:nia 
 ,1
 
 OKADAIEA SHELL MOUND 
 
 AT 
 
 HITACHI, 
 
 BEING 
 
 AN APPENDIX 
 
 TO 
 
 O 
 
 MEMOIR VOL. I. PART I. 
 
 OK THE 
 
 SCIENCE D E P A K T M E N T 
 
 TOKIO DAIGAKU. 
 
 ("crn^iVEE.siT-2" OF tok:io.) 
 
 BY 
 
 I. IIJIMA, AND C. SASAKI, 
 
 Students ok Bioi.ogv. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY TUKIO DAIGAKU, 
 TOKIO. 
 
 2543 (1883). 
 
 t-:^ci 
 
 ,.._per.TY OF 
 
 - C3 OUSDAl-
 
 OKADAIEA SHELL MOUND 
 
 AT 
 
 HITACHI, 
 
 BEING 
 
 AN APPENDIX 
 
 TO 
 
 MEMOIR A^OL. I. PART L 
 
 OF THE 
 
 SCIENCE DEPAETMENT, 
 
 TOKIO DAIGAKU. 
 
 BY 
 
 I. II.IIMA, AND C. SASAKI, 
 
 Students of Bioi.oriv. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY TOKIO DAIGAKU, 
 TOKIO. 
 
 2542 (1882).
 
 J 3 mui 
 
 PiiEFACE. 
 
 Til till' summer of 1879, 1 visited tliy ]irovince of Ilitaclil wliiili is uwuly 30 
 ri distant from Tokio, in order to collect molhisca in the lake of Kasnmiofaiira. 
 Along the coast, there exist numerons fossil remains of marine shells which show 
 evidence that the lake had once heen washed hy the sea in past times. Bearing 
 in mind this feature, I carefully examined the southern coast of tins lake for 
 shell heaps, and was finally rewarded hy discovering three shell mounds on the 
 top of a hill known as Okadaira ; and afterwards found still other mounds at 
 several jilaces not fur from the one previously mentioned, viz. one at Kiliara, 
 two at Ami'iinira, one at Shimadzu ; and on my return to Tokio, I again met 
 with a single enormously large mound at Kitakatnmuia in Shimosa. 
 
 In the winter of the same year in company with ]\Ir. lijima I again visited 
 the same province in order to make still farther researches in regard to these 
 mounds by the order of Mr. Kato President of Tokio Daigaku. 
 
 On this occasion, we found a number of other mounds in the same ])rovince 
 already mentioned before, but only one was completely examined, and that was 
 the Okadaira mound which was the largest and richest in ancient remains. 
 
 The contents of this paper are mainly confined to the contents of this 
 mound, and one of our objects is to compare its features with those of the Omori 
 Shell mounds, which have been well described and accurately figured by I'rof. 
 Edw. S. Morse in the first memoir of Tokio Daigaku. 
 
 Our thanks are jiarticularly due to the never failing advice of Prof. Edw. 
 S. Morse. 
 
 Our thatdis are also due to Mr. M. Nishi for the determination of the 
 iiatiu-e of the stone implements and to Mr. II. Yoshida on chemical analysis, ami 
 lastly we are much indebted to our two sincere friends Mr. 0. Taneda, and Mr. 
 M. Kikuchi for their kind assistance in many ways. 
 
 To the artists Mr. J. Nomura, Mr. M. Indo, and Mr. K. Wat^mabe, our thanks 
 are specially due for the fidelity with which they have made the illustrations. 
 
 I. IIJIMA. 
 C. SASAKI. 
 
 Tokio Japan 
 
 1st Sei)t. •2542(1882).
 
 OKADAIRA .SHELL MOUXD AT 1HTAC1 
 
 ]. II.IIMA AND C. SASAKI. 
 
 GENERAL CHAUACTERS of THE OKADAIRA SHELL MOUND. 
 
 The Okadaira sIjcU inouiul lies on tlie south western side of a liill called 
 Okadaira, and tlie eastern and western sides of it are already cultivated tor 
 plantations. A wliite appearance due to hroken shells which the ground possesses 
 in tlie vicinity of this hill is due to the remains of former moui\ds which have 
 been scattered and destroyed by the farmers. 
 
 The length of this mound is estimated about eighteen ken (about 33 m.) in 
 length, and sixteen ken (about 29 m.) in width, and its siuflice is thickly covered 
 with a number of huge trees. Tlie soil covering the mound is aliout si.x inches 
 in thickness. The height of this mound varies from a foot to seven feet. The 
 thickness of the deposit which varies from si.x inches to three feet, is in its deepest 
 parts about si.x feet. 
 
