring her loss, she cries in ecstas}- : *'Le ciel en soit lou6 I Me voiL^ diilivr^e d'un grande fardeau ! . . . de quoi servait-il sur la terre 1 Uu honime incommode i tout le nionde, malpropre, d^goQtant . . . mouchant, toussant, cracbant toujours, sans esprit, cnnuyeux, de mauvaise humeur, fatiguant sans cesse les gens, et grondaut jour et nuit servantes et valets " (iii. 18). She then proceeds to ransack the room for bonds, leases, and money ; but Argan .''tarts up and tells her she has taught him one useful lesson for life at anj' rate. — Molifere, La Malade Imaginaire (1673). Belisa'rius, the greatest of Justi- nian's generals. Being accused of treason, he was deprived of all his property, and his eyes were put out. In this state he retired to Constantinople, where he lived by begging. The story saj-s he fastened a label to his hat, containing these words, " Give an obdlus to poor old Belisarius.'' Marmontel has written a tale called Belisairc. which has helped to perpetuate these fables, originally invented by Tzetzes or Casios, a Greek poet, bom at Constantinople in 1120. Belise (2 syl.), sister of Philaminte (3 syl.), and, like hei, a femme savantc. She imagines that ever}' one is in love with her. — Moliore, Los Fcmmes Savantes (1672). Bell (Adam), a wild, nortli-country outl.aw, noted, like Robin Ilood, for his skill in archery. His place of residence was Englewood Forest, near Carlisle ; and his two comrades were Clvm of the Clough [Clet)v:7it of the Cliff] and Wil- liam of Cloudesly (3 syl.), William was married, but the otlicr two were not. When William was captured at Carlisle and was led to execution, Adam and Clym rescued him, and all three went to London to crave pardon of the king, which, at the queen's intercession, was granted them. They then showed the king specimens of their skill in archery, and the king was so well pleased that he made William a " gentleman of fe," and the two others 3"eomen of the bed-cham- ber. — Percy, Ju'liqucs ("Adam Bell," etc.), I. ii. 1. Bell (Bessy). Bessy Bell and ISIary Gray were tlie daughters of two countrv gentlemen near Perth. When the plague broke out in 16GG they built for them- selves a bower in a very romantic spot called Burn Braes, to which they retired, and were supplied with food, etc., by a young man who was in love with both of them. The j'oung man caught the plague, communicated it to tlie two young Ladies, and all three died. — Allan Ranis.ay, Bessy Bell and Mary Gray (a ballad). Bell. Anne, Charlotte, and Emily Bronte' assumed the 7wms de j-)hunc of Acton, Currer, and Ellis Bell (first half of the nineteenth century). Currer Bell or Bronte' married the IJev. Arthur Bell NichoUs. She was the author of Jane Eyre. It will be observed that the initial letter of both names is in every case pre- served throughout — Acton (Anne), Currer (Charlotte), Ellis (Emilv), and Bell (Bronte). Bell (Peter), the subject of a ."tale in verse " by Wordsworth. Sliellev wrote a burlesque upon it, entitled Peter Bell the Third. Bell Battle (The). The casus belli was this : Have the local magistrates power to allow parish bells to be rung at their discretion, or is the right vested in the parish clergyman ? This squabble was carried on with great animosity in the parish of Paisley in 1832. "The clergyman, John Macnaughton, brought the question before the local council, whicli gave it in favour of tlie magis- trates ; but the court of sessions gave it the other way, and when the magistrates granted a permit for the bells to be rung, the court issued an interdict against them. For nearly two years the Paisley bell battle was fonf;lit with tbe fiercest zeal. It was the .subject of every politiral meeting, the theme of every board, the gossip at tea- t.ables and dinner p.irties, and children dcIiRhfed in chalking on tbe walls " riea,se to ring the bell" (M.ay 14, 1832, to Sept 10, lS3i}.— Newspaper jiartiffrttph. Bell-the-Cat, sobriquet of Archibald BELLS. 94 BELLE'S STRATAGEM. Douglas, great-carl of Angus, who died in 1514. The mice, being much annoyed by the persecutions of a cat, resolved that a bell should be hung about her neck to give notice of her approach. The measure was agreed to in full council, but one of the sager mice inquired " Who would undertake to hell the cat?" When Lauder told this .'able to a council of Scotch nobles, met to declaim against one Cochran, Archihald Dougl.-\s started up, and exclaimed in thunder " I will;" and hence the sobriquet referred to.— Sir W. Scott, Tales of a Orand/ather, Bells (TJiose Evening), a. poem by T. Moore, set to music, refer to the bells of Ashbourne parisli church, Derbyshire. — National Airs, 1. Bells {To shake one's), to defy, to re- sist, to set up one's back. The allusion is to the little bells tied to the feet of hawks. Immediately the hawks were tossed, they were alarmed at the sound of the bells, and took to flight. Neither the king, nor he that loves him best . . . D;u-e stir a wing it Warwick shake his bells. Shakespeare, 3 nenrn VI. act i. sc. 1 (1592). Bells. Seven bells {i.e. half-past 7), breakfast-time ; eight bells {i.e. noon), dinner-time ; three bells (i'.e. half -past 5), supper-time. Eight hells (the highest number) are rung at noon and every fourth hour afterwards. Thus they are sounded at 12, 4, and 8 o'clock. For all other parts of the day an Even number of bells announce the hours, and an Odd number the half-hours. Thus 12| is 1 bell, 1 o'clock is 2 bells, 1| is 3 bells, 2 o'clock is 4 bells, 2h is 5 bells, 3 o'clock is C bell.s, 3^ is 7"bells. Again, 4| is 1 bell, 5 o'clock is 2 bells, 5| is 3 bells, 6 o'clock is 4 bells, Gj is 5 bells, 7 o'clock is C bells, 7h is 7 bells. Again, 8| is 1 bell, 9 o'clock is 2 bells, 9i is 3 bells, 10 o'clock is 4 bells, 10| is 5 bells, 11 o'clock is C bells, lU is 7 bells. Or, 1 bell sounds at 12i, 41, "8|; 2 bells soimd at 1, 5, 9 ; 3 bells sound at U, 5^, 9h ; 4 bells sound at 2, G, 10 ; 5 bells so'und at ^, G\, lOJ ; 6 bells sound at 3, 7, 11 ; 7 bells sound at 3\, 7^ lU; 8 bells sound at 4, 8, 12 o'clock. Bells tolled Backwards. Tliis was the tocsin of the French, first used as an alarm of fire, and subsequently for any uprising of the people. In the reign of 'Charles IX. it was the signal given by the court for the Bartholomew slaughter. In the French Revolution it was the call to the people for some imited attack against the royalists. Old French, toquer, "to strike," seing or sing, " a church bell." Bella Wilfer, a lovely, wilf id, lively, spoilt darling, who loved everj' one, and whom ever)' one loved. She married .Tohn Rokesmith {i.e. John Harmon). — C. Dickens, Our Mutual Friend (18G4). Bellamy, a steady j'oung man, look- ing out for a wife "capable of friendship, love, and tenderness, with good sense enough to be easy, and good nature enough to like him." He found his beau- ideal in Jacintha, who had besides a fortune of £30,000.— Dr. Hoadly, The Susjoicious Husband (1761). Bella'rio, the assimied name of Euphrasia, when she put on boy's ap- parel that she might enter the service of prince Philaster, whom she greatly loved. — Beaumont and Fletcher, Philaster or Love Lies a-bleeding (1622). Bel'laston {Ladg), a profligate, from whom Tom Jones accepts support. Iler conduct and conversation may be con- sidered a fair photograph of the "beau- ties" of the court of Louis XV. — Fielding, Jlistorg of Tom Jones, a Foundling (1750). Tlie character of Jones, otherwise a model of generosity, openness, and manly spirit, mingled with thoughtless dis- sipation, is unnecessarily degr-aded by the nature of his intercourse with Lady Bellaston. — Enci/c. Brit. Art. " Fielding." Belle Coi'diere {La), Louise Labe', who married Enncmond Perrin, a wealthy rope-maker (152G-1566). Belle Corisande {La), Diane com- tesse de Guiche et de Grammont (1554- 1620). Belle Fi-ance {Jm), a pet way of alluding to France, similar to our Merry England. Belle the Giant. It is said that the giant Belle mounted on his sorrel horse at a place since called mount Sorrel. lie leaped one mile, and the spot on which he lighted was called Wanlip {one-leap) ; thence he leaped a second mile, but in so doing " burst all " his girths, whence the spot was called Burst- all ; in the third leap he was killed, and the spot received the name of Belle- grave. Belle's Stratagem {Tlie). The "belle" is Letitia Hard}-, and her stratagem was for the sake of winning the love of Doricourt, to whom she had been betrothed. The very fact of being betrothed to Lotitia sets Doricourt against her, so she goes unknown to him to a masquerade, where Doricourt falls in loT« BELLEFONTAINE. 95 BELLICENT. with " the beautiful stranger." In order to consummate the marriage of his daughter, Mr. Hardy pretends to be "sick ante death," and beseeches Doricourt to wed Letitia before he dies. Letitia meets her betrothed in her masquerade dress, and unbounded was the joy of the young man to find that ' ' the beautiful stranger" is the lady to whom he has been betrothed. — Mrs. Cowley, The Belle's Stratagem (1780). Belief ontaine {Benedict), the wealthy farmer of Grand Pre' \_Nova Scotict] and father of Ev^angeline. When the inhabit- ants of his village were driven into exile, Benedict died of a broken heart as he was about to embark, and was buried on the sea-shore. — Longfellow, Evangeline (1849). Bel'lenden {Lady Margaret), an old Tory lady, mistress of the Tower of Til- lietudlem. Old major Miles Bellenden, brother of lady Margaret. Miss Edith. Bellenden, granddaughter of lady Margaret, betrothed to lord Evendale, of the king's arm}-, but in love Avith Morton (a leader of the covenanters, and the hero of the novel). After the death of lord Evendale, who is shot by Balfour, Edith marries Morton, and this terminates the tale. — Sir W. Scott, Old Mortality (time, Charles II.). Beller'oplion, son of Glaucos. A kind of Joseph, who refused the amorous solicitations of Antea, wife of Proctos (2 syl.) king of Argos. Antea accused him of attempting to dishonour her, and Proctos sent him into Lycia with letters desiring his destruction. Accordingly, he was set several enterprises full of hazard, which, however, he surmounted. In later life he tried to mount up to heaven on the winged horse Pegasus, but fell, and wandered about the Alei'an plains till he died.— Homer, Iliad, vi. As once BcUerophon . . . dismounted in tlie Alci.in field . . . Erroneous tliere to wtinder and forlorn. Milton, Paradise Lost, vii. 17, etc. (IGfi.")). Letters of BcUerophon, a treacherous letter, pretending to recommend the bearer but in reality denouncing him, like the letter sent by Pra-tos to the king of Lycia, requesting him to kill the bearer (Eellerfiplum). Pausa'nias the Spartan, in his treason- able correspondence with Xerxes, sent several such letters. At last the bearer be- thought that none of the persons sent ever returned, and opening the letter found it contained directions for his own death. It was shown to the ephors, and Pausanias in alarm fled to a temple, where he was starved to death. De Lacy, being sent by king John against De Courc}', was informed by two of the sen'ants that their master always laid aside his armour on Good Fridaj'. De Lacy made his attack on that day, and sent Do Courcy prisoner to Londoio. The two ser\'ants now asked De Lacy for passports from Ireland and England, and De Lacy gave them Letters of Bellerophon, exhorting "all to whom these presents come to spit on the faces of the bearers, drive them forth as hoimds, and use them as it behoved the betrayers of their masters to be treated." — Cameos of English His- tory (" Conquest of Ireland"). Beller'ophon (4 syl.), the English man- of-war imder the command of captain Maitland. After the battle of Water- loo Bonaparte set out for Roclieford, in- tending to seek refuge in America, but the Bellerophon being in sight and escape impossible, he made a virtue of necessity by surrendering himself, and was forth- with convej-ed to England. Belle'rus, a Cornish giant, whence the Land's End is called Bellerium. Milton in his I^yctdas suggests the pos- sibility that Edward King, who was dro\\Ticd at sea, might be sleeping near Bellerium or the Land's End, on mount St. Michael, the spot where the archangel appeared, and ordered a church to be built there. Slocpst [thou] ly the fable of Eellerns old, Wliere tlie creat vision of tlie guarded mount Loolis towards Namancos [old Castile], Milton, Lycidas, ICO. etc. (1633). Belleur', companion of Pinac and IMirabel ("the wild goose"), of stout blunt temper ; in love with Rosalu'ra, a daughter of Nantolet. — Beaumont and Fletclicr, The Wild Goose Chase (1G52). Bellieent, daughter of GorloTs lord of Tintag'il and liis wife Ygerne or Igerna. As the widow married Uthcrtliopcndragon, and was then the mother of king Arthur, it follows tliat Bellieent was half-sister of Arthur. Tennyson in Garcth and Lynettc says that Bellieent was the wife of Lot king of Orknej', and mother of Gaw'ain and INIordred, but this is not in accordance cither with the chronicle or tlie history, for Geoffrey in his Chronicle says that Lot's wife was Anne, the sister (not half- sister) of Arthur (viii, 20, 21), and sir BELLIN. !)6 BELPHCEBE. T. l\Ialory, in bis Historij of Prince Arthur, says : KitiK Lot of Lothan nnd Orkney weiMciI Jrwgnwse : Nentres, of the land of t'arlot, wedded El«in ; and tli.it Blorgan le Fay was [Arthur't] third sister.— Pt i. 2,35, 3G. Bel'lin, the ram, in the beast-epic of Eeynnrd the Fox. The word means " gentleness" (ll'JS). Bellingham, a man about town. — D. Boucicault, After Dark. I was eiigaaed for two years at SL James's Theatre. acting "Charles Surface" eighty nights, "Bellingham" a cciupio of hundred nights, and had two special engage- liieiils for "Mercutio" at the Lyceum.— Walter Lacy. Bel'lisant, sister of king Pepin of France, and wife of Alexander emperor of Constantinople. Being accused of infidelity, the emperor banished her, and she took refuge in a vast forest, where she became the mother of Valentine and Orson. — 1 'alentine and Orson. Bellmont (Sir William), father of George Bellmont ; tyrannical, positive, and headstrong. He imagines it is the duty of a son to submit to his father's will, even in the matter of matrimony. Georije Bellmont, son of sir William, in love with Clarissa, his friend Beverley's sister; but his father demands of him to iiiarrj- Belinda Blandford, the troth-plight wife of Beverley. Ultimately all comes right. — A. Murphv, All in the Wrong (i7Gl). Bello'na's Handmaids, Blood, Fire, and Famine. The gortdesse of warre, called Bellona, had these thre liandniaids ever attendynge on her: Blood, Fire, and Famine, which thre damosels he of that force and strength that every one of them alone is able and sufficient to tonnent and afflict a proud prince ; and tliey all joyned together are of puissance to destroy the most populous country and most richest region of the world. — Hall, Chronicle (1530). Bellum (Master), war, 4 difTerence [is] 'twixt broyles and bloudie warres,— Vet have I shot at Maister Bellum's butto, And thrown his Imll, .although I toucht no tutte [bencfttl. G. Gascoigne, The Fruites of Warre, 94 (died 1577). Belmont (Sir Bohcrt), a proud, testy, jnercenarj- country gentleman ; friend of his neighbour sir Charles Raymond. Charles Belmont, son of sir Robert, a young rake. lie rescued Fidelia, at the age of 12, from the hands of Villard, a villain who wanted to abuse her, and taking her to his own home fell in love with her, and in due time married her. She turns out to be the daughter of sir Charles Raymond. Ilosetta Belmont, daughter of sir Robert, high-spirited, witty, and affec- tionate. She is in love "with colonel Raymond, whom she delights in torment- ing. — Ed. Moore, The Foutidlinj (1748). •- Belmont (Andrew), the elder of two brothers, who married Violetta(an l^nglisli lady born in Lisbon), and deserted her. lie then promised marriage to Lucy "Waters, the daughter of one of his tenants, but had no intention of making her his wife. At the same time, he en- gaged himself to Sophia, the daughter of sir Benjamin Dove. The day of the wedding arrived, and it was then dis- covered that he was married already, and that Yioletta his wife was actually present. Robert Belmont, the younger of the two brothers, in love with Sophia Dove. He went to sea in a privateer under captain Ironside, his uncle, and changed his name to Lewson. The vessel was wrecked on the Cornwall coast, and he renewed his acquaintance with Sophia, but heard that she was engaged in mar- riage to his brother. As, however, it was proved that his brother was already married, the young lad}' willingly aban- doned the elder for the vounger brother. — R. Cumberland, The Brothers (17G9). Belmour (Edward), a gay young man about town. — Congreve, The Old Bachelor (1C93). Belmour (Mrs.), a widow of "agreeable vivacit}', entertaining manners, quickness of transition from one thing to another, a feeling heart, and a generosity of senti- ment." She it is who shows Mrs. Love- more the waj' to keep her husband at home, and to m.ake him treat her with that deference which is her just due. — A. Murphv, The Way to Keep Jiim (1760). Beloved Disciple (The), St. John " the divine," and writer of the fourth Gospel. — John xiii. 23, etc. Beloved Physician (The), St. Luke the evangelist. — Col. iv, 14. Bel'phegor, a Moabitish deity, whose orgies were celebrated on mount Phcgor, and were noted for their obscenity. Belplice'be (3 syl.), " All the Graces rocked her cradle Avhen she was born." Her mother was Chrj-sog'one (4 syL), daughter of Amphisa of fairj' lineage, and her twin-sister was Amoretta. While the mother and her babes were asleep, Diana took one (Belphoebe) to bring up, and Venus took the other. *** Belphnebo is the "Diana"' among BELTED WILL. 97 KENBOW. women, cold, passionless, correct, and strong-minded. Amoret is the "Venus," but without the licentiousness of that goddess, warm, loving, motherly, and wifely. BelphoBbe was a lily ; Amoret a rose. Belphcebe a moonbeam, light with- out heat ; Amoret a sunbeam, bright and warm and life-giving. Belphosbe would go to the battle-field, and make a most admirable nurse or lady-conductor of an ambulance ; but Amoret would prefer to look after her husband and famil}', whose comfort would be her first care, and whose love she would seek and largely reciprocate. — See Spenser, Faery Queen, iii. iv. (1590). *j* " Belphoebe " is queen Elizabeth. As queen she is Gloriana, but as woman she is Belphoebe, the beautifid and chaste. Either Gloriana let her choose, Or in BelplicebS fashionfid to be ; In one lier rule, in the other her rare chaatltie, Spenser, Faery in Absalom and Achitophel, is meant for general George Edward Sackvillc. As Benaiah, captain of David's guard, adhered to Solomon against Adonijah, so general Sackville adhered to the duke of York against the prince of Orange (1590-165'2). Nor can Benaiah 's worth forgotten lie, Of steady soul when public storms were high. Dryden and Tate, part IL Benas'kar or Bennaskar, a wealthy merchant and magician of Delhi, — James Ridley, Tales of the Genii ("History of Mahoud," tale vii., 1751). Benbo"W {Adtniral). In an engage- ment with the French near St. Martha on the Spanish coast in 1701, admiral Benbo'.v had his legs and thighs shiverea into splinters by chain-shot, but supported in a wooden frame he remained on the quarter-deck till morning, when Du Casse sheered oif. Similar acta of heroism are recorded of BENBOW. 98 BENTICK STREET. Almeyda the Portuguese governor of India, of Cynsegiros brother of the poet TEschylos, of Jaafer the standard-bearer of " the prophet " in the battle of Muta, and of some others. Benbow, an idle, generous, free-and- easy sot, who spent a good inheritance in dissipation, and ended life in the work- house. Benbow, a boon companion, long approved By jovial sets, .and (as he tliou^lit) lieloved, Was judged as one to joy and friendsliip prone. And deemed injurious to liiniself alone. Crabbe, f-roiigh, xvi. (1810). Ben'demeer', a river that flows near the ruins of Chil'niinar' or Istachar', in the province of Chusistan in Persia. Bend-the-Bo"W, an English archer at Dickson's cottage. — Sir W. Scott, Castle Danijerous (time, Henry I.). Benedick, a wild, wittj^, and light- hearted young lord of Padua, who vowed celibacy, but fell in love with Beatrice and married her. It fell out thus : He went on a visit to Leonato governor of Messina ; here he sees Beatrice, the governor's niece, as wild and witty as himself, but he dislikes her, thinks her pert and forward, and somewhat ill-man- nered withal. However, he hears Claudio speaking to Leonato about Beatrice, saying how deeply she loves Benedick, and bewailing that so nice a girl should oreak her heart with unretjuited love. This conversation was a mere ruse, but Benedick believed it to be true, and resolved to reward the love of Beatrice with love and marriage. It so happened that Beatrice had been entrapped by a similar conversati(m which she had over- heard from her cousin Hero. The end was they sincerely loved each other, and became man and wife. — Shakespeare, Much Ado about Nothing (1600). Benedict [Bkllkkontaine], the wealthiest farmer of Grand Pre', in Acadia, father of Evangeline ("the pride of the village"). He was a stalwart man of 70, hale as an oak, but his hair was white as snow. Colonel Winslow in 1713 informed the villagers of Grand Prd that the French had formally ceded their village to the P^nglish, that George H. now confiscated all their lands, houses, and cattle, and that the people, amounting to nearlj- 2000, were to be "exiled into other lands without dela}'." The people assembled on the sea-shore ; old Benedict Bellefontaine sat to rest himself, and fell dead in a fit. The old priest buried him in the sand, and the exiles left their village homes for ever. — Longfellow, Evanijeline (1849). Benefit-Play. The first actress in- dulged with a benefit-play was Mrs. Elizabeth Barry (1G82-1733). Ben'engel'i {Cld Bamet), the h3'po- thetical Moorish chronicler from whom Cervantes pretends he derived the ac- count of the adventures of don Quixote. The Spanish commentators . . . have discovered tliat cid Hamet Benengeli is after all no more than an Arabic version of the name of Cervantes hmiself. Vamct ia a Moorish prefix, and Benengeli signifies "son of a stag," ill SpcUiisti Cervanteno. — Lockhart. Benengeli (Cid Hamet), Thomas Babing- ton lord Macaulay. His signature in his Fniginent of an Ancient Romance (1826). (See Cid, etc.) Benev'olus, in Cooper's Task, is John Courtney Throckmorton, of AVeston Underwood. Benjie {Little), or Benjamin Col- thred, a spy employed by Cristal Nixon, the agent of liedgauntlet. — Sir W. Scott, Redgaimtlet (time, George IIL). Ben'net {Brother), a monk at St. Mary's convent. — Sir W. Scott, Tlie Monastery (time, Elizabeth). Ben'net {Mrs.), a demure, intriguing woman in Amelia, a novel by Fielding (1751). Ben'oiton {Madame), a woman who has been the ruin of the familj' by neglect. In the " famille Benoiton" the constant question was " Oil est Madame 'f" and the invariable answer "Ellc est sortie." At the de'nouement the question was asked again, and the answer was varied thug, "Madam has been at home, but is gone out again." — La Famille Benoiton, Ben'shee, the domestic spirit or demon of certain Irish families. The benshee takes an interest in the prosperity of the family to which it is attached, and intimates to it approaching disaster or death by wailings or shrieks. The Scotch Bodach Glay or "grey spectre" is a similar spirit. Same as Banshee. How oft has tlie Benshee cried 1 How oft has death untied Briglit linlis that glory wove, Sweet bonds entwined by love I T. Moore, Irish Melodies, IL Bentinck Street (Portman Square, London), named after William Bentinck, second duke of Portland, who married Margaret, only child of Edward second earl of Oxford and Mortimer. BENVOLIO. 99 BERENICE. JBenvo'lio, nephew to Montague, and Romeo's friend. A testy, litigious fellow, who would quarrel about goat's wool or pigeon's milk. Mercutio says to him, " Thou hast quarrelled with a man for coughing in the street, because he hath wakened thy dog that hath lain asleep in the sun" (act iii. so. 1). — Shakespeare, Jtomeo and Juliet Q598). Ben'wlcke (2 syL), the kingdom of king Ban, father of sir Launcelot. It was situate in that extremely shadowy locality designated as "beyond seas," but whether it was Brittany or Utopia, "non nostrum tantas componere lites." Probably it was Brittany, because it was across the channel, and was in France. Ban king of Benwicke was brother of Bors king of Gaid. — Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, i. 8 (1470). Beownli", the name of an Anglo- Saxon epic poem of the sixth century. It received its name from Beowulf, who delivered Hrothgar king of Denmark from the monster Grendel. This Grendel was half monster and half man, and night after night stole into the king's palace called Heorot, and slew sometimes as many as thirty of the sleepers at a time. Beowulf put himself at the head of a mixed band of warriors, went against the monster and slew it. This epic is very Ossianic in style, is full of beauties, and is most interesting. — KenMc's Translation. (A. D. Wackerbarth published in 1849 a metrical translation of this Anglo- Saxon poem, of considerable merit.) Beppo. Byron's Beppo is the husband of Laura, a Vene*^ian lady. lie was taken captive in Troy, turned Turk, joined a band of pirates, grew rich, and after several years returned to his native land. He found his wife at a carnival ball with a cavatiero, made himself known to her, and they lived together again as man and wife. (Beppo is a contraction of (Juisepipe, as Joe is of Joseph, IH'IO.) Beppo, in Fra Diavolo, an opera by Aubcr (1836). Beralde (2 syl.), brother of Argan the malade imaginaire. He tells Argan that his doctors will confess this much, that the cure of a patient is a very minor con- sideration with them, " toute l^excellence de leur art consiste en un pompcux gali- matias, en un spe'cicu.c hahii, qui vous donne des mots pour des raisons, et des pr&messes pour des effets." Again he says, ^^presque tons les hommes meurent de leur remedes et non pas de leurs maladies." He then proves that Argan's wife is a mere hypocrite, while his daughter is a true- hearted, loving girl ; and he makes the invalid join in the dancing and singing provided for his cure. — Moliere, Le Malade Imaginaire (1673). Berch'ta ('Hhe white lady"), a fairy of southern German j', answering to Hulda ("the gracious lady") of northern Ger- many. After the introduction of Chris- tianity, Berchta lost her first estate and lapsed into a bogie. BereeyTLthian Goddess (The). Cybele is so called from mount Berecyn- tus, in Phrj'gia, where she was held in especial adoration. She is represented as crowned with turrets, and holding keys in her hand. Her heimM head Rose like the Berecyuthioii goddess crowned With towers. Southey, Roderick, etc., (i. (1814). Berecsm'thian Hero (The), Midas king of Phrygia, so called from mount Berecyn'tus (4 syl.), in Phrjgia. Berenga'ria, queen - consort of Richard Coeur de Lion, introduced in The Talisman, a novel by sir W. Scott (1825). Berengaria died 1230. Berenger (Sir Raymond), an old Norman warrior, living at the castle of Garde Doloureuse. The lady Eveline Berenger, sir Ray- mond's daughter, betrothed to sir Hugo de Lacy. Sir Hugo cancels his own betrothaJ in favour of his nephew (sir Damian de Lacy), who marries the lady Eveline "the betrothed." — Sir W. Scott, The Betrothed (time, Henry II.). Bereni'ce (4 syl.), sister-wife of Ptolemy III. She vowed to sacrifice her hair to the gods if her husband returned home the vanquisher of Asia. On his return, she suspended her hair in the temple of the war-god, but it was stolen the first night, and Conon of Sanios told llie king that the winds had carried it to heaven, where it still forms the seven stars near the tail of Leo, called Coma Berenices. Pope, in his Eape of the Lock, has borrowed this fable to account for the lock of hair cut from Belinda's head, the restoration of which the j'oung lady insisted upon. Bereni'ce (4 syl.), a Jewish princess, daughter of Agrippa. She mamed Ilerod BERESINA. 100 BERNARDO. king of Chalcis, then Polemon king of Cilicia, and then went to live with Agrippa II. her brother. Titus fell in love with her and would have married her, but the Romans compelled him to renounce the idea, and a separation took place. Otwaj' (1672) made this the subject of a tragedy called Titus and Berenice ; and Jean Racine (1670), in his tragedy of Be'r^nice, has made her a sort of Henriette d'Orldans. (Henriettc d'Orle'ans, daughter of Charles I. of England, married Philippe due d'Orle'ans, brother of Louis XIV. She was brilliant in talent and beautiful in person, but being neglected by her hus- band, she died suddenly after drinking a cup of chocolate, probably poisoned.) Beresi'na (4 syl.). Every streamlet shall prove a new Beresina (Russian) : meaning "every streamlet shall prove their destruction and overthrow." The allusion is to the disastrous passage of the French army in November, 1812, during their retreat from Moscow. It is said that 12,000 of the fugitives were drowned in the stream, and 16,000 were taken prisoners by the Russians. Ber'il, a kind of crj-stal, much used at one time by fortune-tellers, who looked into the beril and then uttered their pre- dictions. . . . and, like a prophet, tosks in a glass tl>,it shews what future evils . . . Are now to h;tve no successive degree. But where they live, to end. Shakespeare, ileasure for Meaturt, act I. BC. 2 (1603). Beringhen {The Sieur de), an old gourmand, who preferred patties to trea- son ; but cardinal It ichelieu banished him from France, saying : Sleep not another night In Paris, Or else your precious life may be in danger. Lord Lytton, /iichelieu (1839). Berin'thia, cousin of Amanda ; a beautiful young widow attached to colonel Town!}'. In order to win him she plays upon his jealousy by coquetting with Loveless. — Sheridan, A Trip to Scar- borough (1777). Berke'ley {The Old Woman of), a woman whose life had been very wicked. On her death-bed she sent for her son who was a monk, and for her daughter who was a nun, and bade them put her in a strong stone coffin, and to fasten the coffin to the ground with strong bands of iron. Fifty priests and fifty choristers were to praj' and sing over her for three days, and the bell was to toll without ceasing. The first night passed without much disturbance. The second night the candles burnt blue and dreadful yells were heard outside the church, but the tliird night the devil broke into the church and carried off the old woman on his black horse. — R. Southey, The Old Woman of Berkeley (a ballad from Olaus Magnus). Dr. Sayers pointed out to us in conversation a stoi7 related by Ol.ius Magnus of a witch whose coffin was con- fined by three chains, but nevertheless was carried off by demons. Dr. Sayers had made a ballad on the subject ; so had I ; but after seeing The Old Woman of Berkeley, we awarded it the preference. — W. Taylor. Berkeley Square (London), so called in compliment to John lord IJerke- ley of Stratton. Berke'ly ( The lady Augusta), plighted to sir John de Walton, governor of Doug- las Castle. She first appears under the name of Augustine, disguised as the son of Bertram the minstrel, and the novel concludes with her marriage to De Walton, to whom Douglas Castle had been sur- rendered. — Sir W. Scott, Castle Dan- gerous (time, Henry I.). BerksMre Lady ( T^e), Miss Frances Kendrick, daughter of sir William Ken- drick, second baronet ; his father was created baronet by Charles II. The line, " Faint heart never won fair lady," was the advice of a friend to Mr. Child, the son of a brewer, who sought the hand of the lady. — Quarterly Review, cvi. 205- 245. Berme'ja, the Insula de la Torre, from which Am'adis of Gaul starts when he goes in quest of the enchantress-dam- sel, daughter of Finetor the necromancer. Bermu'das, a cant name for one of the purlieus of the Strand, at one time frequented by vagabonds, thieves, and all evil-doers who sought to lie perdu. Bernard. Solomon Bernard, engraver of Lions (sixteenth ccnturj'), called Lc petit Bernard. Claude Bernard of Dijon, the philanthropist (1588-1641), is called Poor Bernard. Pierre Joseph Bernard, the French poet (1710-1775), is called Le gentil Bernard. Bernard, an ass; in Italian Bernardo. In the beast-epic called Reynard the Fox, the sheep is called "Bernard," and the ass is " Bernard I'archiprGtre " (1498). Bernar'do, an officer in Denmark, to whom the ghost of the murdered king apjieared during the night-watch at the royal castle. — Shakespeare, Hamlet (1596). BERNAUDO DEL CARPIO. 