,# THE CENTURY CYCLOPEDIA OF NAMES THE CENTURY CYCLOPEDIA OF NAMES A PRONOUNCING AND ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF NAMES IN GEOGRAPHY, BIOGRAPHY MYTHOLOGY, HISTORY. ETHNOLOGY, ART ARCH/EOLOGY, FICTION, ETC., ETC.. ETC. EDITED BY BEN|AMIN E. SMITH, A. M., L. H. D. MANAGING EDITOR OF THE CENTURY DICTIONARY ASSISTED BY A NUMBER OK EMINENT SPECIALISTS PUBLISHED BY LONDON %\)t Crntmi) Co. NhW YORK Copyright, 1894, 1895, 1896, 1897, 1898, 1899, iQoo, 1901, 1902, 1903, by The Century Co. All Rights Reserved, rRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES "^ BY THE DB VINNB PRESS. PEErACE. HIS Cyclopedia of Names is an outgi-owth of The Century Dictionary. It was part of the plan of that wtn-k to include in its final volume a somewhat fuller appendix of names of persons and places than had before been given in general dictionaries ; but as the size of the book increased, it became ob^dous that this could not be done in the available space, and it was decided to place the appendix in a separate volume. The result, with many moditications of the original scheme, is the present work. It is entirely independent in subject and use, yet serves as a supplement to the dictionary by extending the name-list into regions which the dictionary could not occupy, and by enlarging its encyclopedic field. In character it is primarily a dictionary of proper names, giving their orthography and pronunciation and such explanation of them as is necessary for their identification; and, secondarily, a condensed encyclopedia in its somewhat fuUer treatment of several thousands of the more important articles. The range of names to be included was practically unrestricted, since the object sought was not the presentation of any special class, as in a gazetteer or biographical dictionary, but a general account of aU the names excluded, by their nature, from the larger work, so far as this was possible within the prescribed lim- its. The entries thus comprise not only names in biography and geogi-aphy, but also names of races and tribes, mythological and legendaiy persons and places, charactei's and objects in fiction, stars and constella- tions, notable buildings and archjBologieal moni^ments, wox-ks of art, institutions (academies, universities, societies, legislative bodies, orders, clubs, etc.), historical events (wars, battles, treaties, conventions, etc.), sects, parties, noted streets and squares, books, plays, operas, and even celebrated gems, vessels (war-ships, yachts, etc.), and horses. Pseudonyms, also, which have literary importance are included. The only condi- tion of insertion has been that the name should be one about which information would be likely to be sought. AU these various gi-oups could not, of com'se, be presented with equal fullness. The space given to persons and places is relatively much gi-eater than that devoted to any other class, and the others foUow in what appeared to be the order of their usefulness to the general reader, whose needs have everywhere been considered in the selection of the names to be defined. Thus, both ancient geography and modern are repre- sented, and the information given in the brief space allowed to the separate articles is historical ratlier than statistical. The list of geogi-aphical names, also, includes, besides towns which are notable from their size, smaller i)laces and localities which are important historically, or as visited by tourists, or for other reasons ; the various physical and political divisions of the earth; rivers, lakes, seas, etc.; natural curiosities; and various imaginary places of legend and fiction. The list of personal names, for the same rea.son, is t^elected from all times, and not only from actual biogi-aphy, biit also from mythology, legend, and fiction (the last chiefly English). In the matter of dates the usual difficulties, duo to different styles of reckoning and to the actual diff(>rences (which are very numerous) among the best authorities, have been met and, it is hoped, to a considerable degree overcome. In English biography the dates given in the "Dictionary of National Biography" have, as a rule, been adopted so far as its volumes were available (A to N); and ftdl acknow- ledgmt^nt is here given of the aid i-eceived in this and in other ways fi-om Ihat great work. In the brief bibliographies, with few exceptions, only the most important works are given, and these often, for economy of space, with abbreviated titles. 2C6SG10 vi PEEFACE. The orthograpliy has, in general, been determined by the established usage in the language from which the name is taken. The correct and, as a rule, the only current spelling of a place-name is the local one, and, -n-ithin certain limits, of a personal name that which its bearer gives it. There are, however, large groups to which these considerations do not apply. English usage, in many cases of foreign names which were introduced before the present period of gi-eater exactness, has estabUshed forms which differ more or less from the present or original native form. Familiar instances of this, in place-names, are Munich for the German Miiticheu, Flush'mg for the Dutch VHssingen, Hanover for the Grerman Hannover, and in personal names Horace, Livy, Pliny, Augustine, for the 'L^iX.va. Horatim, Livius, PUnius, Augustinus, and the commonly accepted Latinized forms of Greek names, as Hercules for Heracles, Plato for Platan, etc. In these eases the desire has been to return to the native form when its difference from the Anglicized spelling is comparatively slight (as in Hannover) ; Inxt in other cases the conventional English spelling has, as a rule, been accepted. In the case of Greek names, in particular, both geogi-aphical and personal, it has seemed best to retain the famil- iar forms which have come to us through the Latin, and to transliterate other Greek names, not recorded in classical Latin, according to the same system. No transliteration of the Greek can be acceptable which is not complete and consistent : such consistency, however, would produce many forms which are not only without support in English usage, but are also open to the charge of pedantry. There are also many names in regard to which usage differs (there being in fact, as a rule, no proper local usage), or where accepted use may properly be corrected in accordance with a general rule : as, for example, Hudson Bay for Hudson^s Bay. Here choice has been made of the simpler or the corrected spelling. Lastlj', there is the large group of names taken from languages which do not employ the Roman alphabet, or are without any, and whose soimds have to be represented by some method of transliteration. Here established and familiar translit- erations have, as a rule, been adopted ; and in other cases the simplest available fonns, according to the system, for the languages concerned, used in TJie Century Dictionary. So far as was possible the use of "accented" letters in transliteration has been avoided, the employment of such marks, in the absence of a generally accepted scientific system, appearing to be distinctly undesirable, especially from a practical point of view. In the pronunciation the system of notation employed by Professor Whitney in The Century Dictionary has, with slight modifications, been adopted. The marking of the sounds of foreign names might in some cases have been simplified by the use of a notation based upon a different principle ; but, since this work was designed to be a companion to the dictionary, it was desirable to avoid, especially in this particular, dif- ference of method. Moreover, the "English" notation is that to which most are accustomed, and which best enables the English consulter of a dictionary to reproduce wdth a fair degree, of accuracy the sounds indi- cated. In any case, only by the ear can one know the exact sounds of a foreign speech, and only the trained tongue can utter them with precision. This is particularly true of personal and place names, which often have a special character that can not exactly be inferred from the general rules or usages of the languages concerned. The values of the signs used are given in the key: it is necessary only to remark that the natural tendency of an English-speaker to shorten or slur the long vowels of many foreign names has led to the use of the long-vowel signs, to insui-e the right vowel quality, even in cases where the actual sound is shorter than that indicated by the notation. No attempt has been made systematically to etymologize all the names in the list : but etymological notes have been inserted under many of the historical names of prime interest, especially those of ancient Enghsh origin, and in many other cases where they seemed to be useful. These have been contributed by Dr. Charles P. G. Scott, with additions by some of the other specialists in their several departments — Sanskrit, Semitic, American Indian, etc. Dr. Scott has also aided in the work on the pronunciation, and has criticized the proofs. The geogi-aphical articles have been prepared by Professor Edmund K. Alden, whose work has been supplemented in Mexican and Central and South American geography by Mr. Herbert H. Smith, in African geography by Mr. Heli Chatelain, and in ancient Oriental geography by Dr. Cyrus Adler. Professor W. R. Martin has contributed the articles on Indian and Persian biography, mjiihologj^, and literature ; Colonel Garrick Mallery, those on North American Indian tribes ; Professor Charles A. Young, those on the stars ; PREFACE. Vll Pi'ofessor William TT. rarpenter, those on Teutoiiii- iuytlu>lo<>:y, ethiiolo,s:y, aud lef^eml ; and Miss Kathariue B. Wood, tliose on English literature and characters in liction. Professor ("arpenter has also written bio- gi'aphical articles on the best-known names in German and Scandinavian literature. The accounts of works of art, noted buildings (generally under place-names), and the articles on classical archaeology were written by the late Mr. Thomas W. Ludlow. Biographical notices of the more important Fi"ench writers have been contributed by Dr. B. D. Woodward. Dr. AtUer has also written numerous articles on Semitic history and antiquities; Mr. 11. H. Smith has had charge of the IMexican and South American biography and etlmology; and Mr. Chatelain has written on African ethnology, and has read the proofs especially for the correction of the pronunciation. Many valuable notes on the ethnology and geogi-aphy of the southwestern States and northern Mexico were received from Mr. Adolphe Bandelier. General assistance in the Inogi-aphical and historical work has been given b}^ Dr. M. A. Mikkelsen, and valuable aid in the criticism of manuscript and proofs by Rev. George M'Arthur. Whatever degree of typographical accui-acy and consistency has been attained is largely due to the proof-readers of The De Vinne Press. BENJMIIN E. SMITH. September 1st, 1894. Advantage was taken of the opportunity offered in the second (1895) edition of the Cyclopedia of Names to revise with care all its more important details, including pronunciation, dates, historical and geographical statements, etc., and to bring its statistical material down to date. Assistance in this labor was received from most of the contributors mentioned in the preface to the first edition, and from Mr. Louis Heilprin, Professor Augelo Heilprin of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia, Dr. Samuel A. Binion, Mr. F. W. Hodge of the Bureau of American Ethnology, and many others. In its plan and the selection of its material this edition was practically identical with the first, no good reason having been found for modifying either in any essential particular: room was, however, made for the addition of ii number of contciuiporary names, the peculiar utility of this part of the woi'k having been amply demonstrated. This second edition has been followed by many others, each of which has embodied the results of repeated careful revision. BENJAMIN E. SMITH. KEY TO PRONUNCIATION. ft Bfl in a as In ik as in A as in & aa In & R8 in ti as in L- as in 6 as In 1 OS in i H8 in () na in u OH in a at) in as in u as (n u as In b as in fat, man, pang. fntf*, nianc„dale. far, fattiLT, guard. fiUl, talk. uslc, fast, ant. fare, met, pen, bless. mete, meet. her, fern. pfn, it. pint!, flglit. tile. not, i»n. frog. noil", jtokc, tloor. move, H|iuU. U German ii, French u. oi as In oil, joint, boy. oil as in {Kjund, proud. A single dot under a vowel In an un* accented syllable IndlcateH its abbre- viation and lighti^ning. witbnut alisu- lutu loftH of its distinctivL- quulity. Thus : j> as in prelate, courage. V as In ublt'gatv, eplHcojial. V as in abrogate, eulogy, denioi-rat. aa in Hingular, etlucatton. A doublf dot under a vnwcl In an unaccented syllable Indicates tlnit, even in the nioutlm of the bent speak- em, Its 84)und in variable to, and in or- dinar)' utterance actually becomes, the short u-aound (uf but, pun, etc.). Thus : A as In errant, republican. ^ as In prudent, dllTerence. i as In i-barity. denHity. ff as in valor, actor, Idlut. H as In Persia, peninsula. g as In the book. as In nature, feature. A mark (^) under the consonants (, d. n, : indlcatcH that tbey In like maimer are var-lable to ch, j, m/i, zh. Thus : t as In nature, adventure. - Til. • denotes a primary. " a secondary accent. (A secundar)' accent Is nut nuuked If at Its regular interval nf two Hyllables from the primary, or fnuu another secondary.) THE century: CYCLOPEDIA OF NAMES Fj^^I n m a (a). [Lit. '(the) water,' i. 0. 'the river'; one of the forms, surviving in river-uames, of a com- mon Teut. word, Goth. iiliica, OIIG. alia, AS. <■«, etc., = L. atjiia, water: see aqua and cice^, C. D.] A river in northern France which flows into the North Sea between Calais and Dunkirk. Aa. A river in the province of North Braljant, Netherlands, which unites with the Dommel near Herzogenbusch. A a. A river in the province of Groningen, Netherlands, whicli flows into the DoUart. Aa A river in the cantons of Lucerne and Aargau, Switzerland, a tributary of the Aare. Aa A river in the canton of Unterwaldeu, Switzerland, which forms the outlet of Lake Sameu into the Lake of Lucerne. Aa. A river in the canton of Unterwalden, Switzerland, which flows into the Lake of Lu- cerne near Buochs. Aa,. A river in Courlaud. emptying by one mouth into the Gulf of Riga, and by another into the Diina. Aa. A river in Livonia, about 175 miles long, which flows into the ( lulf of Riga. Aa (a), Peter van der. A Dutch publisher and engraver who, with his brothers, formed a publishing-house at Leyden about lGrt2. They editeij several collections of travels in Dutch and KreiielL Aach (iich). A small town in Baden, about 20 miles northwest of Constance, the scene of an engagement between the French and the Aus- trians, March 25, 1799. Aachen Cii'chen). The German name of Mx- la-Chapelle. Aageson (a'ge-son), or Aagesen (-son >, Svend. A Scandinavian writer of the I'Jth century. His "Coiupeiidiosa historia regum Daniie." from King Skjold to Ivmid VI., is the tlrst connected liistory of L»en- mark. Little is known ot his life. Aah-hotep (il-ho'tep). [Egypt., ' delight of the mouu' (Briigsch).] An Egyptian ([ueen, wife of Kaines, last king of the 17th dynasty, and mother of Aahmes, first king of the isth dynasty. Ilcr coffin w.is fonml at Tlielics iu 18«n, in the ancient necropolis r)f N'4S ii. o.) for the rehuihUng of the hurnt temple at Delphi, and es* tabltshing at Naucratis (Jreek commerce and settlement. Mr. Petrie's excavations show them fdreeksl to have been in possession of the city [Naucratlsl from a much earlier period — earlier, pcrhnps, than the dvnasly to which Amasia lielonged. Whnt Amasis actually did for thedreeksof \aucratls mn«l, therefore, have lieon to con- firm them in their occupation of that site, and to grant them an exclusive charter whereby they should ho en- titled to hold It in perpi-tuity. A. B. Edwardu, Pharaohs, Fellahs, etc., p. ISO. Aahmes. An Egyptian cai>tain wlio fought against the Hyksos about 17(10 n. c. An impor- tant inscription in his tomb at El-Kab, near ancient Thebes, has been deciphered. Aahmes -Nefertari. See Scfcrtari. Aalborg (iirijoru). A seaport in the amt of Aalborg, Denmark, situated on the Lijmfjord about lat. 57"^ 3' N., long. 9° 55' E. It has an important foreign commerce and fisheries. Population (1890), 19,503. Aalborg. A stift and amt of Jutland, Denmark. Aalen (il'len). A town in the Jagst circle, Wiirtemberg, situated on the Koeher about 42 miles east of Stuttgart : an ancient free im- perial city. Population (1890), 7,1,5.5. Aalestmd (a'le-sijnd). A seaport iu the prov- ince of Romsdal, Norway, on islands of the western coast, about lat. 62° 28' N. Popula- tion (1891), 8,383. Aali. See AH. Aalst. See Alost. Aalten (iil'ten). A small town in the province of Gelderland, Netherlands, about 30 miles east of Arnhcm. Aar. See .l«r<;. Aarau (iir'ou). The capital of the canton of Aargau, Sttitzerland, situated on the Aare 24 miles southeast of Basel. It has manufactures of silk, cotton, instruments, etc. Population fI8H8), 6,809. Aarburg (ilr'bora). A small manufacturing town in the canton of Aargau, Switzerland, situated on the Aare about 22 miles southeast of Basel. Aare (a're), or Aar (iir). A river in Switzer- land, rising in the Bernese Oberlaud near the Grimscl Pass. It traverses the Hasli Thai and forms the llandeck Fall, traverses the Iidtes of Brienz and Thun, flows through Hern, .Solothurn, and Aargau, and joins the Rhine opposite WaMshut. I'pcm it are Bern, Solothurn, Aaran, and Brugt;. Its length is alwut 170 miles, and it is navigable from Untciseen for small craft Aared (ii'red). A group of mountains in Nejd, central Arabia. Also jrcrf. Arid, Animlh. Aarestrup (a' re -strop), Carl Ludwig Emil. Born at Cojienhagon, Dec. 4, 1800: died 1856. A Danish Ivric poet, author of "Digte" (1838) and "Elteriadte Digte" (18G3). Aargau (iir'gou), F. Argovie (iir-go-ve'). A canton ot Swntzerland, cajiital Aarau, bounded by Hadeii on the north (sejiaratcd by the Rhine), Ziirieh and Zug on the east, Lucerne on the south, and Basel, Solothurn, and Bern on the west. The language is Ocimau, and about half the jiopidation is Koman <'atholic. It is one of the UMSt fer- tile of the cantons, has an important trade and large manufactures, especially of cotton, and sends ten mem- bers to the National Council. Its area is (A** st(uare miles, anil its po|>nlation (IKSs) licj.f.sii. In the l:jth century it came uiiiler the inlliierice of the Hapsburgs, was ainiexed in part by the Swiss coiiffle and oracle of Apollo. Abafl (o'bo-fe), iir Apafi, Michael. Born Se|il. 2.'i. 10;)2: died .\pril l'^. li:'.io. .\ prince of Ti'ansylvania, under the protection of the AbaSy Porte until 1686 when he made a treaty with the emperor. He was succeeded bv his sou Michael (born Aug. 14, 1682: died Feb. 11. 1713). Abailard. See Abelard. Abakansk (ab-a-kansk'). A small town in the government of Yeniseisk, Siberia, near the Yenisei, north of Minusinsk, noted for the tumuli and hieroglyphic statues in its neigh- borhood. Abaliget (ob'o-le-get). A village near Fiinf- kirchen, county of Baranya, Hungary, noted for its large stalactite cave (about 3,000 feet in length). Abalus (ab'a-lus). An island abounding with amber, said (by Pytheas) to be in the Northern Ocean, and variously identified : probably a part of the Prussian Baltic coast. Abamoiiti (S-bs-mon'te), or Albamonte (iil- ba-mon'te), Giuseppe. Bom about lio9: died Aug. 8, 1818. A Neapolitan statesman, sec- retary-general under the Cisalpine Republic, 1798,"and member of the executive committee at Naples. On the restoration of the monarchy in 1799 he was arrested and condemned to be hun^, but was amnestied and returned to Milan, where he again acted as secretary-general until 1S05 when he returned to Naples. Abana (ab'a-nii). In ancient geography, a small river, the modem Barada, which flows through the plain and city of Damascus and is lost in the desert. Also Amana. Abancay (a-Bau-ki'). A town in the depart- ment of Apurimae. Peru, about 110 miles south- west of Cuzco. noted for its sugar-refineries. Population, 3,000. Abancay River. A small river of Peru, an afllueut of the Apurimae, west of Cuzco, and crossed by the road to Lima, it was a mUitary point of great importance in the civil wars of the 16th century. Here Alonso de Alvarado was defeated by the elder Almagro, and with his whole army captured. July 12, 1537. Near the same place Giron defeat^ Alonso de Alvarado, May 21, 15&4. Abano (ii'ba-no). A town in the province of Padua, Italy, about 6 miles southwest of Padua, noted for its hot springs (the ancient Aqiise Patavinie or Aponus {Aponi) fons). It is the re- puted birthplace of the historian Livv. Popu- lation, about 3,000. Abano, Pietro d' (Petms Aponus or de Apo- no 1. Bom at Abauo, Italy. 1250 (1246 ?) : died at Padua. 1316 (1320?). An Italian physician and philosopher, denounced by the Inquisition as a magician. He wrote "ConcUiatordifferentiamm quae inter philosophos et medicos vereantur" (printed 1472), '' tie venenis eorumque remediis" (printed 1472), etc Abarbanel. See Abrabanel. Abarim (ab'a-rim). A mountainous region or lofty table-land in Palestine, east of the Dead Sea. containing Pisgah and Nebo. Abaris (ab'a-ris). [Gr. "XSapic.l A mythical Greek sage, surnamed "' The Hyperborean," as- signed to the 6th or 7th century B. c. [Abaris] was said to have received from ApoUo, whose priest he had been in his own country, a magic arrow, upon which he could cross streams, lakes, swamps, and mountains. This arrow he gave to Pythagoras, who in return taught him his philosophy. Oracles and charms onder his name appear to have passed current among the Greeks. According to Pindar he came into Greece in the reign of Crtesos. Eusebius places him a little earlier. Probably he was, like Anacharsis, a Scythian who wished to make himself acquainted with Greek customs, lit has been conjectured that the arrow of Abaris is a mythical tradition of the magnet, but it is hardly possiblethat if the polarity of the needle had been known it should not have been more distinctly noticed. — H. C. R.] Raiclinson, Herod., III. 29, note. Abasalo (a-ba-sa'lo), Mariano. Born in Do- lores. Mexico, 1783: died at Cadiz, Spain, 1819. A soldier in the Spanish army who joined the revolutionary movement of Hidalgo in 1810. and was named lieutenant-general of the in- surgents. He was captured and sent a pris- oner to Spain, where he died in confinement. Abascal y Sonsa (a-sas-kar e so'sa), Jos6 Fernando. Bom in Oviedo, Asturias. June 3. 1743 : died in Madrid, June 30. 1821. A Span- ish general and statesman, viceroy of Peru 1806—16. He was created Marquis de la Concordia Espanola del Peru i decree of May 20, 1812), and on his re- turn to .Spain was made captain-general. Abasgi (a-bas'j5), or Abasci (a-bas'i). or Abasges (a-bas'jez). [Gr. 'xSaayoi, l\3acKoi.] A Scythian people anciently inhabiting a small region in the Caucasus, on the shore of the Black Sea, north of Colchis. Abasgla (a-bas'ji-a). The region occupied by the .\basgi ; the modern Abkhasia. Abassides. See Abbassides. Abate. See Abbate. Abauzit (a-bo-ze'), Finnin. Born at Uzes, Gard, France, Nov. 11, 1679: died at Geneva, March 20, 1767. A French philosopher and mathematician, a friend of Newton, Rousseau, and Voltaire. His name was used as a pseudo- nvm bv Voltaire. Abayi"(a-ba-ye'). [Heb., 'my father.'] Bom about 280 a", d. : died 338. A distinguished Hebrew scholar, surnamed ' ' Nachmani. " He was director of a celebrated Jewish academy at Pnmbeditba in Babylonia, 333-338, and was held in high esteem for his learning and upright character. Abb (ah). A town 80 miles east of Mocha. Abbadides(ab'a-didz),orAbadites(ab'a-dits). A Moorish dynasty of Seville. It was founded in 1023 by Abul-Kasim, cadi of Seville, and lasted till the capture of the city by the Almo- raviiles in 1091. Abbadie (a-ba-de'), Antoine Thomson d". Born at Dublin. Ireland, Jan. 3, 1810 : died at Paris, March 20, 1897. A French traveler (in company with his brother) in Abyssinia and the GaUa country (1837-48). He published 'Geo- diJsie d'une partie dela Haute-Ethiopie " (1860-73), "Dic- tionnaire de la langue amarinna " (18S1), etc. Abbadie, Amaud Michel d'. Bom at Dub- lin, July 24. 1815: died 1893. A French traveler in Abyssinia and the Galla country, brother and companion of A. T. Abbadie ; author of " Douze ans dans la Haute-Ethiopie'" (1868), etc. Abba(lie, James (Jacques). Born at Nay, Basses-Pyrenees, probably in 16.54 (1657 and 1658 are also given) : died at London, Sept. 25. 1727. A noted Fi-eneh Protestant theologian. He went to Berlin about 1680 as minister of the French church there, and thence to England and Ireland ; was for a time minister of the ITrench church in the Savoy ; and settled in Ireland as dean of Killaloe in 1699. His chief work is the "Traits de la v^rit^ de la religion chr^tienne " (1684)^ with its continuation, '' Traits de la di- vinite de notre Seigneur Jesus-Christ " (16S9). Abba Jared (ab'ba ya'red). A mountain in northern Abyssinia, northeast of Gondar, 14,714 feet in height. Abbas (ab'bas). Bom about 566: died 652. Abul Fadl al Hasimi. uncle of Mohammed, and founder of the family of the Abbassides. Abbas I., '"The Great." Bom 1557: died at Kaswin, Persia, Jan. 27, 1628. A famous shah of Persia, who reigned 1586-1628. He defeated the Turks at Basra in l(i05, conquered Khorasan, Kan- dahar, etc., and consolidated the Persian monarchy. Abbas n. Hilmi. Born July 14. 1874. Khe- dive of Egypt, eldest son of Tewfik Pasha. He succeeded his father Jan. 7, 1892. Abbas Pasha. Bom at Jiddah, Arabia, 1813: died July 13. 1854. A grandson of Mehemet Ali, viceroy of Egypt 1848-54. Abbas Mirza (ab'bas mer'za). Bom about 17S3 : died at Mashhad, Persia. Dec, 1833. A prince of Persia, younger son of the shah Feth-AU (Fath-'Ali). noted as a commander in the wars against Russia. 1811-13 and 1826-28. By the first war Pei-sia lost its remaining possessions in the Caucasus, and was compelled to acknowledge the flag of Russia on the Caspian, and by the second it lost Armenia. The succession of Abbas to the throne was guaranteed in the treaty of 1S2S. Abbassides (a-bas'idz or ab'a-sidz). The califs of Bagdad, 750-1258. They claimed descent from Abbas, the uncle of Mohammed, and succeeded the Om- miad califs of Damascus upon the defeat of the calif Mar- wan by Abul Abbas near the Zab in 7oO. Almansur suc- ceeded Abul Abbas and made Bagdad the capital of the calif ate. The most famous calif of this family was Hanm- al-Rashid, 756-809. From 1238 to 1517 the' Abbassides were nominal califs of Egj-pt The last .\bbasside, Muta- wakkal III., died in Cairo in 1538. Also Abba^^ds, Abbate, or Abate (a-ba'te), Niccolo dell'. Born at Modena, Italy, 1512: died in France, 1571. An Italian painter. He assisted in dec- orating the palace at Fontainebleau. His best works are at Modena and Bologna. Abbatucci (a-ba-tii'se ; It. a-ba-to'che), Charles. Bom 1771: killed in battle, Dec. 2. 1796. A French general, son of J. P. Abbatucci. distinguished in the campaigns of the Armv of the Rhine. 1794-90. Abbatucci, Jacques Pierre. Bora 1726: died 1812. A Corsiean partizan commander, an an- tagonist of Paoli and later a division general in the French service in Italy. Abbatucci, Jacques Pierre" Charles. Bom 1791 : died 1857. A French jurist and politi- cian, grandson of J. P. Abbatucci, and minis- ter of justice under Napoleon III. Abbaye (a-ba'), 1". A French military prison at St.-Germain-des-Pr^s. Paris, built in 1522 and destroyed in 1854. it was the scene of the mur- der of 1&4 prisoners by the revolutionists under Maillard in September, 1792. See September massacre. Abbe (ab'i). Cleveland. Born at New York. Dec. 3, 1838. An American astronomer and Abbot, Robert meteorologist, appointed director of the Cincin- nati Observatory ia 1868, and meteorologist of the Weather Bureau in 1871. Abbeokuta. See Abeokuta. Abberville (ab'er-vU), Lord. The principal character in Cumberland's play "The Fash ionable Lover." Abbeville (ab-vel'). A town in the depart- ment of Somme, France, situated on the Somme 25 miles northwest of Amiens: the ancient capital of Ponthieu. and a place of gathering in the first and second Crusades, it has important mannfacttires of cloth, etc., and a consid- erable trade. Its most interesting building is the church of St. Wnlfram, begun in 14^ one of the richest existing examples of the flamboyant style. The gravels of .Abbe- ville have yielded fossil remains of the mammoth and rhinoceros associated with implements of prehistoric man dating from a time when the Somme flowed 300 feet above its present level. Population (1891), 19,Sol. Abbeville, Claude d". See Claude d'Abberille. Abbeville, Treaty of. A treaty concluded in 1259 by which Henry IH. of England re- nounced his claims to Anjou, Poitou, Nor- mandy, Touraine, and Maine, in favor of Louis IX. of France, and held Guienne as a fief of France. Abbey fab'i). Edwin Austin. Bom at Phila- delphia, April 1. I>.'i2. An American painter ancl illustrator. He executed a series of mural paint- ings (the Holy Grail) for the Boston Public Library. Abbiategrasso (ab-be-a-te-gras's6). A town in the province of Milan. 15 miles southwest of Milan. Population (1881). 5,258. Abbitibbe (ab-i-tib'e). Lake. -A. lake in Can- ada, south of James Bav, about lat. 49° N. Also Abhitihhi. Abbitibbe River. The outlet of Lake Abbi- tibbe. flowing into James Bay. in Hudson Bay. Abbon (a-bon'), L. Abbo (ab'6). surnamed CemUUSC The Crooked'). Died 923. A monk of St.-Germain-des-Pr^s, author of a Latin poem upon the siege of Paris by the Normans. Abbon of Fleury, L. Abbo" Floriacensis. Born near Orleans. France. 945: died Nov. 13, 1004. A French theologian and diplomatist, author of an "Epitome de vitis Romanonim Pontificum, desinens in Gregorio I." (printed 1602). and other works. Abbot (ab'ot), Charles. Bom at Abingdon, Berkshire, Oct. 14. 1757 : died May 7. 1829. An English politician, speaker of the House of Commons 1802-16. created Baron Colchester in 1816. He was chief secretary and privy seal for Ii'eland in the AddLngton ministry (1801). Abbot, Ezra. Bom at Jackson, Maine, April 2>. 1S19: died at Cambridge. Mass., March 21, 1S.<4. An American biblical scholar. He was professor of Xew Testament criticism and interpretation at Harvard University. 1872-84, one of the editors of the -American edition of Smith's "Bible Dictionary," and a member of the American committee for >"ew Testament revision- He published " Literature of the Doctrine of a Future Life " (1864), " The Authorship of the Fourth Gospel " (1880). and other works. Abbot, Francis Ellingwood. Bom at Boston, Mass., 1836. An American phil osophical writer, editor of '"The Index" (a journal of free thought) 1870-80. and author of "Scientific Theism" (1886). "The Wav out of Agnosti- cism" (1890), etc. Abbot, George. Bom at Guildford, Surrey, Oct. 29, 1.562: died at Croydon. Aug. 4. 1633. An English prelate, appointed archbishop of Canterburv in Feb., 1611. He was graduated at Oxford (BalHol College), where he was tutor until 1593, and became master of University College in 1597, dean of Winchester in 1600. rice-chancellor of Oxford University in 1600 (and again in 1603 and 160oX bishop of Coventry and Lichfield in May, 1609, and bishop of London in Feb., 1610. He was a firm Protestant, and was influential in state affairs during the reign of James I. He was one of the translators of the Xew Testament in the King Jame» version. Abbot, George. Born at Easingrton. York- shire. England. 1604- died Feb. 2. 1648. An English religious writer and member of the Long Parliament, surnamed "The Puritan": author of the ""Whole Book of Job Para- phrased" (1640), and " Vindicia; Sabbathi " (1641). Abbot, Sir Maurice or Morris. Bom at Guildford, Surrey, 1565: died at London. Jan. 10, 1642. A merchant and lord mayor of Lon- don, knighted on the accession of Charles I., 1625. He was one of the original directors of the East India Companv and its governor (1624\ rendering it most important services. He was elected to Parliament in 1621, and in 1624 became a member of the council for establish- ing the oolonv of Virginia. Abbot, Robert. Bom at Guildford. Surrey, about 1.560; died March 2. 1618. An Eng- lish prelate, bishop of Salisburv (1615)- elder Abbot, Robert brother of George Abbot, archbishop of Can- terbiiry: author of '■Min-or of Popish Subtle- ties" (ir)94), and other works. Abbot, Robert. Born about 1588 : died about 1660. An English Puritan divine, author of "Triall of our Church-Forsakcrs" (1639), and other works. Abbot, Samuel. Bom at Audover, Mass., Feb. 2o, 173:;: died April 12, 1811!. A Boston merchant and philanthropist; one of the foun- ders of the Andovcr Theological Seminary. Abbot, The. A novel by Sir Walter Scott, published in 18l!0, founded upon incidents in the history of Mary Queen of Scots, from her imprisonment in Loehleven to her flight into England after the battle of Langside: sequel to •' The Monastery." Abbotsford (ab'ots-ford). The residence of Sir Walter Scott, on the Tweed about 3 miles above Melrose. The pluce was acquired by him in 1811, and he removed tlicre in 1S12. It was urigiimlly ti farm in frt»nt i>f which was a pond from which the place had received tlie name of clarty (' filthy") Uole. Scott renamed it from tlie adjoining ford. Tlie land had be- longed to the Abbey of Melrose. Upon it Scott built a am^l villa, to which in 1817 he began to add, producing in the end a large castellated and gabled mansion of which the interior is finished in late medieval style. Abbott (ab'ot), Austin. Born at Boston, Dec. 18, 1831: died April 19, 1896. An American lawyer and legal writer, son of Jacob Abbott. He was appointed dean of the faculty of law of the Uni- versity of the City of New York in 1891, ami is the author of "New Cases, Mainly New York Deci8i{), a digest of IJuited States court reports and acts of Congress (1807- 1875), " A Treatise on the Courts of the I'nited States and their Piactice" (1877), "A Dictionary of Terms in Amer- ican and English Jurisprudence " (1879), etc. Abbott, Charles. Born at Canterburv, Eng- land, Oct. 7, 1762: died Nov. 4, 1832. A noted English jurist, the son of a Canterbury barl)er, appointed chief justice Nov. 4, 1818, and created Baron Tenterdeu of Hendon. April, 1827. Ue was the author of a treatise on the ''Law Relative to Merchant Ships and Seamen " (1802), still an authority on mercantile law. Abbott, Edwin Abbott. Born at London, 1838. An Englisli clergyman and educator, a fraduate and fallow of St. John's College, Cam- ridge, appointed head-master of the City of London School in 186.5. Heistheauthorof " AShake- spearean Grammar " (1809), " Francis Bacon " (188.'j), and various educational and religious works. Abbott, Emma. Born at ('hicago about 1850 : died at Salt Lake City, Utah, .Jan. 5, 1891. An American soprano, successful both in Europe and America as au operatic singer. She mar- ried Eugene Wetherell. Abbott, Evelyn. Bom 1843: died 1901. An English scholar, a giacluatc and fellow of Bal- liol College, U.xforil, and classical tutor and librarian, the aulhor of various works on clas- sical philology and of a history of (ireece. Abbott, Jacob. Born at Hallowell, Maine, Nov. 14,1803: died at Farmington, Maine, Oct. 31,1879. All .\merican Congivgatioiuil clergy- man, and a voluminous writer of juvenile works. He was graduated at Bowdoin CHllegc In 1830, studied at Andovi:i- Theological Seminary, and was pro- fessor of mathematics ai]d natural philosophy at .\mherst College i825-21f. His best-known works are ''The RoIIo Books," "Young Christian" series, "Lucy nooks," "Sci- ence for the Young," etc. Abbott, John Stevens Cabot. Born at Bruns- wick, Maine, Sept. 18, 1H05: died at Fair Haven, Conn., June 17. 1877. An .Vmerican Congrega- tional clergyman (pastor successively at Wor- cester, Ro.xbury, and Nantucket, .Mass.) and historical writer, brother of Jacob Abbott, lie was the author of a "History of Napoleon Bonaparte," a "IIlMtory of the Civil War in America," a "History of Frederick the Second," " The Mother at Home," " The Child at Home," etc. Abbott, Josiah Gardner. Born at Chelmsford, Mass., Nov. 1, 18].-,: died at Welb'sley Hills. Mass., Juno 2, 1891. A jurist and politician. He was judge of the Superior Court of MaHsachusetts for Sulfolk County 18.^>,''»-ftft, Democratic member of Congress from that State 187(i-77, and mcmberof the I-'.lectoral Com- mission In 1877. He was twice (I87.'i. 1877) the unHUcce.is. fnl Democratic candidate lor I". S, senator, and oiice(187H) for governor. Abbott, L3nnan. Born at Roxbury, Mass., Dec. 18, 1835. A Congregational chTgyman, author, and journalist, a son of .lacob Abbott. He has been the editor-ln-chlofof the "Christian Cnlon" (changed to "The Outlook' in 18fl;i) since 1881. ami was pastor of Plymouth Church, Brooklyn, from 1888 to 1809. He ori- ginally studied law, but abandoned that profession for the ministry in I860. A. B. C, Ajx. a poem by Chaucer, a prayer to till' Virgin Mary. It is a loose translation from a work of Guillaume de Deguileville, a Cistercian monk who died about i;MK). Each stanza begins with a dilfereiit let- ter of the alphabet, arranged in order from A to Z. Abda (iib'dii), or Abdas (iib-diis'). Said by Tlieopliaues (Chronogr. sub an. 4115) to have been bishop of Susa, and calleil by Socrates bishop of Persia. He is said to have aided Maruthas in driving a demon out of Vezdigerd, king of Persia. Theodoret relates that his zeal led him to ilestroy a llre- temple, which roused a pei-secution against the Chris- tians to which he fell a victim. Abdalla (ab-dal'a). The Mufti, a character in liiydcii's tragedy "Dun Si-liastian.'' Abdallah (abd-iil'iih), or Abdullah (ab-dol'- liih). [Ar., 'servant of God.'] Born at Mecca about 545: died at Medina, 570. The father of Mohammed. Abdallah ben tor ibn) Yasim (ab-dal'ah ben (or 'b'n) yii-.scra';. Died 1058. Alearned Ai'a- bian Mussulman, appointed by a sheik of Lam- touna to instruct a tribe of Berbers in the Atlas motintains in the faith of Islam, nia enthusiasm gave rise to the sect of Al-Morahethun ("dedicated to the service of God") or Almoravides. which under his leader- ship contiuered the country lying h,-twecn the Sahara and the ancient tiajtulia for the new religion. He died in battle; but his conquests were continued in Africa by his successors, and in 10S6 Vussuf ibn Tashfyn extended liis victories to Spain. Abdallatif (itbd-iil-la-tef), or Abd-ul-Lateef (Ubd-ol-la-tef). Born at Bagdad, 1162: died at Bagdad, Nov. 8, 1231. An Arabian physician, philosopher, and traveler. He w.as the author of a historical work on Egypt published in Latin by Professor Joseph White of Oxford as " Abdallatiphi hifltori.-e -Egj-pti compendium, "in 1800. A manu.script of it, brought from the East by Pococke, is in the Bodleian Library. Abdalmalek, or Abd-el-Malek, or -Malik (ilbd-al-(or-el-) mii'lek, -lik). The fifth calif ■ if the Ominiads, 685-705. Abdalmalek. Born at Basra about 740. A Mohammedan doctor, instructor of Harun-al- Kashid, noted for his extraordinary memory. He is the reputed author of the romance of An tar. Abdalmalek. Bom at Cordova, 801 : died 853. A Moluimmi'daii historian and theologian. Abd-al-Rahman, or Abdalrahman. See Abd- iT-l!ii)niian. Abdara. See Alulcra. Abdelazar (ab-del-ii'zar). A tragedy made by -Mrs. Ajihra Behu from the play " Lust's Do- minion," acted in 1676 and published the next year. It contains the song " Love in fantastic triumph sat." Abd-el-Kader, or-Kadir (abd-el-kil'dfer). Born near Mascara, Algeria, 1807: died at Damas- cus, May 26, 1883. A celebrated Arab chief, the heroic leader of the Arabs in the wars in Algiers against the French 1832-47, and pris- oner of the French 1K47-.52. He lived in later years principally at Damascus as a pensioner of the French government. Abd-el-Malek, or -Malik. See AlxUdmakk. Abd-el-Mottalib. See Jhdul-MittlaUh. Abdemon (ab'de-mon). See (he extract. The " wisdom " of Solomon is said to have i)rovoked the Tyrians to match their wits against his. Soloimui had sent lliiam certain riddles to test his sagacity, and had asked for a return in kind, wagering a good round sum upon the result. The contest terminated In SoUunon's favour, and Hiram had to make a heavy payment in coii- seiiuencc. Hereupon, a Tyrian named Abtlemon (Abdcs- mun'.') came to the rescue, ami vindicated the honour of his counti-y by correctly solving all King Solomon's rid- dles, ami proposing to him others, of which the Israelillsh monarch, ^\lth all his intcllig<-iu'e, was <|nlte unable to discover the solution. He was thus compelled to refund all the moni-y that Hiram had paid him, and to forfeit a consitlerable amount in addition. JiawtiiiHon, Phoonicia, p. Ui;t. Abdera (ab-do'rjl). [Gr. rd "AjiihuM, or "XjUiipnv. ] Inancientgeogriiphy, a maritime city of Thrace, foiindi'd by the Teiaiis. belonging to the Athe- nian Confederation. Its inhaliitants were no- torious among the Greeks for dullness. The exact ancient site has not been identilied. Abdera (ab-do'rii). [Gr. TO "AjWi/pti, Avn, ';\ /)), sup- A Becket, Gilbert Abbott pressed formidable rebellions (7S8-7C3), and repelled the invasion of Charlemagne (778). The famous mosque at Cor- dova was coiisi]ucict pro- claimed), an organic statute for the government of the empire, guaranteeing the security of life and property to subjects anti introducing fiscal and ndlitary reforms. He was engaged in Ihe Crimean war from IsMI to 18r,tS. In t8.''0 was promulgated the llatti-y-hnmayiin, which pro- fessed to secure the rights of Hie Ilatti-shcrif of 4fUlhan6 to all classch. without dlslincticui of rank or religion. Abdul-Mumen (iib'diil-mo'men). Bcu-n in nurtlnvi'stern Africa, 1101: died 1163. Tbo lounder nf tin' dvniisly of the Almohades, calif from 1130 tiiril63. Abdul-Muttalib (iib'dol-mat-fit'lib). Died .578. The graniU'iitlier of Mohammed and his guar- dian fur two viiirs. Abdurrahman. See Abil-rr-Jinhmng. Abdurrahman Khan (iib-diir-riili'miin khiin). Burn about IS30 : died ( >ct. 3, 1901. Th<' .imecr of Afghanistan, proclaiiiicil such in 1880. Abecedarians di lie-siMla'ri-anz). A (ierman .'Vnabaptist sect of the 16th eentury, led by Nicholas .''itork, a weaver of Zwicknii, which rejected nil learning (even the learning of ''A-B-C") as a hindrance to religion, professed n special inspiration superseding the Bible, and predicted (and was disposed to jiroinote) the overthrow of existing goveriinienls. A Becket (il-bek'et^ Gilbert Arthur. Bom at London.' IS37: did at London. Oof. 15. 1891. An Kiiglish jouriialisl, dramatist, and niiscelliineoiis writer, soli of (5. .\. .\ Meckel. A Becket, Gilbert Abbott. Bom at I^ondon, Jan. 9. isil: died at Boulogne, France. Aug. 30. 18,56. An Knglish lawyer, journalist, and writer, noted chiefly for his contributions to A Becket, GUbert Abbott "Punch": author of the "Comic History of Vni. of England, unjustly condemned on the charge of concealing the treasonable practices of Elizabeth Barton, the "Nun of Kent." He was an active supporter of the queen in her endeavor to o.l'..o „ri1 rPrnTiiiblv an en'or P'event the divorce sought hy Henry. Ihpri'xJhn sm-vant of the 2od Abencerrages(a-beu'se-raj-ez; Sp.pron.a-Ben- xr », -, ^ f /i. tf ' T^ rL ,.!t^^! tha-rii'Hes). A Moorisj family in Granada, fa- Nebo.] One of the three Hebrews east by ~ ' England." the " Comic History of Rome," the "Comic Blaekstone," etc. A Becket, Thomas. See Thomas of London Abed-nego (abed' in the text for Nebuchadnezzar into the fiery furnace. His Hebrew name was Azariah, Abed-nej;o being substituted for it by tlie prince of the eunuchs of the king of Baby- lon. Dan. i. 7. Abegg (ii'beg), Julius Friedrich Heinrich. Born ;it Erlaiigen, Bavaria, March 27, 179(5: died at Breslau, Prussia. May 29, 1868. A Ger- man jurist,author of " Versuch einer Geschichte der preussiseheu Civilprozessgesetzgebung " (1848), etc. Abel (il'bel). [Heb. Hebel, formerly derived from Helj'. Iicbel, transitoriness; more prob- ably to be connected -n-ith AssjTO-Babylonian abl'ii, son.] The second son of Adam, slain by his brother Cain, according to the account in Genesis. Abel (a'bel), Carl. Bom at Berlin, Nov. 25, 1837. A German comparative philologist, au- thor of "Linguistic Essays" (1880), etc. He has acted as Ilchester lecturer on comparative le.iticog- raphy at Oxford, and as Berlin correspondent of the "Times" and "Standard." Abel ( ii' bel ), Sir Frederick Augustus. Born at Loudon, July 17, 1827 : died there, ^iept. 6, 1902. An English chemist, president of tlie Institute of Chemistry and other learned societies, and author of "Guncotton," "Modern History of Ounpowder," "On Explosive Agents," etc., and with Bloxam of a "Handbook of Chemistry." Abel (a'bel), Heinrich Friedrich Otto. Born at Reichenbach, Wiirtemberg, Jan. 22, 1824: died at Leonberg, Wiirtemberg, Oct. 28, 1854. A German historian,collaborator on the " Monu- menta Germanise historica," and author of "Konig Philipp der Hohenstaufe" (1852), etc. Abel (a'bel), Joseph. Born at Aschach, in mous in Spanish romance. Tlieir struggle with the Abersychan guished British general, commander-in-cliief Lj the West Indies 1795-97 (where he cook Grena- da, Demerara, and Trinidad, and relieved St. Vincent), in Ireland in 179S, and in the Nether- lands in 1799. He was mortally wounded near Alex- andria, Egypt, March 21, 1801. He *' shares with -Sir John Moore the credit of renewing the ancient discipline and niilitaiy reputation of the British soldier" {H. M. Ste- phens, in Diet. >'at. liiog.). family of the Zegris and tragical destruction in the Al- P'-efis, m uici. .>ai. inogj. . m „., , hambrabyKing Abu Hassan, near the end of the Moorish Abercromby, Sir KObert. Born at iulhbody, dominion in Granada, are told in Perez de Hita's (unhis- Clackmannan, Scotland, 1740: died at Air- torical) " Historia de las guerras civiles de Granada " (1595), the groundwork of a romance by Chateaubriand (1S26), and of an opera by Cherubini (181."!). Abenezra (a-ben-ez'rii), or Ibn Ezra ('b'n-ez'- rii). See Abraham hen ilcir ibn Jil^ra. Abensberg (a'bens-bero). A small town in Lower Bavaria, on the Abens 18 miles south- west of Ratisbon, the scene of a victory by Xa- poleon over the Austrian army of Archduke Charles. April 20, 1809. The attack was on the center of the Austrian line, which was cut in halves : the left was driven across the Isar at Landshut, which was captured, and the right was overcome at Eckmiihl on April 22. In this series of operations the Austrians lost 00,000 men. Abeokuta (ab-e-o-ko'til). The principal town of Yoruba or Yari'ba, a British protectorate in western Afi-ica. It was founded in 1830 by fugitive slaves, who were subsequently joined by numerous free- men, mostly of the Egba tribe. Excepting a few native Christian churches, the raassof the people is still heathen. Population (estimated), 150,000. Also Abbeolmla. Aber (ab'ev). [Gael, abar = W. aber, a con- fluence of -waters, the mouth of a river. Cf. Gael, inbhir, with same senses, = W. ynfer, in- flux, = Sc. inrcr-.} An element appearing in many place-names in Great Britain, and sig- nifying 'a confluence of waters,' either of two rivers or of a river with the sea: as. Abcr- ilecn. Aberdour, Abergavenny, Abcriistwitli. Aberavon (ab-er-a'von). A seaport in Glamor- ganshire, South Wales, situated on Bristol Channel 7 miles east of Swansea. It has large manufacturing works, and there are mines of coal and iron in its vicinity. Population (1891), 6,281. Austria, 1768: died at Vienna, Oct. 4, 1818. An Aberbrothock. See Arbroath Austrian historical and portrait painter. Abel (a'lJfl), Karl Friedrich. BornatKothen, Germany, 1725: died at London, June 20, 1787. A Gennan composer, and noted performer on the viol da gamba. Abel (a'bel), Niels Henrik. Born at Findoe. Norway, August 5, 1802: died near Arendal, Norway, April 6, 1829. A distinguished Nor- wegian mathematician, noted especially for his researches on elliptic functions. His com- plete works were published in 1839. Aberconway. See Conway. Abercorn (ab'er-k6rn). A hamlet in Linlith- gowshire, Scotland, about 10 mUes west of Edinburgh " " ' -c.<.t.>, -Ravt, ir compelled to burn his "introductio ad Theoiogiam." He Abercrombio, John Joseph, l^oinir soon after retured to a solitary place near Nogent-sur- see m 1802: died at Roslyn, JN. 1. Seine, but was sought out by students, who built for him the Oratory of the Paraclete. From 1125 till about 1134 he was abbot of St. Gildas in Bretagne. In 1140, at the Council of Sens, he was accused of heresy by Bernard of Clairvaux and was condemned by the council and the Pope, hut wasafterwardreconcjledtoBen,aM_Ue^^^^^^^ AberCrOmby (ab'6r-krum-bi), David. Mississippi, on _ N., long. 88° 35' W. Population (1900), 3,434. it WMThe"se"aT Ota birho"pric from Aberdeen, Earl of. See Gordon. Aberdeen, University of. An institution of learning at Aberdeen, incorporated 1860, by the union of King's College and university (founded by Bishop Elphinstone, 1494) at Old Aberdeen and the Marischal College and uni- versity (founded by tlie Earl Marischal, 1593) at New Aberdeen. It has about 70 teachers aud 800 students. It sends with Glasgow University one member to Parliament. Aberdeenshire (ab-^r-den'shir). A county of Scotland, capital Aberdeen, bounded by the North Sea on the north and east, by Kincar- dine, Forfar, and Perth on the south, and by Inverness and Banff on the west. Its ancient di- visions were liar, Formartin, Buchan, Garioch, and Strath- bogie. Its leading industries are agriculture, stock-rais- ing, granite-cutting, and tlshing. Area, 1,955 square miles. Populatioii (1S91), 281,332. Aberdour (ab-tr-diir'). A small place'in Fife- shire, Scotland, on the Fii-th of Forth about 8 miles north of Edinburgh, resorted to for sea- bathing. land, Oct. 10,' 1780: died at Edinburgh, Nov. 14, 1844. A Scottish physician and philo- sophical writer. He wrote "Pathological and Prac- tical Researches on Diseases of the Brain and Spin.al Cord " (1828), " Pathological and Pi'actical Kesearches on Diseases of the Stomach, the Intestinal Canal, etc." (1828), " Enquiries Concerning the Intellectual Powers and the Investigation of l-ruth " (1830), " Philosophy of the Jloral Feelings " (1833), etc. _ in Tennes- Jan. 3, 1877. An American soldier. He was graduated at West Point in 1822, and served in the Florida war (bre- vetted major), in the Mexican war (Ijrevetted lieutenant colonel), and in the Union ai-my in the Civil \Var(brevetted AberfoylO (ab-^r-foil'). A small village in sented the spirit of free inquiry in theology, and contrib' uted largely to fix the scholastic manner of philosophizing. For his relation toHt^loise, see H'^loise. Abel de Pujol (ii-ber de pii-zhol' ), Alexandre Denis Born at Valenciennes, France, Jan. 30, 1785: died at Paris, Sept. 28, 1861. A French historical painter. Abelin ( ii' be-len ) , Johann Philipp : pseudonym Johann Ludwig Gottfried (Gothofredus). Died about 1035. A German historian, founder of the ""Theatrum Eui'opa;um," a serial work on contemporaneous history, carried forward by Schieder, Oraus, and others into the 18th cen- tury, and author of a history of the West Indies, "Hi.storia Antipodum," and other works. Abelites (a'bel-its), or Abelonites (ab'e-lon- its), or Abelonians (a-bel-6'ni-anz). An Afri- can sect, mentioned by Augustine (" De Hisre- sibus") as coming to an end in his day, which obsei-vod the custom of marrying without pro- brigadier -general). " Died about 1702.' A Scottish physician and philo sophical writer. His chief work is entitled "A Discourse of Wit" (London, 1686). "It antedates the (so-called) '.Scottish .School of Philosophy ' a century nearly : for in it Dr. Thomas Eeid's philosophy of common sense . . . is distinctlv taught." A. 11. GrosnrI, in Diet. Nat Biog. Abercromby, James. Burn Nov. 7, 1776: died at Colinton House, Midlothian, April 17, 1858. An English politician, third son of Sir Ralph Abercromby, created Baron Dunfermline in 1839. He became a member of Parliament in 1807, judge-advocate-genenil in 1827, chief baron of tlie ex- chequer of Scotland in 1830, master of the mint in 1834, and speaker in 1835. Abercromby, Sir John. Bom 1772: died at Marseilles, Feb. 14, 1817. An EngUsh soldier, second son of Sir Ralph Abercromby. He served in Flanders 1793-94, was arrested by Napoleon and imprisoned at Verdun in 180;!, was exchanged in 1808, and was appointed commander-in-chief at Bombay in 1809. He captured Mauritius in 1810. creatine in order not to perpetuate inherited Abercromby, Patrick. Born at Forfar, Scot- sin and in imitation of the traditional example of Abel, the son of Adam. They adopted the children of others. Abell (a'bel), Thomas. Executed at Smith- field, London, July 30, 1.540. A Roman Catho- lic clergyman, rector of Bradwell in Essex, and chaplain to Q,\ieea Catherine, wife of Henry land, 1G56: died 1716 (various dates are as signed). A Scottish physician, antiquary, and historian, author of "Martial Achievements of the Scots Nation" (1711-16). Abercromby, Sir Ralph. Bora at Menstry, Perthsliire, Scotland, near Loch Katrine. It figures in Scott's novel " Rob Roy." Abergavenny (ab-^r-ga'ni or ab"6r-ga-ven'i). A town in Monmouthshire, England, at the junction of the Gavenny and Usk, built on the site of the Roman Gobannio. There are coal-mines and iron-works in its vicinity. Pop- ulation (1891), 7,640. Abernethy (ab'er-ne-thi). A small town in Perthshire, Scotland, about 7 miles southeast of Perth. It was anciently a seat of Culdee worship and a Pietish royal residence. Abernethy, John. Born at Coleraine, Ireland, Oct. 19, 1680 : died Dec. , 1740. A clergyman of the Irish Presbyterian Church, appointed by the synod to the church in Dublin, 1717. His re- fusal to obey caused a schism in the Irish Church. Abernethy, John. Born at London April 3, 1704: died at Enfield, near London, April 28, 1831. An English surgeon, lecturer on anat- omy and physiology in the College of Surgeons 1814-17, and surgeon to St. Bartholomew's Hos- pital 1815-27. His medical works were collected in five volumes in 1830. He possessed great influence in his prdfessiuTi, due less to his learning than to hie powerful, attractive, and somewhat eccentric peiBonality. Clackmannan, SeoUaiid. Oct., 1734: died near Abersychan (ab-cr-suk'an). A mining town Alexandria, Egypt, March 28, 1801. A distin- in Monmouthshire, England, about 16 miles Abersychan southwest of Moumoutli. Population (1891), 15,296. Abert (a'bert), John James. Born at Shej)- herdstown, Va., Sept. 17, ITtiS: djeJ at Wash- ington, D. C, Jan. 27, 186.'i. An American military (topographical) engineer, brevetted major in 1814, and made colonel of engineers in 1838. He wa.s given the charge of the topo- graphical bureau in 1829. Abert (ii'bert), Johann Joseph. Bom Sept. 21, 1832, at Koehowit/. in Boliemiu. A German musician, author of the operas "Anna von Landskron" (1859), " Konig Enzio" (1862), . "Astorga" (1866), "Ekkehard" (1878), etc. Aberystwith (ab-er-ist'with). A seaport and watering-place in Cardiganshire, Wales, at tlie junction of the Ystwith and Kheidol, in lat. 52° 25' N.. long. 4° 5' W. it contains the Cniversity Col- lege of Wales, which was opened in 1672. Population (18tfl), 6,C1<«. Abeshr (ii-besh'r). The capital of Wadai, in Sudan, about lat. 14° 5' N., long. 21° 5' E. Abessa (a-bes'a). A female character in Spen- ser's "Faerie i^ueene," representing the cor- ruption of the abbeys and convents. Abgar (ab'giir), L. Abgams (ab'ga-rus). An appellation of the kings of Edessa. used as was 'Cissar' among the Romans, 'Pharaoh' that dynasty which woald have realised its unity. These -Abiezritts were very' fine men, heroes, like unto the sons of a king. Uenan, Hist of the People of Israel (trans.), I. 200. 2. t)ne of David's chief warriors, an inhabitant of Anathoth, in the tribe of Benjamin. Abigail (ab'i-gal). [Hcb., 'father (i^ouree) of joy,' or 'my father is joy.'] 1. The mother of Amasa and sister of David. — 2. Tlie wife of N'aljal and, after his death, of David. By has- tening to meet David with a supply of provisions nlicn he was marching to take vengeance upon Nalial she suc- ceeded in arresting his aTiger. 3. A character in Marlowe's tragedy "The Jew of Malta," the daughter of Barabas the .Tew. 1 he pas.sages between her and her father strongly resemble those between Shylock and Jessica in the '■ Mer- chant of Venice." 4. A lady's-maid or waiting gentlewoman in Beaumont ami Fletcher's "Scornful Lady.'' and in other plays: presumably from Abigail who called herself the handmaid of David in 1 Sam. XXV. 3. The name is now a popular synonym for a lady's-maid. Abigor (ab'i-gor). In medieval denionology, a demon of high degree, grand duke in the infernal realms. He has sixty legions at his com- mand, and is an authority on all subjects pertaining tavid l»rcjiMiicial to Joab's interest, .loab treacherously slew him. Also Abijam, Ahiah, Abia. katha, on the elements; the Yamaka, on pau-s. or apparent Abika. See Creel:. contradictions or contrasts; and the Patthana, or "Book of Abila (ab'i-lsi). In ancient geoeranhv. a citv of Syria, capital of the tetrarchy of Abilene, Abijah and 800,000 for Jeroboam, leaving 500,000 dead AbnCV (ab'ni). Sir ThomaS. Born at Willes^ (obviously erroneous numbers), was the notable event of ]„„ iwuvshiri his reign. ■■■■■■ Origins," on tlie causes of existenc AbhimanyU (a-bhi-man'yii). In Hindu legend. the son of Arjuna. He killed Lakshmana, son of Ahi'ldVanrH ^^i bil'fiird^ Duryodhana, on the second day of the great battle of the ■iij"i"6<;"iru (int of view, coinposeil in seven parts to corresiMtnd with tlic seven bninch<-s of the (einpte camllestick (nienorah). This wiirk becume very poiinlar among the .lews ever)'- where, and was (ranslaled into Spanish and (Jcrinan. Aboan (a-bo'an). A slave in Southern's play "droiiooko": a fine though secondary clin nclir. Iiar- Abo-Bj6rneborg (ft'b6-by<^r'ne-b6rg). iMiinieiit of Finland. *.!*™">'.?'..M»","f»-;'V'.'="."".-i"-."">"' •"'"'^^i'-"'„;;,';;J,;;' Abingdon Earl of. See Bertir, WiUo„ghb,j Ablezar, which resided at Ophra, to the west of ._ , near the lower slopes of Ephraiin. assumed In this sail _ state of affairs a great importance, and nearly gave Israel Abington (ab'ing-ton). A town in Plvmouth Abinger, Baron. See Scarlett. James. A gov- Russia, bordering on the (iiilf of Bothnin. Capital. Abo. Areii, 9,335 si|iiare miles. Pojiulation (189(M, 395.474. Abomey (ab- 6' nil : native S-bo-mu'). Tho foiiiicr cniiilal of Dahomey, in lat. 7° 5' N., loiiif. i;°4' E. It was cH|itiiri'd bvthe French in November. 1892. I'opulnlion. about '20.000. Abominations Abominations, Tariff of. See Tarif. Abongo. See Obotigo. Abony (ob'ony). A town iu the county of Pest, Hungary". 50 miles southeast of Budapest. Population (1890), 12,012. Also Xagy-Aboiiy. Aboo. See Abu. Aboo-Bekr. See Abu-Bekr. Abookeer. See Abukir. Abou. See Ahu. Abou-Bekr. See Abu-BeVr. Abou ben Adhem (a'bo ben a'dem). The title of a short poem by Leigh Hunt. Abou-Hassan. See Abu-Hassan. Abou-Klea. See Abu-Eha. About (a-bo'), Edmond Francois Valentin. Born at Dieuze. France, Feb. 14, 1828 : died at Paris, Jan. 17. 1885. A French novelist, journalist, and dramatist. He studied archseology at the French school in Athens, and after returning to France in 1S53 wrote for the •' Moniteur," "Soir," etc. Kapoleon III. made use of his pen in political work for many years. In 1S72 he was arrested by the Germans for shooting a German sentry, but was released. With Sarcey he founded the " XIX'"";"Siecle." In 18&4 he was elected an academician. Among his works are "La Grece con- temporaine," a satire on the manners and morals of tlie Greeks (1855). "La question romaine,"an attack on the papacy (1860), "Alsace " (1872), "Lesmariages de Paris" (1^56), "Le roi des montagnes"(lS56), " Germaine "(1857), "Trente et quarante " (18581, " L homme k I'oreille cassee " ("The Man with the broken Ear": 1861), "Le nez dun notaire " (" The Nose of a Notary " : 1862), " Le cas de M. Guerin" (1863), "Madelon" (1863), " Le roman d'un brave hojnme " (ISSOV etc Abra (ab'ra). 1. A character in the romance of "Amadis of Greece," the sister of Zario, the sultan of Babylon. She succeeds to the throne of Babylon, after her brother has been killed by Lisuarte whom she loves and finally marries. 2. The favorite concubine of Solomon, a char- acter (of remarkable docility) in Prior's poem ' ' Solomon on the Vanity of the World." Abta was ready ere I called her name ; And, though I called another, Abra came. ii. 364. Abrabanel (a-bra-ba-nel'), Isaac. Born at Lisbon, 1437: died at Venice, 15()8. A Jewish scholar and statesman. His family claimed descent from the royal house of David. He was treasurer of Al- fonso v., king of Portugal. On the death of this king he was deprived of his fortune, and beini; obliged to quit Portugal (1481), went to Madrid, where he remained eight years in the service of Queen Isabella. Forced to quit Spain after the expulsion of the Jews (1492), he proceeded to Naples and entered the service of King Ferdinand, and thence to Sicily and Corfu. He was a writer of distinction in the fiells of philosophy and biblical exegesis. Also Abarband, Abravenel, Barbanella. Abradatas (ab-ra-da'tas). A king of Susa, first an enemy, tBen an ally, of the Persians under Cyrus. In the " .), and contains many of the ancient epic traditions of the Iranians. He lived long at the court of llalunud of Ghazni. An •lather of the virgiu,' i. e. Avesha, Moham- Abu-Nuvas (ii'br.-nii' vas). Died 815. mod's wife.] Born at Mecca, 5"73: died at Me- Arabic lyric poet who lived at the court of the .Una \rabia Aug. 22 (?), 634. The father-in- califs of Ba^ilad. His songs of love and wine are law 'and oue of the first followers and chief aniong the most notable in Arabwn poetry, supporter- of Mohammed, and the first calif or Aburi (ii-bo're). A town lo miles back ot Akra, successor of the prophet (632-634). His original West Atrica. Owing to its altitude it is useil .is a uLLtsaui ui °,vJ,,t. ^xun 4hnn IRpLr Abnii- saniitorium by British officials and residents, as also by WAmevrasAbfUI-Kaaba. AlaoAhoo-Jiekr,AOOU- ^^^^ ^^^^ Mission, which has there an excellent industrial fiekr, Abii-Bdhr. school. Population, !>,0M. Abu-Habba (a'bo-hiiVa). An Arab Tillage ^Iju Sliahrein. See />«/«. about ICi miU-s southeast of Bagdad. Excavations Abushehr. See Bushirc. were made there in 1881. and the Bite ot an ancient ilaby. Abu-Slmbel (a'bo-sim'bel), or Ipsambul (ip- lonian city discovered, probably Sippar, the blMical 8e- -^V" ,Trt*," n.N :. ..» .i :.. „_ m,„„„;„ pharvaim (which see). Abudah (ii-bo'da). A character in the Rev. James Ridley's ''Tales of the Genii": a rich merchant who in seeking, in a dream, the talis- man of Oromanes, which insures perfect hap- piness, finds it in love of God and submission to his will. Abu-Hanifah (ii'bo-hii-ne'fa). Bom at Al- Kufah, 700: died at Bagdad, 770. A noted Mo- hammedan imam and jurisconsult, the founder of the Haniti sect. Abu-Hassan (ii'bo-has'an). In the story of ••Tlie Sleeper Awakened" in "The Arabian Nights' Entertainments," a citizen of Bagdad who while entertaiuiug the disguised calif ex- presses a wish to "be calif for one day." The wish is granted in such a way that Abu-Hassan is entirely deceived, to the great amusement of the calif, who in the cud makes him his companion and favorite. Slijikapere has adopted this idea, from an older play, in the decep- tion practised on Sly the tinker, in the induction to the " Taming of the Shrew." Abukir (ii-bo-ker'). A small village in north- ern Egypt, on the bay of Abukir 13 miles north- east of Alexandria. It is near the site of the ancient Canopus, probably a little to tlie west. Here, July 2.'>, 1799, Napoleon with .^.000 French defeated l.l.OOO Turks. March 8, 1301, the English under .Sir Ralph Abercrouihy captured the town from the French. Also Abookeer, Aboukir. Abukir, Bay of. A bay north of EgJTit, be- sam'biJl). The ancient Abimc-is or Aboceis, a place in Upper Egypt situated on the Nile about lat. 22° 25' N., famous for its two rock- temples, one large and the other smaller, bull t in the steep face of a cliff by Rameses II. For the great temple the rock has been cut away to form a smooth facade al)out 100 feet wide and high, with a cornice of seated cynocephalL Before the facade are tour enthroned colossi of Rameses, about IX feet liigh, and comparativ cly perfect except for the splitting away of the head and arms of one. Over the central portal, in a rectangular niche, is a llgure of Ra the sun-god. The first chamber of the interior is a large hall with 8 Osiride piers, and mural sculptures portraying the miUtary deeds of Rameses. Beyond is a snniller pillared h:Ul, then a vestibule before the sanctuary, which contains seated figures ot Amen, Ptah. Horns, and Rameses himself. From the outer hall 8 later,al cliambers, irregularly placed, are reached. The total depth in the rock of this tenii>le is over 200 feet. The facade of the smaller temple displays six rectangular niches containing colossal llgures in high relief. Between the two central niches is tlie portal, which leads to a hall supported by 6 square piers with Hathor capitals. From the hall extends a corridor with two small chambers and a sanctuary. The whole interior is sculptured. On the left leg of the injured colossus of the great temple is a Greek inscription, one of the most ancient specimens of Oreek writing, recording that when Psammetichus came to r.lcphantine, the writers, whose names are given, came to the spot by way of Kerkis. It dates from 692 B. 0. Academy of France at Borne 'mixed': referring to the character of the popu- lation.] A country of Atrica, part of the an- cient Ethiopia, bounded by Nubia and Sudan on the west and north, by the Italian posses- sions, Danakil country, and Adal on the east, and by the Galla country on the south : area (estimated), 462,000 squa're miles; population (estimated), 5,000.000. its inhabiUnts are Ethio- pians, Falaaha (the Abyssinian .lewsX Gallas. etc. ; the pre- vailing language is Amharie ; the prevailing religion that of the Ethiopian (Coptic) church (founded in the 4th cen- tury by Frumentms, bishop of .Vxum): aJ»d the govern- ment a feudal monarchy under a Negus or emperor(NegU8 Negust,'klng of kings ). The present (l'.«)2) sovereign ia Menelek II., who succeeded to the throne In 1*89. The surface of the country consists mainly of table-lands with mountain-ranges reaching an elevation of about 15,000 feet. The climate is temi)erate and salubrious. The prin- cipal eiports(throngh Massowah) are skins, ivory, butter, gums, and mules. The eniiiire is divided into the king- doms of Tigre in the north, Anihara, Gojam in the west and center, and Shoa in the south; and there are many outlying territories and dependencies. The chief cities are Ankol>er, Oondar, and Adowa. Abyssinia was visited by the Portuguese in the l.Mh and Kith centuries in the search for the kingdom of Prester John. It was broken up into small monarchies down to the time of the adven- turer Theodore who consolidated the kingdom, but was overtlirown bj the British expedition under Napier in 1S68. DifHculties with Italy in 1*K7 and lSS«i were followed bya treaty of "mutual protection " in 1S89. This protectorate was abrogated by Menelek in 1893. Among the explorers of Abyssinia are Bruce, Gobat, Beke. Parkyus, .Stern, and Markham. Acacians (a-ka'shiauz). A branch of the Ariuus, nanied from Acacius, sumamed "Mo- nophthalmus" ('the one-eyed'), bishop of Cie- sarea (died 363), which occupied a position between that of the Semi-Arians and the ex- treme Ariaus (Anoma>ans). Academic Legion. An armed corps of students, especially iu the revolutionary troubles of 1848 ; specifically, au insurrectionary corps of the kind which was conspicuous at Vienna in 1848. Academy (a-kad'e-mi). The. [Gr. iV».a(%((0.] A public pleasure-ground on the Cephissus, about one mile northwest of ancient Athens, on land said to have belonged, in the time of the Trojan war, to the hero Acadcmus. it was sur- rounded with a wall by Hipparchus and further adorned by Cinion, the son of Miltiades, who betiueathed it to the citizens of Athens. It was the resort of Plato, who taught in its groves for nearly fifty years, till his death in 3J8 B. C. Abusir (a-bo-ser' ). A small town in the Delta Academy, The. The Plutonic school of philoa- of Egypt, south-southwest of Cairo, the ancient Busiris, containing pyramids erected by kings of the 5th dynasty. tween Abukir and the Rosetta mouThof the Abu-Teman (a'bo-te-miin'). Born in Syria Nile, the scene of the battle of the Nile, Aug. about HO, : died about S45. An Arabian court 1 and 2, 1798, Freni'h fleet und of the battle of the Nile, Aug. aooui, oo, . .uc-u auuuo <>»•.. ^u ^i.v.^,<.ii ^,....u in which Nelson defeated the poet at Bag(la.'i. A khan of Kliiva, author Caftcr Ins nlidicalinu) of a history ot tho Mongols anil Tatars, translated into various European languages. Abul-Hassan Ali ebn Bekar (il'bol-has'an a'lo eb'n bi'kiiri. \ i-haiaetor in "Tho Ara- bian Nights' Kiitortainments," tho lover of tho calirs favoriti'. Sclicmsi'Inihar. Hcclng from Bagdad for fear of the calif s anger, ho dies at tho same hour as Scbemselnihar. gcograjihy, a town in Upper Egj-pt on tho west bank of the Nile, near tho modern Arabat-el- Madfilueh, about lat. 20° 13' N., long. 31° 52' E., famous for a temple of Osiris built by Seti I., and also for a temple builtby KamesesiL The former is described by .strat)o as the '*.Memnonion." The plan is a sipiare facing the northeast, with a large rei-taiigiilar pi-ojection from the back of the southeiLst side. From the outer court is entered the long first hjiU, with two ranges of columns, and from it the second hall, witli three ranges. Both these great halls are ormmiented with reliefs. From the second hall there is access to an extensive series of chambers, corridors, and smaller halls, ail decorated with colored reliefs. In one of the corridors is the chronologically iiniioi-tant Tablet of At'vdos. (See below.) A number of the chambers are covered with false vaults, cut to shape from Hat lintels. The temiile of Raini'ses is also dediciited lo Osiris. It was a iccljinglc, preceded by a great iiicloseil court surrounded by Osiride llgures. From the court two S|iacious central hypostyle halls arc entcreii in Buccession, and fn>m these open a number of chambers. The gatewavs were of red and ojjhy (iow'n to the time ot Cicero: so called from the pleasure-ground above described. It is com- monly divided into the Old. the Middle, and the New Academy. The chief representatives of the first were Spcusippus, Xenocrates of Chalcedon, Polemo, l^rates, and Crantor. The Middle Academy was founded by Ar- cesilaus about 244 B. 0., and the New Academy by Car- neades about 160 ii. c. Sometimes the academies of Philo and Antiochus are spoken of as the fourth Academy and the fifth Academy, respectively. Academy, French. [F. Acadhnie fran^aine.l An associatidti originating about 1629 m the informal weekly meetings of a few (8) men of letters in Paris, and forioally established Jan. 2, 1635, by Cardinal Richelieu, for the purpose of controlling the French language and regu- lating literary taste. It consisted of forty mem- bers, the "forty Immortals," the offlcers being a director and a chancellor, both chosen by lot, and a permanent secretary, chosen by votes. Among the objects provided for in the Ci>nstitution was the prepiunition of a ^iictioI^ :u-y, a grammar, a treatise on rhetoric and one on ))oetry. In ItBM tho first edition of the celelinUed " Dielionnaire de I'Academie " appeared, while the seventh appearetl in 1878. The Academy was suppressed by the Convention in 1793, but was reconstructed in ITlifi, under the name of tho "Class of French Ijinguage and Literature." as part of tho National Institute. Its original organiiation was restored by Li'Uis .Will, in 1816. numoer oi cnanincrs. l ne gniewavs were oi ie,i itii,i w - « . . po„ r»,.„i i..,, black granite, and one chamber was wholly lined with Academy, Royal Spanish. [Sp. /wdf .t(.ri or 'Alii?.!).] In an- cient geography, n promontory in Africa, the modern Jelxd Musa or Apes Hill, opposite (^alpo (Gibraltar): the two constitute the fa- mous "I'illars of Hercules." Also .l/>-46. Academy of Fine Arts, The. [F. I'AcadMte di:i iKUiix arl.i.] An institution originating in a jirivatc association of (lainters in the 1-1 Ih cen- tury, recognized by royal aul Invrity in 1648 under t 111' 11 ame of .Vcademv of I'ai lit ingand Sculpture, and ditinilively const riK-leil in 1('>.55 by Cardinal Mazariii. Al the creatl.oi of llie National Institute In ITIir. it was united with llie Academy ••! Archileclure. founded liy Collicrl in IiiTl. to form the fourth class of tho iMfllllule; anil since l.slu this class has liorne the name of Academy of Fine Arts. It coubIsIs ot 41 members, in hon- orary acailcmicianB, 10 foreign a«8<>cinte». and 40 correspon- deniB II piildishcB its memoirs and IranBactlonB a» well aB Ihi! " Oictlonnalre general des beaux arts." Academy of France at Rome. [F Academic 8 the Gulf and River of St. LaTvrenoe. and west- ward by a line running north from the mouth of the Penobscot. It was colonized by France in 1604, on the Bay ol Fundy, and ceded to Great Britain by the treaty of Utrecht, 1713 (except Cape Breton). The ftench settlers in Nova Scotia were deported by the Brit- ish in 1755. Academy of France at Rome (le France n Rome.l A school of fine arts fotiuded at Rome by Louis XIV'.. where those artists are sent, at the public expense, who ob- tain the great annual prizes of the Academy of Fine Arts at Paris. See /'(//(( Medici. Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres. [F. I'Academie des inscriptions et belles- lettres.'] An association composed originally of four members, chosen by Colbert from among the members of the French Academy to draw up inscriptions for the monuments erected by Louis XIV. and the medals struck in liis honor. It received a separate organization in 1701, which was con- Acajutla (ii-ka-Hot la). A firmed by the letters patent of Lonis XIV. in 1712, and was Salvador, Central America. Accorso, Francesco Acciajuoli, or Acciajoli, Donate. Bom at Flor- ence, ]4l;8: died at Jlilan. Aug. 28, 1478. Aa Italian scholar and statesman, gonfalonier of, Florence in 1473. He was the author of lives of Han-i nibal. Scipio. and Charlemagne, of a translation of some of Plutarch's " Lives," and of commentaries on Aristotle' Ethics" and "Politics. Acadian Mountains (a-ka'di-an moun^tauz). AcciolideCerqueiraeSilva(ak-se-6'leda ser- An occasional name of the elevated region in- cluded between the Hudson, the lower St. Law- rence, and the Atlantic, and comprising the mountains of Canada, Maine, and the White and Green Mountains. A small seaport in about 40 miles west of San Salvador » ■■ suppressed by the Convention in 17i)3 ; but at the creation nf the Nationallnstitute in 17115 itsmemberswereincorpo- -~ .T.^v . - .,. .. , .- - v/4.i-\ atedin that bod •: In 1816 the title was restored by Louis Acampichtll, or AcampiXtll va-kam-pesh'tle) XVIIl. for the second class of the Institute. The pres ent Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres consists of 40 members. 10 honorary academicians, and 8 foreign as- sociates, with 50 corresponding members at home and abroad. Academy of Medicine, [F. I'Academie de medeciiie.'] A French aeaaemy founded in 1820 [Azte^, 'handful of reeds.'] A chief, or so- called king, of the Aztecs of Mexico, who, ac- cording to the most probable chronology, was elected in 1375 and died in 1403. He Hd the In- dians of Tenochtitlan in theur wars with Tecpan, and ca- lals and stone houses were first made in Ms time. His -, , , power was very limited, to preserve vaccine matter and act as a bureau ^gapulco .a-ka-pol'ko). A seaport in Guer- oi information to the govenment mi sanitation ^.^^.^^ Mexico, on the Pacific in lat. 16° 51' N., and the public tiealth. It is divided ^nto three sec- ]^, ,_ 990 56' ^X. it has one of the best harbors in the tions : medicine, surgery, and pharmacy. It pubhshes pf,„„try, and had a large commerce during the 17th and memoirs, and carries on an e.\tenmve correspomience. jgj,j centuries. Population, 6,000. Vcademy of Moral and Political Science, Acarnania, or Akarnania (ak-ar-na'ni-a). The. [P. VAcademie des sciences morales etpo- |-f.j._ -xi^apvaria.-] In ancient geographv, a divi- htiqucs.] The fourth class of _the French IS a- gj^^ ^^ Greece, bounded bv the Ambraeian Gulf Accoltl"(ak-k6rt§) Benedetto" tional Institute, founded in 1795, suppressed by Napoleon in 1803, and reestablished by Louis Philippe in 1832. It has 40 members, 6 hon- orary academicians, 6 foreign associates, and 48 corresponding members. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel- phia, The, A scientific institution organized ui 1812, and incorporated in 1817, possessing a valuable library relating chiefly to natural history, and an extensive collection of speci- mens in natural history. Its publications consist ka'rii e sel'vii), Ignacio. Born in Coimbra, Portugal, in 1808: died at Rio de Janeiro, Aug. 1, 1865. A Brazilian geogi-apher. when verj- young he emigrated with his father to Brazil. In ip;;:^ lie began the publication of a series of geographical works on the empire, of which he was made official chronicler. Accius (ak'shi-us), LuclUS. Born about 170 B. c. : died at an advanced age. A Roman tragic poet and prose writer, especially notable for his imitations from the Greek, though he dealt also with Roman subjects. Fragments of his tragedies have been preserved. Also .^tfi^w;. ["The forms Accius and Attius proliably differ dialectically. In the MSS. that with cc greatly preponderates; on the other hand, in inscriptions the spelling of this name with tt is- far the more frequent. ' Teuffel and Schicahe^ Hist, of Kom. Lit. (trans.), I. 191.] Acco. See Acre. Accolon (ak'o-lon). A character in the " Morte d'Arthur," a knight of Gaul, celebrated for his. combat with King Arthur, in which the latter sought to regain his enchanted sword and scab- bard of which Accolon had gained possession through the aid of Morgan le Fay. Bom at Are z- Italy, 1415 : died at Florence, 1466. An Italian jurist and writer, chancellor of the re- public of Florence 1459-<)6. He was the author of a history of the first crusade, "De Bello a Christianis contra Barbaros," etc. (1532), which served as the foun- dation of Tasso's "Gerusalemme liberata. on the north, by AmphUochia on the northeast, byiEtolia on the east (partly separated by the Achelous), and by the Ionian sea on the west. Its ancient inhabitants were the Leleges and Curetes. They were rude mountaineers, but were regarded as Greeks, and as such were allowed to participate in the Pan-Hellenic games ,_^.„. ..^ . , Accolti, Benedetto. Born at Florence, 1497: Acarnaniaand.a:tolia(e-to h-a) Anomarchy ^j^j j^^g ^^ UaM&n cardinal (and legate in ot modern Greece liavinganareaof 2X136 square Ravenna) and poet, author of Latin poems col- miles. Its capital IS Missolonghi. Population leeted in "Carmina illustrium Poetarum Ital- __ (isyoi. 