 The mound itself is nearly half a ri from the lake of Kusmnigaura on the 
 north-eastern side, and also half a ri distant from a branch of the same lake on 
 the west. And furthermore it is distant about five ri (about 12.5 milesl from 
 the sliore of the sea of Kashima (Pacific ocean) of Hitachi. 
 
 The evidence that the lake was formerly washed by the ocean is shown by 
 ancient historical records ol' Hitachi (Hitachi Fudoki)and also from the presc^nce 
 of fossil remains of marine shells at various exposures along the coast. 
 
 SPECIAL CHARACTERS OF THE OKADAIRA DEPOSIT. 
 
 The Okadaira Mound does not show any remarkable difTerence in its features 
 from those of the Omori mounds which are desci-ibed by Prof. Edw. S. Horse in 
 the first memoir of the science department of the University of Tokio in 2539 
 (1879). As a general rule, objects iditained from such a deposit in both the 
 American and European Continents agree in tlu'ir general aspect, but each 
 deposit has its special characteristics.
 
 I'li'l'. .Mor.st- will! i« till- first (liscovt-rer of ;i iiiuiiiul nf this cliaractcr in the 
 l''.iii|iiru ()t° Ja|Niu liius |i(>iiit<-(l nut tlie tollowiiig chiiriu;tt;rs in reganl to thu Oiiiori 
 (l»'|Mitiit : -" Tlie (.)riiiiii (Ifpo.'-itf: arc; iilsci six-ciiilizeil. Firet : liy lli<; |irc8oiiwi of 
 c'luirinoiiH i|U!iiititiL-.s of pottery of iiiaiiy iliffL-riiit shapes, and of an almost inlinite 
 variety of ornamentation. Second : by great scarcity of stone impiementfi, and 
 tlie alwence of arrow lieads, spear jwints and otlier pointed implements of stone. 
 Niit a sinfjio arrow head, (lake or chip lias been found by the various parties who 
 liavi! lieen thine in tlie interests of the University ; and the combined time sjient 
 there, if reprcsenliid by a sinj^le individual, would eijnal over eighty days work 
 of seven hoius eaeh." Thefe peculiarities exiictly agn-e wilh the Okadaini 
 deposit. 
 
 The objects thus far ibiinil in the Okadaira mound are enuinenited a.s 
 follows : — 
 
 PoiTKHY. 
 
 1 . ( 'iiiikiiij; ve.ss»'ls. 
 
 2. Hand vessels. 
 
 ;5 I5..wls. 
 
 4. Tots, 
 
 rj. Cups, 
 
 'i Fni'^meiits (if pDtlery pnssiMy ll^c•ll fnr sinkers. 
 
 Stonk. 
 
 1. Axes. 
 '_>. Celts. 
 
 ."• Worketl pumice. 
 
 4. Stone with circular pit-like depressions. 
 
 HoKN. 
 
 1. ll.iMille. 
 
 2. Prongs of deer's antlers. 
 
 I5()Ni;. 
 1. Ob calcis of Deer. 
 
 PO'lTKUY. 
 
 Many earthern vessels, and fragments of [Kjtteries were collected in the 
 Okadaira deposit of Hitachi. The ves.sels are mainly composed of rough 
 materials, and some of their shapes are extraordinarily ciuious. The pottery is 
 gr-nerajly thicker than thiit of the Umori dejiosit, and mostly ornamented with 
 various designs, plain or unornamented jiottc^ry being comparatively rare. 
 
 Knobs are generally of large size, and of diversified form. The dimension
 
 of the largest one is 200 nam. in height. (Fig. 1, PI. IV). This peculiarity in 
 form has never l)een met with in other deposits, and in most casee. tlie knobs are 
 large and thick, and perforated with from two to six holes which communic:\te 
 internally. This remarkable conformation has not been met with in other jwrts 
 of the emigre, and seems to be peculiar to this deposit. In some the knob is 
 simply a slight projection from the rim. In othere it forms a twi.stt'd loop In 
 other it either projects oiitward, or internally from the inner surface of the rim. 
 Still further, some rims are conical or notched or undulating. 
 
 The designs are various, but we may be able to cjjissify them generally as 
 follows: — as Prof. Morse has described in the Omori Deposit, "The designs are 
 indifinitely vivried ; generally areas partially or wholly enclosed by curved lines, 
 the area within or without the lines being cord marked, tlie other area being 
 smooth " (Omori Mounds Memoir p. 8). In others, the entire outer surface is 
 cord marked though in some an area near the margin is left which is destitute 
 of the cord marks. Others have deep pits or grooves incised, and in others still 
 the surface is entirely destitute of the cord impressions, and others have a little 
 area near the margin which is separated from the cord-marked area lielow. The 
 cord marks which are impressed on the entire surface of potteries extend as far 
 as their margin. In some cases, potteries are entirely destitute of cord marks. 
 