101 BERTOLDO. Bernardo del Carpio, one of the most favourite subjects of the old Spanish minstrels. The other two were The Cid and Lara's Seven Infants. Ber- nardo del Carpio was the person who assailed Orlando (or Rowland) at Ronces- valles, and finding him in\'ulnerable, took him up in his arms and squeezed him to death, as Hercules did Antae'os. — Cer- vantes, Don Quixote, II. ii. 13 (1615). *^* The only vulnerable part of Or- lando was the sole of the foot. Bernesque Poetry, like lord B}-- ron's Don Juan, is a mixture of satire, tragedy, comedy, serious thought, wit, and ridicule. L. Pulci was the father of this class of rhyme (1432-1487), but Francesco Bemi of Tuscany (1490-1537) 60 greatly excelled in it, that it is called Bernesque, from his name. Bernit'ia with Dei'ra constituted Korthumbria. Ber-nitia included West- moreland, Durham, and part of Cumber- land. Deira contained the other part of Cumberland, with Yorkshire and Lan- cashire. Two kingdoms which had been with serera] throne« en- stalled. Beriiltia hight the one, Diera [He] th' other called. Drayton, Polyolbion, xvi. (1613). Ber'rathon, an island of Scandinavia. Berser'ker, grandson of the eight- handed Starka'der and the beautiful Alfhil'de. He was so called because he wore "no shirt of mail," but went to battle unharnessed. He married the daughter of Swaf'urlam, and had twelve sons. (Bwr-syrce, Anglo-Saxon, " bare of shirt;" Scotch, " bare-sark.") You say that I am a Berserker, and . . . bare-sark I go to-morrow to the war, and bare-sark I win that war or die. — Uev. C. Kingsley, liereward the Wake, i. '247. Bertha, the supposed daughter of Vandunke (2 syl.) burgomaster of Bruges, and mistress of Goswin a rich merchant of the same city. In reality. Bertha is the duke of Brabant's daughter Gertrude, and Goswin is Florez, son of Gerrard king of the beggars. — Beaumont and Fletcher, The Bcfjijars' Bush (1G22). Ber'tha, daughter of Burkhard duke of the Alemanni, and wife of Rudolf II. king of Burgundy beyond Jura. Slie is represented on monuments of the time as sitting on her throne spinning. You are the beautiful Bertha the Spinner, the queen of Helvetia; . . . Wlin .T< slie rode on her palfrey o'er yalley, and meadow, lUid Uiuuntftin, Ever was spinning her tliread from the distaff fixed to her saddle. She was so thrifty and good that her iame passed into a proverb. Longfellow, Courtship of Miles Standish, riii. Bertha, alias Agatha, the betrothed of Hereward (3 syl.), one of the emperor's Varangian guards. The novel concludes with Hereward enlisting under the banner of count Robert, and marrying^ Bertha. — Sir W. Scott, Count Robert of Faris (time, Rufusj. Ber'tha, the betrothed of John of Ley- den. When she went with her mother to ask count Oberthal's permission to marry, the count resolved to make his pretty vassal his mistress, and confined her in his castle. She made her escape and went to Munster, intending to set fire to the palace of "the prophet," who, she thought, had caused the death of her lover. Being seized and brought before the prophet, she recog- nized in him her lover, and exclaiming, "I loved thee once, but now my love is turned tohate," stabbed herself and died. — Meyerbeer, Le Prophete (an opera, 1849). Berthe au Grand-Pied, mother of Charlemagne, so called from a club-foot. Bertold {St.), first prior-general of Carmel (1073-1188). We are told in the Bre'viare des Cannes that the godliness of this saint so spiritualized his face th;it it seemed actually luminous : " son ame se refle'tait sur sa figure qui paraissait comme environne'e des rayons du soleil." Till oft converse with heavenly habitants Begin to cast a beam on the outward shape . . . An d turns it by degrees to the soul's essence. Milton, Comut. Beirtoldo {Prince), a knight of ^lalta, and brother of Roberto king oi the two Sicilies. He is in love with Cami'ola "the maid of honour," but could not marry without a dispensation from the pope. While matters were at this crisis, Bertoldo laid siege to Sienna, and was taken prisoner. Camiola paid his ransom, but before he was released the duchess Aurelia requested him to be brought before her. Immediately the duchess saw him, she fell in love with him, and offered him marriage, and Bertoldo, for- getful of Camiola, accepted the offer. The betrotlied then presented themselves before the king. Here Camiola exposed the conduct of the knight ; Roberto is indignant; Aurelia rejects her /ance witli scorn ; and Camiola takes the veil. — MiUs- singer. The Maid of Honour (1637). Bcrtol'do, the chief character of li comic romance called Vita di Bertoldo, hy BERTOLDO'S SON. 102 BERTRAMO. Gulio Cesare Croce, who flourished in the sixteenth century. It recounts the suc- cessful exploits of a clever but ugly peasant, and was for two centuries as popular in Italy as Robinson Crusoe is in England. (See Bautole.) Bertoldo's Son, Rinaldo.— Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered (1575). Bertram (Baron), one of Charle- magne's paladins. Ber'tram, count of Rousillon. While on a visit to the king of France, Ilel'ena, a physician's daughter, cured the king of a disorder which had baffled the court physicians. For this service the king promised her for husband any one she chose to select, and her choice fell on Bertram. The haughty count married her, it is true, but deserted her at once, and left for Florence, where he joined the duke's army. It so happened that Helena also stopped at Florence while on a pilgrimage to the shrine of St. Jacques le Grand. In Florence she lodged with a widow whose daughter Diana was wan- tonly loved by Bertram. Helena ob- tained permission to receive his visits in lieu of Diana, and in one of these visits exchanged rings with him. Soon after this the count went on a visit to his mother, where he saw the king, and the king observing on his finger the ring he had given to Helena, had him arrested on the suspicion of murder. Helena now came forward to explain matters, and all was well, for all ended well. — Shake- speare, All's Well that Ends Well (1598). I cannot reconcile my heart to " Bertram," a man noble without generosity, and young without truth ; who marries Helena as a coward, and leaves her as a profligate. When Bhe is dead by his unkindness he sneaks home to a second marriage, is accused by a woman whom he has wronged, defends himself by falsehood, and is dismissed to happi- ness.— Dr. Johnson. Bertram (Sir Stephen), an austere mer- chant, very just but not generous. Fear- ing lest his son should marry the sister of his clerk (Charles Ratcliffe), he dismissed Ratcliffe from his service, and being then informed that the marriage had been alread}' consummated, he disinherited his son. "Sheva the Jew assured him that the lady had £10,000 for her fortune, so he relented. At the last all parties were satisfied. Frederick Bertram, onlj' son of sir Stephen ; he marries Miss Ratcliffe clan- destinely, and incurs thereby his father's displeasure, but the noble benevolence of Sheva the Jew brings about a reconcilia- tion, and opens sir Bertram's eyes to "see ten thousand merits," a grace for every pound. — Cumberland, The Jew (1776). Ber'tram {Count), an outlaw, who be- comes the leader of a band of robbers. Being wrecked on the coast of Sicily, he is conveyed to the castle of lady Imogine, and in her he recognizes an old sweetheart to whom in his prosperous days he was greatly attached. Her husband (St. Aldo- brand), who was away at first, returning unexpectedly is murdered by Bertram ; Imogine goes mad and dies ; and Bertram puts an end to his own life. — C. Maturin, Bertram (1782-1825). Bertram {Mr. Godfrey), the laird of Ellangowan. Mrs. Bertram, his wife. Harry Bertram, alias captain Van- beest Brown, alias Dawson, alias Dudlej', son of the laird, and heir to EUangcwan. Harry Bertram is in love with Julia Mannering, and the novel concludes with his taking possession of the old house at EUengowan and marrying Julia. Lucy Bertram, sister of Harrj^ Bertram. She marries Charles Hazlewood, son of sir Robert Hazlewood, of Hazlewood. Sir Allen Bertram, of Ellangowan, an ancestor of Mr. Godfrey Bertram. Dennis Bertram, Donohoe Bertram, and Lewis Bertram, ancestors of Mr. Godfrey Bertram. Captain Andrew Bertram, a relative of the family. — Sir W. Scott, Guy Man- nering (time, George II.). Bertram, the English minstrel, and guide of lady Augusta Berkely, when in disguise she calls herself the minstrel's son. — Sir W. Scott, Castle Dangerous (time, Henry I.). Ber'tram, one of the conspirators against the republic of Venice. Having " a hesitating softness, fatal to a great enterprise," he betrayed the conspiracy to tlie senate. — Byron, Marino Falicro (1819). Bertra'mo, the fiend-father of Robert le Diable. After alluring his son to gamble away all his property, he meets him near St. Ire'ne, and Hel'ena seduces him to join in "the Dance of Love." \Vlien at last Bertramo comes to claim his victim, he is resisted by Alice (the duke's foster-sister), who reads to Robert his mother's will. Being thus reclaimed, angels celebrate the triumph BERTRAXD. 103 BETIQUE. of good over evil. — IMeyerbeer, Roberto il Diavalo (an opera, 1831). Bertrand, a simpleton and a villain. He is the accomplice of Robert Macaire, a libertine of unblusbing impudence, who sins without compunction. — Daumier, L'Avherge dcs Adrcts. Bertrand du Gueslin, a romance of chivalry, reciting the adventures of this conno'table de France, in the reign of Charles V. Bertrand du Giieslin in prison. The prince of Wales went to visit his captive Bertrand, and asking him how he fared, the Frenchman replied, " Sir, I have heard the mice and the rats this many a day, but it is long since I heard the song of birds," i.e. I have been long a captive and have not breathed the fresh air. The reply of Bertrand du Gueslin calls to mind that of Douglas, called "The Good sir James," the coni[)anion of Robert Bruce, " It is better, I ween, to hear the lark sing than the mouse cheep," i.e. It is better to keep the open field than to be shut up in a castle. Bertulphe (2 syl.), provost of Bruges, the son of a serf. By his genius and energy he became the rielicst, most honoured, and most powerful man in Bruges. His arm was strong in fight, his wisdom swayed the council, his step was proud, and his eye untamed. He had one child, most dearly beloved, the bride of sir Boucluard, a knight of noble descent. Charles " the Good," earl of Flanders, made a law (1127) that whoever married a serf should become a serf, and tliat serfs were serfs till manumission. By these absurd decrees Bertiil|)lie the provost, his daughter Constance, and his knightlj' son-in-law were all serfs. The result was that the provost slew tlie earl and then himself, his daughter went mad and died, and Bouchard was slain in fight. — S. Knowles, The Provost of Bru/jes (183G). Ber'wine (2 s;/l.}, the favourite attendant of lady Er'mengarde (3 si/l.) of Baldringham, great-aunt of ladv Eveline "the betrothed."— Sir W. Scott, TTie Betrothed (time, Henrj- II.). Ber'yl Mol'ozane (3 s,y/.), the lady-love of George Gcith. All beauty, love, and sunshine. She has a heart for everyone, is ready to help every one, and is by every one beloved, yet her lot is most painfullv unhapjiv, and ends in an early death.— F. G. Triilford [J. II. Rid- dell], George Geith. Beso'nian (^4), a scoundrel. From the Italian, bisognoso, "a needy person, a beggar." Proud lords do tumble from the towers of their hipl descents : and be trod under feet of every inferior beso- ntan. — Thomas Nash, Pierce Pennyietse. hu SupptU cation, etc. (1592). Bess (Good queen), Elizabeth (1533, 1558-1603). Bess, the daughter of the " blind beggar of Bethnal Green," a lady by birth, a sylph for beauty, an angel for constancy and sweetness. She was loved to distraction by Wilford, and it turns out that he was the son of lord Wood- ville, and Bess the daughter of lord Woodville's brother ; so they were cousins. Queen P^lizabeth sanctioned their nuptials, and took them under her own especial conduct. — S. Knowles, The Beggar of Bethnal Green (1834). Bess o' Bedlam, a female lunatic vagrant, the male lunatic vagrant being called a Tom o' Bedlam. Bessus, governor of Bactria, who seized Dari'us (after tlie battle of j\rl e'la) and put him to death. Arrian says, Alex- ander caused the nostrils of the regicide to be slit, and the tips of his ears to be cut off. The offender being then sent to Ecbat':tna in chains, was put to death. Lo ! Bessns. he that amide with murderer's knyfe And travtrous hart a^'a\nst tiis royal king, With bluddy liands liereft his masters life . . . What booted liim tiis f;Llse usurped raygne . . . Wlien iilve a wrctclie led in an iron chayne. He was presented by his cliiefest friende Unto the foes of him whom lie liad sLayne? T. Sackville, A .ttirroiir for ilfujhtrayttt ('• The Complaynt," 1637). Bcs'sns, a cowardly bragging captain, a sort of Bobadil or Vincent de la Rosa. Captain Bessus, having received a chal- lenge, wrote word back that he could not accept the honour for thirteen weeks, as he had already 212 duels on hand, but he was much grieved he could not appoint an earlier day. — Beaumont and Fletcher, King or No King (1619). Uoch ester I despise for want of wit . . . So often does he aim. so seldom liit . . . Mean in each action, lend in ever)- limb. Manners themselves are ndschievons in him . . . [UhJ what a Bessus has he always lived I Dr>den, Etfiy upon Satire. Betique (2 sgl.) or Baa'tica (Gra- na'da and Andalusia), so called from the river Bittis (GiMdal<]Hivcr). Ado'am de- scribes this part of Spain to Telem'achus as a veritable Utopia. — Fe'nelon, Aven- tures de Te'le'maque, viii. (1700). BETTER TO REIGN IN HELL, ETC. 104 BEVIL. Better to Reign in Hell than Serve in Heaven. — Milton, Paradise Lost, i. 263 (lfi()5). Julius Caasar used to say he would rather be the first man in a country village than the second man at Rome. Betty Doxy. Captain Macheath says to her, " Do you drink as hard as ever ? You had better stick to good wholesome beer ; for, in troth, Betty, strong waters will in time ruin your constitution. You should leave those to your betters." — Gay, The Beggar's Opera, li. 1 (1727). Betty Foy, "the idiot mother of an idiot boy." — W. Wordsworth (1770- 1850). Betty [Hint], servant in the family of sir Pertinax and lady McSycophant. She is a sly, prying tale-bearer, who hates Constantia (the beloved of Eger- ton McSycophant), simply because every one else loves her. — C. Macklin, The Man of the World (17G4). Betu'bium, Dumsby or the Cape of St. Andrew, in Scotland. The north-inflated tempest foams O'er Orka's or Eetubium's highest peak. Thomson, The Seasons ("Autumii," 1730). Betula Alba, common birch. The Roman lictors made fasces of its branches, and also employed it for scourging chil- dren, etc. (Latin, batulo, "to beat.") The college porter brought in a huge quantity of that betulineous tree, a n.ative of Brilain, called betula alba, which furnished rods for the school — Lord W. P. Lennox, CelebritUs, etc., i. 43. Beulali, that land of rest which a Christian enjoys when his faith is so strong that he no longer fears or doubts. Sunday is sometimes so called. In Bunyan's allegory {The Pilijrims Pro- gress) the pilgrims tarry in the land of Beulah after their pilgrimage is over, till they are summoned to cross the stream of Death and enter into the Celestial City. After this. I beheld until they came unto the land of Beulah, where the sun shineth night and day. Here, because they were weary, they betook themselves awhile to rest : but a little while soon refreshed them here, for the bells did so ring, and the trumpets sounded so melo- diously that they could not sleep. ... In this land they heard nothing, saw nothing, smelt nothing, ta.sted nothing that was otFensive. — liunyan. The rihjrim'a Pro- gress, i. (lers). Beuves (1 syl.) or Buo'vo of Ay'gremont, fatlier of INI.-ilagigi, and uncle of Einaldo. Treaclicrously slain by Gano. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioiso (1516). Beuves de Hantone, French form for Bevis of Southampton {q.v.). "Ilantone" is a French corruption of [South] ampton. Bev'an {Mr.), an American physician, who befriends Martin Chuzzlewit and Mark Tapley in many ways during their stay in the New World.— C. Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit (1844). Bev'erley, "the gamester," natur- ally a good man, but led astray by Stukely, till at last he loses everything by gambling, and dies a miserable death. Mrs. Beverley, the gamester's wife. She loves her husband fondlj^, and clings to him in all his troubles. Charlotte Beverley, in love with Lewson, but Stukely wishes to marry her. She loses all her fortune through her brother, "the gamester," but Lewson notwith- standing marries her. — Edward Moore, The Gamester (1712-1757). Mr. Young was acting " Beverley " with Mrs. Siddons. ... In the 4th act " Beverley " swallows poison; and when "Bates" comes in and says to the d)ing man, " Jarvis found you quarrelling with Lawson in the streets hist night," " Mrs. Beverley" replies, " No, I am sure he did not." To this "Jiirvis" adds, "And if I did " wlien "Mrs. Beverley" interrupts him with, " 'Tis fal.se, old man ; they bad no quarreL . . ." In uttering these words, Mrs. Siddons gave such a piercing shriek of gi-ief that Young was unable to utter a wonl from a swelling in his throat.— Campbell, Li/e of Siddans. Beverley, brother of Clarissa, and the lover of Bolinda Blandford. lie is ex- tremely jealous, and catches at trifles light as air to confirm his fears ; but his love is most sincere, and his penitence most humble when he finds out how causeless his suspicions are. Belinda is too proud to deny his insinuations, but her love is so deep that she repents of giving him a moment's pain. — A. Mur- phy, All in the Wrong (1761). Young's countenance was equally well adapted for the expression of pathos or of pride ; thus in such parts as "Hamlet," "Beverley," "The Stranger" ... ho looked the men he represented. — A'cw Monthly (1822). Bev'il, a model gentleman, in Steele's Conscious Lovers. Whate'er can deck mankind Or charm the heart, in generous Bevil shewed. Thomson, The Seasont (" Winter," 1726). Bevil {Francis, Harry, and George), three brothers — one an M.P., iinother in the law, and the third in the Guards — who, unknown to each other, wished to obtain in marriage the hand of Miss Grubb, the daughter of a rich stock-broker. The ]\I.P. paid his court to the father, and obtained his consent ; the lawyer paid his court to the mother, and obtained her consent ; the officer paid his court to tlie young lady, and having obtained her BEVIS. 105 BICKERTON. consent, the other two brothers retired from the field. — O'Brien, Cross Purposes. Be'vls, the horse of lord Marmion. — Sir W. Scott, Marmion (1808). Be'vis {Sir) of Southampton. Having reproved his mother, while still a lad, for murdering his father, she employed Saber to kill him ; but Saber only left him on a desert land as a waif, and he was brought up as a shepherd. Hearing that his mother had married INIor'dure (2 syl.), the adulterer, he forced his way into the marriage hall and struck at Mordure ; but Mordure slipped aside, and escaped the blow. Bevis was now sent out of the country, and being sold to an Armenian, was presented to the king. Jos'ian, the king's daughter, fell in love with him ; they were duly married, and Bevis was knighted. Having slain the boar which made holes in the earth as big as that into which Curtius leapt, he was ap- pointed general of the Armenian forces, subdued Brandamond of Damascus, and made Damascus tributary to Armenia. Being sent, on a future occasion, as am- bassador to Damascus, he was thrust into a prison, where were two huge serpents ; these he slew, and then effected his escape. His next encounter was with Ascupart the giant, whom he made his slave. Lastly, he slew the great dragon of Colein, and then returned to England, where he was restored to his lands and titles. The French call him Bcuves de JIantone, — M. Drayton, Folyolbion, ii. (1612). The Sword of Bevis of Southampton was Morglay, and his steed Ar'undel. Both were given him by his wife Josian, daughter of the king of Armenia. Beza'liel, in the satire of Absalom and Achitophel, is meant for the marquis of Worcester, afterwards duke of Beau- fort. As Bezaliel, the famous artificer, "was filled with the Spirit of God to devise excellent works in every kind of workmanship," so on the marquis of •Worcester — ... so largely Nature heaped her store, There scarce remained lex arts to give liini more. Drydeu and Tate, part U. Bezo'nian, a beggar, a rustic. (Italian, biso(jnoso, " necessitous.") The ordinary tillers of the earth, such as we call hm- ba7id'men; in Jfraiice, pestints ; in SpAine, besoiii/ans ; and generally cloutshoe. — Markham, EnglUh Husband- man, 4. Bian'ca, the younger daughter of Buptista of Pad'ua, as gentle and meek as her sister Katherine was violent and irritable. As it was not likely any one would marry Katherine "the shrew," the father resolved that Bianca should not marry before her sister. Pctruchio mar- ried " the shrew," and then Lucenlio married Bianca. — Shakespeare, Taming of the Shrew (1594). Bian'ca, a courtezan, the " almost " wife of Cassio. lago, speaking of the lieutenant, says : And what was he? Forsooth, a great arithmetician. One Michael Cassio, a Florentine, A fellow almost damn'd in a fair wife. Shakespeare, Othello, act i. sc 1 (1611). Bian'ca, wife of Fazio. When her husband wantons with the marchioness Aldabella, Bianca, out of jealousy, ac- cuses him to the duke of Florence of being privy to the death of Bartol'do, an old miser. Fazio being condemned to death, Bianca repents of her rashness, and tries to save her husband, but not succeeding, goes mad and dies. — Dean Milman, Fazio (1815). Bibbet [Master), secretary to major- general Harrison, one of the parliamentary commissioners. — Sir W. Scott, Woodstock (time, Commonwealth). Bibbie'na (//), cardinal Bernardo, who resided at Bibbiena, in Tuscany. He was the author of Calandra, a comedy (1470-1520). "Bible" Butler, alias Stephen Butler, grandfather of Reuben Butler the presbj-terian minister (married to Jeanic Deans). — Sir W. Scott, Heart of Midlothian (time, George II.). Bib'lis, a woman who fell in love with her brother Caunus, and was changed into a fountain near Mile'tus. — Ovid, Met. ix. GG2. Not that [fountain] where Biblis dropt, too (Dndly light. Her tears and self may dare compare with this. Thin. Fletcher, The Purple Island, v. (1633). Bib'ulus, a colleague of Juliu.s Csesar, but a mere cijjher in oflice ; hence his name became a household word for a noncntitj'. Bic'kerstaflF (Isaac), a pseudonym of dean Swift, assumed in the paper-war with Partridge, tlie almanac-maker, and adopted by Siccle in The Tatter, liypo- thetically edited by " Isaac Bickerstalf, Es(|., astrologer." Bickerton {Mrs.), landlady of the Seven Stars inn of York, where Je.nnie Deans stops on her way to London, 1 BID ME DISCOURSE. 106 BILBILIS. whither she is going to plead for her sister's pardon. — Sir W. Scott, Heart of Midlothian (time, George II.). Bid Me Discourse . . . The words of this celebrated song are taken from Shakespeare's poem called Venus and Adonis, 25. Music by Bishop. Bicl'denden Maids {The), two sisters named Mary and Elizabeth Chulk- hurst, born at Biddenden in 1100. They were joined together by the shoulders and hips, and lived to the age of 34. Some say that it was Mary and Eliza- beth Chulkhurst who left "twenty acres of land to the poor of Biddenden. This tenement is called "Bread and Cheese Land," because the rent derived from it is distributed on Easter Sunday in doles of bread and cheese. Halstead says, in his History of Kent, that it was the gift of two maidens named Preston, and not of the Biddenden Maids. Biddy, servant to Wopsle's great- aunt, who kept an " educational institu- tion." A good, honest girl, who falls in love with Pip, was loved by Dolge Orlick, but married Joe Gargery. — C. Dickens, Great Expectations (18G0), Biddy [Bellair] {Miss), " Miss in her teens," in love with captain Loveit. She was promised in marriage bj' her aunt and guardian to an elderly man whom she detested ; and during the absence of captain Loveit in the Flanders war, she coquetted with Mr. Fribble and captain Flash. On the return of her " Strephon," she set Fribble and Flash together by the cars ; and while they stood menacing each other but afraid to fight, captain Loveit entered and sent them both to the right-about. — D. Gar- rick, Miss in Her Teens (1753). Bideford Postman {Tlie). Edward C^apern, a poet, at one time a letter- carrier in Bideford (3 sijl,). Bide-the-Bent {Mr. Peter), minis- ter of Wolf's Hope village. — Sir W. Scott, Bride of Lammerinoor (time, William III.). Bid'more {Lord), patron of the Rev. Josiah Cargill, minister of St. Ronan's. The Hon. Augustus Bidmore, son of lord Bidmore, and pupil of the Rev. Josiah Cargill. Miss Aw/usta Bidmore, daughter of lord Bidmore ; beloved by tlie Rev. Josiah Cargill.— Sir VV. Scott, St. Bo- man's Well (time, George III.). Bie'derman {Arnold), alias count Arnold of Geierstein [Gi'.er.stine'], lan- damman of Unterwalden. Anne of Geier- stein, his brother's daughter, is under hia charge. Bertha Biederman, Arnold's late wife. Ru'diger Biederman, Arnold Bieder- man's son. Ernest Biederman, brother of Rudiger. Sigismund Biederman, nicknamed "The Simple," another brother, iflrick Biederman, youngest of the four brothers. — Sir W. Scott, Anne of Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). Bi-forked Letter of the Greeks, T (capital U), which resembles a bird flying. [The lirds\ flying, write upon the sky The bi-furked letter of tiie Greeka. Longfellow, The Wayside Inn (prelude). Bi'frost, the bridge which spans heaven and earth. The rainbow is this bridge, and its colours are attributed to the precious stones which bestud it. — Scandinavian Myth, Bigen'dians {The), a hypothetical religious party of Lilliput, who made it a matter of "faith" to break their eggs at the " big end." Those who broke them at the other end were considered heretics, and called Little-endians, — Dean Swift, Gulliver's Travels (17'26). Biglo"W(//osea), James Russell Lowell, of Boston, U.S., author of The Bicjlow Papers (1848), (1819- ). Big'ot {De), seneschal of prince John. — Sir W. Scott, Lvanhoe (time, Richard I.). "We will not forget it," said prince John. . . . " Da Bigot," he added to his seneschal, " thou wilt word this . . . summons so courteously as to gratify the pride of these Saxons . , . although, by the bones of Becket, courtesy to them is casting pearls before swine." — Ch. xiiL Biij'ot, in C. Lamb's Essays, is John Fenwick, editor of the Albion newspaper. Big-Sea-Water, lake Superior, also called Gitche Gu'mee. Forth upon the Gitche Gumee, On the shinhiK lU^-Sca -Water . . . All alone went Hiawatlia. Longfellow, Biawatha, viil. Bi'lander, a boat used in coast navi- gation [By-land.er'\. Why choose we then like hilanders to creep Along the coast, and land in view to keep. When safely we may launch into the deep ? Dryden, Hind and the Panther. Bil'bilis, a river in Spain. The high temper of the best Spanish blades is due to the extreme coldness of this river, into which they are dipped. Help me, I pray you, to a Spanish sword, Tlie trustiest blade that e'er in Bilbilis Was diiit Soutbey, Roderick, etc., ■ay, (1814). BILBO. 