126,S9S. _ oj.u„,-, otaseriesof '• Journals "from 1817 to date, and of "Pro- Acaste (a-kasf). A character m Moliere s ^P^^jj^j^ Bemardo. Born about 1465: died ceeding3"froml84l,besideswhichitalsopul)lished"The play "Le Misanthrope," a gay and brilliant about 1535. An Italian poet, son of Benedetto American Journal of ConcholoB)'." marquis, a lover of Celimene. ' ' - Academy of Sciences, The, [F. ' -l"'rte'";e ^pg^g^g^a-kas'to). A character in Otway's play des sciences.'] An institution founded at Pans ..r^j^g Orphan," a nobleman, the father of Polv- in 1666 by Colbert, approved by Loms XTV. in' ^q^c and Castalio, retired from the court and 1699, suppressed by the Convention m 1/93, and ] j^j^o- on his estates. reconstituted in 1795 as a class of the National ^castus (a-kas'tus), or Akastos (-tos). [Gr. Institute. It numbers 68 members, 10 honor- v^^Q^-of.] In Greek legend, a son of King Pelias or loleos, an Argonaut, and one of the hunters of the Calydoniau boar. He was the father of Laodameia. Acawais. See Accawais. Acaxees (a-kaks'ez). A native tribe (now ex- tinct as such) in the state of Durango in north- ern Mexico. Traces of their language may yet be detected. They were described, in the last years of the ^gQOlti FraUCeSCO. Bom at Arezzo, 1418: Kith century and in the 17th, when first met with, as rather ,i;p,i qf «:„„„ 14,S'^ in Ttnlian iurist nrofes- peaceably inclined, of sedentary habits, and as sorely 'U-,l V the ccmtedcnitlon acquired new strenglh by the accession of Slkyon. un.ler the leadership of Aratus. In o4', H c Aratua was elected slrategus of Ihe leak'Ue, wiiicli under his guidmiee rapidly rose to national iln- nortance. In a short time it embraced Athens, Aglna, Salamis. and the wh.ile ot Pilo|)onneRU». with the excep- tion i>f Sparta, T'l-gea, Orchomenos, Manllneia. and Wis. It was destroyed by the Romans in 1411 B. c, and with It fell the last stronghold of freeilom in ( Ireece. The Aeliican League is remarkable as the most perfect type of fed- eral government which has been handed down from an- tlauitv The confederation was inseparable, every cJty having equal rights with the others ; in t..reignalfairslhe federal government was supreme. I'ommon allalrs were regulated at general meetings held twice a year by the citizens of all the towns. The principal officers were . Jwo™rategi after 255 B. c. only one), who, in conjunction , i h h iMpi" lul' or commander of the cavidry, and an , er-s . 'k s, >om,nande.l the federal army, and were tasted vitli the conduct of war; a state secretai-j- ; and an apparently permanent council of ten denuurgl. who appe^ to hav'e 'presided at 'he great assemblies^ AchSBi (a-ke'i). [Gr. :\;i:a'o,.] The Aclueans, one of the four principal races ot the (,reeks Their chef places of abode were southern Thess.ily and extern Peloponnesus. The name is sometimes exten ed Xtirallv to all the Greeks. In Homeric t""'* ' >ey had rcTtaiii preponderance of influence over the other Ucl- Achsmenes (a-kem'e-nez). [Gi-. ■yx''f±,'K. OPcrs. Uot.lidmaiii, the friendly (Sayee).] The eponvraous founder of the ancient Persian royal family of the Aehtemeuidro : the name was later used as a family name, as by one of tlie sons of Darius Hystaspis. See Achiem(>,„l!e. Achsmenidae (ak-e-men'i-de) An ancient roval familv of Persia, tounded about 600 B. C. Th'e following are the names ot "« leading members Aeh.-emenes, Cyrus the lireat, ' »'"h>scs (t.om tea the Magian usurper), Darius Hystaspis, .\er.\es I., Aitaxeixts I Xei" es II , Sogdianos, Darius Oelius, Artaxerxes -Mne- nVon, Oehus. Arses, Darius codomannus. Also Achjevim- idrx, Achemeiihles, Acluiiicinds. _ , , -, s rn Achaeus (a-ke'us), or Achaios (a-ki os). [Gi. ■Kxaok--] A Greek poet of Eretria in Eul.oea, who flourished from about 484 B. c to 448. He was the author of forty-four dramas, only fragments of which remain. The titles of seventeen are known. He contended with Sophocles and Euripides. , Achaia (a-ka'ya). [Gr. 'A,v«.a.] 1 In ancient geography: (n- iii (Trt»W<) across to the gulf of Pagasa!, and terminating iifthe promontory of PjTrha {Cs.pe Angkifln). Westward it was bounded by the Dolopians and Enianians Rauiinson, Herod., IV. 108, note. (b) A mountainous district in the Peloponne- sus bordering on the Corinthian Gulf, north of Elis and Arcadia : originally named ^Egialus or ^gialeia, that is, "The Coast." (c) The states forming the restored Achtean League, about 280-146 B.C. iie('Achsean,2. (rf) A Roman prov- ince, of uncertain limits, but neariy correspond- ing to modern Greece, formed probably m the 1st century B. C. its northern boundary was proba- bly drawn south of Thessaly and Epirus. ^fh^ province was abolished bv Nero, but was reestablished by % espasian. 2 A medieval Frankish principality m tuvc-o. corresponding generally to the Peloponnesus. Achaia. A nomarchy of modern Greece. .\iru. 1,252 son, the form under which spirit surrenders itself conijiletely to matter and becomes the foundation of the real Achan (a'kan). An Israelite of the tribe of Judah. stoned to death, with his family, for plundering during the sack of Jericho. Josh, vii. Also called .(f/("r. 1 t'liron. u. «. Achard (iich'iirt), Franz Karl. B.'rn at Ber- lin April 28. 17.53 : di<'d at ( ■uncrn, SiUSia. .\pn :0. 1.S21. A Gerniaii cljciiiisl. the loiinder ot tiir< tlie beet-root sugar nianuf... ■■•■ • x-^^A^o Achard tiish-iir'), Louis Ani6d6e Eugene li "•„ at Marseilles, Ai.ril 23. 1814: died at Pans, March 25, 1875. A Kren.di novelist and dram- atist, author of "La B.lle Rose" (184<), "l-n Chass.- Rnvale" (lK4!l-r^), etc. AchariUS (ii-kil'ri-os), Erik. Born at Gefle. Sw.m"V. Oct. 10, 1757: .lied at Wadslena.Swe- ,|(.n Aug. 14, 1819. A Swedish physician and botanist, a pupil of Linmeus: author of " LicU- onogriiphia universalis," et(^ Acharnians (a-kiir'ni-uM.), The "y; / vj-/-'-'. Acl,;,rn.e, the pnnciiml deme a, or country Pimiysia, 425 B. r. it was an attempt to support the arlstocratl,- peace party aga n» thelntrlguesa;idir,llmidati..ns,.tthe.Vmocrnlc«ariai > ropresente.! by the. hurus ..( Acbarnians. In form It is an nxlravauanl farce rather than a comedy. Achasta. See Hum>:rn. Achastlian. See liumsen. Achillini Achates (a-ka'tez). The faithful companion, •■ lidus Achates," of .Slneas. Acheen. Se.- Achiii. . . , _ .. rp,. Achelous iak-e-16'us), or Acheloos (-os). [Gi. ■\V«/i.«"'.] In' ancient geography, a river lu Greece'(the modern Aspropotamo), which nses in Epirus, forms part of the boundary between ancient Jitolia and Acarnania, and flows into the Ionian sea. Its length is about 130 miles. Achenbach (ach'eu-biich). Andreas. Born at Cassel. Germany, Sept. 29, 1815. A noted Ger- man landscape and marine painter. Achenbach, Oswald. Bom at Dusseldorf. l>rnssia Feb. 2, 1827. A German landscape- painter,' brother of Andreas. The subjects of his works are chiefly Italian. . . , „ Achenwall (ach'en-vUl), Gottfried. Bom at Elbin.-!^ Prussia, Oct. 20, 1719: died at Giittin- een May 1 , 1772. A Gei-man scholar, professor of philosophy (1748) and of law (1761) at the University of Gottingen. He is regarded as the fouiid'er of the science of statistics. Achern liich'ern). A town in Baden, situated on the Acher about 31 miles southwest of Carisruhe. Population, 3,0^0. Achernar (a-ker'nar). [Ar. Al-her-nahr, the latter part.] The first-magnitude star a En- dani, situated in the southern hemisphere at the southern extremity ot the constellation, about 32* degrees from the south pole. Acheron (ak'c-ron^. [Gr. 'A,Tfp"v: probably derived from'Heb. airrm, the west i. e. the direction of the setting sun darkness; hence its connection with Hades.] 1. lu an- cient geographv, the name of several small rivers, of which the chief, the modern Gurla. was in Thesprotia in Epirus. It flo»-ed through the lake Acherusia, received the waters of the toeytut (the modern Vuvos), and emptied into the Ionian sea^ 2 In classical mythology, a nver in Hades, and later the Lower Worid in general. Acherusia Palus (ak-e-ro'gi-a pa iH?'-, .l-,!" •Acheriisiaii bog,' Gr. 'AjteP'"""" ^i""/-3 -|" f"" cient geography, the name of several stnall lakes supposed to be connected with the lower world. The most important were the lake through which the Acheron flowed, and one 11 """","'"' ^fl pies the modern Lago del Fusar... Like Achcruu . the name 'vas'transferred to the lower world. Achill, <>!• Achil (ak'il), or Eagle Island. An island in the county of Mayo, Ireland, off the western coast in lat. 54° N., long. 10° W. Area, SO siiuare miles. , , ■ ,--■ n Achilleis (ak-i-le'is), ^^AchlUeid (ak-i-le dK 1 An unfinished epic poem by P. Papinius Statins— 2 A part of the Iliad, comprising Books^i, VIII, XI-XXII, regarded by some crit- ics as constituting a poem of which the theine is the "wrath ot Achilles," and which is dis- tinct from, and older than, the res ot the Iliad. See Iliad. The name "Achilleis" was iirst ap- plie.l to these books by Grote.-3. A poem by AchUles (a-kil'e^). [Gr. 'Ax^-h.] A Greek legendary warrior, son of Peleus and Thetis and grandson of -Ea.-us. and chief of the M\T- midons a Thessalian tribe. He is the centnJ her» of the Iliad, which is largely occupied with Ins qawrel witi Agam ninon, leader of the Oreek host, and liis mart iiil exploits. He w.ui the Blayer of Hector, and waa himself slain by Paris. in Vebilles. Homer summed up and fixed forever the ideal of the Greek character. He presented an '"'P^ "h^ able picture of their national youthfulness and of th>lr ar'ient genius, to the Greeks. The " b™»<' "1 ''",•:'■;," '',^^': Ism 'of Achilles, his strong P««".'»l"yl"""r^,'' ^,X controlled and tempered by divine wisdom, his inleuM ie ndsliip and love that passe.l llic love of ,v,.men. above all. the Bdendor of his youthful life n death made per- feet hovired like a dream above the imagination of the Greiks, and insensibly determined their s''''^;'' . >' « velopnient. At a later age, this l.leal was destined to be realized In Alex-Kle.;^ ^,^,j,^.^ „, ,„., ^,^..,, p.^.^,. ,. .,, Achilles. An opera by liay produced at Covent Gimlen in 1733. Coliiian the elder brought out "Achilles in Petticoats," altered from tiay. in the same year. ah,.,-* Achilles of Germany. A surname of Albert, F.leeliir of Hr.uideiiburg. Achilles Tatius (a-kil'e/ ta'shi-us). Lived ,,n,bMlilv ab..iit .500 A. l>. An Alexandrine rhet- ,,riei!ni.aiithorof aGreek romance, "Leucippe niiil Cleitopholi." , ,, Achilleum (ak-i-le'um). Aplnee on the promon- tory rfS^gcum. in the Troad. containing, ac- cording to tratlition. the lemb of Aehilh.s. Achillini (ii Uil-l."''ne). Alessandro. B'.rti at IWognntltaly, <)ct. 29. 1463: died Aug. 2, 1..12 An Italian physician and iihilosopher, sumameil "the second Aristotle." Achin Achiii, or Acheen, or Atcheen (a-chen'), or Atjeh. A former Malay sultauate, now a Dutch dependency, in northeiii Sumatra. A war with the Dutch, which began in 1873, resulted in the virtual subjugation of the country. Population, about 290,000 (!). Achin. The capital of Achin, on the river Aohin about lat. 5° 40' X., long. 95° 20' E. Achines, Bicardo. The name commonly given by old Spanish-American historians to Richard Hawkins. Achish (a'kish). 1. A Philistine king of Gath with whom David sought refuge when fleeing from Saul. 1 Sam. x.\i. 10-13; xxix. — 2. An- other king of Gath who reigned in the time of Solomon. 1 Ki. ii. 39-40. Achitophel. See Jhithophel. Achmed. See Achmet. Aclunet (ach'met) I., or Ahmed (ah'med) Born 1589: died Nov. 2-', 1017. A sultan of Turkey, son of Mohammed III. whom he suc- ceeded in 1603. He concluded, Nov. 11, 1606 the peace of Sitvatorok with Austria, when for the first time the Turks observed the principles of an international law in their diplomatic relations with Christian nations. In 1612 he concluded an unsuccessful war with Persia. Achmet II., or Ahmed. Born 1642: died Feb. 6, 1695. A sultan of Turkey, brother of Soly- man II. whom he succeeded Julv 13, 1691. His forces were expelled from Hungary hy the battle of Salan- keman, Aug. 19, 1691, in which the grand vizir Kiuprili the Virtuous was defeated and slain by the Austrians under Louis of Baden. Achmet III., or Ahmed. Bom 1673: assassi- nated 1736. A sultan of Turkey 1703-30, brother of Mustapha II. whom he succeeded. He was in- volved by Charl'-s XII. (who. after the battle of Pultowa in 1709, took refuge first in Otchakotf. then in Bender) in a war with Kussia. which was ended by the Peace of the Pruth 1711 (see Pruth): took Morea and the Ionian Islands Irom Venice, 171.". ; was defeated at Peterwardein in 1716 and at Belgrad in 1717 by the Austrians under Prince Eugene; and signed the treaty of Passarowitz in 171S(see Passaromtz). He was compelled by the janizaries to re- sign, and died of poison in prison. Achmet, or Ahmed, Bey. Died July 16, 1822. A Turkish commander in the Greek war of in- dependence. He was repulsed by the Greeks, May 27, lb-21, in an attack on the fortified post at V.altetzi. Achmet, or Ahmed, Kiuprili. Born 1635 : died 16(6. Grand vizir of the Ottoman empire from 1661 to 1676. He added Candia. Xeuhausel in Hungary, and Kamieniee in Poland to the empire. Achmetha. See Echatana. Achomawi (ii-cho-ma'wi). An almost extinct tribe of Xorth American Indians. See Pa- laiknihaii. Achray (ak'rS), Loch. A lake about 2 miles long, m western Perthshire, Scotland, 17 miles northwest of Stirling. Acidalius (at-si-da'li-6s), Valens. Born at VVittstock, Prussia, May 25, 1567: died at Aeisse, Prussia, May 25, 1595. A German phi- lologist and man of letters, author of commen- taries on Latin classics. Acilia gens (a-sil'i-a jenz). In ancient Rome, a clan or house whose family names were A^■i- ola, Balbus, and Glabrio. Members of the last two families were frequently tribunes of the plebs. Acireale, or Aci Reale (a'che-re-ii'le). A city in the province of Catania, .Sicilv, situated on the eastern coast 9 miles north-northeast of Catania. Near it are the grotto of Galatea, the cuve of Polyphemus, and the Rocks of the Cyclops. Population, Acis(a'sis). [Gr. 'iUif.] In classical mythology, a beautiful Sicilian, son of Faunus and Symae- this, beloved by Galatea, and slain by Polyphe- mus the Cyclops, his unsuccessful rival. He was crushed under a r.H-k. and his blood as it flowed forth was changed into the linr Acis. Acis and Galatea. A pastoral opera by Han- ofi ^2^,^"^,^ '" V~^ °^ ^'■-1- The words are by Uay, with additions from Pope, Hughes, and Drvdcn •Aci, Galatea e Polifemo" is another work by Handel composed in Italy in 1708-09. Grove. -Acis et Galatee (ii-sez' a gii-lU-ta'). An opera by Lulh (words by Campistron) produced in 1080 Ackermann (ak'er-miin), Johann Christian Gottlieb. Bom Feb. 17, 1756: tUed at \ltorf Bavaria, March 9, 1801. A Genuan mediral writer, author of " Institutione.* historite raedi- cinse'' (1792). and lives of Hippocrates, Theo- phrastus, Dioscorides, Aretsus, Rufus Ephe- sius, and Galen. Ackermann. Konrad Ernst. Born in Schwe- nn, Gem.T,,iy, Feb. 1, 1712 : died at Hamburg, J ' '"'• A noted German actor. He ap- ^1^ -.v" "'•'' ^''*'= ^*' '" Wneburg (Jan., 1740). trav- eiea with various companies for several years, and erected and conducted a theater in Hamburg (1764-67). He isre- garded as the founder of the German school of acting 10 Ackermann, Rudolph. Born at Schneeberg, Saxony, April 20, 1704: died March30. 1834. A German art-puUisher and bookseller in Lon- don, son of a coach-builder and harness-ma- ker, whose trade he, for a time, followed. The establishment of lithography as a fine art in England is credited to him. Acklin Island (ak'liu i'laud). A long island III the group of the southern Bahamas. Ada (a'klii). A town on the Caribbean side of the Isthmus of Panama, probably near the bay of San Bias, it was founded by "pedrarias in l.ilD, and was the place where Balboa built" his ships to be transported across the isthmus in 1517, and where he was executed. The settlement, for a time important, was abandoned before 1580. Acland (ak'land). Lady Christian Henrietta Caroline (commonly known as Lady Har- riet). Born Jan. 3, 1750 : died at Tetton, near Taunton, England, July 21, 1815. A daughter of the first earl of Ilchester, and wife of .Major John Dyke Acland whom she accompanied through Burgoyne's campaign in 1777. Her ad- ventures formed a noteworthy incident of the Revolutionarv War. Acland, Sir Henry Wentworth. Born Aug. 23, 181,.: died Oct. 10, 1900. An English phvsi- cian, regius professor of medicine in Oxford 185/-94. He accompanied the Prince of Wales to America in 1860. Acland, John Dyke. Died at Piston Park, near Dulverton, England, Oct. 31, 1778. An English soldier and politician. As member of Par- liament he was a vigorous opponent of the demands of the American colonies, and. as major of the -.'Oth Foot joined Burgoyne's expedition during the Revolutionary ^^ ar. He was wounded in the second battle of Saratoga and taken prisoner. During the campaign he was accom- panied by his wife. See Acland. Lady. Aclla-huasi (ak-lyii-wa'se). In the Inca em- pire of Peru, a geueral name given to any con- vent of virgins dedicateil to the sun ; in particu- lar, the great convent at Cuzco where virgins of royal lineage were kept in rigid seclusion. Its site is now covered by the Roman Catholic convent of Santa Catalina, but remains of the old wall are discernible. Acoemitae (as-e-mi'te). [L.; Gr. aKoif/ij-ai, ' the sleepless ones ' or watchers.] A monastic or- der founded by Alexander, a Syrian monk, about 430. The day was divided into three parts during each of which one third of the monks carried on their devtS tions so that the worship in the monastery was unceasinc Acolastus (ak-0-las'tus). A Latin comedy coni- posed by Gulielmus Fullonius (Willem de Voi- der), a schoolmaster of The Hague, and trans- lated into English prose and published in 1540 by John Palsgrave with the Latin version : first acted in 1529. it was designed for use in schools, and (here were forty different issues of it during the lifetime of the author. Acolhnas (a-ko-lo'az). A branch of the Na- huatl tribe of central Mexico, reported by tra- dition to have preceded the Aztecas in the oc- cupation of the valley of Mexico, and to have been the founders of the Indian settlement at Tezeueo. Also Aci>HiHan.s. Acoma (a'ko-ma). [Properly Ako. but, with the affix -nm, indicative of tribe or people, cor- rupted into Acoma or JAomn.] An Indian vil- lage of western New Mexico, situated about 14 miles south of the station of Cubero on the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad in Valencia Coun- t.V. Acoma was first visited by the Spaniards under Coro- nado in .sept, 1540, and appears in the chronicles of that time as dcuco (a corruption of Ba-hi^kia). Acoma. A tribe of North American Indians, about 5q0 in number, inhabiting the pueblo of the same name in western New Mexico. This and Isleta are the only pueblos occupying the same site since the Spanish invasion in the loth centun-. It in. eludes the siunmer vUlages of Acomita and Pueblito See h'rresan. Acomat(a-k6-mii'). InRaeine'stragedy "Baja- zet," an ambitious vizir. Aconcagua (ii-kon-kii'gwii). A province in central Chile, bounded by Coquimbo on the north, and by Santiago and Valparaiso on the south. Capital, San Felipe. Area, 5,840 square miles. Population (1891). 1.53,049. Aconcagua, Mount. One of the highest peaks of the Andes, situated in the provinces of San Juan and Mendoza, Argentina, about lat. 32° 31' S long. (j9° 50' W. Height, 22.860feet (Giissfeldt)'. Aconcio (a-kon'cho), Giacomo. Bom at Irent, Tyrol, about 1.500: died at London, about 1566. An Italian theologian and engineer, a refugee in England in the time of Queen Eliza- beth, to whom he dedicated his " Stratagemata Satana!" (1565). Also Acomio, Concio, and Latinized Acontim (Jacobus). Acontius (a-kon'shi-us). The principal char- Acre aoter in the tale of Acontius and Cydippe, told by Arista?netus and by Ovid. "Acontius gathered an orange in the garden of Venus, and having written on the rind the words, ■ By Artemis, I will marry Acontius ' thfew It m Cydippes way. She took it in her hand read out the inscription, and threw it from her. But Artemis heaid the \„vr, and brought about the marriage • WU- liam Morns has taken the legend for the subject of one of his poems in "The Earthly Paradise." Acontius, Jacobus. See Aomcio. Acordad Ui-k6r-THaTH'). A court established at Queretaro, New Spain (Mexico), for the sum- mary trial of brigands and other criminals It originated m an old Spanish institution, the SanU Hermandad. which was originally a kind of vigUance committee, was subsequently inverted into a reguLar police force and tribunal, and after 1631 had court* in Spanish America. In 1719 the (Juer^taro court, or acor- dad, was given independent powers, and it was ordered that there should be no appeal from it; its officers had jurisdiction throughout New .Spain. The court was sup- pressed in 1SI3, but its methods are still in vogue m -Mexico. Agores. Same as Aj:ores. Acosta (a-kos'ta), Christovaode. Died 1580. A Portuguese traveler and naturalist, author of " Tratado de las drogas y medeeinas de las ludias orientates'' (1578). Acosta, Gabriel (later Uriel) de. Born at Oporto. Portugal, about 1591: committed sui- cide, 1647 (1640 ?). A Portuguese philosopher and Jewish proseMe from Catholicism. He was excommunicated by the synagogue at Amsterdam on ac- cotint of rationalism. His autobiography was published under the title 'Exemplar vita; humanfe " (16s7). Acosta, Joaquin. Born in Guaduas, Colombia, about 1/95: died at Bogotd, 1852. A Colom- bian soldier and historian. He entered Bolivar-s army in 1819, and before his death had attained the rank of general. He was also a member of congress and held important diplomatic posts. Besides traveling and con- ducting extensive investigations in Colombia, he visited Spam in 1845 to search the archives there, and spent several years in Paris where he published bis "Compendio histSrico del descubrimiento y colonizacion de la Nueva Granada (1S4S). Acosta, Jos6 de. Bom at Medina del Campo, Old Castile, 1.540: died at Salamanca, Feb. 15, 1600. A Spanish Jesuit historian and archffiolo- gist. He went to Peru in 1571, was historiographer of the council of bishops at Lima 1582-83, in 1586 resided for some time in iJexico, returned to Spain in 1587 vis- ited Rome in 1690, was subsequently at the head of the Jesuits College at Valladolid, was visitor in Aragon and Andalusia^ and finally had charge of the College at Sala- manca. The first two books of his "Natural and Moral History of the Indies." in Latin, appeared at Salamanca m 1588 and 1589 ; the entire work in Spanish at Serille in lo90. There are many editions in Spanish, Latin. Italian. French, Dutch, Gennan, ami English. He also published the 'Conclhum Limense " (Hume, 1589), "De proniulga- tione evangelii apud barbaros " (15&9), and various theo- logical treatises in Latin. Acqua (a'kwS). Cesare dell'. Born at Pirano, Istria, July 22, 1821. A painter of portraits and historical subjects. Acquapendente (a'kwii-pen-den'te). A small town in the province of Rome, Italy, 67 miles northwest of Rome. Acquaviva (ii-kwa-ve'va). A town in the prov- ince of Bari. Italy, 18 miles south by west of Bari._ Population, about 8,000. Acqui (a'kwe). A town in the province of Ales- sandria, Italy, the ancient Aquae Statiellfe, sit- uated on the Bormida 29 miles northwest of Genoa, noted for hot sulphur baths. It has a cathedral and silkworm industry. Population, about 10,000. Acrae (a'kre). [Gr. "AKpau'] In ancient geog- raphy, a city of Sicily, a colony of Svracuse, on the site of the modern Palazzolo "Acreide (which see). Acragas, or Akragas (ak'ra-gas). [Gr. 'Axpa- ;(»;.] _ The Greek name of Agrigentum. Acrasia (a-kra'zi-a). [Gr. iiKpaaia, intemper- ance, immoderateness.] In Spenser's "Faerie Queene," a beautiful woman .the personification of intemperance in all things, living in the "Bower of Bliss," in which is evervthing to de- light the senses. She was suggested bv Circe and, more directly, by the Alcina of Ariosto. Aerates (ak-ra'tez). [Gr. oKparyc. intemperate.] A male character in the "Faerie Queene," by Spenser, personifying the intemperate love of pleasure. Acre (a'keror a'ker). or Saint-Jean d'Acre. A seaport in Palestine, Asiatic Turkev. on the bay of Acre about lat. 32° 56' N., long. 35° 4' E. : the ancient Acca. Aceo ("Ak?;, "Akx^). the scriptural Aecho. and the later Ptolemais. it is one of the chief ports for the Palestine coast. It was in the territory assigned to the tribe of Asher (Judges i. 31). but was never conquered bv the Israelites. Its kinis were reckoned next to those of Tjre and Sidon. It was conquered by the Assyrian king Sennacherib and captured and ruined hy his grandson -Assiirbanipal. It was captured by the Arabs in 638, by the Crusaders in 1104. by Saladin Acre In 1187 aiKl by the Crusaders in 1191: and was Md by tSe Ki Ib s of St. John until Vl'Jl, being the last strong- Wd "a'esline tu hold out for the Christians. Sir SWney Smith defended it suecessfuUy against >apoleo.. in Si 1 1S32 it was taken l>y Ibrahim Pasha, and in iwibv'the Anglo- Austrian-Turkish forces. It was named S^M^eandA„e by the Knights of Si. John. Population, 8,00a A« Ptolemais, Akko played a most important p;u-t inthe OrafciRoman »ge: as .\cre. it has been famous in his- i^>^f%mThe period of the Crusades to times withm our owX menun. It occupied the north-western extremity °r?h°CTeat bay which indents the Syrian coast north of cLSeL a bay eight miles aci-..ss and about four miles dS^ Its own haven w.is ..mall and exposed ; but on he oS^siti side of the liay, under Carmel, was the shelteied Stead of Uiiifa ; and either at Akko or at Haifa vessels J^uld rWe securel ■ in almost all sorts of wea her. U e S?Mt Im Dortance of Akko was t hat it commanded the en trance Ke broad plain of Esdraelon, conducing to the SvalK-y of the .Uudan, and so was. in a certain sei.se, lLu,?as often called, "the key of Palestiiie." Its kings were r^koned next in rank to those of Tyre and Mdon dir7ng the Assyrian period ; and we And them taking pM;t In the wars which were carried on by Shalmaneser I\ . iiid Sennacherib. na,oli,uli wlllt llllll llllll'h It} 11 waUs aiiii tniln'g. especially by Cimon, who had imi.-h t do with devising the plans for > • < ... .... 1...1 ....t <.., »i.„ UI-..-...K "- I-—- •■••■ monumental embelli ment which were carrleil out under Pericles. The ancient cntnmce to the Acropolis was on the southwest, by a narrow, winding path commanded by the batlleinenls above. Among the other monuments ol the Acroiiolis are the prc-Persian temple of Athena, correclly Ideiilltkcl and studied by Doi pfild in ISM.',, the colossal bronze statue by Phidias of Athena Promachos, and the temple ot ^VIngles» Victory. The sloiies of the Acropolis were occu- pied by Important f.nmdall.ms, particularly on the south, where lie the Odeum of llerodes. the sanctuary of ['•"'■u- lapiuB, and Ihe liionysiac theater. Under the ineil eval Franks and Turks the Acropolis was the citadel and al«>de of the duke» ami pashas. The Parthenon was In turn cathedral and mowiue ; the Propyla^a became Ihe palace and government ..tllres; ami the I'.recbthenm. after being a church, was lltted as the pasha's harem. These great momimenU remained cmiparullvely unbarme.l until a lato date In the Turkish domination. The Propyhea were shattered by au explosion ot gunpowder Induced by lightning, the Erechtheum was destroyed by the over, wci -h i ,.' of the roofs in the elfort t« make them bomb, pim, ana the Parthenon was cut in two in n«7, duung he Venetian siege of Athens under Komgsmark, by a bomb purposely shot into the powder stored m It. Acropolita (akro-po-li'tij) George. Born at fon^iantinople in 12^0: died Ucc, I2b2. A By- zantine historian and diplomat, employed by the emperor Michael Palceologiis in the nego- tiations with Popes Clement IV., Gregory X., John XXI., Nicholas III., and Martin I\ ., to re- unite the Greek and Latin churches. He wrote a historv of the Byzantine empire from 1204 to 1261." Acs (iich). A village in the county of Komorn, Hungary, siUiated on the Danube west ot Komorn : the scene ot several contests between t lie Austrians and Hungarians in 1849. ^ Acta Apostolorum (ak'ta a-pos-to-lo rum). See Ads of ihe JjiosUes. Acta Diurna(ak-tii di-er'nil). [L.,-eyentsofthe dav '] A Komau " official dailychronicle, which, iiraddition to official reports of events in the imperial family, and state and city atiairs, con- tained regulations by the magistrates, transac- tions and decrees of the senate, accidents, and family news communicated to the editors. The \cta were publicly exhibited on a whitened board (album) which any one might read and copy ; and there were men who made a business of multiplying and transmitting such news to the provinces. After a time he originals were placed among the state archives for the benefit o those who wished to consu t them' (^i'f^-^.^ic • of Class. Antia. Ed. by Nettleship and Sandys). The pnliU- cation of such news w:>s made official by Csesar ■., -t ce»se'l, apoiirently, on the transfer ol the capital to lonstanti- nople I'he eleven fragments of "Acta (diurna) popull., first published in 1615 (called "fragmenta DodwcUiana, from Uodwell the chief defender of their genuineness) are now regarded as spurious. . , t r. i Actaeon (ak-te'on). [Gr. 'Aktwuv.] In Greek mythology, a hunter, son of Aristwus and Au- to'noe, daughter of Cadmus, who, having seen Artemis (Diana) bathing, was changed by her into a stag and torn in pieces by his own dogs. Other accounts of his death are given. • Acta Eniditonun (ak'tii e-ro-di-to'rum). [U, •acts of the leai-ned': with reference to the Roman 'acta,' or official records. See Acta I)iunia.'\ The first German literary periodical, founded by Otto Mencke at Leipsic, 1082, and discontinued 1782. After his death his son J. B. Mencke became editor. In 173'2 the ."'K' "»^,<;^*"S^i'" ■' Nova Acta Eniditorum"-anew series edited by another son, F. <). Mencke. , Acta Martyrum (ak'ta mar'ti-rum). bee Acta s43. It now consists of over sixty folio volumes, including an index published in Actiuni(ak'shi-um). [Gr.-i^Krm..] In ancient graphy, a promontory on the northwestern coast of Acarnania, Greece, about hit. 38° ,''.(. N lonir 20° 46' E. The ancient peribidos or sacred hulosure, rectangular in plan and built '" »l;»» ""^;^, f^' turn, the seat of the famous Acti.m games of Augustus stil remains. Recent excavations have laid ''''r^^^, ™?' V niins ot several successive temples, the la est of which s that dedicated by Augustus after the vieU.o ot •>:•»• A famous naval l.attle was fought ncnj Actium between nctavluB and .Mark Antony and Clcpatra '••^P ■■;.•'.> ", : II wasdeci.led by the lligbt of Ch;"patn.. j^.'-''^ ','',' J f„rce, surrendered to Oetavins. rhe victory sec red for Ihe latter supreme rule over the Roman dominion. Actius SynceniS. The academical name ot Sana/.zaro. , ^ , ■ ,, Acton (ak'ton). A suburb of T-ondon in the couiitv of Middlesex. 8 miles west of St. I aul s. I'opulatioi, (ISiin. •_'4.^207. Acton, Charles Januarius Edward. ?""-""» Xapl.'s, March 0, lS0;i : .lied Uicic. .) ili.e ..I 184i The second son of Sir John Francis Edward A.-ton. He entered the service of the Pope, was inado cardinal In l.sr' and playe.l "" .""r"'"" . ''S ' " '"" "' I.,ditle», especially In matters relal ng to England. Acton Eliza. Bon, at Pattle England .^pnl 17 IT'.tO: ilied at llampstead, teb. 1.), 18.)9. An English poet and prose wTJter, best known „s the aulhiu- of '• Modrn, ';;'''kory (1H4.,). Acton, Sir John Francis Edward. Horn at Hesancon, Knince, ITItll: di.dat Palermo. Aug ]•> IHll An ollicer in the naval service ot France and afterward (1799) of 'rus.-any, gen- eralissimo and prime minister at Naples during Adalbert the French revolutionary epoch. In Deceinbef. 1798, after the snceesses of the French in northern Italy Actin tied (with the king and queen) 'o^.P"^™"' V"' wlUsooi, restored t., Naples where he established a reign of terror, committing to prison and executing many citi- z'ns ™ the authority of the Junta. In 1804 he wa» re. moved on the d.niaud of France. Acton. Thomas C. Bom 1823: died May 1, 1898. An American banker and public official, president of the board of New \ork pobce during the draft riots in 1863. Actors' Vindication, The. See Apology Jor Acttirs. , , , ^. „ Acts of the Apostles. A book of the New Testament, a continuation of the third gospel (Luke), and, according to a uniform tradition, bv the same author. It is a history of the early pmgress of Christianity after (and including) the ascen- sion of l.'hrist. Acuco See AcoiiHi. Acufia (a-kon'yii), Cristoval de. Born at Bur. ..OS Spain, 1397: died at Lima, Peru, probably before 165.i. A Jesuit missionary and aiithor. Ue was rector of the College of Cuenca, near Quito. In 16:!9 he accompanied Pedro I'eixeira on l''s.>'oy.»«f.?<>*° the Amazon, and in IWl published at Madrid t»9 " -Nuevo descubrimiento .lei gran rio de las Amazonas. which is the first clear account of that river. Tlie original edition of this wirk is very rare, but there are later ones in various languages. U^ppears that Acufta visited Rome as procu- rator of his province before returning to Peru. Acuna y Bejarano (a-kon'ya e ba-na-ra no), Juan ae, Jla.'q."'^ of (Tasa Fuerte. Born at Lima. Peru, lO'iT: died at Mexico, 1(34. A Spanish-American soldier and administrator. He was governor of Messina, viceroy of Aragon and Mai- lorca, member of the supreme council of war, and vice, roy of New Spain from Vi-2 until his death. Acufia. Hernando de. Died 1380. A Spanish poet and soldier. He served in the expedition of Charles V. against Tunis. At the request of the emperor he translated Olivier de la Marchess -Le chevalier deli- Mr^'llis poems were published after his death, under the title " Varias Poeslas " (lo91). Acusilaus(a-ku-si-la'us). [Gr. 'AKOtm^aoc] An ancient Greek commentator on, or prose para- nhrast of. the Theogony of Hesiod. He wis bom at ^rgos prohablv about the middle of the 6th century B c , and w^ liy Lme regarded as one of the seven wise Ada la'dii). [The Greek form of the Hebrew naiiH'.] See Adah. Adad. See Iliuhul. ^.., ,■ ..> . . ™, Adafudia, or Adafoodia (a-da-fo di-a). A town in the western part of Sudan, Africa, in lat. 13° 6' N., long. 1° 3' E. Population, about Adah (a'dil). [Heb., 'ornament,' 'beauty'; Or 'AiwtAila.] 1. In the Old Testament: («) The first of the two wives of Lamech. Gen. iv. 19-"3 (h) One of the wives of Esau and the mother of Eliphaz. Gen. x-xxvi.- 2. The wife of Cain, a character in "Cain, 'by Lord Byron. Adair (a-dar'), James. An English trader resi- dent among the North Amencau (Chic_kasaw and Cherokee) Indians from 1,3a to 1/ .o. He "'■o.e a • • 11 istory of the American V"'""'i:. I '.fAj" Jew^ he mahitains that the Indians are descendanU of the Jew 8. Adair, John. Born in Cliester County ^. C , 17,-19: die.i in Uarrodsbuig, Ky., May 19, 1840 An American politician and soldier. He served In he Kevoluti,.naV> War, was an olHcer in the Kentucky "ate militia (nllimately b, i«adier.geiura ), served In o , diail wars.,n,d command.nl .be V^-'^f'L'.Z'': " „', r battle of New Oriealis. He was I Mlted ^t^''^'" ,''X I frlmi Kentucky lsnt.-Oi!, g..vernor of Kentucky Kv2o-J4, and member of Congress 18;tl-;». _ Adair, Sir Rohert. Born at London, May .4, 17(;:i: died there, Oct. 3, 1855. An English dip- lomat and writer of historical memoirs. Hewa. ,.nt on diplomatic missions to Vienna laW-UT, '<;<^;''» ;'"• t nople IS ns-irl, where he concluded the treaty of the liar I iiielt^ and to the U.w Countries 18:11-3.-.. He published " istorl" M inoirs of a Mission to the Court o V lelina in ""nrdsnx and -The N.-.'otlath.ns for the Peace of the liardanellisin IslW-lsiW (ISl'O- Adair, Robin. See Uohin Adair. Adaize. Sec lladai. Adal(i-.hil'i. or Adel (ii-lsn. A/ffe'-^ '" eastern Africa, boui d by Danakil Ln.id on Ihe north, Ihe Gulf of Aden on the east Nmuili Land on Ihe south, and Abyssinia on the west. Its Inhabitants are Mohammedan "r"'"^"- JJ.'^'SaW lirltish and French iKissesslonson the coast. Mm aaam, Adai'beron (a-laPbe-ron). or Adalbero (a-daP- 1.. 1.0 lTied-)8H. Bisliopof U'heiins and .'lian- celliu^of France uii.lcr Lotliaire ami '-""if;; In (t he was made a.cbbNhop, and In lks7 he ol Ida cd !;,\i,^c'ro,,rion of llngb Capet, by whom liewas. levated I,. Ihe ponlllonol lord high chancellor. , , , . Adalbert (ad'al-berl). Saint. Flourished about 7011 ..\ii earlv English saint, perhaj.s a grand- son of Oswald, king ot Deirft. He devoted liini. self to missionary work among the Frimlans, and .. wild to have liceii the tlrst archdeacon of t trecliu Adam (ii'dam), Franz. Boi-n May 4, X815: died military scenes, son of Albrecht Adam ("a-don'), Louis. Born at Miettershelz, Alsaee, 1758: died at Paris, 1848. A noted French pianist, father of Adolphe Charles Adam. Adam (a'dam). MelcMor. Bom at Grottkau, Silesia, 1551 : died 1G22. A Gei-man Pi-otestant divine and biographer, author of "Vits Ger- manoriim Philosophorum," etc. Adam (a-dou'). Quirin Frangois Lucien. Born at Naney, Jlay 31, 1833. A French magis- trate and philologist, noted for researches on American and other languages, Adalbert Adalbert, Saint (originally Czech Vojtech(voi'- tech). Born near Prague, Bohemia, about 9.')5: martjTed in West Prussia, April 23, 997. A Bohemian prolate, bishop of Prague, called the " Apostle of the Pi-ussians." in 988 he aban.ioned „, ,.r-, his diocese and retired to the monastery of Saut' Alessio a j in Rome, but was constrained in 993 to return. He tiien AClam devoted himself to missionary work among the Prussians. Adalbert. Died 981. A German missionary, archbishop of Magdeburg, called the "Apostle of the Slavs." Adalbert. Died at Goslar, Prussia, March 16. 1072. A German prelate, archbishop of Bre- men and Hamburg. He attempted the forma- tion of a northern patriarchate. Adalbert (ii'dal-bert). Heinrich Willielm. Born at Berlin, Oct. 29, 1811: died at Karlsbad, June 6, 1873. A prince of Prussia, son of Prince Wilhelm, the youngest brother of King Adam (ad'am), Robert^ Born at Kirkcaldy, Frederick William III. He entered the army as an Scotland, 1728: died at London. March 3, 1792. artillery officer in 1832. In 1842 lie visited southern Br;i2il A noted Scottish architect and landscane-Tiain- anrt the Amazon anil Xingii. A description of this vovace ter See -l/lphiljl was published for private cirrulation, and repuWished in AJo«, Willjltl "d j. if v ,. t-- English (2 vols., London. is4>0. After the levolutioii of Aoam, William. Horn at Marybiirgh, Kinross, 1848 he was employed in tin- ..ijianization of the German Scotland, Aug. 2. 1751 : died at Edinburgh, Feb. aXiTo/- i-'i- ■ -^ A .. T -u,-. „ 17,1839. A British lawyer and politician, one Adalia (a-da le-a), or i^taliyeh (an-ta,'le-ye), of the managers of the impeachment of Warren or Satah (sa-ta le) or Sataliah (sa-ta'le-a). A Hastings, 1788, and chancellor of the Duchy of town m the vilayet ot Konieh, Asiatic Turkey, Cornwall 1800 situated on the Gulf of Adalia about lat 36° Adam, William Patrick. Born Sept. 14, 1823: 5.. N.,long. 30°4o E., built by Attalus II. of died at Ootacamund, India, May 24, 1881. A Pergamuin, and a leading city of ancient Pam- British politician, whip of the Liberal party phylia : the^a-ncient Attaleia. Population (es- from 1874 to 1880, and governor of Madras froin tima ted) 13.000 1880 till his death. Adaha, Gulf of, or Pamphylian Gulf. An Adam Bede (ad'am bed). A novel by George "J"! • ,V. ^*''^'',''""'^°'''*°'''^*'^*^'^°"''''"™'^°^^* Eliot (Mary Ann Evans) published "in 1859 ot Asia Minor: the ancient Pamphvlicus Sinus. See/>((?e idditi Adam (ad'aia). [Heb. ilrf7«f»j.] 'i. The first Adam Bell, Clyin of the Cloughe, and Wyl- man ; the lather ot the human race, according lyam of Cloudeslee. An old ballad printed by 12 Adams, Henry the Franco-German war, and later life senator, died in Adampi (ii-dam'pe) See Jlrd 1877. .She has written under the names of J. La Messine, AHnmS rnd'ain?! A town in RerkshiTB CniiTitv Juliette Lamber, and Comte Paul Vasili. ,7 i. ^ Af }?^" "' iserKSmre UOlmty, Massachusetts, 47 miles northwest of Spring- Sei.t. 30. 188G. A German painter, chiefly of "?'•'• Pop'ilation ,1900) 11.134. son rif AlbrPflTt A.lnm Adams. A town in Jofferson County, New York, 40 miles northeast of Oswego. Popula- tion (1900), town, 3,081. Adams, Abraham ("Parson"). In Fielding's novel "Joseph Andrews," a poor curate whose to the account of the creation in Genesis. Like cherub, Adam also was a Babylonian word. It has the general sense of "man," and is used in this sense both in Hebrew and in Assyrian. Butasin Hebrew ithascome to be the proper name of the flrst man, so, too, in the old Babylonian legends, the "Adamites" were "the white race " of Semitic descent, who stood in marked contrast to "the black heads "or Accadiansof primitive Babylonia. Sayce, Anc. Jlonuments, p. 31. 2. A character in Shakspere's "As you Like it," an old and faithful sei-vant of Oliver, but following the fortunes of Orlando. There is a tradition that Sliakspere himself acted this part. Adam, Master or Maitre. See Billaut, Adam. Adam. A city of Palestine mentioned in the 3d chapter ot Josliua. Adam of Bremen. Died at Bremen about 1076. A German ecclesiastical historian, au- WiUiam Copland about 1550, and in the collec tions of Percy and Ritson. Child repeats it from' Kitson with some variations from an edition older than Copland's recovered by Payne Collier. See Bell, Adam. Adam Gupid. A nickname of Cupid in Shak- spere's "Romeo and Juliet" (ii. 1). Some com- mentators contend that the name should be " Abram " (the quartos (2-5) and folios have "Abraham"), a corruption "f " auburn," as Cupid is frequently represented with au- ., ,,.....-_,. v_.-.. ot|ie,.s agree with Upton in the of burn or yellowish liair. following extract. Shakespere wrote "Young Adam Cupid," Ac. printer or transcriber gave us this "Abram," mistaking the d for br, and thus made a passage direct nonsense which was understood in Sh.'s time by all his audieiice ; for this Adam was a most notable archer, named Adam Bell, who for his skill became a proverl). In Much Ado, I, i: "And he that hits me, let him be clapped on the shoulder, and called Adam." Upton, quoted in Furness, Var. Adam de la Halle. See La HaUe. 'amkad'mon). [Heb.. 'the adventures (chiefly ludicrous) in the company of Joseph Andrews and his betrothed, Fanny, constitute a large part of the book. He is a por- trait of Fielding's friend Young. His characteristics are given in the following p;is3age. Mr. Abraham Adams was aii excellent scholar. He was a perfect master of the CJreek and Latin languages : to which he added a great share of knowledge in the Oriental tongues and could read and translate B'rench, lt.ilian, and Spanish. He had applied many years to the most severe study, and had treasured up a fund of leai-ning rarely to be met with in a university : he was, besides, a man of good sense, good parts, and good nature ; but was, at the same time, as entirely ignorant of the ways of this world as an infant just entered into it could possibly be. As he had never any intention to deceive, so he never suspected such a design in others. He was generous, friendly, and brave, to an excess ; but simplicity was his characteristic : he did, no more than Mr. Colley Cibber, apprehend any such passions as malice and envy to exist in mankind ; which was indeed less remarkable in a country parson, than in a gentleman who has passed his life behind the scenes ; — a place which has been seldom thought the school of in- nocence ; and where a very little observation would have convinced the great apologist that those passions have a real existence in the human mind. Fielding, Joseph Andrews, p. 4. Adams, Charles Baker. Bom at Dorchester, Mass., Jan. 11, 1814: died at St. Thomas, West Indies, Jan. 19, 1853. An American naturalist and geologist. He became professi.r of chemistrv and natural history at Middlebury College, Vermont, in 1838: was State geologist of Vermont from 1845 to 1848; and became professor of astronomy and zoology in Amherst College, 1847. He was associated with Professor Edward Hitchcock in a geological survey of New York. Between 1844 and 1S51 he made scientific journeys to Panama and the West Indies. Adams, Charles FoUen. Bom at Dorchester, Mass., April 21, 1842. An American writer of German dialect poems, etc. He served in the isth Massachusetts regiment of infantry in the Civil War, and was wounded and taken prisoner at Gettysburg. In 1877 he published "Leedle Yawcoob Strauss and other Poems." The Adams, Charles Francis. Born at Boston, thor of a history of the diocese of Hamburg Adam Kadmon (ad' and Bremen for the period 788-1072 (Copen- first man.'] In cabalistic doctrine", the first hagen, 1579) : the chie'f authority for Scandi na-i-ian church history during this period. Adam of Murimuth. Born about 1286: died 1370. An .English chronicler, ambassador to Rome 1323, canon of Hereford, and vice-gen- eral to the archbishop of Canterbury 1325. "His chronicle extends as an original record over the forty ye.ars from 130(5 to 1346. The continuation extends to the year 1380." Morley, Eng. Writers, IV. 251. Adam of Orlton. Born at Hereford, England : died at Farnham, England, July 18, 1345. An English prelate, made bishop of Hereford in 1317, of Worcester in 1327, and of Winchester in 1333. He took the part of the barons against Edward n., was tried by Parliament for treason as an adherent of Mortimer (the flrst English bishop, it is said, ever tried before a lay court), and was influential in political affairs during the reign of Edward III. Adam (a-don'), Adolphe Charles. Born at Paris, July 24, 1803 : died at Paris, May 3, 1856, Aug. 18, 1807: died at Boston, Nov. 21, 1886. An American statesman and diplomatist, son of J. Q. Adams. He was graduated at Harvard in 1S25, was admitted to the bar in 1828, became a-Whig member of the .Massachusetts legislature in 1831. and was made candidate of tlie Free-soil pai-ty for Vice-President in 1848. He was member of Congress from Massachusetts 1859-61, I'nited States minister to England 1861-68. and United States arbitrator at the Geneva tribunal 1871-7'i He published "Life and Works of John Adams " (10 vols., 18511-66). and edited " Diary of John Quincy Adams " (12 vols., " "' """ man, emanating from the infinite and repre- A^jf'~'*"*"oi!' n -n • -r, . t. ^ sentiug the ten Sephiroth (which see). 4P"i% H,%F^®? Franqs. Bora at Boston, Adamastor (ad-fim-as'tor). The phantom of }^^7 -'' ^^•^^; ^n Amer-ican lawyer ancipoli- phant the Cape of Good Hope in the "Lusiad": a terrible spirit described by Camoens as appear- ing to Vasco da Gama and prophesying the mis- fortunes which should fall upon other e.xpedi- tions to India. Adama'Wa (a-da-mii'wii). A region in Sudan, .Africa, intersected by lat. 8° N., long. 13° E., having ,an area of about 70,000 square miles : the ancient kingdom of Fumbina. The ruling class is Fulah ; but the population consists of several negro tribes with Bantu admixtures. Such are the Batta, Dama, Mbana, .Mbuma, Kotofo, Zani, and Fall. To denote the re- spective tribal dialects, the suffix nchi is appended, c. g., Batta-nchi, Dama-nchi, Mbana-nchi. All these dialects seem to form one linguistic cluster. Islam is the domi- nant religion ; the masses are pagan. There is no Chris- tian mission A French composer of comic opera. His' best- Adamello Alps (a-da-mel'o alps). A group of kno-wn work is "Le Postilion de Longiumeau" *' " " ti... v--j.-i--i. t...i j m___ , (1836). Adam (a'dam), Albrecht. Born at Nordlingen, April 16, 1786 : died at Munich, Aug. 28, 1862. A German painter noted especially for his bat- tle-pieces and paintings of horses! Adam (ad'am), Alexander. Born near Forres, Scotland, .June 24^1741: died at Edinburgh, the Alps on the border between Italy and Tyi-ol, south of the Ortler gi'oup. The highest point is about 11,500 feet. Adamites (ad'am-its). A sect which originated in the north of Africa in the 2d century, and pretended to have attained to the primitive in- nocence of Adam, rejecting marriage and (in their assemblies or " paradises ") clothing. This tician, second son of C. F. Adams (1807-86). He served in the Union army throughout the Civil War (mus- tered out as brevet brigadier-general of volunteers), was appointed a member of the board of Massachusetts rail- road commissioners in 1869, and was president ot the Union Pacific Railroad from 1884 to 1890. Adams, Charles Kendall. Bom at Derby, Vt., Jan. 24. 1835: died July 26, 1902. An Ameri- i-aii educator and historical writer. He was pro- fessor of history at tile t^niversity of Michigan 186;(-85, president of Cornell University 1885-92, and iiresident of the University of Wisct)nsin 18!I2-1'.I01. He was the author of "Democracy and Monarchy in France" (1874), " Man- ii:il of Historical Literature ' (18M2), etc. Adams, Clement. Born at Buekington, War- wickshire, about 1519: died Jan. 9, 1587. An English teacher and author, schoolmaster to the royal "henchmen" (pages) at Greenwich. He ^vrote down Chancellor's oral narrative of bis journey to Moscow in 1553, the first written account of the earliest English intercourse with Russia (published by Hakluyt in his " Collections " of 1589). Adams, Ed'win. Born at Jledford, Mass., Feb. 3, 1834: died at Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 25, 1877. An American actor, particularly successful in the romantic drama, though much admired in pure comedy and tragedy. He made his d^but in 1853 at Boston. Jll^b^'v^l^?.- ^P?.°i.*-e '=l"^^*"/-,j;-t°C«^ !n^tbriltrctn?u^"S^irB'^hi"e,faZ'iilTJ^^ Adams, "Hannah. Bom at Medfield, Mass the High School of Edinburgh 1768-1809. He published "Roman Antiquities" (1791), and other works. Adam (ii-dofi'), Mme. Edmond. Born at Ver- berie, Oise, Oct. 4, 1836. A French journalist, fury among the Free Bpirit, in Germany, Bohemia, and Moravia. It was suppressed in 1421 on account of the crimes and im- moralities of.its votaries. When toleration was proclaimed by Joseph II., in 1781, the sect revived, but was promptly proscribed. Its latest appearance was during the insur- . , --„ , rection of 1848-49. founder (in 1879) and editor of the " Nouvelle Adamnan (ad'am-nan), or Adomnan, Saint. .^. Revue," and misceUaneous writer. Amqngher Bom in Ulster, Ireland, .about 625: died at Adams, Henry. Born at Boston, Mass., Feb, nsfioi "v.',v!^f„'^?,\'''„" !i'.*^'"' "¥*^"^. ?,'I!™ wsanne" lona, Scotland, 704. A Celtic ecclesiastic, ab- 16. 1838. An American historian, third son of ilp^" (Trr-S'' a8?8),""La" pit?S?''Hon^?oise' ^«t "^ 1"?^ ? =^"thor of " Vita Columbffi" and C. F. Adams (1807-86) ; author of " Essays in Souvenirs personnels, " etc. .She has been twice mamed "1^6 Locis Sanctis," an account of Palestine Anglo-Saxon Law" (1876), a life of Gallatin flrst to .\I. La Messine. M. Adam, prefect of police in and other countries. (1879), a life of John Randolph (1882), etc. 1755: died at Brookline. Mass., Nov. 15, 1832. An American writer, author of " View of Re- ligious Opinions" (1784: later entitled "Dic- tionary of Religions"), a "Historvof NewEng- land""(1799), a "History of the JTews" (1812), etc. Adams, Heary 13 His chief work is a "History of the United States under the aaiiiinistratious of Jerterson and Madison (9 vols.). Adams John. Boru at Braintree (in present (Jiiiu.v'i. Mass., Oct. 30. 173.1: died at Qiiincy. Mass.,' -July 4, WX. The .second President of the United States, 1797-1801. He was graduated ■it Uarvard in 1755, studied law, took a leading part m ;,m>..-ii.i; the Stamp Act, was counsel for the sohlicrs ■ I'lr^id with murder in connection with the "Boston nas-'a<.re ■ of 1770, and became a leader of the patriot nirtv In 1771 he was chosen o member of the Revolu- tioniiv contrress of ila.ssacliU3etts. He Wiis a delegate to the Ilrel and second Continental Congresses, proposed Wasliington as coraiuandel-inchief, signed the Ueclara- tion of Independence, was app.dnted commissioner to Krance in 1777 (arriving at Paris in 1778). negotiated a tre'ilv with the Netherlands in ITSi was one of the nego- tiators of the treaiies with (;reat Britain, 17&2-8;i, nego- tiated a treaty with Prussia, was appointed minister to lx)iidon in 17s.->. and was reclled in 17S.S. He was hed- t-ral Vice-I'reaident KsiMff, and was elected as federal rnididate for President in 17UH. In iww he was the un- aiicce^ful Federal candidate for President, and reined to Dunicv in isill. •' Lite and Works," edited by C. F. Adams (10 vols., l».V)-oG); life by J. Q. and C. V. Adams (1S71), by .1. T. Morse (ISSJ). „ , , , ,.,-fln/(>N Adams, John. Born m EnKland about 1/60 (?) : ,lied at Pitcairn Island, 1829. A leading mu- tineer of tlie Bounty (under the name of Alex- ander Smith) and governor of Pitcairn Island. See Houiitii. . Adams, John. Born in Tennessee in 182o: Jied Nov. 30, IS&t. A Confederate general m t he Civil War. Ue was graduated at West Point in 1*46, hrevetted first lieutenant for gallantry at Santa Cruz de Kosalcs, and promoted captain of dragoons Nov. 30. It6« . be resigned May 31, 1861, to become a Confederate major- L'.iKial He was killed at the battle of Kianklin, lenn. Adams, John Couch. Born at Lidcot. Corn- wall, Knfjlaiul, June'), 1819: died at Cambridge, England, Jan. 21, 1892. An English astrono- mer, professor of astronomy at Cambridge and director of the obser%-atory. He shares with Leverrier the honor of the discovery of the planet Neptune (1846). See Xcpluiie. Adams, John Quincy. Born at Bramtree, .Mass. ,. July U, 17G7: die Prussia 1797-18U1 ; United States senator from Massachusetts 1803-08; professor of rhetoric and benes-lettres at Harvard 1806-uy; I nited States minister to Russia 1809-14 ; one of the negotiators of the treaty of Ghent, 1814; United States minister to England lSl.i-17 : secretaiy of state 1817-2.i; candidate for President, 1824, and, there being no choice by electors, chosen by the House of Representatives. In 1828 Jackson defeated him tor the Presidency. He was member of Con- gress fnini Massachusetts (.\nti- .Masonic and Whig) 1831- :81-.aod niisiirrrs, fill I'.iiididiitefor governor of .Massachu- sett- l-^;i. Ili-<. IHU-.'iC: preacher of St. I'lregorv's under .St, Pant's Cathedral, 161H-2.S; and chaplain to Sir Henry Montague, lord chief justice of England. He publisbed ■■ The Happiness of the church " (1618: a collection of sermons), a collection ot occasional sermons (16J9). and a coiuuientary on the second epistle of St. Peter (1633). Adams, William. Born at Gillingham, near Chatham, England: died in Japan, 1020. .An English navigator. He joined, as pilot major, in l.'.9s. a Dutch fleet of five ships fitted out by Rotterdam mer- chants for the India trade, and after an unfortunate )oy- age, in which all the ships except the Charity, in which he sailed, returned to Holland or were lost, he arrived at the island of Kinshiu, Japan, April 19, 1000. 1 here he remained, under compulsion, rose into favor at court, ana received from the shogun lyeyasu a considerable estate at Hcmi near Yokosuka. In 1613 he obtamed lor the English the privilege of establishing a trading-station at Kirando, and was employed in the service of the factory at Firando from Nov 24, 1613, to Dec. 24, 1616. Adams, William. Born at Colchester, Conn., Jan. 2--), lsi)7: died at Orange Mountain, N. J.. Aug. 31, 1880. An American Presbyterian clergyman, pastor in New York city, and presi- dent of Union Theological Seminary, New- York, 1S73-.S0. „ , Adams, William. Born 1814: died 1848. An English clergvman and writer, vicar of St. Peter's, Oxford (1840) : author of '-The Sliadow of the Cross" (1&42), " Dist&nt Hills" (1844), and other sacred allegories. Adams, William Taylor: pseudonym "Oliver Optic. Born at Medway, .Mass., July 30, 1822 : died at Boston, March 27. 1897. An Amer- ican teacher (in the public schools of Boston) and writer of tiction, chiefly juvenile, including the series entitled the "Boat Club," '-Young America Abroad," "Starry Flag." "Riverdale Series," '-Onward and Upward." etc. He also founded and edited --Oliver Optic's Magazine. Adam's Bridge, or Rama's Bridge. A dan- gerous shoal, about 30 miles long, northwest ot Cevlon. about lat. 9° 15' N.. long. 79° 30' E. Adams Island. A name of Koa-Poua, one of the Marquesas Islands. Adam's Peak. A conical mountain, 7,379 feet high, in Cevlon, about lat. 6° 50' N., long. 80° 30' y.., the seat of Singhalese worship. There is a Buddhist temjde on the summit. Adam's Run. A township in Colleton County, South Carolina, about -25 miles west-southwest of Charleston. Population (1900), 4,966. Adamson, John. Bom at Gateshead, England, Sept. 13, 1787: died at Newcastle, Sept. 2(, 1855. An English archa-ologist and Portu- guese scholar. Adamson (ad 'am -son), Patrick (originally Conston, Constant, Consteane, or Constan- tinej. Burn at Perth. S.-.itlaiid, March 15, l.>3( : died at St. Andrew's, Scotland, Feb. 19, 1.592. A Scottish iirelate, made archbishop of St. Andrew's, 157(). and excommunicated on vari- ous charges in 1588. _ ,,„„., , Adamson, Robert. Born 1S.)2: died 1902. A Scottish philosophical writer, professor ot phi- losophv at (Jwens College, Manchester, and of logic and rhetoric at Glasgow University 1895- 1902. He was the author. if "Roger Bac.in: the Philosophy of S.-i.ii.u in the .Middle Ages ■•(18761, "On the Philosophy of Kaiil'01-04 ; negotiateil the treaty of Amiens in 1802 ; and was president of the council Iso.,, lord nrivy seal ISIKI. and again presi.lent of the council ItMjO-O? and 1S12. As home secretary, 1H1-2--22, he was noted for his repressive measures. He left the cabinet in 1S24. Addiscombe (ad'is-kum). A place about 10 miles s<.iith of London, formerly the seat of a college for the cadets of the East India Com- pany. , ... Addison (ad'i-son). A town and village in Steuben County.' New York, on the Canisteo river 22 miles west of Elinira.- Population a890), town, 2.908; village. 2,166. Addison, Joseph* Born at Milston, "Wilts, May 1, 1G72: died at Holland House, Loudon, June 17, 1719. A famous English essayist, poet, and statesman, son of Lancelot Addison. He was educated at the Charterhouse and at Queen's College, Ox- ford where he took his M. A. degree in W9X. and in 1698 obtained a fellowship which he held until 1711. A Latin poem which he published in 1697 on the -'Peace of Rys- wick" brought him a pension of £:!00, and he proceeded to qualify himself for the diplomatic service ot the govern- ment by travel and study on the Continent 1699-1703, visit- iii" France, Italy, Austria, liermany, and Holland, "e was under-secretary of state 1706-Os; secretary to the lord lieutenant of Ireland (Wharton) 1709-10 : secretary to the lords justices on the death of Queen Anne in 1714 ; secre- tary for Ireland under the Earl of Sunderland in l.l.i; a commissioner for trade and the colonies 1716 : and secre- tary of state, April, 1717, to March, 171S. On Aug. 3, 1 , 16, he married the Countess of Warwick. His principal works arc his "Letter from Italy." a i>oem written as he was cross- ing the Alps in 1701, printed in 1703; " The Campaign, a poem published in 1701 ; " Remarks on Several 1 arts of Italv,-'publishedinl705; "Fair Rosamond, an opera, pub- lished an.mvmously in 1707 ; ■• Cato, - a tragedy, jiroduced at Drury Laiie April 14. 1713 ; "The Drummer, a pla.>, pub- lished anonymously in 1710 (acted in 171,'.) ; contributions to the "Whig Examiner" in 1710 (five pajiers) ; contribu- tions to the •■ Tatler" from 1709 till 1711 (41 papers were by \ddison alone, M by Addison and Steeletogcther) : and ->74 • Si)ectat..r8 " 1711-12: the.se last were all signed by one of the lettere of the word C. L. I. O. (Clio). His most fa- mous character is that of Sir Roger de Coverley, originalljr sketched by Steele. He contributed to the -'(.nardian ,'.1 papers in 171:1, and also others to a new " spectator In 1714. From Dec, ni.'i, to .lune, 1716, he contributed ;.:. pa- pers to "The Freeholder." The principal e..inted Eng lish chaplain at Dunkirk. On the sale of Dunkirk to the Fren.h in 1662 he was transferred to Tangier. About 1670 he became a royal cha|daln, in lUSt dean of lleblleld, and In 16»4 archdeacon of c.ventry. His prim-lpul works are "West Barbarv. or a Short Narrative of the Kevolu. tions of the Klngdiunsof Fez. and Morocco (In, I), and "The Present State of the .lews (more particularly relating to those of I!arbar>)," 167.'i. Addison of the North. An epithet applied to lliniv Mackenzie. Addison's Walk. A walk in the grounds of Ma^'daleii College, Oxford, said to have been a favorite promenade of the essayist, w)io in 1089 held a demvship in that college. Addled Parliament. A ni.kname of the sec- oinl Parliament of .lames I. (April-.lune, 1614), which was .lissolved withoul having passed any ads, on its refusal to grant supplies until the king's imposition of customs and the res- toration ot llie noncoiiforniiiig clergy ejected in 1604 had been considered. Addna(ad'u-ii). Theancient name of the Adda. Adel See .lyini. Adela (ad'elii). Born about 1062 (T): died 1137. Thefourlirdaughterof William the Contpieror, wife of Ste])lien, earl of Blois and Chartres, and mother of Stephen, king of England. Adelaar 14 Admetus Adelaar (a'de-lar) iCort Sivertsen). Bom at Brevig. Norway, Dee. IG, 1622: died at Copen- hagen, Nov. 5, 1675. A naval commander, in the service of the Netherlands (1637), of Venice (1642), and of Denmark (1663). He defeated Aden (a'den or a'den) the Turks at the Dardanelles, May 13, 1654. Adelaide (ad'e-lad). The capital of South Australia, foimded in 1836 on the Tori'ens 7 miles southeast of Port Adelaide. The TJniTersity of Adilaiile \v;is founded in IS72. Population (1S91), in- i-liulii.L.' suljuiliS, 133,2S2. Adelaide (Amelia Adelaide Louise Theresa Caroline). Born Aug. 13, 1792: died Dec. 2, 1849. A princess of Saxe-Cohurg-Meiningen, and queen of England, wife of the Duke of Clar flows past Rovigo into the Adriatic north of the Po. kritisches Wbrterbuch der hochdeutschen Mundart " (1774-86), " X'nistandliches Lehrgebaude der deutschen Spraclie " (1781-82). " iTber den deutschen Stil," "Mith- aj;_i,- /:; ,i=<„i,„\ a «nl1nnt:»n •,oj„„ f.,_ ridates,".ind other works, especially on German language AdlghC (a-de ghe). A collective name for and literature. A seaport in Arabia. various disconnected and hostile tribes in the Caucasus. Some are Christian and some Mo- the ancient Adana, Attana>, or Arabia Felix, liammedan. on the Gulf of Aden, lat. 12° 47' N., long. 44° Adi-Granth (a'de-granth). ['The fundamental 59' E., situated on a rocky peninsula connected with the mainland by a narrow isthmus. It is an important coaling-station, and a port of call of the Peninsular and Oriental steamships. It was captured by the British in 1S39 and annexed. .\den and the settle- ments adjoining, with the island of Perira, in all 80 square miles, are administered by a political resident, subject to the Bombay goveniment. Population (1891), 41,910. See Arabia. euee (later William IV.), whom she married Aden, Gulf of. An ai-m of the Arabian sea July 18, 1818 Adelaide (ii-da-la-ed'), Eugene Louisa. Born at Paris, Aug. 25. 1777: died Dee. 31, 1847. A princess of Orleans, sister of Louis PhUippe. king of the French. Returning in 1792 from a jour- ney to England, she found herself inscribed among the 6migr^s, but succeeded in making her escape, and re- mained in exile till 1814. She is said to have persuaded her brother to accept the crown in 1830. Adelaide (ad'e-lad), or Adelheid, Saint. Bora about 931 : died at Selz in Alsace, Dec. 16, 999. A daughter of Eudolf II. of Burgundy, and wife of Lothar of Italy and afterward of Otho I. She founded a Benedictine cloister in Selz, Alsace. Adelaide, Port. See Port Adelaide. Adelard (ad'e-lard\ or .Sthelhard (ath'el- hiird), of Bath. An English philosophical writer who flourished in the early p^rt of the 12th cen- tury. He studied at Tours and Laon, also teaching at the latter place, and traveled in Greece, ,\sia Minor, and Arabia, returning to England in the reign of Henry I. He wrote '■ De eodem et diverse " (before 1116), an allegory, in which philosophy and love of worldly enjoyment (Philo- cosmia) are represented as contending for his affections ; aj.„„„ o.„ 4/le„et "PerdifficilesQua!stionesNaturales"(printed toward the ■"■"euei._ oee ^((c«ei. end of the 15th century); a translation of Euclid (printed Aderbaijan. oee Azerbaijan. i4>-ji which long remained a text-book; etc. Aderer i ii-de-rar'), or Aderar (-rar'), or Adrar Adelheid (ii'del-hid). \. Hef^ AdeUide, Saint. — (a-driir'). A mountainous region in the Sahara, 2. A character in Goethe's " Goetz von Ber- within the Spanish protectorate and new liehingen " (which see). French "sphere of influence," about lat. 20° N. Adeliza (ad-e-li'za), (^ueen. Died March 23, The chief place in it is Wadan. 1151 (?). The second queen of Henry 1. of Ademo (ii-dar-no'). A town in the province of England, daughter^ of Godfrey (Barbatus) of Catania, Sicily, the ancient Hadranum, about lying between Arabia on the north and the Somali Land on the south, and connected with the Red Sea by the Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb. Aden^S. See Adenet. Adenet (;id-na'). A French trouvdre of the 13th century, surnamed "leRoi." Also Adene:, Adenm, Adans. ^ee the extract. Adenfes or Adans le Roi derived his imposing surname from the function of king of the minstrels, which he per- formed at the court of Henry III., duke of Brabant. He must have been born about the miiUlle of the thirteenth century, and the last probable allusion to him which we have occurs in the year 1297. The e\ents of his life are only known from his own poems, and consist ehietly of travels in company with different princesses anihi 'Gpti tiv 2 spring of 1799. The most notable battle was that of Ma- ."7^" '?°''°, ; -ff' w',. A /?«.<>+,,= , ^■Ac^ TGr gnano, .\pril 5. AdmetUS (ad-me tus), or AdmetOS ( -j;os). IGr. Sept. 10, 1806. A German philologist, librarian AdigettO (a-de-jet'to). A canal or arm of the ■'Aihi,;roc.'i In Greek mythologv. a Thessalian at Dresden (1787-1806). He wrote " Grammatisch- Adige, which separates from it near Badia. and king, sou of Pheres, king ot Pherae, deliverea 15 Admetos from death by the voluntary sacrifice of his n-ife Aleestis. See Alo ■ftis. He took part in the expedition of the Argonauts and in the chase of the Caly- ilu[iian boar. Admirable Crichton. ^eo chMm. Admirable Doctor, L. Doctor Mirabilis. A Miriiuim- Kiv.-n to Roger BiU'on. __ Admiralty Inlet (ad-mi-ral-ti in'let). An arm Adonnah ad-9-ni ja). ofthe "I, on the western coast of the State hovah'; Gr. 'As ano 't i"^*' """ «• Septuaglnt was made, and in thiatranslatiDn. accordingly, imd it is navigable for aliout /(I miles, the word Kyrios, "Ixjrd, " Is substituted for it wherever it A.do'Wa (il'do-wit), or Adua (ii'do-a)- The capl- occiirs. The New Testament writers naturally followed ^^^j ^^j, ^^^(,^ Abyssinia, about lat. 14° 8' N., IlatVia, situated near the sea about 16 miles southwest of Venice. It has a cathedral and many antiquities, and has been successively an Etruscan, a Greek, and a lUmian town. Population, 7,000. Adrian (ii'dri-an), or Hadrian ^ha'dri-an), I. Pope fvoiii 772 to 795. lie summoned Charles the Great to resist the encroachments of the Lombard king Dcsiilerius, who had occupied lenlapolis and was llirciit- ening Rome ; and Charles, after the destrnctum of the Lombard kingdom, granted anew to him Ihe terrllorii* originally bestowed by Pepin, with the addition ot Ancona and Benev ento. Adrian adopteil the view of the Eastern Church with regard lo the worship of Images, analhema- tizing idl who refused lo worship the images of ( hrist, the Virgin, or the saints. He was the son of 8 Roman Adrian, or Hadrian, II. Pope from 867 to 872. He passed a sentence of deposition on Photius, patriarch of Constantinople, which was conllrmed at a council of „. ......... ...,,., _ , . the Eastern church In S0'.>-K70, sidered the Hnest work of the early German Adrian or Hadrian, III. Po)"' from 884 to 8.V>. ■ " ' Adrian; or Hadrian, IV. (Nicholas Break A noted painting by Rembrandt, in Biickini;hain Palace, Ixmdon The Virgin and Child are seated at the right : before them kneel the Magi. Behind are kings and old men, and in the distance a caravan of camels. 0>) A pic ture by AUiert Dmer, in the fllizi, Klorence. There is a very delicate landscape background. (0) A painting liy Rilbein in the Mus^e de Pcinturc at Brussels, Belgium The Virgin stands in tlie middle holding the Child er« t, with St. ,l.)scpll behind her ; before them the kings sland and kneel, while their guards and attendants observe the scene from a staircase behind. (7) A painting liy Rub, ris (1624) in the Museum at Antwerp. Belgium. The V irgiri appears at the left, hoUling the Child on a pillow ; behind her stands St Joseph, and in front the kings and their train. The flKUres arc over life-size, (s) A splendid painting by Paolo \eronese, a companion piece to the Marriage at Cana, in the Museum at Dn sden. fhe Mr- gin is seated, with the Child on her knee : the kings, at- tended by a numerous train with camels and horses, oiler their gifts. (!i) Tlie noted "Dombild" of the Cathe.lral of Cobignc. a large triptych by Melster Stephan (died 14I>1), com ' ■ -■- -' " '•■ " the custom of the .Seplnagint and 9: the only Englishman wlio has occu)iied the pniial chair. He was successively a clerk and ablKit of the monasterv of St. Rnfns. In Provence, and in lH'''»,a» created eardlnal-blsbop of Albano by Pope Lugcnins III. Tw.i years later he was senf as lepite to llenniark and Norway. As I'ope he beslow.-d the sovereignly of Irelaiid mi Henry II ot England. He quelled Ihe democratic rising of the Roman people under Arnold of iircscia, and procured the evecutlon of the latter in ll.V.. Ho com- pelled William, king ot the Tw,. slellies. to ackiio«1e. go Ihe feudal suzerainty of Ihe lope. W lib Adrian I\ I..- gan Ihe great conlllct between Ihe paiial jx.wcr and tllo Vlonse of llnbenstaufen. He died while nrcparlng to place himself at the bend of Ihe forces ol the Italian party against the empen^r Kn-derick I. Adrian, or Hadrian. V. lOttoboni Fiesco^. Pope in 127(i. lb' lived only live weeks alter his accession lo the ehiiir. „. , , . Adrian, or Hadrian. VI. Bom at Utrecht in 1459: (lied Sept. 14, I5'j:i. Pope from 1.522 to 1.523. lie studied at Ihe t'niverslly of lAUlvaln, of which he became vlceehancellor, and was chosen by the em- peror Maximilian (o be the tutor of his grandson. Archc Adrian VI. 16 4uke Charley the later emperor Charles V. In 1516 he as a hiding-place. It has been identifled with the modern became bishop of Tortosa and grand inquisitor of Aragon ; Aid-el-ma, 10 miles northeast of Hebron : falsely identi- in 1517 he was created a caidinal by Leo X.; and after fled liy tradition with Khareitiln near Bethlehem. the death of Ferdinand he acted for a Ume as regent of Adullam, CaVC Of. The cave to which Uavid Spain. On his accession to the papal ch.air Jan. 9, 1522. ,\-ithdrfw from Giith. 1 Sam. xxii. It was capable he corrected various external abuses in the church, but ^j atfoiding shelter to four hundred men. See above. failed ill his elforts to check the Reformation. Adrian. A lord in Bhakspere's •' Tempest." Adrian de Castello, or de Corneto. Born at Corneto, Tuscany, Italy, 1460 (?): died 1521 (?). An Italian ecclesiastic and scholar, nuncio of Innocent VIII. in Scotland in 1488, agent at Rome of Henry VII. of England, collector of Peter's pence in England, and papal prothon- otarv. He obtained in 14rt2 the prebend of Ealdland in St. Paul's Cathedral, and the rectory of St. Dunstanin.the- Adullamites. In English history, the group of Liberals who seceded from the Whig party and voted with the Conservatives when Earl Russell and Mr. Gladstone introduced a measure for the extension of the elective franchise in 1866. They received the name of AduUamites from their being likened by Mr. Bright to the discontented persons who took refuge with David in the Cave of Adullam. The party was also known collectively as " The Cave" and •' The Cave of Adullam." East, but returned to Eome on the death of Innocent Advance (ad-vans'). The. The vessel in which ^^II. He was made bishop of Hereford in 1302 bishop E^j^ija Kane explored the arctic regions in of Bath and \Vells in 1504, and cardinal m 1503 In 151, „ , f o; t ij, -p--,,!,!;,. See Kane he was implicated in the conspiracy of Cardinals Petrucei, scare not Sir Jouu J^ ranKim. oee ^ane. _ De Sauli, and Riai-io to poison Leo X., and was deprived of AdVenture (ad-ven tur), Tie. 1 . 1 he ship ot his cardinalate(151S)and of his dignities in England. He ■\\iq pirate Captain Kidd. — 2. The ship in which was probably assassi^iiated HeOTote -Venatio," a poem CaptainKina(assoc-iated withFitzrov)e.\plored (1505), -De \ era Phdosophia (1507), "DeSermone Latino '^■'l^'^" -> a,„„,.:.-„ mi.-,r_6(\ et modo Latine Loquendi" (1513), etc. the coasts ot bouth America, l»^<5-30. Adrian (a'dri-an). The capital of Lenawee Adventures of Iwe Hours, The. A play by Countv, Michigan, a manufacturing city situ- Sir Samuel Tuke, anadai^ation of Calderon's ated on the river Raisin about S.'i miles south- west of Detroit : sometimes called the " Maple City.'' Population (1900), 9,054. Adriana (a-dri-a'nS). A cliaracter in Shak- spere's "Comedy of EiTors": the wife of An- tipholus of Ephesus. Adriana, Villa. See Sadrian's Villa. Adrianople (ad"ri-an-6'pl). [Tiu-k. Edinieh, or Edrench.'\ The capital of the vilayet of Adri- anople, on the Maritza in lat. 41° 41' N., Los Empeiios de Seis Horas," made by the advice of Charles II., and printed in 1662. A(iventures of an Atom, The. A political satire by Smollett, published in 17G9. Adversity Hume. A nickname of Joseph Hume (1777-1855), given to him about 1825 on account of his predictions of national disaster. See Prosperity liohinson. Adventures of Philip. A novel by Thackeray, published in 1862. ~ " John Miller. Born Nov. 1. long. 26° 35' E., a place of great strategic and Adye (a'di). Sir Jc coinmereial importance, founded by the em- 1819: died Aug. 26, 1900. An English general peror Hadrian about 125 A. D., on the site ot and military writer: author of "Defence of the ancient Uscudama: the residence of the Cawnpore," etc. sultans 1361-1453. it was besieged by the Avai-s in .ffiacides (e-as'i-dez). A descendant of .^acus, 586, stormed by the Bulgarians in «22, entered by the especiallj" Achilles. Crusaders in 1189 ak^nby the Turks in 1361, taken by the Jg^CUS (e'a-kus). [Gr. Afa/cof.] In Greek RussiansunderD,eo,Ud.in^l^29,ii,u^occnpied mythology," the son of Zeus and .^gina, re- sians Jan., 1S78. The emperor Baldwin I. was taken pr oner in Adrianople by the Bulgars in V205. Its most notable building is the mosque of Sultan Selim II., a very impressive building of the 16th centu-ry. It is preceded by a fine portico of monolithic columns, and flanked by four slender fluted minarets about 200 feet high. The span of the dome (106 feet) is greater than that of Santa Sophia : it rests on four colossal porphyry columns. Adrianople. A vilayet in European Turkey. Population, 836,044. Adrianople, Battle of. 1. A victory of the Goths over the emperor Valens, 378 A. D. — 2. A \-ietorv of the Slavs over the Byzantines, 551. Adrianople, Peace or Treaty of. A treaty betsveen Russia and Turkey, signed at Adrian- ople. Sept. 14, 1829. Turkey ceded to Russia im- portant fortresses and districts on the northeastern coast of the Black Sea; granted to Russian subjects freedom of trade in Turkey, and freedom of navigation in the Black Sea, Danube, and Dai'danelles ; confirmed' and extended the protectorate exercised by the czar over the Danubian principalities; gave Russia control of a part of the left bank of the lower Danube, and of the Sulina mouth of that river; and recognized the independence of Greece. Adriani (a-dve-a'ne), Giovanni Battista. Born at Florence 1513 • died 1579. A Florentine nowned for his justice, and made a judge in the lower world. He was the grandfather of Achilles. ^dhan. See Aidan. Aedon (a-e'don). [Gr. !\?7(5wv.] In Greek my- thology, a daughter of Pandareus of Ephesus. According to Homer she was the wife of Zethus, king of Thebes, and the mother of Itylus. Inspired by envy of Niobe, the wife of her brother Aniphion, who had six sons and six daughters, she formed the design of killing Niobe's eldest son, but by mistake destroyed her own son Itylus. To relieve her grief she was changed by Zeus into a nightingale. .^dui (ed'u-i). A Celtic people- living in cen- tral Gaul, west of the Sequani between the Saone and the Loire. Their capital was Bibracte (Augustodunum, Autuu). They were allies of the Romans, but joined in the revolt of 52 B. c. Also Hcdui. The -Edui, friends and brothers, a3 they delighted to be called, of the Roman people, held the highest place among the nations of central Gaul. Their friendship and brother- hood was acknowledged by the Romans themselves. It was a special badge of distinction. Rome had many al- lii.13 ; the ^Edui were her only brothers. The brothers of Rome were naturally the first among the nations of Gaul to find their way into the Roman Senate. Frt^emnn, Hist. Essays, 4th ser., p. 98. Statesman and historian, author of a history of JEgadian Islands (e-ga'di-an x'landz). See his time, for the period 1536-74. ^F(/ates, Atoanus, Publius ^lius. See Badriau. JEgaeon(e-je'ou). [Gr. Aoa/wi-.] SeeBriareus. AdriaticSea(a-dri-at'ik,orad-ri-at'ik,se). [Gr. ^galeos (e-ga'le-os). [Gr. Aqaltug.'] In an- 6 'AAij.'or, J^. Mare Ath'iiiiictim, or Mare S'q)enimf eieut geography, a mountain-range iii Attica It. M(ire Adriatico, F. Mer Adriatique^G.Adria tisches 2Iier.'] That part of the Mediterranean which lies between Italy on the west and north separating the Athenian and Eieusinianphiins, It ended in a promontory (Amphiale) opposite Salamis. From it Xerxes witnesseii the battle of Sjilamis. west, and Austria, Montenegro, and Albania on JEgates (e-p'tez). [L.] In ancient geoRraphy, the east, and is connected with the Ionian Sea by the Strait of Otrant o. Its chief arms are the Gulfs of Manfredonia, Venice, Trieste, and Quamero, and its Lar- gest tributaries are the Po and Adige. Its length is about 4.^0 miles, and its average width about 100 miles. Adrienne Lecouvreur (a-dri-en' le-ko-vrer'). A prose drama in 5 acts, by Scribe and Le- gouv6, first presented April 14, 1849. See Le- couvreur, Adrienne. Aduatici (ad-u-at'i-sl), or Aduatuci (ad-ti- at'ii-si). A German tribe of Belgie Gaul, de- scendants of the Cimbri and Teutones, living ■west of the Mouse, dispersed by Ciesar 57 B. c. Adula (a-do'la), or EJieinwaldgebirge (rin- vald-ge-ber'ge). A group of the Alps in the ■western part of the canton of Grisons, Switzer- land, the source of the Hinter-Rhein. The highest point is the Rheinwaldhom, 11, 150 feet. Adule, Adulis. See Zulla. Adulis Bay. See Aniitsley Bay. Adullam (a-dul'am). [Heb., possibly ' retreat ' ; Arabic adala, turn aside.] A city and cave in the territory of Judah in the low country : origi- nally a Canaanite city. The cave was used by David a group of small islands west of Sicily: the modern .^gadian Islands. Tliey comprise Favi- gnana. Maritime, Levanzo, and Formica, and belong to the province of Trapani, .Sicily. >'ear them was gained the Roman naval victoiy over the Carthaginians, 241 B. c. .Sgean Sea (e-je'an se). [L. Mare JEgseum, Gr.6 A()'a(of ircJiTofjOr to AqaioviTt'/xiyoQ, so called, according to Strabo, from Alyai, ^gse, a town in Euboea; according toothers (erroneously) from Aiyfi'f, .^geus.] That part of the Medi- terranean which lies between Greece on the west, European Turkey on the north, and Asia Minor on the east, and communicates with the Sea of Marmora and thence with the Black Sea by the Strait of Dardanelles. It con- tains many islands, as Enbcca, the Cyclades, the Sporades, Samos, Chios, Mytilene, Samothrace, Tliasos, etc. Its chief arms are the Gulf of Nauplia, the Saronic Gulf, the t'hannels of Egripo and Talanta, and the Gulfs of Lamia, Volo, Saloniki, Cassandra, Monte Santo, Contessa, Saros, Adramyti, .Smyrna, Scala Nova, Mendelia, and Kos. Its chief tributaries are the Salembria, Vardar, Struma, Ma- ritza, Sarabat, and Mendere, Its length is about 400 miles, anti its greatest width over 200 miles. See ..Hgeujs. .