GRAMMAR V. J, D. WYNKOOP MANUAL OF HEBREW GRAMMAR. MANUAL OF HEBREW GRAMMAR (REVISED AND IMPROVED EDITION) BY REV. J. D. WIJNKOOP Litt. Hum. Cand. in the University of Leyden, Rabbi of the Jewish Congregation in Amsterdam. TRANSLATED FROM THE DUTCH BY REV. DR. C. VAN DEN BIESEN Prof, of Hebrew at St. Joseph's Foreign Missionary College, Mill-Hill. LONDON: LUZAC & Co. PUBLISHERS TO THE INDIA OFFICE. 46, GREAT RUSSELL STREET. PRINTED BY E. J. BRILL, AT LEYDEN. AUTHOR'S PREFACE. As in many respects this grammar differs from other grammars, the plan which has been adopted requires a few explanations. Although modern works on Hebrew Grammar have been consulted by me, I did not think it advisable blindly to follow them. Experience has taught me that this would be far from prudent. The greatest scholars sometimes venture to create rules which have no sufficient basis and even to quote examples which only exist in their imagination. Most curious instances of this could be given. But for what purpose ? In spite of a few inaccuracies they remain men who by reason of their learning and hard work are entitled to our respect. I merely wish , therefore , to point out in few words in what particulars this manual follows a more or less independent course , and the motives which have induced me to do so. In the first place I thought it necessary to draw a sharp line between the JJ1 K}# and TO NJ#, which really have nothing in common but their form. Whilst the one serves to form an ^anlauf ', which in our western lan- guages is considered a separate syllable , e. g. the first vi AUTHOR'S PREFACE. syllable of begin, because as it frequently occurs in later Hebrew poetry - - the latter on the contrary is never to be sounded, and merely serves as a sign deno- ting that a letter stands without a vowel. They ought therefore in my opinion to be treated in two separate paragraphs. Further, experience has shewn me that even amongst those who have applied themselves seriously to the study of Hebrew Grammar, a deplorable confusion exists con- cerning the ttfrl and 3lp. The reason no doubt is that they find these signs occur where according to existing rules they are least of all to be expected. For the pur- pose of helping to remove this difficulty, I thought it advisable to call to memory, and prominently to set forward , the fundamental principle of ancient scholars , that every point in a letter is not a ^p_E^n or pjn E^n. and that every perpendicular little line on the left of a sound is not a half-tone. --It was a pleasant surprise for me to learn that such a veteran Hebrew scholar as Dr. Graetz had treated the subject of the Wyi on the same principle in the October- and NovemberJieft of his " Monatschrift fur Geschi&kte und Wissenschaft des Juden- thums" Krotoschin 1887. Every student of Hebrew, moreover, is aware how dif- ficult it is to distinguish the forms of the 'y ''IT from those of the D\blD3 and of many other stems. Even after the conjugation of these verbs has been thoroughly learnt by heart, difficulties innumerable appear in all directions. Let me state a few of them. AUTHOR'S PREFACE. vn 1) With the D^ID? one meets a great many forms which simply follow the regular conjugation of the triliteral stems. 2) It is taught that the 'V YD and the D^IDS can be recognised by their distinctive vowel sounds. Yet we find T2 from T12 Zech. 4,10; !"1E from D1J3 Isa. 44,18; VJ\y} from Tt) Gen. 49,19; D113 1 . from 113 Prov. 21,7; Pin? from ppn Prov. 8,27; )rpJT from nnn Hab. 2,17; lion from 11D Ez. 45,3; IfrJ from 11D Ez. 48,14; "ifiW from *]DD Lev. 25,25; and many other forms of the same kind. 3) In the first two conjugations of the ty ""Pli the stu- dent becomes accustomed to the use of two stem- letters, whilst in the b$i3> ty& and ^SHH he is suddenly transferred into the sphere of the D^IDS. 4) In the conjugation of the 'V ipli the stem-letter 1 or "> disappears, an omission which it is almost impossible to account for. Now there exists a simple theory, which although old is not obsolete ] ) , which goes a long way to remove all confusion and contradiction. Is it right to reject or to ignore such a theory when it facilitates and promotes the study of Hebrew, simply because it is not generally in vogue ? I have therefore in this manual ventured to adopt the older system of admitting biliteral stems in addition to the triliteral. I have however applied this i) That this theory is not obsolete appears from the testimonies of scholars who during the last thirty years have advocated it. viii AUTHOR'S PREFACE. system only to the 'V TU and D'lD?. I could have ex- tended it also to many other stems, like several Jewish grammarians have done, but this would have caused too great a revolution in Hebrew grammar, whilst I only aimed at simplifying it by combining two kinds of stems, which are of the same nature and origin , into one kind. I am quite aware that against the theory of biliteral stems certain objections may be raised. Indeed chiefly from comparison with cognate languages, and also from derived substantives which undeniably contain a 1 or "" in the stem, arguments against it may be brought for- ward. Yet these objections are not at present held to be of sufficient strength completely to rule this theory out of court. Against them moreover remains the fact that there are several stems with 1 or 1 as second stem- letter which they never lose; e.g. HIS. DTI. i"Pn which very often occur, and many others which are less fre- quently found such as my, mp> yitf. rrfr. The main reason however which has led me to adopt biliteral verbal stems is this. When we speak of the 'y ^rti and the DvlDD, the two stem-letters which regularly appear, are (on the principle that they are triliteral verbs) the ist and 3<1 stem-letters. Yet when we compare their conjugation with that of the other triliteral verbs, with which they indeed have many points in common (cf. 37 42), it is evident that the so called ist and 3*1 stem-letters of the 'V ^ and Q"6lB5 are the main factors in the conjugation, and that they have the same func- tions as two successive stem-letters of an ordinary trili- AUTHOR'S PREFACE. ix teral verb. What theory therefore is more simple than to adopt that these two letters (i. e. the i*t and 3^ of the 'V TO and the D^IDD) are the two only stem-letters of a biliteral verb. (Cf. my article on this subject in the April number, 1898, of the Jewish Quarterly Review). To render the learning of the conjugation of the verb easier, stem-forms have been adopted in this manual, from which the other forms may be derived according to general rules. As regards both the nomina and verba, attention has been drawn to the alteration of vowels and the causes by which it is occasioned. No one I hope will find fault with me that, whilst using the Hebrew terms, I have not omitted the Latin ones. The latter more than once promote conciseness without injuring the cause of clearness. It is perhaps not superfluous to remark here that by Hebrew is meant the language in which the 24 books of the Bible are written. (D'Qin? DW^ iTYin by abbre- viation called Y'in); except the Chaldee portions of Daniel and Ezra, and a few Chaldee expressions in the other books. Finally, it should be borne in mind that many observa- tions in the course of this manual are destined only for more advanced students , and it is left to the teacher's dis- cretion to take care that the beginner is made acquainted only with what is suitable for him. That this manual may help to animate and promote the study of the sacred language is the most ardent wish of the AMSTERDAM. Author. DIRECTIONS FOR STUDENTS NOT HAVING THE ASSISTANCE OF A TEACHER. I. ORDER OF STUDYING THE GRAMMAR. Spelling i ; 2 ; 3 A ; 4 6 (without Remarks) ; 7,4. The verb ii; 12; 13 till n. 8; 14 till n. 8; 1525. (Without Rem.). The noun 5254; 57; 58; 60 till A; 65. (With- out Rem.). The adjective 66; 68. (Without Rem.). Pronouns 70, I (not 2); 71 74. (Without Rem.). Suffixes 46; 62; 69. (Without Rem.). Adverbs 80 ; 81. (Without Rem.). Prepositions 82 84. *(Without Rem.). Conjunctions 85; 86. (Without Rem.). Numerals 75; 76, 14; 77. Irregular verbs 26 34. (Without Rem.). Biliteral verbs 35 43. (Without Rem.). Alterations of the verb 47 49. (Without Rem.). Alterations of the noun 59 61 ; 63; 64. (With- out Rem.). XI Derivation of the noun and adjective 56; 67. (With- out Rem.). All remaining portions. The accents 87 90. II. ORDER OF READING THE SCRIPTURES. A. Genesis, ch. i 48; Exodus_ i 20 ; Deut. I 32; 34; Joshua; Judges i 4; 6 21 ; Ruth. B. Jerem. 18 29; 32 45; Jonah; Esther; Haggai; Obadiah ; remaining books of the Pentateuch ; Samuel ; Kings ; Ezra ; Nehemiah ; Chronicles ; Malachi ; Psalms i 10; 1857; 6 9 75; 7 8 86 5 89150. C. Lam.; Cant.; EccLj Judges^ 5 ; Zephaniah; Joel; Amos; Isaiah; remaining portions of Jerem.; Ezechiel; remaining Psalms; Proverbs; Job; Hosea; Micah; Daniel; Zechariah, Nahum; Habakkuk. N.B. The value of the letters and vowel-points (page 5 and Appendix V) has been given according to the Italian pronunciation of the vowels. CONTENTS. PART I. Spelling. Page. CHAPTER I. Spelling in general. I. The signs of the Hebrew language i CHAPTER II. The letters. 2. The names of letters i 3. Division of the letters 3 CHAPTER III. The vowel-signs. 4. The vowels and half- vowels 5 5. The nrnn, -inw m. n*n: ro. nain nns, p^so- ... s T-: T : - -.- : - T : CHAPTER IV. T 1 ^ remaining signs. 6. The 7- The 8. The -VjriN 31D3 X '4 T T 9. The :nD or tfya 15 PART II. Etymology. CHAPTER I. 10. The meaning of etymology 1 7 n. The division of the words 17 CONTENTS. XIII Page. CHAPTER II. The verb in general. 12. Division of the verbs ................................ 18 13. The D^3 ........ ................................ 20 14. The meaning of the conjugations ...................... 22 15. The conjugation of the verb in general ................ 23 1 6. The stem-forms of the conjugation ..................... 24 17. The preformatives and afformatives .................... 25 1 8. General rules concerning the preformatives and afformatives . 26 CHAPTER III. The regular conjugation of the triliteral verbs. 19. The ^j. ........................................... 28 S 20. The ^yDi 29 8 21 The ^yo. 30 5 22 The ^>yp. 11 5 21. The tysn 32 S 24. The ^VDn 33 8 2H. ; T The Svnnn. . 34 CHAPTER IV. The deviations from the regular conjugation because of one or more gutturals being in the stem. 26. The verba primae gutturalis .......................... 35 27. The verba mediae gutturalis .......................... 37 28. The verba tertiae gutturalis ........................... 38 CHAPTER V. The DnDH- 29. The :"D -non ...................................... 4 o 30. The }'*> -non and the n"^ "HOD ..................... 4* CHAPTER VI. The QTO- T 31. The N"D TO ........................................ 42 32. The V'rj irn ....................................... 45 33. The #*? Yfl ....................................... 49 "T 34. The D"^ TO ....................................... 53 XIV CONTENTS. Page. CHAPTER VII. The Biliteral stems. 35. The different kinds of conjugation 59 36. The biliteral stems with duplication of the second stem-letter. 59 37. The biliteral stems restricted to two stem-letters 60 38. The !?. 62 39. The ^Di 65 40. The ^iypn 67 41. The ^pn 7i 42. The by%> byQ and ^DHil of the biliteral stems 73 43. The deviations from the regular conjugation of the bili- teral stems 74 CHAPTER VIII. Alterations of the verbal forms. 44. The various kinds of alterations 76 45. The shorter, longer, or modified forms of the TH^ a ad the iyi^n ^rj. 76 46. The pronominal suffixes of the verbal forms 78 47. Alterations of the regular triliteral verbs in consequence of the appending of suffixes 79 48. Alterations of the irregular verbs through the appending of suffixes 83 49. The biliteral stems with suffixes 84 CHAPTER IX. The nomina. 50. The different kinds of nomina 87 51. The alterations of the nomina 87 CHAPTER X. The noun. 52. Division of the nouns 88 53. Proper names 89 54. The gender of the nouns 89 55. Primitive nouns 90 56. Derivatives 9 1 57. Compound nouns 9^ CONTENTS. XV Page. 58. The number of the noun 97 59. Alterations of the noun before it receives its plural ending. 99 60. Status Constructus IO2 6 1 . The ',-] locative 106 62. The pronominal suffixes of the noun 107 63. Alterations of the singular nouns before they are connected with pronominal suffixes 108 64. Alterations of the dual and plural nouns before they are connected with pronominal suffixes ill 65. The nouns with the literae praefixae in CHAPTER XI. The adjective. 66. The gender of the adjectives 112 67. The derivation of the adjectives 113 68. The number of the adjectives 115 69. Other causes through which the adjectives undergo alteration. 1 16 CHAPTER XII. The pronouns. 70. Division of the pronouns 117 71. The personal pronoun 118 72. The demonstrative pronoun 1 19 73. The relative pronoun 119 74. The interrogative pronoun 120 CHAPTER XIII. The numerals. 75. Division of the numerals 120 76. The cardinal numbers 121 77. The ordinal numbers 124 78. Manner of expressing the other numbers 125 CHAPTER XIV. The particles. 79. Division of the particles 125 80. The adverb 126 81. The adverb with suffixes , . . 127 82. The prepositions 127 83. The vowels of the letter prepositions 128 XVI CONTENTS. Page. 84. The prepositions with pronominal suffixes 129 85. The conjunctions 131 86. The interjections 133 CHAPTER XV. The place of the accent. 87. The general rules 134 88. The particular rules 135 89. (~IDND) PDDD The alteration of the vowels and the shifting T : ' : v of the tone because of the distinctive accents 137 90. Alteration of vowels in consequence of the HpQ 139 I. Appendix. Names and tokens of the accents 140 II. Appendix. Forms of the V'g if)} J 44 "T III. Appendix. List of verbal forms with pronominal suffixes. 146 IV. Appendix. List of certain nouns in the st. constr. and with pronominal suffixes I $2 V. Appendix. The names of the letters and vowel tokens in Latin characters 157 PART I. SPELLING (Orthography). CHAPTER I. i. Spelling teaches us the various tokens for pro- nouncing and writing the words of a language and the manner in which such tokens are joined together. These tokens are: 1) letter-tokens or letters (DTniN consonantes) , 2) vowel-tokens or vowels (Drop vacates], 3) other tokens for securing the true pronunciation. CHAPTER II. The Letters. 2. The Hebrew language uses 22 letters. Token. Name. Pronunciation. ** H^ See Remark i 3 HV? jv or]b 2 g 2 i HEBREW GRAMMAR. Token. Name. Pronunciation. 1 n ?"3 d n i^n h T 11 w ' n z n rrn ch to rvt: t or th 1 IT 1 or ,TT y D *P ch or k ^ i?^ 1 D _ - m : )i: n D "^QD s v rv ng D ^D f U ^lli tz p F]p or F)p k 1 l^n. r w r^ sh and s n IT) S, th or t , 8 2 and 6. Rem. 1. {^ without a vowel is not sounded at all. When it has a vowel it merely reproduces the sound of that vowel , e. g. J$ a {^ Rem. 2. As to the pronunciation of the letters HDDTQ with or without ^^ a point in them see 6 footnote i. Rem. 3. p) without a vowel is generally not sounded. When however it terminates a syllable and is to be sounded (a difficult matter for western nations) a point is usually placed in it. See 5,4. Rem. 4. ^ is a softly, scarcely audible pronounced w, which sound is produced by a quick opening of the lips (See 4 Rem. 4 and conf. 85 B la). THE LETTERS. 3 Rem. 5. By the western nations J") is pronounced ch , as in German dock. It really is an h with a yet deeper guttural sound than the j-|, and in this way it is pronounced by orientals at the present time. Rem. 6. Whether ft corresponds to t or th cannot with certainty be decided. The same remark applies to p. Rem. 7. The y is by many pronounced as ng in the word song. This pronunciation is certainly not correct. No one doubts that the y is a guttural. When pronounced by orientals, it has a still harder guttural sound than the |"|- Rem. 8. ^ is sometimes to be pronounced as sh sometimes as s. To distinguish the pronunciation a point stands over the right shoulder ({?) when it is sh , and on the left (^) when it is s. 2) Five of the 22 letters UD2DD have a different form when placed at the end of a word ; viz. C^p"! ^DSWD] *). These are called final letters. 3) tf when followed by b is sometimes contracted with it, and is then written X. Division of the Letters. 3. A. According to the organs (DIN^IE) with which they are pronounced. i) In this respect they are divided into: (a) Gutturals (\T\)T1 DT>niN) ^jmriK (6) Palatals C|03 DITTM p3- (c) Linguals (]lE$n DTniK) PJ^fll (d) Dentals (DWH HlTlM ItfSDT (e) Labials (DVJDtfTl nTniN) D D 1 2 i) By this mnemonic word (vox metnorialis) they are indicated in the Talmud and by Jewish grammarians. Throughout this work the voces memoriales will be placed between parentheses [ ]. 4 HEBREW GRAMMAR. 2) The "1 belongs both to the gutturals and to the linguals, whilst D and 3 when taken together may be said to form a separate class of nasal letters. Rem. 1. The dentals are also known by the name of sibilants because of the sound which they produce. 3) A separate class moreover is formed by the letters ''"intf plpS?] because they have the peculiarity that they are sometimes written although not pronounced. (See 5, 4)- 4) The letters of one and the same class are some- times interchanged; e.g. ^JO in the sense oiby_$ to abhor , "QD = "QD to close , pTE^ instead of piniii we shall justify ourselves , pntfi^ instead of pHS") Isaac , ~)O instead of ITS to scatter , Vftip'?** in the sense of VrteQTK his palaces , DTIS instead of |V1S price of redemption ; ]1SDNn = )1DDin you will add. B. According to their function. 1) Root- or stem-letters (nVtthJtf) , letters which form the stem of a word. Of this function all the letters are capable. 2) Servile letters (ni^lD^) , i. e. letters which are placed before , between , or after the stem-letters for forming the derivations and infections of words. The servile letters are eleven viz. n^b^DTDN [Dbl.u^CjrpN]. Four of these tt^DN [$3/Jtf] can only serve as preforma- tives , the remaining seven n3GQ v in [Q1V1 )3n] both as preformatives and afformatives , whilst 1 and "" may stand also between the stem-letters. Rem. 2. The ) is sometimes added to or placed between the stem- VOWELS AND HALF-VOWELS. letters to alter the meaning of the word , e. g. t^3")^ from from 3) Additional letters (niDDli) which now and then are placed before, between or after the stemletters with- out changing the meaning of the word. They are the letters mnN [nn$] ; e.g. DNj? = Dj5 he rose tip, HDil = DH they , 1BiT3fl = DN'Qfl thou bringest them , vOT = sins , inriir = liT^ 1 ] // 3 7)- When this letter however is followed by a vowel or half-vowel, a point is placed in it to denote that the preceding vowel is short in pronunciation. Hence a long vowel is seldom followed by a letter with a point in it. Where this occurs it is a token, either drawing attention to some- thing peculiar, e. g. in the J") of Q^D3 perhaps to call attention to the irregular plur. form of {"PS? or denoting that a letter is mis- sing, e. g. the } in npTNn Gen. 4, 23; Jes. 32, 9. Rem. 3. The T is a. When it is derived from a Q^in> e - g- ^ fr m TJ? strength. b. When it appears in a closed syllable which has not the accent, e. g. the first T in p-]p. Otherwise T is 3) Besides the vowels the Hebrew language employs a half-vowel : (Jtt NV& or *pn). The : is found also con- nected with ~, v and T , viz. as ~ fins F]ttn , v: b*MQ F]En , and T: J>Dj? FIBCJ. These three forms of the half- vowel ( : , '", T: ) are gener- ally used only with the gutturals^ 1 ). i) In certain manuscripts, and in imitation of them in some printed editions, the T: is found where a T would have been expected, to denote that the T arose out of Q^n and that il is ^ST\ Y&P' e> g " D^3$ f rom n^3^- T: a l so occurs sometimes instead of y% W$ just as v: an d~ : , in order to secure the proper pronunciation of the letter un- der which it stands, e. g. nD13n Gen. 27, 38, iTI)?