107 BIRD SINGING TO A MONK. Bilbo, a Spanish blade noted for its flexibility, and so called from Bilba'o, where at one time the best blades were made. Bilboes (2 sijL), a bar of iron with fetters annexed to it, by which mutinous sailors were at one time linked together. Some of the bilboes taken from the Spanish Armada are preserved in the British IMuseum. They are so called not because they were first made at Bilba'o, in Spain, but from the entanglements of the river on which Bilbao stands. These " entanglements " are called The Bilboes. Beaumont and Fletcher compare the mar- riage knot to bilboes. Bil'dai (2 syl.), a seraph and the tutelar guardian of Matthew the apostle, the son of wealthy parents and brought up in great luxury. — Klopstock, The Messiah, iii. (1748). Billings (Josh.). A. W. Shaw so signs His Book of Sayings (1866). Bil'lingsgate (3 si/l.). Beling was a friend of "lirennus" the Gaul, who owned a wharf called Beling's-gato. GeofErej' of Monmoutli derives the word from Belin, a mythical king of the ancient Britons, who " built a gate there, B.C. 400" (1142). Billy Barlow, a merry Andrew, so called from a semi-idiot, who fancied himself " a great potentate." He was well known in the east of London, and died in ^\^litechapel workhouse. Some of his sayings were really witty, and some of his attitudes truly farcical. Billy Black, the conundrum-maker. — The Ihmd red-pound Note. When Keeloy w,-ia playing "Billy Black" at Chelms- ford, lie advanced to tlie ligliLs nt tlie close of the piece, and and, ** I've one more, and tliis is a good un. M by is Chelnisford Theatre like a half-moon ? Dye give it up ? Because it is never full." — Itecordt of a Stage Veteran. Bimater {^^ two-mother"). Bacchus was so called because at the death of his niotlmr during gestation, Jupiter put the foetus into his own thigh for the rest of the time, when the infant Bacchus was duly brought forth. Bimbister (Marijertj), the old Ran- zelman's spouse. — Sir W. Scott, The Firate (time, William HI.). Bimini [/?e'.7n^.wr(;], afabulous island. Raid to belong to the Balm'ma group, and containing a fountain possessed of the power of restoring youth. This island was an object of long search by the Spanish navigator Juan Ponce da Leon (1460-1521). Bind'loose {John), shorilT's clerk .ind Imnker at Marchthorn. — Sir W. Scott, St. Ronan's Well (time, Gecrge III.). Bingen (Bishop of), generally called bishop Ilatto. The tale is that during a famine, he invited the poor to his barn on a certain day, under the plea of dis- tributing com to them ; but when the bam was crowded he locked the door and set fire to the building; for which iniquity he was himself devoured by an army of mice or rats. His castle is the Mouse-tower on the Rhine. They almost devour me with kisses. Their arms aiwut me entwine. Till I think of the hi.shop of Bingen, In his Mouse-tower on the Rhine. Longfellow, Birds of Passrtga. Binks (Sir Bingo), a fox-hunting baronet, and visitor at the Spa. Lady Binks, wife of sir I?ingo, but before marriage INIi.ss Kachael Bonny- rigg. Visitor at the Spa with her hus- band. — Sir W. Scott, St. Bonan's Well (time, George III.). Bi'on, the rhetorician, noted for his acrimonious and sharp sayings. Bionls sernionibus et sale nigra. Horace, J':j>ist. il. 2, 60. Biondel'lo, one of the servants of Lucentio the future husband of Bianca (sister of "the shrew"). His fellow- servant is Tra'nio. — Shakespeare, laming of the Shrew (1594). Birch (Harvey), a prominent cha- racter in The Spy, a novel by J. F. Cooper. Birch'over Lane (London), so called from Birchover, the builder, who owned the houses there. Bird (The Little Green), of the frozen regions, which could reveal every secret and impart information of events past, present, or to come. Prince Chcry went in search of it, so did his two cousins, Brightsun and Felix ; last of all Fairstar, who succeeded in obtaining it, and libe- rating the r'inces who had failed in their attempts. — Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales (" Princess Chery," 1682). This tale is a mere reproduction of "The Two Sisters," the last tale of the Arabian Nights, in which the bird is called " Buibul-hezar, the talking bird." Bird Singing to a Monk. The monk was Felix. — Longfellow, Golden Legend, ii. •BIRD TOLD ME. 108 BIRON. Bird Told Me (A Little). " A bird of the air shall carry the voice, and that which hath wings shall tell the matter " (Eccles, X. 20). In the old Basque legends a "little bird" is introduced " which tells the truth.'' The sisters had deceived the king by assuring him that his first child was a cat, his second a dog, and his third a bear; but the "little bird " told him vie truth — the first two were daughters and the third a son. This little truth-telling bird appears in sundry tales of great antiqiiity ; it is introduced in the tale of "Princess Fairstar" (Comtesse D'Aunoy) as a " little green bird who tells everything ; " also in the Arabian Nights (the last tale, called " The Two Sisters "). I think I hear a little bird who sings The people by-and-by will be the stronger. Byron, Don Juan, viii. SO (1821), ^Mien Kenelm or Cenhelm was mur- dered by the order of his sister Cwen- thrvth, "at the very same hour a white dove flew to Rome, and, lighting on the hi^h altar of St. Peter's, deposited there a Tetter containing a full account of the murder." So the pope sent men to ex- amine into the matter, and a chapel was built over the dead body, called "St. Kenelm's Chapel to this day " (Shrop- shire). Bire'no, the lover and subsequent husband of Olympia queen of Holland. He was taken prisoner by Cymosco king of Friza, but was released by Orlando. Bireno, having forsaken Olympia, was put to death by Oberto king of Ireland, who married the young widow. — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso, iv. v. (1516). Bire'no {Duke), heir to the crown of Lombardy. It was the king's wish he shoidd marrj' Sophia, his only child, but the princess loved Pal'adore (3 syl.), a Briton. Bireno had a mistress named Alin'da, whom he induced to personate the princess, and in Paladore's presence she cast down a rope-ladder for the duke to climb up by. Bireno has Alinda murdered to prevent the deception being known, and accuses the princess of in- chastity-— a crime in Lombardy punished by death. As the princess is led to execution, Paladore challenges the duke, and kills him. The villainy is fully re- vealed, aud the princess is married to the man of her choice, who had twice saved her life.— Robert Jephson, The Law of Lombardy (1779). BiruiingL.arQ of Belgium, Lifege. Birmingham of Russia, Tula, south of Moscow. Birmingham Poet {The), John Freeth, the wit, poet, and publican, who wrote his own songs, set them to music, and sang them (1730-1808). Biron, a merry mad-cap young lord, in attendance on Ferdinand kitg of Navarre. Biron promised to spend three years with the king in study, during Avhich time no woman was to approach his court ; but no sooner has he signed the compact, than he falls in love with Rosaline. Rosaline defers his suit for twelve months and a day, saying, " If you my favour mean to get, for twelve months seek the weary beds of people sick." A merrier man, WitMn the limit of becoming mirth, I never spent an hour's talk withal. His eye begets occasion for his wit : For every object that the one doth catch. The other turns to a mirth-moving jest ; Which his fair tongue {conceit's expositor) Delivers in such apt and gracious words. That aged ears play truant at liis tales, And younger hearings are quite ravished. Shakespeare, Love's Labour's Lost, act ii. so. 1 (16E4). Biron {Charles de Gontaut diic de), greatly beloved by Henri IV. of France. He won immortal laurels at the battles of Arques and Ivry, and at the sieges of Paris and Rouen. The king loaded him with honours : he was admiral of France, marshal, governor of Bourgoyne, duke and peer of France. This too-much honour made him forget himself, and he entered into a league with Spain and Savoy against his country. The plot was discovered by Lafin ; and although Henri wished to pardon him, he was executed (1602, aged 40). George Chap- man has made him the subject of two tragedies, entitled Bi/ron's Conspiracy and Byron^s Tragedy (1557-1634). Biron, eldest son of count Baldwin, who disinherited him for marrying Isa- bella, a nun. Biron now entered the army and was sent to the siege of Candy, where he fell, and it was supposed died. After the lapse of seven j^ears, Isabella, reduced to abject povertj^, married Villeroy (2 syl.), but the day after her espousals Biron returned ; whereupon Isabella went mad and killed herself. — Thomas Southern, Isabella or the Fatal Marriage. During the absence of the elder Ma,cready, bis son took tlie part of " Biron" in Isabella. The fatlier was shockt ; because he desired his son for the Church ; but Mrs. Si. - dons remarked to him, "In the Church your son \>.l live and die a curate on .£50 a year, but if successful, ihe stage will bring him ill a thousand." — Donoldaoii, liicvl- UeCioits. BIRON. 109 BLACK AGXE3. Biron {Harriet), the object of sir Charles Grandison's affections. One would prefer Dulcinea del Toboso to Miss Biron as goon as Grandison becomes acquainted with the anuable, delicate, virtuous, unfortunate Clementina. — Epit. of the Edit, on the Story of Uabib and Dorathll-goase. Birth.. It was lord Thurlow who called high birth "the accident of an accident." Birtha, the motherless daughter and only child of As'tragon the Lombard philosopher. In spring she gathered blossoms for her father's still, in autumn berries, and in summer flowers. She fell in love with duke Gondibert, whose wounds she assisted her father to heal, Birtha, "in love unpractised and unread," is the beau-ideal of innocence and purity of mind. Gondibert had just plighted his love to her when he was summoned to court, for king Aribert had proclaimed him his successor and future son-in-law. Gondibert assured Birtha he would remain true to her, and gave her an emerald ring which he told her would lose its lustre if he proved untrue. Here the tale breaks off, and as it was never finished the sequel is not known. — Sir W. Davenant, Gondibert (died 16G8). Bise, a wind prevalent in those valleys of Savoy which open to the sea. It especially affects the nervous system. Biser'ta, formerly called U'tica, in Africa. The Saracens passed from Biserta to Spain, and Charlemagne in 800 undertook a war against the Spanish Saracens. The Spanish historians assert tliat he was routed at Fontarabia (a strong town in Biscay) ; but the French maintain that he was victorious, although they allow that the rear of his army wai cut to pieces. Or whom Biserta sent from Afric shore, Wlien Ciiarlemain with all his peerage fell By Fontarabia. Milton, Paradise lost, I: 68.5 (lfi().')). Bishop. Burnt milk is called by Tusser " milk that the bishop doth ban." Tyndale says when milk or porridge is burnt "we sayethe bishope hath put his fote in the potte," and explains it thus, " the bishopes bum whom they lust." Bishops. The seven who refused to read the declaration of indulgence published by James II. and were by him imprisoned for recusancy, were arch- bishop Sancroft {Canterbury), bishops Lloyd {St. Asaph), Turner {Ely), Kew {liath and Wells), White {Peterborouyh), Lake {Chichester), Trelawney {Bristol), Being tried, they were all acquitted (June, 1G88), Bishop Middleham, who was always declaiming against ardent drinks, and advocating water as a beverage, killed himself by secret intoxication. Bisto'nians, the Thracians, so called from Biston (son of Mars), wLd built Bisto'nia on lake Bis'tonis. So the Bistonian race, a maddening train. Exult and revel on the Thracian plain. Pitt's Stathis, ii. Bit'elas (3 syl.), sister of Fairlimb, and daughter of Rukimaw the ape, in the beast-epic called Reynard the Fox (1498), Bi'ting Remark {A). Near'chos ordered Ze'no the philosopher to be pounded to death in a mortar. ^Vhen he had been pounded some time, he told Nearehos he had an important ccim- munication to make to him, but as tlie tyrant bent over the mortar to hear what he h.ad to say, Zeno bit off his ear. Hence the proverb, A remark more hitimj thav Zeno's. Bit'tlebrains {Lord), friend of sir William Ashton, lord-keeper of Scot- land. Lady Bittlehrains, wife of the above lord. — Sir W. Scott, Bride of JMmmer- moor (time, William III.). Bit'zer, light porter in Boundt-rby'g bank at Coketown. lie was educated at M'Choakumchild's "practical school," and became a general spy and informer. Bitzer finds out the robbery of tlie bank, and discovers the perpetrator to be Tom Gradgrind (son of Thomas Gradgrind, Esq., M.P.), informs against liim, and gets promoted to his place. — C. Dickens, Hard Times (1854). Bizarre \^Be.zar''\, the friend of Orian'a, for ever coquetting and sparring with Duretete \_Durc.tait'\, and placing him in awkward predicaments. — G. Far- quhar, I'he Inconstant (1702), Miss Farren's last performances were ' ' BUarre," March 26, 1797, and " lady Teazle " on the 28th.— Jfemoiri of Mlizabcth Countess of Derby (1829). Black Ag'nes, the conntess of ALarch, noted for her defence of Dunbar during the war which Edward HI. main- tained in Scotland (1333-1338). She kept a stir in tower and trench, Tliat brawling, boist'rous Scottish wench, Came I early, came I late, I found Bhick Agnes at the gate. Sir Walter Scott says : " The countess was called ' Block H BLACK AGNES. 110 BLACK PRINCE. Agnes 'from her complexion. She was the daughter of Thomas Randolph, earl of :i\mra.y."— Tales o/ a Grand- father, i. 14. (See Black Pki.nce.) Black Af/'ncs, the favourite palfrey of Mary queen of Scots. Black Bartholomew, the day when 2000 presbyterian pastors were ejected. They had no alternative but to subscribe to the articles of uniformity or renounce their livings. Amongst their number were Calamy, Baxter, and Rey- nolds, who were offered bishoprics, but refused the offer. Black Bess, the famous mare of Dick Turpin, which carried him from London to York. Black Charlie, sir Charles Napier (1786-1860). Black Clergy (The), monks, in contradistinction to The White Clergy, or parish priests, in Russia. Black Colin Campbell, general Campbell, in the army of George III., introduced by sir W. Scott in liedgauntlet. Black Death, fully described by Hecker, a German physician. It was a putrid typhus, and was called Black Death because the bodies turned black with rapid putrilication. — See Cornhill, May, 1865. In 1348-9, at least half of the entire population of England died. Thus 57,000 out of 60,000 died in Norwich ; 7000 out of 10,000 died in Yarmouth ; 17 out of 21 of the clergy of York ; 2,500,000 out of 5,000,000 of the entire population. Between 1347 and 1350, one-fourth of all the population of the world was carried off by this pestilence. Not less than 25,000,000 perished in Europe alone, while in Asia and Africa the mortality was even greater. It came from China, where fifteen years pre- viously it carried off 5,000,000. In Venice the aristocratic, died 100,000; in Florence the refined, 60,000 ; in Paris the gav, 50,000 i in London the wealthy, 100,000 ; in Avignon, a number wholly beyond calculation. N.B. — This form of pestilence never occurred a second time. Black Douglas, William Douglas, lord of Nithsdale, who died 1390. He was tall, strong, and well made, of a swarthy com- plexion, with dark hair, from which he was called "Tlie Blivok bouglas." — Sir Walt«r Sfctt, I'lilcs of a Grand- father, »i. Black Dwarf {The), of sir Waiter Scott, is meant for David Rit-chie, whose cottage was and still is on Manor Water, in the county of Peebles. Black-eyed Susan, one of Dibdin's sea-songs. Black Flag (A) was displayed by Tamerlane when a besieged city refused to surrender, meaning that "mercy is now past, and the city is devoted to utter destruction." Black George, the gamekeeper in Fielding's novel, called The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling (1750). Black George, George Petrowitsch of Serv'ia, a brigand ; called by the Turks luira George, from the terror he in- spired. Black Horse (The), the 7th Dragoon Guards {not the 7th Dragoons). So called because their facings (or collar and cuffs) are black velvet. Their plumes are black and white ; and at one time their horses were black, or at any rate dark. Black Jack, a large flagon. But oh, oh, oh I his nose doth show How oft Black Jack to his lips doth go. Simon the Cellarer. Black Knight of the Black Lands (The), sir Reread. Called by Tennyson "Night "or "Nox." He was one of the four brothers who kept the passages of Castle Dangerous, and was overthrown by sir Gareth. — Sir T. Jlalory, History of Prince Arthur, i. 126 (1470) ; Tennyson, Idylls (" Gfireth and Lynette "). Black lord Clifford, John ninth lord Clifford, son of Thomas lord Clifford. Also called " The Butcher" (died 1461). Black Prince, Edward prince of Wales, son of Edward III. Froissart says he was stj'led black " by terror of his arms" (c. 169). Similarlv, lord Clifford was called " The Black Lord Clifford " for his cruelties (died 1461). George Petro- witsch was called by the Turks " Black George " from the terror of his name. The countess of March was called " Black Agnes " from the terror of her deeds, and not (as sir W. Scott says) from her dark complexion. Similarly, "The Black Sea," or Axinus, as the Greeks once called it, received its name from the inhospitable character of the Scythians. The " Black ^V'ind," or Sherki, is an easterly wind, so called by the Kurds, from its being such a terrible ace urge. BLACK RIVER. Ill BLADUD. Shirley falls into the general error : Our great third Eilward . . . and his brave son , . . In his blacl< armour. £dward the Black Prince, Iv. 1 (1640). Black River or Atba'ka, of Africa, 80 called from the rjuantity of black earth brought down by it during the rains. This earth is dejjosited on the surface of the country in the overliow of the Nile, and hence the Atbara is regarded as the " dark mother of Egypt." Black Sea (The), once called by the Greeks Axlnus (" inhospitable "), either because the Scythians on its coast were inhospitable, or because its waters were dangerous to navigation. It was after- wards called .ffMxm?ritona, and Bonduca poisoned herself, A.n. 61. John Fletcher wrote a tragedy entitled Bondiica (1G47). BDne-setter (27ic), Sarah Mapp (died 1736). Bo'ney, a familiar contraction of Bo'nn parte (3 syl.), used by the English in the earh' part of the nineteenth cen- tury by way of depreciation. Thus Thorn. Moore speaks of "the infidel Boney," Bonhomme {Jacqnes), a peasant who interferes with politics; hence the peasants' rebellion of 1358 was called La Jacuwrie, The words may be rendered "Jimmy" of "Jonny Goodfellow." Bon'iface {St.), an Anglo-Saxon whose name was Winifrid or Winfrith, born in Devonshire. He was made arch- bishop of Mayence by pope Gregory III., andiscalled" The Apostle of the Germans." St. Boniface was murdered in Friesland bv some peasants, and his day is June 5 (680-755). ... in Frieslind first St. Boniface our best. Who of the see of Mciitz. while there he sat possessed. At Dockum had his death, by f.-iitlile.-.-? Frisians slain. Drayton. I'otyotbion, xxlv. (1622). Bon'iface {Father), ex-abbot of Kenna- quhair. He first appears under the name of Blinkhoodie in the character of gardener at Kinross, and afterwards as the old gardener at Dundrennan. {Keniuiquhair, that is, " I know not where.") — Sir W. Scott, The Abbot (time, Elizabeth). Bon'iface {The abbot), successor of the abbot Ingelram, as Superior of St. Mary's Convent. — Sir W. Scott, The Monastery (time, Elizabeth). Bon'iface, landlord of the inn at Lich- field, in league with the highwaymen. This sleek, jolly publican is fond of the cant phrase, "as the saying is." Thus, " Does your master stay in town, as the saying is ? " " So well, as the saying is, I could wish we had more of them." " I'm old Will Boniface ; pretty well known upon this road, as the saying is." He had lived at Lichlield " man ami boy above eight and fifty years, and not con- sumed eight and fifty ounces of meat." He saj's : " I have fed purely upon ale. I have ent my ale, drank my ale. and I always sleep upon my ale." — George Farqu- bar. The Beaux' StraUigem, t. 1 (1707)^ Bonne Reine, Claude de France, daughter of Louij XII. and wife of Francois I. (1409-15'-M). Bonnet {Je parle a mon), " I am talking to myself." narjHi-jon. A qui tu parle T Iai FUce. Je [wirle \ mon bonnet. Moliire, LArare. I. 3 (16C). Bonnet Rouge, a red republican, 80 called from the red cap of liberty which he wore. Bonnivard {Fran<^o\s de), the pri- soner of Chillon. In Hyron's poem he is one of six brothers, five of whom died violent deaths. The father and two sons died on the battle-field ; one waa burnt at the stake ; three were imprisoned in the dungeon of Chillon, near the lake of Geneva. Two of the three died, and BONSTETTIN. 122 BORAX. Francois was set at liberty by Henri the Beamais. They were incarcerated by the duke-bishop of Savoy for republican principles (1496-1570). Bonstet'tin (Nicholas), the old deputy of Schwitz, and one of the depu- ties of the Swiss confederacy to Charles duke of Burgundy. — Sir W. Scott, Atme of Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). Bon'temps {Roger), the personi- fication of that buoyant spirit which is always " inclined to hope rather than fear," and in the very midnight of dis- tress is ready to exclaim, "There's a good time coming, wait a little longer." The character is the creation of Beranger. Vous, pauvres pleins d'envie, Vous, riches d^sireux ; Vous, dont le char d^vie Apr^ un cotirs heureux ; Vous, qui perdrez peut-€tre Des litres ^clataus, Xli gai 1 prenez pour mattre Le gros Koger Bontemps. B(;ranger (1814). Bon'thron {Anthony), one of Ra- ni omy's followers ; employed to murder Smith, the lover of Catherine Glover ("the fair maid of Perth"), but he rnur- dered Oliver instead, by mistake. "When charged with the crime, he demanded a trial by combat, and being defeated by Smith, confessed his guilt and was hanged. He was restored to life, but being again sipprehended was executed. — Sir\\ . Scott, Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.). Bon Ton, a farce by Garrick. Its design is to show the evil effects of the introduction of foreign morals and foreign manners. Lord Minikin neglects his wife, and flirts with Miss Tittup. Lady Mini- kin hates her husband, and flirts with colonel Tivy. Miss Tittup is engaged to the colonel. Sir John Trotley, who does not understand hon ton, thinks this sort of flirtation very objectionable. "You'll excuse me, for such old-fashioned notions, I am sure" (17G0). Boo'by {Lady), a vulgar upstart, who tries to seduce her footman, Joseph Andrews. Parson Adams reproves her for laughing in church. Lady Booby is a caricature of Richardson's " Pamgla." — Fielding, Joseph Andrews (1742). Boone (1 syl.), colonel [afterwards "general"] Daniel Boone, in the United States' service, was one of the earliest settlers in Kentucky, where he signalized himself by nianv daring exploits against the Red Indians"(17ao-1820}. Of all men, saving Sylla tho man-slayer . . . The general Boon, the biick-woodsnian of Kentuckr.' ■ Waa happiest amongst niortals anywhere, etc. Byron, Don Juan, viii. 61-65 (1?21). Booshalloeh {Neil), cowherd to Ian Eachin M'lan, chief of the clan Quhele. — Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.). Boo'tes (3 syL), Areas son of Jupiter and Calisto. One day his mother, in the semblance of a bear, met him, and Areas was on the point of killing it, when Jupiter, to prevent the murder, converted him into a constellation, either Bootes or Ursa 3IaJor. — Pausanias, Itinerary of Greece, viii. 4. Doth not Orion worthily deserve A higher place . . . Than frail Bo»tfls, who was placed above Only because the gods did el^e foresee He should the murderer of his mother be 7 Lord Brooke, 0/ Nobility- Booth, husband of Amelia. Said to be a drawing of the author's own character and experiences. He has all the vices of Tom Jones, with an additional share of meanness. — Fielding, Amelia (1751). Boraeh'io, a follower of don John of Aragon. He is a great villain, en- gaged to Margaret, the waiting-woman of Hero. — Shakespeare, Much Ado about Nothing (1600). Boraeh'io, a drunkard. (Spanish, lor- racho, ^^ drunk ;" bo7'rachue'lo, "atippler.") "Wliy, you stink of wine! D'ye think my niece will ever endure such a borachio ? You're an absolute Borachio."— W. Congreve, The \yay[of the World (17U0). Borachio (Joseph), landlord of the Eagle hotel, in Salamanca. — Jephson, Two Strings to your Bow (1792). Bor'ak (Al), the animal brought by Gabriel to convey Mahomet to the seventh heaven. The word means " lightning." Al Borak had the face of a man, but the cheeks of a horse ; its eyes were like jacinths, but brilliant as the stars ; it had eagle's wings, glistened all over with radiant light, and it spoke with a human voice. This was one of the ten animala (not of the race of man) received into paradise. (See Animals, etc.) Borak was a fine-limbed, high-standing horse, strong in frame, and with a coat as glossy as marble. His colour was saffron, with one hair of gold for every three of tawny ; his ears were restless and pointed like a reed ; hia eyes large and full of fire ; his nostrils wide and steaming ; he had a white star on his forehead, a neck gracefully arched, a mane soft and silky, and a thick tail that swept the ground. — Oroqiiemitaine, ii. 9. Borax, Nosa, or Crapon'dinus, a stone extracted from a toad. It is the antidote of poison. — Mirror of Stones. . . . the toad, ugly and venomous. Wears yet a precious jewel in his head. Shakespeare, At I'ou like It, act 11. sc. 1 USOO), BORDER MINSTREL. 123 BORS. Border Minstrel (The), sir Walter Scott (1771-1832). My steps the Bnrder Minstrel led. W, Wordsworth, Varrow Revisited. Border States (of North America) : Delaware, Maryland, Vir^'inia, Ken- tucky, and Missouri. So called becau.se they bordered ujion the line of Free States and Slave-holding States. The term is now an anachronism. Bore (1 sijL), a tidal wave. The larjiest are those of the Ganjjes (espe- cially the llooghly branch), Brahmaputra, and Indus. In Great Britain, the Severn, the Trent, the Wye, the Solway, the Dee in Cheshire, the Clyde, Dnrnocli Frith, and the Lune. That of the Trent is called the "heygre." Bo'reas, the north wind. He lived iu a cave on mount Ilaemus, in Thrace. Cease, rude Borejis. blustering railer. G. A. Stepliens, The Shiyurreck. Bor'gia (Lucrezia di), duchess of Fer- ra'ra, wife of don Alfonso. Her natural Bon Genna'ro was brought up by a fisher- man in Naples, but when he grew to Tiianhood a stranger gave him a paper from his motlier, announcing to him that he was of noble blood, but concealing his name and family. He saved the life of Orsi'ni in the battle of Rim'ini, and they became sworn friends. In Venice he was introduced to a party of nobles, all of •whom had some tale to tell against Lu- crezia: Orsini told liim she had murdered her brother; Vitelli, that she had caused his uncle to be slain ; Liverotto, that she had poisoned his uncle Appia'no; GazoUa, that she had caused one of his relatives to be drowned in the Tiber. Indignant at these acts of wickedness, Gennaro struck off the B from the escutcheon of tlie duke's palace at Ferrara, changing the name IJorgia into Orgia. Lucrezia prayed the duke to put to death the man who had thus insulted their noble house, and Gen- naro was condemned to deatli by poison. Lucrezia, to save him, gave him an anti- dote, and let him out of prison by a secret door. Soon after his liberation the princess Negroni, a friend of the Horgias, gave a grand supper, to which Gentiaro and his companions were invited. At the close of the banquet they were all arrested by Lucrezia, after having drunk poisoned •wine. Gennaro w.as told lie was the son of Lucrezia, and died. Lucrezia no sooner saw him die than she died also. — Doni- zetti, Lucrezia di Boiyia (an opera, 1835). EorosTcie (3 syl.), a malicious coun- sellor of the great-duke of Moscovia.— Beaumont and Fletcher, The Loyal Subject (1618). Borough (T/ie), in ten-syllable verse with rhvmes, in twenty-foiu: letters, is by George Crabbe (181U). Bor'oughelifF (Captain), a vulgar Yankee, boastful, conceited, and slangy. " I guess," "I reckon," "I calculate," are used indifferently by him, and he perpetually appeals to sergeant Drill to confirm his boastful assertions: as, "I'm a pretty considerable favourite with the ladies ; am't I, sergeant Drill ? " " My character for valour is pretty well known ; isn't it, sergeant Drill?" "If you once saw me in battle, you'd never forget it ; would he, sergeant Drill?" " I'm a sort of a kind of a nonentity ; am't I, sergeant Drill?" etc. He is made the l)utt of Long Tom Coffin. Colonel Howard ■»visne8 him to niarni- his niece Katharine, but the young lady has given her heart to lieutenant Barnstable, who turns out to be the colonel's son, and succeeds at last in marrving the ladv of his affection. — E. Fitzball, The I'ilCt. Borre (1 s.'//.), natural son of king Arthur, and one of the knights of the Round Table. His mother was Lyo- nors, an earl's daughter, who came to do homage to the young king. — Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, i. 15 (1470)-. *^* Sir Bors de Ganis is quite another person, and so is king Bors of tiaul. Borrioboo'la Gha, in Africa. (See Jeli.yi'.y, Mrs.) Borro'meo (Charles), cardinal and archbisliop of Milan. Immortalized by his self-devotion in ministering at Mil'an to the plague-stricken (l.")38-l.')84). St. Koclie, wlio died 1327, devoted himself in a similar manner to those stricken with the plague at Piacenza ; and Mompesson to the people of P^yam. In 1720-22 II. Francis Xavicr de Belsunce was indefatigable in ministering to the plague-stricken of Marseilles. Borro^wing. W?io ijocth a-borroicinj, gocth a-sorrowiiuf. — T. Tusser, Fit^ Hun- dred Points of Good Husbandry, xv. 8 and again xlii. 6 (1557). Bora (A'ituj) of Gaul, brother of king Ban of Benwicke [? Brittany]. They went to the aid of prince Arthur when he was first established on the British tlirone, and Arthur promised in return to BORS. 124 BOTIIWEI.L. aid them against king Claudas, "a mighty n'an of men," who warred against them, — Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur \1470). There are two brethren beyond the sea. and they kings both . . . the one hight king Ban of Benwicke. and the oUier hight king Burs of Gaul, that is, France. — Ft. 1. 8. (Sir Bors was of Ganis, that is, Wales, and was a knight of the Round Table. So also was Borre (natural son of prince Arthur;, also called sir Bors sometimes.) Bors {Sir), called sir Bors de Ganis, brother of sir Lionell and nephew of sir Launcelot. " For all women was he a virgin, save for one, the daughter of king Brandeg'oris, on whom he had a child, hight Elaine ; save for her, sir Bors was a clean maid" (ch. iv.). When he went to Corbin, and saw Galahad the son of sir Laimcelot and Elaine (daughter of king Pelles), he prayed that the child might prove as good a knight as his father, and instantly a vision of the holy greal was vouchsafed him ; for — There came a white dove, bearing a little censer of gold in her bill . . . and a maiden that bear the Sancgreall, and she said, " Wit ye well, su- Bors. that this child . . . shall achieve the Sancgreall "... then they kneeled down . . . and there was such a savour as all the spicery in the world h.-id been there. And when the dove took her flight, the maiden vanished aw.iy with the Sancgreall.— Ft. ill. 4. Sir Bors was with sir Galahad and sir Percival when the consecrated wafer assumed the visible and bodily appearance of the Saviour. And this is what is meant by achieving the holy greal ; for when they partook of the wafer their eyes saw the Saviour enter it. — Sir T. Malorv, History of Prince Arthur, iii. 101, 102 (1470). N.B. — This sir Bors must not be con- founded with sir Borre, a natural son of king Arthur and Lyonors (daughter of the earl Sanam, pt. i. 15), nor yet with king Bors of Gaul, i.e. France (pt. i. 8). Bortell, the bull, in the beast-epic called Peynard the Fox (1498). Bos'can-[Alinoga'va], a Spanish poet of Barcelona (1/500-1543). His poems are generally bound up with those of Garcilasso. Thej^ introduced the Italian style into Gastilian poetry. Sometimes he turned to gaze upon bis book, Boscau, tr Garcilasso. Byron, Don Juan, i. 95 (1819). Bosmi'na, daughter of Fingal king of Mon'en (north-west coast of Scotland). — Ossian. Boss, of Arthurian legend, is Boscastle, in Cornwall, on the Bristol Channel. Bude is also in Cornwall, on the Bristol Channel. When the longwave broke All down the thundering shores of Bude and Boss. Tennyson, Idylls of the King. Bossu (Re'nele), French scholar and critic (1631-1680). And for the epic poem your lordship bade me look at. upon taking the length, breadth, height, and depth of it, and trying them at home upon an exact scale of Bossu's, 'tis out, my lord, in every one of its dimensions. — Sterne (1768). (I think Sterne means the Abbe Bossut, the mathematician. His critic tried the book on its "length, breadth, and depth ;" or perhaps he wishes to confound the two authors.) Bossut (Ahb^ Charles), a celebrated mathematician (1730-1814). (Sir Richard Phillips assumed a host of popular names, amongst others that of M. I'Abbe' Bossut in several educational works in French.) Bosta'na, one of the two daughters of the old man who entrapped prince Assad in order to offer him in sacrifice on "the fiery mountain." His other daughter was named Cava'ma. The old man enjoined these two daughters to scourge the prince daily with the bas- tinado and feed him with bread and water till the day of sacrifice arrived. After a time, the heart of Bostana soft- ened towards her captive, and ' she re- leased him. Whereupon his brother Amgiad, out of gratitude, made her his wife, and became in time king of the city in which he was already vizier. — Arabian Nights (" Amgiad and Assad "). Bostock, a coxcomb, cracked on the point of aristocracy and family birth. His one and only inquiry is " How many quarterings has a person got ? " Descent from the nobility with him covers a multitude of sins, and a man is no one, whatever his personal merit, wto " is not a sprig of the nobility " — James Shirley, The Ball (1642). Bot'any (Father of English), W. Turner, M.D. (1520-1568). J. P. de Tournefort is called The Father of Botany (1656-1708). *^* Antony de Jussieu lived 1686- 1758, and his brother Bernard 1699-1777. Bothwell (Sergeant), alias Francis Stewart, in the royal army. — Sir W. Scott, Old Mortality (time, Charles H.). Bothwell (Lady), sister of lady Forester. BOTTLED BEER. 125 BOUNTY. Sir Geoffrey Bothwell, the husband of lady Bothwell. Mrs. Margaret Bothwell, in the intro- duction of the story. Aunt Margaret proposed to use Mrs. Margaret's tomb- stone for her own. — Sir W. Scott, Aunt Margaret's Mirror (time, William III.). Bottled Beer, Alexander Nowell, author of a celebrated Latin catechism which first appeared in 1570, under the title of Chribtiance pietatis prima Insti- tutio, ad usum Scholarum Latine Scripta. In 1560 he was promoted to the deanery of St. Paul's (1507-1602). — Fuller, Worthies of England (" Lancashire "). Bottom {Nick), an Athenian weaver, a compound of profound ignorance and unbounded conceit, not without good nature and a fair dash of mother-wit. \Vhen the play of Piramus and Thisbe is cast. Bottom covets every part ; the lion, Thisbe, Pyramus, all have charms for him. In order to punish Titau'ia, the fairy-king made her dote on Master Bottom, on whom Puck had placed an ass's head. — Shakespeare, Mid. Nts. Drm. When Goldsmith, jealous of the attention which a dancing monkey attracted in a coffee-house, said, " I can do that as well," and was about to attempt it, he was but playing " Bottom."— K. G. White. Bottomless Pit (The), a ludicrous sobriquet of William Pitt, who was re- markably thin (1759-1806). Boubekir' Muez'in, of Bagdad, •' a vain, proud, and envious iman, who hated the rich because he him- self was poor." When prince Zeyn Alasnam came to the city, he told the people to beware of him, for probably he was "some thief who had made himself rich by plunder." The prince's attendant called on him, put into his hand a purse of gold, and requested the honour of his acquaintance. Next day, after morning prayers, the iman said to the people, " I find, my brethren, that the stranger who is come to Bagdad is a young prince possessed of a thousand virtues, and worthy the love of all men. Let us pro- tect him, and rejoice that he has come among us." — Arabian Nights ("Prince Zej-n Alasnam "). Bouchard {Sir), a knight of Flan- ders, of most honourable descent. He married Constance, daughter of Bertulphe provost of Bruges. In 1127 Charles "the Good," earl of Flanders, made a law that a serf was always a serf till manumitted, and whoever married a serf became a serf. Now, Bertulphe's father was Thancmar's serf, and Bertulphe, who had raised himself to wealth and great honour, was reduced to serfdom because his father was not manumitted. By the same law Bouchard, although a knight of royal blood, became Thancmar's serf because he married Constance, the daughter of Bertulphe (provost of Bruges). The result of this absurd law was that Bertulphe slew the earl and then himself, Constance went mad and died, Bouchard and Thancmar slew each other in fight, and all Bruges was thrown into confusion, — S. Knowles, The Provost of Bruges (1836). Bought "Wit is Dear. Wisdom gained by experience is dearly bought. — G. Gascoigne, Magnum VectigaL etc. (died 1577). Bou'illon {Godfrey duke of), a cru.siider (1058-1100), introduced in Count Robert of Paris, a novel by sir W. Scott (time, Rufus). Bounce {Mr. T.), a nickname given in 1837 to T. Barnes, editor of the Times (or the Turnabout, as it was called), Bound'erby (Josiak), of Coketown, banker and mill-owner, the "Bully of Humility," a bio;, loud man, with an iron stare and metallic laugh. Mr. Bounderby is the son of Mrs. Pegler, an old woman, to whom he pays £30 a year to keep out of sight, and in a boasting way he pre- tends that "he was drafjged up from the gutter to become a millionaire." Mr. Bounderby marries Louisa, daughter of his neighbour and friend, Thomas Grad- grind, Esq., M.P.— C. Dickens, Bard Times (1854), Bountiful {Lady), widow of sir Charles Bountiful. Her delight was curing the parish sick and relieving the indigent. My lady Bountiful Is one of the best of women. Her late liusband, sir Charles Bountiful, left her with .£1000 a year; and I believe she lays out one-half on't in charitable uses for the good of her neighbours. In short, she has cured more peoi>le in and about Licbtield within ten years than the doctors have killed in twenty; and that's a bohi word.— George Farquhar, The Beaux' Strata' gem, i. 1 (1705). Bounty (Mutiny of the), in 1790, headed by Fletcher Christian. The mutineers finally settled in Pitcairn Island (Polynesian Archipelago). In 1808 all the mutineers were dead ex- cept one (Alexander Smith), who had changed his name to John Adams, and died 1829, aged 65. The colony was taken under the protection of the British Government in 1839. Lord Byron, in BOUSTRAPA. 126 BOYS. The Island, has made the "mutiny of the Bounty " the basis of his tale, but the facts are greatly distorted. Botia'traj)a, a nickname given to Napoleon III. It is compounded of the first sj-llables of ij^oMJ^lngne], Stra- [sbourg], Pa[ris], and alludes to his escapades in 1840, 183(5, 1851 (coup d'etat). No man ever lived who was dis- tinguished by more nicknames than Louis Napoleon. Besides the one above men- tioned, he was called Badim/uet, Man of December, Man of Sedan, Ratipol, Ver- huel, etc. ; and after his escape from the fortress of Ham he went by the pseudonym of count Arenenherg. Bow Church (London). Stow gives two derivations: (1) He says it was so called because it was the first church in London built on arches. This is the derivation most usually accepted. (2) He says also it took its name from certain stone arches supporting a lantern on the top of the tower. Bower of Bliss, a garden belonging to the enchantress Armi'da. It abounded in everj'thing that could contribute to earthly pleasure. Here Rinal'do spent some time in love-passages with Armi'da, but he ultimatel}' broke from the enchan- tress and rejoined the war. — Tasso, Jeru- salem Delivered (1575). Bower of Bliss, the residence of the witch Acras'ia, a beautiful and most fascinating woman. This lovely garden was situated on a floating island filled with everything which could conduce to enchant the senses, and "wrap the spirit in forgetfulness." — Spenser, Faery Queen, ii. 12 (1590). Bow^kit, in Tfie Son-in-Laio. In the scene where Cranky declines to accept Bowkit as Bon-in-Iaw on account of his ugliness. John Eiiwin, wlio was playing ' ■ Bowkit " at the Hayniarket, uttered in a tone of surprise, " I'gli/ 1 " and then advancing to the lamps, said with infinite impertinence, "I submit to the decision of the British public which is the ugliest fellow of us three : 1, old Cranky, or that gentleman there in the front row of the balcony boxi"—Contkill Magazine (1867). Bowley (Sir Joseph), M.P., who facetiously called himself "the poor man's friend." His secretarv is Fish. — C. ■ Dickens, The Chimes (1844). Bowling (Lieutenant Tom), an ad- mirable naval character in Smollett's Roderick Random. Dibdin wrote a naval gong in memoriam of Tom Bowling, be- ginning thus : Here a sheer nulk lies poor Tom Bowling, The darling of the crew . . . Bowyer (Master), usher of the black rod in the court of queen Elizabeth.— Sir W. Scott, Kenilworth (time, Elizabeth). Bowzybe'us (4 syl.), the drunkard, noted for his songs in Gay's pastorals, called The Shepherd's Week. He sang of " Nature's Laws," of " Fairs and Shows," "The Children in the Wood," "Che\T Chase," " Tafi'ey Welsh," "Rosamond's Bower," " Lillj'-bullero,'' etc. The 6th pastoral is in imitation of Virgil's 6th Eel., and Bowzybeus is a vulgarized Silenus. That Bowzybeus. who with jocund tongue, Ballads, and roundelays, and catches sung. Gay. Pastoral, vi. (1714). Box and Cox, a dramatic romance, by J. M. Morton, the principal characters of which are Box and Cox. Boy Bachelor (The), William Wot- ton, D.D., admitted at St. Catherine's Hall, Cambridge, before he was ten, and to his degree of B.A. when he was twelve and a half (1666-1720). Boy Bishop (TJie), St. Nicholas, the patron saint of boys (fourth centurj'). (There was also an ancient custom of choosing a boy from the cathedral choir on St. Nicholas' Day (December 6) as a mock bishop. This boy possessed certain privileges, and if he died during the year was buried in pontificalihus. The custom was abolished by Henry VIII. In Salis- burj' Cathedral visitors are shown a small sarcophagus, which the verger says was made for a boy bishop.) Boy Crucified.. It is said that some time during tlie dark ages, a boy named Werner was impiously crucified at Bacharach on the Rhine, by "the Jews. A little chapel erected to the memory of this bo}' stands on the walls of the town, close to the river. Hugh of Lincoln and William of Norwich are instances of a similar story. See how its currents gleam and shine . . . As if the griipes were stained with the blood • Of the innocent boy who, some years back. Was taken and crucified by the Jews In that ancient town of Bacharach. Longfellow, The Golden Legend. Boys (sea-term) has no reference to age, but only to experience ; a boy may be 50 or any other age. A crew is divided into (1) able seamen or seamen, (2) ordinary seamen, (3) boys or green- horns. Wlien a person enters himself as a hoij, he is not required to know anything about the practical working of the vessel, but able seamen and ordinary seamen BOYET. 127 BRADWARDINE, must possess a certain amount of expe- rience. There is a sea axiom, A "boy" does not ship to know am/thini], that is, when a person accepts the office of "boy" on board ship, he does not profess to know anything of his duty, not even the names of the ropes, or the distinction between stem and stem. Boyet', one of the lords attending on the princess of France. — Shakespeare, Love's Labour's Lost (1594). Boythorn {Laurence), a robust gentleman with the voice of a Stentor, and a friend of Mr. Jarndyce. He would utter the most ferocious sentiments, while at the same time he fondled a pet canary on his finger. Once on a time he had been in love with Miss Barbary, lady Dedlock's sister. But "the good old times — all tinies when old are good^wcre gone." — C. Dickens, Bleak House (18o3). ("Laurence Boythorn" is a photo- graph of W. S. Landor ; as " Harold Skimpole," in the same story, is drawn from Leigh Hunt.) Boz, Charles Dickens, It was the nickname of a pet child dubbed Moses, in honour of "Moses Primrose" in the Vicar of Wakefield. Children called the name Bozes, which got shortened into Boz (1812-1870). Who the dickens "Boz" could bo Puzzled niiiiiy a learned elf; But time revealed the mystery, Aiid " Boz " appeared as Dickens' self. Epignim on the Carthittian. Bozzy, .James Boswell, the gossipy biographer of Dr. Johnson (1740-171*5). Braban'tio, a senator of Venice, father of Desdemo'na ; most proud, arrogant, and overbearing. He thought the " insolence" of Othello in marrying his daughter unpardonable, and that Desdemona must have been drugged with love-potions so to demean herself. — Shakespeare, Othello (1611). Brae'cio, commissary of the republic of Florence, emploj-ed in picking up every item of scandal he could find against Lu'ria the noble Moor, who com- manded the army of Florence against the Pisans. The Florentines hoped to find sufficient cause of blame to lessen or wholly cancel their obligations to the Moor, but even Braccio was obliged to confess "This Moor hath borne his faculties so meek, hath been so clear in his great office, that his virtues would plead like angels, trumpet-tongued," against the council which should censure him. — Robert Browning, Luria. Brac'idas and Am'idas, the two sons of Mile'sio, the former in love with the wealthy Philtra, and the latter with the dowerless Lucy. Their father at death left each of his sons an island of equal size and value, but the sea daily encroached on that of the elder brother and added to the island of Amidas. The rich Philtra now forsook Bracidas for the richer brother, and Lucj-, seeing herself j forsaken, jumped into the sea. A floating chest attracted her attention, she clung to it, and was drifted to the wasted island, wliere Bracidas received her kindly. The chest was found to contain property of great value, and Lucy gave it to Bracidas, together with herself, " the better of them both." Amidas and Philtra claimed the chest as their right, and the dispute was submitted to sir Ar'tegal. Sir Artegal decided that whereas Amidas claimed as his own all the additions which the sea had given to his island, so Lucj' might claim as her own the chest which the sea had given into her hands. — Spenser, Faery Queen, V. 4 (159G). Braey (Sir Maurice de), a follower of prince John. He sues the lady Rowen'a to become his bride, and threatens to kill both Cedric and Ivanlioe if she refuses. The interview is interceiited, and at the close of the novel Rowena marries Ivanhoe. — Sir W. Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Richard L). Brad'amanfc, daughter of Amon and Beitrice, sister of Rinaldo, and niece of Charlemagne. She was called the Virgin A'ni'/ht. Her armour was white, and her plume white. She loved Roge'ro the Moor, but refused to marry him till he was baptized. Her marriage with great pomp and Kogero's victory over Rodo- mont, form the subject of the last book of Orlando Fwioso. Bradamant possessed an irresistible spear, which unhorsed any knight with a touch. Britomart had a similar spear. — Bojardo, Orlando huia- marnto (1495) ; Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). BradTjourne (Mistress Lilias), waiting-woman of lady Avenel (2 siil.), at Avenel Castle.— Sir W. Scott, "The Abbot (time, Elizabeth). Bradwardine (Cmno Cosmync), baron of Bradwardine and of Tully BRADY. 128 BRAMBLE. Veolan. He is very pedantic, but brave and gallant. Rose Bradwardine, his daugliter, the lieroine of the novel, which concludes with her marriage with Waverlej', and the restoration of the manor-house of Tully Veolan. Malcolm Bradwardine of Inchgrabbit, a relation of the old baron. — Sir W. Scott, Waverley (time, George II.). Brady {Martha), a young " Irish widow," 23 j'ears of age, and in love with William Whittle. She was the daughter of sir Patrick O'Neale. Old Thomas Whittle, the uncle, a man of 63, wanted to oust his nephew in her affec- tions, for he thought her " so modest, BO mild, so tender-hearted, so reser\'ed, 80 domestic. Her voice was so sweet, with just a soupQon of the brogue to make it enchanting." In order to break off this detestable passion of the old man, the widow assumed the airs and manners of a boisterous, loud, flaunting, extrava- gant, low Irishwoman, deeply in debt, and abandoned to pleasure. Old \\Tiittle, thoroughly frightened, induced his nephew to take the widow off his hands, and gave him £5000 as a douceur for so doing. — Garrick, The Irish Widow (1757). Brag (Jack), a vulgar boaster, who gets into good societ}^ where his vulgarity stands out in strong relief. — Theodore Hook, Jack Brag (a novel). Brag (Sir Jack), general John Burgoyne (died 1792). Braganza (The), the largest diamond in existence, its weight being 1680 carats. It is uncut, and its value is £58,350,000. It is now among the crown jewels of Portugal. *^* It is thought that this diamond, which is the size of a hen's egg, is in reality a white topaz. Braganza (Juan duke of). In 1580 Philip II. of Spain claimed the crown of Portugal, and governed it by a regent. In 1640 Margaret was regent, and Velas- quez her chief minister, a man exceed- ingly obnoxious to the Portuguese. Don Juan and his wife Louisa of Braganza being very popular, a conspiracy was formed to shake off the Spanish yoke. Velasquez was torn to death by the populace, and don Juan of Braganza was proclaimed king. Louisa duchess of Braganza, Hei character is thus described: Briglit Louisa, To all the softness of lier tender sex. Unites the iiublest quaJities of man : A tieniiis to enihnu;e the amplest schemes . . . Judi^nienl most sound, persuasive eloquence . . Pure piety wittiout religious dro-s. And torUtude that shrinlis at no disaster. Robert J ephson, Bragtiiua, i. 1{1775), Mrs. Bellamy took tier leave of the stjige May 24, 1785. On this occasion Mrs. Yates sustained the part of the "duchess of Braganza," and Miss Farren spoke the address. — F. Reynolds. Bragela, daughter of Sorglan, and wife of Cuthullin (general of. the Irish army and regent during the minority of king Cormac). — Ossian, Fingal. Braggado'ehio, personification of the intemperance of the tongue. For a time his boasting serves him with some profit, but being found out he is stripped of his borrowed plumes. His shield is claimed by Mar'inel ; his horse by Guyon ; Talus shaves off his beard ; and his lady is shown to be a sham Florimel. — Spenser, Faery Queen, iii. 8 and 10, with v. 3. It is thought that Philip of Spain was the academy figure of " Braggadochio." Braggadochid's Sword, San'glamore (3 syl). Bragh {braw}. Go hragh (Irish), " forever." One dying wish my bosom can draw ; Erin I an exile bequeaths thee his blessing. Laud of my forefathers. Erin go bragh 1 Campbell, Exile of Erin. Bragmar'do (Jano'tus de), the Bophister sent bj' the Parisians to Gar- gantua, to remonstrate with him for carrying off the bells of Notre-Dame to suspend round the neck of his mare for jingles. — Rabelais, Gargantuu and Fan- tag ruel', ii. (1533). Brain'worin, the servant of Kno'- well, a man of infinite shifts, and a regular Proteus in his metamorphoses. He appears first as Brainworm ; after as Fitz-Sword ; then as a reformed soldier whom Knowell takes into his service ; then as justice Clement's man ; and lastly as valet to the courts of law, bj' which devices he plaj's upon the same clique of some half-dozen men of average intelligence. — Ben Jonson, Every Man in His Humour (1598). Brakel (Adrian), the gipsy mounte- bank, formerly master of Fenella, the deaf and dumb girl. — Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). Bramble (Matthew)^ an " odd kind of BRAMBLE. 129 BRANGTOXS. humourist," "always on the fret," dj'S- peptic, and afflicted with gout, but benevolent, generous, and kind-hearted. Miss Tahitha Bramble, an old maiden sister of Matthew Bramble, of some 4.j years of ajje, noted for her bad spel- ling. She IS starch, vain, prim, and ridiculous; soured in temper, proud, imperious, prying, mean, malicious, and uncharitable. She contrives at last to marrj' captain Lismaha'go, who is content to take " the maiden " for the sake of her £4000, " Slie i3 tall, raw-boned, awkward, flat-chested, and stooping ; her complexion is sallow and freckled ; her eyes are not grey, but greenish, like those of a cat, and generally inflamed ; her hair is of a sandy or rather of a dusty Inie ; her forehead low ; her nose long, sharp, and towards the extremity always red in cold weather ; lier lips skinny; her mouth extensive; her teeth strasgling and loose, of various colours and conformations : and her long neck shrivelled into a thousand wrinkles." — T. Smollett, The Expedition of Humphry Clinker (1771). *^* " Matthew Bramble "is " Roderick Random " grown old, somewhat cynical by experience of the -world, but vastly im- proved in taste. Smollett took some of the incidents of the family tour from " Anstoy's New Bath Guide." — Chambers, English Literature, ii. Bramble {Sir Eobcrt), a baronet living at Blackberry Hall, Kent. Blunt and testy, but kind-hearted ; "charitable as a Christian, and rich as a Jew ; " fond of argument and contradiction, but de- testing flattery ; very proud, but most consitlcrate to his poorer neighbomrs. In his first interview with lieutenant Wor- thington "the poor gentleman," the lieutenant mistook him for a bailitf come to arrest him, but sir Robert nobly paid the bill for £500 when it was presented to him for signature as sheriff of the county. *^,* " Sir Robert Bramble " is the same tj'pe of character as Sheridan's "sir An- thony Absolute." Frederick Bramble, nephew of sir Robert, and son of Joseph Bramble a Russian merchant. His father having failed in business, Frederick was adopted by his rich uncle. He is full of life and noblo instincts, but tlioughtless and impulsive. Frederick falls in love with Emily Worthington, wliom he marries. — G. Colman, The Poor Gentleman (1802). Bra'mine (2 s>jl.) and Bra'rain {'The), Mrs. Elizabeth Draperand Laurence Sterne. Sterne being a clergyman, and Mrs. Drajier being born in India, sug- gested the names. Ten of Sterne's letters to Mrs. Draoer are published, and called Letters to I^iza. Bran, the dog of Lamdcrg the lover of Gelchossa (daughter of Tuatb«l). — Ossian, Finf/al, v. *^* Fingal king of Mor\-en had a dog of the same name, and another named Luiith. Call White-lire.istcd Bran and the surly strength of Luath. — Ossian, Pinijtil, vi. Brand (^iV Denys), a county magnate, who apes humility. He rides a sorry brown nag "not worth £5," but mounts his groom on a race-horse "twice victor for a plate." Bran'damond of Damascus, whom sir Bevis of Southampton defeated. That dreadful battle where with Brandamond he fought. And with his sword and steed such earthly wonders wrought As e'en among his foes him admiration won. M. Drayton, I'olt/olbion. ii. (1612). Bran'dan {IsUmd of St.) or Island OF San Boran'dan, a flying island, so late as 1755 set down in geographical charts west of the Canary group. In 1721 an expedition was sent by Spain in quest thereof. The Spaniards say their king Rodri'go has retreated there, and the Portuguese affirm that it is the retreat of their don Sebastian. It was called St. Brandan from a navigator of the sixth century, who went in search of the " Islands of Paradise." Its re.ality was for a long time a matter of firm belief . . . the garden of Armi'da, where Rinaldo was detained, and wliicli T.asso places in one of the Canary Isles, has bec» identified with San Borandan.— W, Irving. (If there is any truth at all in the legend, the island must be ascribed to the Fata Morgana.) Bran'deum, plu. Brandea, a piece of cloth enclosed in a box with relics, which thus acquired the same miraculous powers as the relics themselves. Pope Leo proved this fact beyond a doubt, for when Bome Greeks ventured to question it, he cut a brandoum through with a pair of scissors, and It was inst;uitly covered with blood.— J. Brady, CLwit Calendaria, 182. Bran'dimart, brother-in-law of Orlando, son of Monodantes, and husband of For'delis. This " king of the Distant Islands" was one of the bravest knights in Charlemagne's army, and was slain by Gradasso. — IJojardo, OrUvido Innamorato (1195) ; Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). Brandy Nan, queen Anne, who was very fond of brandy (1664-171-1). Brandy Nan. brandy Nan, left [a?/] in the lurch. Her face to the gin-shop, her back to the church. Wrillen on the ttatueof queen A nne in St. Paul's palant. Brangtons (The), vidgar, jealous, malicious gossips in Evelina, a novel b) Miss Burncy (1778). BKANXO. 130 BRAZEN HEAD. Branno, an Irishman, father of Evirallin. Evirallin was the wife of Ossian and mother of Oscar. — Ossian. Brass, the roguish confederate of Dick Amlet, and acting as his servant. " I am your valet, 'tis true ; your footman sometimes . . . but ycii have always had the ascendant, I confess. When we were school-feilows, you made nie carry your books, make your exercise, own your rogueries, and sometimes take a wliipping for you. When we were fellow-' prentices, though 1 was your senior, you made me open the shop, clean my master's boots, cut last at dinner, and eat all the crusts. In your sins, too, I must own you still kept me under ; you soared up to the mistress, while I w.",s content with the maid." — Sir Joha Yanbnigh, The Coixfederacy, iii. I (1705). Brass (Samp9on), a knavish, servile attomej', affecting great sympathy with his clients, but in reality fleecing them without mercy. Sall;^ Brass, Sampson's sister, and an exaggerated edition of her brother. — C. Dickens, Old Curiosity Shop (1840). Brave {The), Alfonzo IV. of Portu- gal (1290-1357), The Brave Fleminq, John Andrew van dcr Mersch (1734-1792). The Bravest of the Brave, Marshal Xey, Ze Brave dcs Braves (1769-1815). Bra'wn. One day a little boy came into king Arthur's court, and, drawing his wand over a boar's head, exclaimed, " There's never a cuckold's knife can cut this head of brawn ! " and, lo ! no knight except sir Cradock was able to carve it. — Percj', Beliques, III. iii. 18. Bray (Mr.), a selfish, miserly old man, who dies suddenly of heart-disease, just in time to save his daughter being sacri- ficed to Arthur Gride, a rich old miser. Madeline Bray, daughter of Mr. Bray, a loving, domestic, beautiful girl, who marries Nicholas Nickleby. — C. Dickens, Nicholas Nickleby (1838). Bray ( Vicar of), supposed by some to be Simon Aleyn, who lived (says Fuller) "in the reigns of Henry VIII., Edward VI., Mary-, and Elizabeth. In the first two reigns he was aprotestant, in Mary's reign a catholic, and in Elizabeth's a protestant again." No matter who was King, Simon Alevn resolved to live and die " the vicar of 'Bray" (1540-1588). Others think the vicar was Simon Symonds, who (according to Ray) was an independent in the protectorate, a high churchman in the reign of Charles II., a papist under James II., and a moderate churchman in the reign of William III. Others again give the cap to one Pen- dleton. *** The well-known song was written by an officer in colonel Fuller's regiment, in the reign of George I,, and seems to refer to some clergyman of no very distant date. Bray'moi'e (Lady Cai-oline), dciughtct of lord Fitz-Balaam. She was to have married Frank Rochdale, but hearing that her "intended " loved Mary Thornberry, she married the Hon. Tom Shuffleton. — G. Colman, jun., John Bull (1805). Braywiek, the town of asses. An alderman of Braj'wick, having lost his donkey, went fourteen daj's in search of it; then meeting a brother alderman, they agreed to retire to the two opposite sides of a moimtain and braj', in hopes that the donke}' would answer, and thus reveal its place of concealment. This led to a public scandal, insomuch that the people of Braywiek had to take up arms in order to avenge themselves on those who jeered at them. — Cer^'antes, Don Quixote, II. ii. 7 (1615). Brazen {Captain), a kind of Bobadil. A boastful, tongue-doughty warrior, who pretends to know everybody ; to have a liaison with every wealthy, pretty, or distinguished woman ; and to have achieved in war the most amazing prodigies. He knows everjbody at first sight ; his hnpudence were a prodigy, were not his ignorance proportionable. He has the most universal acquaintance of any man living, for he won't be alone, and nobody will keep him company twice. Then he's a Csesar among the women ; Veni.vidi, uicj,that'3 all. If he has but talked nith the maid, he swears he has [corrupted] the mistress ; but the most surprising part of his character is his memory, which is the most prodigious and the most trifling in the world.— G. Farquhar, The Heeruiting Officer, iii. 1 (1705). Brazen Age, the age of war and violence. The age of innocence was the golden age ; then followed the silver age ; then the brazen age ; and the present is the iron age, or the age of hardware and railroads. Brazen Head. The first on record is one which Silvester II. {Gerbert) pos- sessed. It told him he would be pope, and not die till he had sung mass at Jeru- salem. When pope he was stricken with his death-sickness while performing mass in a church called Jerusalem (999-1003). The next we hear of was made by Rob. Grosseteste (1175-1253). The third was the famous brazen head of Albertus Magnus, which cost him thirty years' labour, and was broken to pieces by his disciple Thomas Aqni'nas (1193-1280). The fourth was thai of friar iiacon, which used to say, "Time is, time was, BRAZEN HEAD. 131 BRETWALDA. time comes." Byron refers to it iu the lines : Like friiir Eacon'a br.-uen head, I've sroLeii, "Time is, time was, time's past [f]" Do7i Jua)i, i. 217 (1819). Auotlier was made by the marquis of Tilena of Spain (1381-1434). And a sixth by a Polander, a disciple of Escotillo an Italian. Brazen Head {The), a. gigantic head kept in the castle of the giant Fer'ragus of Portugal. It was omniscient, and told those who consulted it whatever they desired to know, past, present, or future. — Valentine and Orson. Bread Street (London), was the bread-market in the time of Edward I. Here Milton was born. Breaking a Stick is part of the marriage ceremony of the American Indians, as breaking a glass is still part of the marriage ceremony of the Jews. — Lady Augusta Hamilton, Marriage Hitcs, etc., 292, 298. In one of Raphael's pictures we see an unsuccessful suitor of the virgin Mary breaking his stick, and this alludes to the legend that the several suitors of the "virgin" were each to bring an almond stick Avhich was to be laid up in the sanc- tuary over night, and the owner of the stick which budded was to be accounted the suitor God ordained, and thus Joseph became her husband. — B. II. Cowpcr, Apocryphal Gospel ("Pseudo-Matthew's Gospel," 40, 41). In Florence is a picture in which the rejected suitors break their sticks on the back of Joseph. Breathes thei'e a man . . . rrc;itlic3 tiierc a man with foiil so dead, Wlio never to liimself liatli said. "Tills is my own, my n.itive land"? Sir W. Scott, Lay o/ the iMit Jliitstrel, vi. 1 (1805). Brec'an, a mythical king of Wales. He had twenty-four dauglitcrs by one wife. These daughters, for their beauty and purity, were changed into rivers, ail of which flow into the Severn. Breck- nockshire, according to fable, is called after this king. (See next art.) Brecan was a prince once fortunato and great (Who dying lent his n:une to that his noble ee.it). ■With twice twelve dauKhters blest, by one and only wife. They, for ilieir beauties rare and sanctity of life. To rivers were transformed ; whose pureness doth declare How excellent they were by Iwing wliat tliey are . . . . . . L be so.