k-.X 421 .ifilCQY UC-NRLF klOtOGY -UHUfttf SEA-SICKNESS. BY x FORDYCE BARKER, M. D., CLINICAL PROFESSOR OF MIDWIFERY AND -DISEASES OF WOMEN, IN THE BELLEVTJE HOSPITAL MEDICAL COLLEGE, ETC., ETC. NEW YORK: D. APPLETON & CO., 90, 92 & 94 GRAND ST. LONDON: TRUBNER & CO. PARIS: J. B. BAILLIERE. 1870. EXTBKED, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1870, by P. APPLETON & COMPANY, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York. PUBLISHEKS' NOTICE. THE following paper first appeared in the NEW YORK MEDICAL JOURNAL of November, 1868. As there has been a great demand for this number of the Jour- nal, the publishers have requested the au- thor to add such prescriptions as he has found useful in relieving the suffering from sea-sickness, and now offer the paper in the present form. NEW YORK, June, 1870. OST SEA-SICKNESS. IF we consider the number of persons who, either for pleasure or business pur- poses, cross the Atlantic, the many con- stantly going to and returning from Cali- fornia and other parts of the Pacific coast if we estimate the number on the steamers which run between our Northern and our Southern ports on the Atlantic coast, and on our Western lakes, I think the statement will readily be accepted, that there are few maladies which produce such an aggregate of human suffering as sea-sickness. And yet it may be said, that there is no malady which the medical profession has done so little to relieve, and none for which it is so seldom consulted. 6 ON SEA-SICKNESS. There are several popular errors in re- gard to this malady, which are current with the profession as well as with the pub- lic, and which account, in some measure, for the statement just made. For example, I find the belief very general 1. That sea-sickness is often beneficial, and that it is never permanently injurious. Now, I have never been able to convince myself that any one was really benefited by the sea-sickness, but the improvement in health from a sea-voyage is, as a general rule, proportioned to the freedom from sea- sickness. I have known many persons who have taken a sea-voyage for health, and, be- lieving that the benefit they were to receive from the voyage would be in a ratio with the amount of bile vomited, they have been greatly disappointed because they were not sea-sick. In many instances I have known serious and permanent injury to result from sea-sickness. A gentleman in this city, whose business as an importer obliged him ON SEA-SICKNESS. 7 to visit Europe every spring and autumn, lias been completely broken down from the effects of a ten days' sea-sickness four times a year. After the violent sickness and vomitins have ceased, because of the arrival o / on land, the stomach has remained greatly disordered, and a long time has been re- quired for the restoration of its tone and digestive power. My advice has been fre- quently given in strong and decided terms, to those of depressed vital powers, with im- paired and feeble digestion, whose past ex- perience has demonstrated an innate liabil- ity to sea-sickness, to avoid the exposure to such a hazard. Some twenty-five years since, I crossed the Atlantic in the packet-ship St. Nicholas. We were eighteen days from Sandy Hook to Havre, having two or three days of severe weather, but, on the whole, a very pleasant passage. One' very corpulent gentleman, who was in perfect health when we left the Hook, was incessantly sick during the whole 8 ON SEA-SICKNESS. passage. He was wholly unable to retain any thing except the smallest bit of sea- biscuit, soaked in wine or brandy ; and I do not believe that, during the whole voyage, the aggregate of all he swallowed woulc" amount to a half-dozen sea-biscuits. It ma? well be supposed that, on our arrival a Havre, he was extremely prostrated am excessively emaciated. I was called up tc see him, the second night after landing, afc he was delirious and had attempted to com- mit suicide. It was many days before he recovered the capacity for retaining and di- gesting food. While crossing the Atlantic in 1861, 1 was asked by the surgeon of the steamer to see a gentleman whom sea-sick- ness had reduced to a most dangerous state of prostration and exhaustion. This gentle- man was obliged to remain in ^Liverpool two weeks before he sufficiently recovered from the effects of the sickness to be able to leave for London. 2. Another popular error is, that sea- ON SEA-SICKNESS. V sickness is never dangerous , to life. It does not often result fatally, but I suspect that the number of deaths from this cause is greater than is generally supposed, for three have occurred within my personal knowl- edge. The first was a young physician, of decided talent and promise, who had at one time been a pupil of mine. Feeling himself somewhat run down by overwork, he thought to improve his health by taking a vacation of a few weeks in an excursion to the fishing- banks of Newfoundland. He was absent nearly four weeks, during which time he was absolutely unable to retain any thing on his stomach, and he died, delirious and exhausted from starvation, two days after landing. The second case was a young lady, who was to have been married im- mediately after her arrival here, but who died on the passage between Havre and ISTew York. Dr. A. H. Smith, the surgeon of the steamer, told me that he could find no other cause for death than the exhaustion 10 ON SEA-SICKNESS. from sea-sickness. The third case, whicl saw in consultation with the late Dr. Pra. of this city, was a young man twenty-t\ years of age, represented to have been pf fectly healthy, who, in a rough passage < sixteen days from Liverpool, had been who! unable to retain any thing on his stomac This condition continued after landing, an he died on the fourth day after his arrival Dr. Pratt, who had a very large hotel prac tice, told me at this time that he had known of three other deaths from this cause. 3. The belief is very general, both in and out of the profession, that the medi- cal art is powerless for the mitigation, relief, or cure of this malady. It is true that there are no specific drugs which will cure or even prevent sea-sickness. It is often and truly said, that the land is the only cure ; but I believe that every phy- sician ought to be competent to give such good, sensible advice as will greatly con- tribute to diminish the tendency to this mal- 02T SEA-SICKNESa. ady, and to mitigate and relieve the su ing and evil resulting from it. Having crossed the Atlantic many times, and, of course, having experienced all sorts of weather, from the most perfect calm to the most violent storm, not only on the Atlan- tic, bu- on the Mediterranean and the Eng- lish and Irish Channels, I have had the ^opportunity of studying sea-sickness in all its different phases. Being myself exempt from the slightest tendency to this affliction, but, on the contrary, feeling at sea, particu- arly when it is somewhat rough, an ex- hilaration of mind and an elasticity and vigor of body which I do not feel on shore, I have been in the best possible condition for studying the disease objectively. I am not sure that it can be called a disease, in the proper sense of the word, for the pheno- mena constituting sea-sickness are purely physical. It is not confined to the human race, as animals also are subject to the same malady. I have often noticed, with great i\ *d SEA-SICKSTESS. ,u, its effect on dogs, and that during jiigh weather they intuitively seek the centre of the ship. The same law of in-^ dividual susceptibility and exemption from this affection exists in animals as in the human race. In returning from Newport, a few years ago, the sea was very rough in coming round Point Judith. My coachman came to me in great trouble, telling me that^ one of my horses was dying. I found the-, horse lying down, wet with a cold sweat, and groaning piteously. As he was pei fectly well before leaving Newport, an lively enough after we landed here, it wa evident that his whole suffering was due U sea-sickness. The other horse did not seen: to be disturbed in the slightest degree. I am unable to say to what extent the feathered race are susceptible to this mal- ady, but I once had the opportunity of ob- serving, on the Mediterranean, that fowls are not exempt " from the ills that flesh is heir to." One beautiful morning in June I O^ SEA-SICKNESS. 13 was on a small steamer going from Leghorn to Genoa. There was a short, chopping sea, very trying for those of delicate susceptibil- ities, and I was the only passenger up and on deck. I observed on the forward-deck, near the bow, a coop, containing fifteen or twenty hens and two cocks, in watching which I became greatly interested and in- tensely amused. Most of the hens exhibited unmistakable evidence that they were neither comfortable nor happy. One of the cocks y languid winks. I had the curiosity to watch the coop after it was landed, and .bund all the inmates restored to their nor- aal liveliness. 14 ON SEA-SICKNESS. Sea-sickness is manifested by a great diversity of svmptoms in different individu- als. Some suffer only from headache and a constant feeling of stricture across the fore- head and over the temples, during the whole... voyage, while they are free from nausea and vomiting. Others do not suffer much from . nausea, but are suddenly seized with vomit- ing, and, after the contents of the stomach are discharged, they are free from all un- pleasant sensations until the next recurrence of vomiting. With many, the nausea and vomiting entirely disappear after being at sea for a few days. Others again are so un- fortunate as to suffer from all these symp- toms during the whole time they are at sea, whether the voyage be short or long. There are some who never can become habit- uated to the sea. I have been told by some naval officers, that they were always sick in rough weather, and I know that this is the case with two captains of Atlantic steamers. "With some the suffering produced by sea- ON SEA-SICKNESS. 15 sickness can hardly be painted by words. I am sure that no personal inducement would be strong enough to tempt rne to cross the Atlantic, if I were obliged to en- dure the terrible suffering that I have wit- nessed in most voyages that I have made. There is often a great change in the same individual, in the course of life, as to the susceptibility to this malady. Some, who in early life have been martyrs to sea-sick- ness, have ceased to be so as they have grown older ; while others, who have been so , exempt from this liability that they have 1 been accustomed to regard it as an affection which can be overcome by the exercise of a strong will, have themselves become most craven sufferers and pitiable victims. And yet it is curious that strong mental emotions, as apprehension, terror, fright, will suddenly and completely cure the most violent sea- sickness. It is often true, as is said in " Don Juan," that "fright cured the qualms Of. all the luckless landsmen's sea-sick maws. 5 ' 16 OX SEA-SICKNESS. I do not purpose at this time to discuss the great variety of theories that have been suggested in explanation of the cause of sea- sickness. I will only observe that it seems to be due to the sudden and recurring changes of the relations of the fluids to the solids of the body, and the nervous disturb- ances which result from these changes. The liquids contained in their vessels, as well as the solids of the economy, obey equally the laws of gravitation, when the body is sub- jected to alternate movements of ascent and descent like those which are caused by the^ swing or by the waves of the sea. The'j blood, by its fluidity, yields more readily to \ the influence of descent, and less easily than the solids to the ascending impulse. Con- sequently, it does not return to the brain with the same regularity as in the case where the body remains stable, and leaves it more rapidly in the movement of descent. There result, as to the circulation, alterna- tions of afflux and delay in the arrival of ON SEA-SICKXES3. IT the blood to the different organs of the body, which disturb their functions, and those of the brain especially, analogous to that which follows the loss of blood, in some persons who are nauseated and vomit after venesection. This disturbance of function is more or less pronounced according to the susceptibility of each individual, and in most persons it is overcome in a great measure by a habitude to a repetition of the causes. No sensible physician would therefore ex- pect to cure sea-sickness by medication ad- dressed to the stomach, or even by drugs which are supposed to act directly on the brain and its functions. The horizontal position, which, to a certain degree, modifies this disturbance of function, is the only ap- proximation to a cure. It, however, does not follow that nothing can be done to pre- vent or at least dimmish these functional disturbances, and to relieve or restore the system from their results. To this end, it is of first importance that 18 ON SEA-SICKNESS. all the conditions which tend to increase the intensity and severity of the sickness should be thoroughly appreciated. I will mention some of the .most common and prominent of these conditions: 1. An exhausted or depressed state of the nervous system, the consequence often of loss of sleep, want of food, excitement, or emotional causes, and bad air. I have ob- served that a large proportion of persons conie on board the Atlantic steamers fatigued and exhausted by their preparations for the voyage. . They have passed a large part of the previous night in superintending the packing of their trunks and in arranging their affairs for an , absence from home, or they have been travelling night and day to reach the point of embarkation, or have badly slept in an ill- ventilated and strange room in a hotel. Then there is the excite- ment arising from separation from family and friends, and the vague, undefined ap- prehension as to the perils of the sea. Of (Xtf SEA-SICKNESS. 19 course, such, persons have had no appetite, and have badly digested the little they have eaten. 2. Tims badly prepared to resist the ef fects of sea-sickness, they speedily bring it on by keeping up and staying on deck. They have an indistinct idea that it is a kind of moral weakness, which they may conquer by boldly doing the very things to bring it on. If they have had a previous experience of the malady, it is not strange that they should dread to be " cabined, cribbed, con- fined " in their badly-ventilated berths. 3. In many the digestive organs have been irritated by their previous habits of living, or by the action of cathartic medi- cines which have been taken as a supposed prophylactic against the sickness. I do not mean to say that those whose digestive functions are feeble and imperfect are more* liable to sea-sickness than others; but, if the constitutional susceptibility to this affec- tion exists, they are less capable of resisting 20 (Xtf SEA-SICKNESS. i its effects, they suffer more, and their^ recov- ery is much more tedious. Then, again, because bile-vomiting is the result, bile is supposed to be the cause of the sickness. " I expect to be sick, because I am bilious," or " I ani never sick, except when I am bil- ious," are remarks which I often hear. But, in reality, the bile has as little to do with the sea-sickness as it has with the evil con- sequences to a child of a fall down-stairs. In both the bile-vomiting is not a cause, but a consequence, of .the cerebral perturbation. And so I think it a great mistake to take 1 cholagogue cathartics as a preparation for a voyage, as any thing that irritates or dis- turbs the functions of the system weakens the power of resistance to the constitutional susceptibility. I will briefly allude to some other points "in. connection with this subject. It is a very prevalent error that one never " takes cold " at sea. The fact is quite the reverse, and the exposure to the causes of cold is ob- ON SEA-SICKNESS. 21 viously greater at sea than on land. My own experience is, that it is very difficult to get rid of a cold when at sea. I am often consulted in regard to the effects of a sea-voyage and sea-sickness on menstruation and pregnancy. In former times, when emigrants came over to this country in packet-ships, having a voyage of from thirty to sixty days, amenorrhcea was a very frequent result, but I think that this was due rather to the bad hygienic con- ditions of the voyage, the bad air, arid the poor and insufficient food of those crowded in the steerage, than to any special influence resulting from sea-air or sea-sicknei^. I am told that it is much less common in this class, now that they generally have much better accommodations and much shorter passages in the steamers. But I believe that the function of menstruation is gen- erally more or less disturbed. From my in- vestigations on this subject, I am led to regard the law to be, subject, of course, to 22 ON SEA-SICKNESS. numerous exceptions, as follows : When the voyage is commenced near an approaching period, it is brought on two or three days earlier, and the flow is more abundant, than ordinary. But when the voyage is com- menced in the first half of the interval after a period, the next appearance is retarded and sometimes suppressed for one or two periods. I am often consulted, both directly and by letter, as to the safety of a voyage during pregnancy. Judging from what has been told me by patients, I should infer that French physicians generally, and many of the English, regard it as highly perilous. ISTow, the same causes at sea as 011 land will produce miscarriage, but I have never known of a case of abortion from sea- sickness. I have, however, interrogated many surgeons of steamers in regard to this point, and find that occasionally abor- tion is induced in pregnant women from sea- sickness. I have known several who were always sea-sick when not pregnant, and ON SEA-SICKNESS. 23 who were entirely exempt from it in a rough passage across the Atlantic during pregnancy. My advice was sought for by a lady in Paris, who had four times suffered severely from the sickness of pregnancy up -to the end of the fifth month, and who was excessively sea-sick during the whole voyage over to Europe. 'She was, at this time, in the third month of her fifth pregnancy, and very weak from constant nausea, vomiting, vertigo, and nervous irritability. Impera- tive family reasons required her return to this city, but her physicians had told her that it was out of the question for her to attempt it. But she returned in the same steamer with myself. On the second day out, all sickness disappeared, her appetite returned, and she arrived here in a very much better condition than when she left Paris. I will now offer a few suggestions in regard to the prevention and management of sea-sickness, and the treatment of its re- 24 GIST SEA-SICKNESS. suits. In short passages, as on our lakes, and across the English or Irish Channel, all that can be done is by way of prevention. Those liable to be sick should make a good hearty meal not more than two or three hours before going on board. They should , select a spot as near as possible to the centre of the vessel, and lie down before she gets under weigh. The horizontal po- sition should be rigidly kept during the whole passage. Any attempt to raise the head or to stand erect will be sure, with the susceptible, to be followed by an explosion, and then the case is hopeless for the re- mainder of the passage. The person should be well covered, not only to protect from cold, but to shield from disagreeable sounds, sights, and smells. On the packets on the English Channel I should advise one not to go down into the cabins below, where the sight of those lying round, with basins by their heads, is of itself exceedingly provoca- tive to a sensitive stomach, but rather to 01ST SEA-SICKNESS. 25 secure, by telegraphing beforehand, one of the little cabins on deck. Although the passage may not be more than an hour and a half or two hours, I have often seen the neglect of the above suggestions to be fol- lowed by very severe punishment. For ocean passages one of the most essential points is the selection of the state- room as regards position, light, size, and ventilation. Of course, the nearer the room is to the centre of the ship, the less will be the motion. In going to Europe, it is better to be on the starboard side, and in return- ing, on the port side, which will be the sunny side. Rooms near the furnaces are objectionable, not only on account of the heat, which is sometimes very disagreeable, but also from the noise, which, at certain hours, is made by the donkey-engine in drawing up the ashes and cinders, and which is very trying to those of sensitive nerves. In screw-steamers, the inside rooms, as they are called, if of good size, are often 3 26 ON SEA-SICKNESS. to be preferred to the outside ones, on ac- count of ventilation, as there is very little weather, except in remarkable summer passages, when the port-holes can be kept open, while the windows of the inside room open on deck, and can generally be kept open. As the air draws down the gangway, the nearer the gangway the better the ven- tilation. The following suggestions for the pre- vention of sea-sickness were first written out some years ago for a gentleman whose business required him to cross the Atlantic often, and who was always kept in his room by severe sea-sickness during the whole voyage. By implicitly following the direc- tions given, he has suffered very little from sickness, and has been able to go on deck by the second or third day, and has been entirely exempt from sickness for the re- mainder of the voyage. They have since been copied many times, and their value thoroughly tested. The trouble, however. ON SEA-SICKNESS. 27 is, that most persons do not appreciate how much easier it is to prevent sea-sickness than to cure it ; and so, none but those who have before suffered will thoroughly carry out the directions, and, neglecting some of them, are disappointed in the results : 1. Have every preparation made at least twenty-four hours before starting, so that the system may not be exhausted by over- work and want of sleep. This direction is particularly important for ladies. 2. Eat as hearty a meal as possible be- fore going on board. 3. Go on board sufficiently early to ar- ange such things as may be wanted for the rst day or two, so that they may be easy f access; then undress and go to bed, efore the vessel gets under weigh. The eglect of this rule, by those who are liable > sea-sickness, is sure to be regretted. 4. Eat regularly and heartily, but with- it raising the head for at least one or two ays. In this way, the habit of digestion 28 OK SEA-SICKNESS. is kept up, the strength is preserved, while the system becomes accustomed to the con- stant change of equilibrium. 5. On the first night out, take some mild laxative pills, as, for example, two or three of the compound rhubarb pills, and be care- ful to keep the bowels open the remainder of the voyage. Most persons have a tendency to become constipated at sea, although diarrhoea occurs in a certain percentage. Constipation not only results from sea-sickness, but in turn aggravates it. The reason has already been given why cathartics should not be taken before starting. The effervescing laxatives, like the Seidlitz, or the solution of the ci- trate of magnesia, taken in the morning on an empty stomach, are bad in sea-sickness. 6. After having become so far habitu- ated to the sea as to be able to take your meals at the table and to go on deck, never think of rising in the morning until you have eaten something, as a plate of oatmeal ON SEA-SICKNESS. 29 porridge, or a cup of coffee or tea, with sea- biscuit or toast. 7. If subsequently, during the voyage, the sea should become unusually rough, go to bed before getting sick. It is foolish to dare any thing, when there is no glory to be won, and something may be lost. ON all the Atlantic steamers in which I have crossed, I have found the surgeons to be educated, intelligent, and thoroughly competent men. On the English and Amer- ican, I can say this with great confidence ; but, on the German and French steamers, I have not made the acquaintance of the surgeon sufficiently to express so decided an opinion. I presume, however, that the same confidence may be placed in them. But the owners of these ships only furnish such medicines as are absolutely essential, and, there being very little opportunity on board 30 ON SEA-SICKNESS. of a steamer for pharmaceutical prepara- tion, the surgeon, in prescribing, must ne- cessarily have but little regard for the taste, comfort, and idiosyncrasies of those who are sick. Besides, great comfort is attained in having a remedy immediately accessible, as the patient otherwise might be obliged to wait for hours, because the surgeon is engaged with a fractured limb of a sailor, or a fireman, or some other passenger, who has secured his attendance. Then on the Channel and the Mediterranean steamers there are no surgeons, and seldom are any medicines kept on board. I therefore ap- pend a few prescriptions, which may be found useful by those who, in previous voyages, have suffered severely from sea- sickness, and by those who make the ex- periment for the first . time. From the preceding pages, it will be seen that I en- tertain strong convictions that much may be done to prevent sea-sickness, but that I have no great confidence in any medicinal ON SEA-SICKNESS. 31 agents to cure this disease. Since the publication of this paper, I have received many letters of inquiry in regard to the value of Dr. Chapman's ice-bags, as a means of preventing and relieving the suf- fering from sea-sickness. I therefore feel impelled to say that some years since I carefully studied the papers which have been written by Dr. Chapman on this subject, as also the article in the Westminster Re- view that the physiological doctrines on which Dr. Chapman bases his practice are, in many essential points, in opposition to the opinions of the most advanced physiologists of the present day and that in crossing the English Channel and the Atlantic Ocean I have, in several instances, seen the ice-bags thoro'ughly tried in cases of sea-sickness, without good results. I have also been particularly struck with the fact that those who have sufficiently convalesced from the sickness to get on deck, have instinctively sought the position by which their backs 32 ON SEA-SICKNESS. would be nearest in contact with the warm smoke-stacks, and have apparently found comfort in so doing. The author is aware that several cases have been reported, in which the ice-bags have apparently been of great service, but none such have occurred under his own observation. The few prescriptions which I add are those which I have found useful in relieving symptoms, and may be conveniently carried : LAXATIVE PILLS. 5. Pulv. Khei. (Turk.), 3 ss. Ext. Hyoscyami, 3j. Pulv. Aloes Soc., Sapo Oast., aa gr. xv. Ext. Nux Vomicas Alcoh., gr. x. Podopliyllin p., gr. v. Ipecac., gr. ij. M. ft. pil, (argent) No. 20. S. Dose one, two, or three. For most persons two pills will be suffi- cient to take the first night at sea, and after- O^T SEA-SICKNESS. S3 ward, when a laxative is necessary, one is ordinarily all that will be required. In some, while at sea, there is a tendency to diarrhoea instead of constipation, and the following will be found a useful medicine in controlling this symptom. It may also be found of service when travelling on land and exposed to the ills which result from change of diet, bad water, etc. The dose given is for an adult. For a child, one year old, ten drops ; two years, fifteen drops, and so on. The medicine may be put up where- ever an English druggist (or chemist as he is called in Europe) is found, as in most of the large towns on the Continent : 3J Tinct. Camphorse, 3 vj. Tinct. Capsici, 3 ij- Spts. Lavendul. Oomp., Tinct. Opii, aa f ss. Syr. Simp., ij. M. S. A small teaspoonful in a wineglass of water after each movement. 34: ON SEA-SICKNESS. In cases where the sickness has been pro- longed for several days, the patient suffering from constant nausea, great nervous depres- sion, and sleeplessness, I have found great benefit from the following powders : 1$. Potass. Bromide, f j. Div. in Chart tfo. 20. S. One two or three times a day. These powders are best taken in a half- tumbler of carbonic-acid water (ordinarily called soda-water), or, if this cannot be ob- tained, in a half-tumbler of iced sugar-and- water. This should be sipped down slowly, so that the stomach may be persuaded to retain and absorb it. I have often known one powder, taken at bedtime, secure a night of good refreshing sleep. The powders should be kept in a tin box, or in a wide- mouthed phial. Those who are confined to their berths for several days often suffer from local pains, cramps, " stitches in the sides," and some- ON SEA-SICKNESS. 35 times colics. These pains are often relieved by the use of the following liniment, which is. to be applied (not by rubbing), but by thoroughly saturating a double thickness of flannel, and laying it directly over the seat of pain, and then covering the flannel with the clothing to prevent evaporation. The liniment at first causes a sensation of cold- ness, then of great heat, and soon after it gives a feeling of great relief. The flannel may again be wet with the liniment, as often as may be necessary, avoiding such a con- tinued use as to cause a blister : ]J . Lint. Sapo Comp., f vj. Chloroform, |j. M. S. Chloroform Liniment. Counter-irritation over the pit of the stomach, is often very serviceable in reliev ing the nausea and vomiting, and so it is well for those who are about to make a voy- . age, to provide themselves with the article, now generally kept by druggists, and known 36 ON SEA-SIOK^ESS. as "mustard-leaves." Any size required can be cut off, and, by simply wetting it, a mustard-plaster is ready at once. I would strongly recommend those lia- ble to sea-sickness to provide themselves with the above prescriptions, as they may give very considerable comfort and relief, at a very trifling expense. THE EOT). 14 DAY USE RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED BIOLOGY LIBRARY TEL. NO. 642-2532 This book is due on the last date stamped below, or on the date to which renewed. Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. **>iect to LD21A-6m-9,'73 General Lib'