^. Gen. 2, 23. VOWELS AND HALF-VOWELS. 7 Rem. 4. All the vowels and half-vowels stand under the letter with which they are pronounced, except the two last long vowels. The O^in is a point placed over the right shoulder of the following letter (the 1 therefore of } is an inperceptibly quiescent letter following Q^n See 5, 4). When the letter with Q^|n is a ttf or the subsequent letter a $ the point of Q^IPl coalesces with that of the w, e. g. y$ff, H^D- The p'niB' or QIQfc^Jp is a point which properly should be pla- ced in the letter with which it is pronounced. As this however would cause confusion with the point of $^ (see 6) the py\W is pla- ced in the ) which is similar in pronunciation and consequently inperceptibly quiescent. (See 5,4). Rem. 5. The gutturals are generally preceded by a long vowel when they themselves have a vowel , and by HHD or !?13D when they themselves are without any vowel. Their own vowel is by preference nriB 4) When the half-vowel for some reason or other is to be changed into a vowel, the short vowels and by preference Pins , 7tt> or ]jpp r pTT} are used. Such a short vowel we shall call an auxiliary vowel. Rem. 6. The vowels are sometimes interchanged with one another, chiefly the long vowels with the corresponding short vowels , e. g. TDK = TDK prisoner. *|Dy3 = "1QV3 as the dust Tes. 41, 2. Yet T T*T|" T'TIV All this shows an over anxious desire to obtain correctness of pronun- ciation , in which the scribes have by no means been consistent as to their method. The same inconsistency appears as regards tWT , 2nip and other signs. (See 6 note 2, 9 note 2, and I st appendix note 2). These inconsistencies have given rise to various rules which however have no sufficient grammatical basis. HEBREW GRAMMAR. long and short vowels are also interchanged mutually, when they are in any way affiliated , as DTin with p")1I# e - g- 3lD and y\f^ good; P|1ton YQP with K 13 !? C ' g> 1^$? and "^$0 to be throw n >' nnD with l)UQ as'-iflpjJtg-iflpjSKJ that I arose Judges 5,7 (conf. 63; 66,4; 67,26; 69,3). The Syllables (nrqr> "inpi TO> PINT}} PQ> Hi Pins- 5. i) One or more letters connected with one of the 10 vowels and pronounced at the same moment are called a syllable. Rem. l. The number, therefore , of the syllables of a word is deter- mined by the number of its vowels. 2) A syllable may be either closed or open. A syllable is open (ntSI^D PQ?rj.) when after the vowel no letter is sounded, e. g. " l '2, PiD, *TQ. It is closed (D53~l!p "p?Ll) when after the vowel one or more letters are sounded , e. g. ^? , t?^p certainty , the first syllable of riD?n. 3) The letter which follows a vowel and belongs to the same syllable, is called quiescent (1"). If this letter is sounded , it is called perceptibly quiescent (n$"p Hi) , e. g. the h in ^3 , the^ and ID in t?^p ; but if it is not sounded, it is called inperceptibly quiescent pljp; PQ), e.g. the "> in >?, the D in il3, the N in ^13. The four letters "W L^M alone can be inpj Hi. 4) The N is never nl"]; HI The H without vowel or half- vowel is "IHDi Di , except when it belongs to the stem of a word (see 26; 27; THE SYLLABLES. 9 28) , or when it is the fern, suffix (see 46 , 2 ; 62,3), for in these cases it is DWni Pll When the D as Pl#~12 PD occurs at the end of a word it is marked with a point called p^DQ , e. g. PDJ , rb. The 1 is inp: Pi: after D^IP! and p~fitf (see 4 Rem. 4) ; after the other vowels it is PINT]} PQ, except in the word The "> is inpi PD after iTT^, pTPj and U(D; after other vowels it is Pi$nj PD except in the endng "P (see 62 , 5) = 1 . Rem. 2. Every vowel at the end of a word must be followed by a letter whether it be "IHDJ PI! or PIJ$"|3 PQ> except J>Qp, which oc- curs at the end of a word without any P|3> e - g- HiOp> ^Dt^- The l is always IDCj PD after ^113 pTPI and the 1 after D^ID and 5) It is often difficult to make the H and also the PI and y audible , when they stand without vowel at the end of a word. This difficulty chiefly occurs after !7TS , pTTJ , D^in and plW. For this reason a PHS , similar to the sound which the pronunciation produces, is placed under the ~, n or V, e.g. Vffltf, nn?, rfb&> Oil- This Pins, called ri31i3 riHS (pathach furtivuiri) is not considered to be a vowel, nor does it form a syllable. 6) When a letter is Dfcjni PD in the middle of a word , a NJ# is placed under it, e.g. ^. This XW, called Pii ^yp , is not audible , and is to be carefully distinguished from the y\ N$ spoken of in 4. The PC NJ# only denotes that the letter, under which it stands, closes a syllable. When therefore it is not written , we know that the 10 HEBREW GRAMMAR. letter under which it is omitted is not to be pronounced , e.g. the 2 d tP in "Dfe^. 7) At the end of a word the Hi Nl# is not placed except : (a) when the word ends with "[ , e. g. ^3 ; (b] when the word ends with two letters, both being (^). with the word FIN, and under the fern, personal ending Fj (see 17, 2) e.g. ri^$ thou hast heard 1 }. 8) In most cases the J73 N1$ can easily be distinguished from the Hi $W. The iO$ at the end of a word is always J"D M$ , and at the beginning always J?3 NY$. For distinguishing the WMJ in the middle of a word the following rules may be laid down : 1. When two D^Yitf follow one another the second always is Jtt Nl# , e. g. IVplpfl. 2. Under a letter with OT (see 6) the ^ is Vi^, e.g. 1^:. ^. The JOttf under the first of two letters which are J T: the same generally is y) Wttt , e. g. *ffi& . The ^1^ after the J)D or after an accent which takes its place (see 9 Rem?>and n 4) , is e. g. nn^n. i) In certain editions also under the ending f)~, e. g. Ruth 2, 9. THE &3. II CHAPTER IV. Remainging Signs. 6. The OT (Dagesh}. i) For the same reason as with the D (see 5, 4), viz. to promote the true pronunciation , a point is placed in tJie letters , nBDtO QTB5T331 This point is called ^. (Dagesh lene] ] ). 2) The letters DDDTQ have a |2.Efal at the beginning of a word. (a) When the preceding word has a disjunctive accent rj (see 7 , 2) , e.g. "^H 'nnjS , and consequently also at the beginning of a sentence, e. g. rP$Nl? Gen. i, i. (b) When the preceding word terminates with a closed syllable, e. g. ^ DN> ID Ti#D, DTO PHiD- T T T : (V) When 3 with Vi ^^ is immediately followed by 3 or D ; or D with Jtt NJ# by another D , e. g. ^J D{$1D? i Sam. 16, 6; rtjn93 3$*1 Ex. 15, 1 7 ; Jes. 10, 9. i) With some of these letters the difference of pronunciation still exists. By a part of the Israelites 3 is pronounced as v and 3 as ^, 3 as ch and 3 as , Q as / and g as /, n as J an< i D as ' ^X others this difference is only observed with 3 and Q, whilst J) is by them pronounced as g and 3 as the French gu. Between ~] and rj all difference in sound seems now to have been lost. 12 HEBREW GRAMMAR. 3) The same letters frequently have jVv#n in the middle of a word , but only after the D3 WW , e. g. ^ir. Rem. 1. With nomina however in the status cons true tus (see 60) this $y] is generally omitted when one of the letters DCDlj2 is the third stem-letter of the word e. g. "nDJJ. HIDHD- The 3 also of the suffix (see 46 seq. 62 seq.) usually stands without e.g. 7Ei, ?S3?1, DD- 4) The Btti further serves to indicate that the pre- ceding letter has fallen out. This tWl, called pjn *W1 (Dagesh forte], doubles the pronunciation of the letter in which it stands (assimilation] , e. g. IB"! (read IB'PI) instead of 1B; DflDtf (read DrrflDtf) instead of Di^-intf- This WFI may be placed in all the letters except "iynr!N. 5) All the letters moreover, "iymN again excepted, usually are marked with vJfal when followed by a vowel or half-vowel and immediately preceded by a short vowel. rUBj? r^l^-l TO tf:n (see 4 Rem. 2), e.g. Rem. a. When , however, they are followed by an auxiliary vowel , as in the segolate forms ( 56,2) ^JT is not inserted , e. g. ~\y% > ITi- 6) When the letters "lynnN arex^iollowed by a vowel or half-vowel they are usually preceded by a long vowel ( 4 Rem. 5) which may serve also to supplement the absence of pin tf:n, e. g. ~l*O . T^T) (conf. 26, 3; 27, 4). 7) Conclusion. The letters HDDTQ can have a OT1 of every kind. The letters "lynntf can have no ttf;n at all. THE ACCENTS. 13 The remaining 1 1 letters can have every ttfal with the exception of b\>_ The Signs of Interpunction , Tone and Melody (ni^S or D n pyt3 accents), and the r|_Q. 7. i) The signs of interpunction serve to indicate the mutual relation or connection of words ! ). They are placed either over or under the words except the p^DD which stands at the side of a word. 2} They are divided into: (a) Disjunctive signs (D^DDD or D^D distinctivi] which denote that the word which is marked by them, is to be separated from the following. (ft) Conjunctive signs (D^DttJTD or D^rnttfp conjunctive) which denote that the word so marked is connected with the following 2 ). 2) A point is sometimes placed in a letter for other reasons also ; e. g. in the D of iDKI to indicate that the ^ has not ^p Fpn as in Gen. 42 , 24 5 or in the first letter of a word when the previous word terminates with the same letter, as ]13~Q , II^PD D!~L> f r which purpose however the sign p^DD (I) is also used , as nniDlD^H (See 4 Rem. 2 and App. I note 2). In a short work like the present this subject cannot be fully treated. A consistent plan, moreover, has not been followed by the scribes , and the remark made 4 note 2 also applies to the present case. 1) From this it would seem that they properly belong to the syntax. Yet as signs of tone their place is the Grammar, and we shall therefore explain them as far as is necessary. 2) Their names and further particulars are given in App. I. 14 HEBREW GRAMMAR. 3) Every word in the Bible has generally one or more of these signs. A word which is without them is most closely connected with the following and this con- nection is indicated by the sign (") *\\?ft, placed between the two words , e. g. "OET^.- 4) The signs of tone show which syllable is to be accented. They are placed either on the last syllable, and called 3^5, or on the last but one, and called ^$P; e.g. "m, ipp- Rem. l. Before gutturals the accent sometimes stands apparently on the syllable preceding the penultimate , e. g. Ift")^ Ex. 1 5,8. 1D~|J?J however really is equivalent to 10")^, so that the vowel of the guttural in this respect does not count as a vowel. See 26,2. Rem. 2. The rules for placing the accents will be given later 87 seq. 5) The same signs also serve as guides in the recital of the words to a certain melody, and as such they are called rfi3\J} musical signs. The Shifting of the Accent (TjnN 31D3)- ^ T 8. i) Two successive syllables in one word cannot have an accent each. The same thing is to be avoided with two words connected together, i. e. of which the ^0 first word has a conjunctive accent. The accent in this case, provided the connection is not affected by it, is moved forward, when it should have stood on the last syllable and the following word has its accent on the first syllable , e. g. n lp T . fc nn.Tfl. Rem. The half-vowel at the beginning of the second word is in this THE ACCENTS. 15 respect generally considered as a vowel , e. g. TH StD" 1 " 1 and 11 I : j - 'I (Conf. 9 Rem.). 2) When however the first word ends in DP (see 88 I, i) or in a closed syllable with a long vowel (see 87, i) this shifting of the accent but rarely occurs, e. g. natf nn*ani , Kin toi\ " ~~ " 3) The shifting also rarely occurs when a closed syl- lable with a short vowel precedes, e.g. The Half-tone 9. i) The ItyQ or Nj$3 is a small perpendicular line placed on the left of a vowel. It has the value of half an accent, and serves to render the pronunciation more correct *). 2) The JITJD stands by an open syllable which is the second before the accent , when it has a long vowel , or a short vowel followed by a guttural or Jtt Nl^> e. g. nimrnriNn, wyn, nsjn. nDnsn. j-.-Tl" v|v-|T <|- T?IV TT:I~ If however the vowel is short , and is not followed by a guttural or y3 $$> the ^fl? 1 if possible is shifted to the preceding syllable, e.g. D^IDTI. D^IFID. Rem. Here also the half-vowel which immediately precedes the ac- i) In mss. the JHft is used also for other purposes, sometimes even to modify the meaning of the words. In old editions and mss. other signs were also in use to secure cor- rectness of pronunciation. As however in later editions these have become obsolete, we need not mention them. 1 6 HEBREW GRAMMAR. centuated syllable , is counted as a vowel and forms a syllable , e- g- rrtQ (Conf. 8 Rem.). 3) The second syllable before the jpp, if it is capa- ble, likewise receives the HOP e.g. /^"jIVp- 4) A closed syllable only has the JHD in long words, e. g. ^nltfpp.l , or in a word which by F]j2D is joined to i , the following word, e. g. ^7"$Jt! unless an open syl- lable precedes , e. g. tfinrr"pyn. 5) When a word has 4 or more syllables the 309 is sometimes exchanged for a conjunctive accent, e. g. PART II. ETYMOLOGY. CHAPTER I. 10. The etymology of a language teaches us the various forms or inflections of the words or stem-words with respect to the difference of signification obtained by them. The Division of the Words. ii. All the words of the Hebrew language belong to one of the three following groups: (a) Verbs (otyQ verba] l ) ; (b) Nouns and adjectives (n!D$ nomina), names of living beings, of inanimate things, of ideas, of quanti- ties and qualities. (c) Particles (DlVp particulae] , words which denote the i) As the stems of the Hebrew words more clearly appear in the verbs, from which the words of the other two groups for the greater part are derived, we shall treat of the verbs first. 2 1 8 HEBREW GRAMMAR. relation between words and sentences, or which determine a quality or operation. CHAPTER II. The Verb (^Q) in general. 12. The division of the verbs. A. According to their signification. i) Transitive verbs (NSTP ty&) i- e. verbs which govern a passive object which is connected with the verb with- out any particle or servile letter, e. g. n!?3 to shave. 2) Reflexive verbs ("iTin D), verbs of which the form indicates that the agent is the passive object, e. g. rfrjnn to shave oneself , "1313 to speak with one another. 3) Passive verbs (73J2.P ^S) verbs expressing the action which the passive object undergoes, rb} to be shaven, "} to be spoken of. 4) Intransitive verbs (101V D) , verbs which cannot ^^ govern an object which is not connected with the verb by a particle or servile letter, e.g. !~iTI to live, ^1J to be great. B. According to the number of their stem-letters. 1) Verbs with a triliteral stem. 2) Verbs with a biliteral stem. DIVISION OF THE VERBS. 19 C. According to the nature of their stems. 1) Primitive verbs , of which the original stem expresses an action. 2) Denominative verbs, verbs derived from a nomen, e. g. p^> to make bricks from r\Jb brick , )TN.n to listen from ]1jA ear. D. According to their conjugation. 1) Regular verbs, which are conjugated according to the more general principles, and in which all the stem- letters remain visible and audible, e.g. ~!J2D to visit, to take notice , !?13 to be great 1 ). 2) Irregular verbs which more or less deviate from the regular conjugation. They are subdivided into: (a) verbs which have one or more gutturals in the stem, e.g. VQltf to hear, TK to say. (b) verbs of which the first or last stem-letter may be wanting (D'Hpn) e. g. #33 to touch , fTO to cut. (c) verbs of which the first or last stem-letter may be inperceptibly quiescent (IHOi Hi) the DT11 This according to 5 , 3 can only take place with the letters TIN, e. g. "1^ to bear childern, NEH to heal, Rem. Hebrew grammarians are accustomed to take the stem 7j?Q as the standard for all other stems. Hence the first stem-letter is called ^Dn 'D or ', the second 'SH '# or 'y, the third Spj ;i ? or *). The different conjugations of the verb ( 13) borrow their names from this stem. i) By Q^;J^ verbs are meant which fulfil only the second condition. 2O HEBREW GRAMMAR. The various Conjugations (D^33 conjugationei). 13. The stem ($"1$) of a verb undergoes much alte- ration by the change of vowels and by the addition of letters before, after, or between the stem-letters. The Hebrew language possesses a great many conju- gations (D^Pi?) of which some are more frequent with some verbs and others with other verbs. The more com- mon conjugations are the seven following '). (1) b^D (usually cailed- bp_) in which the stem-letters form the basis oY the inflection without addition of other letters ; e. g. 1J2JD . ^n. (2) ^Di the stem-letters with i prefixed to them ; e. g. ij2P> to- (3) ^? tne stem-letters without additional letters, e.g. (4) %B similarly the stem-letters without additional letters; e.g. 1j?9> ^H. (5) ^ypn the stem-letters with H prefixed to them; e.g. (6) DH similarly the stem-letters wj^th D prefixed to them; e.g. (7) ^Dnn the stem-letters with nn prefixed to them; e. g. i) Their names express the 3 d pers. masc. sing, of the "QJJ, and hence they already acquaint us with the difference of vowels. THE D^3. 21 Less common are: (8) tylB, (9) b^B, and (10) tylSpfl, generally used with the biliteral stems instead of ^D , ^S , and e.g. bb"iT\ , ?zin, and Still less common: (n) zB, (12) sg, and (13) ?PDOu with duplication of the two stem-letters, in use with the biliteral stems instead of byz, bj?P, and ^VEJpn; e. g. tej??, fe>3 or Exceedingly rare: (14) 'VSnn differing from the ^SHH only in the vowels ; (15) yB with duplication of the last stem-letter of the triliteral stems ; e. g. (16) VP with duplication of the last stem-letter; e. g. bbp^. (17) ^?/VS with duplication of the last two stem-letters of the triliteral stems ; e. g. "innnp. 18) Finally forms such as ^31.1? Hos. 11,3; rnn.nrl Jer. 12,5 and shortened IH^n Ps. 37,1; rmn2j2# Lev. 14,37; DCpnp Ex. 16,14; "1B331 Deut. 21,8; ^JJ Jes. 59,3; Lam. 4,14; llplj 1 ! Ez. 23,48, and others, belong to yet different conjugations, which do not occur and which therefore should be considered as modifications of the conjugations enumerated. ^afa* 22 HEBREW GRAMMAR. L . (s<1 f Ltf- 1 -' The Meaning of the different Conjugations. [& V^*f/*VV 14. i) b\l is active both with the transitive and n,CH'\)( > intransitive verbs; e. g. "lj?D to visit, ?n to tremble. A ft*^^^^ 2) ^pi both active and passive, sometimes also reflexive ; e. g. ID^i /0 guard oneself, DD^i /0 fight with one another. 3) ^9 generally '^transitive, chiefly with verbs which ' ', in the 7\i are intransitive, as ttnj? /0 ^ holy EHj? /^ sanctify. Yet ^D sometimes is intransitive, as iriD /^ and with verbs which in the ^f? are transitive, not uncommonly frequentative ~OJ5 /^ ^z/^y "I3|? / fac& o^. ed - 4) b^p is only passive , generally the passive of ^D; e. g. En to be sanctified. 5) ^ypn sometimes intransitive, as H^ri /^ listen, but with verbs which in the bp_ are intransitive , generally transitive, as E^lpn /^? declare holy. 6) ^DH passive; generally the passive of7*yp$, as tfllpri / second pers. (N^P; or |-Q3) , and the third pers. (inpj). The two genders are the masculine ("Of) and the femine The two numbers are the singular (^irP) an ^ the plural 4) The nominal forms are : The infinitive (llpDH "-J^) also called ^DH DB^ (substan- tivum verbale] , and the participles (D^I^D). The infinitive has the two genders , and the participle the two genders and the two numbers. i) For brevity's sake we shall call these two tenses always "Qy and l^HV 24 HEBREW GRAMMAR. The Stem-forms of the Conjugation. 1 6. A. The verbal forms. a. For the Q^D which usually have an active mean- ing two stem-forms may be adopted from which the other verbal forms are derived. These two stem-forms are: 1) The 3 d pers. masc. sing, of the ~Oy. On this stem- form all the other forms are based according to the rules of 1 8. 2) The masc. sing, of the imperative on which are based the other forms of the same tense and those of the TflV according to the rules of 18. b. With the D"0Q which never or very seldom have an active sense, viz. b^D ^BH and ^CIYi, all the verbal forms follow the 3 d pers. masc. sing, of "O^. B. The nominal forms. a. With the triliteral stems the infinitive usually has its own stem-form, and with active verbs also the 2 d stem-form of the verbal forms. Yet in the ^DPl.^pn and ^Dnn and also in the b\)_ and ^?E3 of the biliteral verbs the infinitive has only the 2 d stem-form of the verbal forms. With the n'^Ti; ( 34) the infinitive has always its own stem-form besides that of the verbal forms. b. i) The b\)_ of the triliteral stems has two parti- ciples with different stem-forms agreeing with the stems of the nomina (see 67, i A i seq.). With the biliteral PREFORM ATIVES AND AFFORMATIVES. 25 stems the participle has the stem-form of the "O^ (see 38 b 2). 2) All the other D^S have only one participle. This has a E as preformative before the stem-form, viz. of the Tny with the triliteral verbs, and of the "QV with the biliteral verbs (see 67 B i). The ^Di alone has the stem-form of the ~oy without preformative. 3. The participles therefore generally have a long final vowel. With the triliteral stems this vowel is even leng- thened when it is short in the stem-form. The Preformatives and Afformatives. 17. A. The verbal forms. i) To make the different forms of the conjugations, letters are used which are placed either before or after the stem. 2) In the iny the letters rtiDTI Cnjp T|n] are used and only as afformatives. In the TH^ both the pre- formatives H^tf LjrPNl] and the afformatives 3TI [rDf] are used. In the imperative only the afformatives 3TI are employed. Table of preformatives and afformatives. Plur. 2 fern. to-- Sing. 23 F) stem-form. Tl n- n- 26 HEBREW GRAMMAR. Plur. Sing. I 2 3 I 2 masc. Mfl !) 1 n -3 N fern. n; fl n;-n ^78 Plur. 1- ru Sing. n stem-form. Rem. Of the 2 d and 3 d pers. masc. plur. of THV w e nn< l a collateral form on V\ . B. The nominal forms are entirely considered as nomina. General rules for the Pre- and Afformatives of Triliteral Stems. 1 8. i) The preformatives of one letter have the half- vowel, which only through supervening circumstances is changed into a vowel. In the bp_ whee they are fol- lowed by a half vowel, they have p"VTI. In ^Di. and y?nn they are contracted with the n, the vowel of which they take. The N has in ^3 . b%2) and tysnn the 2) The afformatives which have 'the accent and form a syllable (DI-) and ])) have the effect of changing the WDp of the first syllable of the stem into a half vowel , r -- as nnij?S. Dntnv OniTTg. DTrt|qrj whilst the closed syllable immediately preceding always has PIDD , as QfnjQ. Df}!?12n , very seldom bljp , as D^^ i Sam. 12, 13 (see below n 5). THE TRILITERAL STEMS. 2? 3) The afformatives which have the accent but do not form a syllable , cause the vowel of the second syl- lable of the stem to change into a half vowel , as HlpS . npD\ In consequence of this the half vowel of the first stem-letter becomes a vowel, as VlpJ3> TTQ. 4) In the ^ypn however the TITS p'TPI always remains before afformatives which do not form a syllable. The pTH moreover seldom loses the accent (see 88 I ^b} e. g. 1TO5. H^TO. Rem. i. We sometimes find also this p")Tl changed into a half vowel, viz. lp3"p_ I Sam. 14, 22; IDTElJer. 9, 2; n)$y0 Ps. 65, 10. 5) With afformatives which have not the accent, only the D^in of the stem is maintained in the closed syllable immediately preceding, as TTtP> nyi^n. Otherwise this syllable always has PHD, e.g. Tl?#;. rpI The HTy is J>1nseldom kept before Hi- , as in T pS ni"131^, and is once found shortened into btip viz. Ez. 13, 19. If the preceding syllable is open, it always has TDD before n;- (see 32,2; 34,8). Rem. 2. Concerning the pausa see 89. 28 HEBREW GRAMMAR. CHAPTER III. The Conjugation of the Regular Triliteral Verb. Active. b3 19. i) The verbal forms. stem-form "IJ5B. Plur. Sing. 2 3 I 2 3 ornps nps ?1P_s imps nip.D HpQ masc. mpQ fem. Tn,y stem-form TpB. -^^Zu/ ^/ Plur. Sing. 2 3 I 2 3 nppn lip*?? ippn "J'pD 1 masc. irtpQfi hrfpon ^^ "npsn "TpBH fem - nps 2 The nominal forms. D TO stem-form nps, IpD. ^n/^ 3 (participle). ^passiv Plur. nnips Rem. i. The Sing. nps niips (active) ^Jfl Plur. Sing. nnpio nipis or of S^ has besides the stem-form -]Q two other stem-forms viz. ^Q and ^9 (yerba mediae e et 0). These two stem- THE TRILITERAL VERBS. 29 forms are known by the vowel of the second stem-letter, e. g. ^Dtt^ to be low or hiimble , |J3p to be small. The i~IT!i however only appears in the 3 d pers. masc. sing, and in pausa in the forms of which the second stem-letter would other wise have the half-vowel, e. g. PINT 1 . IDp- The remaining forms are similar to those of the verbs mediae a. The D^IFI appears whenever the second stem-letter has the accent , e. g. Tl^tOp- The *jy\Q ?n 2) The nominal forms. n TO stem-form IpSH, Ip2u or nipo: Rem. IpDH and "fpEH are contracted forms of IpSiH an< i and therefore the first stem-letter ought to have the p|H B^l- I n the ^nV the D coalesces with the preformative which then takes its vowel. The j$ alone generally keeps its ^"JJD- When the infini- tive has a prefix the J-) does not coalesce with it , e. g. "HIDrQ' 21. i) The verbal forms. "Qy stem-form Ip.D. Plur. 2 3 lips Sing. 2 3 1H? nlpD THE TRILITERAL VERBS, stem-form Plur. Sing. 2 3 i 2 ipon 1175? ipon nrijssri 17.5*$ 17.9H nrp 2) The nominal forms. JBH TJ'I'n stem-form IpD or TpD. Rem. i. In ^g and ^gj the preformative keeps the half-vowel, because it precedes a letter with a vowel. Rem. 2. With the participle the preformative is sometimes omitted, e- g. |ND Ex. 7,27. Rem. 3. The infinitive has sometimes the stem-form of the "QJ7, as WO 2 Sam. 12,15. 22. Stem-form lj?p. i The verbal forms. Plur. 2 Sing. 2 HEBREW GRAMMAR. Plur. 2 Sing. 2 3 11?"! rnip_p^ 2) The nominal forms. ?D ~y~n stem-form 1pp. mpDD or nipoo -.-' .-.. : T*T\ : Rem. l. Concerning the preformative see preceding Rem. I. Rem. 2. In the 7j?D also the preformative of the participle is some- times omitted , e. g. ^>3J$ Ex. 3,2. 23. The verbal forms. stem-form Plur. 2 nrnp_pn Sing. 2 stem-form Tppn and 2 31^ 2 THE TRILITERAL VERBS. 33 2) The nominal forms. DH "TJ stem-form IpDH. nipDD or DTpDD Rem. i. Although the j-j coalesces with the preformative it remains in the infinitive after a prefix, e. g. TP^lpn^- Sometimes however the |-j of the infinitive is omitted after a prefix , e. g. 1J33 H13V^ rpi ^23^1 to make the belly to swell and the thigh to fall away ' "T ^ \ ~ : Num. 5,22 ; and on the other hand is sometimes written after the preformative, e.g. ^i^W 1 Ps - Il6 5 6 - Rem. 2. The infinitive has but seldom the first stem-form, as Lev. 14,43. 24. i) The verbal forms. Stem-form mpon T :' : T fl"ppn rnppn 3 rips; 2) The nominal forms. n D!F stem-form IpDD ' T: T 34 HEBREW GRAMMAR. Rem. l. The Pjlftn }*Pp f the preformative is sometimes interchanged for ]J3j5 p-fitf, e.g. !pjj^ Jes. 34,3; HD^P l Kings 13,24. Rem. 2. The infinitive has sometimes the collateral form IpCD , e. g- Ez. 16,4. 25. The verbal forms. Stem-form iipsnn 2 3 ipsnn 2) The nominal forms. n TO stem-form ^1^3 \ nipnp or Rem. l. The n f the infinitive, like in the preceding conjugations, does not coalesce with the prefix , e. g. ^T^nn;?' Rem. 2. If the first stem-letter is a sibilant it changes place with the fl of the preformative n~i as "DH^H * l> e Pured THE VERBS WITH GUTTURALS. 35 to become heavy^ troublesome. After the J the p is changed into tO 1 as p^ltOijn to justify oneself. In like manner should the J") after f be changed into "J, as is the case in the cognate Aramaic , e. g. jDiJTH > but of this no instance is found in the Bible. The f) is entirely omitted when the first stem-letter is T, Jj or )> e - K31H} to be oppressed lljjtSn cleanse yourselves^ iriDfin be amazed ', and sometimes also with other stems, as J^jni Num. 24,7. EXERCISES. !?~G in ^ypj and ^^DH tys and ^B n ^. ^VD. ^S and ^pn ^n and snn 6na and and BH (pDl and and Dflil (123 and CHAPTER IV. The deviations from the regular verb in consequense of one or more gutturals being in the stem. 26. The verbs of which the first stem-letter is a guttural (verba primae gutturalis). The deviations only occur in b\>_> ^Di> ^V^n and b^pn. i. When at the beginning of a word the first stem- letter should have the half-vowel, it has here the Hisn, e. g. l^n> pin. TD2?.. "ON. H D (see 4,3). 36 HEBREW GRAMMAR. 2. The auxiliary vowel of the preformative is here nnp or bljp, and the subsequent guttural generally has the corresponding ^n instead of Nl$; e. g. ttQPIl and TDIT. POT and D-KT. pT?T and "OT. TDVH, DlD^n, p->Tnn , p^TrP ._ ........... ....... I ..;,... - ;... . f..y. r . - *.\- | ....;,... I -;- and TDnn. 1D*0 and IDK" 1 . IDV" 1 and 'asm. : v : v v:iv f:\r '- : T This WW or *"|Dn sometimes changes into the short vowel of the preformative , when the verb is lengthened at the end by an afformative or otherwise, e. g. IDl^i they are heaped up, rnDJH let us stand , IDliT they press forward, nj&JJN 1 ! and I shall rejoice. Concerning the value of this vowel as regards the accent see 7 Rem. i. '). Rem. l. In consequence of what has been said in the previous number it cannot be determined whether the form J"P1P ^ s ^D v*:|- or ^iJJCn; th 6 context alone can decide this. Rem. 2. Of PPD to be and J-)TI to live the -pnjJ is T\^ and rpfP 2 )- 3) When the first stem-letter should have the pin tt^, for instance in ^VP?, the preceding short vowel is chan- ged into a long vowel, e. g. D.'irP instead of D^rP (Cf. Rem. 3. The "^ in this respect follows the gutturals , e. g. liJ^n instead of Rem. 4. Concerning the verbs with {^.as first stem-letter see 31. 1) When the guttural has not rj^fj but }0^ i n certain good editions a point is placed in the subsequent letter for the purpose of drawing the attention to it, e.g. "QVN and rTQyj*. nt^VK and nt^Vtf (Conf. ftp T : : v v v:iv : : v 6 note 2). 2) In certain good editions attention is drawn to this by a JHD pla- ced at the side of the p'Tll, as J-p!T and J-pJT ( cf - 9 note 0- THE VERBS WITH GUTTURALS. EXERCISES. stem-forms "01, IDPI. but THy 1D1T P?n pig. pin. . pin.^ -jbn ^n, TO " TO' DttTI _ "]cn ~Dn^ rjcnn my mn Dinn The verbs of which ^ycn'y is a guttural. (verba mediae gutturalis). 27. The deviations occur in all the D^.3. the excepted. 1) Instead of the half- vowel the ^DPl'V has here ^n, and generally nnD rpq, e. g. 1Dfi|^. liTOV Dfejif). lp^.1 (cf. 26, i). 2) Instead of p"iTI as auxiliary vowel the bysn'D has nnQ or ?1jp and the byEPl'V the corresponding nn or bl3D ^q ; e.g. l^p, QnN (cf. 26, 2). Rem. i. ! nn^ Job 6,22 is an exception. 3) The infinitive excepted , the ^'cn'y changes its D^ 38 HEBREW GRAMMAR. and sometimes also its flTSt into PiriD, e.g. b$$; the infin. remains pns. Rem. 2. The -] follows the same rule, as 21D- 4) In b$B, ^D, and ^J?snn the short vowel of the !?^sn'D is changed into a long vowel, viz. pTPI into nTSZ, nDD into }>, and pup into D^IH (see 4 Rem. 5); e.g. -IK3, -TJD, te?, m Rem. 3. Likewise with -| as ^Qlj'y; e.g. "^p. Rem. 4. On the other hand the p generally, the p) often , and the y sometimes retain the preceding short vowel, e. g. QH3 > bni > l^^ 1 '> and in very few instances even the J$ , e. g. "1^3- Rem. 5. Several forms of the verb ^^ in the ^_ are conjugated according to the stemform ^t^5 e - g- ^ EXERCISES. pyr in p_, y$) and pIT 9 and ^B i. ^D and in ^J|3 and Q (F^ DH , ^en and n ^E?;, ^ys, oj;n. nyn and ^n The verbs of which the ^DH' is a guttural. (verba tertiae gutturalis). 28. The deviations from the regular verb are the following. THE VERBS WITH GUTTURALS. 39 (a) Concerning the stems with N as tyzrib see 33. (b) The stems with PI or V as tyE\f? change the Q^iPl or the nTS which precedes this letter into PlOi, except in the nominal forms, e. g. JJD^n 0$, nfei rhv- Rem. The 1 sometimes follows the same rule, as -Qj; Job. 21,10. (c) There are only four verbs which really have !"1 as ^?EH^; they are H2J. HDD. HJJ. HDH. Of HDD we only find the form PIQZ). The other three, in the very few forms which occur, follow rule$), whilst HJi also belongs to the verbs of 29. EXERCISES. in ^p_and ^Bn (n i tD in all the conjugations. B and i and Verbs belonging .both to 26 and 27 are, e. g. Jin, ppn. my, pjn. n-in- Verbs belonging both to 26 and 28 are, e. g. Tin. "an, ~ITJ?> mn, j;an. Verbs belonging both to 27 and 28 are, e. g. , TO, niD, "iy2. ru, in?, jnr. 40 HEBREW GRAMMAR. CHAPTER. V. Verbs of which one or more stem-letters may in the conjugation be absent. D^DH (verba contracta). 29. The verbs with I as 'sn'D (i"D i) When the preformative has a vowel (see 18, i) the 3 falls away, and the second stem-letter is marked with pin tttol, e. g. ^]t^, ^H. In the infinitive however the 3 remains , e. g. ^b> &$. Rem. i. No deviations therefore occur in Q , g and 2) With certain verbs the i is omitted in the impera- tive and infinitive of ^>p_ even at the beginning of a word. The infinitive in this case has exclusively the feminine form ; e. g. t#3 and D^ of Wti ; of NtW, because of the N, Nfr and nNtp; of ^.because of the V, V3 and n^3. Rem. 2. The ^ does not fall away when the ?ysn'V is a guttural, e. g. .an:?, DTOI. !?j;^, oyy[- (we find however nn.i from nm Jer. 21,13). I Q like manner the } remains in ri^fl rj^HS Ps. 68,3; ItO^ Jer. 3,55 11S^ Deut. 33,9; IBp^ J e s- 29,1; Ip^H Judges 20,31. Rem. 3. With the stem p|p^ tne ^ often falls away as if the stem were Hpi- Thus the imperative is p|p an d np., tne infinitive and nilj?, the TI^ Hp.> Rem. 4. Sometimes also the 1 when ^y'SJl'D f a ^ s away. See 32 Rem. 2. ^5^ EXERCISES. Ifito in ^5p_, ^D3, ^VPH. ^DH and tJTJi and THE nnpo; 41 and and Verbs belonging both to 28 and 29 are T!3> ruj, VD3. IB:- The verbs of which the tyQrfy may fall away 30. () When the ^sn'^J is i, it falls away before the i of the afformative , which then is marked with the prn &F\ , as mwn. ITT -T ' T- .|- Rem. i. The 3 as ^Qn'? does not fall away before a suffix, as ^HS- Rem. 2. With JH3 (belonging to the ^"3 "HDH and therefore sometimes called nllUjpn ipn) tne i falls away also before Di e - g- Y1CI3- The infinitive of ^p is flf)- Rem. 3. ]Hi moreover has in the "PHJ? and 1111} of ^p never the stem with D;>in i rarely with flDD ? but almost always with JTTji (cf. 19 Rem. 2), thus JH give, ]rp ^^ gives. EXERCISES : pD , pta . IDS- Verbs which belong to 26 |nn 1^. pi. 27 ira, JTO, ]D. (b) When the ^Dy^ is H it falls away before the D of the afformative, which then is marked with DTH ^Jl, as I TT ' T ' Rem. 4. This deviation is only found in the "QJ?. 42 HEBREW GRAMMAR. EXERCISES : nos . rotf Verbs belonging to 26 my, my, . 27 njn, rro, nntf , mtf , Verb 29 ntf:, 2 7 and 2 9 CHAPTER VI. Verbs of which one or more stem-letters in the conjugation frequently are tnpi TO TD^ni verba quiescentia) . 31. Verbs of which the 'Dn'D is tf In addition to the deviations, already mentioned in 26, we have here the following. i) With 6 verbs the half vowel of the preformative is in the ^?p_ changed into D^TI. They are "DK to perish, ra$ to will, THX to take hold of, !?D$ to eat, 1D to say, !"E to bake ; e. g. "DN\ After the J* of the preformative the K of the stem falls away, as 1jN. Yet we find here also forms such as TTINn. v: iv Rem. T. This D^IH f t^ 16 preformative is sometimes found also in T \^ the ^VDi, as ITHXi Num. 32,30. Now* and then this D^fl a l so : ~ T occurs with other verbs, e. g. 2uN I shall love along with the form Rem. 2. The {$ of the stem is sometimes omitted also in other forms, as Hdn thou takest away ; ^?n^_ = ^n^ ^^ J^a// ///"r/i ///j tent Jes. 13,20 (See also Rem. 3). THE DTj;. 43 2) The ~rr\)J has here often the stem-form with PITS, e.g. TPttO, !?ptfn. Dtptf: (Cf. Rem. 3 and 30 Rem. 3). Rem. 3. Instead of "i^JO we always find "iO}<7; and in a similar manner we find the DTii in "lONl Gen. 32,5; "3\1$ Prov. 8,17; PTD Prov. 17,4; ITIN J es - 21,12; nntfn Mich. 4,8; KH^ Deut. 33,21. Rem. 4. In the T^DP! the J$ is sometimes changed into {$ or , : : T T e. g. jifN = ]\TN{<. / shall listen Job. 32,11; ^K"l from ^^i_or 7^^ he separated Num. 11,25; D"T I< 1 from 2^1 or 3^*1^ he set .\ :--r- :i~ ;| an ambush i Sam. 15,5. Rem. 5. The verbs ^"Q ifji sometimes take their forms from the V'rj ipj* (see 32), as HDVi an< * he collected 2 Sam. 6,1 ; remained behind 2 Sam. 20,5. EXAMPLE OF CONJUGATION. etc. stem-form "?pw 44 HEBREW GRAMMAR. ISDN' 1 TOW T3NH TO The pn form we find of THN in 2 Chr. 9.18. EXERCISES. in bp_, bye and ^yenn 2J^ and DIN in p_, BH and SHH Verbs belonging to 27 TH^. 28 -1DK Verb B 27 and 28 "IDN Verbs 30 JIM. p* THE DTD. 45 Verbs of which ^V'en'D is i (V's 32. There are two different classes of these stems. A. Verbs of which the by'En'E really is 1, but which chiefly at the beginning of a word is changed into \ These verbs deviate from the regular conjugation in the following points. i) In the stem-forms with a preformative of one letter the vowel of this preformative is contracted with the 1 into D^in or pTltf; e.g. from "61 is formed and not 2) The remaining stem-forms change the 1 into ^; e. g. "I^V "fe. "&? *W> "I^Tin. There are however three excep- tions. a] The second stem-form of the ^p_, in which the 1 falls away, as ~6, and in consequence the vowel of the preformative of the TH^ becomes long , e. g. ~fa (cf. 37, 2) ; - - b) the l^ny of the ^c: in which the T remains , e. g. ~6Vi ; c] the ^ISIY! in which both the 1 and the ^ appear; e.g. 3) The stem-form of the "Vfiy and ""II? has here the "TS, as 1^> 3^ but the gutturals have by preference nns, as jn. B. The verbs of which the ^En'C really is " deviate in the following points. i) The TO $W does not occur under the ^EnD, be- cause it is a "> ; e. g. T^ not 1^ (cf. 5,6). For the 46 HEBREW GRAMMAR. same reason the vowel of the preformative in the is !TT8, as rptm 2) In the bp_, the form b%D as second stem-form is the more common, as $T (cf. 19 Rem. 2). Rem. i. These two classes of the V'Q i|~|3 are however not always so clearly distinguished as one would expect, as the one class not unfrequently takes its forms from the other class. (See appendix 2). Rem. 2. Of 3JJ1, yg), JJjp, H2J 1 it is usually said that the ^DH'D in the conjugation is missing, as {"ViP* IPUDi an d consequently a class of V'Q "HDPl nas been admitted. Yet we find the 1 absent also in niH fr m i^ Gen. 40,20; D^IDKI fr m "ID" 1 Hos. 10,10; and pUK from pj{1 Jes. 44,3; *ff\XX from -|jji Jer. 1,5; Dyi^l from ^^1 I Sam. 6,12, although these forms are classified T ; ~~* *~~ under the "i"g ip)^. The forms moreover of 3^1 in which the ^V'SH'D " T is missing, may be explained by admitting the stem 3^3 which seems to appear in the noun 31^. A similar collateral stem i& possible also with the other verbs , the more so as we have no sufficient probability for admitting a stem with ") and 1 as ^BH'D for the verbs Jjp and r\\ In this manner the forms in$3^1 Nah. 1,4; nil' 1 !, and 1^5. Lam. 3,33.53 could perhaps be traced back to. a collateral stem of the }"Q l~\Dr\- Rem. 3. Irregular forms are : \^ Ps. 138,6; 319^ Job. 24,21; 5^ Jes. 15,2. Ex - 2 - Rem. 4. The V'g ifj^ rarely borrow their forms from the N"Q ini as ir>p^n = I^P^D or l^pin Jes. 30,21; and vice versa. See 31 Rem. 5. THE QTB. 47 A. EXAMPLE OF CONJUGATION. fe 1?y stem-form T^i stem-form ib i2 or stem-form stem-form stem-forms 1.^ and 2 stem-form Stem-form T^Tl or i 48 HEBREW GRAMMAR. rrfyn stem-form stem-form B. ^jl stem-forms p^ and p:^ v pi; TO? P^V pi In the "13^ no stem-form occurs with <, but always with 1 , e. g. YW*- I n tne ^O^ ^ e on ly stem-form with "" is ni^J from PIT, otherwise always with 1, as stem-form IT^H or like the stem-forms of A. THE X"b Til 49 The verbs of which y'sn' is tf ($" ipD) 33. The deviations from the conjugation of the regular verb. 1) When the K is the last letter of the word the PIHD or D^in of the ^'DPl'V is in the verbal forms changed into pp T , as *OP T , NlpJ, *Op?. 2) In the "QV of ^p_ the vowel of the ^Brfy is the same as that of the stem-form , as nJTjj? from N"Jp T > TINT from NT. 3) In the other forms when the N is not in the last syllable of the word the ^DH'V has iTI^ , as n^lpi ; except with the afformative rti (cf. 18,5); e.g. HiN^lp. Rem. The ^"^? ^f|^ not unfrequently take their forms from the H"^ 1 "'Pli e.g. ^31 = N31 Ps. 143,3; ^n = J^bn Eccl. 8,12; TlNpn = >i nN?D % n 2 Kings 2,21 ; n 1 ?:^ = n2ion] x Sam - I0 ' 6 . 12,18. EXAMPLE OF CONJUGATION. stem-form stem-form NSI2. HEBREW GRAMMAR. 3 TO Sn TPl tfSQ, T - ' v v T stem-form stem-form 3 TO stem-form stem-form N; X iSO TO n TO N!?P, N THE #*? -"m. Stem-form ,y stem-form iOSHDPl. stem-form Stem-form 5"2 HEBREW GRAMMAR. -nn;y Stem-form : rwtenrf n EXERCISES. . ^VD. D and Verbs belonging also to 26 27 ^ 29 M ^^ belongs also to 32 T to 27 and 32. THE n"b TII 53 The verbs n"b TI3- "T 34. Verbs which really have D as ^'Dn'^ have been already spoken of in 28 c. Here verbs are meant which in appearance only are rl'b TJ3 but which in reality have 1 or ^ as byzri'b. The deviations in the conjugation of these verbs are the following. 1) When the 1 or ^ occur at the end of a word they are changed into D, e.g. TWfy JTO. nfrjT; In the b^D ^WS of the b\)_ however, and often also in the fem. form tyiD of the ^p_the "> remains, e.g. 2) Before ^13 pTH and pTltf at the end of a word the 1 and " are omitted , e. g. "tiflt, iDDH , 1^. flS. 3) In the middle of a word the 1 is changed into a \ as 4) The EH'y has in the 13^ before the in the transitive conjugations the pnifl and in the intransitive conjugations the iTT^, as I "1D^ fr om HID to blossom Hos. 3, 15; TlNSpl from H to delight in Ez. 43, 27. (cf. w versa 33 Rem.). EXAMPLE OF CONJUGATION. stem-form THE n 7 "TO. stem-form rD3 or n?3. stem-form stem-form nPl or oa TO ni 55 HEBREW GRAMMAR. stem-form iT>3. stem-form rb$ or nVl T! rrfa, rfo, n^ stem-form ^ stem-form THE n"^ 57 stem-form H^ stem-form HH and n TO ?Li TO : T stem-form " onto stem-form HEBREW GRAMMAR. nto stem-form stem-form and n VERBS FOR EXERCISE. in bp_and ^?i, nte in bp_, ^ and HDD n and and and Verbs belonging to 26 mn, PPn, 27 rim, mi. . H^H- HI THE BILITERAL STEMS. 59 Verbs belonging to 26, 27 29 nM. 3 I PDK, 32 n-p, n&, m\ CHAPTER VII. The biliteral Stems. 35. The biliteral stems have a twofold kind of conjugation. 1) When the second stem-letter is doubled. 2) When the stem is restricted to the two stem-letters. 36. The biliteral stems strengthened by duplication of the second stem-letter. i) The conjugation of these verbs is similar to that of the triliteral stems, e.g. ITU, DP^> 33D, 2) Instead of the fyz, hy$ and ^Bnn of these verbs, the byiD , ^1D , and ^ISHH are often used ; e. g. DDIp , The forms of these D^Pi3 are similar to those in place of which they are used. Rem. When both forms are found, they usually have a different meaning, as ^1B to cut -, ^^> to s P eak > y$fiflft to ra S e > to exalt oneself. HEBREW GRAMMAR. EXAMPLE OF CONJUGATION. ^yiD stem-form DDTl. icon npsn D2T1 >ppn Dpnp DD1T stem-form DDTi. Similar to tylD except that the last syllable is DD or DD instead of DD. iD^n stem-form DOTinPl, like ^VlD with the preforma- tive nn. 0?' OP> 0$ W- and>pp. 37. The conjugation of the biliteral stems restricted to the two stem-letters. i) This conjugation only occurs in the 4 D" 1 ^.?' Jp_> Di. ^ypn and ^CH. Its forms are very similar to those THE BILITERAL STEMS. 6 1 of the 'D "HCO, of which the two last stem-letters alone occur. 2) The preformative here has a vowel (cf. on the contrary 18, i). The vowel becomes a half- vowel when the accent is shifted back , e. g. n^iTrlDI;) = HiJlDn from the stem HID; l-gU? from m (cf. 18, 2). 3) The stem- vowel , because here it is the only vowel of the stem, usually is retained even in the 3 d pers. fern, and plur. (cf. on the contrary 18, 3) e.g. IDT from 3T to be much or many ; 131T from jn to turn round; n?nn from bnn to begin. The DTin however as stem-vowel sometimes becomes a half- vowel (cf. n i) e. g. T\pJ\ (sing. Ipl) to bow, IDir (sing. CfT) to be completed. Rem. i. The same thing now and then occurs with forms which are not like the corresponding forms of the 'Q "HDH > as H^D^l = H^Di"! an( l we U '*H confound; ^"Mft = ''"l^.H thou wilt be oppressed. 4) The I st and 2 d pers. have a prolonged collateral form with D^IH after the second stem-letter, as HI^G = ri23 thou under standest ; #13. In addition to these there are stem-forms with Y^P T and p"VO > as EJ2. to rise up, J" 1 ! to fish. 2) The conjugation is according to 37, 3, except that the nTS shows itself only in the 3 d pers., and in the other forms is changed into Pins (cf. 19 Rem. i); e.g. DID. HDD, 13HD. S> T ; Rem. l. The stem-forms with p"PH are ver Y rare. They only occur in D1JP11 and they shall fish Jer. 16, 16; DH^D! and ye shall spread yourselves Mai. 3, 20; VTD'H than strives t Job. 33, 13; in1i^3 I understood Dan. 9, 2. Rem. 2. The VQp is sometimes lengthened by a subsequent {< ; e. g. D3 Hos - 10, 14; J2tf# = I3# Ez. 28, 24. 3) The stem-form of the Tny and ""Tilt has Din or (See 19 with Rem. 2). But we find also many stem- forms with pTH and p]Yl#; e.g. 3D /0 /r, bp_ to be light , 3^, Dp- ^ The stem-form with nns is naturally the more com- mon with the guttural verbs; e.g. DO /0 be hot; "ID /n when the stem- THE BILITERAL STEMS. 63 form has D^>in> and ITPa when it has Ping; e.g. 3D\> fb; to pass the night, 3^P> Dip;, 3D? = 3D;, b\ : Rem. 3. We very seldom find V*Qp before a stem with nflD- Before the same stem we also occasionally find a preformative with p"pj"| , as 3D" 1 he draws back , which before a guttural is sometimes chan- ged into PHD i e - g- "IfT ? te sharpens , $nH thou makest haste. The rTTi? is found before $13, therefore $131. Rem. 4. The long vowel of the 2 d stem-form is shortened when the TJSnSil'l ( 85 B i ^ en d} is prefixed to it; e.g. 20^ from "^D" 1 ; Di^l from DIP" 1 , 3T1 from 3 DTI from n"-p. vyi") Num. T I TT I ^ VT- -T \T- T I I~ 17, 23 however makes an exception. When one of the two stem- letters is a guttural the vowel generally is nflD j e - g- "ID' 1 ! from from w Yet we find DH^I, onni, nyi, rj?m frm T TT TT 'TT~ TT HIV" 1 ' TVn- Jn ^13^ the long vowel remains, which I T T T in consequence retains the accent. Rem. 5. The D/ID an( i p"11$ here are frequently interchanged, as 31$ = 31$- (b) The nominal forms. i) The infinitive has the stem-form of the Tny (cf. 1 6 Ba), as D1$ = Dl$ = D^$, ~n. 2} The b\>_ of these stems has only one participle and this has the stem-form of the 13V, as ~ID measuring, $1 being poor, J-6 scoffing, C3 treading. In addition to this the participle has in a few instances the stem-form p^l1$, as "V1D departing, occasionally with a passive meaning like the ^IVD ^1^3 of the triliteral stems, e.g. J1D being hedged in , $in being armed. HEBREW GRAMMAR. nro EXAMPLE OF CONJUGATION. Stem-form 3D. 10.130 13D TIISC Stem-form ina Stem-form Stem-form Dp T Stem-form ison 120 T : T T v \ : Stem-form PIPD. inrjr) n^nnn or n:nnn nrnnn or - - Stem-form pITl. mac 3DH nnn nrp nnn THE BILITERAL STEMS. Stem-form Dip: stem-form does not occur The -mi Dip* 65 Dipn Dip; pipn Dipn 3D 3D YJD with the stem-form ring is not found. Dip. stem-form IDIp Dip Di stem-form 13D nno 11D D3D 39. (^) The verbal forms. i) The stem-form of the "13V is like that of a triliteral verb in the ^p_ after i has been prefixed to the stem (cf. 19 with Rem. i). The conjugation is according to 37 3 anc * 6; e.g. pDi to perish, ty to be rolled, melt; HpM. H^, HED:. 'T-T T T T "T Rem. i. The preformative sometimes has pl^Hi as ^Pli ^ ^ defiled^ which before a guttural is changed into TTF& > e - g- "1W to i> e cur ~ .. .. T .. sed, Q|"ii to be disturbed^ rarely D^ini as TVIi to become powerful. Rem. 2. The stem-form with ""P^ i s t^ e least common. 5 66 HEBREW GRAMMAR. 2) The stem-form of THJJ and ^1S is formed by pre- fixing the preformative in with the omission of the 3 (cf. 20). The stem has D^IH or HHS like the triliteral verbs in the b\>_, rarely ilTjt, as pEH, ^lari, Dgn. The pTn of the preformative becomes rrplJ before a guttural; as ")W] /0 ^ made light, d"lH /0 ^ raised, to be taken away. (b) The nominal forms. i) The infinitive has the stem-form of the THJ? (cf. 1 6 B#), as pl3n ft? be emptied , /OD and ^Pin. DDil. 2) The participle has the stem-form of the "DV (cf. I 6 B 2), e.g. [HO ^z'w^- established; ^ and b\>\ light. The vowel of the preformative becomes a half-vowel, as is the case with the other nomina, when the first stem-letter loses its accent, (cf. 59 A c I and 88 II 3) ; e - D ^?? ' nW; . D'tiD}. Rem. 3. The use of the ^Qi is on the whole very limited, for many biliteral stems are intransitive in the 7p. When the 7j?D3 occurs it is either the passive of ;?^DD , as "IDi ^ & e changed from Ti^n 5 or it differs in meaning but little from the pp , as ^p3 from ^|> to be light, V1Q3 /'o ^^ dispersed from VQ. (cf. ntftfn and IKtf Jes- 6,11). X V T ' T If the ^n is transitive the ^VDi naturally is passive, as |53i ^ i_ e . . i T 3^ emptied from p3. imo: THE BILITERAL STEMS. EXAMPLE OF CONJUGATION. Stem-form 3D1 Stem-form tol Stem-form 3DH. ni?pn Stem-form JDH. niap; son ton to; nito: nto; ton no; nisp; nap; nap; ton 40. () The verbal forms. i) The stem-form of the "QV is formed by prefixing 68 HEBREW GRAMMAR. M to the stem. The stem has pTH (cf. 23) HT^J and chiefly with gutturals PIPD; TDH. "ion. IDri to break. The conjugation is like that of the triliteral stems (cf. 23). In the forms however which are lengthened , the first stem-letter always has pTfl or HTiJ, as HID^u from Fpin to wave; ni^pn from !?p_n to make light; n and niD'nn to raise. 2) When the accent is shifted (cf. 37, 2) the half- vowel of the preformative frequently becomes before a, guttural, Pino , as Hl^nn thou hast begun ; ""fiT^H I testified. Rem. 1. The preformative of ^3 frequently has D^IH , as lS^2li"i , > but the prolonged forms are like those of the other stems , thou makest ashamed. 3) The stem-form of the Tfl and ^ has pTD or (cf. 23), and with the gutturals sometimes PiriD; whilst the preformative is H; e.g. TDH. "IDH. "ISH- The preformative also sometimes has PIDD, as n^EH and rrpn /c? incite (cf. 37, i) occasionally with diffe- rence of meaning; e.g. bnn to begin, ^nn to profane. Rem. 2. Certain stems have in -QJf a collateral form resembling that of the 'Q "HDP1 1 an d generally with difference of meaning , as IT^H to give rest , H^H ^ ^ /o D in ^and in and DD Vp_, ^p: and . bye, tyiB and ^1D. ^Vpn and and THE BILITERAL STEMS. 73 42. The fyB, ^D and ^jspn of the biliteral stems. i) In order to give to a biliteral verb the meaning of the *?$&> b^D and bysnn, the conjugations mentioned in 36 are used. In addition to these, there are other conjugations serving the same purpose, which are ob- tained by doubling both stem-letters, e.g. !?3^D 2) They are conjugated in the same manner as the h?D> ^D and ^BHil of the triliteral stems, with this dif- ference that here the vowel of the first stem-letter is followed by a ru*")i PS (cf. 4 Rem. 2) and that in the ^D the f)3p is often interchanged for the ^ton }>p T (cf. 4 Rem. 6). EXAMPLE OF CONJUGATION. tys 6.DJ) stem etc. ntete. T ;- : etc. z 6s^S. ^D^D) stem -. - etc. . stem etc. n^s^ Rem. l. Also with the triliteral stems one or more letters are occa- sionally doubled. 74 HEBREW GRAMMAR. If the ^'0n 'b alone is .doubled 6^& and ^D *3 & 15 and 16) the verb is conjugated, as if the two first stem-letters were but one letter, e.g. 13JN$, I^DN- If the two last stem-letters are doubled, T-:I- T : .. D 13 n I 7) , they are simply placed between the 'Q and e.g. DD-IDP; Rem. 2. There are moreover forms which could be referred to a quadriliteral stem, but in which the regular triliteral stem may easily be discovered. They are the following n^DDID 1 p s. 80,14; TtSHD Job 26,9; tfDBI Job 33,25; fe-OD I Chr. 15,27; rfrWDteM Gen. 13,9. :r-. T .:-, : T : : ~: 43. Deviations from the regular conjugation of the biliteral stems. i) The same reasons which cause certain deviations with the triliteral stems, also occur here, and generally with the same consequences; e. g. ^iripD Ex. 9,17; pp^pn^. Nah. 2,5; mpnn PS. 18,26; Dprw jes. 33,10; -nnt?n Num. 16,13 frm bQ,pW, D.n,.D"l and "Itt (according to 25 Rem. 2); D^p. Mai. 3,9; ip.1 ( 26 Rem. 3); -1DH, -ID.1 Jes. 24,9 ( 28 Rem. 38,9); H-pin ( 300); T1D ( 30^); nK3,TliC- ( 33,2). 2) If, however, the ist stem-letter is N, ^ or i, either the verb 'is conjugated with three letters, as ^ , or else the ist stem-letter does not follow the rules of 31, 32 and 29, because it here serves as consonant and cannot be missed , e. g. THE BILITERAL STEMS. 75 VERBS FOR EXERCISE. Verbs belonging to 26. p_, byzi, b%to, byz, hysn. tysnn and all the and n and Verbs belonging to 28. and Verbs belonging to 26 and 28. Di . ^D . ^Vpn and and ^iBpn. and Verbs belonging to O O ID B yc:, ID, ID, DH. pn and and . . and B no ^IB. b^pn and Verbs belonging to 26 and 30. in pi.p, IB. pn and p n ^v. - ^? ^90 and ^WW Verbs belonging to 33. *c * ^VBH and J^ and 76 HEBREW GRAMMAR. CHAPTER VIII. The alterations which the verbal forms undergo. 44. i) The verbal forms undergo a threefold kind of alteration. a. to modify their signification ; b. to connect them with suffixes; c. when 1 conversive is prefixed to them. 2) a only occurs with the TH^ and 1! )isn fTI; with all the verbal forms of a transitive verb; c only with the -Q and the 3) The alterations of b and are restricted to the change of vowels. Rem. c is treated of later on see 85 B i. 45. The longer, shorter or modified forms of the Tny and ""FISH Tl. i) The forms of the TH^ are sometimes lengthened through the addition of Pi with the accent , for the pur- pose of strengthening their meaning modus adhortativus. With the triliteral stems the rule given in 18, 3.4 is to be here applied , e. g. rTQTJ$ from 13JNI / will remem- ber , in Ir^Bn iTTQTN from TDJN. X Rem. l. The prolonged form almost exclusively occurs with the I st pers. sing, and plur., rarely with the other persons, as and let it come Jes. 5,19. Rem. 2. The prolongation is sometimes made by H > e - g- Hj Ps. 20,4; and when fern, by HD, e.g. nn^lSD Deut. 33,16. ALTERATIONS OF THE VERBAL FORMS. ?/ 2) The imperative masc. sing, also is sometimes pro- longed under the rule set out in 18,3; e. g. HDE?^ nzpr. The influence of a guttural or "1 as 'JJ or now and then effects the lengthening of the vowel of the penultimate stem-letter, in consequence of which the half- vowel of the ^BH 'B remains, e.g. n$3#. ntfT from VQ#> IBhV Rem. 3. Here also the termination pj occasionally is found instead of pi , as ri3T Judges 9,29. 3) On the otherhand the forms of the TH^ and iJn sometimes undergo an abbreviation or change of vowels for the purpose of expressing a wish (modus jussivus). 4) The abbreviation only occurs with the verbs i"l"^Y13 ( 34), when the D falls away after the rTTJJ or ^Up in the ^YlJJlj "^TM or Tfl^, which omission now and then in- fluences the remaining vowels, as 1^ from rTl^i ^ from H^. tO.1 from rU3\ IS from H1J. TV) from nB"!rj. With the ""llSn Tj^ it changes a wish into a command. 5) The change of vowels only occurs with the forms of the Tn, when the last syllable is PTO or pnitf. The former becomes n^S the latter Dblil, e. g. IpEP from TpD> DTI from D^n;. dp; from Dip;. 6) Finally an abbreviation or change of vowels occurs with the 2 d and 3 rd pers. of the Tfiy when they are con- nected with the negative ^N, to express a prohibition. The plTl of the last syllable then becomes iTTJt with the triliteral stems, and bt)D with the biliteral stems; HEBREW GRAMMAR. whilst with the H"? ^PD the D falls away, causing thereby an alteration of vowels ; e. g. nn$r)~!?& from nTJ^n. n^rr^N from DW). IDrrbi* from rDCR Rem. 4. Exceptions are Dt^~^tf l Sam. 22,15; 2 Sam. 13,33; an( i T ~ N Ps. 132,10; 2 Chr. 6,42. 46. The Pronominal Suffixes 1) When the object of a transitive verb is a personal pronoun , it may be expressed by r\$ with a suffix , as "'HN me, 5JHN thee , IHJ* him. Generally however, when the object needs not be particularly emphasised, it is added as a suffix to the verbal form. 2) These suffixes are: Plur. you you (does not occur) p or Q3 a n- D D on 1- IT 1- them Sing. me thee thee him ^ - 1- n- in- i in m. T her . n n n f - 3) It appears from the preceding table that some suf- fixes are added without any union-vowel, and others by means of a vowel or half-vowH. The former occur with the forms terminating in a vowel, as "PH^T from ^VIV K^R- or D ^ n are generally used as union-vowels with the forms of "DV; ^IJQ or n")^ on the other hand THE VERBAL SUFFIXES. 79 with the other verbal forms; e. g. iJ-QT. - T : T T : TV ^fear. ^CBS. nnQ or Y\% however sometimes also occur with the forms of TflJ? as ^p_3in Gen. 19,19; Dtf3?1 Ex. 29,30. 5) A 3 moreover is sometimes inserted between the verbal form and the suffix (3 epenthetictim) , e. g. IHi'iy' 1 . = irnsi Deut. 32,10; vj3j$l8 = *lj?>p8 Jer. 22,24; "^32? = ^733? Ps. 50,23. This } very frequently is contracted with the first letter of the suffix; thus 133 becomes 13 e. g. n: D3 T ; V T V TV ; Rem. i. Q3 and QJ1 often are called strong suffixes (suffixa gravia~) because they always have the accent. The others on the other hand light suffixes (suffixa lev Id), Rem. 2. The suffixes of the 2^ person do not occur with the verbal forms of the 2 d pers.; nor these of the I st pers. with verbal forms of the I st pers. Instead of this a reflexive verb is often used. 47. The alterations of the verbal forms of the regular triliteral stems through the appending of suffixes. a. The forms of the "OV. i) The ending n of the fern. sing, becomes n , e. g. i) Whenever no difference of alteration exists between the regular o HEBREW GRAMMAR. Rem. i. The n of 1,1 is here often omitted, e. g. in^DJ and in ~ T: ; -T : Rem. 2. The suffix Q interchanges its vowel with the union-vowel, e - g- DrOU instead of TT : 2) The YP T under the n of the 2d pers. masc. sing. often falls away, e. g. \jrnj2D.- 3) The n of the 2Dp T of the first stem-letter changes into a half- vowel , (cf. 18,2) whilst the ^DH 'y gets }>p T , e.g. 1HD5? from rn^; mnpj? from inj^ Cinp^). The PITS however of the tysin'y with the verbs mediae e remains, e. g. IDH^. 6) In the ^D, for the same reason, the iTTS of the ^sn'J? changes before suffixes with a union-vowel into the half-vowel , and before suffixes without a union-vowel into an auxiliary vowel , e. g. l^ut^l^pX 7) The forms of "O^ before they are connected with suffixes are: and irregular verbs we shall as a rule take the examples from the lat- ter class. REGULAR VERBS WITH SUFFIXES. 81 3 nps nips and (IpD) TO i... P T . mpD) rnps _i... _ I T: and nipD 1J5B and or nipj nips im.pn iTpn psn and rnpjDn or nin nTppn b. The forms of the 1) The vowel of the 'BH 'y becomes a half- vowel be- fore a suffix with a union-vowel (cf. 18,3), as 1DTV.' TrnQi$; and is shortened before the other suffixes, e.g. 1"1D^. ^IPPpS' DP"!&& The \T\T\ however in the b^DH remains (cf; 18,4), e. g. irq^n.l, D3TP^t$. Rem. 5. Yet this p"!" 1 )"! a ^ so i n a very few instances becomes a half- vowel, e.g. rynatyn PS. 65,10. 2) The 2 d and 3^ pers. fern. plur. take the form of the 2<1 pers. mas. plur.; e. g. ^^O.n from ni" 1 ^"!^ Cant. 1,6; ^n?in from nTQin Jer. 2, 19 ; ^?^nn from n^TO) Job 19, 1 5. 3) The forms of THy , when they are connected with suffixes , are : ID 1 and 82 HEBREW GRAMMAR. 13D an <:. The forms of the 1) The forms of the masc. plur. and the fern. sing. of the regular verbs undergo no alteration, whilst to those of the fern. plur. no suffixes are appended. If the fern. plur. were connected with a suffix it would pro- bably be similar to the masc. plur. The form of the masc. sing, alone is altered before it is connected with a suffix. 2) With this form the half-vowel of the ^DH'D in the ^p_ becomes FfOl pQj?, and the vowel of the ^DH'y falls away, e. g. DDn3 from 3D3. 3) In bys, the vowel of the ty&tfy becomes a half- vowel, as "TI33. 4) In ^yon, the rrPJJ of the PTH, e.g. always becomes N before The forms of the masc. sing, of the they are connected with a suffix are : Tpon ^ypn ips by? ips bp_ d. The nominal forms. i) When the infinitive expresses an action and there- IRREGULAR VERBS WITH SUFFIXES. 83 fore has a verbal meaning, it may be connected with the verbal suffixes. The alterations are the same as those of the ^ISjj ^"H , e. g. ^Ip0 to take care of me. 2} The participle also sometimes has a verbal meaning and then is connected with the verbal suffixes. Its alte- rations however are like those of the nomina when they are connected with suffixes , e. g. "0^ J$D!j who girdeth me. 48. The alterations of the verbal forms of the irregular triliteral stems through the appending of suffixes. 1) In addition to the alterations spoken of in 47 we have here the following. With the verba primae gut- turalis ( 26 and 31) the b^sn'D has often FlflD instead of H^n J>Dp T . e. g. irfon from tar]. The HDD of the pre- formative is sometimes lengthened, e. g. DT?^H Ex. 20,5. 2) With the verba mediae and tertiae gutturalis ( 27 and 28) the ^sn'J? has in an open syllable generally }>D|2. in consequence of which the vowel of the ^VDij'D sometimes becomes a half- vowel, e.g. VT^SIP from 'frjW; tffaf^ from ttNtf ; ^r6#: from rfetf 1 .; ^TO from |D3; \ from i:ip ; ^lypt^ from iyp#. 3) With the verbs K"b ^ ( 33) the }> of the remains before the suffixes e. g. ^N"lp\ o T' : 4) As to the verbs H"b ^ ( 34). (a) The " at the end of the verbal forms falls away with its preceding vowel, and the suffixes are added 84 HEBREW GRAMMAR. without any further alteration, e. g. ^ from PHS; T191 from rffl; "W from Dfe^; VtlJP. from n^P.; DKQ fr m DP is changed before suffixes into P , e.g. ^PNn from np*n. 5) When the 'D 'HPD lose the ^DH'D their connection with suffixes is like that of the \l"b Tlj, e.g. IIQT from 3T. ; IHiP from |P. 49. The alterations of the verbal forms of the biliteral stems through the appending of suffixes. I. When the second stem-letter of the biliteral verbs is doubled, the rules for the triliteral stems are applied. II. When the stem is restricted to the two stem-letters we have the following alterations. a. The forms of the 13V- i) The ending D becomes P or P , e.g. 2) The same alterations, mentioned in 47* 2, 3 and 4, occur here , and likewise those df* 48, 2 and 3, when- ever they are required , e. g. "OPti? from P$ ; "OP93 from 3) The vowel of the preformative D in the ^V9"J be- comes a half-vowel ; e. g. D^ET] from "ID" ; 13PiCn from from W?n ; ^P^pi. from P^pn. BILITERAL VERBS WITH SUFFIXES. 85 Rem l. The same rule applies to the H of the infinitive , e. g. I^l2n> In Lev. 26,15 DD'ICnb this half-vowel became a vowel because of the first stem-letter losing its vowel. 4) The nTS of the first stem-letter in the t^Cn is shortened , unless a guttural or "1 follows ; e. g. 'UETin from CTj; but DIDH from "EH; nn&QD : from rjiQrj. Rem. 2. Likewise in the infinitive, e.g. TjCniTD from DDi"! J es - SSi 1 - ' : -:i- " T b. The forms of the THV. T 1) The vowel of the preformative becomes a half- vowel , e. g. 12$ra? , l^tpg. Rem. 3. In 7|*]-p = T^pp Gen. 43,29: Jes. 30,19 the V^P has changed ': : T ': T : ' 'T place with the half-vowel. 2) The vowel of the first stem-letter is often shortened , e.g. U|P from pT; Djjngl from pl$; DD^ from dn; ; V$y\ from |H\ Frequently however it remains, as ^TC\ chiefly before a guttural or 1, e.g. lITir. See further 470 2. c. The forms of the ^H ^. i) The D^lil is frequently shortened, e. g. 122n from {PI; n1;> from ^D. 2) The vowel of the preformative in the D" becomes a half- vowel , and the vowel of the first stem-letter gene- rally is p-lTl (cf. 4/c 4) , e . g. ^r?n. from fan. 86 HEBREW GRAMMAR. The verbal forms before connection with suffixes are : Verbal forms with suffixes of the other stem-forms in 7$. but rarely occur. Jl inppn. Rem. 4. nriD H^n ma Y everywhere be used instead of Rem. 5. The prolonged forms of the I st and 2 d pers. remain unal- tered, e.g. IttYlN'On from Rem. 6. The pTltP may everywhere take the place of the n lion nen DHN nni nrri THE NOMINA. in Rem. 7. As for examples of verbal forms connected with suffixes see Append. 3. CHAPTER IX. Nomina DIID^- 50. The various kinds of nomina. 1) The noun (D!$ D$ substantivum] , to which also belongs the infinitive of the verb (Vysn D$ substativum verb ale], 2) The adjective (D$n ~)}, rijT^ from p^, HiTlS from TO, rb?X from ^?K, rra? from ^, H^ from ^K. () DT, e.g. rnrm from w, nipnin from onin, rfcs from TK , rn?;! from T23 ; chiefly with the infinitive , e. g. n#3 from #3, n$b1 from Eb;, D^n? from 3DD. (c) D D" 1 and D1 , chiefly to form abstract names, e. g. nr?^ from ^ , nnrw from "lllg , m'00 from ^1; niD^D from i$. (d) D1 uncommon, e.g. HiriN from PIN; DIDPI from DP!. (e) PI and n generally poetical, e.g. D31D = rii1D; ^.y.' ^~ 1S sometimes prolonged into nn } 4) There are however fem. nouns which are not de- rived from masc. nouns, and which have a primitive form ; viz. : (a) Often the names of fem. beings , e. g. DN masc. UN ; 'rn masc. ^g , IIDN masc. TIDrj , nn?3# and !TO masc. 13^. (^) The names of certain inanimate objects and ideas, which are used in the fem., although they have no fem. termination ; e. g. the names of the mem- bers of the body, and of trl- powers of nature, as ^n foot , nil wind. 55. The primitives (substantiva primitiva). There are but few nouns which are not derived from nomina or verba. To these probably belong : DERIVATION OF THE NOUNS. 9 1 1) certain names of living beings, as rty lamb, DN mother ; 2) certain object-names, a ]?$* stone, "ItpN thorn; 3) certain names of members of the body, as Efon head, ]TN *w. 56. The Derivatives (substantiva derivata). The derivatives are formed from the stem of a verb or from another nomen. A. The derivatives formed from the stem of a verb. I. Those derived from the bare stem without addi- tion of letters. i) The infinitive of the verb, e.g. tfjq, feq. S D3. JH. TIN, fern. ntfiQ, rten. ITQ3. H^H or Djn, rniK; chiefly fre- quent with the fern, form, as rTP, nW3. n#2. nte\ T : T :| v v : The meaning of these words generally is that of an abstractum. 2} The segolate forms, so called because the ^sn'y of the triliteral stem has ^ttp as auxiliary vowel. () The ^EH'V has ^U5 and the ^SH'D has nn^, ^Jp or D^iri; e.g. lgp "IDT, DSV, fern. nlDD. rnpj. np?^- Rem. l. The auxiliary vowel sometimes is omitted, as ^^H along with {^2. J0*^p along with (b] When the ^Bij'y is a guttural , the auxiliary vowel usually is DHE, e. g. "InlO fern. ""Tj^; and the nTS or 92 HEBREW GRAMMAR. ^13!? of the ^Dn'D is often changed into J1DD , as TJH fem. rrij;:_ Rem. 2. We find however also nouns such as 7ri{$> DH/> D1TV (<:) When the b}}Qr\'b is a guttural , the auxiliary vowel becomes nriD, e. g. Vn fem. rijftpl. Ptii; except in the stems which only in appearance belong to the n"^n; ( 34), for these retain the ^Q, e.g. il^l, HD5; just as the X"b Ti; e.g. if. (d) When the tyEn'y is \ the auxiliary vowel is p~]T! and the vowel of the ^Dn'D always PIHD, as ^.n fem. n^n.' Rem. 3- I n N^3 the auxiliary vowel is omitted. (e) When the ^sn'y is 1, the vowel of the ^DH'D is }>DP T , e.g. ^ fem. rfog. Rem. 4. In J^l^ the auxiliary vowel is omitted. ;T (f) Of the biliteral stems the following agree with the segolate forms, T3> pl"l "ID fem. HT3. nj?n> HID. Although the segolate forms really express an ab- stract idea , they are often used in a concrete sense. 3) The triliteral stems with a half-vowel under the bysn'D, and nnD.^Q or a long vowel under the b^En'y, e.g. tfT], D3#, 3Hp. "IN?, T5|. "11DB^^13|. Of the latter sorts we also find fem. forms, as nTSJI. rrfiDn. nblSl These forms generally have a concrete sense. Rem. 5. When the ^Su'V is D^if! or pll^, and the ^DH'D is N, the N sometimes has HT 1 ^. e.g. TJDN fem. iTTIDN; WGN <"em. DERIVATION OF THE NOUNS. 93 4) The triliteral stems with ^j? under the T^En'S , which becomes a half- vowel, as soon as the word is lengthened at the end. The ^En'y has a long vowel , e. g. Dtfa. to. -iw. ii:n, binn fem. no^N. nto. rrr O T T "T ' T T T T - T " T Rem. 6. The stems with p-pf] or pl^ under the DH'V often really are participles , and therefore will be spoken of along with the adjectives: see 67 I A 2 5. The same forms we find also with the biliteral stems of which the second stem-letter is doubled; e.g. bbn> n??v, rmD. These also generally have a concrete meaning. 5) The triliteral stems with an immovable short vowel under the ^Bu'B , e. g. ^N f. rfa& and or DNtsn. When the Dn' is a guttural the fem. form is like njna. These too generally have a concrete meaning. 6) From the triliteral stems there are many fem. nouns in D with a half-vowel under the ^'EH'S, and a long vowel under the ^EH'V, which express an ope- ration , e. g. riDj^j (also with a guttural as bVBH'y in the form r6na). nsnty, rfroN, rniD^, nwoi. T T iv T : T : T f : T : From the biliteral stems, e.g. !~nD> rtfo. O T T T ~ 7) A series of concrete words with }*Qp T under the tysrj'y, and nVX or D^in under the ^BH'B ; e. g. ^pW f. nr^ir. Dnin f. 8) Rarer forms are nouns such as, 1EJ<> 94 HEBREW GRAMMAR. ^nis. tfitpD. 1133. pirn. to. -fltfis, Tisy. JDIS, 1^3, ^3, "DID, n^p; and with the accent on the penultimate, as TIN. liln. Also fern, forms, as rnyin. mi33, miBn. miSH, and T T T ' T - ' the plur alia tantum '), as D'TO, D^7n> D^g. D^TJT. D^- The most frequent in use of all these forms are the plur alia tantum of the form bl))S, e. g. D r YlS3> DtP&#. 9) Certain forms derived from biliteral stems through duplication of both the stem-letters, e.g. nnnn. "tp"]p pi3p3 fem. n^n^n. m^i^. n^. From the triliteral stems also a few nouns are formed through duplication of one or more stem-letters, as fem. 10) Finally the forms which appear to have more than three stem-letters , e. g. ^pT|, EtoTTJ. ^>^_ : JfTO . Tptt^; all of them generally with a concrete meaning. II. The derivatives formed by addition of letters. The letters used to form nouns from verbal stems, are n^inj* [VniD^ri]. One or more of these letters are for this purpose added either before, after, or between the stem-letters. i) N before the stem , e. g. mm > IION . POIK , n>*DN. Fem T : v T v : v ; v nouns, e. g. DlD^t, 1TOTK, nnnp^. ^ From the biliteral stems, e.g. DON. nW3V?*| (plur.). 2} n before the stem , e. g. From the biliteral stems, e.g. i) Plur alia tantum are nouns which only occur in plural. DERIVATION OF THE NOUNS. 95 3) 1 between the stem-letters , e. g. 1|< p*y?>. From the biliteral stems, e.g. 4) i before the stem, e.g. "ir From the biliteral stems , e. g. TUT . 5) o (a) before the stem, agreeing with the usual form of the Chaldee infinitive, e.g. JTlpD, ^DD. DTID, K^ID fern. nNiftD, and a great many other nouns which later have modified or lost their meaning as in- finitive. (b) before the stem , to indicate the place where an action is occurring, e.g. N^DQ kennel, stable from tf'pD to shut in, Ti?lD place of destination from "IJP to determine. (c) before the stem to express various other meanings, e.g. TJDnp > ~DD > KIDO . DDE ; and fern, nouns, e.g. mono. rosno. ne-io, runo- T" T : - T-- T : ( nnj^p, HTOQ. pHra fem. HJTSID and other fem. nouns, as D^^ 1 ni^inD. n"1.DD n^il?; and pluralia tantum , as (^) sometimes after the stem to indicate a whole which is composed of many small parts, as D?P> D33. 6) 2 (a) after the stem, chiefly with the !"l"^ TO, to form nouns terminating in ]1- p , or ^ , e.g. |ir, 96 HEBREW GRAMMAR. ]\yp. fern. n;i"38; yet from other verbs also, as 1112$. \ftft? ]?T T ' ]$# fern. niinttty. (b) before the stem , e. g. D^DDi (plur.). 7) n (a) before the stem (generally fem. nouns), chiefly from the D"^ "TO and from the biliteral stems , e. g. n^DH n^an. rfenn. rwian. ^an. pinn, ivri; and also from other stems, e. g. rnjSSH. rnyan. r6niD; masc. nouns , e. g. pnpn. (b) after the stem , chiefly from the H"^ Tli , e. g. rfiD3 , rPD3. DID!; sometimes also from other stems, e. g. . rnnn- B. Nouns derived from nomina. I. Through alteration of vowels, e.g. Pl^D from D13 from Dip (see 67 II i). II. Through addition of letters. (a) Through the addition of the letters TZjWQj^n, e.g. nfN from Ete, |^D from |^, |1^ from ^, |11^ from "liOS, i^V from J?D^; chiefly through addi- tion of the endings D1 and IT for the purpose of forming abstracts from concretes , e. g. HliDPP from )3PP, fVWI from tftfl. (^) Sometimes also through the addition of other let- ters , e. g. B^ltf from B3^ , ^D13 from D15 , ns^ from 57. Compound Nouns. i) The Hebrew language possesses but very few com- THE NUMBER OF THE NOUN. 97 pound nouns ; e. g. ^JP^3 (from ^3 not and the stem b^ usef ulness} = worthless; !"IQ^3 (from ^3 = ^3 not and DD w/m/ , something] = nothing. 2) When the Hebrew writers wish to express an idea composed of two ideas, they connect the two words, expressing these ideas , by the P]j?D , e. g. Dl?'"' 1 '?? of no significance. 58. The number of the noun. The nouns have three numbers, viz. the singular, the dual, and the plural. A. The dual. 1) Of the monosyllables the dual is formed by adding the termination D"] to the sing., e. g. D?QV from DV two days, Q*.T from T two hands. 2) The words which in the sing, have more than one syllable , for the greater part undergo before the ending D\ the same alterations as the plural forms with the pronominal suffixes (see 64), e.g. D?2Itf from }Ti*, D^V from flj? , DVTOT from D#D} , D?T| j> from T^>. - - The in- stances when they take a different form will be dealt with in 59 treating of the plural. 3) The words which in the plur. end in ffl take the dual form DTTJ-, e.g. nb (plur. nirft) DIQTflfrj if however their sing, form ends in Pi they may also take the dual form 0:07, e.g. DVDtp from Dittf, and D1GDTI from npin (plur. niDin). Rem. i. Of HNQ hundred 'the dual is QinNE (contracted from DT1ND)- T T - T : 7 98 HEBREW GRAMMAR. 4) There are duals which have no singular form (dualia tantum), e.g. D?Q, D^> D^3. Rem. 2. The Q of the dual ending is sometimes missing , e. g. ^T> T Ez. 13,18. Rem. 3. The use of the dual is very restricted. Generally the plural is used with the number D"0$ or DM^ , e. g. O^Nf D^ip" 1 = Q'OT > D^31 D^D^ t-wo she-bears. Objects, however, which either from nature or institution presuppose a pair , are regularly used in the dual, e.g. Qi^p feet^ QIjTfciQ balance^ scales. With the former class the dual also serves instead of the plur., e. g. Q^y i~$3^ seven eyes Zech. 3,9. B. The plural. i) The plural is formed by adding D^ or D1 to the sing, according to the following rules. (a) The names of masc. beings generally have the ending D1~, e.g. 0*03 sons from J3> D'HDN tillers of the soil from TDK. Rem. 4. 3N father is in plur. rVOtf- T T (b) The names of fem. beings generally have the ending Hi-, e.g. nij3 daughters from fa. niilDN she-asses frojn ]in^. Rem. 5. The plur. of HtS'N woman however is Q^3i of 7fn ewe T T " T D"6m i of t^J^D concubine D^Sfa^B- " : N. (c) Nouns, which in the sing, have a fem. ending, generally take Hi in the plur., e. g. niyi#? from n;w . nriBy : from nn^.. nvpte from nofe. Rem. 6. The plur. of n^3^ however is 0^3$ > of ntDFI D^n , of ... T: T D^D, of nii? QiniiT, of n^n o^n^n and nimn; etc. ALTERATIONS OF THE NOUN IN THE PLUR. 99 2) Uncommon plur. endings are : (a) v r instead of D^~ , e.g. ">)}? Ps. 144,2, () T instead of D^ , e. g. pOTl Daniel , (t) 1 , e.g. i31;>n Jer. 22,14. Rem. 7. The difference of the plur. and dual sometimes denotes a difference of meaning , e. g. Qi^ hands and {"llT 1 handles , Q^D3 T T = hands and HlDD spoons. 3) There are a great many words which only occur in plur., e. g. the nouns of the forms D'HIDD and as also the words D^ISVQ n^n.D . niXl. and others. 4) The ^ of DV sometimes falls away, chiefly when the 7n| p~Pn precedes , e. g. Dp/H^ ; and also the 1 of HI when the D^Tl precedes , e. g. 59. The alterations which the noun undergoes before the plural ending is added to it. A. Nouns without a fern, ending. (a) Monosyllables without a preceding half-vowel. i) The Y^P-r an d "Tr^ of certain words are shortened into PHD or pTD, whilst in other words they remain, e. g. D\p: from D\ D^pl from DT> D^p from jj?.. D^n^ and from nj<. Rem. i. The plur. of Q is Q^S, of T 2) The other long vowels remain, e.g. D" 1 "}^ from and mill from "111, Dim*? from fffr. Rem. a. -|i^ is in plur. QT-m and Q^TV, 31 pi- D^To "112^ P 1 - " IOO HEBREW GRAMMAR. itf, run pi- o^nn and arm, pitf pi. opitf, in pi. T : T : ' ' T : and DWH- T : T 3) The nriD either remains or becomes pTTI , e. g. D'HS from 13, D^DD from F)B (See 63 Rem. 3. NV| is in plur. _ 4) The plur. of H? is DTD , ni^B , and (/) Monosyllables with a preceding half-vowel. i) The plur. endings D^ and HI are added to the sing, causing no alteration of vowel except when the syl- lable is open and its vowel p~)Tl , e. g. niN2V from JOiJ , m-IN? from 1N3. D'nni from 7113. D^1C$ from fIDK (cf. 56 AI3 Rem. 5), D^Eiq from Din. Rem. 4. l^tf is in plur. 2} When the syllable is open and its vowel p~pn , the latter becomes ^Dp T , e.g. D^HJ? from "Hg, ni3S from ^Jf. Rem. 5. iQ is in plur. (c) Words with two syllables (except the segolate forms). i) Only the ^DJP. and rTTIZ undergo an alteration. When they occur in the first syllable they become a half-vowel. In the second syllable the Y$P T either is shortened into nnD or remains, and the !~TPIi remains when the vowel of the first syllable has been changed into a half- vowel , otherwise it becomes a half- vowel , e. g. D'HDl from D^D| from bgz. anjin from "lan.rmp? from KDD. from an!?, D^iap from p, D^QOD from l^HD. Rem. 6. It appears from these examples that no difference is made whether the letters belong to the stem or not. ALTERATIONS OF THE NOUN IN THE PLUR. IOI Rem. 7. hn and P|g are in plur. TT TT 'TT T T Rem. 8. The Q^lp! f tne second syllable sometimes becomes T e.g. D111JD from TUQ; or nitSH K&P ' e ' g- ^^ from -T: from n^3#- 2) The words however terminating in i"| merely change this ending into D 1 or HI , and retain even the }>Dp T of the first syllable , e. g. D^p T from H^p T . niTH from nin. rte alone is in plur. DWtp. 3) The exceptions to the rule in n I are few, e. g. is in plur. W1V and nU'12^ or D^Otf and D^13^ ; ._ : T ' \ ' T pi. nvn ; ]n^ pi. D^n^ ; tDias pi. D^DN ; ^3#$ pi. and (df) Segolate forms. i) All the segolate forms, except these of which is 1 or i, change the vowel of the first syllable into a half-vowel , whilst the auxiliary vowel becomes ^10p T , e. g. Dp^p from > Dq from pH. D^D"] from Htil> DTD1 from n3T. Rem. 9. ^nk however is in pi. D^riN; ^1D pi- D^ID and t^fp T v T T: v ' pi. QV^-[p both words with n^n VDP in the first syllable. T'T: T I -'T 2) The segolate forms with 1 as b^DH'y, change the first vowel into D^iP! , and lose the auxiliary vowel , e. g- D\11D from PHD . ni^lV from ^V. 3) The segolate forms with ^ as ^DH'V change the first vowel into !7T2J , and lose the auxiliary vowel , e. g. D^N from ^N, Dl^y from py. Rem. 10. rp!2 is in pi. D" 1 ^, "1^ pi- D^TV; as fo1 " ^3 see Rem - 3- 102 HEBREW GRAMMAR. (e) Words with three syllables. Without the fem. ending these words are only to be found of the form |TOT. They lose the |>Dp T before the plur. ending and for the rest undergo the same altera- tions as in the DID^DD and with suffixes (see 60 A b i and 63 Cb), e.g. D^ll^ from jntPy. niJW from |W. B. Nouns with a fem. ending. i) Nouns ending in D throw off this termination and take in its place D" 1 or HI, e.g. DTlD from rns. nilD from PRO. D^p from n^D. Those however which are the fem. of segolate forms undergo before HI the same al- terations as the latter (see above A a?) , e. g. ffl^OtP from from nD niD-n from 2) Nouns in n and r\ form their plur. like the corresponding nouns in D , e. g. rnrQ (= Hiria) pi. nnetDD = (nne^D) pi. ninDJDD, n^ns (= n:n3) pi. nuro. T T : r^ T : v \ TTjT * T : \ Rem. 11. nTSN is in pi. ni13N, nDD3 pi- 3) Nouns in HI form their plur., which very rarely occurs, as if they ended in !T , e.g. rYO^D pi. nfp^D. Rem. 12. nii| is in pi. DTlUT, HIIJ? pi- mr$ and nil^- 4) Of rpjq the plur. is D^O^C! and nin^q ; HI^Q pi. of rpDt^D ; ninTi^ pi. of 60. The Construct State (niD^p status constructus). When two ideas, of which one is the main idea (nomen regens) and the other the subordinate idea (nomen STATUS CCNSTRUCTUS. 103 rectum), are to be connected so as to form one idea , this connection may in English be expressed in different ways ; viz. through declension of the nomen rectum, e.g. the mans word; or through making a compound, e. g. stone- cutter , or by means of a preposition , e. g. they that go into the town, or by changing the nomen rectum into an adjective, e.g. a golden dish. The construction usually employed in Hebrew for expressing such a connection of ideas is the status con- structus (st. constr.) : i. e. the nomen regens , after certain alterations, is placed first, and the nomen rectum follows unchanged. The examples above quoted are in in Hebrew EPNu -QT, PN Ehn. Tyn IJQ. an? myp- T - : ' V V - T " T " T TT ~~f~ The alterations which the nom. reg. undergoes are the following. A. Singular words without fem. termination. a. Of the monosyllables only those with }^Dp T are al- tered by changing the }>Dp T into PiriD , e. g. IS be- comes "1Q T becomes T. Rem. l. 2K and Jltf become in the st. constr. l^tf and TINi IP T T -;-; " becomes in, NVJ J*V| , J-Jvtf nt^. DD "*& D 1 remains unaltered ii- .- .. ... .. .. . f except in ri^D'D 1 the Red Sea. b. Words of more than one syllable, the segolate forms excepted. i) The ^Op T and iT}^ of the penultimate open syllable become a half-vowel in words of two syllables, and fall away in words of more than two syllables , e. g. "QT 104 HEBREW GRAMMAR. from 131, 1131 from p^l. j^p from pstj3, JTptf from from ltt. Rem. 2. The VQp in the penultimate syllable of ^Hfl an d I 'T T T T T remains (cf. 59. Rem. 7) , and also the nTSZ in 3^!D . 133 11TN- V " T " T " Certain words moreover in n~~ resemble in the st. const r. the cor- T responding words in p > e.g. fON^D from rDN^D HDn^D from T T 2) The other vowels of the penultimate syllable remain unaltered independently whether the syllable is open or closed, e. g. 3) The ^Dp T of the last closed syllable becomes nriD , e. g. P|15 from ^3, tth^ from Bhp, 131 from 131, 1^ from 1^t>; also the ri^S in ?^J> DSTO and in words of the form tyf , e. g. 1IT from in;, 11] from 1SH. In all other instances the vowel of the last closed syl- lable remains unaltered, e.g. F$>$ from *fl;>N> |11N from from Rem. 3. nn3 and Tll^ become np3 an Dp T , e. g. K3V from JO^ , N^ from *T31 The words however in i"| change this errding into D , e.g. nit from c. The segolate forms. The segolate forms remain unchanged, e.g. |3 ^J; except those with 1 and ^ as second stem- STATUS CONSTRUCTUS. 105 letter, which undergo the same alterations as before the plur. endings (cf. - 59 A d 2. 3) e.g. DID from np.JYQ from rP3 ; also N?3 becomes K" 1 ! B. Singular words with fern, termination. i) The termination H becomes r\. The }>Dp T , and frequently also the !TTJJ, of the penultimate syllable be- come a half- vowel , and in consequence the preceding half- vowel goes over into an auxiliary vowel , e. g. DDt^ from not?. DSHD from nJDD, nSV from nxy, rOSD from H3iJD> - : - T T- --: T" - ;- DD1N from iTTIK , HDH3 from PIETO. Every other vowel - .- T T-: - v;v T : J immediately before !"! remains unaltered, e.g. nQN.nj"! from riD^ and Pl|"l. Rem. 4. We find however HD3. HDV. HID and rfl!J from (nD2) 5 T '-'T T ~T T T (npV), niD, and niS; just as H3H from nDH and many others ' ( TT T T T T T " with riT 1 ^ i n the penultimate. 2} Nouns with other fern, endings remain unaltered, e. g. , nnnp^t st. constr. from nitsp and Rem. 5. niH is in the -f C. Dual and plural nouns. The terminations D" 1 and D 1 ) are shortened into ^ . The ending fYJ remains unchanged. The first part of the word moreover undergoes the following alterations. (a) The }*Dj!5. and ni" 1 ^ immediately before the plur. termination become a half- vowel, and in conse- quence the preceding half-vowel changes into an auxiliary vowel, e. g. ^T, t?l, ITD^. ^3, niD#> ^ IO6 HEBREW GRAMMAR. pn, from D:T, D^DT, rraN. D^D, motf. ; and n!K3S. DTKC, B. niDDH from The Y^P-t however remains unchanged before a guttural or 1 . e. g. ^"13 , ijn, ny, from D"nB > DTI . any. fc> .. T f. T ..^ . T T T . Rem. 6. DTQ is in the j^. constr. ^3; D^U. D^tDn and D^PI^ T T -T ; T-; T : in st. constr. IT!} , i^JOn ""^nS The DTS of the segolate forms T : T : T : v always remains, e.g. 1H" 1 ! from QTPT- (b] All the other vowels remain unaltered , e. g. "Q^li from D^l^, ^TQ} from Dni3^. ni:p from D^Wp . ns.? from Dnp. Rem. 7. D^^ilN is in the st. constr. i^Htf- T "T:IT D. R.are and only poetic forms of the st. constr. are the terminations 1 and 1, e. g. WIN ^3 = W)N )3; "iv in^n = "ISP n^n. T ; ^T 61. The il locative l ). 1) The direction whither with verbs of motion may be expressed by ^ or the letter-preposition b (cf. 83, 84 B 2) , but also by i"l appended to the noun. 2) Before this D the last short vowel in a closed syllable not having the accent is omitted , e. g. !~irP3 from n?3, DS"|B from }HN, nbrj'Nn from ^'j^Jf however the last vowel is long or has the accent, or H is appended to a noun in the st. constr. no alteration is made, e. g. nb33. from i) Alterations in consequence of signs of tone or interpimction will be dealt with in 88 II , 89 and 90. THE NOMINAL SUFFIXES. TO/ 62. The pronominal suffixes of the noun (D?1:On). 1) When a noun is to be connected with a pronoun (genitive of subject or object) suffixes are used just as with the verbs. The pronominal suffixes therefore take the place of the possessive pronoun. 2) The suffixes appended to a singular noun differ from those which are used for the dual and plural. 3) The suffixes of a singular noun are : gem. Plural. Singular. 1st pers. 12 > 13 1 2d pers. D ?' D ? : * ? DH, D in, i, i, n , n 3d pers. T R'EMr n , n, n T T TV 4) The suffixes without union-vowel or Ntttf only occur with those very rare forms of the noun ending in a vowel, e. g. ?p?K, 1!TD. 1T1N, ^S> DH^. 5) The suffixes of a dual or plural noun are: Plural. Singular. 1st pers. 1^1 1 gem. DD > DD^ T~ m. 2d pers. J ' [ ' > |J Tr f. on. nn 1 tv-.. in 11 - m. 3d pers. ' n ^_ T rr T V f. IO8 HEBREW GRAMMAR. 63. Alterations which the singular nouns undergo before they are connected with suffixes. A. Monosyllables without a preceding half-vowel. (a) The }>Dp T and rmjl are: - - i) before DD and )2 shortened. --2) before ^ and ?J either shortened or retained. 3) before the other suffixes they become a half-vowel, or are shortened, or retained; e. g. OPT' T' ^ fr m "; D ??#' *!?# W from D# ; ?fft, Dp. from 13; 133 from ]D; lip from |J3 ; Rem. i. 3N, n and (QJ-|) with suffixes are, DD13N . T T T V -; ' etc. (^) The Pins either remains or becomes p~lTI , e. g. 113 from 13, ^riD from DD (cf. 59 A a 3). (<:) Of H^ we find V& and IH^. With n the suffixes are appended to the form of the JTO^pp , e. g. st. constr. ""D therefore VD > IITS. J/j/ mouth is ^S. (^/) All the other vowels remain before the suffixes, e.g. my from "P#, Dppn from 3n, ^1N from TIK, "DID from DID. Rem. 2. The D^IPl however of certain nouns is shortened into V12p. or r)1t3n |^Dp T , e.g. i|pn, Tjpn, DDpn from pn; ^ and iTy from fy. B. Monosyllables with a preceding half-vowel. (a) The pTD in an open syllable falls away before the suffixes and the preceding half-vowel becomes an auxiliary vowel (ftp, pTD, or ^n pQj?) , e.g. ? from ^$; from .. ALTERATIONS OF THE NOUN WITH SUFFIXES. 1 09 (b} The nin of the infinitive form "1'pD is shortened before D? and J3 , e. g. DD^pN ; before the other suffixes, with exception of ?|, it becomes a half- vowel , whilst the half- vowel of the ^"sn'D becomes ^IBn ^p T or pTH, e.g. -fepN, ^3* POptf. ll??. - Before ^ the alterations are made in either manner, e - g- 1"}?^ and 13?^. (<;) In the other cases the noun remains unaltered, e. g. ^Qjl , D?^3| from ^I3| ; spjip from TJO.. C. Words of more than one syllable without fem. termination (the segolate forms excepted). (a) The words in D throw off this ending, e. g. "nfr, irnfr from ; ^pp, D^pp from H^pp. (^) The ^Dp r and HTS as final vowels are shortened before D5 and ]5, e. g. D5^3#, D?^31P T ' D?^PP from P3^, |2"]j? , ^pp. Sometimes also the D^in , e. g. DDT^D from WE. (c) With the other final vowels or before the other suffixes, the forms of the st. constr. are taken ( 60 A b] , of which the final short vowel is either length- ened or changed into its original long vowel, e. g. Htn; IpT -; ll-i-j- Rem. 3. Exceptions are bpD 6pO) D. The segolate forms. i) The forms with 1 and 1 as b^Sn'y have their suff- 110 HEBREW GRAMMAR. ixes appended to the st. constr., e. g. IffiD from n)Q (DID) ; ^-P3 from fP3 (rP3) ; D3iT.T from m (n\T). Rem. 4. Exceptions are J-pttf irPtf. "PJ? TPy. ty ^IJ?' 2) The other 'segolate forms lose the auxiliary vowel and shorten the D^ID of the ist syllable into psp or ^Dp T Pjlttp, and the PITS into pTO or ^DQ. -- Trie HPS however remains and the btlt? either remains or changes into pTH or HOB ; e. g. Ittrjn from ttfjn ; !!tt?j? from (}^l?p) ; 11^. from 1S.1; p^H from pj?ri; ITj: from 1^; 113^ from 13^.; from i;5; 1338 from ]3. Rem. 5. Of D32 we find E. Words of more than one syllable witli fern. termination. 1) The words in H have D3 and |3 appended to the unaltered st. constr., and the other suffixes to the st. constr, with prolonged final vowel ; e. g. D3rnDJ$ . ''n^pN from nnpK (rop#) ; ]3^DT , DHDT from nor (ngp. Rem. 6. The words however which in the st. constr. end in fli$ (cf. 60 Rem. 4) follow the rule of n 2. 2) The words in D- and n change the second half just as the segolate forms, whilst their first half remains unaltered, e. g. Dn^3 from D^3, ITT^ from ro)> ID-Rtf from DTJg. 3) The words in FT and m remain unaltered, e.g. 4) nin and HIDH are with suffixes \"lin^ etc. etc.; and in the same manner are altered the infinitives ALTERATIONS OF THE NOUN WITH SUFFIXES. I I I in rfi with two syllables, e.g. Tlltf"] from niJO; those however with more than two syllables remain unaltered , e. g. iniari? > D3piyn. Rem. 7- Examples of nouns connected with suffixes will be given in appendix 4. 64. Alterations of the dual and plural forms before they are connected with suffixes. (a) The forms in D" 1 and D? . i) D5> |3 > DH |H are appended to the st. constr., e.g. from 2) The other suffixes are appended to the dual and plural forms, after D 1 and D? have been cut off , e. g. The forms in HI have their suffixes appended to the unaltered st. constr., e. g. ^Tl1D# from from 65. The noun with prefixed letters Of the letters which are prefixed the i~i alone is here considered , because the others will be spoken of in 83, 846 and 85 B. The D prefixed to a noun has two different meanings. a. As nyTn'n it has a meaning corresponding with that of our definite article. i) njnT! Yl has HOD as its vowel, e.g. D#n. Before a guttural or ~l it usually has yp, but before n it often retains PHD, e.g. D1^H> 3D1H, -- ' O T T T V V T 112 HEBREW GRAMMAR. 2) If n has YP T > n^TPl 'n generally has lQ , e. g. D?nn, iT); so also before n and y provided they have not the accent, e.g. Dnm, "IDVH yet Tin, D^n. T|V TT|V J 7 T *T ^ b. As i"6j*$n 'H (n interrogative] it introduces a question. i ) The D interrogative has nHD ^Bn , e. g. """Un. Before a guttural which has no pDj3, and before a half-vowel it has nns, e.g. ijTin> n:n?n '). 2) When the guttural has YP r > t ^ ie n interrogative has btip, e.g. Q^nn job 15,2; nb^n job 13,25. CHAPTER XL The adjective (QH 66. The gender of the adjectives. 1) All adjectives are capable of receiving a fern, form (motto). The masculine is the primitive form, from which the feminine is derived. 2) This derivation is made by appending !"l or n , and when the masc. form ends in ' a simple D, under i) The letter following j-j interrogative has no ^y\ that it may be distinguished from nV^l^H 'H- Whenever this distinction can be dis- regarded, for instance with words incapable of niP^D 'Hi a WF] ' ls T :- -T placed in the letter following J-] interrogative , as is usually done after a short vowel; e.g. D^nMn, |3;>n, 3^^H- THE ADJECTIVE. 113 the same rules for the alteration of vowels as those given for the substantives, e. g. Hjp. i?11|, fcrop, "ipltf fem. nn ( Tl, $ fem. rptf and Rem. When the last stem-letter is a guttural, the ^t!D of f) is changed into nnjp, and this change again affects the preceding biao, e.g. nrrrn, n^ap from DTD, jpjip- 3) Masc. forms in !"! become fem. by changing their termination into H , e.g. HEP. !"6ia from HD" 1 , i"6ia. 4) The adjectives of the form tyB with tf or y as 1st stem-letter shorten their D^lll before the fem. termi- nation, e.g. rm* ri|:y_. In the same manner (ni^) from is in fem. u 67. The derivation of the adjectives. All adjectives are derived either from the stem of a verb or from a nomen. Primitive or compound adjectives are not found. I. Adjectives derived from a verbal stem. A. Without addition of letters. i) The participles of the b\)_ and the b^Di, e.g. 3$V> p. 1'tDp, -iisy, nun. no, nits, la, zw, N2> ns:- II.. T I I T ^. TV:V " T T T 2} The biyo ^^2 of the b\>_ of the triliteral stems has as adjective the collateral form 7*&$, e.g. W$tf and MJ Deut. 21,15. This collateral form is frequently used as a substantive , e. g. O^D the anointed ', sometimes with an intransitive sense as "PJ0S young and sometimes even 8 114 HEBREW GRAMMAR. with an active sense , as N"Q3 prophet. - - The primitive forms also now and then have similar meanings , e. g. Tins lad; ]Ottf dwelling Judges 8,1 1 ; T1PIN! holding Cant. 3,8. 3) With the blVS ^1^5 is closely connected the form ^iys e. g. bllD^> DIPT!. This form is generally used to denote a certain characteristic quality, a meaning which the form blJJS also now and then expresses, e. g. yilfl a diligent man, 4) Also the form b^Q is closely connected with the !?iyo W3. This form has the alterations of both n 2 and 3 , as TDK and TDK ; and is used as substantive e. g. "PDN and as adjective, e.g. p"H^. 5) The form bVQ o f the triliteral stems, e.g. DDH- tty. J ' T T & T T TT with a purely adjective meaning. With the verbs H"? "'Pli this form has a ^IJQ under the second stem-letter e. g. n^g. 6) Closely connected with the preceding is the form ty& > e.g. NED- D|l This form denotes a quality as a habit. Rem. l. A rare collateral form of ^yrj is tfl^p Nah. 1,2. 7) The form biys of the triliteral stems, e. g. 2nj5, JiV. 8) The forms ^D and ^VD of the triliteral stems, e. g. "1133. W$y. The latter form is chiefly used to qualify cer- tain organic operations , as D^ deaf , n^.D sharp of sight or hearing , tthn deaf (cf. 4 RemN,). B. With the addition of letters prefixed or appended. 1) All the participles except those of the bp_ and ^VDi> e. g. roip. EniDp, n^S' Qj?i09' "is??- y?inp. 2) Adjectives of the form btyg , e.g. THE ADJECTIVE. 115 3) Adjectives formed by duplication of the last two stem-letters of the triliteral stems , e. g. ^n^HD ; chiefly in use with colours, to express a modification of the original colour , e. g. D^PIN deep red, crimson from tiltf red. II. Adjectives derived from a nomen. 1) Like the byiQ ^1^3 of the ^.various adjectives are formed without addition of letters. They are however generally used as substantives , e. g. D^13 vine-dresser from DID vineyard. 2) By appending the termination ^ (fem. IT -7) adjec- tives are formed : (a) from proper names to denote ones origin , e. g. ^gntp? Israelite from b*ntp? Israel- rppnN. Aramaic from D^i$ Aram. (b) from the cardinal numbers to make the ordinals, e. g. W the sixth from tf# six. Rem. a. When these adjectives are formed from a compound proper name, the component parts of the proper name are first separated, e - g- "HTyn "ON the Abiezerite from "1TJJ12N Abiezer. :VIT 68. The number of the adjective. i) The adjective has two numbers, viz. the singular and the plural. 2} The plur. of all the masc. adjectives ends in D" 1 and that of all the feminine in Dl , e. g. D^EP from np^ and niEP from HD\ T TT 3) The plur. is formed from the sing, according to the Il6 HEBREW GRAMMAR. same rules as those for the substantives, e.g. onpitf , nnpitf from npn. -ipitf, nipitf (cf. 59). The adjectives, however, spoken of in 66,4, undergo here the same alteration as has been explained there , e. g. DipTIN.. D'Hj?:, D^pinp; whilst the fern, forms in rp-r form their plur. like the corresponding forms in PP e. g. nvpy from rvpy . 69. Other causes for which the adjectives are altered. (a) The st. constr. and the literae praefixae affect the adjectives in the same manner as the substantives, e. g. no?, ng\ nTNp, ^n| from n?;. PIE;, PTPNP, ^114; T1NPJ, ^-l-jpj from TIN, ^111 The plurals however of monosyllabic participles retain in the st. constr. even the VDp and PITS, e. g. "ns.inD from Dns . D^nO. -I T .. .. > & .. T .... . T . .. () Adjectives may be connected with suffixes like the substantives, whenever they are used as such. This occurs chiefly with the participles. The appending of suffixes takes place according to the following rules. 1) The monosyllables always retain their vowel, e.g. Ha- -n$ (cf. a). 2) The sing. masc. of the by\D ^1^2 of the b\>_ changes the PITS of the tyDPJ'y before ?|, Dp, ]D into biap, e. g. and when 'V or ^?DP6 is a guttural into HriD , e. g. ^^3. Before the other suffixes PITS becomes a half- vowel, e.g. THE PRONOUNS. 3) The sing. masc. of the ^1^3 of the ^Q changes the iTTJJ of the tysn'V before 1 , D? , ]5 into ^UD or pTH , e.g. ^jlD. D3#lj?D. When, however, the fyQrf? is a gut- tural the rTTli remains , e. g. ?jr6tt?p. Before the other suffixes it becomes a half- vowel, e.g. IttHpp. DiQpp. 4) All other forms follow the rules of the substan- tives, e. g. CHAPTER XII. The pronoun 70. i) The pronouns which are expressed by a separate words are : (a) The personal pronoun (FflJin ""03) as subject. (b) The demonstrative pronoun (TDYT) ""133). (c) The relative pronoun (*"pBVpn ""1^3). (dQ The interrogative pronoun (n^N^n ""133). 2) The personal pronoun as object has been treated of as suffix appended to the verb ( 46 49). The possessive pronoun (]^pn ""133) has been treated of as a suffix appended to the noun ( 62 64 and 69). The reflexive pronoun ("ITinn ""133) is expressed in the following manner: (#) by means of certain conjugations of the verb, chiefly by the ^JJDJVl, e.g. "Qinn to make oneself unknown , ^nr) to behold one another , but also by the ?V2} Il8 HEBREW GRAMMAR. especially with a reciprocal sense , e. g. inDH to hide oneself, 03111 to strive with one another. (b] by n# with suffixes, e. g. DniK W&n} and they will burden themselves. Lev. 22,16. (c] by pronominal suffixes with certain prepositions, e. g. v tyyi tfwd? ^ made for himself. (d] by certain nouns such as 3^> and others, e.g. 13t>3 himself. 71. The personal pronoun. i) The personal pronouns are: Plural. you thou they Singular. he Rem. i. Instead of the 2 d pers. masc. sing, the fem. form F)tf occurs three times in the Bible. 2) All these forms are used as substantives and only as subject of the sentence. They cannot therefore be connected with the literae praefixae D^D3 which represent the inflections of the noun, but only with the letters ETI, viz. with the n merely as njgtfn. 'n,"*e. g. nrisn , ^Nn . and with VJ and 1 according to the rule of 85 B. Rem. 2. Concerning the use of certain of those pronouns as adjec- tives see the following . Rem. 3. The pers. pronoun is sometimes employed to repeat the pro- nominal suffix in a separate form, e.g. 1^ QJ 13^) Prov. 23,15. THE PRONOUNS. 119 3) To express the inflections of the pers. pronoun , Hi* with suffixes is used to express the object, and D^DH with suffixes for the other cases. 4) The alteration of the vowels of the pers. pronouns is only occasioned by the signs of tone or of interpunc- tion. See 89. 72. The demonstrative pronoun. i) The demonstrative pronouns are: Plural. Singular. HT ni. these this those . rbx, that IT. n'T. IT gem. 2) All these forms are used as adjectives, and may be connected with the literae praefixae sbpl. H$D. 3) Connected with njPTn 'D we find the collateral form flT^D for the masc. sing, and IT^H for the fern. sing. Both forms may be shortened into T^H. 4) The personal pronouns of the 3 d pers., connected with r^TH 'n may take the place of the demonstrative pronouns, e.g. Ninn> jonri. Dnn> inn. Rem. *|f also generally implies the meaning of a relative pronoun , e. g. *|T = 'which. 73. The relative pronoun. 1) There is but one relative pronoun for all genders and numbers, viz. "l^N. 2) ~i$N is used as a substantive. It takes the place I2O HEBREW GRAMMAR. of the subject and object, and with the assistance of one of the letters D7DD expresses also the other cases. 3) It is evident from the use of the D and V ( 65 and 85 B 2) that these two letters cannot be connected with Ip*.. 74. The interrogative pronoun. 1) The interrogative pronouns are ip for persons, and nD and HD for things, with no difference of number and gende"r. 2) They are used as substantives. They take the place of the subject and object, and express the other cases with the help of one of the letters Rem. FID connected with Hft becomes FI CHAPTER XIII. The number (1DDDH D;>D)- T : ~ 75. i) There are in Hebrew two kinds of numbers. (a) The cardinal (TID?ri nptpD). (b) The ordinal (I^DH nppp). 2) Both kinds may undergo all the^Jterations to which the nomen is subject. Here the alterations alone are spoken of in which they deviate from the substantive and adjective. THE NUMERALS. 121 76. The Cardinals. 1) The cardinals from one to ten may be connected with the nouns , to which they belong , in a two fold manner, viz. as substantives and as adjectives. 2) Used as substantives they express a unit, triad, decade etc., and are then in the st. constr. connected with the noun to which they belong. 3) The cardinals are: I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 as substantives. Fern. Masc. DDK jorw ntfon so* njntf rwn as adjectives. Fern. Masc. irw rnston n:o^ Rem. l. It is curious that the numbers from 3 10 are connected also as adjectives in the fern, form with masc. nouns and vice versa, e.g. Q^ 1 n^DH. HIT EW T T ' T " T Rem. a. Dip~lN and nj?T^ have a dual form DTiy3"]^. D^iO^ with the meaning fourfold, sevenfold. Rem. 3. As plural forms of the cardinals we find Q^inN some^ a T~: few, the same, united into one, ni~lt^y tens ' 122 HEBREW GRAMMAR. Rem. 4. A number connected with a suffix appears in : : T ; (your triad) the three of you. Num. 1 2,4. 4) The numbers from u 19 are used as adjectives only. They are formed by connecting the units as sub- stantives with ~lt^ for the masc. and with rn^y for the fern. With iTlttfy the units are connected in the st. constr., with "Itef those from 13 19 generally in the st. absolutus. They are : 11 rni^y 12 (somet. 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Fern. or nrw Masc. (somet. "itity Oarely (rarely 5) Twenty is D'Htity, the plur. of "lt#y, and the other tens from 30 90 are expressed by the plur. of the cor- responding units, thus D^tt6$ 30, D^yS"]^ 40, D^DH 50, D^P 60, D^ya^ (not D^yzKtf) 70, D^^ 80, D^y^n (not n^^n) 90. 6) One hundred is DND, a fern. noun. DVlND (instead of DT)P) 200 is the dual of DNO. The hundreds from 300 900 are expressed by the plur. of "Ntp preceded by the fern, form of a unit in the THE NUMERALS. 123 st. constr., thus D1NQ E# 300 , D1KD y3"]N 400 , D1ND 500, HIND tf# 600, HIND yTf 700, DIKD rgotf 800, HIND 900. 7) One thousand is F)^, a masc. noun. 2000 is The thousands from 3000 9000 are expressed by the plur. of F|^JSi preceded by the masc. form, of a unit in the st. constr., thus D^N. D0# 3000, D^N njDIN 4000, D^g ntgtoq 5000, D^S n## 6000, a^Knjntf 7000, D" 1 ^ rD# 8000, D^DJN n^n 9000. 8) 7> thousand is !"CQ"1, but connected with units it is 13"!> ^12"1 or D13"l. All these are fem. nouns, e.g. T)$ ni3i or DTTQI 2o,ooo , Nian y3"]N 40,000 , 12-} rnt^y D^n^ 120,000. The more usual expressions however are *\h Dn^. H^ 0721^' ^^ D" 1 !^! n ^- - 10,000 may also be expressed by D^N f"H^- 9) One hundred thousand is F)^ !1ND or P|^ riND; 200,000 F]i?JK D:DND ; 3oo,ooo P|^ niKp Bf^ etc. 10) When units are to be connected with tens they may be placed either before or after the tens , e. g. "IH^ D^^h. or in**] D^TO 61. With the hundreds and thou- sands the units stand first, or last, or between the tens and the hundreds , e. g. Dy3&) tf DP! niND ttW or n^D W I^DPll D^V^I 67$. - - If however no units are named the numbers are by preference placed in a descending order , e. g. DTOD1 HIKE) JD^ F||?g} ^ ni^D ^ 601,750 In all cases the 1 conjunctive is placed before the second num- ber and also generally before the other numbers. 124 HEBREW GRAMMAR. Rem. 5. The letters of the alphabet are used as ciphers in the fol- lowing manner: ^ 1 = i 10; 3 Jf = 20 90; p = ioo,1 = 200, tt> = 3o, n = 4o, 1 = 500, Q = 600, i = 700, F| = 800, y = 900. The last five letters are at present less in use. We gene- rally write pn = 500, If) = 600 etc.; pDH = 9 etc - Further, a letter marked with ~ or *, placed over it, indicates as many thousands as the letter expresses units, e.g. {$ or ^ 1000, ^ or "| 4000. nnn n or nnn n = 5658. 77. The Ordinals. 1) The ordinals are adjectives and only occur with the numbers from i 10. 2) The ordinals are made from the cardinals by adding ""-T* for the masc. and rp or !T for the fern., along with a quite peculiar alteration of vowels. In JD"lNl more- over the N falls away. The first is always expressed by from the noun $J$1 head , beginning. The ordinals are : i:#, i#^, 1^13-1, ' , rrow, 3) The ordinals above ten have no appropriate forms , but are expressed by the cardinals, e.g. DV "ittfy n^pra on the i_5 ik day. Even with the units the cardinals are more than once used instead of the ordinals , e. g on the pM day of the month. THE NUMERALS. 12$ 78. Manner of expressing the other kinds of numerals. 1) The distributives, (singuli , bini , terni etc.) are ex- pressed by repetition of the cardinals , e. g. Dli^ D j*$ two by two. 2) The adverbia numeralia (twice, thrice , four times) are expressed by the cardinals with a noun implying the idea times, e.g. firiN CVE once, D^EVD twice, D^D mtty TV t v v ; ten times , D v3"l *&>*& or D^D^D tt6$ three times (cf. 80, I/"). Rem. Four times and seven times may also be expressed by D^nV2"IJ$ and D^DJD^' ( 76 Rem. 2). 3) Fractions are expressed by the ordinals in the fern., e. g. ^nn rp$y$ the third of a Hin. a / 4 is also ex- pressed by J721 or VD"1; '/ 5 also by Bft?ri; '/,,) also by ]1~!^ pi. D^T^. - - 1 / 2 is in Hebrew ^H (in pausa ^Fl), or CHAPTER XIV. The Particles (nl;>D)- 79. i) The particles are: (a) the dzw (^DH l^n or IKHH (b) the preposition (DHVl (<:) the conjunction (a?) the interjection 2) There are but very few primitive particles. They generally are nomina or verba, which in course of time have acquired the peculiar meaning of particles. 126 HEBREW GRAMMAR. 80. The Adverb. 1) As adverbs the nomina (amongst which also the infinitive) are used with or without a. preposition. (a] Substantives connected with a preposition , e. g. rP3D within (from rP3 house], 1NP3 with strength = very (from "INI? strength}. (b] Substantives without a preposition , e. g. "IND very, n^3 (security) safely, DTPI (the day) now Lat. hodie. (c] The infinitive, as ri3Tl (the multiplying) much. Sometimes also with prepositions , e. g. ninr6 Neh. 5,18. (d} Adjectives, chiefly in the fern, form, e.g. PI31 or Pin much, rPDlN in Aramaic manner. (e) Pronouns , e. g. i~!|n hither. (/) Numerals, e.g. J?3$ seventimes , D^ a second time , ilil^l in the first place , first of all. Sometimes also connected with prepositions, e. g. nil^"13 ruitfirfc, rnitf{O3D^ I Chron. 15,13. 2) Further, adverbs are formed from substantives through the addition of D or D , e. g. D^T\ gratis , from )n favour, DNHD (instead of DJ?riD) suddenly from ynD moment; or of other terminations , e/^. Dl^ptip straight. 3) There are a few adverbs which probably are pri- mitive, or of which at least it is difficult to trace the derivation, e.g. &6 no, not, TIE when. 4) There are also a few compound adverbs e. g. ADVERBS AND PREPOSITIONS. 127 (from HD and jni = JH) why; "n^S (from ^3 and ^) be- sides; - - chiefly those compounded with ""$, as ilS 1 ^ or or 8 1. Adverbs with suffixes. Certain adverbs, implying the idea of the verb to be, may be connected with the verbal suffixes, and by pre- ference through means of the 3 epentheticum (see 46, 5)- e.g.: "^N / am not, Dp^Nl you are not, from ]?> j 1 ^. .lJ* where art thou , T'tf where is he, from !TJ$ where. ; /, 13|n /z33 because of (from ^|). (b) an adverb , e. g. p#D without (from ]1N not] , "H3 enough for (from "H sufficiency}. (c) a word-preposition, e.g. nnnp under, 7^0 over, above (from nnn and ^). 3) Word-prepositions connected with a substantive in the st. constr., e.g. ^JST^ before, nTTttT^y because of. 83. The Vowels of the Letter-prepositions. i) The letters ^33 when prefixed to other words have the half- vowel, e.g. ITQ )^3 j^. This half- vowel becomes a pTFl whenever the word itself to which it is prefixed commences with a half- vowel , e. g. "033 > 13T3 . b%p, and if the first letter of the word is a > with the half- vowel , the latter falls away after the pTJl , e. g. "to" 1 ? . DlEr?. pD^. - - Before a guttural however with F]q the letter-preposition takes the vowel .of which the ^tDfl is composed, e.g. ^N3, niO, *5D*6. o T:IT ;|- v;iv Rem. There are however the exceptions 2) With the n^TH 'D the letter-propositions are usually contracted, with the consequence that they take the vowel of the D which is then omitted , e. g. DTQ - D1VI3 |3^3 = 13KH3 , -\DVb = noyn^. In a similar manner we 'VTT ' V T T ; TT|V TT|v: sometimes find the b contracted with the H of the infi- nitive, e. g. PREPOSITIONS. 129 3) The b generally has ^Dp T immediately before the accent, e.g. nn> TTXlb* ^3^' unless the word is closely connected with the subsequent word , e. g. DISK ^3^ Gen. 16,3. With certain monosyllabic pronouns even the D and 3 have the ^Cp T e. g. "13 > PITS. Before np or nip the D and 3 have PIHD , e. g. n!23 , -23: but the ^ has VDp, e.g. riD^>. HD*?. T - ' T J O T T V T 4) The D is an abbreviation of )!?. As prefix there- fore it has pTTJ and ought to be followed by a ttfrl to supplement the missing 3 , e. g. N1DD = N13 )D. The pl.T) becomes HTS before n^nn^ , e. g. DIM? , nitfp. Before n or n however the pTPI is sometimes retained , e. g. tOinp , rv^riD. The ^1 is now and then also omitted when the : r " T first letter has the half-vowel , e. g. D^D^D. Hence the half-vowel falls away under the "> , e. g. ''TD. 84. The prepositions with pronominal suffixes. A. The word-prepositions. 1) Since the word-prepositions originally were sub- stantives they are capable of being connected with the pronominal suffixes , e. g. VHDN from "Hn^ , "2^ from "2^ , ^ from b$$, Dnrjn from nnn, '3 i '3 from P3. 2) Of ^, 1^ and ^ the poetic plural forms , ^ and ^y are used for the connection with suffixes, e.g. ^- V^N. I^K. T^' D ~\<^ : - - - Also of other prepositions the st. constr. of the plur. form is used by preference , 9 130 HEBREW GRAMMAR. e. g. TQ^p and VpS'gip (not la" 1 ??) from 3-QD ynqK CnDN) from ing. Of P3, although vp3, ^3, yet always DPITO. D3^P3, 1^3 , now and then even WtyWZ and Qni:P3. With nn0 the suffixes appear to have been appended to the form ^H0, e.g. vnnn> li^DO etc. niTO alone, however, is yet found along with DrpJTin. 3) DV, on the other hand, is connected with suffixes like an ordinary monosyllabic substantive, as 1D^> H/Dy etc. Instead of 'ay we find also "n&V. Rem. nnn occurs a few times with a verbal suffix , e. g. ^nPiri 2 Sam. 22,37.40.48. 4) Dt$ generally indicates the object of an action and as such is left untranslated. It has however also the meaning with. In the first case it is connected with suffixes as if these were appended to the form rflN , e. g. VVft* > 'IDIK. etc. Along with DHIi*. JQIK and D3ip1N we find the col- lateral forms Dnip ]iTO and D3I}$; whilst of )30 no other form occurs. In the second case its connection with suffixes is quite regular , e. g. T)N . ^jriN etc. B. The letter-prepositions with suffixes. 1) 3 with suffixes; sing. 'Q, ?|3, ^3 13. D3; plur. 1i3. D53, J33, DH3 or D3 (nDn3) ]ri3 (|ri3, n2n$). 2) b with suffixes; sing, 'b, *(?, "$, h, rb; plur. Kb, nob, pb, orb, (nvrb, Tb), \rb, (irk, r^rb)- V T 'VT VT T "T T ' V T I" T T"T 3) 3 is strengthened by the addition of 1C before it takes the suffixes. CONJUNCTIONS. 1 3 1 sing. 7ID3 , ?|1D3 > ....... IrtDS . HlDD- //r. iriDS, DD1D3 (generally DD3) ........ CHID? (equally frequent DPI?), CDHS], JPD (TariS). 4) D is lengthened into jpp and connected with suff- ixes in the following manner. sing. "tipp (poet, ^p) , ?jpp (in pausa ^QD), 1JDD, 13DD era?, irup) n:sp. D3p, ]3 85. The Conjunctions. The conjunctions are twofold; word-conjunctions and letter-conjunctions. A. The word-conjunctions. i) Many word-conjunctions are substantives, e.g. |JP fm answer to) because, Q^IK (strengthening) but. 2} There are also conjunctions which appear to be primitive , e. g. IN or , *} also. 3) Certain conjunctions are formed by connecting a subst. or other word with one of the letters D^DD, e.g. ]J?Q^ (from $P = n:ij;p answer) to the end that , D^p (from Dl^ before = not yet] before , ]JP3 (from JJP) because. 4) Further, conjunctions are formed by connecting a preposition with "!#{$ , ">? or DN , e. g. 3j?# instead of 2p# "1'^N because ty upon, because, "1'^N ^ because ; 7% until 5) Finally, the prepositions by themselves are used as conjunctions, e. g. "112^.3 (by reason of) to the end that. 132 HEBREW GRAMMAR. B. The letter-conjunctions. i) The most frequently used of all conjunctions is the 1 (TQnn '!> 1 conjunctive], (a) The 1 conjunctive is placed before the word and has the half- vowel , e. g. ^ nTfl. Before a labial or a letter with a half-vowel it becomes 1 , e. g. Tfyy\' 1211; and for the rest it follows the rules of 83, I and 3; e.g. ^1- ^JO, DDgft, 1p;i> HDV IrtDV (<5) Prefixed to a verb the 1 has yet another function, and then is called 1 conversive (^Dnpn '1). - - With the forms of the 1DV it changes their meaning into that of the TnjJ; e.g. JINI} (from D$n he has seen] may also mean he sees , or he will see. When prefixed to the forms of the 1T)^, it changes their meaning into that of the 13^ , and has DDD , e. g. "fpD? he appoints , or he will appoint , IpDT! and he appoints , or and he will appoint, 1pD!13 and he appointed. (c) With the forms of the Tfl^ the ^snpn '1 often shor- tens the vowel of the last syllable , when this is closed and preceded by an open syllable. The accent in consequence is shiftdd,from the last syl- lable to the penultimate, e. g. DlpJ (jn/'p) lie arises , DiLfr#fy?> he arose; 3Di On^>p) we turn 3D|1 6^0 } we turned; 1D^ (yi^p) he says IDN'l frj^D) /^ ^^; broken. Rem. l. A similar shortening of the vowel also occurs with certain CONJUNCTIONS. 133 forms of the "Qy, viz< "Q"] ("1" onl y in pausa) "QTI, D3D1> 1DD1 from -Ql, D33. "ISO- (df) As in the ist pers. sing, of the THV the 1 stands before an tf, the vowel which it has as ^upn '1 is lengthened, e.g. "tpSNI (cf. 4 Rem. 5). The last syllable in this case is not shortened, nor is the accent shifted ; e. g. DlpiO T / arose from Qlptf / arise; ^DKl I said from "\m I say (cf. 88 I 4 c). (e) With the P!"b ^FD the ^DHpn "l causes the n in the Tfiy-forms to fall away, which occasions a certain alteration of vowels and a shifting of the accent, e.g. ^ from r&. ^ from rfe ^J from H^., T!l from HP_> EJ^ from M^> |5g|) from H3P. NT3. from n^tl? . ^1 from n^!T > 1^ from H^^. 2) The only letter besides 1 used as conjunction is $ with the meaning of "10* //// = "G. This V? moreover is sometimes substituted for ~)$N as pronoun. In both cases W has ^IJD, e. g. mtsyt^ /^/ ^i? crowned with, rifi^^ which belongs to Solomon; and sometimes ROD before a letter with HHD or }>p T , e. g. inpjPg?. HD^. Rem. 2. Occasionally it has VDD, as in nDi<^ J U( ig- 6.17: or the I I T T - T " half- vowel as in DH^ Eccl. 3,18. 86. The Interjections. They are: (a) sounds involuntarily uttered because of an emotion; e - g- f grief ^^ <*h! ^ wo! of joy FWI aha! "IT!"] hurrah! 134 HEBREW GRAMMAR. (b) forms of verbs placed outside all connection with the context , e. g. PQn (give) come on ! rip? (go) come on / jn (see) = JH and nsn behold! (c) forms of other words uttered with emphasis , e. g. "!/ yn (ad prof ana) for shame , far be it. It is generally construed with the b of the person who would have committed the offence and with D of the person or object who would have been of- fended e. g. 'np \b nWn. Rem. The interjections mentioned in () may be inflected, e.g. 137 come on! DD (to one) silence! (to many) 1ED silence! CHAPTER XV. The place of the accent with words of Hebrew origin , having two or more syllables. 87. General rules. 1) A closed syllable with a long vowel has by prefer- ence the accent. Deviations from this rule are rare, e. g. ?|fl. 2) Next in order for the accent is an open syll. with a long vowel , then an open syll. with a short vowel , and finally a closed syll. with a short vowel. The deviations are occasioned by circumstances for which particidar rules are given. 3) With syllables of equal rank , the ultimate has pre- THE ACCENTS. 135 ference above the penultimate. Here also the devia- tions are regulated by particular rules. 88. The particular rules (as to pansa see 89). I. The verbs. 1) The terminations Dl> |ri. |1 always have the accent. 2) When a suffix forms a separate syllable, the word to which it is appended is ^J^D (i. e. accent on the penultimate), otherwise it is }H?P (i. e. accent on the ultimate); except ? J > CD. |5 and DH which always have the accent, e. g. ^NT, DJO3, WD)' D1TNBN. o >.: ATT : '.:': AV : 3) The triliteral stems. (a) The ^'DH 'y has the accent when it has a vowel, e. g. iDtf. Totfi, Dsttfn, jpiste. ito, rrotfN. maw- & >-T : V.-T < : e |-T |-'T TV.T : v T | :i (&) In the "13^ the "Sncn '1 causes the accent to shift from the penultimate closed syllable to the ulti- ,1 , mate, e.g. rs/P^)' riPDpl. n^rvi.. except in pausa when the vowel is lengthened , e. g. njDttfl. If on the other hand the penultimate is open, it retains the accent , e. g. i ni^j?1 rp!2^ ; except when it has a conjunctive accent, at least in the ^D and T^DH, and is immediately followed by a N or PI, e.g. in n^ssi Ex. 25,11; myrrnN rpptfrn Num. 20,8; ** V.T--T v JT ' : : nrhcn n^ni Ex. 26,33 ( cf - 4^)- Rem. i. In the ^5p also we find fiflX H^D^l Lev. 24,5. '- T JT T : 136 HEBREW GRAMMAR. (c) With the other verbal forms, on the contrary, the accent is shifted from the ultimate to the pe- nultimate , when the ultimate closed syllable is shortened and preceded by an open syllable with a long vowel , e. g. "l$?n. This is often occasioned by the ^snpn '1, as l^l, "ID^l, or by the omission of n in the H"^ Tti, e. g. |D?1, ]?n (cf. 45,5.7 and 8 5 B). Rem. a. The forms mentioned in 85 Rem. i are excepted. 4) The biliteral stems. (a) When the second stem-letter is doubled they follow the rules of the triliteral stems. If the second stem-letter is not doubled , the first stem-letter has the accent, e.g. !3T_> l^nn. T)N3, D\. ^!TI unless of course the first stem-letter had ceased to belong to the ultimate or penultimate syllable, for then it cannot have the accent, e.g. nr)Tyn> Tll^S (cf. 7,4)- (b] The forms of the "O^ which are ^^0 often be- L " come VD?P because of "?jsnpn '1 , e. g. rQ$l ; except when the syllable of the first stem-letter is open , e.g. pidn (cf. 3^). The ^Dr/orms often also become jn^? when they have a conjunctive accent and are followed by a guttural or half- vowel , e. g. TIN IDten? Gen. 40,15; 1M? ^\3 Zech. 9,9; Judges 5,12. THE ACCENTS. 137 (c) The forms of the THV , on the other hand , which are jrfe become ^J^D because of the ^snipn '! v except the ist pers. sing., e. g. (cf. 85 B i c and DD |5 , DPI and JH always have the accent. 3) All other suffixes exercise no influence on the ac- cents of the nomina, e.g. H^. nrP3.> nrtep> i"!D which often has the accent, e.g. ^ZJV'^^QQ. III. The particles. The particles follow the rules of the nomina. The word r\fcb alone becomes jn!?p before a guttural , e. g. hjnn no'?- T x.._. Dp T , e. g. np^l (from 1D#) np^l ; like the nnD generally changes into ^pj5. when it stands in > > pausa, e.g. IpDI and 1pD\ Lev. 26,37. 2) The short vowel changes into the vowel of the stem-form, e.g. ^p>J (from !o) biO; "IID^ (from 3) The ^5.^ before the suff. ^ becomes tip, which change more than once exercises an influence upon the first part of the word , e. g. jf|^ becomes ZfiXto ^ST^N becomes vp.Tyj$; the nng before "0 becomes }^Dp T e. g. ^IX becomes i;jg. B. The nomina. 1) The short vowel having the accent is lengthened, viz. both bKD and HDD into ^P T , e.g. 113 from 1^3, n.^T from n^; ^57. nj>^. HH^. pK from 1^3"], H^, HriN, ^. 2) The nomina of the form v? change the half-vowel into 7Q9, e.g. ^3 becomes "65 ; whilst the pers. pronouns ^ and g become ^{$ and 1iN. 3) The IXV& before the suff. ^ becomes ^5, and this change frequently influences the first part of the word, e.g. 1jj3 from ^3. ^3 from *(?&, ^3? from jj^.33. 4) The termination 1 becomes ^ , e. g. "Ht^ and "nttf Gen. 17,15; ^3 and VQ. THE F)p_D. 139 C. The particles. The particles, both with suffixes and without, undergo in pausa the same alterations as the nomina, e. g. nnno from nnnp > ib$ from "6*$. ^3 > ^ and ^DD are in paiisa -2., and 90. The alteration of vowels in consequence of the i) Since the F|j?D connects two words in the closest manner possible (cf. 7,3), the last vowel of the first word is sometimes shortened , even in those cases where such an abbreviation is not called for by other reasons. 2} This shortening of the vowel occurs with ^Dp T > and Dbin , e. g. D: from D; in pyiD-Q] D# from D# in i:3 -^3 from ^3 ; DNt'^D from felgS ; ^"Sp? from 3n? ; D3 from pp:; ^n-^^ from F|^|v -jrj, -^, "|3. from in,^,|5. Rem. i. Of Ip .we find 1lDir]p_ Deut. 22,6. Rem. 2. A similar abbreviation without the HDD occurs in ~Q^ , of which the original form is only found in pausa , and in "|Q$i~] V T from 'IDtt'n in the sense of to beware. " T Rem. 3. A word connected by HDD with the preceding word may in the same manner be connected with a subsequent word , and this again with another word. Thus we find four words connected by HpD and having but one accent, e. g. ^"T^^'^'flNI Gen. 12,20. APPENDIX I. The names and forms of the signs of interpunction. A. All the books of the Bible with the exception of the Psalms, Proverbs and Job. i) The distinctive signs are of different rank in pro- portion to the division which they indicate '). a The highest in rank are: p!DD F)1D or pl^D or ron$ (Imperatores). b Then follow: %D, |bp npT> ^13 npt> 5P2"I, and 1 T'T ""T T -T & : ' (rtgtsj. c Next in rank come: Nlisp. Sp T lT, KB^g, T30 and ^ (duces). d Finally: TTD. uTD ^"Ip.. nllj Mf< &$. D?M and D (comites). 2) The conjunctive signs are : DV 3 ITP> DTID and i) The signs indicating the accents are placed in their proper posi- tions under , over , or by the side of their respective names. NAMES OF THE ACCENTS. 141 Rem. l. The pIDD FpD generally denotes the end of a sentence. The H-HX is used at the end of a subordinate sentence. For T : v the same purpose are used TJ3D > 1J3D *1PT > ^113 ^)PT an( i JP!3"V I T I T \K*f T ll-T ^ . . The rt^vt'/vS' which is always followed by a p^DD is employed when at the beginning of a verse an idea is expressed by a single word. The other distinctives generally stand at the end of the various portions of a sentence. Rem. 2. Of the conjunctives the KD"lp and n^IDD *O"1D serve ex- clusively f and the J$01p and H-EP fc^^D almost exclusively, the T :'- T-': T : distinctive signs of inferior rank. The last two are not unfrequently subordinate even to other conjunctive signs. The iO~n almost exclusively stands before "P3D5 the "HDPI^ on ly before the tftt^E, and the 1^1 n n"P only before the PPD "0")p- T ; - l -.- . T T :' The nilD serves as well the distinctives of higher and lower rank as the conjunctives. Rem. 3. The signs of interpunction are placed either above or under the word. The p^DD alone stands at the side of a word 2). The distinctives stand all above the word , except the p*)DD *11D > niHN Ni"!DtO . TZin , and 2^n\ The conjunctives stand all under the word, except the tfSIp and r\^D Ktf^rV T :' T-': T ; Rem. 4. As signs of tone they stand above the syllable which has 2) The p^CD also serves other purposes 5 e. g. it stands between a twice repeated name, of which the I st has a conjunctive accent, e.g. niTON I Qi~rQN Gen. 22,11; or between two words of which the first ATT : JTT : - ends with the same letter with which the 2 d begins , e. g. nniO I Jes. 66,20 (cf. 6 note 2). 142 HEBREW GRAMMAR. the accent. Yet the NP"U , V]D , D^D NttD. NB^D always stand 'T :- ; T - ' : T : T : - above the last letter of the word (postpositive). If therefore the word is Jiy 7D , in fairly good editions the sign is repeated above O) CO 1 1 the syllable which has the accent, e.g. !"DD1 Ex. 12,11: "11^33 T T : ' : Ex. 1 6, 1 8. The nTH^ fr^^Th on 'he contrary, always stands on the first letter of the word (praepositivus) , and must therefore L p p be repeated when the word is y"l;>Q, e.g. tO^DS Gen. 27,10. The praepositivus 3T) 1 5 which stands on the right of the first letter of the word , need never to be repeated , because it only occurs with monosyllables, or with words of two* syllables that 3) The names of the accents as given above are in use with the so called Ashchenazic Jews (D^StpN), who form by far the majority of the Jews in the western countries of Europe. The so called Portuguese Jews (D^TIDD) have different names for most of the accents. Enumerated in the same order as above their names are: Distinctives ppS F]1D of a. jrai, rbvfotf, writs, Npnr, wnp. T2n. 2^ T : .-.; V.T : 'T :- T :'- -j- : :< Conjunctives m. ^"n. T"IND, ""Dyts nn. n. p m* 1 * T:- |T r* ' r~:~ -- - : T: - 'v T B. The signs of interpunction in tlie Psalms, Proverbs and Job The Distinctives are: s. pp jro-i, ^m. "ITS , i rpD"c ^Eno , i n>DT N 1 T'T * : v.v "T ; ; '< ; ; ; T; NAMES OF THE ACCENTS. 143 The Conjunctives are : Rem. i. The distinct! ves rnH ntf. iTCH ^DDE and the T : v : ; : '- : rPD"")3/ tfblft are distinguished from the conjunctives of the same :~: T : name by the p^DS- The pp ^IT] a/ways^ but the immediately precedes the "Dill Rem. 2. Also here there is a postpositus the "1l25f } and a praepositiis the ip)"!- The ij~n is by its place of praepositus distinguished from 1.V -V.V the J^rnt3 which stands on the syllable having the accent. ~ APPENDIX II. The more common stems of the """D T13 which occur in the Bible borrow their forms partly from A and partly from B 32. Of these the stems ^1, ^Dl, mi, 577), HD1, 1D1> Ppl. tyl, !TI. tfpl. Til. 3tf1. W and "ini alone have no verbal forms according to the conjugation B, and vice versa the stems tTP. IMS' 1 . ^1. py. HD 1 and fly have no verbal forms ac- cording to A. The following stems on the contrary take their forms both from A and B. 1) Eft" 1 , yr and nP are conjugated in the b\>_ according to B, but in the ^ysn according to A. 2) JTP in the bp_ according to B, but in the ^SH and ^2nn according to A. 3) ^IT in the ^Di ace. to A and B^, but in the ^D~ ace. to A. 4) ~b^ in all the forms ace. to A, but in the ^SH" ace. to B. 5) "ID"> in the !?iypn ace. to B, but in the ^Di and ace. to A. THE V 'D Ti:. 145 6) ny in the bp_ acc. to B , but in the ^VDH and ^DH ace. to A. 7) py\ in the ^p_ and ^EH" ace. to B , but in the ^03 ace. to A. 8) pir in the b\>_ ace. to A and B , but in the ^DH ace. to A. 9) "l!P , NT , ]Ef in the bp_ ace. to B , but in the ^Di ace. to A. 10) Ip 1 in the bp_ ace. to A and B, but in the ^pg ace. to A. n) Ip" 1 in the bp_ ace. to A and B, but in the ^DH ace. to A. 12) iTP in the ^p_ and ^Di ace. to B, but in the ^DH ace. to A. 13) tf-p in the ^p_ ace. to A and B, but in the b%D} and ^Vr" acc - to A. 14) T^ in the b\>_ acc. to B, but in the ^Vpn acc. to A and B. 15) b^ is only found in the ^J2. It has the infinitive n^ acc. to B , and the TH^ ^DT , a strange and irregular form for b'DV or ^D" .. APPENDIX III. Verbal forms with pronominal suffixes. Example of a triliteral verb with pronominal suffixes 46 48. (The numbers 1,2,3 an< i ^ e letters m.f. denote the person and gender of the suffixes). of the ^Jp ' 12 TJ? DlpD T'T: P1PJ? JIPD DDmps ompB v : -'T: -T'T: Tjpe TTJ3B nips imp T D inipD or inmp T B :-' T : "nmpD nmpD or nrnps f- ' T'T: T-'T: T : -'T: inmps or -mips m T :'-: :'-: anipj: mps f- T :'-: inmpj nrnpB f- T :'-: VERBAL FORMS WITH SUFFIXES. 147 23 12 3 TOT-P. TTPB ?p ]np T p nipj and onipj) firnEp DN1J3B of DDlpp Dipp of DTn nTppn or mips T 'T: niiipj: npp nipp : f. etc. rn or irnpp or innipp etc. ini^ppn or inni^ppn 148 HEBREW GRAMMAR. of "?p. DDIpD 1 : T : DlpD 1 'v :'T: so also TIQn with alteration of 1 into H- lynpon DDlDN so also r/jlpDn an< i llpDn with alteration of i into D- T .1 . . ':: .; like fDON $ into 3. of ipD^ or nj?Di m. etc. of etc. VERBAL FORMS WITH SUFFIXES. 149 "IIVTJ TO- WB Di?9 DlQ Example of a biliteral stem with pronominal suffixes 46 and 49. or ID m innate All other forms are like those of IpJD with omission of the first stem-letter. The forms of the -Q^ in the Dfl are like those of the triliteral verbs, after the ist stem-letter and D have been omitted , and the preform, p or n has been sub- stituted, e.g. iDipH or 1DPJ3; H^pP] or n^Rq. 150 HEBREW GRAMMAR. The forms of D" 1 ^ are like those of TpDl, except for a small alteration of vowels; viz. ?> Jj) etc. are prefixed after the ist stem-letter and its preformative have been cut off. en TOP irnm m. Instead of the p2p. the p^lt^ may be used, and often also the D^IPI. i 23 123 DSP" 1 DP 1 of The forms of Q^p" 1 are like those of D" 1 ^- i. T . T nn; or nn: . DID 1 * VERBAL FORMS WITH SUFFIXES. 3 13 in D2PI oon 152 HEBREW GRAMMAR. O) -O Q, CO fr, W F h r- q |I n h n C- q PyH Pv' J^: Q P a ^ - g o - P F" q p rl! rl 1 P q p' "n CO ^ * c ~ " a" ~ i i to ** ' FJ U X P M " r- F p p" P n^ u a! Ci J^l *-\' *ti* p- pi p- en "* D ^ .S r-" e ^ rr- 1^ Q" "5 rr n^ &: Q p- cid^ ^ "a^ i> rj f r_ 't. bo FT" n to* N _O CH F^ Fr 1 &" 25 1 * 'S o %l o ^ rr . j=! Q" n- O a C[ i? hfl OH g 9* rr rr rr U rt o ^ nr J> _C2 ** F H Ft B jjh to U 55= 1 1 g S *= L,h p n- I/I 3 F h E> ~" ~~ s rf X -H Q a aJ R R fe iz h n- H 5 "C F' , \ r w | ** *r- R C: Q: n n- 1.1 SSI PL, v> *c *^ c a rt *? P- < f-\: r ; , & %r %i ssr < . n.- P] C : Q-- n- C- |Z: 4-J 8 q a q : n;- q q i q N ' 8 u ,^ %> ^ o cn Jtj 1 v; Qi- pi Pi' R: rv- in ii S R IT: G: s i a* X, h:- *n "* s ^ q IZ:- Q 1 * q rl q a 9 "en o 5ji. hJ ro' F" C ^M & O a ^* El' p & Ei' & r NOUNS IN THE ST. CONSTR. AND WITH SUFFIXES. 153 i/ip.p.ioMQ-MiOQ.wBiaiQ.cnp-in - ?g- 5-g.gB P 1 p r P fe^'R . fr Q nr n- m rv c n- o o ^ ? & s " " o o u o o o f I*, duo v V V V III- fl fl fl-- If c- n- a n a a P* c Q" fl a x 1 - a C> JT: a B: n : . a rv- a 154 HEBREW GRAMMAR. a. a, o. "> d, PL, v> CX "1 CX <" n P Hi- a h y\\ y\: r g P Q C * ^ ' S- P:' -i>' Ti* P P *"~ O rr- r(.. fr" f".f^.. |~;' |^j' |^j' *"! *-i n %, ," s- hC C n :- Fl: o o c! E" G"-Pl" o 1 . I . .*>::-> * t! 1C pf. p!: fl- bT P a fr- IT- }^ jr- > nr nr n=- n : - n- n : n- n : n r : - c n= n- "'''' . n!' n-- g a q n : n : r J^:: b I - ?v a P 1 p; R 1 n=- fi.. n:- Q Q Di n Qi - n n\~ r> - n:- c< a p^ a h: Ql r : n- NOUNS IN THE ST. CONSTR. AND WITH SUFFIXES. 155 : P. R b. g^ b- Pf ^ g. ^ Sr nr fl- ^ S b b P= - a f' ' : ' rv. & q B :- : I-' ~ ' P : b c- S | | D q Q . G : G: rv rv- Qi- h=- h " ^ 5 Si: 5 S - a q a GH G: h: J2!T O CH IT:- i 5 6 HEBREW GRAMMAR. i p. i ai a? Q. uj O to CU ") p f CO M i_ O a. fl" J*l" J3" % ID ID ID "fci "5* s l " aii" asi* QI. o. O.. 1 *" 1 ** It*' '^i- SH !& a * * fz 13 13 f j* p i tj r" G c : ' as as as P : r" ri ri. fit- ^i- EI ; - Efc- c ! ^ q q q D ~ l~ C C Q; C 5f CI" 5- ID ID .Fi'jrFS-pe i O V=r- J=r- | .44 ^ ^ c - - c c in & Q" ^ rr iii &' U B n ; n C ~ rj. n" n : ;^i [. b (=~ ^~ r~. as ~ P pi h *-- c- 1: 1 | ^^i* *y\* f~\\ JZ JZ C' ni fit- t*< k P g Qi 1 & ' o 1_ U D 6 : t; c: & g> S 1 - 't. - x JIl n- " | r | o tt . c- ~" t: rr- m tic C i ID C' G : G: a>- Q-- |~l p=. - b- G: '3 **" C: rr " 1*^ I i , ^h G h c a r- r> G m iii b- r- n,. ^ ir" If If IT" e ^ IZ i ij_.i C: G: G : C : i Q" ^: | i i I O pvl ) ts p k "\ r "& sh or s n s , th or t. See 2 Remarks. "l6 F|ip or P)1p or IT) alef beth gimel daleth he waw zain cheth teth or yud kaf lamed nun samech or kuf resh or sin 158 HEBREW GRAMMAR. The vowels. The long vowels: (Portuguese or Sephardaic pronun ciation) T (a) }>pp T kamats- " (e) HT^ tsereh- ^- (I) ^Tti pT chirik-gadol; 1 or ' (o) D^IP! cholam; 1 pTWtf (u) shuruk. The short vowels : " (a) nns pathach; v (e) ^UQ .s^/; (T) |Bj3 pTD chirik katan; T (6) ^l^n }>Dp T kamats-chatuf ' (u) p3j? kibbuts In the not-Portuguese or Ashchenazic pronunciation ?. is pronounced o (as in r U Z; A C and Co., PublisJiers to tJie India Office (WITH INDEX). LUZAC & CO. 46, GREAT RUSSELL STREET (OPPOSITE THE BRITISH MUSEUM) ESSRS. LUZAC & CO. having been ap- pointed OFFICIAL AGENTS FOR THE SALE OF INDIAN GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS and PUB- LISHERS TO THE SECRETARY OF STATE FOR INDIA IN COUNCIL, are able to supply at the shortest notice all Works published by the GOVERNMENT OF INDIA. They have also been appointed OFFICIAL ENGLISH AGENTS AND PUBLISHERS to the UNIVERSITY PRESS OF CHICAGO, and keep all Works published by this press in stock. ORIENTAL STUDENTS are invited to submit to Messrs. LUZAC & Co. their MANUSCRIPTS for publica- tion before sending them elsewhere. X %iet of Books anb Iperiobicale, Published and Sold by LUZAG & Go. AN AN DAS' RAM A SANSKRIT SERIES. T? DITED by Pandits of the Anandas'rama. Published f by Mahadeva Chimnaji Apte, B.A., LL.B., Pleader High Court, and Fellow of the University of Bombay. Nos. i to 15 and i"j to 25. Royal 8vo, 1888 to 1893. V : CONTENTS. No. i, The Ganesa Atharva S'irsha, is. 6d. No. 2, The Ruebradhyaya, 35. 6d. No. 3, The Purusha Sukta, is. No. 4, The Yogaratnakara, 125. No. f 5, The Is'avasyopanishad, 2s. 6d. No. 6, The Kenopani- shad, 2s. 6d. No. J, The Kathakopanishad, 35. No. 8, The Prasnopanishad, 2s. 6d. No. 9, The Mundakopanishad, 2s. No. 10, Mandukyopanishad, with Comm., 55. No. n, Aitareyopanishad, with Comm., 2s. 6d. No. 12, Taittiriyopanishad, with Comm., js. 6d. No. 13, Tait- tiriyopanishadbhashyavartikam, 43. 6d. No. 14, Chhandog- yopanishad, with Comm., los. 6d. No. 15, Brihadaranyako- panishad, with Comm., iys. No. 16, Brihadaranyako- panishadbhashyavarttikam, js. 6d. No. 17, 'Svetas'vataro- panishad, with Comm., 55. No. 18, Saurapuranam, JS. No. 19, Rasaratnasamuchchaya, 8s. 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TRANSLATED from the Dutch by Reginald Lane Poole, Balliol College, Oxford. Demy Svo, cloth, pp. xx., 219, 1876. (Published at 73. 6d.) Reduced price, 53. Athen Subscriptions taken for all Foreign, American and Oriental Periodicals. 46, GT. RUSSELL ST. (opposite the British Museum, W.C.) Luzac & Co.'s Publications. 19 dental translation Jfunb. NEW SERIES, (See Pages n and 12). The following Works of this Series are now for sale at the Rooms of the Royal Asiatic Society, 22, Albemarle Street, London, W., and at the Agents to the Fund, Messrs. Luzac & Co. Part I. (Volumes I. and II.) of the Persian historian Mirkhond's Rauzat-us- safa, translated by Mr. E. Rehatsek, and containing the Moslem version of our Bible stories, and the lives of the prophets from Adam to Jesus, and other historical matter. Part II. (Volumes I. and II.) of the above, containing a full and detailed life of Muhammad the Apostle, with an Appendix about his wives, concubines, children, secretaries, alms-gatherers, servants, &c. , as recorded in the Habib- us-syar of Khondemrr, the grandson of Mirkhond. The next volume will be published in 1894, viz. : Part II. (Volume III.) of the above, containing the lives of Abu Bakr, Omar, Othman, and AH, the immediate successors of Muhammad. The following translations are in preparation : (1) By Dr. Steingass. The last twenty-four Mukamat or assemblies of Al- Harlri of Basra. The first twenty-six of these have been already translated into English, and published in 1867, by the late Mr. Thomas Chenery, who describes their author as follows : "This eminent man of letters has been rewarded with a fame such as few have ever obtained. For more than seven centuries his work has been esteemed as, next to the Koran, the chief treasure of the Arabic tongue. Contemporaries and posterity have vied in their praises of him. His ' Assem- blies ' have been commented with infinite learning and labour in Andalusia, and on the banks of the Oxus. His poetry has been sung at the feasts of the great, and by the camel-drivers in the desert. To appreciate his marvellous eloquence, to fathom his profound learning, to understand his varied and end- less allusions, have always been the highest object of the literary, not only among the Arabic-speaking people, but wherever the Arabic language has been scientifically studied." (2) By Prof. Ccwell and Mr. Thomas, Fellow of Trinity College, Cam- bridge. The Sri Harsha Charita, or the history of King Harsha by Banab- hatta This work contains an account of the dynasty founded by Pushyabuti at Thanesar, and particularly the beginning of the career of the second Ma- harajadhiraja of this family called Sri Harsha, or HarshaVardhana, who con- quered and held the whole of the Northern, Central and Western India from 606-648 A.u. The author of the work, which is full of the most interesting historical and literary details regarding the period, was the protege and Court poet of Sri Harsha. (3) By the late Mr. E, Rehatsek. The Nigaristan or Picture Gallery, a work written in imitation of Sa'di's Gulistan or Rose Garden, and considered by many to be superior to it, by Mu'in-uddin Jawini, about A.D. 1334. Price of each volume, los. All communications on the subject of this Oriental Translation Fund, New Series, can be addressed to F. F. ARBUTHNOT, c\o ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY, AGENTS TO THE FUND 22, ALBEMARLE STREET, MESSRS. 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