— Dr. Clarke, In Turcomania the maiden carries a lamb and kfd,- whicli must be taken from her in tlie chase. In Singa- pore the chase is made in canoes. — Cameron. Bride of Aby'dos {The), Zulei'ka (3 syl.), daughter of Giaffir (2 syl.) pacha of Abydos. She was the troth- plight bride of Selim ; but Giaffir shoots the lover, and Zuleika dies of a broken heart. — Byron, Bride of Abydos (1813). Bride of Lammermoor, Lucy Ashton, in love with Edgar master of Ravenswood, but compelled to marry Frank Hayston laird of Bucklaw. She tries to murder him on the bridal night, and dies insane the day following. — Sir W. Scott, The Bride of Lammermoor (time, William III.). *^* The Bride of Lammermoor is one of the most finished of Scott's novels, pre- senting a unity of plot and action front beginning to end. The old butler, Caleb Balderston, is exaggerated and far too prominent, but he serves as a foil to the tragic scenes. In The Bride of Lammcrtnoor we see embodied tU© dark spirit of fatalkm — that spirit which breathe? on the writings of the Greek tragedians when they traced the per- secuting vengeance of destiny against the hovLses of Laius and Atreus. From the time that we he;u- the prophetic rhymes the spell begins, and the clouds blacken round us, till they close the tale in a night of horror. — Macaulay. Bride of the Sea, Venice, so called from the ancient ceremony of the doge marrying the citj' to the Adriatic by throwing a ring into it, pronouncing these words, " We wed thee, sea, in token of perpetual domination." Bridewell was a king's palace before the Con(juest. Henry I. gave the stone for rebuilding it. Its name is from St. Bride (or Bridget), and her holy well. The well is now represented by an iron pump in Bride Lane. Bridge. The imaginary bridge be- tween earth and the Mohammedan i>ara- dise is called " Al Sirat'." The rainbow bridge which spans heaven and earth in Scandinavian myth- ology is called " Bif'rost." Bridge of Gold. According to German tradition, Charlemagne's spirit crosses the Rhine on a golden bridge, at Bingen, in seasons of plenty, and blesses both corn-fields and vineyards. Thou standest, like imperial Charlemagne, Upon thy bridge of gold. Longfellow, Autumn. Bridge of Sighs, the covered pas- sage-way which connects the palace of the doge in Venice with the State prisons. Called " the Bridge of Sighs" because the condemned passed over it from the judg- BRIDGES OF CANE. 133 BRIGANTES. mcni li.ill to the place of execution. Hood lias a poem callecl J'he Jiridge of Sighs. Bridges of Cane, in many parts of Spanish America, are thrown over narrow streams. Willi cnne nn-h Iiish flung o'er ;,iilf profound. Campliell, (Jcrtrude 0/ Wyoming, ii. 10 (ISOS). Bridgemore [Mr.), of Fish Street Hill, London. A dishonest merchant, wealthy, vulfjar, and purse-proud. He is invited to a soiVee given by lord Abber- ville, "and counts the servants, gapes at the lustres, and never enters the drawing-room at all, but stays below, chatting with the travelling tutor." Mis. Uridt/emore, wife of Mr. Bridge- more, equally vulgar, but with more pre- tension to gentilitv. Miss Lucinda £ridjcmore, i'le spiteful, purse-proud, malicious daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Bridgemore, of Fish Street Hill. She was engaged to lord Abbcr- villc, but her money would not out- balance her vulgarity and ill-temper, so the young "fashionable lover" made liis bow and retired. — Cumberland, The Jlishionablc Lover (1780). Bridgenorth {Major Jio.lph), a roundhead and consi)irator, neighbour of sir Geoffrey Pevcril of the Peak, a staunch cavalier. Mrs, Bridgenorth, the major's wife. Alice Bridgenorth, the major's daughter nnd heroine of the novel. Her marriage with Julian Pcveril, a cavalier, concludes the novel. — Sir AV. Scott, Pevcril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). Brid'get (Miss), the mother of Tom .Tones, in Fielding's novel called 'J'he J/istorg of Tom Jones, a Foundling (1750). It lias been wondered why Fielding should have chosen to leave the sLiin of illesitiniary on the blrtli of Ills hero , . . hut had Miss Bridget been privately married . . there could have been no aileassionate as Allworthv. — Kiicyc. Itrit. Alt. " Fieldiim." Brid'get (Mrs.), in Sterne's novel called The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandi/, Gent. (17.")9). Bridget (Mother), aunt of Catherine Sevton, and abbess of St. Catherine. — Sir W. Scott, The Abbot (time, Elizabeth). Bridijet (Mag), (he milkwoman at Falk- I.and Castle. — Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.). Bridge'-ward (Peter), the bridge- keeper of Kennaquliair (" I know not where").— Sir W. Scott, The Abbot (time, Elizabeth). Bridgeward (Peter), warder of the bridge near St. Mary's Convent. He refuses a passage to father Philip, who is carrying off the Bible of lady Alice. — Sir W. Scott, The Monasterg (time, Eliza- beth). Bridle. .John Gower says that Rosi- phele princess of Armenia, insensible to love, saw in a vision a troop of ladies splendidly mounted, but ono of them rode a wretched steed, wretchedly accoutred except as to the bridle. On asking the reason, the princess was informed that she was disgraced thus because of her crueltj' to her lovers, but that the splendid bridle had been recently given, because the obdurate girl had for the last month shown symptoms of true love. Moral — Hence let ladies warning take — Of love that they be not idle. And liid them (liink of my bridle. Confcssio A mantis (" Episode of Kosiphcle, " 1323-140;). Bridlegoose (Judge), a judge who decided the causes brought before him not by weighing the merits of the case, but by the more simple process of throw- ing dice. — Rabelais, Pantag'ruel', iii. 39 (lolo). *#* Bcaumarchais, in his Marriage of Figaro (1781), has introduced this judge under the name of " Brid'oison." Tim person satirir.cd by Rabelais is the chan- cellor Poyet. Bri'dlesly (Joe), a horse-dealer at Liverpool, of whom .Juli.in Pevcril buy? a horse. — Sir W. Soott, Pevcril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). Brid'oison r^jw.f/tro.v. ■<:('>ng''\ , a stupid judge in the Manage de Figaro, a comedy in French, by Beaumarchais (1781). Bridoon (Corporal), in lieutenant Nosebag's regiment. — Sir W. Scott, Waverleg (time, George II.). Brien'nius (Kicephoms), the C»sar of the Grecian empire, and husband of Anna Comne'na (daughter of Alexius Comncnii,'?, emperor of Greece). — Sir W. Scott, Count Bobert of Paris (time, Rufus). Brig'adore (3 sgL),^ sir Guyon'a horse. The word means " Golden bridle." — Spenser, Faiiry Queen, v. 3 (1596). Brigan'tes (3 sgl.), called by Drayton Brig'aiits, the people of YorkBhiro, Lan- cashire, AVcstmortfland, Cumberland, and Durham. Where In 'he Britons' niie of yore the Erigants swayed. The powerful English established . . . Northumberland I XorthiimbriaX Draj-ton, rdj/olbion, x\\. (1613). BRIGGS. 134 BRITANNIA. BriggS, one of the ten young gentle- men in the school of Dr. Blimber when PaiU Dombey was a pupil there. Briggs was nicknamed the "Stoney," because his Drains were petrified by the constant dropping of wisdom upon them. — C. Dickens, Domhey and Son (18-16). Brigliadoro \_Bril'.ye.dor'.r6], Or- lando's steed. The word means "Gold Dridle." — Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). Sir Guj'on's horse, in Spenser's Faery Queen, is called by the same name (1596). Brilliant {Sir Philip), a great fop, but brave soldier, like the famous Murat. He would dress with all the finery of a vain girl, but would share watching, toil, and peril with the meanest soldier. " A butterfly in the drawing-room, but a Hector on the battle-field." He was a •' blade of proof ; j-ou might laugh at the Bcabbard, but you wouldn't at the blade." He falls in love with lady Anne, reforms his vanities, and marries. — S. Knowlcs, Old Maids (18-11). Brilliant Madman {The), Charles XII. of Sweden (1682, 1G97-1718). Brillianta {Jlic lady), a great wit in the ancient romance entitled Tirante le Blanc, author unknown. Here [In Tirante !e BUnc] we shall find the famous Viiiyht don Kyrio Elyson of Montalban, his brother Thomas, the knight Fonseca, ... the stratagems of the widow Tranquil . . . .and the witticisms of lady Brillianta. This is one of the most amusing books ever written. — Cervantes, Don QuUotc. I. i. 6 (1605). Bris {II conte di San), governor of the Louvre. He is father of Valenti'na and leader of the St. Bartholomew massacre. — I\leyerbeer, Les Huguenots (1836). Brisae' {Justice), brother of ]\Iira- mont. Charles Brisae, a scholar, son of justice Bri.sac. Eustace Brisae, a courtier, brother of Charles. — Beaumont and Fletcher, The Elder Brother (1637). Brise'is (3 syl.), whose real name was Hippodami'a, was the daughter of Brises, brother of the priest Chryses. She was the concubine of Achilles, but when Achilles bullied Agamemnon for not giving Chryse'is to her father, who offered a ransom for her, Agamemnon turned upon him and said he would let Chrj'seis go, but should take Briseis instead. — Homer, Iliad, i. Brisk, a good-natured conceited cox- comb, with a most voluble tongue. Fond of saying "good things," and pointing them out with such expressions as " There I had you, eh ? " " That was pretty well, egad, eh ? " "1 hit you in the teeth there, egad!" His ordinary oath was " Let me perish ! " He makes love to lady Froth. — W. Congreve, The Double Deakr (1694). Bris'kie (2 syl.), disguised under tho name of Putskie. A captain in the Mos- covitc army, and brother of general Archas "the loyal subject" of the great- duke of Moscovia. — Beaumont and Fletcher, The Loyal Subject (1618). Bris'sotin, one of the followers of Jean Pierre Brissot, an advanced revolu- tionist. The Brissotins were subsequently merged in the Girondists, and the word dropped out of use. Bristol Boy {The), Thomas Chatter- ton, the poet, born at Bristol. Also called " The Marvellous Boy " (1752-1770). The marvellous boy who perished in his pride. I. Wordsworth. Bristol Man's Q-ift, a present of something which the giver pronoimces t> be of no use or no value to himself. Britain, according to the British triads, was called first "The green water- fort" {Clas Merddyn); this was before it was populated. Its next name was " The honey isle" {Y Vel Vnys). But after it was brought imder one head by Prydain sonof Aedd, itwas called "Prydain's isle" {Ynys Prydain). It has also been called " Hj-perbo'rea," " Atlan'tica," " Cassit'eris," " Roma'na," and "Thule." Also " Yr Ynys Wen" (" the white island "), and some will have that the word Albion is derived from the Latin, albus, " white," and that the island was so called from " its white cliffs," at etymology only suited to fable. Bochart saj's Baratanic ("country of tin"), a Phoenician word, contracted into B'ratan\ is the true derivation. Britain, in Arthurian romance, always means Brittany. England is called Logris or Logria. Britan'nia. The Romans represented the island of Great Britain by the figure of a woman seated on a rock, from a fanciful resemblance thereto in the general outline of the island. The idea is less poetically expressed by "An old witch on a broomstick." The e tigy of Britannia on our cop)ifr coin dates from the reign of Charles II. (1672), and was engraved by Roetier from a drawing by EvehTi. It is meant A BRITANNIA. 135 BROBDINGNAG. for one of tbe king's court favourites, some say Frances Theresa Stuart, duchess of Richmond, and others Barbara Villiers, duchess of Cleveland. Britannia, the name of the ship under the command of captain Albert, in Fal- coner's poem called The Shipwreck. It was dashed to pieces on the projecting verge of cape Colonna, the most southern point of Attica (175G). British History of Geoffrey of Monmouth, is a translation of a Welsh Chronicle. It is in nine books, and con- tains a "history" of the Britons and Welsh from Brutus, great-grandson of Trojan yEneas to the death of Cadwallo or Cadwallader in G8S. This Geoffrey was first archdeacon of Monmouth, and then bishop of St. Asaph. The general outline of the work is the same as that given by Nennius three centuries pre- viously. Geoffrey's Chronicle, published about 1143, formed a basis for many subsequent historical works. A com- pendium by Diceto is published in Gale's Clironiclcs. British Lion {The), the spirit or piignacity of the British nation, as op- posed to John Bull, which symbolizes the substantiality, obstinacy, and solidity of the British nation, with all its prejudices and national peculiarities. To rouse John Bull is to tread on his corns, to rouse the British Lion is to blow the war- trumpet in his ears. The Britisli Lion also means the most popular celebrity of the British nation for the time being. Our glorious constitution is owing to the lialiit wliich ilie Briti.^li Lion observes of sitting over liis wine after ilinner. — William Jerilan. British Soldiers' Battle {The), the battle of Inkerman, November 5, 1854. For stubborn valour, for true olil English resolution to fight it out to the last, amid every disadvantage and against almost overwhelming odds, men will for ages point to Inkerman, " the British Soldiers' Battle."— Sir Edward Creasy. The Fifteen Decisive Battles (preface). Brit'omart, the representative of chastity. She was the daughter and heiress of king Ryence of Wales, and her legend forms the third book of the Faery Qiiecn. One day, looking into Vcnus's looking-glass, given by Jlerlin to her father, she saw therein sir Artegal, and fell in love with him. Her nurse Glance (2 sr/l.) tried by charms "to undo her love," but "love that is in gentle heart begun no idle charm can remove." Find- ing her "charms" ineffectual, she took her to Merlin's cave in Carmarthen, and the magician told her she would be the mother of a line of kings {the Tudors), and after twice 400 years one of her offspring, "a royal virgin," would shake the power of Spain. GlaucG now sug- gested that they should start in quest of sir Artegal, and Britomart donned the armour of An'gela (queen of the Angles), which she found in her father's armoury, and taking a magic spear which " nothing could resist," she sallied forth. Her adventures allegorize the triumph of chastity over impuritj' : Thus in Castle Joyous, Malacasta {lust), not knowing her sex, tried to seduce her, " but she flees youthful lust, which wars against the soul." She next overthrew Marinel, son of Cym'oent. Then made her appearance as the Squire of Dames. Her last achieve- ment was the deliverance of Am'oret {icifchj love) from the enchanter Bilsiranc. Iler marriage is deferred to bk. v. G, when she tilted with sir Artegal, who "shares away the ventail of her helmet with his sword," and was about to strike again when he became so amazed at her beauty that he thought she must be a god- dess. She bade the knight remove his hel- met, at once recognized him, and consented to be his wife. Her marriage is in book v. canto 6. — Spenser, i^cjeV^Qi^en, iii. (1590). She cliarnied at once and tamed the heart, Inconiij;iraLlu Eritoniart. Sir W. Scott. Briton {Colonel), a Scotch officer, who sees donna Isabella jump from a window in order to escape from a mar- riage she dislikes. The colonel catches her, and takes her to the house of donna Yiolante, her friend. Here he calls upon her, but don Felix, the lover of Violante, supposing Violante to be tlie object of his visits, becomes jealous, till at the end the mystery is cleared up, and a double marriage is the result. — Mrs. Centlivrc, The \VonJcr (1714). Broadside {A). To constitute a broadside, the matter should be printed on the entire sheet, on one side of the paper only, not in columns, but in one measure. It matters not which way of tlie paper the printing is displa}ed, or what the size of type, provided the whole is presented to the eye in one view. Although the entire matter of a broadside must be contained on one side of a sheet of paper, an endorsement may be allowed. Brob'dingnag, a country of enor- mous giants, to whom Gulliver was a tiny dwarf. They were as tall "as an or- BROCK. 136 BEOWDIE. dinary chiirch steeple," and all their Eurroundings were in proportion. Von high church steeple, yon gawky stag. Your husband must come from Broiirtingnag. Kane O Hara, Jlldas. Brock (Adam), in Charles XII., an historical drama by J. R. Planche. Broken Feather. A broken feather ill his icin;/, a scandal connected witli one's name, a blot on one's 'scutcheon. If an angel were to walk about. Mrs. Sam Hurst wouM never reat till she had found out where he came from. And perhaps whether he had a broken feather in his wing. — Mrs. Oliphant, Phabe, jun., ii. ti. Broken-Girth-Flow {Laird of), one of the Jacobite conspirators in The Black Dwarf, a novel by sir W. Scott (time, Anne). Broken Heart (77;^), a tragedy by John Ford (1633). (See Cai..vxtha.) Broker of the Empire {The). Dari'us, son of Ih'staspes, was so called by the Persians from his great care of the financial condition of his empire. Bro'mia, wife of Sosia (slave of Amphitrj'on), in the service of Alc- me'na. A nagging termagant, who keeps her husband in petticoat subjection. She is not one of the characters in Moliere's comedy of Amphitrtjon. — Dryden, Amphitryon (1690). Bromton's Chronicle (time, Ed- ward III.), that is, "The Chronicle of John Bromton " printed among the Decern Scriptores, under the titles of " Chronicon Johannis Bromton," and " Joralanensis Historia a Johanne Bromton," abbot of Jerevaux, in Yorkshire. It commences with the conversion of the Saxons bj- St. Augustin, and closes with the death of Richard I. in 1199, Selden has proved that the chronicle was not u-ritten by Bromton, but Avas merely brought to the abbey while he was abbot. Bron'tes (2 syi.), one of the Cyclops, hence a blacksmith generally. Called Bronteus (2 syl.) by Spenser, Facrij Queen, iv. 5 (1596). Not with such weight, to frame the forky brand. The ponderous hammer falls from Brontfis" hand. JerusatcTn BclivcrcU, xx. (Hool's translation). Bronzely (2 s;jl.), a mere rake, whose vanity was to be thought "a general seducer." — Mrs. Inchbald, Wives as the;/ Were, and Maids as they Are (1797). Bron'zomarte (3 syl.), the sorrel Bleed of sir Launcelot Greaves. The word means a " mettlesome gorrel." — Smollett, Sir Launcelot Greaves (1756). Brook {Master), the name assumed by Ford when sir John Falstaff makes love to his wife. Sir John, not knowing him, confides to him ever}'' item of his amour, and tells him how cleverly he has duped Ford by being carried out in a buck-basket before his very face. — Shakespeare, Merry Wives of Windsor (1601). Brook Street (Grosvenor Square, London), is so called from a brook or stream which at one time ran down that locality. Broo'ker, the man who stole the son of Ralph Nickleby out of revenge, called him " Smike," and put him to school at Dotheboys Hall, Yorkshire. His tale is told p. 594-5 (original edit.). — C. Dickens, Nicholas Nickleby (1838). Brother Jon'athan. 'WTien Wash- ington was in want of ammunition, he called a council of officers ; but no prac- tical suggestion being offered, he said, " We must consult brother Jonathan," meaning his excellency Jonathan Trum- bull, the elder governor of the state of Connecticut. This was done, and the diffi- culty surmounted. "To consult brother Jonathan " then became a set phrase, and "Brother Jonathan" became the "John Bull " of the United States.— J. R. Bart- lett, Dictionary of Americanisms, Brother Sam, the brother of lord Dundrear}', the hero of a comedy based on a German drama, bj'' John Oxenford, with additions and alterations by E. A. Sothem and T. B. Buckstone. — Supplied by T. B. Buckstone, Esq. Brothers {The), a comedy by Richard Cumberland (1769). (For the plot, see Belfield, Bkotheks.) Brougham's Plaid Trousers. The story goes that lord Brougham [B)-oom] once paid a visit to a great cloth factory in the north, and was so pleased with one of the patterns that he requested to be supplied with ' ' a dozen pieces for his own use," meaning, of course, enough for a dozen pair of trousers. The clothier sent him " a dozen pieces," containing several hundred yards, so that his lord- .ship was not only set up for life in plaid for trousers, but had enough to supply a whole clan. Browdie (John), a brawny, big-made Yorkshire corn-factor, bluff, brusque, honest, and kind-hearted. He befriends poor Smike, and is much attached to BROWN. 137 BRULGRUDDERY. Nicholas Nickleby. John Browdie marries Matilda Price, a miller's daughter. — C. Dickens, Nicholas Nickleby (1838), Brown (Vanbcest), lieutenant of Dirk Ilatteraick. — Sir W. Scott, Guy Man- ncring (time, George II.). Brown (Jonathan), landlord of the Black Bear at Darlington. Here Frank Osbaldistone meets Kob Roy at dinner. — Sir W. Scott, Bob Roy (time, George ].). Brown (J/rs.), the widow of the brother- in-law of the Hon. Mrs. Skewton. She Iiad one daughter, Alice Marwood, who was first cousin to Edith (Mr. Dombej-'s second wife). Mrs. Brown lived in great j)overty, her only known vocation being "' to strip children of their clothes, which she sold or pawned." — C. Dickens, Dom- bcy and Son (1840). Brown {Mrs.), a "Mrs. John Bull," with all the practical sense, kind- heartedness, absence of conventionality, and the prejudices of a well-to-do but lialf-educated Englishwoman of the middle shop class. She passes her opinions on all current events, and travels about, taking with her all her prejudices, and despising everything which is not Eng- lish. — Arthur Sketchley [Rev. George Rose]. Bro'WTi the Younger ( Thomas), the nom de plume of Thomas Moore, in The Two-penny I'ost-hag, a series of witty and very popular satires on the prince regent (afterwards George IV.), his ministers, .and his boon companions. Also in The Fudye Family in Paris, and in llie Fuclyes in England (1835). Brown, Jones, and Robinson, three Englishmen who travel together. Their adventures, by Richard Doyle, were published in Punch. In them is held up to ridicule the gaucherie, the contracted notions, the vulgarity, the conceit, and the general snobbism of the middle-class English abroad. Browne (Bablot Knight) illustrated some of Dickens's novels, and took the pseudonym of " Phiz " (1812- ). Browns. To astoiu'sh the Browns, ■to do or say something regardless of the annoyance it may cause or the shock it may give to Mrs. Cirundy. Anne Boleyn had a whole clan of Browns, or "country cousins," who wore welcomed at court in the reign of Elizabetl*. The queen, liow- ever, was quick to see what was gauche, and did not scruple to reprove them for xmcourtly manners. Her plainness of speech used quite to "astonish the Browns." Browne (General) pays a visit to lord Woodville. His bedroom for the night is the "tapestried chamber," where he sees the apparition of "the lady in the sacque," and next morning relates his adventure. — Sir W. Scott, The Taj^estricd Chamber (time, George III.). Brownlow, a most benevolent old gentleman, who rescues Oliver Twist from his vile associates. He refuses to believe in Oliver's guilt of theft, although ap- pearances were certainly against him, and he even takes the boy into his service. — 0. Dickens, Oliver Twist (1837). Brox'mouth (John), a neighbour o£ Happer the miller. — Sir W. Scott, The Monastery (time, Elizabeth). Bruce (The), .an epic poem bv John Barbour (1320-1395). Bru'el, the name of tlie goose, in the talc of lieynard the Fox. The word means the "Little roarer" (1498). Bru'in, the name of the bear, in the beast-epic called Reynard the Fox. Hence a bear in general. The word meiins the "brown one" (1498). Bru'in, one of tlie loaders arrayed against Hndibras. He is meant for one Talgol, a Newgate butcher, who obtained a captain's commission for valour at Nascl)}-. He marched next to Orsia [^Joshui Gosling, landlord of the bear- gardens at Southwark]. — S. Butler, lludi- bras, i. 3. Bruin (Mrs. and Mr.), daughter and son-in-law to sir Jacob Jollup. Mr. Bruin is a huge bear of a fellow, and rules his wife with scant courtesy. — S. Foote-, The Mayor of Garratt (1763). Brulgrud'dery (Dennis), landlord of the Red Cow, on Jluckslush Heath, He calls himself " an Irisli gintlenian bred and born." He was " brought up to the church," i.e. to be a church beadle, but lost his place for snoring at sermon- time. He is a sot, with a very kind heart, and is lionest in great matters, al- though in business lie will palm otf an old cock for a \'oung capon. J/rs. Brnlgruddcry, wife of Dennis, and widow of Mr. Skinnygauge, former land- BRUMO. 138 BRUTE. lord of tbe Red Cow. Unprincipled, self-willed, ill-tempered, and over-reach- ing. Moncj' is the only thing that moves her, and when she has taken a bribe she will whittle down the service to the finest point. — G. Colman, jun., Jolm Bull (1805). Brumo, a place of worship in Craca (one of the Shetland Isles). Far from his friends they placed him in the horrid circle of Erumo, where the ghosts of the dead howl round the stone of their fear. — Ossian, Fingal, vi. Brun'eheval "the Bold," a paynim knight, who tilted with sir Satyrane, and both were thrown to the ground together at the first encounter. — Spenser, Faery Queen, iv. 4 (1596). Brunello, a deformed dwarf, who at the siege of Albracca stole Sacripan'te's charger from between his legs without his knowing it. He also stole Angelica's magic ring, by means of which he re- leased Roge'ro from the castle in which he was imprisoned, Ariosto says that Agra- niant gave the dwarf a ring which had the power of resisting magic. — Bojardo, Orlando Tnnamorato (1495) ; and Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516). " I," says Sancho, "slept so soundly upon Dapple, that the thief had time enough to clap four stakes under the four corners of my pannel. and to lead aw.iy the beast from under my legs without waking me." — Cervantes, Don quixote, II. i. 4(1015). Brtmenburg {Battle of), referred to iu Tennyson's Kiiuj Harold,' is the victory obtained in 938 by king Athelstan over the Danes. Brunetta, mother of Chery (who married his cousin Fairstar). — Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales ("Princess Fair- star," 1682). Brunetta, the rival beauty of Phyllis. On one occasion Phyllis procured a most marvellous fabric of gold brocade in order to eclipse her rival, but Brunetta arrayed her train-bearer in a dress of the same material and cut in the same fashion. Phyllis was so mortified that she went home and died. — The Spectator. Brunllild, queen of Issland, who made a vow that none should win her who could not surpass her in three trials of skill and strength : (1) hurling a spear ; (2) throwing a stone ; and" (3) jumping. Giinthcr king of Burgundy undertook the three contests, and by the aid of Siegfried succeeded in winning the martial queen. First, burling a spear that three men could scarcely lift: the queen hurled i^ towards Giinther, but Siegfried, in his invisible cloak reversed its direction, causing it to strike the qiieeii and knock her down. Next, throwing a stone so huge that twelve brawny men were employed to carry it : Brunhild lifted it on high, flung it twelve fathoms, and jumped beyond it. Again Siegfried helped his friend to throw it further, and in leaping beyond the stone. The queen, being fairly beaten, exclaimed to her liege- men, "I am no longer j'our queen and mistress; henceforth are ye the liegemen of Giinther" (lied vii.). After marriage Brunhild was so obstreperous that the king again applied to Siegfried, who suc- ceeded in depriving her of her ring and J I girdle, after which she became a very 11 submissive wife. — Tlic Nibelungen Lied. Bru'no (Bishop), bishop of Herbi- polita'num. Sailing one day on the Danube with Henry III. emperor of Germanj', they came to Ben Strudel ("the devouring gulf"), near Grinon Castle, in Austria. Here the voice of a spirit clamoured aloud, "Ho ! ho! Bishop Bruno, whither art thou travelling ? But go thy ways, bishop Bruno, for thou shalt travel with me to-night." At night, while feasting with the emperor, a rafter fell on his head and killed him. Southey has a ballad called Bishop Bruno, but it deviates from the original legend given by Hej'- wood in several particulars : It makes bishop Bruno hear the voice first on his way to the emperor, who had invited him to dinner ; next, at the beginning of dinner ; and thirdly, when the ^lests had well feasted. At the last warning an ice- cold hand touched him, and Bruno fell dead in the banquet hall. Brush, the impertinent English valet of lord Ogleby. If his lordship calls he never hears unless he chooses ; if his bell rings he never answers it till it suits his pleasure. He helps himself freely to all his master's things, and makes love to a.. the pretty chambermaids he comes intc contact with. — Colman and Garrick, Tht Clandestine Marriage (1766). Brut {Le), a metrical chronicle of Maitre Waco, canon of Caen, in Nor mandy. It contains the earliest history of England, and other historical legends (twelfth century). Brute (1 syl.), the first king of Britain (in mythical history). He was the son of iEneas Silvius (grandson of Ascanius and great-grandson of .(Eneas of Troj-). Brute called London (the cacital of his adopted coimtry) Troy- BRUTE 139 BRUTUS. novant (New Trot/). The legend is this : An oracle declared that Brute should be the death of both his parents; his mother died in child-birth, and at the age of 15 Brute shot his father accidentally in a deer-hunt. Being driven from Alba Longa, he collected a band of old Trojans and landed at Totness, in Devonshire. His wife was Innogen, daughter of Pan- dra'sus king of Greece. His tale is told at length in the Chronicles of Geoffrey of Monmouth, in the first song of Dray- ton's Folyolbion, and in Spenser's Fa'e'rij Queen, ii. Brute (Sir John), a coarse, suVly, ill- mannered brute, whose delight was to "provoke" his 3'oung wife, who he tells us " is a young lady, a fine lady, a witty lady, and a virtuous lady, but yet I hate her." In a drunken frolic he intercepts a tailor taking home a new dress to lady Brute ; he insists on arraying himself therein, is arrested for a street row, and taken before the justice of the peace. Being asked his name, he gives it as " lady John Brute," and is dismissed. Lad;j Brute, wife of sir John. She is subjected to divers indignities, and in- sulted morn, noon, and night, by her surl}', drunken husband. Lady Brute intrigues with Constant, a former lover ; but her intrigues are more mischievous than vicious. — Vanbrugh, The Froiokcd Wife (1(397). The codrse pot-house valour of "sir John Diiitc " (Gairick's famous |iart) is well contrnsted with the fiiie-laiiy airs and afTectation of his wife. [Surely this must bean error. It applies to " lady Fanciful," but not to " lady Brute."}-- U. Chambers, Engtith Literature, 1. 698. Brute Green-Shield, the successor of Ebranc king of Britain. The mythi- cal line is : (1) Brute, great-great-grand- son of /Eneas ; ("2) Locrin, his son ; (3) Guendolcn, the widow of Locrin ; (4) Ebranc ; (5) Brute Green-Shield. Then follow in order Leil, lludibr.as, Bladud, Leir [Shakespeare's "Lear"], etc. ... of her courageous kings, Brute Orecn-Shioiil, to whose name we providence irniaite Kivincly to revive the Lind's first comiucror, Bruto. Drayton, rolyolbion, viii. (lOl.'). Brute's City, London, called Trino- vant [New Troy), The goodly Tliames near which Bnilc's city stands. Dr-iyton, Poh/olbion, xvi. (1S13). (Of course Trinovant is so called from the TrinovantCs or TrinobantOs, a Celtic tribe settled in Essex and Middlesex when Caisar invaded the island.) Bru'ton Street (London), so called from Bruton, in Somersetshire, the r-cat of John lord Berkeley of Stratton. Brutus (Lucius Junius), first consul. of Rome, who condemned his own two sons to death for joining a conspiracy to restore Tarquin to the throne, from which he had been banished. This subject has been dramatized by N. Lee (1G79) and John II. Pavne, under the title of Brutus or The Fall of Tarquin (1820). Alfieri has an Italian tragedy on the same sub- ject. In French we h.ave the tragedies of Arnault (1792) and Bonsard (1843). (Sec LUCKETIA.) The elder Kean on one occasion consented to appear at the GLisgow Theatre for his son's benefit Tlie play chosen was Payne's Brutus, in which the father took th« part of " Brutus" and Charles Kean that of "Titus." The audience sat suffused in tears during the pathetic inter- view, till "Brutus" falls on the neck of "Titns." ex- chiiming in a burst of agony, " Embrace thy «Tetched father 1 " when the whole house broke forth into peals ot approbation. Edmund Kean then whispered in his son's ear, "Cliarlie, we are doing the tiick. "— W. C. Kusscll, Jieprcscntativc Actors, 47G. Junius Bi-utus, So James Lynch Fitz- Stephen has been called, because (like the first consul of Rome) he condemned his own son to death for murder, and to prevent a rescue caused him to be exe- cuted from the window of his own house in Galway (1493). I'he Spanish Brutus, Alfonso Perez de Guzman, governor of Tarifa in 1203. Here he was besieged by the infant don Juan, who had revolted against his brother, king Sancho IV., and having Guzman's son in his power, threatened to kill him unless Tarifa was given up to him. Guzman replied, " Sooner than be guilty of sucli treason 1 will lend Jti.an a dagger to slay my son ; " and so saying tossed his dagger over the wall. Sad to say, Juan took the dagger, and assassinated the young man there and then (1-258-1309). Brutus (3rarcus), said to be the sou of Julius Caisar by Servilia. Brutus' bastard hand Stahb'd Julius Cwsar. Shakespeare, 2 Uenry VI. act ir. so. 1 (1591). This Bmtns is introduced by Shake- speare in his tragedy of Julius Cocsar, and the poet endows him with every quality of a true patriot. He loved Ctesar much, but he loved Rome more. John P. Kcmble seems to me alw.iys to play best tho9« characters in which Uierc Is a predominating tinge of some over-mastering passion. . . . The patrician pride of "CorioLinus," the stoicism of "Brutus," the rehcmenc* of " Hotspur," m.irk the class of characters I mean. — Sir W. Scott In the life of C. M. Young, we are told that Edmund Kean in "liandct" "Coriolanus. " "Brutus" . . . never .ip- proached within any measurable distance of the learned and m.'vjeslic Kcmble. Brutus. Et tu, Brute. Shakespeare, on t!ie authoritj- of Suetfinius, puts thes« BRUTUS AND CICERO. 140 EUCKLAW. ^"ords into the mouth of CtEsar when Brutus stabbed him. Shakespeare's drama was written in 1G07, and probabh' he had seen The True 'Tragedy of liichard duke of York (IGOO), where these words occur; but even before that date H. Stephens had said : Jule Cesar, quaiul il vit que Brutus aussi estoit de ceux (lui luy tirient Ues coups d'espee, luy dit, Kai ty tecnont c'eit 4 dire. . . . Et toy inon tils, en es tu aussi.— Z)et(a: Mai. du, A-oveau Lang. Franc (1-583). Brutus and Cicero. Cicero sajs : " CiEsare interfecto, statim, cruentum alte extol lens M. Brutus pugionem Ciceron- cm nominatim exclamavit, atque ei re- cuperatam libertatem est gratulatus." — Philijjp. ii. 12. Wlien Brutus rose. Refulgent from the stroke of Ca;sar's fate, . . . [he] called aloud On Tully's name, and shook his crimson steel, And bade the " father of his country" hail. Akenside, Pleasures of Imagination, i. Bryce's Day {St.), Xovember 13. On St. Bryce's Day, 1002, Ethelred caused all the Danes in the kingdom to be secretly murdered in one night. In one night the throats of all the Danish cut. Drayton, Polyulbion, xii. (1613). Bry'done {Elspcth) or Glendinning, widow of Simon Glendinning, of the Tower of Glendearg.— Sir W. Scott, The Monastery (time, Elizabeth). Bubas'tis, the Di.an'a of Egyptian nivthology. She was the daughter of Isis and sister of Horus. Bubenburg (Sir Adrian de), a veteran knight of Berne. — Sir W. Scott, Anne of Geierstcin (time, Edward IV.). Bucca, goblin of the wind in Celtic mythology, and supposed bv the ancient inhabitants of Cornwall to foretell ship- wreck. Bueen'taur, the Venetian State galley used by the doge when he went "to wed the Adriatic." In classic mythology the bucentaur was half man and half ox. Buceph'alos {'^bull-hcadcd''), the name of Alexander's horse, which cost £3500. It knelt down when Alexander mounted, and was oO years old at its death. Alexander built a city called Bucephala in its memory. The Persian Bucephalos, Shibdiz, the famous charger of Chosroes Barviz. Buek'et (Mr.), a shrewd detective ofticer, who cleverly discovers that Hor- tense, the French maid-servant of lady I ■Dedlock, was the murderer of Mr. Tul- i kinghom, and not lady DedlocK who was charged with the deed by Ilortense. — C. Dickens, Bleak House (1853). Buckingham (Henry de Stafford duke of), favourite of Richard III., by whom he was beheaded in 1483. This is the duke that Sackville met in the realms of Pluto, and Avhose "complaj'nt" is given in the Induction of A Mirrour for Magistraytes (1557). Buckingham (George Villiers first duke of), the profligate favourite of James I., who called him "Steenie" from his beauty, a pet corruption of Stephen, whose face at martyrdom was "as the face of an angel." This was the duke who was assassinated bj' Fen ton (1592- 1G28). He is introduced by sir W. Scott in The Fortunes of Nigel. Buckingham (George Villiers duke of) son of tiie preceding, and favourite of Charles II. He made the " whole body of vice his stud3'^,"and his name furnishes the third letter of the famous anagram " Cabal." This was the duke who wrote The Bchearsal (q.v.). He is introduced by sir W. Scott in Feveril of the Peak, and by Dryden in Absalom and Achitophel, where he is called " Zimri." He died wretchedl}' in the house of one of his tenants in Yorkshire (1627-1688). In the worst inn's worst room, with mat h.ilf-hung, The floor of plaister, and the walls of dung. On once a flock-bed, but repaired with straw. With tape-tied curtains, never meant to draw . . . Great Villiers lies — alas! how changed from him,— That life of pleasure, and that soul of whim! Pope, Moral Essays, iii. Buckingham (Mary duchess of), intro- duced by sir W. Scott in Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). Bucklaw (The laird of), afterwards laird of Gimington. His name was Frank Ilaj'ston. Lucy Ashton plights her troth to Edgar master of Ravens- wood, and tlicy exchange love-tokens at the Mermaid's Fountain ; but her father, sir William Ashton, from pecuniary views, promises her in marriage to the laird of Bucklaw, and as she signs the articles Edgar suddenly appears at the castle. They return to each other their love- tokens, and Lucy is married to the laird ; but on the wedding night the bridegroom is found dangerously wounded in the bridal chamber, and the bride hidden in the chimney-corner insane. Lucy dies in convulsions, but Bucklaw recovers and goes abroad. — Sir W. Scott, The Bride of Lammcrmoor (time, William III.). J BUCKLE. in BULL-DOG. Buckle {Put into), put into pawn at the rate of 40 per cent, interest. Buckle {To talk), to talk about mar- riage. 1 took a girl to ('.inner wlio talked buckle to me, and the girl on tlie other side talked b:Ul.'i. — Virn, 154. Bucklers- bury (London'), so called from one Buckle, a grocer {Old and 2\ew London). In the reign of Elizabeth and long afterwards Bucklersbury was chiefly inhabited by druggists, who sold green and dried herbs. Hence Falstaif says to Mrs. Ford, he could not assume the -ways of those " lisping hawthorn buds [i.e. young fopsj, who smell like Bucklers- bury in simple -time." — Shakespeare, Merry Wives of Windsor, act iii. sc. o (1601). Bude Light, a light devised by Mr. Gurney of Bude, in Cornwall. Intense light is obtained bj- supplying the burner ■with an abundant stream of oxygen. The principle of the Argand lamp is also a free supply of oxygen. Gurney's in- vention is too expensive to be of general serV'ice, but an intense light is obtained hy reflectors and refractors called Bude lights, although they wholly differ in principle from Gurney's invention. Buffoon {The Pulpit). Hugh Peters is so called by Dugdale (1599-16G0). Bug Jargal, a negro, passionately in love with a white woman, but tempering the wildest passion with the deepest re- spect. — Victor Hugo, Bug Jargal (a novel). Bulbul, a nightingale, any singer of ditties. '\^^len, in The Princess (by Tennyson), the prince, disguised as a •woman, enters with his two friends (similarly disguised) into the college to which no man was admitted, he sings ; and the princess, suspecting the fraud, says to him, "Not for thee, bulbul, any rose of Gulistan shall burst her veil," i.e. "0 singer, do not suppose that any woman will be taken in by such a flimsy deceit." The bulbul loved the rose, and Gulistan means the " garden of roses." The prince was the bulbul, the college was Gulistan, and the princess the rose sought. — Tenny- son, The Princess, iv. Bulbul- He 'zar, the talking bird, which was joined in singing by all the Bong-birds in the neighbourhood. (See T.vLKiNG Bird.) — Arabian Nights ("The Two Sisters," the last stor}-). ]3ulis, mother of Egyp'ius of Thessaly. Egypius entertained a criminal love for Timandra, the mother of Neoph'ron, and Neophron was guilty of a similar passion for Bulls. Jupiter changed Egypius and Neophron into vultures, Bulls into a duck, .and Timandra into a sparrow-hawk. — Classic Mgthology. Bull {John), the English nation per- sonified, and hence any typical English- man. Bull In the main was an honest, plain-dealinj? fellow, choleric, bold, and of a ver>* inconstant temper, lla drea4'J). Bull-dog, rough iron. A man was putting some bitU-dog into the Tolls, whea Ids spade caught between the rolls.— nnwi. BULL-DOGS. 112 BUNDALINDA. Bull-dogs, the two sen-ants of a university proctor, who follow him in his rounds to assist him in apprehending students who are violating the university statutes, such as appearing in the streets after dinner without cap and gown, etc. BuUamy, porter of the "Anglo- Bengalee Disinterested Loan and Life Insurance Company." An imposing personage, whose dignity resided chiefly in the great expanse of his red waistcoat. Eespectability and well-to-doedness were expressed in that garment. — C. Dickens, Hart in Chuzzleidt (1844). Bullcalf {Peter), of the Green, who was pricked for a recruit in the army of sir John Falstaff. He promised Bardolph "four Harrj' ten-shillings in French crowns" if he would stand his friend, and when sir John was informed thereof, he said to Bullcalf, " I will none of you." Justice Shallow remonstrated, but Falstaff exclaimed, "Will you tell me. Master Shallow, how to choose a man ? Care I for the limb, the thews, the stature ? . . . Give me the spirit. Master Shallow." — Shakespeare, 2 Henry IV. act iii. sc. 2 (1598). Bullet-head (The Great), George Cadoudal, leader of the Chouans (17G9- 1804). BuU'segg (3Tr.), laird of Killan- cureit, a friend of the baron of Bradwar- dine. — Sir W. Scott, Wavcrlcy (time, George II.). Bulmer (Valentine), titular earl of Etherington, married to Clara Mowbray. M)'s. Ann Bulmer, mother of Valen- tine, married to the earl of Etherington during the life-time of his countess ; hence his wife in bigamy.— Sir W. Scott, St. Ronan's Well (time, George III.). Bum'ble, beadle of the workhouse ■where Oliver Twist was born and brought up. A stout, consequential, hard- hearted, fussy official, with mighty ideas of his own importance. This character has given to the language the word bumbledom, the officious arrogance and bumptious conceit of a parish authority or petty dignitary. After marriage, the high and mighty beadle was sadly hen- pecked and reduced to a Jerry Sneak.— 0. Dickens, Oliver Twist (1837). Bumbledom, parish-dom, the pride of parish dignity, the arrogance of parish authority, the mightiness of parish officers. From Bumble, the beadle, in Dickens's Oliver Twist (1837). Bum'kinet, a shepherd. He pro- poses to Grub'binol that they should repair to a certain hut and sing "Gillian of Croydon," "Patient Grissel," "Cast away Carej^' " Over the Hills," and so on ; but being told that Blouzelinda was dead, he sings a dirge, and Grubbinol joins him. Thus wailed the louts in melancholy strain. Till bonny Susan sped across the plain ; They seized the lass in apron clean arrayed, And to tlie alehouse forced the willing maid ; In ale and kisses they forgot their cares, And Susan Bloiizelinda's loss repairs. Gay, Pastoral, v. (1714). (An imitation of Virgil's Eel. v "Daphnis.") Bumpex' (Sir Harry), a convivial friend of Charles Surface. He sings the popular song, beginning — Here's to the maiden of bashful fifteen. Here's to the widow of fifty, etc. Sheridan, School /or Scandal {1777). Bunce (Jack), alias Frederick Alta- mont, a ci-devant actor, one of the crew of the pirate vessel.— Sir W. Scott, The Pirate (time, William III.). Bunch (Mother), an alewife, men- tioned by Dekker in his drama called Satiromastix (1602). In 1604 was pub- lished Pasquirs Jests, mixed icith Mother BuncKs 3Ierriments. There are a series of "Fairy Tales" called Mother Bunch's Fairy Tales. Bunch (3Iother), the supposed pos- sessor of a "cabinet broken open" and revealing "rare secrets of Art and Nature," such as love-spells (1760). Bun'cle, messenger to the earl of Douglas.— Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.). Bun'cle (John), "a prodigious hand at matrimonj', divinity, a song, and a peck." He married seven wives, and lost all in the flower of their age. For two or three days after the death of o wife he was inconsolable, but soon became resigned to his loss, which he repaired by marrj'ing again. — Thos. Amory, The IJfc, etc., of John B uncle, Esq. Bimdalinda, the beau-ideal of ob- scurit}'. Transformed from a princess to a peasant, from beauty to ugliness, from polish to rusticity, from light to dark- ness, frohi an angel of light to an imp of hell, from fragrance to ill-savour, from elegance to rudeness, from Aurora in full brilliancy to Bundalinda in deep obscurity, —Cervantes, Don quixote, II. li. 13 (1615). BUNDLE. 143 BURLEIGIT, Bundle, tho fcfirdener, fatlicr of Wilelmi'na, and friend of Tom Tug the '^vaterman. He is a plain, honest man, but greatly in awe of his wife, who nags at him from morning till niglit. Mis. Bundle, a vulgar Mrs. Malaprop, and a termagant. " Everything must be her way or there's no getting any peace." She greatly frequented the minor the- atres, and acquired notions of sentimental romance. She told Wilelmina, if she refused to marry Robin : " I'll disinherit you from any share in the blood of my family, the Grograns, and you may creep through life with the dirty, pitiful, mean, paltry, low, ill-bred notions which you have gathered from [your /aCker's\ family, the Bundles."— C. Dibdin, The Watcrmrm (1774). Bun'gay (Friar), one of the friars in a comedy by Robert Green, entitled Friar Bacon and Friar Bumjaji. Roth tlie friars are conjurors, and the piece con- cludes with one of their pupils being carried off to the infernal regions on the bjick of one of friar Bacon's demons (1591), Bvmgen {^Biuvi-nl, the street in Ilamelin down which the pied piper Bunting led the rats into the river Wescr and the children into a cave in tlie moun- tain Koppenberg. No music of any kind is permitted to be plaj'ed in this street. Bungey (Friar), personification of the charlatan of science in the fifteenth century. *^* In TIic Last of the Barons, by lord Lytton, friar Bungey is an historical character, and is said to have " raised mists and vapour.s," which befriended Edward IV. at the battle of Barnct. Buns'by (Captain John or Jack), owner of the Cautions Clara. Captain Cuttle considered him "a philosoplier, and quite an oracle." Captain Bunsby liad one "stationary and one revolving eye," a very red face, and was extremely taciturn. The captain was entrapped by Mrs. McStinger (the termagant landlady of his friend captain Cuttle) into marry- ing her. — C. Dickens, Domhcu and Sun (184G). Bunting, the pied piper of Ham'clin. He was so called from liis dress. To blow the pipe his lips he wrinkled. And greon and blue his sharp eyes twinkletl . . . And ere three notes his pipe hud uttered . . . Out of the houses rats came tumbling — Great rats, small rats, lean rats, brawny ruts. Brown rata, black rats, grey rata, tawny rats, . . . And step by step they followed him dancing. Till they came to the river Wiser. R. Crowning. Bur (John), the servant of Job Thorn- berry, the brazier of Penzance. Brusque in his manners, but most devotedly attached to his master, by whom he was taken from the workhouse. John Bur kept his master's "books" for twent}'- two j'ears with the utmost fidelity. — G. Colman, jim., John Bull (1805). Bur 'b on (i.e. Henri IV. of France). He is betrothed to FordOlis (France), who has been enticed from him by Gran- torto (rebellion). Being assailed on all sides by a rabble rout, Fordelis is carried off by "hcUrake hounds." The rabble batter Burbon's shield (p7-otestantism), and compel him to throw it away. Sir Ar'tegal (riifht or justice) rescues the "recreant knight" from the mob, but blames him for his unknightly follv in throwing away his shield (of faith). Talus (the executive) beats oil" the hell- hounds, gets possession of the lady, and though she flouts Burbon, be catches her up upon his steed and rides off with her. — Spenser, Fai'ry Qtwen, v. 11 (1596). Burclaell (3fr.), alias sir WiUiam Thornhill, about 30 years of age. When Dr. Primrose, the vicar of Wake- field, loses £1400, Mr. Burchell presents himself as a broken-down gentleman, and the doctor offers him his purse. He turned his back on the two flash ladies who talked of their high-life doings, and cried " Fudge ! " after all their boastings and remarks. Mr. Burchell twice rescued Sophia Primrose, and ultimatelj' married her. — Goldsmith, Vicar of Wakefield (1765). Burgtindy (Charles the Bold, duke of), introduced by sir W. Scott in Qucnfin Durv:ard and in Anne of Gcicrstcin. The latter novel contains tlie duke's defeat at Nancy', and his death (time, Edward lY.). Bu'ridan's Ass. A man of inde- cision is so called from the hypothetical ass of Buridan, the scholastic. Bu- ridan maintained that "if an a?s could be placed between two hay-stacks in such a way that its clioice was evenly balanced between them, it would starve to death, for there would be no motive why he should choose the one and reject the other." Burleigh ( William Cecil, lord), lord treasurer to queen Elizabeth (l.')20-1598), introduced by sir W. Scott in his his- torical novel called Kcnihcorth (time, Elizabeth). He is one of the principal characters BURLEIGH. 144 BUSQUEUE. in ITie Earl of Essex, a tragedy by Henry Jones (1745). Burleigh (Lord),'ti parliamentary leader, in The Legend of Montrose, a novel by sir W. Scott (time, Charles I.). A lord Burleigh shako of the head, a great deal meant by a look or movement, though little or nothing is said. Pni?, in his tragedy of the " Spanish Armada," introduces lord Burleigh, "who has the affairs of the whole nation in his head, and has no time to talk ;" but his lord- ship comes on the stage and shakes his head, by which he means far more than words could utter. Puff says : Wliy, by that shake of the head lie gave you to understand that even though they had more justice in their cause and wisdom in their measures, yet, if there was not a greater spirit shown on the part of the people, the country would at last fall a sacrifice to the hostile ambition of the Spanish monarchy. flneer. Did he mean all that by shaking his head ! Puff. Every word of it.— Sheridan, The Critic, ii. 1 (1779). The original " lord Burleigh" was Irish Moody [1728- liVil—Cornhill Magazine (1867). Burlesque Poetry {Father of), Hippo'nax of Ephesus (sixth century li.c). Bur'long, a giant, whose legs sir Try'amour cut off. — Romance of Sir Try- amour. Burn Daylight {We), we waste time (in talk instead of action). — Shake- speare, Merry Wives of Windsor, act ii. sc. 1 (IGOl). Burnbill, Henry de Londres, arch- bishop of Dublin and lord justice of Ireland, in the reign of Henry III. It is said that he fraudulently burnt all the "bills" or instruments by which the tenants of the archbishopric held their estates. Burning Crown. Regicides were at one time punished by having a crown of red-hot iron placed on their head. He was adjudged To have his head seared with a burning crown. Autlior unknown, Tragedy of Boffman (1G31). Burns of France {The), Jasmin, a barber of Gascony. Louis Philippe presented to him a gold watch and chain, and the duke of Orleans an emerald ring, Bur'ris, an honest lord, favourite of the great-duke of Moscovia. — Beaumont and Fletcher, The Loyal Subject (1618). Busby {A), a low conical bearskin hat worn by certain British volunteers. Busby Wig {A), a punning syno- nym of a " buzzwig," the joke being a reference to Dr. Busby of Westminster School, who never wore a wig, but only a skull-cap. Business To-morrow is what Archias, one of the Spartan polemarchs in Athens, said, when a letter Avas handed to him respecting the insurrection of PelopTdas. He was at a banquet at the time, and thrust the letter under his cushion ; but Pelopidas, with his 400 insurgents, rushed into the room during the feast, and slew both Archias and the rest of the Spartan officers. Bu'sirane (3 syL), an enchanter who bound Am'oret by the waist to a brazen pillar, and, piercing her with a dart, wrote magic characters with the dropping blood, "all for to make her love him." When Brit'omart approached, the en- chanter started up, and, running to Amoret, was about to plunge a knife into her heart ; but Britomart intercepted the blow, overpowered the enchanter, compelled him to "reverse his charms," and then bound him fast with his own chain. — Spenser, Faery Queen, iii. 11, 12 (1590). Busi'ris, king of Egypt, was told by a foreigner that the long drought of nine years would cease when the gods of the country were mollified by human sacri- fice. "So be it," said the king, and ordered the man himself to be offered as the victim. — Herod, ii. 59-61. 'Tis said that Egypt for nine years was dry ; Nor Nile did floods nor heaven did rain supply. A foreigner at length informed the king That slaughtered guests would kindly moisture bring. The king replied, " On thee the lot shall fall ; Be thou, my guest, the sacrifice for all." OWd, Art of Love, i. Busi'ris, supposed by Milton to be the Pharaoh drowned in the Red Sea. Hath vexed the Red Sea coast, whose waves o'erthrew Busiris and his Memphian chivalry. Milton, Paradise Lost, I. 306 (1665). Bus'ne (2 syL). So the gipsies cali all who do not belong to their race. The gold of the BusnS ; give me her gold. Longfellow, The Spanish Studetit. Busqueue {Lord), plaintiff in the great Pantagruelian lawsuit known as "lord Busqueue v. lord Suckfist," in which the parties concerned pleaded for themselves. Lord Busqueue stated his grievance and spoke so learnedly and at such length that no one understood one word about the matter ; then lord Suckfist replied, and the bench declared " We I have not understood one iota of the I defence." Pantag'ruel, however, gave BUSY BODY. 145 BYRON AND MARY. judgment, and as both plaintiff and defendant considered he had got the verdict, both wore fully satisfied, "a thing without parallel in all the annals of the court." — Rabelais, I'antujruc/, ii. (1633). Busy Body (The), a comedy by Mrs. Centlivre (1709). Sir Francis Gripe (guardian of Miranda an heiress, and father of Charles), a man Go years old, ■wishes to marrj' his ward for the sake of her money, but Miranda loves and is beloved bj' sir George Airy, a man of 24. She pretends to love " Gardy," and dupes him into yielding up her money and giving his consent to her marriage with "the man of her choice," believ- ing himself to be the person. Charles is in love with Isabinda, daughter of sir .Tealous Traftick, who has made up his mind that she shall marry a Spaniard named don Diego Babinetto, expected to arrive forthwith. Charles dresses in a Spanish costume, passes himself off as the expected don, and is married to the lady of his choice ; so both the old men are duped, and all the young people wed according to their wishes. But are Ye sure the Nevirs is True ? This exquisite lyric is generally ascribed to William Mickle, but Sarah Tyler, in Good Woods, JIarch, 18(J9, ascribes it to Jean Adam of Crawfurd's Dyke. She says, " Colin and .Jean " are Colin and Jean Campbell of Crawfurd's Dyke — the Jean being the poetess and writer of the poem. Butcher (The), Achmet pasha, who struck off the heads of seven of his wives at once. He defended Acre against Napo- leon I. John ninth lord Clifford, called "The Black Clifford" (died 1461). Oliver de Clisson, constable of France (1320-1407). Butcher (The JJlood;/), the duke of ■Cumberland, second son of George II. ; so called for his great barbarities in sup- pressing the rebellion of Charles Edward, the young pretender (172G-17G5). Butcher of England, John Tiptoft, earl of Worcester, a man of great learning and a patron of learning (died 1470). On one occasion in the reign of Edward IV. he ordcreil Clapliam (a squire to lurd Warwick) and nineteen oOiers, all gentlemen, to be impaled.— Stow, IVarkicvrtli Chro- nicle ("Cont. Croji."). Yet so barbarous was the age. that Uiis same learneil nian impaled forty Lancastrian prisoners at Southampton, put :), militarv chaplain at IMadras.— Sir W. Scott, The Surgeon's Daughter (time, George II.). Butler {Reuben), a presbyterian min- ister, married to Jeanie Deans. Benjamin Butler, father of Reuben. Stephen Butter, generally called " Bible Butler," grandfather of Reuben and father of Benjamin. Widoio Judith Butler, Reuben's grand- mother and Stephen's wife. Euphcmia or Feinie Butler, Reuben's daughter. Bavid and Reuben Butler, Reuben's sons. —Sir W. Scott, Heart of Midlothian (time, George II.). Buttercup {John), a milkman.— W. Brough, .4 rh.enonienon in a Smock Frock. Buxo'ma, a shepherdess with whom Cuddy was in love. M.v brown Buxoma i.s the feafest maid Tliat e'er at w.ike delightsome g.anibol played . . . And neither Iamb, nor kill, nor calf, nor Tray, liance like Buxoma on the first of May. G.ay, I'aHoral. i. (1714). Buz'fuz {Serjeant), the pleader re- tained by Dodson .and Fogg for the plaintiff in the celebrated case of "Bar- dell V. Pickwick." Serjeant Buzfuz is a driving, chaffing, masculine bar orator, who proved that Mr. Pickwick's note about "chops and tomato sauce" was a declaration of love ; and that his reminder "not to forget the warming-pan" was only a flimsy cover to express the ardour of his affection. Of course the defendant was found guilty by the enlightened jury. (His junior w.as Skimpin.) — C. Dickens, The J'ickwick Papers (183G). Buz'zard (IVic), in 'The Hind and the Panther, by Dryden (pt. iii.), is meant for Dr. Gilbert Burnet, whose figure was lusty (1643-1715). Bycoi'n, a fat cow, so fat that its sides were nigh to bursting, but this is no wonder, for its food was "good and enduring husbands," of which there is good store. (See Chichi-Vachk.) Byron {The Polish), Atlam Mickie- wicz (1798-1855). Byron {The A'l/sskiu), Alexander Scr- geiv'itch Puschkin (1799-1837). B'jron {Miss Harriet), a beautiful and accomplished woman of high rank, de- votedly attached to sir Charles Grandison, whom ultimately she marries. — Richard- son, Sir Charles Grandison (1753). Byron and Mary. The " Mary " of BTROX and TERESA GUICCIOLI. l-iG CADWALLON. Byron's song is Miss Chaworth. Both Miss Chaworth and lord Byron were wards of Mr. White. Miss Chaworth married John Musters, and lord Bj-ron married Miss Milbanke of Durham ; both equally unhappy. I have a passion for the name of " Mary,' For once it was a magic name to me. Byron, Don Juan, v. 4 (1320). Byi'on and Teresa Guiceioli. This lady was the wife of count Guiccioli, an old man, but very rich. Moore says that Byron " never loved but once, till he loved Teresa." Bsrron and the Edinburgh Re- view. It was Jeffrey and not Brougham who wrote the article which provoked the poet's reply. C. C (in Notes and Queries), the Right Hon. John Wilson Croker. Caa'ba (^0) the shrine of Mecca, eaid by the Arabs to be built bj' Abra- ham on the exact spot of the tabernacle let down from heaven at the prayer of repentant Adam. Adam had been a •wanderer for 200 j'ears, and here received pardon. The black stone, according to one tra- dition, was once white, but was turned black by the kisses of sinners. It is " a petrified angel." According to another tradition, this stone was given to Ishmael by the angel Gabriel, and Abraham assisted his son to insert it in the wall of the shrine. Cabal, an anagram of a ministry formed by Charles II. in 1670, and con- sisting of Criifford], A[shley], BFuck- ingham], A[rlington], L[auderdale]. Cacafo'gO, a rich, drunken usurer, stumpy and fat, choleric, a coward, and a bully. He fancies money will buy everything and every one. — Beaumont and Fletcher, Bule a Wife and Have a Wife (1640). Cacur'gus, the fool or domestic jester of Misog'onus. Cacurgus is a rustic simpleton and cunning mischief- maker. — Thomas Rvchardes, Misogonus (the third English co'medy, 1560). Ca'cus, a giant who lived in a cave on mount Av'e'iitin-o (3 s>/l.). 'WTicn Hercules came to Italy with the oxen wliich he had taken from Ger'yon of Spain, Cacus stole part of the herd, but dragged the animals by their tails into his cave, that it might be supposed they had come out of it. If he falls into slips, it is equ.illy clear they were intro- duced by him on purpose to confuse, lilie Cacus, th© traces of his retreat. — Encijc. Brit. Art. " Romance." Cad, a low-born, vulgar fellow. A cadie in Scotland was a carrier of a sedan-chair. All Edinburgh men and boys know that when sedan- chairs were discontinued, the old cadies sanli into ruinous poverty, and became synonymous witli roughs. The word was brought to London by James Haunay, who frequently used it — M. Pringle. *;,.* M. Pringle assures us that the word came from Turkey. Cade'nus (3 syl), dean Swift. The word is simply de-cd-nus ("a dean"), with the first two syllables transposed (ca-de-nus). "Vanessa" is Miss Esther Vanhomrigh, a young lady who fell in love with Swift, and proposed marriage. The dean's reply is given in the poem entitled Cadenus and Vanessa [i.e. Van- Esther]. Cadu ceus, the wand of Mercury. The " post of Mercury " means the office of a pimp, and to " bear the caduceus " means to exercise the functions of a pimp. I did not think the post of Mercury-in-chief quite so honourable as it w-as called . . . and 1 resolved to aban- don the Caduceus for ever. — Lesage, Gil Bias, nii. 3, i (1715). Cadur'ci, the people of Aquita'nia. Cad'wal. Arvir'agus, son of Cym'- beline, was so called while he lived in the woods with Bela'rius, who called himself Morgan, and whom Cadwal sup- posed to be his father. — Shakespeare, Cijmhdinc (1G05). Cadwallader, called by Bede (1 sijl.) Elidwalda, son of Cadwalla king of Wales. Being compelled by pesti- lence and famine to leave Britain, he went to Armorica. After the plague ceased he went to Rome, where, in 68!i, he was baptized, and received the name of Peter, but died very soon afterwards. Cadwallader that drave [tailed] to the Armoric shore. Drayton, Polyolbion, ix. (161'.!). Cadwallader, the misanthrope in Smol- lett's Peregrine Fickle (1751). Cadwall'on, son of the blinded Cj^ne'tha. Both father and son accom- panied prince Madoc to North America J CADWALLOX. 1-17 CiESAR. in the twelftli centurv. — Souther, Madoo (1805). Cadwal'lon, the favourite bard of prince Gwenwyn, He entered the ser- vice of sir Hugo de Lacy, disguised, under the assumed name of Renault Vidal. — Sir W. Scott, The Betrothed (time, Henry II.). Cae'cias, the north-west wind. Ar- gcBtes is the north-east, and Bo'reas the full north. Boreas and Ctecias and Argeates loud . , rend the woods, and iieas upturn. Milton, ParadUe Lost, x. 699, etc. (1G65). Cselesti'na, the bride of sir Walter Terill. The king commanded sir Walter to bring his bride to court on the night of her marriage. Her father, to save her honour, gave her a mixture supposed to be poison, but in realitj' it was onlj- a sleeping draught. In due time the bride recovered, to the amusement of the king and delight of her husband. — Th. Dekker, Satiro-rnastlx (1G02). CaB'neiis {^Se.nucel was bom of the female sex, and was originally called Caenis. Vain of her beauty, she rejected all lovers, but was one day surprised by Neptune, who offered her violence, changed her sex, converted her name to Ceneus, and gave her (or rather him) the gift of being Invulnerable. In the wars of the Lap'ithse, Ceneus offended Jupiter, and was overwhelmed under a pile of wood, but came forth converted into a yellow bird. iEneas found Ceneus in the infernal regions restored to the feminine sex. The order is inverted by sir John Davies : And how was Cscneua made at first a man, And then a woman, then a man again. Orchestra, etc. (1615). Caesar, said to be a Punic word meaning "an elephant," "Quod avus ejus in Africa manu propria occidit elephantem " (Plin. Ilisl, viii. 7). There are old coins stamped on the one side with DIVUS JULIUS, the reverse hav- ing S.P.Q.R. with an elephant, in allu- sion to the African original. In Targum Joimthanis Cesira exiat, notions affine, pro scuto vel clyiieo ; et fortasse indo eat quod. Punica lingua, elephas "Caesar" dicebutur, qun£i tutamen et presidium legionum.— Casaubon. Arii-madv. in Tranquill, I. Caesar {Caius Julius). Somewhere I've read, hut wliere I forget, he could dic- tate Seven letters at once, at tlio same time writing hii memoirs . . . Better be first, he said, in a little Iberian vill.age Than be second in Rome, and I thinli he was riglit when he laid it. Twice was he married before ho w.as 20, and manj timet after ; Battles 500 he fought, and a thousand cities he con- quered ; But was finally stabbed by his friend tlie orator Brutus. Longfellow, Courtship of Miles iStandish, 11. (Longfellow refers to Pliny, vii. 25, where he sa3's that Csesar "could employ, at one and the same time, his ears to listen, his eyes to read, his hand to write, and his tongue to dictate." He is said to have conquered 300 nations ; to have taken 800 cities, to have slain in battle a million men, and to have defeated three millions. See below, Ccesar's Wars.) CcEsar and his Fortune, Plutarch say3 that Cresar told the captain of the vessel in which he sailed that no harm could come to his ship, for that he had " Caesar and his fortune with him." Now am I like that proud insulting ship. Which Csesar and his fortune bare at once. Slialtespeare, 1 Henry 17. act i. sc. 2 (1589). Cwsar saves his Commentaries, Once, when Julius Caesar was in danger of being upset into the sea by the overload- ing of a boat, he swam to the nearest ship, with his book of Commentaries in his h.and. — Suetonius. CcEsar's Wars, The carnage occa- sioned by the wars of Cjesar is usually estimated at a million fighting men. He won 320 triumphs, and fought 500 bat- tles. See above, Caesar (Caius Julius), What millions died that Csesar might lie great I Campbell, The Pleasures of Uopc, il. (1799). Civsar's Famous Despatch, " Veni, vidi, vici," written to the senate to announce his overthrow of Phamaces king of Pontus. This "hop, skip, and a jump" was, however, the work of three days. Ceesar's Death, Both Chaucer and Shakespeare say that Julius Ca;sar was killed in the capitol. Thus Polonius says to Hamlet, "I did enact Julius Csesar; I was killed i' the capitol " {Hamlet, act iii- sc. 2). And Chaucer says : Tills Julius to the capitolfl wente ... : And in the citpitole anon him hente Tills falsd Brutus, and his other soon, And sticked him with bodiikins anon. Canterbury Tales ("The Monk's Tale," 1388). Plutarch expressly tells us he was killed in Pomiiey's Porch or Piazza ; and in Julius Castir Shakespeare says he fell "e'en at the base of Pompey's statue" (act iii. sc. 2). Cccsar, the Mephistoph'eles of Byron's unfinished drama called The Deformed Transformed. This CiKsar changes Ar- nold (the hunchback) into the form of Achilles, and assumes himself the de- formity and ugliness which Arnold casts C.ESAK. 148 CAIN AND ABEL. off. The drama beinj;: incomplete, all that can be said is that " Csesar," in cynicism, effrontery, and snarling bitter- ness of spirit, is tJie exact counterpart of his prototype, Mephistopheles (1821). CcESar (Don), an old man of Go, the father of Olivia. In order to induce his daughter to marrj', he makes love to Marcella, a girl of 16. — Mrs. Cowley, A Bold Stroke for a Husband (1782). Cas'sarism, the absolute rule of man over man, with the recognition of no law divine or human beyood tliat of the ruler's will. Cassar must be summus pontifex as well as imperdtor. — Dr. Manning, On Casarism (1873). (See Chauvinism.) Gael, a Highlander of the western coast of Scotland. These Cael had colonized, in very remote times, the northern parts of Ireland, as the Fir-bolg or Belgffi of Britain had colonized the southern parts. The two colonies had each a separate king. AVhen Crothar was king of the Fir-bolg (or "lord of Atha"), he carried off Conla'ma, daughter of the king of Ulster {i.e. "chief of the Cael"), and a general war ensued between the two races. The Cael, being reduced to the last extremity, sent to Trathal (Fingal's grandfather) for help, .and Trathal sent over Con'ar, who was chosen "king of the Cael " immediately he landed in Ulster ; and having reduced the Fir-bolg to submission, he assumed the title of "king of Ireland." The Fir-bolg, though con- quered, often rose in rebellion, and made Tnany efforts to expel the race of Conar, but never succeeded in so doing. — Ossian, Caer Ery'ri, Snowdon. (Krijri iwcans "an eyrio" or "eagle's nest.") . . . once the wondering forester at dawn . . . On Caer Erj'ris bighest found the king. Tennyson, Oareth anil Lynette. Caer Gwent, Venta, that is, (iwent- ceaster, Wintan-ccaster (or Winclicstcr), The word Gwcnt is Celtic, and means " a fair open region." Caer'leon or Caerlc'on, on the TJsk, in Wales, the chief ro3'al residence of king Arthur. It was here that he kept at Pentecost "his Kound Table" in great splendour. Occasionally these "courts" were held at Camelot. Where, as at Caerleon oft, he kept the Table r.ounil, Most fainoua for the sporti at Pentecost. Drayton. Polyolbinn. iii. (1612). For Arthur on the Whitsuntide hefore Held court at old Caerle'onupon-Usk. Tennyson, Enid. Caerleon {The Battle of), one of the tMXjlve great victories of prince Arthur over the Saxons. This battle was not fought, as Tennj^son saj's, at Caerleon- upon-Usk, in the South of Wales, but at Caerleon, now called Carlisle. Cages for Men. Alexander the Great had the philosopher Callisthenos chained for seven months in an iron cage, for refusing to pay him divine honours. Catherine II. of Russia kept her perrii- quier for more than three years in an iron cage in her bed-chamber, to prevent his telling people that she wore a wig. — Mons. de Masson, Me'moircs Secrets sur la Russie. Edward I. confined the countess of Buch.an in an iron cage, for placing the crown of Scotland on the head of Bruce. This cage was erected on one of the towers of Berwick Castle, where the countess was exposed to the rigour of the elements and the gaze of passers-by. One of the sisters of Bruce was similarly dealt with. Louis XI. confined cardiu.al Balue (grand-almoner of France) for ten years in an iron cage in the castle of Loches [Zos/*]. Tamerlane enclosed the sultan Bajazet in an iron cage, and made of him a public show. So says D'Herbelot. An iron cage was made by Tmiour's command, com- posed on every side of iron gratings, through whicli the captive sultan [B;ijazet] could be seen in any direction. Ht tr.avelled in this den slung between twoliorscs. — Leun- clavius. Caglios'tro {Count de), the assumed name of Joseph Balsamo (1743-1795). Ca ira, one of the most popular revolutionary songs, composed forthe Fete de la Federation, in 1789, to the tune of I.e Carillon National. Marie Antoinette was for ever strumming this air on her harpsichord. " Ca ira" was the rallying cry borrowed by the Federalists from Dr. F'r.anklin, who used to say, in reference to the American Revolution, Ah I ah ! fci ira ! fa ira 1 (" It will speed "). 'Twas all the same to him— (7od save the King, Or Ca ira. r.jTon, Don Juan, iii. 84 (1820). Cain and Abel are called in the Koran " Kabil .and Hubil." The tradition is that Cain was commanded to marry Abel's sister, and Abel to marry Cain's, but Cain demurred because his own sister was the more beautiful, and so the matter was referred to God, and God answered "No " by rejecting Cain's sacrifice. The Mohammedans also say that Cain carried about with him the dead body of Abel, till he saw a raven scratch a hole in the ground to bury a dead bird. The hint was taken, .and Abel was buried under ground. — Sale's Koran, v. notes. CAIN-COLOURED BEARD. 149 CALDERON, Cain- coloured Beard, Cain and Judas in old tapestries and paintings are always represented with yellow beards. He bath a little wee face, with a little yellow beard ; a Caincoloureil beard.— Slmkespcare, Merry Wivet u/ nindsor, act i. K. i (1601). Cain's Hill. Maundrel tells us that " some four miles from Damascus is a high hill, reported to be the same on which Cain slew his brother Abel." — Travels, 131. In that plac« where Damascus was founded, Kayn floughe Abel his brother.— Sir John MaundeviUe, TraveU, 148. Caina \^Ka.i' .nali], the place to which murderers are doomed. Caina waits The soul who spills man's life. Dante, HiU. v. (130U). Cair'bar,sonof Borbar-Duthul, "lord of Atha" (Connaught), the most potent of the race of the Fir-bolg. He rose in rebellion against Cormac "king of Ire- land," murdered him (Tcmora, i.), and usurped the throne ; but Fingal (who was distantly related to Cormac) went to Ire- land with an army, to restore the .ancient dynasty. Cairbar invited Oscar (Fingal's grandson) to a feast, and Oscar accepted the invitation, but Cairbar having pro- voked a quarrel with his guest, the two fought, and both were slain. " Tliy heart ia a rock. Thy thoughts are d.irk and bloody. Tliou art the brother of Cathnior . . . but my soul is not like tJiine, thou feeble hand in fiyht. The liKht of my liosom is stained by thy deeds." — Oasian, Temara, i. Cair'bre (2 syl.), sometimes called "Cair'bar," third king of Ireland, of the Caledonian line. (There was also a Cair- bar, "lord of Atha," a Fir-bolg, quite a different person.) The Caledonian line ran thus: (1) Conar, first "king of Ireland ;" ("J) Cor- mac I., his son ; (3) Cairbre, his son ; (4) Artho, his son ; (5) Cormac II., his son ; (G) Ferad-Artho, his cousin. — Ossian. Cai'us (2 sijl.), the assumed name of the earl of Kent when he attended on king Lear, after Goneril and He'gan re- fused to entertain their aged father with his suite. — Shakespeare, King Lear ( 1G05) . Cai'us (Dr.), a French physician, whose sen'ants are Rugby and l\Irs. Quickly. — Shakespeare, Memj Wives of Windsor (1601). Tlie clipped English of Dr. C'.iius.— Macaulay. Cai'us College (Cambridge), origin- ally Gonville Hall. In l.')o7 it was erected into a college by Dr. John Key, of Norwich, and called after him Caius or Key's College. Cakes [Land of)^ Scotland, famous for its oatmeal cakes. Calandri'no, a character in the De- cameron, whose "misfortunes have made all Europe merrj' for four centuries." — Boccaccio, Decameron, viii. 9 (1350). Calan'tha, princess of Sparta, loved by Ith'oclGs. Ithocles induces his sister, Penthe'a, to break the matter to the prin- cess. This she does ; the princess is won to requite his love, and the king consents to the union. During a grand court cere- mony Calantha is informed of the sudden death of her father, another announces to her that Penthea had starved herself to death from hatred to Bass'anes, and a third follows to tell her that Ithocles, her betrothed husband, has been murdered. Calantha bates no jot of the ceremony, but continues the dance even to the bitter end. The coronation ensues, but scarcely is the ceremony over than she can sup- port the strain no longer, and, broken- hearted, she falls dead. — John Ford, The Broken Heart (1G33). Calan'the (3 .«///.), the betrothed wife of Pyth'ias the Syracusian. — J. Banim, Damon and Pythias (1825). Cala'ya, the third paradise of the Hindus. Cal'eulator {IVie). Alfragan the Arabian astronomer was so called (died A.n. 820). Jedediah Buxton, of Elmeton, in Derbyshire, was also called "The Cal- culator" (1705-1775). George Bidder. Zerah Colburn, and a girl named Hey- wood (whose father was a Mile End weaver), all exhibited their calculating powers in public. Pascal, in lG-12, made a calculating machine, which was improved by Leibnitz. C. Babbage also invented a calculating machine (1790-1871). Caleut'ta is Kali-cuttah ("temple ot the goddess Kali"). Cal'deron (Don Pedro), a Spanish poet born at Madrid (1G00-IG81). At the age of 52 he became an ecclesiastic, and composed religious poetry only. Al- together he wrote about 1000 dramatic l)ieces. }Icr memory w.as a mine. She knew by heart All Cal'deron and greater part of Lop(S. Byron, Don Juan, I. U (ISID). *^* " Lope " that is Lope de Vega, the Spanish poet (15G2-1635;. CALEB. 150 CALEPINE. Ca'leb, the enchantress who carried off St, George in infancy. Ca'leb, in Drj'den's satire of Absalom aiul Achitophcl, is meant for lord Grey of Wark, in Northumberland, an adherent of tlie duke of Monmouth. And. therefore, in the name or diilness be The well-hung Balaam and cold Caleb free. Part i. *^* "Balaam" is the earl oi Uuuting- don. Caled, commander-in-chief of the Arabs in the siege of Damascus. He is brave, fierce, and revengeful. War is his delight. When Pho'cj-as, the Syrian, deserts Eu'menes, Caled asks him to point out the governor's tent ; he refuses ; they fight, and Caled falls. — John Hughes, Siege of Damascus (1720). Caledo'nia, Scotland. Also called Cal'edon. Caledonia, stern and wild, Meet nurse for a poetic child ! Sij W. fi-it. Not thus in ancient days of Caledon Was thy voice mute amid the festal crowd. Sir W. Scutt. Caledo'nians, Gauls from France who colonized south Britain, whence they journeyed to Inverness and Ross. The word is compounded of two Celtic words, Cael ("Gaul" or "Celt"), and don or dun ("a hill"), so that Cael-don means " Celts of the highlands." The Highlanders to this day call themselves " Cael," and their language " Caelic" or " Gaelic." luvi their country " CaeWoc*," which the Romans softened Into Caledonia,— Ditsertation on the Poems of Ossian. Calenders, a class of Mohammedans who abandoned father and mother, wife and children, relations and possessions, to wander through the world as religious devotees, living on the bounty of those whom they made their dupes. — D'Herbe- lot, Supplement, 204. He diverted himself with the multituje of calenders, lantons, and dervises, who had travelleil from the heart of India, and halted on their way with tlie emir.— AV. Eeckford, Valhek (1786J. The Three Calenders, three royal princes, disguised as begging dervishes, each of whom had lost his right eye. Their adventures form three tales in the Arabian Nights' Entertainments. Tale of the First Calender. No names are given. This calender was the son of a king, and nephew of another king. While on a visit to his uncle his father died, and the vizier usurped the throne. "NMien the prince returned, he was seized, and the usurper pulled out his right eve. The uncle died, and the usurping vizier made himself master of this kingdom also. So the hapless young prince assumed the garb of a calender, wandered to Bagdad, and being received into the house of " the three sisters," told his tale in the hearing of the caliph Ilaroun-al-Raschid. — The Arabian Nights. Tale of the Second Calender. No names given. TMs calender, like the first, was the son of t king. On his way to India he was attacked by robbers, and though he contrived to escape, he lost all his effects. In his flight he came to a large city, where he encountered a tailor, who gave him food and lodging. In order to earn a living, he turned woodman for the nonce, and accidentally discovered an under-ground palace, in which lived a beautiful lady, confined there bj' an evil genius. With a view of liberating her, he kicked down the talisman, when the genius appeared, killed the ladj', and turned the prince into an ape. As an ape he was taken on board ship, and transported to a large commercial city, where his pen- manship recommended him to the sultan, who made him his vizier. The sultan's daughter undertook to disenchant him and restore him to his proper form ; but to accomplish this she had to fight with the malignant genius. She succeeded in killing the genius, and restoring the en- chanted prince ; but received such severe injuries in the struggle that she died, and a spark of fire Avhich flew into the right eye of the prince perished it. The sultan was so heart-broken at the death of his only child, that he insisted on the prince quitting the kingdom without delay. So he assumed the garb of a calender, and being received into the hospitable house of " the three sisters," told his talc in the hearing of the caliph Ilaroun-al-Raschid. — The Arabian Nights. Tale of the Third Calendkr. This talc is given on p. 12, under th( word Agiii. "I. am called Agib." he says, "and am the son of a king wliose name was Cassib." — Arabian lights. Calepine [Sir), the knight attached to Sere'na (canto 3). Seeing a bear carrying off a child, he attacked it, and squeezed it to death, then committed the babe to the care of Matilde, wife of sir Bruin. As Matilde had no child of her own, she adopted it (canto 4). — Spenser, Faerg Queen, vi. (1596), *^* Upton says, "the child" in this incident is meant for M'Mahon, of Ire- land, and that "Mac Mahon" means the "son of a bear." He furthermore says CALES. ., lol that the M'Malions were descended from the Fitz-Ursulas, a noble English family. Ca'les (2 sijl.). So gipsies call them- BClvcs. Btltran Cruzado. coant of the Cales. Longfellow, The Spanith Student. Calf-skin. Fools and jesters used to wear a calf-skin coat buttoned down the back, and hence Faulconbridge says inso- lently to the arch-duke of Austria, who had acted very basely towards Richard Lion-heart : Thou weir a lion's hide! doff it for slianie, And hang a calfsldn on those recreant limb?. Shakespeare, Jiiiig John, act iii. sc. 1 (1596). Cal'ianax, a humorous old lord, father of Aspatia the troth-plight wife of Amin'tor. It is the death of Asjiatia which gives name to the drama. — lieau- mont and Fletcher, The Maid's Tragedy (IGIO). Cal'iban, a savage, deformed slave of Prospcro (the rightful duke of Milan and father of Miranda). Caliban is the " freckled whelp " of the witch Syc'orax. Sirs. Shelley's "Frankenstein" is a sort of Caliban. — Shakespeare, The lanpcst {1G09). "Caliban" . . . is all earth ... he hiis tho dawnings of understanding without reiison or the moral sense . . . this adrancc to the inlellectu.al faculties without tlie moral iensc is marlied by tl.3 appearance of vice.— Coleridge. Cal'iburn, same as Excalibar, the famous sword of king Arthur. Onward Arthur paced, with hand On Caliburn's resistless brand. Sir W. Scott, Uridal of Tricimain (ISKi). Ailhur . . . drew out his C.iliburn, and . . . rushed forward with great fury into tlie lliidiest of tlie enemy's ranks . . , nor did lie give over the fury of his assault til) Jio had, with his Caliliurn, killed 470 men.— ticoffrey, eritiih Uistory, ix. 4 (1142). Cal'idore {Sir), the type of courtesy, nnd the hero of the sixth book of Spenser's Fai'rij Queen. The model of this chiiractcr was sir Philip Sydney. Sir CaliJnre (3 si/l.) starts in quest of the Blatant 15east, which had escaped from sir Artcgal (bk. v. 12). He first compels the lady IJri.a'na to discontinue her discourteous toll of "the locks of ladies and the beards of knights" (canto 1). Sir Calidore falls in love with Pastorella, a sheplierdess, dresses like a shofiherd, and assists his lady-love in keeping shecj). Pastorella being taken captive by brigands, sir Calidore rescues her, and leaves her at Bolgard Castle to be taken care of, wliile he goes in quest of the Bl;it.ant Hcast. He finds the monster after a time, by the havoc it had made with religious houses, and after an obsti- nate fight succeeds in muzzling it, and CALISTA. dragging it in chains after him, but it got loose again, as it did before (canto 12). — Spenser, Faery Qtieen, vi. (lo'JG). Sir Gawain was the "Calidore" of the Rouud T»ble.— SouUiey. *^* "Pastorella" is Frances Walsingham (daughter of sir Francis), whom sir Philip Sydney married. After the death of sii Philip she married the earl of Essex. The "Blatant Beast" is what we now call " Mrs. Grundy." Calig'orant, an Egyptian giant and canuibal, who used to entrap travellers with an invisible net. It was the very same net that Vulcan made to catch Mars and Venus with. Mercury stole it for the purpose of entrapping Chloris, and left it in the temple of Anu'bis, whence it was stolen by Caligorant. One day Astolpho, b}- a blast of his magic horn, so frightened the giant that he got entangled in his own net, and being made captive was despoiled of it.— Ariosto, Orlando Fit7-ioso (1516). Cali'no, a famous French ultcrcr of bulls. Caliph means " vicar" or representa- tive of Mahomet. Scaligersays, "Calipha est vicarius " {Isagoj, 3). The dignity of sultan is superior to that of caliph, altluHigh many sultans called themselves calijihs. That passage which in our version of the New Testament is ren- dered "Archeliius reigned in his stead" (i.e. in the place of Herod), is translated in the Syriac version Chealaph Ikroiics, that is, ""Archelaus was Herod's caliph " or vicar. Similarly, the pope calls him- self "St. Peter's vicar."— Selden, Titles of Honour, v. G8-9 (IGT'i). Calip'olis, in The Bailie of Alcazar, a drama by George Pecle (1582). Pistol says to Mistress Quickly : Then feed and be fat, my fair Calipolis.— Shakespeare, 2 m-nri/ 1 1'. act ii. sc. 4 (ISyS). Cal'is {The princess), sister of As'- torax king of Paphos, in love with Poly- dore, brother of general Memnon, but loved greatly by Siphax. — Beaumont and Fletcher, The Mad Lover (1G17). Calis'ta, the fierce and haughty daughter of Sciol'to (3 syl.), a proud Genoese nobleman. She yielded to the seduction of Lolha'rio, but engaged to marry Al'tamont, a young lord who loved her dearly. On the wedding day a letter was picked up which proved her guilt, and she was subsequently seen by Alta- mont conversing with Lothario. A duel ensued, in which Lothario fell ; in a street CALISTO AND AKCAS. 15-2 CALUMET OF PEACE. row Sciolto received his deatli-wound, and Calista stabbed herself. The charac- ter of "Calista " was one of the parts of Mrs. Siddons, .and also of Miss Brunton. — N. Kowe, The Fair Fcnitent (1703). Richardson has given a purity and sanctity to the sor- rows of his " Clarissa" wliich leave "Calista" immeasurably behind.— K. Chambers, English Literature, i. 690. Twelve yeij's after Norris's death, Mrs. Barry waa acting the character of " Calist.i." In the last act. where "Calista" lays her hand upon a skull, she {Mr&. Barry] was suddenly seized with a shuddering, and fainted. Next day she .nsked whence the skull had been obtained, and was told it was " the skuU of Mr. Norris, an actor." This Norris was her former husband, and so great was the shock that •he died withiii six weeks.— Oxberry. Calis'to and Ar'cas. C.-ilisto, an Arcadian nymph, was changed into a she- bear. Her son Areas, supposing the bear to be an ordinary beast, was about to shoot it, when Jupiter metamorphosed him into a he-bear. Both were taken to heaven by Jupiter, and became the constelLations Ursa Minor and Ursa Major. CaU'aghan O'Brall'aghan {Sir), "a wild Jrish soldier in the Prussian army. His military humour makes one fiincy he was not only born in a siege, but that Bellona had been his nurse, Mars his schoolmaster, and the Furies his play- fellows" (act i. 1). He is the successful suitor of Charlotte Goodchild. — C. Mack- lin, Love h-la-mode (1779). In the records of the stage, no actor ever approached Jack Johnstone in Irish cbar.acters : "sir Lucius O Trig- ger," "CalLaghan OT.rallaghan," "major O'Klaberty," "Teague," "Tully" {the Irish gardener), and "Dennis Brulgruddery " were purtniyed by him in most exquisite colours. — Sew Monthly Magazine (1329). *^* " Lucius O'Trigger," in The Eivals (Sheridan) ; " major O'Flaherty," in The West Indian (Cumberland) ; " Teague," in The Committee (Howard); "Dennis Brulgruddery," in John Bull (Colman). Callet, a fdle puhlique, Brantome says a calle or calotte is " .a cap," hence the phrase, I'lattes comme dcs calks. Ben ,Fon«"n, in his Blaqnetich Ladij, speaks of "wearing the callet, the politic hood." Des fiUes du peupleet de la campagne s"appellantci??fj, & clause de l.a "cale"qui leur servait de cuitTure. — Fraii- cisquc Michel. Kn sa tSte avoit un gros bonnet blanc, qui Ton appelle inie calle, et nous auires ai»pelons calotte, ou bonnett« blanche de bigne, nou^eou brid(^e pardessoubzlementon. — LrantOme, ties Ues Damet lUitttres. A beggar in his drink Could not have laid such tenns upon his c-illet. Shakespeare, Othello, act iv. sc. 2 (1611). Callim'achus (The Italian), Filippo Buonaccorsi (1437-1406). Callir'rhoe (4 s///.), the lady-love of Chae'reas, in a Greek romance entitled The loves of Chccreas and Callirrhoe, by Char'iton (eighth century). Callis'thenes (4 s^jL), a philosopher! who accompanied Alexander the Great on his Oriental expedition. He refused to pay Alexander divine honours, for which he was accused of treason, and being mutilated, was cliaincd in a cage for seven months like a wild beast. Lysi- machus put an end to his tortures by poison. Oh let me roll in Macedonian rays. Or, like Callisthenes, bo caged fur life. Kather tluan shine in fa.shions of the i^ast. N. Lee. Alexander the Oreat, iv. 1 (16;8). Cal'mar. son of Matha, lord of Lara (in Connaught). He is represented as presumptuous, rash, and overbearing, but gallant and generous. The very opposite of the temperate Counal, who advises caution and forethought. Calmar hurries CuthuUin into action, which ends in defeat. Connal comforts the general in bis distress. — Ossian, Finijal, i. Cal'pe (2 s;/l.), Gibraltar. The two pillars of Hercules are Calpu and Ab'yla. Stie her thundering navy leads To Calpe. Akcnsidc, Hymn to the yaiads. Cal'thon, brother of Col'mar, sons o{ Eathmor chief of Clutha (the Chjdc). The father was murdered in his halls by Diin- thalmo lord of Teutha {the Tweed), and the two boys were brought up by the murderer in his own house, and accom- panied him in his wars. As they grew in years, Dunthalmo fancied he perceived in their looks a something which excited his suspicions, so he shut them up in two separate dark caves on the banks of the Tweed. Colmal, daughter of Dunthalmo, dressed as a young warrior, liberated Calthon, and fled with him to Morven, to crave aid in behalf of the captive Col- mar. Accordingly, Fingal sent his son Ossian with 300 men to eifect his libera- tion. AVhen Dunthalmo heard of the approach of this army, he put Colmar to death. Calthon, mourning for his brother, was captured, and bound to .an oak ; but. at daybreak Ossian slew Dunthalmo, cut the thongs of Calthon, g.ave him to Ool- mal, and they lived happily in the halls of Teutha. — Ossian, Calthon and Colmal. Calumet of Peace. The bowl of this pipe is made of a soft red stone easily hollowed out, the stem of cane or some light wood, painted with divers colours, and decorated with the heads, tails, and feathers of birds. When Indians enter into an .alliance or solemn engagement, they smoke the calumet together. WTien war is the subject, the whole pipe and CALYDOX. 153 CAMBALLO. all its ornaments are deep red. — Major Rogers, Accvunt of A^orth America, (See IIeD Pipe.) A-caluinetiiig, a-courting. In the day- time any act of gallantry would be deemed indecorous by the American Indians ; but after sunset, the young lover goes a-calumeting. He, in fact, lights his pipe, and entering the cabin of his well-beloved, presents it to her. If the lady extinguishes it, she accepts his addresses ; but if she suffers it to burn on, she rejects them, and the gentleman retires. — Ashe, Travels. Cal'ydon (Prince of), Melea'ger, famed for killing the Cah'donian boar. — ApoUod. i. 8. (See Meleager.) As did the fatal brand Althaea burn'd, Unto the prince's heart of Calydon. Shaliespeare, 2 nenry ri. act i. sc. 1 (1391). Cal'ydon, a town of yEto'lia, founded by Calydon. In Arthurian romance Calydon is a forest in the north of our island. Probably it is what Kichard of Cirencester calls the "Caledonian "Wood," westward of the Yaiar or Murray Frith. Calydo'nian Hunt. Artemis, to punish CEneus \_E'.nuce'\ king of Cal'ydon, in .iEto'lia, for neglect, sent a monster boar to ravage his vineyards. His son Melea'ger collected together a large company to hunt it. The boar being killed, a dispute arose respecting the head, and this led to a war between the Curetes and Calydo'nians. A similar tale is told of Thesens (2si/l.), who vanquished and killed the gigantic sow which ravaged the territory of Krommyon, near Corinth. (See Ki:om- iiYONiAN Sow.) Calyp'so, in Te'le'inaqnc, a prose-epic by Fcnelon, is meant for jNIde. de Mon- tespan. In mythology she was queen of the island Ogyg'ia, on Avhich Ulysses was wrecked, and where he was detained for seven years. Cali/pso's Isle, Ogygia, a mythical island " in the navel of "the sea." " Some consider it to be Gozo, near ISIalta. Ogj-gia (not the island) is Boeo'tia, in Greece. Cama'cho, "richest of men," makes grand preparations for his wedding with Quite'ria, "fairest of women," but as the bridal party are on their way, Basil'ius cheats him of his brido, by {)relending to kill himself. As it is supposed that Basilius is dying, Quiteria is married to bim as a mere matter of form, to soothe his last moments ; but when the service i» over, up jumps Basilius, and shows that his "mortal wounds" are a mere pretence. — Cervantes, an episode in Don Quixote, II. ii. 3, 4 (1G15). Camalodu'num, Colchester. Ciit liy lialf the tribes of Britain, near the colony Camu- Iodine. Tennyson, Boadlcca. Caman'clies (3 s>/l.) or Comax'- ciiics, an Indian tribe of the Texas (United States). It is a caravan, wliitening the desert wliere dwell tha C'anianches. lonsfellow. To the Driving Clatitt. Camaral'zaman, prince of " the Island of the Children of Khal'edan, situate in the open sea, some twenty days' sail from the coast of Persia." He was the only child of Schah'zaman and Fatima, king and queen of the island. He was very averse to marriage ; but one night, by fairj' influence, being shown Badou'ra, only child of the king of China, he fell in love with her and exchanged rings. Next day both in- quired what had become of the other, and the question was deemed so ridiculous that each was thought to be mad. At length Marzavan (foster-brother of the princess) solved the mystery. He induced the prince Camaralzaman to go to China, where he was recognized by the princess and married her. (The name means "the moon of the period. ")—yl>-a6!an Nights ("Camaralzaman and Badoura"). Cam'ballo, the second son of Cam- buscan' king of Tartary, brother of Al'garsife (3 y;/l.) and Can'aco (3 si/l.). He fought witli two knights who asked the lad}' Canacu to wife, the terms being that none should have her till he had succeeded in worsting Camballo in combat. Chaucer does not give us the sequel of this tale, but Spenser says that three brothers, named Priamonti, Dia- mond, and Triamond were suitors, and that Triamond won her. The motlier of these three (all born at one birth) wa» Ag'ape, who dwelt in Faery-land (bk. iv. 2). Spenser makes C.ambi'na (daughter of Agape) the lady-love of Camballo. Camballo is also called Camballus and Cambcl . Camballo's Rincj, given him by his sister CanacO, "had power to stanch all wounds that mortally did bleed." Well mntc ye wonder how that noble kniyl.t. After he had so often wounded been, Could stand on foot now to renew the Csht . . CAMBALU. 