£geoil (e-je'on). A character in Shakspere's " Comedy of Errors": a merchant of Syracuse. iEglamour .Sgens (e'jiis). [Gr. Aijei'f .] In Greek legend, the father of Theseus, and king of Athens. He threw himself into the Jigean Sea (whence, according to tradition, the name) through grief at the supposed loss of his son. .ffigidi U-ge'de), Ludwig Karl. Bom at Tilsit, .\piil 10, 1825 : died at P.eilin, Nov. 19, 1901. A German .iurist, publicist, and politician, pro- fessor of jurisprudence in the University of Bonn (1868), and professor of jm-isprudence in the University of Berlin (1877). .Sgidius (e-,iid'i-us). 1. A Roman commander in Gaul under Majorianus (457^61). After the death of the emperor he maintained an independent sov- ereignty, possibly with the title of king, at Soissons. He was voluntarily chosen kin-_' of the Franks during the temporary exile of the unpopular Childeric. 2. See G //('.«, Saint. .SgidiUS a Columnis (e-jid'i-us a ko-lum'nis). Born at Kome about 1247: died 1316. A scho- lastic philosopher, general of the Augustine order, surnamed "Doctor Fundatissimus." .ffigina (e-ji'nji), or Aiglna (i'gi-na). [Gr. Aijvi'o.] In Greek mythology, the daughter of Asopus, the river-god, beloved by Zeus, and carried by him to the island of JSgina (whence, according to tradition, its name). .Sgina, or Aigina. An island of Greece, in the Saronic Gulf of the JEgean, lat. 37^^ 45' N. , long. 23° 26' E. It was colonized by Dorians, and was an im- portant commercial state and center of art in the 6th and 5th centuries B. c. In 456 B. c. it was subjugated byAthens, and now belongs to the nomarchy of Attica and Boeotia. Its length is 9 miles. Population, about 6,000. .Sgina, or Aigina. The capital of the island of ^gina, situated on the western coast: popula- tion, about 3,000. The temple of Athena at ^Egina was a monument famous for both architecture and sculpture. It was a Doric ptripteros of 6 by 12 columns, the cella having pronaos and opistliodomos with 2 columns in autis. Twenty-two culumns. with their entablature, are standing. Each pediment was filled with a group of sculpture rep- resenting a combat between Greeks and Ti-ojans under the presidency of .\thena, who is the central figure. The major part of these sculptures has been recovered, and is included in the collection of the .^iginetan Marbles (which see) at JIunich. Though appearing older, the temple is ascribed to the early part of the 5th century B. c. Of the temple of Aphrodite but one of the great Doric columns, very similar to those of the temple of Athena, but larger, is standiiiT. but the plan has been in part re- covered. The temple was hexastyle. .^gina, Gulf of. See Saronic Gulf. .Sgineta, Paulus. See Puvlus JEgineta. iEginetan Marbles (ej-i-ne'tan mar'blz). An important collection of sculpture from the tem- ple of Athena in ^gina, now in the Glj^ptothek at Munich. These sculptures were discovered in 1811, and consist for the most part of the remains of the series of statues from both pediments ot the temple. Five figures survive from the eastern pediment, and 10 from the west- ern, which is probably complete. Both groups represent the exploits of Greek heroes in the Trojan war, with Athena as the central figure. They belong to an artistic period immediately before the time of full mastery, and thus, while in many particulars admirable, preserve some archaic features, as the rigid smile on the expressionless faces, and the stiffness of attitude of some of the figures. The date generally accepted is about 475 B. C; but this is not definitely established. These sculptures were re- stored by Thorwaldsen. -Sgipan (e'ji-pan). [Gr. Ar/t-rav, the goat Pan.J In Greek mythology, the goat Pan, 'in some forms of the myth identical with Pan, and in others difl'erent from him. He is called the son of Zeus and Mga., Pan's wife, and also the father of Pan. JBgir (ii'jir). [ON. ^gir, AS. edgor, the sea.] In Old Norse mythology, the god of the ocean. He was the principal water-demon and by race a giant, butpersonities the more jm-pitious characteristics of the sex He is also called lller (ON. Btir) and Gymir. His wife is Ran. .£gis (e'jis). [L. segis, < Gr. aiy/c, the segis, also a rushing storm, hurricane.] In Greek mythol- ogy, originally the storm-cloud enveloping the thunderbolt, the especial weapon of Zeus. It afterward came to be regai-ded as: (a) The skin of the goat Anialtliea, the foster-mother of Zeus, which the latter took for defensive armor in his war with the Titans. (6) A terrible weapon wrought by Uephajstus after the fash- ion of a thunder-cloud fringed witli li^dltniiig, intrusted by Zens to Apollo and to Athena, and a characteristic at- tribute of the latter. In art the -Sgis is represented as a sort of mantle fringed with serpents, generally worn over the breast, but sometimes held extended over the left arm, or thrown over the arm to serve as a shield. The JEgis of Athena, except in the most primitive representa- tions, bears in the midst the head of the Gorgon Medusa, and is usually covered with scales like those of a serpent. iEgisthus(e-jis'thus). [Gr. Afy/ofer.] In Greek legend, a son of Thyestes and cousin of Aga- memnon: he seduced Clytemnestra, and pro- cured the murder of Agamemnon. In the "Aga- memnon " of -Eschylus Clytemnestra, incited to the act by .Egisthus, commits the murder. .^glamour (e'gla-mor). The Sad Shepherd in Jonson's play ot that name. He grieves at the rejjorted drowning of the shepherdess Earine. w 17 ^stii iFmilins Paulus (Paolo Emilio). Bom at dam about 1520 : died 1573. A Dutch histori- \Vonritriv: died uf P.^^^^^^ An c-al paint.r. Among his works is a Crucitix.on, Italian liistorian, summoued to France in the m Antweiii. ^ . ou u rciRnofCliarles VIII. to write a French history, iEscanes (es'ka-nez). A character in bUalt- " ])l- rebus gestis Francorum." sp.-ro's " Pericles" : a lord of Tyre. iEmilius Paulus. See Paulus. .ffischines (es'ki-nez). [Gr. Aiff;);'!"??.] An Athe- ibou't lat 40° 20' N., lone. 26° 33' E., jEnpa.'i (e-ne'as) FOr. Aimaf.] In classical nian pliUosopher, a eoutemporary and disciple „ the place of a na^^l viftorv of the fe^oud. a Troln pr'nce, son of Anchises, king of Socrates. The three extant dialogues as- i.irrans under Lvsander over the Athenians, oftaidanus, and Aphrodite. The traditions about cnbed to him are spurious. i_ ,. , , ? ._ .^1 1 « »!,„ r)„i^^.^T,- him vary. Acoordintt t4i Uoiii>-r, beiiiK robbed of his cat- ^Schines. Born 389 B. C: died m oamos J14 tie by Achilles, he luol< sides, with his Dardanians, uEainst .£gle ^gle (eg'le). [Gr. Alyh/.] In Greek mythol OKV: («) A naiad, mother of the Graces. ( )rie of the Ilcsperides. jEgOSpotami (e-sos-pot'a-mi). [Gr. Aiy;„^- // , 1 ,t aereed to pay, but afterward refused, and m conse- AiUeaS bymUS. ht-e I ni" U. '-IICC was alaiu. iilfred. SeeAlfml „-,•,,, f jElfriC (alf'rik). Born about 9oo: died about in ■(! A. D. An English (Anglo-Saxon) abbot, suruamed •'Grammaticus," author of homilies (edited by Thorpe 1844-46), a Latin grammar and glossary, a treatise on the Old and New Testaments! " Heptateuehus," etc. There has been much discussion with regard to his identity, and it is still in dispute. _, „., , ,^ -,,.., aHfthryth lalf'thrith), L. Elfnda (el-£n da). Born about 945: died about 1000. An Anglo- Sa.Kon queen, daughter of Ordgar, ealdorman of Devon, wife first of ^thelwald, ealdorman of tlie East Anglians, and, after his death, of King Eadgar by whom she was the mother of ^thel- red U. She is said to have caused the murder ol her stepson Eadward at Corfe, in order to secure the election r.f.Ktliflred. _ , ^ ^ ., ^lia Capitolina (e'U-a kap"i-to-h na). In an- B. c. A famous Athenian orator, the political antagonist of Demosthenes, son of Atrometua (Tromes), of the deme of the Cothocida3, and Glaucothea. He served in the campaigns at Nemea in 368, at Mantlneia in 3(i2, and at Tanijnic in 319 ; was s tr.iKic actor and a clerk to the assembly before he ap- pe.ired about 348 as a public speaker ; was twice an envoy to I'hilip of .Maccdon, 346; was twice accused (once (343) l)y L)cmoslhenes) of having accepted bribes from tlic king, but saved himself ; and was defeated (330) in a trial which he brought against Ctesiphon lor having proposed that Demosthenes should be rewarded for his public services witii a golden crown, and, as a consequence, went into e.xile. He finally settled in Rhodes, where he is said to have established a school of eloquence. His citant ora- tions are " .Against Tiinarchus " C34r>), " On the Embassy (:;43), and " Against Ctesiphon " (330). Latiuiu and became the ancestral hero of the ^gchines the Orator. A Greek statue from Roman people. The hero, driven liy a storm on the Hcrculaneum, in the Museo Nazionale, Naples. the (ireeks. played an iiiiiwrUut part in the war, and alter, the sackof Troy, and the extinction of the house of Priam, reigned (as did also his descendants) in the Troad. In post-Uonuric traditions ho is sometimes represented as absent from the sack of Troy, sometimes as seeking refuge, on the admonition of Aphrodite, in Mount Ida, and carry- ing his father thither on his shonldei^s (with other varia- tions), and as settling in tlie peninsula ol P.-iUene. or in the Arcadian Orchunienos. .Most of the traditions, how- represent him as landing in Italy, and becoming the stral 111 , of the Romans. 8ee JBneid. .ffineid (e-ne'id), or.fflneiS (-is). An epic poem, in twelve books, by Vergil, ^counting the ad- ventures of /Eneas after the fall of Troy, founded on the Koman tradition that .lineas settled in coast of Africa, is hospitaldy received by Dido, queen of Carthage, to whom he relates the fall of Troy and his wan- derings. An attacliment between them is broken by the departure of .Eneas, in obedience to the will of the gods, and the suicide of Dido follows. After a visit to .Sicily, Eneas lands at Cumai in Italy. In a descent to the in- fernal regions he sees his father, Anchises. and has a pro- phetic vision of the glorious destiny of his race as well as of the future heroes of Rome. He marries Lavinia, daugh- ter of L.atinus, king of the Latini, and a contest with Tur- nus king of the Rutuli, the rejected suitor, follows, in which Tifnms is slain. The poem is a glorifleation ol Rome and of the emperor Augustus, who, as a member of the .lulian gens, traced his descent from Julus (sometimes identified with Ascanius), the grandson ol ^ncas. The poem was completed, but not Anally corrected, at the death of the author in 10 B. 0. cieiit geography, a Roman colony establisuea i-nesidemus (en-e-si-de'mus). [Gr. AirvrruS;/- " •■•■ -' - '>- '■^*— -^ T„„.„.„1„.., ^i^c» ^ celebrated Greek skeptical philoso- pher of Cnossus (or ^gie) in Crete, a younger contemporary of Cicero. iEolia (e-o'li-il). See .Tiolis. bv Hadrian, 134 A. D., on the site of Jerusalem .I'lia was the family name ol Hadrian: a temple was dedicated to Jupiter Capitolinus in the place (hence the naiiie). ^ . ^ T-» .£lia eens (e'li-ii jenz). In ancient Rome, a ^„„„„ ,. nlebeian clan or House whose familynames and ^olian Islands (e-6'li-an i'landz). The an surnames were Bala, Catus, Gallus, Gracilis, ■■^^-^ - -*• *>- T,;^„ri Tsln.nds. Lamia, Ligur, Pictus, Scjanus, Staienus, Stilo, and Tnbero. To this gens belonged the em- lieror Hadrian and the Antonines, whom he adopted. iElian (e'li-an). See JEtUivuf:, Clanihus. cient name of the Lipari"Islands. jEolians (e-6'li-an/.). The ^oles or ^olii, one of the four great divisions of the Greek race. They occupied from an early period a large part of north- ern Greece and the western part of Peloponnesus, and also migrated to Asia Minor, settling in the region named lor them jEolis, and in Lesbos, f high rank among works of its class. The orator stands (luietly, his arm wrapped in his mantle; the ex- pression is preoccupied, but lull ol dignity. iEschylus (es'ki-lus). [Gr. AiffA-'Poc.] Born at Eleusis, Attica, in 525 B. c. : died at Gela, Sicily, in 4.56 B. c. The greatest of the Greek tragic poets. He was the son ol a certain Euphorion, and lought in the great battles ol the Pereian war, being woiiniied. it is said, at Marathon in 490 B. c. In 4(i.1 B. c. he gained his lirst tragic victory : in all he gained thirteen. In 4i;s he was defeated by Sophocles. In the same year he quitted Athens, according to Plutarch, in mortitlcatiou at his defeat, and went to the court of Hiero at .Syracuse, at whoiie invitation he had already once before vi.-,ited Sicily and written a local piece called the ".Etnieans. A:schylu8 was the father of the Greek tragic dratna. Df his plays there remain 72 titles, over 80 of which seem genuine, but only 7 are extant: the "Suppliees, ' the "Persa;," the "Seven against Thebes," the 'PromctheuB Vinctus," and the Orestean trilogy, consisting^ ol the " Agamemnon," " Chocphori," and " Eumenides." iEsculapius (es-ku-la'pi-us), or Asklepios (as- kle'pi-os). [CJr. ^OK?.7/m()C.] In Greek mythology, the god of medicine, son of Apollo and Coronis. He was killed with a thunderbolt by Zeus, because Pluto complained that Hades was being depopulated. At the request ol Apollo, he was, alter death, placed among the stars. He is commonly represented as an old man with a beard, his usual attribute being a staff with a serpent coiled around it. The common offering to him was a cock. The de- .ffilianus (e'-li-a'nus), Claudius. A Roman ^^jg (g<-.lig) ,._3;olia(e-6'li-a). [Gr. A!o?./c, . ^ _ ,.. ,, .. .„ 5, „x The do rhetoricianof the 2d century A. D., said to have ^\o;ia-\ In ancient geographv, originally the Aeshma Daeva (a-esh ma da-a \a). ine ae- been bom at Pneneste, Italy. His extant works .(yes'tern coast of Asia Minor between the river in.in of anger 111 Avestan ni>-thology. uleutitiea are no.«.A.|-l<7Top.a, commonly called '• Varia Histona, ■ ti „ (i Lectum. Later it extended along with tlie Asmodeus ot the Book ot ioUit. "a cUeelion of 'ana' containing anecdotes of every "'^™'''"'"'' """^ JEsir (ii'sir). The collective name for the gods ^:J^:^:^i^:S^'^^iX::!Z^:^^ i;ius(e'r,-lus). [Gr.A^o/oc] l.m Greek my- f f'!!;(^andinavian mythology There were 12 tended for publication" (K. 0. MiUlfr)-^ and lUpl Zoiiui/ {[jology, the god of the winds, which he con- ^r,„|s and 20 goddesses, dwellers in Asgarrt. fined in a cavern.— 2. The son of Hellen, and jjjgoQ (t/son). [Gr. Aitrur.] In Greek legend, the eponymic founder of the /Eolian race. tjio father of Jason, and stepbrother of Pelias, jEpinus(a-pe'nos) (Franz Maria UlricllTheo- who excluded him from his share of the king- dor Hoch). [G. //"(■/(, higli; Gr. anriu high, steeii, whence .7';/)(«".<.l Born at Rostock, I ier- many, 1724: died at Dorpat, 1H02. A German- Russian physicist, author of "Tentameii tlieo- riffi electricitatis et inagnetismi" (1759), etc. .... , . ,. i^j^ io.oT^Tos (De AnimaUum Natura), "On the Peculiarities ol Animals," a work similar in form to the preceding, iElianus Tacticus (e-li-a'nus tak'ti-kus). Lived about UK) A, D. A writer, probably a Greek residing at Rome, author of a work in Greek on the military tactics of the Greeks and the constitution of ,a Roman army. ^lla (al'il), or Ella (el'il). Died 588. King of the De'i'rans from .5.59 to 588, the son of Iffa ealdorman of the Deira.,8. H^ cast off the sul ^pin^^Jo^^^nn (originally Hoch).!^ ,t the death of Ida. Zicsar, yrussia, 1499: ibed at Hamouif,. Ma\ preniaev ot the Bernicians at Aello (a-el'o). [Gr. 'At//.u.] In Greek mythol- ogv, one of the Harpies. Aelst. See .l/o.vf. Aelst (alst), Willem van. Bom at Delft, Neth- erlands. KVJO: died at Amsterdam, 1679. A Dut«.?.] In Shakspere's (f ) " Titus Andronicus," a noble Roman. c— ■-' 13, 1.553. A German Protestant theologian, an opiionent ot Mehuichthon, and author of a work " De Purgatorio." . JEaui (e'kwi). In ancient geograjihy, a tn bo living iiiLatium.eastof Romeand north of the Hernici, often allied with the Volsciaiis aii«.'>.] 1. .\ccoriling to tradition, a Greek fabulist of the 6th century B. C, represented as a dwarf and originally a slave. Samos and other places claimed the honoV of being his birthplace. Alter obtaining his freedom he visited Lvdla and Oreeee, Df the so-enlled fables of ,V:8op there have been several editions ; but they arc all spurious. Indeed, he is probably not a historical per- sonage. ".Soniool the fablesattrlbuted to him are drawn ll-oin Egyptian sources older by eight hundred years than the famous dwarf who Is supiHised to have invented them. The table of 'The Lion and the Mouse was dis- covered by Dr. Urugsch In an Egyptian papyTi.s a 'ew years ago. 'The Dispute of the Stomach and the Mem bers' has yet more recently been Identllled by Pro- fessor Maspero with an ancient Egyptian irlglnal. (Edirarilf, I-liaraohs, Kelbihs, etc., p. ■-'iS.) He was repro- senUd In later art as deformed, "perhaps to Indlente his nearer approach to the lower animals and Ills pecu- liar sympathy lor their habits. Such is the concepllou of the famous statue now in the Villa Albanl at Rome. 2 A Greek historian of the 7lh or Sih century A. 11., millior of a life of Alexander tho Great. JEsop, OlodiUS. A Roman tragic actor, a eon- teniporarv and intimate friend of Cicero, re- garded by Horace and others as the equal ot (lie great actor Roscius. its chief town is .ffistii (es'li-i). See the extract. North of the Slavs, and Intimately connected with them, the Prusso-U'ttlsh branch of languBges was sltiiati-d; these tribes are llrst mentioned as the .t.«li of Taci- tus (c. 4r.) on the amber roast, then m the (lalindio and Sudlnl of Ptoleniv, the neluhliours of tho \ enedip. Mlll- lenhoH makes It pnihable that "the stork collectively spread from the south or south-east, so that the swampx district of the Pripet was once its natural boundary to the south, and the original basis of its diffusion." SchraJer. Arj-an Peoples (tr. by Jevons). p. 42S. ^thelbald(ath'el-bald), oiEthelbald (eth'el- bald). Diet! 757. King of the Mercians from 716 (718 f ) to 757, son of Alweo, grandnephew of Penda, and successor of Ceolred. He was acknow- ledged overlord of the English as far as the Huniber, 731 ; took the West-Saxon town of Sonierton, 73;^ ; ravaged Northnnibiia, 74'l : was defeated by his West-Saxon under- king, < 'nllii-id. lit the battle of Burford, 764 ; and was killed JEthelbaid"'''' iitiielbald. King of tlie West Saxons SyS-SGO, son of ^Ethelwulf. He married his father's widow, Judith of France, who on his death re- turned to France and married Baldwin, afterward count of Flanders. From this last union was descended Matilda, wife of William the Conqueror. .ffithelberht(ath'el-berHt),oiEtlielbert(eth'- el-bert), Saint. Born 552 (?): died Feb. 24, 616. King of Kent from 560 to 616, son of Eormenric, and great-grandson of Hengist. He was defeated by the West Saxons under Ceawlin and Cu- tha at the battle of Wimbledo i, 568 ; married Bertha or Bercia, a Christian princess, daughter of Charibert, king of the Franks; gradually established his overlordship over the English south of the Huniber after the death of Ceawlin, 593 ; received St. Augustine at the Isle of Thanet, 597; and was converted and vigorously supported Augus- tine. He issued the first of the Anglo-Saxon codes, 600. ^thelberht, or Ethelbert. King of the West Saxons 860-SG6, sou of ^thelwulf. .ffithelburh (ath'el-born), L. Ethelburga (eth- el-ber'ga). Saint. Died 676 (?). Abbess of Bark- ing, Essex. She is commemorated on Oct. 11. .ffithelflasd (ath'el-flad), or Ethelfleda (eth'el- fle-da). Died in 918 (?). The eldest daughter of King Alfred. She married Ethelred, ealdorman of the Mercians. During his life they had equal rule, and after his death, in 911 or 91'2, she was sole ruler. She is known as "the Laily of the -Vlercians. " ^thelfrith (ath'el-frith), or Etbelfrid (eth'- el-frid), or iEdilfrid. Died 617. King of the Northumbrians from 593 to 617, son of ^thel- ric, whom he succeeded. He defeated Aidan (.Ed- han) at the battle of Dregsastan (probably Oawstone), 603 ; defeated the Welsh at the battle of <'hester, 613, massa- cring about twelve hundred of the two thousand monks from Bangor Yscoed, who were praying for the success of the Welsh ; and was defeated and killed by Rjedwald at the battle of the Idle, 617. .ethelred (ath'el-rad), or Ethei/'ed (eth'el- red), or Ethered (eth'e-red), I. King of the West Saxons from 866 to 871, son of iEthel- wuH. .ffithelred, or Ethelred, II. Born 968: died at London, .\pril 23, 1016. King of England, sur- named '•TheUnready" ('laekingeounser), son of Edgar and ELfrida. He succeeded to the tlirone 979, instituted the payment .of "danegeld" 991, ordered a general massacre of the Danes 1002, was deposed 1013, and was restored 1014. .^thelstan. See AiJielstan. ^thelwulf (ath'el-wulf ), or Ethelwulf (eth'- cl-wulf), or Athulf. Died Jan. 13 (June 13?), 858. An Anglo-Saxon king, son of Eegberht (king of Wessex, ruler of Sussex, Kent, and Essex, and overlord of Mereia, East Anglia. Northumbria, Wales, and Stratholyde), whom he succeeded in 839. In 842 he was defeated by the Danes at Charmouth, but in 851 repulsed them with great slaughter at Ockley in Surrey. In 856 he married a sec- ond wife, Judith, the daughter of Chai-les the Bald. The West Saxons revolted under his son .Ethelbald to whom he surrendered the government of Wessex, retaining only his overlordship. Mther (e'ther). [Gr. AWi/p.'] In Greek mythol- ogy, the son of Chaos and Darkness, and the brother of Night, Day, and Erebus; or, accord- ing to Hesiod, the son of Erebus and Night, iind the brother of Day. By Day he was the father of Land. Heaven, and Sea; by Earth, of the Giants and Titans and the vices which destroy the human race. Ac- cording to the Orphic hymiis, he is the soul of the world from which all life springs. In later times he was regarded as the broad expanse of heaven, the abode of the gods, .Ethiopia. See Ethiopia. .ffithiopica. See Tlwagenes and Clniriclea. .ffitMopis (e-thi'o-pis), or Lay of -Sthiopia. A Greek epic poem of the Trojan cycle, by Aretinus of Miletus, the oldest certainly known epic poet (about 776 B. c. ) : so named from one of its heroes, Memnon the .(Ethiopian, it was a continuation of the Iliad, reaching "from the death of Hector to that of Achilles, and telling of the arrival of the Amazons and the -Ethiopians to aid Troy." Aetians, See Aetins and Anomwans. Aetion (a-e'shi-on). [Gt. 'Aerlur.'] A noteil Greek painter, probably a contemporary of Apelles. His picture of the "Marriage of Alexander and Eoxana" was famous in an- tiquity. Aetius (a-e'shi-us),or Aetios (-os). [6r. 'Ahioc.'] Bom at Antioeh, in Coele-Syria : died at Con- stantinople, 367 A. D. A Syrian theologian, sur- 18 named "The Atheist," the founder of a sect of extreme Arians, called Aetians from him, Euno- mians from his disciple Eimomius, and Auo- moeans. The Aeiians "were the first to carry out the doctrines of Arius to their legitimate issue, and in oppo- sition both to Homoousians and Hotuolousians maintained that tlie Son was unlike, acofiotos, the Father" (whence the name Anomteans). Aetius. Born at Durostorus (Silistria) about 396 : killed at Rome, 454. A Roman general, commander-in-chief under Valentinian III. He gained many victories over the West Goths, Franks, 'Bnrgundians, and other northern invaders, aiul is famous for his victory over Attila, near Ch^ons-sur-Marne, 451. He was put to death by the emperor. Aetius. Born at Amida, Mesopotamia: flour- ished about 500 A. D. A Greek writer, author of a medical work in sixteen books (Latin translation 1542). Though essentially a compilation, it is one of the most valuable books of antiquity on medicine. JEtas, (et'na). A Latin didactic poem errone- ously attributed to Vergil. It combats the popular mythiealgtheory of the causes of vol- canic action. .aitna. Mount. See Etna. .SItolia (e-to'li-a), or Aitolia (i-to'li-il). [Gr. AiTu'/.ia.] In ancient geography, a district of Greece, bounded by Epirus and Thessaly on the north, Doris on the northeast, Locris on the east and southeast, the Corinthian Gulf on the south, and Acarnania on the west. It now forms part of the nomarchy of Acarnania and .Etolia. iEtolian League (e-to'li-an leg). A confeder- acy of Greek tribes whose constitution was copied from that of the Aehtean League. It waged war against Macedon 323 B. c, against the Gauls 279, and against the Achiean League 220. and was allied with Rome 211-192. It was dissolved in 167 B. c. Afanasieff (a-fa-na'si-ef), Aleksandr. Born 1826: died 1871. A Russian archa;ologist, autlior of "'Russian Popular Stories," "Poeti- cal Views of the Old Slavonians about Na- ture," etc. Afar and Afar country. See Danalcil and Danukil coinitri/. Afer (a'fer), Domltius. Born at Nimes, France : died 60 A. D. A Roman orator, a teacher of Quintilian. In a. d. 26 he conducted the accusation for the government against Claudia Pulchra, the cousin of Agrippina. and in A. D. 27 appeared against Varus Quintilius, her son. Affenthal (af'feu-tal). A village near Baden, in Baden, noted for its red wine. Affre (af'r), Denis Auguste. Bom at St. Rome, Tarn, France, Sept. 27, 1793: died at Paris, June 27, 1848. A French ecclesiastic, appointed archbishop of Paris in 1840. He was mortally wounded in the insurrection of 1848, at the barri- cades, June 25, whUe attempting to admonish the in- surgents. Afghanistan (af-gan-is-tan'). A country of Asia, bounded liy Asiatic Russia and Bokhara nortli, India and Kafiristan east, Baluchistan south, and Persia west, and extending from about lat. 29° to 37° 80' N., and long. 61° to 72° E. The limits of the ameer's rule are ill defined. The chief divisions are Kabul, Herat, Kandahar, Afghan Turkestan, and Jelalabad. The Ameer of Kabul is its absolute sovereign. The prevailing religion is Moham- medanism. Afghanistan became independent of Persia under the Durani dynasty in 1747. Under its ruler. Dost Mohammed, war broke out with the British in 1838. The latter captured Kandahar, Ghazni, and Kftbul (1839), establishing a new ameer; but in 1841 the British auent was massacred, and the llritish army was annihilated in 1842 in retreating in the Kurd-Kabul Pass, Gen- ei-al Pollock ended the w.ir in 1842. In 1878, under the ameer Shere All, w.ar au'ain broke out with the British, who captured Jelalabad and Kandahar. Shere All fled, and Yakub Khan was proclaimed in 1879. A massacre of the British resident at Kabul was followed by an invasion under General Roberts, and Yakub Khan abdicated. The latter's brother Ayub Khan in ISSO defeated the British forces, but under General Roberts they relieved Kandahar in 1880, defeated Ayub Khan, and recognized Abdurrah- man Khan as ameer. Various disputes arose regarding the boundary between Afghanistan and the Russi.an pos- sessions. The Russians seized Penjdeh in 188.^ and war was narrowly averted. An Anslo-Russian conmiission arranged the delimitation of the northern frontier in 1886-S7. Recent occurrences have been revolts of the Ghilzais and other tribes. Area (estimated), 215,400 square miles. Population (estimated). 4,000,000, including the Afghans proper, Pathans, Hindkis, Hazaras, Kataghans, etc. Afghan Turkestan. A region between the Oxus and the Hindu-Kush Mountains, subject to the Ameer of Kabul : a vague term. Afghan wars. British wars with Afglianistan in 1838-42 and 1878-80. See AfghiniisUm. Afghan (af'g.an). 1. One of an Iranian race forming a large part (about 3,000,000) of the inhabitants of Afghanistan. The native name is Pushtanah (pi.). — 2. One of the languages of the Aryan family, spoken by the Afghans or Africa natives of Afghanistan, Pushtu or I'ukhtii. and called by them Aflnger (af'ing-er), Bernhard. Born at Nu- remberg, Bavaria, May 6, 1813 : died at Berlin, Dec. 20, 1882. A noted German sculptor. Afium-Karahissar (ii-fe-om'kii-ra'his-sar'), or Karahissar. [Turk., 'black castle of opium.'] A town in the vilayet of Kliodowentiikyar, Asi- atic Tiu'key, about lat. 38° 38'. N., long. 30° 28' E. : the native city of Othman, founder of the Turkish empire. Near it is the site of the an- cient Syimada. Population, 20,000 (?). Afranius (a-fra'ni-us), Lucius. A Roman comic poet, an imitator of ilenander, living about 100 B. c. Fragments of his works are extant. • Afranius Nepos, Lucius. A Roman general, an adherent of Poinpey. He was consul 60 b. c, was opposed to Ceesar in Spain 49 B. c, and died in Africa, 46 B. e. Afrasiab (a-fra-si-ab'). In the Shahnamah, son of the Turamaa king Pesheng and a de- scendant of Tur, the son of Feridun. The obliga- tion to blood-revenge for the death of Eraj, who had been killed by Tur and his brother Salm, was the ground of the long struggle between Iran and Turan. A great part of the Shahnamah is taken up with the account of the wars waged by .Afrasiab with Iranian sovereigns until he at last escapes from llom, who had bound him, into the lake of Urumiali. As Afrasiab is induced to raise his head above the watei's, he is caught with a lasso by Horn, who gives him over to Kaikhosrav, who beheads him. Afrasiab is the Franrasyan of the Avesta. Africa (af'ri-ka). [P. Afrique, G. Africa, Sp. It. Pg. Africa, L. Africa (whence Gr. 'A^pmi/, the prop. Gr. term being Aijih/, Libya), prop. adj. (sc. terra), from Afcr (pi. Afri), an inhabitant of Ati'ica, orig. with reference to the country of the Carthaginians, from whom the term was received.] 1. A continent of the eastern hemisphere, next to Asia the largest grand division of the world, bounded by the Medi- terranean on the north (which separates it from Europe), the Isthmus of Suez (which con- nects it with Asia), the Red Sea (which sepa- rates it- from Asia), and the Indian Ocean on the east, the Southern Ocean on the south, and the Atlantic on the west, it extends from lat. 37° 20' N. to lat. 34° 50' S., and from long. 17° 31' W. to long. 51° 22' E. Its principal political divisions are Morocco, Algeria, Tunis, Tripoli, Barca, Fezzan, Egypt, the Mahdi's dominions (in the eastern Sudan), -\byssinia, the Italian possessions, British East Africa, German East Africa, Brit- ish protectorates in the interior, the Portuguese posses- sions on the east and west coasts, British South Africa (Cape Colony, Natal, the tirange Kiver Colony, the Trans- vaal Colony, etc.), tlie German possessions in west Africa (Kameruu, 'I'ogo-land, Damaraland, etc.), the Kongo P'ree State, the Fi'ench Kongo, the British possessions iii west Africa (Sierra Leone, Gold Coast, etc.), the French sphere of influence in western Africa (including the west- ern Sahara), Senegal, Liberia, the Spanish coast, and various native states in the Sudan (Bambarra, Gando, Sokoto, Borim, Adamawa, Wadai, etc.). The more dis- tinctive physiographic features of the continent are to be found in the Atlas .Mountains, the Sahara, the great equa- torial forests, the lake region (Albert Nyanza, Victoria Nyanza, Tanganyika, etc.), and in the south-central pla- teau. Principal rivers: Nile, Kongo, Niger, and Zambesi (with the Victoria Falls, the "African Niagara"). Africa has few high mountains ; the highest are the glacier-cov- ered Kilimanjaro (19,780) in German East Africa and Ke- nia (18,620) in British East Africa. Its inhabitants :\Te chiefly of the negro race, with Kafirs, Hottentots, Copts, Ai'abs, Moors, Berbers, and some Europeans. Tiie prevail- ing religions are Moiiammedanism, val'it.us forms of pa- ganism, the Coptic Chnrih, and the Abyssinian Church. The name "Dark Continent " has been gi\en to it as the least-known of the earth's grand divisions. Its northern portions were early seats of civilization, and part of the Ro- num Empire; but much of its interior is still unexplored. It Wiis circumnavigated )iy the Pheiiicians as early as the 7th century B.C. Coast-line exploration was imdertaken by the Portuguese in the midtile of the 15th century, and the Cape of Good Hope was doubled by Da Gaina tl497). Explo- rations (interior) have lieen made since the last part of the 18tii century by Bruce, Muurio Park, Hornemann, Burck- liarilt, Denliam, Clapperton, Lander, Oiulney, Rebmann, Barth, Richardson, Overweg, Vogel, Livingstone, Burton, Speke, Grant, Baker, Statiley, Schweinlurth, Jlauch, Nach- tigal, DeBrazza, Holub, Wissmaini, Seiii;i i'into, Cameron, Rohlfs, Lenz, Du Cllaillu, Emin Paslia, and utlieis. Recent events :u'e the foundin.2 of the Kongo Free State, and the partitioning among various powers (Great Britain, France, Germany, Portugal, Italy, Spain, etc.)of immensedistricts especially in the interior and along the eastern and western coasts: this so-called "scramljle f^ir Africa " began about 1884. (See Spheres of Injluence.) The length of Africa is 4,970 miles, its lireadth about 4,700 miles, its area (esti- mated, Peterniaim), 11,508,793 square miles, and its popu- lation (1897), about 170,000,000. [African names. In most purely African languages the names of tribes, languages, and countries, as first heard and written by travelers, colonists, authors, and cartographers, appear not in their naked form, but adorned with prefixes or suffixes, which distinguish the name of one member of the tribe from many, the tribe from the language, and the country from lioth tribe and language. Strictly speaking, the only correct way would be to use the prefixes and suffixes as the natives do. This, however, is impossible, because the languages are not yet sufB Africa ciently known, and because a specialist alone could mas- ter the great variety of prefixes and suttues. Therefore l>r. Lepsius and i>r. R. X. Cust, ajid many after them, prefer to use the stem of the word, as it may be ascer- tained, and add to it, respectively, •man," ■'■men," ''tribe,'" •'liinguui^e," "countrj'." Thus. Ganda man (instead of ,V ;/a;i(/fiX Ganda tribe or people (instead of Ba-ganda), (janda laivjiiaa; Mu-luha, Ba-luba. Ki-luba. U-Uiba. *: i: Mu-gogo, Wa-gog.>. Ki-gogo. 0-goga V iimba : Mo-gwamba, Ma-gwaiuba, Sbi'gwamba. lit: Mo-8»to, Ba-siito, Se-siito. Le-suto. ' langala: El-mbangala. l-mbaiigola. U-nibangala. ' jn3u: 0-t«tii-mbundu, Uvi-iiibniuiu, U-nibmulu. L ijc: MuBbi'lange, Ba^bi-hiiig<-, Kislii-lange. . Ta: Mukua-ngola, Akua-iigoItL. Di-ngola. Urican langruages. Our knowledge of African lan- ijj:es is not yet sufficient to warrant a final, or even .'■iierally acceptable, classification. Specialists contia- ■ ii'.l each other as soon as they begin to classify. The l.iiglish-speaking pnldic still holds to the temporary clas- -iiicatiun of Dr. R. N. Cust in his " Modem Languages ol iiica," which is sinijply that of Ft. M tiller in his ""Grund- •; der Sprachwisseiisi'haft." German Africanists show, 1 late, a preference for that of Dr. Lepsius in the intro- . -tion to his "Grammar of Nuba." Somewhat modi- t, this will probably be that of the future. Our classi- iiion tries to combine the nomenclature of Dr. fust, lerally followed in English books, with the facts, which •■ more support to the system of Lepsius. The main ' stion is about the relation of Bantu and Xegro. I. Purely African languages. . I N'egro languages : ^a) Bantu languages (pure). (6) Nigritic or Sudan-negro languages (mixed). (c) Nuba-Fulah or Pul languages (mixed). (2) Hottentot, Bushmen, or Batua languages : (a) Hottentot langunges, i ,- c . .i ** :„- (c) I'ygniy languages, in central Africa, (S) Haniitic languages ; (a) Kgyptian. (h) Libyan or BeHier languages. (c) Ethiopian ur Kushitic languages. II. Extra- African languages. (1) Semitic languages ; (o) Pure Arabic (Egyptian, Maghreb, Sudani, and Mus- cat dialects). (6) Mixed (Araharic, Tigrd, etc.). (2) Malay languages (.Madagascar^ (S) Aryan languages. (o) English, in .South Africa and Liberia. ) „.,„ Frcncli, in Algeria. j ' '"'^ (6) Creole dialects. Mediterranean Lingua Franca. English Creole (In West Africa, Kru-English). Portuguese Creole (Cape Verde Islands; S. Thomd and Principe Islands). Dutch Creole (Uoers and llottentota). In the English, Portuguese, and Dutch Creoles, the word- store is European : niucti of the plionology, niorpliohigy, and syntax Is African. For the Semitic nnii Malay lan- guages, see Arnbic, Malnti-I'idinirinan. For the purely African languages, see linntu, yi;/ritif, Ihjitiitic. Nuba- Fulah, //'iMfn(o(.- African etlmography. owing tothe scantiness of ethnographic data, the linguintic division of Africi Is also generally applied to the ethnographic elassl- flcatlon. It should, however, lie rcnieniliered that the two do not cover each other exactly cither within a family or group, or from cla.ss to class. Thus the Hottentots of Cape Colony have lost their original dialect, and adopted Dutch. The I)a-Kotse on the /.ambenl, have lost Ihelr language and adopted the .Se-chinuiadlalectof the Ma-Kololo. The Nuba of Egypt, while retaining many eharacteristles of their language, have lost neaily all their racial traits, while, on the contrary, the Ilausa have given up almost every trace of their tlrst molhertongue, but are still, ra- cially, pure negrocH. As a rule, the names of African tribes and languages or dialects. If stripped of prefixes and aiilHxes, coincide, and will be found under one lille in this dlitioiiary. ,'iee nantii, Xi;rrilic, llnllrntat, Ilnmilic. Nuba-Ftdah ; also African nami^H and .1/riVfin tnjvfua'ji'H.] 2. In aiipiontKcn(jra)iliy, a part nf iinrllicni Af- rica wliieli onrii'Spiiiiilcii nearly to (lie tiiodorn Ttinis. It (•onijirisocl the iinincdialc dominiona of Carthage, Later it was a Roman province. 19 North Africa— the only Africa known to the ancients — had seen many rulers come and go since the Arabs under Oiiba lirst overran its plains and valleys. I>ynasty had succeeded dynasty ; the Aral' governors under the Klia- lifs of Damascus and l^hdad had made room for ttie Houses of Idris (A. n. 7S») and Aghlab (Sixi); these in turn liad given way to the Fatimi Khalifs (IKiill; and when tliese schismatics removed their seat of power from their newly founded capital of Mahdiya to their lliial metrtipo- lis of Cairo (:»tW), their western empire speedily split up into the several princedoms of the Zeyris of Tunis, the Beni Hammad of Tilimsan. and other minor governments. At the close of tile eleventh century, the .Murabits or Al- moravides, a Berber dynasty, imposed tlieir authority over the greater part of North Africa and Spain, but gave place in the middle of the twelfth to the Muvvahhids or .Almo- liades. whose rule extended from the Atlantic to Tunis, and endured for over aliundred years. On the ruins of their vast empire three sep:irate and long-lived dynasties sprang up : the Beni-Hafs in Tunis (12'2s-1534). the Beni Ziyan in Central .M.aghrib (1'235-1400), and the Beni Merin in Jlorocco (12uO-l.ViO). To complete the chronology it may be added that these were succeeded in the sixteenth century by the Corsair Pashas (afterwards Deys) of Algiers, the Turkish Pashas or Beys of Tunis, and the Sherifs or Emperors of Morocco. The last still continue to reign ; but the Deys of Algiers have given place to the French, and the Bey of Tunis is under Frenfth tutelage. Poole, Story of the Barliary Corsairs, p. 21. 3. A diocese of tbe later Roman iirefectiire of Italy. It comprised the Roman provinces of Africa. Nu- midia, and a part of Mauritania, and corresponded to modern Algeria, Tunis, and Tripoli. 4. See tbe extract. Africa meant to the Arabs the province of rarthage or Tunis and its capital, which was not at first Tunis but successively Kayrawan and Mahdiya. Throughout the later middle ages the name Africa is applied by cliris- tian writers to the latter city. Here it was that "in laim a ■' grand and nolde enterprise" came to an untimely end. "The Genoese,'* s.ays Froissart. *' bore great enmity to this town ; for its Corsairs frequently watched tbeni at sea. and when strongest fell on and plundered their ships, carrying tlieiv spoils to this town of Africa. ' Poole, Story of the Barbary Corsairs, p. 13L Africaine (af-ri-kan'), L'. An opera by Mey- erbci.T, jiroduced at the Acadfniie in Paris, April 28, 1865, after his death. African International Association. See yio«r/() I'rce Stafi. African War, The. The war between Julius CiBsar and the followers of Pompey, who liad collected in the province of Africa after the defeat of Pliarsalia 48 B. c. and were over- thrown at Thapsiis 46 B. c. Africans, The. A pastoral by Colman the youMf^'or, produced in 1.S08. Africanus (af-ri-kii'nus). Sextus Julius. A Christian historian of the first half of the :id century A. D., author of a treatise on chni- nolo^.v, fragtuonts of which are extant (chiefly ill Knseliius), Afridis (ii-fre'diz). A warlike tribe of Afghans dwi-lling south of Peshawar. Afrikander (iif-re-kiin'der). The Dutch word • for " African'': a name given to whites born in South Africa, particularly to those of Dutch descent. Afrikander Bund Caf-re-kan'der bont), or Bond (Ijond). A South African association founded in 1H79 (and under the present name in 1880), which aims not qnly at the furtherance of Afrikander influence, but at t lie ultimate com- plete independence of Snutli Africa in the form of a United States of South Africa. Afzelius (af-ze'li-us; Sw. pron. iif-tsa'li-8s). Adam. Bom at Larf, Sweden, Oct. 7, IToO : died Jan. ^0, 18:!". A Swedish naturalist, demon- strator of botany at Upsala (178S), scientKic explorer in Sierra Leone (1792). secretary (>r h'gation in Lcmdon (17!)(i), and professor of materia niedica at Upsala (1812). Afzelius, Arvid August. Born May 6, nnri: died al Knkuiiiiig, Sejil. 2.'), 1871. A' Swedish writer iiiid scholar, noted as a cnlleclor of Swedish folk-songs. He was ])astor at Knkii- ping after 1821. Agabus (ag'a-bus). [fir. '!\>a,%f.] A )>ropliet and martyr of the early ("hristian church, sui>- posed to have been one of llie seventy disciples of Christ. In -13 A. P., while Paul and Ilarnabaa were in Antloeh, he canio from .luilea to Antloch, where ho Jiredleteil tile approach of a famine. (Acts xl. '17, is.) He is said to have sulfered martyrdom at Anlloch, and Is eomniemorated as a saint in the Byzantine Chureli on March ». Agada (ag'n-dij). [Aramean form of Hebrew liiK/dilti, nari'ativo.] The name given to one of the two great diNnsions of post-biblieal Uelirew literature. II denotes that imrllon of Ihc Talniudt' literature not devoted to n ll'.:lonK law: tbUH the exegetieal and honiltct4cal p'Otions. fables, proverlis. the ethics, as well as overythlng relating to nalural science and history, are fneliided under the term A'jada, which is opposed to Uaiacha, the legal portions. Agade (a-g&'de). See Akkad. Agassiz, J. L. R. Agades (a'ga-dez). The capital of the sultan- ate of Asben (or Air), in Africa, about lat. 17° N.. long. 7° 45' E. Population, about 7,000. Agag (a'gae). [Heb. ; of uncertain meaning.] 1. An Amalekiteking, spared by Saul, contrary to his vow, and slain by order of Samuel. 1 Sam. XV. — 2. A character in Dryden's ''Absa- lom and Aehitophel," a satire of Sir Edmund Berry Goilfrey, a magistrate who received the declaration of Titus Oates. He was afterward found in a ditch dead and mutilated, hence the ■ allusion (see def. 1). Agamemnon (ag-a-mem'non). [Gr. 'A'/O/ie/ivuv.'] 1. lu Greek legendary history, the son of Atreus, king of Slycenie, and the most power- ful ruler in (Jreece. He led the Creek expedition against Troy, and on his return was slain, accortling to Homer, liy .Kgistbus, according to .Eschylus, by his wife Clytemnestra, who was inciteil to the deed partly by jealousy of Cassandra, and partly through fear on account of her adultery with -Isgisthus. 2. The greatest of the tragedies of JEsehylus. The scene is laid in Argos, in the palace of Agamemnon, at the time of the king's return from the capture of Troy ; the catastrophe is the murder (behind the scenes) of Agamemnon and Cassandra (whom he has brought captive with him) by the queen Clytemnestra urged on by her paramour .-Egisthud. Tragedies with this subject have been written also by Seneca, AlHeri, and Lemercier. Agamenticus (ag-a-men'ti-kus), Mount. A hill, 673 feet high, in York County, near the southwestern extremity of the State of Maine. The locality was the site of one of the earliest English colonies in Elaine, led by Gorges and others, in Itiai. Agana (ii-g;i'nyii). The principal place in tho Latlrones, Pacific Ocean, situated on the island of Guahan. Aganippe (ag-a-nip'e). [GT.'AyaviTTTTTi.'i In an- cient geogiapliy, a fountain near Mount Heli- con, in Boi'dtia, Cireeee, sacred to the Muses. It was believed to inspire those who drank of it, and it gave the name " Agimippides" to the Muses. See Uelicon. Agape (ag'a-pe). [Gr. ('i}u-r/, love.] In Spen- ser's "Faerie (^ueene," a fay, tlie mother of three knights born at a birth, for whom she obtained the gift that if one were killed his strength should pass into the remaining bro- thers or brother. AgapetuS (ag-a-pe'tus) I. [Gr. 'A}a-rrr6c, be- loved.] Pope from June, 535, to April, 536, son of Gordiauus. a Roman priest. He went to Constantinople in Kid, and there deposed Anthimus the Eutychian. patri:irch of Constantinople. The Roman Chuieh celeliiates his festival Sept. 20. Agapetus II. Pope from 946 to 9,55, a Koman by l.irth. Agapida (a-gii-pe'THii), Fray Antonio. The lii'litious writer to' whom Washington Irving originally attributed the authorship of the "Conquest of Granada." Agard, or Agarde (a-giird'), Arthur. Bom at Foston. Derbyshire, 1:540: died at London, Aug. 22, 1615. An English antiquary, clerk in the Exchequer, and (16(13) deputy chamberlain. He prepared catahigues of state papers,* compiled a list of all (he leagues, treaties of peace, "intercourses," and mar- riages arranged between England and other countries down to the end of the Kith century, and wrote a Latin treatise on the Doomsday Book. lie beijueathed his nu- merous MSS. partly to the Exchequer and partly to his friend Kobert Cotton. Most of them are now in the British Miiseiini. Agardh (ii'giird), Jakob Georg. Born at Lund, Sweden, 1813: died tin re UM»1. A Swedish naturalist, son of K. A. Agardh, jirofessor of botany al Lund: autli, " Icoiies Algariim I'.uropiciu'um" (lt>'.i8-'i.'>), " Larobok 1 Bolanik" (i.sio ;i'.'). Agasias(a-gas'i-as). [Gr. 'A)naudar He freed .Naudar's 1S46- became orofessor of zoology and geology- at Cam- *^-^t', '"^" r.*"'" "rJ^", Vr % tl captive nobles, who had been spared on his entreaty and Se inlSJs travXd In the L-nited SUtS; in BrazU of the suitors ot Penelope. He was one of the were imprisoned at Sari. For this he was kiUed by {lS(i,v*6X and around Cape Horn (1S71-72), and became . last to be slam bv Ulysses. Alrasiab. curator ot the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cam- Agen (a-zhon'). The capital of the department Aghrim, or Aughrim (ag'rim). A village in bridge in is-W He published " Kecherclies sur les pois- ^^ Lot-et-Garonne, France, the ancient Agin- Count v Galwav. Ireland, about 31 miles east of Rons. fosLiiles HSS^i— 13) Natural Uiston' oi tne rre&n- ,, ,-. i *. i » i /af.] All ancient Greek etc. the scene of executions in the Albigensian and Huguenot .r„„i:„j' „„„<■ „f Trivyen Cabout 7-10 B C 1 Aga^ti (a-gas'ti), or Agastya (a-gast'ya), A j^ar. It is also notable a^.he^ghplace of S^^^ auTht of ^^e -'Lsto^' or " Home'vSrd V^- Kishi, reputed author ot a number otjed.c ^^^P^^cu^^^^.p^tfai^. the ancient name ages" of the Achaan heroes from the siege Sf hvmns. He is said to have been the son of both llitra ^ J^^^Ft„\,„„ Trov and Varuna by I' rvasi. to have been born in a water-jar, .^"^ ;-'^".*^ 5. ■ - ..,, . - • ,.. i.- -/% \^<'/^'^u\ i Ti,„ +i,;-.i r^„^^■r,A.,, i,. n,^ to have been of short stature, to have swaUowed the AgenoiS (a-zha-nwa'), or AgcnaiS (a-zha-na'). Aglb (a gib). 1. The third Calendar in the oceanand compelled the vindhya mountains to prostrate \ former district of France, comprised in the story of "The Three Calendars" m the "Ara- themselves before him (whence they lost their primeval ,jjo(]em denartment of Lot-et-Garonne. hian Nights' Entertainments." — 2. In the story height), to have conquered and civilized the south, and _^^ ^^t^^ PGr 'W^iup.l 1 In Greek of Noureddin Ali and Bedredden Hassan in to have been made regent ot the strirtanopus. Heismost xigcuur v^i je iiui j. l\ji. --\;/y»w^,j a. xuv^itr^ra ^^n^i_ , ,. -v-- i.* >, c t> a i i prominent in the Rimayana, where he dweUs in a her- lesend: (n) A king of Phffinieia, son of Posei- The Arabian Rights," a son of Bedredden mitage on Mount Kunjara and is chief of the hermits of ^^n and Libva. and father of Cadmus and Eu- Hassan and the Queen of Beauty, the south. In Tamil literature he is venerated asthe first (J) A son of Phegeus, king of Psophis Agllolfillger (a-gi-lol'fing-er). The family of teacher of science and hterature to the pruuitiveDravidian i„'^,.,akia, one of the slayers of Alcma?on,slain, the earliest dukes of Bavaria. The line began Aga*liarcllides(ag-a-thar'kl-dez). [Gr.iLjaeop- iutum,byAlem»on'sson. (c) A brave Trojan about_o90 (p30f) and ended in ,b8. vTd«.] Born at Cnidos. Asia Minor: flourished wan-ior, son of Antenor, who appears in the II- Agllulf (a'gi-lult\ Died 616. AdukeofTurm durin" the latter half of the 2d century B. c. iad as a leader in the attack on the fortifications and king of Lombardy. A Greek i,.!.l 1itopV« Of n Tiai-r of rmp "On the and Apollo assumed his form in order to lead Achilles A rtllage m the department of Pas-de-Calais, ¥^^B.zi^'^ ^ -^'" ^' "^°- ri^e Gr^ern-i"'f::;fBi-iSmTr- i^^iz^^s:^!^^'-:^^^^^^. ^CJ^^^-O^'^^. [Gr. .,...p.oc.] ^.:,f.&Zfint-^e?rron^afGfe%oT- ^^e^tle^Sh^S^So^.^jtrer^th^^ol A„ftihi'r!.>,, = An' Athenian nainter of the oth •^°"- ^^ represents a little girl seated on the stable d'AIbret. The loss of the English was •^nf^,^ « ?^^ati bVvitravius to W ^°™d *" » ^""•i*''* landscape. a,,out 1,6(X1 ; that of the French over 10,000. . centui-\ B. c, »aid by \ itruvms to have pamted ^ (a'geri. Captain. A character in :^^ddle- a „-_„„,Vf -^ee «f.-o»j- rf' 4ninrourt a scene for a tragedy of ^schylus, and thus ^j^\\,,fRowlev^ plav -'A Fair QuaiTel." a i|^^°^- Ballad of A Poem bV Dravton to have been the mventor of scene-paintuig. ^j j ^ ^j • andnoble nature who makes, "l^feh^^'eared in "Poems LvrTck andPa^to Agatha (ag'a-tha) Saint. A bicilian virgin j^ ^is consideration of a point of familv honor, T'iv aboiU 1605 V!^t trL^rfutd"^^^^ hL"^ rgo^^rntTflrciUrr'tl'^ne: '^ «- ^^'^'^^ '^^^^^ --• -'I P*^---^ Sltl/Xp,- S^V^ ^^otllicl^'t p?b' ^nTA^gl'i^a^l^'cliHtS^^^^^^^ ABmallAiL'^:';SeeJ,e„. ,,^ . , , ?he is sai.l to have been scourged, burnt with hot irons, valley in the eastern part of the canton of Agira (a-je'ra). or San FllippO d ArglTO. A torn with hooki, and then placed on a bed of live coals ._Zug, Switzerland. town, the ancient Agyrium. in the province and glass. a -, -r, Ageii, or Egeil, Lake of. A lake, about 3?.4 of Catania, Sicilv. about 31 miles northwest of Agathias (a-ga'thi-as). [Gr. Ajatfiaf.] Bom miles long, in the canton of Zug, Switzerland. Catania. Population, about 13,000, at Myriua. Asia Minor, about o36 : died about Its outlet is bv the Lorze into the Lake of Zug. Agis (a'jis) I. [Gr. "A;;?.] King of Sparte 583. A Byzantine poet and historian, author ^gg^jj^gj (aj-e-san'der), or Agesandros about 1032 (?) B. c. of a history of the period oo2-oo8 (ed. by ^le- (.Jj-osk [Gt. 'A-,-^aai'SfMc.) A Greek sculptor. Agis 11. King of Sparta from about 426 to 399 buhr. 1828). , mv a native of Ehodes. With Athenodorus aud b. c. He was victorious at Mantineia 418. Agatho (ag'a-tho), Saint, sumamed Thauma- Polvdorus of Ehodes he carved the Laocoon Agis III, King of Sparta 338-330 b. c. He was turgUS. Pope from June 2(, 6<8, to Jan. 10, (^Meh gge). allied with Persia against Macedon, and was 682: a native of Palermo, bieilv He brought Agesilan of Colchos. The principal character defeated and killed in 330. fn^o l!;Viifh\heToZ'femrh^^4ywSS^^^^^ - the romanee of that name in the eleventh Agis IV. Died B.C. 240 King of Sparta from > ., , , „.!,-- i-iA,\ „/ A,To+T,r,irlQc and twelfth books Ot "Amadis of Gaul.' b. c. 244:sonof Eudamidas H.of theEurvpontid ^ffvaJo'^Morn-a^ThermL^cU^S^^^^^^ Ag^silas (a-zha-se-las'). A tragedy by Cor- line. He proposed to recruit the ranks of the-Spar.-s [tji. -^/aPoyjr.J Born at t nermffi, bieuy, dOii .; & produced iu 1666. from among the Perioeci, and advocated a redistribution B. C. : died 289 B, C. A Sicilian despot, tp-aut «„' J," ',,„.. 4„„i iS'iis^TT or A?pqilaosf-os) of the landed property. In these measures of reform he Of Svracuse 317-289 B. C. He invaded Africa "^p^^f '^^ ''"f i^' TO2^f'*;i^-i.?,f;^^f\h°^^ was opposed by his ciUeague. Leonidas 11.. of the Agid ;,, oio [Gr. A-^t7i/aof.J Died m bg%pt m tne -nuiter ij„e_and was, after some transient successes, captured and « „.\;'„ , ,„ ti,„„x rr- i.-^H,„. 1 Ti„rT>QV,niit of 361-360 B. C. Kmg of Sparta from 399 to sentenced to death by the ephors. Alfleri produced a Agathon(ag a-thon) [Gr. A;att.r.] Bornabout ^^ Archidanlus II. of the Eu- remarkable tragedy on this subject. fil^ire-'^n thr' S^noTu^' of P^lato the rypontid'line, by his second wife Eupolia. and AglabitesCag'la-bits),or AgMabites.or Agla- figure» in the SjTnposium of Plato, the j^^.^^^ther of Agis H. whom he succeeded, bides (ag'la-bidz). An Arab dvnastv which scene of whicU -s laid in his house. ^^^ j^^ ^^^^ j„ j^^ ^^li^f „£ ^^e Asiatic Greeks against j.^i^ued in northern Africa (caprtal at Kairwan) Agathon. A philosophical romance by Wie- p^reia, and in the following year defeated the satraps „ ^ , besrinnin.' of the 9th centurr to 909. land, published in 1766 : so named from its chief Tissapheroes and Pharnabazus. In 3W, as he was prepar- Irom l^^^^^S^^^'^^J'X^''^^^ nh--iptPi- in whiph the author denietedhimseU ing to enter the heart of the empire, he was called home It was succeeaeu. Dy tne r anmites. eh».aetermii\nicn the author aeplcteamm^eu. « ^^„^ ,„ j^j-^jt i„ , be Corinthian war, stirred Aglaia (ag-la'va . [Gr. 'A; /.i_^ii; iur,w Aaotrod, irS'vel TGr 'Avnini 1 Tn Greek Icend a°d in 391 reduced the Acamanians. In 369 he mam- oept. 10, i<»'- ..^ . ^ a t. o- t u Agave ta-ga ve). L^ur. Ayat^j inureeKieoenu, ^ ^^^ unwalled Sparta against the attacks of four Aglanra (ag-la'ra). A tragedy by Sir John the daughter of Cadinus, wife of the Spartan „„,i^^ g^ ^^ present, at the battle of Mantineia in ffuekling acted ii 1637-38 and printed in 1646. Echion.andmotherofPentheus.kingot ihebes, 36-2, and in 361 he crossed with a Lacedaemonian army of ^ - ,. «,.,. whom she destroved in a frenzv. mercenaries into EgM)t. Aglanra enjoys the eccentric possession of two Mth Agawam (ag'a-w\,m). A town in Hampden Agger of ServiUS TuUius. [L. afloer. mound -t.^^^at .t can be made a tragedy or a trag^^ed, Countv, Massachusetts, situated on the Con- rampart.] An especially important stretch of ^ ,., . . 1 ■ n \ neeticut nearlv opposite Springfield. Popula- the Servian Wall of Rome, extending from the AglaUTOS (ag-la ros) or AgraulOS ^ag-ra los), tion (1900), 2,536. Colline Gate, on the site of the present Ministry or Agraule (-le). [Gr. li-./aivMc, Ajpaivoc. -V,- Agawam. See Pexnacoof:. of Finance, across the low ground to the Es- p«t>',.] In Greek mvtholog>\ the wife of Ce- Agbatana. Same as Ecbatana. quiline Gate, adjoining the existing Arch of crops; also, the daughter of tecrops, noted in Agde (agd). A town in the department of Gallienus, at the foot of the Esquiline. In the legends of Attica. Herau't France, the ancient Agatha, on the middle of the Agger there was a third gate, the Porta Aglemut (ag le-mot). [Smgular Agtemu.] A Heraulttieqr the Mediterranean 29 miles south- Viminalis. The Agger consisted of a great mound of tribe of Alaskan Eskimo inhabiting the shores of uerauuneartne.ueuuerrdiieau.-amiiessuu u ,j^ j j , ^j ^.^j ^ there was a ditch 30 feet deep -d •„.„, Ravand the northern shore of the Alas- west of Montpelber. it was a co ony of Massiha. ^nd lOci wide. The mound had a very massive retaining- Bristol ISaj antt the nortnem snoi^e or Tne^ias A council was called here by Alaric IL in 506, and it has ^.„i] jnfront rising 30 feet above the topof the ditch, and kan peninsula. Also Jgtemiiit Aglegnmt. often been sacked in the religious wars. It was held for ^ lighter wall at the back. An impressive length of the AgnadellO (a-nya-dello). A ^nllage in the prov- soine years by the HuguenoU. Population (1S91X 7,389. f^,,,,, ,vaii is standing, close to the r.iilway-station. jjjpp ^f Cremona, northern Italy, near Lodi. • Aged P. See Jfemmicl: Aggershus (act'gers-hos), or Akershus(a'kers- Here, May 14, 1509, the French, under Louis XII., de- Ageladas (a-jel'a-das). [Gr. l\;f/.d(5af.] Flour- bos). An amt or province of southeastern feated the Venetians. For the battle of 1706, see Cawano. ished 520-460 b. C. A Greek sculptor, a native Norwav. Area, 2,055 square miles. Population Agnano, LagO d' (l«'god a-nya no), loi-meriy of Argos, known chiefly as the instructor of (l'-!91\" 99.111. a small lake, now an open crater, 5 miles west the three great sculptors of the 5th centurv B.C., Aggtelek. See Agtflek: of Naples, noted for the Grotta del Cane (whicH Mvron, Phidias, and Polycleitus. He probably Aghasura (a-gha's6-ra). [' The Asura or de- see). It was drained in 18 lO. represented more especially the severe formula of the ^qq Agha '] In Hindu mvthologv, an asura AgneS (ag'nes or ag nez), baint. liormerly Doric.Peloponnesian,ar.\rglyeschoolwhichdevoteditself ^^ | general of Kansa", king of Mathura, A)»ws, AiDiis, Annice, etc., F. Agnes. L. Agnes; to the structure and proportions of the perfected athlete, " "" ""= gcuf?.aoc.] In Greek AgHrerath (iigh're-rath). In the Shahnamah. Greek, Roman, and AngUcau churches. Agnes Agnes. 1. A character in Moli&re's "L'ficole (It'S Femmes,'' an ingenue, she contrives to make citicmcly suggestive allusions while speaking with the utmost simplicity iif mind. Wygherley t|)osed to have been coinmunicatcd by Agni to Vasishtha) devoted to the glorifica- tion of.Siva, but of very various contents, ritual, cosraical, ethical, military, legal, medical, rhe- torical, grammatical, taken largely from earlier works. It is quite modem, and inis no legiti- ninte claim to b(^ regarded as a Purana, Agni6, See Miiliiui'l;. Agniehronnon. See ildhaiel;. Agnoetse (ag-no-o'te). [Gr. \\)-vor/Tai , the igno- rniit ones.] 1. .\ Christian sect of the 4th cen- tury, which denied tlie omniscloneo of the Su- preme Heiiig, maintaining that Ood knows the J)ast only by memorv, and the future only by inference from the present. — 2. A sect of tlie 6th century, followers of Themistius, deacon of Alexandria, who, on the authority of Mark xiii, 32 ("But of that day and that liotir know- eth no man, . . . neither the Son, but the 21 Father"), held that Christ, as man, was igno- rant of many things, and specifically of the time of the day of judgment. Also AgnoiUe, Aijnoitts. Agnolo (ii'nyo-lo), Baccio d'. Bom at Florence about 1401 : died 1543. A Florentine architect. Agobard (F. prou. iig-6-bar'). Born 779: died June 0, ,S40. A Fraukish theologian, archbishop of Lyons 816. Agora (ag'o-rii), The. [Gr. ayopa, assembly, market-place.] A large iiTegular area in Athens, entered beneatli the northeast angle of the Colo- ■ nus Agora'us hill, on which stands the so-called Theseum, by the broad portico-borderedDromos street ruuning to the Dipylon Gate, thence pass- ing along the base of the "Theseum" hill, and extending one branch north of the Areopagus, and another around the western end of the Areo- pagus, and between the Pnyx andthe Acropolis. This last portion was especially the political agora, while the portion north of the Areopagus was more particularly the original commercial agora or market-place, embra- cing as well a number of religious foundations, the famous porticos, the Jiasileios, F.leutherios, ami I'oikile, and the Boiileuterion or senate-house. The position of the new agora or oil-market is fixed by its existing Cate of Athena Archegetis : much of its inclosure also remains, south of the St^ia of Hadrian, and further east than the old agora. The great Stoa of Attains II. undoubtedly faced on part of the commercial agora, and tlie so-called St/ia of the giants is within the area of the agora. Agoracritus (ag-o-rak'ri-ttis), or Agorakritos (-tos), [dr. 'A)oiH'iiTacns«i. it was over- thrown by an earthijuake in lG9;i. Near here, April '2"Z, 1070, the French fleet defeated the Spanish and Dutch. Population, about 12,000. Agostini (ii-gos-te'ne), Leonardo. Bom at Siena, Italy : lived in the 17tli century. An Italian antiquary, apjiointed inspector of an- tiquities by Pope Alexander VII. : editor of a now edition of Paruta's " Sicilian Medals," etc. Agostini, Paolo. Born at Vallerano, Campagua Homaua, Italy, 1.593 : died at Kome, 1629. A noted Italiati eom))oser, chiefly of sacred music, maestro at the Vatican Cliapel (1629). Agostino de Duccio (ii-gos-te'no de do'chio). Born at Floreiu'e, 1418: died at Perugia, 1498. An Italian sculptor, noted for liis reliefs iu glazed terra-cotta. In H42 he made the reliefs on the facade of the Uiiomo at Modena. From 1440 to 1454 he lived in Rimini. From Kiniini he went to rerut;ia, where his beautiful facade of the church of San Ileriiar- dino, with itsterra-cottasand jiarty-colored marbles, forms one of the m. 93. ,\ Koman soldier and statesman, son of the senator Julius Griecinas, and the father- in-law of Tacitus, lie served first under .suctonlne Paillinus In Britain ; In 08 was appointed qiiKStor in A«l« under the proconsul Salvtus Tlllaniis; In 70 was niised by Vespasian to the c.unmand of the 20th legion In Itrltaln ; and from 74 to 70 was governor of the province of Aacll\. The youngest daughter of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia, the daughter of Augustus: wife of Germanicus and mother of Caligula, she in- curred the hatred of Tiberius and Sejanus, and by them was banished to Pandataria, where she died of voluntary starvation. She was a woman of lofty character. Agrippina, Julia. Born at Oppidum Ubioriim (named for her Colouia Agrippina, the modern Colognel, about 15 A. D. : put to death at the Lucrine Lake, near Baiffi, 60 or 59. A daughter of Germanicus and Agi-ippina, and wife of Domitius Ahenobarbus by whom she was mother of Nero. Later she married CrispusPassienus, and, 40 A. D., Claudius whom she poisoned f,4 A. I>. She w.as a woman of scandalous life and unbounded ambitiou and had great influence in the early part of Nero's reign : but she was murdered by his order. There is a fine sit- ting portrait-statue of her in the Museo Nazionale, Naples. Agtelek (og'te-lek). A village in the county of Giimor, Hungary, noted foT its cavern (or Baradla), which is, after the Adelsberg, the largest stalactite grotto in Europe. Agll (a-go'), or Aku (a-ko'). An old Chaldean name of the moon-god; in later Babylonian and Assyrian, Sin (which see). Agua (ii'gwa), or Volcan de Agna. [Sp.,' vol- cano of water.'] A conical mountain 25 miles southwest of Guatemala, 12,197 feet high. It discharges water, and destroyed old Guatemala by jloods, Sept. 8, 1541. Aguadilla (a-gwa-THel'ya). A seaport at the northwestern extremity of Porto Rico. Popu- lation (1899). 6,425. Aguadota-gwa'THo), Juande. A Spaniard who accompanied Columbus on his secoiui voyage to America (1493), returned to Spain ne.xtyear and was made royal commissioner to investi- gate the affairs of Hispaniola. He arrived there in Oct., 1495, and returned to Spain 1496. Nothing is known of his previous or subsequent history. Agua Fria (ii'gwa fre'ii) Creek. A tributary of the Gila River in Arizona. Aguas CaUentes (ii'gwas kii-le-en'tes). [Sp., ' hot springs.'] A state of Mexico, bounded by Zacatecas on the west, north, and east, and by Jalisco on the south. Area, 2,895 square miles. Population (1895), 103,645. Aguas Calientes. The capital of the state of the same name, about lat. 21° .55' N., long. 101° 50' W. There are hot springs in tiie vicinity (wlK'iice the name). Population (1895), ;31, 610. A^gue-Cheek (a'gti-chek). Sir Andrew. A character in Shakspere's comedy "Twelfth Night," a timid, silly but amusing country squire. Agiiero (a-go-a'ro), Cristobal. Born in San Luis de la Paz, Michoacan, 1600 : date of death not recorded. A Mexican Dominican mission- ary, who spent the greater part of his life labor- ing among the Zapoteean Indians. He left several works on their language. Agiiero, Joaquin de. Born at Puerto Principe. Nov. 15, 1816: died there, Aug. 12, 1851. A Cuban revolutionist. He was a planter of moderate fortune and exalted ideas. In 1S43 he freed his slaves and took measures to have them educated. Later he endea- vored to bring white immigrants to Cuba. After engaging in the insurrection of ISol, he was captured and shot. Agiiero, Jose Eiva. See Biva Aniiero, Jose. Aguesseau (ii-ge-so'), Henri FranQois d', or Daguesseau. Born at Limoges, France, Nov. 27, 1668: died at Paris, Feb. 9, 1751. A French jurist, chancellor of France 1717-22 and 1737-50. His complete works were published 1759-89. Aguilar (a-ge-lar'), Grace, Born at London, June, 1816: died at Frankfoi-t-on-the-Main, Sept. 16, 1847. An English novelist and writer on Jewish history. She was the daughter of Jewish parents. Aguilar, Manuel. Born in Costa Eiea about 1800 : died at Guatemala, June 6, 1846. A Cen- tral American statesman. He occupied various public posts in Costa Rica, represented that state in the Asseml^ly of 1828, and was elected president April 7, 1837. He was deposed by Carrillo, May, 1838. Aguilar de la Frontera (a-ge-lar' da la fron- ta'ra). A town in the province of Cordova, Spain, 26 miles southeast of Cordova. Popu- lation (1887), 12.451. Aguilas (ii-ge'las), or San Juan de las Agui- las (siin Hwiin da las ii-ge'liis). A seaport in the province of Murcia, Spain, 48 miles south- west of Murcia. It exports lead, esparto-grass, and soda. Population (1887), 10.042. Aguilera (ii-ge-la'ra), Francisco Xavier, Bom at Santa Cruz de la Sierra about 1775 : died at Valle Grande, Nov. 23, 1828. A royalist guer- i-illa chief of Charcas (Bolivia), notorious for his cruelty. He received a commission as brigadier- general, and for a time was military conunandant of Santa ruz. In 1828, with a small force he captured a Spanish post, and proclaimed Ferdinand VII. as king. He was soon captured and shot. Aguinaldo (a-ge-nal'do), Emilio. Born about 1868. A Filipino leader of mixed European and native descent. He took a leading part in the rebellion against Spain 1896-98. In January of the latter year he left the Philippines, agreeing not to return. After the battle of Manili, May 1, 1898, he returned with the consent of the American authorities and established a native government, of which he became the head, and collected au army. On Fel). 4, 1899, he began hostilities against the American forces occupying Manila. He was captured in March, 1901. Aguirre (a-ger'ra). Josef Saenz de. Born at Logroiio, Spain, March 24, 1630: died at Rome, Aug. 19, 1699. A Spanish cardinal and theo- logian, author of "Defensio cathedra? S. Pe- triV etc. (1682), "Collectio maxima Concilio- rum" (1693), "Theologia S. Anselmi," etc. Aguirre, Lope de. Born at OSate, Asturias, about 1508: shot Oct. 27, 1561. A Spanish ad- venturer who early in life drifted to America, and for twenty years led such a scandalous life in Peru that he was known as " Agtiiri'e the madman." He was engaged in several rebellions, was outlawed, and joitied the expedition of Pedro de Lrsua in search of El Dorado and the kingdom of the (}maguas on the upper Amazon (1559). Ursua and his lieutenant Var- Ahava gas were murdered by Aguirre and others at Machiparc, near the present site of Tabatinga on the upper Amazon, Jan. 1, 1561, and Fernando de Guzman (whom Aguirre afterward murdered) was made general with Aguirre as his lieutenant. From this time the expedition became a piratical cruise so wild tlxat it bordered on insanity. The band declared themselves rebels, or maraiiones, and pro- ceeded down the .Amazon, plundering Indian villages, fighting with one another, and committing every horrible crime, reaching the island of ilargarita July 20, 1561. There Aguirre murdered the governor and others, robbed the royal treasury, and then made a descent on the main- land of Venezuela. He was captured at Barquisimeto, and shot by his own maraiiones. Agulhas (ii-go'lyiis), Cape. The southern- most point of Africa, in lat. 34° 50' S., long. 20° 1' E., 100 miles southeast of the Cape of Good Hope. Agustin (a-gos-ten') I. The title of Iturbide, emperor of Mexico. See Iturbide. AgUStina (a-gos-te'nii). Died at Cueta, Spain, June, 1857. The " Maid of Saragossa," noted for her braverv iu the defense of that citv, 1808-09. Ag3ria (a-ji'yij). A town in Thessaly, Greece, at the foot of Mount Ossa. Population (1889), 2,050. Ahab (a'hab). [Heb. Aclinb (Gr. 'Axaaji), fa- ther's larother.] King of Israel, according to the traditional reckoning, 918-896 B. c, but according to some scholars 876-854 B. c. : the son and successor of Omri. He m.irried Jezebel, daughter of Ethbaal, king of Tyre, and permitted the wor- ship of Baal and Astarte in Samaria, alongside of that of Yahveh. By this, as well as by his luxury and wicked- ness in the matter of Naboth's vineyard, he provoked the anger of the prophets, more especially of Elijah. He engaged in a war with Benhadad v{ Damascus, whom he defeated in his second campaign, but whose life he spared. ■ No reason for this is given iu the Old Testament, and the act was denounced by the prophets. The reason of this act is fotmd in the cuneiform inscriptions where we find that Shalmanezer II. in 854 B. c. fought with the kings of Damascus, Hamath, and with Ahabbu Sirla'a who is identified by most scholars with "Ahab of Israel. The presence of the common enemy Assyria no doubt induced Ahab to make peace witii Benhadad of Damascus. After the disappearance of danger from Assyria he made an alliance with Jehosaphat, king of Judah, and carried on another campaign against Damascus, but was killed in a battle at Ramoth Gilead. The Old Testament contains considerable information concerning this period, wliieh is supplemented by the cuneiform inscriptions and the Moabite stone. Ahab continued Samaria as the capital of Israel, but dwelt in Jezreel, which he greatly beautified. Ahaggar (ii-hag'gar). A large plateau and mountainous region in Sahara, intersected by lat. 23°-24° N., long. 5°-6° E. The chief place in it is Ideles. Ahala (a-ha'la). Cneius Servilius Structus. A Roman patrician, master of the hqrse 439 B. C. (according to the common chronology), and slayer of the popular leader Spurius Mtelius. Ahalya (a-hal'yii). In Hindu legend, the wife of the Eishi Gautama, and very beautiful: ac- cording to the Ramayana the first woman made by Brahma and given by him to Gautama. She was seduced by Indra. Gautama expelled .Ahalya from his hermitage and deprived her of her preeminent beauty or, as others state, made her invisible. Rama re- stored her to her natural state and reconciled her to her husband. Kumarila Bhatta explains this seduction as In- dra's (the sun's) carrying away the shade of night. Ahanta (a-han'tii). A district on the Gold Coast of Africa, about long. 2°-3° W. Ahantchuyuk (S-hant'cho-yok). A division of the Kalapooian stock of North American In- dians, formerly on and about Pudding River, Oregon. The name was applied to them by the Cala- pooya. See Kalapooian. Also called French Prairie In- fliatiff, and Pudding River Indians. Ahasuerus (a-haz-u-e'rus). [Heb. Alia.^G until Ijis death in loOi;. Ee mfide war on the Ahaz fa'haz) THeb 'possessor.'! King of editicms of various Arabic works, etc. Zapotecas. sululucd rebels in Tlacoiian. and Kicriflced an 1^11 „„„„^.'i;„,7f^ cA'r^i T-ii^Ti -, ij f. onn7>«l Ahmed. See .Iclimet. Immense number ot captives to celebrate his eompletloii .ludah, accord ng to some /3J--.1.J B.C., accord- Ahjnedabad (ii-med-a-bUd') or Ahmadabad "' "'>■ frcal Aztec ten.ple. He also built an aqueduct ing t„ others 734-7-J8 or 742-727 B. C. TI,e last dale 7^ „,?^YbH.!' A district in Boi^^IiriHsh '■■"■" '■h>'P"ltel.ec t.. the lake of Tezcneo, with the object see°ns most probable. He was a contemporary of the ('i" uad-a-bad ). A mstrict in Jiomba\ , i^ntisli of raisiuK the waters, but the result was a disastrous Hood proi.het Isaiah. On his accession to the throne, which India, intersected by lut. JJ" rs., long. (J" I.,. He was succeeded bv -Montezuma II. took place in his youth, Rezin, kin- of Syria, aud I'ekab, Its area is 3,949 square miles. Population Ahumada (ii-0-mii'THii) Duke of (Pedro Qi- kiniiof Israel, formed a conspnacya^-amst him. Contrary nSyH 9"1 712 rnn Mmvmi^s <1r I-.< i,>,..,-n!.,s:\ It..,,, -if '<,.n to the advice of Isaiah he sought the assistance of the ,^t 'l C '1 rru •*! t .i « l-f-„f^* f"?' .•' ,4? ,",,., ^^- ,.-,?? ^.Syrian king, to whom he paid homage and tribute. Ahmcdabad. The capital of the district of s,.l),-.stian, 1788: died at Madrid. May 17, 1842. This laitcr fact is mentioned both ni the Bible and the Alimt'dabad, situated on the Sabarniati in lat. A Spanish politician and general, chief of the cmuiform inscriptions. In the latter he is called i««Aazi:, 030 jj i^^g, 720 30' j;., formerly one of the general staff of tlie Spanish army in the war of rl^AL'/^His ;r/ini'c^o AJri-t'h^l' the'Sed resnu l^^-gpst and most ituporta.it cities of India. It independence, minister of war for a short time Ti;it"bPi"4 aUekn.K^z^andl^^^^^^^^^^^ was captured by the British in 17S0 and was ceded to i„ i^oQ, member of the regency during the SS^^ij^Jt^l^rl:;'^^^'^^^^ -' aISS i^^'i^^Z^T^!:^^^^^'^ -i-Uy of IsabeUa, and ag4 mLister !t war l-rail. Anazwaisucce.acUD) niBSonuezeKiaii. beautiful of mosques. The Kross dimensions are 3S-2 by Sf.S in I8J0. Abazian (a-ha-zi li). [Ueb., 'sustained by feet, three sides of the court being surrounded by a colon- Ahumada y Villalon (ii-0-nia'THii 6 vel-va- V;ihvili.'] ,Son of Ahab and king of Israel naded gallery, .and the sanctuary, 05 feet deep, occupying Ion'), AgUStln do Marques dc las Amarillas. ' .,h7,iit 1701)- died in Mexico Citv Feb 6 I,, ,1 u. ^. vo.ji^. v, Ahazian. son of .Jehoram and Athahah, and which is the largest and highest, and is flanked bv two l(bO. A Spanish general and administrator. King of Judah 844-843 B. C. (88o-884l). which are higher than the other twelve. Thefronttoward He distinguished himself in the Italian and Peninsular AhenobarbUS < a-he-no-biir'bus). A plebeian the court is formeii by a line screen, with three noble wars, and from Nov. 10, ITSa, was viceroy of ilixico. fiiuilv (if Kome cens Domitia to which the pointed arches, flanked on each side by a lower arcade. AhUTa Mazda (a-hii'ra niiiz'da). ['The Wise .•'inii,.iay, Untish India, about AngraJliinyu, -the Spiritual Enemy •(Persian Ahrinmn). •biother of \ah\eh. ] In Old lestament h s- ,.^j_ j,,o j^t_ also called Druj, 'decit,' is in eternal conflict with him. tory, the name of several persons, ot whom the Ahmednaffar or Ahmednueenr The eanit-il Bothhavecxistedfromthebeginningof thewoild. Ahura good AMmaaz (a-him'a-az) FHeb 'brother of Ahmedpur (ii-med-por'). A town in the state Ahwaz (iih-waz'). A village in the province of AJUmaaz |a uim a az;. L"co., uioiucioi ot Bahawalpur, India. Population, 30,000. Khii/istan Persia sifunted on the Kanin about anger.] 1. The father of Ah.noam wife of ^ See .l«/,»»... Hr 31° P N lon^^^ Saul. 1 Sam. XIV. oC— 2. A high priest, the son ai,_ ,■,.,.■. Tn>,n-T, -prnTiy Rorn it Ai^ la- ,"• '" ;-., ^■^,"^"^- *> . *-•, an ancient ri m- .n.lKiiecessornr /fldok hp Hi?tim.,.uh..,i himself "^^ (.'"1, JOnanil i ranz. Bori at Aix-ia- ,ie,u'e of the Persian kings, and a tlonrishing Ifhils'ervieesV? Kf;g\"avidtu.lif tr'^tlt'Jif ghapelle, Prussia Dec. lo 796: died at Neuss town under the Arabs in tl.e'early middle ages'! -.dom. 2 Sam. XV. xviiL Prussia, Aug 21, 18bo. A C^erman teacher (at ^ (a-j). [Heb., 'ruin.'] In bildical geogi-a- AMmelech (a-him'e-lek). [Heb., 'brother of Aix-la-Chapelle and later (1843-63) at Neuss) pi,y, a eity of the Cahaanites, in the territorv tlie king.' Compare Assyrian J/(;-;«(7/.(, 'bro- and graminanan noted for his methods of of Benjamin, about 10 miles north of Jerusalem", ther of counsel.'] 1. Priest of Nob, father of teiu-hmg the iiiodern languages. He published conquered by Joshua .M.iathar, tlie friend ot;^Dayid He gave to David ce™^,!,tn^h andTt'al'iL, ^SS^ '="'"^''- "'""''' Aias (i'as) "The Greek name of A jax. vhow;»afleeingfroni.SauI, the sacred bread and the sword A i.j,p_ /;:/, t%;. r,; ' the ancestors '1 A Alblinger (ib'liug-er), Joseph Kaspar. Born of Goliath from the tabernacle. For this Saul slew him. '^^'J^f^^i' lis ri^.lroin- m-es b ot^t^y ^ »t Watserbnrg, Bavaria, Feb. 23, 1779 : died at 2. Son of Abhithar a priest in DavUrs time : '^^)SU^:g'''(^ZZ^^^t^>n^la M-ifl'. May 1 1867. . A'c.erman composer,.the irrandson of the priest of Nob. Called Joiw- .-.a-ri Qn\ ,. • ... ■■ ■ , founder, with Greo'orio Trentinn of a musical , , ,,,. ^.,.;;i If: iB/U-sO). It Comprises "Ingo Und Iiigiaban, "U.a8 i""""ci, «iiu vrii^uiiu j ii iiiiiiu, ui u Lunr-ie.ii ':".',■ ,,•■?■,/■„ ,, rTT , ,, .1, „ Nest der Zaunkonige.' "Die Briider voni deutschen conservatory (Odeon) in Venice, and kapell- Ahltnopnel (a-hith 0-fel). [Heb. 'brother of Hanse," " Jlarkus Konig,' 'Die cesdnvister," and "Aus meister (1826) to the king of Bavaria. His lolly,' that is, 'foolish.'] 1. A Hebrew poll- eiiierkhjiien stadt." .^,„,, „,, works comprise masses, requiems, etc., and an tician, counselor of King David and, later, of Annield (an telt), Arvia Wollgang Uatnan- opera "Kodri"0 e Ximene." Absalom in his revolt against his father. He ael. Born Aug. 16, 1845: died Fel>. 17, 18'J0. A jgjgard (a-kiir^), Jean. liorn at Toulon. Feb. was famous for his political wisdom, and his defection .Swedish iournalist, author of a "History of 4 1S48 A French poet and prose-writer caused David great apprehension. His advice, however, the Literature ot the World" (1874-76), and 4mon"hi.s works are " Les ieunes crovances'"' was re ected by Absalom, and be thereupon retired to ...i.p,. f,,,,.vr-loTie,lic works fior-^' . i 1 ii- ''t^ J JK""^* \ro\ am es bis nonie, set his alfaiis in order, and hanged himself. ."'"^'./ "' > V°P*^' 'S^ 'i^'^J';^- ... .„, ,, , , (186( )," Les rebellions et les apaisements " Thought to be the grandfather of Balhsheba. Anollbaman (a-hol-i-ba ma). [Heb., 'tent Ot (1871), " I'oemes de Provence" (1874), "La 2 A character in Drvden's poem "Ab.salom "'^ liigh place.'] 1. One of the wives of chanson de I'enfant" (1876^ "Miette et Nor^" and Achitophel," intended to represent the Esau; also, the name of an Edomite tribe.— 2. (1880), "Emilio," a prose drama (1884). "Lo Earl of Shaftesbury who was called by this A character in Byron s "Heaven and Earth," p^,.e Lebonnard," a drama in verse (1889), name by his contemporaries: a treacherous the proud anibitions gr.anililanghter ot ('iiiii. etc. tiieiid and adviser. A\»<, Arhit,>j,hcl. Allonie(a-ho ma). An Indian trilic of the Piman ^chach (ieh'ach). A small town in Upper Ahlden (iil'den) A small town 27 miles north ^t''*'k •" Sinaloa. They have been almost completely Bavaria, on the Paar about 13 miles northeast of Hanover. Princess Sophia Dorothea, wife ?if±"i,'i'Ci' ""«„'. 'i';;f,?v,Y,''" " "^""''"'"^'^ "^•'^'*- of Augsburg. A French xictory was gained of George I. of England; was kept here as 4-?°T^,*>'^*-a Hvovitbo/hiue Province Pms bere over the Austrians, 1805. prisoner, lti94-17'26. '' ' l* Ahr (ar). A river in the Khiuo Province, Pius- ^^ (ii-e'dii). An opera bv Verdi, first given |iiiM>ii.i, 1. jT-ii-u sia, about 55 mi es long, which loms the Khine „,,"„;,. ^ v"',^, n .0- iJ-i iUllefeld (a/l.-le| ), I'rau von (Charlotte ,,t Sinzig (above Bonn)": On its banks are pro- AiH " ( ^bn > u ij^^H^ Akin.r Sophie Lmse Wilhelmine von Seebach): ,i„,.,„i ,1,,. „,,,.. ,1 vbrwinea Aidan (i dun), m AdHan. Died oou. A King pseudonym Elisa Selbig. Born at Stedten, av!.11^J M^. 'V\ TlJJ,r^^^ Rnm it ICnio "^ Scollish Dahiada. son of Gabran, a former near Erfurt, (iennanv, Dec. 6. 1781: died aJ ^^fJ'^SVZt' r-^Tlfh\» 1808 li^ at >''"« "^ l>"lHada, and successor, according to Teplitz. Bohemia, Jiib- 27, 1849. A (ierman :^^'^;'*••H ':'^'?"''.T'V^-i Cp^i m n the law of tanistry. to his relative Conall. He wr tor of sentiment-il novels Salzgitter, Aug. 2, l.Si4. A German pliilosoph- „.„, „„„„„, |,y st. Colnmba in the island of lona in .',74. Av^ilrLiJt^ "'I .- i.\ r! V Tiii— r»„™Ji„ '<■»' writer and jurist, jirofessor at Brussels in .'o.i. at the council at Driimceat, he declared the indc- AnieieiaMa le-telt), (,ountess tliza JJaVlOia ]k:!4-50, at Gratz 1850-59, and at Leipsic 1859. pendencc of Ids kingdom, which had been fornie.1 in the Margaretna von. Born m Langeland, Den- ji^. „roti; "Cours de psychologic " (l».'!7-38). "('ours de fdh i»entury by emigrants from Irish Dalriada, and which mark, .Nov. 17, 1791): died at Berlin, March 20, ,ir„it natnrei" (1«:'8), "Die Kechtsphilosophio" (is.'il), had hitherto been treated asan Irish dependeucj-. Iiimw 1 S')5. A German woman, wife of Major von Liit- " Die orguiiische staatslehre •' (lsr.oi, " .Naturreeht" (1870- I"' 'cd a force of Britons and .Scots against .Ithelfrith. ■.ow(1810),froniwhom»hewasseparat,Ml(1824), '--"■ ' •'u.i»>i-l.e Ki.c,klop„die" ;is:..'.-f.7,, etc. kmgof Bern lela, but was deleal.d. living thou, for a time, with the liuthor Inimei'l Ahrens, Heinrich Ludolph. Born at Helm- Aldan ^ ; / f ")' f,;1 Z, o \he NmI, .? mann. she was noted for her patriotism (she aecom- stedt, .An.e 0, 1809 : died at Hanover. Sept 24, .:,;".,^, ."•'""' '"'"'', ''^ '',„"'"" panled her husband to the Held and ciu-ed for the wounded, 1881. A German philologist, noted as a student "'""* '"",'• "•'''','• '•^^^* 'l\"^^ "'"''> V,MV..!r. 1,?; Hl.l-ll) and her love of literature. „f Hie Greek dialects " I','""" \", ","' ■"';'!"',",' "', ',"",'■ Vn 1 1 i\ 1' , i».L ' ' '" ' '" ' " 1 1 I IV uiiin , in. beatbeli Biibjects. Uii the defeat of Oswald by lendatH-, Ahlheide (iil lu-de). A sterile plain in the Ahriman ( ii'ri-iiian). See jH.^crt J/kihi/k. Aldan joined Oivmi, king dy"(lss7\etc. at Greil'swald, Prussia, Nov. 23, 17611: dieil near Cape Flattery, Washington. The principal /Qjenn (li'devl. [Ar .Itlii, Eden.] Para- there, April 12, 1K30. A (uTiiian iiiiilologist, tribes of this division are NItiuaht, Tlaasaht or .Makah, ,|j^,,, |,„ ''..Vniilieized '' form of the Arabic for rector successively of several public schools, „^Xe"t\\\T.h:;lriif '■^ll^Tu"^^ /■;,/,■„, used foj the rime's sake, by Edgar Alhu. and later professor of ancie;it literature at the ttnxhan. Poo in " The Haven." University of Greifswald. His work wascliieily Ahtena (ii'le-nii), or Atna (iit'nii). A tribe of Aidin (i-deii'). A city in Asiatie Turkey, sitti- upoii the Gi'ek jiocls (edited I'indar, 18-20). , lie northern division of the Athapascan slock ated mar the Mendere. about .55 miles soulli- Ahlwardt, Theodor Wilhelm. Bornat Greif.s- of North American Indians, sometimes calleil east of Smyrna, near the ruins of ancient wald, Prussia. .July 4, 1.S2S. ,\ (iiriiian luien- Co)>per Indians, from their habitat on the Atna Tralles. It hastraib' in figs, cotton,etC. Popu- talist, son of Christian Wilhelm Ahlwardt, pro- or Copper Hiver, Alaska. See Alhajxiscaii. latiou, about 35,000. Aienai 24 Aisne Aienai (i-a-ni'), or loni (i-6-ni'). A tribe of England, Jan. 29, 1864. An Eriglisli writer, Manchester, England, Sept., 1660: died at Lon- the Caddo Confederacy of North American In- daughter of John Aikin. She wrote "Lorimei, a don, April 4. 1743. An English teacher and dians. See CaMo. Tale "(1814), "Memoirs of tlie Court of Queen Elizabeth" le.xieoeranher author of a. Latin-Encli-ili Hin Aigai fi'gi). [Gr. Alj-a/.] A town in .^olia, T"\''', '^l<= '^""'^ "' ■'""""' ^■" <'«"'■ " ^^''- ■ tionarf- (1736) ii-Bglisli dic- A?ia Minor thp modern Ximrnd Knlp« <,I,'-*I^.,, . ^ . ^ Asia Minor, tue moaern xMrnruu-Kalessi. Un ,1843), etc. Ainsworth, William Francis. Born at Exe- its site are the ruins of various ancient struc- Aikman (ak'man), William. Born atCaernev, ter, England, Xov. 9, 1807: died at Hammer- tures. Forfarshire, Oct. 24, 1682: died at London, smith, London, Nov. 27, 1896. An English geol- Algina. bee_di(7»Hrt. June 7, 1731. A Scottish portrait-painter. ogist and traveler. He has published "Researches Algle (a gl). G. Aelen (a len). A small town Aillon, Lucas Vasauez de. See Ayllon. i" Assyria, Babylonia, etc." (183S), "Travels and Re- in the canton of vaud, Switzerland, on the A,-n„ ,;.-', a -it -d- j' -d 10-n searches m Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, etc." (1S42), "Tray- Grande Eau, near the Rhone, about 22 miles A^.^Y I a ^^ °' -^"l- -^^^T^^n^.^ ^orn 13o0 : els i„ the Track of the 10 000 Greeks" (ls44)" A Personal southeast of Lausanne died at Avignon, France, 1420 (?). A French Narrative uf the Eujihiates Expedition" (ls8s), etc. Aie "Dumfriesshire and t;.iIloway la.OiU reet nigu^ nortneast ot Mont lilanc. Savoie and Savnip ffrom bntb nf wlnVb ;t i<. Herald" (1835-63), and author of "The Old Bachelor in AlgUlllon (a-gue-y6n'). A town in the depart- »avoie and bavoie (from both ot ^^hIeh it is the Scottish VillaRe" (1846), "Poetical Works" (I848),etc. ment of Lot-et-Garonne, France, on the Lot separated by the Rhone), with Svvitzerland, on ^^drie (ar'dre) A town in Lanarkshire Scot- near its junction with the Garonne, 16 miles the east, Isere (separated by the Rhone) on the i^^dfo miles east of (3^sgow northwest of Agen. Population (1891), com- f "t'>'/nd Rhone and Saone-et-Loire (from pJiiiameXrrb.m.h (18^^^^^^ mune, 3,119. ^ ^ ?°*'' '''^ ^'^^'''^ " '^ ^^P'^'"^*"' '^^" tl^e Saone) on _^"/g"^.'|^^^^^^ Eheland ^lS°iic^fueuV'^Brn°^7^^-^dief ^8^^^ p^ ^^ ^:'^^^^'^<^^^^^^ Z^'t \f f t^J 0„se JS mil^s southelst^ of piessiS liicneiieu). Uom Ii.O. died l/8-. building and lithographic stones. Its capital is liourg, ^ork. Its length is about 75 miles, and it IS A I'l-eneh poiifician, minister of foreign affairs its area 2,239 square miles, and its population (1891) na\igable fi-om Leeds. under Louis XV. 1771-74. 3ii6,907. It was formed lioni the ancient Biesse, Bugey, Airp A snnll rivpr in pnstpm Frnncp wlii'.li Aieuillon Due d' (Armanfl Ac Vicmprnt nii Dombes, Valromey, and the "Pays de Gex." •^?®- ./^ ^.™"" ?'\Y '? eastern i ranee, WtiKh .ajguiuon, ijuc Q (Axmana ae V Ignerot i/U- AiTiaH /i naH'* a t,.ofi;,i„ ?.,„•„ i^, w„.i,.„„,„„t loms the Aisne m the department of Ardennes. plessiS Richelieu). Born 1750 : died at Ham- X^ ^ tw laf 16^ N ^ m^^^^ Aire-Sur-l'Adour (ar'silr'la-dor'). A town burg May 4, 1800. A son of the preceding, 41^''^^;=^^^ , W,hM)' ^vi^aJ in ^v^a i" ^'^^- *iepartment of Landes, France, on the noted during the early davs of the French ■'Vj^„¥^'^^'l^ <"' T'^ T '■ ,' ^'"f:?'?,,'" ^^^a. ^^ ^^ j , ^ ^30 ^4, j^ 'j qo' 14- w ^?o,.,^l„t:,^.^ f>„. 1,:. ..™,i,r,"„ .-„ 1 • It contains a Roman temple raniito, practically complete fi'^o"» > co.Tiice, and has tour engaged Ionic columns at the Population (1891), commune, 4.551. J^=^„;i tip 1' ^ '"'''"' ™^P'"°° """^ ''^" west end. The exterior west wall bears in relief a tem.ile A irp otr. %, ■ * j . Busvbodv " ^L"'l''^'^t±'lf^L^^'-^'^%-- "'=,'""".- CialSrandrMforlVhorfLTrXi? Ail^ S°^^^^^ Biddell. Bom at Alnwick, 3^i;L a^&^|fIS^^,i^,.^t--'- SiH^^S^^^i^rSS^^in^"^ '-' ^^Z^^t^ '^i:^^,t^^;^ Af \'747°^^;d'lrStl?'N:w^n^t^nn^ F"'','''^t AinSWOrtll(ans'werth), Henry. Born at Pleas- k^^is^tppoTnl'^Lulri pLl'^sg^tt^'cJmrd'e^? if' - ,0.^ .**-,?*°f^*', ,^'°«'°°' ^"^''■^"^'' ington, Lancashire, England, 1571: died at ls26, Pluniian professor and director of the Cambridge jpec. (,1822. An Engbsh physician. He was the Amsterdam about 1622. An English separa- Observatory in lb2s, director of the Greenwich ( ibserva- authorof a translation of the" Germania" and "Agricola" list clprpv-man pnntrnvpT«ialict anrl Tal^l-iinir-al tor>' and astronomer royal in 1836, and president of the otTacitus, "Piographical Memoirs of Medicine in Great «;il„i' ' n '-onno-ieisiaiisr, aim laODinicai Boyal Society 1871-73. Heresignedhispositiouas astron- Britain," " Biographical Dictionary " (1799-181.1), " Even- 7. ° 5 3j ^'^ '"^^ driven from England by the persecu- omer royal in 1881. ings at Home • (1792-95, written in conjunction with his ''"i o'thf Brownists (Independents), with whom he was Aisne (an) A department of France cauital sister Mrs Barbauld) etc connected, became porter to a bookseller in Amsterdam ■^'>"*' ^""^ -^ uepaiimeui ot riante, tapitai Aiti„ T^,„^ B iw • .^ T 1 • "''°'" '"93, teacher of Frimcis Johnson's church there, Laon, bounded by Nord and Belgium on the ,^Km, liUCy. Born at Warrington, Lancashire, I091;. and I610-22 pastor of a new congregati,.n. north, bv Ardennes and Marne on the east, by biUgland, Nov. b, 1/81: died at Hampstead, Ainsworth, Robert. Born at Woodyale, near Seine-et-Marne on the south, and by Oise and Alsne Somme on the west : formotl from parts of an- cient Picardy, Brie, and Ili-de-Fraufe. Its area is 2,839 square miles, and its population (l>in), 545,493. Aisne. A river in northern France, about 150 miles long and navigable for 75 miles. It rises in thed'partment of Meuse, flows tlirough the departments of Manie, Ardennes, Alsne, and Oise, and joins the Oise near Cotiipic-gne. On it are Rethel an feet square, with a hexastyle por- tico preceding the portal. At the back is a rectangu- l:ir pillared shrine, in which is an enthroned figure of Buddha. The sides are bordered by 1(1 small cells for the recluses. The hall has an interior peristyle of 2o fine col- umns, with cubical corbeled cnpitals. The columns and flat ceiling are carved with rich lu-abesques. and the walls are covered with interesting paintings of Buddhist scenes. The monument dates from the .'ith century A. p., and is typical of a large class of similar viharas. Sometimes, as in the Great Vihara at Bagh, a shala or school, in form a pillared hall separate from the main foundation, is at- tached to the vihara. Akabah (ii-kii-bii'). A haven in Arabia Petnea, at the head of the Gulf of Akabah, about lat. 29° 33' N., long. 35° 24' E. Near it were the ancient Elatli (.Elana i and Ezion Geber. Akabah, Gulf of. The northeastern arm of the Red Sea, llie ancient Sinus -Han ites, about 10(1 miles long. Akakia (ii-kii-ke-ii') (Martin Sans-Malice). {Al,ub- llc executioner on the Place Gendarmes. Pec. '^4. 1768, lint a copy was saved by Voltaire, who republished it. Akansa. See Kuajm. Akarnauia. See Aranioiiia. Akassa (ii-kiis'sii). The seaport of the Niger, \Ve>,t Afrieii. See hhn. Akbar, or Akber (iik'ber; Hindu inoii. iik'- iier),or Akhbar, originally Jel-al-eddin Mo- hammed ( je-liireil-den' mo-liam'ed). [Ar., ' verv great. 'J Born at Amarkote. Sind. India, Oct. "14, l.'>42: died at Agra, India, Get. 1,1, 1(!0,5. A great Mogul emperor in linlin. I."i.'i0-1()05. He was born during the exile of his father Itumnyun. After twelve years Humayun recovcrcii the thrtuie of Pclhl, but died within a > ear, when in l.'i.'iii Akiutrsucceeilcd lilm, ruling at first under the regency of llalrnm Khnn. In his eighteenth year he threw oil this yoke. By war and policy he consollilntcd his power t>ver the greater part of India, lie put an end to the conflict between Afghan and Mogul, and sought to reconcile Hindu ami Mohanimeilan. lie interested binisclf In various religions. Brahmanlsm, Itudilbism. MazdaJsm, and Christianity, anu even sought to establish a religion of his own. He sought to better his subjects by measures of tolera- tion and Improved social laws. He permitted the use of wine, but puolsbeil intoxication ; tried to stop widow. burning, permitted the marriage of Hindu widows; for- bade the marriage of boys before sixteen and of girlp T Akbar before fourteen ; to gratify his Hindu subjects prohibited the slaughter of cows ; had his lands accurately surveyed and statistics taken ; constructed roads ; established a uni- form system of weights and measures ; and introduced a vigorous police. He was sometimes harsh and cruel, ;uid is charged with poisoning his enemies. The rebellion of his son Selim, later known as Jaliangir, was a ilohamme- dan uprising against Akbar's apostasy. The rebellion was suppressed, and Akbar returned to the faith. He was probably poisoned at the instigation of Jahangir. Akbar, Tomb of. See Secuudra. Ake (il'ke). 1. SeeJcre. — 2. Oue of the princi- pal ruined cities of Yucatan, situated about 30 miles east of Merida, noted for its pyramid. Akeman Street (ak'man stret ). [So called from AS. Acemiinnes biirh, sick man's town, a name of Bath: AS. xce. ece, ake (now spelled ache), pain.] An ancient Roman road in England connecting Bath, througli Speen and Walling- ford. with London. Aken, or Acken (a'ken). A town in Prussian Saxonv, on the Elbe 25 miles southeast of Magdeburg. Populatiou (ISUO), 6,109. Akenside (a'ken-suli, Mark. Born at New- castle-on-Tyne" Nov. 9, 1721 : died at London, June 23, 1770. An English poet and physician, author of ■ • Pleasures of the Imagination" (1744). He was the son of a butcher. He studied theology and then medicine at Edinburgh; went to London in 1743 and to Leyden in 1744, where he completed his medical studies ; and returned to England in 1744, beginning the practice of Ids profession in Northampton, and removing in 1745 to London. In 1761 he became physician to the queen. The best edition of his poetical works (with a biography) is that published by Dyce in 1S34. Akerbas. See Acei-bas. Akerblad (ii'ker-bliid), Johan David. Bom in Sweden, 1760: died at Rome, Feb. 8, 1819. A Swedisli Orientalist and diplomatist, author of works on oriental inscriptions. 'Akerman (ii'ker-man), or Akyerman, or Ak- kerman. A seaport in the government of Bes- sarabia, Russia, situated on the estuary of the Dniester about lat. 46° 15' N., long. 30° 15' E. It is probably on the site of the ancient Milesian colony T>Tas, and was occupied by the Venetians and Genoese in the later middle ages. Population, 43,94;?. Akerman, Convention of. A treaty concluded between Russia and Turkey, Oct. 6, 1826, by which Russia secured the navigation of the Black Sea, and various agreements were en- tered into concerning MoldaWa,Wallachia, and Servia. The non-fulfilment of the treaty by Turkey led to the war of 1828-29. Akerman (ak'er-man), Amos Tappan. Born in New Hampshire, 1823: died at Cartersville, Ga., Dec. 21, 1880. An American lawyer, a graduate of Dartmouth College, 1842. He settled in Elberton, Georgia, IS.^0, followed his adopted State in secession, 1801, became a Republican and reconstructionist after the war, and was attorncy-L'eiR-ral under Grant, 1S70-72. Akerman, John Yonge. Born at London, June 12, 1806: died at Abingdon, England, Nov. 18, 1873. An English numismatist. Akers (a'kerz), Benjamin Paul. Bom at Sac- carappa, Maine. July 10, 1825: died at Phila- delphia, May 21, 1861. An American sculptor. Among his best works are " Una and the Lion," *' St. Elizabeth of Hungary," "The Dead Pearl-Diver," etc. See Allen, Kh'zaheth Ch'ise. Akershem, Miss Sophronia. See Lammic, Mrs. Alfred. Akershus. See Ageiersluis. Akhal Tekke (a'khal tek'ke). An oasis in central Asia, north of Persia, inhabited by Turkomans, annexed by Russia in 1881. It is traversed by the Transeaspian railway. Akhalzikh(a-khal-zekh'). Atown in the govern- ment of Titlis, Caucasus, Russia, about lat. 41° 40' N., long. 43° 1' E. it is the ancient capital of Turk- ish Georgia, and was captured by the Russians under Pas- kevitch, Aug. 27, 1828. A Turkish attack upon it was re- pulsed in March, 1829, and near it a Russian victory was gained >ov. 26, 1853. Population (1891), 16,116. Akhissar (a-khis-sar'). A town in Asiatic Tur- key, the ancient Thyatira, about 58 miles north- east of Smyrna. Population (estimated),10,000. Akhissar (in Albania). See Kroia. Akhlat (iikh-liit'). A town in the vilayet of Erzrum, Asiatic Turkey, oti Lake Van about lat. 38° 45' N.. long. 42° "13' E. Near it are the ruins of the ancient Khelat. Akhmim (iikh-mem'), or Ekhmim (ekh-mem'). A town in Egypt, the ancient Kliemmis or Pan- opolis, on the east bank of the Nile between Assiut and Thebes, it was the seat of the cult of Amnion Kheni, and it« ancient necropolis was discovered by Maspcro in 1884. Population (1897), 27,963. Akhtuba (iikh'to-ba). An arm of the Volga, which branches from the main stream near Tsaritsyn, and flows parallel with it to the Caspian Sea. Akhtyrka (Skh-ter'ka). A town in the gov- ernment of Kharkoff, Russia, about lat. 50° 18' 26 N., long. 34° 59' E. It has a cathedral. Popu- lation, 25,870. Akib, Le rabbin. A pseudonym used by Vol- taire in 1761. Akiba (ii-ke'bii) ben Joseph ('Akiba son of Joseph'), or simply Rabbi Akiba. E.xecuted 132 (') A. D. The most distinguished Jewish personage in the 2d century. There ore many legends about him. He introduced a new method of in- terpreting the oral law (Halacha) and reduced it tu a system (ilishnii). He took an active part in the rebellion which liroke out against Hadrian under the leadership of Bar-Cochba (132 A. D.) and suffered death by torture for his share in this unsuccessful uprising. Akita Ken (a-ke'til ken). A ken in the north- western part of the main island (Hondo) of Japan. Its chief town is Akita. The population of the town is about 30,000. Akka (ak'ka). A tribe of pygmies discovered by Miani and Schweinfurth in central Africa, between the Nepoko and Aruwimi rivers. Their average height is 1. 33 nietera, complexion light brown, hair scanty and wooUy, head large, nose flat, ai-ms long, legs short, and hands well formed, but not the feet. They are e.tpert hunters, live in temporary grass huts of beehive shape, and keep no domestic animals, save chickens. Also called Tikke-Tihke, or, in Bantu speech, Wmnbuti. It seems possible, therefore, that at an epoch when the Sahara was still a fertile land, and the Delt^ of Egypt an arai of the sea, a race of men allied to the Bushmen ranged along the southern slopes of the Atlas mountains, and extended from the shores of the Atlantic on the one side to the banks of the Nile on the other. Of this race the brachycephalic Akkas and other dwarf tribes of Cen- tral Africa would be surviving relics. They were driven from their primitive haimts by the negro invasion, and finally forced into the extreme south of the continent by the pressure of the Bau-tu or Kafiir tribes. Sayce, Races of the 0. T., p. 148. Akkad, or Accad (ak'kad or ak'ad). One of the four cities of Nimrod's empire (Gen. x. 10) in Shinar or Babylonia: in the cuneiform in- scriptions it is usually the name of a region. The kings of Babylonia and those of Assyria who conquered Babylonia call themselves *' king of Sumer and Akkad," whence it is usually assumed that Sumer denominated southern Babylonia and Akkad northern Babylonia. Tiie boundaries of this district are not certain, but it seems to have lain between the Tigris and the Elamitic and Me- dian mountains, its northern limit being the upper Zal>. Tlie name of a city, Af/adf, w.as discovered in an inscrip- tion of Nebuchadnezzar, which is held by some to be identical with the city of Akkad. Agade was the resi- dence of the earliest-known Babylonian king, Sargon I. (about 3800 B. C). C.\ rus mentions this city as still e.vist- ing in his time. Eiiedrich Delitzsch considers it part of the city of Sepharvaim ; other scholars, however, doubt the identification.- Akkadian is the name given to the people and dialect of Akkad. The people were supposed to be a non-Semitic tribe and their language agglutina- tive ; the literatiu'e in this dialect consisted cliietly of magical incantations. This theory has been strongly de- fended by Oppert and Haupt. Joseph Halevy and others hold that this non-Semitic people and language never ex- isted and that the writing is simply a cryptography or secret writing invented by the priests to lend a greater mystery to their sacred writings. The most recent theoiy is that the so-called Akkadian dialect is simply an older form of Sumerian and should be called Old Smnerian. (See Sumeria.) Akkadut is the name given to a person who believes in the real existence of the Akkadian dialect and people : the opponents of this school are called anti- Akkadists. Akko. See Acre. Akmolinsk, or Akmollinsk (ak-mo-linsk' ). A Russian province in the government of the Steppes, Russian central Asia, organized in 18(58. It is level in the north, hilly in the center, and a desert steppe in the south. Area, 229,609 square miles. Population (1S97). 683,721. Akmolinsk. The capital of the government of Akmolinsk. situated on the Ishim about lat. 51° 30' N., long. 71° 30' E. It is a caravan cen- ter. Population (18S9), 5,447. Akoklak. See Kitunahan. Akola (a-ko'la). A district in West Berar, Hyderabad Assigned Districts, British India, intersected bv lat. 21° N., long. 77° E. Area, 2.660 square roiles. Population (1891), 574,782. Akola. The capital of the district of Akola, British India, about lat. 20° 40' N., long. 77''E. Population (1891), 21,470. Akpotto (ak-pot'to). See IgMra. Akra (iik-ra' ), formerly Accra. A Nigritic tribe of the Gold Coast, West Africa, subiect to Eng- land. It occupies the triangular area between the sea- coast, the Volta River, and the Ashanti Mountains, The Akra language has monosyllabic roots and makes a great use of musical tones, Ga (Gau) and Adampi are its two principal dialects. Akra, formerly Accra. A town on the Gold Coast, West Africa, about 80 miles west of the Volta river, it had, in 1890, 2n,ooo inhabitants, a few only being white. It became English in 1850, and is the largest town of the Gold Coast. Since 1S75 the governor has resided in the neighboring Christiansborg. Akrabbim (a-krab'im). [Heb.. 'scorpions.'] In biblical geography, a group of hills south of the Dead Sea, variously identified. Alabama, The Akragas. See Aiiriijentmn. Akron (ak'ron). the capital of Summit County, Ohio. 36 miles south of Cleveland, it has consid- eralde manufactures of flour, woolen goods, matches, agri- cultui-al implemeuts, etc, Population (1900). 42,728. Akrura (a-kro'ra). In Hindu mythology, a Yadava ami imcle of Krishna, chiefly noted as the holder of the Syamantaka gem." See Si/a- maiitaka. Aksakoff (iik-sa'kof), or Aksakov (ak-sa'kofj, Constantine. Bom at Moscow, April 10, 1817: died in the island of Zaute, Greece, Dec. 1860. A Russian poet and prose-writer, son of Sergei Aksakoff. AksakofT, or Aksakov, Ivan. Bom Oct. 8, 1823 : died Feb. 8, 1886. A Russian Panslavist, son of Sergei Aksakoff. Aksakoff, or Aksakov, Sergei. Bom at Ufa, Russia, Oct. 1, 1791: died at Moscow, May 12, 1859. A Russian -wTiter, author of "Family Chronicles" (1856), etc. Akserai (iik-se-ri'). A town in the vilayet of Konieh, Asiatic Turkey: the ancient Arehelais. Population (estimated), 10,000. Aksha (ak'sha). In Hindu mythology, the eldest son of Kavana, slain by Hanuman. Akshehr (ak'sheHr). A smalltown in the vila- yet of Konieh, Asiatic Turkey, about lat. 38° 22' N., long. 31° 17' E., on the site of the ancient Thymbriumor, more probalil.v, of Philomelion, the scene of the victory of Frederick Barba- rossa over the Seljuks, May 18, 1190. Bajazet I. died here 1403. Also Ai-Sheher. Aksu (ak-so'), or Ak-sai (iik-si'). A northern tributary of the Tarim in eastern Turkestan, about 300 miles long. It rises in the Tian-Shan. Aksu (iik-so'). A city in eastern Tm'ke.stan, about lat. 41° 7' N., long. 80° 30' E., important as a commercial center and strategical point. It has manvLfactures of cotton goods. Popula- tion (estimated"*, 40.000. Akupara (ak-o-pa'rS). In Hindu mythology, the tortoise which upholds the world. Aknrakura (ii-ko-rii'ko-ra). A small African tribe, settled on the bend of Cross River, West Africa, in the region where the Bantu and Ni- gritic languages meet and blend. Akurejrri (a-ko-ra'ri). A small seaport on the northern coast of Iceland, the second largest place on the island. Akwapim (ak-wa-pem'). See Ashanti. Akyab (iik-yab'). A district in the division of Arakan, British Burma, intersected by lat. %V N. and long. 93° E. Area, 5,535 square miles. Population (1891), 416,305. Akyab. A seaport, capital of the district of Alivab, and chief port of the Arakan division of British Burma, lat. (old temple) 20° 8' 53 N., long. 92° 52' 40 E. Population (1891). 37,938. Ala (a'la). A town in Tyrol, Austria-Hun- gary, on the Adige 23 miles southwest of Trent. Popuhation (1890), 3,161. Ala. See Igara. Alabama (al-a-ba'ma). [Ind., 'here we rest,' or 'place of rest '(?).] A river in the State of Alabama, which is formed by the Coosa and Tallapoosa, above Montgomery, and unites with the Tombigbee to form the Mobile, about 32 miles north of Mobile, its chief tributary is the Cahawba. Its total length is 312 miles, and it is navigable to -Montgomery. Alabama. One of the Southern States of the United States, capital Montgomery, bounded by Tennessee on the north. Georgia (partly separated by the Chattahoochee) and Florida (separated by the Perdido) on the east. Florida and the Gulf of Mexico on the south, and Missis- sippi on the west, and extending from lat. 30° 13' to lat. 35° N., and from long. 84° 53' to long. 88° 35' W. : one of the Gulf States. It is moun- tainous in the north, hilly and rolling in the center, and low in the south; and is tr,aversed by the Tennessee river in the north, and by the Alabama and Tombigbee systems from north to south. It is rich in coal and iron in the mountainous region, and w,ns the fourth State in the pr.'dnction of pig-irou in 1900. It h;is 67 counties, 9 representatives in Congress, and 11 electoral votes. It was settled by the French in 1702. The territorj- north of lat. 31 ' N. was ceded to Great Britain in 1763, aud to the United States in 1783 : and the remaining territorj' was ceded by Spain to the I'nited States in 1819. It was .admitted to "the Union in 1819, seceded Jan. 11, 1861, and was readmitted July, 1868, .\rea, .^2,250 square miles. Population (1900), 1,828,697, Alabama, The. A wooden steam-sloop of 1,040' tons built for the Confederate States at Birken- head, England. Her commander was Captain Semmes of the Confederate navy (See Seiiimes.) Her crew aud equipments were English. She cruised 1862-64, destroy- ing American shipping, and was sunk by the Kearsarge, off Cherbourg, June 19, 1864. Alabama claims A.labama claims. Claims for damages pre- ferred by the- L'nited States against Great iJritain for losses caused during the Civil War liy the depredations on American commeroe of vi.ssels — the chief of which was the Ala- liama — fitted out or supplied iu British ports under the direction of the Confederate gov- ernment. The ailjustraeiit of these claims was proviiied till- by the treaty of Washington, concluded Hay 8, 1871 27 Ala-ed-Din (ii-la'ed-deu'), or Ala-eddin, or Aladdin. An Ottoman statesman, sou of Uthman tlio founder of the Ottoman empire. On the death of Othnian, Orchan, Ala-edDin's elder brother, otfere(Xi,000 in gold being awarded the "led States in satisfaction for all claims. The Geneva i'lunal is of importance in the history of international i.i.v on account of the rules relating to neutrals which it ■ ad.ipted to guide its actit)n. ' Alabama Claims Commission. A commission of representatives of Great Britain and the AlAraf German tribes, chiefly Suevi (JIamanni = all men, i. e., men of all nations), which appeared on the Main the 3d century after Christ . Caracalla engaged in war with them in 214. Under Aurelian thej invaded the empire, but were defeated in three battles in 271. In 356 and 357 they were defeated by .Tulian ; in 366 by Jovinus; and iu 49(1 tliey were completely subjugated by Ciovis. Alamans. See Alamnnni. AlambaghCa-lam'baoi. «.r Alumbagh (a-lum'- Ijaij). A fortilication ne;ir Lucknow, India. It was held by Outram against the Sepoys from Nov., 1837. until March, 18.38. Alag6as (il-la-go'iis). A .state of eastern ^jameda (a-la-ma'da). [Sp.. ' a grove or row Brazil, capital Maceit), bounded by Pernam- buco on the north and northwest, the Atlantic on the southeast, and Sergipe on the southwest. Its chief products are cotton, sugar, and to- bacco. Area, 22,583 square miles. Population -• , , ,, „w , ,. , (1«90), 648.009. '^'^^:^J^::t:^::&^rX^ a town in the state of Alag6as, .... situated near the coast in lat. 9° 4;) b., long. 35° 50' W. : forinerlv the capital of the province. Population, about 15,000. Alai, or Alay, Mountains. See Trans-AUd. Alain de Lille (ii-laii' do lei). Latinized Ala- nus ab Insulis (a-la'nus ab in'su-lis). Born 1114: died at Citeau.K, France, ii;03 (?). A monk and celebrated scholar, surnameil "Doc- tor Universalis." author of an encyclopedic poem, treating of morals, the sciences, ami the arts, entitled " Anticlaudianus'" (published iu 1536); etc. una claims. Its members were Eaj-1 de Grey ami l>on. Sir Stafford Northcote. Sir Edward Thornton ited States, for the ^settlement of the Ala- ^^^is (a-la'). A town in the department of ' ' ~ Gard, France, situated on the Gardon 25 miles northwest of Nimes. It has a fort built by Louis XIV. to intimidate the Huguenots. I'opulation (ISUI), '24,35t;. Alais, Peace of. A peace (1629) which termi- nated the last of the religious wars in France . - -- ., . Ill c to isai. lie aiscovereu me uansima cuanneiin I02U. in which (lb2.s) La Rochelle, the .stronghold ot ^^^.^^ (ii'lii-mo). Amission building, founded .John .\Iacdon:dd, and i'lofessor Montague Bernard, for ■ at Britain; and Hamilton Fish, Robert C. .Schenck, nmel Nelson, Ebeuezer K. Hoar, and George U. W il- nits, for the t'nited States. They concluded the treaty I Washington. Slays, 1S71. Sxa treaty qJ Wanliiwjtiin, awl AhihiiiiHt (7nim* (above). Alabanda (al-a-ban'dii). An ancient city of I iria, Asia Minor, on the site of the modern llissar. Alabaster (al'a-bas-ter). William. Born at lladleigh, SuffMlk. Knghmd, 1.567: diediii Aiiril. lii(0. An English ])oet and divine, a gradu- ^' and fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, , ,, , ..^ t n- i .1 1 ti ■ thor of a Latin tragedy, "Koxana" (acted Alaka (a la-ka). 1" H|"<1" mythology, the a;;""- ;v:;;V, ,,„, : Cambridge University about 1592, printed '•aP't'-'l "f I^"vera and the abode of the gan- Alamos (a la-n>o ;:12), and of various learned works, iic began 'Hi'irvas on Mount Mem. _ epic iwem, in Latin, in praise of Elizabeth, the tlrst Ala-kul (il-lii-kiil' j. A lake in Asiatic Russia, .k of which remains in manuscript in the library of nbout lat. 46° N., near the Clhinese frontier, onanuel College, Cambridge. In 1;j«« he went to Cadiz ,,.:. h„ut out let ..^ chaplain to the Karl of Essex Alacoque at " of po])lar-trees.' The name is now applied very generally in Siiaiiish America to any large pleasure-grounil or park.] A town in Spain, about .50 miles northwest of Malaga. Popu- hition. about 4,.50O. Alameda. A city in Alameda County, Califor- nia, situated on San Francisco bay 9 miles east of San Francisco. Population (1900), 16,4li4. Alameda. Up to 1681, a pueblo of the Tigua Indians, 9 miles north of Albuquerque on the Rio Grande in central New Mexico. In 1681 the Indian jiueblo was burnt by Governor Oter- niin on his expedition into New Jlexico. Alamillo(ii-lii-inery6). [Sp.] A small settle- ment on the Atchison. Topeka and Santa F6 Railroad, in Is'ew Mexico, south of Albiiquer- qiie and on the Rio Grande. Up to icsoit was the site of a considerable village of the I'iros Indians. The ruins of the village are still visible. Alaminos (ii-la-me'nosj, Anton or Antonio. A Spanish navigator whose name is associated with many early expeditions iu the Gulf of Mexico It appears that he was with Columbus in 1499 and 1.50J, and he waschief pilot of the successive ex- peditions of Cordova, Grijalva, and Cort.. and they invaded Gaul with the .sucvi and Vandals in 40«1, and Spain in Iciil. They were defeated by the West Goths about 41s, anil disappeai-ed as a nation iu the 5th century. The Alani are a puzzWng race, our accounts of whom are somewhat contradictory, but xvho nmy |ierhap8 be most safely set down as a non. Aryan, or, at any mte. a non-Teulonic people, who had been largely brought under Gothic intlninces. Hut early in the lltth centurv they possessed a dominion in central Spain which stretched tiiun sea to sea. t'Tceman, Hist. Oeog., p. 89. See Aid III. Alantika (ii-liin'ti-kii). A mountain-range of .Vdaniawa. central Africa, from 7,000 to 9,000 tret high. Alanus ab Insulis. See Alain dr l.Hlc Alamanni (ii-lii-miin'ne), or Alemanni (ii-h- Alaotra(ii-in-o'trai.Lake. The largest lake of .Madagascar, north of Tamafave, 30 miles long and .5 wide. miin'ne). Luigl. Born at Florence, 1495: di at Amboise, Fiance, 1.5;')6. An Italian poet, an thor of eclogues, hvmns, satires, ilegies, a di- Alapalli, or AllapalU ('i-l!>-l'i>l'le),or Alleppl (lactic poem "La Coltivazione" (1546), an epic (a-lcp'i). .\ seaporl in Travancorc, Imha, iii I m "Girone il cortese" (1.548), etc. Ilecon- lat. 9° 30' N.. long. 76° 20' E. spired against Glulio de' McdIcI and escaped to Venice: Alapayevsk (ii-lii-pii-.vevsk' ). A town in the theme he went to Genoa, and in l.'>it to the court of ,r,,veriimenl of Perm. Russia, situated on the \^^^:^ ^;^;^'rt''!;;^:^; =.'''^h;s ^eiva a..out ;!^^z!'^:^-j^^:^::^:^±: '\V>'.it"t; who imitated him, he exerted considerable In- biii-g. It has large iron-foundries. Population, llnence upon English poetry. 8.3S-1. Alamannia (al-a-man'i-ji), or Alemannia AlAraf (ill ii'n'if). [Ar., fromVird/ci (f), to dis- (al-(''-man'i-ii). A division of ancient (ier- maiiy, whidi first appears about the end of (he 3(1 century. It lay m the sonlhwcslcrn part of Ger- many and adjidning parts of .Switzerland and TyroL the region sottleii largi'ly by the Swahlans,. German Swiss, maiinia. see Simbia. Alamanni (ancestors of the etc.). For tho duchy of Ala- ove'r the Turks under Mukhtar Pasha, Oct. 13- Alamannic (al-a-man'ik), or Alemannic (al-e- 15,1877. man'ik). Federation. A federation of several liiiguish.] In Mohnmiuedan theology, a par- tition between heaven iiiid hell (describeii in the Koran, Surah vii. 44) on which are those who have not yet enlereil into heaven but desire to ilo S(^. It U regaiile*! tty some as a limlai for tho patriarchs and prophets, or other holy persons, and by others as a place of abode for those whose gixid ami evil works are about equally balanced. Ilu-jhti, llict. ol Islam. Alarbos Alarbus (a-liir'bus). In Shakspere's (?) "Titus Andronicus,'" a son of Tamora, queen of the Goths. Alarcon (a-lar-kon')- A small to\Tn in the province of Cuenea, Spain, situated on a rock in the Jucar. 43 miles south of Cuenea. it was an import.int medieval fortress, and was the scene of a Moorish victor>- over the Castilians in 1195. Alarcon (ii-iiir'kon). In Tasso's "Jerusalem Delivered," the King of Barca who fought against the Crusaders with the Egyptians. Alarcon (a-lar-kon'), Hernando de. Lived about 1540. A Spanish navigator, sent by the viceroy of New Spain to support by sea the expedition of Francisco Vastiuez de Coronado to the mythical Seven Cities in the interior of Mexico. He set sail May 9, 1540, and by penetrating the Gulf of California prtivcd that California n as not an island. He made two attempts to ascend the Colorado in boats, and planted a cross at the highest point he reached, bury- ing a writing at its foot, which was subsequently found by Melchor Diaz. His report of this expedition is printed in Hakluyt's " Voyages.*' Alarcon, Pedro Antonio de. Born at Guadix, Spain, March 10, ls33: died at Madrid, July 20, 1891. A Spanish poet, novelist, journalist, and politician. He accompanied the Spanish army to Morocco as a newspaper correspondent in lSo9. and in 18*>1 was elected a member of the Cortes from Cadiz. In 186S he fougbt on the side of the revolutionists in the battleof .\lcolea. He published " Diario de un testipo de la guerra de Africa" (lSo9;, " Poesias serias y humonsticas" (18701, "El sombrero de tres picos" (1S74), "El Hijo Prddigo " (18.57), etc. Alarcon y Mendoza (a-lar-kon' e man-do'tha), Juan Ruiz de. Born in Tasco, Mexico, about 15SS : died in Cordova, Spain, Aug. 4, 1639. A Spanish dramatic poet. He was graduated doctor of laws in Mexico in 160r. Demetrius Dohoohic. Alasco, Join. See Lasl-i. .Alashehr (a-la-sheHr'). A town in Asiatic Tur- key, the Philadelphia of Scripture, situated on the slope of Tmolus about 80 miles east of 28 Smyrna, on the railway from Smyrna, it has considerable trade, and is the seat of a Greek archbishopric. Population (estimated), 8,000. Alaska (a-las'ka), formerly Russian America. A territory of xke United States, capital Sitka, bounded by the Arctic Ocean on the north, British America on the east, the Pacific Ocean on the south, and the Pacific and Arctic oceans, Bering Strait, and Bering Sea on the west. It 'Includes many islands. The liigtiest point is Mount .St. EUas, which lies near the boundary. Chief river, the Yu- kon. It has valuable fisheries, fur-trade, and extensive for- ests, and is supposed to have large mineral deposits. By act of Congress, 1SS4. it constitutes a civil and judicial dis- trict, with a governor, clerk, judge, attorney, and marshal. It was discovered by the Russians in 1741, and was settled by them in 1801. It was purchased by the Tnited States from Russia for 87,200, 000. by treaty of March 30, 1867, rat- ified by the United States Senate June 20, 1867. Area, ■190,884 square miles. Population (190(ii, g3,592. Alaska Peninsula. A peninsula in the terri- tory of Alaska, extending into the Pacific, and partly inclosing Bering Sea, traversed by a vol- canic range. Alaska Strait. A sea passage between the mainland of Alaska and Kodiak Island. Alasnam (a-las'nam). In the "Arabian Nights' Entertainments.'" a man who became possessed of eight magnificent golden statues, and on searching for the ninth, which was more singular and precious still, discovered it in the person of a beautiful woman, whom he married, Alassio (a-las'se-6). A small seaport in the province of Genoa, Italy, situated on the Gulf of Genoa about 48 miles southwest of Genoa. It is a bathing-place and winter health-resort. Alastor (a-las'tor). 1. In Greek mvthology, a surname of Zeus as the avenger: also applied to any avenging deity or demon. — 2. In medi- eval demonology, a spirit of evil, the executor of the sentences of the king of hell. — 3. A poem by SheUey, published in 1816, named from its chief character, "Alastor or the Spirit of Solitude." The poet's self-centred seclusion was avenged by the Furies of an irresistible passion pursuing him to speedy ruin. Pre/ace to the Poem, Dec. 14, 1815. Alatau (a-la-tou'), or Sungarian (sung-gar'- i-au) Alatau. A moimtaiu-range in Semi- ryetehensk, Asiatic Eussia, on the boundary be- tween that government and the Chinese prov- ince of Hi, about lat. 44° 46' N. It reaches a height of about 13,000 feet. Alatau, or Kusnetzky (koz-net'ske) Alatau. A range of mountains in the govei-nments of Tomsk and Yeniseisk, Siberia, extending about northeast and southwest. Alatau, or Trans-Ili (tranz-e'le) Alatau. A mountain system in Semiryetchensk, Asiatic Russia, south of the river Ili. It reaches a height of over 15,000 feet. Alatheus (a-la'the-us), or Odotheus (o-do'thf- us). Died 386 a. d. An Ostrogothic general. On the death of Vithimir, S76, he became with Saphrax the guardian of A'ithericns. king of the Greuthungi, the chief tribe of the Ostrogoths. Alatheus and Saphr.ix fought under the Visigoth FritUgern at the battle of Adrianople in 378. Alatri (a-la'tre). A town in the province of Eome, Italy, about 45 miles east by south of Eome: the ancient Alatrium. There is an ancient temple beyond the Porta San Pietro, prostyle, with two Tuscan columns before the antje, in plan 26 by 47 feet. At some time subsequent to its construction, a posticum was added, of similar disposition to the pronaos. Population, about 5,000. Alatyr (ii-la-ter'). A town in the government of Simbirsk, Eussia, on the Sura about lat. 54° 53' X., long. 46° 30' E. Population, 10,092. Also Alateer. , Alava (a'la-va). One of the Basque provinces in Spain, capital Vitoria, bounded by Biscay and Guipuzcoa on the north, XavaiTe on the east, Logroiio on the south, and Burgos on the west, jirea, 1,205 square miles. Population (1887), 92,893, Alava, Miguel Ricardo de. Bom at Vitoria, Spain, 1(71: died at Bareges, France. 1843. A Spanish politician and general. He fought under Wellington in the Peninsular campaign, at the close of which he had obtained the rank of brigadier-general ; was president of the Cortes May, 1822 : fought in the same year under Ballasteros and Murillo in support of the Cortes against the rebels : went into exile 1323, on the restoration of Ferdinand by French intervention ; espoused the cause of ilaria Christina against Don Carloson the death of Ferdi- nand ; was ambassador to London 1S34, and to Paris 1835 ; and retired to Fiance after the insurrection of La Granja. Alava y Navarete(a'laTva e na-va-ra't.i), Ig- nacio Maria de. Bom at Vitoria, Spain, about 1750 : died at Chielana. near Cadiz, May 26. 1817. A Spanish admiral and explorer. He is best known for his voyage of circumnavigation of the globe, com- menced in 1794, in which he explored the coasts of South Albanian America and the East Indies, and added largely to geo« graphical knowledge. He commanded a squadron at Tra. falgar, and in 1816 was made grand admiral and chief of marine. Alazan (a-la'zau). A river in Transcaucasia, about 150 miles long, a northern tributary of the Kur. Alb, or Alp. See Swabian Jura. Alba (al'ba). Ancient Scotland north of the Forth and Clyde. Alba (al'ba). A town in the province of Cuneo, Italy, on the Tanaro about 31 mUes southeast of Turin : the ancient Alba Pompeja. It has a cathedral. Population, about 9,000. Alba, Duke of. See Aha. Alba de Liste, Count of. See Henrique: de GicmoH. Z«(.*. Albacete (al-bii-tha'ta). A province in the tit- ular kingdom of Miucia. Spain, boimded by Cuenea on the north. Valencia and Alicante on the east. Murcia and Granada on the south, and Jaen and Ciudad Beal on the west, it is mountainous in the west, and elsewhere a table-land. Area, 5,972 square mUes. Population (1SS7X 229,492. Albacete. The capital of the province of Al- bacete. about lat. 38° 58' N., long. 1° 55' W. It manufactures and exports cutlerv. Popula- tion (1887). 20,794. Alba de Tormes (itl'bii da tor'mas). A small town in the province of Salamanca, Spain, sit- uated on the Tormes 17 miles south of Sala- manca. Here, 1809. the French defeated the Spaniards. Alba Longa (al'ba long'ga). In ancient geog- raphy, a town in tatium, Italy, 15 miles south- east of Eome. the ancient center of the Latin League. Its foundation is traditionally ascribed to Ascanius and its destruction to Tnllus fiostilius. Alban (al'ban, or al'ban) Saint. Fh'otomartyr of Britain. 303. He is said to have been a native of Verulamium where he was put to death with the sword. The famous monastery of St. Alban was founded in his honor by King Oifa about 795. His festival is celebrated in the Roman Church June 22, and in the Anglican Church on June 17. Alban Lake. See AJbaiw. Alban Mountains (al'ban moun'tanz). It, Monti Laziali. A movmtain gi'oup southeast of Rome, near Albano. Its highest point is Monte Cavo. Albacenses (al-ba-nen'sez). A small medieval sect, named from the city of Alba in Piedmont, which professed Manichajan doctrines. They were closely allied to the Albigenses. Albani (iil-bii'ne), or Albano (-no), Francesco. Bom at Bologna, Italy, March 17, 1578 : died there, Oct. 4. 1060. A noted Italian painter. Albani (iil-bii'ne). Mme. (Marie Louise Ce- cilia Emma Lajeunesse). Born at Charpbly, near Montreal. 1850. A distinguished soprano singer, of French-Canatlian parentage. Her fam- ily removed to .Albany, New York (from which she took her assumed name), in 18*>4. She studied in Paris under Duprez, and in Milan under Lamperti, and made her d6- but as an opera-singer in Messina in 1870, She married Ernest Gye in 1878. Albani, Villa. A palace in the northern part of Rome, celebrated for its art collections. Albania (al-ba'ni-S). [Gr. l\Aiavia.] In an- cient geography, a country of Asia, h'ing west of the Caspian, north of Armenia, and east of Iberia, and corresponding nearly to the modern Baku and southern Daghestan in Eussia. It was part of the Assyiian empire, and the theater of some of the wars of Sargon and Sennacherib. Albania. [XL, Albania, Alb, Shhyperi, Turk. Arnautlih; F. Albanic. G.Albanien.'\ A region in the western part of European Turkey, bounded by Montenegro and Xovi-Bazar on the north, Macedonia (with a vague frontier) and Thessaly on the east, Greece and the Gulf of Arta on the south, and the Ionian Sea, the Strait of Otranto, and the Adriatic on the west, corresponding in general to the vilayets Skutari. "Janina, and part of Monastir, and largely to the ancient HhTia and Epirus. It was occupied by the Turks in the" first part of the 15th century, revolted under Scan- derbeg 1443-«7, and was subdued by the Turks in 1478. Several rebellions against the Turks occurred about the beginning of the i9th century. Albania resisted the treaty of Berlin (1878) and the cession of territory to Montenegro in 18S0. Population (estimated), 1,500,000 (T), 2,000,000 C\ principally Amauts. Albania, or Albany. An ancient name of the Scottish Highlands, fancifully derived from the mvthieal Albanact, son of Bi-ute. Albanian (al-ba'ni-an). The language of the Albanians. It is now commonly regarded as a member of the Aryan family. It exists only in modern diiUects, but is supposed to be the descendant of the ancient Illy- rian of which no records are extant. Also called Skiprlar, from the native name of the people (SUcypetdr, high- landers '). Albanian Gates Albanian Gates. Tlie defile of Derbend be- 29 tweca the Caucasus and the Caspian bea. Albano (iil-ba'uo). A towu in the province of Kome Italy, situated on the sh)pe ot the Albaii Mountains, 14 miles southeast of Home, on the site of fomiiev's Villa: the Uoiuan Albaimni. I It ,m»9.-d to the Pipal States ill Kl'JT. It cuntains the runis of a pietoria,. camp I'Ui" '>}• !">'■''«". '','»';8^ "T '"" liclo'ure. niiadiihiteral in plan. Tlie walls aie huilt of huK. i'ut r'lther thin Mocks of stone. One of the gates remains. IVpulation, abcjilt i;.oO(i. i Albano, Lake of, "v Lago di Castello, o • Al- ban Lake. A small lake near Albauo, Italy, noted for its pieturesque scenery, oceupyint; the crater of an extinct volcano. Albano, Mount. See Monte cm-o Albany (al'ba-ni). Sameas /inrtrfa^fcaiic. Albany The capital of the State of New York •,nl <,r Albanv County, situated on the west „k of the Hudson in lat. 4L>° 39' 50" N., long. 44' ,56' W. (Dudley Observatory), near the 1 ,1(1 of iuivi<;ation. It is an important commercial ,',ty the terminus of lines of steamers to New York ami olIuTiiver-poits. and of the Erie and Champlain canals, „„1 a cenUT ..t extensive systems of railroads. Besides ill.- Slate Capitol, it contains the law and medical depart- nitnts and the(Dudley) Observatory "' VT/l- Vn^'^'i^'s It was settled by tlie 1 mtch in 1014, fortified (tort Orange) to W24, obtained a city cliarter in HSO, was the seat of a convention (under the lead of Franklin) to form a colonial union ill 17.H, and became the permanent capital of the Slate in 1797. Population (1900), 94,151. Albany. The capital of Dougherty Coiinty, '..orgia, situated on Flint Kiver, at the head .1 navigation, 90 miles southwest of Macon. l'oMulation{1900). 4,6U6. Albany The capital of Linn County, Oregon, ■ ■mated on the Willamette 63 miles southwest ..: Portland. Population (1900), 3,149. Albany. A small seaport in western Australia, -; mated on King George Sound about lat. 3:) .^. It is a station of the Peninsular and Oriental M.-anishiii Company. . Albany, Countess of (Louise Marie Karo- line von Stolberg-Gedern). Born 1 , u3 : did •It Florence, Jan. 129, 1824. A (Jenuan princess, .laughter of Gusta\Tis Adolphus, prmee of Stol- licrg-Gedern, and wife (married March 28, 17i2) of the "Young Pretender" (Diike of Albany), and later the mistress of Altieri. Albany, Duke of. See Leopold George Duii- III n Albert. . „, , , Albany, Duke of. A character in Shakspore s ■King Lear," the husband of Gonenl, Lear's eldest daughter. . Albany Regency. A name given to a clique of New York politicians who controlled the machinery of the Democratic party in the State of New York from about 1820 to about 18;)4. Among its members were Van Buren, Marcy, Wright, and Di.x. , ^ rnn Albany River. A river in Canada, about .)0U miles in length, llowing into James Bay. Albasin (iil'ba-sen), or Yaksa (.vak sa) A lonuer fortified town in the Amur lemtory, Silieria, on the northern bend of the Amur: a icnter of Russian colonization in the 17th een- Albategnius (al-ba-teg'ni-us), Mohammed ben Jaoir. Bom in Mesopotamia about h.>0: died 929. A noted Arabian astronomer. He discovered the motion of the sun, and introduced into iiiath.inatical calculation the use ot the sine, in place ot 111,, entire chord of the arc which had previously been eni- pli.yed. Among his works are commentiinia on I tolemy 8 ''Almagest," a treatise on astronomy and geuK'i-ipby, etc. One ot his astronomical works was translated into Latin under the title ■' De Scienlla Stellarum " (Nuremberg, ir,37). Albay (iil-bi'). A town of Luzon, one of the Philippine Islands. Population (1887), 11,980. Albe (iil'lie). The ancient Alba Fucciitia. now a small village near Ave/./.iino, in cenlral Italy. It contains an ancient amphitheater of the usual Uomaii elllntieul plan, 114 by mi feet, estimated to have siuleil •ji.iiiiii people. The arena nieiisilres us by l.i'.l feet. Al-Beladori (al-bel "ii-d6'ri),Abul Hassan Ah- med. Died at Bagdad about 89.'i. An Arabian hisloVian, author of a history of the coni|iiest ..r Syria, the island of Cyprus, Mesopotamia, Arm'cnia, Eg\-pt, Africa. Spain, Niibia, and the ishuids ot the Mediterranean by the Arabs. He describes the condition of tlie conquered lountries and various towns founded by the Moslrnis, among thciii Bagdad. AUo. ilbeliidor!/. Albemarle (iil-be-milrl'). Sec Aumule. Albemarle. Sit JlhniKU-lr Inland. Albemarle, Duke of. See Monk. Albemarle, Earl of. See /w/i/iW. Albemarle Club. A London dub, estnblislied ill 1874, composed of ladies and genllenicn. Headquarters, 13 Albemarle street. Member- ship, 750. , Albemarle Island. The largest of the Gala- pagos Islands, in the Pacilic. Area, 1,650 square Albemarle Point. The early name of Charles- ton, South Carolina. Albemarle Sound. A shallow body of water about iw miles long, in the northeastern part of North Carolina, separated from the Atlantic by sand beaches, andcominunicating with Pam- lico Sound on the south through Croatan and Roanoke Sounds. It receives the Koanoke River, and is ennneeted with Chesapeake Bay hy the Chesapeake and Albemarle I'aiuil and the Dismal Swamp Canal. Albemarle, The. A Confederate iron-dad ram, built on the Koanoke Kiver about 30 miles below Weldon, North Carolina, during 1803. She did much damage to fnion steamers during the spring of 18M, but was destroyed by Lieutenant « . B. ('ushing during the night of Oct. 27 of that year. He attacked her in a small laiineli carrying a torpedo, for- cing his way within the chain of logs which formed part ot her defense, he exploded the torpedo under the rain a overhang. She was afterward raised, towed to Norfolk, and in 1S67 stripped and sold. Albendorf (iifben-dorf). A \'illage and fre- quented place of pilgrimage (to the sanctuary of the New Jerusalem), in the province ot Silesia, Prussia, on the Glatzer Neisse, north- west of Glatz. Albenga (iil-beng'gii). A seaport m the prov- ince of Genoa, Italy, the Koman Albmgaunum, situated on the Gulf of Genoa 44 miles south- west of Genoa. It contains a cathedral, an early Pointed church with sculpture of Runic type about the doorways. The baptistei-y Is octangular, of the 10th cen- tury, with Corinthian columns, some early mosaics^ anil a curious tomb. The bridge over the Centa, the Ponte Lungo between the railway-station and the town, Is Ko- man. All the piers of its ten arches, and much of the upper work, are antiiiuc. There are also medieval walls. Ihe town contains a gymnasium and an episcopal seminary. Albferes (al-liar'). The eastern ramification of the Pyrenees, between Spain and the depart- ment of PyriJn^es-Orientales, France. Alberic (al'ber-ik) I. Slain by the Romans about 925 at Orta, Italy. A Lombard noble- man, patrician (also called senator, consul, and prince) ot the Koraiins and duke of Spoleto, e.\pelled from Kome by Pope John X. He ■ married Marozia, daughter of TheodoVa. Alberic II. Died 954. A jiatrician and senator of the Komans, son of Alberic I. and Marozia. Alberoni (al-ba-ro'no), Giulio. Bo™ near Piacenza, Italy, May 31, 10(i4: died June 10 1752. A statesman and cardinal, resident ot the Duke ot Parma at the Spanish court, nego- tiator of the marriage ot Philip V. and Eliza- beth Farnese, and iirinie minister ot Spam, 1714 (or 1715) to 1719. His foreign policy led to the Quadruple Alliance and a war disastrous to Spain. _ . , . , „ Alters (al'berz), JohannFriedrich Hermann. Born at Dorsten, Westphalia, Nov. 14, 180:): died at Bonn, May 12, 1867. A (Jerman physi- cian and professoV at Bonn, author ot "Atlas der pathologischen Anatomie" (1832-62), etc. Albert (al'bert), G. Albrecht (iil'biecht), sur- named "The Bear." from his heraldic embh^ni Born at BallenstiidI, Germany, about 1100 ( 1 100 ?) : died at Ballenstiidt, Nov. 18, 11/0. Mar- grave of Brandi'iiburg, son of Otto the Kicli, count of BallensI iidt. lie received agrantof Lusatia U-wi iretaining it. however, but a few-years), and of the Nol mark 1 34 ; obtained tin. duchy of Saxony 1 i:i8, which he n lost ; attacked the Wends li:i«-37 and later, am conquered a large part of their territory : and assumed the title of margrave of llrandenburg llBe. Albert. G. Albrecht, sumamed "The Proud. Born 1158: died June 25, 1195. Margrave of Meissen from 1190 to 1195. in attempting to oppress his younger brother Dietrich, who had inberltid " elss.n. fels he nicurred the enmity i.( the emperor Henry \ I., and died by poison, administered. It is said, by an agent of the emperor. , „,. „, n •» Albert, «i. Albrecht, sumamed "The Tall. Hon, l'':!(i: di.d ,\.ig. 15. 1279. Duke ol HrniiH- wick-Liincburg, son of Ihe first duke, Otto the Child. Howa8capturedbythesonsofthemai-gri.vellenry'. Oct "V 1-'(1.S Inthewarof the Tliiiringian succession and was'rel'eaS in ViW, on the payment of s.lKJ) marks In ^Iver and the cession of the Ouelpli cities and castle, on the Werra. i ,,m n.. 1 •' Albert, <^. Albrecht. «->n,';>'»V'l '^f, ,.^ Ir, Died I'iM Landgrave of 'lliuringia after 12(1.), and margrave of Meissen ffoi.i 12881.) 1293. By h « second wife Cunegonde of llsenbcrg, he was per- s'mded t? exc mi,, h » sous by his first marriage (rom the Secession In Thurlngia in favor of Apit/, his son by Cum- gn idt" A wlir followed, in which he was taken captive by his son Krederlck. and forced to sign a disadvantageous treaty at Koelilltz. ,Iim. 1, li<'>. Albert I., ti. Albrecht. Bom nbout 12..0: slain by a conspiracv al W iiidisch on the Kcuss, Switzerland, May 1, 1308. The eldest sou ot Albert Rudolf I. of Hapsburg, duke of Austria 1282, and German king 1298-1308. ile overthrew and killed his rival, Adolf of Nassau, at the battle of Ooll- Aibert"lfl^; G.' Albrecht. Born 1298: died 1358. Duke of Austria and son of Albert I. of Ger- many. He ruled the Austrian lands in common with ■ his brother Otto from VM\ and alter 1339 alone. Albert III.. G. Albrecht. Died 1395. Son of AUiert II. of Austria. He ruled alone as duke of Austria from 1379. Albert I., <'■ Albrecht. Bom about 131<: died Feb. 18, 1379. The founder of the reign- ing house of Mecklenburg, created duke of MecklenVnirg by the emperor Charles IV. in 1348. He came into possession of the duchy of Schwe- rin in 1358 by the extinction of the ducal house, and se- cured the election of his second son Albert, by Ins flrst wife Euphemia of Sweden, as king of Sweden in 13ti3. Albert II., G. Albrecht. Died 1412. Son of Albert I. of Mecklenburg, elected king of Sweden in 1363. He was defeated by Queen Mamare' of Denmark and Norway (widow of Hakon) at the battle of Kalkoping Sept. 21, 138», and taken prisoner. In 1395 he was released and renounced the throne of Sweden. Albert, G. Albrecht, sumamed Achilles, and ■ilsoUlysses, from his valorand sagacity. Bora at Tangermunde, Prussia, Nov. 9, 1414: died at Frankfort-ou-the-Main, March 11-1480. An elector of Brandenburg, third son of Frederick I. on whose death (1440) he succeeded to the nrincipality of Ansbadi. He inherited the princi. iality of Baireilth in 14(14 from his brother John, and re- ceiv/d the electorate of Brandenburg in 14,0 from his bro- ther Frederick II., whose hearing had been destroyed by the discharge of a cannon. He carried on successful ware with llecklenburg and I'omerania, and resisted the at- tempt of the Teutonic Knights to repossess theniselves of Neumaik. He was the author of the "Dispositio Achil- lea," a family ordinance providing for the separation ol Brandenburg and Ansbach-Baireuth and e^t^lj '» ""8 primogeniture in each, according to Hallain the llrst in- stance of the legal establishment of the custom of priiuo- Albert? G. Albrecht. Bom at^nsbach. May 10 1490: died March 20, 1568. Margrave of Br'andenburg-.Aiisbach, last grand master of the Teutonic Knights, and first duke of Prussia : younger son of Frederick of Ansbach, who was the second son of Albert Achilles, elector of Brandenburg. He was elected grand master Feb. 13, l!ill;made his entry into Konigsberg •)"*•,"; ■'!-'• carried on war with his suzerain, the king of 1 oland, 5 9- IST. ina futile attempt to regain the independence of 1 rus- sia, the Ordensland of the Teutonic Knights ; sec-ured by the treatyof Cracow, April 8, IsS.''.. the conversion of 1 rnssia into a secular duchy, hereditary in his f|iniily; »'|d '"■■• mallv introduced the Reformation July i;. Kl^. He was aided in his political and ecclesiastical reforms by the aU- V ce of I.utlKr. He was Ihe founder of the I nlverslty of Koiiigsbei" (1M4), the third Protestant university. Albert, t;. Albrecht, sumamed "The Bold." Born .Tulv 17, 1443: died at Lmden, I nissia. Sept i2,'l500. Duke of Saxony, younger son of Frederick the (ientle, and founder of the Albertine Saxon line. In. the division of the Saxon dominions in 1485 ho received Meissen. Albert IV., G. Albrecht surnan.ed" The Wise." Born Dec. 15, 144i : died March 18, l.iOS. Dukeof Itevaria, third son of Albert III, After the death of his oldest brother John he becainc (H""-'') ™- regent with the second brother SIglsinund, and lator(He7) Albert'ci . Albrecht. Born June 28, 1490 : died at AscfialTciiburg, Sept. 24, 1545. The youngest son of the elector Johannes Cicero of Bran- denburg, archbishoii of Magilebiirg 1513. arcli- '}>ishop and elector of Mainz 1514, and cardinal 1518. To him was intrusted the sale of indulgences hi one district of Cerniany. and TeUel acted as his conimlB.. sioner. See Tel2i-I. l.nllii-r. Albert. (L Albrecht, sumamed Alcibiades. IJorn at Ansbach. .March 28, 1.522: died at 1 lorz- heim, Jan. 8, 1577. A margriive of Brandon- burg, iiartizan and later opponent of the era- poror Charies V. He was defeated by Miiurioe of Saxony at Sievershauscn, in Liincburg. July Albert G Albrecht or Albert. Born Nov. 13, ]559Vdied Ji.lv, l.:i;ger.J!!rt\;,i\:"chari^ Albert ''1.!'00dho's "Sorrows of Werther." a y.m,"' farmer who marries Charlotte, witb Albert whom VTerther is in love. He represents Kest- ner, one of Goethe's friends. See Werther. Albert (ill-bar') (original name, Alexandxe Martin). Born April 27, 1815: died May. ISil.i. A Frenoh meehauio, Tioted as a revolutionis-t and follower of Louis Blanc. He was a member of the provisional government Feb., 1S4S. and of the Con- stituent Assembly i convened Slay 4): was sentenced to deportation fir complicity in the riot of May 15, IMS: and recovered his liberty by the amnesty of 1859. In 1S70 he took a prominent part in the defense of Paris. Albert (al'bert). In Sheridan Knowles's play " The BUnd Beggar of Bethual Green," the real Lord Wilfrid, appearing as the Blind Beggar. Albert (il-bar'), formerly Ancre (iiukr). A town in the department of Somme. France, on the Ancre 28 miles northeast of Amiens. Pop- ulation (1891), oommnne. 6.169. Albert (al'bert). G. Albrecht (al'breelit), Friedrich Heinrich. Born Oct. 4. 1S09: died Oct. 14, 1872. Pi-ince of Prussia, fourth son of Frederick William m. He commanded in the fourth cavalry division in tlie Franco- Pi ussian war, and partici- pated in the hurtles of Sedan, Arteiiay, and t irleans. Albert, O. Albrecht, Friedrich Rudolf. Born at Vienna, Aug. 3, 1817 : diedat Arco, T.^toI, Feb. 18, 1895. Archduke of Austria, eldest son of Archduke Charles, noted as a soldier and mili- tary writer. He served in Italy 18*8-49, and as com mander of the army of the south gained the victory of Cns- tozza June 24, 1S<)6. (See Cuitozzn.) The same year lie was made conimaiider-in-chief of the .Austrian army. Albert Francis Augustas Charles Emman- uel. Born at the Rosenau, near Coburg. Ger- manv. Aug. 26. 1819: died at Windsor Castle. England, Dec. 14. 1861. Prince Consort of Eng- land, second son of the Duke of Saxe-Coburg- Gotha. He married Queen Victoria Feb. 10, 1S40, and was made prince consort June 25, 1857. Albert, G. Albrecht, Kasimir. Bom at Mor- itzburg. near Dresden, Julv 11. 1738: died at Vienna. Feb^l, 1822. Duke of Saxe-Teschen. an Austrian general, son of Augustus HI. of Poland. He was defeated by Dumouriez 1792. Albert, G. Albrecht, Friedrich August. Born at Dresden, April 23. 1828 : died at the Castle of Sibyllenort, Silesia. June 19. 1902. . King of Saxony, son of King John of Saxony, whom he succeeded Oct. 29, 1S73. As crown prince he commanded in the Franco-German war an aimy corps, and later the .Army of the Meuse. Albert Edward (al'bert ed'ward). Bom at London, Xov. 9, 1841. Prince of Wales, eldest sou of Queen Victoria. He married Princess Alex- andra of Denmark March 10, 1S63. In 1860 he made a tour of the I nited States and Canada, in 1862 of Egypt and Palestine, and in 1875-76 of Bfitish India. Ue ascended the throne as Edward VII. Jan. 2l', I'.XIl. Albert Victor Christian Edward. Bom Jan. 8. 1864: died Jan. 14, 1892. Eldest son of Albert Edward, prince of Wales. Albert the Great. See Albertiis Magnus. Albert Savarus (al-bar' sa-va-riis'). A tale by Balzac, published 1844. one of the ''Scenes from Private Life." Savarus is said to be a portrait of the author. The book contains many details of his life and work. Albert (al'bert), Joseph. Bom at Munich. March 5, 1825: died there. May 5, 1886. A Ger- man photographer, inventor of the Albertype. Albert (al-bar'), Paul. Born at Thionville, Dec. 14, 1827: died at Paris, June 21, 1880. A French literary historian, professor at Poitiers, and later (1878) at the College de France: au- thor of "La litterature frani;aise" (1872-75). "Histoire de la litterature romame" (1871), ■ etc. Albert Edward Nyanza (nyan'za). A lake in central Afi-ica. south of Lake Albert Xyanza, and connected with the latter by the Semliki, discovered by Stanley in 1877 "and revisited by him 1888-89. Its" native name is Muta Nzige. Albert Chapel. See Windsor. Albert Embankment. See Tliames Embaiil-- iii-llts. Albert Hall. A covered amphitheater in Lon- dim. finished in 1871. its axes are 270 and 240 feet, those of the arena lOO and 70, and it can seat 8.000 persons. The exterior is of brick, with ornament of colored tiles and terra-cotta including a frieze representing the various peoples of the earth. Albert Lea (al'bert le). The capital of Free- born Countv. Minnesota, 92 miles south of St. Paul. Population (1900), 4,500. Albert Memorial. A monument, in London, erected to the memory of the Prince Consort, Albert of Saxe-Gotha. on the south side of Kensington Gardens, built from the designs of Sir Gilbert Scott, it consists of a colossal "bronze statue of the prince, seated, beneath an ornate spired canopy in the Pointed style, which rises to a height of 175 30 feet. Statue and canopy rest on a basement bearing re- liefs of artists of all countries and times. .At the angles four pedestals project with groups of statuary represent- ing Agriculture, Commerce, Engineering, and ilanufac- ture. Steps descend on all sides in pyTamidal fonu. and at the lower angles are placed sculptures personifying the four chief regions of the earth — Etu-ope, America, Asia, and -Africa. Albert Kyanza (al'bert nyan'zii). A lake iu central Africa, intersected by lat. 2° X., long. 31° E., one of the main sources of the Xile. dis- covered by Sir Samuel Baker. March 14. 1864. Its length is 97 miles, and its area about 2,000 square miles. Alberta (al-ber'ta). A provisional district formed in 1882 in the Xorthwest Territories, Canada, bounded by Athabasca on the north, Saskatchewan and Assiniboia on the east, the United States on the south, and British Co- lumbia on the west, it sends one represenLitive to the Dominion Parliament. It is traversed by the Cana- dian Pacific Railr<-«ad. Chief town, Calgary. Area, about 100,000 square miles. Population (19011,65 876. Alberti (iil-bar'te). Leone Battista. Bom at Florence. Feb. 18. 1404: died at Rome. 1472. A noted Italian poet, musician, painter, sculp- tor, and architect, author of "De re .^idifi- eatoria "" (1485), etc. Albertine Line (al'ber-tin lin). The younger and royal branch of the Saxon house which de- scended from Albert (G. Albrecht). duke of Saxony (1443-1500). He ruled jointly with his bro- ther Ernst (see Erne^iiie) from 1464 to 1485, when they came into possession of Thiuingia by inheritance, and agreed upon a division, Albrecht taking an eastern and a western portion, with the Ernestine lands intervening between them. Albertinelli(al-bar-ti-nerie). Mariotto. Bom at Florence, Oct. 13. 1474: died at Florence, Xov. 5, 1515. A Florentine painter, an asso- ciate and imitator of Fra Bartolommeo. Albertrandy(al-ber-tran'di). John (Jan) Bap- tist. Born at Warsaw, Dec. 7. 1731: died at Warsaw. Aug. 10. 1808. A Polish Jesuit and historian, of Italian parentage, librarian to Bishop ZalusM in Warsaw, and later to Stanis- laus Augustus, and a notable collector of manu- scripts relating to Polish history. He was appointed by Stanislaus bishop of Zenopolis. Albertus Magnus (al-ber'tus mag'nus). p^., ' Albert the Great.' ] Bom atLauingen.Swabia. 1193 (according to some authorities 1205) : died at Cologne. Xov. 15, 1280. A famous scholastic philosopher and member of the Dominican order. He studied in Padua and Bologna, taught philoso- phy and theology at Cologne tl229X taught at Paris (1245). and finally returned to Cologne. He was made bishop of Ratisbon in 1260, but soon resigned and retireii to a con. vent where he died. .Among his numerous pupils was Thomas .Aquinas. He was famotis for his extensive learn- ing which gained for him his surnames "The Great"and "IXictor Universalis," and was even reputed to be a magi- cian ; but his modern critics differ greatly in their esti- mates of his attainments and ability. "He was the first scholastic who reproduced the philosophy of Aristotle systematically, with thoroughgoing consideration of the Arabian commentators, and transformed it in accordance with the dogmas of the church " — to the practical exclu- sion of Platonic influences. His works fill twenty-one volumes, and relate chiefly to physical science: they in- clude a sort of encyclopedia of the learning of his times. Albertville (iSl-bar-vel'). A town in the de- partment of Savoie. France, near the Arly. 23 miles northeast of Chamb^rv. Population (1891), 5.854. Albi, or Alby (al-be'). The capital of the de- partment of Tarn, France, situated on the Tarn: the ancient Albiga. it has a cathedral (of St. Cecilia) and an archiepiscopal palace, and is the seat of a bishopric It was a stronghold of the Albigenses, to whom it gave their name. The cathedral is a unique monument, massively buDt of brick, with the base of its waUs sloped outward, the openiugs all high above the ground, and otherwise fitted to serve not only as a church but as a citadel. It is chiefly of the 14th century. It has a massive and lofty western tower, and a beautiful florid triple porch on tlie south side, lavishly carved in stone. The interior, without aisles or transepts, is 262 feet long, 62 wide, and 98 high, surrounded between the buttresses by 2 tiers of chapels. The celebrated l.'^th-century rood- loft and choir-screen are rich with delicate tracery and excellent figtlre and foliage sculpture. The roof and walls are covered with Italian frescos dating from about 15Ci5. Population (1891), commune, 20.903. Albigenses (al-bi-jen'sez). A collective name for the members of several anti-sacerdotal sects in the south of France in the 12th and 13th centuries: so called from Albi, in Languedoc, where they were dominant. They revolted from the Churchof Rome, were charged with Manichjcan errors, and were so vigorously persecuted that, as sects, they had in great part disappeared by the end of the 13th century. .A crusade against them was preached liy Pope Innocent III. in 1208, and was led by Arnold of Citeaux and Simon de Montfort. The war of extermination, which lasted for several years, was one of the bloodiest in history. Their doctrines are known chiefly from the writings of their orthodox enemies. Also called Cathari, and by many other names. Albitte, Antoine Louis Albigeois (iil-be-zhwa'). A fonner district of Languedoc. France, comprised in the modem department of Tam, Albip, or Albyn (al'bin). Another foi-m of Albion. Albina (al-bi'nS). A former city in Multno- mah County. Oregon, on the Willamette, now a part of Portland. Albinglans (al-bin'ji-anz). [Properly Xortk Alhini/Kins : LL. Xordalbingi (cf. L. Albis. the Elbe). G. Xordolbi)igisch.~\ A Saxon tribe liv- ing north of the Elbe (whence the name) in the present Holstein. They were first made known to Europe by the campaigns of Charlemagne in the 8th centtlry. Their language was the Low German dialect of Holstein. With the other closely related dialects, West- phalian. Middle Saxon, and East Saxon, it forms the group specifically called Saxon. Albini (al-be'ne>. Franz Joseph, Baron von. Bora at St. Goar, May 14, 1748 : died at Die- burg, Jan. 8. 1816. A German statesman, head of the government of the electorate of Mainz during the Freiuh revolutionary period. Albinovanus Pedo. See Pedo. Albinus (al-ln'nus: G. pron. al-be'nos), or Weiss (visi. Bemhard Siegfried. Bom at Frankfort-on-the-(_)der, Feb. 24, 1697: died at Leyden, Sept, 9, 1770. A German anatomist, professor of medicine and anatomy in the Uni- versity of Leyden: author of "Tabula? Seeleti et Musculorum Corporis Humani" (1747), etc. Albinus (al-bi'nus).Clodius I DecimusClodius Ceionius Septimius A.). Died after the battle of Lyons. 197 a. d. A Roman commander, pro- claimed emperor by the armies in Gaul and Brit- ain in 193 A. D., and probably recognized as Ca?sar by Se verus in 194 : said to ha ve been called "Albinus" from the fairness of his body. He was defeated by Severus in 197. Albinus, Spurius Postumius. Korhan Consul 334 and 321 B. c. and commander at the defeat of the Caudine Forks. Albion (al'bi-on), or Alebion (a-le'bi-on). [Gr. 'A'/.f}i(ji' or 'A/-c3iui:'\ In classical mythology, a son of Poseidon and brother of Dercynus or Bergion, He and his brother lost their lives in an attack ■ on Heracles as the latter passed through their country (Liguria) with the oxen of Cieryon. Albion (al'bi-on). [L. Albion, Gr. iV/./i/ur. 'A.'/oviLiv. from Old Celtic * Albion. Ir. Alba. Alpa, Elbii (gen. AJban. dat. ace. Albain). W. Albaii (see Albin), lit. 'white land,' with reference to the chalk cliffs of the southern coast. Cf. Alps."] The ancient name of Britain : restricted in later poetic use to England. Alban and Albin were ancient names for the Highlands of Scotland. Albion. The capital of Oleans Cotuity. X'ew York. 43 mUes northeast of Buffalo. Popula- tion (1900), village, 4.477. Albion, -\ city in Calhoun County, southern Michigan. 38 miles south-southwest of Lansing. Population (1900). 4.519. Albion and Albanius (al-ba'ni-us). An op- eratic entertainment by Dryden, produced in 1(585, allegoric ally representing the chief events of Kling C'harles H.'s reign. Albion wag Charles himself and Albanius was James, duke of York. It was not printed till 1691. Albion's England. A rimed chronicle of Eng- lish history, by William Warner, published in 1.586. It was seized as contraband by the order of the archbishop of Canterbury, for no reason that is now as- siirnable. Albion Knight, A comedy morality published in 1565. It turns on the want of concord be- tween the lords temporal and the lords spiritual. Albireo ( al-bir'e-6). [Origin doubtful, but con- jectured to be a corruption of ab ireo in the Latin version of the "Almagest."] The usual name for the yellow third-magnitude star 3 Cygni. in the beak of the swan. It is coarsely double with a fine contrast of color between the two components. Albis (al'bis). The Latin name of the Elbe. Albis (al'bes). A low mountain-range in the canton of Ziirieb, Switzerland, west of Lake Ziirich. Its best-known summit is the t'tliVierg. Albistan(al-bi-stan'),orElbistan(el-bi-stan'). A town in the vilayet of Aleppo. Asiatic Tur- kev, on the Jihun 40 miles northeast of Marash. The sultan Bibars defeated here the Turks and Mongols in 1277. Population. 8.000 (f). Albitte (al-bef). Antoine Louis. Died 1812. A French radical revolutionist, member of the Legislative Assembly. 1791. He was con- demned to death for participation in the revolt of May 20, 17(>.'-', against the Convention, but succeeded in avoiding capture. I'nder the Directory he was appointed mayor of Dieppe, after the 18th Bmmaire was engaged in militaij aSaits, and finally pfcished in the retreat from Moscow. Albizzi 31 Albizzi (al-bet'se). A noted Italian family, origiu^tlly of Arezzo, whic-h played a eonspie- uous part in Florentine affairs during the Wtli and lutU centuries. They belonged to the dcuioeratio Guclpli party. .„ ,, , ,„„ Albizzi. Bartolommeo, L. Bartholomaus AlbiciUsPisanUSfof Pisa'). Born at 1 nano iu Tuseanv: died at Pisa, Deo. 10, 1401. A noted Franeiseau monk and religious writer : au- thor of "Liber conformitatum sancti Iraneisei cum Christo " (first ed. folio, Venice, undated). AlbO, Joseph (al'bo). Born at Soria in Spain : \li..d there, 1-H4. A Jewish physician, thcolo- iM and philosopher. He wrote a work entitled ; ,karirn" (" fuiiiiaiiients"! which comprises a complete „i -tein 111 the Jewish religion. Alboin (al'boin). Died at Verona in 573. King c.f the Lombards from about 553 (5(30?) to oiS, ■1 of Alduin, whom he succeeded. He destroyed kingdom of tlie liepidw (.iwi). and married K.«a- iiida, dauKhter of the slain king (■unimund Jn •'!* he ,.iuered Italy as far south as the Tiber, and established kingdom of the Lombards with Pavia as it* capital, was murdered at the instigation of Kos;miunda, whom, , carousal, lie had ordered to drink from her ftithers un She is said to have employed for tins purpose a union 8oldier(Helmiehis, Alboin's shield-bearer) whom tirst allowed to become her paramour, and to whom then ottered the choice of perishing through the je:d- , ,i-y of Alboin or of becoming his murderer. This story 1- probably unhistorical. _ . , • Albona (iil-bd'na). A town in Istna, Austna- llimgarv, 42 miles southeast of Trieste. Popu- biiiou (1890), commune, 10,379. Alboni (iil-bo'ne), Marietta. Born at Cesena, I Italv, March 10, 1823: died at Paris, June I "3 1894 A celebrated contralto singer. She riu'dled' under Madame Bei^toletti and later under Ros- sini (Grove), and made her d6butat the Communal Thea- t.r in Bologna wilh great success, appearing immediately •itterward at I.a Scala in Milan. She sang in all the ( on- tiuental and Knglish cities and in Amenta untd IsOi, ulienherlinsband, Count Pepoli, a Bolognese died In ' she reappeared in "U Matrimonio Segreto at the ^(•-•us. In 1*77 she married again an officer of the Garde i: iiuldicainc, M. Zieger. ,. , , . ,-, » Al Borak (al bo'rak). [Ar., 'lightning.'] A |,-'iMidary animal, white in color, m size be- \^" . u a mule and an ass. with two wings, and ,.i ). at, swiftness, on wliich Mohammed is said i.. h.i VI! made auocturual journey to the seventh heaven, conducted by the angel (Jabriel. Albornoz (iil-bor'noth), Gil Alvarez Carillo de Born at Cuenca, Spain, about 1300 : died :,t Viterbo, Italy, Aug. 24, 1367. A Spanish I.relate (archbishop of Toledo) and soldier, a supporter of the papal authority in Italy. Albovine (al'bo- vin). King of the Lombards. \ tr;ii'edv l)y liavenant, printed in 1629. Ihe sr' •ne''and the names of characters are the same as in his later poem "Gondibert." Albracca (iil-brak'ka). In Boiardo's "Orlando Innamorato," a castle of Catliay in which An- gelica was besieged by Agricane. Albrecht. Hco AWcrt. Albrecht (rd'brecht). Lived about 12(0 A (M-rmau poet, author of the later "^Titurel, a continuation of the "Titurcl" of Wolfram von Eschenbach : generally, but probably wrongly, named Albrecht von Scharfeiiberg. Albrecht, Wilhelm Eduard. Horn at Klbmg, Prussia, March 4, 1800 : died at Leipsic, May -2, 1870. A (lerman jurist, one of the seven Oot- tiiigen ]irofessor8 removed on account of liber- alism in ]K;i7. Albrechtsberger (al-brechts-ber'ger), Johann Qeorg Born at Klostcr-Neuburg, near V leii- na, Feb. 3, 1730: dieil at Vienna, March 7, 1809. An Austrian musician, distinguished especially I asacontrapmitist: author of "GrUndlicho An- 1 weisung zur Koniposition" (1790), etc. Albrecht8burg(iirbrechts-biiro). Ane.\tensive castle at Meissen, Saxony, foundeil in 14(1 by tlie i)rinces Knist and Albert. It is aplcturcstine pile ilomliiated by towers and lofty roofs, and by Ihe open- work spire of Us.lohannlskapelle. The large banciuetnig- hall is an ImpoHiiig room, wilh wooden figures of Saxon princes. There is nnicli excellent vaulting. Since l-i'.;! Ihe whole haa been renlorcd anil decorated with hlstornal fresciis. For ini) years fiom 1710 the famous royal jiorce- lain manufactory was conducted here. Albreda (iil-bniMii). A seaport in Senegambia, situated on tlie Gamliia Kiver 20 miles above I'.atlnirst. Population, 7,000 (f). Albret (iil-bra'). House of. A (Sascon family which arose in the 11th century. nn:'">-V' /''"'' "'!,";, to supersede him. On Ills return, he died al «•'■-"" was an extra.inlluary man, and made the Portuguese name profoundly rei-pectcd In the rast. /-. ii ., Albuquerque, Duarte Coelho de. See (n,lhn Albuquerque, Francisco Fernandez de la Cueva, I >nl-e lit. See IVrnn,,,!,- 8IJ B. C), by some regai-ded as the first in rank of the Ivric poets of Greece. He supported the nobles in their struggles with the tyrants of his native town, was bauishe.l, and led an eventful and wandering life, lie was "the perfect picture of an unprincipled, violent, lawless Greek aristocrat, who sacrificed all and everything to the demands of pleasure and power" (J/aAo/j/). l*rag- meiits of his works remain. • 2. In (ireek legend, a son of Perseus and An- dromeda. He was an ancestor of Hercules. Alcaforado (iil-kii-l6-rji'd6). Francisco. A Portuguese navigator who took part in the ex- pedition (of which he wrote an account) ol Joao Gonzales Zaivo to the island of Madeira in 1420. Alcala de Chisbert (iil-kii-lii' da ches-bart'). [Alcald : Ar. ' castle.'] A town m the province of Castelloil, Spain, situated near the Mediter- ranean 65 miles northeast of Valencia. Popu- lation (1887), 5,751. , , ,- „ -, «^ Alcali de Guadaira (iil-kii-la' da gwa-THi rh). A town in the iiroviuce of SevuUe, Spain, situ- ated near the (iuadaira 7 miles east of Seville. It contains a Moorish castle, an unusually fine exaniple, older than 1210, wlieii the town was taken by the t hrls- tiaiis. Population (1S87), 9.n.y>. .. , - . . Alcali de Henares (iil-ka-la' da a-na ras). A town ill the province of Madrid, Spain, near the site of the Uoman Complutum, situated on the Ilenares 17 miles east by north of Madrid: the birthplace of Cervantes. It was formerly fanioii* for its university, founded by Cardinal Xiincnes which was removed to Madrid in ls;in. Populall-n (Iss.), U-'fS. Alcali de los Gazules (iil-ku-lii da los ga-tho - las). A town in the province of Cadiz, i^pain, 3(1 miles east of Cailiz. Population (1887), 9,802. Alcali la Real (iil-kii-lii' lii ni-iil'). A town in the iirovinee of Jaen. Spain, 2i miles north- west of Granada. Papulation (18,87), 15.802. AlcaU y Herrera, Alonso de. -) V'";"*-'";:^^ writer of Spanish origin, who published in Hi41 live Spanish tales in eacli of which one of the live vowels is omitted. Tirhiior. Alcamenes, or Alkamenes (al-kam e-nez). |(lr.'A/MV'(r;/r.l Born at l.emnos, ot -\ttic de- scent, or at Athens: nourished about 448-41M H.C. A Greek sculptor, aceonlinglo Pausanins the'most skilful pupil of Phidias. The same au- thor ascribes to blni the centaur conflict on Ihe wesleni pediment, of the teml.le of Zeus recently •""'!'■■■«' »J (ilvniiila This must have been a very cail> »..rk "f tho niaater Ills reeoi-de.l works were statues of gmls and heroes mainly. His Aphrodite "of the ganlens was one of the great statues of Imtiqulty. His statue of >"ry »nd glilVl of Vsculapins niav be represented in the beautiful hea.l In the lirltlsh .Museum, found at Mrlos. AlcamO (iil'kii-mo). A town in the iirovince of Traiiaiii Sicilv. 24 miles west sontlnv.'st of 1 B- lermo, Near'it nre the ruins of (he ancient Segesta. Populal ion. about 37,000. Alcandre (iil-koii'dr). A character in Mnde- moisdle do Scudi'Ty's romance "CUdie : a ilaltering portrait of Louis \IV., then only about eigliteen venrs of age. _ AlcaniZ (iil-l7f;, ami "The Tobacconist," a farce, in 1771. It was entered in the Stationers' Eeeister in 1610, but was not published till 1612. Alchfrith (alch'frith). or Alchfrld (-frid). .\ son of Oswiu, king of the Xorthumbrians, and Eanflaed, daughter of Eadwine. He was cre- ated under-king of the Deirans by his father; married Cyneburh, daughter of Penda. king of the Mercians ; and joined his father in the defeat of Penda, 655, near the river WinwEed. He made unsuccessful war against his fa- ther, and probably fled to Mercia. philosophical dialogue by Bishop Berkeley, written to expose the weakness of infidelity. It was composed while Berkeley was at Xew- port, E. I., and was published in 1732. Alcira (al-the'ra). A town in the province of Valencia, Spain, on an island of the Jucar 20 miles south of Valencia. Population (1887), 18,448. AJcmaeon (alk-me'on). [Gr. 'A/.Kfialov.'] In Greek legend, the son of Amphiaraus and Eriphyle and the leader of the Epigoni in the expedition against Thebes. In accordance with the command of his father, given when he joined the first expedition against Thebes, and the advice of the oracle, he slew his mother, and was driven mad and piu-sued by the Fiu-ies in consequence. Having, under false pretenses, obtained from Phegeus the Arcadian the necklace aod robe of Harmonia (see Harmonia) for his wife Callirrhoe, he was waylaid and slain by Phegeus's order. with picturesque towers and turrets, and con- Alchlba, or Alkhiba (al-ke-ba'). [Ar.. 'the Alcmffion A Greek natural nhilosonher boi-n rooms of much historical interest. It was burned tent.' a 'name given bv some of the Arabians at Ci^to^a, ItaUrin the 6A centoy B c e™ to the constellation torvus.] The seldom peeiallv noted for his discoveries in anatomv. used name of the fourth-magnitude star a Alcmaebnidae(alk-me-on'i-de). Anoblefanuly ton-i, which, however, is not the brightest in (Jf Athens, a branch of thefamilvof the KeleidB. the constellation. Alchymist (iil-ehe-mest'), Der. An opera by Spohr, composed about the end of 1829, and first performed at Cassel July 28, 1830. The libretto by Pfeiffer is based on a story by Washington Irving. Alcibiades (al-si-bi'a-dez). [Gr. l^//c/;?fa%.] Born at Athens, about 450 B. c. : killed at Me- lissa, Phrygia. 404 B. c. A celebrated Athenian poUtieian and general, the son of Cleinias and Deinomache, and a pupil and friend of Socrates. -After his father's death at the battle of Coronea he was brought up in the house of Pericles, who was his kinsman (Jf Athens, a branch of the family of the Neleidte which caine from Pylos in Messenia to Athens about 110(JB. C. Among the more notable members of the family are Alomaeon, an -Athenian general in the Cirrhsean war ; Megacles, a son of .Alcmseon, and a rival of Pisistratus ; Clisthenes, the legislator, son of Megacles ; Pericles, the celebrated .Athenian statesman, great-grand- son of ilegacles ; and the scarcely less famous Alcibiades, cousin of Pericles. The family was banished for sacri- lege al)Out 596 B. c, on account of the action of the Alc- maeonid archon Megacles who 612 B. C. put to death the participants in the insurrection of (?ylon while they clung for protection to the altars. They returned through an alliance with I.ycurgus, carried on with varying fortunes a struggle with Pisistratus and the Pisistratidse, and were finally restored in 510 B. c. brigadier-general (1792) and geographer, son of manded the Athenians in the victory over the'Pelopon- Don Dionisio de Alcedo v Herrera, best known ?TI*"4t''°'' ^!"*'?"? "' ^^'"^'^^ ""> ^"^ '" "'^er success .jivu^ui u^, in Liic liuuacoi rciicies, «ao MUMiis lunsmau. *1« "-_ ^„ All / 11 / \ Al He became leader of the radical party about 421 ; com- Alcman, or AlKTn an (alk man), or Alcmaeon. manded the Athenian League 420-418; was appointed a r, ...,.../ ..^ .. - ■ -i , commander of the e.vpedition against Sicily in 415 ; and was accused of profanation in Athens, and fled to Sparta, in the same year, becoming an open enemy of .Athens. In 412, having become an object of suspicion at Sparta (his death had been resolved uponX he went over to the Per- sians. He was soon recalled by the .Athenian army, and com- for his "Diccionario geografico-hist6rico de las Indias occidentales 6 America" (Madrid, 1786-89, 5 vols. ). There is an Enclish translation by Thomson. London, 1812-15. He served during part of his life in America. Alcedo y Herrera (al-tha'THo e er-rS'ra), Dio- msio de. Bom at Madrid, 1690: died there, 1777. A Spanish administrator. From 1706 to 1752 he was almost constantly in Spanish America in va- rious civil capacities. .As president and captain-greneral of Quito (172j-;i7) he received the French commission Alcida sent to measure an arc of the meridian. From 1743 to ful battles. His faQure at Andros and the defeat of his general at Notion in 407 caused him to be deposed from his command. .After the battle of .Egospotami he sought refuge %vith Phamabazus in Phrygia where he was treach- erouslyput to death. He was celebrated for his great ui., 1.1,0.) rragmenisoi nis wTitings are < beauty and talents, and also for his self-will and unbri- A IrmPTiP Calk ttip'tip'! or AllrTnoTia died insolence and capriciousness. .aJCmene (aih-me nej. or fl l KTIi ene. Alcibiades. -^ tragedy by Thomas Otway pro duced in 1675. Alcibiades. .\ Tennyson in " Pu'uc Greene's Metamorphoses. A pam 1749 he w.as captaingeneral of Tierra Firme and president of Panama. Republished some works of considerable im- [Gr. 'A/.Kuav, or A/Ki/a/ur.] The greatest lyric poet of Sparta. He flourished about the middle of the 7th century B. c., and was probably brought to Greece as a slave, in youth, from Sardis. "liis six books coutained all kinds of melos, hymns, paeans, prosodia, parthenia, and erotic songs. His metres are easy and various, and not like the complicated systems of later lyrists. On the other hand, his proverbial wisdom, and the form of his personal allusions, sometimes remind one of Pindar. But the general character of the poet is that of an easy, simple, pleasure-loving man. He boasts to have imitated the song of birds (fr. 17, 67) — in other words, to have been a self-taught and original poet." i}Iahafy, Hist. Greek Lit., 1. 170.) Fragments of his writings are extant. [Gr. JV/K- u'/ni.'i In Greek mythology, the wife of Am- phitryon and mother, by Zeus, of Heracles. " " " "" town in the 50 miles north of Lisbon, it contains a Cistercian monastery, founded in 1148, and believed to have been the largest of the order. The bufldings now serve as barracks. - ^ini»*vjii .iiii.i iiiuiutri, !.»* £jt:ii^, ui i ir-i pseudonym used bv Alfred Alcoba?a (Sl-ko-bii'sa).' A small tov .,,,^1 „ -^ "^ •' -^i"^" province of Estremadura, PortugaL liurii. , , y . , phlet by Robert Greene, licensed in 15SS, prob- ably published in 1.189. It con.sists of stories Alcock, or Alcocke (al'kok), John. Bom at portanceon the geographyandhUtory of South America, exposing the evils of women's pride and vanitv. Beverlev, Yorkshire. England. 1430: died at Alceste. bee Alcestis. Alcidamas (al-sid'a-mas). [Gr. 'A'/Mdaua^.'] A Wisbeach, Engla^, Oct. 1, 1500. An English Alcock 33 A small island Great Britain, prelate and scholar, successively bishop of Ro- Aldabra Island (al-da'bra). A Chester, Worcester, and Ely, and founder of in t lie ludiau Uceau, belonging to Jesus College, Cambridge, 1496. In lat. 9° 23' S., long. 46° 15' E. Alcofribas Nasier (iil-ko-fre-ba'nii-sya'). An Aldan (iil-diiu'). A river in the government of aiiugrauimaticpseudouyniof Fran<,'oisRabelais, Yakutsk, Siberia, which rises near the Yablo- i.Mce or twice shortened to the first word only, noi Mountains, and joins the Lena about lat. Alcolea (iil-ko-la'ii). Alocality in the province 6.'!° N., long. 130° E. Its length is about 1,300 i.f Cordova, Spain, ou the GuadaUiuivir 8 miles miles. northeast of Cordova, where, Sept. Ii8, 1868, the Aldan Mountains. A spur of the Stanovoi panish revolutionists, under SeiTano, defeated Jluuntains, in eastern Siberia, near the river tlie royalists. The battle resulted in the over- tlirowof Queen Isabella. Alcor (al'kor). [Ai-., but uncertain; said to sig- nify 'the rider.'] A small fifth-magnitude star . iry near to Mizar (C Urste Slajoris). It is easily ■en with thf naked eye if the eye is nurmal, but not ..llierwise: hence sometimes used as a test of vision. It !>. culled Alwre in tile Latin version of the *' Almagest." Alcoran. See Koran. Alcorn (al'korn), James Lusk. Born Nov. 4, isui: died Dee. 20, 1894. An American poll \l(lan. Aldana (al-dti'na), Lorenzo de. Bom in Es- tremadura about 1500 : died at Arequipa, Pei-u. probably in 1556. A Spanish soldier who served with Alvarado in (luateniala and Peru, and in 1536 went with Juau de Kada to reinforce Al- niiugro in Chile, in IS.'VI lie was with Alonzo de Alva- rado in the campaign against tiiron, and shared in the defeat at the Ahancay (Jlay 1!1, l.'iM). Authorities are not in accord as to the date of liis death, Calancha placing it in 1571. ciaii, founder of the levee system of the State Aldborough (ald'bur'o, locally a'bro). A small nf Mississippi, Kepubliean governor of Missis sipjii 1870-71, United States senator 1871-77. and msuccessful caniliilate l'., - - - - - n,.>i. ,,..,. .Mass., Sept., 1086. One of the " Pil Iniumationale in July, 1873. Population (1887), 30,373. Alcudia (iil-ko'THe-ii). A seaport on the north- c-ni ccjast of Majorca, Balearic Islands, for- merly the chief fortress of the island. Popula- ti(m, about 2,000. Alcudia, Duke of. See Godoij, ilnnui;} lie. Alcuin(al'kwin), AS. Ealhwine (eiilch'wi-ue). i'.iiin at York, England, 735: died at Tours, .M.i\ 19, 804. An English prelate and scholar, a 1)1 ml of Tours: also known as Albinus, Flaccus, and Albinus Flaccus. Uc was educated at York, anil settled on the Continent in 782, on the invitation incl under the protection of Charlemagne. He was mas- ■ r of the Bchotil of the palace and served as general 8U- ;■ rintendent of ('harlemagne's schemes of ecclesiastical ud eilncational reform. At the council of Frankfort in n he led tbe opposition toadoptioiilsm, which the eouu- il cotidcmiMil ; and at the synod of Aachen (ALx-la- • liapille) in 7H!I he persuaded Felix, the leailei of the adoptionists, t« recant (bis second recantation). Alcnin wrote on a great variety of subjects including theology, blHloiy, grammar, rhetoric, oitlaigrapby, dialectics, etc. About 802 he revised the Vulgate. He was also a poet. Alcyone (al-si'o-ne). fGr. 'V>.M'(iw/.] 1. In classical mythology: («) The daughter of .Ivilus and wife of Cey.v. After the loss of her husband ho cast herself into the si^a and was changed ilo a kingfisher. {!>) A Pleiad, cluughter \llas and Pleione. — 2. A greenish star ,'nitn(le 3.0, the brightest ofllie Plei.ailes l.)u.\bury. Mass., Sept., 1686. One of the grim Fathers," a cooper of Southampton, who was engaged in repairing the Mayfiower and became one of the party which sailed in her. Ue is said to have been the first to step on I'lyniontli Rock, though this honor is also assigned to Mary Chilton. He settled at Iiuxbnry and in Hi21 married Priscilla Mullens. 'Mie incidents of their courtship fonn the theme of Long- fellow's ''Courtahij) of Miles Standish." He was a magis- trate in the colony for more than 50 years, and outlived all the other signers of the Mayflower comj)act. Alden, Joseph. Born at Cairo, N. Y., Jan. 4. 1807: died at New York, Aug. 30, 1885. An American educator. lie was professor of LatlnOater of rhetoric and political economy) in Williams Cidlege 1835-5;j, iirofessor of mental and 'moral philosophy at La- fayette (Jollege 1853-57, president of Jelferson College, Cannonsburg, Pennsylvania, 1857-62, and principal of the Albany, New York, Norma] .School 1807-72. He was also for a time editor of "The New ^'ork Observer," and was a proliilc! writer, ehielly of juvenile literature. Aldenho'ven (iil'den-ljo-fen). A town in the Khine Province, Prussia, 12 miles northeast of Aix-la-Chaiielle. Here, March 1, 17IW, the Auslrlans under the lYIncc of Cobiirg and Archduke Charles de- feated the French, and Oct. 2, 17fM. the French (about s.t.lHio) n ruler Jourilan defeated the Austrlans (aliout 7ll,UU0) under Clairfajl. I'opulalion, about2,n(in. 'f Alderamin (nl-der-anrin). [Ar. itl-dnrd' l-j/a- of iitiii, the right arm.] The usual name of the magnitude star n Cepliei. ) ^l^,^ "S*?^ ^ T;" '"'"''\:i': Alciomus, Pe- Alderney (al',lrr-ni). F. Aurigny (o-ren-ve') trus. Born at Venice, 148/: died at Ifome, , ,„„ „,• flie Channel Islands, tlie ancient An I;-/. An Italian scholar, corrector of the press ,.iiiia or Kiduna, situated northeast of Guerii -I Aldus Maniitius and professor of Greek at ^ev, and 7 miles west of Caiie La Hague, in lat of I'aiie l>a Ilngui 49° 43' N., long. 2° 12' \V. (Braye Harbor): length, 3'.j mih's; area. 4 siiuare miles: noteil for its bri'cd of cattle, it eontains the town of .st, Anne. The government Is vesteti in a jildgi-,(l junits, and 12 reiireseiitatlveH. I'opulalion (l.slll), I.s4:!. I'loreiico: author of "Me'dicis legatus, sivo de l-:\ilio" (1522), etc. Aldabella ull-dii-bel'lii). l. The wHfo of Or- laiiili) in .Xrlosto's poonis, the sister of Oliviero and Hrandimarteand daiiL'hter of Monodantes: in the oidFreiich anil Spanish |>oemscalleii.//j(i Aldemey, Race of, I''. Ras d'Aurigny. A and .iu85. Aldgate (ald'gat). \On^ua\\y Alegate : mean- ing probably 'agate open to all,' or 'free gate.'] The eastern gate of old London wall, situated near the junction of Leadenhall street. Hounds- ditch, Wliitehall, and the Miuories. it must have been one of the 7 d(uible gates mentioned by Fitz Stejihens (who died llDl), not one of the Koman gates. The great road to Essex by which provisions were brought to the Roman city crossed the Lea at Old-ford and entered the city with the Eorniine (Ermine) street, not at Ahigate but at Bisliopsgate. Aldgate may have been opened in the reign of King F.adgar. or that of Edward the Confessor, but probably elates from the first years of Henry I . at which time I;«av Bridge across the Lea at Stratford is 8ui>pn,sed to liuve been built by his queen Matilda. Aldhelm (iild'helm). Saint. Born (>40 (f) : died at Uuulting, near Wells, England, May, 709. .Aji English scholar and prelate, made bishop of Sherbfirne in 705. His best-known works are " De laude virginitatis," in prost*, and a poem "De laudibus vircinuni," Aldiborontephoscophornio (al''di-bo-ron''te- fos'ko-for 'ni-o). A character in Henry Carey's burlesque " Chrououhotontliologos." it was given as a nickname to James Ballantyne the printer, on account of the solemn pomposity of his manner, by Sir Walter Scott. See Uvjdinn^funnidos. Aldiger (al'di-ger). In Ariosto's "Orlando Furioso," a Christian knight and the brother of the enchanter Malagigi. Aldine (al'din) Press. The press established at Venice by -Mdiis Manutius. See Manutiiis. Aldingar (al'ding-giir). Sir. A ballad concern- ing a false steward who sought lo take away the honor of his queen. In the ballad with this title from the Percy MS. the queen's name is Llinore, the wife of Henry II., but the story occurs repeatedly in connec- tion with historical personages of ueai-ly all the European nations. Our conclusion would therefore be, with Grundtvlg, that the ballads of Sij- Aldingar, Ravengaard, and Mem- ering, and the rest, are of conimou derivation with the legends of St. Cunigund, Oumleberg, *c. , and that all these are ottshoots of a stoi^ which, "beginning far back in the infancy of the Gothic race ami their poetry, is continnally turning up, now here and now there, without having a proper home in any definite time or assignable place." Child, Eng. and Scottish Ballads, III. 241. Aldingar. The prior of St. Cuthbert's Abbey in Sir Walter Scott's poem "Harold the Dauntless.'' Aldini (iil-de'ne). Count Antonlo. Born at Bologna, Italy, 17.56: died al Pavia, Italy, (^ct. 5, 1826. An Italian statesman, minister of the Italian republic and kingdom under the Na- iioleonic regime. Aldini, Giovanni. Born at Bologna, Italv, April 10, 1,()2: died at Milan, Jan. 17, 1834. .An Italian jihysicist, professor of physics at Bo- logna, brother of Antonio Aldini "and nephew of ( lah'ani. Aldo Manuzio. See M. Ira. Said to have been born at Bellair, near Baltimore, about 1810 : died at Lodz, Poland. Aug. 7, 1866. A negi-o tragedian, sumamed the "African Roscius," in early life valet of Edmund Kean. Among his chief parts was Othello. Aldringer (alt'ring-er). or Aldringen (alf- riii-eni. or Altringer (iilt'ring-er). Count Johann. Bom at Thionrille (Diedenhofen), Lorraine, Dec. 10. 1588: killed at Landshut, Bavaria, July, 1634. An Imperialist general in the Thirtv Tears' War. He succeeded Tilly as com- mander of "the army of the Leajue in 1632. and distin- Buished^iimself under Wallenstein at >uremberg. Aldrovand (al'dro-vand). Father. A Domini- can, the warlike chaplain of Lady Eveline Be- renger in Sir Walter Scott's novel "The Be- trothed." Aldrovandi (al-dro-vSn'de), L. Aldrovandus (al-dro-van'dus). Ulisse. Born at Bologna. Italv. Sept. 11. 15-1-2: died at Bologna, May 10, 1606. A celebrated Italian naturalist, appointed professor of natural history at Bologna in 1560. At his instance the senate of Bologna established in 1568 a botanical garden, of which he was appointed director. He also served as inspector of drugs, in which capacity he published " Antidotarii Bononiensis Epitome " (1574). His chief work is a "Natural Hlstorj " in 13 volumes, espe- cially notable on account of the profusion and excellence of it's illustrations. The last 7 volumes were published after his death. Aldstone (ald'stun). or Aldstone Moor, or Alston Moor. A tovm in Cumberland, Eng- land, 20 miles southeast of Carlisle. Popula- tion (1891'. 3.384. Aldus Manutius. See Mannthis. Aleandro (al-a-an'dro). Girolamo, L. Alean- der, Hieronymus. Born at Motta, near Ven- ice. Feb. 13, 14S0 : died at Rome, Jan. 31, 1542. An Italian ecclesiastic (cardinal) and scholar, author of a "Lexicon grseco-latinum " (1512), etc. He was several times papal legate or nuncio to Germany, and was an ardent opponent of the Reforma- tion. Aleardi (a-la-ar'de). Aleardo (originally Gae- tano). Bom at Verona. Italy, Nov. 4, 1812: died there, July 17, 1878. An Italian poet and patriot, an active partizan of the insurrection in Venetia 1848^9, imprisoned by the Austri- ans in 1852 and 1859. Best edition of his poems, Florence, 1862 (5th ed. 1878). Alecsandri (al-ek-san'dre), or Alexandri, Basil, or Vassili. Born in Moldavia, July. lt>21: died at Mireesti, Moldavia, Sept. 4, 1890. A Rumanian poet, politician, and jovirnalist, active in politics after 1848, and for a short time (1859)'*foreign minister: author of lyric and dramatic poems in Rumanian, and of translations of Rumanian songs into French. AlectO (a-lek'to). [Gr. IO-iktu, she who rests not.] In Greek mythology, one of the three Erinyes. See Erinyes. Aleksin, or Alexin (a-lek'sen). A town in the government of Tula, Russia, situated on the Oka 85 miles south by west of Moscow. Population, 5,713. Aleman (a-la-man'). Mateo. Bora near Se- ville in the middle of the 16th century: died in Mexico about 1610 (?). A Spanish novelist, for many years controller of the finances to Philip n. : "author of the famous " La vida y hechos del picaro Guzman de Alfarache" (1599), etc. See Gu-mati de Alfarnrhe. Alemanni, Alemannic. See Alamanni, Ala- Si Alemanni, Luigi. See Alamanni, Luigi. Alemannia. See Ala ma mini. Alembert i^a-loii-bar'), JeanBaptiste le Rond d'. Born at Paris, Xov. 16, 1717 : died at Paris, Uct. 29, 1783. A noted French mathematician. Alexander Melanchthon and declajed his adherence to the Augs- burg Confession. In August, 1535. he returned to England, and was intimately associated with Cranmer and other English reformers. He returned to Germany in 154U, was appointed in the same year professor of theology at Frank- fort-on-the-Oder, and 'played an important part in the German Reformation. A^ Atesse. emy, and in that capacity was the spokesman of the parti "„ip„« n5-T>'> etc des»/n7t)«>pAc*of which Voltaire w.as the head. His prin- ,, ^ ,~~ -d -i o ij«,„„ j...- cip£ works are "Traite de d}-namique" (1743), "Iraite Alessandri, Basil, hee AlecsaiKln. de Tequilibre et du mouvement des tluides" (1744), "Re Gherches sur la precession des equinoxes et sur la nuta tion de I'axe de la terre ' (1749)," Recherches sur differents points importants du systeme du monde" (1754), "Me- langes de philosophic et de litterature," "Elements de philosophie," "Opuscules mathematiques" (1761-80), etc. Alemquer, or Alenquer (ii-lah-kar'). A small town in the province of Estremadura. Portugal, 29 miles northeast of Lisbon. AlemoLuer, or Alenquer. A town in Brazil, on the Amazon opposite the mouth of the Tapajos. Population. 3.000. Alemtejo (a-lan-ta'zho). A province of Portu- gal, boimded by Beira on the north, by Spain on the east, by Algarve on the south, and by Estremadura and the Atlantic on the west. It comprises 3 districts, Evol a. Portakgre, and Beja. Area, 9,431 square miles. Populatiim (lS;Ki)^ 393.054; Alenc^r ^ienc^r (a-lan-kar'). Jose Martiniano de. Afocoa-ndTHa A~«r Bom in Ceard. May 1, 1829: died at Rio de Ja- oh^enti Sicilv "^•^i neiro. Dec. 12, 1877. A Brazilian jurist and ^ =• ' • ' Alessandria (al-es-san'dre-a). [Named for Pope Ale.xander III.] The capital of the prov- ince of Alessandria, situated at the junction of the Bormida with the Tanaro, lat. 44° 55' N., long. S° 38' E. It is an important lailway center and a strong fortress, and has flourishing trade and manufac- tures of w-oolen goods.Unen,silk,etc. The townwasbuiltby the Lombard League against Frederick Barbarossa in 1168 ; was conquered by Sforza in 1522; was unsuccessfully be- sieged by the French in 1657 ; was taken by the Imperial- ists in 1707 ; was ceded to Savoy in 1713 ; was the capital of the French department of Marengo in the revolutionary period ; was taken by Suvaroff in 1799 ; was occupied by the Austrians in 1821 ; became a Piedmontese military center l:<48-49 ; and was occupied by the Austrians in 1849. Population, 30,000 ; commune (1691), 75,000. Alessandria. A province in Piedmont, Italy. Area. 1.950 square miles. Population (1891), estimated. 775.729. small town in the province of '0 miles northwest of Gir- genti. Ale'n?on (a-lon-s6n'). A former eountship and battle'of Marengo. The Austrians retired behind duchy of France, whose cotmts and dukes were f^^^. Mlncio, abandoning to the French every fortress in prominent in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries, northern Italv west of that river. "It was an armistice The duchv was an appanage of the house of Va- more fatal (to the Austrians) than an unconditional sur- lois See below render." /-j/Jf, Hist, of Mod. Europe. Alencon. The capital of the department of Alessi (a-les'_se). Galeazzo Born at Pemgia, .319. 20 miles southeast of Sktltan : the ancient Lis- Alen?On, Due d (Charles de ValoiS). Died ^^^^ founded bv Dionvsius. Scanderbeg died 1346. A brother of Philip ^ I. ot France, killed ^^^^ Population, about 3,000. m the battle of (Trecv. .,_,._ ,,^„ Alet (a-la'). A town in the department of Alen?on, Due d (Charles IV.). Bom 14S9: .^^^^^ France, on the Aude 15 mUes southwest died April 11, 1525. A pnnce of the blood and ^^ Carcassonne. It contains a ruined cathe- eonstable of France, husband of Margaret ot jpai_ Valois, sister of Francis I. His cowardice caused Ajetsch (a'lech) Glacier. The largest glacier '^an?SL """"""' """ """"" In Svritzeriand. 13 miles in lensth.'situfted in Alengon, Due d' (Jean II.'>. Died 1476. He sup- ported the Dauphin against his father Charles %"II., and was condemned to death in 14.=i6, the sentence being, how- ever, commuted to life imprisonment, followed by a par- don. Alenio (a-la'ne-o). Giulio. Bom at Brescia. Italy, about 1582: died 1649 uit. a missionary m China. Aleppo (a-lep'6)". IAt. Hakh OT Halel>-es-SlHih ^. „_ „ .i^^„„.„ ;«;.] The capital of the vilayet of Aleppo, sit- f^ " ^?hicipaliv"to uatedon the Nahr-el-Haleb in lat. 36° 11' 32' N., j^o", ^^e peninsula of the canton of Valais, north of Brieg and south of the -Jungfrau. Aletschhom (a'lech-bom). A peak of the Ber- nese Alps, 13,773 feet high, near the Aletsch Glacier. Aleut (al'e-6t\ See Vniingun. long. 37° 9'E.: the ancient Bercea. It has anes- tensive commerce, and manufactures of silk. etc. In 638 it was conquered by the Saracens; was the seat of a Stljuk sultanate lltn and 12th centuries; was captured l>y the Crusaders mider B:»ldwiu in 1170 ; was plundered by An ItaUanJes- Aleutian Islands (al-e-o'shi-an i'landz). or Catharine Archipelago (kath'a-rin ar-ki- pel'a-go). A chain of about 150 islands belong- Alaska. It extends westward from 'the peninsula of Alaska, and sepai-ates Bering Sea from the Pacific Ocean. 'The islands were discovered by the Russians in the middle of the Isth century. Popu- lation (Aleuts), about 2,000. Alexander (al-eg-zan'der). [Gr. 'Ayi^avipoc.'i See Paris. the Mongols and bv Timur ; was conquered and annexed •!.,— o„,5X- ttt ,,,r.r,nTr,aA "ThaCraat " Wr,m by the Tilrks in 1517 ; suffered severely from plagues, and Alexander Ul., bumamed 1 he Great. Bom in 1170 and 1822 from earthquakes ; and was the scene of an outbreak against the Christians in 1850. Popula- tion (estimated). 120.000. Aleppo. A vilayet in Asiatic Turkey. Popu- lation. 994.604. Aleppy. See Alapalli. Aler (ii'ler), Paul. Bom at Saint-Guy in Lux- emburg, Nov. 9, 1656: died at Diiren. (jermany. May 2, 1727. A German Jesuit, author of the school treatise " Gradus ad Parnassum" (1702), etc. AleshM (a-lesh'ke). A town in the govern- ment of Taurida. Russia, near the Dnieper, opposite E3ierson. Pcjpulatiou, 9,925 at Pella, Macedonia, in the summer or autumn ot 356 B. c. : died at Babylon, May or June, 323 B. c. A famous king of Macedon and con- queror, son of Philip and a pupU of Aristotle. He fought at the battle of Chteronea in 338 ; succeeded to the throne in 336 ; subjugated Thrace and Illyria in 335 ; and conquered and" destroyed Thebes and subdued oppo- sition in Greece in 335. In 334 he started on his eastern expedition ; gained the victory of Granicus in 334 and of Issus in 333 ; captured Tj*re and Gaza, occupied Egypt, and founded Alexandria in 332 ; overthrew the Persian Empire at Arbela in 331 ; conquered the eastern provinces of Persia 330-327 ; and invaded India in 326. He returned from India to Persia 325-324. He became a hero of various cycles of romance, especially in the middle ages. See Alexnjider, Romance of. Alesia (a-le'shi-a). [Gr. 'A'/ccia.'] In ancient Alexander. A Greek, or native of Lyncestis geography, the capital of the Mandubii in cen- tral Graul," usually identified with Alise. famous for its defense by Verclngetorix (of whom Na- poleon ni. erected a colossal statue here) and capture by Julius Ciesar 52 B. C. See Alise. Alesius (a-le'shi-us) (properly Aless), Alex- ander. Bom at Edinburgh, April 23. 1500: died at Leipsic, March 17, 1565. A Scottish Lutheran controversialist and exegete, early made a canon of St. Andrew's where he was educated. Hew-as imprisoned several times as a result of his reforming tendencies, and finally escaped to Ger- many in 1532, where he became the friend of Luther and in Macedonia (whence his surname "Lynces- tes"), implicated with his brothers in the mur- der of Philip, 336 B. C. Because he was the first to do homage to .Alexander the Great, the latter pardoned him and raised him to a high positivm in the army, but afterward put him to death for a treasonable correspon- dence with Daritls. Alexander. A* celebrated commentator on Aris- totle of the end of the 2d and beginning of the 3d century A. D., a native of Aphrodisias In Caria. whence his siimame ''Aphrodisiensis.'' He was also called "the Exegete." More than half of his numerous works are extant. The most notable is a treatise on .Aristotle's views concerning fate and freewill Alexander Alexander, surnamed Balas (the Semitic baal pi'i-haps siguities •lord';. Killed iu Arabia, 140 B. C. A person of low origin who usurped the Syrian throne in 150 B. c. He wim overtlucwn in battle by Ptolemy I'hilonietor and was raiirdeici) by an Arabian emir with whom he had taken refuge. 35 1599 : died Mav 22, 1667. Alexander, Romance of Pope Alexander Bey. See saimltrbiy. Alexander, Archibald. Born in Virginia, April li, 1(72: died at Princeton, N. J., Oct. 22, 1851. An American Presbyterian divine, president of Hampden Sydney College (Ya.) 17y(>-18U6, and professor at Princeton Theolog- ical Hemiuarv 1812-51. He wrote "Evidences of Alexander I. Died 326 B. C. King of Epirns, Alexander VIII. (Pietro OttOboni). Born at Christianity" (1823), "Treatise on the canon ol the Old *" -■ ■ , , . ^1 .. _■! /M :., . , , ., , ,,.... I, from 16S9 and Sew Testament " (ls-2(l), " Outlines of Moral Science " US't'^BXuot'i'ii'of.fS'ii Akxknder Barton Stone, Born in Kentucky, and emiclied the Vatican 11- ISlIt: died nl hull !• niiieisco, Cal., Dec. la. ena, Feb. 13, from April 7, 1655, to May 22, 1667. He was a patron of learning and art, and a poet. He pronmlstated a bull against the Janscnists, and, in l(i«2, in a conllict with Louis XIV., was deprived of Aviunon. UurinB his pontitlcate occuncd tlic conversion to the Catliolic faith of I'lnistiua, queen of .Sweden, after her abdication (ltia4) of tlic Swedisll crown. son of N'eoptolemus and brother of OljTnpias, the mother of Alexamler the lireat. His youth w 1^ spent at the court of Philip of .Macedonia, who made him king of Epirus, On her rei)Udiation by Philip, Olyin- plw sought refuge with Alexander, and it was at his m.irriage wltll I'hillp's daughter Cleopatni in 336 B. c. Ill It Philip was asiajisinatcd liy Pausanias. In 332 B. 0. Alexander crossed over into Italy to aid the Tarentinea Bgainst the Lucaniaiisand Bruttii. lie was treacherously Venire, KilH: died Feb., 16'Jl. I'OJ till 1691. He condemned the doctrine (if cal sin," as taught by the. I Venice against the I'urks; and enrii of tjiieen Christina's collection of killed by some Lucanian exiles at the battle of Palidosiiu Alexander II. King of Kpirus, son of Pyrrhus and Ijimassa, the daughter of Agathoeles, ty- nuit of Syracuse. He succeeded his father in 272 B c. He was dispossessed of Kpirils and .Macedonia by Demetrius, whose father, Antigonus (Jonatas, he had de- prived of .Macedonia: but Epirus was recovered by the aid chiclly of the Acarnanians. Alexander, surnamed Jannaeus (Hob. Ydiuidi, an abbreviation of Jonathan). Born 128 or 129 B. c. : died 78 B. c. King of the Jews from 104 till 78 B. C a younger son of John Hyreanus. Alexander, surnamed "The Pa)ililag.\ in his chronicle, the year III A. 11. In both works he is assigned a reign of ten yeans. Alexander II. (Anselmo Baggio, ML. Ansel- mus BadajUS). Born at Milan : tlied Aiiril 20, 1073. Pope from iniil to 1073, successor of Nich- olas II. He strove to eiifurce the celibacy of the clergy and the extravagant pretcnsimis uf tlic papacy. His elec. tion did not receive the imperial sanction, and an anlipope, Ilonorius II. (I'adulaus, bishcjp of Panna), was chosen by a council at Basel, but was later deposed by a cimiicil laid at Mantua. Alexander was succeeiled by Uilde- brand under the name of Gregory VII. Alexander III. ( Rolando Ranuci of the house of Bandinelli). Born at Siena, Italy: died Aug. 311, 1181, Pope from 11.59 to 1181. He carried out successfully the policy of Hildebrand in oppo- sition to Krederick Harbarossa and Henry II. ot England. Three antipopcs, Victor IV., Pascal III., and Calixtus IIP, elected in llfi9, IKM, and 1108, respectively, were conftrmed by the emperor and disputed the authority ot Alexander, who was compelled to seek refuge ill France from 11(12 to IKl.'i. The contest between tlic pope and the emperor ended In the decisive defeat ot the Latter at the battle ol I.egnanc), May 29, 1178. In 1177 a reconciliation took place at Venice, and in 1178 the antipope Calixtus 18(8, An American military engineer and offi- cer ill the Civil War, lirevetted colonel and lirigadii'r-general March 13, 1865, Alexander, Edmund B. Born at Haj-market, Va., Del. 6, 1802: died at Washington, 1), C. .Ian, 3. 1.888, An American ollicer. He served in the Mexican war, commanded the VUih expedition l.s.',7-.'>s, ami was brevetled brigatlier-general Oct. 1>, 1*05. ired a place in the roll of medteval ^j ^ Sir JameS Edward. Born in e accidents of his historic position, t: ,i i loivi ,i: i \...;i -i iv.c-, vT>„;i;t.i. nrst to approach the labour of ex- Scotland, 1803: died April ISh.j. A British soldier (general) and e.\plorer, author of •'Travels through Russia and the Crimea" (1830), "E.xpeditiou of Discovery into the In- ferior of Africa" (1838), etc. He served in India and at the Cape of Good Hope, and in the Burmese, Kallr, (Tiniean. and other wars. In ls;ilj-37 he conducted an el- ploiing expedition into central Africa. Alexander, James Waddel. Bom in Louisa (.'ounty, Va., March 13, 1804 : died at Red Sweet brary by the jmicl books and iiKuiuscript Alexander of Hales. Born at Hales, Glouces- tershire, England : died 1245. A noted Eng- lish theologian and philosopher, surnamed "Doctor Irrefragabilis." He lectured at Paris and was a member uf Iheorder of Franciscans. His chief work is "Summa Tlu-ologiie" (printed 147.^t). Alexander has acquired writers mainly by the aci He was among the llrst t^» appr pounding the Christian system with the knowledge not only of the whole Aristotelian corpus, but also of the Arab commentators. He thus initiated the long and thorny de. bates which grew out of the attempt to amalgamate the Christian faith with a radically divergent metaphysical view. Leslie Slei>hen. Ilict. Nat. Biog. Alexander I. Born 1078 (?) : died at Stirling. Scotland, April 27, 1124. A king of Scotland, the fourth son of Malcolm Canmore and Margaret sister of Eadgar the JFAhelmf;, and brother of Edgar whom he succeeded in 1107. He raar- rieil Sibvlla, a natural daughter of Henry I. of England. Born at Haddington, Scotland, Springs, Va., July 31, 1859. An American Presbyterian clergyman, son of Archibald Alex- ander. He was professor of rhetoric and bellc8.1ettre8 at Pi-inceton College 1833-41, and of ecclesiastical history and church government in lYincetoii Theological Semi- nary 1S44-.''>1, and pastor of the Fifth Avenue Presbyte- rian Church, New York, 1851-69. Alexander, John. A pseudonym of Jeremy Taylor, used in 1642. , Alexander John (Alexander John Cuza or Cusa). Boni at Hush. Mol.lavia. March 20, 1820: ilied at Heidelli.-rg. F.aden, May 15, 1.873. Prince of Moldavia and Wallachia 1859, and of Kumaiiia l>i61 : dethroned 1S66. tVug. 24, 119S: died in Kerrera, Scotland, July 8, 1249. A king of Scotland, son of William the Lion whom he succeeded in 1214: sur- named "The Peaceful," He joined the Eng- lish barons against John, Alexander III. Born at Roxbtirgh, Scotland, Sept. 4, 1241: died near Kinghorn, Fife, Scot- land, March 16, 1285. A king of Scotland, son of •Mexander II. whom he succeeded in 1249. His , , , _ , .,_, , ^,. , „ ;rmv d.feat.1 the Noi^egia.. in 1263, and Aj^^'^/^^^,.,^— i^::^:^: Ai^xLd^r I. List's lU'rs-btg, Dec. 23, He studied a, Mi.nudi. at Parijand in Italy, and 17nt°Ued at Taganrog, Russia. De?.' 1, 1825'. ^I'^^S^^ JosevhAA^SOn^ Emperor of Russia, son of Paul whom he sue- '^,f,^^??,'*^5;,:!:?f^?4^ t?,^'°td a" l-iincvloi; cecded iu 1801. He encouraged education and science, and the introduction of Western civilization ; carried out many reforms, including tlic abolition of serfdom in the Baltic provinces ; and jiromoted trade and manufactures. In 1806 he joined the coalition against Napoleon ; was S resent at the battle of Austerlitz ; joined Prussia against apoleon in 180(1; signed the Peace of TiWt in 1807: and con'qncred Finland ill 1808. A successful war was waged with Turkey 1806-12. In 1812 Napoleon invaded lluBSia (see Sapnlmn). Alexander was a leader in the coalition against Fiance 1813-14 ; waspresentat the battles of Dres- den and l.eipsic ill 1813: entered I'aris in 1814 ; took part in the Congress of Vienna; became king of Poland in 1816; again entered Paris in 1816; formed the Holy Alliance in Ihlfi, and took part in the contereiicesof Aix-la( 'hapelle in 1818, Troppau in 1820, Laibaeh in 1821, and Verona in 1822. lie married a princess of Baden. u>0K place ai. veiuce, ano in mo yiiv 41111, |,.^i.v. ,,..,....,.., ,,.. ,,,........ .. ,-.. . ., ,-,,. .010 1- 1 ..* il^ III. abdicated. The contest with Henry II. of England Alexander II. Born Aliril 29, 1818: (lied at fet _.idcd in thehumiliatiouof the kingaiid the cauonizntioii of Thomas il Becket, who represented tiie jiapal claims of supremacy. Alexander IV. (Count Rinaldo di Segni). Died at Viterbo, Italy, May 25, 1261, Pope from 12.54 to 1 261. He attempted to unite the Greek and Latin chuiclies, established the Imiuisitii.n in France in 12.0, and enccmraged tin: onUrs of mendicant friars. The last years ot his ponlillcate were spent at Viterbo, whither he had been driven by the factional struggles in Koni Petersburg, March 13, 1881. Emjieror of Rus- sia, son of Nicholas I. whom he succeeded iu 1855. Heconcluded thetreatyof Paris 18.1(1; proclaimed the einancipalinn of the serfs 1801 ; reorganized the army and the dcparlniints uf administration and justice Iphia, Api X. J., Jan. 28, 1,S60. An American biblical scholar, son of Arcliibald Alexander, and pro- fessor in Princeton Theological Seininai'y. He wrote commentaries on Isaiah (1840-47), on the Psalms (ls50), and on several books of the Nev Xeslanient. Alexander (ii-lek-siin'der), Ludwig Georg Friedrich Emil. Born July 15, 1S'J3: died'Dec, 15, IsSiS. I'liiice of Hesse, younger sou of the grand duke Ludwig II. of Hesse-Darmstadt. He distinguished himself in the Kussiaii military service, and later in the Austrian, ci'ininanding a Sonth-Oermaii contingent against Prussia in IHOO. Alexander (al-eg-zan'd(T), Sir William. Bom l:'i07 (f): died at London, Sept, 12, 1640, A Scottish poet and statesman, created earl of Stirling in 1633, Author of "Monarehickc Tragedies" (l(i(i;i-07); "Paricnesis to the Prince" (I(K)4); "Doomes- day, etc. "(Orst pint 1014). etc. He received Sept 21, 1021, the grant of New Scotland (f. e.. Nova Scotia and .New iriinswick), which he transfeiTeil to Dc la Tour in 10:10. In 1020 he was appointed secretary of stale for Scotland. and the dcparlniints of administration and justice; and i,, j,.,.j(i \,^ «-:is appointed secretary of stale for Scotland, developed c.mnnrce and nianufacturcs. He suppressed ... William. Born at New York, the l^di.4l insurieeti.mlsia-(-4, and carried on war with Aiexaniier.w^^^ Turkey 1877-TS. Imrii.g the latter part ot his reign he liJO: died at AlbaiiN , A. K. Jan. 1.^ l(^). An * .^ .... , ... ,. _ 1 4. ....-I.. .Ti... »»,».. L'., * ..: .*...,..,.„) u, fill. Kovoliitinioirv Born 1410. at Alexander V. (Pietro Philarghi). Caiidia: died at Bologna, May 3 from June 26, 1409, to May 3, 1410 . licOcI by the (Council of I'isa, after the deposition of CriH.liit .XIII. and (iregory .XII., with theundeintanding tiKil he should reform the abuses of the church. He was, according to the general belief, pnis^nied by Balthasar Cdssa, Ills successor uniler the name of ,l»,liii X.VIII. Alexander VI. (Rodrigo Borgia). Born at .\ativa ill Valencia, Jan, I, 1431: died Aug. 18, l.'i03. Pope from Aug. 11, 1492. to Aug. 18, 1.503. lit: was maile cardinal and viee-rhaneellor in 14.'>(J by his uncle Calixtus III., whom he also succeeded asarchbishcip "t Valencia. Hiselectiou to the ponlillcate is ascribeil I41 bribery. Ills etiorts were directed Uiward the aggran- di/.rnient *,t the temporal power of the papacy at the ex- pense ot the feudal vassals of the church, and toward the foundation for his family of a great hereilitary diimlnion in Italy. In the furtherance of these plans two of his live illegitimate chililrcn by Rosa Vano7.za(('iosar and Lueretia llorgia) played important parts. May I, 141i;i, Alexander Issued his bull dlvi.lingthi' New Wmld between .Spain and Portugid. In 1 1:14 111- nnsnccessfnlly opposed thcentmnce of Charles VIII. into Naples, bill in 1496 he joined the I.iigur between the emperor, Milan, Venice, and Spnin. which drove Charles from Italy. May 23. 1498, the exe- cution of .Savonariila took place by his order, and in 1601 he instituted the censorship of books. He was poisoned, it is said, by a Clip id wine intended for Cardinal Corneto, Alexander VII. (Fabio Chigi). Born at Si- wasclosely allied with (icrmany and Austria, The attacks of the Nihilists led him lo enter upon a reactionary pol- icy in 1879, and he was linally assassinated by them, lie married a princess of Hesse. Pope Alexander III. Bom Mar(di 10 Ho was 1845: died at Livadia, Crimea, Xov, 1,1894, Emperor of Rus- sia, .son of Alexander II. whom ho succeeded March 13, 1881. He .■ontinued the reactionary policy of his father's reign. A nieeliug of Ihe emperors of Hub Bill, (icrmany, and Austria, at Skieriiiewice in Pidaiid, Sept,, 1884, cemented the personal union of these rulers fm the time, hut since the formation of Ihe Triple Alliance (which see) in 1883, Itnssia has become a virtual ally ot France. Alexander opposed Prince Alexanderof Bulgaria at the time of his overthrow In 188(1, and refused to rec- ognize his successor Prince Ferdinand. (For the chief events In his reign, sec Ihuasia.) lie married ITIncess Iiagmar of Ilolimark In 1800. Alexander I. Bom April 5, IS.57: died Nov. 17, 1.S93. Titular iirince of Batteiiberg, the second son of Prince Alexanderof Hesse. He served In the Hessian army, and In the Riisso-Tinklsh warof 1877-78 in the Russian army. He was elected prince ot Bulgaria April 29, 1879; BUsjiended lonslltullonal gov- eminent there 1881-8,3; became by the revolution at Philip, pcipidis. Sept., 188.6. prince of F.a8lerii Rumella also ; cmn mandeil In the repulse of the .Servliin Invasion. Nov., ls>.6. at Ihe battles of .sllvnltza, Dragoman Pass, Tsarlhrod. and Plrot ; became govenior-general of Kastern Rumella April, 188(1: anil was overthrow n by a conspiracy at Solla Aug. 21, 1H8(1, and abducted to Reni on the Danube. He was restored at the end of August by a coiintor-rcvolution, but nbdieatcd In tho buRlnnlng of .SepU, 1886. Ann rieaii ma.jor-genei-al in the Revolutionary War, known as Lord Sliding, though his claim to the Slirling title and estate was pronounced invalid by the lords' commitlee on privileges in Mulch. 1762. He entered (he service as colonel of a militia regiment in 1776, conimanded n brigade at the battle of Long Island In 1770, where he was taken pris- oner, and also served at Trenton, Brandywlne, (lernian- town, and Mmimoiith. Alexander, William Lindsay. Born at Edin- burgh, Aug, 24, 18IIS: died at I'iiikielinrn, near Edinbnrgli, Dec, 21, 18.S4, A Scot I isli Congre- gational clergyman and religions writer, a member of thi> Old Testament revision com- Iilillee in 1S70. Alexander, Mrs. See Ihrtor, Annie. Alexander, Oampaspe, and Diogenes. A e,,medv by .lohii Lyly, priiit.d in b'Sl. and re- printed as "Camiiaspe" in that year and in 1,591. It is usuallv known by the latter title. Alexander, Romance of. <">ne of the most fa- mous riuuanci's of Ihe iiiiihlle ages, milistheneii, a oinpaiiion of AliMoi.li r, wrote an aeeoiinf of the A»l- alle expedition of Abvamb r, but II Is lost. His name, however Is atlacln d to a fahiilnus account which is sup iKiseil lo have heeii writlen in Alexandria In the early part of Ihe :td eenturv. Theroare three Ijitin trnnslallons of this pseudo.CalllBthenes: one by .InliUB Valerius, he. fore 3411; Ihe " Itlnemrlnni Alcxandri"; and Ihe "II1«- toria de prcllis,' by Arehpresbyler Loo; and on thcso Alexander, Romance of the later ones are based. It was ti-anslated into Syriac and Armenian in the 5th cenlllr\'. The Persians and Arabs made use of the myth, and in the 11th century Simeon tieih. keeper of the' imperial wardrobe at the By- zantine court, translated it back from the Persian into the Greek. [This] was translated into Latin, and from Latin even into Hebrew, by one who wrote under the adopted name ul Jos. Gorionides, had very wide popularity, and became the groundwork of many French and English poems. Ger- ald de Barn mentions the Latin version which professed to be by an jl^sopus or a Julius Valerius, and had a licti- tious dedication to Constantine the Great. In the year 1200 Gaultier de Chatillon turned it into an Alexandreis, which was one of the best Latin poems of the ijiddle Ages ; anil, again, in 1236 Aretinus gualichinus turned it into Latin elegiac verse. ... A score of French poets worked upon the subject, and by triinslation and expan- sion produced that romance-oE .-Uesander of which the great French exemplar was composed in or near the year 11*4 by the trouvere Lambert li Coit, or le Court, of Chji- teaudun, and Alexandre de Paris, named usually from Palis where he dwelt, and sometimes from Bernay where he was born. There ai-e only fragments of the eai-liest French poem upon this subject, written in the eleventh centurj' in octosyllabic verse by .\lberic [Aubryj of Eesan- <;on. The larger and later romance or Chanson d'Alixandre is of 22,606 lines in nine books, and the twelve-syllabled lines are of the sort now called, as is generally supposed from their use in this poem. Alexandrines. . . . There is a German .-Vlexandreis, written in six iKxtks, by Kudolph of Hohenems, a Suabian, between the years 1220 and 1254. I'lrich von Esi-henbachtranslatedthe Alexandreis of Gaul- tier de Chatillon. The .Alexander romance was adopted in Spain, Italy, and even in Scandinavia. An admirable free translation into English metre was made in the thii'teenth century by an unknown author, who has been called Adam Davie. . . . But few mistakes can be more obvious. Morley, English Writers, III. 2^ (Lamprecht, a priest, translated the French of Aubiy, or Alberic, of Besan^on. into German, and called it the Alex- anderlied. in the 12th centuiy ^abou: 1130;. The Alexan- dreis of the .\ustriau .^iegfried was writleu about looO. In the 15th century he again appeareii as the hero of prose romances in Germany, .\lexander myths are to be found in many othei' of the old French poems, and he becomes a knight^ conqueror surrounded by twelve paladins. The poems do not properly form a cycle, as they are quite in- dependent of one another.] Alexander Column. A column erected at St. Petersburg in 1832 in honor of Alexander I. The polished shaft of red granite, S4 feet high and 14 in diameter, is remarkable as the greatest modern monolith. It supports a Roman- Doric capital of bronze, on which is a die bearing a figure of an angel with the cross. The pedestal is adorned with reliefs in bi-onze. The total height is 154j' feet. Alexander Cornelius (kor-ne'lius). A Greek wi-iter of the 1st century B. c, a native either of Ephesus or of Cotiseum in Lesser Phrygia : surnamed ■ • Pol yhistor" from his great learning. During the war of Sulla in Greece he was made prisoner and sold as a slave to Cornelius Lentulus, who brought him to Rome to become pedagogue of his children. He received the Roman franchise and his gentile name either from Cornelius Lentulus or from L. Cornelius Sulla. He died «t Laurentum in a hre which destroyed his house. He wrote a geographico-historical account in 42 books of nearly all the countries of the ancient world, and many other works, of which only the titles and fragments have been presi-rved. Alexander Jagellon (ja -gel 'Ion). Bom in 1461 : died in 1506. King of Poland and grand duke of Lithuania, second son of Casimir IV. of Poland. He succeeded to the grand duchy at the death of his father in 1492, and was elected king of Poland at the death of his brother John Albert in 1501. He mar- ried Helena, daughter of Ivan III. of Russia, but was al- most incessantly at war with his father-in-law. In his reign the laws of Poland were coditied by John Laskt Alexander Karageorgevitch (ka-ra-ga-or'ge- vich). \_Kara41 it was taken by the Saracens under .\mru, and was entered by the French in 179S. who were defeated near here by the British in ISid. (^^eAbitkir.) The pres- ent city was largely rebuilt under Meheraet .AIL It was bombarded by a British fleet of eight ironclads under Sir Frederick Seymour, July 11, 1SS2, and defended by the in- surgents, and was taken by the British July 12. Popu- lation (1S97), 319,766. After the time of .Alexander, Grecian literature flour- ished nowhere so conspicuously as at Alexandria in Egj'pt, under the auspices of the Ptolemies. Here all the sects of philosophy had established themselves ; numer- ous schools were opened : and, for the advancement of learning, a library was collected, which was supposed, at one time, to have contained 700,ti00 volumes, in all lan- guages. Connected with the librarj- there were extensive offices, in which the business of transcribing books was carried on very largely, and with every possible advan- tage which royal munihcence on .the one hand, and learned assiduity on the other, could insure. Nor did the literary fame of -Alexandria decline under the Roman emperors. Domltiau, as Suetonius reports, sent scribes to Alexandria to copy books for the restoration of those libraries that had been destro.ved by fire. And it seems to have been for some centuries aftenvards a common practice for those who wished to form a library, to main- tain copyists at Alexandria. The conquest of Egypt by the Saracens, A. D. *jii), who burned the -Alexandrian Library, banished learning for a time from that, as from other countries, which they occupied. Taylor, Hist. Anc. Books, p. 69. [This library (according to many writers who discredit its sacking bv the .Arabs) was entirely destroyed under Theophilus. a. b. 391.] Alexandria. -^ small town on the coast of Asia Minor, near the island of Tenedos. it con- tains important ruins of Roman thermse. The structure Alexis measured 270 by 404 feet in plan, and had on three sidea long halls, with columns, inside of which were smaller sub. divisions. The walls of the interior were incrusted with ornamental marbles, and the vaults ornamented with glass mosaics. It is believed to dale from the reign of Hadrian. Alexandria. A town in southern Rumania, 50 miles southwest of Bukharest. Population (18*9-90). 12,308. Alexandria. A small manufacturing town in Dumliartimshire, Scotland, situated on the Leven 15 mUes northwest of Glasgow. Alexandria. The capital of Rapides parish, Louisiana, situated on Red River 100 miles northwest of Baton Rouge. A Federal squadron in Banks's expedition passed the rapids here. May, 1*64. by means of a dam built by Lieutenant-Colonel Bailey. Pop. ulatlon (190OX 5,648. Alexandria. A town in Jefferson County, New York, situated on the St. Lawrence 32 miles southwest of Ogdensburgh. Population (1900), 3,894. Alexandria. The capital of Douglas County, Minnesota, 125 miles northwest of St. Paid. Population (1900), 2.681. Alexandria. A city, port of entry, and the capital of Alexandria County, Virginia, situated on the Potomac 7 miles south of Washington. It was euterid bv Federal tro>>iis May 24. 1S61. Population (1900), I4,5iS. Alexandrian Codex, L. Codex Alexandrinus. An important manuscript of the Scriptures now in the British Museum, sent to Charles I. of England by the Patriarch of Constantinople. It is written in Greek uncials on parchment, and con tains the Septuagint version of the Old Testament com I-Iete, except parts of the Psalms, and almost all the New Testament. It is assigned to the oth century. Alexandrian Saga. See Alexander. Romance of. Alexandrina (al-eg-zan-dri'na), Lake. See 1 H'tinia. Luke. Alexandrine War. -^ war (48-47 b. c.) be- tween Julius Caesar and the guardians of Ptol- emy (elder brother of Cleopatra), in Egypt. It resulted in favor of Caesar, who placed Cleopatra' and her younger brother (the elder having died) on the Egyp- tian throne. Alexandroff. See Alexandrov. Alexandropol (al-ek-san-dro'pol), or Alexan- drapol (al-ek-san-dra'pol), formerly Gumri. A town in the government of Erivau. Trans- caucasia, Russia, situated on the Arpa 35 miles northeast of Kars. it is an important military post. Here, 1S53, the Russians defeated the Turks. Popidation (l^yl), 24,230. Alexandrov, or Alexandroff (a-lek-san'drof). A town in the government of ^^adimir. Russia, 60 miles northeast of Moscow. Population, 5.692. Alexandrovsk (ai-ek-san'drofsk). A town in the government of Yekaterinoslaff, Russia, sit- uated near the Dnieper in lat. 47° 47' N., long. 35° 20' E. Population, 15.079. Alexandrovsky (iil-ek-san-drof'ske) Moun- tains. A mountain-range running east and west in the governments of Semiryetcheusk and Svr-Daria, Asiatic Russia. Its greatest height" is about 12,000 to 13.000 feet. Alexas (a-lek'sas). A minor character in Shakspere's ''Antony and Cleopatra," an at- tendant of Cleopatra. Alexei. See Alexis. Alexiad (a-lek'si-ad), The. See the extract. By the command of the Empress Irene. Nicephorua Byrennius. who had married her daughter the celebrated Anna Comnena, undertook a history of the house of Comneni, which has come down to us with the title "Materials of Historj\" -Anna herself continued her husband's work when she retired after his death to the leisure of a convent. The imperial authoress entitled her book *'The Alexiad." .As its epic name denotes, it is mainly a prolix biography of her father Alexis I. It is in fifteen books, and includes the period from 1069 to 1118. The work is interesting in itself to the student of history, but it is most generally known as having supplied Sir Walter Scott with the subject and some of the materials for the last and feeblest of his romances. K. 0. iluller. Hist, of the Lit. of Anc. Greece. III. 399. [{Ponaldson.y Alexin. See Alelsin. Alexinatz (a-lek'si-uats). A town in Servia, situated near the Morava in lat. 43° 31' N., long. 21° 41' E., the scene of several contests between the Turks and Servians in 1876. Population (1890), 5,762. Alexios. See Alexius. Alexis ( a -lek' sis). [6r. "k/ffif.] BomatThurii, Magna Grwcia, Italy, about 390 B. c. : died about 288 B. c. A Greek dramatist, a master of the " middle comedy." He was a prolific writer, the author of 245 plays.' Fragments of these, amounting to 1,1 OCi lines, are extant. He was brought as a youth tc .Athens, and was a citizen of that city. Alexis, or Alexei. Bcu-n in 1()29: died in 1676. Czar of Russia, son of Michael Feodoroviteh,' Alexis the founder of the house of Romanoff, whom lie succeeded in 1645. lie waged a war with Poland from \6-'>^ to 1007, acquiring possession of Smolcusli and eastern t'lcraine. In a war with Sweden from 10;'jr> to 10;>S he eoii- (luered a part of Livonia and Ingernianland, Imt was forced liy domestic troubles to relini|ui8h this ten-itory at the treatyof Cardis, June 21,lt)(il. He extended liis conquests to eastern Siheria, codified the laws of the various prov- inces of Kussiih and, l)y beginnini; to introduce European civlliz:ition, prepiu-ed the way for his son Peter the Great. Alexis, or Alexei. Born at Moscow, Feb. 18, KiiW: died iu prison at St. Petei'sburK. July 7, 1718. The elilest son of Peter the Great and father of Peter IT. lie was eondemnetl for liigh treason and imprisoued. Alexis. An amorous sliepherd in Fletcher's pastoral "The Faithful Sliephenless." Alexis I.-V. See Alexius. Alexisbad (ii-lek'ses-liiid). A health-resort in tlie Harz, Auhalt. Germany, 18 miles south of Ilalberstadt, noted for mineral sprint^s. Alexius (a-lek'si-us), Saint. A saint (probabl.v iiivthical) said to have been born at K'ome about iilO A. D. According to the legend, he tied from his bride, ., lady of high rank, on the wedding evening to the porch .,( the Church of Uur Lady of Edessa, where he lived in .hastily for si^venteeu years. He afterward returned to Ki.me and lived unrecognized in his father's house. He is 1 onimemorated in the lloman Church on July 17, and in the tireek on March 17. Alexius, Saint. A Roman saintoftheStheenturj', said to have boon a senator. He was the founder uf the Ale.\ians or Cellites. Alexius I. Comnenus (kom-ne'nus), Gr. Alex- ios Komnenos. Born at Constantinople in 1048: died in 1118. Byzantine emperor from 1081 to 1118, nephew of Isaac Comnenus. lie supplanted, by the aid of the soldiery, the emperor Ni- Ci|ihoJU8, who retired to a monastery, and defended the ,rnpire against the Pt-tchenegs, the Turks, and the Nor- mans. In his reign occuried thefli'st r'rns.uie. His life has 1,. -en written by hisdaughter .^nna* 'onmena. Scr ,l/*'j-(V«/. Alexius II. Comnenus, Or. Alexios Kom- nenos. Born in lHi8(?): 'Htd iu 118.3. By- nitino emperor from 1180 to 1183, son of Mafifiel whom lie succeeded. He was deposed and stran^.'led by Andronicus. Alexius III. An'gelus (an'je-lus), 6r. Alexios Angelos. Died in 1210. Byzantine emperor Ifotu 119') to 1203. He usurped the throne of his licifher Isiiac II,, but was deposed by ati army of Crusaders « lio besieged Cotistantinople and reinstated Isaac II, with his son Alexins IV. as colleague, Alexius III. died in exile. Alexius IV. Angelus, (ir. Alexios Angelos. Died in 1204. Byzantine emperor in 1203 and 1204, son of Isafic II. Angelus. Ho wiis put to death after a reiijn of si.x months by Alexius V. Alexius v., or Alexios.surnamed Diikas Murt- ZUphlos. Died in 1204. A Byzatitino efnpi'for. He usurped the throne cjf Alexius IV. in IJit, but was driven from Constantinoide by the Crusailers who had re- aolveil on the partition of the empire. He was :u-rested in .Mr of Trobizoiid from 134!) to 1390, sou of Basilius by Irene of Trebizoiid. Alexius IV. Comnenus, Gr. Alexios Kom- nenos. liiod in 1 1 to. l';mpci(]r of Trebizimd fivoii 1417 to 144(j, sou of Manuel III. and Eu- doeia of (ieort;ia. Aleyn, or Alain. [ME. : themod. J/toi.] See the extract. The good-llvcrs go to service and are fed by the Holy Oraal, The sinners, on the contrary, not being thus feci, beg Josephes, .loseph's son, to pray for them : and he or- ders Ilron's twelfth son, Aleyn or .Alain le Oros, to take the net from the (Iraal table, ang prayed satisfies them all with it, atul Is theiure* forward cidleil the Rich Kisher. .toseph ro90 Fiction, 1. 1(.7. Aleyn. Gnoof the ('iimliriilfie stiidefitsorclrTks of CantebroKge iti Cliaueer's " Roeve's Tale." Alfadir (iil-fii'dir). [led. Alfddhir. All-father.] Ill Old Norse niytliolooy. one of llie many appellations of Oilin as the supi'eiae god of ail miiukind. 37 Alfana (al-fii'iia). The horse of Gradasso in ■•Orlando Ftirioso." Al-Farabi (fil-fii-rii'bi). Abu Nasr Mohammed ibn Tarkhan. Born at Farali, Turkest;in, aliout 870: ilied at Daifiaseus about 9o0. .-Xn Arabian philosopher of tlie school of Bagdad, famous for his great learning. Uc wrote an encyclo- pedia of the sciences and numerous treatises on the works of Plato and .Aristotle, Alfarache, Guzman de. See Gucmnn. Alfaro (iil-fii'ro). A town in the province of Logrouo, Spjiin, situated near the Kbro CO miles northwest of Saragossa. Population (1887), 5,938. Alfaro, Francisco de. Bom at Seville about l,"iii,'>; dii'd at Madrid iibotit IfioO. A Spanish lawyer. He was successively fiscal of the Audience of Panama (irflll, mciuber of the Audience of Lima (about 1(K>1). presiilent of the Aiulience of Charcas (I(>3-*), ami member of the Council of the Indies for some years before ills death. Tlie viceroy .Montesclaros commissioned him to ini|Uireiiito the condition of the Indians of Peru, and the re- sult was a set of laws called the tlrdinances of Alfaro, pro- mulgated in lC12and inteiuled to prevent Indian slaverj*. Alfasi (iil-fil'si), Isaac ben Jacob. [Ar. Al- fiixi, Fez.] Born in Kala Hamad, near Fez, 1013: died at Tucena, 1103. A celebrated Jewish scholar and authority on the Talmud. He composed a sort of abbreviated Talmud which was ninth used by the Spanish Jews in place of the Talmud itsi-lf. Also called, after the initials of his name, 10/. Alfeld (iil'felt). A small town in tlie proyince of Hanover, Prussia, situated on the Leiuo 28 miles south of Hanover. Alfeta (al'fe-tii). The name given iu the "Al- magest " and Alphonsine tables to the second- magnitude star a Coronal Borealis. The star is more generallv known ■.is_.ilpli voliiiio's, pnbllslud at Pisa IWIO-l:., Thirteen volumes contain his postliuinoiis works, Alfinger (iil'iiii«-ir), Ambrosio de. I>ie«l l.')32. A German soldier, ii|ipointe-r)7, son of Urraca, daughter of Alfonso VI. (and vrife of Alfonso VII.), and Raymond of Burgundy, her first husband. He extendeil the frontiers of Castile from the Tagus to the Sierra .Morena Mountains, and proclaimed himself emperor of Spain in 1135. Alfonso IX., or Alphonso. King of Leon n.SS-lL'30, son of Ferdinand II. He gained a brU- liant victory over Mohammed ibn Hud at Merida 12S0. He was married first t*) Theresa, daughter of Sancho 1. of Portugal, and later to Berengaria, ilaiighter of the king of Castile; both marriages were dissolved by the Pope as being within the degree of afflnity prescribed by the canon law. Alfonso IX., or Alphonso (also reckoned as VIII. and as III.). B^rii lloo: died 1214. King of Castile ll."i8-]2]4, surnamed "The Noble" or "The Good," son of Sauclio HI. lie was defeated by the Moors at Alarcos in llli.\ and In alliance with Aragon and Navarre defeated the Mooi-a at Las .Navas de Tolo^a in 1212. Alfonso X., or Alphonso. Born 1221 : died at Seville, April 4, 1284. A celebrated king of Leon and Castile, 12.')2-82, surnamed "The Wise "and "Tiie .Astronomer," son of Ferdi- nand HI. He laid claim to the duchy of .Swabia, and twice unsuccessfully attempted to secure the imperial crown : the first time he was defeated by Ricliiu'd of Cornwall, and the second by Rudolf of llapsburg. From 1261 to 12Ct» he waged war with the iloors with varj-ing fortune. He was detlironwl by his son Sancho in 1282. Alfonso is celebrateil as Ihe author of the code •' LasSIelc Partidas," tlie basis of Spanish jilrisprildeiice, and for the Alphonsine tables, a set of asti-onomieal observations compiled at his command, (Alfonsol first made thecastillail aiiatiinial language by causing the Bible to be translated Info It, and by requir- ing it to be used In all legal iiroceedings , and he llrsl. by Ills great Code anil other works, gave B|ieclineiis of prose composlllon which left a free and disencumbered coiireo for all that liius been done since, a service, |>erllap9, greater Ihaii it has been jiermitted any other Spaniiutl to render Ihe prose literature of his counlry, Ticknor, Span. Lit., I. 41. Alfonso XI., or Alphonso. Died Mtirch 20, lo.'iO. King of Leon mid Castile l.U2-i"ifl, sur- named "The Avi'iiger" from liis severity iu repressing internal ilisordi'r: son of Ferdinand IV. He dif. ated the Moors of Morocco and Uranada at Rio Salad... 11,1, 211, l:;lo, Alfonso XII., or Alphonso. Bom nt Madrid. Nov. 28, IKfw: died at Fl I'linhi, near Madrid, Nov. 'i"), 188'). The son of Isabella II.. pro- claimed king of Spain Dee., 1874. He landed In Spain Jan.. I.sT,'>, ami Hiippns.'id Iho Carllst nl.i lllon in 1S711- In lSH:i he visile. I liennany, anil was Insnltiil by a in..b In Pails on Ills l.toiii. Alfonso XIII., "1 Alphonso. Born at Mailrid, .May 17. iNSii. Tlie son of Alfonso XII., pro- claiiiieil king under the regency of his mother (Maria Clirisliiia of Austria) mi the day of his birlli. 'I'lie legeney ended .May 17. 19(12. Alfonso I. Alfonso I., King of Naples. See Alfonso V. of Aragon. Alfonso n., or Alpbonso, Bom 1448: died Nov. 19, 1495. King of Naples 14W-9.5, eldest son of Ferdinand I. and Isabella. He defeated the Flor- entines at Poggio 1479. aiid the Turks at Otranto 1481. Having rendered himself obno.vious to his subjects, he abdicated (.Tan. 23, 149.^0 in favor of his son Ferdinand II., when Charles vni. of France threatened his capitaL Alfonso I.,or Affonso(af-fon's6), or Alphonso. Born about 1110 : died Dec. 6, 118.5. The tirst king of Portugal, son of Henry of Burgundy, count of Portugal, and Teresa of Castile. On his father's death in 1112 he became, under his mother's tutelai:e. count of Portugal, and was declared sole ruler in 112-S. In that year he made successful war upon his mother, who refused to yield up the government, and upon her ally, Alfonso VIII,, from whom he wrested the independence of Portugal. He was proclaimed king by his soldiers, probably after the victory over the Mt:>ors at Ourique, July 26, 1139 ; took Santarem" from the Moors in 1144) ; captured Lisbon in 1147 ; and was taken captive near Badajoz in 1107 by the Leonese and niade to pay a hea^-y ransom (the surrender of all his conquests in Galicia). Alfonso n., or Affonso, or Alphonso. Bom .\pril iZ. 1185 : died March 25, 1223. King of Portugal 1211-23, sumamed "The Fat." He defeated the Jloors at Alcaeer do Sal in 1217, Alfonso III., or Aflfonso, or Alphonso. Born May 5. 1210 : died Feb. 16, 1279. King of Por- tugal 124S-79. During his reign Algarve was incorporated in Portugal. Alfonso rV., or Affonso, or Alphonso, Bom at Coimbi-a, Feb, 8, 1290: died May 28. 1357. King of Portugal 1325-57, sumamed "The Brave" and " The Fierce." He consented to the murder of Ines de Castro, secretly mai-ried to his son Pedro, who, in consequence, headed a revolt against his father. See Castro, Inex de. Alfonso v.. or Affonso, or Alphonso. Bom 1432: died at Cintra, Aug. 28. 1481. King of Portugal 1438-81, sumamed "The African" from his conquests in Africa: son of King Duarte (EdwardV He defeated the Mooi-s in Africa in 1458 and 1471. and was defeated at Toro in 1476 by Ferdinand the Catholic. Alfonso VI., oi- Affonso, or Alphonso. Bom 1643 : died Sept. 12. 1683. King of Portugal, second son of John IV. He succeeded to the throne in 1656 and was deposed in 1667. Alfonso I., or Alphonso. King of Aragon and Navarre 1104-34, and, as Alfonso VII., king of Leon and Castile. He married Trraca, daughter and heiress of .\lfonso Vl. of Leon and Castile, in 1109. In 1116 he conijuered Saragossa from the Moors. Alfonso II., or Alphonso. Bom 1152: died 1196. King of Aragon 1163-96, son of Ray- mondo V., count of Barcelona, and Petronilla. dauL'hter of Eamiro II. of Aragon: especially noted as a patron of Proven9al poetry. Alfonso m., or Alphonso. Born 1265: died June 18, 1291. King of Aragon 1285-91, sur- named " The Magnificent." son of Pedro III. He granted in 1'2»7 the "Privilege of Union " by which his subjects were permitted to bear arms and the right was given of citing the king himself before the Cortes, Alfonso IV., or Alphonso. Born 1299: died 1336. King of Avagou 1327-36, surnamed •' The Good," His entire reign was occupied by a war with the Genoese about the possession of Corsica and .Sardinia. Alfonso v., or Alphonso. Born 1385 : died at Naples, June 27, 1458. King of Aragon and. as Alfonso I., king of Sicily and Sardinia and of Naples : surnamed ''The Magnanimous." Hewas the son of Ferdinand the Just, whom he succeeded in 1416 as king of Aragon and of Sicily and Sardinia. In 142»J he was adopted as heir and prospective successor by Joanna I, of Naples, but was disinherited in 142,3 in favor of Louis of Anjou. He captured Naples in 1442. seven years after the death of Joanna, and enforced his claim to the succes- sion. He was a patron of learning and a model of chivalric virtues. Alfonso I., or Alphonso, of Este. Bom 1476 : died Oct. 31, 1534. Duke of Ferrara 1505-34. He commanded the papal troops in the war of the League of Cambrai in 1509, and fought against Pope Julius II. at Ravenna in 1512. He married Lucretia Borgia in 1501. Alfonso, Count of Poitou. Died 1271. Brother of Louis IX. of France, and ruler of Poitou and Toulouse. Alfonso de Cartagena. See Alphonsm a Saneta Alford (al'ford), Henry. Bom at London, Oct. 10._1810 : died at Canterbury. England, Jan. 12. 1871. An English divine, biblical scholar, poet, and general writer, a graduate and fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, and dean of Can- terbury 1857-71. He was the authorof a noted edition of the Greek Testament (1S49-61), "Xew Testament for English Readers" (1SC7), "Poems," "The Queen's English" (IseO), etc. Alford (originally Griffiths), Michael. Born at London. 1.587: lUed at St, Omer, Aug. 11, 38 1652. An English Jesuit, author of various works on ecclesiastical history. Alfort'Ville (al-fort-vel'). A"town in the de- partment of Seine, France, on the Mame south- east of Paris, the seat of a national veterinar> school established 1766. Alfred (al'fred), or .ffilfred (alf' rad), sumamed •'The Great." Born at Wantage. Berkshire, 849 : died Oct. 28, 901. King of the West Saxons 871-901. fifth and youngest son of ^thelwulf, king of the West Saxons, and his wife Osburh (daughter of Oslae his cup-bearer), and brother of .^Ethelred whom he succeeded. He fought against the Danes in the defensive camp:ugn of 871, sei-v- ing under his brother .£thelred at Ashdown, Basing, and Merton, and commanded asking at Wilton. InS7S here, ceded before the Danes to Athelney, but later obtained a decisive victory over them at Ethandun. By the treaty of "Wedniore, which followed, Guthrura consented to receive baptism and to retire north t.f Watling Street, Alfredforti- hed London in sS'j, andcaiTiedon a defensive war with the Danes 894-S97, which ended in the withdrawal of the in- vaders, and in which, by the aid of ships of improved model, the English for the first time gained a decided naval advantage over the vikings. His success agiunst the Danes was due largely to his reform of the national f>Td or militia, by which half the force of each shire was always ready for militarj- service. His adminis- tration was also marked by judicial and educational re. forms. He compiled a code of laws, rebuilt the schools and monasteries, and invited scholars to his court. He was himself a man of learning, and translated into Saxon the "Ecclesiastical History " of the Venerable Bede, the "Epitome of Universal History"of Paulus Oujsius, and the " Consolations of Philosophy " by BoethiiM. and corrected a translation of the " Dialogues " of Gregorj- the Great. The popular accounts of his life abound in legends which are devoid of historical foundation. It is not surprising that the great services of Alfred to his people in peace and in war should have led poster- ity to ascribe every institution, of which the beginning was obscure [such as the law of frank-pledge, the distri- bution of hundreds and tythings, and trial by jurj-], to his contrivance, till his fame has become almost as ifabulous in legislation as that of Arthur in arms. Uallam. Alfred the Great. A historical play by J. Sheridan Knowles, produced in 1831. Alfred, or Alredus (al-re'dus), or Aluredus (al-o-re'dus). of Beverley. Lived about 1143. An English chronicler, author of " Annales sive Historia de gestis regum Britannise libris is. ad annum 1129," a work occupied chiefly with the fabulous history of the country. Alfred, Prince "(Duke of Ediiiburgh). Bora -■Vug. 6. 1844 : died July 30. 1900, The second sou of Queen Victoria : duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1893). He was elected king of Greece in 1862, but declined the offer. Alfred Club. A club instituted in 1808 in Al- bemarle street, London. Alfreton (al'fer-ton). A town in Derbyshire, England. 13 miles northeast of Derby. ' Popu- lation (1891), 15.355. Alfric. See J^lfric. Alfures (al-fo'res), or Alfuros (al-fo'ros), or Alfura (al-fo'ra). A descriptive name, signi- fWng 'wild,' 'uncivilized,' given to certain native tribes of the north of Celebes, the Mo- luccas, Mindanao, and adjacent islands. They are generally classed with the Malays. Also Haruforas. Algardi (al-gar'de). Alessandro. Born at Bo- logna, Italy, 1602 (1598 f): died at Rome, June 10. 1654. A noted Italian sculptor. His chief works are the monument of Leo SI. and a marble relief of Leo I. and -ittUa, both in St Peter's, Home. Algarotti (al-ga-rot'te). Count Francesco. Born at Venice. Dec. 11, 1712 : died at Pisa, Italy, May 23. 1764. A noted Italian littera- teur and art connoisseur. Algarve (al-gar'va). The southernmost prov- ince of Portugal, bounded by Alemtejo on the north, by Spain i from whicli it is separated by the Guadiana) on the east, and by the Atlantic on the south and west, it forms the district Faro, with the town of Faro as capitaL It was partly conquered from the Moors by Sancho I., and was united with Portu- gal as a kingdom by Alfonso III. about 1250. Area, 1,873 square miles. Population (1890X 228,551. AlgEu, or Allgau (al'gou). A popular name for the southwestern part of Bavaria with the neighboring portions of WiirtembergandTyrol: in an extended sense, the region between the Danube on the north, the Lech on the east, the lun on the south, and the HI and Lake Constance on the west. Algauer Alps. A mountain group in Algiiu (northern Tyrol and southwestern Bavaria). Its highest point is the Parseyer Spitz, which is about 9,960 feet high. Among other points is the Griinten. Al-Gazali iil-sii-zii'le), or Algazel (iil-ga'zel), Abu Hamid Mohammed. Bom at Tiis. Per- sia. 1058 (1059 ',) : died 1111. An Arabian phi- Algiers losopher and theologian, for a time professor of theology and director of the school at Bag- dad. He wrote "The Destruction of the Philosophers" and other works in delense of Moslem orthodoxy against the followers of Aristotle and other Greek philosophers Algebar (al'je-biir). [Saidtobe from Ar. aJ, the, and7nfcWr(S\T.(7fl6oro), giant.] 1. An Arabic and poetical name of the constellation Orion. — 2. Occasionally used to designate Rigel (,1 Orionis), the brightest star in the constellation. Algeciras, or Algeziras (;il - na - the ' riis). [Ar. al-jadro, the island or peninsula.] A seaport in the province of Cadiz. Spain, 6 miles west of Gibraltar: the ancient Portns Albus. It has a considerable coasting-trade. It was the landing, place of the Arabs under Tarik in 711 ; was retaken from the Moors by Alfonso XI. of Castile in 1344 C): and waa the scene of engagements, July, ISOl, between the British and Franco-Spanish fleets. It contains a notable aqueduct built by the Moors. The arches are pointed, elegant in profile, and of considerable height and span. The highest piers, in the middle, have on each side carious ogival flying buttresses. Population (1S87), 12,381. Algeiba, or Algleba (al-je'ba). [Ar., said to represent nl jeh-bah, the forehead; but if so a misnomer, as it is in the shoulder of the con- stellation.] The second-magnitude double star > Leonis. By Ulugh Beigh the name Alyeiha was applied to three stars, >i, y, and f Leonis. Algenib (al'je-nib). [Ar. al-jdnib al-faras, the flank of the horse.] The third-magnitude star ; Pegasi, at the extremity of the ning. The same name is also often given to aPersei, better known as Mirfal: See also Alchemb. Algenubi (al-,ie-uo'bi). [Ar. ra's al-'asad 'al- janubbi, the head of the lion, the southern : op- posed to al-'samdli, the northern.] A name used, though rather rarely, for the third-mag- nitude star £ Leonis. Alger (al'jer), Russell Alexander. BominLa- fayettetownship,MedinaCo..Ohio,Feb.27,1836. An American politician and general. He served in the Union army during the Civil War and was brevetted major-general of volunteers in June, 1865; was governor of Michigan 1885-S7 ; was a candidate for the presidential numinatiun at the Republican National Convention of 1SS8 ; was commander-in-chief of the (5rand Army of the Republic 1SS9-90; and secretary of war 1897-Aue., 1899. Alger, William RounseviUe. Bom at Free- town, Mass., Dec. 30. 1>>22. AL'nitarian clergy- man and author. Among his works are "Introduction to the Poetry of the Orient," "Metrical Specimens of the Thought, Sentiment and Fancy of the East" (1S56X " Friendships of Women " (1S67), etc. Algeria (al-je'ri-ii). [Ar. al-jazira, the island or peninsula; F. Algerie, G. Algerien.'^ A country in northern Africa, the ancient Xu- midia and eastern Mauritania, organized as a colonial possession of France in 1834 (con- quest begun in 1830). It is bounded by the llediter. ranean on the north, by Tunis on the east, by Sahara on the south, and by Morocco on the west, and is traversed by the .Atlas range. It comprises three distinct regions ; the Tell, or mountainous and cultivated region, in the north ; the steppe region, with various shotts, or brackish lakes, in the center ; and the Sahara, which extends in- definitely southward. The leading industry is a,2Ticulture, but the country also contains considerable mineral wealth (especially iron and copper), and exports wheat, barley, oats, wine, olive-oil, esparto grass, wool, fruits, and live stock. It is divided into three departments : Algiers, c^ran, and Constantine. each with a civil territory and a mili- tary territory. The capital is Algiers. The government is- vested in a governor-general appointed from France, in the French Corps Legislatif, and in a Superior Council. Each' province sends 1 senator and 2 deputies to the French .As- sembly. The prevailing religion is Mohammedanism, and the inhabitants ar« chiefly Berbers, .Arabs, Europeans (largely French and Spaniards), Jews, Moors, and de- scendants of Turks. The country was annexed by Borne in large part in the 1st centuiy B, c, ; was conquered by the Vandals in the 5th century, and by the Saracens in the 7th ; passed into the possession of the Turks in 1519 ; and was a piratical power from the ICth to the 19th centur>', becoming independent of Turkey in 1710, The oflBce of dey was established in 1600, Defeated by the United States in 1815. Conquest by France, begun in 1830 with the taking of Algiers, was continued by the taking of Constantine in 1837, the subdual of the Ka'byles, and the capture of Abd-el-Kader in 1847, Various insurrections occurred in later years. Area (excluding the .Algerian S.ahara), 184,474 square miles. Population (189b},4,429k42I. See Corsairs, Algeslras. See Algeciras. Alghero (al-ga'ro), or Algheri (-re). A sea- poil: in, the province of Sassari, Sardinia, in lat. 40° 34' X.. long. 8° 19' E. It has a cathedral. Population, about 9.000. Algiers (al-jerz'). [F. Alger, Sp. Pg. Argcl, It. Algkri,G. Algier. Qee Algeria.'] A seaport, the capital of Algeria, situated on the Ba v of Algiers in lat. 36° 47' X., long. 3° 3' E., founded by the Arabs about 935. it consists of a lower or European and an upper or Moorish quarter, and contains theKasbah, or ancient fortress of the deys, situated about 500 feet above the sea, numerous mosques, a Catholic cathedral, and several Protestant churches. The harbor is spacious, safe, and weU fortified, Algiers is a favorite winter health-resort It was nnsuccessfully attacked by Charlea Algiers •V in 1^1 ■ bombarded by the British in 1810 : and occu- pied brtheKmich in 1S3U. Population (1891), 82.iS5. gee Cormin. , j ,., • , 'AlKiere isin Arabic • Al-Oezair' ("the islands ). said to be so called from that in its bay ; or, more piobabl>, JAl-Oe^ir' Is a Kramniarian's explanation of the .lan.e •TieVi' or "l-nier,' by which the AlRerians ooniin.i.ily called their city, and which is, I suspect, a cormpiion of ?he luamc of tlel Koman city CajsareacAnsusta), whi.l occupied almost the same site It should be reraarke.l ?hat the AlKCiians pronounce the ?"» ,^'';'^,-, ""' .,^J: Jeaiir " Europeans spelt the name in all sots of w.ijs. iSIr; ArKel, Ai-geir, Algel, Ac, down to the Irencll Alger .nS our Algiers. ^^^^ ^^^_ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ ^.„^^^i^, p ,3. Aliriers The middlo province or tlepartment of .Ufieria. Populntion (IHiU). l.-tOS 12/. AlKiers A manufaL'turiug .suburb of .New Ur- leaiis, situated on the Mississippi opposite New Orleans. , ., Algoa Bay (al-so'ii ba). A bay on the southern i-oast of Capo Colony, Africa. Aleol (al'uol). [Ar. al-ghul, the ghoul or de- mon 1 The remarkable secoud-maKnitude va- riable star d Persei, in the head of Medusa, who is tlie monster referred to m the name. AlgOnQUian(al-gon'ki-an). [»-/o«(/«(<")and T!ia„ 1 A linguistic stock of Isorth American Indians, which formerlv occupied an area larger than that of any other stock in North America, reaching from Labrador to the Rocky Mountains and from Churchill Kiver of Hudson Bay at least asfarsonthas Pamlico Soundm North Caioliiuu There were breaks in the continuity of its territory in and near the .State of New York where an area was occupied by Iioquoian tiibes. and one in .Newfoundland where the BLthukan family dwelt. An advance to the south be- yond the contigiDUS tribal territories was made by the Shawano or Shawnee tribe which had early separated from the main body. The Cheyenne and Arapaho two allied tribes of this stock, also separated from then kin- dred ..n the nurth and forced their way west through hostile (ribes across the Missouri River to the Hlack Hills country of South IJakota, and more recently into W yoming and Colorado, Ihusf.irming the advance of the .Ugonquian .Uiek in that dir.clion. leaving the Simian tribes in their rear anrl condunthiK those of the Shoshonean st. Calif of Cordova !)lil-!)7(l, famous as a patron of literature and Icnruiug. Hi- collected a large librarv (said to have contained lani.iHHi volumes), which fnnmd Ihe nucleus of the c.lebrated academy of Cordova, and founded colleges, mosques, and hospitals _ _ Alhamadelos Bancs (ii-lii'mUdalosban yos). A town and watering-place, containing hot 39 sulphur springs, in the province of Granada, Smiiii, '2fj miles southwest of Granada. It ^yaa taken from the Moors in 1482. Population (1887), 7,81(9. .. . Alhamade Murcia (ii-lil'ma da mor the-_a). A t.iwii 111 tlie province of Murcia, Spam.l- miles soutliwest of Murcia, noted for its sulpliur springs. Population (1887), 7,203. Alhamarides (ii-Ui-miir'idz). The last Moor- ish dvnastv in Spain. It ruled in Granada from the m'iddle of the 13th century un il 14! -. Alhambra (al-ham'bra). [Ar. „l-l,m,;rai', red.] A •n-eat citadel and palace founded in the IJtIi century above the city of Granada. Spam, by the Moorish kings. The hill inclosed by this once formidable fortress is 2,««iO feet long and 700 wide ; Ihe high and thick walls are strengthened by great s,,uaie towers, and there is a strong inner citadel. The palace large part of which was destroyed by Charles V. to make room for a Renaissance structure, is the finest example of Moorish art, and gives its name to the Alliambiaic style. It ccmsists of galleries and rather small rooius sui - rounding Mcade.l courts beautiful with fount.ains, ll<>wers and subtropical vegetation. The key-note of the style is the dcliCiicy and elaboration of detail of its interior dec- oration, which is formed especially of endlessly varied arabesque patterns and Moslem inscriptions impressed on plaster or executed in wood, and delicately yet bril- liantly colored. All is on a rather small sea e ; but the little marble columns are very finely cut, tlie coupled Aiimez windows are lovely in proportions and ornament, and the research of artistic effects of perspective is note- Alha'zen (iil-hii'zen). Born at Bassora: died at Cairo, 1038. An Arabian mathematician, author of commentaries on the ■'.\lriiagest ot Ptolemy, a treatise "On Twilight," a - Thesau- rus Opiicip," etc. Alhena (al-hen'a). [Ar. al-licn'ah, a ring or circlet.] The third-magnitude star ) Gemi- norum, in the foot or ankle of Pollux. It is sometimes called Almcisiim. , .,, , . Ali (ii'le). Born at Mecca about fiOO: killed at Kufa, (iiil. A cousin german and adopted son of Mohammed, and the fourth calif, 656-G(il: snr- iiamed "Tlie Lion of God." He was the son of Abu Tallb, uncle of Mohammed, and he mai-ried Fatima, daugh- ter ..f the Prophet. He was defeated by Moavya, he founder ..f the Ommiad dynasty, and assassiuati-d. liis sons Hassan and Hussein, who tried to regain the ea - itate, were kill.'d in Will and liso respectively. Iheir lot- lowers brought about the great schism which divides !.■ Moslem world into two sects, the Sunnltes ami the .Shiites. The latter, which inelnde Persians and most of the Mohammedans of India, regard All as the first right- ful calif, and venerate his sons as martyrs. He wrote lyric poems ("Diwan "), and a collection of proverbs is at- tributed to him. Ali Brother of the prince in the story of '•Prince Ahmeil and the Kairy Pari-Bauou, in "The Arabian Nights' Eutertainments. He marries the Princess Nouronniiihar. Ali Bev. Born in Abkliasin about 172S: died 1773. 'A Mameluke liey, ruler of Egyid, who declared himsidf iiidc|ieiideiit of the Porte in 17(18. H,. made many conquests in _Arabia, Syria, etc., and was taken prisoner in battle in 1773. Ali Bev. ^Ci) liMlid 1/ Lrhlk-h. All Pasha. Born at Tei)eleni, Albania, 1(41: beheaded at Jauina, Feb. .-i, 1822. A" A'^''" nian who became pasha of .laniiia in 1/HK. He subdued the Sullotes in lxo:i and was made governor ot Kumella. He intrigued with Frwice, Russia, and l.ieat liritahi wai.ist Turkey, and was cunpelled by the Turks to surrender at .laiiina, and assassinated. Ali Pasha. Born at Constantinople, 1815: died Sept I) 1S71. A Turkisli statesman and diplo- matist,' several times grand vi/.ir since W.-i;). He was especially diBtlnguished as the promoter of varl- oUB nforius 111 the Turkish goveinment. Aliaska. See .i/».>/,". Aliata. See C.)W»»i/lc. . Ali Baba (ii'le hii'l'"). A character m Ibe Arnbiaii Night's' Kntertainments, ' in the story •'Ali Baba and tlie Forty Thieves' : a poor wood-cutter who, concealed in a tree, sees n band of robbers enter a s.-cret cavern, and overhears the magic wonls "open sesame which open its door. After their departure he reimils the spell an.l the door oiiens. disclosing a naun full ol easu x" with which he load- his as»e;« and returns home His brother Casslm, who discovers his secret, enters the cave alone, forgets the word "sesame, ami is found and cut In I eces by Ihe robbers. The thieves, disc.vering Uiat Airllalm know, their secret, resolve to kill him, but me outwitted by Morglaua, a slavo. Ali Baba. An opera by Clierubini, fo>"';l'"l -'" his •■Ko.ikourgi." produced nl Pans 18.1.1. Alibamah, "<■ Alibami, or Alibamo. See Alibamu (il-le-bii'mO). [In the form Alohamn. as the naiiK' of one of the United States, eoni- monlvbut incorrectly translated "here we rest : the name is first meiitioni'd us that of a duet met by Do Soto.] A tribe of the Creek tou- Alinda federaey of North American Indians. The French came into conflict with them in lTo2. Ihere is now an Alibamu town on Deei. Creek, Indian Territory, and some of the tribe livr near Alexandria. Louisiana ; over Ini) are in Polk Coiintv, Texas. (See Creek and iluskhtujean.) Also AWiaiiin, AUbiimah, Alibami. Alibaud (U-lC-br.'). Louis. Born at Nmies Fraiiif, May 2, 1810; guillotined at Pans, July 11, l.s3li. A Frcniliinan who attempted to as- sassinate Louis Philippe. .Tune 2-5, 183G. Alibert (ii-le-bar'), Jean Louis, Baron. Born at Villefranche. Avevron, France, May 1'-. nud: died at Paris. Nov. 6. 1837. A French medical writer, author of "Traits complet de;' mala.lies de la peau'' (180G-27). etc. Alibunar Marsh. A large morass in the neigb iM.rliio"! of Alibunar in Croatia. Alicante (ii-le-kiin'IS). A province in the titu- lar kingdom of Valencia, Spam, bounded by Valencia on the nor.th. the Mediterranean on the east, Murcia on the south, and Albacete and Murcia on the west. Area, "2,098 square miles. Population (1887), 432,355. Alicante. A seaport and the capital of the province of Alicante, situated on the Jlediter- ranean in lat. 3,S° 21' N., long. 0° 29' W. : the ancient Lucentum. It is one of the best harbors in the Meditei-ranean, and has an important export trade in wine and other products of eastern Spain It was re- covered from the Moors by Ferdinand 111. of Castile ceded to Aragon in 1:!04, besieged and taken by the i rench 1700 besieged by the French 181-2, and bombarded by the insurgents of Cartagena 1873. Population (ls87), 3t),838. Alicata. See Licata. ^ .r> .. ■ r.u Alice (al'is). 1. The wife of Bath in Chaucer 8 tale of that name. Her "gossib," to whom she alludes, has the same name. — 2. A lady in at- tendance on the Princess Katharine, daughter of the King of France, in Shakspere's "Henry V" 3. The principal female character in "Ardeii of Fevershara."— 4. A little girl through whose dream pass the scenes of •• Alice s Adventures in \Vond.Tland"and "Through the Looking-glass," two popular stories forchildren bv I;ewis Carroll (Charles Dodgson). Alice, or The Mysteries. A novel by Bulwer, pulilislicd ill IMW: a sequel to •' Ernest Mal- Alicia^-lish'iii). 1. One of the principal Iciimle characters in Rowe's tragedy "Jane Shore," a woman of strong passions who by her iealousy ruins her former friend Jane Shore.— • 2 The name given by Lillo in his "^Vrden of Feversham" to the Alice of the earlier version. Alicudi (ii-le-kii'de), or Alicuri (a-le-kd're). 'IMic westernmost of the Lipari Islands, north of Sicily, in lat. 38° 35' N., long. 14° 15' E. It is 4 miies long. ,.,.», Alides (al'idz). The descendants of All the Ic.urtli calif. ,^ „ ,. Aliena ( a-li-r-'nii). The name assumed by Celia in Sliaksjiere's'^As vou Like it" when she followed Rosalind disguised as a shepherdess. See Alilllld. „, Alifanfaron (ii-le-fiin'fii-ron). The emperor (if the Island of Trapobaii, mentiimed by Hon tJui.xote. When he sees two lloeks of sheep coming towanl him he savs: •■Know, friend Sancho, thai yonder army before us Is commanded b> Ihe Knipenir Alifanfaron, Kovereign of the Island of Trapoban, and the other . . . by . . . PentaiwUn." .See feulapulin. Aligarh (ii-b-giir'). A district in the Meerut division. Nurtliwestcrn Provinces, British In- dia, intersected by lat. "28° N., long. i^° E. Area. l.O.TJ siiuare miles. Population (1891), 1.043,172. , .,. , Aligarh. Fort. A fort in the district of -(VbKarb. dclViidrd liy tlie Mahrattasand stormed bythe Hiilisli under Lake 18113. Alighieri. See lht,,u: AlijOS (ii-le'iKis). A group of small islands in tbi^ Pacitic, west of Lower California. Alikhanoff (ii-le-chii'nof^ originally All Khan (ii'le chiim. Born in the ( nucasus. 184(i. A Uii'ssian ollicer, governor .vt the Jlerv oasis, noted for his sliaie in gaining Merv lor the Russians in 1884. . <, ,i Alima (ii-le'mii). A right affluent of tlio Kongo River, lla^^ng its head waters near those of the Ogowe. in French K-uigo. It was dis- covered by Brazza in 1878, and is iiavigablo as far as Lekeli. . , , > Alinda (a-lin'.lii). 1- A character m Lodges romance " Rosalynde," tlie story transforniod bv Shakspereinto^^AsyouLikeit." Ahn.iais the Celia of Shiik.spere's play.- 2. -P ic daugh- ter of Alphonso in Fletchers '•Pilgrim. — 3 The nani.^ assnined by young Archas when disguised as a woman, in Fletcher's "Loyal Subject." Alioth Alioth (al'i-oth). [At., but of disputed deriva- tion.] The name iu the Alphousine tables, aud still in ordinary use, of the bright second- magnitude star f UrsiB Majoris. The name is also sometimes (rarely) given to a Serpentis, and even to d Ser- pcntis. Aliris. See Feramorz. Aliscans (a-les-kon')- [Also Aleschans; fromL. Eltjsii Vanqyi, Elysian Fields, referring to an ancient cemetery near Aries.] A chanson of the 12th century, dealing with the contest be- tween William of Orange, the great Christian hero of the south of France, and the Saracens. It forms, according to custom, the center of a whole group of cliausons dealing with the earlier and later adventures of the hero, his ancestors and descendants. Such are **Le couronnement Leys," "La prise d'Orange," " Le charroi de Simes," "Le muniage Guillaume." The series formed by these and others is among the most interesting of these groups. Saintsbury. Fr. Lit., p. 19. Allse (a-lez' ). A small tftwn in the department of Cote-d'Or, France, 30 miles northwest of Dijon. It is usually identified with Alesia. Aliso (al'i-so). A fortress nearthe river Lippe, built by the Romans under Drusus, 11 B. c, as a military center against the German tribes : variously identified with Elsen (near Pader- lioriO. Idealities near Hamm, Dortmund, etc. Alison, Alisoun. Old forms of Alice. Alison (at'i-son), Archibald. Born at Edin- burgh, Nov. 13, 1757: died at Colinton, near Edinburgh, May 17, 1839. A Scottish clergy- man, author of "Essays," of which the most noted is that on '• The Nature and Principles of Taste" (1790). Alison, Sir Archibald. Bom at Kenlev, Shrop- shire, Dec. -'9, 179L' : died at Glasgow." May 23, 1867. A British lawyer and historian, son of Archibald Alison (1757-1839). He settled near Glasgow as sheriff of Lanarkshire in lS;i5, and was made a baronet in 1S42. His principal works are a " History of Europe" (10 vols. 1833-12), "Criminal Law of Scotland," a life of Gastlereagh. etc. Alison, Sir Archibald. Bom at Edinbm-gh, Jan. 21, 1826. A British general, son of Sir Archibald Alison (1792-1867). He served in the Crimea at the siege of Sebastopol, in India during the mutiny, on the Gold Coast in the Ashanti expedition 1873-74, and in the militai'j' expedition to Egypt in 1SS2. He is the author of the treatise "On Ai-my Organization " (ls«i9). Alisos (a-le'sos), Los, A dry torrent in north- western Chihuahua, where, in 1881, in a blood}- encounter between the Mexican forces com- manded by Colonel Garcia, and the Apaches led liy Geronimo, the latter were defeated. Alithea (al-i-the'a). One of the principal characters in ^yyeherley's comedy ''The Country Wife," a woman of the world, bril- liant and cool. She also appears in Garriek's "Country Girl." Aliwal (al-e-wal'). A village in the Panjab, British India, near the Sutlej. in lat. 30° 55' N., long. 75^ 30' E. Here, Jan. 28. 1846, the British under Smith defeated the Sikhs. Aljubarrota (al-zho-ba-ro'tii). A small place in Portugal, about 63 miles north of Lisbon. Here, Aug. 14, 1385, John I. of Castile was defeated by John I. of Portugal. The battle established the inde- pendence of Portugal Alkaid (al-kad'). [Ar. al-qddt al-bandi al-na'sh. the governor of the mourners : by the Arabians the four stars which form the bowl of the "dipper" were called "the bier."] The bright second-magnitude star ?/ Urste ilajoris, at the extremity of the bear's tail, or "dipper-handle." It is more usually called Bciiitnosrli. Alkalurops (al-ka-Wrops). [Ar. al-kalitrops, a transliteration of the Gr. Ka/.oipot/j, a herds- man's staff.] A seldom used name of the fourth-magnitude star fi Bootis, situated in the staff which Bootes carries in his right hand. It is a chrome star. Alkes(arkes). [Ar. «?-Ms, the cup.] Th6 4!^- magiiitude star a Crateris. Alkmaar (alk-mSr'). A town in the province of North Holland, Netherlands, situated on the North Holland Canal 18 miles north of Am- sterdam: noted as a cheese-market, it was un- successfully besieged by the Spaniards in 1573, and was the scene of several indecisiveactinnsbetween the Frencli under Brune and the Anglo-Russian army under the Duke of Vurk in the autumn of 1799. Population (1.S89), l.'i.SOS. Alkmaar, Convention of. A convention con- eluded at Alkmaar, Oct., 1799, by which the Anglo-Russian army under the Duke of York evacuated the Netherlands. The result of a series of mischances, everyone of which would have been foreseen by an average midshipman in Nelson's fleet, or an average sergeant in Massena's arm.v, was that York had to purchase a retreat for the allied forces at a price equivalent to an unconditional surrender. He was allowed to re-embark on consideration tliat Great 40 Britain restored to the French 8,000 French and Ihitch prisoners, and handed over in perfect repair all the mili- tary works which our own soldiers had erected at the Helder. Fiiffe, HisL Mod. Europe, I. 196. Alkmaar, Heinrik von. Lived in the second half of the loth century. A German translator of the poem "Reineke de Vos," published iu Low German at Bremen 1498. Alkoran. See Koran. Alkoremmi (al-kd-rem'me). The palace of Vathek, in the story of that name by Beckford. He [Vathek] surpassed in magnificence all his prede- cessors. The palace of Alkoremmi. which his father SIo- tassem had erected on the hill of Pied Horses, and which commanded the whole city of Samarah, was in his idea far too scanty : he added, therefore, five wings, or rather other palaces, which he destined for the particular grati- fication of each of his senses. BecJ^ford, Vathek, p. 20. Alia (al'lii), or Ella (el'lii). The king in "The Man of Law's Tale," one of Chaucer's " Canter- burj' Tales." He marries the unjustly accused Constance. Allah (al'a). [Ar. 'alMh, for 'al-'ildh, the God.] God. Allahabad (iil-a-ha-bad'). [Hind., 'city of God.'] The capital of the Northwestern Prov- inces of British India and of the district and di^-ision of Allahabad, situated at the junction of the Jumna with the Ganges, in lat. 25° 26' N., long. 81° 52' E. it is the emporium for central Hindustan, a celebrated place of Hindu pilgrimage, the seat of an annual fair, and an important railway center. .\mong the chief buildings are the citadel built by Akbar and one of the chief British strongholds in India, the Juma Masjid (mosque), and the serai of Khosru. Allahabad was taken by the British in 176o and by them granted to the Emperor of Delhi and later to the Nawab of Oudh ; it was ceded to the British in ISOl. Population, including cantonment (1891), 175,246. Allahabad. -A district of the Allahabad divi- sion, intersected by lat. 25° N., long. 82° E. Area. 2.852 square miles. Pop. (1891), 1,548,737. Allahabad. A division of the Northwestern Provinces, British India. Area, 13,746 square miles. Population (1881), 5,754.855. Allain-Targe(a-lan'tar-zha'),Frangois Henri Rene. Bom at Angers. May 7, 1832: died at the Chateau de Targ^ (Maine-et-Loire), July 16, 1902. A French advocate, politician, and joiu-- nalist. a friend of Gambetta and minister under him 1881-82. He was also minister of the in- terior in the Brisson ministry 1885. Allamand (ii-la-mon'), Jean Nicolas S^bas- tien. Bom at Lausanne. Switzerland. 1713: died at Leyden, March 2, 1787. A Swiss scholar, professor of philosophy (1749) and later of natural history in the Universitj- of Leyden. He was the iiret to explain the phenomena of the Leyden jar. Allan (al'an). David. Bom at Alloa. Scotland, Feb. 13, 1744: died at Edinburgh, Aug. 6, 1796. A Scottish historical and porti-ait painter. Allan, Sir Hugh. Born at Saltcoats, Ayrshire, Scotland. Sept. 29, 1810: died at Edinburgh. Dec. 9, 1882. A Scottish merchant, identified with Canadian mercantile interests, and foun- der of the Allan Line of steamships in 1856. Allan, Sir William. Born at Edinburgh, 1782 : died there, Feb. 23, 1850. A Scottish painter, best known from his pictures of Russian life and Scottish historv. He was elected president of the Royal Scottish Academy in 1838. Allancee (a-lan-sa'), Le Seigneurd'. Apseu- douym of Alain Chartier. AUapaha (a-lap'a-ha). A river in southern Georgia and nortliern Florida, a tributary of the Suwannee. AUardice (al'ar-dis). Robert Barclay. Bom 1779: died 1854. A British officer and pedes- trian, known as "Captain Barclay." His fCaptain Barclay's] most noted feat was walking one mile in each of 1,000 successive hours. This feat was per- formed at N'ewmaj-ket from 1 June to 12 July, 18
  • . His average time of walking the mile varied from 14 m. 54 sec. in the first week to 21 min. 4 sec. in the last, and his weight was reduced from 13 st 4 lb. to 11 stone. Diet. Sat. Bxoff. Allatius (a-la'shius) (Leo Allacci). Born at Scio, Greece, 1586: died Jan. 19, 1669. A Ro- man Catholic writer, author of ''De Ecclesia? occidentalis atque orientalis perpetua consen- sione. etc." (1648), etc. Allatoona (al-a-to'na). A place in northern Georgia, about 35 miles northwest of Atlanta, Here, Oct. 5, 1864, the Federals under Corse defeated the Confederates under French. Loss of the Federals, 700; of the Confederates, 1,142. Alle (iil'le). A river about 130 miles long, in the pro^^nce of East Prussia, which joins the Pregel at Wehlau, Alleber (al-bar'), Henri d'. A pseudonym of Henri de Lapommeraye. Allen, Carl Ferdinand AllectUS (a-lek'tus). The prime minister ot Carausius, "emperor" of Britain, and his mur- derer (293 A. D.). Allectus usurped the throne of Carausius and retained it for three years, but was de- feated and slain by the Komans under a lieutenant of Con- stantius near London. Allee Blanche (ill -la' blonsh). [P., 'White Walk.'] An Alpine vallev south of Mont Blanc. Allee Verte (al-la' vert)." [F., ' Green Walk.'] A double avenue of limes beginning at the western end of the Boulevard d'Anvers in Brus- sels and extending along the bank of the Wille- broeck Canal. It was formerly a fashionable promenade. Alleghany (al'f-ga-ni) Mountains. A name given sometimes to the Appalachian Mountains (see Appalachian), and sometimes to that part of this system which lies west and south of the Hudson ; but usually applied, in a restricted sense, to the chain which in Pennsylvania lies east of the Laui-el HUl range. This chain crosses the western extremity of Maryland, traverses West Vir- ginia, and forms part of the boundar)- between Virginia and \N'est Virginia. Also the Alleghanies. Alleghany River. See AUcghemj. Allegheny (al'e-gen-i), or Allegheny City. A city in Allegheny Coimty, Pennsylvania, situ- ated on the Allegheny River opposite Pittsburg. It is an important railroad center, has extensive manu- factures, and is the seat of a Presbyterian and other theo- loLTical seminaries. Population (1900), 129,89(i. Allegheny, or Alleghany, River. The chief head stream of the Ohio River. It rises in Potter County, Pennsjivania, flows through Cattaraugus County, New York, reenters Pennsylvania, flows southwest, and unites with the Mononjrahela at Pittsburg to form the Ohio. Its chief tributaries are French Creek, the Clarion, and the Conemaugh. Its length is about 350 miles, and it is navigable about 2ti0 miles. Allegheny College. An institution of learn- ing at Meadville, Pennsylvania, incorporated in 1817. It is under the control of the Metho- dist Episcopal Church. Allegri, Antonio. See Cnrreggio. Allegri (al-la'gre). Gregorio. Born at Rome about 1580: died at Rome, Feb. 18, 1652. An Italian composer. His name is most commonly associated with a " Mise rere " for nine voices in two choirs, which is, or was till lately, sung annually in the Pontifical Chapel during the Holy Week, and is held to be one of the most beautiful compositions which have ever been dedicated to the ser- vice of the Koman Chiu-ch, There was a time when it was so much treasured that to copy it was a crime visited with excommunication. Not that its possession was even thus confined to the .Sistine Chapel. Dr. Bumey got a copy of it. Mozart took down the notes while the choir were singing it, and Choron. the Frenchman, managed to insert it in his "Collection" of pieces used in Rome dur- ing the Holy Week. Leopold I., a great lover of nmsic, sent his ambassador to the Pope with a formal request for a copy of it, which was granted to him. Grove, Diet, of Music. Alleguash (al'e-gwosh'). or Allegash. A river in iiortbern Maine, a branch of the St. John. Alleine, Edward. See AUeyne. Alleine (al'eu), Joseph. Born at Devizes, England, 1634: died Nov. 17, 1668. An Eng- lish F*uritan clergyman, ejected under the Uni- formity Act of 1662: author of "-An Alarm to the Unconverted" (1672), etc. Alleine, Richard. Bom at Ditcheat. Somer- set, England, 1611: died Dee. 22, 1681. An English Puritan clergyman, ejected under the Uniforniitv Act of 1662: author of "Vindicia Pietatis" (1663 >. etc. Alleine, William. Born at Ditcheat, Somerset- shire, in 1614: died at Yeovil, Somersetshire, Oct., 1677. An English Puritan clergyman, Virother of Richard Alleine. He was ejected under the Act of Uniformity of 1662 ; author of two books on the millennium, etc. Allemaine (al-man'). An obsolete name of Germany. Allemarid (iil-mon'). Comte Zacharie Jacques Theodore. Bom at Port Louis. Mauritius. 1702 : died at Toulon, March 2. 1826. A French naval commander. ^ Allen (al'en i. Atownshipin Michigan. 60 miles southwest of Lansing. Population (1900), 1,328. Allen, Arabella, iu Charles Dickens's " Pick- wick Papers." a young lady, afterward Mrs. Nathaniel Winkle. Allen, Barbara. See Barbara Allen's Crueltij. Allen, Benjamin. In Charles Dickens's •' Pick- wick Papers.'' "a coarse, stout, thick-set "' young surgeon, "with black hair cut rather short and a white face cut rather long." Allen, Bog of. A group of peat morasses, 372 square miles iu extent, iu Kildare and Queen's counties, Ireland. Allen, Carl Ferdinand. Bom at Copenhagen, April 23, 1811: died at Copenhagen, Dec. 27. 1871. A Danish historian, author of hand- Allen, Carl Ferdinand books of Danish history, of a "History of the Three Ncirtheni KiiiK'ilums " (lS()4-72), etc. Allen, Charles Grant Blairfindie : pseiulo- nytas Cecil Power, J. Arbuthnot Wilson. Born at Kingston. Canada, Feb. 24, 184M : died at Hasleraere, Surrey, Oct. 25, 1899. A British naturalist and novelist. Allen, Eiisha Hunt. Born at New Salem, Mass., Jan. 28, 1804 : died at Washington, D. C.,' Jan. 1. 18s;!. A politician and diplomatist. Ue was a Wilis member of Congress from Maine 1841-43, and fur many years Hawaiian chief justice and minister to the Lnited states. Allen, ilrs. (Elizabeth Chase): pseudonym Florence Percy. Born at Strong, Maine, Oct. 9, 1832. An American poet and general writer. Slie is also iinown as Mrs. .\kers Allen (from Paul Akers, the sculptor, her llrst husband). Allen, Ethan. Born at Litchfield, Conn., Jan. 10, 1737: died at Burlington, Vt., Feb. 13, 1789. A noted American Revolutionary com- mander, colonel of the "Green Mountain Boys." He captured Fort TiconderoKa from the British ilay 10. 1775 ; was a prisoner 1775-7S ; and was later commander of Vermont militia. Ue wrote " Reason the only Oracle of .\Ian''(17S4). Allen, Harrison. Bom at Philadelphia, Pa., April 17, 1841: died there, Nov. 14. 1897. An American an.atomist and naturalist. He was assistant surgeon in the United States army 18r,'J-65, and professor (of comparative anatomy and later of jihysiology) ii> the University of Pennsylvania from 1805. Allen, Henry. Born .at Northampton, N. H., Fob. 2, 1748: died at Newport, R. I., June 14, 17K4. Tlie founder of a short-lived religious sect in Nova Scotia, nameer of the Vennont legislature 177ti-77, secretary of state, trea- surer, and surveyor-general ; and was sent as a delegate to the convention which ratitled the Federal Constitution in 171)2. Having been appointed major-general, he went in 1795 to Europe to purchase arms. On the return voyage he was captured by the Cngli.sh, and brought to England on a charge of supplying the Irish rebels with arms, and was aciiuitted only after a suit of eight years in the Court of Admiralty. He wrote "The Natural and Political His- tory of Vennont' (170S), etc. Allen, Joel Asaph. Bom at Springfield, Mass. , July 19, 1838. An American naturalist, noted as a raaiiimaiogist. He was appointed assistant in ornithology at the .Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge in 1S70, and curator of the department of Mawiiialia an8. An American Congregational clergy- man and author, president of Bowdoin College lS2U-:i9. Allen, William. Bom at Edenton, N. C, 1806 : died July 11, 1879. A lawyer and politician. Democratic member of Congress from Ohio 1833-35, United States senator 1837-49, gover- nor of Ohio 1874-76. He was the leading ex- pounder of the "Ohio Idea" (which see). Allen, William Francis. Bom at Northbor- ough, Mass., Sept. 5, l.>^3ll: died Dec, 1889. An American classical scholar. He was a graduate of Harvard (1S.'>1X and was appointed professor of Uitin in tlie University of Wisconsin in 1867. He was the author of a series of L atin textbooks, etc. Allen, William Henry. Bom at Providence, R. I., Oct. 21. 1784 : died at Plymouth, England, Aug. 15, 1S13. .\n American naval comman- der. He served with distinction in the war of 1312, and was mortally wounded wtiile iti command of the Argus. Allen, William Henry. Born at Manchester, Maine, March 27, 1808: died at Philailelphia, Aug. 29, 1882. An American educator. He was a graduate of Bowdoin College (1h:i;1), professor of natural philosophy and aftenvard of philosophy and English lit- erature at Dickinson College, president of the Pemisylva- nia College at (Gettysburg 1&65-66, and president of tiirard College ls.5(Mi2 and 18(i7-^i2. Allen-a-Dale (al'en-a-dal'). In the Robin Hood ballads, a brave, gaily dressed, and musi- cal youth whom Robin Hood assisted to elope with his bride who was to be married against her will to an old knight. He Is usually introduced as "chaunting a round-delay ": The youngster was cloathed in scarlet red. In scarlet tine and gay ; And he did frisk it over the plain And chanted a rouml-de-lay. Child's Ewj. aiid Scotch Battadi, V. 278. [Uo appears as Robin Hood's minBtrcl in .Scott's "Ivan- hoe."] Allenburg (Jirien-boro). A small town in the province of East Prussia, situated on the Alle 30 miles southeast of Konigsberg. Allendale (al'en-dal). A town in Northum- herlaml. Englanil, 27 miles west of Newciistle. Allendale. A township and town in Barnwell Countv, South Carolina, 67 miles southwest of Columbia. Population (1900 i, town, 1,030. Allende (iil-yan'da), Ignacio. Bom in San Miguel el Grande (since named San Miguel de jVllende, in his honor), Jan. 27, 1779: exe- cuted in Chihuahua, June 26, 1811. A Mexi- can patriot, son of a Spaniard, Narciso Alli'ude, and a captain in the Spanish army, witli hia regiment he declared for Mexican independence Sept,, 1810, aiul joined the insurrection of Hidalgo. He was betrayed into the hands of the Spaniards Slay 21, 1811, and shot. Allende. A hamlet and hacienda in southern Cliiliuahua, formerly called San Bartolomi'', and the first Spanisli establishment in Chihuahua (1570). Allende, or Allende San Miguel. See San Mil/iirl lie AlUntk. AUendorf (iil'len-dorf). A small town in the jiroviiK eof Hesse-Nassau. Prussia, situated on the WeiTa 17 miles east of Cnssel. Allenstein (iil'len-stiu). A town in the prov- ini'o of East Prussia, situated on tlie Alio 63 mill's south of Konigsberg. Near here, Feb., IS07. the I'lench under Suult defeated the Russians and Prus- sians I'cipulallon (IMIo). ls,^■-^!. AUentCWn (al'en-toun). A borough in Mon- itioiilh County, New Jersey, 11 miles southeast of Trenton. "Population (1900), (i95. AUentOWn. A city, the capital of Eehigh CoiiMly, I'l'iiiisylvaiiia, situaleil on tlie Lehigh ■'ill miles imrlliwest of Philailelphia. It hns i<. tensive iron iiiaiinfactiirt'S and a large traile in e.ial and Iron, and is Ihe seat of Alli'lito»il Female Collegu and Muhlenberg College. Populnllon lI'.KNi), -MMn. Aller (iil'ler). A Tiver in northern (iiTiiiany which joins the Wuser 18 miles soulheiist of Bremen. Its length is about 100 miles and it is imvigablo from Cello. Allerheiligen (iil-ler-hi 'li-gen). [Q., 'All Saints.') \ ruined Premonstnint abbey in the Mlai'k Forest, Baden, iiiiir i Itierkirch. Allerheim (iil'ler-him) on the Riea, or Allers- heim (iil'lerH-him). A village 6 iiiiles sonlh- east of Niirdlingon, Bavaria. Here, Aug. :i, iat6. All is True the French under Cond6 defeated the Imperialists under Mercy (who fell). It is sometimes called the second battlu of Nordlingen. Allerton (al'er-ton), Isaac. Bom about 1583: died at New Haven, Conn., 1659. One of the "Pilgrim Fathers." a colonist at Plj-mouth, Mas.sachusetts, 1620, and agent of the PljTDOuth Colony in Europe. Allestree (uls'tre). or Allestry, Richard. BoruatUppington,Shropshire,England, March, 1619 (1621 1): died at London, Jan. 28, 1681. An Englisli royalist divine and scholar. He was appointed chaplain in ordinary to the king and regius professor of divinity at oxford in \iV<^, and provost of Eton College in 16<'s^, Author of "Privileges of the Uni- versity of Oxford, ■ etc. (1647), and of several coUecllons of sermons. Alle'^ard (Sl-var'). A town in the department of Isere. France, situated on the Breda 23 miles northeast of Grenoble. Population (1891), commune, 2,850. Alley, The. See Change AUcy. Alleyne (al'enj, Ed'Ward. Born in the parish of St. Botolph, London. Sept. 1. 15(56: died Nov. 25, 1026. A celebrated actor, and the founder of Dulwich College (incorporated 1619). He 8e^^'ed with the Earl of Worcester's players, the Earl of Nottingham's, or the Lord Admiral's, eonipaiiy, and Lord Strange's players, and also engaged in various enter- prises with Philip Henslowe. He is frequently mentioned with praise by contemporary writers, llis name first appe:u^ as an actor in a list of the Earl of Worcester's filayers in l.'i86, and he wag said by .Nash in " Pierce Peni- esse" in 15II2 to be one of the four greatest English actors. His last known appearance was in 161X1-04 when he delivered a reception address to James I. He is said to have excelled in tragedy. He bnilt, with Henslowe, the "Fortune" TheattT in 1600, in which he played at the head of the Ixird Admind's comiiany. He began to build Diitwieh College in 1013, and personally managed Its affairs after its completion. All Fools, or All Fools but the Fool. A tragi-comedy bv Chapman, printed in l()tl5. it was first called "i'lie World on Wheels" and registered in laHO. It is ecinsidered the best of his conu-dies. All for Love, or The World Well Lost. A tragedy by Drydeii proiliieeil in lii?,**. It is based on Shakspere's "Antony and Cleopatra." In this play he atiandoned rime. Allia (al'i-ii), or Alia (a'li-ii). In ancient geography, a small river in Latium, Italy, the modem Aga, which joins the Tiber about 10 miles north of Home, on its lianks in .■fflo (3»8 ? ,SS7 r) B. c, the tJanls under Brennus defeated the Komans. Tlie battle was followed by the capture and sack of Rome. Alliance, The. See Fanmrs' .tllinuce. Alliance (a-li'ans). A city in Stark County. < )hio, situated on the Mahoning River 48 miles southeast of Cleveland. Population (1900), 8.974. AUibone (ari-bon). Samuel Austin. Bom at Philadelphia, Ajiril 17, I.'^IO: died at Lucerne, Switzerland, Sept. 2, 1889. An American bibli- ographer, at one time librarian of the Lenox Library in New York city. He was the aulhorof a " Dictionary of English Literature and llrilish ami Ameri- can Authors " (.1 vols. 1n'.4-71 ; Supplemeiil, by llr John Foster Kirk, 'J vols. IKiil). and of various other works, In- cluding "Poetical t^uolalions" and "l*ro»e tjuotntiont. ' Allier (iil-yu'). A department of France, capi- tal Moulins, bounded by CIht on the north- west, Nifivro on the north, Saone-et-Loire on the east, Loire on the southeast, Puy-de-I)6me on the south, and Creiise on the west. It wm formed chiefly from part of lln- ancient Ikmrbonnals. Area, i^b'i'i wiuare miles. Population tlMllI, 4'.*l,:jsi. Allier. A river in central France, the ancient Elaver, which rises in the mountains of Lor^n', Hows north, and joins the Loire 5 miles west of Nevers. Its length is nliout 220 miles, and il is navigable from Fontiines. Alligator S'WamiXari-ga-lor swomp). A largo swamp in .Norlh Carolina, between Pamlico anil .Mliemarle Soiimls. Allingham (al'ing-ham). William. Born at Hillyshiimion, Ireland, 182.^: ili. d 1889. An Irish poet. Ho published "Poems" (ls.'., "Day and Night (ISM), "Uwrencu Uloomfield In Ireland " (18S4), etc. Allison (al'i-sou), William B. Burn at Perry, Wayne Couni'y, Hhin, .M:ir.h 21. 1829. An American politician. He was lti:t, and the manuscript prxl'nian and author, editor after 1865 of the " British Quarterly Review." Allouez (a-lo-a'), Claude Jean. Bom in France, 1620: died in Indiana, 1690. A French Jesuit in America. He explored the regions of Lake Superior and parts of the Mississippi valley, established a mission at Cheraorniegon on Lake superior in letj.'i, and rebuilt Marquette's abandoned mission at Kaskaskia, Il- linois, in 1076. Allo'Way Kirk (al'o-wa kerk). A ruined church in the parish of Ayr, Scotland, near the Doon, rendered famous by Bui'us in " Tamo' Sbanter." All Saints' Bay. A harbor on the coast of the state of Bahia, Brazil, in lat. 13° S., long. ;!S° 30' W. Allsop (al'sop), Thomas. Born near Wirks- worth, Derbyshire, April 10, 1795: died at E.x- mouth in 1880. An English stock-broker and author. He was the intimate friend of Coleridge, and was known as his " favorite disciple." He shared tlie theories and was also the friend of such men asCobbett, M:i/zitii, etc. All Souls College. A college of < ixford Uni- versity, founded in 1437, by Archbishop Chi- chele, to proWde masses for the souls of the de- parted, especially those killed in the Hundred Years' War. The first quadrangle, with its fine gate,- remains as when first built ; the chapel possesses beautiful fan-tracery and reredos. The second quadrangle, with its two towers, was built 1720. The statutes of the college were formally issued April 2, 1443. Allstedt (iil'stet). A town in Saxe-Weimar, Germany, situated on the Rhone 32 miles north of Weimar. It is, with its territory, an enclave sur- rounded by Prussia, and is situated in the Goldene Aue. Population, about 3,000. Allston (al'ston), Washington. Born at Wac- camaw, S. C, Nov. 5, 1779: died at Cambridge, Mass., July 9, 1843. An American painter. He was graduated at Harvard College (1800), studied at tlie Royal Academy and at Rome, and returned to the United States in 1809. His work covers a wide range, including portraits, genre, landscapes, marines, historical paintings, etc. All's Well that ends Well. A comedy by Shaksjiere, played in 1601. Portions of this play were written not later than 1593. but tiie play as we have it was written after IGOD, probably just before its produc- tion. It was first printe . The ninth book treats of the planetsin general; fhe^-y/^/j *)f Venus; thceletentk of .lupiter and .Saturn. In the ('/ 'Iflh he gives us the pro- gressions and retrogradations of the planets, aud in the thirteenth he discusses their movements in latitude, and the inclinations of their orbits. K. 0. MuUer, Hist, of tlie Lit. of Anc. Greece, III. 264. [{Donaldson.) Almagro (al-ma'gro). A town in the prov- ince of Ciudad Real, Spain, 14 miles southeast of Ciudad Real, it has noted lace manufactines and is the center of a district producing the wine of Valde- peilas. Population (18S7), 8,712. Almagro, Diego de. Born probably at Aldea del Rey, about 1475. but according to some ac- counts a fotuidling iu Almagro, 1404: executed July 10 (12?), 1.538. A Spanish soldier, one of the conquerors of Peru. He went to Panama with Pedrarias in 1514, and in 1525 joined Pizarro and Luque in an enter- prise for conquest toward the south. He was in i'anania when Pizarro discovered the coast of Peru in 1528; but wlien, after his return from Spain, Pizarro sailed for Peru (Jan., 1531), Almagro followed, late in the same ye;U', with three vessels and 150 men, and joined him at Caianiarca about the middle of February, 1533, after the death of Atahual- pa. Here a violent quarrel (the second) between them took place; but a reconciliation was etfected and Almagro took an active part in the march on Cuzco. In 1535 he was sent to conquer Chile, of which he was made governor. He went as Lar south as Coquimbo. but finding nothing of the coveted riches, turned back, laid claim to Cuzco as Almeida the territory assigned to him. and seized the city by sur- prise (April 8, i.'.37), capturing Hernando aiul Gonzalo Pizarro. He was attacked by Alonzo Alvarado. who was captured with his whole army July 12, 1637. Almagro was finally defeated by Hernando Pizarro at Las Salinas, near Cuzco, April 26, 1538, aud he was soon after captured, tried, and beheaded. Almagro, Diego de, sumamed " The Youth " or "Lad." Born at Panama, 1520: executed at . Cuzco about Sept. 25, 1542. Son of Diego de Almagro and of an Indian mother. He accom- panied his father to Chile (1635-36) and after his death lived in poverty at Lima. The conspirators who killed Francisco Pizarro (June 26, 1541) had met at his house, but it does not appear that he was actively engaged with them. They, however, proclaimed him governor of Peru, and part of the country submitted to him ; but the royal- ists under Vaca de Castro defeated him at Chupas, Sept. 16, 1542. He was arrested next day and soon after be- headed. Almahide (iil-mii-ed'). A romance by Made- leine de Scud^ry, founded on the dissensions of the Zegris and Abeneerrages. Almahyde (al'ma-hid). The Queen of Granada in Dryden's "Almanzor and Almahyde, or The Conquest of Granada." The name was taken from Madeleine de Scudery's novel " Almahide." Almain (al-man'). [Early mod. E. also Al- iiKti/ii, Almaigne, etc., OF. Alemnn, F. Allemaiid, German, Ij. Alamanni, AJcmanni: see Alaman- ««.] An old name for Germany. Almali. See Elmahi. Al-Mamun (al-m;i-mon'). Born 786: died 833. The seventh Abbasside calif of Bagdad, 813-833, a younger son of Hariiu-al-Rashid : "the father of letters and the Augustus of Bagdad" (Sis- mondi). Also Al-31), " Dona Branca " (18-J6), " .\dozinila " (1S28X "Romanceiro" (18.'.l-.'':i). and of "Auto de Gil-Vicente" (ISiS), and other dramas. Almeisam (al-me-i-siim'). [Ar. n? meisdn, the proud marcher.] A seldom used name for y Geminorum. See AHieiia. Almelo (iil-ma-16'). A town in the province of Overvssel, Netherlands. Population (1889), 8.:i.>4. Almenara (iil-ma-nii'rii). A small town in the province of Tjcrida. Spain, 15 miles northeast of Lerida. Here, July 27. 1710, the Allies un- der Starhemberg and Stanhope defeated the Spanish. Aunerla (iil-ma-re'a). A mountainous prov- ince in Andalusia, Spain, bounded by Miinia on the northeast, the Mediteri'anoan on I lie southeast, east, and south, and Granada on the west and northwest. It contains important lead-mines. Area. 3,302 square mites. Popu- lation (1887), 339,383. Almeria, A seaport and the capital of the province of Almeria. situated on the Gulf of Almeria in lat. .36° 30' N., long. 2° 32' W.: the Roman Portus Magnus, it exports lead, esparto, etc.. has a catliedral, and is well fortified. It was an im- portant emporium under the Moors. Population (1887), 36,21 JO. Almeria (al-me'ri-a). In Congreve's play "The Mourning Bride.'' ttc (supposed) widowed briile of Alphonso. prince of Valentia. it is she who utters the familiar words: " Music hath charms to soothe a savage breast. To soften rock;*, or bend a knotted oak." Couf/rfii-fi, Mourning Uridc. i. 1 (rd. 1710). Almodovar, or Almodovar del Campo (;il- mo-do'viir del kiim'po). A town in the province of Ciudad Keal, Spain, 21 miles southwest of Ciudad Keal. Po))ulation (1SS7). 12.0(m. Almodovar (iil-mo-do'var), Count of (Ilde- fonso Diaz de Ribera). Buni at Granada, 1777: died at Valencia, 184(1. A Spanish states- man. He was imprisoned and exiled in the reign of Ferdinand VII., was aftei-ward minister of war and presi- dent of the Cortes, and was minister of foreign atTairs 1842-4:i. Almod6var del Rio (iil-mo-do'viir del ro'o). A small town in tlir jirovince of Cordova, Spain, situated on llie Guadalquivir 13 miles south- west of <'(irdova. Almogla (:il-nio-ne'ii). A town in the province of Malaga, Spain, 12 miles northwest of Malaga. Population (1887), 8.346. Almohades (al'mo-hadz). A Mohammedan dynasty in northern Africa and Spain, which supersedeil the Almoravides about the middle of tho 12th century: so calli'd from the sect of the Almoaliedun (worshipers of one god), founded by Mohammed ibn .Mxlallah. The family established itflelf in the pritvinces of Fez, Morocco, 'I'leni- ccn. Oran, and Tuids, and cxtendeil itscfuuiufsts to .Xnda- lusla. Valencia, and a jtart of Aragon and Portugal. It sustained a decisive repulse at Las Navas de Tolosui. July Ifi. 1212, at the hands of Alfonso of Castile, aided by tho kings of Aragon and Navarre, and became extinct in Spain in V'Si and in Africa In 1211ft. Almon (.il'inon), John. Bom at Liverpool, Dec. 17, 1737: .lied at lioxmoor. Dec. 12, 1805. An Hiiijlish ))Mblisher ami political pamphleteer, a friiiid (it .John Wilkes. Almonacid (iil-mo-nii-theTll'). A small town situateil on the Guazelato 13 miles southeast of Toledo, Spain. Here, Aug. 11, 1809, the French under Scbastiani defeated the Spanish under Vcnegas. Almondbury(ii'mond-ber'i. locally iim'bri). A town in I he Wcsl Hiding of Yorkshire. Kngland, on the Giildei'. adjoining Huddcrsliidd. Popu- lation (1S91), 5.117. Almonde (iil-mon'dfi), Philippus van. Bom at Hriel, Netherlands. KUCi: ilied near Leyden, 43 Jan. 6, 1711. A Dutch naral officer, made commander of the fleet on the death of De Ruyter in 1676. He accompanied William of Orange to Kngland iu 1U88 ; comniauuetl the Dutch fleet at l.a Hiigue in lt;!*2 : and comnianiled, with Sir George Rooke. the allies at the dtietruction of the Spanlbh Ileet in the Hay of Vigo 1702. Almonte (al-mon'ta), Juan Nepomuceno. Born in Guerrero, 1812: died at Mexico, 1869. A Mexican general, of mixed Indian blood, said to have been an illegitimate son of the revolutionist Morelos. Hesenedunder.sanlaAuna iu Texas, and was taken prisoner at tile battle of San Jacinto. After his release he became secretary of state, and in 1841 was appointed ndnisl'-r to Washington. He entered a formal protest (18ti>) against the anuexatlt>n of Texas, and tieiuanded his passitort. In IM't he was a ca!i- didate for the presidency, and claimed to have tieen electeil ; he afterward contritiuted to the elevation of Paredes, and was his nunistcr of war. In the war with tlie I'uited States he fought at Ituenavista. Cerro Gordo, and Chnrn- busco. Under Santa Anna -Almonte was a second time made mirdster to Washington, a position which he re- tained until 18tS0. Later he was minister to France, ac- companied the French expedition to Mexico in 18i;2, and was a member of the regency apIKiinletl after the city of -Mexico was taken. Maximilian made him grand marshal. Ife was the author of an excellent treatise on the geog- r.ipliy of Mexico. Almora (iil-mo'rii). A district in Kumaun di- vision. Northwestern ProWnces, British India, intersected by lat. 29° 35' N., long. 79° 40' E. Almora. The capital of Almora district and Kumaun division. British India, in lat. 29° 35' X., long. 79° 42' E. Almoravides (al-m6'ra-\idz). A Mohammedan dynasty in northwestern Africa and .Spain, founded by Abdallah ben Yasim (died 10.58). Hissuoeessorfonnded Morocco in 1(X,2. The Almoravides under Vussuf defeated Alfonso VI. of Castile at Zala.-a in lost! and the dynasty was established iu Spain. It was overthrown by the Almuhades 114G-47. A new Berber revolution had taken place in North Africa, and a sect of fanatics, called the marabouts or saints (.Almoravides, as the Spaniards named them), had conquered tlie whole country from Algiers to Senegal, Ponlc, Story of the Moors, p. 178. Almqvlst (iilm'kvist), Karl Jonas Ludwig. Born at Stockholm, Nov. 28, 1793: ilii-d at Bremen, Sept. 26. 1866. A Swedish novelist and general writer. He was the author of "Tornro- sens Bok" ("Book of the Thorn-R^«e"), "tJabriele .Mi- manso," "Anialie ilillner," "Araminta May," "Koluni- bine," '• .Marjam," etc. Almufiecar (iil-mon-ya-ktir'). A seaport in the province of Granada. Spain, 38 miles east of Malaga. Population (1887), 8,842. Almy (al'mi), John J. Born April 25, 1815: died May 16, 1S95. An American naval officer. He was appointed commodore Dec. 21, 18(!9, and rear-ad- miral Aug. 24, |s7.i, retired April 24, 1877. He had charge successively of the Union gunlwiats .South Carolina, Con- necticut, and Juiuata iluriug the Civil War. Alnaschar (al-nash'ar or-nas'kiir). The "Bar- ber's Fifth Brother'*'in "The Arabian Nights' Entertainments." He invests his Inherilanec in glass- ware. While awaiting customers he fancies himselt already a millionaire, and an incautious movement upsets his basket, breaking its contents and destroying all his pros- pects (hence the phrase "visions of Alnaschar,'*!. I*. .count- ing one's chickens before they are hatched ; day-dreamst. AInilam (al-ni-liim'). [Ar. al-nhdiii, the string id" |H arls.] The bright second-magnitude star f Oriiinis, in the miildle of the giant's belt. Alnitak(al-iii-tak'). [Ar. nl-iiiliil:. thp girdle.] The line trijile second-magnitude star COrionis, at the soutiieastern end of the l)elt. Alnwick (an'ik). The capital of Northum- berland, Englnnil, situated on tho Aliie in lat. .55° -25' N., long. 1° 43' W. Here. 1174, the English under (JIanville defeated the Scots. Population (1891), 0.746. A. L. 0. E. A pseudonym (standing for 'A Lady of England') of Ch'arlnlti- Maria Tucker. Alogians (a-lo'ji-anz), or Alogl (al'o-jil. A lieri-tic'al sect which existed lu Asia Minor toward the ei'id of the '2d century A. l>. Lit- tie is iiiiown of thiMn. They were callid Alogi by I'.plpha- nlus because they rejected Iheiloctrlne of the Uigos and tile tJospel of John (wllteli they ascribed to the (luostlc CerlidhUB). They also rejected the Apocalypse. Aloidae (a-lo-i'de), or Aloiadse (a-lo-i'a-de), or Aloadse (H-16'a-d('>). I'ir. '\>w(/il(i/, 'A>(jiii- (In/. ;\/ijollo. Aceonllng to Homer they kept Ares Impii'^oiieil fi>r thlrti'cn niontliN. until he was secretly lllienite,! Iiy lliTtnrs. Ily somi' « rlter» they are represenleil nw having survived the nttpnipt on Olympus, and n» having falb n victims to their pri»uml>- linn In sidng Upblnlles (or the hand of Heni, and oiu« for tttat of Arlends. In the Island of Naxos, \rtends. In the ftuTU of a stag, nui between the brothem, who, alining Alpheratz simultaneously at the animal, slew each other. In Hades, as a further punishment, they were tied to a pillar with serpents, and perpetually tormented by the screeching of an owl. Alompra, or Aloung P'houra. Born 1711 : died 1760. 'ihe fiiiimler of the last dyna.sty of Bnnna (named from him). He reigned 17.54-60. Alonzo (a-lon'zo). 1. The King of Naples in Shaksper'e's " Tempest." He appears as Duke of Savoy and Usurper of the Kingdom of Mantua in the ver- sion of Dryden and Davenant, 2. In Beaunuint and Fletcher's "Custom of the Cotuitry." a young Portuguese gentleman, the enemy of Dtiarte. — 3. In Sheridan's transla- tion of Kotzebue's "Pizarro.'' the commander of the army of Ataliba, king of (^uito. Alonzo. sVc Uiinis. Alonzo of Aguilar. A brave Spanish knight who lost his life in trying to jilant King Ferdi- nand's banner on the heights of liranaila. in 1501. There are several Spanish ballads on the subject. Alonzo the Brave and the Fair Imogene. A ballad by •■ Monk" l,cwis (M. (i. L. wis). Alopeus (a-l6']ie-us). Maximilian. Born at Viborg, Finland, .Ian. 21. 1748: died at Frank- fort-ou-the-Main, May 10. 1sl'2. \ Russian diplomatist, accreilited minister plenipoten- tiary to the court of Prussia in 1790 by Cathe- rine II. Alora (ii-16'rii) A town in the province of Malaga, Spain, situated on the Guadalhorce 9 miles northwest of Malaga. Population (1887), 10.543. Aloros (a-16'ros). The first of the ten mythical kings who reigned over Babylonia before the deluge. Al0St(U'16st), or Aelst, orAalst(iilst). A city in the province of East Flandei-s, Belgium, situated on the Dender 16 miles northwest of Bnissels. It has a trade in grain and hops, and niano. facturea lace, cotton, etc. It w*as taken by Turenne 10«7. Population (ISIPO), 2-S.M4. Aloysius (ai-6-is'i-us), Saint (Louis Gonzaga). Died 1591. He is commemorated in the Roman Church June 21. Alp (alp) The principal character in BjTon's poem "The Siege of Corinth,"a renegade shot in the siege. Alp. The local name of the elevated and little inhabited meailow and jiasture tracts of Swit- zerlanil and Tyrol. Also Ahii. Alp, or Alb, Rauhe. See Knuhe Alp and Stca- hidll .hint. Alp Arslan (iilp iirs-liin'). Bom 1029: died 1(172. A surname of Mohammed ben Daud, sultan of the Seljiik Turks, who reigned in Kho- rasan from 10.59 to 1072. He succeedd his uncle Toghrul Beg as chief ruler of tlie empire in Iota, sulidued (Jeorgia and .Armenia alwut lotu, and coniiuenil Aleppo and defeateil and t(H,k nri84>ner the Byzantine emiH'ror itomanlis Diogenes uearllle Araxes in lo7l. a victory which led to the establishment of the Seljtik empire of Knni. Alpena (al-ne'iiii). The (•npitnl of .Mpena Couiitv. Miciiigan, situated on Thunder Biiv, Lake tlnroii. in lat. 4.5° 4' N.. long. 83° 26' .\V. It is a center of the lumber tra; i" .,.'^''°'\'}*'*l. *"''"' '""5, , *H^^- „■ . ■ N" "rgesehu-hte des Pferdos ' (1810), '• \ er- character, with a great rose and imposing lion-porch and AltenZCUe (al-ten-tserle)- A former Cistercian gleichmde Osteologie" (1821-31). much sculpture, especially scenes from the life of Christ, iiioiiastery near Nosseu, iu Saxouy, secularized Alton (al'tou). A town in Hampshire, Eng- ■ Altar (al-tiir'), or Altar de CoUanes (iil-tUi' i" l^-W. land, 25 miles north by east of Portsmouth, da kol-yii'nes), or Capac-Urcu (kji'piik iir'ko). Alterati (It. proii. iil-te-rii'te), The. A private I'opulatjon i Isill ). 4,(J7l! A volcano in the eastern range of the Andes musical academy, founded in 1568 at Florence Alton. A city in Madison County, Illinois, situ- of Ecuador, east of Eiobamba, 17,730 feet high by seven Florentine noblemen. It devoted it- ated on the Mississippi 21 miles north of St. (Reiss and Stubel). ?e" <« "i" cultivallon of the musical drama, and under Louis. It has important nmnufa^turesan.l trade, and ta Altar The See Arn. Its auspices the flrst Italian opera was produced, see th- seat of ShuriKlf College. Population (linxi), 14,210. Altaroche (iil-ta-rosh'), Marie Michel. Born Alterf Ol-tfrf) FAr 1 The seldom used name ^}°^?; <"''.*^"'''\ A •"J""!'"''! in the province al Issoire, Puy-de-D6me, Fian.e, April 18, „t-l"/ \ urth-mainitudo^ 8^^^^ of Scl.lesw.g-Holstein, Prussia, situated on the 1811 : died at Va.i.x. Mav 14, 1SK4. A French .ifouth of the ani.^al ""'S'" '"*"'' "* ^^^ ^"'*' •''''""^ Hamburg and ad- journalist, poet, and dramatist: early editor Alt.pr TVit? liirter ii'itst rO 'OldFrity'l A J"i"">K ,'*• 'u '•''•, ^^.° .13' X.. lone. 0° 5<'E. if 'nh-irivr.; ■' Alier ITIIZ (at tci luts;. LU., UiajjniZ.J a It is the largest cil> in the province, and has cxtensire • I... Si ;-,/i" i / ^ ro «" "' » Alt-Breisach, See Bre.sach. CEneus, king of Caly3on,aud motherof Ty.leus, ffion'n^.'.'^oi^iil^ ^' ^ ''''• '^"''"' Altdorf (Switzerland). See Altorf. Melea-'er and Deianeiia aiV " t vl , m-. i i v m •, j t. x Altdorf' alt'dorf). oriltorf (al'torf). Asmall A^iLa '^e name umler ,vhich RichardLove- ^*f,°n^hv CMiari ViSn.^^1 V^ti^^^^^^^ town in Middle Franconja, Bavaria, situated la,c. poetically addressed a woman, supposed Aoona ' aV 5', k^ Ti t^'-'^n^ on the Schwarzach 13 miles southeast of Nu- to beLucy Sacheverell who was also celebrated ^*°0°a; <'".-'° "V.- ^ <">,'" l^'i^^^.f <"'»'>• .emberg. it was the seat of a univei^ity from ie2.s to „uder the name of Lu casta onnsylvania on the Pennsylvania Railroad at IMW, which was united in the latter year with that of Althen (F nron Ul tofi' Tphan or Tpai, Born ',',iS off^'x?^ '"" ^^Sf''?-"/,?/"""''"".''- '" '^'• Erlansen. iUtuen (r . pion. al-tmi ), Jenan or Jean. Born 400 31- jj., long. 78° 25' W., noted for the iUWorfer(alt'dor-fer;,orAltorfer(iil'tor.fer), 2o:^':;t a govortu'of a Pe^ian p r.rw'ce; r"l'.ion''n90o'r'3'"'o"' "'"' ^'*''""''>"""'- Albrecht. Born at Altdorf Bavaria, 1488: who introduced the cultivation of madder into a^i^P^'' a^^.ir iV AuLw- .HUMnrf^ TI,„ died at Kat.sbon, Bavaria, lo38 A German p,.„„,,.. "« was sold as a slave at Smyn,a. hut made -^A^y^/"' '^'^j' 7„,,^*4o^^^^ J,'^f painter and engraver. His chief work, " The his escape to France, bringing with hi,n sonW seeds of capital of the canton ot I n. Switzeriand, situ- Battlo of Arbola," is at Munich. madder, the exportation of which waa forbidden under tted near the Heuss and near the southeastern Altea (iil-ta'a). A seaport in the province of Penalty of death. extremity of the Lake of Lucerne, on the St. Alicante. Spiiin, 25 miles northeast of Alicante. Althing. Sie Tiling. Gotthard route, 20 miles southeast of Lucerne. Popul-itiou (1887) 5 790 Althorp, Viscount. See /Spenoer, third Earl. It is celebrated in the legends of William Tell. t« whom a Altemira (al-te-uiVrii). ' A tragedy bv Lord Altilia,<"l-'«'''-")- ^ ^'""'l Cla"" '° ""^ral ''j'J",?,;'^.^:;;^!,^'' '''^" '" '^Ol. Population (isss), 2,5.'.L Orrery, produced ill 1702, after his death. taly abmit 20 miles north of Benevento. The «,+„,*■,:„,.., ',„.:„ x c<.„ Ji,.,„,f ■'' ' Konian walls of the ancient town (the Samniteiteplnuiui. Altori (m Bavaria), bee J^Wor/. It is a roar of passion, love (or what passed for it), jeal- about two miles from the modern site, remain praclicallv Altorfer. See Altdorfcr. ousy, despair, and murder. In the concluding scene the perfect. The plan is a squaie with rounded angles and a Altottine (iilt-et'tinir) or Alten-Ottinff (iil'- slaughter is terriflc. It all takes place in presence of an gate strengthened by massive s<|Uare towers in the middle ,o., .-f'tin.A A omnn f^ii-iTr,. l", X.V uf.-nrio unobtrusive individual, who carries the doctrine of non- of each side, oriented toward the cardinal points. The ilii-h iiiij,;. ^ siiiaii lowu in l ppir uavana. Intervention to its extreme limit. When the persons of masonry is reticulated, except that of the gate-arches. An Bavaria, Oil the Morn 51 miles northeast of the drama have made an end of one another, the quietly inscription ascribes (he construction to Nero. Munich. It is a famous pilgrim resort on account of a delighted gentleman steps forward, and blandly remarks, Altin (iil-tiu'), or Tcletskoi (ta-let-skoi'), A miraculous image of the Virgin, which, it is said, waa that there was so much virtue, love, and honor in it ;dl, , , -,- •■ , , .,,,„„f ,10 u.„„,i :„ ' „. brought from the Kaat in the Ttb centur>-. that he could not And t in hs heart to interfere though l'il^t,<.j miles long ami .iliout _U Uroad, in west- ..J 4.KJ4. ,-i,'.- ,-»■, . 11 «■ t>_ his own son was one of the victims. em Siberia, in lat. 51° 30' N., long. 87° 30' E., Altranstadt (alt ran-stat). A village of Prus- Doran, Eng. Stage, I. 133. which empties into a tributary of the Obi, »'"" Saxony 9 miles southeast of Merseburg, Alten(al'ten), Count Karl August von. Bo™ Alting (iil'tiug), Johann Heinrich. Bom at «l"''e a treaty w;as concluded 17(H-. between at Burgwedel, near Hanover Ot. 211 17C>4: l^'"'!'-", l'™ssia, Feb. 17, 15s:i: died at Gron- Charles Ml. of Sweden and Augusttis II. of died at Bozen T\Tol AnriP'O 1840 A H'uio- "'gpn. Aug. 2.5, 1044. A German Protestant Saxony. l>y wlii.di the latter lost Poland. A aieuat oozlu, ijtoi, AJir 1 -u, lt>io. a nano- ^. ^ , ' ■ " . . ,i„„„,„h,.>! «t Hoirlol treaty was also made herein 17u7. between Charles .XIl. venan general, commander ot the '-(Jerman J''"^^"'"*-''^"' P™**^^^''f "'/ "gUja'^s a* Heidel- ^^ ,,;.^.j^.„ ,,„j „,^. ,,„,,„.,„, j^^..,,,, , ,,, „,,i^,, ^ Legion "in British serWce. He served in the Penin- '"^''S (^"13), and later (ItjJi) ot theology at iigious toleration was secured (o the lYotcsunu in sular and Waterloo campiugns, and was Hanoverian min- Groningen. He opposed the Remonstrants in Silesia. later of war and foreign affairs. the synod of Dordreclit. Altrincham, or Altringham (al'tring-am). A Alten Fiord (al'ten fyord). A fiord on the Alting, Jakob. Born at Heidelberg, Sept. 27, town in Cliesliire, Eiifjland, 8 miles southwest northern coast of Norway, in lat. 70° N. liilS: .lied at (ironiugeii, Aug. 20, U)7G. A son of Manchester. Population (1891), 12,424. Altena (iil'te-nii). A town in the province of of J. 11. Alting, professor of Oriental languages Altringer. See JWnii;/(r. West|)lialia, Prussia, situated on the Lenne (1643) and of theology (16C7) at Groningen. Altstadten (iilt'stad-teii), or Altstetten (alf- 40 miles northeast of Cologne. It is noted for His works on Hebrew are notable. stet-len). .\ town in the canton of St. Gall, iron and steel manufactures, and for its castle. Altis (al'tis). [Gr. n/.r/f.] The sacred pre- Switzerland, in lat. 47° 23' X., long. 9^ 32' E. Population (1890), 10,488, cinct and nucleus of the ancient Olympia, in It hascottoninanul'actures, PoptUat ion (1888), Altenahr (al'ten-ar). A village in the Rhine (ircece. 8,430. Province, Prussia, situated on the Ahr 30 miles Altisidora (al'tis-i-do'rii). A character in Ihe AltstreUtz (iilt'stra-lits). The former capi- south of Cologne. Near it is the ruined castlo ••Ciuious Iiupertinent," an episode in "Don tal of .Micklenbiirg-Slrelilz, situated south of of Altenahr or Are, destroyed early in the 18th (Quixote": an attendant of tlio duchess. She Neusirelitz. century. torments Don Qui.xoto by pretending to be in Altvater Mountains (iilt'fli-ter moun'tanz), Altenherg (al'ten-bero). A town in the king- li>ve with him. or Moravian Snow Mountains. A grouii of dom of Saxony, situated in the Erzgebirge 21 Altkirch (iilt'kerch), A small town in Upper nioniitains in the Sndelic sysli'in, situaled in miles south of Dresden: noted for its tin-milies. Alsace, Alsace-Lorraine, situated on tlie 111 18 iiortlierii iloravia on the frontier of Austrian AJtenburg (duchy). Hec Saj-c-Alli iihnn/. miles northwest of Basel: capital of the Sund- Silesia. The liigliest point. Gross Altvater, is Altenhurg (itl'ten-boro). The capital" (since gaii, about 4,8.50 feel high. 1826) of Saxe-Altenburg, Gei-many, near the Altmark (iilt'miirk). Tlie nucleus of Hranden- Altwasser (iilt'viis-ser). A tow^l in tlie prov- Pleis.se 25 miles south of Leipsic. It contains a iMirt; and the Prussian monarchy : known first ini'e of Silesia, Prussia, on the Polsiiitz 41 castle (founiled In the llth century), famous from the ■ as the Nordmark, now ill llie province of Sax- miles southwest of Breslaii. It has mine* of brown "Robbery of (he Princess" in 14.'',5. Ancient Saxon resi- ,^,,,r pj-ussia Sei' \orttiiHtrk iiini Jtnni virgins, f.mr stars near .nch 1T,81). wofksare-lllst.drede, reialionsc.mmerclale. .t |H.||. ""'"T '" < aiiis Major.] Ihe thml-mngniliide Altenesch (iil'ten-esh). A village in Olden- (iqnes dcs Pays Bus," etc., " K.sninc du Ihisiolre in.- sinr'/f niiis .Miijiins. bui-K, (iennany, near the mouth of the Ochtum derne ■(isij), and vaih.us works on Uutchnnd iviglan hl»- Alula (al'ii-lii I Borealis ami AustrallS. [I.., 9 miles northwest of Bremen. Here in 1234 the J';?!,';'.'" , ,„,.-,„. . -i„„, ;., n„„..,!„ .i,„ 'northern' and •southern wing.'] The two Stedinger were neariy exterminated by the Altmuhl (hit mUl). A river in Bavaria, he f„„r,|,.magiiitiide stars r un.l i Frsir Majoris. Crnsaders "' " ^ • ancient Alcimona or Aleinona, which joins tho which mark Ihe southern hiinl fo,.t ..f the beast. Altenessen (iil-ten-es'sen). A coal-mining J.>",""'""' '" >^"""'"> [^ ""'^ "'""InY'st of R»- xi, which l« a line hlnar, .tar with « pcri.M of only 01 l,.ve.> „, .I,. Ti-Qcn,, Wl.inn Prn»7i.,nn Pruaaiii tisooil. It crosses Ihe I- 1 anc.nlnii ,Ium. It* length Is years. I» al»o known B» W .<-'i<.').. A ri.gi.m in Hie ^u^^ ,j,.|,i'til). of Alt (iilD. or Olt (61f). A in llie lihine Province, Prussia, situated on the southern ]iart of Traz-os-.Moiiles and Ihe north- river wliiidi rises in i>asternTi:insylvania, flows Wie.l ;u miles southeast of Cologne. rrii part of Heira. Portugal, near the Douro, „oulh and west, and breaks llinMigh the Cnr- Altenkirchen. An anciont countship m the ,|,,t,.,l for its (iiort) wine. patliiaiiH at the liolherlhiirm Pass, and then iHi-lil.orlioo,l of Altenkirchen. Altofronto, Giovanni. See Malrrolr. })„„.,( ^,,,,,1, (|,r,.i|,.h Wnlhiehin, iind joins Ihe Alten-Otting. Heo Aiiniiinn. Alton (iil'ion). Johann Samuel Ednard d'. Danube opj.ositeMc.ipoiis. Its chief tributary Altenstein lal'ten-stin), Karl (Baron von I'.orn at si. lioar, Prus-.i!i,,Iiily 17, 1mi:1: dud is the Ollelz. I^'iiglh, about 300 miles. Also Stein ZUmAltenstein). Bornal Anspach, P.a- at Halle, .Tilly 2.'i, 1H,VI. .\ (lermiiii anulomist , .|/„„^,. varia, Oct. 7, 177(1: ilie,or Alba(:il'bii\Dukeof A Prussia II statesman, minister of finance 1808- der meiischlichen .\nnliitiiie" (lS48-.5fl). etc. (Fomando AlvareZ de Toledo), llorn l,")OS: 18111, and minister of piiblii' worship 1817-38. Alton (iil'ton), Johann Wilhelm Eduard d". dioil III Tliomiir, Portugal, Jan. J'j, 1,582. A fa- Altenstein. .V summer castle of the dukes of Horn at A(|iiileia, .Aiislria-lliiiik'ary, Antr. 11, moiis SpnniKh general. lie foughl In ihe varlou* Saxe-Miiningen, in the Thuringiau forest 10 1772: died at Bonn, Prussia, May 11, 1X4(1. A cainpalgnsof the vmpcrurCliarlea V.andof rhillpll.: de. Alva cided the victory of Miililberg, 1547 ; was commander against Metz in 1552 and later in Italy ; was sent as gov- ernur to the Netherlands iu iri(J7, and there beciune uuto- rious for his cruelty ; established the "Council of Blood" (which see): put to death Egniont, Hoorn, and many others ; and was generally successful against William of Orange down to 1572. He returned to Spain in 1573 and conquered Portugal in 15S0. Alva de Liste, or Alva de Aliste, Count of. Same as Alba de Liste. See Uenriqut: ih Gu:- iiKDi, Luis. Alvarado (iil-va-ra's'Ho). Alonso de. Bom at Burgos about 1490 : died iu Peru, lJ5ti. A Span- ish ■ cavalier who in 151S joined Cortes and served iu the conquest of Mexico, of his early life nothing is known. In 1534 he went to Peru witli Pedro de Alvarado (who was not related to him), remained with Pizarro. and was sent to conquer Chachapoyas, a region on the upper Marauon. Called back by the revolt of Inca Manco, he was detached with 4w men to relieve Cuzco. Ahnajrro, meanwhile, had seized that city, and Alvarado's refusal to acknowledge him led to a battle at the river Abancay, .Tuly 12, 1537, where Alvarado was defeated and captured with his whole force. He escaped from Cuzco at the end of the year, joined Pizarro, and commanded his cavall-y at the battle of Las Salinas, April ie, 153S, captur- ing .\lmagro next day. He then returned to Chachapoyas and carried his conquests eastward to the Huallaga. He joined Vaca de Castro in 1541, took part in the campaign against the younger Almagro, and was at the battle of Chupas, Sept. Iti. 1542. .Soon after he went to Spain, re- ceived the title of marshal, and returned mth Oasca in 1546. He was a judge in the military court which con- demned Gouzalo Pizarro and Carbajal to death. Gasca made him governor of Cuzco, and in 1553 he was sent to govern Chai'cas, where he put down a rebellion, (-)n the rebellion of Giron, Alvarado marched against him with 1,000 men (Nov., 1553), but was defeated at Chuquingua, near the river Abancay, May 21, 1.554. It is said that the murtilication of this defeat caused his death. Alvarado, Diego de. Died in Spain, 1540. A Spanish soldier, either brother or uncle of Pedro de Alvarado, who went with him to Peru in 1534. Alvarado, Pedro de. Born in Badajoz, 1485: died at Guadalajara, Mexico, June 4, 1541. A Spanish cavalier, famous as a companion of Cortes in the conquest of Mexico. He went to the West Indies in 1610, and in 1511 joined the expedition of Velasquez to Cuba, where he received a grant of laud. In 151S he commanded a vessel in the e-vpeditiun of Gri- j.alva to Yucatan, and in the following year followed Cortes in the Mexican conquest. He was Ipresent at the seizure of Montezuma, and when Corti^'S went to meet Narvaez, Alvarado was left in command of the force at Mexico. During Cortes's absence the Mexicans rose and besieged the Spaniards. In the .disastrous nocturnal re- treat (the noche trisle, July 1, 1B20), Alvarado commanded the rear-guard and escaped with difficulty, saving his life, according to the tradition, by leaping a great gap in the causeway, at a spot still called "Alvarado's Leap." In the subsequent operations and the siege of Mexico he took a prominent part. In Dec, 1523, lie was sent with 420 Spaniards and a large force of Indians to conquer Guate- mala; after a desperate battle witli the t^uiche Indians near Quezaltenango. he marched to Utitlan, burned that town after conquering the inhabitants (.\pril. 1524), de- feated another army near Lake Atitlan, and founded the old city of Guatemala, July 25, 1524. «He returned to Spain to meet charges of defrauding the royal treasury and was acquitted, and returned to Guatemala in 1530 as governor, with a large number of colonists. In 1534 he lieaded an expedition of 400 men against (Juito. claim- ing that that region was not included in the grant made to Pizarro, and was thus open to conquest. Landing on the coast, he led his men over the mountains in a teiTible march, during which large numbers perished. Near Kiobamba he met the forces of Almagro and Benal- cazar, and was induced to retire, receiving, it is said, a large sum of gold from Pizarro: most of his men re- mained. Returning to Guatemala, he took part in the conquest of Honduras, whicli was added to his govern- ment. In 1540 he went to ilexico, was engaged in sub- duing a revolt in Jalisco, and died there from wouuds re- ceived by a fall with his horse. Alvarenga (ai-va-reng'ga), Manuel Ignacio da Silva. Bom in Sao Joao, ilVl Kei, Minas Geraes, 17.58: died at Rio de Janeiro, Nov. 1, 1812. A Brazilian poet. His songs and odes are among the finest in the Portuguese language. Alvarenga Peixoto, Ignacio Jose de. Born in Rio de Janeiro about the end of 1748 : died in Angola early in 1793. A Brazilian poet and revolutionist. For taking part in the revolutionary conspiracy of 1789 he was condemned to death (1702), but the sentence was commuted to dep<.>rl:ititin to Angola. Alvares (al'va-res), or Alvares Correa (ko- ra'yii), Diogo. Died near Bahia, Oct. 5, 1557. A Poiluguese (generally known by his Indian name Caramurii) who in 1510 was shipwrecked on the coast of Brazil near Bahia. He succeeded in '.gaining the friendship of the Tupinambi^ Indians, and subsequently brought about friendly relations between them and the first Portuguese colonists. Alvarez (iil'vii-res), Francisco. Born at Coiiulira, Portugal: died after 1:')40. A Portu- guese traveler in Abyssinia, author of "Verda- deira Informacam do Preste Joao das Indias" (1540, "True Information about Prester John of the Indies''). Alvarez ( iil' va-reth), Juan. Born at Concepcion de Atoyac (now Ciudad Alvarez), Jan. 27, 1780: 46 died Aug. 21, 1867. A Mexican general. He joined the revolt of Morelos in Nov., 1810, and was prom- inent in the civil wars and in the war with the United States. In Feb., 1S54, he began the revolt at Acapulco which spread until Santa Anna fled from the country in -\ug., 1855. Alvarez was made acting president at Cuer- aavaca, Oct. 4, 1855 ; but unable to reconcile the conflict- ing cabals, he transferred the oifice to Comonfort. Dec. 8, 1855, and returned to his home at Acapulco. He aided Juarez against the French, and was commander of the 5th army division when he died. Alvarez, Don. In Dryden's tragedy "Don Se- bastian," a former counselor to Don Sebastian, at the period of the play a slave. Alvary (al-vii'ri) ( Achenbach), Max. A tenor singer, son of the painter Andreas Achenbach, born at Diisseldorf iu 1858 : died 1898. He first appeared in Weimar, removing to New York in 1884. After several successful seasons, he returned to Hamliurgin 1889. Alvear (al-ve-ar'), Carlos Maria. Born in Buenos Ayres about 1785 r died iu Montevideo about 1850. He received a military education in Spain, and iu 1812 became a member of the constitutional assembly of the Platine states. He joined the party of Posadas ; was sent to command the besieging army at Montevideo, which capitulated in June. 1814 ; was worsted in a struggle with Artigas, and in Jan., 1815, succeeded Posadas as supreme director, but was soon deposed by a mutiny of the troops. He commanded the Argentine forces against the Brazilians in Uruguay, 182t>, and won the indecisive victorj' of Ituzaingd, Feb. 20, 1827. He was minister to the United States in 1823. Dlrring the dictatorship of Rosas he was banished. Alvensleben(al'vens-la-ben),Albrecht, Count von. Born at Halberstadt, Prussian Saxonv, March 23, 1794: died at Berlin, May 2, 1858. A Prussian politician and diplomatist. As min- ister of finance. 1836-42, he developed the Zollverein (which seel. Alvensleben, Gustav von. Born in Eichen- barleben, Prussian Saxony, Sept. 30. 1803 : died at Gernrode in the Harz, June 30, 1881. A Prussian general of infantry, cliief of staff in the military department of the Rhine prov- inces and Westphalia. He served in the staff 1860, and commanded an army corps 1870-71, distinguishing himself at Sedan and elsewhere. Alvensleben, Gustav Hermann von. Born at Rathenow. Brandenburg, Jan. 17, 1827. A Prussian lieutenant-general. He participated in the wars against Denmark and Austria, and commanded an ITilan regiment in the Franco- Prussian war, distinguish- ing himself in the battles of Colombey-Nouilly, Vionville, and Gravelotte. Alvensleben, Konstantin von. Born at Eieh- enbarleben, Prussian Saxonv. Aug. 26, 1809: died at Berlin, March 27, 1892. A Prassian general, brother of Gustav von Alvensleben. commander of the 3d army corps in the war of 1870-71, at Vionville, Mars-la-Tour, Gravelotte, the investment of Metz, on the Loire, and elsewhere. Alves Branco (al'ves brang'ko), Manoel. Born at Bahia, June 7, 1797 : died at Nictheroy, Rio de Janeiro, Jidy 13, 1855. A Brazilian law- yer and statesman. He entered political life as dep- uty in 1830, and soon became a leader of the liberal party. He was chosen senator in 1837, was five times minister (183.5, 1837, 1840, 1844, and 1846), and was premier May, 1847, to Jan., 1849. In Dec, 1854, he was created Visconde de (.'aravellas. Alvlnczy (al'vin-tse), or Alvinzi, Joseph, Baron von Barberek. Bom at Ahincz, Tran- sj'lvania, Feb. 1, 1735: died at Budapest, Nov. 25, 1810. An Austrian field-marshal. He 5er>-ed in the Seven Y'ears' War, attaining the rank of colonel; unsuccessfully attempted to storm Belgrad in 1789; dis- tinguished himself at Neerwinden in 1793 ; was defeated at Hondschooten 1793 ; commanded on the upper Rhine ; be- came commander in Italy in 1790; and was defeated by Bonaparte at Arcole 1796, and at Rivoli 1797. Alvord (al'vord). Benjamin. Bom at Rutland, Vt., Aug. 18, 1813: died Oct. 16. 1884. An Amer- ican general and military writer. He served in the Mexican war, attaining the rank of brevet major (Aug. 15, 1847), and in the Civil War. He became brevet briga- dier-general April 9, 1865, and brigadier-general and pay- master-general Aug. 4, 1S76. Alwaid (al-wid'). [Ar. al 'airdid, the sucking eamel-eolts (this star, w^th three others near it, being so called by the Arabs).] The second- magnitude star ^ Draconis, in the monster's eye. It is called Eastaban on some star-maps. Alwar (al'war). orUlwar (iil'war). A state of Rajputana, India, intersected by lat. 27° 30' N., long. 76° 30' E. It is under British control. Area, 3,051 square miles. Population (1891), 767,786. Alwar. The capital of the state of Alwar, in lat. 27° 34' N., long. 76° 35' E. Population (1891), 52,398. Alxinger (alk'sing-er), Johann Baptist von. Born at Vienna, Jan. 24, 1755: died at Vienna, May 1, 1797. An Austrian poet, secretary of the imperial court theater (1794). He published " Gedichte ■■ (1780, 1784), "Doolin von Mainz" (1787), "Bli- Amadis of Oaul omberis " (1791). His writings were collected in ten vol- umes iu 1812. Alyattes (a-U-at'ez). [Gr. 'A'/.vaTrr/i;.'] A king of Lydia who reigned about 617-560 B. c, the father of Croesus. He made various conquests in Asia • Minor, and carried on war against Cyaxares of Media. His tomb north of Sardis, near Lake Gyga-a, was one of the most notable monuments of antiquity. If the measurements of Herodotus are accurate, and modern travellers appear to think that they do not greatly overstep the truth, the tomb of Alyattes cannot have fallen far short of the grandest of the Egyptian monuments. Its deficiency as respects size must have been in height, for the area of the base, which alone our author's statements determine, is above one-thiid greater than that of the Pyramid of Cheops. -\s, however, the construction waa of earth and not of stone, a baiTow and not a pyramid, it would undoubtedly have required a less amount of servile labour than the great works of Egypt, and would indicate a less degraded condition of the people who raised it than that of the Egyptians in the time of the pyramid-builders. Ra'wUnsoii^ Herod., I. 3153. Alypius (a-lip'i-us). The (unidentified) author of a Greek treatise on the elements of music. " The work consists wholly, with the exception of a short introduction, of lists of the symbols usetl 0>oth for voice and instrument) to denote all the sounds in the forty-fife scales produced by taking each of the fifteen modes in the three genera (diatonic, chromatic, enharmonic)." Smith, Diet. Gr. and Rom. Biog. Alz (iilts). A tributary of the Inn, in Upper Bavaria,' the outlet of the Chiemsee. Alzei, or Alzey (alt'si). A town in the prov- ince of Rhine Hesse, Hesse, situated on the Selz 19 miles southwest of Mainz, it is an old Roman town, and is noted in the Nibelungen cycle. It was sacked by Spinola in 1620, and by the French 1688-89. Population (IS90X 5,801. Alzirdo (alt-ser'do). In "Orlando Purioso," tlie king of Tremizen, defeated by Orlando. Alzire (al-zer'). A tragedy by Voltaire, pro- duced Jan. 27, 1736, in which he contrasted the virtues of the noble natural man and those of Christianized and civilized man. The heroine, Alzire, is a noble Peruvian captive. Alzog (alt'soG), Johannes. Born at Ohlau, Silesia, June 29, 1808 : died at Freiburg, Baden, Feb. 28, 1878. A German Roman Catholic ehm-eh historian, professor at Posen, Hildes- heim. and Freiburg. He was the author of "Lehr- buch der I'niversalkirchengeschichte " (1840, "Manual of General Church History "), "Grundriss der Patrologie," etc Alzubra (al'zii-bra). [Ar. ] The rarely used name of a little star of the fifth magnitude, 72 Leonis, in the animal^ hind quarters. Amadah (a-ma'da). A place in Nubia on the bend of the Nile near Derr, noted for the tem- ple of Thothmes IH. Amadeo (a-ma-da'o), Giovanni Antonio. Born near Pavia about 1447: died Aug. 27, 1522. The most remarkable of the Lombard sculptors. He was associated early with the Mantegazzein the works of the fa4;ade of the Certosa. With his brother Protasius he also made the tomb of San Lanfranco in the church of that saint near Pavia. He made the monument to Medea Colleone (or Coleoni) at Basella near Bergamo, and the chapel and tomb of Colleone himself at Bergamo, 1509. In 1490 he was appointed chief architect of the Certosa at Pavia, and made a new design for the favade which was subsequently carried out by his successors. Heconstructed the cupola of the cathedral at Milan, and two important monuments of the chapel of the Borromei at Isola Bella. Amadeus (am-a-de'us). It. Amadeo (fi-ma- da'd). Bom Mav 30, 1845 : died at Turin, Jan. 18, 1890. Duke" of Aosta, the second son of Victor Emmanuel II., elected king of Spain Nov., 1870. He entered Madrid Jan. 2, 1871, and abdicated Feb. 11, 1873. Amadeus V. Born at Bourget, Savoy, 1249: died 1323. A count of Savoy, surnamed " The Great," who reigned from 1285 to 1323, and was the ancestor of the house of Savoy (later Italian dynasty). He increased the possessions of Savoy by maiTiage and conquest, and was made prince of the empire 1313. Amadeus VI. Born 1334 : died 1383. A count of Savoy, surnamed "The Green Count." a grandson of Amadeus V. He reigned 1343-83, and acquired various territories in Piedmont and elsewhere. Amadeus VII. A count of Savoy, surnamed "The Red," a son of Amadeus A'l. He reigned 1383-91, and acquired Nice. Amadeus VIII. Born at Chamb^ry, Savoy, Sept. 4, 1383 : died at Geneva, Jan. 7, 1451. A count (later duke) of Savoy, son of Amadeus Vn. He succeeded as count in 1391, was created duke in 1416, and abdicated in 1434. He was elected pope in 1439, and reigned as Felix V. 1440-^9. Amadeus, Lake. A salt lake, about 150 miles long, on the boundary of South Australia and western Australia, about lat. 24° S. Ama(iis of Gaul (am'a-dis ov gal). The legen- dary hero of a famous medieval romance of chiv- alry, the center of a cycle of romances : the Amadis of Gaul 47 Amathus oldest of the heroes of ehivalry. He is represented fitana.'] The oldest existinR code of maritime Fletcher's " Spanish Curate," the wife of Bar- hn the illegitimate son of I'eriou, king o( (Jaul, and Eli- law, compiled about the time of tbe first Cru- tolus, "as cuiiiiiiiK as she 's sweet." sena, princess of Brittany. He was exiwsed soon after ggj,^, jj.. ,Jj authorities of Auialti, which then Amarante (ii-mii-rau'ta). A small town in ^ri'iStulVTnfghtrw!!! '^^^^^^^^^^^ possessed considerable commerce and .naritiu,c n.M-.lu-rn l'.,r,u,^al. north of Oporto king ol Scotland ; and fiU iH love with Oriana, daughter power. Amarantn (am a-ranth), LaUy. A Character of Lisuartc, king of England, whom he eventually married. Amalia (ii-mii'le-ii). Anna Bom at Wolfeu- in ( I'Kii-fc's farce •' Wild Oats." Aftei being knighted he returned to (iaul, and during the i^uttj,! Germany, Oct. 14, 1739: died at Wei- Amarapura (am'a-ni-po'rii). A decayed town ^wo.iderfuJexl'Llr' ■''"""■'""' ■ mar, ApriUO, 1807. Duchess of Saxe-Weimar- of Burma, on the Irawadi 6 miles northeast It is to Herberuy that the famous romance of Amadia Kisenach, wife of Duke Eruest. and mother of "f Ava, It contains the fonuer royal palace It wai of tiaul owes most of Its fame. Aecoi.ling to the most Duke Karl Atigust, she was regent 175!>-7.\ and is '"'"' '" l'^' ■ ""d ""^ '<" ™'"'> >•=»" <^P^^ "' B"'™*- [irobaWe story, the Amadis was originally translated by celebrated as a patroness of literature and art, especially Aniara3inha(am'a-ra-sin'liiiUThe authorof the the Spaniard .Montalvo from a lo>t I'ortuguese original of as the friend of Wieland, Herder, and Uoethe. .\lriiirako-iha His date is nncertaici but it is l)elieved the '"»r'™».'h century. Tla-re is absolutely no trace o^^^^ Amalie (ii-mii'le-e). or Amalia, Marie Fried- b, W. b.r n„t to be earlier than the 11th centuo' a. p. Jy"?^!Jnch^'ruhs'"l"'lornrti;^ Amadist'^'i.^^^prse frike. Born Dec. 21. 1«1. : di-d Mas .'n, ls7o. Amaravati (a-ma-ni'va-te^. In Hindu mythpl- roman daventures, distinguished only from iu French Princess of Oldcnbtirf;, eldest daiigllter ot ogy, the capital of Indra s heaven, in the vicin- companions and predecessors by a somewhat higher strain Grand Duke Augustus, and wife of Otho, King itv of Meru. ol romantic sentiment, and by a greater abundance of of Greece (married X.iv. lilj, IKW). AmareOZa (ii-mur-KO ' zii) Elver. A small ?:ri;.Hr^o^t;;,^SHantd;'y,?l\e'^:ir;e;S\^^^^^^ AmaUe (a-ma-le-e), Marie Friederike Au- nv,.r\, eastern CaTifomia, which flows into liemic French taste had known how to do without. It gtiste. Duchess lu !#a-\un.v : pseuddiiyiii Aina- Deatli \ alley. had been continued in the .Spanish by more than one au- Jje Hcitcr. Born Aug. 10, 1794 : died Sej)!. lb. Amari (ii-mii're), EmericO. Born at Palermo, thor, and was a very voluminous wwk when, in 154U Her. js;,,. a German dramatist, sister of King .\Iav 9, 1810: died there, Sept. 20. 1870. An beray undertook to give a trench version of it. He, my. .. ^■, ., i ,.t\ /-\i ■ ^ t. :• i i- ■ . .. . . his turn had continuators, but none who equalled his J"''" "' ^axouy: author of '-Der Oheim. Italian iniblieist. He was appointed pr-destor of p..pnlaiity or power. . . . The book became hinnenselv "Die Fiirstcnliraut," " Vetter Heinrieh," etc. criminal law in the I niversityof Palennoin 1S41. Author popular. It is said that it was the usual reading ho,)k for AmallngS (am'a-lingz). A royal Gothic family "' ."."-Tltica di una scienza dellc Ugishizionl comparate foreign students of ftench for a considerable period, and «„i,l to Ti-ive ruled over the (,oths till the di\-l- P'^^''- . -,. , , „ x r. i i i - it was highly thought of by the best critics (such as Pas- ^H''i t<> 'i'^ e ru eu o\ er lue liOlus till ine cmT ^^an, Michele. Born at Paliiino. July (, ,iuier) of its own and the next generation. It had more- sio" of the nation mto Ostrogoths and \ isi- jgoC: died at Florence. July 16, 1889. An Italian over a great inBuence on what came after it. To no single goths, when they ruled over the Ostrogoths till historian, Statesman. and Orientalist,memt>erof book can be so clearly traced the heroic romaiiccs of the the extinction of t he male hne in Theodonc the >,,- t,„u '„ <,„„„♦„ „,. „„!«» „,.,i,. .,.„.■ i. „„,.,«. eMly seventeeuth ceutuiT. SaiuMury, Vr. Lit., p. -^6. GrentVY. Also lmo/« V , ,. .■^>- .: „'^',> ..c^ * ?"' iT i "^f^ ,. , -, . .. ,. „ ., (Jieai, .i_o. Also -imat*. del Vespm Suiliano (istl), "Stonadei Musulmanni di Amadis of Greece. A contmuatioil of the The kings lof the Gothsl were chosen by the voice of si.ilia ■ ll^.^:l T.i). seventh book of " Amadis of Gaul," though it ^1,^ assembled people from certain great families, two of AmarfllaS (a-mil-reryiis). See Aliumada. is the ninth, not the eighth book of the series, which, the Amalings and the Balthings, are known to ns Amarinna (ii-mii-rin'na). See Amliuric. It was in .Spanish, andsaid tbbe by Feliciano de Silva. It byname. The Amalings were said to be descended from Atnar-Sin iii-miir'sin) f Sin (i e the moon- relates the exploits of the son of Lisuarte of Greece who a hero [the fourth in descent from liaut, the cponymou.s , „„„,,, . iJui,,."i„,,:„„ L.i,,'„ l,r ti,,, ,,1,1 was thesonof Esplandian, the son of AmadisCof Uaul). ancestor of the Goths) whose deeds had earned for him K"tU sees. J i\iiau\ Ionian Kiu;, oi iiii uiu- ... „ .. ,. ,. ..,,.■ . „,-.„,f.„„„„ the title of Amala, "the mighty"; the name of the Balth- Babvlonian period, residing in I r. His name [Mr. Southeyj has mentioned that in Amadis of Greece j^ j^ derived from the same root as our English word is found on several archaic cuneiform inscriptions which, may be found the original of the Zeliuane of J"dnej s ..bold." . . . The Amalings became the roval line of the however, do not give much information concemiug hU -Arcadia, the Horizel of shakespeiire s WntersTale, Ostrogoths, whUe the Visigoths chose their kings from the person or reign. «d Masque of C"I..d m U^ Hi^^r^fZ'se" Fiction, I. 3TS, «^'">-'^'- «™'«-"- ^'^^ <" "^ ^^""-' >' '■'■ AmaHl, TupaC. See Tupac Amnn.. *_,ji„ -!„ r-^A^,. \„«,.<.,.o«».i- 7 ,mr,tto T.rn Amalric of B^He (ii-mal-iek'ov ban). or Ajuau- Amarushatakata-ma-ro-sha'ta-ka). Anerotic AmacilS de Gr^ce. Anopeial^j Lamotte, pro- j-y ^f Qhaiiires (a-mo-re'ov shart'r;. Born at poem in Sanskrit, my.stically interpreted, in auced "y jJ^- Q o R^ i„ ,.„ Bene, near Chartres, France: died about 1206. a hundred stanzas, written by a king named AmadU, bUltan. &ee aamoina. ^ French theologian and mvstical philosopher, Amaru, but by some attributed to the philoso- Amager (a ma-ge ), .t Amak -^ maU) An , , ^^ ecclesiastical authorities of pan- pher Sankara. who assumed the dead form ot island of Denmark m tl, s oimd oppos e fx^- „,^i,,„ j.^^ ,i„,aMciam. that king iu order to eoinvrse with his widow. ?f«"m^'io'-n^ ' * Population ^^a,lricians(am-al-rish'ianz). The followers Amar yBorbon (ii-miir'e boi-bon'). Antonio. (I8Ju;, iJ,/uu. „„„„ 1^^-,' of Aiiialiic (Amaurv) of Bene (in the diocese A Spanish general wlio, from 1803 to 1810. was Amaunon (a-uu mon), or Amayinon (a-mi - ^^ ci.artres , a pantheist who was condemned vieerov of New Granada. He was imprisoned at mon;, or Amoymon (a-moi uiui,). In med ev al ^ University of Paris (in whi ^„j ,^^'^^^^)^ ^v the Pope, country by the revolutionary junta, which he governed the eastern portion. As^o- ^ ^ Ten of" them wen' Amaryllis, AmanlllS am-a-nl'is). [L. Ama- deua is his lieutenant and first prince of hisreahu. .^hak- ana oj a syiiou oi rarib. itu oi tiiem «eii .,,■',..•..,;,;, -i , A sliet)herdess or Bpere alludes to him in the "Merry Wives of Windsor,' burned as heretics. "■I"'"' '"■ .\"'",';' V-J .. iS.fu-. '7TI,V,!,:Htn» ii"^ 2, and • 1 Hen. IV., ii. 4. Amals. iiec Amalings. country maiden in the Idyls of Iheocntus Amalarius(am-a-la'ri-us). Died 837. A deacon Amalthaea (am-al-the'il), or Amalthea. [Gr. »'"•,." ^',';'"^'^f, of A ergil -2. In ispeiisert and priest in Metz, who became abbot of Horn- -MtaMm.] In Greek mvthologv. the nurse of ••Colin t out stomeHome Again, apersoiiage bach, and was head of the church at Lvous Zeus, probably a goat. In Roman legend, the described with adulation, intended for Alice during the deposition of Agobard, 833-837. His Sibvl w!io sold t o Tar.|uin the Sibylline books. Spenser, t ount ess of Derby, » it h whose family work •■De ecclesiasticis offlciis" describes the order of Amambara (ii-miim-bii'ra). Atributaryof the Siienser claimed an alliaiice. It was tor liertliat •enrice observed in the Roman church in the nth century, Xj,rpi- soutli of the Binu(5 Milton wroteiis ••Arcades, — 3. In t letcliers Amalasontha (am'a-la-son'thii), or Amala- Amana(a-niii'na),orAbaiia (ab'a-nii). [Heb., pastoral' ••Tli7 Faithful Sliepherdess," a shep- BUentha, or Amalasiintha, or Amalaswin- Maitliful, steady.'] A river which rises in the herdess wlio is in love witli Perigol, and uses tha. Born 498: killed 535 (534?)- i>anghterof Anti-Lel.anon and flows through Damascus (2 foul means to i.art him from Amoret.-4. In Theodoric, king of the East Goths, and regent Ki. v. 12): the modern NahrBarada. The name Buckingham's " Kehearsal. a female character Of the East-Gothic kingdom 526-535 (534?). js also ai.plied to the district of the Anti-Eel.- intende.l to cast ridicule on Drydeii. 1 he part Amalecite (a-mare-sit). A tribe of North a„o„ (Cant. iv. 81). ""■•< '«''''" 'J.^' '^"" Biyden was noticed in the play. See .l/<«»/,i. ■■Eove's Last Shift," and in its continuation Amasa (am'a-.sii). [Heb -burden.] A son Amalek (am'a-lek). A grandson of Esau and jjy Vanbriigli "The Helapse," a virtuous and of Abigail, sister of David, and .letlier, an Isli- priuco of an Arab tribe; also, the people de- eharming woman, deserted by Loveless, to maelite. He j.dncd Absalom In his rebellion, and »»• scended from him. m biblical history the Anialekltes whotn she was married very young, but whose S:;;t:,n\";'7,;;;id*'lnd\'ti:JnM th?V:m.nan\V;7,\n^ are represented as a nomadic tribe In he time of Abra- ,^,y,. j,,,,, regains. hTplace of Jo.b. Ijiter Joiil. treacherously .lew him. we" or,^.rS'slr(ln.:il".1;-"fi tt;lCk.p^^^^^^^ Amandola (ii-miin'do-lii). Atown inthoprov. Anlasia (ii-mii'se-ii). A city iu the vilayet of they are spread out over the eiitu'e desert of et-Tih a.-, far iiiic id .\.^«oli, Italy, 4.1 miles south of Aiicoua. .sivas, Asiatic Turki'y. ill Int. 40° 40' N., long, as the Egyptian boundary ami the Sinalilc peninsula (Ex. AmantS magniflques (ii-moli' iniin-ve-fek'), 35° ,'iO' E,, on the Yeshil-Iriiiak : the later resi- xvli. 8-10; Num. xiii. 3.)); later they evtended their ^ A sort of .iramutic pidpourri by Moli6re, .lonee of the kings. .f Poiitus, and the birthplace settlements into the terr tory of the tribe of F.phiaim ■" .., . ,, , , ,,' ,,'■, , ■ , ,/;-,^ • o. i i. i .■ i . •),! .>rvi> (Judges xii. 16). They attacked the IsracliUs whtMi wan- written ill the order of the king III 1(<0. of Strabo. Poi.nlntion, about ,10,000. derliig through the desert, were driviii olf by Joshua, anil AmauUS (a-imi'iins). [lir. Akiii"".] In ancient Amasls, Amosis. See Aahiiiis. were doomed to exieiniination (Ex. xvll. S-l« ; lieut. xxv. (;,.|,jrra|iliv, a nionnlaiii group, themo.lcrn Alniii Amat (ii-iiint'), FellX. Horn at Sabailell. near 17-19). .Saul deteatc^d them but did not imniliilate them ,, , ,, i,-p,„„,i,„r M„„„i Taurus, on the borders U„rc.loim. Spain. Aug. 10. I7.-.0: dieil near Sa- (l Sam. XXX.), and the last of them were kUleil by 5un ^,. . , . . . ,.,.,. ,.... i....»i \ <;. ...; ,i l,..,;,..,*;^ SimeouitesonlhemounUanofselrdChron. iv. 4.S). o| ( iliria nii.l Syria. . , . lent, Sept. 28, 18J4, A Spanish ecclesii.^tlC Amalekites (im'a-lek-its) See iiiKiUk. Amanvillers (ii-moiive-var ). A village north- „,„i writer, arehbisliop of Palmyra iii parlihiiji Ariialfi (:; lo^Vfoi" Asonnortin the iirovince "est of .Metz of which the name is sometimes infidcUum. llehecnmecon(ei>«..rto charleslV. InlMie, "T^S ,1 M, It.il'v on the fi^il^of SaW. " K'ven lo what is cominoiily called the battle of .,id i. the author of an eecle,la..lcal history, -rratado ot Sakino, Italy, on tlie Unit or miriiio _. p, , • do la Igl.sia de .i.«i <'rliio"(i7ii,H-isiw). miles southeast of Naples. It has mamifaclurea of '"'*""""• , , . . „„„,,„_, _„ ,i,„ Amat Manuel de. Bom in Galaloiiia aUuit paper, macaroni, etc,, ami contains a cathedral (see be Amapala (a-mil pii-hl), A seaport on he Amai, manuei uo A Spanish iow)aiidaCapn.hin monastery (now a hotel). It was island of Tigre, in the Gulf of FoiiBCca, on the 1 < . "egro ; on the south the Huallaga, Javary, Jutahy, Jurua. Puriis, Ma- deira, Tapajus, and Xingii. Its length, to the source of the Apurimac, is probably about 3,300 mii^ though often given as 4,000. It is navigable about 2.300, for steamships at»ut 2,200 miles. The width of the main mouth is .50 miles; and at the Peruvian frontier the river is 1 mile wide. The month was discovered by Pinzon in 1500, and Orellana descended it in 1511. Steamers flrst pUed on it in 185.3. In 1867 it was made a free highway to all na- tions. Amazonas (a-ma-z6'nas). The largest state of Brazil, capital Manaos, occupying the north- western part of the country andbordering on Ve- nezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. It is largelv occupied bv forests. Area (claimed), ■ 7.53, 439'square miles. Population (1890).207,610. Amazonas. A department of northern Peru, west of Loreto. Area, 14,129 square miles. Population, about 34,000. Amazonas. A teiTitory in southern Venezuela, bordering on Brazil. Area (claimed, including avast area of disputed territory). 90,928 square miles. Population, with Alto Orinoco (1891), 45,197 (amere estimate, as there are hardly any civilized inhabitants). Amazonia (am-a-z6'ni-a). A name sometimes given to the valley of the Amazon. Amazons (am'a-zonz). [L. Jma:on, Gr. 'Aua- ;iji, a foreign name of unknown meaning; ac- cording to Greek ^Titers, from a- priv., without, and "aCof, abreast : a popular etymologj', accom- panied by, and doubtless originating, the state- ment that the right breast was removed in order that it might not interfere with the use of the bow and javeUn.] 1. In Greek legend, a race of women supposed to have dwelt on the coast of the Black Sea and in the Caucasus llovmtains. The .\mazons and their contests were a favorite theme in Grecian art and story. They were represented as forming a state from which men were excluded, as devoting them- selves to war and bunting, and as being often in conflict with the Greeks in the heroic age. 4S But it is in the famous legend of the Amazons that we must look for the chief evidence preserved to us by classi- cal antiquity of the influence exercised by the Hittites in Asia Minor. The Amazons were imagined to be a nation of female warriors, whose primitive home lay in Kappa- dokia, on the banks of the Thermodon, not far from the rnius of Boghaz Keui. From hence they had issued forth to conquer the people of Asia Minor and to found au em- pire which reached to the JCgean Sea. The building of many of the most famous cities on the J£gean coast was ascribed to them, — Myrina and KjTue, Smyrna and Ephesos, where the worship of the great Asiatic goddess was earned on with barbaric ceremonies into the later age of civilised Greece. Now these Amazons are nothing more than the priestesses of the .\siatic goddess, whose cult spread from Carchemish along with the advance of the Hittite armies. She was served by a multitude of armed priestesses and eunuch priests ; under her name of Ma, for instance, no less than sL\ thousand of them waited on her at Komaua in Kappadokia. Certain cities, in fact, like Koniana and Ephesos, were dedicated to her serrice, and a large part of the population accordingly became the armed ministereof the mighty goddess. Gen- erally these were women, as at Ephesos in early days, where they obeyed a high-priestess, who called herself the queen-bee. \^■hen Ephesos passed into Greek hands, the goddess worshipped there was identified with the Greek .\rtemis, and a high-priest took the place of the high-priestess. Sayce, Hittites, p. 7S. 2. A fabled tribe of female warriors said to have existed in South America. The report origi- nated in an Indian mj-th which was found from the West Indies to Paraguay, and still exists among the Caribs and others; it is interesting from its relation to the Old World myth. Amazons, The. An earlier English form of the Portuguese name of the Amazon Kiver, stiU in occasional use. Amazons, Battle of. See Battle of Amasons. Aml9ala (am-bii'ia), or Umballa (um-bal'a). A dirision of the Panjab, British India. Area, 4,014 square miles. Population (1881), 1,729.- 043. Ambala. A district in the division of Ambala, intersected by lat. 30° 30' N., long. 77° E. Ai'ea, 2.754 square miles. Population (1891), 1,033.427. Ambala. The capital of the division and dis- trict of .Vmbala, situated in lat. 30° 24' N., long. 76° 49' E., an important station on the Sind, Panjab, and Delhi Eailway. Population, including cantonment (1891), 79,294. Ambalema (am-ba-la'ma). A town in the state of Tolima, Colombia, situated on the Magdalena 55 miles west of Bogota. It is the center of an extensive tobacco district. Population (1886). est.. 9.731. Ambassadors, The. A painting by Holbein the younger, in the National Gallery. London. It is believed to represent Pinteville, French ambassador at St. James's in 1533, and Nicolas Bourbon, a poet. It was foraierly thought to portray Sir Thomas Wyatt with Leland. Ambassi, or Ambasse. See Sao Salvador. Ambato (am-ba'to). A town of Ecuador. 65 miles south of Quito. Population (1889), about 14.000. Ambelakia (am-be-la'ke-a). A small town in the vale of Tempe, Thessaly, 18 miles north- east of Larissa. Amber (am'ber). A decayed town near Jey- pore, India, the former capital of the state of Jeypore. Amberg (am'bero). A town in the Upper Pa- latinate, Bavaria, situated on the Vils 32 miles northwest of Ratisbou: the former capital of the Upper Palatinate. It has manufactures of iron, arms, beer, etc. A victor>' was gained here by the Aus- trians under the archduke Charles over the French under Jourdan, -Aug. 24, 1706. Population (1890), lS,9s3. Amber Islands, or Electrides (e-lek'tri-dez). [Gr. Ill 'll'/.sKTpidii;.'] A name given by the Greeks in later times to the islands in the North Sea off Denmark, Germany, and Holland. Elton, Origins of Eng. Hist., p. 41. Amber Witch, The. -^n opera by W. V. Wal- lace, words by Chorley, lirst produced in Lon- don Feb. 28, 1861. It was founded on a popular Ger- man romance of the same name by Meinhold, published in l!y43. Ambert (oh-bar'). A town in the department of Puy-de-D6me, France, situated near the Dore 37 miles southeast of Clermont-Ferrand. It has manufactures of cheese and paper. Population (1891), commime, 7,907. Ambiorix (am-bi'o-riks). A chief of the Ebu- roues in (^Jaul. famous in the campaigns against tlic Komaiis •54-.53 B. r. Ambitious Statesman, The, or The Loyal Favorite. --V tracedy 1 ly Crowne, acted in 16i 9. Ambitious Stepmother, The. A tragedy by Nicholas Rowe, priiiti'il in 1700. Ambleside (am'bl-.sid). A town in the Lake District, Westmoreland. England, 1 mile north of Lake Windermere, noted for its picturesque Ambrones scenery. Near it are Eydal Mount, Fox How, Grasmerei etc. It contains Roman antiquities. Population (1891), 2,360. Ambleteuse (oh-bl-tez'). A decayed seaport in the department of Pas-de-Calais, Fi-anee, 7 miles north of Boulogne. Amboella (am-bwa'la). A Bantu people li\-ing in the interior of -Africa, near the head streams of the Zambesi, about lat. 15° S., long. 19° E. Amboim (am-bwing'). See Mb id yi. Ambois (oft-bwa')," Bussy d'. The principal character in Chapman's play of that name : a self-confident and arrogant adventurer, with some real loftiness of character. Ambois, Clermont d'. The brother of Bussy d"Ambois. a scholar and philosopher. He is the central figure in Chapman's play '*'rhe Revenge of Bussy d'Ambois." He commits suicide after the death of his patron Guise. Amboise (oil-bwaz'). A town in the depart- ment of indi-e-et-Loire, France, situated on the Loire 14 miles east of Tours, it is famous for its castle, a favorite residence of the Valois kings, oc- cupying a high rock-platform from which rise its 3 cylin- drical, cone-roofed towers. Two towers built at the "base of the lock. 42 feet in diameter and over 100 feet high, con- tain spiral passages by w hich horses and vehicles can mount to the platform ab' 'Ve. In the gardens is the Chapel of St. Hubert, one of the richest existing examples of the Ilorid Pointed. Here Leonardo da Vinci is buried. It was the scene of the Conspiracy of Amboise in 1560. Later it be- came a political prison. Abd-el-Kader was confined in it 1847-52. It is now the property of the Corate de Paris. Population (1S91), commune, 4,480. Amboise, Conspiracy of. An unsuccessful conspiracy of Huguenots under La Renaudie to seize the king (Francis II.). first at Blois and afterward at Amboise in 1560, and remove him from the influence of the Guises. Conde was the real chief of the conspirators. Amboise, Edict of. .An edict of pacification between the French Catholics and Huguenots, authorizing (1563') the Reformed worship in the houses of the nobility, throughout all the do- mains of the justiciary nobles, and in one city of each bailiwick. It ended the first war be- tween the two parties. Amboise, Georges d'. Born at Chaumont-sur- Loire. France, 1460: died at Lyons, 1510. A French statesman and cardinal, minister of Louis XII. 1498, and director of his foreign policy. Amboise, League of. See Amboise, Congpir- lU'lJ llf. Amboyna (am-boi'nii). [Malay ^m&MH.] One of the chief islands of the Moluccas, situated in lat. 3° 41' S., .long. 128° 10' E.. consisting of two parts connected by a narrow isthmus, its chief product is cloves. It was settled by the Portuguese in the 16th centur>', and was taken by the Dutch, to whom itnowbelongs, in 1605. Length, 32 miles. Area, 264 square miles. Population, 31,510. Amboyna. A residency of the Dutch East In- dies, comprising Amboj-na, Coram, Banda Isl- ands, Timor-Laut, etc. Amboyna. A seaport, capital of the island and residency of AjubojTia. Population, about 9,000. Amboyna, or The Cruelties of the Dutch to the English Merchants. A tragedy by Dry den, produced in 1673. Part of the plot was taken from one of the Italian novels of Cinthio, the 10th of the fifth decade, and part has reference to occurrences of the time. Ambracia (am-bra'shi-a). [Gr. l\//^pa«'a, ear- lier Wii-paKca.} The ancient name of Arta (which see). Ambracian Gulf (am-bra'shi-an gulf). See Arta, (iulfof Ambree (am'bre), Mary. -A woman who is said to have fought at the siege of Ghent iu 1584 to revenge her lover's death. She is fre- quently mentioned in old ballads, and is the subject of one preser^'ed by Percy. Ben .lonson refers to her in the '■ Epiccene" and "Tale of a Tub" and in "The Fortunate Isles," where he quotes the words of this ballad, Fletcher also mentions her in " The Scornful I.ady." The ballad in Percy's " Reli' Ambree to any remarkable virago who adopted man's attire. Ambriz (am-brez'). A coast town of Portu- guese Angola, West Africa, and capital of the "concelho" (county) of the same name. Its chief export is coffee, which is brought down from the Mutemu and Encoge moimt.ains. It was occupied by the Portuguese in 1»55. Population, about 2,500. of mixed -African origin, mostly from Loanda. Ambrones (am-bro'nez). [L. jH/6roHc*(Livy), (ir. ''\ii3pt^ntc (Strabo).] AGerman tribe men- tioned by Livy and Strabo in connection with the Teutones, whose near neighboi's they seem to have been on the North Sea. and mth whom they were allied in the Cimbrian wars. They suffered a crushing defeat by Marius at .Aqua? Sextiae, 102 B. c. There is no certain record of their subsequent fate. Ambros Ambros (ilm'bros), August Wilhelm. Born at Mauth, Bohemia, Nov. 17, isltj: died at Vienna, Juno 28, 1876. An Austrian compcser and writer on music. His chief literary work is a "Gcschichte der Musik" (1862-78),"a very high authority in its department. Ambrose (am'broz), L. Ambrosius (am-bro'zi- us), of Alexandria. Died about 250. A Ro- man nobleman, a friend of Origen. Ambrose, l^- Ambrosius, Saint. Born at Treves, (iaul, probably 340 : died at Milan. April, 397. One of the fathers of the Latin Church. He was educated at Rome, appointed consular prefect in Ipper Italy about 3(i9, and elected (while a ci- vilian and unbaptized) bishop of .Milan in :i74. lie was the champion of the Catholics against the Arians and pagans. For his cruelty in tlio massacre of Tliessalonica the eraperor Theodosius was excommunicated by Am- brose and forced to do penance. Anions his works are '*De ofllciis ntlnistrorum," "llexaemei'on," hymns, etc. He is the reputed author of the .\mbrosian ritual. He was elected, while still an unbaptized catechumen and governor of ttie province, to the post of iiishop of Milan, having entered the church with liis troops to ((uell the fury of the partisans of the two rival eandidates. While he soothed the people with his wise words, a little child, so the story nnis. suddenly called out •' Ambrose is Bishop " ; the words were caught up and carried round the church by the rapturous acclamation of the whole multi- tude. Hod'jkiii, Italy and her Invaders, I. 187. Ambrose, Isaac. Born at Ormskirk, Lanca- shire, England, 1004 : died 1664. An English nonconformist divine and devotional writer, author of "Looking unto Jesus" (10.58). Ambrose and the Emperor Theodosius. A painting by Kubens, in the Imperial Gallery at Vienna. The archbishop, in full canonicals, stands with his attentlants before the door of the cathedral, and for- bids the emperor to enter. Ambrose's Tavern. An old tavern in Edin- burgh, now destroyed, the scene of Wilson's " Noctes Ambrosianie." Its location was the site of the new Register House, in the rear of the old Register House ; and it is approached from West Register .Street by tile narrow alley running now between the new Register House and the new raft- Royal. Uutton, Literary Landmarl{s of Edinburgh, p. 65. Ambrosian Library (am-brO'zian li'bra-ri). [Named for .St. Ambrose.] A library at Mi- lan, founded by Cardinal Borromeo in lOOSt. It contains 164.000 printed volumes and 8,10(1 MSS. Ambrosiaster (am-br6'zl-as-t6r), or Pseudo- Ambrosius (sti''d6-am-bro'zius). ['The spu- rious Ambrosius.'] The name usually given to the unknown author of "Commentariain XIII. Epistolas B. Patili," which has found its wtiy into the Benedictine edition of the works of Ambrose. The author is sometimes identified with the Roman deacon Hilary. Ambrosio, or the Monk. A romance by Mat- tliow ( irof^ory Lewis, published in 1705. A sec- ond edition was issued in which many ohjectional)le pas- sages were omitted. He gained the soliriiiuet of "The Monk " and " .Monk I>ewis " from this book. Ambrosius. See Amhroaf. Ambrosius (am-bro'zius), or Ambrose, Father. The last abbot of St. Mary's, Edward Glen- dinning, in Scott's novel "The Abliot." Ambrosius Aurelianus (am-bro'zius a-re- li-a'nus), Welsh Emrys. Lived about 440. A leader of the Romans and Romanized Brit- ons, said to have been a descendant of Con- stantine, elected emperor in Britain, Gaul, and Spain under Honorius. He drove Imck the Saxim invaders and confined Uenglst for stjme years to the Isle of Thani't. Ambundu (iim-bonMii). See liimhtiiiilii. Ameland (ii'me-liint). An island in the North Sea, north of the province of Friosland, Neth- erlands, to which it belongs. Length, 13 miles. Amelia (ii-ma'lo-ii). A town in the ]in>vinco of Perugia, Italy, 4.5 miles north of Rome: the ancient Aineria. It has a cathedral. Amelia (a-me'llil). Born Aug. 7, 1783: died Nov. 2, IHJO. An Knglish princess, tlie fifteenth and youngest child of George HI. Amelia. The heiDino of l''ielding's njvel of tliat name (published Hoi ), a virtuous ami do- voted wife, said to be the portrait of Eicldiiig's own wife, .she is represented as Having suffered an In- Jury to her nose (like Mrs. Fielding), which Impaired In-r popularity among Fielding's readers. Thackeray mid- ered her " the most charming chnnieter in F.ngllsh llcl Ion." Amelia. Sce Srdlfi/, AnuUn. Amelia Island (a-me'liil i'land). A small island olT llo- iiortheasterii'consi of Florida. Am61ie-les-Bains (ii-ma-16 'la-ban'). [Eor- mevly .'I rIcK-hs-lliii 11.^: the mime was(dianged in 1840 in honorof the wifeof Louis Philippe. ] A health-resort in the dejiartmenl of Pyr('yrinth (See Maris, Labiirinth.) In- scriptions of his time have been found on tlie rocks in the peninsula of Sinai. There Is also a mark (with an in. scrlption) on the rocks of .Semneh showing the height cd the iinnidation of the Nile in the 14th year of his reign. (See -VtVe.) Als(» Amfiu'tnhn. Amenemhat IV„ Maat-kheru-Ra. An Egy])- tian king, the seventh of the 12th dynasty, who reigned about 2260 B. c. (Brugsidi)". Also Amnitniha. Amenhotep (ii-men-ho'tep) I., or Amenophis (am-e-no'hs), Ser-ka-Ra. An Egyptian king. the second of the IKlh dynasty, who reigneil about 1060 B. c. (Brugsch). Hewas successful in campaigns in Ethiopia (Kush) and Libya. Also Amoihctn. Amenhotep II., or Amenophis, Aa-kheperu- Ra. -Vn Egyptian king. 1 lie sevc'ntli of the l.Sth dynasty, who reigned about l.'iOC B. c. (Bmgsch). He made a successful campaign In Asia, which is commemorated in an insci'i])tion in a temple at .\miulah in Nniiia. There arc id.so inscriptiotisbearuic his nanieln the tcnijile of .Vniun at Karnak, Also Aiiirnhftif. Amenhotep III., or Amenophis, Maat-neb- Ra. An Egyptian king, the ninth of the 18th dynasty, who reigned about 1500 b. c. (Brugsch). He was a successful warrior and a great builder. The twocolossal statuesof Memnon near Thebes are portrait-statues of him. See ilemnuiu Amenophis III. was as great in peace as In war. In his reign i'.gypt lost none of lier military prestige, and from some large scarabiei — one of which is in the Cizeh Palace — wo learn that under his rule Kgypt stretched from .Mesopotamia to the country of Karo In Abyssinia. At the same time that he consolitiated the empire left him by preceding monarchs, Amenophis raisetl along the banks of the Nile mommients which for their grandeur and the perfection of their workmanship are unsurpassed. Ttie temple at (Jebel-Iiarkal, i[i the Sudan, Wiis erected Ity this king; so also was that at s,deb. near the third cataract — and souvenirs 4)f him may be found at Assitan, F.lephan- tltli, «;el)el-Silsileh, Kl-Kab, Trtnih. theSerapeumat Slem- phis, and Serbilt-el-IIadim. He adiled considerably (o Karnak, ami built that iHution of the temple at l.uxor that bears his name. He also erected on tlie left hank of the Nile —opposite to Luxtn- — a sacred edillee which once must have been one of the most Important In I'.gypt. I'l^ stroyed completely by causes unknown to us, all that Is now left of It are the two enormous colossi — called by the Anbs SAnamat — which originally st 1 at tlie entrance. itarieltf, Oulllnes, p. 3». Amenhotep IV., or Amenophis, Khu-n-Aten ('splc-iidur of the sun's disk'). An Egyiilinii king, the tenth of the IHlli dynasty, who reigned about 1406 n. c. tBrngseli). He was an Innovator III religion, subsdtlltitig the new wornlilp of Ateii nlle sun's disk) for that of Anitln and the other Kgyptlan deities. III! also niovelorer. See JVsiiHcri. ] Xho western conlinent or grand division of the world, incliiiling North Auier- ioa, South America, aud adjacent islands, tieo Ames Xorth Amerifit and South America, it was visited by the .Northmen about 1000 (?) and was discovered by Columbus in uw. The mainland was probably reacbsd by Cabot In 14!»7. (Sce Columbwi, Cabol.) The name Aiiur- ica was proposed by WaldsccmUUer (a teacher of geog- raphy in the college of Saint- Dili among the Vcegres) In a treatise called "CosmugraphUi," publUbedin 1607. Length, about lo,.'.<«) miles; greatest breadth, over 3,000 miles. Area (estimated), about 16,700,000 square milea. Fopols- tion (estimateU Isyi), 121,713,000. America. A wooden keel schooner-yacht de- signed and builtby George Steers of New York, for Commodore J.'C. Stevens of the New York Yacht Club, in I»)l. Her original dimensions were : length over all, IcK) feet 6 Inches; length on wat«r-llne, 90 feet t Inches ; beam, 22 feet « Inches ; draught, 11 feet 6 inches. In 1S51, at the time of the World's Fair in London, Commodore Stevens, having cni-'.sed the Atlantic 111 the America, entered her In tho race of Aug. 22 open to yachts of all nations for a tlO-S cup. The course was around the Isle of Wight, and the America l>eat the whole fleet of 15 yachts by aliout 7 miles .\ug. is she sailed a race with the English schooner TItania over a 40-mlle course, beating her out of sight. The cup (jtios) which she won In ls.'il was given (18;,7) to the New York Yacht Club and made a prize open to challenge by yachts of all nations. There have been (1902) eleven unsuccessful attenipts to recover it. America, British. See British America. America, Central. See Central America. America, North. See Xorth America. America, Russian. An old name for Alaska. America, South. See .S'oHf/i America. America, Spanish. See Spimish Amiriea. American Colonization Society, The. A so- ciety organized at Washington, District of Co- lumbia, Jan. 1, 1817, fertile purpose of coloniz- ing free Aineriean nigroes. It purchased In 1821 » tract of land near Cape Mesurado, .Africa, where It founded the colony of Liberia, which became an Independent re- Itnblic in 1M7. American Cousin, Our. A drama by Tom Tavliii-, ]ii<)dueed in bS.'W. in this playF,. A. Rothem made a name by his clever development of the originally small part of l.,ird Dundrearv. American Party, or Know-nothing Party. In L'uiled States politics, a jiarty which advo- cated the control of the government by native citizens. As It « iis at the outset a secret fraternity and Its members refused to give informalion concerning it, they received the name of "Know-nothings." In lb66 It discarded Its secret machinery. The party nominated Fillmore for President in 1850, and w;w powerful for sev- eral years. (See under AntiimiM-nic I'artil.) American Philosophical Society. -\ scientific society foumleil at Philadelphia by Fruuklin in 1744, reorganized in 1768, and united with the Jesuits or Society for the Promotion of Useful Knowledge in 17(!0, the date of its definite es- tablishment. Franklin was its first president. American Volunteers, The (oflicial title, The Volunteers of America). -V religious organ- ization louudcd ill .\l:iich, l.'>96. by Mr. and Mrs. Ballington Booth, who separated from the Sal- vation .^xmf. It was designed to be essentially Aiiiericiin in constitution and method. Amerigo Vespucci. See t'cifpueci. Amersfoort (ii' mors -fort). A town in the piovinee of Utrecht, Netherlands, on the Eem 26 miles soulliensi of Amsteniain. it was an Ini- jHtrtant seat of the Jansenlsts, and has a note9. An English aiitiipiiiry ami liililiognipber, pub- lisher of "Typograilhical ,\n(innnanded the Seneca in the attack on Port Royal Nov. 7, IsGl, ami the Patapsco in that on Fort McAllister March 3, 1863. He w:is ]>ro- moted captiiin July 25, ItiWi, and was retired with the rank of rear-admiral June 4, 1878. He wrote "The Atlantic Coast" ("The Navy in the Civil War" .series, 1883). Ammen, Jacob. Bom Feb. 7, IsOs: died Feb. <). 1894. An American general in the Civil War. He was graduated from West Point in 1831. re- signed from the army iti 1837, became captain of volun- teers .\i)ril 1^ Ibfil. look part iti ttic Wi--t Virginia cam- paign under McClellan, waspromotiil liriu'udier-geneialof voliuiteers July 16, 1M>2, and was in command of the dis- trict of East Tennessee April 10, 1864,- Jan. H, IStib, when lie resigned. Ammer (iirn'mer). or Amper (lita'per). A river in Upper Bavaria, wliich rises in the Al|>s, traverses tlie Amiuersee, and joins the Isar 30 miles northeast of Munich. It receives the outlet of the Starnbergersee. Length, about 12.5 miles. Ammergau. See Obcr-Amnicrgau. Ammerland (am'mer-land). A small district in the western part of the grand duchy of Olden- btirg. (ierraauy. Ammersee (am'er-za). A lake in Upper Ba- varia, 10 miles long, traversed by the Ammer. It lies west of the Starnbergersee. AmmianusCam-i-a'nus) Marcellinus. Bom at Antioch, Syria, aliout 330 A. i). : died about ',i9n. AGreek historian, author of a history of Rome (in Latin), covering the period 9() A. D.-378. Tlie part for 90-352 is lost. He wrote probably between 380-390. Ammon, See Amu». Ammon (am'on). The eponymic ancestor of a people, the children of Ammon, or .Vmmoii- ites, frequently mentioned in the Old Testa- ment: according to the account in (Jeuesis, the son of I^ot by his younger daughter was Ben-Ami (Gen. .\i.\. 38). Ammon, or Amon, or Amim, Saint. Bom about 285, in lower Egypt: dieil 348. The founder of the settlement of lierinits in Xitria. See Sitria. Ammon (iim'mon), Christoph Friedrich von. Born at Bayreuth, Bavaria, .Ian. 10, 1700: died at Dresden, May 21, 1850. .V Gemiiin Protes- tant preacher and rationalistic tlieologian. Ho was appointed professor (17811) at KrlanKcn, later (171)4) at OottinKeii, and again (ls(t4) at Krlanficn. Ammon, Friedrich August von. Born at Giittingen, Sept. 111. 1799: died May 18. 1801. A fierman opnthalmologist, son of ('. F. von Ammon. He became pr()fessorin thesurKlcal and medi- cal academy at Dresden in 1S'J9, and royal privy medical eounaeloi- in 1844. Ammonias (a-mo'ni-as). [Or. 'A/;//.: died iifler 243. An .\le.\andrian philoso])li(T, the founder of tho Neoplatonic schord. sui- nniTied " Saccas" or " Sacco|ilionis"('( he sack- be arer'). from his occupation, in early life, as ii porter. Plotinus, Ix>nKlnU8. and OriKcn wire his pupils. AceordiuK t4> Porphyry he was born a I'hrislian, but this Is denied by Eusebius and Jeritinc. Ammonius. An Alexandrian philosopher, of the second half of tlio 5th century A. D., a com- mentator on Aristode. AmmonooBuc (am-o-nO'suk), Lower, a river 51 in Xew Hampshire, about 100 miles long, which rises near Mount Washington and joins the Connecticut 7 miles north of Haverhill. Amol (ii-mol'), or Amul (ii-miil'). A city in the proWnce of Jlazanderan, Persia, situated on the Heraz in lat. 36° 20' X., long. .52° 23' E. It was verv important in the middle ages. Population, 10,"000. Amometus (am-<")-me'tuB). A Greek writer of uncertain date, author of a poetical descrip- tion of a nation of "Attacori," dwelling be- yond the Himalayan range, resembling the ancient account of the Hyperboreans. Amon (a'mon). In Old Testament history : (a) A governor of Samaria in the time of Ahab (Amosvii.). (fc) The son of Manasseh and king of Jiidah G42-G40 B. c. He was assassinated through a court conspiracy, and was succeeded by his snti .Tositili. Amon. See ,tntun. Amon, f>i' Aimon, or Haymon. See Aymon. Amoneburg (ii-men'e-borc). A small town in the province of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, situated on tlie Ohm 7 miles east of Jlarburg. It was formerly a strong fortress. Amontons (ii-raon-ton'), Guillaume. Bom at Paris, Aug. 31, 1CG3 : died Oct. 11. 1705. A French physicist. He was the inventor of a system of telegraphy by means of signals from one station to an- other throuj^h a series. Amoo. See Amii-Daria. Amoor. Sec Amur. Amor (ii'mor). [L.. 'love.'] Same as K'ro.s-. Amoraim(ii-m6'r!i-em). [Aram.,'expounilers.'] The rabbis who commented upon the Mishna, tinil thus evolved the Gemara, which with the Mishna constitutes the Talmuii. The period of the Anioraim begins .after the death of the patriarch rabbi Judah I. and extends to the close of the Talmud, i. e., about 200-;'i00 A, 1). Amoret (am'o-ret). 1. In Spenser's " Faerie C^ueene," the twin sister of BelphcBbe, the im- personation of the grace and charm of female beauty. Brought up by Venus in the Courts of Love, she becomes the wife of Sir Seudaniore, but is not in- sensible to the passion of Cortlambo (sensual loveX (See Busiranf.) .\ls«> Amoretta. 2. In Fletcher's "Faitliful Shepherdess," a shepherdess in love with ami loved by Perigot. and enduring many trials with sweetness and constancy. Amoretta (am-o-ret'ii). See Amoret, 1. AmorgOS (a-mor'gos). [Gr. ;\uop;(if.] An isl- and, 21 miles long, in the .,rEgean Sea, ono of the Cydades. 16 miles southeast of Naxos. It is mountainous and fruitful. Population, about 2.000. Amorites (am'o-rits). [Prolmbly from Heb. iiiiiir, niouutain-top, the mountaineers (Num. .\iii. 29).] A name used in thcOld Testament in general for theCanaanites as well as for a sub- division of the Canaanites. Biblical critics assert that in the set of documents known as J (Jabvist) all the pre-Israelitish inhabitants of Palestine are called Canaan- ites, while in the ilocuinents known as E (Elidiist) (Ijy others K = Redactf the Amorites. which ilenominate.i in the iuhcriptlons Phienleia and flyria in general, particularly Palestine : it was jirevi- ously read mat Ahnrri. Even in the restricted sense it is obvious that Ihey'were one of the chief races of Caiuian. As early as the l:tth century ll. c. they seem to have been antagoidsts of the ifittites. Theyappearon the («yptlan monuments as A)iHiru; they lived eaht of the .Itirdan where Sihon and tig, their kings, were ilefealed by Moses. The land thus conquered became the properly of the Irlbea of Reuben. Clad, and half of Mamisseb. Those west of the .lordan were conijucrci by Joshua, and their territory was givi-n t.. the tribe ..t Judiih. Amorous Bigot, The. A comedy by T. Shad- wcll, produ I ill KiOO. Amorous Complaint Made at Windsor, An. ,\ {iiM'iii nllriliiilcil Ici I 'hiiiiccr. Amorous La Foole, Sir. See /,« Fimle. Amorous Prince, The. A play by Mrs. Ajdira Behii, adiijited Iroiu llaveiipon's ^' City Nighl- Cap,'" proiiiiced and piiiitcd in 1671. Amorpnus (a-mor'fns). In Ben .lonson's com- iMJy ''I'yiil Ilia's Kevi ls."a traveler and affected liilker. ' He is a liar iiinl braggart, and an arbi- trator of nuaiTcls, but no lighter. Amory di'mo-ri), Blanche. In Thackeray's novel " Pemleiinis," a worldly, frivoloim, and .sidlish girl, whose real name is Betsy, .she en- courages any man, even the French cook, and, while |Misliig ns a teinler. delicate llowrr, mnkct cTorjr one ■Iwut licr a> iineomfortnble iis possible. For this yoniig lady llllanrlio Amor>'| kr» not able lo carry , and occasional fragments of apparently genuine auti^biograpby. "The soul of Rabe- lais," ^a) 8 Hazlitt [who never pets names right}, " paased into .lohn tThomas) Ainorv. " Lrtlir Ittrphen, Diet. Nat. Blog. Am0S(a'm08). [Heb.] 1. AHelirew prophet, a contemporary of Isaiah and Hosea, and a native of Tekoah, near Bethlehem. — 2. < >ne of the books of the Old Testament, the third of the minor prophets. The humble condition of a shepherd following his flock on the bare mountains of Tekoa has tempted many com* mentators, from Jerome downwards, to think of Amos aa an unlettered clown, and to trace his "rusticity" in tho language of his biKjk. To the unprejudiced Judgment, liowever, the prophecy of Amos appears one of the best examples of pure Hebrew style. The language, the im- ages, the grouping are alike admirable : and the simplicity of the dictiipii, obscured only in one or two passages by the fault t>f transeritK'rs (iv. 3; ix. 1), is a token, not of rusticity, but of perfect master)' over a language wliich, though unfit for the expression of abstract ideas, is unsur- passed as a vehicle for iinpassionail speech. ir. li. Smith, Prophets of Israel, p. 12S. Amos, Sheldon. Bom about 1835: died near Alexandria, Egypt, Jan. 2, 1886. An English jurist and )iublicist. He was professor of jurispru dence at I'niversity College, I/indon, H)67-7!i, and author of "I'apital Punishment in England" (18041, "I'odiflca- tion in Englaiul ami the Stale of New York " (1807). " Dif- ference of Sex as a Topic of Jurisdiction and Legislation " (1870), " Policy of the Contagious DiM>»ses Acts Tested " (1»70), " A Systematic View of the Science of Jurispru- dence " (1872X etc Amosis. See Anilines. Amoskeag (am-os-keg'). See Pennneook. Amour M^decin (ii-mSr' mad-san'), L'. A comedy by Moliere, produced in 1(J65 at Ver- sailles. Ill this iilay he ridicules pedantr>' and charla- tanism in the medical profession, against which he bad a spite. Amoy (ii-moi'). A seaport in the province of I'uhkien, China, situated on the island of Amoy opposite Formosa, in lat. 24° 27' N., long. 118° 4' E. It is a free haven, and has one of the best harlHirs In the country. It exports lea, sugar, opium, etc. It was captured by the British in 1841, and became open to Brit- ish commerce in 1842. Population (1885). lHi,(ieii. Amoymon. See Anmim'ni. Amper. Sie Ammer. Ampere (on-par'). Andr^ Marie. Born at Lyons. .Tan. 22. 1775: died at ilarseilles, ,Iuno Iti, l.'^36. A French physicist and mathemati- cian, famous for his investigations in electro- dynamics. He was professor at the Polytechnic School ill Paris and later in the rollege de France, and a member of the Academy of .Sciences. His chief works are " Kecuell d'observations electro-ilynamluues " (1822X and "Thi^rie lies phenoinenes Oleetro-ilynamiiiues." Ampdre, Jean Jacques Antoine. Bom at Lyons, .\iig. 12, IsoO: died at Pan, France, March 27, 1864. A French literary hist4). " Hlfttoire de la formation de la laiigue francaise." " L'enipire romalii h Home," " l.a IJrvce, Konir, et llante." Ampersand (nin'pi'r-sand). A peak of the Ailii'oiidacks situated south of the Saranac Lakes. II is .3.430 feet in height. Ampezzaner (iim-pct-sii'ner) Alps. A group (d' I he- Dolomite Alps on the boiiTcrs of south- ern Tyrol niiil Italy. Ampezzo (iim-pet'so). The uiiper valley of the Hoiln, silualed in Tyrol and llie Italian bonier 26 miles southeast of Brixen. Its chief town is Cortina di Ain)M'Z7;i> (or Amperzo di Caloro). Popnhilioii (commune), about 3.000. Ampezzo, A town in the jirovince of I'dine, llalv. 32 miles northwest of ('dine. Population, iiboiit 2.000. Ampflns (ilmp'flng). A village in U]>per Ba- varia. .1 mills we-'t of Millildorf. Ampflng, Battle of. 1. See MiihUlorf.—Z. .\ victory gniiicd liv the Auslrians under Arch- duke .lol'iii .(f.] In ancient geography, a city in Macedonia, on the Strymon, 3 miles from the .^geau, in lat. 40° 48' X.. long. 23° 51' E. OriginaUy a Thracian town, it was colonized by Athens about 436 B. c, and was captured by .-^parta in 424 B. c, Near it the Spartans under Brasidas defeated the Athenians under Cleon 4-22 B. c. It later became a Macedonian and then a Roman possession. Amphissa (am-fis'a). [Gt. "Auiptaaa.'] In an- cient geography, a town of the Ozolian Lo- crians, Greece, 10 miles northwest of Delphi. Amphitrite (am-fi-tri'te). [GT.'A/i'iiiTpirii.'i l.In Greek mythology, the goddess of the sea.daugh- ter of Nereus and Doris, and wife of Poseii ">n. — 2. An asteroid (No. 29) discovered by Marth, at London, March 1, 1854. AmpllitTUO. See Amphitryon. Amphitryon (am-iit'ri-on), or Amphitruo (am- fit'ru-o). [Gr. 'Auoirpiuv.'] In Greek legend, a son of -Alcseus, king of 'Troezen, and husband of Alemene. To secure Alcmene (who would not wed him until the death of her brothers, who were slain by the Taphians, was avenged) he undertook, for his uncle Creon, to catch the Taumessian fox, which by a decree of fate could not be captured, by the help of an Athenian dog which fate had decreed should catch every animal it might pursue. Fate extricated itself from its perplex- ity by turning both animals into stone. He attacked the Taphians, but could not overcome them so lont: as the chief Pterelaus, wlio was rendered immortal by one golden hair, lived. Comieth' •, daughter of Pterelaus, cut ofli this hair for love of .\mphitryon, and he perished. "The appli- cation of the name Amphitryon to a host is from that part of the stoij where Jupiter assumes the former's shape in order to visit Alcmene. He gives a feast and is inter- rupted by the real Amphitryon. This gives rise (in Mo- licres comedy) to a dispute which is settled by the phrase "Le veritable -\mphitr>on estl .^mphiti-yon ou I'on dine" (he who gives the feast is the host). Amphitryon, or Amphitnio. 1. A play of Plautus •• with a mrthological (comic-marvel- ous) plot, treated with complete mastery over the language and with sparkling humor. Its original and the time of its composition are unknown" (Tciiffel and Schirabc). It is more of a burlesque than a comedy, and is full of humour. It is founded on the well-worn fable of .Tupiter and Alcmena, and has been imitated by Molifere and Dry- den. Its source is uncertain ; but it is probably from Archippus, a ^vriter of the old comedy (415 B. c.X Its form suggests rather a development of the Satyric drama. Crutticell, Hist, of Roman Lit, p. 44. 2. A comedy by Molidre, produced in 1668: a version of Plautus's play. — 3. An opera by Sedaine, produced in 1781. — 4. A comedy by Andrieux, produced in 1782. Amphitryon, or The Two Socias. A comedy by Dryilen, performed in 1690 : an altered ver- sion of Moli4re's play. B2 Amplepnis (on-ple-pwe'). A town in the de- partment of Rhone, France, 29 miles northwest of Lyons. It has manufactures of cotton and muslin. Population (1891), commune. 7.113. Ampsivarii (amp-si-va'ri-i), or Amsivaiii. [L. Ampsivarii (Tacitus); cf. L. Amisia, the Ems.] A German tribe described by Tacitus as originally neighbors, iu the region of the Ems. of the Chauci who had driven them out. In the year 5S A. I', they appeared on the Rhine whence they were dislodged by the Romans, and were thought to have been annihilated. They reappeared, however, in the 4th eenturv- in incursions into Roman territory. They were ultimately merged in the Franks. Ampthill (ampt'hil). A small town in Bed- fordshire, England, 40 miles northwest of Lon- don. Ampthill, Baron. See liiissell. Odo William. Ampudia (am-p6'de-a), Pedro de. A Mexican general, in command of the Mexican army on the Bio Grande at the beginning of the Mexi- can war, 1846. As commander at Monterey he sm-rendered to General Taylor Sept. 24, 1846. Ampurdan (am-por-dijn'). A valley-plain in the province of Gerona, Spain, in the vicinity of Figueras. Amraoti (am-ra-6'te), or Amrawati (Sm-ra- wii'te). A district in East Berar, Haidarabad Assigned Districts, India, intersected by lat. 21° X.. long. 78° E. Area, 2,759 square miles. Population (1891), 655,645. Amraoti. A town in Amraoti district, lat. 20° 50' X.,long.77°44'E. Population (1891),33.655. Amraphel (am'ra-fel). A king of Shinar (southern Babylonia) who. allied with Chedor- laomer. king of Elam, and two other kings, marched, in the time of Abraham, against the five kings of the Vale of Siddim (Geu. xiv.). He is identified by some with Hammurabi who reigned about 2200 B. c, by others mth his father Sin-muballit, whose name is sometimes read Amarpal ; all this is, how- ever, very uncertain. Amri (am'ri). In the second part of Dryden and Taifs "Absalom and Achitophel," a char- acter intended to represent Heneage Finch. Amrit (am'ret) A ruined to^vn on the coast of Phoenicia, 30 miles north of Tripolis : the an- cient Marathus. It contains important antiquities. The Burdj el-Bezz-ik is an ancient Phenician tomb built of huge blocks of stone. It is Sijuare, with a plain mas- sive cornice, and terminated in a pjTamid. now ruined. The original height was o2 feet. It contains two chambers, one over the other, with niches for corpses. Another tomb at Amrit is one of the most elaborate of surviving Phenician works. The base is square and on it rest three superposed circular drums, each smaller than that below. The top drum terminates in domical form, and the two upper drums have a cornice of combined dentils and serrations. A molding of concave curve connects the lowest and middle drums. On the corners of the base stand four rude lions, issuing from the lowest drum. The height is about 32 feet The so-called "monolithic" house is a structure with walls for the most part hewn from the solid rock. It is isolated by the cutting away of the rock behirid. The chief front is about 97 feet long and 20 high. The interior shows holes for wooden ceiling- beams. The Maabed is an old Phenician temple consist- ing of a small cella, open on one side to exhibit the sacred image, and raised on a square base or die. The roof is a great slab hewn to the form of a flat arch on the under side, the whole forming a miniature and simplified Egyp- tian temple. The total height is 23 feet. The cella was originally surrounded by a colonnaded court There are also ruins of a stadium with ten tiers of seats, on one side all rock-hewn, on the other partly built up of ma- sonry. It now measures 99 by 411 feet, but has probably lost some of its length, Amxita (am-re'tal. [Sometimes J mref to ; Skt. amrifa, prop, adj., immortal, = Gr. au3poTo^, whence ult. E. ambrosia.^ In Hindu my- thology, a god (masc); the water of life (neu- ter) ; ambrosia, in the latter sense the term is vari- ously applied in the Vedas, but especially to the soma juice. In later legend it was the water of life produced at the churning of the ocean by the gods and demons. The Ramayan,!, the Mahabharata, and the Puranas give the story with variations. The gods, worsted by the de- mons, repaired to Vishnu, asking new strength and im- mortality. He bade them churn the ocean for the .Amrita and other lost treasures. Collecting all plants and herbs, they cast them into the sea of milk, which theychurned, using Mount .Mandara as a chuming-stick and the serpent Vasuki as a rope, while Vishnu himself was the pivot. From the sea came the sacred cow, Surabhi. Varuni, god- dess of wine, Parijata, the tree of paradise, the Apsarases, the moon, poison, Sri, the goddess of beauty, and Dhan- vantara, physician of the gods. Aniritsar(am-rit'siii).orUmritsir(um-rit'ser). A division in the Pan.iab, British India. Area, 5.354 square miles. Population (1881), 2,729,109. Amritsar. .\ district in the division of Amrit- sar, intersected by lat. 31° 30' N.. long. 7.5° E. Area. 1,601 square miles. Population (1891), 992.697. Amritsar, or Umritsir (um-rit'ser). The capi- tal of the Amritsar district and division, in lat. 31° 40' N., lon.g. 74° 45' E.: one of the most important commercial and manufacturing Amtin cities in northern India. It is the religious center of the Sikhs, and contains a Sikh temple attended by 500 to t;;oo priests. Population, including cantonment (1$91) 13t;.7t)6. Amru ben-el-Ass f am'ro ben-el-as'), or Amer. Died about 663 a. d. An Arab general and statesman. He conquered Syria during the reign of the calif Abu-Bekr, and Egypt 639-641, in that of Omar. By his statesmanlike reorganization of the conquered provinces, and by the excellence of his administration, he did much to reconcile the inhabitants to Islam. The story that, at the taking of Alexandria, he gave the order to destroy the celebrated Alexandrine library, is probably unhistoricaL Amni-el-Kais (am'ro-el-kis'). Lived at the beginning of the 7th century. An Arabian poet, hostile to Mohammed. His "Moallalsat" was translated by Sir W. Jones, 1782. Amrum (am'rOm), or Amrom (am'rom). One of the Xorth Friesian Islands in the Xorth Sea, west of Schleswig. Its length is 6 miles. Amsancti, or Ampsancti, Vallis (am-sank'te varies). A valley in the province of Avellino, Italy, near Frigento, in lat. 41° X., long. 15° 7' E., noted for its sulphurous lake and cave. Amsdorf (ams'dorf k Nikolaus von. Born at Torgau. Germany, Dee. 3. 1483; died May 14, 1565. A German Protestant reformer. He was the intimate friend of Luther, whom he accompanied to Leipsic in 1519 and to Worms in 1521. and whom he aided in the translation of the Bible. He was instrumental in introducing the Reformation into Magdeburg in 1524. into Goslar in lri2S. and elsewhere; was consecrated bishop of Naumburg by Luther in 1542, but was driven from his see in 1546 in the Smalkaldic war, and was a prominent op- ponent of Melanchthon in the adiapboristic controversy. Amsler (ams'ler). Samuel. Bom at Sehinz- naeh, Aargau. Switzerland, Dec. 17, 1791: died at Mimich. May IS. 1849, A German engraver. Among his noted' works are the "Triumphal March of Alexander the Great " (after Thorwaldsen), the "Triumph of Religion in the Arts " (after Overbeck), etc. Amsteg, or Amstag (am'stag). A village in the canton cf Uri, Switzerland, situated on the St. Gotthard route 27 miles southeast of Lucerne. Amstel (am'stel). A small river in the Xeth- evlands, which flows through Amsterdam and empties into the Y. Amstelland (am'stel-lant). Formerly, the name given to the region which lies near the Amstel. Amsterdam (am'ster-dam). [Orig. Awstelle- damme, dam of the Amstel.] A city in the prorince of Xorth Holland, Xetherlands, built on marshy gi'ound (traversed by canals con- nected bv numerous bridges) at the junction of the Amstel and Y, in lat. 52° 22' X., long. 4° 5' E. : the chief commercial city and the capi- tal of the Xetherlands, and one of the leading seaports of Europe, it has communication by the Xorth Sea Canal and North Holland Canal with the North Sea. It is a market for colonial products, including sugar, cotfee, spices, rice, tobacco, etc., has ship-building indus- tries and important manufactures of sugar, sails, tobacco, beer, etc., and is especially famous for diamond-cutting and -polishing. It was founded at the beginning of the 13th century, became of great importance on the decline of Antwerp about 15S.^95. and was the first commercial city of Europe in the 17th century. It was entered by the French in 1795, and belonged to the French Empire 1810-13. It contains various Important buildings, museums, etc Population (1900). 520.602. Amsterdam. A city in Montgomery County. Xe w York, situated on the Mohawk 30 mUes north- west of Albanv. It has important manufac- tures of knit goods. Population (1900 >, 20.929. Amsterdam. A small uninhabited island in the Indian Ocean, in lat. 37° 51' S., long. 77° 32' E. Amsterdam, New. -An old name for X^ew York I city). Amstetten (am'stet-ten). A small town in Lower Austria, situated on the Ips 28 miles east by south of Linz. Amucd (a-mo-ko'). Lake. A small lake in British (Guiana, about lat. 3° 40' X., connected with the Essequibo and, through the Branco, with the Amazon. According to Schoniburgk this was the so-called Lake Parima coimected with the myth of El Dorado. Amu Daria fa-mo' dar'yS), At. Jihun (je'hon), I'rGihon. The principal river of Central Asia: the ancient O.xus. It rises as the Ak-Su in the east- ern Pamir near the frontier of easteni Turkestan ; flows generally west to near long. 66° E.. separating in part of its course Bokhara from Afghanistan ; flows then north- west, and empties by a delta into the southern part of the Sea of .\raL It is generally thought to have emptied into the Caspian Sea in ancient and even in metUeva] times. Among its tributaries are, among those on the right, the Wakash (or .'
  • u's and cloister is much blocked up to exclude the liirht in the prevailing Spanish fashion. There are some 456. lOX Ayas ab master of the armies In Gaul he distinguished of Tokio. Japan, formerly a Japanese penal the \Vist ijoths. but was deposed by Kiclmcr after a reign of fourteen montlis. i.nts it is one of the most picturesque of existing \uniples of the kind. Population (1887), lii,93o. Avila (ii'vc-la),Alonzode(<>rteuHntti'uAlon- zoDavila). liovn iiliijut 14.S5: died itlter Vi'S'. iiish soldier and adventurer in America. it to America, where his name first appears as A'viz7ii-v4z'). A small town iu the province ider of one of Grijalva's ships in the c.vpedition . i',,,,..- , p,,-.,,„„i ^|t„.,t,.d on ii Irilmtarv to the Mexican coast. In 1619 he joined Cortes, Alemle.io, FortUf^al. »il i.itnl on a triuuiary of his most trusted captains, marched with him tlie Zatas lO miles iiortlieast ot Lisbon. iz, and in 1621 was his agent Aviz, Order of St. Benedict of. A Portu- ling.., where he obtained im- „npse order iif kni'ditliood, ori^inatim; in a inil- e, 1.V22, he was sent to .spam ., , ^ i i i ^\e . i iii-t 1 1 it w, : near the Azores his ships itarv order fi.inided by Alfonso I.. 1 14.}-1 14/ , to lie went commander ..f 1518 was one of his most trusted captains, to Mexico and against -N'arvaez, to the Audience of .Santo Dom' ;i')rtant concessions. In Jun . with treasure and despatches: near the Azores his ships v.-ere captured by tYeiich corsairs, and the treasure was lost. Avila managed to have his despatches sent to .Spain, but was himself kept a prisoner for sevend years. Finally i;msomed, Jie returned to Spain, was appointed contador f Yucatan, and si:t out for that region as second in com- mand of the expedition of Montejo (1527). Arrived there, lie was appointed to lead an expedition to a region on the west coat the Huns and Vandals, lie olitaincd the settlement. purple Aug. 15, \M, by the aid of Theodoric II., king of f^^ (iiks) or AcQS (aks). A Email town in the .■.^..-.h..Ri,.i„...r»ft.rarc.,^n ,,epartinent of AriW France, on the .Vri&ge at the foot of the I'jTenees, 21 miles southeast of Foix: celebrated for its hot sulphur baths. It was a Roman town. Axayacatl (ii-telm-ya-kii'tl). or Axayacatzlin (ii-tehii-yii-kat/.-len'), also Axajacatl. [Mler- ally, •Faee-in-the-\Vater.'] A war-chief or " em- peror" of the Aztecs of Mexico from 1464 until his death in 1477. He was a nephew of Acam- plchtli. and a celebrated warrior. lie made raids In Tehuantepec and on the I'acillc coast, and brought back gri-at tuiiubers of victims for the altars. Tochtepec and llnexotzinco were made tributaries of Mixito, and Tlate- lolcowasconc|uercd. Hf »as Ihefathtr .■! .M.iiU /uma IL will, reigned at the beginning of the Spunbh ci>Mi(Ue8t. Axel. See Ahsuloii. Azenberg (iiks'en-bero). A mountain in the canton of Uri, Switzerland, near the eastern shore of Uruer Bay, Lake Lucerne, IS miles soutlieast of Lucerne. At the foot is "Tell's Chapel." Wetzer and Welte) of the emperor Avitns. Hi was the chief spokesman of the ortnodoi In a rvligious disputation with the Arians 49U; converted Sigismund, king of Burgundy, from Arianisni ; and presided at the Council of KjiaonefEpaune) in 517. His works include letters, homilies, and poems. . , of of suppress the Moors. It received the papal conllrma- tion in 1162 as a religious order under the rules of St. Benedict. Aviz became the seal of the order in 1187. In 1789 it was transformed into an honorar)- order for the re- ward of militarj- merit. Avize (ii-vez'). A small town in the depart- Axenstrasse (iiks'en-strii'se). A noted road ment of Marne, France. 20 miles south of leading along the eastern side of Urner Bay, in ^- ■ '■ ' Switzerland, from Brunnen to Fliielen. Axholme, or Axholm (aks'olm). An island in the northwestern part of Lincolnshire, Eng- land, formed by the rivers Trent, Don, and Idle. Its marshes were reclaimed by Flemings in the 17th century. Avila, Pedro AJias de, Kcnerally called Pe- and .\vonbeg): celebrated for its picturesque „.,„„. „f tbe Vardar, drarias(pa-dia're-as). Bornat Anas, Segovia, i„ ;,utv. Axminster (aks'min-sti-r). [AS. Axon mynsler, pain. 1442: died at Leon, Nicaragiia, March Avogadro (a-v6-gii'dro), Count Amadeo. l'>"rn j,.,,.„„ minister, minster of the Axe (river).] 6, 1531. A Spanish soldier and administrator. After serving with distinction in the Moorish wars of Spain and Africa, he was sent (1514) with a large Heet and over 1,500 men to Darien as governor of 1 'astilla del Oro, super- seding Balboa, whom he imprisoned and tried on various charges. A reconcili.-ition was ctfcctod, but later (1517) Balboa was accused (probably falsely) of planning a re- bellion, tried, and executed in the governor's piescnce. Pedrarias's government was marked by rapacity and cruelty. In l.'>19 he founded Panama and made it his capital. He aided, or at all events encouraged, the enter- prise of Pizarro and Almagro in search of Peru ; but on ■ the failure of the first expedition relimpiishetl his share, forcing the partners to pay him an iiidt-niiiity. In con- sequence of numerous coinidaints, Pedmrias was trans- ferred to the governorship of Nicaragua in 15".i6. Avila y Ziiniga (a've-Ui 6 tho'nye-gii), Luis de. Born at Plaeencia, Spain, about 1490: died after 1550. A Spanish historian. He wrote " Coraentarios de la puerra de Alemaiia, hecha por Carlos V., 1546-47" (1.547). Avil6s (a-ve-las'). A se of Uviedo, Spain, in 1 56' W. Population (1H«7J Avil6s (ii-ve-liis' \ Pedio Menendez de. See M-81); commanded the f.irces agidnsi Diego Tupac Amaru (178:)); and was one of the judges who condemned the rebels to torture and death. He was successively president of Chile (1795 to 1799), viceroy of llnenos Ayn-»(179« to I811I), and viceroy of Peru (I80I to 18(Ki), attalidng the military grade of lieutenant-general. He died while on his way from Peru to Spain. Avilion. See Avalon. Avisa(a-vi'sa). A volume of short poems by Henry Willoliie or Willoiigliby in 1594", and predxed to the second edition in 1590 are some verses which alhnle to shakspcre's "Rape of Lucrcee." The poems exemplify the character of a chiuite woman re- sisting all the lemiitations to which her life exposes her. The singular book known as Willoughby's Avisa, which, as having a sujiposed bearing on Sbakespere, and as con- taining much of that personal puzzlement which rejoices crilJcs, has hail much atUntlun of late years. Is not strictly a collection of sonnets ; its poems being longer and of (litfL-ring stanzas. .Sainltburij, Hist, of F.lizabethan Lit., p. 111. AvisiO (a-v6'se-6). An alpiiio vallev in soiitli- A.V0la (a'vo-lii). A seaport in the pro\-ince of Syracuse, Sicily, 12 miles southwest of Syra- cuse. Population, 12,1)00. Avon (a'von), or East Avon. [A common liver-namel in other British forms Aveii, Evnn, Aiiiic, June, Aitncij, Iiineii, etc.; from \V. ital of the de- iiarlment of the same name, situated in a val- ley 7,000 feet above the sea. It is the ancient Uiianianga founded by I'irarro In I.',:*; the name was changed In li.inor of llie battle of Ayacilcho. The city is the »1), commune, 7,7s:.. rn Tyrol, east of the .\dige, and east and south j^yrancMn (iiv-roh-sliah'). An ancienl divi < . . of Botzen. It is subdiviiled into the Cembra, Fieinmo, and Fassa. Length, 60 miles. AvisiO. A small river of T\Tol wliich joins the ^^adsi (ii-wiid'ze), or Awajl (ii-wii'je). An Adige north of Trent. Avlson (av'i-soii), Charles. Bom at Newcastle- upon-Tyne, 1711) (i) : dii'd there. May 9. 1770. .\ii English composer and writer on music. He is best known from his " llssny on Musical Expression ' (1762), in which he placed Ocnnan music below that of the French and Italians, Avitus (a-vi'tus), Marcus Maecilius. iJicd at Auvergne, 456 A. D. Emjieror of the West 4.')5- Avranciies (iiy-roiish'). .\ town in the depart- Ayala, Pedro Lopez de. Born in Murcia, ... .... ., .Spain. i:t;i2: died 1407. A Spanish poet, prose- wrilir. and stiitesmnn. lie was taken prl»0 miles southwest of Okhotsk, „ in Int. .'iti'^ 17' N.. h.ng. 13.8° 10' E. Its leiiglh is about 23 Ajas, or Ayass (ii'vUs). A small seaport in the vilavet of Adnna. .\sialic Turkey. 30miles south- sioli d< S Normandy, France, fiirming part of the in di|mrtnn-iit of .Mniu'lie. island of .lapaii, lying between the main island and .Sikokii. Awe (a). Loch. A lake in Argjllshire, Soot- land, 8 miles west of Invernry, boniered by Ben Cruachan on the north. lis outlet is by tin Awe into Loch Etive. mil Awo Sima (ll'wo-se'rali). A small island south cast of Adaiia: the ancient ^U:a> «!' *i)iii). Ayasaluk Ayasaluk, or Ayasalouk (,a-ya-sa-16k'). A vil- lage which occupies the site of the ancient Ejjhesus, Asia Minor. Ayenbite of Inwyt, The. ['The again-biting of the inner wit,' or ■ the remorse of conscience.'] A translation into the Kentish dialect in 1340, by Dau Michel of Northgate, Kent, a brother of the Cloister of St. Austin at Canterbury,from the French of Frfere Lorens (called iu Latin Laitrentius GaUus), of a treatise composed by the latter in 1279 for the use of Philip III. of Fi'anee, called "Le Somme des Vices et des Vertus." There are other versions both prose and metrical. It is thought tliat Chaucer's "Parsons Tale" was partly taken from the French treatise, and that he was not ignorant of Dan iJichels version. j/wmV. Ayesha (a-ye'shii). Born at Medina, Arabia, about 611: died about 678. The daughter of Abu-Bekr, and the favorite ivife of Mohammed. She was married to the prophet when only nine years old, and survived him by forty-six years, dying at the age of sixty-seven. Her father, who derived his name (Abu-Bekr, * father ot the virgin ) from her, became the first calif (successor of Mohammtd), and she herself was greatly re- vered by the Moslems, being called " the mother of the believers" {Cminu-t-Mu' minin), and exercised a consid- erable iutluence on the politics of Mohammedanism after the pruptiefs death. Ayhuttisaht. See Eliatisaht. Aylesbury (iilz'ber-i). A town in Buckingham- shire, England, 38 miles northwest of London, noted for its laces and manufactures of straw. Population (1891), 8,674. Aylesford (alz'ford). A town in Kent, Eng- land, situated on the Medway 27 miles south- east of London. It is the birthplace of Sedley. There are British antiquities in the neighborhood. Here the Jutes under Horsa defeated the Britons in 455 A. J>. Ayliffe (a'lif), John. Bom at Pember, Hamp- shire, 1676: died Nov. 5, 1732. An EngUsh jurist. He wrote "The Ancient and the Present State of the University of Oxford" (1714X " Parergon Juris Ca- nonic! Anglicani ; or a Commentary by way of Supplement to the Canons and Constitutions of the Chui-ch of England" (1726X " ^'ew Pandect of Koman Civil Law " (1734), etc. He was a graduate of Oxford (Xew College), and was ex- pelled and deprived of his degrees in 1714 for slandering the universitj'. Ayllon, or Aillon (il-yon'). Lucas Vasquez de. Born about 1475: died in Virginia, Oct. 18, 1526. A Spanish lawyer, judge of the Audi- ence of Santo Domingo from 1509. in 1519 hewas sent by the Audience to Cuba to prevent Velas(iuez, gov. emor of that island, from interfering with the expedition of Cortes in Mexico, but was unsuccessful. In 1520 he re- ceived a license to explore the coast of Florida, and sent a caravel there under Oordilla. Satisfied by his reports, Ayllon went to Spain, received a royal cedula to explore and settle S'X) leagues of coast, and after sending a pre- liminary- expedition under Pedro de Quexos (1.525) he sailed from Hispaniola in June, 1526, with three ships and people for a colony. After running along the coast he fixed his settlement, called San Miguel, at the point where the English afterward founded Jamestown, Virginia. There he died of a fever, and quarrels in the colony led to its abandonment. Aylmer (al'mer). John. Born at Tivetshall St. Mary. Norfolk, England, 1521: died at Ful- ham, near London, June 3, 1594. An English prelate, made bishop of London March, 1577. He was installed archdeacon of Stow in June, 1553, but on account of his heretical opinions was obliged to take refuge at Strasburg and Zurich until the accession of Elizabeth. He was an opponent of Puritanism, and was bitterly attacked in the Mai-tiu Marprelate tracts. His administration of his office made him exceedingly unpop- ular. He is supposed to be the"MorreU"("theproude and ambitious pastour") of Spenser's "Shepherd's Calendar." Aylmer, Lake. A lake in British America, northeast of Great Slave Lake. Aymaras (i-ma-raz'). [Originally applied to a small branch of the Quichuas, but by mistake transferred to this tribe.] A race of Indians, anciently and properly called Colla.", who, in the earliest recorded times, occupied the region about Lake Titicaca and the neighboring val- leys of the Andes. They had attained a considera- ble degree of civilization before they were subdued by the Incas in the 13th and 1 1th centuries. They dwelt in stone huts, had flocks of llamas, and practised agriculture. Their most forniidnble arms were slings and bolas or weighted lassos. Their language is related to the Quichua, and it has been supposed that this was the original stock from which the Quichuas and Incas were (lerived. The Aymar;\s are still very numerous, forming three fourths of the population of Bolivia, with a few in southern Peru. They speak their own language and cherish their ancient traditions, but are nominally Catholics. Aymar-Vernay (a-mar'var-na'). Jacques. Born 1662: died after 1692. A French peasant, famous as a successful impostor in divination. Aymer (a'mer). or .ffithelmaer, de Valence, or de Lusignan. Died 1260. A younger son of Isabella, widow of King John of England, and Hugh, count of La Marche, her second husband: elected bishop of Winchester Nov., 1250. Aymer de Valence. Died 1824. The third son 102 of William of Valence, half-brother of Henry in. He succeeded to the earldom of Pembroke in 1296 ; led, as '• Guardian of Scotland," the van in the attack on Robert Bruce in 1306 : defeated the Scots at Methven ; and was defeated by Bruce at Loudon Hill (1307). Under Edward II. he was one of the chief opponents of the fa- vorite Gaveston ; but he joined the king's party when Gaveston, after his capture in Scarborough Castle, was put to death, notwithstanding the fact that Pembroke had promised him his life. Aymer, Prior. In Scott's '• Ivanlioe," the prior of Jorvaulx Abbey, a fat and cautious voluptu- ary who is captured by Locksley. Ajnnestrey, or Aymestry (am'stri). A small place in Herefordshire, England, northwest of Leominster, noted for its limestone. Aymon, or Aimon (a'mon), or Haymon (ha'- mon). A partly imaginary character who ap- peal's in the old French romances, a prince of Ardennes, of Saxon origin, who took the ti- tle of Duke of Dordogne. He was the father of Renaud (Rinaldo), Guiscard (Guicciardo), Alai-d (Alardo), and Richard (Richardetto), the "four sons of Aymon" whose .adventures were written in a chanson de geste of the 13th century (first printed in 1493), supposed to be by Huon de Villeneuve. under the title of "Les Quatre Fils d'.Aymon" (which see). The brothers appear in Tasso's "Jerusalem Delivered," Pulci's "ilorgante Maggiore," Boiardo's "Orlando Innamorato," Ariosto's "Orlando Furioso," and other French and Italian romances. Ayora (a-yo'ra). A small town in the prov- ince of Valencia, Spain, 50 miles southwest of Valencia. Ayotla (a-ydt'la), or Ayutla (a-yot'la), Plan of. The announcement of principles made by Mexican revolutionists at Ayotla in southern Mexico, March 1, 1854: hence, the name given to the revolution which resulted in the dcwn- fall of Santa Anna in 1855. Ayr (ar). A seaport in Ayrshire, Scotland, situated at the mouth of the Avr in the Firth of Clyde, in lat. 55° 27' N., long. 4° 37' W. Ayr and its vicinity are noted from their con- nection with Burns. Population (1891), 25,213. Ayr. --V river in Ayrshire, Scotland, which flows into the Firth of Clyde at Ayr. Length, 33 miles. Ayr, or Ayrshire (ar'sher). A county of Scot- land, lying between Renfrew on the north, Lanark and Dumfries on the east, Kirkcud- bright and Wigtown on the south, and the Firth of Clyde on the west, it is divided into Carrick, Kyle, and Cunninghame : is hiUy and mountainous in the south and east ; and has flourishing agriculture and manu- factures of iron, cotton, and wool. Area, 1,128 square miles. Population (1891). 226,283. Ayrer (i ' rer). Jakob. Died at Nuremberg, March 26, 1605. A German dramatic poet. His "Opus Theatricum" was published in 1618. Ayres (arz), Romeyn Beck. Born at East Creek. N. Y., Dec. 20. 1825: died at Fort Hamil- ton, N. Y., Dec. 4, 1888. An oflicer in the Mexi- can and Civil wars. He wasgraduated from West Point in 1847 ; remained in garrison at Fort Preble during the Mexican war: took part in the battles of Gettysburg, the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House, Five Forks, and the battle on the Weldon Railroad; and obtained the brevet rank of major-general U. S. .Amiy March 13, 1865. He was promoted colonel in the regular army Jan. 18, 1879. A3nres de Cazal (i'rez de ka-zal'), Manuel. Born in 1754: died at Lisbon about 1823. A Portuguese historian. He took orders, and about 1730 went to Brazil where he was a prior of Crato in tioyaz; subsequently he lived in Rio de Janeiro, returning to Por- tugal in 1821. He wrote the "Corografia Brasilica" (Rio de Janeiro. 1817 and 1845), a work on the geography and history of Brazil, of great merit. Ayrshire Bard or Plo'wman, The. Robert Btirns. Ayrton (ar'ton), W. E. Born in London. 1847. An English electrician and inventor, professor of nattrral philosophy and telegraphy at the Imperial College of Engineering, Tokio, Japan, 1872-79. He was appointed professor of applied physics at the City aud Gilds of London Technical College, Fins- bury, in 1879, and chief professor of physics at the Central Institution, South Kensingtiui, of the City and Gilds of London Institute in 1S&4. With Professor Perry he con- structed ammeters, voltmeters, etc., and with l*rofessor F. .Tenkin and Professor Perry de\ised the system of auto- matic electric transport called "telpherage." His works include "On the Economical Use of Gas-engines for the Production of Electricity "(1882), "ElectricitvasaMotive Power" (1879), "Practical Electricity" (1SS7), and, with Professor J. Perrv, " Contact Theory of Voltaic Action ' (1S80). etc. » Ays (iz), or Hais (hiz"). An extinct Indian tribe of eastern and southeastern Texas. They were met with, in the first half of the ICth century, in what is now the eastern part of Indian Territory'. Ayscue (as'ku). Sir George. Died about 1672. An English admiral, distinguished in the wars against the Dutch. Of his early life nothing is known. In 1646 he was a captain in the English fleet, and was one of those who adhered to the Par- liament. In 1649 he was engaged on the Irish coast as admiral, and in 1651 was sent by Cromwell to America, Azazel in command of a squadron : he reduced Barbadoes and other islands which had remained faithful to the royalists, visited the coast of Virginia, aud returned to England in 1652. On July 3, 1652, he had a fight with a large Dutch fleet in the Downs, and on Aug, 16 he encountered De Ruy- ter's fleet otf Plymouth, both sides claiming the victory. From 1658 until the Restoration he was in Sweden, and on his return was made commissioner of the navy. He subsequently served against the Dutch, was captured in the engagement off the north Foreland, June, 1666, and only released when peace was declared, Oct., 1G67. Ayton (a'ton), or Aytoun, Sir Robert. Bom at the castle of Kinaldie. near St. Andrew's. Scotland, 1570 : died at London, Feb., 1638. A .Scottish lyric poet. Aytoun (.I'ton). William Edmonstoune. Bom at Edinburgh, June 21. 1813: died near Elgin, Scotland. Aug. 4. 1865. A Scottish la'wyer, poet, and man of letters. He was one of the editors of "Blackwood's Magazine." professor of rhetoric and belles-lettres in the University of Edinburgh, ai»d sberifi of Orkney. He manied (April, 1S49) Jane Emily Wilson, a daughter of John Wilson (Christopher Xorth). His chief works are "Lavs of the ITavaliers" (1848), "Firmilian" (18M), "BothweU' (1856), "Ballads of Scotland" (1858), He was associated with 'Iheodore Martin in the produc. tion of the "Bon Gaultier Ballads" aud the "Poems and Ballads of Goethe." Ayub, or Ayoub, Khan (a-yob' khan'). A younger son of Shere Ali, claimant to the Af- ghan throne after the death of his father (1879). He opposed the British and Abdurrahman Khan, was gov- ernor of Herat, and was overthrown by Abdurrahman Khan in 1881. Ayutan. See Comaitche. Ayuthia (ii-yo'the-a). The former capital of Siam. situated on the Menam 45 miles north of Bangkok. It was sacked by the Btirmese in 1767. Also TiUhia, Jiilhia. Aywaille (i-vU'le). A to'wn in the pro%-inee of Liege, Belgivim, situated on the Ambleve 14 miles southeast of Lifege. Population (1890), 4,128. Azamgarh. See A-imgarh. Azangaro, or Asangaro (as-an'ga-ro). A vil- lage of the department of Puno, Peru, in the basin of Lake Titicaca. In the time of the Incas it was an important place, and there are traditions that it was the hiding-place of a vast amount of their treasures. It was the center of operations of the revolutionist Tupac Am.aru (17S0X and he also is reported to have buried trea. sure in the village. To archieologists Azangaro is espe- cially interest ing for an ancient building, the Sondor-huasi, which was the residence of an Inca otficer. It presents the only instance which has come down to us of the thatched roofs used by the Incas : this, far from being a rough covering, is an elaborate work of art and rerj' ser- viceable. Azanl (a-za'ni), or Azanion (a-za'ni-on), or Alzani. [Gr. 'isOiw.] In ancient geography, a city of Phrygia. Asia Minor, situated in lat. 39^ 16' X. Its ruins are near the modern Chav- dur-Hissar. Azanza (a-than'tha), Miguel Jose de. Bom at Aviz, Navarre, 1746: died at Bordeaux, France, June 20, 1826. A Spanish statesman and soldier. When a young man he traveled exten- sively in Spanish America. Iu 1795 he was minister of war. From May, 1798. to May, 1800, he was viceroy of Xew Spain (Mexico). He was mmister of finance under Ferdi- nand VII., afterward member of the supreme junta, and presided over the junta at Bayonne in favor of Joseph Bonaparte. Under Joseph he was successively minister of justice, of the Indies, and of ecclesiastical affairs. .\f ter the fall of the Bonapartes he lived in retirement at Bor- deaux. Mexicans call him ''the Bonapartist viceroy." Azara (a-thii'ra). Felix de. Bom at Barbu- nales, Aragon, May 18. 1746: died in Ai'agon, 1811. A Spanish naturalist and traveler, brother of Don Jos^ Nicolo de Azara. He en- tered the army and attained the rank of brigadier -general, taking part in the Algiers expedition, in which he was wounded (1775). From 1781 to ISOl he was hi Paraguay as one of the commissioners to settle the boundaries be- tween the Spanish and Portuguese possessions, and he de- voted much of his time to studying the geography, history, and zoology of this regii)n. The results were published in French, in a work on the quadrupeds of P;UT»guay and the Rio de la Pl.ata, and in his "Voyage dans I'Am^rique meridionale " (Paris. 1809. 4 vols. Svo, with atlas). Azara, Jose Nicolas de. Bom 1731 : died 1804. X Spanish diplomatist and art connoisseur, brother of Felix de Azara. Azariah. See V::iah. Azay-le-Kideau (a-za'16-re-d6'). A small town in the department of Indre-et-Loire, France, near Tom-S. it contains a ch,ateau, a very fine example of the Renaissance manor-house of the 16th century, with cylindrical flanking towers, high roofs, and dormer-windows. Azazeel. See Azaziel. ' Azazel (a-zii-zel'). A name which ocem-s in the ritual of the day of atonement. Lev. xvi. 8, 10-26. The high priest had among other ceremonies to cast lots upon two goats. One lot was inscribed " for "Vahveh " (Jehovah), the other "for Azazel." The goat upon which the lot " for "iTahveh " fell was offered as a sacrifice, while on the goat upon which the lot "for Azazel" liad fallen the high priest laid his hands and confessed nil the sins of the people. The goat was then led by a man into the Azazel desert, " unto a land not inhabited," and waa there let loose. The autliurized version reiidi-rs Azazel on the margin by "scape t^ojif ; the revised version lias Az:uel in the text and *' or dismissal " on the margin. Various exjilanations of the word liave beenotfered, such as, for instance, that it meant the goat sent away or let louse (taking it as a com- pound of ez nzel), or the place to which the tjoat was sent. The probable anil plausible explanation, adopted by nearly all modern critics, is that which takes it as the proper name of an evil spirit popularly supposed to have its dwelling In the wilderness. This view is supported by the antithesis in which .\Ziuel is put to Yahveh. Tllr rite iruiy be considered a survival of an older sta^e of religions lielief, perhaps Egyptian, .Azazel being a substitute for Typhon, who waa also conceived as living in the desert. In Arabic writers (Qazwini, Hariz,etc.).\za2il isdescrilied as one of the jiims (genii) who for their transgression were taken prisoners by the angels. Azazil grew up among tltem ami became their chief, until he refused to prostnite liiinself before Adam, when he became Iblis (despair). the latln rot tlie .'5SV,_. m^^^^?mmi/m^mmmm naader (bii'der), Franz Xaver von. Born at llu- iiich, March 27, 1765: died at Munich, May 23. 1841. A (jt'itnan scholar, ap- ]iointed honorary profes- sur of philosophy and speculative theology at the University of Munich in 1826: chiefly known from his philosophical writings. He devoted him- self at first to the study of medicine and the natural sci- ences, held the position of superintendent of mines in Munich (1797), and published various scientific and tech- nical works. His pllilosophy was conceived under Roman Catholic influences, and was thcosophical in character. Uis philosophical works have heen collected, under the editorship of I'ranz Hoffman, in 16 volumes (1850-^). Baal (ba'al). [Phen. and Hcb. ha'al, lord, master.] The supreme god of the Canaanites. The Assyro- Babylonian form of the name is Bttu, Bel. He was conceived as the productive power of generation and fertility, bis female counterpart Ashtoreth (Astarte, Ish- tar) being the receptive. His statue was placed on a bull, the symbol of generative power, and he was repre- sented with bunches of grapes and p<)megranates in his hands. He was also worshiped as the sun-god, and was represented with a crown of rays. Offerings made to him were incense, bulls, and on certain occasions human sac- rifices, especially children (Jer. xix 5). The favorite places of his altars were heights and roofs of houses (Jer. rxxii. 29). His cult, like that of Ashtoreth, was attended by wild and licentious orgies. The various names and epi- thets of Baal occurring in the Old Testament and else- where were derived from his various aspects and the localities in which he was worshiped. So Baal Zebub (in the New Testament Beelzebub, 'lord of flies') in Ekron ; Baal Gad ('lord of good luck ') in Baal Gad (Josh. xi. 17, xii. 7), the modern Banias at the foot of Mount Hermon; Baal Peor, from the mountain in Moab. His general name among the Moabites was Chemosh (which see). MiAoch ('king') was his name especially among the Am- monites. In Tyre he was worshiped as Melcarth (* king of the city '). identified by the Greeks with Hercules. He was Baal Berith (' lord of the covenant ') in the confederacy of Shechem. Likethe Hebrew JaA and El andtheAssyro- BabylonianiJe^f, Bani entered largelyinto thecomposition of proper names. .So, among numerous others, the names of the two celebrated Carthaginian generals in the Punic wars, Hannibal ('Baal is gracious ') and Easdrubal ('Baal is helpful '). The worship of Baal was introduced into Israel under Abab and his wife, who was a Phenician princess. Baal. A king of Tyre. He is mentioned in the As- syrian cuneiform inscriptions as having been made king of Tyre by Esarhaddon (king of Assyria 680-668 B. c), but rebelled against him and joined Tirhakah, the Ethiopian king of Egypt. On his expedition against Egypt, Esar- haddon forced Baal to submit to the Assyrian sovereignty. X'nder Asurbanipal (668-6'26) Baal renewed his rebellion against Assyria, but was again obliged to submit. Baalath (ba'al-ath). A town of Dan, situated probably on the site of the modern Bel'ain, about 2 miles north of Beth-horon. Baalbec, or Baalbek (biil'bek), or Baalbak (bal'bak). ['The city gf Baal' or of 'the sun'; Old Syriae Ba'aldak : the modern Al-Bulaa (the valley).] An ancient city of Syria, sit- uated on the slope of Anti-Libanus 34 miles noi'thwest of Damascus: the Greek Heliopolis ('city of the sun'), famous for its ruins, it was a center of the worship of Baal as sun-god, whence both the original and the Greek names. The city was a Roman colony (Colonia Julia Augusta Felix) under Augustus, and was adorned (great temple) by .\ntoninus Pius. It* fall began with its capture by the .\rabs, and it was totally destroyed by .in earthquake in 1759. The site is famous fi.r the ruins of the two great temples on its acropolis. The older portions of the acropolis wall, made of huge stones, are of Phenician or kindred origin, and date from the time when the worship of Baal was still supreme. All the structures, except the parts of the wall mentioned, are late Roman in time, and are very effective from their grouping, their great size, and the beauty of the mate- rials. Baalbec has been known to Europeans since the 16th centurj'. and its monuments have been studied and drawn by many explorers. Baal Peor (ba'al pe'or). See Jiaal. Baan (ban), or'lBaen, Jan van der. Born at Haarlem, Feb. 20, 1633: died at Amsterdam, 1702. A Dutch portrait-painter. His son Jacob der Baan (born at The Hague, March, 1672: died at Vieima, April, 1700) also practised the same art. Baanites (ba'an-its). The followers of Baanes, a Paulician of the 8th and early part of the 9th century. Baar (bar). A town in the canton of Zug, Switzerland, 15 miles northeast of Lucerne. Baar (bar), The. An elevated and broken re- gion in southwestern Wib'temberg and south- eastern Baden, lying about the head waters of the Neckar and Danube. Bab (bab). Lady. A character in the Rev. James Townley s farce-comedy ''High Life Below Stairs," taken by Kitty, the maid of Lady Bab, who impersonates her mistress and is so called by her fellow-servants. Bab (bab), or Bab-ed-Din (bab'ed-den'). A title first assumed by Mohammed Ali (put to death in 18.50), founder about 1843 of the Per- sian sect named Babi, which revolted against the government in 1848. See Babi. Bab Ballads, The. A volume of amusing verse by W. S. Gilbert, published in London 1868. These poems appeared originally in "Fun." Baba (ba'ba), Ali. A character in the storv of '• The Forty Thieves " in •' The Arabian Nights' Entertainments," who makes his way into the secret cave of the forty thieves by the use of the magic words ' ' open sesame " (the name of a kind of grain). Baba (ba'ba). Cape. A promontory at the westei-n e.xtremity of Asia Minor, at the en- trance of the Gulf of Adramyttium. Baba, Hajji. The principal personage in a novel by James Morier, "The Adventures of Hajji Baba of Ispahan," published in 1824. Baba Abdalla (ba'ba ab-dal'la). A blind man, in a story in " The Arabian Nights' En- tertainments," who becomes rich through the kindness of a dervish. His covetousness makes him demand also a box of magic ointment which, when ap- plied to the left eye, reveals all hidden treasures, but when used on the right produces total blindness. Doubt- ing this, he applies it to both, and loses sight and riches. Bababalouk. The chief eunuch in Beckford's "Vathek," a most "royal and disgusting per- sonage." The name is not original with him. Babadag (ba-ba-dag'). A town in the Do- brudja, Rumania, in lat. 44° 55' N., long. 28° 40' E. Population, 3,101. Babar. See Baher. Babbage (bab'aj), Charles. Bom near Teign- mouth, Devonshire, Dee. 26, 1792 : died at Lon- don, Oct. 18, 1871. A noted English mathe- matician, one of the founders, secretaries, and ■vice-presidents of the Astronomical Society, and professor of mathematics at Cambridge (1828-39). He is chiefly known as the inventor of a calculating machine which, after many years of toil and a large expenditure of money, he failed to perfect. He published a treatise "On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures" (1st ed. 1832), a table of logarithms, and many minor works. Babbitt (bab'it), Isaac. Born at Taunton, Mass., July 26, 1799 : died at Somerville, Mass., May 26, 1862. An American inventor and manufacturer, a goldsmith by trade, noted for the discovery of the anti-friction metal (an alloy of tin with copper and antimony) which bears his name. Babcock.(bab'kok), Orville E. Born at Frank- lin, Vt.. Dec. 25, 1835: died June 2. 1884. An American general. He served as aide de-camp to General Grant in the Civil War, and when Grant became President acted for a time as his private secretary. He was indicted in 1876 by the grand jury of .St. I.ouis for com- plicity in revenue frauds, but was acquitted with the aid of a deposition by President Grant. He was promoted colonel July 25, 1866. Babcock, Bufus. Bom at North Colebrook, Conn., Sept. 18, 1798: died at Salem, Mass., May 4, 1875. An American Baptist clergyman. He was graduated from Brown University 1821 ; was pres- ident of Waterville College (Colby I'niversity), Maine, 1833-37; served as pastor of several Baptist congrega- tions; and was the founder and editor of the "Baptist Memorial." Babek (ba'bek). Died 837. A Persian rebel and religious leader, surnamed "Khoremi" ('the sensualist') on account of the libertine prin- ciples which he inculcated. He was taken prisoner and put to death after having defied for a time the entire forces of the calif Motassem. Babel (ba'bel). Same as Babylon (which see). Bab-el-Mandeb (b;ib-el-man'deb). [At., 'gate of tears.' from its dangerousness.] A strait, 20 miles wide, connecting the Red Sea with the Indian Ocean, and separating Arabia from eastern Africa. In it is the island of Perim, occupied by the British. Bab-el-Mandeb, Ras (Cape). The southwest- ern headland of Arabia, which projects into- the Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb. Babenberg (bS'ben-bero). A princely family of Francouia. prominent in the 9th and 10th. centuries, whose castle stood on the site of the modern Bamberg. The Austrian dynasty of Babenberg, which ruled from about 976 to 1246, was formerly supposed to have been descended from this Franeonian house. Babenhausen (ba'ben-hou-zen). A small town in Bavaria, situated on the Giinz 22 miles south- southeast of Ulm : the seat of a former imperial lordship. Babenhausen. A small town in the province of Starkenburg. Hesse, on the Gersprenz 15 miles southeast of Frankfort -on-the-Main. Baber (ba'ber), or Babar (ba'bSr), or Babur (ba'bor) (Zehir-Eddin (or Zahif al dini Mo- hammed). Born Feb. 4, 1483: died Dec. 28. 1530. A great-grandson of Timur : the founder of the so-called Mogul empire in India. He suc- ceeded his father in Ferghana in 1494, conquered Kashgar,. Kunduz, Kandahar, and Kabul, and in 1525 and 1526 India. He wrote in the Tatar language memoirs afterward trans- lated into Persian and from that into various Western languages. This dynasty is commonly known as Mogul, both in and out of India ; but Baber was for all practical purposes a Turk. His memoirs were written in Turkish ; his army was chiefly Turkish ; and he always speaks of the real Moguls with extreme dislike. The cause of the misnomer is that the name Mogul is in India loosely applied to all strangers from the North, much in the same way as that of Frank is, throught»ut the eastern world, to all stranger* from the West It is even applied to the Persians, with hardly more reason than the Persians themselves have for calling the Ottoman Turks Romans. Freeman, Hist. Saracens, p. 192. Babes in the Wood. See ChUrlren in the Wood. Babeuf (ba-bef). or Baboeuf, Francjois Noel: pseudonym Caius Gracchus. Born at St. Quentin, France. 1760(1762?): died at Paris, May 28, 1797. A French agitator and commu- nist. He founded a journal called " La Tribune du Peu- ple " (1794X in which he advocated absolute equality and community of property. In 1796 he organized a conspir- acy against the Directory for the purpose of putting his theories into practice, but was betrayed, and executed, together with his principal accomplice, Darthe. 'His sys- tem of communism, known as Babmwi^me, is set forth in his principal works, " Cadastre perpStuel " (1789) and " Da systeme de population " (1794). Babi (bab'e), or Babists (biib'ists). A Persian sect of Mohammedans, so called from bab, ' a gate,' the name assumed by the founder of the sect, who claimed that no one could come to know God except through him. it was founded about 1843 by Seyd Mohammed Ali, a native of Shiraz. On the accession of the sliah Nasr-ed-Din 1848, the sect broke out into revolt, prticlaiming the Bab as universal sover- eign, and was put down only after several Persian armies had been routed. The Bab was executed 1850. An at- tempt on the life of the shah in 1852 by three Babists oc- casioned a terrible persecution, in spite of which the sect survives. The Babi form a pantheistic oifshoot of Mo- hammedanism, tinctured with Gnostic, Buddhistic, and Jewish ideas, inculcate a high morality, discountenance polygamy, forbid concubinage, asceticism, and mendi- cancy, recognize the equality of the sexes, and encoiu'age the practice of charity, hospitality^ and abstinence from intoxicants of all kinds. Babia-Gura (bii'bya-go'ra). A group of the Carpathians, near the borders of Hungary and. Galicia, southwest of Cracow. Babie(;a. The name of the Cid's horse. Babinet (bii-be-na'). Jacques. Born at Lusi- gnan. France. March 5, 1794: died at Paris, Oct. 21, 1872. A French physicist, meteorologist, and astronomer. Babington (bab'ing-ton), Anthony. Bom at Dethick, Derbyshire, Oct., 1561: executed Sept. 20, 1.586. An English Roman Catholic conspirator. He was page for a time to Mary Queen Babington Babylas (bai)'i-las), or Babyllus (-lus) BabilaC-lii), Saint. Died 250. Bishop of Anti of Scots during her iinprisoiiment at Sheffield, and later leader (under the izuiiiaiice of various (.'athulic priesta, particularly of Johu Ballard) of a couspiracy for the mur- der of Elizalieth, the release of Mary, and a general rising of tlie Catholics. Babism (liiib'izm). The religion of the Babi (wliich si-i-j. I Babley, Richard. See Dick, Mr. Babo (ba'bo), Josef Marlus von. Born at Eliiuiibreitstein, Jan. 14, IToG: died at Munich, Feb. ;">, 1.S22. A Gt-nuan dramatic poet. He be- came professor of fine art-s at Munich 17TS, and at his death was a theatrical manatrer in the 6:inie city. He was the author of the histoiical tragedy "Otto von Wittelsbach " (17S1), etc. Bab6csa (bo'bo-eho). A town in the ooimty of SiimiM;. Hungary, situated near the Drave. Baboeuf. See Babeuf. Baboon (ba-bon'), tjewis and Philip. Char- acters in Arbuthnot's '"History of John Bull," representing, respectively, Louis XIV. and Philip of Boiu'bon, due d'An.iou. Babrius (ba'bri-us), or Babrias (ba'bri-as), or GabriaS (ga'bri-as). [Ur. Tia;ipio^, Majipiac^, or Tu iiiinrS\ A Greek writer of the 1st century I'., c, who put into choliambic verse the fables attributed to .^Esop. Babua (bii'bwii), or A-babua (il-ba'bwa). An African tribe of the Kongo State, south of the Welle Kiver. Ba-BumantSU (ba-bo-miin'tso). See Bushmen. Babur. See Buher. Babuyan Islands (bii-bo-yan' i'landz). A group of small islands in the Philippines, noi-th of Luzon. or fAntioch from about 237 to 250, in which latter year he suffered martyrdom. In the Catholic Church his day is .Jan. 24 : in the Greek Sept. 4. Babylon (bab'i-lon). In ancient geography, the capital of Babylonia, situated on the Euphra- tes in lat. 32° bO' N., long. 44° 30' E. ; Babel. The etymology of the name is, as ascertained hy many passages in the cuneiform inscriptions. bah-Ui, Kate of liod. The explanation of Geii. xi. 9, 'confusion,' from the Hebrew halal, is, as in many other instances, based on a pt)pular etymology. Its Persian name was Hahirug. It was situated in the south on the Euphrates, and its ruins are spread out on both sides of the river. Babylon was one of the oldest cities of .\lesniw)taniia (comi>are (Jen. X. 10), and was the undisputed capital of Babylonia at the time of the Elamite conquest teiio n. c), remaining this till the end. As capital of the country it shared in all its vicissitniles, and was the principal aim of the Assyrian invasions. It was flrst cotuiuered by the Assyrian king Tiikulti Adar about l;)00 B. c. ; then by Ticlatli-l'ilescr I. about 1110 a. c. Of Shalmancser II. (8<30-S24 B. c.)and his son and grandson it is recorded tllat they victoriously entered Babylon and sacrificed there to the gods. It was customary with the AssjTiau kings, in order to be recognized as fully legitimate kings, to go to Babylon and there perform the mysterious ceremony termed by them "seizing the bands of Bel." .Sennacherib sacked it tino B. c, and completely razed it to tlie ground. His son and successor Esarhaddon undertook, eleven ?ear8 later, the restoration of the city. But it was under rabopolofisar, the founder of the new Babylonian empire, 625-604 B. c, and especially under his successor Nebu- chadnezzar, 605-662 B. c, tliat it beiame "Babylon the great." The ruins, now covering both banks of tlie Eu- phrates, are those of the Babylon of these kings and their successors, and convey some idea of its'fonner inagidtudc and splendor. Nebuchadnezzar, who took more pride in the buildings constructed under his auspices than in his victorious campaigns, concentrated all his care upon the adorning and beautifying of his resilience. To this end he completed the fortification of the city begun by his father Nabopolassar, consisting in a double inclosureof mighty walls, the inner called lm(mrB,'l ('Bel la gra- cious '), the outer Nemitti-Uel ('foundation of Bel *). The circumference of the latter is given by Herodotus (178 If.) as having been alKiut ."..^ miles (480 stades), its height about !M0 feet, and its thickness about 85 feet. CtCBiM (in Died. Sicul. II. 7 If.) gives somewhat smaller numlwrs. According to both these writers the wall was strengthened by 2.'.0 towers and pierced by lOO gates of bra.ss (compare also .ler. 1.16; II. 53, 58). The city itself was adorned with numerous temples, chief among them Esagila (' Ihe high- towering house "). temple of the city and of Ihe national god Merodach (Babylonian ilarduk) with his s|)OUse Zir- panit In the neighborhood of It was the royal i)alace, the site of which was identltled with the ruins of Al- Kaar Sloping toward the river were the Hanging (iar- deiis, one of the seven womlers, the location of which is in the northern mound of ruins, Itabll The temple ilescrltied hy Herodotus is that of Nebo in Borsippa, not far from Babylon, which Herodotus Included under Babylon, and which also in the cuneiform Inscriptions is called " Baby- lon the second " This temple, wlllch In the mound of Birs Nimnid represents llie most imposing min of Baby- lonia, Is termecf in the Inscriptions Ezida ('the eternal house'), an ancient sanctuary of Nebo (Assyrian N«lni\ and was restored with great splendor by Nehuchadnerjar It represents In Its cimslrucllon a sort of nyranild built In seven stages, whence it is Bali-i-lo'ni-ii). See Buhylon. Babylonian Captivity. 1. The period of the e.\ile of the Jews in Babylon: usually reck- oned as 70 years, though the actual period from the destruction of the temple and Jeru- salem to the return was not uiore than .50 years. In 605 B. c. Nebuchadnezzar attacked Jerusalem a'nd car- ried off many prisoners. In 597 Ihe city was again attacked and the king Jehoiacbin, his household and lu,ooo of the tlower of the nation, were carried away. In TvliO the city w;as captured after a siege, the city nml temple were bunied, and the inhabitants massacred. The sunivors were carrietl off to P.abylonia. This was the beginning of Ihe Biibylonian cajitivily proper. In .■>:i6, Cyrus, after cn[iliiring Babylon, granted the exiles permission to return ; and a colony of 4*2,300 persons availed itself of the privilege. 2. That period in the history of the papacy in the 14th century when the popes, exiled from Italy, lived at Avignon under French influences. Tlieir stay in Franco lasted about 70 years. Babylonica (bab-i-lon'i-kii). An ancient ro- mance in thirty-nine books, by lamblichus, a Syrian rhetorician of the time of Trajan. It ex- isted in manuscript until near the end of the 17th centun-, when it waa destroyed by fire. An epitome of it is given by Photius. It u.arrates the adventures of two lovers, Khodanes and Sinonis, in their Hight from King GiUTiius of Babylon, and their attempt to evade his two eunuchs, Damas and Saca, sent in pursuit of them. Baca (ba'kii), Valley of. [Hob., • valley of Iml- sam-trees'J. A valley refeiTed to in the Old Testament (Ps. Ixxxiv. 6), probably El-Bakei'a, between Ji-rusali-ni and Bethlehem. Bacairfs, or Bakaiiis, or Bacahirfs (bii-kii-e- rez'),or Bacurls (lja-ko-iez'). An Indian tribe of central Brazil, living about the head waters of the Xingii and Juriiena. A few hundred have submit- ted to the whites and serve as herdsmen and laborers. They have no intercourse with the wild Baeairis, who are much more numerous. The latter, who were first visited by Von den Steinen in 1B8sed for the court of Archelaus, nml Is fournled on Ihe punish. ir.ent of I'enlbeus, "who, with his family. Jeers at Ihe worship of Dionysus, and endeavors to put It down by force. Uis inolher Agave, and her slstcni, are driven mad Into the mountains, where they celebrate Ihe wild orgies l II female coslume. and le-d out by Ihe goil to lln- wilds of CllhMron, wbeie he is lorn In pieces by Agave and other princesses" (.Ifa/irt/!/. Hist, of llassical Greek I.ll, I .173). BaCChiadaB l lia-ki'n-de). [Hr. llfM.i'nilui.] A ruling family of t'oriiilh, a brunch of the Heraelida': so named from Bacchis, king of Corinth 1I2(>-891 B. r. They nilCKl ("orlnlh first un- der a monarchical form of government, then as a close oligarchy from Vin II, i: till tlicir sltlun by <'yp«'ne). A river in norllienslerii llaly wliicli flows past Viecnza anil I'ndun and empties into the Gulf of Venioe. I/eiit;lli, alioiit HO miles. Bacchus (bak'iis). [L., Or. V6kxik, another name of Dionysus, the pod of wine; also one of his followers or priests. Also called 'JahX'K, prob. related lo io^rd', shout, with allusion to the noisy manner in which the festival of Dio- nysus was celebrated.] In classical mythology, Bach, Johann Sebastian a name of Dionysus, the son of Zeus (Jupiter) and Semele, ami the god of wine, personifying bothits good and itsbad qualities. It was the cur- rent name of this g.xl among the Komans. The orgiastic worship of Bacchus was e8i>ecially characteristic of Ilceo- lla. where his festivals were celebrat*'d on the slopes of Mount Cilharon, and extended lo those of the neighbor- ing I'arnassus. In Attica the rural and somewhat savage cult of Bacchus underw enl a metamorphosis, and reached Its highest expression in the cb rawic literary contests. In which originated both Iraged) itn'i cmietly, and for which were written most of Ihe iiKisteti-ie'es of Greek literature. Bacchus waa held lo have taught the cultivation of the grape and the ineparation of u in. . l!i < :irly :irt, and less commonly after Ihe age of i'bii ■ i- • .(ed as a Ifcardeil man of full ag< ' ' d. After the time of Praxiteles li.,i .Ily. except in archaislic examples, m (li.- t\p' of a beardleas yoult), of graceful and rounded form, often entirely an- drapeil or very lighlly draped. Among bis usual attri- butes are the vine^ the ivy, the thyrsus, the wine-cup, and the panther. Bacchus and Ariadne. A noted painting by Titian (1.523). in the National Gallery, London. Bacchus descends fnmi his leopiu-d-chariot, att<-nded by satyrs and niienads, while Ariadne turns away startled. The background is of wiM^dland, meadow, and sea, glowing with color and light, hannonious, and beautiful in form. Bacchylides (ba-kil'i-dez). [Gr. li^K^t/icSw.] -V tireek lyric poet of the second rank, li^nng in the 5th century n. C, a native of lulis in the island of Ceos. a nephew and pupil of Simon- ides and a contemporary and rival of Pindar. He lived for a time at the ciurt of HIero In Syracuse. A manuscript of his iKiems haa recently been disirovered. Bacciocchi, Elisa. See Bnimpnrte. Bacciocchi (hii-ehok'ke), Felice Pasquale, Prince of Lucca, Piombino, etc. Born at .\jac- cio, Corsica, May 18. 1762 : died at Bologna, April 27. 1841. The husband of Elisa Bona- parte and hriitlier-in-law of Napoleon I. Baccio della Porta. See lUirtolummeo. Fro. Bach (biich). Baron Alexander von. Bom at Loosdorf, Lower.\ustria,.Tan.4, 1813; died Nov. 13. 1893. An Austrian I'ltramontane statesman, ministerot justice 1848 (July 19, Oct. 8, and Nov. 21), and of the interior 1849-59. and later am- bassador at Rome. The Concordat negotiated by Bach with the Papacy In Igfie marked the definite submission of Austria to the ec- clesiastical pretensions which in these yeaia of political languor ami discouragement gained Increasing recogni- tion throughout t'enlral Europe. Fsife, HlsU of Mod. Europe, III. ISO. Bach, Helnrich. Bom Sept. Ifi, 1015: died at Arnstadt, July 10. W.n. A menilier of the fa- mous Bach family of musicians, organist at Arnstadt (KWl), and father of the musicians Johann Christoph and Johann Michael Bach. Bach, Johann Christian. liorn at Erfurt, IC^tO: died at Krfurt, 10S2. A member of the Bach family of musicians, son of Johannes Bach of Erfurt, who was a great-uncle of Jo- hann Sebastian Bach. Bach, Johann Christian. Bom at Leipsic, 1735: died at London. J782. A son of Johann Sebastian Bach, surnamed "the Milaiu-se" and "the Eiiglisli" from his resilience in Milan (where ho was organist of the cathedral 1754- 1759) and in London (1759-82). He composed operas, masses, Te Doums, etc. Bach, Johann Christoph. The name of sev- eral niemhirs of llie noleil family of musicians, (a) Born liil3 : died at Arnsladl. Iikil' A (iennan musi- cian, grandfather of .lohann Sebasllan Bach, ttt) Bom at Erfurt, 1IM5: dUil at Anistadl. KB'3. An uncle of .lohann Bebastlan Bach, court musician to the t'onnl of Si-hwarx- Inirg. (,<■) Uirn 1I143: died 1703. A son of Helnrich Bach of Anistailt luid uncle of Ihe first wife of .tohnnn Seliaa- tian Biu;h. He was court organist at F.lsennch.and one of the most notisi members of the Bach family of) Bom 1(171 : died 1721. Ihe brolher of Johalni Sebastian Bach, organist at uhidriitf Bach, Johann Christoph Friedrich. Born at Leipsic, 1732: died al Biickeluii>;, 179,'>. .\ son of Johann Sebastian Bach, kapellinciator to Count Schaiirnlmrg al Bilckcburg. Bach, Johann Michael. Bom l(V4S: died at .\rnstadl. Idl'l .\ son of Heinrich Bach, and the fatlier-in-law of Johann Sebastian Bach: a composer of note, and an instrumont- niaker. Bach, Johann Sebastian. Bom at Eisenach, March 21. IIM: died at Leipsic. July '28. 17.50. An organist, and one of the (.Tealesl ot com- posers of diiireh music. At the nge of ton (then an oridianlhe went lollve » lib hl« bmlher JoliannChilsloph, organist at Ohnlrnlf, and nl flfleen enlerol Ihe MIchnlls •ohoid al I.Uneburg. He bcame a violinist In Ihe court band of Prince Johann Erusl nl Wclmarin 1703: organist at Arnstadt In 17ot : orgnnlsl nt Muhlhniisen in 1707: court organlsl nt NN'i-lmar in 17i4 : kapellmelsirr lo Ihe Prince of Anhnlt-Kolhen nl Kolhrnin 1717; eanU^r al the Tlionins-Schtile, and orgnntst and dlreclor of music In two churebcs al I.elpsic (l?'-!-^!): honorary court composer to the Elector of Saxony (l7S6); and honorary kapell- Bach, Johann Sebastian meister to the Duke of Weissenfels. His works— chiefly church and piano music — are numerous. He was twice married, and had seven children by his first wife and thir- teen by the second. Bach, Karl Philipp Emanuel. Born at "Wei- mar, March 14, 171-1: died at Hamburg, Dee. 14, 1788. A distinguislied composer, son of Joliann Sebastian Bach. He went to Berlin in 1737, and in 1740 entered the service of Frederick the Great as court musi- cian, remaining in this position until 1767 ; he then went to Hamburg. He was a voluminous composer of piano- music, oratorios, etc.; he also wrote on the theorj' of piano- playing. Bach,'Wilhelm Friedemann. Bom at Weimar, 1710 : died at Berlin, July 1, 1784. The eldest son of Joliann Sebastian Bach, organist of the Cliurch of St. Sophia in Dresden (1733) and of St. Mary's at HalJe (1747-1767). He was an organ- ist and composer of great ability, but was of dissolute habits. He died in want and degradation. Bacharach (ba'eha-rSch). A town in the Rhine Province, Prussia, on the Rhine 24 miles above Coblentz: famous for its wines. Near it is the castle Stahleck, an ancient residence of the palatines. Bache (bach), Alexander Dallas. Bom at Philadelphia, July 19, 1806: died at Newport, R. I., Feb. 17, 18(37. An American physicist, son of Richard Bache and grandson of Benja- min Franklin. He was a graduate of West Point 1825; professor of natural philosophy and chemistry in the I'niversity of Pennsylvania 1828-41 ; the organizer of Girard College 1S36, and its first president ; and superin- tendent of the Coast Survey 1S43-67. He wrote "Obser- vations at the Magnetic and Meteorological Observatory at the Girard College," and various scientific papers. Bache, Francis Edward. Bom at Birming- ham, England, Sept. 14. 1833: died there. Aug. 24, 1858. An English composer, author of music for the pianoforte, operas, songs, etc. Bache, Franklin. Bom at Philadelphia, Oct. 25. 1792 : died there, March 19, 1864. An Am- erican physician and chemist, a cousin of Alex- ander Dallas Bache. He was professor of chem- istry in the Franklin Institute 1826-32, in the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy 1S31-41, and in Jefferson Medical Col- lege 1841-64. With Dr. Wood he prepared a "Pharmaco- pceia," (1830\ which was the foundation of the "United States Pharmacopoeia " and '' United States Dispensatory." He was editor, with Dr. Wood, of the "Dispensatory" 1833-^H. Bache, Richard. Bom at Settle. Yorkshire, England, Sept. 12. 1737: died in Berks Coimty, Pa., July 29. 1811. Soti-in-law of Beniamin Franklin, postmaster-general of the United States 1776-82. Bache, Sarah. Bom at Philadelphia. Sept. 11, 1744: died Oct. 5. 1808. Daughter of Benjatnin Franklin, and wife of Richard Bache. Bachelor of Salamanca, The (F. "Le bache- lier de Salamanque, ou les memoires de Don Ch^rubin de la Ronda ")• A romance by Le Sage. According to a statement of the author in the first edition (1736) it was taken from a Spanish manuscript ; but this was not really the case. It was his last novel. (Bacfielor here means a ' bachelor of arts. ') Bachergebirge (ba'eher-ge-ber'ge). A moun- tain group in southern Styria, south of the Drave, an eastern continuation of the Kara- waiiken. Bachian. See Batjan. Bachman (bak'man), John. Born in Dutchess County. N. Y., Feb. 4, 1790: died at Charles- ton, S. C, Feb. 25, 1874. An American clergy- man and naturalist, an associate of Audubon in his ■■Quadrupeds of Nortli .\meriea." Bachmann (bach 'man), Gottlob Ludwig Ernst. Bom at Leipsic, Jan. 1, 1792: died April 15, 1881. A German classical philologist, professor of classical philology in the Univer- sity of Rostock 1833-65. Bacis (ba'sis), or Bakis (ba'kis). [Gr. Bd/af.] In Greek legend, a name given to several seers or prophets, the most celebrated of whom was the Bceotian Bacis. whose oracles were delivered at Heleon in Boeotia. Specimens of these (spu- rious) oracles, in hexameter verse, have been preserved. Back (bak). Sir George. Bom at Stockport, Cheshire, Nov. 6, 1796: died at London. June 23, 1878. An English admiral and Arctic ex- plorer. He accompanied Franklin to the Spitzbergen Seas in the Trent (1818), to the Coppermine River (by land) and the .-Vrctic coasts of America (181D-22). and to the Mackenzie Kiver (1825-27). He conducted an expedi- tion overland, and discovered the Great Fish or Back River (lS33-3o) ; and commanded the Terror in an Arctic expedition (18:36-37). He was made admiral in 1857. His chief works are *' Narrative of the Arctic Land E-vpedi- tion to the Mouth of the Great Fish River." and "Narra- tive of an Expedition in H. M- S. Terror." Back Bay, The. An expansion of the Charles 106 River, now largely fiUed in and forming a wealthy quarter of Boston, Massachusetts. Backbite (bak'bit), Sir Benjamin. A slan- derer in Sheridan's comedy "The School for Scandal." Backergiinge (bak'er-gunj), or Bakerganj, or Bakarganj (bak'ar-ganj). A district in the Dacca division. Bengal, British Imiia, in the Ganges delta. Area, 3,649 square miles. Popu- lation (1891), 2,1.53.965. Backhuysen Cbak'hoi-zen), or Bakhuyzen, Ludolf. Born at Emden, in East Friesland, Dec. 18. 1631: died at Amsterdam, Nov. 17, 1708 (1709 ?)• A Dutch marine painter. Backnang (biik'nang). A town in the Neckar circle, Wiirtembprg. on the Murr 15 miles northeast of Stuttgart. Population (1890), com- mune. 6.767. Backstrom (bak'strem). Per Johan Edvard. Bom at Stockholm, Oct. 27, 1841 : died there, Feb. 12, 1886. A Swedish poet and dramatist. He was editor of "Teater och Musik ' (1876). of "Nu" (1877), and of " Post och Inrikes Tidningar " (from 1878 to liis death), and author of the tragedy "Dagvard Frey " (1877), etc. Backtischwah. See Bulhtishwa. Backus (bak'us), Isaac. [ME. bakhous, AS. bcCthus, bake-house.] Born at Norwich, Conn., Jan. 9. 1724 : died Nov. 20, 1806. An American Baptist minister, author of a " History of New England, with Special Reference to the Bap- tists" (1777-96). etc. Back-well (bak'wel), Ed-ward. Died 1683. A London goldsmith and alderman who played an important part in financial affairs under Cromwell and Charles U. He is regarded as the chief founder of the banking system in England. Bacler d'Albe (bak-lar dalb'). Louis Albert Ghislam, Baron, Born at Saint-Pol, Pas-de- Calais. France, Oct. 21, 1762: died at Sevres, Sept. 12, 1824. A French painter, ehartographer, and soldier. He served with distinction under Xapo- leon 1796-1814, especially as director of the topogniph- ical bureau, and attained (1813) the rank of brigadier- general. His best-known work is a picture of the battle of Arcole. in which he took part. Bac-ninh (bak-neny'). A town in Tonkin, in the delta of the Red River northeast of Hanoi. Xear it sevenU engagements in the French war in Tonkin took place in 1SS4. Bacolor (ba-kO-lor'). A town in Luzon, Philip- pine Islands, northwest of Manila. Population (1887), 12,978. Bacon (ba'kon), Anthony. Born 1558: died May, 1(301. An English diplomatist, son of Sir Nicholas Bacon by his second wife, and bro- ther of Francis Bacon. He attached himself (1593) to the Earl of Essex, and followed his fortunes until his death, acting for seven years ;is his private foreign sec- retary- Bacon, Delia. Born at Tallmadge. Ohio, Feb. 2. 1811: died at Hartford, Conn.. Sept. 2. 1859. An .\merican writer, sister of Leonard Bacon. Her best-known work is the " Philosophy of the Plays of Shakespeare UnfoKled " (18-^7), in which she attempted to prove that the plays attributed to Shakspere are the work of Francis Bacon and others. Bacon, Ezekiel. Born at Boston. Mass., Sept. 1, 1776: died at Utiea, N. Y., Oct. 18, 1870. An American jurist and politician. He was member of Congress from Massachusetts 1807-13, and first comp- troller of the United States Treasury 1813-15. Bacon, Francis. Born at York House, Lon- don, Jan. 22. 1561 : died at Highgate, April 9, 1626. A celebrated English philosopher, .ju- rist, and statesman, son of Sir Nicholas Ba- con, created Baron Verulam July 12, 1618. and Viscount St. Albans Jan. 27. 1621: commonly, but incorrectly, called Lord Bacon. He studied at Trinity College', Cambridge. April, 1573. to March. 1575, aiid at Gray's Inn 1575 ; became attached to the embassy of Su^ Amias Paulet in France in 1576 ; was admitted to the bar in 1582 ; entered Parliament in 1584 ; was knighted in 1603 ; became solicitor-genenU in 1607, and attorney- general in 1613: was made a privy councilor in 1616, lord keeper in 1617, and lord chancellor in 1618 : and was ti-ied in 1621 for briber>', condemned, fined, and removed from office. X notable incident of his career was his connection with the Earl of Essex, which began in July, 1591. remained an intimate friendship until the fall of Essex (1600-01). and ended in Bacon's active efforts to secure the conviction of the earl for treason. (See E&sex.) His great fame rests npon his services as a reformer of the methods of scientific investigation; and though his relation to the progress of knowledge has been exag- gerated and misunderstood, his reputation as one of the chief founders of modern inductive science is well grounded. His chief works are the ".-Vdvancement of Learning." published in English as '*The Two Books of Francis Bacon of the Proficience and Advancement of Learning Divine and Human," in 1605; the "Novum organum sive indicia vera de interpretatione natune,' published in Latin, 1620, as a "second part" of the (in- complete) "Instauratio magna"; the "De dignitate et augmentis scientiarura," published in Latin in 16*23 : Bacup "Historia Tentorum " (1622X " Historia Vitie et Mortis* (16'23). "Historia Densi et Rari' (posthumously, 1658), " Sylva Sylvarum " (posthumously, 1627). " New Atlantis," "Essays" (1597, 1612, 1625), " De Sapientia Veterum " (lO".)*.'), "Apothegms New and Old," "History of Heniy ^II." (1622). Works edited by Ellis, Spedding, and Heath (7 vols. 1857) ; Life by Spedding (7 vols. 1861, 2 vols. 1S7S). See Shakspere. Bacon, John. Bom at London, Nov. 24, 1740: died there, Aug. 4, 1799. An English sculptor. .Among his works are monuments to i'iit (GuildhaU and Westminster Abbey), Dr. Johnson and Howard (St. Paul's), and Blackstone (All Souls, Oxford). Bacon, Leonard. Bom at Detroit, Mich. , Feb. 19, 1802: died at New Haven, Conn., Dec. 24 1881. An American Congregational clergy- man, editor, and author. He was pastor in New Haven (1st church 1826-81), professor and lecturer (1871) in New Haven Theological Seminary (1866-81), one of the founders of the "New Englander," and one of the foun- ders and editors of the New York "Independent," Bacon, Nathaniel. Bom 1593 : died 1660. An English Puritan lawyer, member of Parliament l()45-60, and master of requests under Crom- well and Richard Cromwell. He was the author of a " Historical Discourse of the Uniformity of the Gov- ernment of England ■ (1(547-51). Bacon, Nathaniel. Bora in England about 1642: died (3et., 1G76. An Anglo-American lawyer, son of Thomas Bacon of Friston Hall, Suffolk, England. He emigrated to Virginia, settled on the upper James, and became a member of the governor's council. He was chosen by the Virginians, who were dissatisfied with Governor Berkeley's Indian policy, to lead an expedition against the Indians, but was refused a commission by the governor. He nevertheless invaded the Indian territorj- in 1676, but was proclaimed a rebel by Governor Berkeley, was captured, tried before the governor and council, and acquitted. The enthusiasm which Bacon's cause awakened was taken advantage of to demand the abolition of exorbitant taxes, the recently imposed restrictions on the suffrage, and other evils. Having been proclaimed a rebel a second time by the governor. Bacon captured and destroyed Jamestown, but died before he could accomplish his projects of reform. Bacon, Sir Nicholas. Bom at ChiseUmrst. Kent, 1509 : died at London, Feb. 20, 1579. An English statesman, father of Francis Bacon. He was graduated B. A. at Corpus Christi College, Cam- bridge in 1527 ; was called to the bar in 1533 ; became solicitor of the Court of Augmentations in 1537 ; attorney of the Court of Wards and Liveries in 1546; and was lord keeper of the great seal from Dec 22, 1558, to his death, exercising after April 14, 1559, the jurisdiction of lord chancellor. Bacon, Roger. Born at or near Ilchester, Som- ersetshire, about 1214: died probably at Oxford in 1294. A celebrated English philosopher. He was educated at Oxford and Paris (whence he appears to have returned to England about 1250X and joined the Franciscan order. In 1257 he was sent by his superiors to Paris where he was kept in close confinement for several years. .About 1265 he was invited by Pope Clement TV. to write a general treatise on the sciences, in answer to which he composed his chief work, the " Opus Majus." He was in England in 126S. In 1278 his writings were con- demned as heretical by a council of his order, in conse- quence of which he was again placed in confinement. He was at liberty in 1292. Besides the " Opus Majus," his most notable works are "Opus Minus," "Opus Tertium," and "Compendium Philosophiie." See Siebert, "Koger Bacon," 1861; Held, 'Roger Bacon's Praktische Philoso- phic," 1881 ; and L. Schneider, "Roger Bacon," 1S73, Bacon's Rebellion. See Bacon, Sathaniel. Baconthorpe (ba'kon -thorp), or BacOn, or Bacho, John. Died' 1346. An English Car- melite monk and schoolman, sumamed "the Resolute Doctor." Bacos. See Cacos. Bacsanyi (bo'chan-ye), Jinos. Bom at Ta- polcza, western Hungary, May 11, 1763 : died at Linz, May 12, 1845. A Hungarian poet, prose- writer, and journalist. He founded, -with Baroti and Kazinezv, a journal, the ' ' Magyar Museum," in 1788. Bactra. See Ballh. Bactria (bak' tri-a), or Bactliana (bak-tri-a'- nS). [From Bactra.'] In ancient geography, a country in Asia, north of the Paropamisus Mountains gn the upper Oxus, nearly cor- responding to the modern district of Balkh in Afghanistan. The population was Aryan in race ; the capital Zariaspa or Bactra, now Balkh. Bactria was the cradle of the Persian religion which Zarathushtra (Zoroas- ter) reformed about 600 B. c. (7). At a very- early period it was the center of a powerful kingdom whicli was con- quered by the Medes, and together with these by the Per- sians, and then by Alexander. It was a part of the kingdom of the Seleucidse, and from 256 B. C. for about 100 years an independent (;ireco-Bactrian kingdom which extended to the Kabul River and the Indus. Ractria belonged to the Sasanidse until about 640 A. D., and has since been under Mohammedan rule. Bactrian Sage, The. Zoroaster, who was a na- tive of Bactria. Bacup (bak'up). A manufacturing and min- ing town in Lancashire, England, situated 16 miles north of Manchester. Population (1891). 23,498. Baczko BaCZkO (bats'ko), Ludwig von. Born at Lick, Kast Prussia, J luie «, IT.'Xi: (lied March 27, 1823. A ticnniin historical -m-iter ami novelist. Badagry ( Ira-da-gro'). A town in West Africa, mar Lagos. It was formerly the capital of a native kiiimloin anJ a great slave-port. Badajoz (Ijud-U-hos'; Sp. M-oa-Hoth ). Aprov- iMi:o of Estremadura, western Spain, popularly r died Lower Estremadura. Area. 8,687 square luiles. Population (1887), 480,418. Badajoz. The capital of the province of Bada- ioz situated on the Guadiana near the Portu- I'uese frontier, in lat. 38'^ 49' N.. long. 6° 56' W. : Oie Roman Pax Augusta, or Batallium. It U rongly fortified and has a cathedral and caslle. It has M-lunited at various times to the Moors, Castile, and I'ortu- . il It is the birthplace of Morales. Badajoz has often b.-Jn besieged, the most notable of these events being (1) the unsuccessful siege by the Allies in IVOo, when it was defended by the French and Spanish ; (2) its siege by the I'rench under .Soult.who captured it March, ISll ; (3) three sieges by the British, April-.May, lill, May-June, 1811, and Mirih-Aprll. 1812. It was stormed and taken by thera \prii ij, 1812. Population (1887), 27,279. Badakshan(bad-ak-shan'). A territory in cen- tral Asia, about lat. 36°-38°N.,long. 69°-72°E., bounded by the Amu-Daria on the north, the Hindukush on the south, and Kunduz on the west, especiallv noted for its rubies. It is in- habited largely by'Tajiks. Capital, iaizabad. Population (esliniated), 100,000. _ _ „. . Badalocchio (bil-da-lok'ke-o). Sisto, sumamed Rosa. Born at Parma. 1.581 : died at Bologna, 1647. An Italian painter and engraver, a pupil and assistant of Annibale Carracci. Badalona (bii-Da-lo'nii). A seaport m the prov- ince of Barcelona, Spain, northeast of Barce- lona. Population (1887), 15,974. Badcock (bad'kok), John. A writer on pugi- listic and sporting subjects, who wrote between 1816 and 1830 under the pseudonj-ms of "Jon Bee" and "John Hinds." In 1830 he edited the "Works of Samuel Foote," with remarks, notes, and a memoir (under the name of Jon Bee). , , , . Baddeley (bad'li), Robert. Born probably in 1733 : died in 1794. An Eaplish actor. He was originally the cook of Samuel Foote, and went on the stage before 17M. He was the oiiginal .Moses ni the ■ School for .scandal.' In his will he left the revenue of his house in Surrey for the support of an asylum for decayed actors, and also the interest of one hundred pounds to provide wine and cake for the actors of Drury Lane Theater on Twelfth flight. This is still done. Since 1843, then, the term of " Their, " or " Her Majesty's Servants," is amere formality, as there is no especial com- pany now privileged to serve or solace royalty. Jlr. Webster, who occupies Garrick's chair in (he manage- ment of the Theatrical Fund, tells me. that Baddeley was the last actor who wore the uniform of scarlet and gold prescribed for the "gentlemen of the household who were patented actors ; and that he used to appear in it at rehearsal. He was proud of being one of their Jlajes- tles' servants"; -a title once coveted by all nnbly-aspir- i„g actors. Duran. Eng. Mage, 1 1 . 410. Baddeley, Sophia. Born at London lu I'-l'i: died at Edinburgh in 1786. The wife of Rob- ert Baddelev, and an actress and singer. Badeau (ba-do'l. Adam. Born Dec 29, 1831: died Ma rch 1 9, 189.1. An Araoncan officer (cap- tain and brevet brigadier-general, Lnited States • army) and writer, military secretary to Gen- eral Grant 1864-69, and later in the consular service. He has written " Military llistorj- of nysses .S. Grant" (18U7-81), "Grant In Peace "(ISSll), " The \ aga- bond Papers " (a volume of literary sketches and dramatic criticism, 18.11)), etc. „ , ^ . Badebec (bad-bek'). The ■wife of Gargantua in the romance of " Pantagruel" by Rabelais. She was the mother of Pantagruel, at whose birth she died owing to the surprising number of mules, camels, dronudaries, wagons, and provisions of every kind which sh.- brought forth at the same time. Bad-Elster. Seo Ehicr. Baden (ba'den). [F. ISadc.^ A grand unded by Heise and Havaria on the north, Bavaria on the n.irtliejusl. Wml'Jiiberg on the cast, Switzerland (separated mainly by Lake Constance and the Rhine) on the south, and Alsace and the Rhine Palatinate (sepaialed by the Rhine) on Ihe west It iiroduces gmin, wine, tobacco, hemp, polaloes, hops, and chicory; manufactures clocks, woodinwarecol- ton and silk goods, chemicals, cigars, machinery, stniw hats brushes paper, etc.; and abounds in mineral springB, It comprises the four ilistrlcts of Constance, Freiburg, Carlsruhe, and Mannheim. The government Is a consti- tutional heredllarv monarchy under a grand duke, and a Landtag with an lipper house and a chamber of la repre. scTitatives. Baden sends :i represent al Ives to the linn- clearat and 14 lo the Ueichnlag, About two tlllnls ol the poriulalioii are Roman Catholic, one third Prnlcslaut, ts ancient inhabitants were tlie Alamannl, and It f.irini-d a part o( the iluchy of Alamannla. Its rulers have been de- scendants of the house of Zahringcn (a place near Prol- burg). Tllev ruled as mnrgraveii, with r. separallnn In the Kith century Into the Hues liaden Baden and lladen- Durlach, whicli were reunited In 1771. Baden enterea the Furstenhund In 1785, received accessl.>u of teirliory In 1803. luid became an electorate. It was allied with >apo- 107 leon ; received further accessions In 1806 ; joined the Con- federation ol the Rhine in 18U0, became a grand duchy, and agaiu received Increase of telTitor)- ; joined the Allies in 1813- entered the Germanic Confederation in 1»1.> ; ami received a constitution in 1318. It was the scene of rev..- lutionar)- proceedings in 1848, and of the outbreak of revo^ lution in May. 1841), which was suppressed by the aid ol Prussian tr<«ips in July. It sided with Austrhi in imi, and bicamo a mcinber "f the O.rman Empire in 1S71. Area, r.,821 8.|nar.- mil. >. P.ipulation (1000), 1.867,!H4. Baden, or Baden-Baden. [G., 'baths.'] A town and watering-place in Baden, in the val- ley of the Oosbach 18 miles southwest of Carls- ruhe, famous for its hot medicinal springs : the Roman Civitas Aurelia Aquensis. It is a place of annual resort of alKiiit 5"),00c) people, and wm formerly noted for its gambling establi»hment8 (closed 18i2). It was long the capitid of the margravate of Baden, lopu- lation (1S90X commune, i:i,SS4. , . - , Baden, or Baden bei Wien (bii den bi ven). A town and watering-place of Lower Austria, situated in a valley of the Wienerwald 14 miles southwest of Vienna, noted for its hot sulphur springs, known to the Romans. Population (1890). conimiiiio, 11.263. Baden, or Oberbaden (6 'ber -ba'den). [G., 'Upper Baden. 'J A town and watering-place in the canton of Aargau, Switzerland, situated ,on the Limmat 14 miles northwest of Ziirich, noted for its hot sulphur baths, known to the Romans: the Roman Aquie HelvetietB. It was the meeting-place of the Swiss diet for three centuries. Population, about 4,000. Baden, Jacob. Born at Vordingborg, May 4, 173:5 : died at ( 'openhagen, July 5, 1804. A Dan- ish philologist and critic, appointed professor of eloquence and the Latin language at Copen- hagen in 1780. He founded the "Kritisk Jour- nal" in 1768, and published "Grammatica La- tina" (1782), etc. Baden, Margrave of. See Louis Trilliam /., M;irgi-ave of Baili'U. Baden, Treaty of. A treaty between the Gier- man Empire and Eniuce, concluded at Baden, Switzerland, Sept. 7, 1714. which, with the treaties of Utrecht and Rastadt, ended theA\ ar of the Spanish Succession. The Peace of Ryswiek was ratified, the electors of Bavaria and L;ologne were re- instated in their lands and dignities, and Landau was left In the possession of France. Baden-Baden. See /io(/c«. Baden-Po-well (ba'den-pou'l), Sir George Smyth, liorn 1847: died 1898. An English politician and publicist. He was aiiiiointe.l i"int commissioner with' Colonel Sir W. Crossman, in 18b'2, to inoulre into the administration, r.venues, and expendl- tureof the British West Inilia colonies; assisted sir! iiarlcs Warren in his di|ib.matic relations with the "•"•"■ cbjefs of Bechnanaland in 1885; spent tlie winter of IbSO-S. in Canada and the Cnlted States. Investigating the llslury dispute ; and was made joint coinmissionerwith SlrOi;|>rge Bowcn, in 1887, to arrange the details of the "ew Malt« constituticm. lie was British commissioner In the Bering Sea imiuiry, IS'.H ; .md British member of the Joint Com. mission, Washington, ls'.i2. Author of ■' .New 1 ..mes tor the Old Country " (1872), " Pr..tectlon an.J B"'' 1 "'»'» (18711), " State Aid ami State Interference (ls82), etc. Baden'weiler (bii'den-vi-ler). .\ village and watering-place in Baden, near Miillhcim, south- west of Freiburg. It contains ruins of Koman baths, one of the most Interesting existing examples. There ai e two parts, corresponding In their subdivisions, one lor men and one lor women. Kaeh part has a large at r urn or .inter c.iurt, whence there Is accessto the anodvte I nm or dressing-ro.im ; the caldarium, or h.it-air bath ; the frigi- diu-inm, .>r cbl bath ; an.l the tepldarinm, or warm bath. T^e entire slruct.lre measures 318 by Dll feet ; the walls, pavements, and steps remain in jiositlon. The date an- signed Is the 2d century A. 1>. Bader (bii'di^r), Joseph. Bom Eeb. '24, ISO.-): Uied 1883. A German writer on the historv, etc., of Baden. He was editor of the periodi- cal " Badenia " 1839-64. . Badger (baj'.'r). Squire. A diaracter m !• lelU- iii.'"s "Don (,)iiixole in England. Badger, George Edmund. Born at Np«;i>prn, X. I .. .\pril n, 17l),'i: died al Ualeigh, .^. t .. All .\niericati politician. Hvwas II, ami Whig I'nltod Stale* sen. Mavll, 18i'ii Bceretary of the navy 18I-, atorfroni .North Carolina HM0-f.6 Badger, George Percy. Bom Ihi.", : died !• el). o| isss. .All Eiiglisli OiieiilahHt, compiler of an' Knglish-Arabic lexicon (18.H1). Badghis (biid-ghCz'). A dislncl in Afglian- isliiM, iiortli of Herat. By the recenl de- limit at ion it is included in the Russmn iloiiiiiiionH. , ,, Badham (bad'anO, Charles. Born at Ludlow, Shnipsliiro, .lulv IS. IsKl; died nl Sydney, Aiislraliii, Eeb. 'jli. issi. An English chissicnl scholar and teacher, apjioinled profeHSor of cliiKsics and logic in the I'niversily of Sydnev inlH67. Jlepiililisheil editions of various Greek classics, "CriticiHin applied to ShnkHpere" (1846;, etc. Baer Badia (bii-de'a). A small town in the pro-since of Rovigo, Italy, situated on the Adige 29 miles southwest of Padua. Badia Calavena (bii-de'ii kii-la-va ua). A small town in the province of Verona, Italy, 13 miles northeast of Verona, the chief place in the '■'Tredici Communi." Badiali (bii-de-ii'le), Cesare. Bom at Imola, Italy: died there, Nov. 17, 1865. A celebrated Italian bass singer. , , t^ BadiayLeblich(bii-THe'ii elab-lech ), Domin- go Born 1766: died 1818. A Spamsh traveler 111 ' northern Africa and the Orient : better known by his Mussulman name of Ali Bey. Badikshis (ba-' I Died 18.83. A workman in whose elothesNaiioleonlH. escaped from the fortress ..lllaml.'^6; lience.aiiickiiatneiif Napol.oiiHI. Badius (bii'de-os), Jodocus or Josse, sur- nanie.l Ascensius (from his birthplace »- Born at A.selu-, near liiu.ssels, 1462: died 1535. A Flemish printer and writer. He estabhshed at Paris a printing-house, the "Prselum Ascen- sianum." about 1499. Bad Lands. Certain lauds of the northwestern Cnitid States characterized by an almost en- tire absence of natural vegetation, and by the varied and fantastic forms into which the soft strata have been eroded. At a little distance they appear like fields of desi.late ruins. The name was Hmt applied, in Its French form mauraua «<■""■ •.« » .Tertlai}' • area (Miocene) In the region of the Black Hills In ».mth Dakota, along the White River, a tributar)' of the I pper .M issouri. Badman (bad'man). The Life and Death of Mr. A work by John Bunyan, published in Badminton (bad'min-ton). The residence of iho duk.s of Beaufort, in Gloucestershire, Eng- hin.l. 1.') miles northeast of Bristol. Badminton. A cup made of special and sweet- ened claret, named for the Duke of Beaufort (of Badminton), who was a patron of pugilis- tics; hence, in the prize-ring, blood, the slang name 1'i>r which is "claret." Badminton, The. A coaching and snorting ,liih of 1,000 members, established in London ill l^'''- „ », J ■ Badon (ba'don). Mount, L. Mons BadomcuB (monz ba-don'i-kus). The scene of a battle said to have been gained by King Arthur over the Saxon invaders in 520 (f): variously iden- tilied with Badburv Rings (Dorset), a hill near Bath, and Bouden 'Hill (near Linlithgow). Badoura (ba-do'rii). The principal character in the storv of the '■Amours of Prince Cam- aralzaman and the Princess Badoura." in "The Arabian Nights' Entertainiuents." Their story is a proverbial one of love at first sight. Badrinath. See lihaiMmith. Badroulboudour (bu-drol'bo-dUr ). The wife of Ala. Mill in the story of "Aladdin or the^Von- d.-rful Laiiiii,'' in "The Arabian Nights' Euter- taiiiiiieiils.' . Baebia gens (be'bi-ii jenz). In ancient Rome, a iilebeian clan or house whose family names were Dives, ll.rinnius, Sulca. an.l Tamiihilus. The first member of this gens who obtained the consulship was Cu. Ba>biu8 Tainphilus (182 B.C.). Baeda (bO'dii). See /(<', and goaU, It Is half heathen an.l ball .Mo- hainineilan. . ^ Baena (bii-a'nii). A town in the proviuco of C.inl.ivn, Spain, "25 miles southeast of Conloya: thi' Latin Baniana or Biniana. I'.>pulntion (I8S7), 12.036. Baena (bii-vu'nii ). Antonio Ladislau Montei- ro. Born m Portugal iiboni 1.9..;die.l in raiA, Mi'iridrJ8. law. .\l'..r1iigii.s.-Hra/.ilian«u- graflco wibre a provlncla .In I'ank" aro itlll standar.! works on that regl.oi. Baer (biir '.Karl Ernst von. Bom in Esthoma, Russia, Eel). 28, 1792: ilie.l at Dorjiat, Nov. 'J8, Baer 108 187G A celebrated Russian naturalist, espe- Bagby, George William. Bom in Viirgiuia, Aui;. 13, 18l!8: died at Kichmoud, Va., Nov. 29 1883. A physician, journalist (became editor of the LjTichburf.' "Express" in 1853, and of the •■Southern Literary Messenger" in 1859), and humorist. He wrote under the pseudonym „ . ■• Jlozis Addums." His chief works are the "Entwiclielungsgeschichte der gaedad or Baehdad (bag-dad', commonly JSuJ.f^^isc^t-aLT"^""'*^" """^ ""^ ^'- bal'dad) [Perl Igift of God.' The name - ^ •• ~ ~ ^ -■' r.,, . ,. ,. B,,y.rf«.(7,( IS found in the Assyrian cuneiform inscriptions, and appears to be of Aramean origin.] A vilayet of Asiatic Turkey, in the ciallv noted for his researches m embryology He was appointed eitroordinarj- professor of zoulog}- at Konigsliergin lS19(and twoyears later ordinary professor), and succeeded Burdach as director of the .\natomical In- 8titut«. In 1S29 he went to St. Petersburfc as member of the Acadeni}-, returned to Kouigsberg in 1830, and again went to St, Petersburg in 1S*» as librarian of the .\cademy Baerle (bar'le). Cornelius van. The tulip-fan- cier in r)umas"s story "La Tulipe Noire." Baerle, Gaspard van. See Ikni^us. Baert (bii-ar'j. Alexandre Balthazar Fran- QOiS de Paule, Baron de. Born at Dunkirk about 1750: died at Paris, March 23, 1825. A French politician and geographer. He was elected to the Legislative .\ssemblv in 1791, in which he vainly exerted himsell to save Loiiis XVI. He wrote " Tableau de la GrandeBretagne, etc." (1800), etc. Bstica (be'ti-kii). In ancient geography, the southernmost dhision of Hispania (Spain). Baetis (be'tis). or Baetes (be'tez). The Roman name of the Guadalquivir. Baeyer (ba'yer), Adolf. Bom at Berlin, Oct. 31, 1835. A Gel-man chemist, son of Johann Jakob Baever. He became professor of chemistry at Sti-asburg in"l872, and succeeded Liebig at Munich in 1-^75 He is the discoverer of cerulein, eosin, and indol. Baeyer, Johann Jakob. Bom at Miiggelsheim, near Kopenick, Nov. 5, 1794 : died at Berlin, Sept. 10, 1885. A Prussian soldier and geome- Bagruna Bagn6res-de-Bigorre (biin-yar'de-be-gor'). or Bagneres-d'Adour (ban-ySr' da-dor'). A town in the department of Hautes-Pvrln^es, France, situated on the Adour 13 miles south of Tarbes : the Roman Aqua; BigeiTionum Bal- neariie. It is one of the chief Pyrenean watering-jjlaces on account of its hot springs (sulphate of lime, etc.). Pop- ulation (1891), commune, 8,63a Bagneres-de-Luchon (ban -yar' de - lii - chon ' ), or Luchon, A toxvn in the department of Haute-Garonne, France, 71 miles southwest of Toulouse, near the Spanish frontier : the Roman Balnearise Lisovienses. It is one of the chief watering-places in the P}Tenees, and is celebrated for its warm s.alt and sulphur "springs. Population (1S91), com- mune, 3,528. Bagnet (bag'net), Mr. and Mrs. Joseph. Char- actersinCharles Dickens's novel" BleakHouse." Bagnet is an ex-artillerj-man, devoted to the bassoon. Their children Malta, Quebec, and Woolwich are named from the stations where they were liorn. ter. Hefought'asa volunteer in the campaigns of 1813 Bage (baj), Eobert.^^Bom at ^^rley^ Derby ■ and 1814 ; joined the army in 1815 ; and attained the rank ' t-- ' , r-, , n/^ , .^r. _ .^ . ,. of lieutenant-general in 1858. He conducted several im- portant geodetic survevs, and in 1870 became president of the Geodetic Institute at Berlin. He published various geodetical works. Baez (ba'ath), Buenaventura. Born at Azua. lower valleys of the Euplirates and Tigris, between Persia and Arabia. Bagdad, or Baghdad. The capital of the vila- yet of Bagdad, situated on the Tigi-is in lat. 33° 20' X.,"formerly a city of great importance and still the seat of considerable commerce. It has manufactures of leather, silk, cotton and woolen goods. It was founded in 7(52 by .\bu Jaffar. suniamed 'Al- _ . ,. t ,\ ■ i - a- ^■■^ '^ ■■\ rr* ->£,r,f in walls! It declined with the decay of the Abbassidian ca- Bagmgge Wells. A place of amusement in lifate, and came at the fall of this dynasty, in 1258, into London which f oi-merly (time of George 11. ) lay ■ " •. . • -^ jjj. (ijg gag(; of fjray's Inn Road, nearly opposite what is now Mecklenburg Square and northeast of St. Andrew's burying ground. It "included a great room for concerts and entertainments, a garden planted with trees, shjubs. and flowers, and provided with walks, a fish-pond, fountain, rustic bridge, rural cottages and seats. The admission was threepence." Bagno a Ripoli (ban'yo a re'po-le). An east- em suburb of Florence. the hands of the Mongols. It is still the capital of the Turkish province Mesopotamia. Population, 180,000. shire, England, Feb. 29, 1728: died at Tamworth, England, Sept. 1, 1801. An English novelist. He was a paper-manufacturer by trade, and did not begin to write before the age of fifty-three. He wrote " Mount Henneth "(1781). "Barhani Downs" (1784), "Hermsprong, or Man as he is not" (1796), etc. Hayti, about 1810 ; died in Porto Rico. March Bagehot (baj'ot), Walter. Born at Langport, Bagno in (or di Romagna (ban'vo en (or de) ;man of Santo Domingo. He Somersetshire. Feb. 3, 1826: died there. March i-o-man'va). A town and wateri 21, 1884. A statesm; cooperated with Santa Anna in the establishmeiit of the Dominican Republic, and was president from 1819 to 1853, when he was overturned and expelled by Santa .Anna. He retired to New York, but Santa .Anna being driven out in 1856, he was called back and again elected president. In June, 1858, he was again supplanted by Sant:i Anna. Elected a third time in l5(x>, he was supplanted in 1866 by a triumvirate headed by Cabral, Baez was recalled and made president a fourth time in 1868. After various __ atering-place in 24,1877. A noted English economist, publicist, the Ape'nnines, Italy, 37 miles northeast of and journalist. He was graduated at the University Florence of London 1S46, was called to the _bar in 18.52, and was gagnoles (ban-vol'). A small watering-place editor of the "Economist 1860-77. He wrote "The .v'*o""'''° ^ • . c ri v^^ „„ «„w^i™no* EngUsh Constitution" (l»67), "Physics and Politics, etc." "i the department of Orne, France, northwest (1869), "Lombard Street, etc." (1873), "Literary Studies" of Alencon. (1879), "Economic Studies "(1880), "Biographical Studies " 3agnoli (bSn-yo'le). A small town in the Jissixetc. _ .,.,.. ,. province of Avellino, Italy, 45 miles east of ana maae presmeiiL a louiiu liiue iu ioih3. jiitci > 1;^* ...vi:^;..; l ..,.*1.^,. ^ , , ; l. t,..i:.. i!-; ...;i ^...t. — ,..► ..f I ...ib-nrnm. Kuglish Royalist politieian and author. OrlRi- nally a Puritan, he sat it) the I'aiiiiuneul coiivetied by Chai-Ie3 I. at Uxfotd Hi44, was taketi pri&oiit-r iti the same year Ijy the Farliameiitary ariiiy, and hiiivtiished in tlto Kirit^s Bench prison at Suuthwark till lt^t>. While iti prison he wrote, among other worlis, "De tnonarchia aljsuliita " U(i59). Bagshot (bag'shot) A ^illagp in Surrej', Eng- hiiiil, 10 miles southwest of Windsor. Bagshot Heath. A tract of land on the border of Surrey and Berkshire, England. Bagstock (bag'stok), Major Joe. '"A woodon- fealured, blue-faced" officer, a friend of Mr. Donibey, in Dickens's novel '" Dombey anil Son." Hecallshimself "J. B.,'"OId.T. B.,' •toughold Joe," and says "Joe is rough and tough, sir! blunt, sir, blunt ia Joe. ' Bahalul (bii-hii-lor). The court fool of Ha- run-al-Bashid: surnamed " Al-Mcgnum" ('the Crazy'). Bahama Bank (ba-ha'mii bangk), Great. A bank or area of shoal water between Cuba and the Bahama Islands. Bahama Bank, Little Bahama Island. Bahama Channel, Old. The part of the ocean between Cuba and the southern part of the Bahamas. Also called Gulf iif Florida. fswerdaii. hax_ony, A.tg J... 1.41: aieauear Bailey, Samuel. Bom at Sheffield, 1701: died .k>, .April -3, 1/92. AUeniian theologian, j^^. f^;,^ 1,470. An English writer on phUosophy 'I^J'^^.'^^'S:^. "' ir' '^^^.i*?.;',?^.^^ and political ..fonomy. h India, G.J miles northeast of Lucknow, Bahrdt (biirt). Karl Friedrich. Born at Bis- chofswerda, in Saxony, Aug. 'Si. 1741 : died near Hall ■ ... noteti lor uis extreme raiiouaiiMii. ue was pro- . , feasor or biblical philology at Lelpsic ITtXWB, of biblical '"'.', I'"' _,, , antiquities at Erfurt 17IS-71, of theology (and pastor) at JsaUey, ineOaOrUS Giessen 1771-75, and became director of \on Sails s 1*111- N. \ .. .\pril '"' *^ laiithropin at Marschlini in 177.S a |>o8t which lie held fourteen months, lie was superintendent-general and pastor at Diirkllelm when (1778) lie was declared by the imperial aulic council incapable of holding an ecclesias- tical olllce and forbidden to pulillsh any writing, lakiiig refuge in Prussia, he lectured on iihib»ft*>phy and philology at Halle 1779-8!). He was condemned to one year's Ini- prlsoument (1781)) for having puldished the pasiiuinade "Das UeligioiiBcdict, cin Lustspiel (1788). His lemain- Ing years were devoted to the management of a tavern of questionable repute. Bahrein (bii-ran'), or Aval (a-val'). Islands. A coast April 2-2, 1816: died there, Sept. 6, 1" 02. An Eng- lish poet. lie wrote " Festus " (183!)). ' Angel World " (1851)), 'Mystic' (1855), "The Age, Iniversal Hymn' (181)7), etc inrein (ua-ran ), or A.vai la-vai ;, xBia.uus. lu, isou. Lgroupof islands in the Persian Gulf, near the Bailiff's Daughter of Islington, The oast of Arabia, about hit. 26° N.. long. 'lO" E. old ballad ]preserved in I'eiivs "Kelit Bahamas (ba-ha'maz). formerly Lucayos flii- ki'os). A group of islands in the British West Indies, southeast of Florida. The principal islands are Great Abaco. Great Bahama. Amiioa Is];iiiil, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Watliny's Ulaiid, Long Island, Great Exumn, Crooked Island, Acklin Island, Marigiiana, and Great Inagua. The group Contains also many keys and reefs. The capital is .Nassau. The Baha- mas were discoveretl by Columbus in 14!*2 ; were occupied by the British in 1629 ; and were finally secured to them In 1783. Area, 6,450 square miles. I'opulation (181)1), 47,505. Bahar. See Behar. Baharites (ba-har'its), or Baharides(ba-har'- idz). A Mameluke dynasty which reigned over Egypt from the middle of the 13th to the end of the 14th century. Baha'walpur (bii-hil-wal-p6r') or Bha'walpur (bha'wUl-pbr or bhal-piir'). A feuoi>iilalioi). about 3,000. Bahr (bar), Johann Christian Felix. Born al Darmstadt, .June 13, 1798: dii'd at Heidel- tierg, Nov. '29, 1872. A Gorman philologist and historian, lie wrote " Oeschlchle der roiuischcn I.lt- eratnr" (1828: supplements ls;«l-;i7, 1810), etc., and vdlted tlie fragments of Ctesias (1826). Bahraich (bil-ridi'). A district in the Fyzabad division, in Oudh. British India. Area. 2,680 aquaro miles. Population (1891). 1,I100.4:!2. The chief island is !(amak (length aliout 30 miles); th capital .Manama. The islands are celebrateil for their pearl IlNheries. Tliev are under British protection. A bank north of Great Bahr-el-Abiad (biihr-el-ii-be-ad'). The White Xilr. Bahr-el-Azrak (biihr-el-iiz'rak). The Blue Nile. Bahr-el-Ghazal (bahr-el-gha-zai'). One of the chief western tributaries of the White Nile. Also a dry emissary of Lake Chad. Bahya ben Joseph ben Pakoda. Lived in Saragossa, Spain, in thi' 11th century. A Jew- ish religious author and poet. He is best known by his work " Duties of the Heart," which he wrote in Arabic (translated into Hebrew under the title "Hobath ha Leba- both"), containing meditations and exhortations on the spiritual side of religion. It holds a place among the Jews similar to that of the " Imitation of Christ " among christians. It was translated intoSpanish (1610), and an English translation has been prepared. Baiae (bil'ye). [Gr. Bniai.] See B. lo demand the surrender of the city. . He was made comniodore in 1.^2, and in the same year wa« appointed commander of the Eastern Gulf blockading 8<(U:idn)ii, ill which post he is said to have lakeu over 160 blockade-niiiners in eighteen months. He wiis made rear- admiral July 2.'), 180*'', and placed on the retired list Oct. 10, 18««. - - - - .- . — ^ ques'' of and Kitson's "Ancient .Songs." It is a tale a squire's sou and a bailiff's daughter. Bailleul (bii-ye'). A manufacturing town in the department of Nord. France, 17 miles northwest of Lille. Population (1891). 13,276. Baillie (bii'li). Lady Grizel iGrizel Hume). Born at Kedbraes Castle. Berwickshire. Dec. 25, 1065: died Dec. 6. 1746. .\ Scottish poet, daughter of Sir Patrick Hume, first earl of Marchmont. Baillie, or Bailly, Harry. The host of the Tabard Inn in ChauceiV •Canterbury Tales." "He is a shrewd, liold. maidj, wellinformed fellow with a blabbing shrew for a wife. " shaksperc s "Mine Host of the Gai^r ■■ in the " lleny Wives of Windsor ' Is said t.i have been taken from him. He is sometimes called "Henry Bailif." Baillie, Joanna. Born at Bothwell, Lanark- shire, Scotland, Sept. 11, 1762. died at Hamp- stead, England, Feb. 23, 1851. A Scotch dram- atist and poet, she wrote " Plays on the I'assions" (18ir2-3<;), in which she delineates the principal passions of the mind, each passion being made the subject of a tragedy and a comedy ; and was the author of the poemt "Lines to Agnes Baillie on her Birthday,' " The Kitten,'' and "To a child." Baidar (bi-dar'). A village and valley near Baillie Nicpl Jarvie. SeoJanie. the southern extremity of the Crimea, Kussia. Baillie, Robert. Born at (.lasgow, 1;)99: died Balf ( ba-C'f), Jean Antoine de. Born at Ven- ice, 1532: died at Paris, Sept. 9, 1589. .\ French poet, natural sou of Lazare de Baif. a friend of konsai'd and a member of the "Pleiade." Baikal (bi'kiil). Tatar Bai-kul. ['Rich sea.'] July, Ui(i2. .\ Scotch Presbyterian divine and controversialist, author of •' Letters and Jour- nals. l()37-()2," etc. This work is "for Scotland much what Pepys and Evelyn are for England. They are es- pecially valuable in relation In the assembly of It^Js and the assembly of Westminster " (Did. Sat. Zh'oj;.). Tho largest fresh-water lake of Asia, situated g^jlljg Robert, of Jerviswood. Executed n southern Siberia on the border of Irkutsk and Transbaikalia, its chief tributaries are the up- {ler Angara, Selenga, and HargUBlli, ami its outlet is the ower Angara to the Yenisei. Length, 397 miles. Average widtil, 45 miles. Area, 12,500 squai'C miles. Baikal Mountains. -V range of mountains west anil northwest of Baikal. Baikie (ba'ki), William Balfour. Born a( Kirkwall, Orkney. Aug. 27. 1.'^'25: died at Sierra Leone, Dec. 12," 1864. A surgeon (assistant surgeon in the royal navy 1848-51), explorer and pioneer in the valley of the Niger, Africa. He was appointed siiigeon anil naturalist of the Nigcrex- ploring expedition (1854), and succeeded to the cominaiid of the vessel (the I'lelad) on the death of Its captain. The expedition ascendeil the river 250 miles beyond the high- est iwlnt before reached. Ballan (in Syria). See Beilan. Bailey (b.'i'li), Gamaliel. Bom at Mount IToIIy, N. J., Dec. 3, lb07: dieil at sea, June 5, 1859. An American abolitionist, editor of the "Na- tional Era" at Washington. Bailey, James Montgomery. Born in Albany, N. Y., Sept. 25, 1841: died at Danbury, Conn., March 4, 1894. An American humorist, editor ot the " Danbury News." Bailey, Joseph 1827: killed it 1867. An .\mpricaii general in the Civil War Whllo lieutenant cob.nel In the Kid Klver expedition, 1804, he constructed a dam ill alley's dam) above Alexan- dria lo Insuro the nas.ag.- of the lUet, f.ir »hlch service hu was made brigadier general and r. celvcd the thanks of Congress. Ho settled In Newton County, MUMinrl, was at Edinburgh, Dec. 24. 16'<4. A Scottish pa- triot, condemned for alleged complicity in the ••IJve House Plot" (which see). Baillon (bii-voiV), Ernest Henri. Bom at Calais. Nov. 30, 1827: died July 19, 1895. A noted French botanist. Baillot (bii-yo'), Pierre Marie Francois de Sales. Born at Pas.^v. near Paris, O.t. 1, 1771. dieil at Paris, Sept. 1.5. 1M2. A French violinist. He was a pupil of \ iotti. became profi-ssoi of the violin In the Conservatory of .Music al Paris 1T95, and per- fonneil in Itnssia, Holland, and Kngland. He urtile "Art du Violin "(lac). Baillou (bii-yii') (L. Ballonius^ Guillaume de. Born 1.538: died lOlti. A French pliyt-i- ciaii. lie was apiMiinted by Henry H*. Ilrst physician to the lianpbln in IDol. and Is reputed lo have lieen the Ilrst lo make known the nature of croup. He wrote " Adversaria medlcinallii. ' etc. Bailly i bii-vi:-'). Antoine Nicolas. Bom June 11. JsTl): died Jan, 1. ls!)'J. .\ I'reiich iiivliileel. He was appointed to a |K>sitii,-,,notiiir and politician. He 1" was a member of tin' Acailemy id Sciences, of the Acad* einy of Inscriptions, and of the Kniicli Acailemy, preal- dent of the Third Kslale and of the National AMMlnfily In 1781). and nin)or of Paris 1781) Dl He wiote " HIsloln- do riislronomle ' (177.'i 87), " Kssnl sur 1 origlne di-s fables ot des religions ancleiines " (1791)), ' .Mi molrea, " etc. apiHiluted sherUf, and wiu assasainalod lu Uio dlschiirgo g^jj^jj^jj , l,j.liiu'i|o). file Porliigiiese nnnic of his duty. Bailey, Nathan or Nathaniel. Died nt Step- ney, June 27, 1742. .\ii English Icxieogrnplior anil Hchoolmasler, author of "An Iniversal Etymological English Dictionary," first ptib- lislied in 1721. A supplement appeared In l?i7. and n folio edition In 17:in, will) the title " Dlctlonarlum Brl lannlcuin. cidlecled dv several hands. . . . rcvls'd anil ImpMv'd with many thouKuiil additions bj- N. Unlley.' The dictionary, biisid on the works of Kemey. c.des Phillips, Blount, and others, has often been republished, and It has served as the foundation ot other works of the kind. Inclildlog Jobiisolls. Bailey, Philip James. Bom at Noitinghnm, of Ombaluiidii, a country and kingdom on the high plateiiu northeast Iif Benguella, Angola. The natives of Ball b> are taller than their inighlsirs of Blbe(l)vlye) and not ver> friendly to them, but the two tribes spelik dialects id the same language, and are known bv the genetic name of Dvlmbiindii, 1 hey aio the gnat" traders and canlers who lirlng the pru.luco of central ,Vfrlia lo Bingiiella, See I'lnhundii. Baily iba'li). Ed'ward Hodges. Born at Brls- lol. Mav 2'2, lsc,7 Etigliiinl. IT-SS: liii'il al London, ,\ iiidid English sculptor. Baily, Francis. Born »l Newbury, Berkshire, .\pril 28, 1771: dieil at London, Aug. 30, 1844 Baily, Francis 110 A distinguished English astronomer, reformer termination of the fast of the month of Ramadan. It is of the Nautical Almanac, and reviser of star- ^ i0'''">»';y to the Ionian Islands. From June, 1859, to July I860- "e was again chancellor of the exchequer under Lp"! P'J ; merstSn an.l Earl Russell, and after Palmeij.to,,s dcat he was leader of the House of Commons The defeat of a reform bill which he introduced brought the Tories back to power, to pass themselves an importai.t reform mea- sure- but on Dec ;1. 1808 he reached the highest dig- nity 'attainable by a British subject- that of prime minister. This distinguished position he occupied no less than four times-Dec, 1SC8, «« J*''- l".* ; -Apn]. ISSO 10 June, 188.^; