■*rc»*^s.''- .,■'->"■ 
 
 i- 
 
 

 
 ^ LIBRARY 
 
 UNIVERSITY 9f 
 CALIFORt»IA 
 
 SAN DIEGO
 
 
 THE UNIVFR'.:|TY LIBRARY 
 ^ JOLU, CALIFORNIA 
 
 6-
 
 THE 
 
 BKITISH PEOPLE
 
 OEIGIN AND CHARACTER 
 
 OF 
 
 THE BRITISH PEOPLE 
 
 BY 
 
 NOTTIDGE CHAELES MACNAMAEA 
 
 AUTHOE OF 
 ' STORY OF AN IKISH SEPT ' ' HISTORY OF ASIATIC CHOLERA ' ETC. 
 
 LONDON 
 
 SMITH, ELDER, & CO., 15 WATERLOO PLACE 
 
 1900 
 
 [All rights reserved]
 
 DEDICATED 
 
 TO 
 
 PROFESSOR WILLIAM Z. RIPLEY 
 
 (COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY) 
 
 WHOSE LECTURES ON THE RACIAL GEOGRAPHY OF EUROPE 
 
 HAVE THROWN MUCH LIGHT ON THE 
 
 STUDY OF SOCIOLOGY AMONG THE ENGLISH-SPEAKING 
 
 PEOPLE OF THE OLD AND NEW WORLD
 
 PEE FACE 
 
 It being generally admitted that the natives of 
 the South and West of Ireland, as also those of 
 the greater part of Wales, differ as regards their 
 character both from Englishmen and Scotchmen, 
 an attempt will be made in the following pages 
 to explain the existence of this difference, and 
 to trace to their source these hereditary charac- 
 teristics. 
 
 The qualities of individuals influence to a 
 large extent their actions, which form collec- 
 tively the history of the country in which they 
 live. The better, therefore, we understand the 
 character and inclination of individuals the 
 more fully shall we comprehend the social and 
 moral life which predominates in the country 
 to which thev belono-. In order to have clear
 
 viii PEEFACE 
 
 ideas on this subject we must trace from their 
 origin the primitive race of men and the con- 
 ditions under which they gradually developed 
 towards a higher civilisation. We shall find that 
 this progress was extremely slow until one or 
 more foreign races colonised Western Europe. 
 
 These foreigners, like the primitive inhabi- 
 tants, possessed distinctive racial characteristics, 
 and by intermarriage with the aborigines pro- 
 duced a mixed stock whose descendants still 
 live and thrive in our islands. 
 
 The evidence at our disposal regarding 
 the emigration of foreign races into Western 
 Europe is perhaps more reliable than that of 
 the origin of the aborigines. In some respects 
 this is the most interesting part of our subject, 
 because we believe that Englishmen are largety 
 indebted to one or more of these foreign races 
 for qualities which form an important element 
 in their national character. 
 
 The plates contained in this book are re-
 
 PEEFACE ix 
 
 productions of photographs taken for me by 
 Mr. George in the studio of the Eoyal College 
 of Surgeons of England, by the kind permission 
 of Professor Charles Stewart, to whose generous 
 help and advice in preparing this work I am 
 much indebted. The collection of skulls in the 
 Museum of the Eoyal College of Surgeons is 
 unrivalled in extent, and includes those formerly 
 in the possession of the late Dr. Barnard Davis, 
 who spent many years of his life in searching 
 for and collecting pre-historic remains. His 
 published work, written in conjunction with 
 Dr. J. Thurnam, forms a splendid monograph 
 on the craniology of the ancient inhabitants of 
 Great Britain. 
 
 N. C. Macxamara, F.R.C.S. 
 
 13 Grosvenor Street, W. 
 March, 1900.
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 CHAPTER PAGE 
 
 I. Pal.eolithic Man : His Physical and Mental 
 
 Development . 1 
 
 II. The Iberian anu Aryan Pre-historic People of 
 
 Western Europe 49 
 
 Appendix to Chapter II 115 
 
 III. The Ancient Brachycephalic (broad-skulled) 
 
 or Mongolian People of Europe . . . 118 
 
 IV The Racial Origin of the British People . 160 
 
 V. The Development of Man's Intellectual Fa- 
 culties — The Psychological Characteristics 
 OF the Progenitors of the British People^ 
 The Effects of Residence in Cities on the 
 Racial Qualities of Individuals . . . 192 
 
 INDEX 235
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 FIG. 
 1. 
 
 2. 
 3. 
 
 10. 
 
 11. 
 12. 
 IB. 
 
 14. 
 
 Side view of Skull-cap of an Orang- 
 utan 
 
 The Skull of an Orang-utan, as seen 
 FROM ABOVE (Norma verticalis) . . 
 
 Skull-cap of an Englishman of the 
 Present Day (side view) 
 
 Skull of an Englishman of the Pre- 
 sent Time {Norma verticalis) . . 
 
 The Java Skull-cap (side view) . 
 
 Java Skull, as seen from above 
 {Norma verticalis) . . . . 
 
 The Spy (No. 1) Skull-cap (side 
 
 view) 
 
 Spy No. 1 Skull {Norma verticalis) . 
 
 The Neanderthal Skull-cap (side 
 view) 
 
 Neanderthal Skull {Norma verti 
 calls) ...... 
 
 The Sligo Skull-cap (side view) . 
 
 Sligo Skull {Norma verticalis) 
 
 The Tilbury Skull-cap, Later 
 Paleolithic Period (side view) 
 
 Tilbury Skull {Norma verticalis) . 
 
 ( betweq^ 28 & 29 
 
 30 & 31 
 
 32 & 33 
 
 34 & 35
 
 XIV 
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTEATIONS 
 
 15. 
 
 16. 
 
 17. 
 
 18. 
 19. 
 20. 
 21. 
 22. 
 23. 
 
 24. 
 25. 
 
 26. 
 
 27. 
 
 28. 
 
 29. 
 
 30.) 
 31.1 
 32.) 
 33.1 
 
 Front View of the Gibraltar 
 Skull 
 
 Side View of the Same Skull . 
 
 Skull of an Englishman of the 
 Present Time (side view) 
 
 Lower Jaw of an Orang-utan 
 
 The Malarnaud Lower Jaw . . 
 
 The Naulette Jaw 
 
 The Spy Jaw 
 
 The Tilbury Jaw .... 
 
 The Lower Jaw of an English- 
 man of the Present Time . .' 
 
 Side View of a Cro-Magnon Skull ) 
 
 Front View of a Cro-Magnon | 
 Skull .' 
 
 Bas-relief of Amorites 
 
 A Front and Side View of One\ 
 OF THE Skulls found in the [ 
 
 EODMARTON DoLMEN, EaRLY NeO- I 
 
 lithic Period . . . j 
 
 A Brachycephalic Skull, found 
 IN A Barrow at Codford, Wilts 
 
 Iberian Type from North Bedford- 
 shire 
 
 Anglo-Saxon Type from Kent 
 
 to face 35 
 
 37 
 
 between 38 & 39 
 
 to face 67 
 „ 86 
 
 „ 104 
 „ 126 
 
 between 202 & 203
 
 OEIGIN AND CHAEACTEE 
 
 or THE 
 
 BEITISH PEOPLE 
 
 V 
 
 CHAPTER I 
 
 PALAEOLITHIC MAX : HIS PHYSICAL AND MENTAL 
 DEVELOPMENT 
 
 The nature of the causes by means of which 
 the descendants of the primitive inhabitants of 
 Western Europe have reached their present 
 high position in the workl is a subject which 
 has attracted much earnest thought. We 
 beheve that these causes are mainly two : (1) 
 the process of growth in the skulls of men, 
 which enables the brain to assume proportions 
 and an organisation peculiar to the human race ; 
 (2) the fact that the stock from which our 
 
 B
 
 2 OEIGIN OF THE BRITISH PEOPLE 
 
 countrymen are derived, in conjunction with the 
 environment by which their progenitors were 
 long surrounded, has had a marked influence 
 in forming not only their character, but also 
 their social and intellectual qualities. 
 
 We believe that the shape of the human 
 skull is the best and only reliable test of race. 
 This opinion has been formed after a careful 
 study of the skulls of primitive man, and of his 
 descendants, the existing inhabitants of Europe 
 and of America. 
 
 From materials of this nature we find that 
 neither the environments by which man has 
 been surrounded nor artificial selection has 
 altered the shape of his skull, but it has been 
 modified by means of cross breeding between 
 the well-defined pre-historic long-, and broad- 
 headed races of men from whom the English 
 portion of the world has been derived. 
 
 That we may be able, however, to realise 
 the importance of the shape of the human 
 head as a test of race, it is necessary to under- 
 stand the nature of the evidence upon which
 
 INTRODUCTORY 3 
 
 our premises are based. This kind of know- 
 ledge can only be gained by a careful exami- 
 nation of the materials which are at our disposal, 
 and which supply ample information concern- 
 ing primitive man and his work. The first and 
 much of the second chapters of this volume 
 are chiefly composed of details bearing on this 
 subject — not amusing, perhaps, but all-impor- 
 tant if we are to gain any real idea of the 
 causes which have led to man's progress in 
 Europe, as compared with that of the lower 
 animals, or of other branches, it may be, of the 
 human family. 
 
 We would therefore urge our readers not 
 to throw the work upon one side because its 
 opening pages are somewhat full of dry detail. 
 By persevering their meaning will be under- 
 stood, and it will be found that we have en- 
 deavoured to explain matters of great interest 
 to us all, as also to show the important bearino- 
 which the qualities of our racial origin have 
 had upoji the destinies of our country. 
 
 Although language is perhaps of some value 
 
 B 2
 
 4 LANGUAGE NOT A 
 
 as a test of race, we agree with Professor Eliys 
 (himself an eminent linguist), that ' skulls are 
 harder than consonants, and that races lurk 
 behind when languages slip away.' Professors 
 Posche and Penka have drawn special attention 
 to the fact that the lines of linguistic demarca- 
 tion in Europe have small relation to race.^ 
 
 In our own country, as we shall find, there 
 exists a community racially descended from 
 the original Iberian - population of our island, 
 speaking English. The inhabitants of the Iberian 
 peninsula make use of three languages, derived 
 from a common source, but mutually unintelligi- 
 ble. In the north of Italy two distinct races of 
 men speak a common language. The Walloons 
 and the Flemish, distinct in race, speak the same 
 language. It is true, as Professor W. Z. Eipley 
 remarks, that from time immemorial waves of 
 language have swept over the inhabitants of 
 Europe, but have left the racial types of its 
 people undisturbed. Language affords us evi- 
 
 ' Dr. Isaac Taylor, in his work on the Origin of the Aryans, 
 p. 246, second edition, discusses this subject with much ability. 
 - See p. 60.
 
 TEST OF RACE 5 
 
 dence of the social and political contact of the 
 branches of the human family, but it does not 
 afford us a test of the race or races to which 
 they belong. 
 
 Anthropology,^ although a comparatively 
 new science, has during recent years made con- 
 siderable progress. This is for two reasons : 
 firstly, because the stone implements produced 
 by primitive man and their relation to the 
 ancient fauna and flora of the old and new world 
 have been carefully studied ; and secondly, on 
 account of the S3^stematic measurement of both 
 ancient and modern skulls. By means of these 
 measurements we endeavour to classify the chief 
 types of mankind, and by analysing the points 
 of agreement and difference which exist between 
 them to ascertain the probable origin of the 
 various races of men, and especially of those 
 inhabiting our own islands. 
 
 The most ancient stone implements as yet 
 discovered in Europe are those which were 
 found by the Abbe Bourgeois in the mid-miocene, 
 
 ^ Anthropology is the term appHed to ' the science of man.'
 
 6 PLIOCENE AND PLEISTOCENE 
 
 or tertiary geological formation of Tlienay. 
 Similar chipped flints have been found in tertiary 
 strata in the valley of the Tagus, conjointly with 
 remains of the Hipparion.^ 
 
 These tertiary stone implements are so 
 roughly made that not a few experts, such as 
 Professors Boyd Dawkins and G. de Mortillet, 
 are inclined to regard them as formed by some 
 of the higher apes, which are now extinct, but 
 which possessed qualities not found in living 
 members of this order of mammalia. From a 
 careful study, however, of the character of these 
 flints, and of the geological strata in which 
 they have been discovered in Europe, Africa 
 and Asia, most recent authorities agree that 
 beings capable of forming instruments which 
 could be used both for offensive and defensive 
 purposes lived during the later tertiary period 
 
 ^ The Hipparion is an extinct mioeene genus found in the 
 upper pliocene fauna of Italy, being connected with the horse 
 of the present time through the Equus Stenonis. The latter 
 animal, by the structure of its feet and that of its teeth, is related 
 both to our horse and to the Hipparion. Early Man in 
 Britain, by Professor Boyd Dawkins, pp. 83 and 69, and 
 Formation de la Nation Frangaise, by Professor G. de Mortillet, 
 p. 214.
 
 FLINT INSTRUMENTS 7 
 
 ill Europe, and that they must have belonged to 
 the genus homo. 
 
 Passing on from the tertiary we come to 
 the quaternary strata (palasoUthic) in which 
 numerous rough flint and stone implements 
 have been found : without doubt these were 
 chipped into their present form by the primi- 
 tive inhabitants of those places in which they 
 were discovered. Thus, for instance, in the 
 cave of Pont Newydd, near St. Asaph, rude 
 quartzite implements were found in close 
 proximity with human remains, in conjunction 
 with those of the hippopotamus major, the 
 elephas antiquus, the leptorhine rhinoceros,^ 
 and other extinct mammals. These huge animals 
 could only exist in a tropical or sub-tropical 
 climate, with its corresponding flora, such as 
 that which from their presence we presume to 
 have existed throughout Western and much of 
 Northern Europe during the tertiary and early 
 quaternary periods. Ireland and England were 
 at this time connected by land with the con- 
 
 ' Earhj Man in Britain, hy Professor Boyd Dawkins.
 
 8 QUATERNAEY FLINT 
 
 tinent of Europe, and much of what is now 
 the Mediterranean sea was low swampy land, 
 over which both human beings and the lower 
 animals could pass between Spain, the South 
 of France, and Africa. In the Crayford lower 
 brick-earth and in the corresponding strata at 
 Erith specimens of these rough flint imple- 
 ments have been found, a fact which demon- 
 strates that man was living in the Thames 
 valley in pre-glacial times, while the big-nosed 
 rhinoceros, hippopotamus, beaver, enormous 
 lions and numerous hyaenas haunted the 
 banks of the river. ^ Flints of the same type 
 have been found in the early quaternary 
 (pleistocene) strata, not only in England but 
 also in connection with a precisely similar 
 fauna and flora over a large part of the 
 continents of Europe, Asia, and Northern 
 Africa. It is important to bear in mind 
 that throughout the vast extent of country 
 mentioned, none but these very rude stone 
 
 ' Early Man in Britain, by Professor Boyd Dawkins, 
 pp. 1.37 and 406-9.
 
 INSTRUMENTS 9 
 
 implements have ever been found in the early 
 undisturbed pleistocene formations. In these 
 strata no highly- finished chipped flints have 
 ever been unearthed, nor have bone instru- 
 ments, potterj', or metal articles been dis- 
 covered in previously undisturbed geological 
 formations of this period. AVe are therefore 
 justified in concluding that, if not in the later 
 tertiary epoch, at any rate in the early quater- 
 nary period, a race of primitive human beings 
 inhabited Europe, Asia, and the North of 
 Africa. Their only weapon of offence and 
 defence was an extremely rude Hint instru- 
 ment ; combined possibl}' with wooden clubs 
 wdiich have not been preserved. 
 
 As already stated, the type of these early 
 quaternary fiints is uniform, and as they have 
 been found in large numbers in the high river 
 gravel at Chelles, and St. Acheul, they are now 
 specially designated 'Chellien' and 'Acheulien' 
 flints.^ In themselves they are characteristic 
 
 ' The Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britain, by Sir 
 J. Evans, pp. 483 aud 528, second edition.
 
 10 CHELLIEN AND ACHEULIEN 
 
 of the early quaternary strata, and were made 
 wlien the hippopotamus major, the elephas 
 antiquus, and leptorhme rhinoceros inhabited 
 the forests of Europe. The temperature of 
 the early quaternary epoch gradually subsided, 
 and, after long interglacial periods, it may 
 be, ultimately gave place to the cold of the 
 glacial epoch. The whole of the North of 
 Europe, including Ireland and England as 
 far south as the Thames, was for long ages 
 buried under enormous masses of ice, some 
 of which rose as high as several thousand 
 feet above the present level of the land. In 
 course of time these glaciers besfan to recede, 
 leaving behind them gravel, boulder clay, masses 
 of rock, and debris, by means of which their 
 course can be distinctly traced northward. 
 In these glacial formations we find the bones 
 of numerous reindeer, the mammoth, the hairy 
 rhinoceros, the wild horse, the musk sheep, 
 and many other mammals, some now extinct, 
 but the greater number of which are still living 
 in Europe.
 
 FLINT INSTRUMENTS 11 
 
 During the vast period of time occupied by 
 the glacial epoch immense geological changes 
 occurred in the physical geography of Europe 
 and Asia. At the termination of this period, 
 however, the North of Africa was still united 
 with Spain, while England was connected with 
 France by low, swampy land, so that it may 
 have been possible for human beings to pass 
 by land from the Continent to what is now 
 the coast of Britain. In the early quaternary 
 period — that is, the long era during which 
 the Chellien form of flint was the only stone 
 weapon used by man in Western Europe — 
 the climate must have been so warm that he 
 might very well have dispensed with clothing, 
 and from evidence to which we shall subse- 
 quently allude it seems probable that these 
 were a hairy people, and more arboreal in 
 their habits than any existing race of men. 
 When, however, the cold of the glacial period 
 began to creep over Western Europe, and 
 animals such as the hippopotamus major dis- 
 appeared from the fauna of this part of the
 
 12 MOUSTERIEN AND SOLUTEIEN 
 
 world, it was necessary for man to migrate 
 southwards to a warmer latitude, or to find 
 some means of protecting his body from the 
 cold by clothing. The skins of animals fur- 
 nished the necessary materials for clothing, but 
 in order to obtain these skins, and to prepare 
 them for such a purpose, it became absolutely 
 necessary to improve the flint instruments then 
 in use. That the people living at this time in 
 Europe were able to meet the demand is shown 
 by the discovery of numerous flint knives and 
 scrapers in the glacial deposits, combined with 
 remains of the reindeer and mammoth. By 
 the aid of their improved flint knives this primi- 
 tive people could flay and open the bodies of 
 animals killed in the chase, whilst by means 
 of their flint scrapers they were able to tear up 
 the intestines into ligatures with which they 
 could join the skins together and thus complete 
 their clothing. 
 
 The flint instruments of the glacial period 
 are known as ' MousUrien ' and ' Solutrien,' on 
 account of their having been discovered in large
 
 FLINT INSTEUMENTS 13 
 
 numbers in well-defined glacial formations at 
 places in France which bear these names. In 
 England numerous flints of this period have 
 been found in the cave-earth of Cresswell 
 Crags, the Kent's Cavern, Wookey Hole, and 
 many other places.^ In the last-named cave we 
 find in their lowest and oldest strata, composed 
 of reddish breccia, a number of rude flint and 
 chert implements of the Acheulien and Mousterien 
 type. Most of these are massive and unsym- 
 metrical in outline, having been made, not by 
 operating on flakes, but directly from nodules 
 of stone by chipping off portions of their 
 original surface. Above the layer of breccia, 
 and separated from it by a sheet of stalagmite, 
 was a layer of cave-earth. In this, many flint 
 implements of a later period were discovered, 
 of which some had been carefully chipped and 
 rounded into an oval form, whilst others were 
 
 1 Early Man in Britain, by Prof. Boyd Dawkins, p. 200, 
 and the Report of Committee for Exploring Kent's Cavern, 
 Devonshire : Report of Meeting of British Association, 1887-8-9. 
 After three years' laborious and systematic exploration, 'no 
 comparatively modern object has been found below its place, 
 and no ancient one has been met with in a modern place.'
 
 14 GEADUAL IMPKOVEMENT 
 
 lanceolate in shape. Professor Boyd Dawkins 
 states that the lowest layer in which the more 
 ancient flints were found was a pre-glacial 
 formation, being overlaid by the debris of 
 boulder clay. 
 
 It is hardly necessary to remark that what- 
 ever may have been the cause leading to the 
 glacial epoch in Europe, the change of climate 
 must have come about very gradually. 
 
 Thus in the most ancient strata of the 
 Wookey Hole and the Victoria Cavern we find 
 not only the work of the men who lived in the 
 early glacial period, but also some of the flints 
 termed Acheulien, mixed with those of improved 
 Mousterien type. Together with these flints we 
 find the bones of the cave-lion, Irish elk, 
 reindeer, woolly rhinoceros, hycena, and traces 
 of other animals. The range of country over 
 which these instruments of the cave-men are 
 found is more limited than that of the older 
 river-drift period, but they are common in 
 France, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Pa- 
 lermo, as also in Derbyshire and other parts of
 
 OF FLINT WEAPONS 15 
 
 England. In all these places we find precisely 
 the same form of flints, associated with the same 
 fauna, in identically the same geological strata. 
 There can be little doubt that the cold 
 which compelled the inhabitants of Western 
 Europe to clothe their bodies with skins 
 induced them to seek the shelter of caves, and 
 thus to group themselves into social units. It 
 was their environment which obliged them to 
 adapt themselves to their surroundings, and to 
 use their brains or intellectual faculties. And 
 although from their skulls we believe their 
 brains to have been simple in form and structure, 
 they were at the same time capable of evolution, 
 and these primitive human beings were thus 
 able to respond gradually to the demands 
 which this more complicated way of living- 
 imposed upon them. The necessary brain- work 
 meant increased growth of this organ, not only 
 in size but in the complexity of its convolutions 
 and structure : such development could only 
 take place if a corresponding increase took 
 place in the bony skull which enclosed the
 
 16 MAGDALENIEN FLINTS 
 
 brain. That an actual alteration in the size 
 and form of the skulls of the men of the 
 pre-glacial and later glacial periods did occur 
 we shall find when we come to compare the 
 skeletons of the human beings inhabiting 
 Western Europe in the glacial and subsequent 
 epochs. 
 
 During the period in which the people of 
 Europe lived to the south of the line of glaciers, 
 herds of reindeer seemingly inhabited the same 
 districts ; these animals, being easily hunted down, 
 must have afforded an abundant supply of food 
 to the people, supplemented, as it doubtless was, 
 by the roots and berries which they found in the 
 forests. The flint instruments of the ' Magda- 
 lenien ' or later glacial epoch are recognised 
 by the careful way in which they are chipped, 
 and by their lance-like form, sharp edges, and 
 pointed extremities, one of which might be 
 securely fixed in a cleft stick so that the weapon 
 could be used as a spear or javelin. These 
 people also made needles of bone or horn as well 
 as barbed harpoons. They seem to have lived
 
 AND ENGEAVINGS 17 
 
 in ease and plenty, and to have cultivated the 
 arts, for we find some of their bone or horn 
 handles engraved with figures representing the 
 men or other animals then living. So faithful 
 are these drawini»'s of the mammoth and rein- 
 deer that we naturally conceive the representa- 
 tions of the men of the period to be equally 
 true to life. These men are depicted as naked, 
 and their bodies are covered with strokes 
 resembling those which are evidently intended 
 to represent the hairy covering of the reindeer 
 and other animals. The use of the bow does 
 not seem to have been yet understood, none of 
 the Magdalenien engravings at any rate depicting 
 this weapon, nor did arrow heads form a part 
 of the flint instruments of this period. 
 
 It would therefore seem that during the 
 length of time occupied by the early quaternary 
 period the people of Western Europe made but 
 little advance towards perfecting their flint 
 instruments. Their progress towards civilisa- 
 tion was extremely slow. The explanation of 
 this fact seems to be that throughout the whole
 
 18 DEVELOPMENT OF THE 
 
 of this time they had remained an unmixed 
 race, and one free from invasion by foreigners. 
 At the same time the forests had supphed 
 them with vegetable food, and the animals 
 with abundance of meat, so that the only con- 
 dition which compelled these people to in- 
 creased mental activity was the necessity of 
 protecting their bodies from the cold. This 
 they accomplished in the manner already stated, 
 and beyond this there was nothing in their 
 surroundings to impel them forward in the 
 direction of civilisation, and they consequently 
 failed to make much progress, as is shown by 
 the implements which they used. Knowing, in 
 fact, as we do the life led by the savage races 
 who at the present time employ similar instru- 
 ments, we can form some idea of the habits and 
 customs of our ancestors.^ Before proceeding 
 farther with our subject it would be as well to 
 consider by what means the human species has 
 
 1 Man's Place in Nature, by Professor Huxley, note, p. 102. 
 Prehistoric Times, as Illustrated by Ancient Bemains, and the 
 Manners and Customs of Modern Savages, 6th edition, by Sir 
 John Lubbock, Bait.
 
 HUMAN SKULL 19 
 
 been able to attain its commanding position as 
 far as the intellect is concerned.^ This advance 
 is the more remarkable when we consider that 
 man's nearest ally (the anthropoid ape) has 
 since the tertiary period made no progress what- 
 ever towards a higher state of intellectual 
 development. 
 
 Professor Huxley has shown that the central 
 nervous system of man and the anthropoid ape 
 coincide structurally — in other words, that there 
 is no part or structure in the human brain 
 which does not exist in the brain of these apes. 
 The same remark applies to the viscera, bones, 
 joints and muscles, the bodies of anthropoid 
 apes being arranged essentially as in man ; 
 and they possess well-defined characters which 
 separate them from every other known form of 
 living beings. 
 
 Although the bodies of men and apes are 
 structurally alike, they nevertheless differ from 
 one another physiologically, and as regards the 
 
 ' No better account of the customs and habits of many 
 savage races can be consulted than that given by Sir John 
 Lubbock in his work on Prehistoric Times. 
 
 c 2
 
 20 DEVELOPMENT OF THE 
 
 relative size of their brains. The carcass of a 
 full-grown gorilla is heavier than that of an 
 average-sized European, but it is doubtful 
 whether a healthy human brain ever weighed 
 less than thirty-two ounces, or the brain of the 
 heaviest gorilla ever exceeded twenty ounces 
 in weight.^ 
 
 In early embryonic life the structure of 
 men and apes is so similar that we are led to 
 believe that they are two branches proceeding 
 from a common ancestor. Until the end of the 
 first year of life the development of man and 
 anthropoid apes advances along parallel lines, 
 but at this time the growth of their skulls 
 becomes widely divergent, and it is to this fact 
 that we wish to draw special attention. 
 
 The anterior lobes of the human brain, 
 whatever functions they may have in common 
 with other parts of the sensorium, are intimately 
 connected with man's higher intellectual powers. 
 It is in these lobes (probably the left) that the 
 nerve centre is situated which controls the 
 
 1 Man's Place in Nature, by Professor Huxley, pp. 102-3.
 
 HUMAN SKULL 21 
 
 intelligent use of speech, the most important, as 
 it is perhaps the most characteristic faculty 
 possessed by man. It is well known to ana- 
 tomists that the anterior lobes of the brain are 
 much more freely irrigated with blood than the 
 posterior lobes, a fact which clearly indicates 
 their superiority. In addition to this, as Pro- 
 fessor EoUeston has explained, the functional 
 superiority of the frontal over the posterior 
 lobes of the brain is demonstrated, not only by 
 their histological structure and greater amena- 
 bility to the incidence of disease, but also by 
 their comparative anatomy.^ We have already 
 referred to the relatively small brain possessed 
 by anthropoid apes as compared with that of 
 man, this difference being strongly marked as 
 regards the fore part of the brain. The reason 
 for this deficiency in the anterior lobes of the 
 brain in apes depends, in our opinion, on the 
 fact that the anterior part of the membranous 
 case, or skull, which encloses the brain in the 
 
 ' British Barroivs, by "\V. Greenwell, M.A., and G. Eolleston, 
 Professor of Anatomy and Physiology, Oxford, p. 077.
 
 22 DEVELOPMENT OF THE 
 
 case of young apes is speedily converted into a 
 plate of bone, beneath which the brain cannot 
 expand. In the young of men and apes the 
 bone forming the forehead (frontal) is divided 
 by a suture (seam), or line of separation, passing 
 from the root of the nose directly upwards. 
 As long as this suture remains open the frontal 
 bone can expand, and so allow that portion of 
 the brain which it encloses (anterior lobes) to 
 grow in all directions. When, however, the 
 two frontal bones unite and the suture is firmly 
 closed by bone, the anterior lobe of the brain 
 can no longer expand in any direction except 
 backwards, where it is in contact with the 
 middle lobe. Professor J. Deniker, in his admir- 
 able work on the embryology and development 
 of anthropoid apes, has shown that from about 
 the end of the first year of life scarcely any 
 growth occurs in the anterior part of the brain 
 in these animals.^ Since, however, the sutures 
 of the posterior and inferior portions of the 
 
 ' Archives de Zoologie experiment ale et generale. Deuxi^me 
 Serie. Tome troisicme bis, annee 1885.
 
 HUMAN SKULL 23 
 
 skull in young apes remain open for a long time 
 after the coalescence of the frontal bones, the 
 posterior lobes of their brains grow to a much 
 greater proportionate size than the more im- 
 portant anterior lobes. These observations of 
 Professor Deniker are confirmed by a collec- 
 tion of the skulls of young anthropoid apes in 
 the Museum of the Eoyal College of Surgeons 
 of England. The frontal suture in these skulls 
 is closed at the end of the first year of life, the 
 coronal sutures (Figs. 3 and 4) being also closed 
 to such an extent as to prevent any increase of 
 size occurring in the bones which form the 
 anterior part of the vault of the cranium. 
 
 It will be seen that in almost all the skulls 
 of palseolithic man, the frontal, coronal, and often 
 the other sutures are closed even in young per- 
 sons.^ In this respect — namely, as regards the 
 closure of the sutures — the skull of primitive 
 man closety resembles that of the anthropoid 
 apes. After the termination of the glacial 
 
 ' British Barrotvs, by W. Greenwell and Professor Eolles- 
 ton, p. 695.
 
 24 DEVELOPMENT OF THE 
 
 period in Europe, and until the present time, 
 however, it is rare in the human subject to find 
 the frontal suture closed until the third or fourth 
 year, and it often remains open until the adult 
 period of life, while the coronal suture does not 
 close until a much later period. 
 
 The consequence is that the anterior fossse 
 of the skull in man may continue to expand 
 rapidly until the end of the first dentition, and 
 even until the adult period of life, the fore- 
 brain being thus able to become fully developed. 
 On the other hand, in apes but little increase in 
 the size of the anterior lobes of the brain can 
 take place after the end of the first year of life. 
 
 In the anthropoid apes the capacity of the 
 
 anterior fossse of the skull, and therefore of this 
 
 part of the brain, is also of smaller size, on 
 
 account of the great development of the frontal 
 
 sinuses in these animals. Thus, owing to the 
 
 fact that the anterior, and to a small extent the 
 
 inferior, walls of the anterior fossoa bulge inwards 
 
 and upwards, in consequence of the large 
 
 development of the frontal sinuses, the capacity 
 of these fossae in apes, as compared with that in
 
 HUMAN SKULL 25 
 
 existing races of men, is diminished from before 
 and below, while above the low receding frontal 
 bone has a similar effect. 
 
 In this respect again primitive man re- 
 sembles the anthropoid apes, and we shall find 
 in the skulls of the most ancient race of men 
 yet discovered, that the frontal sinuses are 
 largely developed, while the forehead is narrow, 
 low, and receding (Figs. 7, 9, and 11), so 
 that the anterior lobes of the brain must, 
 like their skull, have been very ape-like in 
 form.^ We must not for a moment be 
 supposed to maintain that a man's intellectual 
 capacity is in direct proportion to the size or 
 the weight of his brain, but we are convinced 
 that no animal whose skull is ossified according 
 to the method which prevails among apes could 
 possibly acquire an intellectual capacity such as 
 that possessed by man.- The genus homo differs 
 
 ^ The discussion which took place between Dr. J. Barnard 
 Davis, Dr. Thurnam, and Professor Huxley on this subject is 
 clearly stated in the work, Thesaurus Craniomm (pp. 49-57), 
 by Dr. Barnard Davis. 
 
 ^ Aristotle long ago came to the conclusion that ' there is 
 nothing in the mind that was not previously in the senses.'
 
 26 THE FOEM OF 
 
 from tlie anthropoid apes in that his skull pos- 
 sesses an innate power of growth, especially in 
 its anterior part, which permits full develop- 
 ment of the anterior lobes of his brain, and thus 
 of his intellectual capacity and speech. 
 
 Before leaving this subject it may be as well 
 to mention that the fifty-one skulls of anthropoid 
 apes in the Museum of the Eoyal College of 
 Surgeons, England, may be divided into two main 
 classes — (1), that of long, and (2), that of broad 
 
 ' The late Professor Helmholtz was one of the greatest physi- 
 cists of his age and country ; his head was of the broad 
 Soiith German (Celtic), or Alpine, type, not of the long-headed 
 Teutonic, or Hanoverian, type. According to Professor David 
 Hanseniann, of the University of Berlin, who writes in the 
 Zeitsclirift fiir Psychologie, the " cephalic -index " of his head 
 was 85-25 — that is to say, the breadth was to the length as 85:^ 
 to 100. The size of his head was about the same as that of 
 Bismarck, another broadhead, and rather smaller than that 
 of Wagner. The circumference was 59 centimetres ; that of 
 Darwin was 56-3 centimetres. The weight of the brain was 
 1,440 grammes, or nearly 100 grammes above the average. 
 The convolutions of the brain were peculiarly deep and well- 
 marked, especially in the parts which, after Flechsig, are con- 
 cerned with associations ; the frontal convolutions being very 
 deeply cut. In his youth Helmholtz was rather hydrocephalous — 
 that is, had " water on the brain," like Cuvier, and this is 
 regarded by some as favouring intelligence by enlarging the 
 skull and affording the brain room to grow.'
 
 APES' SKULLS 27 
 
 skulled animals. This is the more remarkable 
 when we call to mind the fact that the anthropoid 
 apes with long skulls are at present only to be 
 found in Africa, although in the tertiary period 
 they roamed over the whole of Europe, some 
 of them being of gigantic size.^ The primitive 
 simians, like the human inhabitants of Europe, 
 were evidently a race of long-skulled beings. 
 On the other hand, the broad-skulled anthropoid 
 apes are now met with only in the south-eastern 
 part of Asia and Melanesia, and it was from this 
 region of the globe that the broad-skulled men 
 of the bronze age passed into Western Europe. 
 In the year 1894 the upper portion of a 
 skull, a thigh bone, and two teeth of a man-like 
 mammal (the pithecanthropus erectus) were 
 discovered in a tertiary volcanic formation by 
 Dr. Eugene Dubois, who was then examining 
 the fossil-bearing strata of Java ; these bones all 
 came from the same layer of tertiary rock, being 
 placed at no great distance from each other and 
 
 ^ Menschenaffen (anthropomorphae): Stndien iiherEnfiuicl-e- 
 lung und Schddelbau, von Dr. E. Selenka, pp. 21, 138.
 
 28 THE JAVA 
 
 in the same condition of fossilisation. They 
 were very hard, and twice as heavy as recent 
 bones of the same size. Dr. Dubois has sub- 
 mitted these remains to all the leadins^ anato- 
 mists of Europe for examination. With regard 
 to the thigh bone there is no difference of 
 opinion, the fossil being that of a human being 
 of a very low type. As regards the skull, ^ it 
 constitutes at present a unique specimen, and 
 experts are almost equally divided in opinion as 
 to whether it is part of the skull of a human 
 being, or that of some extinct form of highly 
 developed ape (Figs. 5 and 6). We are 
 strongly inclined to think that the skull, thigh 
 bone, and teeth are the bones of a human 
 being who lived during the tertiary period, being 
 one of the race of men who fashioned the ex- 
 tremely rude flint instruments which have been 
 discovered in tertiary and early quaternary 
 formations in Europe and Burma. ^ 
 
 ' A cast of the skull may be seen in the Museum of the 
 Royal College of Surgeons, England, having been presented to 
 that institution by Dr. Dubois, 
 
 - ' On the Discovery of Chipped Flint Flakes in the Pliocene of
 
 Receding forelieail 
 
 Projecting riilge 
 above tlie orbit 
 
 SIDE VIEW OF SKULL-CAP OF AN OBANU-UTAX, 
 Showing the projecting riiige of bone above the orbit and receding forehead 
 
 Fig. 3. 
 
 SIDE VIEW OF SKULL-CAP OF AX ENGLISHMAN 
 OF THE PRESENT DAY. 
 
 Ape-like prominence above orbits absent, A : foreliead, B, well developed ; 
 cranial sutures defined, C, C, C.
 
 THE SKULL OF AN ORANG-UTAN, AS SEEN FROM ABOVE. 
 (Xorm/i viiiciilis.) 
 
 Fig. 4. 
 
 Coronal sutui 
 of skull 
 
 .Sagittal suture 
 
 SKULL OF AN ENGLISHMAN OF THE IMIESKNT TIME. 
 (.Vormn ivrlicnli.i.)
 
 SKULL 29 
 
 The cranial capacity of the Java skull is 
 950 c.c, that of the largest gorilla being 645 c.c, 
 and of the well-known Neanderthal human skull 
 1220 c.c, while that of the average male English- 
 men of the j^resent day is 1540 c.c.^ (Figs. 1 
 to 4). 
 
 The cranial index- of a full-grown chimpanzee 
 of the Java and Neanderthal skulls is the same, 
 or about 72. There can be no question as to 
 
 Burma ; with the remains of the Hipparion,' by F. Noetling, 
 Natural Science, April 1897. 
 
 ' Thm-nam on British and Gaulish Skulls, Memoirs of the 
 Anthropological Society, vol. i. p. 465. 
 
 '^ By the term Cranial index we mean the measurement of 
 
 the dry bones forming the skull ; by Cephalic index, of the skull 
 
 covered by the skin and tissues. In measuring either the 
 
 cranial or cephalic index, we take the breadth of the head 
 
 above the ears, expressed in percentage of its length from a 
 
 point between the eyebrows (forehead) to the most prominent 
 
 part of the back of the head. Assuming that this length is 100, 
 
 the width is expi'essed as a fraction of it. For instance, with 
 
 ' Flower's craniometer ' we find the greatest breadth (b) of a 
 
 skull to be 15-5 mm., and its length (l) to be 20 mm., then we 
 
 , ,, . , • B X 100 15-5 X 100 n„ ^ , . , . , 
 have the fraction or — = 77-2, which is the 
 
 L 2i\j 
 
 cranial index of this skull. When the cranial index rises 
 above 80, the head is called br achy cephalic, or broad-headed ; 
 when the index is below 75, it is dolichocephalic, or lon"-- 
 skulled. Indexes between 75 and 80 are characterised as meso- 
 cephalic.
 
 30 THE DENISE 
 
 the ape-like character of the Java skull, the 
 shallow arch of its vertex, the low, narrow, and 
 receding forehead, the prominent superciliary- 
 ridges, and its simple and closed sutures charac- 
 terising it as being of an ape-like type. We can 
 safely affirm that in consequence of the form of 
 the anterior part of this skull the brain which 
 it contained must have been very defective in 
 its anterior lobes, while the intellectual power 
 and command of language possessed by a person 
 having such a brain could have been but little 
 greater than that of an anthropoid ape (figs. 1 
 and 2, 5 and 6). 
 
 The Denise Skull} — The upper portion of 
 this skull, the only part of it which remains, 
 is firmly embedded in a mass of the ancient 
 volcanic tuffs of Denise, so that it is impossible 
 to remove the bone without breaking it. The 
 low, narrow frontal arch, and prominent super- 
 
 1 Tlie Antiquity of Man, by Sir C. Lyell, p. 194 ; F'orma- 
 Hon de la Nation Frangaise,hj de Mortillet, p. 281 ; and Bevue 
 d'Anthropologie, by E. Sauvage, vol. i. p. 294, 1872. The skull 
 may be seen embedded in volcanic tuff in the Museum of 
 Le Puy.
 
 Fig. 5. 
 
 Projection nf 
 boue above oriiits 
 
 SIDE VIEW OF THE JAVA SKULL-CAP, 
 
 Showing the ape-like projection of bone above the orbits, the low receding 
 forehead, and absence of ci-anial sutures. 
 
 Fig. 7. 
 
 SIDE VIEW OF 'I'HE SPY (No. 1) SKULL-CAP. 
 With prominent ri(lt,'cs, A. above orbits, and receding forehead, 1!
 
 JAVA SKULL, AS SEEN FROM ABOVE. (.Xoyimi iv/iiailis.) 
 
 SPY NO. 1 SKULL. (Xoniin verticil! is.)
 
 AND SPY SKULLS 31 
 
 ciliary ridges, together with the estimated 
 cranial capacity of this skull and the geological 
 formation in which it rests, are so similar to the 
 Java skull that we assign it and the cranium of 
 Le Puy to the same epoch and type. In a layer 
 of tuffs covering the slope of Denise, opposite 
 the place where the skull was found, the remains 
 of the hippopotamus major and elephas meri- 
 dionalis wer^ discovered. 
 
 The Spi/ Skulls}— Figs. 7 and 8. These 
 two skulls were discovered, with other parts 
 of the skeletons (casts of the bones of which 
 are in the Museum of the Eoyal College of 
 Surgeons, England), beneath four well-defined 
 strata, resting on calcareous rock. In close prox- 
 imity with these bones, remains of the rhinoceros 
 tichorhinus, mammoth, and hysena were found. 
 In the strata immediately above the human 
 remains flint implements of the Mousterien 
 type with bones of some extinct mammals were 
 
 * Reclierclies eihnographiques sur les Ossements humains 
 decouverts a Spy et leur Age geologiquc, 1887, par Jiilien 
 Fraipont et Max Lohest. See also Mr. E. T. Xewton, F.R.S., 
 address to Geologists' Association, February 4, 1898, p. 255.
 
 32 NEANDERTHAL SKULL 
 
 discovered. In the strata surmounting these 
 neither flints nor bones were found. Of the 
 Belgium or Spy skulls, one has a distinctly 
 simian conformation, its prominent superciliary 
 ridges, its low, narrow and retreating forehead, 
 large baso-occipital region, and closed sutures 
 all point to the ape-like character of this 
 cranium. The other Spy skull, however, is of 
 a somewhat less simian type. They are both 
 dolichocephalic, having a cranial index of 70 
 and 74 respectively. See footnote, p. 29. 
 
 The Neanderthal skull ^ (Figs. 9 and 10) 
 was found in a cave near Dtlsseldorf, buried 
 beneath about 18 metres of clay, and in a similar 
 layer, at no great distance from this human 
 skull, bones of the rhinoceros, elephant, cave- 
 bear, and other mammals were found. The low, 
 receding and narrow forehead, closed sutures, 
 largely developed occipital region, together 
 with the prominent superciliary ridges of this 
 dolichocephalic skull, place it in the class of 
 
 ' 'Palaeolithic Man,' by E. T. Newton, F.R.S., Proceedings 
 Geologists' Association, 1898, vol. xv. part 7, p. 250.
 
 Fig. 9. 
 
 SIDE VIEW OF THE KEANDEKTHAL SKULL-CAP, 
 
 Showing promiuent riilges above the orliits, receding forehead, and absence 
 of cranial sutures.
 
 NKANDKRTHAL SKULL. (Xormn vertknlu.)
 
 PALEOLITHIC SKULLS 33 
 
 early palasolitliic crania such as those mentioned 
 above. 
 
 In conjunction with this fact there is good 
 reason to beheve that the man of whom this 
 skull was a part lived at a time when more 
 than one extinct species of animals flourished 
 in Rhenish Prussia. The cranial capacity of this 
 skull is about 1220 c.c. The cranial index is 72. 
 The Eguisheirn skull was found in a cave 
 near the city of Colmar, Lower Ehine, and the 
 Marcilly-sur-Eure cranium about twenty miles 
 north of Chartres. These skulls are evidently 
 of a Neanderthal type, the latter being found in 
 the same layer with Acheulien and Mousterien 
 flint instruments, and the former in association 
 with the fossil bones of the mammoth. 
 
 The Bury St. Edmund's skidl was found in 
 an early pleistocene formation composed of 
 brick earth which must have been deposited 
 from muddy water flowing over what is now 
 the highest point of the county of Suffolk, and 
 about one hundred feet above the present level 
 of the river Linnet. In close connection with 
 
 D
 
 34 PALEOLITHIC 
 
 this skull remains of the mammoth were found, 
 and also rough flint instruments of the Acheu- 
 lien and Mousterien epoch. ^ This skull had the 
 narrow, low, retreating forehead and prominent 
 superciliary ridges characteristic of the dolicho- 
 cephalic type of men of the pre-giacial period. 
 
 The Tilbury skull (figs. 13 and 14), which 
 is at present to be seen in the British Museum 
 (Natural History) at South Kensington, was 
 found deep in the bed of the Thames, together 
 with the femur, tibiae, and other bones of the 
 skeleton to which we shall presently allude. 
 This dolichocephalic skull is of the Neanderthal 
 type.' 
 
 The Sligo skull (figs. 11 and 12) may 
 also be seen in the British Museum (Natural 
 History) at South Kensington, and a good cast 
 
 ^ Journal of the Anthropological Society for 1885, also 
 Formation de la Nation Frangaise, by G. de Mortillet, p. 288 ; 
 E. T. Newton, F.E.S., Proceedings Geological Association, 1898, 
 pp. 255, 257. 
 
 - Sir E. Owen, Proceedings Boyal Society, vol. xxxiv. 1883, 
 p. 136. Sir C. Lyell, Antiquity of Man. See also Proceedings 
 Geological Association, vol. viii. p. 392. Mr. T. V. Holmes 
 questions the antiquity of this skeleton, and believes that it may 
 be neolithic.
 
 Fig. 11 
 
 SIDE VIEW OF THE SLIGO SKULL-CAP. 
 
 With ape-like prominence, A, above orbits : recaling foreliead, B ; and absence 
 of sutures. 
 
 
 SIDE VIEW OP THE TILBURY SKULL-CAP, 
 LATER PAL/EOLITHIC PERIOD. 
 
 Ape-like prominence over eyebrnw.s still marked, A, but the foreheail becoming 
 more developed, B, and indications of sutures to be seen.
 
 SLIGO SKULL. (Xormd vrtioilU 
 
 TILBUUY SKL'LL. (Xarmu rcr/iai/h.)
 
 Fig. 15. 
 
 Fig. 16. 
 
 FRONT VIEW 
 
 I OF THE GUU:ALTAFv SKULL. SIDE VIEW OF THE SAME SKULL. 
 
 Fig. 17 
 
 SIDK VIEW OP SKULL OF AN ENGLISHMAN 
 OF THE PRESENT TIME.
 
 HUMAN SKULLS 35 
 
 of this fossil, together with one of the Tilbury 
 skull, is in the Museum of the Eoyal College 
 of Surgeons, England. The history of the Irish 
 skull has unfortunately been lost, so that we 
 cannot now determine the nature of the for- 
 mation in which it was found. The thickness 
 of the walls of this cranium, its consolidated 
 sutures, low retreating forehead, small cranial 
 capacity, and other features, characterise this 
 skull as being one of the primitive race which 
 inhabited Western Europe. 
 
 Eeference might be made to other skulls of 
 the pleistocene period, such as that unearthed 
 at Gibraltar^ (%«• 1'5 and 16), but it seems 
 that a sufficient number of specimens have al- 
 ready been mentioned, in order to demonstrate 
 the fact that during this period the skulls of 
 the human inhabitants of Western Europe re- 
 sembled, as regards their form, those of the 
 anthropoid apes more nearly than those of 
 
 ^ This skull is in the Museum of the Eoyal College of 
 Surgeons, England, No. 371 ; it was found in the brecciated 
 talus under the north front of the Eock of Gibraltar. See 
 Memoires d' Anthropologie, t. ii. p. 370. 
 
 V 3
 
 36 PALEOLITHIC 
 
 the people now living in this part of the 
 world (figs. 17 and 4). It is important to bear 
 in mind that the skulls referred to have not 
 been selected from a number of crania, with 
 the object of proving that the primitive in- 
 habitants of Western Europe had a characteristic 
 form of skull, such as those above described. 
 
 The truth is that in the ancient pleistocene 
 strata no other type of human skull has as yet 
 been discovered, either in Great Britain or. any 
 other part of Europe. The men of this period 
 were without exception dolichocephalic (see 
 note, p. 29), with low, receding, and narrow 
 frontal bones, prominent superciliary arches, 
 prominent baso-occipital regions, and com- 
 paratively small cranial capacity. In addition 
 to this, in all the well-authenticated skuUs of 
 this race with which we are acquainted, the 
 sutures of the cranial bones are simple in char- 
 acter, and most of them to a large extent 
 obliterated. 
 
 This premature ossification of the sutures is 
 most marked in the anterior part of these skulls,
 
 Fig. 18. 
 
 LOWKR JAW OF AX ORANG-UTAN. 
 
 Its anterior border or plain recedes as in the human (palieolithic') jaws. Figs. 19 
 2U, 21, and less so in the Tilbury jaw later (pahvolithic ), Fig. 22. 
 
 Fig. 19. 
 
 TlIK .M.U..\1!X.\.UD LOWER JAW. 
 The anterior border or plain of the jaw recedes as it does in the ape. Fig, 18.
 
 HUMAN JAW 37 
 
 and is found in young human beings of the 
 glacial period in the same way as it is among 
 anthropoid apes. We have attempted to explain 
 the influence which the premature ossification 
 of the cranial sutures must have upon the 
 growth of the brain, and the intellectual 
 development of the human beings in whom it 
 occurs. 
 
 Other bones in the skeleton of the primitive 
 race of man in Europe must now be mentioned. 
 The conformation of the lower jaw in every well- 
 marked variety of the human species is an 
 eminently distinctive element in the aggregate 
 of peculiarities which make up their character. 
 The anterior plane of the lower jaw in the 
 existing races of adult human beings projects 
 forward so as to form the chin. In anthropoid 
 apes the reverse is the case, and the anterior 
 part of the bone, instead of projecting forwards 
 as in man, recedes in a backward direction 
 (figs. 18 and 23). 
 
 The Malarnaud lower jaw (fig. 19) (a cast 
 of which may be seen in the Museum of the
 
 38 THE BONES OP 
 
 Eoyal College of Surgeons, England) M'as found 
 in a well-defined pleistocene formation in the 
 valley of the Arize (Ariege).^ In the same 
 cave the bones of the ursus spelseus, rhinoceros, 
 lion, and panther were discovered. In the 
 lower layer of the floor of this cave a fragment 
 of a human jaw was found, evidently of the 
 Mousterien epoch. The thick squat body of 
 this jaw with its low ramus are remarkable. 
 
 In addition to this its anterior part is clearly 
 simian in character, since it recedes in a back 
 ward direction. The sockets also of the 
 anterior molar teeth are of the same size as 
 those of the posterior molars. 
 
 The Naidette loicer jaw (fig. 20) (a cast 
 of which is in the Museum of the Royal 
 College of Surgeons, England) was found in a 
 cave on the banks of the river Lesse. It was 
 buried in a pleistocene formation between 
 several layers of strata separated from each 
 other by stalagmite. In the same layer as the 
 
 ^ Formation de la Nation Frangaise, G. de Mortillet, 
 pp. 282, 310.
 
 Fig. 20 
 
 
 Pin 
 
 ^^^» 
 
 
 i^'p 
 
 i'^^H 
 
 
 W-.^^?-^^ 
 
 
 THE NAL'l.ETTK .lAW. 
 The anterior border recedes 
 
 Fig. 21. 
 
 ■JllK Sl'Y .I.WV. 
 The luiterior lioriler recedes,
 
 THE TILBURY JAW. 
 There is some sliglit projection of the anterior border of tlie jaw. 
 
 Fig. 23. 
 
 THE LO\VEI{ JAW OF AN EXGLISHJIAX OF THE I'lJESENT TIME. 
 
 The anterior border of the jaw projects forward to form the chin. 
 {Compart this I'hoto trilli tluil of I'Uj. 18.)
 
 PALEOLITHIC MAN 39 
 
 human jaw the remains of the elephas primi- 
 genius, rhinoceros tichorhinus, and other mam- 
 mals were discovered. The anterior part of 
 this jaw recedes, while the arrangement of its 
 molar teeth and general character are unmis- 
 takably simian in type. 
 
 The Spy loiver jaw (fig. 21), although not 
 quite so well-marked a specimen as the above, 
 nevertheless, in its general outline and character, 
 resembles the lower jaw of the anthropoid ape 
 more closely than it does that of the existing 
 inhabitants of Western Europe. 
 
 The femurs (thigh bones) of the Spy and 
 Tilbury skeletons ^ demonstrate the fact that the 
 primitive race of Western Europe consisted o± 
 persons who were short, and extremely muscular, 
 In these skeletons the lower articulation of the 
 femurs was prolonged backwards to such an 
 extent as to suofcrest the idea that this race of 
 men walked with their knee joints somewhat 
 
 ^ Casts of the original bones are in the case containing the 
 remains of palseohthic man, in the Museum of Koj-al College of 
 Surgeons, England.
 
 40 PALEOLITHIC 
 
 bent. Their stature did not probably exceed 
 5 feet to 5 feet 2 inches.^ 
 
 The tihice of these skeletons are ape-like 
 in character, being flattened from side to side, 
 while the upper articular surfaces are broad, 
 so as to correspond with those of the lower 
 extremity of the femur. 
 
 The bones of their arms, like those of the 
 lower extremities, indicate great muscular de- 
 velopment. 
 
 From the evidence brought forward in the 
 preceding pages the conclusion may fairly be 
 drawn, that the primitive Africo-European race 
 in the West of Europe, including Great Britain, 
 belonged to one family of human beings, and 
 that their skulls were long, their stature small, 
 and their muscular development great. Their 
 cranial capacity varied from 950 c.c. to 1220 c.c, 
 that of an average-sized inhabitant of the West 
 of Europe at the present time being about 
 1540 c.c. The simple character of the cranial 
 sutures of these skulls and their complete 
 
 ' De Mortillet, pp. 290-5.
 
 MAN 41 
 
 closure in early life, with the exception of those 
 in the baso-occipital region, is a distinctive 
 feature of the skulls in this primitive race.^ The 
 form of their skulls resembles more nearly those 
 of the aborigines of Australia than that of any 
 other existing race ; ^ the latter, however, differ 
 from the men of the pleistocene period in that 
 the sutures of their skulls remain open, and 
 consequently capable of growth up to and even 
 during the adult period of life. 
 
 As we proceed with our investigations we 
 shall find that, with respect to the premature 
 closure of the sutures in the primitive race 
 of men in Europe as the quaternary epoch 
 advanced their skulls became more fully de- 
 veloped in the frontal region, and the sutures 
 at the same time more complex in their serrated 
 edges, while they ceased to be consolidated at 
 an early period of life (figs. 3 and 28). The 
 time expended in effecting this change in the 
 
 ' Memoirs of Anthropological Society, vol. i. p. 154. Dr. 
 ThiU'nam on British and Gaulish skulls. 
 
 - Prehistoric Remains of Caithness, Professor T. H. 
 Huxley, p. 131.
 
 42 PALEOLITHIC MAN 
 
 rate of ossification of the skull, was sufficient 
 to enable the elephas meridionalis to be trans- 
 formed, first, into the elephas antiquus and 
 then into the primigenius ; one type of rhino- 
 ceros to be developed into another, and the 
 trogontherium into the castor. During this 
 vast period it is most probable that the primi- 
 tive inhabitants of Europe remained a pure race, 
 and were unassisted on the road of progress 
 l)y cross breeding, which, in man as in other 
 mammals, so often improves the original stock. 
 That the men living in Europe before and 
 during the glacial period did make some 
 progress towards civilisation, is demonstrated by 
 the improvement which took place in their 
 stone implements, and by the evidence which 
 exists of their using bone needles and harpoons, 
 and lastly by their carvings in horn and bone. 
 The cause of this improvement was evidently 
 the necessity which existed for their providing 
 themselves with clothing as a protection from 
 the cold of the glacial epoch. In other words, 
 the altered condition of the climate and its
 
 AND THE ESKIMOS 43 
 
 consequences, or the environment of the men 
 living in the pleistocene epoch, compelled them 
 in self-defence to exercise their intellectual 
 capacities — that is to say, their brains — a more 
 perfect development of this organ being thus 
 produced, leading them towards a higher state 
 of civilisation. We may refer to the Eskimos 
 of the present day, as illustrating the effect 
 which surrounding conditions have exercised 
 upon the race which inhabited Europe during 
 the glacial epoch. 
 
 Professor Boyd Dawkins, G. de Mortillet, and 
 other well-known anthropologists believe, that 
 when the glaciers which covered Europe slowly 
 receded towards the Arctic regions they were 
 followed by herds of reindeer, together with 
 a certain number of the race of men then 
 inhabiting Europe. It does not seem improb- 
 able that these persons, realising the enormous 
 value of the reindeer, both as a source of 
 food and of clothing, and not being able to 
 keep these animals in the haunts which they 
 occupied in Central Europe, would naturally
 
 44 PALEOLITHIC MAN 
 
 move northward with them, and thus in the 
 course of long ages find their way into the 
 Arctic zone. This theory is supported by a 
 fact stated by Professors EoUeston and Bo3'd 
 Dawkins — namely, that the Eskimo of the present 
 day not only has the same form of skull as the 
 inhabitants of Western Europe who lived in the 
 pleistocene age, but his lower jaw is also of the 
 same type, being thick, heavy, with the middle 
 region rounded off, and the coronoid process 
 very short when compared with the condyle. 
 The height and form of the skeleton of the later 
 palseolithic man and of the Eskimos are very 
 similar. 
 
 The language of these people is that used by 
 mankind in its infancy. Lastly, the affinity 
 existing between these people who lived at 
 such different epochs is emphasised (1) by a 
 remarkable similarity in the instruments used 
 by them, (2) by the identity of many of their 
 habits and customs, and (3) by the fact that 
 such animals as the ursus priscus and ferox, 
 which were associated with the primitive in-
 
 AND THE ESKIMOS 46 
 
 habitants of Western Europe, are the same as 
 those now Uving with the Eskimos.^ 
 
 Before the Eskimos had mixed with modern 
 Europeans, Captain Parry describes them as a 
 
 ' Early Man in Britain, by Professor Boyd Dawkins, p. 241. 
 British Barroios, by Professor G. Eolleston, pp. 654, 710. 
 
 ' Two tlieories have lately been promulgated on the origin of 
 the ancient inhabitants of America. Professor Sergi (of Eome) 
 has lately been examining some earl}^ skulls of Transatlantic 
 provenance, and has come to the conclusion that they show, 
 not one, but three ethnographical types. One of these, which 
 appears to be that of the people known as "mound-builders," 
 he declares to be of Asiatic affinities, and to have been, 
 probably, due to an immigration at an extremely' early date 
 from Asia by way of the Pacific. Another, indicated by skulls 
 from Bolivia, is, he thinks, of Melanesian origin, and to be due 
 to immigration from Australia or the other islands of the archi- 
 pelago ; while the third, exemplified by some Peruvian skulls, 
 he thinks to be really native, but to have affinities with the 
 type known as negi-ito. This same negrito type, although the 
 Professor does not say so, is, in fact, found all over the world 
 among aboriginal races, and may even be traced among small 
 and dark peoples like the Ainos of Japan or the Lapps of 
 Europe. 
 
 ' Miss Nuttall (of Harvard) holds that the origin of the 
 American races is the same as that of the Chinese, and that the 
 first settlers came from Asia, from the Polar regions, which, 
 according to her, were at the time continuous. She does not 
 think, however, that the American civihsation was ever derived 
 from the Chinese, but that they were, in fact, both the children 
 of a common parent, or, as she says, sisters rather than mother 
 and daughter.'
 
 46 PALEOLITHIC MAN 
 
 simple, hospitable, and genial race. They had 
 no conception of religion, and no respect for the 
 dead, the skulls of their relations remaining 
 unburied and unheeded around their dweUings. 
 Captain Parry mentions the fact of the wife of a 
 deceased Eskimo witnessing without concern 
 the dogs devouring the body of her late husband. 
 This want of reverence for the departed is 
 remarkable, and we must go back to the primi- 
 tive people of Europe before meeting with 
 similar absence of respect for the dead. 
 
 The Eskimos of Captain Parry's time, used 
 flint and bone instruments of the same pattern 
 as those employed by the people of Western 
 Europe in the later pleistocene period. They 
 engraved figures of men and animals upon their 
 horn and bone handles, of precisely the same 
 character as those engraved upon similar 
 materials by the people of the Magdalenien 
 epoch in Europe. In truth, as Professor Boyd 
 Dawkins remarks, they would seem to be the 
 representatives ot the cave-men of Western 
 Europe, separated by the Arctic circle from all
 
 AND THE ESKIMOS 47 
 
 Other living races of men, a connection, he con- 
 tinues, ' between the cave-men and the Eskimos 
 which in my opinion can only be explained on 
 the hypothesis that they belonged to the same 
 race.' This opinion is confirmed by such a 
 distinguished and trustworthy anthropologist 
 as the late Professor G. de Mortillet, whose long 
 life was devoted to the study of this branch of 
 science. 
 
 The importance of such considerations as 
 these is, that they bring home to our minds the 
 great influence which cross breeding on the one 
 hand, and geographical conditions on the other 
 have in moulding the intellectual, moral, and 
 social development of a race. The Eskimos 
 until the present time have lived as a pure 
 race in regions of ice and snow, oblivious of 
 the rest of the world, and, in precisely the 
 same climate and surroundings as we believe 
 the people of Europe to have dwelt in through- 
 out the long ages of the glacial epoch. 
 
 The Eskimos have perhaps increased but 
 little in numbers since their arrival in the
 
 48 THE ESKIMOS 
 
 Arctic region, and until the beginning of the 
 present century remained in much the same 
 stage of civilisation as that in which their 
 ancestors existed in Central Europe. They 
 possessed the same inherent qualities as the 
 men forming the stock from which they were 
 derived, but while the latter have advanced 
 much in the scale of civilisation, the Eskimo 
 with unchanged surroundings, remained with 
 undeveloped faculties, and as far as his mind was 
 concerned differed but little from the animals 
 which surrounded him.^ 
 
 ' The Study of Man, by A. C. Haddon, p. 77.
 
 49 
 
 CHAPTER II 
 
 THE IBERIAN AND ARYAN rRE-IIISTORIC PEOPLE 
 OF WESTERN EUROPE 
 
 Until the close of the glacial epoch in Europe, 
 the inhabitants of Great Britain and of France 
 were unacquainted with agriculture, the use of 
 metals, or of pottery ; they had no domestic 
 animals, for their remains have nowhere been 
 found with those of man in the geolomcal strata 
 of this period. With the departure of the glaciers 
 from this part of the world its atmosphere 
 became drier, warmer and brighter, and we find 
 a corresponding change in its fauna and flora. 
 The land between France and England subsided 
 and was covered by the sea, Spain was separated 
 from Africa by the Mediterranean sea, in fact 
 the surface of Europe underwent great physical 
 alterations. In the previous chapter we have
 
 50 THE GALLEY HILL 
 
 shown that during this period there was a 
 slow, but progressive improvement in the stone 
 implements used by the men then inhabiting 
 Western Europe. These people had so far 
 advanced in civilisation that they had come to 
 clothe themselves with skins, and to supplement 
 their flint and stone implements with those 
 made of bone and horn. With this evidence of 
 improvement we find that their skulls had 
 become more fully developed in the frontal 
 refyion, and we must now endeavour to ascertain 
 if this progressive improvement continued in the 
 post-glacial epoch. We can only hope to solve 
 this question by the examination of the remains 
 of the human beings of this period, in relation 
 to the geological strata in which they have 
 been discovered. 
 
 The Galley Hill skeleton \\as found some 
 8 feet beneath the surface of the terrace 
 gravel, 90 feet above the present level of 
 the river Thames. Many Magdalenien stone 
 implements have been met with in this gravel ; ^ 
 
 ^ Quartcrhj Journal of the Geological Society for August 
 1895, vol. li. pp. 505-17.
 
 EEMAINS 51 
 
 it affords us therefore a good specimen of the 
 remains of a human being who Uved during 
 the later palasolithic epoch. The description 
 and drawings made of these remains, and of the 
 strata in which they were found, have been 
 ably given by Mr. E. T. Newton, F.E.S., who is 
 of opinion ' that the chain of evidence of the 
 palseolithic age of these remains is complete.' 
 He further states that the Galley Hill skull 
 differs from that of the Neanderthal type, in 
 that it is 'higher, and has a fuller frontal 
 and rounder occipital region, at the same 
 time losing the strong superciliary ridges.' 
 Although it is the skull of a middle-aged man 
 all the main sutures are closed and nearly 
 obliterated. Mr. Newton states that this skull 
 differs from those of the early neolithic ^ type of 
 man, in that their ' height index is never so low, 
 their forehead is better developed, and there 
 is no marked thickening of their superciliary 
 
 ' The neolithic period succeeded the palaeolithic epoch. ' The 
 human implements of this period mdicate a considerable advance 
 in the arts of life,' Class-book of Geology, by Sir Archibald 
 Geikie, 1897, p. 365. 
 
 E 2
 
 52 PALEOLITHIC 
 
 ridges.' The stature of the Galley Hill man 
 was about 5 feet 1 inch ; his three molar teeth 
 were of uniform size, and his lower jaw, nose, 
 and chin were well formed. From this it is 
 evident that the Galle}^ Hill skull is of a more 
 highly developed type than that possessed 
 by the Neanderthal race, but not so highly 
 developed as the crania of the men who lived 
 in Western Europe during the neolithic period ■; 
 it is a link, therefore, between the type of men 
 of the early glacial and those who lived in this 
 part of the world in post-glacial times. ^ 
 
 The Ledbury Hill skull was found imbedded 
 6 or 7 feet below the surface, in what seemed 
 to be an alluvial deposit formed by the river 
 Dove, together with the remains of the bos 
 primigenius, and the bos longifrons. The 
 superciliary ridges are prominent, the middle 
 
 ' The Galley Hill skeleton is in the possession of Mr. Robert 
 Elliott, of Camberwell. It was at his expense, and by his exer- 
 tions, that this valuable specimen was unearthed and preserved. 
 Mr. Elliott kindly allowed the skeleton to remain for some time 
 in the Museum of the Geological Survey Office, Jermyn Street. 
 It has since been removed, and is at present in Mr. E. 
 Elliott's possession ; so important a specimen should, if possible, 
 be secured for one of our national museums.
 
 EE^rATNS 53 
 
 of the coronal suture is obliterated. The 
 sagittal suture is also closed. Part of the 
 lambdoidal suture is obliterated. The occipital 
 region is well rounded. Professor Huxley states 
 that with ' a little flattening and elongation, 
 with rather greater development of the super- 
 ciliary ridges, the skull would be converted into 
 the nearest likeness to the Neanderthal skull 
 which has yet been discovered." ' 
 
 As in the Galley Hill skull, it is precisely the 
 changes indicated by Professor Huxley in the 
 Ledbury crania, which mark the development 
 that had taken place in these skulls as compared 
 with tliose of the Neanderthal race. The more 
 ancient palaeolithic skull, as Huxley observes, 
 is of the same dolichocephalic (see note, p. 29) 
 type as the more recent skulls, but the latter are 
 less simian in character, they approach gradually 
 to the form of the crania of homo sapiens. 
 
 Laugerie-Basse (Dordogne). — The skeleton 
 of a man who had been crushed by the fall of 
 
 ' Prehistoric Bemnins of Caithness, pp. 115, 120, in which 
 is described the Muskham skull of the same river bed. This 
 latter skiill is in the Museum of the Eoyal College of Surgeons, 
 and has a cranial capacity of 1300 c.c. (No. 289).
 
 54 PALEOLITHIC 
 
 a rock was found in this place. Professor G. 
 de Mortillet lias examined the spot, and states 
 that the formation in which this skeleton was 
 discovered was without doubt of the Magda- 
 lenien, or later palaeolithic epoch. The victim 
 of this accident was about 5 feet 3 inches 
 high, and was a muscular man. His skull at 
 its summit was, like the two preceding crania, 
 raised into a ridge, the frontal bone being well 
 formed and the superciliary ridges only slightly 
 prominent. The lower jaw is powerful and 
 the chin fairly well formed. The cranial index 
 is 74-87. 
 
 The Clicincelade (Dordogne) skull and other 
 bones were unearthed from a Magdalenien 
 formation which was carefully examined, and 
 described by M. Hardy and M. Feaux. This 
 individual was 5 feet 3 inches in stature. 
 His skull is large, the frontal and occipital 
 regions are both well formed, the superciliary 
 ridges only slightly marked.^ His bones indi- 
 
 ^ Formation de la Nation Fra/ngaise, par G. de MortiUetj 
 pp. 296, 299.
 
 REMAINS 55 
 
 cate that he must have been a powerful man, 
 and certainly one of the most highly developed 
 types of skeleton as yet met with in a palseo- 
 lithic formation ; so much so that, had there 
 been any question as to the nature of the strata 
 m which these remains were found, we should 
 have been disposed to class them with those of 
 a later epoch. 
 
 The Sorde (Landes) human bones were 
 found in a deposit beneath an overhanging 
 ledge of rock, together with the remains of 
 the reindeeer, goat, and other animals ; close 
 by flint implements of the Magdalenien type 
 and some perforated lion's teeth indicated the 
 period of these remains. Like the other skulls 
 referred to, this one was dolichocephalic ; the 
 forehead was well developed and regular, the 
 occipital region rounder, and in other respects 
 it closely resembles the Laugerie-Basse and 
 Chancelade crania. In a superficial strata, but 
 directly over the skull above described, the 
 skeletons of human beings were found ; they 
 had evidently been buried in this place, for
 
 56 PALEOLITHIC 
 
 tlieir vertebrae and other bones were still in 
 their natural position. These skeletons were 
 those of men who lived in the later part of the 
 neolithic period (Eobenhausen, Professor G. de 
 Mortillet), as we learn from the beautifully 
 finished flint lance and arrow heads which were 
 found with these human remains. 
 
 The Engis skull was discovered in a cavern 
 to the south-west of Liege on the left bank of 
 the Meuse, together with the remains of animals 
 of the Magdalenien period. This dolicho- 
 cephalic skull has a well-formed forehead and a 
 cranial capacity of 1590 c.c. ; it has, in fact, 
 all the characteristics of one of the higher 
 races of Europe. Professor Huxley, in com- 
 paring it with the Neanderthal skull, states that 
 the difference in type is ' prodigious.' It seems 
 unnecessary to multiply evidence ; our museums 
 contain a number of skulls of this period, which 
 illustrate the improvement in the type of the 
 crania of the people inhabiting Western Europe 
 in the post-glacial period. This change in the 
 type of the skull was progressive, from the
 
 REMAINS 57 
 
 ancient to the more recent pal[]eolithic race, 
 showing that the latter were descended from 
 the former people, for we have no evidence of 
 any migration of a foreign stock into Europe 
 during this period. The other bones of the 
 skeletons of these people point to the same 
 conclusion. 
 
 The d'Arcy-sur-Cure^ (Yonne) lower jaw was 
 discovered in a Magdalenien formation, and its 
 conformation is a good example of an inter- 
 mediary type between the ancient Naulette jaw 
 and that of the existing race of men in Europe. 
 The anterior plane of the d'Arcy jaw is almost 
 perpendicular except at the lower border, 
 which recedes slightly. The molar teeth are 
 of equal size from behind forwards. Its ana- 
 tomical characteristics are therefore like those 
 of the Galley Hill and Tilbury lower jaws. 
 
 The bones of the leg, especially the tibise, 
 of these people are flat in comparison with 
 those of existing Europeans. The anterior 
 border of their fibulae is especially prominent, 
 
 ' De MortiUet, pp. 308, 310.
 
 58 PALEOLITHIC SKULLS 
 
 remnants evidently of the more ancient race, 
 better appreciated by those who are in the habit 
 of examining such specimens, than by those who 
 have only the opportunity of studying them 
 from drawings or from written descriptions. 
 We may, therefore, answer the question which 
 we have been considering in the affirmative ; 
 the inhabitants of Western Europe, living at 
 the close of the glacial period, were directly 
 descended from, and therefore of the same 
 Africo-European race as those living in this 
 part of the world in the early palgeolithic 
 epoch. 
 
 Dr. Thurnam,^ who has done so much for 
 craniology, has arrived at the conclusion that 
 the British Isles, and Western Europe were in 
 the early neolithic period inhabited by a single 
 race of human beings. These people were of 
 short stature, not being more than 5 feet 
 
 ' Drs. J. B.Davis andJ. Thurnam's work, Crania Britanmca, 
 is so far as our knowledge goes, the most beautifully illustrated 
 and complete work yet produced in this or any other country 
 on this subject. See also Memo. Anthropological Society, vol. i. 
 pp. 159, 161.
 