151 CAMBUSCAN. AU was thro' virtue of tlie ring lie wore ; The which not only rtid not from liim let One drop of blood to fall, but did restore His weakened powers, and his dulled spirits whet. Spenser, Fairy '. which is a Rtmyan's rilgrimt Profrrcis. Ly- nette represents the people of this world or the inhabit- ants of the '* City of Pestntction." " Lionfis" represents the " bride," which says to the Christian "Come!" and is the bride in heaven of those who liKbt the fight of faith. "Castle IVrilous" Is the Celestial City, set on a hill. Lynette scorts at Gareth after every conquest, for "the carnal mind Is enmity against Cod;" but Gareth " fights the finht." and wins the Imde. Tennyson makei the Christian leave the City of Destruction, conquer Apollyon and all the ).'iants, stand in sidit of the Cele-.tial City, see the briile invilin^ him to heaven, and then marry Lynette or the personiHcation of the " world, the flesh, and the devil." — See A'nres and QuerMJ (January 19. February 16. M.arch IR, 1878). Castle in the Air or Chateau d'Espagne, a splendid thing of f.ancy or hojie, but wholly without any real existence, called a "castle of Spain," because Spain has no castles or chateaax. So Greek KaletuJs means "never," b^ CASTLE OF ANDALUSIA. 168 CAT. cause there were no such things as "Greek Kalends." Ne semez point vos d6sirs sur le jardin d'autruy; cultivez seulnient bien le vostre; ne ddsirez point de n'estre paa ce que vous estes, mais d^sirez d'estre fort bien ce que vous estes. . . . De quoj' sert-il de bastir des chasteaux en Espagne, quisqu'il nous faut habiter'en France. — St Francois de Sales (bishop of Geneva), Writing to a Lady on the tubject of " Contentment," i. 285 (1567). Castle of Andalusia, an opera by- John O'Keefe. Don Caesar, the son of don Scipio, being ill-treated by his father, turns robber-chief, but ultimately marries Lorenza, and becomes reconciled to his father. The plot is too complicated to be understood in a few lines. Don Caesar, Spado, Lorenza, Victoria, Pedrillo, and Fernando, all assume characters diiferent to their real ones. Castle of In'dolence (3 syl.), in the land of Drowsiness, where every sense is enervated by sensual pleasures. The owner of the castle is an enchanter, who deprives those who enter it of their physical energy and freedom of will. — Thomson, Castle of Indolence (1748). Castle of Maidens, Edinburgh. {Ehraucus] also built the . . . town of mount Agned \Edinbur;ih\, called at this time "the Castle of Maidens or the Mountain of Sorrow." — Geoflrey, British History, U. 7 (1142). Cas'tlewood (Beatrix), the heroine of Esmond, a novel by Thackeray, the "finest picture of splendid lustrous physical beauty ever given to the world." Cas'tor (Steph'anos), the wrestler. — Sir W. Scott, Count Robert of Paris (time, Rufus). Castor, of classic fable, is the son of Jupiter and Leda, and twin-brother of Pollux. The brothers were so attached to each other that Jupiter set them among the stars, where they form the constella- tion Gemini ("the twins"). Castor and Pollux are called the Dios'curi or " sons of Dios," i.e. Jove. Cas'triot (George), called by the Turks "Scanderbeg" (1404-14G7). George Castriot was son of an Albanian prince, delivered as a hostage to Amu- rath n. He won such favour from the sultan that he was put in command of 5000 men, but abandoned the Turks in the battle of Mora'va (1443). This is the first dark blot On thy name, George Castriot. Longfellow, The Wayside Inn (an interlude). Castruc'eio Castraea'ni's Sword. \\ hen Victor Emmanuel U. went to Tus- cany, the path from Lucca to Pistoia was strewed with roses. At Pistoia the orphan heirs of Pucci'ni met him, bearing a sword, and said, "This i? the sword of Castruccio Castracani, the great Italian soldier, and head of the Ghibelines in the fourteenth century. It was committed to our ward and keep- ing till some patriot should arise to deliver Italy and make it free." Victor Emmanuel, seizing the hilt, exclaimed, " Questa e per me!" ("This is for me.") — E. B. Browning, The Sword of Castruccio Castracani. Cas'yapa (3 syl.), father of the immortals, who dwells in the mountain called Hemacii'ta or Himakoot, under the Tree of Life. — Southey, Curse of Kehama (canto vi. is called " Casyapa," 1809). Cat (TJie) has been from time im- memorial the familiar of witches ; thus Galinthia was changed by the Fates into a cat (Antoninus Liberalis, Metam. 29). Hecate also, when Typhon compelled the gods and goddesses to hide themselves in animals, assumed the form of a cat (Pausanias, Bceotics), Ovid says, " Fele soror Phoibi latuit." The cat i' the adage: that is, Catus amat pisces, sed non vult tingere plantas (" the cat loves fish, but does not like to wet her paws "). ^ Letting I dare not wait upon I would. Like the poor cat i' the adage. Shakespeare, Macbeth, act 1. sa 7 (1606). Good liquor will make a cat speak.— Old Proverb. Not room to swing a cat ; reference is to the sport of swinging a cat to the branch of a tree as a mark to be shot at. Shakespeare refers to another variety of the sport ; the cat being enclosed in a leather bottle, was suspended to a tree and shot at. " Hang me in a bottle, like a cat" (Much Ado about Nothing, act i. sc. 1) ; and Steevers tells us of a third variety in which the "cat was placed in a soot-bag, hung on a line, and the players had to beat out the bottom of the bag." He who succeeded in thus liberating the cat, had the " privilege" of hunting it after- wards. Kilkeymy Cats. A favourite amuse- ment of the "good old times" with a certain regiment quartered at Kilkenny, was to tie two cats together by the tails, swing them over a line, and watch their ferocious attacks upon each other in their struggles to get fiee. It was determined CATAIAN. 169 CATH-LODA. to put down this cruel " sport; " and one day, just as two unfortunate cats were swung, the alarm was given that the colonel was riding up post haste. An officer present cut through their tails with his sword and liberated the cats, which scampered off before the colonel arrived. — From a correspondent, signed, R. G. Glenn (4, Rowden Buildings, Temple). The Kilkenny Cats. The story is that two cats fought in a saw-pit so ferociously that each swallowed the other, leaving enly the tails behind to tell of the won- derful encounter. — See Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, for several other re- ferences to cats. Catai'an (3 syl.), a native of Catai'a or Cathay, the ancient name of China ; a boaster, a liar. Page, speaking of Fal- staff, says : I will not believe such a Cataian, though the priest of the town conuuended him for a tnie man (i.e. truthful man]. — J/e;*r^ Wives of Wind&or, act ii. sc. 1 (1601). Cateucla'ni, called Catieuchla'ni by Ptolemy, and Cassii b}' Richard of Ciren- cester. They occupied Buckinghamshire, Bedfordshire, and Hertfordshire. Dray- ton refers to them in his Fulyolbion, xvi. Catgut {Dr.), a caricature of Dr. Arne in The Commissary, by Sam. Foote (1765). Cath'arine, queen-consort of Charles II. ; introduced by sir W. Scott in I'everil of the Peak. (See Catiiekine, and also under the letter K.) Cath'arine {St.) of Alexandria (fourth century), patron saint of girls and vir- gins generally. Her real name was Dorothea ; but St. Jerome says she was called Catharine from the Syriac word Kethar or Kathar, " a crown," becar.ne she won the triple crown of martyrdom, virginity, and wisdom. She -was" tied to a wheel, but afterwards beheaded, Novem- ber 25, A.D. 310. — iNletaphrastcs. To braid St. Catharine's hair means "to live a virgin." Thou art too fair to be left to braid St. Catharine's tresses. Longfellow, Evangeline (1848). Cathay', China or rather Tartary, a corruption of the Tartar word Rliitui', "the country of the Kliitai'ans or Klii- tans." The capital was Albracca, ac- cording to Ariosto {Orlando Furioso), . . the ship From Ceylon, Ind, or far Cathay unloads. Byron, non Juan, xii. 9 (1821). Catb.'ba, son of Torman, beloved by Moma, daughter of Cormac king of Ireland. He was killed out of jealousy by Ducho'mar, and when Duchomar told Morna and asked her to marry him she replied, " Thou art dark to me, Ducho- mar ; cruel is thine arm to Morna. Give me that sword, my foe ; " and when he gave it, she " pierced his manly breast," and he died. Cathba, young son of Torman, thou art of the love of Morna. Thou art a sunbeam in the day of the gloomy storm. — Ossian, Fiyigal, i. Catherine, wife of Mathis, in The Polish Jew, by J. R. Ware. Catherine {The countess), usually called "The Countess," falls in love with Huon, a serf, her secretary and tutor. Her pride revolts at the match, but her love is masterful. When the duke her father is told of it, he insists on Huon's marrj'ing Catherine, a freed serf, on pain of death. Huon refuses to do so till the countess herself entreats him to complj'. He then rushes to the wars, where he greatly distinguishes himself, is created prince, and learns that his bride is not Catherine the quondam serf, but Catherine the duke's daughter. — S. Knowles, Lote (18-10). Cath'arine of Newport, the wife of Julian Avenel ('2 s(//.).— Sir W. Scott, The Alonastery (time, Elizabeth), (See Catharine, and under K.) Cath'leen, one of the attendants on Flora M'lvor.— Sir W. Scott, Waverlcy (time, Vorge II.). Cathlin of Clu'tha, daughter of Cathmol. Duth-Carmnr of Cluba had slain Cathmol in battle, and carried off Cathlin by force, but she contrived to make her escape and craved aid of Fingal. Ossian and Oscar were selected to espouse her cause, and when they reached Rath- col (where Duth-CarnioV lived), Ossian resigned the command of the battle to his son Oscar. Oscar and Dutli-Carmor met in combat, and the latter fell. The victor carried the mail and helmet of Duth- Carmor to Cathlin, and Cathlin said, "Take the mail and place it higli in Selma's hall, that you may remember tJic heljjless in a distant land." — Ossian, Cathlin of Clutha. Cath-Lo'da. The tale is this : Fingal in his youth, making a voj'age to the Orkneys, was driven by stress of weather to Denmark. The king Starno invited him to a feast, but Fingal, in distni^',. declined the invitation. Starno tlieu CATHMOR. 170 CATO. proposed to his son Swaran to surprise Fingal in his sleep ; but Swaran replied, " I shall not slay in shades. I move forth in light ; " and Starno resolved to attack the sleeper by himself. He came to the place where Fingal lay, but Fingal, hearing the step, started up and succeeded in binding Starno to an oak. At day- break he discovered it to he the king, and loosing him from his bonds he said, "I have spared thy life for the sake of thy daughter, who once warned me of an ambuscade." — Ossian, Cath-Loda (in three duans). Cath'mor, younger brother of Cair'- bar (" lord of Atha"), but totally unlike him. Cairbar was treacherous and malig- nant ; Cathmor high-minded and hospit- able. Cairbar murdered Cormac king of Ireland, and having inveigled Oscar (son of Ossian) to a feast, vamped up a quarrel, in which both fell. Cathmor scorned such treachery. Cathmor is the second hero of the poem called Tcm'ora, and falls by the hand of Fingal (bk. viii.). Cathmor. the friend of strangers, the brother of red- haired Cairbar. Their souls were not the same. The light of heaven was in the bosom of Cathmor. His towers rose on the banks of Atha ; seven paths led to his halls; seven chiefs stood on the paths and called strangers to the feast. But Cathmor dwelt in the wood, to shun the voice of praise. — Ossian. Temora, L Cath'olic (The). Alfonso I. of Asturias, called by Gregory HI. Bis Catholic Majesty (693, 739-757). Ferdinand II. of Ar'agon, husband of Isabella. Also called Eus^, "the wily" (1452, 1474-1516). Isabella wife of Ferdinand II. of Aragon, so called for her zeal in establish- ing the Inquisition (1450, 1474-1504). Catholic Majesty {CathoHca Ma- jestad), the s])ecial title of the kings of tlpain. It was first given to king Recared (590) in the third Council of Toledo, for his zeal in rooting out the "Arian heresy." Ciii a Deo setemum meritum nisi vero Catholico Re- caredo regi T Cui a Deoaeterna corona nisi vero orthodoxo liecaredo regi f— Gregor. JIag., 127 and 128. But it was not then settled as a fixed title to the kings of Spain. In 1500 Alexander VI. gave the title to Ferdinand V. king of Aragon and Castile, and from that time it became annexed to the Spanish crown. Ab Alexandro pontifice Ferdinandus " Catholici " cog- nomenlum accejiit in pnsteros cum regno transfusum Ftabili possessione. Honorum titulo^ principibus dividers pnntificibus Ronianis datur. — Mariana, De Rebus JJesp.t XKVi. 12 ; see also vii. 4. Ca'thos, cousin of Madelon, brought up by her uncle Gor'gibus, a plain citizen in the middle rank of life. These two silly girls have had their heads turned by novels, and thinking their names common- place, Cathos calls herself Aminta, and her cousin adopts the name of Polix'ena. Two gentlemen wish to marrj' them, but the girls consider their manners too unaffected and easj' to be "good style," 80 the gentlemen send their valets to represent the "marquis of Mascarille " and the " viscount of Jodelet." The girls are delighted with these "dis- tinguished noblemen ; " but when the game has gone far enough, the masters enter, and lay bare the trick. The girls are taught a useful lesson, without being involved in any fatal ill consequences. — Molifere, Les Pre'cieuses Ridicules (1059). Cathul'la, king of Inistore {the Orkneijs) and brother of Coma'la (q.v.). Fingal, on coming in sight of the palace, observed a beacon-flame on its top as signal of distress, for Frothal king of Sora had besieged it. Fingal attacked Frothal, engaged him in single combat, defeated him, and made him prisoner. — Ossian, Carrick- Jliura. Cat'iline (3 syl.), a Roman patrician, who headed a conspiracy to overthrow the Government, and obtain for himself and his followers all places of power and trust. The conspiracy was discovered by Cicero. Catiline escaped and put himself at the head of his army, but fell in the battle after fighting with desperate daring (b.c. 62). Ren Jonson wrote a tragedy called Catiline (1611), and Vol- taire, in his Rome Sauve'e, has introduced the conspiracy and death of Catiline (1752). Ca'to, the hero and title of a tragedy b}' J. Addison (1713). Disgusted with Caesar, Cato retired to U'tica (in Africa), where he had a small republic and mimic senate ; but Caesar resolved to reduce Utica as he had done the rest of Africa, and Cato, finding resistance hopeless, fell on his own sword. Tho' stern and awful to ths foes of Romei He 1.=: all goodness. Lucia, alw.iys mild, Compas-siunate. and gentle to his friends; Filled with domestic tenderness. Act T. 1. When Barton Booth [1713] first appeared as "Cato," Bolingbroke called him into his hox and gave him fifty guineas for defending the cause of liberty so well against a perpetual dictator. — Life of Addison. He is a Cato, a mau of simple habits, severe morals, strict justice, and blunt speech, but of undoubted integrity and CATULLUS. 171 CAVE OF ADULLAil. patriotism, like the Roman censor of that name, the grandfather of the Cato of Utica, who resembled him in character and manners. Cato and Hortens'ins. Cato of Utica's second wife was IMartia daughter of Philip. He allowed her to live with his friend Ilortensiiis, and after the death of Hortensius took her back again. [SuUant] dont agree at all with the wise Roinan« Heruic, stoic Cato. the sententious. Who lent his Lidy to liis frierul Hortentius. rjTon. Von Juan, vi. 7 (1821). Catullus. Lord Byron calls Thomas Moore the " British Catullus," referring to a volume of amatory poems published in 1808, under the pseudonym of " Thomas Little." Tis Little ! young Catullus of his day. As sweet but as immoral as his lay, Byron, Engli&h Bards and ^Scotch Keviewers (1809). Tlie Oriental Catullus, Saadi or Sadi, a Persian poet. He m!"-ried a rich merchant's daughter, but the marriage was an unhappy one. His chief works are The Gulistan (or "garden of roses "), and The Bustan (or "garden of fruits"), (1176-1291). Cau'dine Forks, a narrow pass in the mountains near Capua, now called "the Valley of Arpaia." Here a Roman army under the consuls T. Vetu'rius Calvi'nus and Sp. Postu'mius fell into the hands of the Sam'nites (2 si/L), and were made to " pass under the yoke." Cau'dle {Mrs. Margaret), a curtain lecturer, wlio between eleven o'clock at night and seven the next morning, deli- vered for thirty years a curtain lecture to lier husband .lob Caudle, generally a most gentle listener ; if he replied, she pro- nounced him in.sufferably rude, and if he did not he was insufferably sulky. — Douglas Jerrold, Punch ("The Caudle Papers "). Cau'line {Sir), a knight who served the wine to the king of Ireland. He fell in love with Christabelle (3 sy/.), the king's daughter, and she became his troth-plight wife, without her father's knowledge. Wlien the king knew of it, he banished sir Cauline (2 5///.). After a time the Soldain asked the lady in marriage, but sir Cauline challenged his rival and slew him. He himself, however, died of the wounds he had received, and the lady Christabelle, out of grief, " burst her gentle hearte in twayue." — Percy's l\fili(iu, s, I. i. 4. Cau'rus, the stormy west-north-west wind ; called in Greek, Arges'tes. The ground by piercing Cauru.s se^irod. Tiioinson, Cattle of Indolence, il. (1748). Caustic, of the Despntch newspaper, was the signature of Jlr. Serle. Christopher Caustic, the pseudonym of Thomas Green Fessenden, author of Ten-ible Tractoration, a Hudibrastic poem (1771-1837). Caustic {Colonel), a fine gentleman of the last century, very severe on the degeneracy of the present race. — Henry Mackenzie, in The Loum^er. Ca'va or Florida, daughter of St. Julian. It was the violation of Cava by Roderick that brought about the war between the Goths and the Moors, in which Roderick was slain (a.d. 711). Cavalier {Tlie). Eon de Beaumont, called bv the French Le Chevalier d'£on (1728-18"l0). Charles Breydel, the Flemish landscape jiainter (1(J77-1744'>. Francisco Cairo, the historian, called El Caraliere del Cairo (lo98-l()74). Jean le Clerc, Le Chevalier (1587-1633). J. Bapt. Marini, the Italian poet, called H Caya/i'ere (1569-1625). Andrew Michael Ramsay (1686-1743). *jif* James Francis Edward Stuart, the "Old Pretender," was stvled Le Chevalier de St. George (1688-1765). Charles Edward, the "Young Pretender," was styled The Bonnie Chevalier or The Young Cavalier (1720-1788). Cavalier Servente, called in Spanish cortc'go, and in Italian cicisbco. A young gentleman who plays the gallant to a married woman, escorts her to places of public amusement, calls her coach, hands her to supper, buys her bou- quets and opera tickets, etc. He may resume his onmtory care Aa cavalier servente. Byrou. Don Juan, UL 24 (1820). Cavall', " king Arthur's hound of deepest mouth." — Tennyson, Ldylls of the King (" Enid"). Cave of Adullam, a cave in which David took refuge when he fled from king Saul ; and thither resorted to him " every one that was in distress, and every one that was in debt, and every one that was discontented" (1 Sam. xxii. 1, 2). Mr. John Bright called the seceders of the reform party Adull'amites (4 syl.), and said that Lowe and Horsman, like David in the cave of Adullam, gathered CAVE OF MAMMON. 172 CELIA. together all the discontented, and all that were politically distressed. Cave of Mammon, the abode of the god of wealth. The money-god first appears as a miser, then becomes a worker of metals, and ultimately the god of all the treasures of the world. All men bow down to his daughter Ambition. — Spenser, Faiiry Queen, ii. 7 (1590). Cave of Montesi'nos, about sixty feet in depth, in the heart of La Mancha. So called because Montesinos retired thither when he quitted the French court on account of some insult offered to him. Cervantes visited the cave, and it is now often resorted to by shepherds as a shelter from the cold or rain. Cav'endish, author of Principles of Whist, and numerous guide-books on games, as Be'zique, Piquet, Ecarte', Billiards, etc. Henry Jones, editor of "Pastimes" in The Field and The Queen newspapers (1831- ). Cavendish Square (London), so called from Henrietta Cavendish, wife of P2dward second earl of Oxford and Mortimer (built 1718). Cawtlier {Al), the lake of paradise, the waters of which are sweet as honey, cold as snow, and clear as crystal. He who once tastes thereof shall never thirst again. — Al Koran, cviii. The righteous having surmounted the difficulties of life, and having passed the sharp bridge [al Sirat], will he refreshed by di inking at the pond of their prophet, the waters of which are supplieilly towards the end of the play, but nevisr utters one word, and seems a supernumerary of no importance at all. Celin'da, the victim of count Fathom's seduction, — Smollett, Count Fathom (1754). The count placed an Eolian harp in her bedroom, and "the strings no sooner felt the impression of the wind than they began to pour forth a stream of melody mora ravishingly delightful than the song of Philomel, the warbling brook, and all the concert of the wood." — Smol- lett, Count Fathom. Cel'lide (2 syl.), beloved by Valentine and his son Francisco. The ladj' naturally prefers the younger man. — Beaumont and Fletcher, Mons. Thomas (1619). Celt. Tennyson calls the irritability of the Irish and Welsh The blind hysterics of the Celt Jn Memoriam, cix. Celtic and Xbe'rian Fields {The), France and Spain. Roving the Celtic and Fberlan fields. Hilton, Comus, 60 (1634). Celtic Homer {Tlie), Ossian, said to be of the third centurj'. If Ossian lived at the introduction of Christianity, as by all appearances he did, his epoch will be the latter end of the third and beginning of tlie fourth century. The "Caracul" of Fingal, who is no other than Cara- calla (son of Seve'rus, emperor of Rome), and the battle fought against Caros or C'.irausius, ... fix the epoch of Fiiigal to the third century, and Irish historians place his death in the year 283. Ossian was Fingal's son. — Era of Ossian. Cenci. Francesco Cenci was a most profligate Roman noble, who had four sons and one daughter, all of whom he treated with abominable cruelty. It is said that he assassinated his two elder sons and debauched his daughter Beatrice. Beatrice and her two surviving brothers, with Lucretia (their mother), conspired against Francesco .and accomplished his dc.'ith, but all except the youngest brother perished on the scaffold, September 11, 1501. (See Quarterly Ileview, Feb., 1879.) It has been doubted whether the famous portrait in the Barberini palace at Rome is that of Beatrice Cenci, and even whether Guido Reni was the painter thereof. I'ercy B. Shelley wrote a tragedy called The Cenci (1819). Cenima^'ni, the inhabitants of Norfolk, Sullolk, and Cambridge. — Caesar, Commentaries. Centaur {The Blue), a human form from the waist upwards, and a goat covered with blue shag from the waist CENTURY WHITE. 174 CHALYBES. ' downwards. Like the Ogri, he fed on human flesh. " Shepherds." sairt he. " I am the Blue Centaur. If you will give me every third year a young liiild. I promise to bring a hundred of my l glare crimson, black his unctuous beard. His belly large, and clawed the hands with which He tears the spirits, flays them, and their limbs Piecemeal disparts. Danta, Sell, yi. (1300, Car/s translation^ Cer'don, the boldest of the rabble leaders in the encounter with llu'dibras at the bear-baiting. The original of this character was Hewson, a one-eyed cobbler and preacher, who was also a colonel in the Rump army. — S. Butler, Hudibras i. 2 (1663). Ce'res (2 syl.), the Fruits of Harvest personified. In classic mythology Ceres means " Mother Earth,"' the protectress of agriculture and fruits. Ce'res, the planet, is so called because it was discovered from the observatory of Palermo, and Ceres is the tutelar goddess of Sicily. Ceret'tick Shore {The), the Car- digan coast. . . . the other floods from the Cerettick shore To the Virginian sealg.v.], contributing their store. Drayton, folyolbion, vi. (1612). Cer'iraon, a physician of Ephesus, who restored to animation Thaisa, the wife of Per'icles prince of Tyre, sup- posed to be dead. — Shakespeare, Pericles Prince of Tyre (1608). Chab'ot (Philippe de), admiral of France, governor of Bourgoyne and Nor- mandy under Fran(,'ois I, Montmorency and the cardinal de Lorraine, out of jealousy, accused him of malversation, his faithful servant Allegre— was put to the rack to force evidence against the accused, and Chabot was sent to prison because he was unable to pay the fine levied upon him. His innocence, how- ever, was established by the confession of his enemies, and he was released ; but disgrace had made so deep an impression on his mind that he sickened and died. This is the subject of a tragedy entitled The Ti-aijedy of_ Philip Chabot, etc., by George Chapman and James Shirley. Chad'band (The Eev. Mr.), type of a canting hypocrite " in the ministry." He calls himself "a vessel," is much admired by his dupes, and pretends to despise the "carnal world," but never- theless loves dearly its "good things," and is most self-indulgent. — C. Dickens, Bleak House (1853). Chaflangton {Mr. Percy), M.P., a stock-broker.— T. M. Morton, If I had a Thousand a Year. Chalbrook, the giant, the root of the race of giants, including Poh-pheme (3 syl.), Goliath, the Titans, Fierabras, Gargantua, and closing with Pantag'ruel. He was born in the j'ear known for its "week of three Thursdays." — Rabelais, Pantagruel, ii. (1533). Chal'ybes (3 syt.), a people on the south shore of the Black Sea, who occu- pied themselves in the working of iron. On the left hand dwell The iron-workers called the ChalybSs, Of whom beware. E. B. bruwuing, Prometheut Boujui (18M)), 1 CHAM. 175 CHANTICLEER. Cliaia, the pseudonym of comte Ame'de'e de Noe, a jieer of France, a great wit, and the political caricaturist of Charivari (the French Punch). The count was one of the founders of the French Republic in 1875. As Cham or Ham was the second son and scapegrace of Noah, so Ame'de'e was the second son and scapegrace of the comte de Noe' [Noah]. The Great Cham of Literature. Dr. SamuelJohnson was so called by Smollett in letter to John Wilkes (1709-1784), Cham of Tartary, a corruption of Chan or Khan, i.e. " lord or prince," as Hoccota Chan. " Ulu Chan" means "great lord," "ulu" being equal to the Latin inagnus, and " chan " to dmnmus or vnperdtor. Sometimes the word is joined to the name, as Chan-balu, Cara-chan, etc. The Turks have also had their " Sultan Murad chan bin Sultan Selim chan," i.e. Sultan Murad prince, sun of Sultan Selim prince. — Selden, Titles of Honour, vi. 66 (1672). ChamTberlain (Afattheic), a tapster, the successor of Old Roger Raine (1 s.y/.)- — Sir W. Scott, Feveril of the Peak (time, Charles 11.). Chamont, brother of Moniniia " the orphan," and the troth - plight husband of Seri'na (daughter of lord Acasto). He is a soldier, so proud and Busceptible that he is for ever taking offence, and setting himself up as censor or champion. He fancies his sister Monini'ia has lost her honour, and calls her to task, but finds he is mistaken. He fancies her guardian, old Acasto, has not been sufficiently watchful over her, and draws upon him in his anger, but sees his folly just in time to prevent mischief. He fancies Castalio, his sister's husband, has ill-treated her, and threatens to kill him, but his suspicions are again altogether erroneous. In fact, his presence in the house was like that of a mad man with fire-brands in a stack- j-ard. — Otway, The Orphan (1680). There are characters In which he [C M. Toung} Is unrivalled ami uhiiosl perfect. His "Pierre" [Venice Preserved, OtwayJ is more soldierly tiian Kenible's ; his "Chamont" is full of brotherly pride, noble im- petuosity, and heroic scorn.— A'«w ilontMy Maacuine Champagne (Henry earl of), a crusader. — Sir W. Scott, The Talisman (time, Richard I.). Cham'pemer, a lame old gentle- man, the husband of Lami'ra, and son- in-law of judge Vertaigne (2 S]/l.). — Beaumont and Fletcher, The Little French Lawyer (1647). Champion and Severall. A " champion " is a common, or land in allotments without enclosures. A " severall " is a private farm, or land enclosed for individual use. A "cham- pion " also means one who holds an open allotment or " champion." More profit is quieter found (Where |ix~f.!re-i in severall be) Of one seely acre of ^ounil. Than champion mnkelh of three. Again what a joy it is known When men may be l)old of their own I Tusser, I'ive Hundred Points of Good Husbandry, liii. 2'!, Again : The champion differs from severall much For want of partition, closier. and such. Tusser (intr.), (1657). Champion of the Virgin. St. Cyril of Alexandria is so called from his defence of the " Incarnation" or doctrine of the "hypostatic union," in the long and stormy dispute with Nesto'rius bishop of Constantinople. Champneys (Sir Geoff ry), a fossi- lized old country gentleman, who believes in " blue blood " and the " Hritish peer- age." Father of Talbot, and neighbour of Perkyn Middlewick, a retired butter- man. The sons of these two magnates are fast friends, but are turned adrift by their fathers for marrying in opposition to their wishes. When reduced to abject poverty, the old men go to visit their sons, relent, and all ends happily. Talbot Champneys, a swell with few brains and no energy. His name, which was his passport into society, would not find him in salt in the battle of life. He marries Mary Melrose, a girl without a penny, but his father wanted him to marrj- Violet the heiress. Miss Champneys, sir GeoflPry's sister, proud and aristocratic, but quite willing to sacrifice both on the altar of Mr. Perkyn Middlewick, the butterman, if the wealthy plebeian would make her his wife, and allow her to spend his money. — 11. J. Byron, Our Boys (1875). Cliandos Hovise (Cavendish Square, London), so called from being the resi- dence of James Brydges, duke of Chan- dos, generally called " The Princely Chandos." Chandos Street. (See Caribee Islands.) Chan'ticleer (3 syl,), the cock, in CIIAONIAN BIRD. 176 CHARLEMAGNE, ETC. the beast-epic of Reynard the Fox (1498), and also in " The Nonne Preste's Tale," told in The Canterbury Tales, by Chaucer (1388). Chaon'ian Bird {Tlie), the dove; BO called because doves delivered the oracles of Dodona or Chaon'ia. But the mild swallow none with toils Infest, And none the soft Chaonian bird molest OnA, Art of Love, 11. Chaonian Food, acorns, so called from the oak trees of Dodona, which gave out the oracles by means of bells hung among the branches. Beech mast is so called also, because beech trees abounded in the forest of Dodona. Chapelle Aventureuse, the place where Launcelot had his second vision of the " Beatitic Cup." His first was during his fit of madness. Slumbering, he saw the vision high. He might not view with waking eye. Sir W. Scott, Marmion (1808). Characters ofVathek's Sabres. " Like the characters of Vathek's sabres, they never remained two days alike." These sabres would deal blows without being wielded b}' man, obedient to his wish only.— W. Beckford, Vathek (1784). Charalois, son of the marshal of Burgundy. When he was 28 years old, his father died in prison at Dijon, for debts contracted by him for the service of the State in the wars. According to the law which then prevailed in France, the body of the marshal was seized by his creditors, and refused burial. The son of Charalois redeemed his father's body by his own, which was shut up in Erison in lieu of the marshal's. — Philip lassinger, The Fatal Dowry (1632). (It will be remembered that Milti'ades, the Athenian general, died in prison for debt, and the creditors claimed the body, which they would not suffer to be buried till his son Cimon gave up himself as a hostage.) Char'egite (3 syl.). The Charegite assassin, in the disguise of a Turkish marabout or enthusiast, comes and dances liefore the tent of Richard Cceur de Lion, and suddenlv darting fonvard, is about to stab the king, when a Nubiin seizes his arm, and the king kills the assassin on the spot.— Sir W. Scott, Tlie Talisimn (time, Richard I.). Chariele'ia,the/anc