 The margins of the potteries are generally smooth and even, but in some 
 cases they are deeply inci.«ed forming a sort of knobbed or undulating appearance. 
 
 The common ornamentation is either in curved, spiral, or parallel impres- 
 sions or lines. In many ca.ses, lines cross each other regularly giving a reticulated 
 appearance to the surface. The parallel lines are unevenly interrupted, or a 
 numlKjr of parallel lines are interrupted by a zigzag line, or sometimes a number 
 of zigzag lines are arranged one after the other in regular series. 
 
 The entire absence of legs or knols for the support of the vessel shows in 
 this respect a resemblance to the pottery of the Omori Deposits. 
 
 The inner surface of rims is, in some cases, marked with two or more 
 parallel grooves. (Fig. 12, PI. IX., Fig. 3, 9, PI. VIII). 
 
 One hundred and eighty seven bases more or less broken were collected, of 
 which four are marked with the matting impression, and si.x with irregular 
 scratched lines, and the rest are .smooth. The largest Ixjttom thus fare.vamined 
 is about fourteen centimetres in diameter. 
 
 In a few vessels the base is slightly larger in diameter than the wall of the 
 ves.sel arising from it. 
 
 Of thousands of speciinens more or less broken, seventeen are sufficiently 
 complete to recognize their entire shajKi. Some are bowl shaped, or cup-like or 
 pot-like. Ten of the pots are bowl shaped of which one is marked with an 
 exquisite ornamentation on the whole area of the bmly wall, leaving a smooth 
 space near the lx)ttora. 1 he rim is provided with a single knob peribrate<l near 
 the centre. In this specimen evidences of repair are seen in two small holes 
 which have been bored on the margins of a fracture. (Fig. 1, PI. I).
 
 One of the bowls lias a iianow JKittum, tlio iimnili is triangular in lomi. 
 iiml three kiiol>s nuirkeil with ii circular iui|)ressi()n stand re,s|«'clively on each of 
 its angles. The boily wall is smooth, except the upper part of it where two conl 
 marked hands run side by side. (Fig. 7, 8, PI. I). 
 
 Two cup-shaped pots liave thick walls, and both have smootii liases, and 
 uneven rims. The one (Fig- 5, I'l. 1) is ornamented with incised lines foriniiig 
 rude oval figures. The other (Fig. 1, PI II) is plain, and is somewhat cylindrical 
 in form. 
 
 Two pots which have a smooth Imttom bulge at the ujiijer part of the body 
 wall, and have flaring rims. (Fig. 6, PI. I., Fig. G, PI. II). 
 
 The most curious vessel which is nearly complete, measures 3(X) nun. in 
 heiglit. The lower half of this vessel is cylindric.il in form, while the upper half 
 abruptly enlarges in size. The rim is provided with tv\'o knobs, and is marked 
 witli two grooves on the upix»r face. The unstable form of this jiot leads us to 
 believe that it might have been used for cooking, the narrower and lower ]iortion 
 lieing burietl in the dirt or ashes, and the fire built about it. (Fig- 3, 4, PI. I). 
 
 Of two pots, one (Fig. 2, PI. II) is nearly round, its bottom is ill-defined, 
 and its jjody walls are evenly ornamented with cord im)iressions. The other 
 (Fig. 3, PI. II) is similar in form and size, but lias, besides a mouth, a single 
 small liole, and that part which separates tlie mouth from this hole is slightly 
 arched so as to form a sort of handle. Its body wall is rough and destitute of 
 any impression. The material of this pot is reddish clay. 
 
 The largest vessel which we have already described ( Fig. 9, PI. II) has the 
 lower half of the body wall ornamented with incised lines and its upper half 
 entirely smooth; and on the boundary line between these two different regions, 
 four small knobs occur leaving a similar space between them. 
 
 Biuses:— Those with matting impressions are compiiratively few, and their 
 figures are more or less dillerent in ditterent ves.sels. (Fig. .'3, 7, PI. II). The 
 majority of bases are smooth. 
 
 A single lump of reddish material wivs found associated witli fragments of 
 j)ots. This material which is detxirmined as Ferric oxide (Fe^ 0,) by our friend 
 Mr. ri. Yoshida, seems to have been u.«('d as a mixtrn-e with the clay <if which 
 the red colored pots were made. 
 
 A few jiieces of pottery rectangular in shape have been rudely formed 
 probably for the purposes of a sinker, the longer axis have each a single notch. 
 (Fig.3,"4, f., PI. X). 
 
 A single specimen of the same kind, has a roundish form and a circular 
 hole near the centre. It is most probable tliat this fmgment has also been used 
 as sinkers of fishing nets. 
 