 DOLICPIOCEPHALIC 59 
 
 3-| inches, and as a rule about 5 feet 
 2 inches high. They had oval faces, with 
 a rather small upper jaw. The occipital 
 region of their skulls was full and rounded, its 
 length being mainly due to the development 
 of the occiput, and not of the frontal region, as 
 in most other races. M. Broca called them 
 ' dolichocephalic occipital ' as distinguished from 
 the ' dolichocephalic frontal ' race. Professor 
 Boyd Dawkins concurs in the above opinion, 
 and adds that the skulls of these people were 
 of fair average capacity, the superciliary ridges 
 not being strongly pronounced ; their noses 
 were aquiline, their cheek bones were not 
 prominent, nor had they a snout-like projection 
 of lips or jaws like those of the negro. He 
 adds this was the race who, in the early neo- 
 lithic period, ' occupied the British Isles, and 
 the area west of the Ehine, and north of the 
 Alps. A short dark-complexioned people, with 
 black hair and eyes, and long skulls.' ^ These 
 
 ' Cave Hunting, by Professor Boyd Dawkins, p. 193.
 
 60 IBERIAN 
 
 peo^Dle also inhabited the Spanish Peninsula,^ 
 and are best known as the Iberian or Medi- 
 terranean race. Professor de Mortillet calls them 
 the Langerians, other au thorities Afro-Europeans ; 
 no doubt there are objections to employing 
 philological terms to denote ethnological con- 
 clusions, but we must have some general names 
 for our types. It is a thankless task to invent 
 new^ names, and so long as we understand that 
 by the Iberian race w^e mean the people who 
 were directly descended from the aborigines 
 of Northern Africa, and Western Europe, it is 
 better to adhere to this name. 
 
 From the evidence above given, we have 
 found reason to believe that the Iberians formed 
 the primary stock from which the existing 
 inhabitants of Great Britain, and the West of 
 Europe are derived. This opinion is confirmed 
 by some of our most reliable authorities on the 
 subject ; it was this race, and only this race, 
 
 ' Dr. Thiirnam on British and Gaulish skulls, Memo, of 
 Anthropological Society, London, vol. i. p. 165.
 
 PALEOLITHIC PEOPLE 61 
 
 who inhabited our ishiuds at the close of the 
 palseolithic period. 
 
 Eegarding the skulls, and other parts of 
 human skeletons referred to in the preceding 
 pages, it is well to state, that in every instance 
 these remains had arrived in the position in 
 which they were discovered by accident ; up to 
 the close of the palceolithic period in Europe, 
 there is no evidence to show that the people 
 then living either buried or paid any respect to 
 the dead. We know but little of these early 
 Iberians, except that which we learn from their 
 skeletons, and their stone and bone implements ; 
 any remnant of the language they employed 
 must probably be sought for among the Eskimos.^ 
 That they were a short, small-boned people, 
 having long skulls and comely features, is almost 
 the extent of our knowledge concerningr them ; 
 and, further, we know that this race, after the 
 departure of the glaciers was widely spread over 
 Europe, including our islands, Asia, and Africa. 
 The glaciers seem to have retreated from the 
 
 1 W. C. Boiiase, The Dolmens of Ireland, p. 606.
 
 62 DEVELOPMENT OF 
 
 south towards the Arctic region, so that 
 Germany, Scandinavia, and the northern part 
 of Great Britain could not have been occupied 
 by the Iberian race until a later period. These 
 people were of southern origin, or at any rate 
 must have dwelt and developed in that part of 
 Europe, and in the north of Africa, throughout 
 the glacial period. 
 
 We have endeavoured to trace the gradual 
 development which took place in the skulls of 
 the inhabitants of Western Europe during the 
 pleistocene period. These people were, as we 
 have before stated, derived from the Afro- 
 European stock, and the alteration in the form 
 of their skulls to which we have referred is well 
 demonstrated by comparing figs. 7 and 11 with 
 the Tilbury skull (fig. 13). We can see no reason 
 whatever to question the accuracy of the opinion 
 formed by Professor A. H. Keane and other 
 authorities on this subject ; they consider that 
 under favourable conditions, and, it may be, 
 independent of external human influences, the
 
 PALEOLITHIC SKULLS 63 
 
 gradual development of this race might have 
 continued. In this way the earliest progres- 
 sive people of the Nile valley may have developed 
 from their stone age progenitors into a higher 
 state of civilisation, and so again the inhabitants 
 of the northern shore of the Mediterranean 
 composed of this same race may have developed 
 into the pre-Mykensean population of the 
 Adriatic and the Hellespont. But admitting this 
 we cannot overlook the fact that in the early 
 dawn of the neolithic age, an entirely new phase 
 in the ethnological and social condition mani- 
 fested itself among the inhabitants of Western 
 Europe. So complete and so marked was this 
 change, that we can hardly conceive it could 
 have taken place from an internal movement 
 or development among the people forming the 
 Iberian race. Everything points to the idea 
 that the new order of things was introduced 
 into the West of Europe by foreigners, who we 
 shall find were an energetic warlike people, 
 some of whose chiefs were giants in stature as
 
 64 THE CEO-MAGNON 
 
 compared with the Iberians. Together with 
 these tall strangers, there appeared for the first 
 time in Europe various domestic animals, such 
 as shorthorned cattle, sheep, goats, and dogs, 
 belonging to species indigenous to Asia. 
 
 With the remains of these strangers we find 
 also polished stone implements, and a few of 
 the purest specimens of bronze weapons. Last, 
 but not least, with this race of tall long-skulled 
 people, the practice of burying the dead was 
 first introduced into Western Europe. 
 
 The skeletons of the tall race above referred 
 to have been found all over Europe, but for our 
 present purpose we would only draw attention 
 to skeletons discovered in a few well-known 
 burial places; one of which is situated in the 
 extreme south-east of France, and another in 
 Dordogne, one of the western departments of 
 that country.^ 
 
 In the natural cave of Baousse-Rousses, be- 
 tween Mentone and Ventimille, three skeletons 
 
 ^ Dr. Verneavi, ' La Eace Cro-Magnon,' Revue (VAntliro- 
 2)ologie, 1886, p. 10.
 
 OR ARYAN PEOPLE 65 
 
 were unearthed in the year 1892. Dr. E. 
 Verneau has given a lucid account, and photo- 
 graphs of this discovery.^ 
 
 The cave bad been inhabited by animals of the 
 early palteolithic period, but the human skeletons 
 found there were buried in graves dug out of the 
 ancient formation which covered the floor of the cave 
 to some depth. The bodies of these people had been 
 laid upon, and were covered by layers of earth containing 
 much iron pyrites, which had been carried into the 
 cave, so that the bones composing these skeletons were 
 stained by iron, and also with ochre. Surrounding the 
 skulls and the necks of these skeletons, rows of perfor- 
 ated shells and bones were found, which had evidently 
 been strung together and used as ornaments ; the shells 
 had regular and symmetrical patterns carved on them. 
 Under the skulls and near the hands of the skeletons 
 some finely finished flint instruments were found ; these 
 weapons are well-marked specimens of the type 
 belonging to the early neolithic period. There were 
 numerous bones of various animals in the layers 
 of earth which covered to a considerable depth the 
 floor of this cave ; but as much of this earth had 
 been disturbed before Dr. Verneau examined the site 
 
 ^ L' Anthropologic, dkOneQ 1892, p. 513; bIso Decouverte d' un 
 Squelette Humain de VEpoqiie Paleolithique, Grottes de 
 Menton, par E. Riviere, 1873.
 
 66 AEYAN EACE 
 
 of the skeletons, it is better not to place reliance on the 
 relation of the remains of these animals to those of the 
 human skeletons. 
 
 The skeletons were (1) that of an old, extremely 
 powerful man, wlio measured 6 feet 6 inches in height ; 
 
 (2) that of cjuite a young woman, who was 6 feet, and 
 
 (3) that of a youth, who was 6 feet 2 inches in height.^ 
 The skulls of these people were decidedly dolicho- 
 cephalic, and in form were closely allied to anotlier 
 skull which had previously been found in this cave, 
 and which may now be seen in the Museum of Meutone. 
 All the skulls, Dr. Verneau states, when seen from 
 above are pentagonal in form, the parietal protuber- 
 ances not being marked ; viewed from the side the 
 curve of the skull is good, the forehead well arched, and 
 the superciliary ridges not too prominent. The cranial 
 capacity of these skulls must have been large and 
 very different from that of the men of the palaeolithic 
 period. 
 
 Dr. Verneau states that these three Mentone 
 skeletons are all of the same type, and of the same 
 period as the Cro-Magnon skeletons, and in this opinion 
 Professors de Mortillet, Evans, Issel, and other eminent 
 anthropologists concur. 
 
 The well-known Cro-Magnon skeletons were 
 
 ' The epiphyses of the long bones were ununited with the 
 shaft of the bones. ' PaheoUthic Man,' by E. T. Newton, F.E.S. 
 Proceedings Geologists Association, vol. xv. part vii. p. 253.
 
 SIDE VIEW OF A CRO-MAGNON SKULL. 
 
 Fig. 25. 
 
 I'llONT VIKW OF A CR0-MA(iNON SKULL. 
 
 If this Fig. 25 is coiiiiiiiml with Figs. 15 and IC, tlio marked ditrureiice between 
 ail early Iberian (I'alieolithic) sliuU and that of a man of tlie Cio-.Maguon race 
 will be very dbvioiis.
 
 IN EUROPE 67 
 
 found buried in the upper strata of a natural 
 cave near Eyzies (Dordogne). In the strata 
 below this sepulchre the remains of the paleo- 
 lithic inhabitants of this cave were discovered, 
 but the Cro-Magnon skeletons were found in a 
 distinctly neolithic formation.^ As in the case 
 of the Mentone, so also in this sepulchre, there 
 were three skeletons : first, that of a powerful, 
 tall old man 6 feet high, with a cranial index 
 of 73'76 and cranial capacity of 1590 c.c. ; 
 second, a female with a cranial index of 71*72 ; 
 and third, a younger man with a cranial index 
 of 74-75. The foreheads of these people were 
 well developed, and so was the occipital region 
 (see figs. 24 and 25) ; the bones of the face in- 
 dicated a well-shaped nose, the upper part of 
 the face being.broad as compared with its length, 
 with a well-formed chin and lower jaw ; their 
 skulls were more elongated, but otherwise their 
 skeletons might well represent the existing type 
 of Englishmen of the same stature.^ 
 
 ' Early Man in Britain, by Professor Boyd Dawkins, 
 p. 229. 
 
 ■■' The ' unusually large skull,' oi' which a cast is to be seen 
 
 F 2
 
 68 AEYAN EACE 
 
 Another skull of this type is described by 
 Dr. Thurnam in his account of the remains 
 which he discovered in the fine chambered Long 
 Barrow of Charlton- Abbots, Gloucester ; he 
 refers to it in the ' Memoirs of the Anthropo- 
 logical Society of London,' vol. i. p. 476. 
 
 If, as we believe, the environment of the 
 primitive inhabitants of Europe gradually led to 
 their development to a. higher civilisation, it is 
 impossible to explain by such causes the advent 
 of this tall race into Europe. No change of 
 climate, nor any internal conditions could ac- 
 count for the almost sudden increase in stature 
 of a race of savages, averaging 5 feet 3 inches 
 in height, to powerful men whose stature was 
 hardly under 6 feet, and having a cranial 
 capacity above that of the average European of 
 the present day. Supposing it were possible to 
 conceive that such a change could have taken 
 
 in the collection of the Eoyal College of Surgeons (No. 550), 
 found in the ancient shell beds of Sweden, is of the Cro-Magnon 
 type. See Nilsson's Primitive Inhabitants of Scandinavia, 
 p. 116, fig. 253, Plate 15. See also E. T. Newton, F.R.S., 
 p. 252, Proceedings Geologists Association, 1898.
 
 IN EUROPE 69 
 
 place among the aboriginal inhabitants of 
 Western Europe in the early neolithic period, 
 it would not account for the appearance, for the 
 first time in Europe, of a species of dog, a small 
 ox, of horned sheep, and the goat (domestic 
 animals belonging to Asiatic species), and of 
 bronze implements ; ^ nor could we possibly 
 account in this way for the development, among 
 an aboriginal race of savages, of religious senti- 
 ments of no mean order. We are therefore com- 
 pelled to seek for some other cause to explain 
 how it was that this Cro-Magnon race, and all 
 that appertained to them, appeared in Western 
 Europe. As the time to which we are referring 
 was long antecedent to the historic period, 
 we have no positive evidence to work upon in 
 regard to the origin of these people ; we must 
 therefore start on our search, as to who they 
 were guided by a theory, and endeavour to 
 find out how far our idea will explain the advent 
 
 ' Early Man in Britain, Professor Boyd Dawkins, pp. 261, 
 348. It was not until the succeeding bronze period that the 
 domestic horse and other animals first appeared in Em'ope. 
 The Lake Dioellings of Exirope, R. Munro, p. 534.
 
 70 ARYAN SETTLERS 
 
 of this tall dolichoceplialic race, and the power- 
 ful influence which their presence has exercised 
 on the development, and the life of the inhabi- 
 tants of the West of Europe. 
 
 The theory we propose to adopt is not by 
 any means original ; it supposes that the new 
 comers into Europe in the early neolithic 
 period, were a branch of the old Aryan race 
 who migrated from the East, westward. 
 
 It has for long been a matter of dispute as 
 to where the home of the early Aryan race was 
 situated, but the most recent authorities on the 
 subject are of opinion that the Aryans inhabited 
 a considerable portion of Western Asia, espe- 
 cially that part of it which we recognise as 
 the ancient kingdoms of Aria,^ Bactriana, and 
 Sogdiana, and northward we know not how 
 far.2 
 
 ' With its chief city now known as Herat. Professor 
 Hommel now regards the Scythians as Aryan-speakers from 
 Iran, and finds that some of them occupied CiUcia and Cappa- 
 docia where others locate the Hittites. Moreover, the bhie- 
 eyed Amorites, of Scripture, appear to have been Iranian, and 
 akin to the Scyths and Hittites. 
 
 • R. von Ihring, The Evolution of the Aryans, 1897.
 
 IN EUEOPE 71 
 
 Mr. E. W. Frazer, in his work on the 
 ' Literary History of India,' states that the most 
 ancient Vedic hymns, the work of the early 
 Aryan scribes, may be assigned to about the 
 year 2500 B.C., and Yedic civihsation extends as 
 far back as 4500 B.C. The Aryans, or, in other 
 words, the ' Noble Eace,' were at one time a 
 united community, speaking an inflected lan- 
 guage. They subsequently separated into an 
 Eastern and Western branch ; the latter we can 
 trace from Asia into Europe, where they founded 
 colonies in the delta of the Danube, and from 
 the Ural across Eussia to the Carpathian moun- 
 tains. They spread westward along the course 
 of the Danube into Germany, and by the valleys 
 of the Eliine, the Loire, the Seine, and, still 
 moving westward, established themselves in 
 Brittany, and in Great Britain. From the Vedas 
 we learn that the Aryans were a hardy vigorous 
 race, reared originally in a cold bracing atmo- 
 sphere, and so, if migrating westward into Europe, 
 would doubtless have been attracted by a 
 climate such as that of Germany and the North
 
 72 AEYAN SETTLEES 
 
 of Europe. The Eastern branch of the Aryan 
 race, regarding whose history we have more 
 precise information recorded in the Sanskrit 
 writings, spread into Persia and southward over 
 the Hindoo Koosh into India, where they formed 
 the Sanskrit- speaking people of that country.^ 
 
 From the early Vedic literature we learn 
 that the Aryans passed over the Vindhya range 
 of mountains, emerging on the north-west of 
 India ; they gradually fought their way down the 
 valleys of the Ganges, Jumna, and Indus rivers, 
 ultimately becoming masters of India as far 
 south as the Dekhan, 
 
 From the moment the Aryans set foot in 
 India they were strenuously opposed by the 
 aborigines of the country, who were then a 
 powerful well-organised race, living under a 
 social system of great antiquity ; - they were 
 governed by recognised rulers, some of whom 
 
 ^ Meaning ' thoroughly done, accompHshed,' an apt and 
 true definition of the Aryan character. 
 
 - The Buling Baces of Prehistoric Times, by G. J. F. 
 Hewitt, p. 131. See also Dolmens of Ireland, by W. C. 
 Borlase, p. 24.
 
 IN INDIA 73 
 
 possessed strong forts and had amassed con- 
 siderable wealth ; they spoke an agglutinate 
 language and were an essentially agricultural 
 and pastoral people, living under a communal 
 system of land tenure. No man was allowed to 
 marry a woman of his own village ; their children 
 were not reared under the parental roof but 
 were made over to the care of their maternal 
 relations, and were brought up as children 
 belonging to the State. They worshipped their 
 god, ' the mother earth,' in their sacred village 
 groves. These aborigines are frequently re- 
 ferred to in Yedic writings as the black-skinned, 
 vile, noseless, sullen, and despised people, who 
 nevertheless foufjht with o-reat courage for their 
 
 CO o 
 
 lands and homes. The Sanskrit writers draw a 
 marked contrast between the fair-skinned, tall, 
 handsome, and vigorous Aryan and the flat- 
 nosed, ugly, squat, and unclean aborigines, or 
 the Dravidian race. From the Vedas we also 
 learn that the ancient Aryans were an imagina- 
 tive race, given to the study of astronomy ; ^ 
 
 ' Hewitt, p. 123.
 
 74 THE AEYANS 
 
 tliey worshipped a supreme God, a divine power 
 more or less manifest to their senses in rivers 
 and mountains, in the sky and the sun, storms and 
 wind ; their senses likewise suggested to them 
 the conception of the infinite, the use of order 
 and law, as revealed to them in the golden dawn 
 of day and the path of the sun ; ^ they had other 
 deities who were the personified representations 
 of Nature in its various phenomena.- They 
 insisted on the necessity of sacrifice, offering 
 human beings to their gods.^ The spirits of the 
 departed they believed had power to influence 
 the actions of their living relations ; it was this 
 belief which gave origin to the dolmens, in 
 which they buried the bodies of their departed 
 chiefs, and in which sacrifices were made to 
 propitiate their spirits. 
 
 The following is a translation from one of 
 the most ancient Vedic hymns. 
 
 Amid the wailings of the loved ones left behind, 
 
 ^ Hihhert Lectures, by Professor Max Miiller, p. 252. 
 * Litterature Celtique, par H. cl'Arbois de Jubainville, 
 livre ii. 
 
 TJie Literary History of India, Frazer.
 
 OF INDIA 75 
 
 the cry of the bard goes forth to Death. ' Go 
 thou now far away ; I speak to thee who seest not 
 and hearest not ; injure thou not our children 
 nor our fighting men. These all standing here 
 are now divided from the dead. We look to dance 
 and song, we long to lengthen out our days. 
 Let all live here a hundred years. Between 
 those living and him now dead we heap up 
 stones ; let none advance beyond them ; by this 
 stone we now set up, let death be kept away. 
 Let first the women not yet widowed, those with 
 noble husbands, go hence ; weeping not, strong, 
 adorned with jewels, let them go first towards 
 the house. Now let the wife of the dead man 
 arise. Let her ^o to the world of the livinj? : 
 your husband's life is fled, you are now the 
 wife of him who grasps your hand and leads 
 you forth. Take now the bow from the hand 
 of him who lies dead.' 
 
 ' Enter, lifeless one, the mother earth, 
 the wide spread earth, soft as a maiden; in 
 her arms rest free from sin. Let now the earth 
 gently close around you, even as a mother
 
 76 THE AKYANS 
 
 gently wraps her infant child in soft robes. Let 
 now the fathers keep safe thy resting place, 
 and let Yama, the first mortal who passed the 
 portals of Death, prepare thee for a new abiding 
 place.' ^ 
 
 The Aryans, when they entered India, were 
 led by their kings or the rulers of their tribes ; 
 each tribe having its own chief, who, like the 
 king was elected from the famil}^ of the pro- 
 genitor of the tribe. The tribes consisted of 
 a number of families each of which had its 
 head, all of them being bound to the chief of 
 the tribe by consanguinity. Each tribe, there- 
 fore, formed an organised society in itself, and 
 for all practical purposes was independent, 
 
 ' Translation from another early Vedic poem. 'O Earth, as 
 a mother, as a mother covers her child with her garment, so do 
 thou cover him in thy arms.' ' May the earth which has been 
 raised above him like a tower become light to him, may it 
 afford him shelter, and serve him as a canopy.' Again: ' Carry 
 him to that immortal and imperishable home ; where the gates 
 of heaven are open ; where the heart's desires are fulfilled ; 
 where there is happiness and contentment; meet there Yama 
 and your own good deeds ; leave your sins behind and enter 
 your real home.' Vedic India, by Syed Mahammed Latif, 
 Calcutta Beview, January and April 1898.
 
 OF INDIA 77 
 
 making war or peace with its neighbours 
 according to its own wilh But in times of 
 national danger, the king, as the head of an 
 assemblage of tribes could command the services 
 of a large following. The whole system, from 
 the king, to the head of the family, was in- 
 dividualised ; it all tended to particularisation of 
 individuals, and this speedily led to rivalry and 
 constant war among the various kings and chiefs 
 of tribes. This fact was manifested among the 
 primitive Aryan tribes in India, for they had no 
 sooner overcome the aborigines than they com- 
 menced to divide the country into tribal, and 
 personal lands, and then to fight with one 
 another over the division of the spoil. Many 
 of the aborigines were probably reduced to a 
 state of slavery by the Aryans, but so long as 
 they performed the work required of them, and 
 paid tribute to their masters they were, as a 
 rule, permitted to remain in undisturbed posses- 
 sion of their village communities.^ Exchange 
 
 ^ The Ruling Baces of Prehistoric rimeSjG. J. F. Hewitt, 
 pp. 32, 33.
 
 78 THE AEYANS 
 
 and tribute were effected in kine, the standard 
 of value being a cow/ 
 
 Although the higher classes — that is, the 
 Aryan chiefs and their immediate relations — 
 kept clear of the aborigines of India, looking 
 on them with contempt, it is nevertheless cer- 
 tain that their retainers intermarried with the 
 Dravidians. The system of caste, which was 
 first doubtless a religious institution, was in all 
 probability also largely due to a desire, on the 
 part of the higher order of Aryans to preserve 
 their class from contamination by another race ; 
 their efforts in this respect were successful to a 
 large extent, the Brahman of the north-west of 
 India still retaining much of the hereditary 
 racial characteristics of his Aryan ancestors. 
 
 Ranking next to the king in dignity came 
 the royal priest, whose solemn invocations and 
 charms were of noted potency. On the death 
 of the king his successor was chosen by the 
 chiefs, and he was then inaugurated into his 
 
 1 Frazer, pp. 14, 15 18. Buddhism, its History and 
 Literature, by Khys Davids, LL.D,
 
 OF INDIA 79 
 
 office by the royal priest, and in all matters 
 connected with the affairs of the nation the 
 voice of this individual carried great weight. 
 There were numerous minor priests, who were 
 also the bards and genealogists of each tribe 
 and family ; it was their office to rehearse the 
 deeds of valour performed by the members of 
 the tribe to which they were attached, and the 
 praise of the bards was the highest honour to 
 which a chief could attain. The priests of the 
 early Aryan invaders of India were supposed, 
 by the aid of magic and other charms to be 
 able to influence the deities who ruled the forces 
 of Nature. They ordered the sacrifices and 
 conducted the ceremonies observed at important 
 religious functions. 
 
 The early Aryan race, wherever its precise 
 home may have been, was, as we know from the 
 Vedas, situated in a land having a cold winter 
 climate and a bright warm summer. In these 
 circumstances this race became endowed with a 
 splendid physique, indomitable energy, courage, 
 and perfect self-reliance.
 
 80 THE AEYANS 
 
 The descendants of the early Aryan race in 
 India are still to be met with among the inhabi- 
 tants of the mountainous regions, which we 
 believe they first occupied after crossing the 
 Hindoo Koosh. Colonel A. Gardner, who, during 
 the early part of the present century lived for 
 some years among these people and the Sikhs of 
 the Punjab, has left us a most interesting account 
 of their life and customs.^ Dravidians also are 
 found in the uplands of Central India as a pure 
 race, and the account given in the Vedic writ- 
 ings is a faithful description of these people at 
 the present time. 
 
 Mr. H. H. Eiseley, of the Bengal Civil 
 Service, was commissioned some few years ago 
 by the Government to study, and to report on 
 the ethnology of the people of Bengal. In his 
 valuable work on this subject, he states that 
 after examining 6,000 persons, representing the 
 leading castes and tribes of Northern India, he 
 has arrived at the conclusion that they can be 
 
 ^ Soldier and Traveller : Memoirs of Alexander Gardner. 
 Edited by Major Hugh Pearce. AV. Blackwood & Son, 1898.
 
 AND DRAVIDIANS 81 
 
 broadly separated into two principal types, the 
 Aryan, and the Dravidian.^ 
 
 The Aryan type, as it exists in India at 
 the present day, is marked by a relatively long 
 head, dolichocephalic (see p. 29), a straight 
 finely cut (leptorhine) nose, a long symmetri- 
 cally narrow face, a well-developed forehead, 
 regular features, and high facial ans^le. Their 
 stature is fairly high, ranging from 171-6 centi- 
 metres in the Sikhs of the Punjaub, to 16 5*0 
 in the Brahmans of Bengal ; and the general 
 build of their figure is well proportioned and 
 slender rather than massive. Their complexion 
 is a light transparent brown, ' wheat-coloured, 
 notably fairer than the mass of the population.' 
 
 The Dravidian type is also long skulled 
 (dolichocephalic), with a cephalic index of about 
 74-8. ' The nose is thick and broad, and the 
 formula expressing its proportionate dimensions 
 
 ' Mr. Riseley's report was printed by the Government of 
 Bengal, and consists of four volumes, the first two being devoted 
 to the ethnology, and the two other volumes to anthropometric 
 data concerning the castes of Bengal. From every point of 
 view, the work reflects the greatest credit on the author, and on 
 the Government of Bengal.
 
 82 THE DEAVIDIANS 
 
 is higher than in any known race, except the 
 negro. The facial angle is comparatively low, 
 the lips are thick, the face wide and fleshy, the 
 features coarse and irregular. The average 
 stature ranges through a long series of tribes 
 from 156"2 to 162"1 centimetres ; the figure is 
 squat, and the limbs sturdy. The colour of the 
 skin varies from dark brown to a shade closely 
 approaching black.' ^ 
 
 Mr. Eiseley fully recognises the fact that 
 between the extreme types above referred to 
 (which may fairly be regarded as distinct races), 
 there are numerous intermediate groups. This 
 must be the case in a vast country like that of 
 India, alterations in the environment of sections 
 
 ^ Mr. Eiseley lays much stress on the nasal index as a test 
 of race. He believes that within certain boundaries we may 
 state that in India the social position of a caste varies inversely 
 with its nasal index. The same rule applies to the character 
 of the exogamous subdivisions of various castes. The Aryan 
 leptorhine nasal index in this way clearly distinguishes him 
 from the platyrhine Dravidian ; they are both dolichocephalic, 
 but throughout Bengal we find high social position invariably 
 associated with the Aryan type. Tribes and Castes of Bengal, 
 by H. H. Riseley ; Ethnograj^hic Glossary, vol. i. p. 32 ; 
 and The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great 
 Britain and Ireland, pp. 252, 259.
 
 AND ARYANS 83 
 
 of the people gradually leading to changes m 
 their physical condition. Sexual selection has 
 perhaps done something to thrust back the pure 
 Dravidian stock to the comparatively barren 
 highlands of Central India. Intermarriage, the 
 Mahommedan conquest, and from the earliest 
 times the action and reaction of the religious 
 sentiments of the two parent races on one 
 another, have affected the life of these people, 
 and with it modified their physical charac- 
 teristics. These modifications, however, by aid 
 of their skulls, faces and stature, we can trace 
 back to the parent races from which they are 
 derived ; diversity in a comprehensive unifor- 
 mity, being a law as old as the human race, 
 and unchanged in our own day. The Sikhs ^ of 
 
 ' The Sikhs are described as a nation which in its evolution 
 ' was marked by characteristics iiniqne among Oriental States,' 
 while the race thereby developed ' forms one of the finest 
 fighting types to be found, whether in Asia or in Europe ; 
 bearing, indeed, a distinct resemblance, in some particulars, to 
 the democratic soldiery of the Parliament and the Covenant.' 
 ' They challenged the mightier Power from the West, with 
 stubborn valour unparalleled in Eastern warfare, and finally 
 when once they had acknowledged and accepted the sway of 
 the conqueror, proved themselves loyal with the most loyal, 
 
 G 2
 
 84 THE ARYANS 
 
 the Punjab are good representatives of the old 
 Aryan stock planted in Northern India it may be 
 some 7,000 years ago. The language of their 
 ancestors has almost died out from among them, 
 and the colour of their skin, eyes, and hair has 
 become of a darker shade than that of the 
 original stock. From the east and south-east of 
 the Punjab as far as Behar and Chota Nagpore, 
 we find the higher castes of Hindoos, who have 
 never intermarried with the aborigines, main- 
 tain the racial characteristics of the Aryans, 
 but in Lower Bengal it would appear as though 
 even the Brahmans have intermarried with the 
 broad-headed Mongolian people from Assam 
 and Burma, for their cephalic index rises to 
 78, as against 72, of the same caste in Upper 
 India. 
 
 Mr. E. E. Oliver, in his interesting work 
 ' Across the Border, or Pathan and Biloch,' 
 
 aiid trusty with the most tnisted.' Nanak, the founder of 
 the Sikh sect, taught ' the Unity of God, and the equality of 
 men before Him,' that ' salvation came through good deeds, as 
 the fruit of a good will.' The Sikhs and the Sikh Wars, by 
 General Sir Charles Gough, V.C, and Arthur D, Innes, M.A.
 
 OF INDIA 85 
 
 States that tlie Buneyrwals, or inhabitants of 
 Buner, a countr}^ to the west of the upper Indus, 
 are infinitely superior to the men of Swat. 
 Buner is thoroughly classic ground — the ' Great 
 Forest ' of the early Aryans, the ' Sinai ' of 
 Sanskrit, where Aryuna wrestled with God. 
 The Buneyrwals are a dolichocephalic race, 
 many of them having fair complexions with 
 dark grey eyes and well-formed features ; not a 
 few of the young men are as handsome fellows 
 as it is possible to meet with Mr. Oliver 
 describes them as being ' simple, temperate, and 
 content with the plain, wholesome food, the 
 produce of their own cattle and lands ; courteous 
 and hospitable, treachery is unknown among 
 them ; upright in their dealings with enemies as 
 well as strangers. Patriotic and industrious, 
 although they hold all trade in the very lowest 
 estimation ; anything that savours of trading 
 being anathema to the Buneyrwal. ' ^ 
 
 The most ancient coloured drawings we 
 possess of the old Aryan race are those to be 
 
 • Across the Border, by E. E. Oliver, p. 276.
 
 86 THE ARYANS 
 
 seen at Thebes and Karnak/ which date back as 
 far as the fifteenth century before the Christian 
 era. The artist who ornamented these Egyptian 
 monuments has there ilhistrated the various 
 people of Western Asia conquered by Thothmes 
 III., and among them the Amorites who, we 
 know from Babylonian records, were a powerful 
 race inhabiting the country north and east of 
 the Dead Sea, some 3800 B.C. (fig. 2G). From 
 the paintings above referred to, from the Old 
 Testament, and other records. Professor Sayce 
 observes that the Amorites were ' an energetic, 
 tall, blond race ; they had blue eyes, and reddish- 
 brown hair, their features belong to the Indo- 
 European type, the nose was straight and regular, 
 the forehead high, the lips were thin, and the 
 cheek hones someiuhat prominent ; - they wore 
 
 ' Also at Abu-Simbel and Medinet Habn. The Early 
 History of the Hebrews, by Professor A. H. Saj'ce, p. 20. See 
 also pp. 1, 10, 42, 45, 148. ' Martu ' was the primitive Baby- 
 lonian equivalent for the later ' Amorite.' 
 
 - We find that this was precisely the character of the face 
 of the Mentone and Cro-Magnon skulls. The Amorites at one 
 time occiTpied the mountainous regions of Asia Minor from the 
 south-west of the Caspian to the zEgean Sea. Here they 
 nourished, and for many centuries horde after horde of these
 
 BAS-RELIEF OF AilOlilTES. 
 
 Photographed from early Egyptian monuments. Copied from Frof. Sayee's work 
 ' The Early History of the Hebrews.'
 
 OF ASIA MINOR 87 
 
 whiskers and pointed beards. So far as we 
 can judge from the representations given on the 
 Egyptian monuments, these people belonged to 
 a dolichocephalic or long-headed race.' The 
 exodus of the Hebrews from Egypt took place 
 about 1280 B.C., and subsequently the spies sent 
 by Moses into the land of the Amorites reported 
 that the Hebrews were only to be likened to 
 grasshoppers, as compared with the natives of 
 that country. Professor Sayce states that the 
 Amorites ' offer a strikino- likeness to the 
 Of olden-haired Kelt,' and also we mav add, to 
 the description given by the early Sanskrit 
 writers of the Aryans ; and we may add to their 
 descendants in the north-west of India at the 
 present day.^ 
 
 people descended into the rich and fertile plains of Syria and 
 Mesopotamia, in the same way as their descendants, the 
 Teutonic races of the north of Europe, overran the rich 
 districts of Southern Europe. Sayce's Early Israel, and the 
 surrounding Nations, p. 142. Bi;t. as Professor Sayce remarks, 
 ' these northerners were not suited by nature for the hot and 
 enervating climate of the south. Then- force diminished, their 
 numbers lessened, and the subjugated Semite increased in 
 strength.' 
 
 • According to Maspero, the Aryans were known to the
 
 88 THE AKYANS 
 
 Professor Sayce states that the hillsides of 
 Moab are covered with the cromlechs of these 
 people, and their dolmens extend into North 
 Africa, where he still recognises their descendants 
 in the Libyan race. As in the mountains of 
 Northern Africa, so also in the mountains of the 
 later Edom, the blond race of Palestine found its 
 natural home, as well as its surest stronghold 
 against the Semitic invader. It did not thrive 
 in the hot climate of the plains, and disappeared 
 from the delta of the Nile, which was occupied 
 by the Egyptians, who thus divided the African 
 and Asiatic halves of the blond dolichocephalic 
 race. That this happened while the fair, tall 
 race was still living in the stone age, may be 
 concluded from the fact that no trace of metal 
 has been discovered in the early cromlechs of 
 Northern Africa. 
 
 Professor Sayce, from whom we have 
 quoted, continues : ' The cromlechs, consisting 
 of a cairn of stones approached by a short 
 
 Egyptians of the 5th dynasty (3990-3804 B.C.). Dawn of 
 Civilisation, p'. 391.
 
 OF ASIA MINOR 89 
 
 passage, or a circle of upright blocks, are 
 characteristic of the countries in which the 
 blonds were once settled. In Africa they are 
 associated with skeletons which reveal their 
 origin, and similar dolmens are met with in 
 parts of Palestine, more especially on the 
 eastern side of the Jordan, with which the 
 name of the Amorites is connected. Cromlechs 
 of a like form exist in Western Spain, France, 
 and in Britain, and since the Libyan race, 
 whose remains they cover in Africa, claim 
 physiological relationship with the " Eed Kelt," 
 it is permissible to regard them as marking 
 the former presence of the race to which the 
 Amorites belonged. The scientific study of 
 the megalithic structures is still in its infancy, 
 but the day may not be far distant when the 
 shape of the cromlech will enable the inquirer 
 to determine by what population or race it was 
 built.' 1 
 
 We have discussed at some length the 
 subject of the eastern branch of the Aryan 
 
 ' Professor Sayce, The Races of t lie Old Testament, p. 110.
 
 90 IBEEIANS AND AEYANS 
 
 race, in order that we may ascertain how far 
 their history can throw hght on the appearance 
 in Western Europe, during the early neoUthic 
 age, of the tall Cro-Magnon people. Supposing 
 these men were Aryans they might well have 
 been chiefs of this race, such as those who 
 we know in early neolithic times passed into 
 India ; and, if such was the case we ought 
 to be able, as in India, to discover traces of 
 the race, not only in the skulls, form of nose, 
 and stature of the existing inhabitants of 
 Europe, but also in their language, and 
 hereditary character, religion, and social life. 
 
 The aborigines of Europe would, at the 
 time we suppose that the Aryans migrated 
 westward, have been much less formidable 
 opponents than the Dravidians of India. The 
 Iberians of Western Europe could have been 
 little better than savages, living, as we know 
 from the stone weapons that they used, by 
 hunting and fishing, in all probability being 
 comparatively few in number, especially in the 
 central and northern parts of the continent.
 
 OF EUEOPE 91 
 
 The Aryans from the East, with their families, 
 cattle, and far higher civilisation, according to 
 our theory, migrated westward, seeking for new 
 lands and pastures, towards the setting sun.^ 
 Having occupied the land, they would have 
 divided into tribes and families, as they did in 
 India ; the upper classes would have separated 
 themselves into what was much the same social 
 system as that of caste in India, but their 
 retainers would have formed alliances with the 
 Iberian aborigines, and so created a mixed 
 population. But we shall subsequently find, 
 as in India, so in Europe, that we meet with 
 people still living among us who have strongly 
 pronounced Aryan characteristics, and others 
 of a no less marked Iberian type. Beyond this 
 we have evidence which points to the former 
 presence of the Aryan race in Europe. 
 
 ' It seems probable that the Aryans passed into Eiu-ope 
 from Asia, over the grassy steppes to the north of the Black 
 Sea ; here there was room enough for a whole nation to march 
 abreast, with abundance of grass for cattle during the summer. 
 Central Russia at this time must have been covered with dense 
 forests.
 
 92 THE AEYANS 
 
 Language cannot be accounted a test of 
 race, but it is a fact that as throughout the 
 greater part of India, so also in Europe, the 
 root of much of the language spoken by its 
 inhabitants has an Aryan origin. This being 
 the case, it inclines us to believe that in 
 far distant times the Aryans must have exer- 
 cised great influence over the inhabitants of 
 Europe, as they certainly did over those of 
 India. ^ 
 
 The folk-lore, and myths among the popu- 
 
 ^ Professor Isaac Taylor, in his work on The Origin of the 
 Aryans, has entered fully into the arguments for and against 
 the Aryan theory based on comparative philology. Within the 
 past five years some eminent authorities on this subject incline 
 towards an Asiatic rather than a European home, in which the 
 Aryan speech was evolved from more primitive languages. 
 There can be no doubt that the physical geography of the region 
 between the source of the Oxus and the Caspian Sea has mider- 
 gone considerable change within comparatively recent geological 
 times. It is quite possible therefore, supposing the original 
 home of the Aryans was situated in this part of Asia, that the 
 country in those far distant times might have been much 
 better suited for a large population than much of it is at the 
 present day. The necessity for the migration of a considerable 
 portion of the inhabitants of that part of the world may 
 have arisen from some convulsion of Nature, which drove the 
 people to seek for pastures new in India, Eastern Asia, and in 
 Europe.
 
 OF EUEOPE 93 
 
 lation of various parts of Great Britain, and of 
 the continent of Europe are closely allied, we 
 may say are identical, with that which is current 
 among the descendants of the Aryan race in 
 India ; so much so, that we are drawn to the 
 conclusion that these are fossilised sentiments 
 derived from common ancestors.^ 
 
 The Brehon Laws are the most archaic 
 system of law and jurisprudence of Western 
 Europe." This was the code of the ancient 
 Gaels, or Keltic-speaking Irish, which existed 
 in an unwritten form lono- before it was 
 brought into harmony with Christian senti- 
 ments by St. Patrick, about the year a.d. 430. 
 Professor Eichey states that these laws ' were 
 in substance those which are found to have 
 prevailed among other Aryan tribes in a 
 similar stage of social progress ; they coincide 
 more closely with the Hindoo than with Eoman 
 
 '■ Maive Stokes, Ijidian Fairy Tales; Lai Behari Day's 
 Folk-tales of Bengal ; Andrew Lang's introduction to Mrs. 
 Hunt's translation of Grimm's Tales; and Pagaji Ireland, hj 
 W. G. Wood-xMartin, p. 140. 
 
 - The Brelion Laws, by Laurence Ginnell.
 
 94 AEYAN EACE 
 
 law.'^ It is impossible to study these laws, 
 and the manners and customs of the early Irish 
 together with their land tenure, and to compare 
 them with the laws of Manu, and with the light 
 thrown on the Arj^ans of India by the Sanskrit 
 writings, without coming to the conclusion that 
 they had a common origin. 
 
 We do not contend that any section of the 
 people of England, Ireland, or Scotland, are now 
 a pure race, directly descended from an ancient 
 Aryan stock ; all we claim is, that a considerable 
 proportion of the people of Great Britain are so 
 deeply impregnated with the spirit, character 
 and customs of the Aryans, that we can hardly 
 resist the conviction that this race exercised 
 a great and lasting influence on a part of the 
 inhabitants of our islands and of the north 
 of Europe. These traits of character and of 
 physical conformation are so widely spread, 
 and so deep, that they could only have been 
 acquired by the permanent occupation of this 
 
 ^ The Brehon Latvs, by Laurence Ginnell, p. 228, Also 
 Dr. Richey's Short History of the Irish People, p. 54.
 
 SURVIVE IN EUROPE 95 
 
 part of the world by the Aryan race in far 
 distant times. No mere conquest or commercial 
 intercourse with our ancestors could have 
 produced so lasting an effect on the innate 
 sentiments of a large proportion of our 
 population. 
 
 The Aryan race must, by intermarriage, have 
 become an abiding part of the people, and 
 their traits still live deep within many of us.^ 
 The ancient Aryan chiefs and their families in 
 India, influenced by contempt for the aborigines 
 and possibly by a sense of self-preservation, 
 separated themselves into castes, which impera- 
 tively restricted the marriage of their members 
 to their own caste, and in this way they pre- 
 served their purity of race. And so we may 
 conceive the early Aryan chiefs of the western 
 branch of the race separated themselves into 
 an aristocracy, an order which, in former times, 
 was as exclusive with regard to mixed mar- 
 riages as were the Brahmans or the Eajputs of 
 
 ^ See Story of an Irish Sept, by X. C. Macnamara, pub- 
 lished by Dent & Co.; and Dolmens of Ireland, Borlase, pp. 
 579, 600, 051.
 
 96 AEYAN RACE 
 
 India. It was through the ancient aristocracy 
 of Europe that much of the self-rehant chival- 
 rous feeUng, the pride of race and of family 
 have been preserved among us, and probably 
 much of that vigorous spirit of freedom and 
 independence so characteristic of the Aryan 
 stock wherever it exists. 
 
 If we apply our theory, therefore, to the 
 Mentone, and Cro-Magnon people (p. 64), it 
 would seem to explain how these fine tall men 
 came to be buried in France. They were pro- 
 bably some of the pioneers of their race in 
 Western Europe, where they had arrived before 
 the period of dolmen builders in this part of 
 the world, its natural caves being employed as 
 their sepulchres. But it would seem that they 
 lost no time in teaching the aborigines of 
 France to respect their dead. For instance, 
 in the cave of I'Homme-Mort, in the depart- 
 ment of Lozere, together with early neolithic 
 implements, a number of human bones were 
 found ; the skulls of these people had cranial 
 indices of 74, and they were under 5 feet
 
 OF EUROPE 97 
 
 3 inches in lieiglit and therefore of the Iberian 
 race.^ 
 
 Among the Mentone skeletons we find that 
 the female's frontal bone had been smashed, evi- 
 dently from a heavy blow inflicted by some blunt 
 instrument ; she had probably been slaughtered 
 at the time of her husband's funeral, in order 
 that her spirit might minister to her lord and 
 master in a future life. This barbarous custom 
 of slaughtering the wife at the funeral of her 
 husband is frequently referred to in the later, 
 but not in the earlier, Sanskrit writino-s. 
 
 There is another important line of evidence 
 in support of the Aryan theory to which we 
 must now refer. It is well known that the 
 tribes of Southern India and other parts of the 
 world have, from time immemorial, erected 
 monuments of stone over their dead ; these for 
 the most part consist of slabs of stone fixed in 
 the earth edgeways, and often covered by 
 another flat stone. It is impossible to ascertain 
 
 ' De Mortillet, p. 314 ; also Dolmens of Ireland, W, C. 
 Borlase, p. 956. 
 
 H
 
 98 THE AEYANS 
 
 if the Dravidians and other aborigines of India 
 took the idea of building tombs over the 
 remains of their leaders from the Aryans, or 
 if the latter borrowed this practice from the 
 former, or from some other people ; it is quite 
 possible it may have been common to both 
 races. It seems evident that the Aryans, at 
 an early period of their career developed a 
 characteristic style of architecture, rough and 
 rude in the extreme, but perhaps giving indi- 
 cations of genius which in after ages produced 
 the temples and other buildings of ancient 
 Greece. 
 
 From what has already been said, it appears 
 that the pioneers of the Arj^an race in Europe 
 made use of natural caves in the rocks, within 
 which to deposit the remains of their dead 
 chiefs and their families. And while they still 
 continued to use such places as tombs, they seem 
 to have begun to build sepulchres. The most 
 ancient of these tombs in Europe contain the 
 remains of the long-skulled tall race we have 
 identified as Aryans ; and with these human
 
 IN EUROPE 99 
 
 remains we find a number of stone, horn, and 
 bone instruments, characteristic of the early 
 neoUthic period.^ The sepulchres of these 
 people were not merely tombs, but also temples 
 erected over the dead ; sacrifices were performed 
 in what may be called the nave of the dolmen 
 and at its entrance was the place of mourning.^ 
 Mr. W. C. Borlase, in his exhaustive work 
 on the ' Dolmens of Ireland,' has given us a 
 description and drawings, not only of the 
 dolmens in that country, but also of most of 
 those which are known to exist in Europe, 
 
 ' The crauial capacity of 18 skulls from the Long Barrows 
 of the south-west of England is 1622 c.c, as compared with 
 an average cranial capacity of 1540 c.c. of Englishmen of 
 the present day. Memoirs of Anthropological Society, vol. i. 
 p. 465. 
 
 ■^ These dolmens are often called cromlechs; they are 
 associated in the minds of the uneducated classes of Europe, 
 Asia, and of Africa, with the spirits of the dead whose remains 
 are buried within them. So strong is this feeling in many 
 parts of Ireland and other comitries, that the lower orders will 
 not disturb the stones of the dolmens for fear of the spirits of 
 the dead which are supposed to reside within them. It is in 
 consequence of this prejudice on the part of the people that 
 some of the ancient dolmens have been preserved up to the 
 present time ; it is however well known that many of them 
 have been broken down and carted away for building or other 
 purposes. 
 
 H 2
 
 100 DOLMENS 
 
 Asia, and the North of Africa. Mr. Borlase 
 defines a dohnen as ' being a covered structure 
 formed of slabs or blocks of stone arranged in 
 such a manner that the stone or stones which 
 constitute the roof, are supported in place by 
 the upper points or edges of some, or all, of the 
 other stones which are set on end or edge, and 
 enclose, or partially enclose, an area or vault 
 beneath.' ^ Dolmens were invariably surrounded 
 by a cairn or mound, but sometimes so slight 
 was this covering that it onl}^ reached the cap- 
 stone. At other times vast mounds were piled 
 over the dolmen ; many of the cairns have since 
 been removed, either by the hand of man or by 
 
 ' Tlie Dolmens of Ireland, by W. C. Borlase, M.A., pp. 
 424-5. Mr. Borlase states that a chamber differs from a 
 dolmen constructively in the circnmstance that the roof is not 
 formed of a single slab spanning the vault, but of successive 
 layers of slabs, approaching each other as they rise, the lower- 
 most resting on the tops of the perpendicular stones which 
 surround the vault, and the uppermost supporting the large 
 flat slab or slabs which, laid across them, serve at once to close 
 the central space, so as to form an apex of the dome and, by its 
 weight, to consolidate and keep in place the overlapping layers 
 which support it.' The whole being covered by the superin- 
 cumbent cairn or mound to keep the chamber impervious to the 
 elements, and by pressure from without to give strength to the 
 whole.
 
 THE WORK OF AEYANS 101 
 
 nature, leaving the stone structure they enclosed 
 standing in its nakedness. Surrounding the slabs 
 of the dolmen a kind of hedging of stones was 
 formed ; these stones, Mr. Borlase states, were 
 probably bound together with clay and turf, 
 raised to a sufficient height to meet the over- 
 lapping edges of the covering stones, and so to 
 fill up the interstices between the side slabs 
 which supported the roof. 
 
 In many parts of Ireland, especially in 
 CO. Clare, we find within a comparatively small 
 area the remains of no fewer than 100 dolmens ; 
 they exist also in the south-west of England, 
 and throughout the continent of Europe, Asia 
 Minor, the Caucasus, and parts of India and 
 Northern Africa.^ Professor A. H. Keane iden- 
 tifies the meo-alithic monuments of Northern 
 Asia, of the Korea and Japan, as the work of 
 the stone-age Caucasic peoples ; from the study 
 of these dolmens, together with their contents, 
 
 ^ L'AntJiropologie, 1891, Tp. [. seq. General Faidherbe gives 
 an account of the dolmens of Itoknia which he considers to be 
 some 5000 years old.
 
 102 DOLMENS 
 
 he arrives at the conclusion that during the 
 early neolithic period the east and north-east of 
 Asia were inhabited by an Aryan population.^ 
 
 Many of the dolmens are wedge-shaped and 
 are known as long dolmens, their west end 
 forming the largest and highest part of the 
 temple tomb, and from this chamber a passage 
 passed outwards, opening externally at the 
 eastern extremity of the cairn. Within the 
 dolmen at its broad end a stone platform is 
 not unfrequently found which, from the remains 
 of bones and charcoal beneath and around it, 
 was evidently used as an altar.- In the more 
 
 ' Man, Past and Present, p. 270. 
 
 - Borlase, Tlie Dolmens of Ireland, vol. ii. p. 443, describes 
 a dolmen at Niedleben near Halle in Saxony, which gives us a 
 clear idea of the ground plan of one of these tombs. ' The vault 
 was formed of two slabs on edge on either side, supporting two 
 curving stones, and closed at the inner or north end by a single 
 large slab. At the south end, three smaller stones on either side 
 supported another curving stone and formed a sort of ante- 
 chamber or narrow portico, separated apparently from the main 
 cell, or vault, by a stone slab which nearly reached the curving 
 stone. The whole structure was divided into three sections, 
 viz., entrance, vestibule, and vault, which was wedge-shaped, 
 expanding from 2 feet wide at its entrance to about 5 feet 6 inches 
 at the inner end. At the inner end was a table slab about 3 feet 
 long, 2 feet broad, and 2 inches thick.' The floor of the vault was
 
 DOLMENS 103 
 
 recent of these dolmens the passage leading 
 from the chamber of the dead was divided into 
 a place for sacrificing, and the place of mourning. 
 We might refer to many other long dolmens 
 England or on the Continent ; the following 
 description, however, is as good an example as 
 we can select of the long form of English dolmen. 
 
 The E,odmarton long-chambered dolmen/ is situated 
 some six miles to the south-west of Cirencester. Its 
 length is about 180 feet and breadth 70 feet ; the height 
 near the east end is 8 feet. Some 25 feet from the eastern 
 end of the dolmen upright stones were found, with a 
 slanting stone resting against them, and from the 
 remains of charcoal and the bones of numerous animals 
 near this spot, it seems probable it was here that certain 
 
 covered with ashes mixed with charcoal and pieces of pottery. 
 In the north-west and north-east corners were a human skull and 
 a backbone, and between them, ribs and leg bones. Boars' teeth 
 were found in the earth, flmt knives and other implements, and 
 pieces of amber, but no objects of metal. As to the pottery, one of 
 the urns was probably for meat otlering, and a smaller one for 
 drink offering for the spirit of the dead chief. 
 
 ' Crania Britannica, by Drs. J. B. Davis and J. Thurnam, 
 part 59, and figiire 12; Memoirs of Anthropological Society of 
 London, vol. i. p. 153 ; also Collection of STiulls (Davis, No. 1210), 
 in the Museum of the Eoyal College of Surgeons of England. 
 
 Two skulls from the long-chambered dolmen at Ulley, 
 Gloucestershire, are in the Museum of Guy's Hospital ; one of 
 them is doscribcd in Crania Britannica, part 5, xxiv.
 
 104 DOLMENS 
 
 funeral rites took place and sacrifices to the dead 
 were eaten. Near the centre of the tumulus there 
 was a chamber which was entered from the south by 
 a passage cut in the stones, like a port-hole, through 
 which access to the chamber could be made in a creep- 
 ing position ; outside this a narrow gallery, formed of 
 upright stones, led to the outside of the tumulus. The 
 chamber, which was full of rubble, contained bits of 
 coarse pottery. In another chamber opposite and 30 
 feet distant from the one above described, also formed 
 by upright stones, the opening to the chamber had 
 been carefully concealed by flat stones placed in front 
 of it ; it contained the skeletons of thirteen people 
 deposited in a crouched position, some rude pottery, an 
 axe of green stone ground and polished, two finely 
 chipped flint leaf-shaped arrow-heads of the early 
 neolithic type, and lastly a few charred bones. The 
 skulls were those of six men, four women, and three 
 children. One of these skulls is in the collection of 
 the Royal College of Surgeons' (Ags- 27, 28). All 
 the skulls are dolichocephalic, four of them being 
 deeph' cleft through the whole of the frontal bone, like 
 that of the woman in the Mentone case. The frontal 
 region of these skulls was somewhat narrow but not 
 low, and the sutures are distinct. Another remarkably 
 fine long dolmen is described by the authors of the 
 
 ' B. Davis, No. 1210, p. 8, Thesaurus Craniorum.
 
 F,g. 28. 
 
 A KKiiNT AND SIDE VIEW OF ONE OP THE SKULLS FOUND .IN 
 THE RODMARTON DOLMEN, EARLY NEOLITHIC PERIOD. 
 
 Only onc-lialf of the lower jaw has been preserved, but the character of this skull 
 is very different from those of the preceding period (Figs. 5 to 16).
 
 THEIR CONTENTS 105 
 
 ' Crania Britaimica,' Part 50 ; it was unearthed under 
 a tumulus at West Kennet, North Wilts ; but the above 
 is a fair specimen of the long dolmens of the South of 
 England, 
 
 The Wor Barrow,^ situated near the village 
 of Handley, on the borders of Dorset and Wilts, 
 affords us probably oiie of the most perfect 
 examples we possess of a burial place of the 
 dolichocephalic inhabitants of England in the 
 early neolithic age. The photographs and 
 sections made by Lieut. -General Pitt-Eivers 
 during the course of his examination of this 
 barrow, enable us to realise its associations in 
 a manner hardly possible to rival (see Appendix 
 to this Chapter). 
 
 From an examination of the contents of the 
 dolmens of England and Ireland, Dr. Thurnam 
 arrived at the conclusion that to the dolicho- 
 cephalic race belonged the long dolmens, and to 
 the brachycephalic the round dolmens, and this 
 opinion has been confirmed by many other 
 
 ' Excavations in Cranhorne Chase, by Lieut.-General 
 Pitt-Eivers, D.C.L., F.R.S., Inspector of Ancient Monimients in 
 Great Britain, vol. iv. p. 114.
 
 106 DOLMENS 
 
 observers. Of tweuty-iive skulls taken from 
 the long-chambered dolmens of England, the 
 cranial capacity was as high as 1622 c.c, the 
 modern Persians having skulls with a capacity of 
 1502 c.c. The cranial index of the twenty- 
 five skulls averao-ed 71. So that there can be 
 no question of their being dolichocephalic, and 
 wdth crania of fine capacity, probably attribut- 
 able to the fact of their having been leaders of 
 their tribes, and therefore men selected for their 
 strength and ability.^ 
 
 In Sweden there are many fine examples of 
 the ' gallery graves ' containing the skeletons 
 of a dolichocephalic race, with a cephalic index 
 of about 72 • 6, In these crania, as a rule, the 
 forehead is rather narrow, like that of many 
 of the skulls found in the long dolmens of 
 England, the North of Europe, and other parts 
 of the Continent. The superciliary arches in 
 many of these skulls project more than among 
 modern races, ' but they present in other 
 respects the usual form and projecting occiput 
 
 ' Memoirs of Anthroiiolog ical Socicly, vol. i. p. 463.
 
 AND BARROWS 107 
 
 of the Swedish cranium.' ' Professor S. Nilsson 
 states that these remains are those of people 
 who lived during the ' stone age,' for they were 
 unacquainted with the use of metals. He adds 
 the people who constructed these gallery graves 
 belonged to ' one of the dolichocephalous races 
 which still inhabit the greater part of Sweden.' ^ 
 It would weary the reader to describe a 
 number of dolmens. They exist, as we have 
 stated, in Central India. '"^ They may be traced 
 
 ^ The Primitive Inhabitants of Scandinavia, by S. Nilsson, 
 edited by Sir J. Lubbock, p. 118. '^ Idem, pp. 117, 119, 122. 
 
 ^ Colonel Meadows-Taylor, who has explored the cairns in 
 Northumberland, and also the dolmens and barrows of the 
 Dekkan, states that the English, Nilgherie, Malabar, and Canara 
 cairns and cists are identical in structure. He writes that 
 ' in all their varieties thej' agree in establishing the identity 
 of the great Aryan Nomadic tribes, and show that, however 
 widely divergent their wanderings have been, they maj- be 
 traced by their monuments of worship and sepultiire, the almost 
 perfect similarity of which is too remarkable to be doubted.' 
 He further states that he ' finds the shape of the sickles, arrow 
 and spearheads (of the Dekkan cairns) are " closely analogous to 
 those in the Museum of the Koj-al Irish Academy-. " ' He states 
 that similar sepulchres exist in Central Asia and Circassia. — 
 Description of Cairns, Cromlechs and Kistvaens, by Colonel 
 Meadows-Taylor; Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy, 
 vol. xxiv. May 12, 1862, and January 9, 1865, pp. 331, 337, 862, 
 363. 
 
 No doubt in Southern India many of the sepulchral remains
 
 108 DOLMENS 
 
 through the Caucasu.s, along the Danube into 
 Hungary,^ Germany,- France, England, and 
 Ireland. Throughout this vast extent of 
 country these long dolmens are all planned on 
 the same lines, built in the same general form, 
 of the same kind of materials, and contain the 
 remains of the same type of men, stone imple- 
 ments, and pottery. Here and there we find in 
 them the bones of the small ox, a horned sheep, 
 and the goat, and some of the simplest, purest, 
 and most ancient forms of bronze axes, the 
 animals and the bronze having been origi- 
 nally derived fi'om Asiatic sources.^ This 
 
 are of Buddhist and later origin, but this fact does not make 
 the dolmens less ancient. Sir W. Elliot, Rei)ort of Britisli 
 Association, 1868, p. 135. 
 
 ' The Dolmens of Ireland, by W. C. Borlase, p. 750, plates 
 and description of dolmens in India ; p. 722, those of the 
 Caucasus and Crimea ; pp. 497-552, the dolmens of Germany and 
 Eastern Europe. Not only are the dolmens of the East and 
 "West of Europe alike, but the ancient stone forts of Hungary, 
 Bohemia, and Bosnia (Borlase, p. 1125) are identical in their 
 architectural details with those of Aran, at the entrance of 
 Gal way Bay. 
 
 - Prussian Saxony. Prehistoric Bemains of Caithness, p. 109. 
 
 ^ The Pr'imitive Inhabitants of Scandinavia, Nilsson. 
 p. 257 ; also Manners and Customs of the Ancient Irish, by 
 Professor E. O'Curry, vol. i. p. ccccxxvi.
 
 THE WORK OF ARYANS 109 
 
 evidence, therefore, tends to confirm our theory 
 that the tall, long-skulled people of Western 
 Europe, in early neolithic times, were men of 
 the Aryan race. Numerically few at first, they 
 soon became the dominant race in Europe. 
 They imposed their language and their religion 
 on the aborigines, for they were a more robust 
 and masterful people, and full of energy, at- 
 tracted from their homes by the fruitful valleys 
 and plains of Europe, settled there because, 
 throughout the northern part of the continent 
 they found a climate and surroundings congenial 
 to their natures. 
 
 Besides dolmens, numerous long barrows 
 are to be found scattered over the North of 
 England, and a large part of Central Eussia 
 and Prussia ; some of these barrows con- 
 sist of earthen tumuli only ; others contain a 
 chamber with or without a surrounding circle 
 of stones. Colonel Wood-Martin describes a 
 barrow of this kind near Larne, co. Antrim. 
 Except for a slight and gradual rise above the 
 surrounding level, there was no indication of a
 
 110 LONG BARROWS 
 
 ' barrow ' in this place ; it was accidentally come 
 upon by a workman making a footpath through 
 the centre of the elevation. This man dug 
 down upon a cist, its floor and sides being 
 formed of slabs of basalt ; it was some 10 feet 
 in length and 4 feet wide ; it lay north and 
 south. Many of these long barrows have been 
 examined by Canon Green well, who has dis- 
 covered them in consideral)le numbers over 
 the wolds of Yorkshire and in other northern 
 counties, and he, in conjunction with the late 
 Professor Eolleston of Oxford, has given us a 
 complete and accurate account of the contents 
 of many of these barrows.^ These gentlemen 
 believe that the greater number of these sepul- 
 chres were the burial-places of a dolichocephalic 
 race, who lived in England before the bronze 
 age, that is in the neolithic period. There is 
 some difference of opinion as to the stature of 
 these people ; from Mr. Mortimer's measurements 
 their average height was 5 feet 8 inches, one 
 
 ' British Barrows, by Canon Greenwell and Professor 
 Eolleston. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1877.
 
 OF RUSSIA 111 
 
 of them being 6 feet high.' This is precisely 
 what we find in so many other sepulchres of 
 this period, the remains of a tall powerful 
 man, surrounded by the skeletons of men of 
 inferior stature, probably the retainers of the 
 chief who were slaughtered at the time of his 
 funeral. 
 
 Professor W. Z. Eipley in his lectures on the 
 Eacial Geography of Europe,"- refers to the sulj- 
 mergence in Eussia of ' a tall, dolichocephalic, 
 fair people,' by a race of round-headed Mongo- 
 lians. So completely have the former race 
 disappeared that, unless among the upper 
 classes, this long-skulled fair stock is hardly to 
 be met with at the present time throughout 
 the greater part of central Eussia. But thickly 
 scattered over the plains of Eussia, from the 
 Ural to the Carpathian Mountains, there are a 
 number of long barrows much resembling those 
 of Germany and of England. These barrows 
 
 ' Journal of the Anthrojiological Institute, vol. vi. p. 333, 
 January 1877. 
 
 ^ A'ppleton's Popular Science Monthly, October 1898.
 
 112 LONG BAEROWS OF ASIA 
 
 extend eastward into Siberia, and to the south 
 as far as Bosnia ; westward they pass into 
 Prussia. These tumuh have been carefully 
 examined, and, without exception are found to 
 contain the bones of a tall, dolichocephalic race 
 of men. With the human remains, stone imple- 
 ments have frequently been found of the same 
 type as those unearthed by Canon Grreenwell in 
 the barrows of Yorkshire. A similar description 
 of rough pottery has been found in the Eussian 
 barrows as in the tumuli of Western Europe, 
 but no metal instruments have been discovered. 
 The people, therefore, interred in the Eussian 
 barrows, like those in our north-country wolds 
 belonged to the tall dolichocephalic race of the 
 stone period. Sir James Fergusson, writing on 
 this subject, states that ' the original seat of the 
 Aryans was somewhere in Upper and Central 
 Asia. When we turn to the steppes of this region 
 we find it covered with tumuli ; these resemble 
 exactly our barrows such as are seen on 
 SaUsbury Plain.' These Asiatic people, he 
 observes, ' sacrificed horses to the honour of the
 
 ENGLISH LONG BARROWS 113 
 
 dead, and provided them with meat and drink 
 for their journey to the shades.' ^ 
 
 From the skeletons of the before-mentioned 
 submerged population in Eussia, we learn that 
 they were a taller race than the people who at 
 present inhabit that part of the country. Their 
 stature could not have been under 5 feet 8 
 inches, and this is the average height which 
 Mr. Mortimer gives for the inhabitants of York- 
 shire, of the corresponding period. Canon 
 Greenwell has come to the conclusion that they 
 did not exceed 5 feet 6 inches in height, but in 
 one of the barrows described by him (Langton 
 Wold), the skeleton of a man 5 feet 9 inches 
 in height was discovered. Professor Eolleston, 
 who worked with Canon Greenwell, observes 
 that they, and many other investigators of the 
 long barrows, found ' powerful skeletons and 
 very large skidls.' So generally accepted is 
 this fact, that Virchow writing on the subject, 
 comes to the conclusion that ' savagery and 
 
 ' Bude Stone Monuments, by Sir James Fergusson. 
 
 I
 
 114 EVIDENCE OF DOLMENS 
 
 inferiority are preconceptions not verified by 
 facts.' ^ 
 
 The form or type of the long dolmens and 
 barrows of Europe, together with their contents, 
 appear to us to add strength to the evidence 
 already given, regarding the migration of the 
 Aryan race into our part of the world, during 
 the early neolithic period. Whatever their 
 numbers may have been, they became the 
 dominant race over the aborigines of the west 
 and north of Europe, including Great Britain, 
 where they were so firmly planted that they 
 still live in us, and exert a powerful influence 
 on the character and modes of thought of the 
 English-speaking people all over the world.^ 
 
 ' British Barrows, Greenwell and EoUeston, p. 713. 
 
 - M. Broca and his distinguished colleague M. Edwards, 
 state that the Celtic and Kymric races are certainly the two 
 chief sources of the French people. Concerning the latter, 
 which to our mmd, represent the descendants of the ancient 
 Ai-yans, Broca observes : ' The Kymry, or Belgae, of Caesar, had a 
 much greater stature (than the Celts), their heads were long, 
 the foreheads wide and high, the chin projecting and strongly 
 marked, the nose curved, with the point directed downwards, 
 and its alse raised laterally, their eyes were light and the hair 
 blonde.' {Memoires de la Societe d'Anthropologie de Paris, 
 i. 1860.) Baron de Bellognet concurs in M. Broca's opinion on 
 this subject.
 
 WOE BARROW 115 
 
 APPENDIX TO CHAPTER II 
 
 The Wor Barrow, situated near the village of Hand- 
 ley, on the borders of Dorset and Wilts, has been 
 examined and its contents described by Lieut. -General 
 Pitt-Rivers.' 
 
 The barrow was formed of an oval mound of earth 
 rising to the height of 13^ feet above the level of the 
 ground, its long axis bearing N. 35° W. 
 
 After carefully removing the rubble and earth forming 
 the tumulus, at the surface line of the original soil, near 
 the centre of the barrow, an oblong trench was found cut 
 in the solid chalk rock enclosing an area 93 feet long by 
 34 feet wide, with an opening on the south side 8^ feet 
 wide. There was evidence of piles having been driven 
 into the chalk round this enclosed area ; probably in order 
 to form a wooden in place of a stone vault or chamber, in 
 which the funeral rites could be performed over the bodies 
 buried there, wood being used in place of stone because 
 in the neighbourhood of this dolmen there were no slabs of 
 stone to be found. There was only one block of stone in the 
 enclosure, which was at the corner of its south entrance. 
 
 Beneath a mound of black earth or peat in the centre 
 of the enclosure above referred to, human remains were 
 found. The mound of earth in which the skeletons were 
 laid was 2 feet 3 inches high, and the bodies had been 
 placed upon, and covered over by, a layer of this earth, 
 brought from a distance to the spot of interment, as were 
 
 ^ Excavations in Cranhorne Chase, by Lieut.-General 
 Pitt-Eivers, D.C.L., F.R.S., Inspector of Ancient Monuments in 
 Great Britain, vol. iv. p. 114. 
 
 i3
 
 116 WOE BAEKOW 
 
 also the cases with the human remains found in the Mentone 
 cave (p. 64). 
 
 The skeletons of six human beings were found in this 
 mound of earth ; three of them lay in a crouched position, 
 the bones being in their natural relations to one another ; 
 in the other three skeletons some of the long bones were 
 placed alongside the skulls ; they must have been severed 
 from the body and laid in this position at the time of 
 burial. The only relic found near these bones was a piece 
 of coarse, probably neolithic, pottery ; it contained in its 
 substance only fragments of chalk and no hard substance. 
 
 Four of the skulls were in a state of preservation such 
 as enabled General Pitt-Eivers to measure them ; he found 
 them to have cranial indices of 69'1, 67, 69'1 and 72 ; they 
 were all therefore dolichocephalic. The estimated stature 
 of these male skeletons was 4 feet 10 inches, 4 feet 1 1 inches, 
 T) feet, 5 feet 1 inch, and the two others were 5 feet 7| inches 
 and 5 feet 9| inches. From the photographs and careful 
 measurements given of the skulls of these taller men, it 
 seems clear chat they are of the Aryan type.^ 
 
 The Wor Barrow had been surrounded by a deep 
 ditch, which in places was 13^ feet deep and measured 
 420 feet in length ; it was crossed in four places by cause- 
 ways. The ditch had been filled to a depth of some 8 feet 
 by chalk rubble, which in the course of centuries had fallen 
 into it from its sides ; above this rubble was some 5 feet 
 of mould. At a depth of 8 feet in the chalk rubble, and 
 therefore at the bottom of the original ditch, the skeleton 
 of a man was found in the crouching position, with the 
 
 ' Accorciing to our opinion the remains of chiefs of Aryan 
 descent, with small men of the Iberian or aboriginal type 
 probably slain and biiried with them.
 
 won BARROW 117 
 
 skeleton of a child at his feet. Under this man's lower 
 ribs on the right side a leaf-shaped flint arrow-head was 
 found, by which it is reasonable to conjecture that his 
 death was caused. The cephalic index of this man's skull 
 was 68'5. General Pitt-Rivers believes this to have been 
 a secondary interment of the stone age, but which took 
 place after the barrow had been raised over the original 
 interment. In the superflcial mould of the ditch, some 
 S.jfeet below the surface of the soil, the skeletons of nine 
 human beings of the Romano- British period were discovered. 
 Associated with these remains were coins of the Roman 
 age and other relics, which distinctly identified these 
 skeletons with the time of the occupation of this part of 
 England by the Romans.' 
 
 ' Two hundred yards from the Wor Barrow, General Pitt- 
 Rivers opened a typical bronze-age grave, containing two 
 hrachijceiihalic skeletons having drinking vessels near their 
 feet. The stature of the most perfect of these skeletons was 
 5 feet 4 inches.
 
 118 
 
 CHAPTEE III 
 
 THE ANCIENT BRACHYCEPHALIC (bROAD-SKULLED) 
 OR MONGOLIAN PEOPLE OF EUROPE 
 
 Wherever the original home of the Aryan race 
 may have been situated, they flourished during 
 the stone age in Western and Northern Europe, 
 including the British isles ; they spread over 
 the North of Africa, and of India, Persia, and 
 Asia Minor, and far away into the East of Asia 
 and Northern Mongolia. Throughout this vast 
 extent of country we find dolmens, and the 
 human and other remains of this race belonging 
 to the earlier neolithic period — that is, before 
 either bronze or any other metal had come into 
 common use. The Kakhyens of Burma, and 
 many other scattered fair, long-skulled tribes, 
 living among the people inhabiting the country 
 from the seaboard of Cochin-China to Tibet, 
 are believed to be the descendants, more or less
 
 ARYAN STOCK 119 
 
 pure, of the ancient Aryan stock, ^ Evidence is 
 accumulating in favour of the idea that not only 
 the dolmens of Western Asia and Europe were 
 the work of Aryans, but that those met with in 
 the Korean peninsula and in Japan were erected 
 by this same race of people. The original 
 Aryan stock doubtless intermarried with the 
 inhabitants of the countries in which they 
 settled, and this cross-breeding has modified 
 the physical characters of the pure race, which 
 has also been influenced by their environment 
 and by natural selection ; but we can never- 
 theless still trace the racial character of the 
 ancient Aryans among their widely scattered, 
 and much mixed descendants. 
 
 In the preceding chapter the course of the 
 Aryan migration westward has been followed, 
 and it has been shown that they colonised the 
 fertile plains of Germany, France, and England. - 
 
 ' Man, Past and Present, by Professor A. K. Keane, pp. 
 193, 201, 204, 270, 303. Cambridge, 1899. 
 
 Prince Henri d'Orleans refers to the Khanunys who re- 
 minded him of some of his European acquaintances ; he states 
 that they have fair skins, blue eyes, and straight noses. 
 
 ^ Sixty-seven skulls have been collected from the long
 
 120 BEOAD-SKULLED 
 
 Professor Nilsson states that, with the exception 
 of the Laplanders, the inhabitants of Scandinavia 
 have, from time immemorial, belonged to the 
 dolichocephalic family of human beings.^ The 
 accuracy of this statement is borne out by all 
 that we know regarding the skulls of the 
 ancient inhabitants of that country. But 
 during the early neolithic period, there is 
 evidence to show that the Danish islands of 
 Falster, and Moen, were inhabited by a totally 
 different race to that of Sweden ; the people 
 dwelling on these islands were brachycephalic 
 (see note, p. 29), having a cranial index 
 of 80 and upwards ; they were, in fact, a 
 branch of the Northern Mongolian or Turanian 
 race. They had broad heads and faces, high 
 
 barrows and dolmens of England ; the entire number are 
 dolichocephalic, having a cephalic index ranging from 63 to 74. 
 These skulls as a rule are not only dolichocephalic but are 
 narrow and with a well- developed frontal region, having all the 
 characteristics of the Aryan type of cranium. Professor Welcher 
 is of opinion that the early Irish were the most dolichocephalic 
 of all Europeans. — Memoirs of the Anthropological Society, 
 vol. iii. p. 75. 
 
