MANUAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE SURVEY OF DOMINION LANDS Department of the Interior CANADA DOMINION OF CANADA MANUAL INSTRUCTIONS SURVEY OF DOMINION LANDS ISSUED BY THE AUTHORITY OF THE HONOURABLE THE MINISTER OF THE INTERIOR OTTAWA GOVERNMENT PRINTING BUREAU 1903 NOTICE TO DOMINION LAND SUEVEYORS. This Manual has been prepared for the guidance of Surveyors of Dominion Lands who are required, in making any survey of these lands, to be governed by its provisions in so far as they are applicable to the particular survey then being executed. Any Dominion Land Surveyor subscribing the affidavit mentioned in clause 121 of the Dominion Lands Act is to consider this Manual and the instructions embodied therein, as forming part of the instructions of the Surveyor-General referred to in the said affidavit. E. DEVILLE, Surveyor-General. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, April 2, 1903. 1252938 OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I. SYSTEM OF SURVEY. PAGE. General description | 3 Systems of survey in different districts I 6 First system of survey I 6 Second system of survey I 7 Third system of survey 7 Fourth system of survey I 8 Fifth system of survey 9 Settlement surveys ) 9 Group lots | 10 Town sites 10 CHAPTER II. FIELD WORK. Direction and measurement of lines .......................................... 12 Township outlines ....................................................... 14 Subdivision of townships ................................................. 15 Settlement surveys ........................................................ 19 Survey of group lots ....................................................... 20 Town site surveys ..................................................... 20 Survey of public highways ................................................... j 21 Traverses ............................................................... 22 Boundary monuments ...................................................... , 24 Marks on posts ......................................................... 30 Resurveys, retracements and restorations .................................... ! 34 The field book ................................. , ........................... CHAPTER III. RETURNS OF SURVEY. Progress reports 39 Plans ! 39 Field notes, reports and other returns j 41 Inspection and examination of surveys i 47 ^ $ ^ CHAPTER IV. BLOCK SURVEYS. p. General directions Instruments Direction of lines... M 54 Production of lines 57 Marking the survey I 58 CHAPTER V. REGULATIONS FOR THE EMPLOYMENT OF SURVEYORS Surveyors employed by the day 59 Contract surveys 61 General directions 63 TABLE OF CONTENTS APPENDICES. ! PAGE. Appendix A. Extracts from the Dominion Lands Act, chapter 54, Revised Statutes of Canada, as amended to date. Clauses relating to surveys 67 0//.S- Appendix B. The determination of the astronomical meridian 80 Appendix C. An ordinance respecting masters and servants, chapter 50, C.S., N.W.T 87 Appendix D. Form of engagement for employees 88 ^ $ Appendix E. Construction and use of tables 89 TABLES. ^<>. Table I. Latitude, chord azimuth, deflection, &c., for base and correction lines. Third system of survey 95 - Table II. Latitude, with logarithm of its secant and tangent, &c., for the north boundary of each section 97 Table III. For finding the pole star and the astronomical meridian 106 Table IV. Correction for declination 107 Table V. For finding the time by transits across the vertical of Polaris 108 Table VI. Correction for declination of Polaris to be added to the values of Table V 109 jil Table VII. Addition and subtraction logarithms 110 Table VIII. Deflection of a trial line for deviations from 1 to 149 links at the end of eighty-one chains 112 INDEX TO INSTRUCTIONS Subject. Clause. Abbreviations, list of 204 Page. 35 Account, for subdivision at end of field book . 244 46 of surveyor employed by the day . 308 60 statutory declaration to . 309 61 Address surveyor to give his . . 1 336 Affidavit to field notes ' 246 meaning of personal survey 247 46 survey according to law and instructions 248 Allowance for accidents . .. . .. . 294 46 assistant . .. ....... 1 302 living while at office work 304 ration 298 60 ration &c., not used in special cases 305 stationery 303 Allowance, road. (See road allowance.) Areas of bed of river when deducted . . 141 93 39 to be in acres or decimals 230 41 Assistant, allowance for 302 60 Astronomical observations, contract rate for 325 62 entered in field notes > 241 42 in day time . . . . . . 269 54 19 12 Avenues of town site, distance between 57 11 on navigable waters i 56 H numbering of. . 55 10 width and direction . 54 10 Azimuth definition ... '63 12 56 56 15 observation on block surveys 270 54 observation on block surveys other methods 271 55 specimen of record of observation for block survey Bank, definition 134 52 22 23 3 deflecting a 259 48 10 5 survey of in settlement 115 '0 Bearings correction for convergence of meridians | 69 13 definition 63 12 12 13 of eastern and western outlines of township 66 12 12 17 17 41 40 12 41 35 to be shown on plans... 211 39 viii INDEX TO INSTRUCTIONS Subject. Blazing lines in woods Blocks, astronomical observations for, in day time azimuth observations chronometer error , comparison with standard measure correction of chainage for slope correction of chainage for temperature deflecting base lines , deflection at block corners deflection at township corners description of distances to be chained dividing a block dividing a block when obstacles are found examples of azimuth calculations formula for azimuth calculation in first system of survey in second and third systems of survey instruments for assistant instruments for surveyor instruments required for employment as block surveyor.. .. laying out lengths and directions of lines marking the survey observation every clear day of town site, dimensions and numbering of only one flagman employed original record of observations to be filed other methods of finding azimuth passing around a marsh or lake production of line reference objects for astronomical observations repeating angular measurements sources of error in observing sources of error in using tangent screw specimen of part of field notes specimen of record of azimuth observation triangulations to be checked value of divisions of level work of flagman Board allowance Bond of survey contractor Boundaries, courses of a traverse are not edge of marsh inadmissible as northern and southern, of township, run by subdivider.. of group lots, surveying and marking of group lots to be north and south, &c shown on plans by full lines Breadth of group lot Camp equipage, allowance for articles chargeable to Canadian Pacific Railway, traverse of, in British Columbia. Chainage over broken ground testing, on subdivision survey testing, on survey of township outlines Chainman, oath of Chains, steel bands to be compared with standard Clinometer, for chaining on slope Closing error, generally in surveying meridian exteriors on north or south boundary of township Coast meridian, definition Compass not allowed for running lines.,, Clause. 76 269 270 277 261 263 262 259 257 280 279 78 79 268 267 290 287 276 58 282 281 271 266 284 275 274 272 273 265 278 331 134 138 94 121 51 228 50 301 106 74 93 84 73 72 74 77 85 99 5 62 Page. 14 54 54 56 49 51 49 48 INDEX T<> /YN77,'/ OTIONS Subject. Clause. Page. Connection of group lot 123 20 of public highway 127 21 of town site 125 21 of traverse survey 143 23 Contract surveys, advance on account of 332 2 bond of contractor 331 52 inspection of 335 63 instruments required for 330 62 must be made by contractor 329 62 payments by cheques 334 j 62 progress payments 333 j 62 rates for. (See rates.) Convergence of meridians, correction of bearings for 69 ; 13 how found 68 12 not allowed for on roads : 83 14 Corner of group lot. (See group lot corner). of quarter section. (See quarter section corner). of section. (See section corner). of settlement lot. (See settlement lot corner). of town lot. (See town lot corner). of township. (See township corner) . Correction of bearing for convergence of meridians j 69 13 of chainage for slope ] 263 of chainage for temperature i 262 49 to field notes -.... 256 47 Correction lines, definition 7 deflection of, across fractional ran-ge 95 16 double row of monuments on 150 j 24 establishing 37 marking of, in fourth system of survey 36 ; 8 numbering of 9| only one side surveyed at one time 94 [ 16 Date of survey, definition 232 j 41 Declaration. (See statutory declaration.) Deficiency or surplus, in townships of the first system 24 j in townships of the second system 26 7 in townships of the third system 31 on meridians, how dealt with 14 on township outlines, third system 32 8 Deflection of block lines at block corners i 286 58 at township corners 285 58 Depth of quarter sections on correction lines ' 98 17 Designation of group lots 48 , 10 Diagrams of outlines supplied to subdivider 92 15 Diary of surveyor employed by the day 310 61 Dimensions of blocks in town sites 58 ll of lots in town sites 59 11 of quarter sections in fourth system i 34 of townships in first system I 23 of townships in fourth system 35 of townships in third system | 30 Distances, expressed in chains, except for town sites I 71 13 to be entered in field notes as found 201 35 to water boundaries, shown on plan I 227 ! 41 Division of a block into townships 1 80 14 of a block into townships when obstacles are found 81 14 of a section into quarter sections i 10 of a section into quarter quarter sections ' 11 of a township into sections j Dominion lands, how laid off 1 Draft on Department not accepted ] 337 63 Duplicate monuments, erection of, forbidden j 174 30 to be reported 194 34 INDEX TO INSTRUCTIONS Subject. Clause. Page. Employment of surveyors. (See surveyors). Error, closing 85 15 closing, generally 77 14 limit of, in subdividing a township 112 19 resurveys or retracements, in case of 196 34 to be reported 194 34 Field notes, abbreviations allowed 204 35 account for subdivision 244 46 affidavit to 246 46 all questions in report to be answered 243 42 astronomical observations 241 42 corrections to 256 ! 4 ^ data to be entered as found 201 35 description of j 200 j 35 every section line on separate page 202 35 for record : 235 ! 41 general report 242 j 42 information on first pages 236 4 i information to be given j 205 33 lines described as north and east boundaries 203 35 personal survey 247 4 g plot of traverse j 239 I 42 road allowances to be ruled ! 238 42 specimens of section lines 3g_ 37 specimens of traverses 4 3_ 44i 45 supplementary ' 255 4 7 survey according to law and instructions ; 248 45 to be checked by surveyor 1 254 47 to be precise and clear -, 237 41 topography to be sketched 206 33 traversed line shown on plot 240 42 Fifth system of survey, limits of 42 9 First system of survey, limits of 25 7 Forms, list of, supplied free on requisition 339 63 requisition to state number and kind of forms 340 63 Fourth system of survey, limits of 39 g Fractional range adjoining meridian, how surveyed | 15 6 townships and ranges at change of system 19 g townships and ranges, how numbered ! 20 6 Front of lots in settlement, survey of 117 20 group lot I 122 20 Group lots, area of 52 IQ boundaries to be due north and south, &c 51 IQ breadth of 50 JQ connection of 123 2 o designation of 48 JQ direction of meridian for survey 120 20 marks on corner posts 183 33 marks on witness posts 186 33 monuments for corners 168 2 9 number to be applied for before survey 119 20 plan of 216 40 running and marking boundaries 121 20 shape of 49 10 title of plan 217 40 to be connected with subdivision of township 104 18 waterfront 122 20 wooden posts for corners 169 30 Highway, additional monuments 131 21 connections 127 21 in settlements f . 47 10 in settlements, survey of .* 118 20 locating corners 129 21 INDEX TO INSTRUCTIONS Subject. Clause. Highway, (Continued). locating corners from centre line 130 marks on posts monuments 170 plan of 220 surveyed along centre line or limit 126 survey of, how made 128 title of plan 221 Hilly or rough country, contract rate for j 320 Hire of men on surveys paid by the day 295 Hub, traverse, to be planted by subdivider 105 Indian reserves, marks on posts along 178 monuments on limits of 160 mounds on limits of 161 no lines marked inside of road allowance along 102 Initial meridians i Inspection of surveys executed under contract , 335 Instructions required for surveying townships or sections j 113 Instrumental stations, to be carefully marked on outlines \ 88 Instruments for assistant on block surveys 268 for block surveys 267 required for employment by the day 289 i required for employment on block surveys 290 | required for survey contracts 330 j Iron posts for block corners in town sites 124 for township and section corners 151 requisition for supplied free of cost 327 Islands, when to be traversed 139 Jog, definition 82 Lakes, shallow, not to be traversed j 142 to be named when traversed i when to be traversed j 139 Lengths, express in chains, except for town sites i to be shown on plans 211 Limits of blocks in third system of survey 82 of error in subdividing townships 112 of fifth system of survey i of first system of survey 25 of fourth system of survey j of railway belt, in British Columbia j HO of second system of survey \ 27 of third system of survey j Line between two systems of survey j marks on posts on 177 monuments on 1 50 mounds on 161 Lines, base, definition i 6 block, how produced 284 block, lengths and directions j 260 ' bounding townships j correction, definition I in woods to be blazed 76 not to be extended into another system of survey 101 not to be surveyed without instructions 113 rear, of settlement i 116 to be surveyed in a township j 90 to be surveyed in a township of the fourth system j 91 Living allowance while at office work j 304 Lost monument, definition 193 on correction line, fourth system 38 when to be re-established j 199 XI! INDEX TO INSTRUCTIONS Subject. Magnetic needle not allowed for running lines Marking block lines correction lines in fourth system of survey township outlines town sites Marks on posts, at township and section corners at township and section corners on correction lines. at township and section corners on other lines between settlement lots in ranges east or west of principal meridian of group lots of highway of town lots on limits of Indian reserves on quarter section corners to be cut neatly witness witness for group lots witness for settlement lots Marsh, edge of, inadmissible as boundary not to be traversed Measurements, correction for slope correction for temperature on meridian exteriors, to be made with care with steel bands Meridian, assumed, for subdividing township between first base and first correction line central, bearings referred to coast convergence of direction of, for survey of group lots initial in subdivision to be resurveyed when over fifty links out. outlines, contract rate for survey of outlines, survey of principal, position of Micrometer for traverse survey Mineral claims to be connected with subdivision Monuments, additional, for highways contract rate for erecting described on plan description of mounds description of pits double row of, on correction and other lines duplicate, to be reported erection of duplicate, forbidden for corners of group and settlement lots for limits of highways generally a single row of, on survey lines in settlements iron post for township and section corner lost, definition mound and pits in woods mound and pits, quarter section corner mounds, how placed generally mounds on correction lines no witness mound for quarter section not to be erected where liable to destruction not to be made on travelled road obliterated, definition of highway, how located from limit of highway, how located frcm centre pits, how placed pits without mound post to be placed exactly at corner posts for corners of town lots Clause. Page. 62 I 12 36 16 60 175 176 177 182 180 183 187 186 178 179 188 181 185 184 138 142 263 262 86 72 111 13 65 5 68 120 4 99 321 85 145 | 104 181 828 22* i r,i m UK) 194 174 168 170 149 46 151 I 193 158 in ItiO L61 165 171 173 IM US 130 IM 157 1S1 171 INDEX TO INSTRUCTIONS xiii Subject. ,Clause. Monuments, (Continued}. quarter section post 152 rules for pits in prairie enforced stone mound when to re-establish lost corner witness, description of 164 witness mound 167 witness trench 166 wooden post for group and settlement lots 169 Mound and pits in woods I IBS at quarter section corner 163 description of | how placed on correction lines, &c j 161 how placed on other lines | 160 stone, description of | 156 witness 167 Navigable water, avenue on 56 Number of group lot, to be applied for before survey ! 119 Numbering of base lines j blocks In town sites | 58 correction lines j 9 fractional townships and ranges J 20 lots in settlements ! 43 lots in town sites 59 quarter quarter sections i 11 sections in a township j streets and avenues in a town site 55 townships and ranges i 4 townships in fifth system of survey I 41 j Oath of chainman j 73 Obliterated monument, definition 192 how shown on plan 225 to be restored when retracing 198 Observations. (See astronomical observations.) Offsets in traverse surveys ! 145 Outfit of survey party, to be sold or stored 307 Outlines, contract rate for survey of meridian 321 diagram of, supplied to subdivider i 92 report on survey of 249 resurvey in case of error 196 i retracement in case of error 197 Payments made by cheques 334 Personal survey, meaning of 247 required from contractor 329 Pits at quarter section corner ! 163 contract rate for, in erecting monuments 323 description of 155 how placed : 162 in prairie to be according to rules 159 not to be made on travelled road 173 with mound in woods 158 without mound 157 Plan, areas in acres and decimals 230 bearings referred to a single meridian 231 bearings returned as observed 226 boundaries shown by full lines 228 date of survey 232 description of monuments 229 distances to water boundaries i 227 irrelevant details to be left out j 233 obliterated boundaries, how shown 225 of group lot i 216 of highway 220 I 40 of settlement 214 39 rii IXDEX TO INSTRUCTION'S Subject. Clause. Plan, (Continued}. of township 210 of town site 2J.8 origin of bearings to be stated 223 retraced line, how shown 224 rules for 222 scales 213 title of, for group lot 217 title of, for highway 221 title of, for settlement - 215 title of, for town site 219 to be checked by surveyor 254 to be plotted carefully 234 to show areas 212 to show bearings and lengths 211 Posts for corners of group and settlement lots 168 for corners of town lots 171 for limits of highways 170 for town sites 124 iron, for township and section corners 151 marks on. (See marks on posts.) to be placed exactly at corners 153 wooden, for group and settlement lots 169 wooden, for quarter section corners 152 Power of attorney, to be made on official form 337 Preliminary survey of settlement 114 Principal meridian, position of 5 Progress payments to survey contractors 333 reports at least once a month 208 reports to be accompanied by sketches 209 Public highway. (See highway.) Quarter quarter section, definition H Quarter section, definition 10 depth of, on correction lines 98 dimensions of, in fourth system of survey 34 when considered as surveyed 147 Quarter section corner, marks on post at 179 mound and pits at 163 no witness monument at 165 placed midway between meridians 100 wooden post for 152 Railway belt in British Columbia, surveys in 106 Ranges, definition 4 fractional, adjoining initial meridian.. 16 numbering of 4 Rates for contract surveys, certain lines not paid for 319 deductions for imperfect surveys 328 for astronomical observations 325 for erecting monuments 323 for line in woods, less than 10 chains 313 for line in woods, more than 10 chains 314 for section line 312 for statutory declaration of settler 325 for traverses 324 further rate for rough country 320 further rate for meridian outlines 321 irregular section lines 31g iron posts supplied free 327 lines resurveyed or retraced 322 no payment for returns of survey 326 no payment for unnecessary work 315 section line defined 317 triangulation across water in woods 316 Ration allowance 298 Rear line of settlement, survey of 116 l\iu:\ TO INSTRUCTIONS I Subject. Clause. Page. Reports, all questions for report to be answered 243 42 on subdivision of townships 242 42 on survey of outlines 249 46 sketches with progress reports 209 39 surveyors to report at least once a month 208 39 timber 245 46 Requisitions, for iron posts 338 eg for forms 339 63 to state distinctly what is wanted 340 63 Restoration survey, definition 191 34 how shown on plan 224 j 40 Resurvey, contract rate for 322 ! 61 definition 189 34 when to be made 196 34 Retracement, contract rate for 322 61 definition 190 34 how shown on plan 224 40 when to be made , 197 34 Returns, final 250 46 immediate preparation of 251 47 326 62 Riparian owners, rights of 136 22 River, area of bed, when deducted 141 23 bank or middle of river to be traversed 137 22 riparian owners upon unnavigable 136 22 to be named when traversed 146 23 when to be traversed 139 23 Roads. (See highway.) in settlements 47 10 in settlements, survey of 118 20 Road allowances, along Indian reserve boundaries 102 18 in first system of survey 22 6 in fourth system of survey 33 8 in third system of survey 29 7 to be ruled in field notes 238 42 Rough or hilly country, contract rate for 320 61 Salaries of surveyors 291 59 paid for Sundays 292 59 Scales of plans 213 3f> Second system of survey, limits of 27 7 Sections, definition 1 3 divided into quarter quarter sections 11 5 divided into quarter sections 10 5 numbering of 2 3 width of 6 3 Section corner, iron post for 151 24 locating, in railway belt, British Columbia 107 18 marks on post at, generally 175 30 marks en post at, in ranges east or west cf principal meridian 180 33 marks on post at, on correction lines 176 31 marks on post at, on other lines 177 32 Section lines, bearings of, in township of first system 97 17 bearings of, in township of third system 96 17 contract rate for irregular 318 61 contract rate for survey of 312 61 definition of, for rate 317 61 described as north or east boundaries 203 35 field notes of every, on separate page 202 35 locating, in British Columbia railway belt 108 19 to be surveyed in a township 90 15 to be surveyed in a township of fourth system 91 15 Settlement, base line 44 10 monuments 46 10 numbering of lots in 43 9 roads in 47 10 INDEX TO INSTRUCTIONS Subject. Clause. Page. Settlement, (Continued). side lines 45 ; 10 Settlement survey, base line 115 20 front of lots 117 20 highway and roads 118 20 marks on corner posts 182 33 marks on witness posts 184 33 monuments for corners 168 29 plan of 214 39 preliminary sketch 114 19 rear line 116 20 title of plan 215 40 Sketches, with progress reports 209 39 Shape of group lot 49 10 Shore, definition 134 22 Specimens, field notes of chained traverse 44,45 field notes of micrometer traverse 43 field notes of subdivision survey 36,37 part of field notes of block survey 50 record of azimuth observations 52 Stadia, for traverse survey 143 23 Standard measure, testing steel bands with 72 13 Stationery allowance 303 GO Statutory declaration of settler 207 3$ contract rate for, of settler 325 62 to accounts 309 61 Stone mound 156 ; 25 Streets of town site, distance between 57 n numbering of 55 IQ width and direction 54 10 Subdivider, to resurvey or retrace outlines in error 195 | 34 when to resurvey outlines 196 j 34 when to retrace outlines 197 ! 34 Subdivision of townships 89 j 15 account for, at end of field book 244 | 46 all questions for report to be answered 243 j 42 general report 242 +> made at certain rates per mile 311 i;\ Surplus. (See deficiency.) Surveyor is responsible for accuracy of survey 252 1 47 to check his plans and field notes 254 I 47 to give his address 336 j 63 Surveyor employed by the day ' 288; 59 accounts in duplicate 308 I 60 actual expenses charged in special cases 305 j go advances to 306 60 allowances for accidents 294 j 59 allowances for assistant 302 60 allowance for board 299 | 60 allowance for camp equipage 300 60 allowance for living 304 j 60 allowance for ration 298 | 60 allowance for stationery 303 60 articles chargeable to camp equipage 301 .;n diary to be furnished 310 .;] hire of men allowed 295 | 59 instruments for block surveys 290 | 59 instruments for other surveys 289 .v.i items chargeable to transport 297 .1:1 outfit to be sold or stored 307 60 payment for office work 293 .v.i payment for Sundays 292 j 59 salary for temporary services 291 59 statutory declaration to accounts 3091 61 transport of survey party 296 | 59 Systems of survey : , 17 | 6 I INDEX TO INSTRUCTIONS Subject. Temperature, correction of measurements for 262 Third system of survey, limits of 28 Timber report 245 Topography, to be sketched in field notes 206 Town lots, marks on posts of 186 monuments for corners of 171 numbering and dimensions of 59 Town site, avenue on navigable water 56 connection of 125 dimensions and numbering of blocks 58 dimensions and numbering of lots 59 distance between avenues and between streets 57 how made 53 how surveyed and marked 124 marking of 60 mode of laying out may be modified 61 numbering of streets and avenues 55 plan of 218 title of plan of 219 width and direction of streets and avenues 54 Townships adjoining another system of survey 101 country laid out into 12 definition 1 dimensions of, in first system of survey 23 dimensions of, in fourth system of survey 35 dimensions of, in third system of survey 30 how subdivided 89 marking outlines of 16 numbering of 4 numbering of, in fifth system of survey 41 plans of, made in department 210 plans to show areas 212 plans to show bearings and lengths 211 Township corner, iron post for 151 marks on post at, generally 175 marks on post at, east or west of prinicpal meridian 180 marks on post at, on correction lines 176 marks on post at, on other lines 177 Transit theodolite, mode of setting for traverse survey 144 Transport, items chargeable to 297 59 of survey party 296 59 Traverse, alluvion and recession of the water 135 22 area of river bed, when deducted 141 23 bank or middle of river to be traversed 137 22 bank referred to as right or left 140 23 connection of 143 23 contract rate for 324 62 courses of, are not boundaries 134 22 edge of marsh, inadmissible as boundary 138 22 hub, planted by subdivider 105 18 lakes and rivers to be named 146 23 line defined by, shown on plot 240 42 mode of setting transit theodolite 144 23 not to be omitted when necessary 147 23 of Canadian Pacific Railway in British Columbia 106 18 of water front or lake 133 22 plot of, in field book 239 42 purposes of 132 22 rights of riparian owners 136 22 shallow lakes or marshes not to be traversed 142 23 specimens of field notes of chained 44,45 specimen of field notes of micrometer 43 survey with stadia, micrometer or chain 145 23 which islands, rivers and lakes are to be traversed 139 23 Trench, witness, description of 166 29 Clause. INDEX TO INSTRUCTIONS Subject. Triangulation, contract rate for, in woods Clause. 316 Page. 61 for passing obstacles 75 13 to be checked on block surveys 265 109 51 19 Water, avenue on navigable 56 11 front, in group lot 122 20 front in settlement . ... 117 20 front, rights of grantee 135 22 136 22 Witness monument description of 164 28 165 29 181 3> 166 29 Wooden post, for group and settlement lots 169 30 for highway niff 30 for quarter section corners Woods, contract rate for line in, less than 10 chains contract rate for line in, more than 10 chains iszm 313 314 24 61 61 76 14 SYSTEM OF SURVEY INSTRUCTIONS TO SURVEYORS CHAPTER I. SYSTEM OF SURVEY. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. 1. The Dominion lands are laid off in quadrilateral townships containing thirty-six sections, each of six hundred and forty acres or one square mile, subject to the defici- ency or surplus from the convergence or divergence of meridians, as hereinafter men- tioned, together with allowances for roads in certain cases. 2. The sections are bounded and numbered as shown by the following diagram : N. W. 31 32 33 .'54 36 36 30 29 28 27 20 25 19 20 21 22 23 24 18 1 7 16 15 14 13 7 8. 9 10 11 12 6, 5 4 8- 2 1 E. S. Fig. 1. Division of a township into sections. 3. The lines bounding a township on the east and west sides are true meridians, and those on the north and south sides are chords of the parallels of latitude passing through the corners of the township. 4. The townships number in regular order, northerly from the international bound- ary or forty-ninth parallel of latitude, and lie in ranges which are numbered east and west from a meridian line styled the Principal Meridian, and west from other initial meridians styled the Second, Third Meridians, according to their order westward from the Principal Meridian. 5. The Principal Meridian passes about twelve miles west of the city of Winnipeg in approximate longitude 97 27' 09" west of Greenwich. The Second Meridian is placed in longitude 102 (very nearly), the Third in 106 and so on, each initial meridian after the second being four degrees west of the pre- ceding one. There is also the Coast Meridian of British Columbia upon which are based the townships of the ' Fifth System,' hereinafter described. 6. The sections are laid out of the precise width of eighty chains on certain lines called ' base lines' with a road allowance adjoining each section, and the meridians be- tween the townships are drawn from such bases, north or south, to the depth of two townships, that is to say, to the correction lines hereinafter mentioned. The town- ships south of the base measure therefore in an east and west direction more than four SYSTEM OF SURVEY GENERAL DESCRIPTION 5 hundred and eighty chains together with the roads, while those north of the base mea- sure less than this. The interval between a base line and the next one is equal to the depth of four townships. 7. The ' correction lines ' are those upon which the ' jog ' resulting from the want of parallelism of meridians, is allowed, or, in other words, they are those township lines running east and west which are equidistant from the bases at the depth of two town- ships. The interval between the correction lines is equal to the depth of four town- ships. 8. The first base line is the forty-ninth parallel of latitude or international bound- ary; the second base is between townships four and five; the third between townships eight and nine; the fourth between townships twelve and thirteen; the fifth between townships sixteen and seventeen, and so on, northerly, in regular succession. 9. The first correction line is between townships two and three ; the second between townships six and seven; the third between townships ten and eleven, and so on, north- erly, in regular succession. 10. Each section is divided into quarter sections of one hundred and sixty acres, or one-half mile square, more or less. 11. To facilitate the descriptions for letters patent of less than a quarter section, the quarter sections composing every section in accordance with the boundaries of the same as planted or placed in the original survey, are supposed to be divided into quarter quarter sections of forty acres, and such quarter quarter sections are styled legaljjub- divisions_and are bounded and numbered as shown in the following diagram of a sec- tion : Fig. 3. Division of a section into quarter quarter sections. 12. Preliminary to the subdivision into sections of any given portion of country, the same is laid out into townships by projecting the base lines and the meridian out- lines from the base lines to the correction lines and connecting by straight lines the township corners on the meridians. 13. In the case of the townships between the first and second bases, the meridians are surveyed south from the second base to the first correction line, and thence south to the first base line, giving the ' jogs ' their theoretical lengths. 1-1. In the survey of any township outlines or the subdivision of any township, the surplus or deficiency found on meridians when closing on the correction line is left in the last quarter section adjoining said line; except on meridians across townships one and two, on which meridians the quarter sections adjoining the correction line are given the theoretical depth of forty chains, the deficiency or surplus, as the case may be, being left in the quarter sections adjoining the first base line or international bound- ary. 6 SYSTEM OF SUKVEY 15. In the case of the fractional range adjoining an initial meridian, when the initial meridian intersects the ' jog ' (that is when there is one more range south of the correction line than north of it), the last quarter section on the meridian township out- line surveyed from the south is made of the same depth as that on the next meridian township outline on the east. See Fig. 5. 16. On the township outlines, at the time of the survey, all township, section and quarter section corners are marked, which corners govern respectively in the subsequent subdivision of the block or township. SYSTEMS OF SURVEY IN DIFFERENT DISTRICTS. 