 The chief points which may be recognized under a carefid examination of 
 thousands of pots and fragments are brietly as i'ollows : — 
 
 1st. The ]intteries are generally thicker tliati those obtiiin<'d from ntli(;r 
 destricts of Japan, and their designs are mostly very ingenious.
 
 2nd. The knobs are abuinlant in number, their forms escecflingly various, 
 their sizes unusually large. Tlie leading designs of the knobs are the opening of 
 several holes in various styles, as shown in the figures. 
 
 3rd. Bottoms are rather nuuierous. Most of them are smooth though a 
 few are ornamented with iuatting impressions. 
 
 4th. Some vessels are enormous in size, in one case uieasuiing 320 mm. 
 in diameter. 
 
 5th. All the pottery is rough and never painted with any sort of pigment. 
 
 STONE IMPLEMKNTS. 
 
 The stone implements collected in the deposite were very few in luunber, 
 and many were more or less broken, and showed evidences of wear in various 
 ways. Those which are nearly perfect are four adzes and three others. The 
 four entire adzes (Fig. 9, 12, 13, 14, PI. X) have their edges worn showing that 
 they had been much used. Another implement (Fig. 10, PI. X) worked out of 
 chlorite schist has both ends broken off, and shows an oval form in section. 
 A specimen (Fig. 11, PI. X) which is made of a sandstone is somewhat pointed 
 at one end and round at the other. At the rounded end, two little notches are 
 evidently chipped out for the purpose of fastening the stone tightly to a handle 
 by means of a string. 
 
 Besides these implements, we have found two worked stones: — the one 
 which is made of pumice nearly oblong in shape, well smoothed at their edges, 
 is morderately flattened, and at a portion near the centre a single round hole 
 occurs which was probably used to pass a string through in order to suspend it. 
 (Fig. 15, PI. X). 
 
 A single drilled stone which is exactly similar in character with that found 
 in the Omori deposit was also found, and thirteen holes are counted on its surface. 
 (Fig. 7, PI. X). 
 
 No hammers, rollers, or mortars were met with such as Prof. Morse 
 discovered lately in the Omori deposits. 
 
 It will be observed that as in the Omori and other mounds near 'rokio the 
 implements of stotie are very rude and few in number. 
 
 WOKKED HORN AND BONE. 
 
 The antlers of deer are abundantly found in the deposits. Most of them 
 (Fig. 2, 3, 4) are roughly cut off, so that their points might be more conveniently 
 used for implements. Another worked antler of deer (Fig. 1, PI. XI ) is well 
 smoothed, the one end is somewhat pointed, and has, at its side three parallel 
 incisions and a single projection below evidently worked out; and the other is 
 uuich broader, and slightly curved. From this shai)e, we are inclined to suppose 
 that it might have been used as a hook.
 
 G 
 
 Tlie OS oilci's of ilecr were also foniul. 'JMicv are, in most cases smootlicd 
 oil their latonil ftice or at one or liotli ends. (Fig. 8, V\. XI). 
 
 Three jiieces of bone of some mammal not identified are well sharpened to 
 a point. Ik'sides tliese worked speeimens, those t'oiind together with jiotteries 
 are two Ixmes of ox (one is a left hnmerns, and the other the coossified radius 
 and nlna of the same leg), os oilcis of deer, bird's bones, teeth and jaws of deer, 
 a single human bone (left femur), cnttle-fi.*!!! bones, ami himdreds of pieces of the 
 bones of various animals. The human femur is roughly broken oft' at either end, 
 a comparison with the recent liuman femur shows no difference in proportions. 
 
 Among the deer's antlers, oidy three pieces have been charred. Among the 
 great quantity of bones found only one bone belonging to man was met with. 
 It is interesting to observe that this bone is rudely broken at both ends, and 
 though it would be unsafe to draw any conclusion from a single example, yet its 
 iKMnsr broken in jireeiselv the same wav as the V)Ones of other mammals iniu.ht 1k» 
 taken as an indication of cannibalism. And this conelusion \vo\ild be in ac- 
 cordance with the observations made by Prof. Wynian in the Florida and New 
 Eiigland Shell Heaps and of those of I'rof. j\l<Mse in the Oniori and other 
 dejiosits. 
 
 The presence of ox bones in the deposit, an^ evidently eases of intrusion 
 unless we supjiose the wild ox has existed in Japan. 
 
 ANCIENT MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF OKADAIHA 
 DEPOSIT. 
 
 Sjiecial efforts were made to collect sufficient material, so that a comparison 
 might 1m3 made between the recent and ancient niolhisks of this region. We 
 failed to accomplish this object owing to the scarcity of the recent shells on the 
 adjacent coast. 
 