 ' S. NDsson, The Primitive Inhabitants of Scandinavia, 
 p. 115.
 
 PEOPLE OF DENMAEK 121 
 
 cheek bones, their noses were flat, broad, and 
 deeply concave at the base. The form of their 
 skulls, as well as their features, were therefore 
 so widely different from that of either the Aryans 
 or Iberians, who then inhabited Western 
 Europe, that we may fairly describe them as 
 being a separate race of men. The stature of 
 this branch of the Mongolian race was rather 
 above the average, some of them were tall, as 
 we find from their skeletons buried in the 
 so-called giants' chambers of Borreby, and 
 other places in the islands above referred to. 
 In one of these chambers, lined with rou<?h flao;- 
 stones, the remains of sixty human beings were 
 found ; their skulls were, without exception, 
 brachycephalic. This, together with the form of 
 their features, proved that they were of the 
 Mongolian stock. The sutures of these skulls 
 were still open ; in this respect, as well as in 
 form, they clearly differed from the dolicho- 
 cephalic crania of the early neolithic inhabitants 
 of Western Europe (compare figs. 17 and 29). 
 Together with the human remains discovered
 
 122 BEOAD-SKULLED 
 
 in the giants' chambers of the islands of 
 Denmark, numerous polished stone axe, 
 arrow, and lance heads were found, also some 
 rough pottery and bone instruments, but 
 nothing in the shape of copper or bronze 
 weapons has been unearthed with these 
 remains. The stone implements met with in 
 the giants' chambers are of the neolithic type, 
 and it was doubtless to this period that they 
 belonged.^ A few of these ancient brachy- 
 cephalic skulls have been found in Sweden,^ 
 and also in cists and barrows in Great Britain ; 
 they have also been traced through Germany ^ 
 into Switzerland. At Auvernier on Lake 
 Neuchatel, a cist containing the human remains 
 of twenty of the Northern Mongolian race 
 has been unearthed, together with the teeth 
 of the wild boar and wolf, also stone celts 
 
 ' Casts of two of the Borreby skulls may be seen in the 
 Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, Nos. 551 and 552. 
 See Memoirs of the Anthropological Society, vol i. p. 130 
 (note), pp. 130, 509 ; and Sir C. IjyeWs Antiq^uity of Man, p. 80. 
 
 ^ Sir C. Lyell's Antiquity of Man, p. 139, and Nilsson's 
 Primitive Inhabitants of Scandinavia. 
 
 ' Memoirs of Anthropological Society, vol. i. p. 483.
 
 RACE IN EUROPE 123 
 
 and bone pins.^ The remains, however, of this 
 tall, brachycephalic people are confined to a 
 well-defined part of Central Europe. In France 
 they have been discovered in various localities 
 to the north of tlie river Seine, as at Val to the 
 east of Paris, and at Nogent-les-Vierges (Oise) ; 
 in this latter cist skeletons of Mongolians were 
 found, together with dolichocephalic Aryans.^ 
 And what is of more importance, in a cave at 
 Orrouy (Oise) a number of human skeletons 
 were unearthed, together with chipped and 
 finely ground stone celts. Sixteen nearly per- 
 fect skulls were collected from this cave ; of 
 these, eight w^ere brachycephalic, three dolicho- 
 cephalic, and five mesocephalic (see note, p. 
 29), these latter having a cranial index from 
 75 to 80. ■'^ It is well to note this fact, as its 
 
 ^ Dr. R. Munro. on the Lalie Dwellings of Europe, 
 pp. 539, 541. 
 
 - Memoirs of the Anthropological Society, vol. i. pp. 
 138, 482. 
 
 ^ Broca and Thnrnam concur in the opinion that these 
 mesocephahc skulls were the remains of a veritable hybrid race 
 formed b^^ the crossing of the Aryan and northern Mongolian 
 stock. Memoirs of the Anthropological SociV^t/, vol. i. p. 489. 
 In the Museum of the Jardin des Plantes, Paris, the entire
 
 124 BEOAD-SKULLED OR 
 
 bearing is important on the origin of the 
 English people, for it was from the region of 
 Belgic Gaul that the southern part of our 
 island was colonised before the period of the 
 Eoman conquest of Britain by Caesar. 
 
 In England the remains of the tall brachy- 
 cephalic race are found principally in our south- 
 western and northern counties. In Ireland 
 their skeletons have been unearthed from 
 various places, as for instance at Donaghmore, 
 the Phoenix Park, and Lough Gur.^ Colonies of 
 this same race still inhabit North Holland and 
 Utrecht, surrounded by people of Teutonic or 
 Aryan descent. 
 
 skeleton of one of the brachycephalics from this cist is preserved 
 (No. 1634). 
 
 Some of the skulls are described as having a small, narrow, 
 and low forehead, a broad and full parietal and temporal region. 
 The prominence of the rounded temporal lobes, separated by 
 shallow depressions from the parietal ones above, is more 
 remarkable than that of the latter. A dolichocephalic forehead 
 and a very brachycephalic middle and occipital region are 
 united in the same skull. Moreover on each side, correspond- 
 ing to the lower end of the lambdoid suture, there is unusual 
 flatness of the skull. 
 
 ' The Dolmens of Ireland, by W. C. Borlase, pp. 1001, 
 1004, 1007, 1011 ; and Memoirs of Anthrojpological Society, 
 vol. iii. p. 47.
 
 BEACHYCEPHALIC EACE 125 
 
 The Green Gate Hill Barrow (Yorkshire) 
 affords us a good example of one of the burial 
 places of these Northern Mongolian people 
 during the stone age. This tumulus was raised 
 about two feet above the surface of the ground ; 
 in it two skeletons were found, together with 
 fragments of charcoal, bones, and ashes, pro- 
 bably the remains of sacrifices made at the 
 time of funeral rites performed, over the bodies 
 of the individuals who were laid in this tomb. 
 The skeletons were found in the position com- 
 mon to most of these remains, their knees 
 being drawn up towards the abdomen, and the 
 head bent forward as if in natural sleep. One of 
 these skulls is in the Museum of the Eoyal College 
 of Surgeons of England (No. 98 of the Barnard 
 Davis collection) ; it is brachycephalic, with a 
 fairly well-expanded forehead, it is a well- 
 formed cranium. The cheek bones are prominent 
 and the face broad from the direction of the 
 malar bones. The abrupt prominence of the 
 nose rising from the deep depression below 
 the well-marked iVoiital sinus, is a characteristic
 
 126 BEACHYCEPHALIC 
 
 feature of this skull ; the nasal index, however, 
 is not high.' Another example of the ancient 
 brachycephalics of England, is to be seen in the 
 Museum above referred to, No. 297 ; this is 
 perhaps as fine a specimen of a human skull as 
 any among the unrivalled collection of crania 
 in the Hunterian Museum."^ The deep nasal 
 notch, receding external margins of the orbits, 
 with prominent cheek bones and well-formed 
 jaws, together with the fine rounded contour of 
 this cranium, contribute to render even these 
 dry bones attractive (fig. 29). 
 
 From the evidence thus briefly referred to, 
 we may conclude that during the neolithic 
 period, the northern branch of the Mongolian 
 or Turanian race spread from Northern Asia 
 into Finland, and occupied, not only the shores 
 of the Baltic Sea, but had also a stronghold in 
 the islands of Denmark. In the course pro- 
 bably of very many centuries, these people passed 
 
 ^ Crania Britannica, plate 3. 
 
 ^ Idem, plate 14, and Memoirs of Anthropological Society, 
 vol. i. p. 156. This skull was found at Codford, Wiltshire.
 
 Fig. 29 
 
 A BRACHYl'Kl'HALIU SKULL, FOUND IN A BARROW 
 AT CODFORD, WILTS. 
 
 Crunial Index, 85'2. If this skull is oomiiared witli Fig. 27, the difference in form 
 of an Aryan Dolichocephalic (long skull) and this Mongolian BrachycephaUc 
 (_broad skull and turned-np no.<e) will he clearly recognised. These skuUs'are 
 part of the skeletons of men who lived in iMig-land during the early Neolithic 
 stone age of Western Euroi)e.
 
 EACE 127 
 
 into the south-west of Sweden, Holland, Fries- 
 laud, Belgium, France, and Great Britain.^ 
 They seem to have developed maritime pro- 
 pensities, for we find their strongholds on 
 islands, and along the coast ; with the exception 
 of Switzerland, and perhaps Yorkshire, their 
 remains are seldom found far inland. It is, 
 however, certain that they settled in the 
 countries above mentioned, and that they in- 
 termarried with the Ibero-Ai'yan populations, 
 thus forming a mixed race who, we have 
 reason to believe, were men above the average 
 height, with fair skins and grey-blue eyes ; the 
 cranial index of their skulls ranged from 80 
 upwards. 
 
 These brachycephalic people brought with 
 them into Europe various industries which, so 
 far as we can ascertain, were unknown to its 
 pre-existing inhabitants. The Mongolians were 
 acquainted with the art of constructing lake 
 dwellings, such as those which have been dis- 
 covered at Robenhausen, at which place, deep 
 
 ' Memoirs of Anthropological Society, vol. i. p. 120.
 
 128 BEACHYCEPHALIC EACE 
 
 under beds of peat, the remains of a lake settle- 
 ment were discovered ; three separate villages 
 had been built in succession, one over another, 
 at this spot. The deepest of these villages was 
 the most ancient, and in the deposit in which 
 it was buried a canoe was found, made out of 
 the trunk of a single tree. A bow of yew with 
 notches at each end to hold the string, a number 
 of pieces of woven flax, rope, and some nets 
 were also discovered, together with stone and 
 bone implements of the type characteristic of 
 the neolithic period in Europe. No bronze or 
 any other metal instruments were found with 
 these remains. It was close to one of these 
 lake dwellings that the cist already referred to 
 was discovered, 
 
 As a pure race this tall, fair, Mongolian people 
 have almost disappeared from Europe, excepting 
 in Finland, where they still flourish, many of 
 the inhabitants of that country having the 
 same physical characteristics as those possessed 
 by the people whose skeletons we find in 
 the island of Moen, in Belgium, France,
 
 IN EUEOPE 129 
 
 England and Ireland.^ From these remains we 
 can do little more than gain a very superficial 
 knowledge regarding the men who constituted 
 this ancient people, but the existing inhabitants 
 of Finland afford us a means of obtaining an 
 insight into the inherited mental and other quali- 
 ties of this race.- 
 
 Professor Eetzius states that the Finns 
 are a ' strong, thick-set people, with broad 
 shoulders and average height ; their skins are 
 white, their eyes grey or bluish-grey, they have 
 light hair, often of a yellow flaxen colour, 
 and feeble growth of beard.' Their skulls are 
 brachycephalic, with prominent parietal pro- 
 tuberances ; their faces are broad, their noses 
 flat and frequently deeply concave at the 
 
 ' Thurnam on British and Gaulish skulls. Memoirs of 
 Anthropological Society, vol. i. p. 512. 
 
 '^ People of Finland, Shetclics from the Kalevala, b}' J. C. 
 Brown, LL.D. Professor Max Miiller divides the Mongolian, 
 or Turanian, language into two main classes, the northern and 
 southern branches ; the former includes the Tungusic, Mongolic, 
 Turkic, Finnic, and Samoyedic ; the southern comprises the 
 Tamilia, Tibetan, Botanese, and the dialects of Siam, Biu-ma, 
 and Malay. 
 
 K
 
 130 BRACHYCEPHALIC 
 
 base ; the nostrils are wide. Their eyes are small, 
 narrow, and sometimes obliquely set. Eetzius 
 observes that they are a morose, unsympathetic 
 people ; serious, melancholy, and taciturn ; 
 jealous, vindictive, and very superstitious ; 
 fond neither of music nor poetry. But con- 
 sidering that one of the most ancient and 
 remarkable epic poems extant, the ' Kalevala,' 
 is the work of the ancient Finn, one fails to un- 
 derstand how it is that Eetzius should describe 
 them as deficient in their appreciation of poetry. 
 The truth is, nothing affords the Finns greater 
 pleasure than to listen to their own national 
 ballads and legends. From some personal 
 knowledge of these people it is possible to affirm 
 that they are a remarkably honest, hospitable 
 race, affectionate, good mechanics, and fond 
 of a seafaring life ; loyal to a degree to those 
 they can depend upon, and without question 
 profoundly religious. They are one of the 
 tallest people of Northern Europe.^ 
 
 ' The Bacial Geography of Europe, by Professor W. Z. 
 Ripley, Ph.D. Ajyjjleton'' s Fojjular Science Monthly, July
 
 SOUTHEEN BRANCH 131 
 
 We must now proceed to consider the migra- 
 tion into Western Europe of the southern branch 
 of the Mongohan race. 
 
 We learn from Dr. Schhemann's work that 
 under the famous city of Troy he discovered 
 three other cities, buried one beneath the other. 
 In the remains of these three cities he found no 
 cinerary urns ; but in the Troy of the ' Ihad,' 
 which flourished about 5000 years before the 
 Christian era, cinerary urns were discovered in 
 considerable numbers. Dr. Schliemann has, there- 
 fore, formed the opinion that the practice of the 
 Aryan inhabitants of Asia Minor was to bury 
 their dead until about the time above mentioned, 
 and that they then abandoned inhumation for 
 cremation. From geological and astronomical 
 data, it seems probable the dawn of the 
 neolithic period in Europe was some 5000 
 years before our era. From that epoch until 
 the neolithic period had well advanced, we 
 know that the Aryans of Eastern Europe 
 
 1897, p. 304, and October 1878, p. 734 ; also Dr. Beddoe, Memoirs 
 of (he Anthropological Society, vol. lii. pp. 361, 362. 
 
 K 2
 
 132 BEACHYCEPHALIC 
 
 buried tlieir dead. Inhumation was never 
 altogether abandoned by their chiefs throughout 
 the bronze and succeeding iron periods. The 
 Iberians probably followed much the same 
 method of disposing of their dead. 
 
 From the middle of the neolithic period 
 onwards, we have evidence of the practice of 
 cremation being gradually introduced into 
 Western Europe ; and at the same time, what 
 was of far greater importance, bronze weapons 
 and instruments became more common, and 
 ultimately superseded the use of stone, thus 
 constituting what is known as the bronze age in 
 Europe. The use of bronze in place of stone 
 must have created a vast change in the social 
 life and condition of the people living in this 
 part of the world. With a metal axe to clear 
 away the forests, and with the plough and bronze 
 sickle to aid in agriculture, one can easily con- 
 ceive what an impetus such an invention must 
 have given to civilisation.^ In considering this 
 
 ' Iron was unknown in Europe until a much later period 
 than bronze, as we shall learn from an examination of the
 
 BEONZE EPOCH 133 
 
 matter we cannot for an instant overlook the 
 fact that the inhabitants of Western Europe, 
 unUke the aborigines of Central Africa, had, 
 owing to the nature of the soil and climate, to 
 work in order to secure food for themselves and 
 their families. It was this necessity, as much as 
 their inherent capacity for improvement, that led 
 them on towards a higher civilisation. 
 
 With the gradual introduction of bronze 
 into Europe, we have incontestable evidence of 
 a steady migration of a short br achy cephalic, 
 brunette race, who unfortunately for the science 
 of anthropology burnt the bodies of their dead, 
 and consequently their skulls have not come 
 down to us in such numbers as we might have 
 desired. But their skeletons are sufficiently 
 numerous in Great Britain and the West of 
 Europe, to enable us to identify them as the 
 bronze manufacturers and traders of the later 
 neolithic, and bronze period in Europe. 
 
 MM. Broca and Edwards describe these 
 
 contents of the burial places and other remains of these 
 people.
 
 134 BEACHYCEPHALIC 
 
 people as having broad faces and round heads, 
 their noses were broad and lobulated at the end. 
 Their hair and eyes were dark brown or black. 
 Broca believed that they were below the average 
 height, and he identifies them with the Celts of 
 France.^ They were in truth a branch of the 
 southern family of the Mongolian race, having 
 precisely the same form of skull and features as 
 the northern branch of this race, but unlike 
 them, being dark and of small stature. In proof 
 of this statement w^e may refer to the fact that 
 the earliest form and the purest bronze knives 
 found with the remains of these people in 
 Europe, have remarkably small handles, evi- 
 dently intended to be used by people with 
 conspicuously small hands. So with the bronze 
 bangles of this period found in Europe, their 
 circumference is such that they could only have 
 been worn by women having slender wrists, 
 such as those of the Burmese of the present day.- 
 
 ' Memoire de la Societe d'Anthropologie de Paris, i. 
 pp. 20, 21. 
 
 ~ Canon Greenwell states that the bronze bangles which he 
 took from many of the barrows in the North of England were 
 only 2^ inches in diameter.
 
 SOUTHERN BRANCH 135 
 
 Among the relics of the early bronze age in 
 Europe, instruments have been met with like 
 those employed by the Mongolians of Tibet 
 of the present time. These instruments consist 
 of a bronze tube surrounded by loops with 
 metal rings in them, and which, when skilfully 
 used emit a musical sound. Further evidence 
 of the origin of this small, dark, brachycephalic 
 race is afforded us by some of the bronze 
 cinerary urns or other vessels buried with 
 human remains. These urns have been found 
 engraved on the outside with human figures, 
 which are invariably dressed in oriental costume. 
 With the remains also of these people in Europe, 
 numerous implements made of jade, nephrite, 
 and chloromelanite have been unearthed, such 
 as axes, arrows, and lance heads ; these minerals 
 have never been found in their natural state in 
 any part of Europe, but they are comparatively 
 common in East and South-eastern Asia. From 
 the refuse of the lake dwellings of Constance 
 alone, upwards of one thousand jade implements 
 have been unearthed. Axes and chisels of this
 
 136 BEACHYCEPHALICS 
 
 mineral were found by Dr. Schliemann in tlie 
 prehistoric cities of Troy.^ 
 
 We have already referred to the Amorites, 
 who we find from early Babylonian records 
 occupied the north of Palestine and extended 
 into Asia Minor ; long before the period of 
 Moses they inhabited the country east of the 
 river Jordan. We believe that the Amorites 
 were derived from an Arj^an stock because of the 
 formation of their skulls, their stature, fair skin, 
 blue eyes, and light-coloured hair, as depicted 
 on Egyptian monuments some 1500 years before 
 the Christian era. A century later, B.C. 1400, 
 we find that the Amorites were being displaced 
 throughout the region above referred to by the 
 Hittite race.- Professor Sayce states that the 
 Hittites of the Old Testament 'were intruders 
 into Palestine from the north.' ^ They have 
 left in Asia Minor numerous monuments, and 
 some remarkable inscriptions ; and would seem 
 
 ' Tlic Lal-e Divcllings of Eiiropc, Dr. R. Munro, pp. 500, 
 506, 511, 520 ; also Hewitt, p. 42. 
 
 "^ Early Israel, by Professor Sayce, pp. 77, 79, 81, 134. 
 s Ibidem, pp. 77, 81, 134.
 
 OF ASIA 137 
 
 to have followed the Hyksos conquerors mto 
 Egypt.i 
 
 We find coloured drawmgs of the Hittites 
 on the monuments of Egypt, of the reign of 
 Eameses II. — the Pharaoh of the oppression of 
 the Israelites. From these paintings and other 
 sources Professor Sayce describes the Hittites 
 as having yeUow skins, their eyes and hair 
 were black, their faces beardless. Square and 
 prominent cheeks, a protrusive nose, with re- 
 treating chin and forehead, and lozenge-shaped 
 eyes, which gave them a Mongoloid appearance. 
 They wore their hair in three plaits behind, 
 after the fashion of the Chinese. Their features 
 were not handsome, but the accuracy of 
 their portraiture by the artists of Egypt is 
 confirmed by their own monuments. People 
 having the same physical characteristics are 
 
 ' Early Israel, by Professor Sayce, pp. 77, 78. Sir W. Flower 
 has, from a study of the features of the Hyksos, as drawn by the 
 early Egyptian artists, suggested the idea that they were Mon- 
 golians, the so-called ' Shepherds ' having been one of the numer- 
 ous nomadic hordes of Central Asia who overran the countries 
 lying to the west and south of them. Journal of Anthrojjological 
 Institute, xvi. p. 377.
 
 138 BEACHYCEPHALIC 
 
 still found, according to Sir Charles Wilson, in 
 the modern population of Cappadocia. 
 
 The dress of the ancient Hittites was dis- 
 tinctly oriental, even to their shoes, which had 
 turned-up ends such as those still worn by the 
 natives of Burma, India, and the East.^ 
 
 The Hittites, therefore, appear to have been 
 a branch of the Mongolian race, who during the 
 neolithic period in Europe, slowly advanced 
 from the East. As they spread from their 
 primitive home they intermarried with the 
 inhabitants of the countries in which they 
 settled ; of this fact we have historical proof so 
 far as the Amorites of Syria and Palestine were 
 concerned.' In Europe the alteration which 
 we find in the form of the skulls of the people 
 among whom the Mongolian emigrants lived 
 points to the same conclusion. 
 
 Evidence has already been given to prove 
 that to the north of the river Seine, during the 
 
 ^ Recent authorities hold that the language used by the 
 Hittites was an early form of Armenian or Aryan language. Man, 
 Past and Present, Keane, p. 514. 
 
 - Sayce, Early Israel, pp. 131, 132.
 
 MONGOLIANS 139 
 
 stone age, a tall, fair bracliyceplialic people 
 appeared, and. that they intermarried with the 
 Aryan, and Iberian inhabitants of this part of 
 France. If we pass from the north to the south 
 of the Seine, we have equally clear evidence of 
 a small Mongolian people, who intermarried 
 with the pre-existing inhabitants of that part of 
 France. Six hundred and eighty-eight skulls 
 have been collected and carefully measured from 
 neolithic burial places, in the middle and 
 southern area of France. Of these, 395 were 
 dolichocephalic, with a cranial index under 75 ; 
 146 bracliyceplialic, with an index above 80 ; 
 145 mesocephalic, with an index between 70 and 
 80. The last two classes were perhaps less nu- 
 merous than the first, because many of the bodies 
 of the broad and mixed skulled people of this 
 period were cremated. Moreover, the skulls 
 of the small bracliyceplialic race are principally 
 found in certain departments of the eastern part 
 of central France, their stronghold being in the 
 mountainous regions of Europe.^ 
 
 ' De Mortillet, pp. 315-7 ; also Beddoe, liaces of Briiain, pp. 
 75, 83.
 
 140 THE MONGOLIANS 
 
 Although the remains of lake dwellings have 
 been discovered in Holland and in Germany,^ 
 we find in Switzerland by far the most numerous 
 and perfect specimens of these villages. Some 
 of the lake dwellings, as before noticed, were 
 erected by men of the stone age, but the greater 
 number of them are of the middle, and later 
 bronze period in Europe. Although human 
 bones, in consequence of the practice of cre- 
 mation, are not numerous, they are sufficient to 
 prove that the lake dwellings of Switzerland 
 were, for the most part, inhabited by the small, 
 dark, Mongolian race before described. These 
 men were essentially agriculturists and traders, 
 workers and makers of bronze, and they doubt- 
 less found refuge from their human and animal 
 foes in these lake dwellings, which, as a rule, 
 could only be approached by a narrow and 
 perishable causeway or stage, connecting the 
 habitation with the land.- From the skulls 
 found in the deposits round these lake dwellings, 
 Professor Virchow has arrived at the conclusion 
 
 ' Munro, pp. 277, 329, 511. - Idem, pp. 535, 537.
 
 OF EUROPE 141 
 
 that they are of the brachycephaUc type, and 
 that these people came with bronze into Europe, 
 not en masse, but gradually, and as emigrants. 
 Each of these dwellings had its hearth, mill- 
 stone, and various articles used in domestic life. 
 There were stalls for the cattle, and for sheep ; 
 bones and scales of fish, a small species of 
 dog, and ox, of horned sheep and goats. The 
 horse was domesticated and used as a beast 
 of burden by these people, but it was a very 
 inferior animal to the horse of the present time, 
 or to the wild animal hunted and eaten by 
 paleeohthic man.^ With the exception of the 
 domestic fowl and cat, the animals reared by the 
 lake-dwellers of Central Europe were of similar 
 species to those now living in our islands. 
 
 With reference to the presence of this small 
 broad-skulled race in England, it has been 
 shown that the northern branch of this stock 
 had, in the early neolithic period, formed homes 
 for themselves, especially along our sea-coast 
 and larger rivers. 
 
 ' :\Iuni-o, pp. 53a, 537, 113, 497.
 
 142 THE MONGOLIANS 
 
 Throughout the later part of the neolithic 
 epoch and the bronze period, we find, especially 
 in the round barrows of England, Ireland, and 
 Scotland, the remains of the small brachycephalic 
 people.^ The whole of the high lands between 
 Swindon and Dorchester, a distance of seventy 
 miles, is literally covered with tumuli contain- 
 ing the remains of the Mongolian race.^ Some 
 of these barrows are round conoid mounds, 
 others are bowl-shaped, some more elaborate, 
 of the bell and disc form ; their contents, as a 
 rule, are rude cinerary urns, containing the ashes 
 of human beings, bronze implements, and orna- 
 ments of various kinds. 
 
 Dr. Thurnam has collected a considerable 
 number of skulls from the barrows of Wilts 
 and Dorset.-"^ Sir J. Evans states that in 600 
 burial places of this period in England, the most 
 primitive forms of bronze axes and knives have 
 
 ' Memoirs of the Anthroj)ological Society, vol. i. p. 152, and 
 the Crania Britannica. 
 
 2 Ancient Wilts, by Sir C. Hoare. 
 
 ^ Memoirs of the Anthropological Society, vol. iii. p. 41 ; 
 also vol. i. pp. 151, 152.
 
 IN BRITAIN 143 
 
 been unearthed, but no iron weapons or articles 
 were discovered in these tumuli.^ These bronze 
 implements, however, are only found in the 
 southern part of England ; in the northern 
 counties, as before explained, the earlier or tall 
 branch of the brachycephalic race settled, 
 and with their remains and those of 
 the early Aryan colonists in Europe, bronze 
 implements are but rarely met with, for these 
 people had not learnt the art of manufacturing 
 this metal. In the south, however, not only 
 are implements and ornaments of bronze fre- 
 quently found, but the moulds in which these 
 articles have been made, are sufficiently 
 numerous to show that the casting and working 
 of bronze was carried on extensively in this 
 part of the country. 
 
 General Pitt-Eivers, in his work on the 
 excavations he has so ably conducted on 
 
 ' The primitive form of bronze axe was flat, like the stone 
 celt ; then followed, at a later period, axe heads with flanges, and 
 subsequently with a socket. In Sir J. Evans' work on the 
 Bronze Implements of Great Britain, a complete aecoxmt is 
 given of the gradual development of the bronze industry in this 
 country during prehistoric times.
 
 144 BEONZE WORK 
 
 Cranborne Chase, stated that in the square or 
 rectangular camps which he examined he 
 discovered bronze instruments, indicating that 
 these forts date back to the bronze age. 
 General Pitt-Eivers thinks that stockades were 
 erected on the summit of the earthen ramparts 
 of these forts. From his researches he believes 
 their inhabitants were a pastoral people possess- 
 ing flocks and herds which, for security, were 
 probably driven into these camps at night. ^ 
 
 In Ireland numerous bronze implements, 
 and their moulds have been unearthed ; in fact, 
 no finer collection of these exists, than that in 
 the Eoyal Irish Academy, Dublin ; but many 
 of these weapons and ornaments are of the 
 later bronze period.'-^ There is also ample 
 evidence to prove that the workers in bronze 
 established themselves in Scotland. 
 
 The remains of lake villages have been 
 found in the meres of Norfolk and Suffolk, in 
 
 ^ Lieut.-General Pitt-Rivers on the Excavations in Cran- 
 borne Chase, vol. iv. p. 11. 
 
 '- O'Curry's Manners and C^lstoms of the Ancient Irish, 
 vol. i. pp. ccccxliv. and liv,
 
 LAKE DWELLINGS 145 
 
 Berkshire, and also in South Wales. In 
 Scotland over one hundred of these dwellings 
 have been unearthed, especially towards the 
 south-west of that country. In Ireland no fewer 
 than one hundred and fifty of these villages have 
 been examined and described. Dr. Munro, after 
 carefully considering all the arguments for and 
 against the antiquity of the lake dwellings in 
 Great Britain, has arrived at the conclusion that 
 'we are justified in ascribing them to a Celtic 
 source, which spread from the great system of 
 Central Europe, though founded and developed 
 from a much earlier period.' ^ 
 
 At the same time there can be no question that 
 in Ireland and Scotland lacustrinic abodes were 
 inhabited as late as the eleventh and twelfth 
 centuries. Many of them may however be 
 traced back to the iron age, which succeeded the 
 bronze period. 
 
 From the evidence brought forward in the 
 preceding pages w^e may conclude, that towards 
 
 1 The Lake Dwellings of Europe^ by Dr. H. Miinro, pp. 389, 
 455, 470. 
 
 L
 
 146 THE MONGOLIANS 
 
 tlie latter part of the neolithic period, and from 
 that time through the bronze age, there was 
 a steady influx into Europe of a short race 
 of brachycephalic people, who spread over 
 Eastern and Central Europe, including Brittany, 
 and westward at a later period into England, 
 and then to Ireland and Scotland. These 
 people intermarried with the pre-existing in- 
 habitants of France (p. 139), and also with 
 the aboriginal population of our own islands. 
 Dr. Thurnam states that out of fifty-six male 
 skulls, found in the numerous round barrows 
 of Wiltshire, Derbyshire, and Staffordshire, 
 eight only were dolichocephalic, thirteen meso- 
 cephalic, and thirty-five brachycephalic ; among 
 these latter, however, he included five skulls 
 discovered in Yorkshire, and two in Scotland. 
 It seems therefore in England, as also on the 
 continent, that the long and broad skulled 
 races not only lived and were buried side by 
 side, but that they intermarried and so produced 
 a mixed race. 
 
 The question we now have to consider is,
 
 OF EUEOPE 147 
 
 whence did this short, dark brachycephahc race 
 come, and what was it that attracted them into 
 Western Europe. 
 
 In order to answer this question we must 
 refer, as we did in the case of the Aryans to 
 our possessions in Asia. During the time the 
 Aryans were forcing their way tlu'ough the 
 region of the five rivers into the north-west of 
 India, the Mongohans from the high lands of 
 South-eastern Asia began to migrate into 
 Assam and Burma, where they found an 
 aboriginal population whom they extirpated, 
 absorbed, or drove into the hill countr3^ The 
 south-east Mongolians were brachycephahc, 
 with a broad flat nose low at the base, high 
 projecting cheek bones, and with eye-lids formed 
 so as, in some degree, to give the impression 
 that their eyes were obliquely set in their head.^ 
 
 ' Father Hue lived for two years among the Mongolians of 
 Tibet (1846-7). He states that they are ' essentially of a religious 
 temperament, the future life occupies their thoughts con- 
 tinuously, things of tliis world are as nothing to them.' 
 
 Captain Wellby describes the southern Mongolians to the 
 south of the Gobi Desert, in the region of the Koko Nor, as 
 being ' nice-looking fellows, with pleasant smiling faces, of stout 
 
 L 2
 
 148 THE MONGOLIANS 
 
 The historical Burmese of the Irawadi valley have 
 short squat figures, the hill-men being remark- 
 ably muscular powerful little fellows. In other 
 
 build ; their wonaen are qiiite becoming, with their bronzed 
 faces illuminated with a reddish tint on each cheek.' They are 
 extremely hospitable and honest, ever ready for a joke. Before 
 commencing his journey eastward into China with these people, 
 the party were unaccountably delayed ' chiefly by the Mongol 
 lama, who came and prayed earnestly with the men who were 
 to accompany us, and in order that fortmie might favoiu; their 
 venture, incense was burnt and carried round the houses of the 
 IMougols and the ponies that were picked out for the journey. 
 
 ' These peo^jle leave the bodies of their dead out on the open 
 plain, and subsequently smash up the bones into small pieces 
 and scatter them about other bodies.' — ■Through UuJcnoivn Tibet, 
 by Captam M. S. Wellby, pp. 230, 244, 245. 
 
 Prince Henri d'Orleans informs us that ' when the (southern) 
 Tibeteans have to defer the burial of their dead for any length 
 of time they place the corpse in a doubled-up attitude, with the 
 head between the knees and the back broken.' He adds, from 
 the report of the Tibetean missionary, Father Dubzouard, who 
 has lived among these people for many years, that ' more than 
 any other people in the world are these dominated by religious 
 sentiments. From the pile of prayer-inscribed stones that 
 meet the eye at every turn of the road ; from their constant 
 devotions on halt or on march, when the very winds and waters 
 are made intercessors, and no river can be forded without the 
 sign of the cross upon the forehead, every event and condition is 
 to them an occasion of superstition ; while there exists not a 
 peril which may not be avoided by some practice, to their 
 apprehension infallible, which has its origin in a belief in the 
 supernatural.' — From Tonkin to India, by Prince Henri 
 d'Orleans, pp. 230, 236.
 
 OF ASIA 149 
 
 parts of our Indian dominions they are well 
 known to us as the Gurkas, and Bhotiyas. In 
 colour the Burmese vary from the wheat-yellow 
 of the upper and leisured classes to the darker 
 hue of the agricultural labourer. They have 
 black hair and dark eyes. The physical 
 character of these people is therefore identical 
 with that of the bronze manufacturers who 
 we find entered Europe in the later neolithic 
 period. 
 
 The neolithic Mongolians of the south-eastern 
 highlands of Asia, passed from their original 
 home into the valleys of the Brahmaputra, 
 Chindwin, and Irawaddi, and along the Menam, 
 and Mekong, into Cochin- China and Siam. 
 Their object was not only to occupy the fer- 
 tile soil of that part of the world, but they 
 had discovered the secret of mixing copper and 
 tin in definite proportions, so as to form bronze. 
 The use of iron was not known to these primi- 
 tive people, and both copper and tin were 
 separately too soft to be of much use as imple- 
 ments of war or agriculture, but when combined
 
 160 THE MONGOLIAN 
 
 in the proportion of 100 to 9 parts, they formed 
 that most valuable alloy, bronze. Superficial 
 veins and deposits of copper, either pure or 
 mixed with other metals are abundant through- 
 out the greater part of Asia and of Europe. 
 But alluvial deposits of tin are extremely rare, 
 and it was beyond the capabilities of these 
 ancient people to do much in the way of deep 
 mining. Burma, especially the Malay penin- 
 sula, Cochin-China, and Siam had, and at the 
 present time still possess, a far more abundant 
 supply of alluvial tin than any other known 
 part of the world. ^ In Europe, alluvial tin was 
 
 ^ Mr. A. T. Eatlibonie, in his recent work on the Malay 
 Peninsula, Caminng and Tramping in Malay, describes the 
 wonderfully rich seams of tin ore and of alluvial tin which still 
 exist in that country. He states that these deposits have 
 proved themselves richer and far more extensive than was 
 ever expected, and that rich and new fields are constantly 
 being found throughout the peninsula. In West Swaziland, and 
 other parts of Africa, tin is found along the banks of some of 
 the rivers. 
 
 The ancient Egyptians made use of bronze, but their alloy 
 may be distinguished from that of the bronzes of Asia, in that it 
 contains a large percentage of lead. Manners and Customs of 
 the Ancient Irish, vol. i. p. ccccxxviii. 
 
 In the north of Devon and in Siiffolk, mines have been 
 found which were worked by these ancient people for flint ; they
 
 BEONZE WOEKEES 151 
 
 found in small quantities in Finland, Tuscany, 
 and central France (Haute Vienne and Creuse) ; 
 also in Saxony, Bohemia, and Spain, in the 
 Scilly Islands, south of Ireland, and in Cornwall 
 and Devonshire. The richness, however, of the 
 deposits of tin found in Europe were not to be 
 compared to those of the south-east of Asia ; 
 it was this mineral wealth which doubtless 
 attracted, to a large extent, the Mongolian race 
 into south-eastern Asia, for they were essentially 
 traders, and agriculturists only as a means of 
 obtaining the necessary food to keep them alive. 
 It was these people who made the purest and 
 most ancient bronze axes and knives which we 
 find with human remains in a few of the long' 
 dolmens of Europe. These bronzes must have 
 passed from the Mongolian manufacturers either 
 through India or along the trade route north 
 of the Himalaya into Turkestan, and westward 
 through Aryan hands. ^ Dr. Munro is of opinion 
 
 have galleries, unsupported by timber and ci;t out of the rock by 
 means of picks of horn and stone celts, many of which were 
 found in these galleries. 
 
 ' We have already referred to the fact of jade instruments
 
 152 THE MONGOLIANS 
 
 that the importation of bronze implements and 
 ornaments from foreign sources, formed an 
 active trade in the bronze period in Europe, 
 although, as before stated, articles of this metal 
 were then made in Europe, so far as the limited 
 quantit}" of alluvial tin permitted. At one 
 period of the l)ronze age, the supply of tin 
 seems to have run short, for copper implements, 
 with a percentage of lead in place of tin, have 
 been found in France, and other parts of Europe, 
 and were probably manufactured there, and 
 also in Ireland.^ 
 
 It seems, therefore, that the Mongolian 
 bronze makers of south-eastern Asia made their 
 way into Europe as traders, sellers of metal 
 implements and ornaments. They were, as time 
 went on, attracted westward, not only in order 
 to find fresh markets for their bronzes, but also 
 because in the south of Ens^land and of Ireland 
 
 being frequently found with the remains of the bronze workers 
 in the lake dwellings of Europe ; this mineral, and also amber, 
 is common in Burma, and was probably imported from that 
 part of the world into Europe ; where it was also found on the 
 Baltic and Mediterranean coasts. 
 
 ' Sir J. Evans, Ancient Bronxe Imjjlemenfs, p. 417.
 
 OF BUEMA 153 
 
 they discovered alluvial deposits of tin, and 
 started bronze factories in these localities, and 
 so also in other parts of the Continent, whenever 
 they met with copper and tin ores. 
 
 In order the better to secure their merchan- 
 dise, they dwelt to a large extent in lake 
 villages, but ultimately took to a pastoral and 
 agricultural life. There can be no question as 
 to the fact of their having formed extensive 
 and populous colonies throughout Great Britain, 
 where in the course of time, they became ab- 
 sorbed into the pre-existing population of our 
 country.^ 
 
 Before leaving this subject, it will be inter- 
 esting to endeavour to gain some idea regarding 
 the hereditary characteristics of the somewhat 
 civilised southern Mongolian race ; and this we 
 
 ' We find that both the northern and the southern branches 
 of the Mongohan race intermarried with the Ibero-Aryan stock 
 of Western Europe, the broad and long skxilled producmg a 
 crossbreed. The same thing occurred in Lower Bengal, for we 
 find that the aboriginal Dravidians, with a cephalic index of 73, 
 intermarried with the IMongolians with a cephalic index of 
 about 84, and in Eastern Bengal the result is a mixed race 
 having a cephalic index of about 78. (See note, p. 29.)
 
 154 THE BUEMESE 
 
 may probably best do by referring to their more 
 cultured descendants who now inhabit Burma 
 proper.^ The Burmese, as distinguished from 
 many of the savage hill-tribes, are governed 
 from the cradle to the grave by religious, and 
 superstitious traditions. They hold the purest 
 form of Buddhism ; every man enters a monastery 
 at some period of his life as a member of the 
 holy order, during which time he renounces the 
 world with all its cares and pleasures, and with 
 the begging bowl hung round his neck, with 
 shaven head and yellow robes, humbles himself 
 to the estate of the lowly. This is the baptism 
 of the Buddhist, and is necessary to his advance- 
 ment in his next transmigration. On entering 
 the monastery he takes a new name. In these 
 institutions almost every Burman learns reading, 
 writing, and the elements of religion ; the monks 
 are models to the people with regard to their 
 religious and moral life, and are highly honoured 
 by them. The number of pagodas in Burma is 
 
 ' The Soul of a People, by H. Fielding, who gives a true 
 and most interesting account of the Burmese.
 
 THE BUEMESE 155 
 
 extraordinary, every village and hill Las one or 
 more temples, and no man with means is happy 
 until he has built a pagoda. Their temples at 
 Eangoon, Pegu, Prome, and Mandalay have a 
 world-wide fame. Captain Scott states, that the 
 Burmese religion enters into the life of the 
 people in a much more thorough way than is to 
 be seen in the majority of other lands. ^ 
 
 The Burmese are extremely superstitious, 
 having inherited these ideas from their ancestors 
 before they adopted Buddhism. The day of 
 their birth is a matter of the greatest moment 
 to them ; lucky and unlucky days, professional 
 wizards and fortune-tellers play an important 
 part in the lives of these people. 
 
 The Burmese are the most sociable of men, 
 their hospitality is unbounded ; to be tired and 
 thirsty, irrespective of nationality, is sufficient 
 reason for the Burman to take you under his 
 roof and care for you, nor until you are 
 refreshed will he take food, the master of the 
 
 ' Burma as It was, as If is, as If ivill he, by Captain J. G. 
 Scott. London, George Redwaj^ York Street, Covent Garden, 
 pp. 122, V2?,, 129.
 
 156 CHAKACTER OF THE 
 
 house insisting on attending to your wants. The 
 women are absolutely free, and only too ready 
 to entertain you ; open-hearted and guileless 
 themselves they think no evil of others, and by 
 their vivacious and captivating manners win the 
 respect and warm regard of all who know them. 
 These people do not appear to recognise class 
 distinctions, the master and servant, rich and 
 poor, mingle and talk to one another on terms of 
 equality which surprise Europeans. No doubt 
 this depends largely on their religious ideas ; 
 virtue, rather than riches or position, is the 
 ideal of Buddhism. ' Who doth right deeds is 
 twice born, and who doetli ill deeds vile. Give 
 me to drink, my brother ; when I come unto my 
 quest it shall be good for thee.' Their considera- 
 tion for the feelings of others, and the bright, 
 genial dispositions of these people make them 
 to be general favourites. Their love of rollicking 
 banter and fun is intense. The Irisli of the 
 East, as they have been called, old and young 
 take the deepest interest in a game of football, 
 because it is 'just like fighting,' and a shindy.
 
 BUEMESE 157 
 
 all in good spirit is what the Burman thor- 
 oughly enjoys.^ 
 
 We have entered somewhat at length into 
 the hereditary disposition of these jovial, witty, 
 bright people, because we conceive that it 
 is to our ancestors proceeding from this 
 branch of the human race, that some of the 
 virtues of English men and women are derived. 
 But there is another side of the picture : the 
 Burmese are exceedingly lazy, conceited, ex- 
 cessively touchy, and apt deeply to resent 
 altogether imaginary slights. They are want- 
 ing in stability of character, being over-sensitive, 
 deficient in business capacity, and in those 
 dogged, plodding qualities which are necessary 
 in these days of progress. 
 
 ^ Dr. Morrison, in his journey from Shangliai through 
 Yunnan and the Shan States to Bhamo, states that on passing 
 from China into Burma he found many of the Shans ' possessed 
 an astonishing Ukeuess to European friends of mj- own ' ; he 
 continues : ' The general prevalence of the European tj'pe has yet 
 to be explained. I was often on the point of saying to some 
 Chinese Shan, or Burmese Shan, in whom, to my confusion, I 
 thought I recognised a college friend of my own, '• My conscience ! 
 who could ever have expected to meet 3-ou here ! " ' A71 
 Australian in China, by G. E. IMorrison, 1895, p. 250.
 
 158 INTEODUCTION OF lEON 
 
 The gradual introduction of iron as a substi- 
 tute for bronze produced no racial alteration 
 among the inhabitants of Western Europe ; but 
 we must briefly refer to the subject, because it 
 may lead us to form an approximate notion as 
 to the time when the bronze period came to an 
 end. 
 
 The use of iron is referred to in Egyptian 
 documents which date back 7000 B.C., and 
 many of the large and very ancient stone 
 statues of that country could not have been cut 
 without the use of steel tools. ^ Iron ores 
 are to be found in abundance in Africa, and 
 could easily be reduced by means of fire 
 About the year 1625 before our era, the 
 Etruscans, Sardinians, and probably the 
 Corsicans, invaded Egypt, but were defeated by 
 Thothmes III. ; subsequently they formed in the 
 fourteenth century B.C. an alliance with Kameses II. 
 It was by means of the intercourse thus estab- 
 lished, that the knowledge and use of iron 
 
 ' Professor G. de Mortillet, Formation de la Nation 
 Frangaise, p. 260.
 
 INTO EUEOPE 159 
 
 was introduced into Europe. It spread from 
 Italy into France, and especially into Switzer- 
 land, where the bronze workers speedily learned 
 to appreciate the value of iron, and through 
 these traders implements and weapons of various 
 descriptions were disseminated over Europe. A 
 place named HaQstathein, in the province of 
 Salzburg (Austria), became a great centre for 
 this trade, and also for amber. A number of 
 the earliest forms of iron knives and other 
 instruments, with their handles inlaid with 
 amber, have been unearthed in this locality. 
 We may therefore fairly assume that the use 
 of iron did not become general among the 
 inhabitants of England till 500 to 300 years 
 anterior to the Christian era, and in Ireland 
 not until a later period.^ 
 
 ' Pagan Ireland, by W. G. AVood-^Iartin, p. 287.
 
 160 
 
 CHAPTER IV 
 
 THE RACIAL ORIGIN OF THE BRITISH PEOPLE 
 
 We may now proceed to consider the racial 
 origin of the people of Great Britain ; and in 
 order to make this subject clear, it will be 
 well to review the conclusions formed from the 
 details given in the preceding pages. 
 
 We have learnt that the progenitors of 
 the Iberian race consisted of an extremely low 
 type of human beings, who inhabited Western 
 Europe, Northern Africa, and other parts of 
 the world during the early quaternary period. 
 When the north of Europe was covered by 
 glaciers these people migrated southward, re- 
 treating to what may have been their ancestral 
 home in the north of Africa. It was in these 
 southern latitudes that, in the course of very 
 many centuries, they gradually developed the
 
 CELTIC AEYANS 161 
 
 physical and mental qualities which characterise 
 the Iberian race. In the ancient high river 
 gravels of Britain the remains of these Iberians 
 are found, and so far as our present knowledge 
 extends, until the early neolithic epoch, they 
 were the only race of human beino- who lived in 
 Britain. 
 
 We have brought forward evidence in favour 
 of the idea that in early neolithic times the 
 inhabitants of Western Europe were invaded by 
 a branch of the old Aryan stock, who before 
 the bronze age made their way into England 
 and Ireland. These people, the builders of the 
 long dolmens, carried with them to our shores 
 their language, religion, and customs as well as 
 the knowledge of agriculture, and of domestic 
 animals, previously unknown to the primitive 
 inhabitants of this country. As there is reason 
 to think these ancient invaders of Ensiand 
 passed from the south-west of Gallia to our 
 shores, and that they were descended from the 
 Aryan stock of that part of France inhabited by 
 the Celtse of Cscsar, we may refer to the first 
 
 M
 
 162 THE TEUTONIC 
 
 Aryan conquerors of England as Celtic Aryans 
 or Celts, in contradistinction to Germanic Aryans 
 or Teutons, who subsequently occupied our 
 country. This latter branch of the Aryan race, 
 before they passed into Britain, lived for 
 centuries in the invigorating climate, and the 
 laborious life incident to existence during that 
 period in the north of Europe. They had in 
 these circumstances developed not only a 
 splendid physique, but their hereditary racial 
 qualities had been likewise augmented. As 
 these Teutons came to play an all-important 
 part in the origin of the racial character of 
 Englishmen, we must briefly recapitulate what 
 we know concerning their origin and geogra- 
 phical position in Europe.^ 
 
 The central plains of Eussia, the mouth of 
 the Danube and surrounding provinces, in the 
 stone age were occupied by a tall, fair, dolicho- 
 cephalic people, forming, as we believe, the 
 advance guard of the western branch of the 
 Aryan race. They spread to the west and 
 
 ' The Baces of Man, by J. Deniker, pp. 295 317. London, 
 1900.
 
 EACE IN EUEOPE 163 
 
 north-west of Europe, and occupied, in the 
 course of time, Germany, Denmark and Scandi- 
 navia, forming the great Teutonic stock.' Some 
 of these people came into Europe by a more 
 southerly course, and this branch of the Aryan 
 family, after passing into ancient Greece and 
 Italy, spread into the south-west of France, and 
 thence, as above explained, into England. 
 
 The northern or Teutonic Arj^ans, during 
 the bronze age, came into contact with the 
 Iberio-Mongolian races who then inhabited the 
 mountainous regions of Central Europe ; a mixed 
 race was thus formed in this part of Germany, 
 and the South German people produced. The 
 northern part of Germany, Denmark, and 
 Scandinavia containing an almost pure Teu- 
 tonic population. 
 
 It is true, during the stone age, that the 
 south-west of Sweden, with the islands of 
 Denmark and the coast of Holland were 
 colonised by Turanians, or people of Mongolian 
 origin.^ These broad-skulled people passed 
 
 • Isaac Taylor, The Origin of the Aryans, second edition, 
 pp. 80, 102-3. - Idem, p. 81. 
 
 M 2
 
 164 THE OEIGIN OF 
 
 into Friesland and North Holland, and to some 
 extent modified the purely Aryan character of 
 its inhabitants. But, as a whole, north-western 
 Germany, from the neolithic period up to the 
 present time, has been inhabited by people of 
 the Teutonic race.^ And it was from this part 
 of Germany that the Saxons, Engles, and the 
 Franks came. Tacitus states that in his time 
 the inhabitants of the country situated between 
 the Rhine and the Elbe possessed ' uniform 
 physical characteristics, they have all fair com- 
 plexions, blue eyes and red hair, and large 
 bodies.' He goes on to describe the military 
 and the social organisation of these people, 
 which are in many respects identical with 
 those we learn from Sanskrit authors existed 
 amongst the Aryans of India. In Germany, as 
 
 ^ Professor Bipley writes as follows : ' Briefly stated, North- 
 western Germany — Hanover, Schleswig-Holstein, Westphalia — 
 is distinctly allied to the physical tj^pe of the Swedes, Norwegians, 
 and Danes. All the remainder of the empire, not excluding 
 Prussia, east of the Elbe, is less Teutonic in type, until finally 
 in tlie essentially Alpine, broad-headed population of Baden and 
 Wurtemberg, and Bavaria in the south, the Teutonic race 
 passes from view.' — Appleton's Pojndar Science Monthly, 1899, 
 p. 50.
 
 THE ENGLISH PEOPLE 165 
 
 in India, the chiefs of this race, having conquered 
 the aborigines, divided the soil into tribal areas ; 
 they then began to fight one with another, the 
 strongest taking possession of his neighbour's 
 lands ; in this way principalities and states were 
 formed, governed by kings, spiritual princes, and 
 various orders of men. But the mass of the popu- 
 lation of these states belonged to one stock ; their 
 inherited racial qualities, although the dialects 
 they spoke differed, drew them together by the 
 bonds of brotherhood and sentiment, and so 
 they were impelled to unite for concerted action 
 in times of external, or of internal national 
 danger. 
 
 England 
 
 The racial origin of the people of England, 
 as already explained, was formed by the Iberian 
 stock, who, until the mid-neolithic period were 
 the only human inhabitants of our island. 
 Some time in the neolithic epoch, and therefore 
 before the bronze age, chiefs of the Celtic Aryan 
 stock appeared in the south of England ; they 
 took possession of that, and the south-western
 
 166 THE OEIGIN OP 
 
 part of our country, bringing with tliem their 
 language, customs, and reUgion, agriculture and 
 domestic animals. But it is doubtful if these 
 Celts effected any marked racial change in the 
 people of England. The Aryans were a proud 
 race, jealous of their independence and caste, 
 and despised the natives of England, whom they 
 probably employed as slaves and in menial work. 
 
 The north of England was, during the stone 
 age, invaded by men of the Turanian race, who 
 passed from the islands of the north of Europe 
 into that part of our country. These people 
 would seem to have intermarried with the 
 natives, and in this way doubtless altered the 
 racial character of the early inhabitants of our 
 northern counties. 
 
 Lastly a multitude of the short, dark, broad- 
 skulled Mongolian races of Central Europe 
 emigrated from the south-west of France into 
 Britain during the bronze age.^ These were 
 
 ' Dr. Bedcloe states that the ' existence of traces of the 
 Mongoloid race is to be found among the modern population of 
 Wales and the West of England,' he observes that their heads 
 are broad, the cheek-bones are also broad, their eye-brows are
 
 THE ENGLISH PEOPLE 167 
 
 the lake-dwellers, the bronze workers, and the 
 people whose custom it was to burn the bodies 
 of the dead ; an extremely superstitious people, 
 given to magic and witchcraft. 
 
 The human remains of the Iberians, Celtic 
 Aryans, and Mongoloid people, either as pure or 
 more frequently mixed races, are found in nume- 
 rous burial places in the hills of Dorset and Wilts. 
 Stonehenge must have been a sacred spot, near 
 which it seems to have been a privilege after 
 death to lay to rest the remains of chiefs and 
 their families. In the north of England the Celtic 
 Aryans, and small dark Mongolians are less in 
 evidence, the northern Turanians taking their 
 place. The ancient Britons, therefore, at the 
 time of Cassar's invasion of this country, were to 
 a large extent a mixed race, composed princi- 
 
 obli(iue, chins narrow and angular, their noses are flat and broad, 
 and the mouth inclined to be prominent. The colour of their 
 eyes and hair is hazel or of a still darker tint. This type, 
 Dr. Beddoe states, is common in "Wales, "West Somerset and in 
 Cornwall. He has seen them in the "West of Ireland. Dr. 
 Mitchell refers to the obliquely set eyes in his description of one 
 of the racial types of a section of the people of Scotland. — Dr. 
 Beddoe, Races of Britain, pp. 9 and 10.
 
 168 THE OEIGIN OF 
 
 pally of the Iberian stock, into wliicli had been 
 grafted a strong Mongolian, and to some slight 
 degree, an Arj^an element. Our museums con- 
 tain numerous skulls demonstrating the physical 
 character of the ancient Briton. Dr. Barnard 
 Davis' fine collection of crania, which is now in 
 the Museum of the Eoyal College of Surgeons 
 of England, is rich in specimens of this period. 
 
 The Eomans brought their language, laws, 
 and civilisation into Britain, but they did not 
 change the racial character of its inhabitants. 
 Csesar states that the interior of our island was 
 inhabited by the aborigines, and the sea-coast 
 by the Belgse. He informs us that Britain was 
 thickly populated, and the island covered by 
 splendid forests. Tacitus describes the ancient 
 Britons as having the ' dark complexions and 
 generally curled hair of the Silures,' he adds 
 ' that portion of Spain in front (of Britain) en- 
 courages the belief that the ancient Iberians had 
 come over and colonised this district — the Gauls 
 took possession of the adjacent coast.' 
 
 Passing on to the year a.d. 449, we find that
 
 THE ENGLISH PEOPLE 169 
 
 the Jutes occupied the Isle of Thaiiet ; these 
 people were derived, to some extent, from the 
 Turanian stock. They subsequently passed 
 into Kent, and fought a famous battle near the 
 site of that fine old cromlech Kits Coty. From 
 the commencement of the sixth century the 
 Jutes seem to have abandoned any schemes they 
 may have formed of conquering England 
 although from their seafaring habits they may 
 have done much to help the North Germanic 
 tribes to cross the sea to our shores. 
 
 From an anthropological point of view, the 
 name we apply to the various tribes of Teutonic 
 invaders who came from German}^ into England 
 is of no great importance, for as already ex- 
 plained, the Saxons, Engles, Franks, and, to a 
 large extent, the Frisians were derived from 
 the same Aryan stock. ^ These Germanic tribes 
 poured into the south and east of England until 
 
 ' Dr. Beddoe, after a careful examination of the skulls of 
 ancient Britons, arrived at the conclusion that ' the Saxons, 
 Franks, Burgundians and Alemanni,' were ' branches but lately 
 separated from one great blond and long-headed stock.' — The 
 Baces of Britain, p. 46. See also Isaac Taylor, The Origin of 
 the Aryans, second edition, p. 2-14.
 
 170 THE OKIGIN OF 
 
 A.D. 829, by which time they became masters 
 of the country. The resistance offered to the 
 invaders by the natives of Britain was so 
 stubborn that the conquerors, before they could 
 settle on the land, had either to kill or drive 
 its owners away into inaccessible parts of the 
 country. Nevertheless, in isolated parts of 
 England a remnant of the ancient occupiers of 
 the land continued to exist ; it was not until the 
 reign of Edward the Confessor that the Saxons 
 conquered the inhabitants of Cornwall, and they 
 failed to subdue the Welsh, therefore some of 
 the roots of the native stock remained in the soil 
 of England, though by far the greater number 
 were destroyed and supplanted by Teutons.^ 
 
 From the middle of the ninth century, the 
 people of Norway, Denmark, the coast of 
 Germany, and Holland, commenced to harry 
 the inhabitants of the east of England. At the 
 end of that century the whole of Scandinavia 
 appears to have combined to invade England. 
 In the year a.d. 991 the first burst of the storm 
 
 ' Greenwell and Rolleston, British Barrows, p. 64G.
 
 THE ENGLISH PEOPLE 171 
 
 struck our coast, and in the course of five-and- 
 twenty years Canut the Dane ruled over Eng- 
 land; he dismissed the greater number of his 
 followers, for he found in this country, language, 
 laws, and customs so nearly akin to those of 
 Denmark that he was quite at home among the 
 inhabitants of England.^ Eacially the Danes 
 and Norsemen were identical with the Saxons 
 and other tribes of North Germany ; they all 
 inherited the characteristics of the Aryan race. 
 Our museums contain many skulls of the in- 
 habitants of England during this period, and 
 they are of a marked Aryan type, but there are 
 exceptions to this rule in the case of some of 
 the remains discovered in our northern counties, 
 where the descendants of the ancient, broad- 
 skulled Turanian race survived.- In Cornwall, 
 
 ' Canut declared that he had ' vowed to God to lead a right 
 life in all things, to administer just judgment to all.' And adds : 
 ' Never have I spared nor will I spare to spend myself, and my 
 toil in what is needful and good for my people.' He gave his 
 coimtry above all things peace, unbroken for two hundi'ed years 
 with the exception of that terrible interval occupied by the 
 Norman conquest, which, in the end, was doubtless to the 
 advantage of trade and commerce in this country. 
 
 - In the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons is the
 
 172 THE OEIGIN OF 
 
 Wales, and Cumberland, tlie original or native 
 British stock largely predominated over the 
 rest of the inhabitants. 
 
 The Eomans, during their occupation of 
 Prance had settled a number of Saxon families 
 in Normandy, Bayeux being the capital of this 
 settlement, which extended as far as the 
 Cotentin.^ The sea coast of Normandy had 
 been subjected to constant invasion by Turanian 
 and Teutonic pirates, and in the tenth century 
 Horlf, the Norwegian chief, wrested the lands 
 on either side the mouth of the Seine from the 
 French ; he became the ruler of the Northman's 
 
 skeleton of one of the chiefs of the Turanian race. These 
 remains were unearthed at Gristhorpe in Yorkshire, and are 
 figured and described in the Thesaurus Crcmoi-ium No. 123, 
 plate 3. The skeleton is that of a man 6 feet 2 inches high, 
 with a skull having a cephalic index of 82 and features of the 
 Mongolian type. This chief was biu-ied in a coffin formed of an 
 oak, which had been scooped out to receive the body, beside 
 which was the spear, dagger and shield of this warrior, and a 
 vessel, symbolical of support in his journey to the next world. 
 No. 69 is another fine specimen in this museum of a Turanian 
 skull, probably that of one of the Jute invaders of England, for 
 it was found in Kent, and is figured in the Crania Britannica, 
 plate 3. Lastly in this Museum, No. 177, there is another fine 
 Turanian skull, which was discovered under one of the round 
 towers of co. T3'rone. ' Beddoe, p. 94.
 
 THE ENGLISH PEOPLE 173 
 
 land or Normandy, and together with his suc- 
 cessors planted Danish colonies along the coast. 
 Towards the middle of the tenth century the 
 Seine swarmed with Danish pirates, and in con- 
 junction with comrades from Scandinavia they 
 occupied Normandy ; the inhabitants therefore 
 of that province in the eleventh century were 
 derived from a Teutonic stock. ^ 
 
 William the Conqueror brought over to 
 England an army composed of Normans, French, 
 and Germans, but his object in the conquest of 
 our country was largely personal. He and his 
 chiefs coveted the lands held by the native 
 aristocracy of this country ; they were quite 
 willing to allow the serfs and other tillers of the 
 soil to remain as such, provided they could 
 possess themselves of the estates of the land- 
 holders. The extent of this change of property 
 is contained in Domesdaj^ record, and demon- 
 strates how completely the Normans effected their 
 purpose. But few of the ancient aristocracy of 
 England survived the Norman Conquest, some of 
 
 ^ Beddoe, p. 95, also p. 117.
 
 174 OKIGIN OF THE 
 
 them, however, the Surtees of Durham for in- 
 stance, still live among us. William the Conqueror 
 held our country by right of conquest, and to 
 enable him to maintain his position, he not only 
 established feudalism in England, but made it 
 a condition of land tenure, that the land-holder 
 and his retainers should swear fealty to the 
 Crown. 
 
 The racial character, therefore, of the people 
 of England was not altered by the Scandinavian, 
 Danish, or Norman invasions of the country. 
 On the other hand the Teutonic element of the 
 inhabitants of England was invigorated by fresh 
 streams of invaders. These various conquerors, 
 one after the other, had developed greater vigour, 
 and so obtained the physical and moral power 
 which enabled them to subdue their weaker 
 neighbours. At that time it was individual 
 muscular power, endurance, and self-reliance 
 that ensured success. These hordes of hardy 
 Teutons, descended from the grand old Aryan 
 race, met, and after much severe fighting on 
 our soil, intermingled and thus added vigour to
 
 PEOPLE OP SCOTLAND 175 
 
 the parent stock. From the time of the Norman 
 conquest to the present day no further success- 
 ful invasion of our shores has been effected, and 
 so, from the eleventh to the nineteenth century 
 the racial character of the English people has 
 not altered. The people of England, therefore, 
 are to a very large extent of Teutonic origin, 
 into which stock elements of the mixed popula- 
 tion of ancient Britain have been grafted. The 
 race thus formed, has greater vigour and 
 pliability of character, than would have been 
 the case had they been a pure race, a subject 
 which we shall more fully consider in our 
 concluding chapter. 
 
 Scotland 
 
 It is uncertain if human beings existed in 
 Scotland during the early pleistocene period. 
 The late Professor Huxley, and Mr. T. Laing, 
 who, with other anthropologists have devoted 
 much attention to this subject, believe that a 
 ' primitive race whose ancestors were dolicho- 
 cephalic ' lived in Scotland during the earlv
 
 176 OEIGIN OF THE 
 
 neolithic era. These people were of the ' river 
 bed and long barrow type, with whom a few of 
 a subsequent and superior race had occasionally 
 mingled, but not in sufficient numbers to alter 
 their arts and habits of life.' ^ The primitive 
 race, according to the above-mentioned authori- 
 ties, were formed from ' the great Iberian family, 
 the same stock as the Berbers of North Africa.' 
 These authorities, therefore, refer the origin of 
 the human race in Scotland to the source from 
 which, we have seen reason to conclude, the 
 aborigines of England were derived. Mr. Laing 
 and Professor Huxley further state, that with 
 these aborigines they recognise the existence 
 of men ' of a very superior character.' In one 
 instance they discovered ' the skeleton of a man 
 nearly six feet high,' while the skeletons of 
 other men buried with him did not exceed 
 5 feet 4 inches in stature. This is a repetition of 
 the old story of a chief, in all probability buried 
 
 ^ The PreJdstoric Bemains of Caitlmess, S. Laing, M.P., 
 and T. H. Huxley, F.E.S., pp. 70, 71; also The Faces of 
 Britain, by Dr. J. Boddoe, p. 52.
 
 PEOPLE OF SCOTLAND 177 
 
 with slaves slaughtered at the time of his 
 funeral. The cranial index of this individual's 
 skull is 78, and from its form, massive jaws, 
 and broad face and nose, we are of opinion 
 that he belonged to the tall fair brachy- 
 cephalic race of Turanians, who inhabited the 
 islands of Denmark during the early neolithic 
 period.^ This skull is singularly like that of 
 the brachycephalic chief whose remains were 
 found in Kent, and described and figured by 
 Dr. B. Davis ; - it is also of the same type as the 
 skull of King Eobert Bruce,^ and another dis- 
 covered in CO. Tyrone.^ During the neolithic 
 period the coast of Scotland was colonised by the 
 tall Mongolian (Ugrian) race ; these people also 
 occupied Stornoway, Skye, and the other islands 
 of Scotland ; they passed westward to the Isle of 
 Man, and into the north of Ireland.^ Tacitus 
 refers, although at a much later period, to the 
 inliabitants of Caledonia as having ' red hair 
 
 ^ PreJiistoric Remains of Caithness, j). 14. 
 
 " Thesaurus Cranorium, fig. 46, p. "28. 
 
 ^ Hunterian Museum (a cast of the original skull). 
 
 ■» Hon, Xo. 190. ■' Beddoe, pp. 239, 240. 
 
 N
 
 178 OEIGIN OF THE 
 
 and muscular limbs which indicate a Germanic 
 origin.' It would therefore appear, at the com- 
 mencement of the Christian era, that Teutonic 
 tribes had emigrated from the north of Europe 
 into Scotland. Durino- the ninth and until the 
 twelfth century that country was subjected to 
 repeated invasions by Norsemen,^ who not only 
 occupied the western islands of Scotland, but 
 also the mainland, for in Caithness the Norse 
 tongue became the language of the people. 
 Subsequently there was a constant stream of 
 Scandinavians into the north and west of 
 Scotland ; at the same time the Saxons of the 
 north of England occupied the country to the 
 south of the Forth and the Clyde. They drove 
 such of the inhabitants as escaped the sword 
 into the highlands of Argyle and Inverness.^ 
 We concur, therefore, in the opinion expressed 
 
 1 Beddoe, p. 91. 
 
 - The average stature of the brunettes of Scotland, however, 
 differs ffom that of England in that they are a much taller 
 people ; their average height is 5 feet 8^ inches, as compared to 
 that of 5 feet 5 inches, the average height of the Welsh. The 
 Scotch brunettes resemble in stature those of the south and 
 west of Ireland.
 
 PEOPLE OF WALES 179 
 
 by Dr. Beddoe, to the effect, that the Scandi- 
 navian stock enters largely into the making of 
 Scotch Highlanders,^ and of the people north 
 of the Forth. To the south of the Forth, the 
 inhabitants of Scotland possess racial qualities 
 identical with those of the inhabitants of the 
 northern counties of England. 
 
 Wales 
 
 From the dawn of the pleistocene period 
 we have evidence of the existence of human 
 beings in Wales (p. 7). As time went on the 
 remains of man found in this principality 
 prove, that the primitive inhabitants of the 
 country belonged to the Iberian stock, and that 
 no other race of men existed in Wales until the 
 neolithic period.- On the hills to the north of 
 Barmouth, and also along the south-west coast 
 of Wales and England, we find a continuous 
 chain of long dolmens. It was by means of a 
 
 ^ Beddoe, p. 246. 
 
 - In the Museum of the Eoyal College of Surgeons there are 
 three specimens of this race, Nos. 339, 340, 341. See Pre 
 historic Remains of Caithness, fig. 52, p. 123.
 
 180 OEIGIN OF THE 
 
 like chain of dolmens that we traced the early 
 western branch of the Aryan race through 
 Europe into France. And so with Britain ; the 
 dolmens above referred to are similar to those 
 found in the south-west of the continent of 
 • Europe, and we therefore conclude that the 
 builders of these temple tombs passed from the 
 region of the Garonne river to the south of 
 England, and round Land's End, up St. George's 
 Channel into Wales and Ireland. This idea is 
 confirmed by the fact that few of these long 
 dolmens exist in the north of England, or in 
 Scotland, whereas in Dorset, Wilts, Cornwall, 
 Devon, Wales, and Ireland, they are com- 
 paratively numerous.^ The dolmen situated on 
 the slope of Bryn Cefn is surrounded by no less 
 than eighty cairns, indicating that this was a 
 sacred spot near which these people laid their 
 dead to rest. The cap-stone of this dolmen is 
 upwards of 14 feet long and some 7 feet broad. 
 
 ' The Dolmens of Ireland, by W. C. Borlase, p. 449. See 
 also his description of tlie horned, oval barrows of Wales and of 
 Yorkshire, p. 452.
 
 PEOPLE OF WALES 181 
 
 it was supported on the top of eleven huge flag- 
 stones which were fixed edgeways in the soil. 
 
 These dolmen builders brought their Aryo- 
 Celtic dialects with them into the south of 
 England, Wales, and Ireland ; in the latter 
 countries, up to the present day, modifications 
 of these dialects continue to be used. In 
 England the Celtic tongue gave place to the 
 Eoman and Teutonic lanouage, and was ao-ain 
 modified by the Anglo-Normans. 
 
 From the later neolithic period, and through- 
 out the bronze age, we have evidence of the 
 small, dark, ' sinuous ' nosed southern Mongolians 
 in Wales. ^ Their bronze celts, palstaves, spears, 
 and swords are neither so perfect nor so 
 numerous as those found in Ireland, but they 
 clearly indicate the presence of these people in 
 Wales throughout the various stages of develop- 
 
 ^ Dr. Beddoe observes ' that anthropologists had long been 
 calling out for the remains of an Iberian or pre-Celtic language 
 in the British Isles, before their philological brethren woke up 
 to the consciousness of their existence. Mongolian or Ugrian 
 types have been recognised, though less distinctly ; and now 
 Ugrian gi'amniatical forms are being dimly discerned in the 
 "NVelsh and Irish languages.' — Beddoe, p. 46, also p. 238.
 
 182 OEIGIN OF THE 
 
 ment of the bronze industry. Lake dwellings 
 have also been found in South Wales. But, 
 above all other evidence in value, we find that 
 durincf the bronze ai^'e the form of the skulls 
 of the inhabitants, especially of South Wales, 
 altered from the long Iberio-Aryan type to the 
 mixed form, indicating that the dolichocephalic 
 and brachycephalic people inhabiting Wales 
 during that period had intermarried and pro- 
 duced a mixed race,^ 
 
 The Welsh for a lengthened period successfully 
 defended their country from invasion. They con- 
 tinued to abide, and not overcome by repeated 
 war, to flourish in spite of the Eomans, Saxons, 
 and Norsemen, or the Normans. The consequence 
 has been that the racial Teutonic influence which 
 so profoundly affected the English character, 
 
 ^ The cephalic index of the skulls of the people of South 
 Wales is about 80. The Iberian index is nnder 75, and the 
 Southern Mongolian above 80. Consequently, where these 
 races intermarry wo find that their descendants have a cranial 
 index of about 80, and when we find such an index in these 
 conditions, we believe this change in the form of the skull has 
 taken place through the crossing of the two races. Beddoe, 
 p. 260.
 
 PEOPLE OF lEELAND 183 
 
 has not altered that of the Welsh people, who, 
 from a racial point of view, are derived from 
 the Iberian stock into which a vigorous branch 
 of the Mongolian race has been grafted.^ 
 
 Ireland 
 
 One of the most remarkable of the pleisto- 
 cene skulls, to which we referred p. 34, was 
 found in co. Sligo, and from those far distant 
 ages onwards the Iberian race have dwelt, more 
 or less constantly, in Ireland. We say more or 
 less constantly because geologists tell us that 
 at one time the whole of Ireland, especially its 
 central plains, were buried under many hundred 
 
 ' \x\ exception has to be made in the case of the inhabitants 
 of the southern half of Pembrokeshire, in Gower and in the low 
 country of Glamorgan, where William Eufiis and Henry I. 
 settled en masse colonies of Frisians, a Teutonic race. Time 
 has done but little to obliterate the difference between either 
 the physical or psj-chological characters of these Flemish settlers, 
 and the Welsh people who surround them ; they have never 
 really amalgamated, and to this day the descendants of the 
 Flemings remain a separate people in language, disposition, and 
 appearance. Dr. Beddoe states that thej' resemble the English 
 rather than the Welsh ' in their steadiness, candoiir, common- 
 sense, and rather common-place turn of mind.' Beddoe on the 
 Races of Britain, p. 96.
 
 184 ORIGIN OF THE 
 
 feet of ice. The ancient Iberians or primitive 
 people were known to the bards as the 
 Formorians ; they are said to have been a small, 
 dark and treacherous race.^ 
 
 In addition to the Iberian stock in Ireland, 
 we have, during the stone age, evidence of the 
 presence of the Turanian or Northern Mongoloid 
 race. In the north and west of the country we 
 can recognise this type of men, especially among 
 the inhabitants of counties Donegal, Sligo, 
 and Mayo. They are excellent sailors, but lazy 
 when on shore ; they will work for three or four 
 months of the year, and prefer spending the 
 other eight months in doing little or nothing 
 but drinking, dancing, and amusing themselves 
 after their own fashion.- The ancient legends 
 of Ireland refer to this race as arriving in 
 Ireland from the north of Europe, these tradi- 
 tions therefore rather confirm the accuracy of 
 
 ' Le Cycle Mythologique Irlandais, par H. d'Arbois de 
 Jubainville, p. 128. 
 
 - In the Miaseum of the Eoyal College of Surgeons is a skull, 
 No. 190, of one of this race, unearthed from beneath one of the 
 round towers of co. Down. — No. 17G, p. 64, Thesaurus 
 Cranormm.
 
 PEOPLE OF lEELAND 185 
 
 the conclusions on this subject arrived at by- 
 anthropologists, who locate the ancestors of 
 these people on the islands of Denmark and of 
 the German ocean (p. 120). 
 
 In the south of Ireland we have evidence of 
 the presence of the long dolmen builders, or 
 Celtic Aryans, during the later stone and early 
 bronze period. This tall and powerful race of 
 long-skulled people are not only identified in this 
 part of Ireland by the form of their skulls, but 
 also by means of the pottery, weapons, and the 
 bones of their domestic animals, which we find 
 buried with their remains. They are the Fir- 
 Bolgs of ancient Irish bards, people, it is stated, 
 who came by ships into Ireland from the south- 
 east, and in our opinion they are of the same 
 stock as those we find buried in the long 
 dolmens in the south of England.^ We have 
 already referred to the discovery of the remains 
 of human beinojs who lived durino- the stone 
 period in the department of Dordogne, and wlio 
 
 ' Le Cycle MytJiologiqiie Irlandais, par H. d'Arbois de 
 Jubainville, pp. 133, 1G6.
 
 186 OEIGIN OF THE 
 
 we think formed the advance guard of the 
 Aryans m Western Europe (p. 90). In this 
 department of France, and in the adjoining 
 districts of Gironde and Charente at the present 
 time, many of the inhabitants possess well- 
 marked Aryan racial characters. This is the 
 more remarkable because, immediately to the 
 south of these departments, the inhabitants are 
 brachycephalic, the descendants of the southern 
 Mongolian race of central and of eastern 
 Europe.^ Professor Eipley states that, in the 
 departments above named, many of the people 
 are not only above the average stature, especially 
 near Bordeaux, but that they ' are more 
 Teutonic in type than people of direct Germanic 
 descent, nay, even more so than the purest 
 Scandinavians.' - It is, therefore, probable that 
 the earliest Celtic Aryan invaders of Ireland 
 came from the region of France above indicated ; 
 
 ' "Studies in Irish Craniology," iii. "A Neolithic List"; 
 •' Burial at Oldbridge, co. Meath," G. A. C. Haddon, Proc. Boyal 
 Irish Academy (3) iv., 1898, p. 570. 
 
 ^ " Racial Geography of Europe." Appleton's Popular 
 Science Monthly, 1880, p. 443.
 
 PEOPLE OF lEELAND 187 
 
 they seem to have acquired possession of a con- 
 siderable part of Ireland, but are said to have 
 been ultimately expelled from the country by 
 the natives. 
 
 During the bronze period the southern 
 Mongoloid, even then a mixed race, flocked 
 into Ireland ; these people in their passage 
 through Europe had probably, in the course of 
 many centuries, altered much in character and 
 adopted the Celtic or Aryan tongue, but their 
 racial qualities were still unchanged.^ They 
 were a small, dark, broad-skulled people, traders 
 and workers of bronze and subsequently of iron ; 
 a highly superstitious race given to magic and 
 witchcraft. They formed the TuatJia de Danann 
 of the Irish legends, the imps and demons of the 
 hills.- In one of the first round cists opened in 
 
 • The Stiidij of Man, G. A. C. Hacldon, p. 82. 
 
 - It is not difficult to realise the gi-owth of these myths 
 when we remember that these workers in metals must have 
 arrived among a people in Ireland then no higher in civilisation 
 than the natives of Central Australia at the present time. The 
 new comers were able to extract from the hills certain materials 
 which, through the action of fire, the3' converted into all manner 
 of weapons and useful instruments. Powers of this descrip- 
 tion must have appeared almost miraculous to the aborigines.
 
 188 OEIGIN OF THE 
 
 Ireland the skeleton of one of this race, with the 
 bones of either two Iberians, or it may be persons 
 of the Celtic Aryan stock, were found buried 
 together. 
 
 During the bronze age a second invasion of 
 Ireland by the Celts (Aryan), or the ' Melesians ' 
 of the bards, took place, they are said to have 
 come from Spain, some of them may have done 
 so, but more probably, like their ancestors, they 
 passed from the region of the river Garonne 
 into Ireland.^ They were a warlike people, 
 fair, and as we know from their skulls, a doli- 
 chocephalic race. They passed into Ireland 
 under successive chiefs in a constant stream, 
 extending over a lengthened period, for they 
 had not completed the subjugation of the west 
 of Ireland until the year 419 a.d. About that 
 
 Beyond this, from the earliest times up to the present day, the 
 MongoHans of Eastern Asia have been addicted to the practice 
 of magic ; hicky days and liours are all-important in the life of 
 the Burmese (the Irish of the East, p. 15G), and their astrologers 
 are consulted with the greatest confidence \ipon matters per- 
 taining to the domestic or family life of these people. — O'Curry's 
 Manners and Customs of the Ancient Irish, vol. ii. p. 3. 
 ' Le Cycle M/jthologiqne, Jubainville, pp. 236-241.
 
 PEOPLE OF IRELAND 189 
 
 time one of their chiefs, after long and severe 
 fighting with the natives, took possession of 
 the district we now know as co. Clare. This 
 chief divided the district into tribal lands, which 
 he granted to the families of his numerous sons ; 
 one, if not more of these families, held the lands 
 which were thus originally assigned to them, in 
 unbroken succession from father to son for 
 eighteen generations. During this lengthened 
 period they resisted frequent efforts, made by 
 Norsemen durinii" the ninth and tenth centuries 
 to gain possession of their lands. In the thir- 
 teenth and fourteenth centuries they were per- 
 sistently attacked by the Angio-Xormans, but 
 these foreigners were driven out of Clare, as 
 were the English, until the seventeenth century, 
 when the soil which these Celtic chiefs won by 
 the sword in the fifth century still remained in 
 the hands of their direct descendants. In the 
 year 1654 a.d. Oliver Cromwell confiscated these 
 lands. The owners were either slain or sent 
 off to the West Indies ; others were reduced to 
 the condition of labourers on the soil which
 
 190 ORIGIN OF THE 
 
 had belonged to them and their ancestors for 
 so many generations. This case is referred to 
 because we shall subsequently return to it, as 
 affording an illustration of the persistent heredi- 
 tary racial character in these Celtic Aryans.^ 
 
 To return to our subject. Neither theEomans 
 nor the Saxons ever attempted to invade Ireland. 
 Whatever power the Norsemen gained over the 
 Irish in the ninth and tenth centuries was com- 
 pletely effaced at the battle of Clontarf, fought 
 in the year 1014 a.d. The foreigners were then 
 driven out of Ireland and they never attempted 
 to return to that country. The Anglo-Normans in 
 like manner failed to establish themselves beyond 
 the pale, and as late as the reign of Henry VIII. 
 the English only held possession of some of 
 the sea-port towns in Ireland. From the first 
 landing of the English in Ireland, stringent laws 
 had been passed to prevent their either mixing, 
 or intermarrying with the natives ; consequently 
 the racial origin of the mass of the Irish people 
 remained widely different from that of the 
 
 ' story of an Irish Sept. By N. C. ]\Iacnamara.
 
 PEOPLE OF IRELAND 191 
 
 English or the Scotch, and was nearer that of 
 the Welsh. With the exception of the people 
 of Ulster, many of whom are of English or 
 Scotch descent, the population of Ireland, from 
 a racial point of view, is derived from the Iberio- 
 Mongoloid stock. It is true the Aryan Celts 
 conquered the country and imposed their laws, 
 relioion, and lanofuage on the natives, and to a 
 large extent they remained the governing caste. 
 They made of Ireland, as the old bards express 
 it, ' sword lands,' and in the course of time came 
 to be the undisputed lords and masters of the 
 island. It was not, however, until they were 
 crushed by Cromwell that they came to affect 
 the racial character of the natives, and even 
 then, although reduced to beggary, and obliged 
 to work as labourers and artisans, they have 
 still retained their racial exclusiveness to some 
 extent, and have probably not done much to 
 alter the typical character of the more ancient 
 mixed race who were certainly in undisputed 
 possession of much of the country during the 
 first centuries of the Christian era.
 
 192 
 
 CHAPTER V 
 
 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MAN's INTELLECTUAL FACUL- 
 TIES THE PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF 
 
 THE PROGENITORS OF THE BRITISH PEOPLE 
 
 THE EFFECTS OF RESIDENCE IN CITIES ON THE 
 RACIAL QUALITIES OF INDIVIDUALS 
 
 We broiio'lit forward evidence in the first and 
 second chapters of this work to prove, that as 
 the environment of primitive man became com- 
 phcated, in consequence of the aUeration in the 
 climate of Europe, he was compelled to use his 
 brains more actively than his ancestors had done, 
 in order to devise means by which to master these 
 conditions. At the same time the ossification 
 and consolidation of the bones of his skull were 
 such as to permit of the growth, and more 
 perfect development of his central nervous
 
 PHYSICAL CHAEACTEEISTICS 193 
 
 system, and with it of his intellectual faculties. 
 Geographical and climatic conditions were the 
 agents which propelled him forward, and his 
 inherent powers of growth gave him the capacity 
 to advance towards a higher stage of civilisation. 
 In these circumstances, living as he did for long 
 ages in a pure race, we believe that he slowly 
 acquired certain qualities of mind and body 
 which became a part of his being, and were 
 hereditary. 
 
 We have followed the racial changes which 
 took place among the inhabitants of Great 
 Britain until the time of the Norman Conquest, 
 and we may now proceed from an examination 
 of the physical characteristics of men and women 
 of the present day, to ascertain if they retain their 
 ancestral qualities. Should this prove to be 
 the case, we shall then attempt to show, that as 
 the physical qualities of various races of men 
 have been very gradually moulded into different 
 forms ; so also their brain structure has during 
 a long process of evolution become specialised, 
 and thus given rise to mejital qualities which 
 
 o
 
 194 PHYSICAL CHARACTEEISTICS 
 
 have exercised an important influence on the 
 moral and social development of the existing 
 inhabitants of Western Europe. 
 
 With regard to the physical characteristics 
 of the inhabitants of Europe at the present 
 time, it is unnecessary for us to enter into full 
 details, the subject having been ably considered 
 in the recently published lectures by Professor 
 W. Z. Eipley, of the Columbia University,^ and 
 in the work of J. Deniker, Sc.D. (Paris).^ The 
 source from which these authorities have drawn 
 their conclusions consists in the examination of 
 the racial characters of upwards of ten million 
 persons, the test principally relied on being 
 that of the cephalic index. ^ From these data 
 
 ' ' The Racial Geography of Europe.' Appleton's Popular 
 Science Monthly for 1897 to 1899. See p. 469. 
 
 - L'Antliropologie, tome ix., No. 2, 1898; and The Eaces of 
 Man, London, 1900. 
 
 ^ These conchisions are principally drawn, ' not from the 
 relative proportion of each type of head occiTrring within a 
 given area, but from general averages made up by including all 
 head forms alike.'—' We distinguish between the relative propor- 
 tion of the head measured over all the soft tissues, giving the 
 cej^halic index, and those taken from the skull divested of all 
 its fleshy parts, in which latter case the relation of length to 
 breadth is expressed by the so-called cranial index. The
 
 OF EXISTING EUEOPEANS 195 
 
 Professor Eipley has come to the conclusion 
 that the existing inhabitants of Europe, inchiding 
 our islands, are derived from two primitive 
 races, one of them being dolichocephalic, and 
 the other brachycephalic. We are not how- 
 ever to suppose that at the present time the 
 population of this continent can be divided into 
 a purely long- and broad-skulled people ; on the 
 contrary, a great number of them are meso- 
 cephalic, having a cephalic index between 76 
 and 81, or a cranial index of from 7-3 to SO. 
 
 The long-skulled race ' aggregate about two 
 distinct centres of distribution in the north ; and 
 in the south of Europe, these centres of dolicho- 
 cephalics are again divided from one another in 
 respect of both the colour of their hair and eyes, 
 and stature.' ^ The importance of this statement 
 is great with regard to its bearing on the subject 
 of the racial characters of man in Europe. For 
 
 cephalic exceeds the cranial by two units more or less. In 
 other words the living head is relatively broader than the 
 cranium by about three per cent. This would fix our extreme 
 indices on living heads at about 72 and 89 for averages.' — Ripley, 
 note, p. 578. The Racial Geography of Europe. 
 ' Ripley, p. 592. 
 
 2
 
 196 PHYSICAL CHAEACTEEISTICS 
 
 we have shown that in distant ages the small, 
 dark, long-headed Iberians inhabited the south 
 of Europe and the north of Africa, and at the 
 present time we have evidence to the efiect that 
 the inhabitants of the Mediterranean shores of 
 Spain, France, Italy, and the north of Africa 
 are a dolichocephalic brunette race, with a 
 stature below that of average Europeans. If 
 we turn to the north of Europe we find a large 
 proportion of the existing population of Sweden, 
 Norway, Denmark, Hanover, Schleswig-Holstein, 
 Westphalia, Pomerania, and Prussia are un- 
 questionably of a blonde type, the}'- are dolicho- 
 cephalic, and above the average stature of 
 Europeans. We have found that this part of 
 Europe was occupied by the Aryan or Teutonic 
 race in the earliest neolithic period ; a tall, 
 powerful, fair, and long-skulled people. Their 
 descendants, who possess the same racial charac- 
 teristics, now inhabit this part of the continent. 
 
 A short, dark, hracliy cephalic race form a 
 large percentage of the population of Eussia, 
 Bohemia, Hungary, Bosnia, the Tyrol, Switzer-
 
 OF EXISTING EUROPEANS 197 
 
 land, Savoy, and the high lands of Central 
 France, through Avignon into the district of the 
 Landes. This vast triangle, with its apex near 
 the coast of the south-west of France, and its 
 base in Eastern Eussia, is inhabited princi- 
 pally by a broad-skulled, short race, with an 
 inclination to broad faces and noses, and rather 
 high cheek-bones. This race we hold to be of 
 Mongolian origin, the mixed descendants of the 
 stock of people who spread from the south east 
 of Asia westward during" the bronze age. Their 
 remains cover the region of Europe above 
 defined, especially that of the old lake dwellings 
 of Switzerland ; their descendants now inhabit 
 the same part of Europe as that colonised by 
 their ancestors. We find them also in the 
 highlands of Brittany, the Walloons, Baden, 
 WUrtemberg, and Northern Italy ; on the other 
 hand the Teutons penetrated the valleys of 
 Switzerland, and to some extent have modified 
 the racial type of the inhabitants of the high- 
 lands of that country. 
 
 Passing from the consideration of the racial
 
 198 PHYSICAL CHAEACTEEISTICS 
 
 characters of the population of extensive areas 
 such as those above referred to, we may mention 
 one or two instances of comparatively small 
 bodies of people who, though they became sepa- 
 rated from the parent stock, retained their 
 physical racial characters under conditions of 
 environment similar to those under which their 
 progenitors lived. 
 
 The north of Italy is inhabited by an 
 extremely brunette, brachycephalic race, but in 
 the north-west of Tuscany we find the people 
 of two districts (Garfagnana and Lucchese) are 
 of a totally different type. The inhabitants of 
 these districts form an island of tall, fair, 
 dolichocephalic people, surrounded by a dark, 
 short brachycephalic race.^ Titus Livy informs 
 us that the Pro-consuls Cornelius and Bsebius, 
 about the year 180 B.C. transported 12,000 men 
 with their wives and families from the region 
 about Mentone into the districts above men- 
 tioned. We have already shown that it was 
 
 ' See nifip'of The Cephalic Index of Italy, by W. Z. Ripley. 
 AjiJ^letcii's Fo])ular Science Monthly, pp. 724-30.
 
 LONG EETAINED 199 
 
 near Mentone that the remains of the tall doli- 
 chocephalic stone age Celtic Aryans have been 
 found (p. 64), and it seems to have been the 
 descendants of these people who were planted 
 by the Eoman Pro-consuls in and around the 
 region of Lucca. For Titus Livy states that 
 the Eomans were in the habit of recruiting 
 their legions from this district in consequence 
 of the size, vigour, and fighting qualities of 
 its inhabitants. We can thus account for the 
 presence of this island of dolichocephalics at 
 the present time in North-western Tuscany — a 
 root of the old Aryan stock planted in this 
 locality 2000 years ago, and still a flourishing 
 community amid a totally different race.^ 
 
 Another instance of this kind is that of 
 the Tamahu inhabitants of the Atlas range of 
 mountains, and other tribes of the north of 
 Africa. Dr. Beddoe states that these people 
 ' are supposed to have imported dolmen 
 building and the fair complexion into North 
 Africa, and they are portrayed with blue eyes 
 
 ' De Mortillet, pp. 55, 99.
 
 200 PHYSICAL CHAEACTEEISTICS 
 
 and light hair upon Egyptian monuments 1500 
 years before the birth of Christ ; or the 
 Tamahu may have been a subsequent wave 
 of blond northern conquerors, and may have 
 taken up the dolmen type of civilisation.' ^ It 
 seems probable that the tall fair Aryan race 
 of Europe during the stone age spread to the 
 north of Africa, either from the east, or it may 
 be from the north, where dolmens are numerous. 
 At a long subsequent period, on two well-known 
 occasions, Germanic tribes having overrun 
 Spain passed on into Africa. A remnant of 
 these Teutons, if not the more ancient Celtic 
 Aryans, probably settled among the Atlas range, 
 surrounded by a different race of human beings. 
 The descendants of this fair, tall, blue- eyed 
 stock still retain their Aryan characters, not 
 only physically but mentally also, for a recent 
 French author refers to this ' blue-eyed fair 
 people ' as men who can always be depended on 
 when there is anv fightinof to be done ; their 
 
 ^ Beddoe, p. 14 ; also The Early Histonj of tJie Ilchrews, 
 Professor Saycc, pp. 114, 171.
 
 LONG EETAINED 201 
 
 probity, valour, and military qualities can 
 hardly be excelled by any other peopled Dr. 
 Beddoe remarks that these people, after upwards 
 of 3000 years' existence in Africa, have not 
 become brunettes ; he adds, ' Their colour was 
 probably developed, and fixed for them in some 
 original home in the temperate and comparatively 
 sunless North.' - 
 
 We have already referred to the case of the 
 Eskimos, who we think are pure descendants 
 of the glacial inhabitants of Europe. Having 
 become isolated from the rest of mankind, 
 and still existing in a glacial climate, or in other 
 words, in an environment similar to that of their 
 ancestors, these people have up to the present 
 day retained their palaiolithic qualities. But 
 the race of which the Eskimos formed a part, 
 and to which we belong, under the influence of 
 a genial climate, the stimulating effect of foreign 
 invasion, and interbreeding with other races, 
 has risen step by step to a higher order of 
 
 ^ Beviie Britanniqiie, October 1898, p. 302. 
 - Jifcddoe, p. 14.
 
 202 EXISTING INHABITANTS 
 
 civilisation, although retaining enough of their 
 original racial character to enable us to recognise 
 the source from which they originally sprang. 
 
 If we turn to the population of our country 
 we have a further illustration of the lasting 
 character of physical racial types. 
 
 In Eyigland we find that the mass of the 
 population indicates an Anglo-Saxon origin ; 
 the cephalic indices ranging from 76 to 78 
 (or a cranial index of 75 to 77) ; they are 
 therefore dolichocephalic or mesocephalic, the 
 mixed race being largely formed from the inter- 
 marriage of Iberians and Teutons. 
 
 Along the line of the old Eoman wall, and 
 to the north-west of England we find that a 
 considerable numl^er of the inhabitants have 
 the well-marked characteristics of the ancient 
 British stock (p. 60). This is particularly 
 seen in Tynedale.^ In Cumberland the large 
 majority of the people are of Teutonic origin. 
 But in some of the valleys, such as Derwent, we 
 meet with a considerable number of individuals 
 
 ' The Itaces of Britain, Beddoe, p. 250.
 
 Fig. 30. 
 
 IBKI,I.\N TYPE FliOM NOliTJl BKIU-m|; | isi 1 1 K K. 
 Bku'k liiiir, ilark lirdwii eyt'.s. Stuturc, 5 ft. 5 in. (\>|)lialic Iiiilcx, 7'2-'.
 
 Fig. 32. 
 
 .\XGU);;.\XOX TYPE FROM KKXT. 
 Bluc-groy eye,-, liglit brown hair. Stature, 5 ft. 11 in. Ceplialio Index, 78-8.
 
 OF ENGLAND 203 
 
 having broad faces, dark hair, and eyes of the 
 pecuUar ahnond-shape form, which, with broad 
 skulls, is characteristic of the Mongolian stock/ 
 As we pass south into Yorkshire the inhabitants 
 are even more uniformly Teutonic than in 
 Durham and Northumberland." But, as we 
 reach the midland counties, we find a rather 
 different state of affairs ; for instance, in the north 
 of Bedfordshire many of the labouring classes 
 are a small-boned race, their average height 
 does not exceed 5 feet 4^ to 5 inches ; the}^ are 
 dolichocephalic, their faces are oval in outline, 
 their noses straight and narrow, their hair is 
 dark brown or black, and their eyes either hazel 
 or grey brown (see figs. oO, 31 ).'^ It is not difficult 
 to understand why this should be the case, when 
 we consider the former geographical position of 
 North Bedfordshire. The ancient British inhabi- 
 tants of this part of the country were surrounded 
 
 ' The Baces of Britain, BedcToe, pp. 135, 251. 
 
 - Idem, p. 252. 
 
 ^ The cephalic index of these men during life varies from 
 70 to 75, and if we subtract 1 m. for the scalp and soft tissues 
 covering the skull ; they are eviilently dolichocephalic and of 
 the Iberian type.
 
 204 EACIAL CHAEACTEEISTICS 
 
 on the nortli and east by extensive fens, and on 
 the west by impenetrable forests, so that the 
 Saxon conquerors of England never completely 
 occupied this part of Bedfordshire.^ 
 
 The inhabitants of Sussex are distinctly Saxon 
 (see figs. 32, 33), as are also those of Hampshire, 
 Wilts, and Dorset, but in many of the valleys, 
 such as that of the Colne, and in towns like 
 Devizes and Malmesbury, the cephalic index 
 rises, and we find brachycephalic people in these 
 localities — people evidently descended from the 
 small, dark, Mongolian stock, whose remains 
 
 ' Mr. J. E. Green iu his work ou the Making of England, 
 p. 124, states that the West Saxons did not penetrate to the 
 lower Ouse ; and the East Saxons, although they settled about 
 Hertford, did not push on into North Bedfordshire. Tlie fens 
 protected this part of the country on the north and east, and to 
 the west it was guarded by impenetrable forests. Professor 
 Ripley states there is much in the land tenure, habits, and 
 social traits which are peculiar to the people of tliis part of 
 England. There is reason to believe that, both as regards the 
 incidence of insanity and of suicide, these people differ from 
 those in most other parts of England, but resemble in this 
 respect the people of Wales and Cornwall, to whom they are 
 allied by race. Their hereditary qualities are clearly marked 
 and are characteristic of the Iberian stock to which they belong. 
 See also Paper on • The Cranial Characteristics of the South 
 Saxons,' by Mr. E. J. Ilorton- Smith, Journal of Anthrojjological 
 Tnntliuie, xxvi. 1890, p. 82.
 
 OF ENGLISHMEN 205 
 
 are thickly scattered in and around the temple 
 of Stonehenge. In Devon, and more especially 
 in Cornwall, the nigrescence of the population 
 increases, with scattered, but well-marked, 
 islands of people having the characteristics of 
 Celtic Aryans. But Dr. Beddoe correctly affirms 
 that among the inhabitants of Cornwall we meet 
 with individuals of a Mongolian type, some of 
 them having the oblique eyes, high cephalic index, 
 and other peculiarities of this race.^ Although 
 Wales was subject to frequent invasion, but 
 little new blood remained in the Principality, 
 and the Iberian stock has continued perhaps 
 less mixed in Wales than in almost any other 
 part of Europe.'- The Mongolians, however, have 
 
 ^ Beddoe, p. 9, and pp. 259, 260. 
 
 - Giraldus de Bariy, who was himself a Welshman, writing 
 of his countrymen some 700 years ago, describes them as being 
 of swarthy complexion. He states that they are inconstant, 
 mobile, imtruthfnl, given to removing landmarks. He also 
 states that his coiuitrymcn will gorge themselves at another's 
 expense, are ostentatious, and have much love of music, 
 vengeful, and fierce in attacking their enemies, if repulsed they 
 flee as in terror but as readily return to the charge. They are 
 careful of their genealogies. We have referred to this account, 
 as given by a W^elshman many years ago, because it may assist 
 us in forming some idea of the hereditary- racial qualities of the 
 Iberians. See Beddoe, Races of Britain, p. 260.
 
 206 EACIAL CHARACTEEISTICS 
 
 left their mark on the Welsh people, especially 
 upon the inhabitants of the mountainous 
 regions of that country. 
 
 Scotland. The inhabitants of the Shetland 
 Islands, as a whole, at the present time indicate 
 a Scandinavian origin, they are fairer than any 
 other people in the British Isles. But here 
 again Dr. Beddoe has met with evidence of the 
 IJofrian stock. Eesfardino- these individuals he 
 observes that they are ' possibly descendants of 
 some primitive Ugrian tribe whose enigmatic 
 name remains to us in Ptolemy as dwelling in 
 the far north.' It seems better to call these 
 people what they really are racially, descendants 
 of the Mongolians of the north of Europe (p. 177 ). 
 In Stornoway again we find this ' snub-nosed 
 race,' and again in the Hebrides and other 
 islands, but the majority of the people are 
 evidently of Scandinavian extraction. Passing 
 to the mainland we find that the central and 
 eastern part of Scotland, north of the Forth, 
 is inhabited by people of Scandinavian origin. 
 But along the east coast many of the seafaring
 
 OF SCOTCHMEN 207 
 
 people are of a mixed race, the Scandinavian 
 being crossed by the MongoUan stock. The 
 inhabitants of the lowlands of Scotland differ in 
 no respect from those of the north of England. 
 
 Throughout the highlands of Scotland we 
 find a race of tall men and women, with an 
 average cephalic index of 76, fair, and having 
 distinctly Teutonic features. Their skulls are 
 long and narrow, the occipital region being 
 prominent, their eyes are bluish grey or else 
 hazel, their hair mostly of a brownish hue 
 inclining to redness. But among these tall people 
 we meet with a number of small brunette higli- 
 landers ; these are dolichocephalic, and the 
 descendants of the aboriginal Iberian race, who 
 in prehistoric times had been driven into this 
 mountainous region by the Teutonic and Scan- 
 dinavian invaders of Scotland. 
 
 Ireland. In the province of Ulster, and in 
 the city of Dublin and its neighbourhood, a 
 considerable number of the inhabitants are 
 descended from either English or Scotch an- 
 cestors, l)ut the remainder of Ireland is popu-
 
 208 EACIAL CHAKACTERISTICS 
 
 lated by an Iberio-Mongolian people. It is true 
 the few families of the ancient Irish landowners 
 who still remain are Celtic Ar3^ans, and in the 
 south and west of the country, members of the 
 septs or clans, formed by these families in by- 
 gone times, exist as small colonies in various 
 localities. But the presence of the Celtic Aryan 
 in Ireland has not materially altered the racial 
 character of a large proportion of its inhabi- 
 tants. In the north-west of Ireland the descend- 
 ants of the northern Mongolian stock are in 
 evidence ; and throughout the west and south 
 the prehistoric southern Mongoloid type is 
 unmistakable, although they have intermarried 
 largely with the aboriginal Iberian population. 
 These mixed people form the lazy, rollicking, 
 merr}^ Irishman of the caricaturist. They have 
 a high cephalic index, broad faces and noses, 
 the latter feature concave at the base, dark hair, 
 and merry twinkling dark grey eyes.^ They 
 are the darkest coloured people in Great 
 Britain, and as such were held in almost as 
 
 1 Beddoe, pp. 2G3, 206.
 
 lEISHMEN 209 
 
 much contempt as the Dravidians were by the 
 Aryans of India (p. 172). We may form some 
 idea of the extent of the ancient MongoUan 
 element in Ireland, when we consider the large 
 and beautiful collections of bronze weapons and 
 ornaments which have been found in that country. 
 Their work at New Grange, probably under 
 Celtic Aryan supervision ; the illuminated 
 missals and gold ornaments of subsequent times, 
 point to the presence of Mongolian artistic 
 sentiment and skill in workmanship. It is 
 largely in consequence of this strain among the 
 Irish and French people, that so many of them 
 have that power of imagination, and the bright 
 sensitive disposition which give such charm to 
 their nature. They are people content to live 
 in their homes which they cling to and love, to 
 be amused and to amuse one another, regarding 
 the future without anxiety, and having a posi- 
 tive dislike to the selfish money-grubbing spirit 
 of the age. As before stated, the Burmese have 
 been described by an Irishman who knew them 
 well as ' the Irish of the East,' and we seem to
 
 210 THE BEITISH PEOPLE 
 
 compreliend the reason why this should be the 
 case, for we conceive that these people were, 
 in far distant ages, to a large extent derived 
 from the same Mongolian stock (p. 152). 
 
 From the preceding evidence we seem justi- 
 fied in arriving at the conclusion, that we can 
 form a fairly reliable opinion as to the racial 
 origin of the people inhabiting our islands at 
 the present time. We admit that we are a 
 mixed race, but taking the characteristics of 
 the average population in a given area, we 
 may form a sound opinion regarding the 
 stock from which these people are derived. 
 This is no more than we might expect, when we 
 reflect on the wonderful property possessed by 
 living organic matter of producing its like ; a 
 process which might have gone on to the end 
 of time, were it not that this living matter is 
 capable of being gradually moulded into higher 
 specialised forms by external conditions.^ This 
 innate property of living matter, is not confined 
 
 1 Meaning tbat the extremely complex arrangement of the 
 organic matter contained within living cells is capable of 
 becoming modified by its environment if these conditions
 
 A MIXED EACE 211 
 
 to those cells of the body which construct its 
 physical character, but is equally shared by 
 the organic matter enclosed within the cells 
 which form so large a part of our brain. And 
 as the brain is the instrument by which we 
 appreciate, retain, and formulate external im- 
 pressions, and through means of which we give 
 expression to our thoughts, it follows that its 
 intrinsic organisation regulates our moral and 
 social qualities. We fully recognise, as above 
 stated, that the continued action of the like 
 external conditions on successive generations of 
 beings, may lead to modification in their special- 
 ised organic cell contents. And it seems equally 
 clear, that the result of the union of germ cells 
 produced by parents belonging to different races 
 cannot possess the same specialised organic 
 matter that would have resulted from the con- 
 junction of germ cells of parents derived from the 
 same stock. (We have noticed repeatedly in this 
 work the modified form of skull which the cross- 
 
 contiuue unaltered for man^' succeeding generations, until 
 ultimately in its changed forna it becoues a part of the being 
 end is hereditary. 
 
 p 2
 
 212 CHAKACTERISTIC QUALITIES 
 
 ing of the long- and broad-headed races produces.) 
 And further we readily admit that external con- 
 ditions, such as proper hygienic and disciplinary 
 influences, may do much to improve the organic 
 matter of the brain, as it does that of the 
 muscles and other parts of the body. But the 
 result of such influences, unless they have been 
 continued through many generations, does not as 
 a rule affect the racial character of the indi- 
 viduals, for there is always a strong tendency in 
 the molecular constituents of the organic matter 
 to revert to its ancestral type. This is a truth 
 of everyday experience. We may, by proper 
 education and discipline, train an unruly, 
 unreliable child into a candid, well-behaved 
 youth ; but as time goes on we too often find 
 the old evil tendencies crop up and again assert 
 their ascendency, indicating a return of the 
 specialised protoplasm of the nerve cells of the 
 brain to its inherited type.^ 
 
 The intellectual or psychological qualities 
 
 ^ See remarks on the subject by W. M. Flinders Petrie in 
 his work on The lieligion awl Conscience of Ancient Egyjpt, 
 pp. 89-93.
 
 OF OUE PKOGENITORS 213 
 
 of various races of men are, for the above 
 reason, as surely a part of their being as their 
 tyjyical inherited physical characters. It is not 
 our province to trace these qualities from their 
 earliest indications up to the historical period, 
 but we may summarise our conclusions on this 
 subject as follows. 
 
 The Iberiaiis are a chivalrous, courteous, 
 and patriotic people, strongly impressed with the 
 idea of their ' popular rights ; ' they are an im- 
 pulsive, ostentatious, and a proud race, setting- 
 great store on their family pedigrees. They are 
 musical, and especially fond of their national 
 ballads and poetry. But they are a cruel, 
 passionate, revengeful, and unreliable people.^ 
 
 The Mongolians are an essentially religious 
 race, loving peace and their lands, homes, 
 and families. Imaginative and very sensitive, 
 full of brightness, music, and artistic tendency, 
 they are very hospitable ; but they are indolent 
 and unstable, the idea of self being too strongly 
 developed." 
 
 ' See note, p. 205. " See p. 153.
 
 214 PSYCHOLOGICAL CHAEACTEE 
 
 The Teutons or Aryans are an eminently 
 self-reliant, self-respecting, and reliable race ; 
 patriotic, with strong feelings of respect for 
 duty, order, justice, and freedom ; laborious, 
 slow but persevering. They are courageous, war- 
 like, and full of enterprise ; but, throughout their 
 history, their weakness has risen from Teutonic 
 tribes and nations rising in conflict one with 
 another. They are domineering, and consequently 
 apt to ruffle the temper of more sensitive people. 
 As a whole they possess splendid traits of cha- 
 racter, unsurpassed by any other race of men.^ 
 
 In order the better to comprehend the 
 meaning we attach to the idea of the psycho- 
 logical characteristics of a race, we may illustrate 
 our views by referring, in the first place, to 
 the continent of America, where we find side 
 by side, under conditions of environment but 
 slightly different, two European races equally 
 civilised and intelligent, and differing only as 
 regards their inherited racial characters : ^ the 
 
 1 See pp. 83-85 ; also Beddoe, p. 252. 
 
 - The Psychologij of Peojjles. G. Giistave le Bon, p. 139.
 
 OF BRITISH PEOPLE 215 
 
 United States, governed by, and having a 
 population consisting mainly of persons derived 
 from the Teutonic race, including the Anglo- 
 Saxon ; and South America, governed by and 
 populated principally with, persons derived 
 from the Iberians of Spain. We need not 
 dilate on the vast difference that exists in the 
 qualities of the people in North and South 
 America, the former full of vigour and resource, 
 destined to become one of the most powerful 
 nations of the world : the other, if left to itself, 
 would speedily revert to barbarism. The des- 
 tinies of the North and South being governed 
 by the inherited capacity or character of their 
 inhabitants, the one belonging to the Teutonic, 
 the other to the Iberian race. 
 
 Passing from general to individual traits of 
 racial character, we may refer to the brachy- 
 cephalic stock who inhabit the highlands of 
 central France, and to whom we have so 
 repeatedly referred as being the descendants of 
 the early bronze workers of prehistoric times. 
 In a report pubUshed by tlie French Govern-
 
 216 MONGOLIAN INFLUENCE 
 
 ment {Enquete Agricole) we are informed that 
 no fewer than one half the clergy, and the nuns 
 of France are born and bred in the region above 
 mentioned. This fact confirms the idea we have 
 formed as to the deep religious or altruistic 
 sentiment which is strongly impressed on this 
 broad-skulled race. They are said to be very 
 superstitious, believers in charms and usages 
 derived from their magic-working ancestors. 
 They also ' cling to their parental lands and 
 homes, to preserve which intact they will sacri- 
 fice almost everything.' Many of them go down 
 into the plains of France to labour for a few 
 months, returning with their savings, spade in 
 hand, to work on the family lands for the 
 remainder of the year. They are a very sensi- 
 tive race, reserved, peaceable, hospitable, and 
 frugal. Bright and cheery, they thoroughly 
 realise the idea that there is no place like 
 home. 
 
 To comprehend fully the powerful influence 
 which the relisfious sentiment exercises on the 
 lives of this broad-skulled people, we must
 
 ON THE BRITISH PEOPLE 217 
 
 know something of tliem as a pure race, such, 
 for instance, as the Burmese, or Nepaulese of 
 the present time These people (the southern 
 Mongohans as we have termed them) are per- 
 meated by ahruistic sentiments, their rehgion is 
 an influence in which they may truly be said to 
 live and move and have their being. Nor is 
 this sentiment less potent among the inhabitants 
 of northern Mongolia, for Mr. Arnot Eeid, in his 
 recent work ' From Pekin to Petersburg,' states 
 that in his opinion the excessive zeal for 
 Buddhism is slowly leading to the dwindling 
 away of the Mongolian race. It is believed that 
 not less than one quarter of the Mongolian 
 adult males enter that section of the priesthood 
 vowed to celibacy. ' Tlie result is a general 
 immorality, the practice of many vices, and a 
 low birth-rate.' ^ Mr. Peid describes them as 
 being a cheerful, civil, intelligent, and conscien- 
 tious people, but above all ' earnestly religious.' ^ 
 The descendants of this brachycephalic race 
 
 ' From PeJiin to Petershurg, p. 109, by Ai-not Eeid« 
 - Ibid., pp. 118, 116, 120.
 
 218 MONGOLIAN ELEMENT 
 
 cover Russia, and extend through Europe into 
 France ; throughout the former country, espe- 
 cially in the southern and eastern provinces, we 
 feel that we are among people of Eastern origin ; 
 to watch them at their devotions reminds us 
 forcibly of the worship of the Burmese and 
 Nepaulese. 
 
 As we pass westward from Eussia through 
 the mountainous regions of central Europe into 
 France, we find that in many localities the 
 broad-skulled stock becomes less pure, and has 
 been otherwise influenced by people of other 
 races, nevertheless, throughout this extensive 
 area the inhabitants possess a distinctly religious 
 cast of mind. As we have already shown, the 
 Welsh and Irisli, especially in the south and 
 west part of both countries, are a mixed stock, 
 descended from the Iberian and the broad- 
 skulled races, and there can be no question as 
 to the highly developed altruistic feeling which 
 pervades the inhabitants of these countries. 
 
 Mr. Eeid, in the work to which we have 
 already referred, observes that ' the power of
 
 IN VAEIOUS EACES 219 
 
 Eussia to assimilate with the races of Asia is 
 notable ; he (the Eussian) gets on with the 
 Tartar, and the Mongol, and the various races of 
 southern Central Asia, for the Slav is probably 
 more akin to, or more in sympathy with, these 
 races than we are.' Mr. Eeid adds that between 
 these Asiatic peoples and the Eussians there is 
 ' a brotherly or familiar attitude of mind, and 
 it seems to help the Eussians to assimilate the 
 Asiatic population that he meets.' ^ We could 
 not have more direct testimony than this as to 
 our idea of the psychological as well as the 
 physical qualities of a race. For the modern 
 Eussians, and the Asiatic people mentioned by 
 Mr. Eeid, are descended from common ancestors. 
 They are all more or less pure descendants of 
 the race who formed also the Mongol Empire, 
 which in the thirteenth century conquered China, 
 most of Asia, and settled in Eussia, Hungary, 
 and Poland, previously inhabited by a broad- 
 skulled race of men.' 
 
 ' From Pehin to Pctershtirg, pp. 170, 171. 
 ^ So far as we can form an opinion as to what is going on in 
 Eastern Eui'ope, Siberia, and Northern China, as well as in the
 
 220 PEEMANENCE OF 
 
 Passing from races to classes or septs, we 
 have elsewhere shown that through many 
 generations the psychological qualities of the 
 chiefs of a family may be distinctly traced. 
 The clan or sept whose history may be read 
 in the work referred to,^ consisted of Celtic 
 Aryans who conquered the greater part of 
 county Clare early in the fifth century. That 
 tract of country bordering on the Atlantic, 
 and divided by the Eiver Shannon from the rest 
 of Ireland, formed an isolated territory. The 
 aborigines were overcome but by no means 
 exterminated by the Celtic invaders of that part 
 of Ireland ; the latter having gained possession, 
 proceeded to divide the country into tribal 
 lands, over which were placed the sons of the 
 original conqueror. We possess historical proof 
 
 south of Central Asia, the time is not far distant when vast 
 hordes of the Mongohan or the brachj'cephahc race, will again 
 overwhelm China and ultimately the whole of Asia. This is 
 the question of the day ; if allowed to drift there can be no 
 doiibt that it will settle itself in favour of the ascendency of 
 the Mongolian race over the whole of Asia, with all its conse- 
 quences. 
 
 ' The Story of an Irish Sejyf, by one of its members. 
 Messrs. Dent & Co.
 
 HEEEDITAEY QUALITIES 221 
 
 to show that, in spite of the attempted invasion 
 of this part of Ireland by Danes, Anglo- 
 Normans, and English, the direct descendants of 
 the original chiefs retained their lands until the 
 year a.d. 1G53, when they were expelled from 
 their estates by order of Cromwell. 
 
 We have independent testimony bearing on 
 the deeds and sayings of many successive chiefs 
 of this clan, and through them all there is the 
 same courageous, self-reliant, high, and honour- 
 able feeling displayed, which constitutes the 
 essential psychological characteristic of the 
 Aryan race. 
 
 Passing again from communities and tribes, 
 we may trace the influence of racial inherited 
 qualities on the lives and conduct of individuals. 
 From this point of view we could hardly select 
 more typical examples of genuine Teutons 
 than the present Emperor of Germany, his illus- 
 trious father and grandfather, and Frederick 
 the Great. If the character of any, or of all of 
 these chiefs be compared with that extraordinary 
 genius Napoleon I., a typical Iberian, we may
 
 222 ELEMENTS OF DANGEE 
 
 appreciate the value which is to be attached to 
 inherent racial character as guiding the lives 
 and actions of individuals. 
 
 We do not imagine that all Teutons are of 
 the same stamp as their Emperor, or that all 
 Iberians are of the same character as Napoleon I., 
 but we believe that the qualities which dis- 
 tinguish these great men are typical of the 
 inherited nature of the bulk of the people who 
 constitute these races. If these views are correct, 
 it follows, whether in the case of individuals or 
 communities, if proceeding from the same stock 
 they possess similar innate racial sentiments 
 and aspirations, founded on common inherited 
 psychological qualities. 
 
 For us, the unity and integrity of the great 
 Teutonic race, of which the Anglo-Saxons form 
 so important an offshoot is of paramount im- 
 portance, for upon this union the progress and 
 the freedom of the human family depend. But 
 from the predominating qualities of this race, 
 arises one of its special weaknesses ; the pure 
 Teuton is warlike and aggressive, his patriotism
 
 INHERENT IN TEUTONS 223 
 
 ■ 
 
 turns towards a chief ; under his chosen leader 
 
 he will fight to the death. And so from early 
 Sanskrit times up to the present, history teaches 
 us how constantly Teutonic tribes and nations 
 have destroyed one another. ' Teuton must 
 destroy Teuton.' ^ One of the first steps towards 
 overcoming this fatal error is that we should 
 endeavour to know ourselves and our own 
 history, that we may realise how unspeakably 
 important it is that the whole Teutonic race, 
 whether in the continent of Europe, of America 
 or Australia, should work together. The in- 
 herited sentiments and modes of thought which 
 guide us are common to the race, and in the 
 long run have always prevailed sooner or later, 
 but too often only after terrible suffering and 
 bloodshed. As a means to a better and fuller 
 understanding between the individuals forming 
 the race, it is all-important they should be able 
 to think through the medium of a common 
 language. In this way, Scandinavians, Germans, 
 and the English-speaking people all over the 
 
 ' Tlie lioman and the Teuton, C. Kingsley, p. 163.
 
 224 UNION AMONG 
 
 world may learn thoroughly to comprehend the 
 motives and feelings which are common to them 
 all, and as a whole help forward the develop- 
 ment of the human race.-^ 
 
 We cannot help feeling, that if the inhabitants 
 of the Transvaal and Orange Free States had 
 been thoroughly acquainted with the English 
 language, and so with our real sentiments and 
 ideas, they would never have been led by 
 interested persons into the terrible conflict in 
 which they are now engaged. The Boers are of 
 the same Teutonic stock as the Anglo-Normans, 
 
 ' A common language will not necessarily produce unity of 
 feeling among people of different races, as is shown, among 
 other instances, in the case of our relations with Ireland. 
 Among the many mistakes made by our ancestors, one was in 
 doing all in their power to prevent intermarriage between the 
 Anglo-Norman and Irish people, during the 13th, 14th, and 
 15th centuries. Racial differences would largely have disap- 
 peared under a wiser policy. Again, the English Government 
 with the conquest of Ireland, destroyed her Celtic landed 
 proprietors, and as in the case of France, when the whole of the 
 indigenous and old aristocracy, the governing class by race, and 
 by generations of education had been swept away, there was 
 no one to take their place. This ruthless distiirbance of the 
 natural development of race has led to endless bitterness and 
 confusion in the political and social life of the people in both 
 countries.
 
 THE TEUTONIC PEOPLE 225 
 
 with a cross of the ancient northern Monsfolian 
 race, having perhaps less of the Iberian element 
 than the majority of the inhabitants of the 
 British Isles. ^ Nevertheless like ourselves, the 
 Boers are derived from the ancient Aryan 
 or Teutonic branch of the human family. It 
 remains for our Government, when the time 
 comes to re-settle the revolted provinces of South 
 Africa, to bear in mind the racial character of 
 the people with whom they have to deal. A 
 brave, self-reliant, freedom-loving, independent 
 race, who under just laws and with a strict 
 regard to their prejudices and hereditary senti- 
 ments, will in time fraternise with Anglo-Saxons. 
 They have fought hard, like the Aryans of 
 India (the Sikhs) for their country, but when 
 fairly beaten they are bound, as education 
 spreads among them, and they learn to com- 
 prehend our language and modes of thought, to 
 become a strong and important element in the 
 British Empire. 
 
 ^ The Bacial Geography of Europe, by W. Ripley ; 
 Appletori's Popular Science Monthly, 1898, p. 316. 
 
 9
 
 226 PUEE AND MIXED 
 
 We have fully explained how the English 
 and Scotch people are, from a racial point of 
 view, derived chiefly from the Teutonic stock ; 
 but very many of them have Iberian and 
 Mongolian elements in their constitution. This 
 fusion of the three races into one probably 
 renders the character of Englishmen rather more 
 plastic than if they belonged to a pure race. 
 They have a high respect for constituted autho- 
 rity, avoiding, as a rule, extremes either in reli- 
 gion, politics, or social life, and sooner or later 
 following a moderate and common-sense course 
 of action. These qualities have enabled them 
 in times of national danger to bend to dynastic 
 and political storms in a manner which it is 
 to be feared the pure Teuton may find difficult 
 to achieve under similar circumstances. The 
 inherent character of Englishmen has also 
 so far preserved them from many pitfalls into 
 which their more highly sensitive Iberio- 
 Mongolian brethren have fallen, too often to 
 their own detriment and that of their neigh- 
 bours.
 
 EACES OP PEOPLE 227 
 
 In our opinion the racial character of the 
 Anglo-Saxon people has had more influence on 
 their present position in the world, than their 
 environment or any other cause. M. Edmond 
 Demolins approves much of the system of educa- 
 tion among the upper classes of the Anglo- 
 Saxons.^ It seems to us that this system of 
 education is rather the result of the racial char- 
 acter of the Anglo-Saxons, than that their quali- 
 ties are mainly attributable to the training 
 which our youths receive. Probably the larger 
 percentage of men and women who uphold the 
 highest qualities of Anglo-Saxons in Britain, 
 America, and our Colonies at the present 
 time, are to be found among the better classes 
 of our labourers and artisans, who have not 
 received the unquestionably valuable home and 
 school training which M. Edmond Demolins 
 extols. 
 
 The study of anthropology tends to prove 
 that, if persistent, the environment by which 
 
 ' Anglo-Saxon Superiority, by Edmond Demolins, trans- 
 lated by L. B. Lavigne, p. 105. 
 
 Q 2
 
 228 THE EFFECT OF LARGE 
 
 human beings are surrounded will, in the course 
 of time, mould into definite form not only their 
 physical but also their mental qualities, which 
 then become hereditary. This being the case, 
 the question arises as to what effect the migration 
 of the best of our rural population into large 
 cities has had upon their racial qualities. In 
 considering this question we must bear in 
 mind, that the rush of the rural population of 
 England into our large towns hardly commenced 
 before the beginning of the present century, and 
 we should not therefore expect any marked 
 change in the physical type of these people in 
 so short a period. There is another considera- 
 tion which materially affects this question, and 
 that is the constant stream of country-bred 
 people who pass into our towns to replace, and 
 often to intermarry with, persons of urban 
 extraction. 
 
 We need not enter into the causes which 
 have combined to drive so vast a number of the 
 rural inhabitants of England into our densely 
 populated cities. It is a fact that at the present
 
 TOWNS ON THE PEOPLE 229 
 
 time one third of the inhabitants of London 
 consist of persons who have drifted into this 
 city from the surrounding rural districts. And 
 further, no less than one half the existing popu- 
 lation of England live in towns containing 20,000 
 inhabitants and upwards, that is, in large and 
 overcrowded localities. If we contrast this 
 state of things with that of Eussia, we find that 
 in that country only 12 per cent, of the whole 
 population reside in towns. 
 
 In cities such as London 17"8 per cent, of 
 the inhabitants belong to the middle and upper 
 classes. In 37 districts containing 1,170,000 
 people, in no case does the proportion of the 
 people living ' in poverty ' fall below 40 per cent., 
 and in some of them it reaches 60 per cent.^ 
 Other large cities and towns in England show 
 similar conditions, and with them we may be sure 
 an intensely keen struggle for existence, and too 
 often failure, misery, and all-absorbing anxiety. 
 And this has to be gone through in an atmo- 
 
 ' Labour and Life of the Peox>lc, edited by C. Booth, 1891, 
 vol. ii. part i. chap. ii.
 
 230 EFFECT OF CITY LIFE 
 
 sphere loaded with soot and dust, and worse than 
 all with but little sunlight. In young and growing 
 children, when the cells of the body are actively 
 employed in building up the future man, we can 
 well understand how much their work must be 
 hampered in an environment such as we have 
 referred to. The more highly specialised cells 
 are likely to suffer most under these conditions, 
 because the more complicated the machine the 
 more liable are its works to get out of gear ; 
 consequently we should expect to find the central 
 nervous system would be one of the first struc- 
 tures of the body to be affected, by an environ- 
 ment such as that which we have described. 
 
 In fact, so far as we can ascertain from an 
 examination of individuals forming the labour- 
 ing classes of London and other large towns, it 
 does not appear that up to the present time the 
 physical characters of their inhabitants have 
 been altered. They are like the majority of 
 Englishmen, either dolichocephalic or meso- 
 cephalic. They are, on the whole, smaller in 
 stature than average Englishmen, with a distinct
 
 ON THE PEOPLE 231 
 
 preponderance of dark hair and eyes.' This 
 rather points to a tendency to reversion to the 
 Iberian type at the expense of the Teutonic 
 element. It is, however, true that if lads of 
 this class are drafted into the navy they develop 
 into men with a splendid physique, and under 
 strict discipline, and in concerted action, into 
 exceedingly fine specimens of mankind. There 
 is, therefore, no evidence at present to show that 
 within the comparatively few generations which 
 have passed since Englishmen in large numbers 
 took to living in towns, their physical racial 
 characteristics have undergone any perceptible 
 change. But there is evidence to prove that 
 children, whose fathers and grandfathers have 
 been born and bred in London, become nervous 
 and excitable, and possess psychological tenden- 
 cies unlike those we described as characteristic 
 of the typical Anglo-Saxon race. We may use 
 as an illustration the conditions of our Metro- 
 politan Police force, who are about as fine 
 
 1 Beddoe, The Baces of Britain, p. 270. Eipley, The Bacial 
 Geograjjhtj of EurojJe, p. G02.
 
 232 EFFECT OF CITY LIFE 
 
 specimens of Englishmen as we can well meet 
 with. On making inquiries concerning this force, 
 we are informed that they are enlisted from the 
 rural districts of England. The police authori- 
 ties state that in selecting recruits for this force 
 they choose raw country lads, whom they train 
 for a time, and who develop into the fine, reliable 
 men we are accustomed to see about our 
 streets ; men who often have to perform arduous 
 work and important duties under the most 
 trying circumstances. They put up with abuse, 
 and too frequently rough treatment, as a rule, 
 with perfect equanimity ; their self-reliance and 
 courage seldom fail them, and they can be 
 thoroughly depended upon to perform their duties 
 in a truly Teutonic spirit. The police authori- 
 ties, however, decline to enlist our London-bred 
 lads, for the simple reason that they find them 
 to be unreliable in times of difiiculty, excitable 
 and nervous when called upon to exercise their 
 individual judgment, wanting in self-reliance, 
 and in those solid and lasting qualities which 
 characterise their country-bred brethren. We
 
 ON THE PEOPLE 233 
 
 believe this difference between the rural and 
 urban born youth and man, depends upon the 
 environment under which the latter class are 
 reared. Their highly specialised brain cells are 
 deficient in organic stability, the effect of the 
 constant noise and bustle and other conditions 
 which surround them in the homes of their 
 childhood. 
 
 It seems to us possible that the increase of 
 lunacy during the past half-century among the 
 people of the United Kingdom may, to some 
 extent, be referred to causes such as those above 
 mentioned. At present we have no fewer than 
 142,227 persons confined in the lunatic asylums 
 of Great Britain. In England and Wales, in 
 the year 1859, the proportion of sane to insane 
 persons was 536 of the former to one of the 
 latter, but in 1898 the proportion was 308 to 
 one. A like increase in persons of unsound 
 mind has taken place among the inhabitants of 
 Ireland and Scotland. From our investigations 
 into this subject we are convinced, that the 
 third generation of city-bred persons, from a
 
 234 CITY LIFE AND CHAEACTEE 
 
 psychological point of view, are inferior as a 
 race to their ancestors. They may be more 
 precocious than their rural brethren, but they 
 are defective in some of the more prominent 
 traits of character, which have raised the 
 English-speaking race to the high position 
 which they now hold in the world. 
 
 We have thus briefly referred to one of the 
 many subjects which arise out of our enquiry 
 into the origin and character of the British 
 people. Our desire has been to give a practical 
 turn to anthropological research, believing that 
 it is wise to gain as sound a scientific knowledge 
 as possible regarding man, and of his relation 
 not only to the present but also to future 
 generations.
 
 INDEX 
 
 AcHEULiEN flint weapons, 9, 
 
 33 
 Africo-Mediterranean stock, 
 
 62, 195 
 Alluvial deposits of tin in Asia, 
 
 150 
 Atnorites of Aryan stock, 136 
 Anterior fossae of the skull in 
 
 man and apes, 24 
 Anthropology, a new science, 
 5 
 its development, 5, 234 
 Apes' and men's skulls, as re- 
 gards growth, 19, 35 
 and mental progress, 20 
 reasons why they differ, 
 
 20 
 cranial index of skulls, 
 29 
 Aryans, ancient coloured draw- 
 ings of, 85 
 Amorites of Asia Minor, 
 
 87, 136 
 Celts, 161, 165, 185, 188, 
 
 190, 191 
 cromlechs, 89 
 dolichocephalic skulls, 
 
 81 
 dolmens, 97, 98 
 eastern branch of, 71-79 
 folk-lore and code of 
 laws, 93 
 
 Aryans, home of, 70 
 
 inter-marriage of, with 
 Iberians, 91, 95 
 
 migration of, into Eu- 
 rope, 90 
 
 in neolithic period in 
 Europe, 56-69 
 
 Bangles of bronze age, 134 
 Barrows, long, of Yorkshire, 
 110 
 Eussia, 111 
 Green Gate, 125 
 Wor, 105, 115 
 dolichocephalic skiiUs 
 
 of, 110 112 
 GreenweU, Canon, on, 
 110, 114, 134, 170 
 Beddoe, Dr. J., on Saxon race, 
 169, 173 
 remains of Mongo- 
 lians in England, 
 106, 177, 205 
 in Scotland, 177 
 in Wales, 181 n 
 Teutons, in "Wales, 182 
 in Afiica, 199, 200 
 in England, 202, 214 
 in Scotland, 206 
 Borlase, W. C, on dolmens, 
 100, 102, 108
 
 236 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Brachycephalic skulls, defini- 
 tion of, 29 11 
 and round barrows, 
 
 105 
 apes, 26 , 
 
 men of stone age, 120, 
 
 163, 166 
 bronze age, 134-159 
 tj'pe in Europe, 126, 
 
 196 
 and cremation, 183 
 Brain, development of, in 
 man, 21 
 importance of anterior 
 
 lobes, 20 
 instrument of memory 
 and thought, 20, 211 
 size of, in primitive 
 
 man, 30 
 specialisation of nerve 
 cells, 192-193 
 Brehon code of laws, 93 
 Britain, racial origin of people, 
 
 160-191 
 Bronze age in Europe, 140 
 workers of Asia, 149 
 passed into Europe, 
 
 152 
 their remains in 
 England, 142, 146 
 lake-dwellers, 140 
 weapons of Ireland, 
 144 
 Buneyrwals of N.W. of Indus 
 
 river, 85 
 Burmese Mongolians, 148-157 
 their character and 
 habits, 158-157 
 
 Cahving on bone by primitive 
 
 man, 17 
 Celtic Aryans, 161, 162, 165, 
 
 181, 185, 188, 191 
 
 Cephalic index, formula for, 
 
 29 
 Character of Aryans, 84, 214- 
 228 
 Iberians, 205 n, 213 
 Mongolians, 153, 213 
 Chellian flint weapons, 9, 11 
 City life, effect on population 
 
 of England, 230 
 Climate, influence of, on man, 
 
 42 
 Cranial capacity of apes, 28 
 man, 29 
 
 primitive and modern 
 people, 28-29 
 Cranial index, formula for, 29 
 Cremation, introduction of, into 
 Europe, 131 
 remains of, in England, 
 
 142 
 a Mongolian practice, 
 131, 135 
 Cro-Magnon people, 66, 96 
 Cross-breeding, effects on man, 
 47, 83, 119, 123, 127, 138- 
 139, 146, 163, 166-191, 211 
 
 Davis, Dr. Barnard, skulls of 
 primitive men, 25, 
 58 
 closure of sutures of, 
 
 24 
 from Rodmarton dol- 
 men, 103 
 on the Gristhorpe 
 
 skeleton, 172 
 ' Thesaurus Craniorum,' 
 
 177 
 collection in Koyal 
 College of Surgeons, 
 England, 177, 179 
 Dawkins, W. Boyd, on palaeo- 
 lithic man, 6, 7, 8
 
 INDEX 
 
 237 
 
 Dawkins, W. Boyd, on Kent's 
 cavern and Wookey 
 Hole, 13 
 Eskimos, 44 
 dolichocephalic pri- 
 mitive man, 59, 67 
 and domestic ani- 
 mals, 69 
 Deniker, J., on development 
 of skulls of apes, 22 
 geographical distribu- 
 tion of races in 
 Europe, 194 
 Denmark, islands of, in broad- 
 skulled stone age people, 120 
 Dolichocephalic skulls, mea- 
 surement of, 29 
 of primitive man, 36 
 of Iberians, 61 
 of Teutons, 81, 98, 110, 
 
 162-165 
 of Dravidians, 81 
 found in long dolmens, 
 
 105 
 of Sweden, 106 
 of Northern and South- 
 ern Europe, 195 
 Dolmens, long, Aryan tombs 
 and temples, 97, 
 102-105 
 of Ireland, 101 
 of India and Africa, 101, 
 
 107 
 of Caucasus, 101 
 of "Western and Eastern 
 
 Europe, 107, 108 
 of Eodmarton, 103 
 Dravidians of India, 73, 82 
 dolichocephaUcs, 81 
 
 Emperor of Germany, a 
 
 Teutonic chief, 221 
 Englishmen, their origin, 160- 
 
 165, 202 206 
 
 Englishmen, then' character, 
 
 202 206, 213-229 
 Environment, its influence 
 on man, 15, 47, 49, 68, 79, 
 160, 192, 203, 227 
 Eskiuaos, in relation to primi- 
 tive man in Europe, 44-47, 
 201 
 Eiu'ope, foundation of existing 
 
 races in, 194, 195 
 Evans, Su- John, on ancient 
 bronze weapons, 
 
 143 71, 152 
 palaeolithic weapons, 9 
 
 Femur, its form in primitive 
 
 man, 39 
 Feu s of Bedfordshire, protected 
 
 ancient Britons, 203 
 Finland and its Mongolian 
 
 people, 128 
 Flint weapons, Acheulien and 
 CheUien, 9, 13 
 of glacial period, 11 
 Magdalenien, 16, 55 
 Mousterien, 13 
 palaeolithic, 7-18 
 pliocene, 6 
 
 of river- drift epoch, 8 
 Forts, pre-historic, 108 n, 144 
 Frazer, E. W., on Ai-yans in 
 India, 74, 78 
 Vedic hterature, 71 
 
 Galley Hill palaeolithic 
 
 skeleton, 50-52 
 Geographical distribution of 
 races of Europe, 162, 
 193 
 Professor W. Z. Kip- 
 
 ley on, 194 
 Professor Deniker, 194 
 Germans, North, 162-164, 196, 
 214, 221
 
 238 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Germans, South, 163, 196 
 Germany, Emperor of, 221 
 Greenwell, Canon, hmnan 
 remains in Yorkshire 
 
 barrows, 113 
 human remains in 
 
 Langton Wold, 113 
 on pre-historic bronze 
 
 bangles, 134 
 on supremacy of Teu- 
 tons in England, 170 
 on closm'e of sutures of 
 skull, 23 
 
 Henri d'Orleans, Prince, on 
 people of Eastern 
 Asia, 119 
 on Tibeteans, 148 
 Hewitt, G. J. F., on Aryans 
 of India, 77 
 on ruling races of pre- 
 historic times, 72 
 Hittites a Mongolian race, 137 
 Hue, Father, on Mongolians, 
 
 147 
 Huxley, Professor, on apes 
 and man, 18, 19 
 on Australian skull, 41 
 on Galley Hill skull, 53 
 
 Iberian race, definition of term, 
 
 60 
 the primitive inhabi- 
 tants of Europe, 4, 
 40, 55, 58, 60, 195 
 
 of England, 60, 105, 
 160 
 
 Scotland, 176 
 
 Wales, 179 
 
 Ireland, 183 
 
 Northern Africa, 62, 
 195 
 
 Iberian race, dolichocephalic, 
 
 40, 50-59, 62 
 intermarried with Ary- 
 ans, 91, 114 
 
 Mongolians, 123, 139, 
 146 
 psychological characte- 
 ristics of, 205, 213, 
 
 217 
 Ireland, primitive inhabitants 
 
 of, 183 
 Aryans in, 185 
 Iberians, 183 
 Northern Mongolians, 
 
 184 
 Southern Mongolians, 
 
 187 
 Celtic Aryans, 161 
 in bronze age, 144 
 origin, 183 
 existing racial type, 207, 
 
 213 
 Iron, introduction of, into 
 
 Em-ope, 157 
 did not influence races 
 
 of, 157 
 
 Japan, long dolmens, Aryan, 
 
 119 
 Java skull, 27 
 
 Jaw, shape of, in primitive man, 
 37 
 Malarnaud, 37 
 Naulette, 38 
 Spy, 39 
 
 Kakhyers of Burma, 1 18 
 Keane, A. K., on Aryan immi- 
 gration into Eastern 
 Asia, 119 
 Armenian an Aryan lan- 
 guage, 138 TC 
 Korea, dolmens Aryan, 119
 
 INDEX 
 
 239 
 
 Lake dwellings, of Mongolian 
 origin, in Europe, 122, 
 135, 140, 145 
 in England, 144 
 in Scotland and Ireland, 
 
 145 
 Tirchow's opinion of 
 
 skulls foiuid in, 140 
 jade found with remains 
 
 of, in Europe, 135 
 bronze instruments, 
 134 
 Language, evidence of social 
 contact, 4 
 as test of race, 8 
 Aryan in Europe, 92 
 INIongolian roots in 
 Welsh and Irish, 
 181 n 
 Enghsh, 181 
 Sanskrit, 72 
 Laugerians, 60 
 
 Lubbock, Sir John, on pre- 
 historic man, 18 
 on skulls of primitive 
 people of Sweden, 
 107 
 Lj-ell, Sir Charles, on the 
 Denise skiiU, 30 
 
 MAGDALfeNiEN flint weapons, 
 16, 55 
 engravings on horn. 17 
 Malarnaud jaw, 37 
 Malay peninsula, alluvial tin, 
 
 150 
 Man, primitive, of low type, 12 
 development of skull, 
 
 15, 20 
 cranial capacity, 29 
 Itliocene late, 6, 28-30 
 pleistocene early, 8-43 
 skull, growth of, 20 
 
 Man, skuU, index, how found, 
 29 
 sutures of, 22 
 Mediterranean race or people, 
 
 195 
 Mesocephalic skulls, 29 n, 123, 
 
 195, 202 
 Mixed, races, Iberian and 
 Aryan, 119, 123, 127 
 and Mongolian, 138, 
 146,103,166,191,211 
 Mongolians, northern, of stone 
 age, in Denmark, 120, 
 163, 166, 185 
 physical character of, 
 120, 121 
 brachycephalic, 120 
 mental character of, 
 
 129, 213 
 southern branch of, 131- 
 157 
 bronze workers, 151 
 in England, 153, 167 
 in Wales, 181 
 in Ireland, 187, 208 
 cranial index of, 123 
 burnt their dead, 133 
 Hittites, 137 
 emigrants to south-east 
 of Asia, 147, 157 
 Mortillet, Professor G. de, on 
 the Denise skull, 30 
 Malarnaud jaw, 37 
 Chancelade skulls, 54 
 d'Arcy-sur-Cure, 57 
 Iberians, 97 
 Laugerians, 53, 60 
 Eskimos, 44-47 
 skulls of mixed races, 
 139 
 Mousterien flint weapons, 12, 
 
 31, 33 
 Mimro, Dr. R., jade articles 
 in lake dwellings, 136
 
 240 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Munro, Dr. R., lake dwellings 
 of Europe, 140, 141 
 conclusions as to anti- 
 quity of, 145 
 
 Naulette lower jaw, 38 
 Neanderthal skull, 32 
 Neolithic period, 56 
 
 in Western Europe, 58 
 
 people of, 59-62 
 emigration of Aryans 
 
 westward, 68, 98 
 dolmens of, 99 
 cremation introduced, 
 132-135 
 Nervous systems aflfected by 
 
 city life, 232 
 Newton, E. T., on the Galley 
 Hill skeleton, 51 
 Tilbury skull, 34 
 Neanderthal skull, 32 
 Spy skiJl, 31 
 Baousse-Eousses skele- 
 tons, 64 
 Cro-Magnon, 66 
 Nilsson, S., and Lubbock, on 
 primitive Swedish skuUs, 
 107, 120 
 
 Origin of the Enghsh people, 
 165 
 Scotch people, 175 
 Welsh people, 179 
 Irish people, 183 
 Teutonic people, 162 
 Ossification of apes' and human 
 skulls, 25 
 
 Paleolithic man, 7-18 
 Permanence of racial types, 
 202-210 
 
 Physical characteristics of 
 British people, 193 
 English people, 202 
 Welsh people, 205 
 Scotch people, 206 
 Irish people, 207 
 Pithecanthropus erectus, 27 
 Pitt-Rivers, General, on Wor 
 barrow, 115 
 pre-historic camps, 144 
 Pliocene stone weapons, 6 
 Primitive man, hairy and ar- 
 boreal, 15 
 his carvings, 17 
 slow development, 17 
 growth of skull, 59 
 shape of lower jaw, 87 
 of bones of skeleton, 39 
 Psychological characteristics of 
 Iberians, 213 
 Mongolians, 213 
 Teutons, 214 
 of races, 214 
 of clans, 220 
 of individuals, 221 
 influence of city life on, 
 228 
 
 Quaternary fliat instruments, 
 7-18 
 
 Race tested by shape of skull, 
 2, 29, 59, 106 123, 
 140, 195, 202-210 
 language not reliable as 
 a test of, 5 
 Racial characteristics lasting, 
 129, 198-202 
 in Englishmen, 202 
 in Scotchmen, 206 
 in Irishmen, 207 
 Rathborne, A. T., on alluvial 
 tin in Malay, 150
 
 INDEX 
 
 241 
 
 Reindeer in Central Europe, 43 
 Eipley, Professor W. Z., on 
 language not a test of 
 race, 4 
 on submerged long- 
 skulled Russians, 111 
 the Finns, 130 
 Teutons of Central 
 
 France, 186 
 existing distribution of 
 races in Europe, 194, 
 195-199 
 racial types in Britain, 
 
 225 
 map of cephalic index 
 of Italy, 198 
 Eiseley, H. H., on races of 
 Northern India, 80 
 Aryans, 81 
 
 dolichocephalic, 81 
 Sikhs, 83 
 the Dravidians, 81 
 RoUeston, Professor G., on 
 anterior lobes of brain, 21 
 (see Canon Greenwell) 
 Royal College of Surgeons of 
 England Museum, 
 collection of skulls, 
 vii. 
 paleolithic, 29-70 
 neolithic, 108-122, 126 
 bronze period, 142, 171, 
 
 177 
 Anglo-Saxon, 168 
 Barnard Davis's collec- 
 tion, 168 
 Russia, primitive dolicho- 
 cephalic people, 111 
 
 Sayce, Professor A. H., on por- 
 traits of primitive 
 Aryans, 86 
 on the Amorites, 86, 186 
 and Celts, 87 
 
 Sayce, Professor A. H., on 
 dolmens of Asia, 89 
 on Hittites, 136 
 
 brachycephalic, 137- 
 138 
 Scotchmen, their racial origin, 
 175 
 existing type, 206, 214 
 Sikhs an Aryan race, 83 
 
 their character, 83 n 
 Skulls, a reliable test of race, 2 
 primitive, 19-40 
 development of, 40. 53. 
 
 59, 62 
 closure of sutures, 
 period of, in man, 23 
 in apes, 23 
 measurement of indices, 
 
 29 
 tertiary, 27-28 
 Java, 27 
 Denise, 30 
 Spy, 81 
 
 Neanderthal, 32 
 Eguisheim, 33 
 Burv St. Edmunds, 33 
 Tilburv, 34 
 Shgo, 34 
 Gibraltar, 85 
 Galley Hill, 50 
 Ledbury, 52 
 Laugerie-Basse, 53 
 Chancelade, 54 
 Sorde, 55 
 Eugis, 56 
 Mentone, 64 
 Cro-Magnon, 66, 96 
 Rodmarton, 104 
 Wor Barrow. 105. 115 
 UUey, 103 n 
 Stone weapons of primitive 
 
 man, 6-16 
 Surtees of Durham, of Saxon 
 descent, 174 
 
 R
 
 242 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Sweden, primitive people of, 
 106, 120 
 
 Tamahu, fair people of North 
 
 Africa, 199 
 Taylor, Isaac, on lines of lin- 
 guistic demarcation of 
 races, 4 
 
 origin of the Aryans, 
 92 n 
 Teutonic people, influence of, 
 182 
 
 existing type of, 196, 202 
 
 psychological characte- 
 ristics, 214 
 
 importance of, to civili- 
 sation, 222 
 Thurnam, Dr. J,, on Eodmar- 
 ton dolmen, 103 
 
 and J. B. Davis ' Crania 
 Britannica,' 103 
 
 on Charlton - Abbots 
 barrow, 68 
 
 mesocephalic skxiUs, 123 
 
 brachycephalic skulls, 
 126 
 
 Northern Mongolians, 
 129 
 
 Thurnam, Dr. J., on Southern 
 Mongolians, 142 
 in England, 142 
 Tibiae of primitive man, 39 
 Tin, importance of alluvial de- 
 posits in Asia, 150 
 Turanians in Europe, 120, 163, 
 166 
 
 Vedas of India, 71 
 Virchow, Professor, on skulls 
 of lake-dwellers, 140 
 neolithic period, 113 
 
 Welshmen, their racial origin, 
 179 
 
 existing type, 205, 213 
 Western Eiu'ope, primitive 
 inhabitants of, 5-70 
 existing inhabitants of, 
 194-226 
 Wookey Hole and pre-historic 
 
 remains, 13, 14 
 Wor Barrow and pre-historic 
 remains, 115 
 
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