17. All Dominion lands in Manitoba, the North-west Territories and British Col- umbia, are laid out in the manner above described, but the number of road allowances between sections and their width are not the same in all parts of the country. There are also differences in the methods of subdividing townships. Hence arise different ' systems of survey,' five in all, styled the ' first/ ' second,' &c., system of survey. 18. The instructions hereinafter are drawn up for the third system, but, unless otherwise expressly provided, apply also to the other systems. 19. Since in all the systems of survey the townships and ranges are based upon the forty-ninth parallel and the initial meridians, and are not, on account of the varying widths of the road allowances, of the same dimensions, there occur fractional townships and ranges at the junction of different systems. 20. The fractional township or range between two townships or ranges surveyed according to different systems, when its number is the same as the number of the ad- joining one surveyed under the former system, is designated by that number, followed by the letter A, as for instance : Township 19, A, for the fractional township between townships 18 and 19 west of the second meridian, and Kange 21, A, for the fractional range between ranges 20 and 21 west of the second meridian. 21. The line between two parts of the country surveyed according to different sys- tems is established as a correction line, that is to say, posts are planted on both sides of the road allowance on such line, each row governing the position of the boundary lines on its own side. Such road allowance is one chain and fifty links wide, except in the case of the dividing line between the third system of survey in the North-west Ter- ritories, and the fourth system in force in the ' Railway Belt ' in British Columbia here- inafter described : here the road allowance between the systems is one chain wide. Be- tween the fourth system and the fifth system, no road allowance is left, but a double row of posts is planted on the line dividing the systems, to govern the townships and sections on each side respectively. FIRST SYSTEM OF SURVEY. 22. In the first system of survey there is a road allowance of one chain and fifty links on every section line. FIRST SYSTEM OF SURVEY 7 23. The township, therefore, measures on each side four hundred and eighty-nine chains, subject to the deficiency or surplus resulting from the converging or diverging meridians. 24. In the survey of a township the deficiency or surplus resulting from the want of parallelism of the meridians is set out and allowed in the range of quarter sections adjoining the western boundary of the township. It follows that generally the lines bounding sections on the east or west sides are not meridians, but lines parallel to the eastern boundary of the township. All quarter section sides are theoretically forty chains, except in the western range of quarter sections of a township and in the sections adjoining a correction line which are subject to the discrepancies of the survey. 25. The operation of the first system of survey is restricted to the area bounded as follows, viz. : To the south, by the international boundary line, to the west by the second meri- dian, as far as the eighth correction line ; by said correction line as far as the meridian, between ranges twenty-eight and twenty-nine west of the principal meridian; by said meridian between ranges twenty-eight and twenty-nine, as far as the seventh correction line ; by said correction line as far as the meridian between ranges seven and eight east of the principal meridian ; by said meridian between ranges seven and eight east as far as the north boundary of township nineteen ; by the north boundary of township nine- teen in ranges eight, nine and ten east of the principal meridian as far as the meridian, between ranges ten and eleven east of the principal meridian; by said meridian, be- tween ranges ten and eleven east, as far as the third correction line ; by the said correc- tion line, as far as the eastern boundary of the province of Manitoba; by said eastern boundary as far as the international boundary line. Also township 44, B. 21; Tp. 45, E. 21, 22, 26, 27, 28; Tps. 46 and 47, E. 24, 25, 26, 27 and 28 ; Tp. 48, E. 24, 25, 26 and 27, west of the second meridian. Townships 42 to 47 inclusive, E. 1; and Tps. 43 and 44, E. 2 and 3, west of the third meridian. SECOND SYSTEM OF SURVEY. 26. The second system of survey is similar in all respects to the first system, except in regard to the deficiency or surplus from the converging or diverging meridians which is distributed equally among all quarter sections as in the third system. 27. The operation of the second system of survey is restricted to Tps. 1 and 2, E. 1 to 8 inclusive; Tps. 19 to 30, E. 1 to 12 inclusive; and Tps. 27 to 30, E. 13 to 16 in- clusive; the above ranges being all west of the second meridian. THIRD SYSTEM OF SURVEY. * 28. The third system of survey covers all the territory not expressly reserved for the other systems. 29. Eoad allowances of one chain in width are allowed on every section line run- ning north and south and on every alternate section line running east and west, that is, along the north and south boundaries of the township and along the second and fourth section lines north of the south boundary of the township. 30. The township, therefore, measures along its east and west boundaries, four hundred and eighty-three chains, and along its north and south boundaries four hund- red and eighty-six chains, subject to the deficiency or surplus from the converging or diverging meridians, as the case may be. 8 SYSTEM OF SURVEY 31. The deficiency or surplus from the converging or diverging meridians is dis- tributed equally among all quarter sections involved, so that the lines bounding sec- tions on the east and west sides are true meridians, and those on the north and south sides are parallel to the north and south boundaries of the township. 32. In the survey of township outlines, the surplus or deficiency found on meri- dians when closing on the correction line is divided equally between the quarter sections adjoining that line, except in the case of the closing on the first correction line where the deficiency or surplus, as above stated, is carried to the first base line, or forty-ninth parallel of latitude. FOURTH SYSTEM OF SURVEY, OR SYSTEM OF SURVEY IX RAILWAY BELT, BRITISH COLUMBIA. 33. The system adopted for the survey of the lands within the belt of twenty miles on each side of the Canadian Pacific Eailway in British Columbia, is the third system of the North-west Territories, modified by adding to each quarter section of 160 acres, an allowance of three acres for roads, instead of locating this allowance on the section lines. 34. This allowance is provided for by making each quarter section on the base lines 40 chains and 50 links, and on the meridians 40 chains and 25 links. 35. The dimensions of the townships are therefore the same as those in the third system of survey, namely, four hundred and eighty-three chains north and south, and four hundred and eighty-six east and west. Since the townships of the third and fourth systems are based upon the forty-ninth parallel and the same initial meridians, there is no fractional township or range between them where the systems adjoin one another, but the northern boundary of the fourth system township coincides with the line of posts marking the southern limit of the road allowance on the southern boundary of the third system township adjoining it to the north, and the eastern boundary of the fourth system township coincides with the western limit of the road on the western boundary of the third system township next east of it. 36. In the fourth system of survey correction lines are marked by a double row of posts to govern the positions of the boundary corners of the townships, sections and quarter sections on each side of the line. 37. The correction line is established by projecting the township lines from the base lines on each side of the correction line, and dividing the surplus or deficiency equally between the quarter sections on each side of the correction line. The corners thus established for the townships south of and adjoining the correction line are joined by straight lines, upon which are placed the posts marking the township, section and quarter section corners for townships on both sides of the correction line. 38. In the case of these correction lines the rule prescribed for re-establishing lost corners on a township outline in Manitoba and the North-west Territories (see sub- clause b of clause 126 of the Dominion Lands Act) is modified, in that the straight line joining the corners of the township south of the correction line must govern the align- ment of the posts. 39. The western limit of the third system follows the summit of the Kocky Moun- tains, which is the boundary between the North-west Territories and the province of British Columbia, except between the northern boundary of township 25, range 15, and the eastern boundary of township 31, range 19, west of the 5th meridian, where the fol- lowing lines separate it from the fourth system, namely : That part of the northern boundary of township 25, range 15, which lies west of the summit of the Rocky Mountains; then, in succession, the eastern boundary of town- FOURTH SYSTEM OF SURVEY 9 ship 26, range 16, to 7th correction line; the 7th correction line as far as the southeast corner of township 27, range 17; the eastern boundaries of townships 27 and 28, range 17; the northern boundary of township 28, range 17; the eastern boundaries of town- ships 29 and 30, range 18; the 8th correction line as far as the southeast corner of township 31, range 19 ; the eastern boundary of township 31, range 19, as far as the sum- mit of the Rocky Mountains; thence northerly along the said summit; all these ranges being west of the fifth meridian. 40. All Dominion lands to the west of the above described boundary are surveyed under the fourth system, excepting the territory in which the fifth system, hereinafter described, is in force. FIFTH SYSTEM OF SURVEY. 41. Certain townships in the railway belt in the lower valley of Fraser river, pre- vious to the transfer of the lands to the Dominion, were surveyed by the provincial gov- ernment according to the local system of survey. The townships are six miles square and are divided into 36 sections, as in the other systems. There are no allowances for roads. The basis of the system is the forty-ninth parallel and a meridian which passes near the junction of Fraser and Pitt rivers. This meridian is called the Coast Meri- dian. The townships are individually numbered, and not according to the general sys- tem of townships and ranges. The common designation of a township is ' Township No , E.C.M.' or ' W.C.M.' (east or west of coast meridian.) 42. The boundary of the fifth system is as follows : Beginning at the point where the eastern boundary of township 25, E.C.M., intersects the international boundary be- tween Canada and the United States; thence northerly upon the eastern boundaries of townships 25 and 26, E.C.M., to the northeast corner of said township 26 ; thence east- erly upon the southern boundary of township 27, E.C.M., to the southeast corner of said township 27; thence northerly upon the eastern boundary of said township 27 to the first correction line of the Dominion lands system of survey ; thence westerly upon the said correction line to the seventh meridian of the Dominion lands system of sur- vey; thence northerly upon the said seventh meridian to the northern boundary of town- ship 24, E.C.M. ; thence westerly upon the northern boundaries of townships 24, 21, 18, 15 and 12 to the southeast corner of section 6, in township 42, E.C.M.; thence north- erly upon the eastern boundaries of sections 6, 7, 18, 19, 30 and 31, in said township 42 to the northern boundary of said township; thence westerly upon the northern bound- ary of said township 42 to the southeast corner of township 41, E.C.M.; thence northerly upon the eastern boundary of said township 41, to the northeast corner of section 12, in said township; thence westerly upon the northern boundaries of sec- tions 12 and 11, in said township 41, to the northwest corner of section 11, in said township; thence southerly upon the western boundaries of sections 11 and 2, in said township 41, to the northern boundary of township 40, E.C.M.; thence westerly upon the northern boundaries of township 40, E.C.M. and township 39, W.C.M., to the west- ern limit of the forty-mile railway belt; thence southerly following upon the said west- ern limit to the international boundary between Canada and the United States ; thence easterly upon the said international boundary to the point of beginning. SETTLEMENT SURVEYS. 43, Lands bordering on any river or lake, or other body of water, or on a public highway, and upon which settlements are in existence, may be laid out and divided into lots of a certain frontage or depth in such manner as appears desirable. In each settle- ment, the lots are numbered in regular order from one upwards, each lot being given a separate number. 10 SYSTEM Of SURVEY 44. The width of the lots in a settlement is laid out on a line, called the base line, established near the front of the settlement and perpendicular to the side lines of the lots. The base line is offsetted as required, and its course is changed where it is neces- sary to do so in order to follow the general trend of the settlement. 45. The side lines of a settlement lot are parallel lines except at the places, if any, where the course of the base line changes. Subject to the same exception, the rear boundary of a settlement lot is parallel to the base line. 46. Boundary monuments are established at the intersections of the base and rear lines by the side lines of the lots. 47. A road sixty-six feet in width is laid out across the settlement in the most con- venient location, also such further roads of the same width as may be necessary to give access to every settlement lot. GROUP LOTS. 48. In remote parts of the country, separate lots, not exceeding one hundred and sixty acres each, may be laid out, each lot being designated by an individual number, by the number of the group to which it belongs and by the name of the province or dis- trict. A group includes all the lots in a territory of convenient size. 49. A group lot is in the form of a rectangle, the length of which does not exceed twice the breadth. A departure from this rule is allowed when the lot is bounded by a road, the shore of a lake or stream, or by another lot, in which case it is made as nearly rectangular as circumstances admit. 50. The breadth of a group lot fronting on a road or on a navigable river or lake must not be made greater than the depth. 51. As far as practicable, the boundaries of a group lot are straight lines running north and south, or east and west. 52. A group lot does not exceed one hundred and sixty acres. When a larger area is to be covered, it is subdivided into such a number of lots that none exceeds one hund- red and sixty acres. TOWN SITES. 53. A town site is made by the subdivision into town lots of a section, group lot or settlement lot, or of portions thereof. In unsurveyed territory, the land is laid out into sections, settlement lots, or group lots, before the survey of the town site is commenced. 54. The streets and avenues of a town site cross at right angles. The ordinary width of both streets and avenues is one chain, or sixty-six feet, but the main streets or avenues may be made one chain and fifty links, or ninety-nine feet. The direction of the streets and avenues is made to conform to the natural features of the ground, the avenues following what is expected to be the direction of the main traffic. 55. One of the streets called ' Centre Street,' is laid out through what is expected to become the centre of the town. The other streets are laid out parallel to, and are num- bered from Centre Street, the designation east or west, or north or south, being added TOWN SITES 11 to the number of the street for indicating on what side of Centre Street is the street in question. The avenues are laid out and numbered in the same manner as the streets. 56. In a town site fronting on navigable waters, an avenue ninety-nine feet wide is laid out along the shore, from which the numbering of the other avenues may com*- mence. 57. The distance between the middle of two adjoining avenues is four chains; be- tween the middle of two adjoining streets, it is ten chains, except when avenues or streets are more than sixty-six feet wide, in which case the above distances are increased accordingly. 58. A town block is the land comprised between two streets and two avenues. It is nine chains in length and three chains in width. Blocks are numbered in regular succession from one upwards. 59. A block is subdivided into eighteen town lots, each one chain wide, and one chain and fifty links deep ; they are numbered from one to eighteen in each block. 60. Posts are planted at all block and lot corners on the streets and avenues, but not in the interior of blocks, except in special cases in irregular blocks. 61. The method of laying out town sites is modified to suit circumstances, as ap- pears desirable. CHAPTER II. FIELD WOKK. DIRECTION AND MEASUREMENT OF LINES. 62. The surveys of Dominion lands are astronomical, that is to say, the direction of the lines is referred to the astronomical meridian. The use of the magnetic needle for running such lines or ascertaining their direction is not allowed, but it may be used as a check against errors, and for sketching or work of a like character. 63. In these instructions, ' bearing ' means the angle formed by a line with the as- tronomical meridian, this angle being reckoned from north, round through east, to 360, east being 90, south 180, west 270 and north 360 or 0. 'Azimuth' means the angle of a line with the astronomical meridian, such angle being reckoned from north, round either east or west, to 180. 64. All azimuths and bearings shall be recorded in degrees and minutes, or degrees and decimals, as explained above. 65. All bearings in a township shall be referred to the astronomical meridian pass- ing through the centre of the township, that is to say, the bearing returned for any line within the township shall be the angle formed by that line with the central meridian, such angle being reckoned from to 360. 66. Under the above rules, the bearing returned in the field notes of the subdivision for the western boundary of a township is the true astronomical bearing of such bound- ary plus the convergence for three sections. The bearing returned for the eastern boundary is the true astronomical bearing minus the convergence for three sections. 67. In the subdivision of a township of the third system of survey, the bearings re- turned in the field notes for the meridional boundaries of sections would, if the survey were perfectly accurate, be as shown in Fig. 6, calculated for township 29. The bear- ing of the central meridional section line would be due north. The bearings of the meridional section lines of the easterly half of the township would be west of north, and those of the westerly half would be east of north. The other section lines would be returned either as due east (90) or due west (270). In the first system of survey, the meridional boundaries of sections, with the ex- ception of the western outline of the township, are parallel to the eastern outline. Were the subdivision of the township perfectly accurate, all the meridional boundaries would be returned with the same bearing, 359 57' or thereabouts. 68. In subdivision surveys, the convergence of meridians may be taken as one minute of arc per section on the international boundary. Thus the convergence be- tween the central line and the exterior boundary of township one, or the angle formed by these two lines is three minutes, that is to say, three times the convergence for one section. For townships farther north, add two tenths of a second per township. Thus for township sixty, the convergence is one minute and twelve seconds per section. The rule is not quite accurate, but is close enough for subdivision purposes within the present limits of township surveys. The exact value of the convergence for one range is given in Table I. under the heading ' Deflection.' DIRECTION AND MEASUREMENT OF LINES 13 69. The point where an astronomical observation is made for ascertaining the di- rection of the meridian must be located by the survey. Where necessary or desirable, the bearings are referred to the meridian of a point other than the point of observation by adding or subtracting, as the case may be, the angular convergence of the meridians. The change of meridians is made by adding the convergence to the bearings when the place of the astronomical observation is west of the meridian of the survey, and by subtracting the convergence when the place of observation is east of the meridian. Let it be assumed, for instance, that the bearing of the north boundary of section six, town- ship one, found by astronomical observation at the northeast corner of the section is 269 57': the bearing to be used in subdividing the township and to be entered in the field notes is 269 59', that is to say, the observed bearing plus the convergence for two sections, which in this case is two minutes. Had the observation been made at the northeast corner of section one and 270 05' found for the bearing of the north bound- ary of the section, the bearing referred to the central meridian would be 270 02', that is to say, the observed bearing minus the convergence for three sections, which is three minutes. 70. The bearings of every survey shall all be referred to a single meridian so that the angle of any two lines of the survey may be given by the difference of their bear- ings. A survey extending over such a distance in longitude that the application of the above rule would be inconvenient may be divided into several portions, each with a sepa- rate meridian, but the angular change in the bearings in passing from one meridian to the next one, and the place where such change is made must be carefully noted. 71. Except in the survey of town sites, all lengths or distances shall be expressed in chains and links. In the survey of a town site, the lengths may be either all ex- pressed in feet or all expressed in chains and links, but in no case shall both measures be used in one survey. Heights and depths shall in all cases be expressed in feet. 72. Measurements shall be made with steel band chains, tested and corrected fre- quently during use by comparison with the subsidiary standard of the surveyor. The subsidiary standard is not to be used on field work, but is to be carefully pre- served for purposes of comparison. 73. Previous to entering on their duties the chainmen shall be sworn according to the form below, and such oath shall be filed with the returns of the survey: I, A. B., do solemnly swear that I will discharge the duty of chaining and measur- ing with exactness according to the best of my judgment and ability, and that I will render a true account of my chaining and measuring to C. D., Dominion Land Sur- veyor, by whom I have been appointed to such duty. So help me God. (Signed) A. B. 74. In chaining over uneven ground, should the same be so broken as not to permit of the full chain being levelled, the measurement shall be made with such portion there- pf as may be easily levelled, and particular care shall be taken at such times, in plumb- ing and dropping the pins, in order to obtain the accurate horizontal measurement. Lines over sloping ground may be measured either by levelling the chain, as direct- ed above, or by chaining along the surface of the ground, measuring the slope with a clinometer and applying the requisite correction. 75. In case the survey line be obstructed by a lake, pond, deep marsh or other ob- stacle, the surveyor shall pass it by right-angled offsets, or, if more convenient, shall ascertain the distance across by triangulation. The angle opposite to the base should be, whenever practicable, at least thirty degrees. It must never be less than fifteen de- grees. The three angles of the triangle must be measured. I 14 FIELD WORK 76. All lines established as boundaries in woods are to be well opened out and to be further marked by blazed trees. A tree is blazed on three sides, namely, on the side on which the line passes, and on the two adjacent sides. Blazes are not to be omitted when there are trees more than two inches in diameter within fifty links from the line. 77. Under the provisions of clause 129 of the Dominion Lands Act, the boundary lines of townships, sections, legal subdivisions, lots, &c., are declared to be the lines de- fined by the mounds, posts or monuments placed or planted at the angles thereof. Blazed lines, therefore, are not legal boundaries. When the closing error of a trial line opened out in the woods is less than the maximum error allowed for such a line, the post may be established by offsetting without opening the true line. In order that the post may be readily found, it is connected with the trial line by opening an oblique line making an angle not greater than 5 with the trial line. Blazes are omitted from the last portion of the trial line, the oblique line being blazed instead. Offsetting the posts in this manner is, however, allowed only when the trial line strikes within fifty / links of the corner; when the closing error exceeds fifty links, the true line must be opened out, surveyed and blazed. TOWNSHIP OUTLINES. 78. Whenever the nature of the country permits, the first operation in laying out a given portion of country for settlement consists in the survey of ' blocks/ In the first system of survey, a block contains four townships, being bounded by a base line, a correction line and two meridians. The base line is first surveyed, then the meridians, and the correction line across the two ranges is surveyed, first as a trial line, then as a true line. The block is ' quartered ' into townships by straight lines by the township subdivider. Otherwise the manner of survey is the same as under the third system, and since very little of the territory in which this system is in force remains to be surveyed, no further description of it is necessary. 79. In the second system, the block contains sixteen townships included between successive correction lines and meridians four ranges apart. All the territory of this system having been already laid out into townships, no description of the method of survey of blocks is necessary. In the third system a block embraces sixteen townships, bounded by two base lines and the meridians, four ranges apart, from them to the intermediate correction line. 80. The surveyor of township outlines divides the block into townships by project- ing the interior meridians of the block, and surveys the other outlines of the townships by joining the corresponding corners on the meridians by straight lines, although this latter operation is very generally left for the surveyor charged with the duty of sub- dividing the townships into sections. 81. Frequently, however, mountains, large lakes, or other natural obstacles prevent the survey of the block as a whole. In such cases the interior lines of the block are projected according to the general rules in so far as they apply to the case. 82. The eastern and western exterior boundaries of the blocks are broken lines, each consisting of two meridians separated by the ' jog ' at the correction line. The northern and southern limits (base lines) are parts of a polygon described on a parallel of latitude, by laying off, as chords thereto, the successive township sides, forming, as the case may be, the northern or southern outline of the block. 83. The road allowances along meridians are in all cases to be of the prescribed theoretic width. That the distribution of excess or defect is among the sec- tions, and is not applied to the roads, does not materially affect the bearing of the north and south lines involved; the displacement at the extremes but two-thirds of a TOWNSHIP OUTLINES 15 link on each mile being less than ordinary chaining is at all accurate enough to indi- cate. 84. In surveying meridian exteriors, the surveyor of township outlines commences at one of the township corners of the base line. He carefully measures one or two miles of the baee before beginning the subdivision of the block; this enables him to compare his chaining with that of the lines previously run. 85. The meridian is carried only as far as the correction line where a temporary post is left. The corresponding meridian is then surveyed from the township corner on the next base to the same correction line, and the jog jun between the ends of the two meridians on the proper bearing. The north and south closing error is distributed equally between the two quarter sections adjoining and on each side of the correction line so as to make both quarter sections of the same depth. The monuments for town- ship corners are now permanently established. No monuments are erected by the sur- veyor of township outlines between the township corners on the correction line. 86. Any difference in the chainage of two meridians causes corresponding devi- ations on the east and west lines joining the same; great care must therefore be be- stowed on the measurements and every precaution taken to ensure accuracy. 87. In running across a block from one base line to the next one, the surveyor of township outlines shall observe for azimuth at least once on every line across the block. 88. Surveyors of township outlines are requested to plant firmly and carefully the pickets marking their instrumental stations near the township corners, so that the subdivider may readily obtain the correct direction for starting his lines. SUBDIVISION OF TOWNSHIPS. 89. A township is subdivided by first projecting the meridians, and then joining the corresponding section corners on them, first by trial and then by true lines. Table VIII. may be used for correcting the trial line ; it gives the deflection of a line for de- viations from one to one hundred and forty-nine links at the end of eighty-one chains. 90. The only section lines to be surveyed, established and permanently marked as boundaries, are those along which the road allowances are. Their total length for a township of the third system is forty-two miles and twenty-seven chains, more or less, exclusive of township outlines, and for a township of the first or second system sixty- one miles and ten chains, more or less. 91. In the fourth system, the lines to be surveyed are those corresponding to those surveyed in the third system ; that is, all the north and south, and the alternate east and west section lines. 92. Before starting for his survey, the subdivider receives from the head office or from the surveyor of outlines, diagrams of the outlines previously surveyed. Should these diagrams not be forthcoming, the subdivider must call attention to the matter and ask for them. 93. Upon arriving at the township corner from which the survey is to be started, the subdivider measures carefully a mile of the township outline. This enables him to compare his chaining with that of the lines previously run, and to adjust his measure- ments so as to strike the corners on the outlines. He also endeavours to find the pick- ets marking the instrumental stations on the outline which are better guides for direc- tion than the monuments. 