 The following list enumerates the species of molliisks thus met with in tlu; 
 Okadaira deposit, and as special efforts were made to collect every sjieeies in the 
 mound, the list will not probably be much increased by future additions. 
 The Lainellibranchiates thus far found in the deposit are: — 
 
 Area inflata, Reeie. 
 
 Area subcrcnata, Lischke. 
 
 Area granosn, Linne. 
 
 Lutraria Nuttali, Conrad. 
 
 Maetra veneriformis, Demhayes. 
 
 Dosinia Trose.heli, Lise.hke. 
 
 Cytherea meretrix, Linnd. 
 
 Ostrea dcnslamellosa, Lischka. 
 
 Ontro.a sp. 
 
 Tapes sp. 
 
 Tapes sp.
 
 'leLllna .-^ii. 
 Solim sp. 
 Anojnta sp. 
 
 Tlie Gasteropoda thus far present in tlie deposit are: — 
 
 Eliuvna Japonira, Lischkc. 
 
 Lampania multiformis, Lischke. 
 
 Potnmidits fltiviatUis, P. at M. 
 
 Rapana hezonr, Lhute 
 
 Txirho f/ramdfitus, Gindin. 
 
 Natica Lnmarrkinna, Diiclos. 
 
 Cyclina chinensis, ('hem. 
 
 Purpura sp. 
 
 Cyclostomn sp. 
 
 Mya arenaria, Litinc. 
 It is interesting to observe the great scarcity of I\Iya arenaria. a species 
 extremely abundant in tlie Hokkaido (Yeso) deposits as wt-ll as in the shell 
 nioinids of Omori and Tokio. 
 
 Only fourteen specimens of Area granosa were found and these were much 
 smaller in size than those existing in the southern portions of the empire. 
 Among the twelve perfect specimens, tlie largest measures 33 mm. in height, 
 44 mm. in length, while the smallest measures respectively 17 mm. to 23 mm. 
 The mmiber of ribs were nineteen which is the average of the number of ribs 
 seen in the Omori mound specimens. It is probable that this was its northern 
 limit at that time. 
 
 The most abundant species found in the deposits are Area inflata, Keeve, 
 Area subcrenata, Lischke, JIacfra veneriforniis, Desliayes, and Rapana bezoar, 
 Linne, and the remaining species were few in number of individuals, and more 
 or less broken. 
 
 No worked shells were met with. It is woi tliy of notice however that the 
 specimens of Eapana bezoar, Linne, have almost always an irregular oj)eniiig in 
 their body whorl, as if it had been made for the more convenient extraction of 
 the animal.
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
 
 l^LATK I. 
 
 Fif^. 1. 7 inin. tliick, diaiiiuter luniss the mouth •20.'5 imn., heiglit 11 mm., 
 
 hottoiii smooth. Color blended with bl;ick and red. i natural size. 
 Fig. 2. Thickness varies from 11 umi. to rj mm., diameter across the mouth 
 
 IGO mm., height 75 mm., bottom smooth. Color reddish with some 
 
 black patches. ^ natural size. 
 Fig. 3. 15 mm. thick, diameter across tlie mouth 250 mm., height 300 mm., 
 
 bottom (90 mm. in diam.) smooth, blackish above and below, midway 
 
 re<ldisli. ? natural size. 
 Fig. 4. Top view of ditto. Margin 11 inm. thick. | natural size. 
 Fig. 5. 9 mm. thick, diameter across the mouth 80 mm., heiglit 47 mm., 
 
 bottom rough, reddish on one side, blackish on the other. | natural size. 
 Fig. 6. Thickness varies from 10 mm. to 16 mm., diameter across the niuutli 
 
 180 mm., height 195 mm., bottom (G5 mm. in diam. ) reddish and 
 
 rough ; blackish in color, a few interwoven string marks above, and 
 » numerous longitudinal impressions below. * natural size. 
 Fig. 7. (I mm. thick, mouth somewhat triangidar in shape, height 135 nun., 
 
 twttom (52 mm. in diam.) rough, blackish in color, lleddish above, 
 
 blackish below. The upper part is decorated witli two bands which are 
 
 composed of oblique cord marks, i natural size. 
 Fig. S. Top view of ditto. J^Iargin marked with fine serrations, and a single 
 
 triangular knob rests obliquely on each angle of the moulh. ^ natural 
 
 size.
 
 m - ^ 
 
 u ^ ^ m. ^ ^ 'i^ 
 
 PLATE I 
 
 SHELL MOUND of OKADAIRA. 
 
 o
 
 PLATE II. 
 
 Fig. 1. Thickuefs varies from 6 mm. to 8 mm., diameter across the mouth 
 
 45 mm., lieight 49 ram., bottom (48 mm. in diam.) rough and marked 
 
 with a few deep scratches. Keddisli grey, fr natural size. 
 Fig. 2. Thickness varies fram G mm. to 8 mm., lieiglit 70 mm., bottom 
 
 roiinded, ornamented with cord impressions except near the margin 
 
 wliich is smooth, f natural size. 
 Fig. 3. Thickness v.arios from 4 mtn. to 10 mm., height 70 mm., bottom 
 
 (60 mm. in diam.) rough. Reddish in color. | natural size. 
 Fig. 4. 9 mm. thick, height 80 mm., bottom gmooth. Greyish. I natural size. 
 Fig. 5. 7 mm. thick, bottom (70 mm. in diam.) with mat impressions. 
 
 Reddish black, i natural size. 
 Fig. 6. 6 to 8 mm. thick, smooth, bottom (70 mm. in diam.) with a few 
 
 roughly scratched marks. ^ natural size. 
 Fig. 7. 11 mm. thick, smooth, bottom (95 ram. in diam.) with raat impressions. 
 
 i natural size. 
 Fig. 8. 8 ram. thick, with cord marks above, and smooth below, bottom 
 
 (80 mm. in diam.) smooth. | natural size. 
 Fig. 9. 10 (o 15 mm. thick, m.argin smooth, mouth 320 mm. in diameter. 
 
 The upper portion smooth while the remaining portions are ornamented 
 
 with lines. J natural size. 
 Fig. 10. 10 to 13 mm. thick, margin smooth 7 mm. thick, height 90 mm., bottom 
 
 (80 mm. in diam.) .smooth. Color reddish black, i natural size. 
 Fig. 11. 10 mm. thick, reddish, i natural size.
 
 HfL z. '^ 
 
 ^» 
 
 is 
 
 i^ 
 
 ^- 
 
 F^ 
 
 n 
 
 SHELL MOUND of OKADAIRA 
 
 PLATE II 
 
 I 
 
 m
 
 PLATE III. 
 
 Fip;. 1. 9 mill, thick, vodJish above Mackisli liolnw. •? nafnval si/.c. 
 
 Fi'S- 2. Ilcii^lit 140 mm., lireaiUh 95 mm. Pinnvnisli ujii^y in nolor. \ natiinil size. 
 
 Fig. 3. l^iJe view of ditto, i natural size. 
 
 Fig. 4. Inside view of ditto, i natural size. 
 
 Fig. ."). Height lO.') mm. Reddish in color. A natural .<izi-. 
 
 Fig. 6. Inside view of ditto, i natural size. ' 
 
 Fig. 7. Reddish grey, i natural size. 
 
 Fig. 8. Inside view of ditto, i natural size. 
 
 Fig. 9. Reddish grey, i natural size. 
 
 a. inside view. 
 
 b. side view. 
 
 Fig. 10. Having seventeen circular pits, (eight in front, three on either side, 
 
 two behind.) i natural size. 
 Fig. 11. Front view. Reddish black in color, i natural size. 
 Fig. 12. Inside view of ditto. J; natural size.
 
 m 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 >M 7r ^ 
 
 PLATE III 
 
 SHELL MOUND of OKADAIRA. 
 
 C
 
 PLATE IV. 
 
 Fig. 1. P>ro\vuish red. } natural size. 
 Fi<;. 2. Ke(ldi.<h. ^ iiatiirai size. 
 Fig. 3. Reddifili. ^ natural size. 
 Fig. 4. Blackish. \ natural size. 
 Fig. 5. Reddish, i natural size. 
 
 a. front view. 
 
 b. flide view. 
 
 Fig. 6. Bod}' wall 11 mm. thick, blackish, i natural size. 
 Fig. 7. Body wall 10 mm. thick, blackish, i natural size. 
 Fig. 8. Body wall 13 mm. thick, reddish, i natural size.
 
 }'£ ra '0, 
 
 m m ^ ^ "^ ^ f^ 
 
 PLATE IV 
 
 SHELL MOUND of OKADAIRA. 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 
 I 
 
 o
 
 PLATE V. 
 
 V\'j^. 1. Viody wall 10 iniii. tliick, lilackisli. !, luitiinil size. 
 
 Fig. 2. Doily wall 10 iniu. thick, blackish above reddish below, i natui-al size. 
 
 Fig. 3. Hody wall 7 nun. thick, bliickisli. i natural size. 
 
 Fig. 4. ]>ody wall 11 nun. thick, blackish, i natural size. 
 
 Fig. 5. Body wall 12 mm. thick, reddish, -i- natural size. 
 
 Fig. (j. Body wall 9 mm. thick, reddish brown, i natural size. 
 
 Fig. 7. Body wall 14 nun. thick, blackish. ^ natural size. 
 
 Fig. S. Body wall 10 nun. thick, reddish yellow. !^ natural size. 
 
 Fig. 9. Body Willi 8 nnn. thick, reddish yellow, z natural size. 
 
 Fig. 10. Body wall 7 nun. thick, reddish. \ natural size. 
 
 Fig. 11. Body wall 9 nnn. thick, reddish, i natural size.
 
 m i 
 
 O 
 
 SHELL MOUND of OKADAIRA. 
 
 c
 
 PLATE VI. 
 
 g. 1. Body Willi 12 mm. thick, reddish with some black patches. J natural size, 
 
 g. 2. Body wall 14 mm. thick, reddish above blackish below, f natural size, 
 
 g. 3. Body wall 10 mm. thick, reddish. J natural size. 
 
 4. Body wall 9 mm. thick, blackish, i natural size. 
 
 5. Body wall 9 mm. thick, blackish, i natural size. 
 
 6. Body wall 8 ram. thick, blackish, f natural size. 
 
 7. Body wall 7 mm. thick, brownish red. i natural size. 
 
 8. Body wall 11 mm. thick, blackish. J- natural size. 
 
 9. Body wall 10 mm. thick, reddish. 3 natural size. 
 
 g. 10. Body wall 9 mm. thick, reddish above blackish l)elo\v. § natural size. 
 
 g. 11. Body wall 9 mm. thick, reddish, natural size. 
 
 g. 12. Body wall 10 mm. thick, reddish black. ?^ natural size. 
 
 g. 13. Body wall 13 mm. thick, reddish black. J natural size. 
 
 O'
 
 m ^"^ ^ 
 
 m ^ 
 
 m ^ 
 
 PLATE VI i 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 SHELL MOUND of OKADAIRA.
 
 PLATK VII. 
 
 Fig. 1. Boilv wall 11 mill, tliiok, hhickish. r. iiatiiinl size. 
 
 \'\<^. 2. I'oily wall S) iniii. tliick, iTtlilisli black, i natural si/,(\ 
 
 l"'ig. .3. lioily wall 1) mm. thick, ledJisli. i natural size. 
 
 Ki;j;. 4. Hotly wall 5> mm. thick, blackish, i uatural size. 
 
 Vig. f). 15oily wall 11 mm. thick, yellowish grey, i natiual size. 
 
 Vh^. ('). I'oily wall 12 mm. thick, blackish, w natural size. 
 
 Fig. 7. Body wall 7 mm. thick, reihlish. Slaigin wavy, i natural size. 
 
 Fig. 8. Body wall 12 mm. thick, reddish. Ornanieiiteil with a series of dots. 
 
 ^ natural size. 
 
 Fig. 0. Body wall 10 mm. thick, reddish. ^ natural size. 
 
 Fig. 10. Body 9 mm. thick, blackish. ^ natural size. 
 
 Fig. 11. Body wall II mm. thick, reddish, ^i n.itural size. 
 
 Fig. 12. Body wall II imii. thick, reddish black. \ natm°al size. 
 
 Fig. l'^ Mody wall 11 mm. tliick, reddish yellow. ^ natural size. 
 
 Fig. 14. Body wall 1 1 mm. thick, blackish, i natural size. 
 
 Fig. IT). Body wall 11 mm. thick, blackish. ?, natural size. 
 
 Fig. 16. Body wall 13 mm. thick, blackish, h natural size. 
 
 Fig. 17. Body wall 8 nun. thick, brownish rctl. A natural size.
 
 ^ 
 
 SHELL MOUIMD of OKADAIRA.
 
 PLATE VIII. 
 
 Fig. 1. l?o(ly wall 11 mm. thick, blackish above reddish Ik'Iow. i natural size. 
 
 Fig. 2. Body wall 12 mm. thick, reddish above blackish below, i natural size. 
 
 Fig. 3. Body wall 1) mm. thick, blackish. ^ natural size. 
 
 Fig. 4. Botly wall 9 mm. thick, browuish red. i natural size. 
 
 Fig. 5. Body wall 13 mm. thick, blackish above reddish l)elow. ^ natural size. 
 
 Fig. 6. Ifody wall 15 mm. thick, reddish. ^ natural size. 
 
 Fig. 7. Body wall 13 mm. tliiok, brownish red. i natural size. 
 
 Fig. 8. Body wall 15 mm. thick, reddish, i natural size. 
 
 Fig. 9. Body wall 12 mm. thick, yellowish red. i natural size. 
 
 Fig. 10. Body wall 9 mm. thick, reddish black, i natmal size. 
 
 Fig. 11. Body wall 10 mm. thick, reddish above, bltvckish below, i natural size.
 
 m A % 
 
 Jj!^ -*■ « ^ ^ P^ 
 
 PLATE VIII 
 
 • 
 
 SHELL MOUND of OKADAIRA.
 
 PLATE IX. 
 
 Fig. 1. Body wall 9 mm. thick, brownisli red. ? natural size. 
 
 Fig. 2. Ijody wall 13 mm. thick, light yellow. \j natnial size. 
 
 Fig. .'5. Body wall 7 mm. thick, hlackish. A natural size. 
 
 Fig. 4. Body wall !• nun. thick, hlackish above greyish helow. y; natural size. 
 
 Fig. 5. Body wall 7 mm. thick, yellowi.^h grey. I natural size. 
 
 Fig. G. Body wall 11 mm. thick, yellowish grey above reildish below, i natural 
 
 size. 
 
 Fig. 7. Body wall H mm thick, browish red. {. natural size 
 
 Fig. 8. Body wall mm. thick, blacki.«h. l natural size. 
 
 Fig. 9. Body wall 10 nmi. thick, reildish. i natural .si/.c. 
 
 Fig. 10. Body wall 13 mm. thick, blackish aliove reddish below. .', natural size. 
 
 Fig. 11. Body wall 10 nun. thick, reddish abnvc blackish IkIow. {, natural size. 
 
 Fig. 12. Inside? surface of ditto showing eight parallel grooves, blackish. 
 
 i natural si/.(>. 
 
 Fig. l.'i. Fxidy wall !l uini. thick, brownish red. ^ natiu-a1 size. 
 
 Fig. 14. Body wall 1 1 mm. thick, reddish. ? nattiral size. 
 
 Fig. If). Body wall II nmi. thick, gr(\vish. i natiu'al size. 
 
 Fig. IG. Body wall !• mm. thick, nMldish. -?, natural size. 
 
 Fig. 17. Body wall >S mm. tiiick, blackish, h natural siz(!. 
 
 Fig. 18. Body wall 7 imn. thick, lilackish above, reddish below. I uatinal size. 
 
 Fig. 19. Bodv wall 11 mm. thick, blackish. ^ natural size.
 
 ^H A ^ 
 
 *S % -i^ « ^ 
 
 PLATE IX 
 
 '# 
 
 SHELL MOUND OF OKADAIRA,
 
 I'LATK X. 
 
 Fig. 1. Hotlv wall 7 rmii. tliii-k, ivddisli ijiev. ••{ ii.itmul siw. 
 
 Fig. 2. IJoily wall 11 nun. tliick, blackish almvt' leililisli bcldw. 3 natural sizi'. 
 
 Fig. 3. l?roken piece of jiottery notehcd on opposite sides. A natnral size. 
 
 ditto. i natnral size. 
 
 ditto. i natural size. 
 
 Broken piece of pottery with a round hole near the centre, i natural size. 
 
 Drilled stone, i natural size. 
 
 Worked stone with three holes communicating internally. § natural size, 
 rt. top. view. 
 Fig. 9. Rude adze made of Tufacious stone. § natural size. 
 Fig. 10. Worked stone broken on either end. Chlorite schist. 5 natural size. 
 Fig. 11. Worked sandstone. § natural size. 
 I'^ig. 12. Ilude adze madi; of Igneous rock. § natural size. 
 Fig. 13. Iiude adze made of (ircywacke sjuidstone. § natural size. 
 Fig. 14. I!ude adze made of Tufa. § natural size. 
 Fig. 15. Worked jnimice with a single perforation, natural size. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 4. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 5. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 6. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 7. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 8.
 
 f>^ -r % 
 
 Is % * « ^ ^ 
 
 PLATE X 
 
 SHELL MOUND of OKADAIRA. 
 
 O
 
 Fi^'. 
 
 1. 
 
 KiK 
 
 .) 
 
 iMg- 
 
 3. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 4. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 "). 
 
 Fig. 
 
 C 
 
 Fig- 
 
 7. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 8. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 y. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 K 
 
 Fig. 
 
 11 
 
 PLATE XI. 
 
 Fragini.'iit ot" deer's autler (worked), iiatiiral size. 
 
 Fragment of deer's antler sliowiiig rude cutting, natural size. 
 
 Same as above, i natural size. 
 „ ,, ,, natural size. 
 
 Fnigiuent of deer's antler cut of on either end. natural size. 
 
 Worked bone, natural size. 
 
 I'rong of deer's antler, natural size. 
 
 Os cjilcis of deer (worked), natural size. 
 
 Fragment of bone witli one end pointed, natural size. 
 KJ. Worked piece of deer's antler, natural size. 
 1 1 . Fragment of bone with a rude incision. § natural size.
 
 m ± w> 
 
 *s % ifc- « ^ i^ 1^ 
 
 PLATE XI 
 
 1 
 
 SHELL MOUIMD of OKADAIRA.
 
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 UNIVERSITY OP CALIFORNIA 
 
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