16 FIELD WORK 94. The meridian exteriors of a township having been established by the surveyor of township outlines, the subdivider commences his operations by running the north and the south boundaries of the township, if they have not been previously surveyed. In order to do so he joins, by a trial line, the opposite township corners on the me- ridians, and then plants the posts permanently on the true line, making all quarter sec- tions equal. Table VIII. gives the number of minutes by which the course of the trial line is to be altered in order to strike the post. The course of the true line, not of the trial line, is to be entered in the field notes. Only one side of a correction line is to be surveyed at one time. 95. When a correction line has to be deflected across the last fractional range in order to close on an initial meridian, the south or the north side, as the case may be, of the road allowance is broken in such a way as to leave the full width of one chain for the road (one chain and a half in the first and second systems of survey). The general case is represented in fig. 4. Rtinge 30 Ranfe 29 ge 30 Fig. 4. The northeast corner, A, of the last range is joined by a straight line to a point, B, one chain south of the post at the west end of the ' jog,' and this last point is again joined by a straight line to the corresponding post, C, of the initial meridian. The northern boundary of the township is thus a line, ABC, broken at B. Another position of the lines is shown in fig. 5, the initial meridian intersecting the ' jog.' The southeast corner, A, of the last range on the north side of the correc- tion line, is joined by a straight line to a point, B, one chain north of the post at the eastern end of the jog, and this last point is again joined by a straight line to the cor- responding post, C, of the initial meridian. The southern boundary of the township is thus a line, ABC, broken at B. Kanfe 29 Range 9 Fig. 6. SUBDIVISION OF TOWNSHIPS 17 96. It has been explained, in the exposition of the system of survey, that sections in all the systems except the first, are of unequal width, on account of the convergence or divergence of meridians. To better illustrate this fact the convergence has been ex- aggerated in fig. 6. N. 270 00' 270- IT 00 * 5 V P| k ^ Ik t, i 1 k % k 270 o oo- 270 ~t ff-oo- 1 s. c Fig. 6. a The angle formed by the meridional section lines with the east and west lines 13 different for each line, and varies uniformly from one corner of the township to the other. The surveyor shall not, therefore, start his meridional section lines at right angles to the township lines, but he must, in each case, calculate the angle formed by the lines from the data supplied to him on the diagram of township outlines or from his own measurements. Supposing, for instance, the bearings of ae and dh to be 359 59' and 05', the meridional section lines at &, c, &c., shall be run upon bearings of 360, 01', 02', 03' and 04'. These courses are turned off the line ad, the bearing of which is either given on the diagram of outlines or has been ascertained by the subdivider in survey- ing it. The bearings on Fig. 6 are the theoretical bearings for township 29. 97. In the first system of survey, as already stated, the lines between sections are not true meridians, but are parallel to the eastern boundary of the township, and make with the south boundary of the township angles equal to the south-eastern angle of the township. All the meridional lines are therefore to be started upon the same bear- ing, that is to say, upon the bearing of the eastern outline (referred to the central meri- dian). 98. In starting from a correction line, the surveyor shall give to the adjoining quarter section, a depth proportional to those of the quarter sections at each end of the tier, as shown on the diagram of the township outlines. He must be careful to connect with the posts in the inner limit of the road allow- ance, and not with those in the outer limit. 99. In closing with a meridional section line on the north or south boundary of a township, the last section post on such meridional section line is at once planted per- manently and connected by a straight line with the section corner on the outline of the township. The surplus or deficiency is left in the quarter section adjoining the out- line. The true course of the deflected line is to be entered in the notes. The directions given above (77) in regard to blazed lines apply in this case. Should a meridional section line strike more than fifty links from the corner on the outline, the whole of such meridional section line must be resurveyed across the town- ship. Offsetting the posts is not sufficient ; a new line must be run and, if in the woods, opened throughout. 18 FIELD WORK 100. In subdividing a township, the quarter section posts on east and west lines are placed midway between the section corners on the respective meridional section lines, that is to say, both quarter section sides are made equal, with the exception noted above for the first system of survey. In all the systems of survey also, the quarter section on the east side of an initial meridian contains all the deficiency. 101. When a township, whether fractional or otherwise, adjoins lands surveyed under a different system, all lines within such township must be stopped at the inner side of the road allowance dividing the two systems and a corner post or monument erected at the point of intersection. In no case must a line be extended across the aforesaid road allowance. 102. A road allowance of the same width as in the adjoining township is to be left on the boundaries of all Indian reserves. The intersections of the section lines with that side of the road allowance which adjoins the township are to be indicated by pro- per posts or monuments. When a reserve not yet surveyed is to be formed of a certain number of full sections, the surveyor, in establishing the same, shall plant the posts as usual on the west and south boundaries ; but on the north and east sides they are to be planted in the north or east limit of the road allowance. The side of the road allow- ance adjoining the township is the only one to be posted by the surveyors employed by the Department of the Interior. Indian reserve boundaries and other lines must be retraced, when the areas of the quarter sections adjoining cannot be found without such a survey. 103. As a general rule, no lines are to be run in Indian reserves. Should it be ne- cessary, in surveying a base line or other important governing line, to cross an Indian reserve, no posts are to be planted, nor permanent marks of any kind to be left within the boundaries of the reserve. 104. Connection is to be made with the corner of any group lot, mineral claim or other parcel of land previously laid out within the township and with the monuments of surveyed roads and with properly identified points of railway surveys. 105. A picket or hub called ' traverse hub ' is firmly planted on the surveyed line near the point where the line intersects the bank of a lake or river which has to be tra- versed, as hereinafter explained. 106. Owing to the mountainous character of British Columbia, it is impracticable to survey the base lines and block and township outlines as on the prairie. All the sur- veys are based upon a traverse survey made along the railway line from which the posi- tions of the corners of the sections through which the railway passes have been com- puted. These positions have been tabulated, and printed in a list of ' Positions of Stations on the C. P. K. Traverse,' copies of which are furnished to surveyors making surveys in the railway belt. In this list the actual position of the instrument in the traverse survey is given by reference to the northeast corner of the section in which the point lies. 107. The surveyor first finds the instrumental station, and then measures the given distances east and north; this gives him the point at which he is to place the section corner post. The instrumental station was usually on or near the track, and hence the hub is generally not to be found, being covered with ballast. Reference is made in the list to bearing trees or posts, called C. P. T. (Canadian Pacific Traverse) posts. The given bearings and distances from the station to the post enable the surveyor to locate the station when he finds the bearing post. Surveyors are warned that some of these bearing posts have been moved ; to avoid error, it is necessary to connect with two or more of them. SUBDIVISION OF TOWNSHIPS 19 108. When the section corner has been placed in manner aforesaid, the survey of the section lines is continued therefrom by laying off the theoretical widths and depths of sections. 109. Where cairns or posts have been established by the trigonometrical survey in the mountains, the sectional survey may be based, in like manner, on their tabulated positions. 110. The outer limit of the railway belt follows section lines shown on the sectional maps of the belt. In making a survey for the purpose of determining the limits of the belt, the sur- veyor may run township or section lines, or make a traverse of some stream, road or lake leading to the limit, from which he can locate the section lines in that vicinity, but the survey must be checked by another surveyed line forming a closed circuit. 111. In subdividing townships, at least one astronomical observation for ascertain- ing the direction of the meridian shall be made in each township, and a record of the observations and of their calculations shall be furnished, but in contract surveys not more than two observations per township shall be paid for. When the weather is not favourable for observing, the subdivision may be com- menced with an assumed meridian, using for instance, the bearing of one of the town- ship outlines given on the diagram of outlines. The astronomical observation is taken when a favourable opportunity occurs, but no change is made in the assumed meridian until the subdivision of the township has been completed. The change is then made by adding to all the bearings of the survey, or by subtracting from all the bearings, as the case may be, the correction deduced from the astronomical observation, due allowance being made for convergence when the observation is made elsewhere than on the central meridian of the township. 112. With the method of survey prescribed for the subdivision of townships all quarter sections on meridians should be forty chains, except in the tiers of quarter sec- tions adjoining the correction lines where they should be proportional to the quarter sections at each end of the tier. No error greater than fifty links will be allowed in closing at any section corner, and the opposite boundaries of sections must be within fifty links of equal length. A surveyor is expected to do his work with reasonable care. No survey will be ac- cepted in which the number of errors denotes carelessness, although each individual error may be under fifty links. 113. No township or section line, except in subdivided townships the section lines along which there are no road allowances, is to be surveyed without instructions from the Surveyor-General. In the Railway Belt in British Columbia, instructions are re- quired for all township or section lines without exception. A surveyor who is requested to survey such lines must apply for instructions before commencing the survey. SETTLEMENT SURVEYS. 114. Before proceeding with the survey of a settlement, the surveyor shall make a rough compass survey of the road or shore upon which the settlers are located and shall make inquiries as to the claims of each. Upon the plan of the compass survey, he shall endeavour to lay out the land into lots of such size and shape as will best meet the wishes and legitimate claims of the occupants. It is essential that each settler shall re- main in possession of his improvements and the lots should be laid out accordingly, as far as it can be done. A lot must not, as a rule, exceed one hundred and sixty acres. The base line is located approximately upon the plan, placing it close to the improve- ments. 2* 20 FIELD WORK 115. The surveyor now proceeds with the survey of the base line. The direction of the meridian is ascertained by an astronomical observation before commencing the survey or a conventional meridian is assumed, and the bearings are corrected after the survey is completed. The surveyor shall observe at least twice for azimuth during the course of the sur- vey. The base line is run at right angles to the direction of the lots, and is offsetted along the lot lines when it is necessary to do so for keeping close to the improvements. The limits of the lots are marked upon the base line. 116. The rear line is next established parallel to the base line and the rear corners of the lots marked. Connection is made at suitable intervals between the base and the rear line by running some of the lot lines. 117. The front of the lots, whether the shore of a lake, a river or a road, is now traversed. To be suitable as a water front, the river or lake must have well defined hanks; the edge of a marsh is inadmissible as a boundary and must be replaced by straight lines. The middle of an unnavigable river may, when the river is well defined, "be adopted as a boundary. 118. The survey is completed by laying out the public highway across the settle- ment, and such additional roads as are necessary for giving access to all the lots or for other purposes. The survey of the roads is connected to the base or rear lines at suit- able intervals. SURVEY OF GROUP LOTS. 119. Before undertaking the survey of a group lot, the surveyor shall apply for a lot number. 120. An astronomical observation for ascertaining the direction of the meridian is to be made before commencing the survey, unless the said direction can be obtained from the lines of an adjoining survey previously confirmed. 121. Having fixed upon the initial corner of the lot, the surveyor shall run from this corner and mark the limits of the lot. Where a part of the limit is over inacces- sible ground, the limit is run as far as it can be done, and the corner is indicated by a witness monument which is connected to the next limit by a traverse. Proper monu- ments are erected at the other corners. Except as stated above, all the boundaries of the lot must be surveyed. 122. Where the shore of a lake or stream forms a boundary, it is traversed, and a monument is established near the shore upon each of the lot lines. 123. The survey must be connected to some previously confirmed survey, if within two miles, and with all previously established survey monuments within ten chains from the limits of the lot. In the absence of any confirmed survey within two miles, the lot shall be connected to some prominent, permanent and well defined natural feature. TOWN SITE SURVEYS. 124. A town site is laid out by surveying both sides of the streets and both sides of the avenues, and marking the corners of the lots. No post is to be located by offset from a surveyed line. One of the four corners at the intersection of a street and of an avenue is marked by an iron post; the marks at other corners are wooden posts. TO WN SITE S UR VEYS 21 Natural boundaries for town lots are undesirable ; when adopted, they must be well defined and carefully traversed. 125. The survey is properly connected with the boundaries of the section or lot in which the town site is situated. SURVEYS OF PUBLIC HIGHWAYS. 126. A public highway is surveyed either along the centre of the highway or along one of its outer limits. In a wooded country, it is preferable to follow the centre line, while in prairie it is more convenient to follow one of the limits. 127. The starting and closing points of the highway must be connected to some corner or monument of Dominion land surveys; connection is also made with a sec- tion or quarter section corner upon every surveyed section line intersected, and with lot corners at suitable intervals in settlements or group lots. 128. In running his lines, the surveyor shall set the transit so as to give by direct reading the bearings of the lines in the manner hereinafter described for traverse sur- veys. 129. When the survey is made along one of the limits of the highway, a monument is to be established at every instrumental station. The position of the corner in the opposite limit of the highway is determined by taking the mean of the bearings of the front and back courses, and either adding or subtract- ing 90. This gives the bearing of the line bisecting the angle formed by the two courses. For instance, the bearing of the back course being 70 and of the front course 120, (Fig. 7), the bearing of the line bisecting 1 the angle formed by the two courses is : Fig. 7. ^t 120 ^ 90 = 185 Had the survey been made along the other limit of the road, the bearing would be : TO + 120 90 o_ 5 o - yu o The distance in chains along the bearing to the opposite limit is, for a highway one chain wide, equal to the secant of one-half the difference of the bearings of the front and back courses. Thus in the example above given (Fig. 7) one-half the difference of bearings is : 120- 70 2 the secant of which is 1 -103. The distance to the opposite limit is therefore one chain ten links and three-tenths of a link. This distance is given for differences of bearings from to 120 in a table printed on- cardboard for carrying in the pocket, which may be had upon application to the head office. 130. When the survey is made along the centre of the highway, the corners are lo- cated in the n:anner above described in both limits of the highway, but the distance measured along the bisecting line to the right and to the left of the instrumental sta- tion is only one-half of the tabular distance. 131. Additional monuments are placed to define the highway when the instrumen- tal stations are more than twenty chains apart. In some cases, the monuments upon one of the limits of the road are omitted ; the surveyor is informed when they are not needed. 22 FIELD WORK TRAVERSES. 132. In connection with surveys of Dominion lands, traverses are made for the following purposes : For defining the boundaries and the contents of a parcel of land fronting upon a river or lake. For ascertaining the area of the portion of a parcel of land occupied by a body of water and thereby rendered useless for farming. For connecting a point or line of a survey with another point or line of the same, or of another survey, or with some other reference object. 133. The traverse of a water front of a parcel is made for ascertaining the con- tents of the parcel and as a means of identification of the water boundary. Other traverses, such as that of a lake entirely within a quarter section, are made only for the purpose of ascertaining the quantity of land subject to sale and to be paid for by the pui chaser. 134. The courses of a traverse are not boundaries of the parcels fronting on bodies of water. In the case of a lake or navigable stream, the boundary is the edge of the bed of the lake or stream, which edge is called the bank. The bed of a body of water has been defined as the land covered so long by water as to prevent vegetation, and the bank is the line where vegetation ceases. The shore is the space between the bank and the water. In making traverse surveys, the surveyor must bear in mind the following rules de- termining the ownership of lands fronting upon bodies of water and the rights of the owners. 135. The grantee of a parcel of land fronting upon a lake or river acquires not only the land actually surveyed, but also the right to future additions to the parcel which may result from gradual alluvion or dereliction resulting from natural causes. Where the land is slowly and imperceptibly added to, either by alluvion or by the recession of the water of a river or lake, whether navigable or not, the new land thus formed belongs to the riparian owner in front of whose land it is formed, and the pro- cess is held to be imperceptible where its effects are so gradual that it is not discernible from moment to moment, though the fact that there has been an increase in the land may be perceptible from year to year or at shorter intervals. The converse is also true, that lands gradually encroached upon by the waters upon which they border cease to the extent of the encroachment to belong to the former owner. On the other hand, sudden and sensible additions to or subtractions from lands arising from similar causes do not cause any change in ownership. 136. Eiparian owners whose lands border upon unnavigable waters are held to be the owners of the bed of such waters in front of their holdings ad filum aquce. Their rights in this regard may depend to some extent upon the precise terms of the descrip- tion by which their lands have been conveyed to them. 137. From the foregoing, it follows that for a lake or navigable river, the line to be traversed is the bank. For a river which is not navigable, but which is adopted as a boundary, the line to be traversed is the middle of the main channel, ' middle ' being in the sense not of midway between the banks, but of the line following the centre of the main body of water flowing in the channel. In the first case, a parcel fronting on the river does not include the bed, nor does it include the adjoining islands unless the survey shows distinctly that the islands are included. A parcel fronting on an un- navigable stream includes the river bed and the adjoining islands as far as the middle of the stream. 138. The edge of a marsh, or any other natural feature which is not susceptible of a precise definition, is inadmissible as a boundary. When a parcel of land extends to TEA VERSES 23 such a feature, as in settlements or group lots, the limit is to be defined by one or sev- eral straight lines, the corners being indicated by witness monuments if their position is unsuitable for the erection of monuments. 139. In subdividing townships, such rivers as are specially mentioned in the in- structions and all lakes over twenty acres in extent, together with any islands contain- ing not less than twenty acres, are to be accurately surveyed. 140. The bank of a river is referred to as the right or left bank, according as it is to the right or to the left, looking down the stream. 141. The area occupied by the bed of a river is deducted from the area of a subdi- vision when the river, although not navigable, is over three chains wide. In such a case, both banks of the river are traversed, the traverse of the middle being omitted, but the islands less than 20 acres in extent must be included in the adjoining fractional subdivisions. 142. Shallow lakes or marshes which occasionally dry up are not to be traversed. Marshes of which the edge varies ten chains or more, according to the height of the water, do not require traversing, as the land may be dealt with by selecting the legal subdivisions which more nearly include the land suitable for farming. A marsh pro- ducing hay must not be traversed. 143. A traverse survey is commenced at one of the traverse hubs planted by the surveyor while running the section or lot lines, and is closed upon the next traverse hub or upon a section, quarter section or lot corner. The traverse of a lake or island lying entirely within a section or lot must be properly connected with the rest of the survey. 144. In running his lines the surveyor shall set his transit so as to give by direct reading the bearings of the lines, that is to say, the instrument must be so placed that it shall read when the telescope is pointing north, 90 for east, 180 for south, and 270 for west. In order to do so, the instrument is placed over the traverse station and after levelling it, the vernier is clamped to read the bearing of the last course. The telescope is next turned on the back picket, and the whole instrument is clamped in that position by clamping the lower plate. The vernier plate is then undamped, the teles- cope is transited around its horizontal axis and directed upon the front picket. The bearing of the front course is now read upon the instrument. The compass may be used to advantage as a check on the orientation of the instrument for preventing mis- takes. Traverses made by means of deflection angles or by measuring the angles between successive courses will not be accepted. 145. A traverse of which the object is merely to ascertain an area may be made f with a stadia or micrometer of an approved pattern, provided the closing error does not exceed one chain in one hundred chains. The points of the bank or line traversed shall not be more than ten chains apart on township surveys, or more than five chains apart on other surveys. Offsets shall not be greater than four chains on township sur- veys and two chains on other surveys. Other traverses shall be chained unless permission is obtained to use the stadia or micrometer. No blazes or permanent marks of any description are made on traverse lines. 146. Every lake or river traversed must be given a name or designation so that it may be referred to in describing parcels of land fronting upon it. 147. As a general rule, subject to exceptions, a quarter section is considered as sufficiently surveyed for disposal when two of its corners are indicated on the ground, 24 FIELD WORK either by corner or witness monuments. A quarter section made fractional by water or otherwise must have its area ascertained before it can be dealt with. It is essential that a surveyor commencing a survey should complete it to such an extent that the land may be thrown open for entry or sale, and no traverse should be omitted which is necessary for that purpose. BOUNDARY MONUMENTS. 148. Having ascertained by exact running and measurement the proper point for establishing the township, section or quarter section corner, as the case may be, the sur- veyor, in marking the same, is to be governed by the following directions : 149. Only a single row of monuments to indicate the corners of the townships or sections (except as hereinafter provided) is placed on any survey line. These posts and monuments are placed in the west limit of the road allowances on north and south lines, and in the south limit of road allowances on east and west lines, or on the line between the sections~where there are no road allowances; and in all cases fix and govern the positions of the boundary corners of the adjoining townships, sections or quarter sections on both sides of the road allowance or line. 150. The township, section or quarter section corners on correction lines, or on lines between different systems of survey, are in all cases indicated by monuments erected and marked independently for the townships on each side; those for the town- ships north or east of the line, in the north or east limit of the road allowance, and those for the townships south or west, in the south or west limit. Indian reserve boun- daries are also posted on both sides of the road allowance; on one side for the reserve and on the other side for the township. 151. Township and section corners are indicated by pointed iron tubes, marked as hereinafter described, and driven perpendicularly to within ten inches of the top. The iron tube is five feet long and one and three-eighths of an inch in diameter for town- ship corners, and three feet long and three-quarters of an inch in diameter for section corners. The upper end is squared and a crown is stamped on one of the faces. 152. A quarter section corner is marked by a wooden post flattened on two sides and marked with the frac- tion i (fraction-wise) to identify it as a quarter section post. The post (Fig. 8) is two feet six inches long and three inches wide on the flat face. It is driven eighteen inches into the ground, the flat sides facing in the direc- tion of the line. The post is bevelled on top to turn rain. When wood for the post is not to be found within three miles from the site of a quarter section corner, no post need be planted, the corner being indicated simply by the four pits, or mound and pits, as hereinafter provided. Fig. 8. Post for quarter section corner. 153. The pest or tube is in all cases placed exactly at the corner it is meant to in- dicate. A mound or pits, or both, must also be made. 154. Mounds (Fig. 9) are of the form of square-based pyramids, six feet square at the base and three feet high for township corners, and five feet square by two and one- '. half feet high for section and quarter section corners. BOUNDARY MONUMENTS 25 155. In the formation of mounds, the earth is taken from four several ' pits ' three feet square and eighteen inches deep, the centres of the pits being four feet six inches outside and opposite the centres of the respective bases (Fig. 10). These mounds are formed of solid earth, roots and all foreign substances being excluded, and the earth well pressed down with the spade during the process. In order to facilitate the speedy erection of a mound, a rope skeleton may be used. By taking hold of each corner and Fig. 9. Post, mound and pits Perspective. Fig. 10. Post, mound and pits Plan. making a knot of the three lines running to it, the line is carried without becoming tangled; or the spade used may have marked on it the distance from the centre to the corners of the mound and to the sides of the pits, and small pickets may be planted at those distances and in the proper directions. 156. Whenever stones can be readily procured, mounds may be built of stones pro- perly piled so as to conform as nearly as .possible in size and shape to the earth mounds (Fig. 11). A mound must not be made partly of stone and partly of earth. When a stone mound is built, pits are required as with an earth mound, when it is possible to make them. FIELD WORK Fig. 11. Stone mound Perspective. Fig. 12. Post and pits Perspective. Fig. 13. Post and pits Plan. 157. When a mound is not built, the pits are placed at the same distances from one another as they would be if the mound were built, and at the same distance from the post as they would be from the centre of the mound (Figs. 12 and 13). In prairie, at township, section and quarter section corners, pits are dug, but no mound is built. The earth from the pits is scattered about. 158. In woods, willows or other scrub a mound and pits are made at all corners. In wooded spots, the positions of the pits relative to the directions of the lines may, when necessary, be altered to suit circumstances, provided the distances between them BOUNDARY MONUMENTS 27 and from the centre of the mound are preserved. One of the pits may be omitted, when, on account of large trees or other obstacles, it is found impracticable to dig the four pits. 159. In prairie the rule as to size, depth and position of pits will be rigidly en- forced. 160. The mound thrown up at a township, section or quarter section corner is so placed that the post stands at the northerly angle or point thereof, and that the mound stands diagonally to the cardinal points (Fig. 10). 161. Except that on correction lines, the lines between different systems of survey, the outer limits of the roads around Indian reserves, and generally all lines the posts on which mark the boundaries of lands on one side only of the line, the township, sec- tion and quarter section corner mounds are so placed that the post stands precisely in the centre of the north, east, south or west side of the base of the mound, according as the corner is intended for lands south, west, north or east of the line, the mound being placed square to the cardinal points (Figs. 14 and 15). Fig. 14. Post, mound and pits on correction line Section. PIT 5- limit of for corn JV. limit of 'road allowance Sjl ers S- of road. ' '.Post. * * road allowance for corners N. of road. Fig. 15. Post, mound and pits on correction line Plan. 162. In prairie, where there is no mound, the square formed by the four pits stands square with the cardinal points at corners which govern lands on both sides of the line, 28 FIELD WORK and diagonally to the cardinal points at corners governing one side only. The post stands at the intersection of the diagonals of the square (Figs. 13 and 16). "siV HJ!*- 1 Mjimit of '__'- Q & nttp.cornfrg o'/i' at see. and K sec. corners. Fig. 16. Post and pits on correction line Plan. 163. The mound and the pits for a quarter section corner are the same in size and position as those for a section corner. 164. If a township or section corner fall in a lake, or bed of a stream, on an inac- cessible mountain or in any other locality unfavourable to the planting of a post, the digging of pits or the erection of a mound, the surveyor perpetuates such corner by a witness iron post with trench, or mound and trench, at the nearest suitable point of the surveyed line, that is either north, south, east, or west of the true corner. The distance in chains and the bearing of the site of the true corner from such witness post are cut on the post, the bearing being indicated by one of the letters N., S., E., or W. By placing the monument at any number of full chains from the corner, the marking of the post is simplified. Care must be taken to indicate the bearing from the witness post to the true corner; thus, a witness post south of the true corner is marked with letter ' N ' f or north. A witness monument is not to be placed on a road allowance, public highway, or travelled road. Fig. 17. Witness post and mound Perspective. BOUNDARY MONUMENTS Fig. 18. Witness post and mound Section. Fig. 20. Witness post and mound Plan. Fig. 21. Witness post and trench Plan. 165. No witness post, mound or trench is required to mark the position of a quar- ter section corner. 166. A witness trench is circular, of six feet inside diameter. The trench proper is twenty-four inches wide and twelve inches deep (Fig. 21). 167. In prairie, the earth taken from the trench is scattered about, but in the woods it is employed to build a conical mound, six feet in diameter and two and a half feet high. The post stands in the middle of the trench at the point nearest to the cor- ner while in prairie the post is at the centre of the circle formed by the trench (Figs. 17, 18, 19, 20 and 21). Care must be taken to plant all corner and witness posts exactly on line, as well as at the correct chained distance. 168. The corners of group lots, and of lots in settlements are marked like section corners and indicated by witness posts, mounds and pits. When iron posts are not available, wooden posts may be used. FIELD WORK 169. A wooden post for the corner of a group or settle- ment lot shall be thirty-six inches long, eighteen inches in the ground and eighteen inches above. It is to be squared twelve inches from the top, and the faces must be at least three inches wide. The top is bevelled to turn off rain. Such a post, as well as a quarter section post, when perpetuated by a mound, shall be placed not in the centre of the mound, but in the same position as an iron post would occupy. Fig. 22. Wooden post for lot corners and public highways. 170. The monuments erected for marking the limits of highways are the same as at section corners on correction lines. When monuments are erected in both limits, iron posts are used on one side and wooden posts, like those prescribed for the corners of group or settlement lots, may be used on the other side. 171. No mounds or pits are made for perpetuating the posts of a town site. The iron posts for the corners of blocks are the same as for section corners. The other corners are marked by wooden posts three inches square and twenty-four inches long, sunk fifteen inches in the ground. 172. No monuments are to be erected in positions where they are liable to destruc- tion ; they must be placed far enough from rivers to be safe from obliteration by floods. When the site of a corner falls in an exposed position, a witness monument must be erected. 173. Pits must not be made in the middle of a travelled road or trail; a corner falling in such a place is indicated by a witness monument. 174. Surveyors are forbidden to erect a second boundary monument at a corner which they find already marked on the ground unless they are authorized to destroy the monument found. The position of the latter, if destroyed, must be accurately measured and noted. In case of doubt, the surveyor must telegraph for instructions. MARKS ON POSTS. 175. The post planted at a township or section corner not on a correction line or on a line between different systems of survey or on an Indian reserve line, is marked on its southwest side with the number of the section the nortnwSi corner of which the post is to indicate, followed by the numbers of the township and range in which that section lies. For the corner between townships 5 and 6, and the 3rd and 4th ranges. Fig. 23. Township corner. MARKS ON POSTS 31 For the northerly corner between sections 34 and 35, town- ship 5, range 4. Fig. 24. Section corner. For the easterly corner between sections 24 and 25, township 6, range 4. Fig. 25. Section corner. For the corner between sections 15, 16, 21, 22, township range 4. Fig. 26. Section corner. 176. Posts at township and section corners on correction lines are marked exclu- sively for the townships and sections on the respective sides of the road allowance. They have the number of section on the west side, and the number of township and range on the north or south side for posts north or south of the road allowance respec- tively. For instance: For the southeast corner of township 3, range 10. igv 27. Township corner on cor- rection line. xxx'vil For the northeast corner of township 6, range 5. Fig. 28. Township corner on cor- rection line. FIELD WORK For the southerly corner between sections 3 and 4, township 7, range 5. Fig. 29. Section corner on cor- rection line. xxxii For the northerly corner between sections 32 and 33, township 2, >: ' range 6. Fig. 30. Section corner on cor- rection line. 177. Posts at township and section corners on east and west lines dividing two systems of survey are marked in the same manner as posts on correction lines. Posts at township and section corners on north and south lines dividing two sys- tems of survey are marked on their south side with the number of the section the north' boundary of which they indicate, and with the number of the township and range on their east or west side, according as the posts are on the east or west side of the road allowance respectively. For instance: For the post marking the northwesterly corner of section 7, xxviiuxvi township 28, range 16, west of second meridian, on the east side of the road allowance dividing the second from the third system of survey. Fig. 31. Section corner on line between two systems of survey. For the northeasterly corner of township 28, range 17, west of the second meridian. Fig. 32. Township cor- ner on line between two systems of survey. 178. Similarly with posts planted on the limits of road allowances adjoining In- dian reserves, and on the lines of other reserves, settlements, &c., the general rule being that the sides of mounds, pits, &c., which govern townships and sections on both sides of the road allowance are to be set diagonally, and the posts are to be marked accord- ingly; but those which govern only townships and sections on one side of the road are set square to the cardinal points. 179. Quarter section posts are always set so that the flat sides face the direction of the line, and they are marked with the fraction \. MARKS ON POSTS 33 180. In ranges numbered from the principal meridian, the letter W. or E. is marked on the post after the number of the range, to denote that it is west or east of the meri- dian, as for instance : For the township corner between townships 5 and 6, and the 3rd and 4th ranges east of the principal meridian. Fig. 33. Township cor- ner east of Principal Meridian. For the corner between sections 10, 11, 14, 15, township 7, range 4, west of the principal meridian. Fig. 34. Section corner west of Principal Meridian. The letters W. and E. are not to be marked for any meridian other than the prin- cipal meridian. The number of meridian is never to be marked. 181. Witness posts are marked on the side facing the corner with the distance in chains and the bearing thereto, thus : For witness post standing four chains north of the corner of the section. Fig. 35. Wit- ness post. 182. The post on the line between two lots of a settlement is marked on two oppo- site faces with the numbers of the adjoining lots. 183. The number of the lot, the number of the group and the number of the corner are marked on the post at a corner of a group lot. 184. A witness post for a settlement lot has cut on two faces the numbers of the adjoining lots. Upon another face are cut or written in red chalk the bearing and dis- tance from the witness post to the corner. 185. A witness post for a group lot is marked with the number of the lot, the num- ber of the group, and the bearing and distance from the witness post to the corner. 186. The posts between two town lots is marked on the faces perpendicular to the street or avenue with the numbers of the adjoining lots. In addition thereto, the num- ber of the block preceded by the letter B is inscribed on one of the faces below the num- ber of the lot. At a block corner, the letter S is inscribed on the face next to the street. 3 34 FIELD WORK 187. The post at a corner of a highway survey is marked on one face with the num- ber of the station and upon another face with the letter R. Intermediate posts are marked with the number of the last station followed by the letter A or B or C, &c., for the first, second, or third post, &c., after the station. The letter R is inscribed upon another face. The posts on opposite sides of the road are marked alike. 188. All marks on posts are to be cut neatly and distinctly. No mark is to be made on the face of the iron post stamped with the Crown. RESURVEYS, RETRACEMENTS AND RESTORATIONS. 189. A resurvey is a survey made for the purpose of placing in correct position, corner or witness monuments lost or incorrectly placed by a previous survey. 190. A r&tracement is the survey of a line of a previous survey for the purpose of plotting a plan representing correctly the line as it is on the ground. 191. A restoration survey is the survey made for the purpose of restoring the ob- literated monuments of a previous survey. 192. A monument is obliterated when its position can be ascertained beyond rea- sonable doubt, either by traces of the original monument or by other evidence, although the monument itself has partly or entirely disappeared. 193. A monument is lost when its position cannot be ascertained beyond reason- able doubt. 194. It is the duty of a surveyor to report at once any error which he may discover in previous surveys or any duplicate monuments which he may find. 195. Whenever s. sub^div^d^r finds that a corner on the meridian outline of a town- ship is more than'^nli^oo"' onniaVdistant from the place where it should be according to the diagram of outlines, he may resurvey or retrace the outline, as provided hereinafter. 196. The outline shall be resurveyed when the sections on both sides are vacant, or when the owners of lands affected by the corrections give in writing their consent to the resurvey. When the adjoining township has been previously subdivided, the surveyor is to move to correct positions the quarter section marks situated half a mile from the out- line and affected by the changes in the corners of the outline. The position of the original monuments is to be accurately measured and noted. No new monument is to be erected before destroying the old one. 197. The defective outline shall be retraced when the owners of lands affected re- fuse their consent to the correction of the errors, or the re-establishment of the lost corners. A part of the outline may be resurveyed where there is no objection made and another part retraced. 198. In retracing a line, all obliterated corners shall be restored and marked as directed for original surveys. 199. Lost monuments shall be re-established when the lands affected are vacant, or when the owners give their consent in writing. Should the owner at a lost corner ob- ject to the re-establishment, the surveyor shall not erect a monument, but shall plant a temporary picket at the place shown by his survey to be the location of the corner, and he shall connect to the picket the lines of his subdivision. THE FIELD BOOK 35 THE FIELD BOOK. 200. The field notes must be a faithful, distinct and minute record of everything officially done and observed by the surveyor and his assistants pursuant to instructions in relation to running, measuring and marking lines, establishing monuments, laying off road allowances, &c., and present, as far as possible, a full and complete topographi- cal description of the country surveyed. (See specimens, pages 36 and 37). 201. The bearings, distances, and other data must be entered in the field notes as actually found on the ground by the surveyor's own measurements, whether the same do or do not agree with previous surveys or with the provisions of the law or of the Manual of Survey. The entry of conventional, theoretic, assumed or supposed data is absolutely forbidden. 202. The field notes of every section line surveyed must be complete in themselves, and be placed on a separate page. Where a corner is marked by a witness post with a mound or trench, the position and character of the witness monument must be shown on each page of the field notes on which the corner appears. Section lines are to be ea tered in the field book in the order in which they are run. The chaining must, in all cases, commence on the inside of the road allowance, so as to show for the quarter sec- tion and section corners the distances from the corner of the section, and the measure- ments are to be given in all cases exclusive of road allowances. 203. Section lines are described as north and east boundaries of sections, not as south or west boundaries, except on the north side of a correction line, where they are properly described as south boundaries of sections 1, 2, 3, &c. On Indian reserve boundaries and on lines between different systems of survey, cases will also occur in which the lines surveyed are to be designated as the south or west boundaries of sec- tions. 204. The following abbreviations of words will be allowed in the notes, that is to say : _ A. for acre. Lks. for links. A.M. for forenoon. Long, for longitude. Asc. for ascent. M- for mound. Astro, for astronomical. Mag. for magnetic. Az. for azimuth. Mer. for meridian. Bea. for bearing. Mkd. for marked. Bet. for between. N. for north. By. for boundary. Obsn. for observation. Chs. for chains. P. for post. Cor. for corner. P.M. for afternoon. Corr. for correction. Pol. for Polaris. Decl. for declination. Pr. for principal. Dep. for departure. R- for range. Desc. for descent. S. for south. - Diam. for diameter. Sec. for section. Diff. for difference. Sq. for square. Dist. for distance. Sta. for station. D.L.S. for Dominion Land Surveyor. T. for trench. E. for east. Temp, for temperature. Elong. for elongation. T.H. for traverse hub. Erac. for fractional. Tp. for township. Et. for feet. Var. for variation. I. for iron. W. for west. Ins. for inches. Wit. for witness. Lat. for latitude. W.P. for wooden post. FIELD WORK SPECIMEN OF FIELD NOTES OF SUBDIVISION SURVEY. Tp.Z4- R. XT, W. Mer. . By. of Sec. 20 Course /&#" O/ from bear ing /80' 0/' of E. By. of Sec. 29 \r' .,* T.H \>^v 80 chs <> 73 73-4-2. 60 4-0-00 37 Z2L00 *??. C/oy /oom 2 t'n. CVJ 7&> ' r / Mart* 6/ue c/ary Th* abort lint was run on We 3/ - day of 0G/06er 1902. THE FIELD BOOK 37 SPECIMEN OF FIELD NOTES OF SUBDIVISION SURVEY. TV. 34- R. / W. Mer. E. By. of Sec. 2 Course 359*38 i& 'from bear ing 89 3d' of M. By. of Sec. 3f. ,11' & ? ( Q* ,*M ,e4.-"-" ** ^. ftirer Jens/ 27/8*. .-' f/ae r/yer 3-ft- 'deep, current- 3 m. on hour 06/r+eratee/ W. f. in M. 1 The above line wa run on the 2.0^ day 61 * 0C/06er ISO 2 38 HELD WORK 205. The field notes must be always written down on the spot, leaving nothing to be supplied from memory, and are to give the following information in relation to the survey : (a) The length and exact bearing of every line run, noting all necessary offsets therefrom, with the reasons for the same. (6) The course and distance for all witness mounds. (c) The character of monuments. For wooden posts the kind of wood is stated. ' I.P.M.' is entered for ' iron post and mound,' ' I.P. Pits ' for ' iron post and four pits,' < Stone M.' for ' stone mound,' ' Wit. I.P.T.' for ' witness iron post and trench,' ' T.H.' for ' traverse hub '. The number of pits is stated when less than four. The above in- formation is entered on each page for every corner shown thereon. When the corner was established by a previous survey, or when it was restored, the fact must be stated. The absence of remarks means that the corner was established by the surveyor himself. (d) The bearing and distance to every corner of lots, mineral claims, reserves, &c., within the survey. (e) Sketches of settlers' improvements in their approximate position and the ex- tent of the same. (f) The distances at which the line first intersects, and also where it leaves set- tlers' claims or improvements, lakes, ponds, rivers, bottom lands, swamps, marshes, brush and woods; also the beginning of ascent, the top and the foot of descent, of all remarkable hills or ridges, with their estimated height in feet above the bottom lands near which they may be situated ; also where a stream, lake or pond is crossed, the data used for ascertaining the distance across it. (0) The approximate course, direction, average width, depth, and rate of current of all streams, and whether the water is fresh or salt in the lakes which fall within the survey. (70 Whether the surface of the country is level, rolling, broken or hilly. (t) The nature of the soil, classifying it, according to its fitness for agriculture, as first, second, third, or fourth class entering the class, at the time of survey, on each quarter section where indicated in the notes. 0') Depth of loam and kind of subsoil, where pits are dug. (&) If in timber, the kinds, quality and average dimensions thereof. (Z) Rapids or falls of water affording mill sites, with estimated fall and supply of water in general terms. (m) Coal deposits, minerals (transmitting specimens of the same), and salt springs, &c., &c. (n) The date of the survey. (o) In contract surveys, the rating on every page of the field notes for the lines shown upon the page. 206. The topography of the interior of the sections is to be sketched as far as it can be seen. The course of the rivers must be indicated approximately, as well as the .outlines of the lakes or ponds, the position of the hills, &c. 207. The surveyor is to obtain from every settler a statutory declaration on the form supplied, and to see that all the questions on the form are answered, and the ans- wers entered in the form. All declarations from squatters are to be accepted, no matter how many there may be on a quarter section. The only case in which a declaration should be refused is when it is clearly untrue, or in opposition to the facts. A statutory declaration does not give any right or legal status to the declarant; it is simply for the information of the department. Surveyors are strictly forbidden to make any charge to squatters for receiving their declarations, and it is no part of their duty to explain the law or to give directions to intending or actual settlers for securing land. Surveyors in the employment of the department are requested to abstain from giving such advice. CHAPTER III. RETURNS OF SURVEY. PROGRESS REPORTS. 208. Surveyors shall report at least once a month the progress of their work, and forward the report at the first available opportunity. 209. Each progress report shall be accompanied by sketches prepared on the forms supplied showing work done up to date. Such sketches shall show the main topogra- phical features of the country, that is to say, the rivers, lakes, trails, hills, &c. The section and traverse lines surveyed must be indicated in red. It is not necessary to use a scale for plotting, a rough estimate of distances is all that is required. The sketches may be drawn with pencils of different colours. It should be understood that only the main topographical features are to be shown, and that it is not necessary to indicate every little swamp, pond, or rise that may be found. 210. Plans of townships are made in the department from the surveyors' field notes. They are plotted on a scale of thirty chains to one inch, and reduced for publication to forty chains to one inch. Every fractional township, however small, is shown on a separate plan. 211. The plans exhibit the astronomical bearings and lengths, as ascertained and measured on the ground, of all surveyed lines, and the main topographical features of the ground. 212. The plans show the area of all full quarter sections computed to the nearest acre. Fractional quarter sections are divided into quarter quarter sections, and the area of each is computed and shown to the nearest tenth of an acre. A quarter section is fractional when it is broken by lakes or streams which have been traversed or by par- cels of land previously laid out. In a quarter quarter section divided into two or more parts by a traversed lake or stream, the separate area of each part is given. 213. Plans other than township plans shall be made on the following scales : Settlements, not less than twenty chains to one inch. Group lots, not less than five chains to one inch. Town plots, not less than two hundred feet to one inch. Highways, not less than ten chains to one inch. 214. The plan of a settlement shall exhibit the bearings and lengths of all boundary lines, the bearings and lengths of all roads surveyed, the corner and witness monuments and their description, the numbers of the lots and their areas, the settlers' improve- ments, and the main topographical features. The boundaries are marked by solid lines ; the base lines by broken lines. 40 RETURNS OF SURVEY 215. The title of the plan of a settlement shall give the name of the settlement, the district, province or territory, the name of the surveyor, the date of survey and the scale. 216. The plan of a group lot shall exhibit the same information as a settlement plan. It must also show the connection with the nearest survey and with adjoining lots or claims, if any. When the connection is made by a traverse of more than one course, the traverse lines are not shown on the plan ; the connection is indicated by its latitude and departure in dotted lines, with distances written on the lines. When the connection is too long, it is plotted separately on a smaller scale, but on the same sheet of paper. The plan must also show the nearest corners and portions of the boundaries of the adjoining lots or mineral claims, if any. The area is given to the nearest tenth of an acre. The limits of the lot are made more distinct by an edging of colour applied with a brush. 217. The title of the plan of a group lot shall state the number of the lot, the num- ber of the group, the district, province or territory, the name of the surveyor, the date of survey and the scale. 218. The plan of a town site must show the whole of the quarter section or lot in which the site is situated, the connections with the corners thereof and every section, quarter section or lot line passing through or bounding the site. It must exhibit the bearings and lengths of all boundary lines, the posts, the numbers of the blocks, town lots, avenues and streets, the width and depth of the town lots, the width of the streets and avenues, and the houses and improvements. Only the essential topographical fea- tures are indicated. 219. The title of the plan of a town site shall state the name of the town site, the number of the section, quarter section or lot in which the town site is situated, the pro- vince, district, or territory, the name of the surveyor, the date of survey and the scale. 220. Plans of highways must show the bearings and lengths of the courses, the monuments, their description, and the bearings and lengths thereto, the main topogra- phical features and the area of the highway, computed to the nearest hundredth of an acre, in every separate parcel crossed by it. 221. The title of the plan of a highway must give the name or description of the highway, its beginning and end, the province, district, or territory, the name of the sur- veyor, the date of survey and the scale. 222. The following rules are applicable to all plans upon which they must appear in the form of a note : (a) Surveyed lines and measured lengths are in vermilion. (b) TJnsurveyed lines, calculated distances, or bearings and previous surveys are in black. (c) Bearings are in degrees and minutes (or degrees and hundredths). Ob- served bearings are in blue. (d) Distances are in chains and links (or in feet and tenths). (e) Monuments found on the ground are indicated by square black marks. (f ) Wooden posts planted are indicated by square vermilion marks. (g) Iron posts planted are indicated by square blue marks. 223. The origin of the bearings must be stated on the plan. 224. A retraced or restored line is shown in vermilion, but the boundary marks found upon it are represented by square black marks. PLANS 41 225. An obliterated boundary mark restored by the surveyor is indicated on his plan by a square black mark. 226. A bearing is written in blue, as observed, when the surveyor has measured the course of the line, although his bearings may be derived from the bearing of an ad- joining survey. 227. Distances to water boundaries are given only when they are necessary for the description of the parcels. 228. Boundaries are represented by full lines; lines which are not boundaries are shown broken. 229. The description of the monuments is given by means of the same abbrevi- ations as in the field notes. 230. "Unless otherwise directed, areas over one hundred acres are given to the near- est acre; under one hundred acres and over ten acres, to the nearest tenth of an acre; under ten acres to the nearest hundredth of an acre. 231. All the bearings of a plan must be referred to a single meridian, so that the angle of any two lines may be given by the difference of their bearings. When the survey is of such an extent in longitude that several meridians have to be used, there shall be a separate plan for each meridian upon which shall be shown all the courses of which the bearings are referred to that meridian. 232. The date of a survey is the date on which measurement was completed on the ground. 233. The surveyor must not lose sight of the fact that the main object of his plan is to identify the boundaries of the parcels laid out; the plan must not be obscured by irrelevant details. Only the main topographical features are to be represented, and in so far only as they may assist in locating the boundaries. Traverse lines of rivers or lakes, generally are of doubtful utility; they are not boundaries, and as the feature which they define is liable to change, any measurements required may, if the traverse has been accurately plotted, be scaled off the plan with sufficient accuracy. 234. Plans must be plotted carefully and accurately, and must be fair specimens of draughtsmanship. If incomplete, faulty, or not up to the standard of professional work, they will not be accepted. FIELD NOTES, REPORTS AND OTHER RETURNS. 235. The field notes sent in to be placed on record in the Dominion Lands Office are to be a fair and exact copy of the original notes taken in the field, and are to be written in the books furnished for that purpose; the forms supplied for field use are npt accepted as office copies. 236. The first page gives the title, the nature of the survey, the name of the sur- veyor, and the dates of commencement and completion of the work. The second page contains a skeleton diagram, with each section line numbered to correspond with the page of the notes. The third page contains the names and duties of all assistants. Whenever a new assistant is employed or any one changed, an appropriate entry thereof with the reasons therefor is made previous to entering any notes under the changed arrangements. 237. The field notes must be distinctly and neatly made out in language precise and clear, and their figures, letters, words and meaning are always to be unmistakable. 42 RETURNS OF SURVEY 238. The road allowances must be ruled in proper position. The regular width is stated at the beginning of the book; other widths are entered in the notes. Corner boundaries are properly described and marked in true position. When a boundary monument is found, the fact must be stated, also whether it was in good condition or obliterated, and whether it has been restored. . Traverse lines are plotted on a scale of twenty chains to an inch on ono'"olF h pogoo at tho ond of tho fiold booh, on which are also shown the shore lines of the lake or stream. pqgQ) The plot ieTmtulc'Viii ti'aoiiigf linon ond pasted in the end of the field book. Connecting traverses are dealt with in the same manner. Field notes of the traverses are to be furnished. (See specimens, pages 43, 44 and 45). 240. Where islands occur in a stream, or where there are several channels, the tra- versed line to which areas are calculated is shown on the traverse plot by a fine blue line. 241. The astronomical observations for azimuth together with the calculations thereof, shall be entered in the blank pages at the end of the book. 242. A report, also entered at the end of the field book, shall be made by the sur- veyor subdividing a township upon the following subjects: Route for reaching the place and its condition. Nature of soil and what it is suitable for. Description of the surface, whether prairie, timbered or scrubby, with the location and proportions of each kind. Size, kind, and quantity of timber and where located. Hay. Location, quantity, and quality. Water. Whether fresh or alkaline. Is supply sufficient and permanent ? Descrip- tion of streams, depth, width, strength of current, and volume of water. Is land liable to be flooded, and, if so, to what depth ? Water powers. Height of falls, or rapids, and horse power available. Whether such power can be developed by the construction of dams. Climate. General indications. Any summer frosts? Fuel. What kind of fuel is most readily available, and where can it be procured ? Description of any coal or lignite veins in the township. Stone quarries. Where located. Kind and quality of stone. Minerals. Description and location of any minerals of economic value in the township. Game. Kinds of game to be found. Also any other subject of interest in connection with the township. 243. Every question must be answered : when, for instance, there is no timber, water powers, minerals, &c., the fact must be stated. FIELD NOTES AND OTHER RETURNS EXAMPLE OF FIELD NOTES OF MICROMETER TRAVERSE SURVEY. MICROMETER TRAVERSE OF BLUE LAKE. Commenced at T. H. (Sta. 1) on E. By. Sec. 20, Tp. 34, R. 15. -Bearing 1 , 180 01.. 23 30.. 323 40.. 6-50 23-90 To I. P. pits at northeast corner section 17. Magnetic N. To station 2. 334 45.. 24-35 To bank of lake. 344 42.. 28-50 II tl 01.. 27 90 To T. H. on bank of lake. 10 08.. 28'80 To bank of lake. 19 25.. 27-80 H ii 27 40.. 26-50 " Station 2. 23 33.. Magnetic N. 96 15.. 25-60 To bank of lake. Ill 40.. 26-40 ii ii 126 22.. 22-60 n H 219 35.. 23-20 To station 3 227 50.. 20-10 To bank of lake. 245 43. . 20-60 n M 265 05.. 21-80 Station 3. 23 25.. 351 56.. 21-90 Magnetic N. To bank of lake. 8 25.. 22-50 23 20.. 22-40 i n 101 50.. 24-80 i n 116 40.. 25-80 i n 127 55.. 23-80 1 M 140 35.. 21-70 1 II 154 30.. 24'80 1 II 167 18.. 25-50 1 M 233 48. 6-70 II II 256 30.. 15-10 To station 4. Station 4. 23 34.. Magnetic N. 148 10.. 26 40 To bank of lake 162 52.. 25-50 175 35.. 26-50 191 32.. 25-20 209 54.. 24-40 n 225 50.. 22 40 n 244 00.. 25-10 256 40.. 28-40 270 18.. 2b'60 283 32.. 27-00 296 35.. 25-00 312 40.. 21-20 tl 325 12. 14 90 325 12.. 4.40 322 00.. 8'60 11 RETURNS OF SURVEY SPECIMEN OF FIELD NOTES OF CHAINED TRAVERSE SURVEY. 2S.03 20.00 /o.oo Z 00 'O. CO 6.2,5 O.50 FIELD NOTES AND OTHER RETURNS 45 SPECIMEN OF FIELD NOTES OF CHAINED TRAVERSE SURVEY. (Cotitinued.fi ' 2%. 2-tf 2J.C2. /8./Z. /s.co /o.oo S.20 /o.co Z.So 46 RET URNS OF SURVEY 244. At the end of the field book of a township subdivided under contract, there shall be an account of the cost of the survey. This account must give in miles and de- cimals of a mile the length of the section and traverse lines surveyed, of the lines open- ed in the woods, of the lines measured over rough ground, and of the meridian outlines surveyed, together with the rate per mile and the amount claimed in each case, also the number of astronomical observations, the number of pits, and the number of statutory declarations with the rate per unit and the amount claimed in each case, and the total amount for the township. 245. The surveyor subdividing a township shall make a separate report upon the timber to be found within the township. In this report, the surveyor shall state whe- ther, in his judgment from the knowledge gained on the ground, it would be desirable to reserve the timber for the needs of the settlers or whether it would be advisable to set apart the same as a timber berth or as a timber reserve for the conservation of water sup- ply. Should a timber berth be suggested, he is to give a general statement of the qual- ity and extent of the timber over ten inches in diameter suitable for lumbering purposes. If reporting on several timbered townships, he is to make a statement as to their rela- tive value, taking into account the extent, quality and facilities afforded by streams, &c., for getting out the timber. When there is no wood in the township, the fact is to be stated. 246. Following the field notes, the surveyor will make the following affidavit : I, A. B., of in the province of Dominion Land Surveyor, make oath and say that I have, in my own proper person, according to law and the instructions of the Surveyor-General, faithfully and cor- rectly executed the survey shown by the foregoing field notes and accompanying plan, and that the said field notes and plan are correct and true to the best of my knowledge and belief. So help me God. 247. The statement that the surveyor has made the survey in his own proper person means that the survey operations have been carried out under his personal supervision and direction in such a manner that he is certain of their correct execution. It invol- ves the presence of the surveyor on the ground. He may assign to his assistants such parts of the work as he may see fit. 248. A survey has been made according to law and the instructions of the Sur- veyor-General, when the directions of the law and of the Surveyor-General have been carried out as far as practicable. Cases may occur where it is impossible or manifestly inexpedient to comply with some clause of the instructions ; in such cases, the surveyor is expected to use his own discretion. On the other hand, a departure from the in- structions is not justified when they can be carried out without causing any harm. 249. A surveyor of township outlines shall furnish a general report upon his oper- ations and the resources of the district in which his work lies, for publication in the annual report of the Department of the Interior. Attention is particularly drawn to the necessity for devoting care and attention to the preparation of general reports. The object should be not merely to give an ac- count of the surveyor's operations and the quality of the land, but to describe compre- hensively the resources of the country visited and its industries, whether farming, stock-raising, lumbering, mining, &c., furnishing such details as may enable the pros- pective emigrant to choose judiciously the locality in which to settle according to his calling, and to form an idea of the expectations which he may reasonably entertain. 250. The final returns of survey are as follows : For a survey of township outlines : (a) Field notes. (b) General report. (c) Oaths of chaimnen. (d) Accounts in duplicate on the forms supplied. FIELD NOTES AND OTHE'd RETURNS 47 For the subdivision of townships : (a) Field notes. (b) Oaths of chainmen, (c) Statutory declarations of settlers, if any. (d) Timber report. (e) Accounts in duplicate on the forms supplied. For other surveys : (a) Field notes. (b) Plan. (c) Oaths of chainmen, (d) Statutory declarations of settlers, if any. (e) Accounts in duplicate on the forms supplied. 251. Immediate preparation of returns after the surveyor has completed his field work will be insisted upon. INSPECTION AND EXAMINATION OF SURVEYS. 252. The responsibility for the accuracy of a survey and of the plans and field notes of the same, rests with the surveyor. He must not look to the department for assist- ance in discovering the errors or deficiencies of the survey in the field or for help in completing or correcting the returns. 253. Should the field inspection of a few miles of the survey lines disclose work below the standard required by the instructions, the surveyor will be invited to correct the whole survey, and no further payment will be made until a new inspection has shown the survey to be satisfactory. 254. The field notes and plans must, before being filed, be carefully checked by the surveyor. It is no part of the duties of the office staff to help a surveyor in correcting his returns; that must be done by the surveyor himself. A few errors may escape his attention, and if such as not to require a change to the survey in the field, he will be allowed to file supplementary field notes correcting the previous ones and to be attached to them. Clerical mistakes may, at the request of the surveyor, be corrected in red ink. Should the examination of a few pages of field notes disclose more errors or discrepan- cies than should exist, had the notes been carefully prepared and checked, the examina- tion will not be continued and the notes will be returned to the surveyor who will be requested to send correct ones. 255. In case the notes show that a part of the survey on the ground is incorrect, deficient or incomplete, the surveyor will have to correct the survey on the ground and to file supplementary returns embodying the correction. .256. After being fully examined by the office staff, neither plans nor field notes will be returned to the surveyor. Any corrections necessary shall be made by supple- mentary returns, duly sworn to, or shall, at the request of the surveyor, be entered in red ink on the original returns when the mistakes are evidently clerical. CHAPTER IV. BLOCK SUEVEYS. GENERAL DIRECTIONS. 257. The first operation in laying out a given portion of country, is the survey of the outlines of the blocks. The eastern and western exterior boundaries of the blocks in the third system of survey are broken lines each consisting of two meridians separated by the ' jog ' at the correction line. The northern and southern limits (base lines) are parts of a polygon described on a parallel of latitude, by laying off, as chords thereto, the successive town- ship sides, forming, as the case may be, the northern or southern outline of the block. The road allowances along meridians are in all cases of the prescribed theoretic width, one chain. That the distribution of excess or defect is among the sections, and is not applied to the roads, does not materially affect the azimuth of those north and south lines involved; the displacement at the extremes but two-thirds of a link on- each mile being less than ordinary chaining is at all accurate enough to indicate. 258. Except in the case of the blocks south of the 2nd base, where the meridians are to be surveyed from the 2nd base to the 1st correction line, and then, laying off the theoretical jog, south to the 1st base, leaving all the north and south closing error at the 1st base, the surveyor invariably closes his block on the correction line, project- ing first the part on one side of the correction line and then the other half of the block. The north and south error in closing is divided equally between the two quarter sections north and south of and adjoining the correction line. In order to correct for it, and to prevent the accumulation of errors, the surveyor may deviate the two base lines of the next block equally and in opposite directions, so as to effect the required correction at the end of the four ranges. Supposing, for instance, the two quarter sections ad- joining the correction line to be each 20 links short, the closing error may be corrected in the next block by deviating each base 21 seconds, the north base to the north and the south one to the south. It does not necessarily follow that the whole amount of the closing error is to be corrected for; the surveyor must take into account the probable cause of the discrepancy and correct only for such part of it as he believes will best ensure the closing of the next block. The jog on the correction line is left such as found, unless it should show an error of more than one chain and fifty links in the lines of the last block, in which case they have to be resurveyed. The limit allowed for the north and south closing error on the correction line is also one chain and fifty links. The block surveyor marks, on the correction lines, only the township corners; all other posts are planted by the subdivider. 259. When it becomes necessary to deflect a base line to place it in proper latitude, such deflection, unless instructions to the contrary be received from the head office, is not to exceed two minutes, and must be carried to such a distance as to effect the re- quired correction, except in closing on an initial meridian, where the last township corner is connected with the post on the meridian by a trial line, the deviation never? extending beyond the range or fraction of a range adjoining the meridian. 260. The method of establishing the lengths and directions of the lines of the sur- vey is the following : All lines are measured twice. This is effected by having two sets of chainmen, using the continuous steel band chain. The leading one is of the length of a standard GENERAL DIRECTIONS 49 GunterYchain; by it all topographical and other notes are kept and posts planted. The following band, used solely as a control, is 100 feet in length. When, at a section or quarter section corner, the distances registered by the respec- tive chainings for the length of the quarter section side, differ, in prairie country, more than two links, or, in woods or brush, more than three links, the two sets of chainmen return to the last post and measure over again, repeating their measurements until ac- cordance within the limit prescribed is attained. Where the surface is so broken or uneven that it would be unreasonable to expect such accordance, and therefore, in a still greater measure, to look for any proper ap- proximation to the absolute length of the interval chained, the surveyor, while continu- ing to establish the direction and carry on the production of his line in the usual man- ner, has recourse to such application of trigonometric methods, for obtaining the dis- tances along it, as his judgment and the necessities of the case may lead him to employ. If using triangles, it is to be remembered that the result obtained is more accurate when angles are measured than when they are laid out with the chain. 261. The field bands are to be frequently compared with the standard measure. In using the standard for comparison, it should be stretched with a proper tension, measured by means of a spring balance. As every ten degrees Fahr. more or less heat would give to measurements a corre- sponding increment or decrement of somewhat more than half a link to the mile, and since in the North-west Territory a season of field work, extending from early spring to beginning of winter, will include variations of temperature covering a range of at least 80 degrees, and sometimes 100 degrees, the side of a block chained in July or August might, from this cause alone, differ from that of an adjacent one measured in Novem- ber, fully a chain. 262. In ordinary summer weather, however, the corrections for temperature would, compared with the order of precision of the work generally, be inappreciable, yet they must not be entirely neglected. The temperature error might, in any given case, hap- pen to have the same sign as other uncorrected constants, or accidental errors, whose effect it would then go to aggravate. That in another case, further on, it might tend to counteract these, would not lessen the inaccuracy of position of the boundary monu- ment planted under the first condition. The surveyor will, therefore, apply this correction for all variations of 10 and over, from the temperature for which the chains are compared or adjusted to standard. This he can conveniently do, by allowing half a link to the mile for each ten degrees Fahr., not attempting to note or estimate the temperature of his chain to less than ten degrees. This will keep his corrections in the convenient form of multiples of half links, and render tables unnecessary. A thermometer attached to the end of a chain near the hand, fails to give the tem- perature of the rest of the chain; fastened to the middle and allowed to drag on the ground, it is liable to derangement and injury, it is therefore extremely difficult for the surveyor to obtain even a rough approximation of the temperature of his chain. By repeating at convenient times, and under varied conditions, the experiment of placing a pocket thermometer on, or in, the grass or brushwood, as nearly as possible, similarly to. the average position of the chain during the trial, and comparing the temperature attained by the thermometer so placed with that of the air, or indicated by a thermo- meter attached to the leading end of the chain, a rough idea may be got of the allow- ances that should, in practice, be made in taking the indications of the latter, or in rudely estimating the temperature of the chain from that of the air at the time. Attention is to be paid to the condition of the chain during measurement, whether wet or dry; a wet chain will have its temperature lowered to a great extent, especially in dry weather. The colour of the chain also has some influence; a black or dark blue chain will absorb more heat than a bright one. Steel bands are very liable to break; this fact cannot be impressed too strongly upon the chainmen. In case such an accident should happen, the surveyor ought to be 4 50 BLOCK SURVEYS Slope. SPECIMEN OF PART OF FIELD NOTES OF BLOCK SURVEY. TRIANGLE No. ^r3 Observed angles. Corrgfted angles. /3 2, Th. cor. X Sec. 4O- Sec. 4/- Slope // /8 23 2 J'S SJ io K . b . S-oo Distance to near side of obstruction = v/ Distance to far side " = * SO GENERAL DIRECTIONS 51 provided with a small steel punch with sharp edges, a few copper rivets and some brass plates cut to the width of the chain. Holes can be punched through the steel band and the repair effected with two fish plates riveted to the chain. 263. Besides the small plummet line that should be carried by the chainmen to enable them to get correctly past minor irregularities of surface, the assistant should carry an Abney or Locke pocket clinometer, by which he can obtain the inclination and thus permit the chainmen to use the more accurate method of chaining on the inclined surface, instead of the one requiring them to hold their chain level and entailing a con- tinuous repetition of plumbing down from the high end to the pin in the ground. In using his clinometer, the assistant stands at one end of the slope, one of the chainmen standing at the other end, and he sights through the instrument to some part of the chainman's body, the height of which has been previously ascertained to be the same as the height of his own eye. Such point is easily found by using the clinometer at zero, the assistant and chainman standing close together and on the same level. 264. The field bcoks supplied to block surveyors contain a table of the correction per chain for given angles of slope and also a form for applying the corrections to the chainage. (See specimen, page 50). The first number entered in this form is the length, in links of the chain used, of the quarter section to be laid out. When the chain can be adjusted for length, it is adjusted so as to be standard at some given tem- perature; the number to be entered is then the theoretic length of the quarter section, forty chains or forty-one chains as the case may be. When it cannot be adjusted the surveyor ascertains its length at the given temperature by comparison with the stand- ard, and computes the number of links of his chain required to give, at the above tem- perature, the proper length to the quarter section. With a chain too long, the number of links is less than the true length and vice versa. This number being entered in the field book Icim. the corrections for slope are written underneath: they are in all cases to be added. The correction for temperature, one-quarter of a link to the quarter sec- tion for every ten degrees Fahr., is entered next; it is added when the thermometer is below the standard temperature and subtracted when above the same. At the end of the quarter section, the algebraic sum of the quantities entered shows the number of chains and links to be actually measured on the ground in order to give to the said line its exact length, forty or forty-one chains. The same process is follow- ed to find the distance to be measured for the section corner. The distance for the topography, being entered as found in the field, is in error by the amount of the correction to the chainage. This quantity being generally small, may be neglected for the topography, but the posts should be entered at their true dis- tances. The method of chaining along the slopes and correcting for inclination is applied only with the Gunter's chain, by which posts are planted and boundaries ascertained ; the IOC foot chain, being solely a control, is used in the ordinary manner, breaking chain when its full length cannot be levelled. 265. When the distance across an obstacle is determined by a triangle, the sur- veyor must be careful to check it by another independent operation, either another tri- angle or a micrometer measurement, so as to conform to the principle of double inde- p?ndent chainage. If a second triangle be adopted, having the side to be calculated common with the first triangle, it is sufficient to set up the instrument at both ends of this side; any error in the angles is shown by the calculation. In all triangles, calling the angle op- posite to the base B, the angle opposite to the side to be calculated C and the third one A, the calculation is made according to the form given on page 50. The distance to the nearer side of the obstruction being entered at the proper place, it is only necessary to fill the form to have the distance to the farther side. From this last point the chain- men start with the number of tallies and pins and the fraction of a chain found by the calculation. BLOCK SURVEYS SPECIMEN OF RECORD Date, Zf3^y, /VJ <2*4x/- &>. fff */ r- -! and ,">:>), the letters K and L represent the positions of the instrument, circle right and circle left. II. 0. K. is for horizontal circle reading; K. O. reference object; E. A. right ascension, and Az. azimuth. Representing by W. and E. the readings of the west and east end of the level, the level correction is equal to the inclination. [i (W E) x value of one division] multiplied by the inclination factor (cotangent of the zenith distance of Polaris). It is to be added to or subtracted from the mean H. C. R. according to signs, that is to say, added when the west side is high or when W. is greater than K., and subtract- ed when smaller. The logarithms of secant and tangent L are given in Table II. for the north side of every section. The subtraction logarithm is found in Table VII., using as argument A the lo- garithm of ' tan P tan L cos t.' The corresponding logarithm, B, is to be added to the logarithm of ' tan P sec L sin t ' when / lies between O h and 6h, or 18h and 24 b ; it is to be subtracted when / lies In-tween <>h and 18h. 280. The following examples, one in each quadrant of a revolution of the Pole star, show how the calculation is to be made : Ex. Required for the 9th July, 1880, at a point on the 6th base line, or 20 town- ships north of the 49th parallel, the azimuth of Polaris for hour angles of 2h 10m, 9h 32m, 16h 44m, and 19& 52m. DIRECTION OF LIXES 57 For = 2h. 10m. For = 9h. 32m. Tan/ 3 8 ' 36640 8 ' 36640 8 36640 8 36640 Sec. L (Table II) Sin t 0-19877 Tan L, 08772 9 '73022 Cos t 9 '92603 0-19877 0-08772 9 ' 77946 9 ' 90235 Subt. loc (Table VII)... 8'29539 8-38015 1 + 0-01030 8'34463 835647 0-00976 Tan A: 1 8 305(59 Az= r09'29'"2 For < = 16h. 44m. 8'33487 ^c=:- Tan P Sec. L. (Table II) Sin*... 8-36640 0-19877 Tan/,, 008772 997567 Cosf, 9 '51264 Subt. log (Table VII)... TamAz... 8 54084 - -0-00400 r -90670 8-53684 ,4s=+l 58'17"-4 8-36640 8-36640 0'19877 0-08772 9-94593 9-67161 8-51110 8-12573 j' +0-00576 8 55.86 Az= + l = 52'58"-4 The bearing by account, when the R. O. is one of the pickets on the line, is the bearing of the line carried over from the last place of observation and corrected for convergence. The direction of the line is corrected by placing the instrument a certain number of inches from its former position at right angles to the line. This offset is found by multiplying the distance of the back picket by the tangent of the correction. 281. The observations are entered in the note book of astronomical observations at the time they are taken, the calculations made either in pencil or in ink, and the book sent in as part of the returns of survey. No copy is accepted. PRODUCTION OF LINES. 282. In producing the line the surveyor employs but one flagman, a forward picket- man ; a back flagman is not necessary, as the surveyor, when about to leave an instru- mejit station, can set a picket there himself. 283. Perfectly straight pickets are not indispensable; a part of the picket, exactly in the line, may be indicated by some visible mark and only this part used in the pro- duction of the line. The flagman carries an ordinary surveying picket, about nine feet long, and ter- minated at the lower end by an iron point exactly in the axis of the picket. A small bubble, placed at right angles to the axis, is a valuable adjunct to ensure verticality. 284. The following method is recommended to ensure accuracy in the production of the line. When the flagman comes to the place where a new station is to be estab- lished, the surveyor gives him roughly the direction of the line. A wooden slab, held to the ground by two small wooden pins or by stones on the ends, is then placed at right 58 BLOCK SURVLYS angles to the line at the point determined as above and in all subsequent operations, the picket is held on the slab, and its position marked with a pencil. In setting a point forward on his line, the surveyor is careful never to do it in one position only of his instrument; in all cases, first making his back and forward sights circle right, then reversing his instrument, repeating them circle left, and having his flagman instructed to make in each case a separate and independent setting of his pick- et. If there be any difference between the settings, the surveyor carefully marks the middle point. Then the process is once repeated, so that there are two pointings in. each position of the instrument on the back and forward pickets respectively, or eight pointings in all. The same rule as to the reversion and number of pointings is observed in offsetting the line to get past long reaches unfavourable to chaining or triangulation. The slab ought to be of such a length as to allow play for collimation. 285. The deflection angles at township corners on the base lines can be turned off without any reading of the graduation, by using the ' deflection offset ' given in Table I. This deflection offset is the length, at the distance of one chain, of the tangent of the deflection angle, or the angle between the chord forming a township side and the next chord. When the surveyor comes to a township corner, the last picket before the corner is placed south of the line, at a distance equal to the deflection offset, as given by the table, multiplied by the distance from the corner, and the instrument, instead of being set up over the forward point previously ascertained, is placed north of the line, at a distance equal to the deflection offset multiplied by the number of chains be- tween the instrument and the corner. The line is then produced from the back picket in the ordinary manner. Supposing, for instance, that it should be required to turn off the angle at a town- ship corner on the seventh base line, the back picket being 12 chains behind the corner and the instrument 15 chains beyond the same corner, the back picket will be planted at 12 x 1 -501 or 18 -01 inches sou-th of the line, and the instrument set up at 15 x 1 -501, or 22 -51 inches to the north. 286. At the corners of the block, the surveyor turns the required angle approxi- mately, and the flagman holds his picket at the point so determined, while the surveyor measures accurately the angle thus turned off. If the angle is not what it >hould be, the direction of the line is corrected by offsetting the instrument at the next station. B C D Should the corner fall in ,such a place that the angle can i ot ' " be measured correctly, as for instance at B (Fig.36), one of the stations, C, being too near the corner, the surveyor has the angle at B approximately turned off by his assistant with the ; .-mall transit, and measures the angle EAC. He then sets ip his in- strument at C, determines approximately the next station /J, ard measures ACD. The sum of the two angles EAC and ACD, should be equal to 180 plus the angle to be turned off at B. The error, if any, is corrected by offsetting the instrument ..t T). Fig. 36. MARKING TllK SURVEY. 287. The attention of surveyors is especially directed to the necessity of making sure that the posts planted for township, section and quarter section corners are placed in their correct positions as indicated by the chainage and exactly on the lint. They are reminded that otherwise all refinement of astronomical observations and of line measurements are absolutely thrown away. Neglect of precautions in this behalf inevitably leads to serious errors in the sub- sidiary subdivision work. CHAPTER V. REGULATIONS FOR THE EMPLOYMENT OF SURVEYORS. SURVEYORS EMPLOYED BY THE DAY. 288. For surveys, other than township subdivision surveys, Dominion land sur- veyors may be employed at a daily salary. 289. To be eligible for employment, a surveyor must own at least a standard mea- sure, a sixty-six foot steel band and a transit theodolite in good order. The transit theodolite must be not less than four-inch diameter, must read at least to minutes, and be of an approved pattern. 290. A block surveyor must have in addition thereto a six-inch transit of an ap- proved pattern, a pocket chronometer, a clinometer and a one hundred foot steel band. 291. When the services of a surveyor are of a temporary character, his salary is at the rate of six dollars and fifty cents per day for ordinary surveys, but for surveys of block outlines and for services requiring special qualifications, the rate is seven dollars and fifty cents per day. 292. A surveyor is paid for every day of service in the field, including Sundays. The number of days is computed from the day on which he leaves his home until the day of his return, both days inclusive. 293. For office work, preparing his returns, a surveyor is allowed the actual time spent on their preparation, but not in excess of the number of days declared sufficient by the Surveyor-General. . L".I k If a surveyor employed at a daily salary or a member of his party meets with an accident while engaged on the work of the survey, the Minister may pay to the in- jured surveyor or member such portion of his salary while incapacitated from work, and of his reasonable medical expenses, as he may see fit. L* !).">. The surveyor is allowed the actual cost of hire of men, provided their number and rate of pay is not in excess of what is permitted by his instructions. 296. For the transport of himself and party, and miscellaneous expenditure, (not including meals, board, hotel expenses, camp equipage and stationery), the surveyor is allowed actual expenses supported by vouchers, provided they do not exceed what is allowed by his instructions. Requisitions for railway tickets are furnished to him, and he is expected to obtain transportation at the lowest rate after inquiry from the ticket agents. Return tickets or excursion tickets must be used whenever practicable, or limited tickets when they answer the purpose as well as unlimited tickets. 297. The items chargeable to transport account are: Horses, horseshoes, horse- shoe nails, horseshoeing tools, horse medicines, oil for flies, buckboard, buckboard cover, castor oil, carts or wagons, covers, cart wrench, bolts, screws, nails, wire, sets of harness, saddles, bridle cloth, nose bags, hobbles, tethering ropes or chains, logging chain, horse bells, pail for watering horses, oats and horse keeping, leather, rivets and burrs, buckles, snaps, hemp and wax for harness repairs, harness oil, axle grease, pack saddles, with sling ropes and binding ropes (when required), pack straps (when required), also all material and charges for repairing transport. Horse- shoeing tools include hammer, rasp and crooked knife. 60 REGULATIONS FOR THE EMPLOYMENT OF SURVEYORS 298. The surveyor, while in the field, is allowed for himself and every man of his party, a ration allowance of fifty cents per day. 299. For meals, board and hotel expenses of himself and party while in the field, the surveyor is allowed in addition to the ration allowance a sum of twenty-eight cents per day for himself, and four cents per day for every other member of the party. 300. Camp equipage is owned and furnished by the surveyor. For its use he is allowed, while in the field, twenty-two cents per day for himself, and six cents per day for every other member of the party. 301. Camp equipage comprises the following articles: Tents, cooking utensils, dishes, plates, forks, knives, candles, lanterns, lamp oil, soap, bags, towelling, stoves, blankets, robes, axes, brush hooks, spades, picks, scribing irons, grindstones, whetstones, scythes, chain pins, surveying pickets, boxes for instruments and other purposes, and all tools required to keep the outfit in repair, excepting horseshoeing tools. Medicines and medical expenses, otherwise than provided by clause 294, are not allowed. 302. The assistant, when a licensed surveyor or when a graduate of a recognized university serving as a pupil under articles, is granted the same ration, board and camp equipage allowances as the surveyor in charge. 303. A sum of ten dollars is allowed for stationery. 304. While engaged at office work preparing returns, the surveyor is allowed one dollar per day for living expenses, in addition to his daily salary. 305. In special cases, when it is considered that any of the regulations respecting rations, board, camp equipage or stationery is not suitable, the surveyor may be allowed actual expenses supported by vouchers. 306. The surveyor receives with his instructions such an advance on account of his survey as appears necessary for procuring his outfit and supplies. Subsequent ad- vances are made on receipt of a certified statement on form G, exhibiting in detail the payments made out of former advances and those which are to be made out of the amount applied for. Twenty per cent of his salary is retained until his accounts are finally closed. 307. On the completion of the survey, the outfit is to be sold by auction unless otherwise directed. When so instructed, the surveyor shall store such part of the outfit and winter such of the horses as are in good condition for another season's work. A surveyor imist, under no circumstances, winter a horse which is not in fairly good con- dition. 308. The accounts arc in duplicate. The original and duplicate must be exactly alike in all respects and made up in separate bundles. Each consists of: Form A. Account of personal services. Form B. Pay-list of party showing the date of engagement and discharge of each man, his occupation and rate of pay, and the number of rations for the party. It must be signed by each of the men. Form C. Transport account with vouchers duly numbered, accompanied by a separate and detailed statement of travelling expenses. Form D. Account of miscellaneous expenses. Form E. Statement of disposal of outfit showing the articles received and the dis- posal made thereof. Form F. Balance sheet showing on the credit side the gross amounts of per-soiidl services, pav list, transport and miscellaneous accounts and stationery allowance, and on the debit side the payments received on account of the survey. 5 UR VE YORS EM PL YED BY Til E DA Y 61 Each account must have its vouchers attached and statements of sales, if any, at- tested by the auctioneer or purchasers. The vouchers must give the details of the articles purchased with the price of each. The item of stationery, for which a specific amount is allowed, is charged in one lump sum, without details or vouchers. 309. The following statutory declaration is to be made to the accounts : I, A. B., Dominion Land Surveyor, do solemnly declare that this account is correct, and I make this solemn declaration conscientiously believing it to be true, and knowing that it is of the same force and effect as if made under oath, and by virtue of the Can- ada Evidence Act, 1893. 310. A diary showing the employment of every day in the field, is to be furnished. CONTRACT SURVEYS. 311. The subdivision of townships is made according to law at certain rates per mile. 312. Section lines are paid at the rate of five dollars per mile of line surveyed. 313. A further payment at the rate of fifty cents per chain ($40 per mile) up to ten chains in a section side, is made for opening, cutting and blazing the line through woods, windfalls, underbrush or heavy scrub. 314. Any opening, cutting and blazing of the line in excess of ten chains in a sec- tion side is paid at the rate of twenty-five cents per chain ($20 per mile). 315. No payment is made under the provisions of clauses 313 and 314 where the line could have been measured without opening and cutting. 316. The part of a line measured across water by means of a triangulation is, up to half a mile, paid as opening through woods when the body of water is surrounded by continuous woods. 317. For the interpretation of clauses 313 and 314, a section line means the dis- tance between two monuments at section corners or the places assigned to such cor- ners, and this distance may include a road allowance. 318. When the side of a section, exclusive of the road allowance, is greater than ninety chains or smaller than seventy chains, the number of chains of opening which may be paid at the rate of fifty cents per chain is increased or reduced in proportion to the length of the section side. 319. Only the lines actually run and marked in the field are paid for. Nothing is allowed for random and trial lines, bases of triangles and offsets. 320. A further payment at the rate of three dollars per mile is made for section lines surveyed over rough or hilly country. A section side is classified as rough or hilly when the field notes show that it crosses a ravine not less than one hundred feet deep, or two ravines each not less than fifty feet deep, or that the difference of level between two points of the line not more than half a mile apart exceeds two hundred feet, the depths or heights being measured by aneroid barometer. 321. A further payment at the rate of four dollars per mile is made for surveying the meridian outlines of a township when such outlines are included in a subdivision survey contract. 322. Section lines resurveyed or retraced are paid at the same rate as original section lines when such lines are resurveyed or retraced in compliance with the direc- 62 REGULATIONS FOR THE EMPLOYMENT OF SURVEYORS tions of the manual of survey or the instructions of the Surveyor-General, but nothing- is paid for the measurement of a portion of the outlines which the manual of survey directs to be rn?.de for testing 1 the chaining before commencing the subdivision of a township. 323. A further payment at the rate of twenty-five cents per pit in prairie, and forty cents per pit in the woods, is made for erecting a boundary monument, such payment covering the cost of planting and marking the post, building the mound and otherwise completing the monument. A witness trench is paid as four pits. 324. Traverses of lakes and rivers and connecting traverses are paid at the rale of eleven dollars per mile. For traverses of lakes and rivers, the distance to be paid for is measured along the bank of the lake or river from every point fixed by the survey in a straight line to the next point. Nothing is paid for offsets. 325. Five dollars is paid for every astronomical observation (not more than two in a township) for ascertaining the direction of the meridian. One dollar is paid for every statutory declaration of a settler. 326. The above allowances cover the cost of preparing the returns of survey. 327. Iron posts used on the survey are supplied free of cost at Winnipeg. Posts not used, if not returned to stores, are charged to the surveyor at forty cents each. 328. A deduction at such rate as the Inspector of Surveys recommends is made from the payments to survey contractors for every survey monument not erected in conformity with the provisions of the manual of survey, whether the deficiency be in the size of the pits or the marking or driving of the posts, but such deduction is not more than three times the amount allowed for erecting the monument. In paying for traverses, one dollar is deducted for every offset less than required by the manual of survey. 329. The lines embraced in any survey under contract must be surveyed by the surveyor in person ; no payment will be made on such contract work if otherwise per- formed. 330. To be eligible as a survey contractor, a Dominion land surveyor must own at least a standard measure, a sixty-six foot steel band and a transit theodolite of an approved pattern, not less than four-inch in diameter and reading at least to minutes. 331. Upon receiving a contract, a surveyor is required to enter into a bond jointly with two sureties each in a sum equal to the estimated amount of the contract, for the due and faithful fulfilment thereof. 332. On receipt of the bond properly executed, an advance not exceeding fifteen hundred dollars on account of the contract is made to the surveyor, and the advance is made in such a manner as the Surveyor-General considers advisable. 333. Severity-five per cent on account of the work performed is, from time to time, paid to the contractor or placed to his credit, as he may direct. Such payments are made on receipt of progress accounts accompanied by sketches of the work. Credits may be telegraphed through banks having agencies in Ottawa, but only after receipt. of the sketches. 334. All payments are made by cheques issued in favour of the payee or in favour of a bank to be placed to his credit. It is useless to ask bank bills or post office orders ; they cannot be sent. A payment may be divided into several cheques, if desired. An application for a payment on account must contain explicit directions as to whether a credit or a cheque is wanted, and where it is to be sent. CONTRACT SURVEYS 63 335. A rigid inspection of the work is made. On receipt of a report from the Inspector of Surveys, that the survey is being improperly executed, payments on ac- count of the contract are stopped and steps are taken to recover the advances from the contractor and from his sureties, but when the deficiencies are of such a nature that they can be remedied by the contractor, he may be warned to correct them and pay- ments on account may be continued for a reasonable time. GENERAL DIRECTIONS. 336. It is of the utmost importance that the department should be kept well in- formed of the surveyor's address. Particular attention is called to the matter as the most vexatious delays, due to this cause, are continually occurring, and the surveyor is the first to suffer therefrom. The file number should always be quoted in communica- tions to the department. 337. No draft on the department is accepted. Powers of attorney must be made on. the official forms, supplied 011 application, and must conform to the regulations of the Treasury Board. 338. Iron posts are supplied on requisition, stating the number and kind wanted, where they are to be sent, and whether by express or by freight. 339. The following forms are supplied free of cost upjn a requisition stating the number of each kind wanted : Township form for progress report, 80 chains to one inch, 1st and 2nd systems of survey. Township form for progress report, 80 chains to one inch, 3rd system of survey. Field book for field use, 56 section lines. Field book for field vise, 72 section lines. Field book for final returns, 54 1 section lines. Field book for final returns, 72 section lines. Field book for miscellaneous surveys. Field book for block surveys. Record of chronometer errors and rates. Statutory declaration of occupation. Oath of chainman. Articles of agreement for .the engagement of labourers. Letter pad with official letter head. Letter pad without official letter head. Progress account for subdivision survey contract. Final account for subdivision survey contract. Accounts for surveys paid by the day: Form A Personal service. Form B Pay-list. Form C Transport. Form D Miscellaneous. Form E Statement of disposal of outfit. Form F Balance sheet. Form G Estimate of cost of survey. Official diary. 340. In his requisition the surveyor must state what forms he wants and how many. Giving this information entails no work on his part beyond writing it, while the office 64 REGULATIONS FOR THE EMPLOYMENT OF PURVEYORS staff cannot find it without a long search through the records. A surveyor cannot reasonably expect that the officers of the department will undertake this unnecessary work for no other purpose than to save him the trouble of writing a few lines. Any surveyor making a requisition in indefinite terms, such as ' the forms which I require for preparing my returns,' or some such expression will receive no other reply than a reference to this paragraph of the manual of survey. The same remarks apply to re- quisitions for iron posts and to other requests from officers of the department. Every request should always state fully and explicitly what is wanted. APPENDICES APPENDIX A. Extracts from the Dominion Lands Act Chap. 54, R.S.C., as amended to date. CLAUSES RELATING TO SURVEYS. SURVEYORS AND SURVEYS. 99. No person shall act as surveyor of Dominion lands unless he was, before the fourteenth day of April, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-two, duly qualified by certificate, diploma or commission, to survey the Crown lands in some one of the Provinces of Canada, or has become qualified under the provisions hereinafter set forth. 46 V., c. 17, s. 87, part. XOO. Persons qualified under the provisions of this Act shall be styled ' Dominion Land Surveyors/ or ' Dominion Topographical Surveyors/ as the case may be. 46 V., c. 17, s. 87, part. Board of Examiners. 101. There shall be a Board of Examiners for the examination of candidates for commissions as Dominion land surveyors, or as articled pupils, which shall consist of the Surveyor-General and two Dominion topographical surveyors appointed from time to time by Order in Council; and the meetings of the Board shall commence on the second Monday in the month of February in each year or at such other times as the\\ Minister directs, due notice thereof being given in the Canada Gazette; and the place of meeting shall be at the city of Ottawa, or at such other place as is from time to time fixed by the Minister. 62-63 V., c. 16, s. 5. 2. Every member of the Board shall take an oath of office, according to the form M, in the schedule to this Act, which shall be administered by a judge of any one of the superior courts in any Province of Canada, or a judge of the Supreme Court of Canada, and such judge is hereby authorized and required to administer such oath: 3. Three members of the Board shall form a quorum : 4. The Board shall, from time to time, appoint a fit and proper person to be secre- tary thereof, who shall keep a record of its proceedings : 5. The Minister may cause examinations of candidates for commissions as Do- minion land surveyors, or as articled pupils, to be held at such times and places as he directs, by one of the members of the Board, or by a special examiner who shall be a Dominion land surveyor or Dominion topographical surveyor, and shall be appointed by Order in Council; but such examinations shall be subject to the rules and regula- tions made by the Board in that behalf, and shall have no effect unless they are con- ducted in accordance with such rules and regulations, and are subsequently approved by the Board. 49 V., c. 27, s. 12, part. 62-63 V., c. 16, s. 6. 6. In the event of any member of the Board being unable, through illness or other cause, to attend any meeting of the Board, his place may be temporarily filled by an- other Dominion topographical surveyor appointed by Order in Council as occasion re- quires. 62-63 V., c. 16, s. 7. 102. No person shall be admitted as an articled pupil with any Dominion land surveyor, unless he has previously passed an examination before the Board of Exami- ners, or before one of the members thereof, as to his penmanship and orthography, and 68 DOMINION LANDS ACT f also as to his knowledge of arithmetic, algehra, including quadratic equations, plane geometry, planetrigonometry, spherical trigonometry as far as the solution of triangles, the mensuration of superficies, and the use of logarithms, and has obtained a certifi- cate of such examination, and of his proficiency, from such Board. 49 V., c. 27, s. 12, part. 103. Applicants for such examination, previously to being articled, shall give notice to the secretary of the Board of their desire to present themselves for examina- tion; whereupon that officer shall instruct them as to the manner in which they must proceed. 46 V., c. 17, s. 90. 104. No pupil shall be entitled to be examined before the Board, or before one of the members thereof, for admission as a Dominion land surveyor, unless he has pre- viously served regularly and faithfully for and during the period of three successive' years, under articles in writing, in the form N, in the schedule to this Act, duly ex- ecuted before two witnesses, as pupil of a Dominion land surveyor, and unless he pro- duces an affidavit from such surveyor in the form O, in the schedule to this Act, to- gether with his own affidavit in the form P in the schedule to this Act, that he has so served ; or if for some good and valid reason such affidavits cannot be produced, unless he produces such evidence of service as the Board requires ; and such three years' sen'ice shall include at least twelve months' actual practice in the field. 49 V., c. 27, s. lo. 105. Whenever the pupil of a Dominion land surveyor is, at the time of his en- tering into articles in writing, in compliance with the provisions of the next preceding clause, a person of twenty-one years of age, the said form N may be altered to suit the case, by leaving out so much as relates to the father or other person, by whose consent and approbation the pupil enters into articles, by making the pupil take upon himself the obligation in the said form imposed on such father or other person, by stating that the consideration money has been paid by the pupil, and by otherwise so varying the form as to suit the circumstances of the case. 46 V., c. 17, s. 91, part. 106. Any Dominion land surveyor may, by an instrument in writing, transfer a pupil, with his own consent, to any other Dominion land surveyor, with whom such pupil may serve the remainder of his term; but such pupil shall not be entitled to ex- amination unless he produces the affidavits of both surveyors in the form O in the schedule to this Act or, in default thereof, such evidence as is required by clause one hundred and four of this Act. 49 V., c. 27, s. 14. 107. If any Dominion land surveyor dies, or leaves Canada, or is suspended or dismissed, his pupil may complete his term under articles, as aforesaid, with any other Dominion land surveyor. 46 V., c. 17, s. 93. 108. Articled pupils shall transmit to the secretary of the Board, within three months of the date of their articles, a duplicate thereof, together with a fee of two dol- lars for receiving and filing the same; and the secretary shall acknowledge the receipt of such papers and shall carefully file and keep the same with the records of the Board. 46 V., c. 17, s. 94. 109. Every person who, subsequently to the fourteenth day of April, one thou- sand eight hundred and seventy-two, was or becomes duly qualified by certificate, diplo- ma or commission, to survey lands in any province of Canada, and who, in order to become so qualified, has served a term under articles to a surveyor, similar to the term prescribed by this Act, and has passed an examination in the subjects prescribed by clauses 102 ano' 113 of this Act, before the board of examiners of such province, shall be entitled to obtain a commission as Dominion land surveyor without further service and without bein subjected to any examination other than with respect to the system of survey of Dominion lands; but it shall rest with the board of examiners to decide GLAUSES RELATING TO SURVEYS 69 whether the service of such person is equivalent to that prescribed in this Act for the pupils of Dominion land surveyors, and whether the subjects of examination for the certificate, diploma or commission of a surveyor of Crown lands in such province are sufficiently similar to those set forth in the said clauses to entitle him, under the fore- going provisions, to such commission; and if such service or subjects of examination are, in tiu opinion of the board, not sufficiently similar to those required by this A?t, the Board may, in its discretion, require any candidate for admission as a Dominion land surveyor under the provisions of this clause to complete such further term of ser- vice or practice in surveying, and may examine him in such of the subjects set forth iu clauses 102 and 113 of this Act, as may appear necessary. 61 V., c. 31, s. 8. HO. Every person who shows, to the satisfaction of the Board of Examiners, that he has been duly admitted as a surveyor of lands in any part of His Majesty's domin- ions other than the Provinces of Canada to which the provisions of the next preceding clause relate, and that he has had at least two years' practice either as a surveyor or as a pupil to a surveyor (of which practice at least six months has been in the field), shall be entitled to a commission on passing an examination in the subjects set forth in clauses one hundred and two and one hundred and thirteen of this Act, and on his pro- ducing an affidavit from a Dominion land surveyor in the form O, in the schedule to this Act, that such person has, in addition to the service aforesaid, served for one year with him, including at least six months' actual practice with him in the field. 49 V., c. 27, s. 15, part. 111. Every graduate in surveying of the Eoyal Military College of Canada, and every person who has followed a regular course of study in all the branches of education required by this Act for admission as a Dominion land surveyor, through the regular sessions, for at least two years in any college or university where a complete course of theoretical and practical instruction in surveying is organized, and who has thereupon received from such college or university a diploma as civil engineer, shall be exempt from serving three years as aforesaid, and shall be entitled to examination after one year's service under articles with a Dominion land surveyor, (at least six months of which service has been in the field), on producing the affidavit required by the next pre- ceding clause as to such service; but it shall rest with the Board to decide whether the course of instruction in such college or university is that required by this clause. 49 V., c. 27, s. 15, part. 112. Every person who desires to be examined before the Board shall give due notice thereof in writing to the secretary at least one month previous to the meeting of the Board, and shall, with such notice, transmit the fee hereinafter prescribed. 46 V., c. 17, s. 98. 113. No person shall, unless he is thereto entitled under any other clause of this Act, receive a commission from the Board authorizing him to practise as a Dominion land surveyor, unless he has complied with the foregoing provisions of this Act, nor until he has attained the full age of twenty-one years and has passed a satisfactory ex- amination before the Board or before a member thereof as hereinbefore provided on the f oljowing subjects, that is to say : plane and solid geometry ; spherical trigonometry, BO far as it includes solution of triangles; the use of logarithms; measurement of areas, including their calculation by latitude and departure, and the dividing or laying off land; a knowledge of the elements of practical astronomy and the solution of the fol- lowing elementary problems : (a.) To ascertain the latitude of a place from an observation of a meridian altitude of the sun or of a star ; (6.) To obtain the local time and the azimuth from an observed altitude of the sun or a star ; (c.) From an observed azimuth of a circumpolar star, when at its greatest elonga- tion from the meridian, to ascertain the direction of the latter; 70 DOMINION LANDS ACT He shall be practically familiar with surveying operations and capable of intelli- gently reporting thereon, and be conversant with the keeping of field notes, their plot- ting and representation on plans of survey, in a style of draughtsmanship satisfactory to the Board, the describing of land by metes and bounds for title, and with the adjust- ments and methods of use of ordinary surveying instruments; and shall also be per- fectly conversant with the system of survey as embodied in this Act, and with the manual of standing instructions and regulations published by the authority of the? Minister, from time to time, for the guidance of Dominion land surveyors. 49 V., c. 37, s. 16. 114. The Board may examine any candidate on oath, which oath may be ad- ministered by any one of the examiners, as to his actual practice in the field, and with regard to his instruments. 46 V., c. 17, s. 100. 115. Every person who passes the examination prescribed by this Act, and every person who is entitled to receive a commission under clause one hundred and nine of this Act, shall receive a commission from the Board in accordance with the form Q in the schedule to this Act, constituting him a Dominion land surveyor, and shall, jointly and severally with two sufficient sureties to the satisfaction of the Board, enter into a bond in the sum of one thousand dollars to His Majesty, His heirs and successors, con- ditioned for the due and faithful performance of the duties of his ofiice, and shall take and subscribe before a judge of any one of the superior courts in any Province of Can- ada who is hereby authorized and required to administer such oaths or before the Board any member of which may administer the same the oath of allegiance, and an oath in the form following : 'I, , do solemnly swear (or affirm as the case may be) that I will faithfully discharge the duties of a Dominion land surveyor according to law, without favour, affection or partiality. So help me God : ' 2. Until the above formalities have been complied with the said commission of Dominion land surveyor shall have no effect : 3. The said oaths of allegiance and of office shall be deposited in the Dominion lands office : 4. The said bond shall be deposited and kept in the manner prescribed by law with regard to the bonds given for the like purposes by other public officers of Canada, and shall be subject to the same provisions, and shall inure to the benefit of any person who sustains damage by breach of any condition thereof : 5. The commission shall be registered in the office of the Kegistrar General of Can- ada. 46 V., c. 17, s. 101 ; 49 V., c. 27, s. 17. 116. Every Dominion land surveyor who has previously given the notice pre- ; scribed in clause one hundred and twelve of this Act, may be examined as to his knowl- edge of the following subjects relating to the higher branches of surveying, qualifying him, (in addition to the performance of the duties declared by this Act to be within the competence of Dominion land surveyors), for the prosecution of extensive govern- ing or topographic surveys or those of geographic exploration, that is to say : - . (a.) Algebra; -HZQ'} Plane and spherical trigonometry; J (c.) The plane co-ordinate geometry of the point, straight line, circle and ellipse, and the transformation of co-ordinates ; j . (d.) The geometrical theory of limits, and the determination of the form, magni- tude and radius of curvature of any plane section of a spheroid of revolution; 7_ (e.) Differential calculus as far as Taylor's and McLaurin's theorems, with its practical application ; jTi (f.) Methods of trigonometrical surveying, of observing the angles and calculat- ing the sides of large triangles on the earth's surface, and of obtaining the differences GLAUSES RELATING TO SURVEYS 71 of latitude and longitude of points in a series of such triangles, regard being had to the effect of the figure of the earth; yi I'l (#) The theory of the projections and developments used in the delineation of spherical surfaces ; H$ . JC- (&) The portion of the theory of practical astronomy which relates to the deter- mination of the geographic position of points on the earth's surface and the directions of lines on the same ; X \ 0'.) The use of the method of least squares in combining direct and indirect ob- servations, the solution of simple equations of condition and the determination of the probable and the mean error; /T77 (/.) The theory of the Dominion lands system of survey, the methods of surveying blocks and township outlines and of making tract, micrometer and exploratory surveys ; (Jc.) The theory and use of the instruments used in connection with the foregoing, and also of the ordinary meteorological instruments ; xJ? (Z.) Elementary mineralogy and geology, so far as respects a knowledge of the more common characters by which the mineral bodies that enter largely into the com- position of rocks are distinguished, with their general properties and conditions of oc- currence; the ores of the common metals and the classification of rocks; and the geo- logy of North America, so far as to be able to give an intelligent outline of the leading "turps of Canada; 5JT (wi.) Methods of trigonometrical levelling, of measurement of heights by barom- eter or by the temperature of boiling water, and the use of the pendulum in determin- ing the compression of the earth ; 777. (n.) The instruments and methods used in determining the magnetic declination, ^inclination and intensity. 49 V., c. 27, s. 18. . 1$ 117. Persons who pass the above mentioned examination in the higher branches ' of surveying, shall receive a certificate to that effect from the Board, and shall be de- signated Dominion topographical surveyors. 46 V., c. 17, s. 103. 118. The following fees shall be paid under the provisions of this Act: (a.) To the secretary of the Board, by each pupil, on giving notice of his desire for examination preliminary to being articled, one dollar ; (&.) To the secretary of the Board, as the fee due on such examination, ten dol- lars, and a further sum of two dollars for the certificate ; (c.) To the secretary of the Board, by each pupil, at the time of transmitting to such secretary the indentures or articles of such pupil, two dollars; T $ (d.) To 1 h3 secretary of the Board, by each candidate for either the ordinary or the higher examination for a commission, with his notice thereof, two dollars; (e.) To the secretary oi the Board, by each applicant obtaining a commission, as his fee thereon, two dollars; (f.) To the st-'.rf-lary of the Board as an admission fee by any candidate receiving a commission, twenty dollars, but such amount, as also the ten dollars required to be paid under sub-clause (fc) of this clause, shall be paid to the Minister of Finance and Receiver General to tLe credit of Dominion lands; ^ 5 *-(#.) To the secretary of the Board by each applicant who obtains a commission as Dominion topographical surveyor, as his fee thereon, two dollars; (7i.) To the secretary of the Board for testing a surveyor's standard of length, two dollars. 46 V., c. 17, s. 104; 49 V., c. 27, s. 19. 119. Every member of the Board who attends at the meetings thereof, and the secretary and every member who holds an examination as provided by clause 101, shall receive five dollars for each day's sitting, and the actual travelling and living expenses incurred by such member and consequent upon such attendance, and the Minister shall pay such sums; but no member or temporary member of the Board shall be en- titled to any payment under the provisions of this clause, unless he was previously noti- 72 DOMINION LANDS ACT fied by the secretary to attend the meeting of the Board because of which he claims payment for his services or for travelling and living expenses, and unless the secretary reports to the Minister that he was in regular attendance at such meeting, as a member or temporary member of the Board, and was duly notified to attend such meeting. 62-63 V., c. 16, s. 8. 120. The Board may, in its discretion, suspend or dismiss from the practice of his profession, any Dominion land or topographical surveyor whom it finds guilty of gross negligence or corruption in the execution of the duties of his office ; but the Board shall not suspend or dismiss such surveyor without having previously summoned him to appear in order to be heard in his defence, nor without having heard the evidence offered both in support of the complaint and on behalf of such surveyor; and, if, after being summoned as aforesaid, the surveyor does not appear, the Board may appoint a fit and proper person to present the evidence on behalf of the surveyor. 49 V., c. 27, s. 20, part. 121. The Surveyor-General shall require every Dominion land or topographical surveyor, in addition to the oath by this Act required to be administered to him on< receiving his commission as such, to take and subscribe an oath, or make and subscribe an affirmation, on the return of his surveys of Dominion lands, that the same have been faithfully and correctly executed according to law and the instructions of the Sur- veyor-General; and if it is proved, on satisfactory evidence, before any court of com- petent jurisdiction, that such surveys, or any part thereof, have not been so executed, the Attorney General of Canada shall, upon the application of the Surveyor-General, immediately institute a suit upon the bond of such surveyor; and the institution of such suit shall operate as a lien on any property owned or held by such surveyor, or his sureties, at the time the suit is instituted. 46 V., c. 17, s. 107, part. 122. Every Dominion land surveyor shall keep exact and regular journals and field notes of all his surveys of Dominion lands, and shall file them in the order of time in which the surveys have been performed, and he shall give copies thereof to all per- sons concerned, when required so to do; and for so doing he shall be paid the sum of one dollar for each copy, if the number of words therein does not exceed four hundred but if the number of words therein exceeds four hundred, he shall be paid ten cents additional for every hundred words over and above four hundred words. 46 V., c. 17, 8. 123. 123. Every Dominion land surveyor summoned to attend any court, civil or criminal, for the purpose of giving evidence in his professional capacity as a surveyor, shall be allowed five dollars for each day he so attends, in addition to his reasonable travelling and living expenses, to be taxed and paid in the manner by law provided,] with regard to the payment of witnesses attending such court. 46 V., c. 17, s. 124. Chain Bearers. 124. Every chain bearer employed in the survey of Dominion lands shall, before he commences his chaining or measuring, take an oath or affirmation that he will dis- charge such duty with exactness, according to the best of his judgment and ability, and render a true account of his chaining or measuring to the surveyor by whom he has been appointed to such duty; and any Dominion land surveyor may administer such oath or animation. 46 V., c. 17, s. 108. Standard of Measure. 125. The measure of length used in the surveys of Dominion lands shall be the English measure of length; and every Dominion land surveyor shall be in possession of a subsidiary standard thereof which subsidiary standard, tested and stamped as CLAUSES RELATING TO SURVEYS 73 correct by the Department of Inland Kevenue, shall be furnished to him by the secre- tary of the Board on payment of a fee of eight dollars therefor ; and all Dominion land surveyors shall, from time to time, regulate and verify, by such standard, the length of their chains and ether instruments for measuring; and the said standard measure shall be returned to the secretary of the Board as often as it requires to be tested again : 2. Every surveyor who is found performing his duties without being in possession of the standard measure which, by this clause, he is required to have, shall be liable to be suspended for a period not exceeding twelve months. 49 V., c. 27, s. 21. Renewal of Lost Corners and Obliterated Lines. 126. Whenever a Dominion land surveyor is employed to run any dividing line or limit between sections or other legal subdivisions, and the mound, post or monument erected, marked or planted in the original survey, to define the corner of such section or other legal subdivision, cannot be found, he shall obtain the best evidence that the nature of the case admits of, respecting such corner mound, post or monument; but if the position of the same cannot be satisfactorily so ascertained, he shall proceed as fol- lows : (a.) If the lest corner mound, post or monument is that of a township corner, he shall report the circumstances of the case to the Surveyor-General, who shall instruct him how to proceed ; (b.) If the lost corner mound, post or monument is on one of the outlines of a township, he shall join, by a straight line, the nearest undisputed section or quarter! section corners on such outline, and divide such straight line into such number of sec- tions or quarter sections or other legal subdivisions as the same contained in the ori- ginal survey, giving to each an equal breadth ; (c.) If, in re-establishing the east or west boundary of a township, one of the near- est undisputed corners is on a correction line, every quarter section shall be made ex- actly forty chains, and the deficiency or surplus, as the case may be, shall be left in the quarter section adjoining the correction line; (d.) If, in re-establishing the north or south boundary of a township surveyed under the first system of survey, one of the nearest undisputed corners is the western corner of the township, every quarter section shall be made exactly forty chains, and the deficiency or surplus, as the case may be, shall be left in the western quarter section ; (e.) When the position of the township corner is also lost, it shall be re-established a? aforesaid, previously to re-establishing the outline of the township; (f.) When the lost corner is in the interior of a township, on the limit of a meri- dian road allowance, the surveyor shall connect the two nearest undisputed corners on such limit by a straight line, and divide the distance into such number of sections or other legal subdivisions as the same contained in the original survey, giving to each an equal breadth; (fir.) If one of the nearest undisputed corners is on a correction line, he shall make each quarter section exactly forty claims and leave the deficiency or surplus, as the case may be, in the quarter section adjoining the correction line; (h.) When the nearest undisputed corners on the said limit of a meridian road allowance are in different townships, the outline between such townships shall be re- established previous to re-establishing the meridian; (t.) When the lost corner is that of a quarter section on a line running east tnd west, the surveyor shall join, by a straight line, the opposite section corners on the me- ridians on each side, and give to each quarter section an equal breadth ; (;.) If, in townships surveyed under the first system of survey, the lost corner is in the western row of sections of a township, the first quarter section shall be made ex- actly forty chains, and the deficiency or surplus, as the case may be, shall be left in the western quarter section ; 74 DOMINION LANDS ACT (If.) When the position of one of the corners on the meridians is also lost, such meridian shall be re-established previously to re-establishing the east and west line; (I.) Whenever a surveyor erects, plants or places a mound, post or jnonument as aforesaid, to renew a lost or obliterated corner, he shall duly take into account any al- lowance for road or roads; and the corner, or division or limit so established, shall be the true corner, or division or limit of such section or other legal subdivision. 46 V., c. 17, s. 110. Survey of Legal Subdivisions. 127. When, in the survey of legal subdivisions, it is necessary for a Dominion land surveyor to establish the division line between two sections, he shall effect this by connecting, by a straight line, the opposite original section corners, if they exist, and if not, by similarly connecting the points established in renewal thereof, in accordance with the next preceding clause, giving, in either case, the quarter sections involved an equal breadth : 2. In laying out a half section or a quarter section he shall connect the opposite quarter section posts by straight lines : 3. In laying out other and minor legal subdivisions he shall give to every such sub- division its proportionate share of frontage and interior breadth, and connect the re- sulting terminal points by a straight line : 4. The lines or limits so drawn on the ground in the manner above prescribed shall, in the respective cases, be the true lines or limits of such section, half section or other legal subdivision, whether the same correspond or do not correspond with the area ex- pressed in the respective patents for such lands. 46 V., c. 17, s. 111. Division Lines in Fractional Sections. 128. The dividing lines or limits between legal subdivisions, in fractional sec- tions, shall be drawn from the original corners (or the points representing such cor- ners, as defined on the ground, in accordance with the provisions of this Act), in the section line intended as the front of the lot: 2. Northerly or southerly lines shall be drawn due north or due south : 3. Easterly or westerly lines shall be drawn at an angle with the meridian equal to the mean of the angles formed with the same meridian by the lines which are the north- ern and the southern boundaries respectively of the sction. 46 V., c. 17, s. 112. 129. All boundary lines of townships, sections or legal subdivisions, towns or villages, and all boundary lines of blocks, gores and commons, all section lines and governing points, all limits of lots surveyed, as defined by mounds, posts or monuments, erected, placed or planted at the angles of any townships, towns, villages, sections or other legal subdivisions, blocks, gores, commons and lots or parcels of land under the authority of this Act or of the Governor in Council, shall, subject to the provisions hereinafter in this clause contained, be the true and unalterable boundaries of such townships, towns and villages, sections or other legal subdivisions, blocks, gores, com- mons and lots or parcels of land respectively, whether the same, upon admeasurement, are or are not found to contain the exact area or dimensions mentioned or expressed in any patent, grant or other instrument in respect of any such township, town, village, section or other legal subdivision, block, gore, common, lot or parcel of land : 2. Whenever the Minister of the Interior has reason to believe that any gross irre- gularity or error has been made in the survey of any township surveyed under the au- thority of this Act, the Governor in Council, upon the recommendation of the Minister of the Interior, may direct that such survey shall be cancelled and a new survey made, and the said new survey shall be made accordingly : 3. In effecting any new survey as provided by the preceding subclause, all posts, mounds, or other marks placed to mark the original survey which is to be corrected, CLAUSES RELATING TO SURVEYS 75 may be removed, and the new posts, mounds or other marks placed to mark and define the new survey, shall become the original marks of such survey : 4. The plan of any survey performed under the provisions of this Act, and of record in the Department of the Interior, or any tracing or lithographed copy of the same, may be altered and amended so as to show any and all alterations made by a new survey effected as provided by this Act. 52 V., c. 27, s. 7. 130. Every township, section or other legal subdivision, town, village, block, gore, common, lot or parcel of land, shall consist of the whole width included between the several mounds, posts, monuments or boundaries respectively, so erected, marked, placed or planted as aforesaid, at the several angles thereof, and no more or less any quantity or measure expressed in the original grant or patent thereof notwithstanding. 46 V., c. 17, s. 114. 131. Every patent, grant or instrument purporting to be for any aliquot part of any section, or other legal subdivision, block, gore, common, lot or parcel of land, shall be construed to be a grant of such aliquot part of the quantity the same contains on the ground, whether such quantity is more or less than that expressed in such patent, grant or instrument. 46 V., c. 17, s. 115. 132. In every town and village in Manitoba or the North-west Territories, sur- veyed and laid out under the provisions of this Act, all allowances for any road, street, lane, lot or common, laid out in the original survey of such town or village, shall be public highways and commons ; and all mounds, posts or monuments, placed or planted in the original survey of such town or village, to designate or define any allowance for a road, street, lane, lot or common, shall be the true and unalterable boundaries of such road, street, lane, lot or common; and all Dominion land surveyors employed to make surveys in such town or village, shall follow and pursue the same rules and regulations in respect of such surveys as are, by law, required of them when employed to make sur- veys in townships. 46 V., c. 17, s. 116. Evidence before Surveyors. 133. Every Dominion land surveyor acting in that capacity, may examine wit- nesses on oath, with respect to all matters relating to the settlement, occupation or possession of Dominion lands, and to the survey of lands, and for better ascertaining the original corner or limits of any township, section or other legal subdivision, lot or tract of land, and may administer such oath or oaths to every person whom he examines in relation to such matters. 46 V., c. 17, s. 117. 134. Whenever any Dominion land surveyor is in doubt as to the true corner, boundary or limit of any township, section, lot or tract of land which he is employed to survey, and has reason to believe that any person is possessed of any important in- formation touching such corner, boundary or limit, or of any writing, plan or docu- ment tending to establish the true position of such corner, boundary or limit, and if such person does not willingly appear before, and be examined by such surveyor, or does not willingly produce to him such writing, plan or document, such surveyor may apply to any justice of the peace for an ordinary subpoena ad testificandum, or a subpoena duces tecum, as the case requires, accompanying such application by an affidavit or solemn declaration made before such justice of the peace, of the facts on which the ap- plication is founded; and such justice may issue a subpoena accordingly, commanding such person to appear before the surveyor at a time and place mentioned in the sub- poena, and, if the case requires it, to bring with him any writing, plan or document mentioned or referred to therein : 2. Such subpoena shall be served on the person named therein by delivering a copy thereof to him, or by leaving the same for him with some adult person of his family at his residence, exhibiting to him or such adult person the original : 76 DOMINION LANDS ACT 3. If the person required in such subpoena to appear, after being paid his reason- able expenses, or having the same tendered to him, refuses or neglects to appear before the surveyor at the place and time appointed in the subpoena, or to produce the writing, plan or document, if any, therein mentioned or referred to, or to give such evidence and information as he possesses touching the boundary or limit in question, a warrant by the justice for the arrest of such person may be issued, and he shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding one hundred dollars, or to imprisonment for a term not exceed- ing ninety days, or to both, in the direction of such justice. 46 V., c. 17, s. 118. 135. All evidence taken by a Dominion land surveyor, as aforesaid, shall be re- duced to writing and shall be read over to the person giving the same, and shall be signed by such person ; or if he cannot write, he shall acknowledge the same as correct before two witnesses, who shall sign the same, as shall also the Dominion land sur- veyor; and such evidence shall, and any document or plan prepared and sworn to as correct before a justice of the peace, by any Dominion land surveyor, with reference to any survey by him performed, may be filed and kept at the registry office of the place in which the lands to which the same relate are situate, subject to be produced there- after in evidence in court. 46 V., c. 17, s. 119. 136. Any Dominion land surveyor, when engaged in the performance of his duties as such, may pass over, measure along and ascertain the bearings of any town- ship or section line, or other governing line, and for such purposes may pass over the lands of any person whomsoever, doing no actual damage to the property of such per- son. 46 V., c. 17, s. 120. Offences. 137. Every person who, in any part of the Dominion lands, interrupts, molests or hinders any Dominion land surveyor while in the discharge of his duty as a surveyor, is guilty of a misdemeanor, and liable to a penalty not exceeding twenty dollars, or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding two months, or to both, in the discretion of the court. 46 V., c. 17, s. 121. 138. Every person who, knowingly and wilfully, pulls down, defaces, alters or removes any mound, post or monument erected, planted or placed in any original sur- vey under the provisions of this Act, or under the authority of the Governor in Council, is guilty of felony, and shall be liable to imprisonment for any term not exceeding seven years : 2. Every person who, knowingly and wilfully, defaces, alters or removes any other mound or land-mark, post or monument placed by any Dominion land surveyor to mark any limit, boundary or angle of any township, section or other legal subdivision, lot or parcel of land in Manitoba or the North-west Territories, is guilty of a misdemeanor, and liable to a penalty not exceeding one hundred dollars, or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three months, or to both, in the discretion of the court. 46 V., c. 17, s. 122, part. 3. Every person who, not being a Dominion land surveyor, knowingly and wilfully has in his custody and possession, and not for any lawful purpose in connection with a survey of Dominion lands, any such post or monument, or any post or monument in- tended, or apparently intended to be used for the purposes of any such survey, or to mark any such limit, boundary or angle, is guilty of an offence and is liable on sum- mary conviction to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months, or to a penalty not exceeding one hundred dollars, or to both such fine and imprisonment. 61 V., c. 31, s. 9. 139. Nothing in this Act shall extend to prevent Dominion land surveyors, in their operations, from taking up posts or other boundary marks when necessary, after which they shall carefully replace them as they were before. 46 V., c. 17, s. 122, part. CLAUSES RELATING TO SURVEYS 77 FORM M. OATH OP MEMBER OP BOARD OP EXAMINERS. I, A.B., do solemnly swear (or affirm, as the case may be), that I will faithfully dis- charge the duty of an examiner of candidates for commissions as Dominion land or topographical surveyors according to law, without favour, affection or partiality. So help me God. 46 V., c. 17, sch. form N. FORM N. ARTICLES OF PUPIL TO DOMINION LAND SURVEYOR. THESE ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT, made the day of one thousand nine hundred and , between A. B., of of Dominion land surveyor, of the one part, and C. D., of and E. F., son of the said C. D., of the other part, witness : That the said E. F., of his own free will, and by and with the consent and approba- tion of the said C. D., doth, by these presents, place and bind himself pupil to the said A. B., to serve him as such from the day of the date hereof, for and during and until the full end and term of three years from hence next ensuing, and fully to be com- pleted and ended : And the said C. D. doth hereby, for himself, his heirs, executors and administra- tors, convenant with the said A. B., his executors, administrators and assigns, that the said E. F. shall well and faithfully, and diligently, according to the best and utmost of his power, serve the said A. B. as his pupil in the practice or profession of a Dominion land surveyor, which he, the said A. B., now followeth, and shall abide and continue with him from the day of the date hereof, for and during and unto the full end of the said term of three years : And that he, the said E. F., shall not, at any time during such term, cancel, ob- literate, injure, spoil, destroy, waste, embezzle, spend or make away with any of the books, papers, writings, documents, maps, plans, drawings, field notes, moneys, chattels or other property of the said A. B., his executors, administrators or assigns, or of any of his employers ; and that in case the said E. F. shall act contrary to the last mentioned covenant, or if the said A. B., his executors, administrators or assigns, shall sustain or suffer any loss or damage by the misbehaviour, neglect or improper conduct of the said E. F., the said C. D., his heirs, executors, or administrators, will indemnify the said A. B., his executors, administrators or assigns, and make good and reimburse him or them the amount or value thereof : And further, that the said E. F. shall, at all times, keep the secrets of the said A. B.,.in all matters relating to the said business and profession, and will, at all times during the said term, be just, true and faithful to the said A. B., in all matters and things, and, from time to time, pay all moneys which he shall receive of or belonging to or by order of the said A. B. into his hands, and make and give true and fair ac- counts of all his acts, and doings whatsoever in the said business and profession, with- out fraud or delay, when and so often as he shall thereto be required ; and will readily and cheerfully obey and execute his lawful and reasonable commands, and shall not depart or absent himself from the service or employ of the said A. B. at any time during the said term, without his consent first had and obtained, and shall, from time to time, and at all times during the said term, conduct himself with all due diligence and with honesty and sobriety: 78 DOMINION LANDS ACT And the said E. F. doth hereby, for himself, covenant with the said A. B., his ex- ecutors, administrators and assigns, that he, the said E. F., will truly, honestly and dili- gently serve the said A. B. at all times, for and during the said term, as a faithful pupil ought to do, in all things whatsoever in the manner above specified : In consideration whereof, and of of lawful money by the said C. D. to the said A. B. paid at or before the sealing and delivery of these presents (the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged), the said A. B., for himself, his heirs, executors and administrators, doth covenant with the said C. D., his heirs, executors and adminis- trators, that the said A. B. will accept and take the said E. F. as his pupil, and that he, the said A. B., will, by the best ways and means he may or can, and to the utmost of his skill and knowledge, teach and instruct, or cause to be taught and instructed, the said E. F. in the course of study prescribed by clause one hundred and thirteen of ' The Dominion Lands Act,' in practical surveying operations, and in the use of instruments, and generally in the art, practice and profession of a Dominion land surveyor, which he, the said A. B., now doth, and shall, at all times during the said term, use and prac- tice, and also will provide the said E. F. with all the necessary and reasonable expenses incurred in transacting or performing the business of the said A. B., and also will, at the expiration of the said term, make the affidavit of service required by section one hundred and four of 'The Dominion Lands Act,' and use his best means and endeavours, at the request, cost and charges of the said C. D. and E. F., or either of them, to cause and procure him, the said E. F., to be examined before the Board of Examiners of can- didates for commissions as Dominion land surveyors : Provided the said E. F. shall have well, faithfully and diligently served his said intended pupilage : And for the true performance of all and every the covenants and agreements afore- said, according to the true intent and meaning thereof, each of them, the said A. B. and C. D., doth bind himself, his heirs, executors and administrators, unto the other, his heirs, executors, administrators and assigns, in the penal sum of five hundred dol- lars, firmly by these presents : IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties aforesaid have hereunto set their hands and seals, the day and year first above written. A. B. (Seal.) C. D. (Seal.) E. F. (Seal.) Signed, sealed and delivered in the presence of G. H., J. K. 46 V., c. 1Y, sch. form O. FORM O. AFFIDAVIT BY THE SURVEYOR. I, A. B., of , Dominion land surveyor, do solemnly swear that E. F. has served regularly and faithfully as my pupil from the day of ,19 , to the day of , 19 . That he has been engaged with me in the field on the following surveys, that is to say : Frc-m ths day of to the day of , en the survey of at ; From the day of to the day of , on the survey of at , and that the said E. F. has always conducted himself with all due diligence, honesty and sobriety on the said service. SWORN before me ) 49 V., c. 27, s. 22, part. GLA USES RE LA TINO TO S UR VEYS 79 FORM P. AFFIDAVIT BY THE PUPIL. I, E. F., of , do solemnly swear that I have attained the full age of twenty-one years; that I have served regularly and faithfully with A. B., Do- minion land surveyor, as his pupil, from the day of 19 , to the day of , 19 ; that I have been engaged with him in the field between the following dates on the following surveys, that is to say: From the day of to the day of , on the survey of at ; From the day of to the day of , on the survey of at . SWORN before me \ 49 V., c. 27, s. 22, part. FORM Q. COMMISSION AS DOMINION LAND SURVEYOR. This is to certify to all whom it may concern, that A. B., of hath duly passed his examination before the Board of Examiners, and hath been found duly qualified to fill the office and perform the duties of Dominion land surveyor, he having complied with all the requirements of the law in that behalf: Wherefore he. the said A. B., is hereby duly admitted to the said office, and commissioned for the dis- charge of the duties thereof, and is by law authorized to practice as a surveyor of Do- minion lands. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, WE, the President and Secretary of the said Board, have signed this commission, at on this day of one thousand nine hundred and C. D., Surveyor-General. E. F., 46 V., c. 17, sch. form P. Secretary. APPENDIX B. THE DETERMINATION OF THE ASTRONOMICAL MERIDIAN. The plan of a land survey is the record of the boundaries of the parcels of land laid out. With an accurate survey and a plan properly made, the precise location of the boundaries, if lost, may be defined on the ground by means of the data furnished by the plan, provided some of the monuments are found. It is not contended that bound- aries re-established in this way will, in every case, hold good in law, but they are ma- terial evidence and the kind of evidence which it is the purpose of the plan to furnish. When the plan gives angles only, but no astronomical bearings, two at least of the ori- ginal monuments must be found in order that the lines may be located : with a plan giving the bearings of the boundaries a single monument is sufficient. The reference of the lines to the astronomical meridian thus adds one element to the value of the plan as a record. It is an error to consider a survey as worthless when the direction of its meridian is incorrect. Should the survey be otherwise accurate, the angle of any two lines is correctly given by the difference of their bearings, provided all the bearings are, as they should always be, referred to the same meridian. The survey has, therefore, the same value as an angular survey. The above considerations, and the fact that the lines of the system of Dominion lands surveys have to be run north and south or east and west, make the determination of the astronomical meridian an operation of paramount importance for the surveyor of Dominion lands. A surveyor is at liberty to employ any suitable method in observing for azimuth, provided the record of the observation is such as to afford an opportunity of checking the computation. This bars the solar compass which is otherwise a convenient instru- ment. On block surveys, where great precision is required, the azimuth is ascertained as explained in chapter IV. The following remarks apply to subdivision surveys : What seems to be the most convenient method is the observation of Polaris: it should be made in day time. With modern instruments there is no longer any necessity for night observations with all the discomforts attending the use of lanterns. After the day's Mork in the field, the night is best devoted to rest. With a four-inch transit theodolite of the pattern made for Dominion land surveys, Polaris may be seen after sunrise and before sunset. For star observations, the sur- veyor should have a watch adjusted to keep sidereal time. A common watch of a re- putable manufacture is good enough : it will keep the time with sufficient accuracy for two or three days. The surveyor can regulate it himself to gain three minutes and fifty -six seconds in twenty-four hours. A better grade of watch is sold for about forty dollars: it will keep good time for many days. The movement should be in a strong open-face dust-proof screw case. No time piece will give good service without reasonable care. Great changes of temperature must be avoided ; this is accomplished by carrying it constantly in an in- ner pocket where it is maintained at an even temperature by the heat of the body. The pocket must be clean and reserved exclusively for the watch which is placed in it always in the same position. It is a good plan, as a protection against dust, to keep it in a tight fitting bag of chamois skin, and to tie up the opening. Winding every day as nearly as possible at the same hour is essential ; this is to be done by turning the crown or the key and not by turning the watch. At least once in eighteen months, it must be placed in the hands of a competent watchmaker for cleaning and oiling. A watch, particularly if of a higher grade, may easily be ruined by an incompetent workman ; too much care cannot be exercised in selecting the man to whom it is intrusted. THE DETERMINATION OF THE ASTRONOMICAL MERIDIAN 81 The error of the watch is ascertained by observing the transit of a star across the meridian. A star of first magnitude is visible with the four-inch transit theodolite several hours after sunrise or before sunset. The observation is a matter of two or three minutes ; it may be taken while the work of the survey is going on and without interfering with it. When the surveyor is at leisure in camp, he selects from the Nautical Almanac a few first magnitude stars passing the meridian at suitable hours and calculates their altitudes. The meridian altitude is the sum of the colatitude (90 latitude), and of the declination of the star, if north ; it is the difference of these quantities when the declination of the star is south. The latitude of the centre of the township, taken from Table II., will do for any observation within the township. The altitudes are entered in a note book as well as the right ascensions of the stars. These data are good for use in that township any day during the season. While the surveyor has his instrument set up for running the lines of the survey, he may, a little before the time of transit of one of the stars, direct the telescope on the meridian and adjust it to the altitude of the star ; looking through the telescope he will soon see the star coming and crossing the vertical thread. The time shown by the watch at that moment should be the right ascension of the star; the difference, if any, is the error of the watch. There is a difference of a few seconds in the time ascer- tained at various points of a township, but it may be neglected for azimuth observa- tions on Polaris. Should, however, the watch be used more than three or four miles east or west from the place where its error was observed, the difference of longitude would have to be allowed for. The time kept by a common watch cannot be depended upon for more than two or three days ; if the azimuth observation be not made within that time, the error of the watch has to be observed anew. In case the direction of the meridian is not known, proceed as follows : By means of the compass, set the instrument approximately to read 360 when the telescope is directed to astronomical north, and clamp the lower plate. With the ap- proximate sidereal time, take from Table III. the bearing and altitude of Polaris. The altitude is obtained by adding to the latitude the ' distance above the pole ' or subtract- ing the ' distance below the pqle.' Set the telescope to the bearing and altitude thus found and clamp the plates. With the slow motion screw of the lower plate (not the vernier plate) turn the instrument to the right and to the left until the star appears, and bisect it with the vertical thread. Now move the vernier of the horizontal circle to read 360, and observe the time star as previously explained. With a time star not too far from the zenith, the watch correction thus ascertained is sufficiently accurate for the determination of the meridian by Polaris observations. Another method which does not even require a knowledge of the approximate time, is to observe the transit of a time star across the vertical of Polaris, but it involves a little calculation. The method is given in full in the explanation of Table V. (page 90). It may be noted that the one observation gives not only the time, but also the azimuth of the pole star, which is, in minutes of arc : P Az = Sec. L. 4 Log p is found in Table V, and secant L in Table II. Simple as the method is, it is, however, more convenient to keep the watch rated to sidereal time as previously ex- plained and to ascertain the azimuth of Polaris by a separate observation. An azimuth observation on Polaris consists of a reading on the reference object, and a reading on Polaris with a note of the time by the watch. Another set of read- ings is taken after turning the upper plate 180 and reversing the telescope. For this observation as well as for all star observations, the instrument must be carefully level- led. The time by the watch is, in the explanations which follow, assumed to be cor- rected for the error of the watch, if any. When the observation is made on a section 82 APPENDIX fi or traverse line, the reference object may be the back picket, and when the survey is made as directed for traverse lines, a method much to be recommended as a safeguard against errors, the horizontal circle readings on the reference object and on Polaris are merely the bearings by account of the line and of Polaris, referred to the central meridian of the township. In day time, the telescope is directed to the star by setting the instrument to the bearing and altitude of Polaris. The bearing is taken from Table III. and the altitude is found by adding to or subtracting from the latitude the ' distance above or below pole ' from the same table. The latitude is found in Table II. The mean of the two sets of readings is taken and the true bearing of Polaris is obtained by means of Table III. This table is calculated for a right ascension of l h 26m and for a declination of 88 49'; for other values, it has to be used as follows: 1. For sidereal time argument take the watch time to which has been added the excess of l h 26m over the right ascension of Polaris. 2. Interpolate for sidereal time. 3. Interpolate for township. 4. Apply the correction from Table IV. for declination of Polaris. 5. Add the convergence between the central meridian and the place of observation when in the westerly half of the township, and vice versa. (See clauses 68 and 60, pages 12 and 13.) The following examples illustrate the process : ' H. C. R.' is for ' Horizontal circle reading,' and ' R. O.' for ' Reference object.' ' R. A.' and ' D.' are the ' Right ascen- sion ' and ' Declination ' of Polaris taken from the Nautical Almanac. EXAMPLE No. 1. DATE. April 2, 1903 R.A. = l h 23'" 28'. PLACE. E. By. Sec. 30. Tp. 32, R. 8, W. 4 Mer D. =88 C 47' 20". R. O. Back picket on E. By. Sec. 19. Face. H. C. R. on R. 0. H. C. R. on Polaris. Watch Time. Right. .. Left * 35 02' 213 04 213 08' 10 S'' 29"' S3" 8 32 15 Mean 35 03 213 0!) 8 30 54 lA26m-R.A Sidereal time argument Tabular bearing for 8 h 20 and Tp. 20, (Table III) . . Difference for 13 26* Difference for 12 townships Correction for declination, (Table IV) Convergence for two sections ( 68 and 69) Bearing of Polaris H. C. R. on Polaris . . Correction H. C. R. onR. O.. 33 358 11' 5 + 20 - 25 2T) + 2-2 358 10-7 26 14.-. 35 Bearing .f It. o. 17 3-0 17 THE DETERMINATION OF THE ASTRONOMICAL MERIDIAN 83 EXAMPLE No 2. DATE. 27 July, 1903 PLACE. E. By. Sec. 12, Tp. 8, R. 23 W. 2 Mer R. O. Back Picket on X. By. Sec. 12. R. A. =U 24m 45s. D.=8847'12". Face. H. C. R. on R. O. H. C. R. on Polaris. Watch Time. Left Right 269 55' 5 269 56 "5 359 35' 359 33 2h llm 45s 2 14 37 Mean 269 56 -0 359 34 2 13 11 + 1 15 Ih 26i R. A Sidereal time argum Tabular bearing Difference for 1' Difference for 8 Correction for d Convergence for Bearing of Polai H. C. R. on Pols ent for 2h OOrrt. and Tp. 0. (Table III). . . . tm 26s 2 14 26 . 359 43' -6 fi-K animation (Table IV) -6 3 sections ( 68 and 69) 3'1 is 359 32-8 ris 359 34 '0 1 ? H. C. R. on R. O .. .269 560 Bearing of R. O... 269 54-8 EXAMPLE No. 3. DATE. August 4, 1905 R. A. = lfe. 25i. 36s. PLACE. Traverse Station No. 27 in Sec. 31, Tp. 67, R. 14, W. 3 Mer. D.=88 47' 47". R. O. Picket at Traverse Station No. 26. Face. H. C. R. on R. O. H. C. R. on Polaris. Watch Ti me. Right 215 C 46' 215 47 44' 45 14 49 43s. 57 Left 215 46 "5 44-5 14 48 20 24 \h 2Qm R A , Sidereal time argument . . 14 48 44 Tabular bearing for 14fe 40//i, and Tp. 60 (Table III) Difference for 8m 44s Difference for 7 townships Correction for declination (Table IV.) Convergence for 3 sections ( 68 and 69) Bearing of Polaris H. C. R. on Polaris Correction H.C. R.onR.O... Bearing of R. O. 215 215 37' 5 4-2 6 3'7 44-5 2-2 46 '5 84 APPENDIX B EXAMPLE No. 4. PLACE. E. By. See. 27, Tp. 42, R. 3, W. 2 Mer D. =88 48' 10". R. O. Back picket on E. By. Sec. 34. Face. H. C. R. on R. O. H. C. R. on Polaris. 145 24' 145 22 Watch Time. 20/i 37?/i 17s. 20 40 35 Right 143 P 27' 143 29 Left Mean Ik 26m- R. A... 143 28 145 23 20 3S 56 19 Sidereal time argument . . Tabular bearing for 20ft 20rn, and Tp. 40 (Table III) Difference for 18m 37s Difference for 2 townships 1 54' 'I 2 "4 '5 Correction for declination (Table IV) , 1 2 Convergence for one section ( 68 and 69) 1 1 "I 52 3 H. C. R. on Polaris 145 23-0 Correction H.C.R. onR. O Bearing of R. O... . +216 143 . 359 29-3 28-0 57 3 The observation of Polaris in day time with a small surveying instrument can only be made early in the morning or late in the afternoon, and it requires a clear sky. For these reasons, many surveyors prefer sun observations which can be made in weather more or less cloudy and at any time, except the middle of the day. The method is not as accurate as with Polaris, and it involves considerable calculation. The instrument must be provided with a dark coloured glass for looking at the sun through the teles- cope. Stud position Jst ponttorf Fig. 37. Observation of the sun in the forenoon with an erecting eye piece. 1st position 2nd position: Fig. 38. Observation of the sun in the afternoon with an erecting eye piece. The observation is made first with the vertical circle in one position, to the right of the observer for instance, and next with the circle to the left, after reversing the telescope and turning the upper plate 180. In the first position of the instrument, the image of the sun is brought in the angle formed by two of the threads in the teles- cope so as to be tangent to both at the same time. The same process is repeated with the instrument in the second position, but with the sun's image in the opposite angle (Figs. 37 and 38). In order to bring both threads tangent to the sun's limb at the same time, the sun's image must be so placed as to move towards one thread while giiing away from the other. The former thread is kept tangent, to the limb by the proper THE DETERMINATION OF THE ASTRONOMICAL MERIDIAN 85 slow motion screw until both threads are tangent together. In the opposite angle of the threads, the same process is repeated with the other slow motion screw. Fig. 37 shows how the sun's image appears in the forenoon with an erecting eye piece. In the upper left angle of the threads, the sun's image moves away from the horizontal thread and towards the vertical thread; the latter is kept tangent by the slow motion screw of the upper plate. In the lower right angle of the threads, the sun's image moves away from the vertical thread and towards the horizontal thread, the latter being kept tan- gent by the slow motion screw of the vertical circle. Fig. 38 shows how the discs would be placed in the afternoon. An erecting eye piece is not suitable for observing the sun ; a diagonal eye piece is more convenient. The explanations which follow are for the use of the long diagonal. Figs. 39 and 40 show how the images of the sun appear in the forenoon, and, in the afternoon with this eye piece. I si position 2nd po* 2nd position Fig. 39. Observation of the sun in the forenoon with a long diagonal eye piece. 1st position] Fig. 40. Observation of the sun in the afternoon with a long diagonal eye piece. The observation is easy enough if made methodically, otherwise there is a risk of not placing the images in opposite angles which would entirely vitiate the result. The rules which follow, if learned by heart so as to be carried out without any hesitation, will prevent mistakes : 1. Always commence with the sun on the right of the vertical thread and imping- ing upon it, above the horizontal thread in the forenoon and below in the afternoon. 2. Always commence by following the sun with the slow motion screw of the ver- tical circle. In the second position of the instrument, the rules are reversed. 3. Place the sun 011 the left of the vertical thread and impinging upon the horizon- tal thread, below it in the forenoon and above it in the afternoon. 4. Follow the sun with the slow motion screw of the upper plate. The reading of the horizontal circle on the reference object, generally one of the line pickets, must be taken in both positions of the instrument, and the approximate time of observation noted. The best time for observation is when the sun is near the prime vertical, that is to say, nearly due east or west. The following formula may be used for the calculation : Az := V cos 8 cos (8 P) sec L sec h where S = 2 h being the true altitude of the sun, L the latitude, P the sun's polar distance, and Az the azimuth of the sun. Reckoning the bearing from to 360 from the north point through east, south and west, Az is the bearing in the forenoon and 360 minus the bearing in the afternoon. The latitude and its secant are given in Table II. for the north side of every section. On page 86 two examples are given, one in the afternoon and the other in the fore- noon. H. C. R. is for horizontal circle reading. 86 APPENDIX B DATK-21st November, 1881-3.18 P.M. PLACE 50 chs. W. of N.E. corner section 31, Tp. 4, R. 14, W. of 3rd meridian. FACE. SUN'S ALTITUDE. H. C. R. ON SUN. H. C. R. ON LINE. Right. Left. 6 25' 7 09 227 35' 00" 228 43 00 90 U 00' 00" 90 01 00 Mean. 6 47 228 09 00 90 00 30 ORE Local time=Noven Longitude Greenwich thne = :> ENWICH TIME. iber 21 Sh . 18m. 08 h = 6 39' 31" L = 49 20 58 P =110 07 17 sec. k = 0-00294 sec. L = 0-18612 cos. S = 9-OSLS8 cos (SP) = 9-94966 +7 2S 166 07 46 S = 83 03 53 Az 'ovember 21 10 26 2 Az Correction of altitude. Obs.altitude =6 47' 00" Refraction - 7 38 Sun's Polar Distance. Decl. atO/i. =20 01'35"S Var. for lOfc. 20i. = + 5 42 Convergence, 2JU s Bea. referred to cei H. C. R. on Correction H. C. R. on Bearing of li cos. - 9-61030 2 Az =65 56' 30" 2 Difference =6 39 22 Parallax = + 9 h =6 39 31 Decl. at Wk. 26/i. --=20 P =110 0717 0717 Bearing = 228 07 00 ec.(68ft69)= +240 itral mer. = 228 09 40 sun = 228 09 00 + 40 line = 90 00 30 ne = 90 01 10 DATE June 15th, 18817.20 A.M. PLACE 25 chs. W. of N.E. corner section 30, Tp. 28, R, 17, W. of 2nd meridian. FACE. Right. Left. SUN'S ALTITUDE. 30 09' 30 15 H. C. R. ON SUN. H. C. R. ON LINK. 175 4?,' 00" 176 51 00 176 Q 39' 00" 176 40 00 176 39 30 Mean. 30 12 176 17 00 GREENWICH TIME. Local time = June 14 19fe. 20m. Longitude +6 57 h = 30 3 10' 28" L = 51 26 45 P = 66 39 30 2S =148 16 43 S = 74 08 21 SP = 7 28 51 Az or Bearin Convergence, 2$$ s Bea. referred to ce H. C. R. on Correction H. C. R. on Bearing of lir sec. h =0-00324 sec. =0-20533 cos. S=9'4Jfi4 cos. (SP) =9-99629 Az Greenwich time= June 15 2 17 cos. 2 = 19 ' 70150 2 Az Correction of altitude. Obs.altitude =3012'00" Refraction =- 1 40 Sun's Polar Distance. Dec!. atO/i. = 23"20'16" N. Var. for 2h. 17m. = + 14 cos. = 9-85075 2 Az Diff. 30 10 20 Parallax = + 8 h =30 10 28 Decl. at 2k. 17m. =23 20 30 P =66 39 30 2 ? = 89 40 00 c. ($i;s&tf)= -300 ntral mer. = 89 37 00 un 176 17 00 = -86 40 00 ine =176 39 30 le = 89 59 30 A X OUDINAXCE RESPECTING MASTERS AXD SERVANTS 87 APPENDIX C. AN ORDINANCE RESPECTING MASTERS AND SERVANTS. (Chapter 50, Consolidated Statutes of the Northwest Territories of Canada.) The Lieiitenant-Governor by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative Assembly of the Territories enacts as follows: 1. Every contract or hire of personal service shall be subject to the provisions of this Ordinance, and if such contract is for any period more than one year it shall be in writing and signed by the contracting parties. No. 26 of 1895, s. 2. 2. Any person engaged, bound or hired whether as clerk, journeyman, apprentice, servant, labourer or otherwise howsoever, guilty of drunkenness or of absenting him- self by day or night without leave from his proper service or employment, or of refus- ing or neglecting to perform his just duties or to obey the lawful commands of his master, or of dissipating his employer's property or effects shall be deemed guilty of a violation of his contract, and upon summary conviction of one or more of the said violations, forfeit and pay such sum of money not exceeding $30, as to the justice or magistrate seems meet together with costs of prosecution, and in default of payment thereof, forthwith shall be imprisoned for any period not exceeding one month, unless the fine imposed and costs together with the costs of commitment and conveying such person convicted to the place of imprisonment be sooner paid. No. 26 of 1895, s. 3. 3. Any justice, upon oath of any employee, servant or labourer complaining against his or her rraster or employer concerning any non-payment of wages (not exceeding two months' wages, the same having been first demanded) illusage or improper dis- missal by such master or employer, may summon the master or employer to appear be- fore him at a reasonable time to be stated in the summons, and the justice shall upon proof on oath of the personal service of the summons examine into the matter of the complaint, whether the master or employer appears or not, and upon due proof of the cause of complaint the justice may discharge the servant or labourer from the service or employment of the master and may direct the payment to him or her of any wages found to be due (not exceeding two months' wages as aforesaid), and the justice shall make such order for payment of the said wages as to him seems just and reasonable with costs. No. 26 of 1895, s. 4; No. 38 of 1897, s. 53 (1). 4. Proceedings- may be taken under this Ordinance within three months after the engagement or employment has ceased, or within three months after the last instalment of wages under the agreement of hiring has become due whichever shall last happen. No. 26 of 1895, s. 5. 5. The provisions of this Ordinance shall be held to apply in the Territories to con- tracts and agreements made at any place outside the same. No. 26 of 1895, s. 6. * 6. Nothing in this Ordinance shall in any wise curtail, abridge or defeat any civil or other remedy for the recovery of wages or damages which employers or masters may have against servants or employees, or which servants or employees may have against their masters or employers. No. 26 of 1895, s. 8; No. 38 of 1897, s. 53 (2). FORM OF EXGAGEMEXT FOR EMPLOYEES APPENDIX D. FORM OF ENGAGEMENT FOR EMPLOYEES. ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT made and entered into at the City of Hamilton in the Pro- vince of Ontario this sixteenth day of March, A.D. 1903. BETWEEN John Brown, of the said City of Hamilton, Dominion Land Surveyor, hereinafter called the employer, siudWilliam Smith, of the same place, labourer, here- inafter called the employee. Witness that the said employee hereby agrees to enter into the service and employ- ment of the said employer and to faithfully and diligently serve him and his assistant or assistants or any person tinder whose charge the said employee may for the time being be placed by order and direction of the said employer in the capacity of labourer for the period of eight months from the date of this agreement in connection with sur- veys to be performed in the North-west Territories, or until the completion of the said surveys. And also to execute, do and perform with all dvie despatch and punctuality and ac- cording to his skill and ability all such work as the said employer or such assistant or assistants or other person as aforesaid shall require him to do in the said capacity. And also at all times to conduct himself honestly, faithfully and properly in the course of such services; and also not to leave the service of the said employer or enter into the service or employment of any other person during the said period without the written consent of the said employer. And the said employer in consideration of such service agrees to pay to the said employee the wages of seventy-five cents per day for the first half of such service, and one dollar and fifty cents per day for the other half of the said service, and to board him so long as the said employee continues to serve under this agreement. The said employer also agrees to advance the actual travelling expenses of the said employee from the City of Hamilton to the North-west Territories, the said advance to be retained by the said employer from the wages of the said employee. And provided that if the said employee shall be guilty of any misconduct in his service or shall commit any breach of this agreement he shall forfeit all wages which may then be due him, without prejudice to the said employer's other remedies. In witness whereof the parties hereto have hereunto set their hands the day and year first above written. John Brown, William Smith. Signed in presence of J Robert Jones, ( CONSTRUCTION AND USE OF TABLES APPENDIX E. CONSTRUCTION AXD USE OF TABLES. This table gives for the third system of survey the latitudes of base and correction lines, and other data for these lines. The latitudes given are those of the line of posts on the north boundary of the town- ship and on the south side of the road allowance. The ' chord azimuth ' is the angle of the base or correction line with the meridian of the township corner; it is equal to the complement of half the convergence for one range. The ' chord azimuth ' is given for the south side of correction lines. The ' deflection ' is the angle through which a base or correction line has to be deflected upon arriving at a township corner; it is equal to the convergence of meri- dians for one range. This deflection angle may be turned with the instrument, but more readily by the use of the ' deflection offsets ' in the table. The tabulated offset is the linear distance in inches between one of the chords and the prolongation of the other, at one chain from the township corner. JC =- ?92 2~~ ) . Their distance apart at any point is found by multiplying the tabulated offset by the distance, expressed in chains, of the point from the township corner. For example, if the instrument is standing on the prolongation of the first chord at five chains past the corner, and the back picket be fifteen chains on the other side of, that is, behind the corner, then the instrument must be moved north five times, and the back picket south fifteen times, the ' deflection offset for one chain.' The line of the instrument and picket is now in the correct bearing for the prolongation of the base line. The angle is thus turned as accurately as a straight line can be produced with the instrument, and much more accurately than the angle can be measured with the gradu- ated arc, while the setting of the instrument at the corner (which may be in low ground, unsuitable for accurate line production) is rendered unnecessary. The ' longitude covered by one range ' is given both in arc and in time. Owing to the convergence of meridians, a range is wider than four hundred and eighty-six chains south of the base line and narrower on the north side. The table gives the width of the range on both sides of the correction line. The ' jog ' is the excess in width on the correction line of the range on the north side of the road allowance over the range on the south side. Clarke's elements of the figure of the earth were used for the computation of th>s table. This table gives for the north side of every section, up to township eighty-two, the latitude with the logarithms of its tangent and secant, and the width of the quarter sections. The logarithms of the tangent and secant are used in the computation of time and azimuth observations. A double purpose is served by this table. It may be employed for finding Polaris in day light by setting the telescope in the direction of the star. One column gives 90 APPENDIX the distance above or below the pole which subtracted from or added to the latitude gives the altitude. It rnay also be used for ascertaining the direction of the meridian in the manner described in the appendix on that subject. The table was computed for a right ascension of 1& 26m a nd a polar distance of 71'; for any other polar distance a correction must be applied to the tabular values. The correction to be applied to the values of Table III., when the polar distance of Polaris differs from 71', is given by this table. TABLE v. This table is for determining the watch error by the observation at any time of the transits of Polaris and another star across the same vertical plane. Let L be the latitude of the place, R.A. and D the right ascension and declination of Polaris H.A.! and D' the same quantities for the other star, T and T' the watch times at which each of the stars crossed the same vertical, and p the distance from the pole to the vertical of the pole star. The hour angle of the time star, at the instant it was observed, is: t=p (tan L tan D'} This value, when p is known, is readily calculated by taking (tan L tan D') from a table of natural tangents. The logarithmic form of the formula may also be em- ployed : t sinfL //; cos L cos D' In using either formula, it must be remembered that a south declination is )it'p;i- tive. Table V. gives the value of log p expressed in seconds of time. The arguments are the declination of the time star D', and the time interval A, of which the value is : A = (R.A:R.A.}-(?'T) A is taken in the column at the left of the table for time stars of north declination, ,and at the right of the table for stars of south declination. The table was calculated for a value of D equal to 88 51'. For other values, a cor- rection must be added to log p; it is given in Table VI. The time obtained by means of this table is sufficiently accurate for all practical purposes, except the determination of longitudes. The table may also be employed for calculating the azimuth of Polaris when the sidereal time is known. The hour angle of Polaris is used as argument ' A ' and the latitude of the place instead of ' Declination North/ The azimuth in minutes of arc is: * p sec L 4 The result is accurate within ;i few seconds of arc. * Table V. was computed by the following formula : p = P sin A + - P ~ sin 2A tan D' Where P is the polar distance of Polaris. Example. On the loth April. 1908, on the north boundary of township twenty, range two, west of the fifth meridian, the following transits were observed across tha same vertical : CONSTRUCTION A XI) UXE OF TABLES 91 Polaris Alpha Canis Ma joris Chronometer keeping sidereal time m. s, 33 27 36 42 -Required the chronometer error. R.A.' = 6ft 4Qm 52-9* ! ', '= Cft 36m 42* L (Table II) = 50 45' R.A. =1 23 24 7 T =6 33 27 D' =16 35 D = 88 3 47' 25" R. A.'-R.A. =517282 T'-T=+3 15 L-D' = 67 20 T'-T = + 3 15-0 A 5 14 13 2 CALCULATION BY LOGARITHMS. Log. p for 5ft 10m (Table V) 2 4300 + "0017 Correction for 88 47' 25" (Table VI) _ 4 "0220 Log sin (L D') _ 9 9651 Lag. sec. L (Table II) Log. sec. D' Log. t R A. ' " = Oft - 6 0-1988 0-0185 2-6361 432 6 7m 12 "6s 40 52'9 Sidereal time of transit T' .. = 6 = 6 33 40 3 36 42-0 Chronometer error = - 3 17 CALCULATION HY NATUKAL TANGENTS. Nat. tan L = 1'2239 Nat. tan D' = 0'2978 Tan L tan D' =1 5217 Log. p for 5ft 10 (Table V) Difference for 4m 13s . . = Correction for 88 47' 25" (Table VI). . = Log. (tan L tan D') = = 2'4300 0017 1823 Log. t . . = 2-6360 t R \ ' . = 432 "5s =Oft7wl2-5* -6 40 52-9 Sidereal time of transit T.' Chronometer error = 6 33 40 4 =6 36 42'0 = 3 1-6 This table gives the correction to be added to the value of log p in Table V. when the declination of Polaris is less than 88 51'; the correction is merely the difference between the logarithm of the polar distance of Polaris, expressed in seconds of arc and the logarithm of 276. This is the part of the table of addition and subtraction logarithms, useful in re- ducing time azimuth observations with Polaris. Suppose two numbers a and 6, and a ^> b ; then we have, as long as A is less then 10 : 92 APPENDIX E FOR DIFFERENCES. Take 10 + log. & log. a = A I Take log. a log. I = B and then and then Log. (a + b) = log. a-\-B. Log. (a b) = log. b -f A 10. TABLE Vm. * ^ This is usefvil in deflecting trial lines. It gives the angular deflection of a line for deviations of 1 to 149 links at the end of eighty-one chains. / B - X - <* /T - , TABLES TABLE I. Latitude, Chord Azimuth, Deflection, &c., for Base and Correction lines. Third System of Survey. 1 2 :f ^ - 12 14 S- - 16 18 6 ~ 20 22 9 - 24 26 r 28 30 * 32 34 x*, -36 38 ft -40 42 /i -44 ,r -48 50 / - 52 -** 54 /4 56 58 /6-60 62 1% -68 70 Latitude. Chord Azimuth. Deflection. Deflection Offset for one Chain Dis- tance. LENGTH OF UN CORRECT North Side of Road. JNE RANGE [ION LINE. South Side of Road. Jog. LONGITUDE COVERED BY 486 CHAINS. Township Number. Arc. Time. 49 00 00-00 10 29-05 20 58-07 31 27-08 41 56-08 52 25'OS 50 02 54-01 13 22-96 23 51-88 34 20-77 44 49-65 55 18-51 51 05 47 35 16 16-17 26 44 98 37 13-76 47 42 53 58 11-26 52 08 39-98 19 08-69 29 37-37 40 06'04 50 34 69 53 01 03 31 11 31-92 22 00 52 32 211-09 42 57'65 53 26 19 54 03 54 71 14 23-21 24 51-69 35 20 15 45 48-59 56 17-01 55 06 45-42 89 56 58-5 57-4 56-3 55'1 54'0 52'9 51-7 50-5 49-4 48'2 47-0 45'8 44-6 43 3 42-1 40-9 39-6 38-3 37-1 35-8 34 5 33 2 31 -!l 30 6 29-3 27'9 26 6 25-2 23-8 22 4 21-0 19 6 18'2 16-7 15 3 18'8 6 03 05'2 07-5 09'8 12'0 14-3 16 6 19'0 21-3 23-7 26-1 28-5 30-9 33-4 35'8 38'3 40-8 43'4 45-9 48-4 51 53 6 56-2 58-8 7 01-5 04-2 06 9 09-0 12 4 15 2 18-0 20-8 23 7 26-6 29-4 324 inches 1 394 1-403 411 420 429 438 447 456 465 474 483 492 501 510 520 529 539 548 558 568 578 588 598 608 619 629 639 650 660 671 682 693 704 715 726 737 Chains. "'487 : 7i9' Chains. '484 : 297' Chains. "3 : 422" 8 00-990 "64-388 s 32-1 '32 : 3 32 : 5 32-8 33 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 1C, 18 20 22 24 26 2,s 90 82 34 88 88 40 42 44 46 48 60 52 M 66 58 60 83 64 86 68 7" 740 ' ' : 762 " : 784 -276 "'255' " : 233 464 "SO?" '551 07-852 11-385 "'i4 : 988' 806 212 594 18-662 33 2 33-5 829 188 641 852 167 685 26-235 30 136 '"soils' "42-329' 337 34-0 34 : 3 '34-5' '34 : 8 875 " : 899 923 144 " : 097 731 ""776' : 826" 947 ' : 972' 072 ' : 047' 875 '"925 46 564 50 887 35-1 35-4 997 '"488 : 023 ' -049 075 024 "483-998 '972' 946 973 "4 : 025" "077 129 55-302 '"59 : 8ii av7 '36 : 9 04 417 '"69 : 123 36 3 '36 : 6 102 919 183 130 ->2 238 96 TABLES TABLE I. Concluded. Latitude, Chord Azimuth, Deflection, fec., for Base and Correction lines. Concluded. Third System of Survey. fc Latitude. Chord Azimuth. 1 Deflection Offset for one Chain Dis- tance. LENGTH OF ONE RANGE ON CORRECTION LINE. Jog. LONG IT COVERED CHAIN Arc. UDE JT 486 s. Time. j B 1 North Side South Side of of Road. Road. 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 110 112 114 116 118 120 122 124 126 55 17 13-82 27 42-20 38 10 55 48 38-89 59 07-20 56 09 35-49 20 03 77 30 32 03 41 00-28 51 28-51 57 01 56-70 12 24-89 22 53-07 33 21-22 43 49-36 54 17-48 58 04 45 57 15 13-66 25 41 73 36 09-78 46 37-81 57 05'83 59 07 33-83 18 01-81 28 29-77 38 57-71 49 25-64 59 53-55 89 56 12-4 10 9 09 4 07-8 06-3 04-8 032 01 7 OO'l 89 55 58-5 56'9 55'2 53-6 51-9 50-3 48'6 46-8 45'1 43 4 41-6 39 9 38'0 36-2 34 4 32'6 30-7 28-8 26-9 7 35 3 38-3 41 3 44 4 47-4 50-5 53 6 56-7 59'8 8 03'0 06-3 09-6 12-8 16-2 19-5 22-9 26-3 29-8 33-3 36-8 40 3 44-0 47'6 51-2 54-9 58-6 9 02-4 06'2 inches 749 760 '772 783 795 807 819 831 843 855 867 879 892 905 918 931 944 1-957 1-971 1-984 1-998 2 012 2-026 2-040 2-054 2-068 2-083 2-097 Chains. '"488-i58 Chains. ' '483 : 865 Chains. "4 : 293 9 13-932 "'i8 : 847' "'34 : 258' 8 36-9 '37 : 3 37 : 6 37 : 9 38 : 3 72 74 76 - 82 84 86 ss 90 92 M 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 110 Hi' 114 in; 118 HJO 122 IlM 186 187 837 350 215 809 406 245 ' : 275 : 306' 779 466 750 720' 525 " : 586' 39-630 '"45 : 125 38-6 39 : 6 338 .369 690 658 648 711 50-747 39-4 39 : 8 40-2 40-6 41 : 6 41-4 56-500 l6'o2-389' 08-418 402 434 627 " : 594' 775 " : 840' 469 561 908 14-593 "'20 : 9i7' " 27 : 396' 503 538 528 493 975 5-045 574 458 116 AT S / * 3 7* TABLES TABLE II. Latitude, &c., for the North Boundary of each Section. 97 Township. Section. Latitude. ^ ^ Secant L. jL ^Tangent L. \ Section. 36 49 00 00-00 0-183 06 0-060 84 40-000 1 1 00 52'75 19 061 06 39 988 12 01 44-84 31 28 976 13 02 37-59 44 51 964 24 03 29-68 57 73 953 25 04 22-43 69 95 941 36 05 14-53 82 0-062 17 -929 2 1 06 07-28 95 40 917 12 06 59-36 0-184 08 62 905 13 07 52-11 20 85 893 24 08 44-21 33 0-063 07 882 25 09 36'96 46 29 "870 36 10 29 05 59 51 / 39-858 \40-143 3 1 11 21-89 71 74 131 12 12 13-89 84 96 119 13 13 06'63 97 0-064 18 107 24 13 58-72 0-185 10 41 '095 25 14 51" 46 23 63 084 36 15 43 56 35 85 072 4 I 16 36-30 48 065 08 060 12 17 28 40 61 30 048 13 18 21-14 74 52 036 24 19 13-24 87 74 '024 25 20 05-98 0-186 00 97 012 36 20 58-07 12 0-066 19 40-000 5 1 21 50-81 25 42 39-988 12 22 42 91 38 64 "976 13 23 35 65 51 86 "964 24 24 27-74 64 0-067 08 952 25 25 20 48 77 31 940 36 26 12 58 90 53 928 6 1 27 05-32 0-187 03 76 916 12 27 57-41 15 98 904 13 28 50-15 28 0-068 20 "892 24 29 42-25 41 43 880 25 30 34-99 54 65 868 36 31 27-08 67 87 (39-858 \40-145 7 1 32 19-82 80 0-069 10 133 12 33 11-91 93 32 '121 13 34 04 65 0-188 06 54 109 24 34 56-75 19 77 097 25 35 49 49 32 99 085 36 36 41-58 45 070 21 073 8 1 37 34 32 58 44 060 12 38 26 41 71 66 048 13 39 19 15 84 89 036 24 40 11 25 97 071 11 024 25 41 03-99 0-189 10 33 012 36 41 5608 23 56 40'000 9 1 42 48-82 36 78 39-988 12 43 40 91 49 0-072 00 976 13 44 33 65 62 23 '964 24 45 25 74 75 45 '951 25 46 18-48 88 68 939 36 47 10 56 0-190 01 90 927 TABLES TABLE II. Latitude, &c. Continued. Township. Section. Latitude. Secant L. Tanerent L. I Section. 10 1 49 48 03-30 0-190 14 073 12 39-915 12 48 55-41 27 35 903 13 49 48-15 40 57 891 24 50 40-23 53 79 879 25 51 32.97 66 0-074 02 867 36 52 25-05 79 24 f 39 '855 \40-147 11 1 53 17-79 93 47 135 12 54 09-88 0-191 06 69 122 13 55 02-62 19 92 no 24 55 54-70 32 0'075 14 098 25 56 47-44 45 i 36 086 36 57 39 53 58 59 073 12 1 58 32-27 71 81 061 12 59 24-36 84 076 03 050 13 50 00 17-10 98 26 037 24 01 09-18 0-192 11 48 024 25 02 01 92 24 71 012 36 02 54-01 37 93 40-000 13 1 03 46-75 50 0-077 16 39-988 12 04 38-84 63 38 978 13 05 31-58 77 00 %3 24 06 23 66 90 83 961 25 07 10-40 0'193 03 0-078 05 939 36 08 08'49 16 28 926 14 1 09 01-23 29 50 914 12 09 53-31 43 72 90S 13 10 40-05 51 i 95 890 24 11 38 14 69 079 17 877 25 12 30-88 82 40 866 36 13 22 96 96 62 (39-853 \40-149 15 1 14 15-70 194 09 85 137 12 15 07-78 22 0-080 07 124 13 16 00-52 35 30 112 24 16 52 60 49 52 099 25 17 45-34 62 75 087 36 18 37 42 75 97 074 16 1 19 30-16 89 0-081 20 062 12 20 22 24 195 02 42 050 13 21 14 98 15 64 037 24 22 07 'GO 28 87 025 25 22 59 80 42 082 09 012 36 23 51-88 55 32 40-000 17 1 24 44-61 69 54 39-988 12 25 36-70 82 77 975 13 26 29 43 95 99 963 24 27 21 51 0-196 09 0-083 22 950 25 28 14 24 22 44 940 36 29 06 33 35 67 925 18 1 29 59-06 49 89 913 12 30 51-14 62 0-084 12 <>01 13 31 43-87 76 34 888 24 32 35 96 89 56 '876 25 33 28 69 0-197 02 7!) "863 36 34 20 77 16 0-085 01 (39-851 140 150 TABLES TABLE II. Latitude, &c. Continued. 99 Township. Section. Latitude. Secant L. Tangent L. % Section. 19 1 50 35 13-50 0-197 29 G'085 24 40-138 12 36 05-58 43 46 125 13 36 58-31 56 69 113 24 37 50 40 69 91 100 25 38 43-13 83 0-086 14 088 36 39 35-21 % 36 075 20 1 40 27-94 0-198 10 59 063 12 41 20-02 23 81 050 13 42 12-75 37 0-087 04 038 24 43 04-84 50 27 025 25 43 57-57 64 49 013 36 44 49-65 77 72 40-000 21 1 45 42-38 91 94 39-987 12 46 34-46 0-199 04 0-088 17 975 13 47 27-19 18 39 962 24 48 19-27 31 <52 950 25 49 12-00 45 84 937 36 50 04-08 58 089 07 925 22 1 50 56-81 72 29 912 12 51 48-89 85 52 899 13 52 41.62 99 74 887 24 53 33-70 0-200 13 97 874 25 54 26-43 26 0-090 20 862 36 55 18-51 40 42 / 39-849 \40-152 23 1 56 11-24 53 65 140 12 57 03-32 67 87 127 13 57 56-05 81 0-091 10 114 24 58 48 12 94 32 102 25 59 40-85 201 08 55 089 36 51 00 32 93 21 77 '076 24 1 01 25-66 35 0.092 00 064 12 02 17-74 49 22 051 13 03 10-47 62 45 038 24 04 02-54 76 68 025 25 04 55-27 90 90 013 36 05 47-35 0-202 03 0-093 13 40-000 25 I 06 40-08 17 35 39-987 12 07 32-15 31 58 975 13 08 24 88 44 81 962 24 09 16 96 58 0-094 03 949 25 10 09-69 72 26 936 36 11 01-76 85 48 924 26 1 11 54 49 99 71 911 12 12 46-56 0-203 13 93 898 13 13 39 29 27 0-095 16 885 * * 24 14 31-Sti 40 39 873 25 15 24-09 54 61 860 36 ]6 16 17 68 84 / 39 -847 \40-154 27 1 17 08-90 82 096 07 141 12 18 00-97 95 29 129 13 18 5370 0-204 09 52 116 24 19 45-77 23 74 103 25 20 38-50 37 97 090 30 21 30 58 51 0-097 19 077 100 TABLES TABLE II. Latitude, 42 20 26-6 23-2 19-3 14-9 10 1 37 40 22-2 18-5 14-4 09-9 05-0 26 6 00 18-4 14-7' 10-5 05-8 00-7 23 20 15 6 11-7 07-4 02-6 357 57-3 16 00 1 06-0 1 08-5 1 11 1 1 14-0 1 17-2 m ^ 20 13-0 15'8 18-7 21-9 25'5 51 40 19-8 22-6 25-8 29-3 33-2 -H 47 17 00 25-8 28-8 32 3 36 40-2 Q, 42 20 31-1 34 4 38-0 42-1 46 5 37 40 35-8 39'3 43-1 47 3 52-1 26 18 00 39-8 43-4 47'4 51-9 56-8 I 20 43-1 46-8 51'0 55-5 2 00-6 20 40 45-5 49-4 53-6 58-4 03-6 ^ 14 19 00 47-2 51-2 55 5 2 00-3 05 7 pq 8 20 48-1 52 1 56-5 01-3 06'7 40 48'1 52-1 56-6 01-4 06 9 4 20 00 47'4 51-3 55-8 00-6 06 49 40 12'9 15-7 18-8 22'2 25'9 53 O 23 00 05-5 08-0 10-8 13-9 17-3 57 20 57'6 O 59 8 02-3 05-0 08-0 61 40 49-3 51-1 53 2 55-6 58-1 1-9846 1-98651 -9889 2 '0332 2 -0351 2 '0375 2-07622-0780J2-0804 2-11442-11622-1185 60 10 50 40 30 or 20 10 22 2 00 10 20 or 30 40 14 50 2-1399 2-1711 2-1995 2 2254 2-2490 2-2706 2-1405 2-1718 2-2001 2-2260 2-2496 2-2712 2-14122-14192-1426 2-17242-17312-1738 2-2008'2'2014 2-2021 2-22662-22722-2279 2- 2502. 2 -2508,2 '2514 2 -2717 2 -2723 2 -2729 2-14342-14422-1451 2-17452-17542-1762 2 '2028 2 -2036l2'2045 2-22862-2293(2-2302 2-25212-25282 -2536 2-27362-27432-2751 2-1462 2-1773 2-2055 2-2311 2-2545 2-2760 2-1474 2-1784 2-206U 2-2322 2-255C, 2-2770 2-1488 2-1798 2-2079 J ' 2335 2- 25(1!) 2-2782 2-1505 2-1815 2-20% 2-2851 2-2584 2-2797 2-1528 60 9 2-1837 50 2-21171 40 2 2372 30 or 2-2604 20 2-2816 10 21 3 00 10 20 or 30 40 15 50 2-29042-2909 2-30852-3091 2-32522-3257 2 34042-3408 2-35432-3547 2-36692 3673 2-2915 2-3096 2-3261 2 3413 2-3552 2-3678 2-2920 2-3101 2-3267 2 3418 2 3556 2-3682 2-2926 2-3107 2-3272 2-3423 2-3561 2-3686 2-29332-2939 2-31132-3119 2-32782-3284 2-34282-3434 2-3.5662 3572 2-36912-3696 2-2947 2-3126 2-3291 2-3441 2-3578 2-3702 2-2955 2-3135 2-3298 2-3448 2-3581 2-3709 2-2965 2-3144 2-3307 2-3457 2-:^;i2 2-3716 2-2977 2-3155 2 3318 2-3467 2-3602 2-3725 2-2991 2-3169 2-3331 2-3479 2-3614 2-3736 2-3009 2-3186 2-3348 2-3495 2-3628 2-3750 60 8 50 40 30 or 20 10 20 4 00 10 20 or 30 40 16 50 2-37842-3788 2-38S82-3H92 2-39822 3985 2' 4066(2 '4088 2-41392-4142 2-42032 4206 2-3792 2-3895 2-3988 2-4071 2 4144 2-4208 2 3796 2 -:w99 2-3992 2-4074 2 4147 2-4210 2-3800 2-3903 2-3995 2 4077 2-4150 2-4213 2-3805 2-3907 2-3999 2-4081 2-4153 2-4215 2'3809 2 3912 2-4003 2-4084 2-4156 2-4218 2-3815 2-3821 2'3828 2'3836 2 ' 3916 2 ' 3! 122 '2 .">! )2S 2 ' 3936 2 -4008 2 -4013 2 -4019 2 -4026 2 -4089 2 -409312 -4098 2 4105 2 -4160 2 -4164 2 -4169 2 -4174 2-4222 2-4225 2'4229 2'4234 2 3846 2-3945 2-4034 2-4113 2-4181 2-4241 2-3859 60 7 2-3958 50 2 4045 40 2-41231 30 or 2' 4190 1 20 2-4248 10 19 5 00 10 20 or 30 40 17 50 6 00 10 20 or 30 40 18 50 2-4259 2-4305 2-4343 2-4372 2-4393 2-4405 2-4409 2-4405 2-4393 2-4372 2-4343 2 4305 2-4261 2 4307 2-4344 2-4373 2-4393 2-4405 2-4409 2-4405 2-4392 2-4371 2 4341 2 4303 2-42632-4265 2-43082-4310 2-43452-4347 2-43742-4375 2-43942-4395 2 "4406! 2 '4406 2-44092-4409 2 44042-4404 2 43912-4391 2 '4370 2 '4: if,: i 2-4340J2-4339 2-4302,2-4300 2-4267 2-4269 2 43122-4314 2-43482-4350 2-43762 4377 2 43952-4396 2-44062-4407 2-44092-4409 2-44042-4403 2-43902 4389 2-43682-4.%i; 2 ' 4337 1 2 4336 2-42982-4296 2-42722-4274 2-43162-4318 2-43512-4353 2-43782-4380 2 43972-4398 2-44072-4408 2 -4409^ -4409 2-44032-4402 2-43882-4387 2-4365,2-4364 2'4334 ! 2-4332 2 -4294)2 '4292 2 42772-4281 2-43212 4324 2-43552-4358 2 4381 2-4383 2 43992-4400 2-44082-4409 2-44092-4409 2-44022-4401 2-43862-4385 2-43622-4360 2 -4330 2 '4327 2-42892-4286 2-4285 2 4327 2-4361 2-4385 2 4402 2-4409 2-4409 2-4400 2-4383 2-4358 2-4325 2-4282 2 42912-4297 2 4.-W22-4H37 2-43642-4369 2-43882-4391 2-44032-4406 2-44102 4412 2-44092-4409 2-44002 4398 2-43S22-4379 2-4:45612-4352 2-43212-4316 2-42782 4272 60 6 50 40 30 or 20 10 18 60 5 50 40 30 or 20 10 17 7 00 10 20 or 30 40 19 50 2 42592 4257 2 -420312 -4201 2-41392 4136 2-40652-4062 2-39822-3979 2-3888'2'3885 2-42552-4252 2-41992-4196 2-41342-4131 2-40592-4056 2-39752-3972 2 -388112 -3878 2-42502-4248 2-41942-4191 2-41282-4125 2'4053'2-4050 2-396812 -:MiT, 2'3874|2-3870 2-42452-42432 4240 2 4188!2-41852-4181 2-41222-41182-4114 2-40462 40422-4037 2-8961 2-8966 2-8051 2-3865l2-3860i2-3854 2-42362-4232 2-41772-4172 2-410912-4103 2 403212-4025 2-8945 2-3938 2-3848'2'3840 2-422e'2-4219 2 -41 C6 2 -4158 2-40962-4087 2-4017i2-4007 2-39292-3917 2-383012-3818 60 4 50 40 30 or 20 10 16 A 6 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 DECLINATION OF TIME STAR SOUTH. TABLES 109 TABLE V. Concluded. For finding the time by transits across the vertical of Polaris. Concluded. DECLINATION OF TIME STAR NORTH. A > 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 H. M. M. H. 8 00 J2-3784 2'3781 2-3777 2-3773 2-37692-3764 2-3759 2-3754 2-3748 2 -3741 12-3732 2 "3722 2-3708 60 3 10 :2'3669 2-36652-3661 2-31)57 2 3652 2 '3647 2-3642 2-3636 2-3630 2-36222-36132-3602 2-3587 50 20 2-3543 2-35382-3534 2' 3529 2-35242-3.-.19 2-3514 2-3508 2'3:.ul 2 34922-34832-3471 2 :;-i:.5 40 or 30 40 2 ' 3404 2 3399 2 3394 2 3390 2 ' 3384 2 3379 2 ' 3252 2 ' 3247 2 ' 3242 2 ' 3237 2 3231 2 3L>-_>: 2-3373 2 -32111 2-33662-33592-33502 33402-3327:2-3311 2-3212 2-3204 2'3195 2 '3184 2 '3171 2 "3153 30 or 20 20 50 2-30852-30802-3075 2-30702-30642-3058 2-3051 2-3044;2-3036 2-3026 2-3015 2-3000J2-2982 10 15 9 00 2 '2904 2 "2899 2 '28!3 2-28872-2881 2-2875 2-2868 2-28612-28522-2842 2-2830 2-2815 2-2796 60 2 10 |2'2706 2-27002 2695 2-2689 2'2S2 L>-2r>76 2 -2l>i Ml 2-2661 2-2(i:,2 2- 2641 i2'2629 2 2613 2-2593 50 20 !2- 2490 2-24842-2478 2-2472 2'24 Is X g 1 1 1 1 I | 1 1 1 1 f o-ooo 00 40 0-283 16 59 80 0-566 33 57 120 0:849 50 55 1 007 25 41 290 17 24 81 573 34 23 121 856 51 21 2 014 51 42 297 50 82 580 48 122 863 46 3 021 1 16 43 304 18 15 83 587 35 13 123 870 52 12 4 028 42 44 311 41 84 594 39 124 877 37 5 035 2 07 45 318 19 06 85 601 36 04 125 884 53 03 6 042 33 46 325 31 86 608 30 126 891 28 7 050 58 47 332 57 87 615 55 127 898 54 8 057 3 24 48 340 20 22 88 622 37 21 128 905 54 19 9 064 49 49 347 48 89 630 46 129 912 45 10 071 4 15 50 354 21 13 90 637 38 12 130 919 55 10 11 078 40 51 361 39 91 644 37 131 927 35 12 085 5 C6 52 368 22 04 92 651 39 03 132 934 56 01 13 092 31 53 375 30 93 658 28 133 941 26 14 099 57 54 382 55 94 665 54 134 948 52 15 106 6 22 55 389 23 21 95 672 40 19 135 955 57 17 16 113 47 56 396 46 9*3 679 44 136 962 43 17 120 7 13 57 403 24 12 97 686 41 10 137 969 58 08 18 127 38 58 410 37 98 693 35 138 976 34 19 134 8 03 59 417 25 02 99 700 42 01 139 983 59 20 141 29 60 424 28 100 707 26 140 990 59 25 21 149 55 61 432 53 101 714 52 141 997 50 22 156 9 20 62 439 26 19 102 721 43 17 142 1-004 60 16 23 163 46 63 446 44 103 729 43 143 on 41 24 170 10 11 64 453 27 10 I , 104 736 44 08 144 018 61 06 25 177 37 65 460 35 , 105 743 34 145 026 32 26 184 11 02 66 467 28 01 106 750 59 146 033 57 27 191 28 67 474 26 i 107 757 45 24 147 040 62 23 28 198 53 68 481 52 -~108 764 50 148 047 48 29 205 12 19 69 488 29 17 109 771 46 15 149 054 63 14 30 212 12 44 70 495 43 110 778 41 31 219 13 09 71 502 30 08 in 785 47 06 32 226 35 72 509 33 112 792 32 33 233 14 00 73 516 59 113 799 57 34 241 26 74 523 31 24 114 806 48 23 35 248 51 75 531 50 115 813 48 36 255 15 17 76 538 32 15 116 820 49 14 37 262 42 77 545 41 117 828 39 38 269 16 08 78 552 33 06 118 835 50 05 39 276 33 79 559 32 119 842 30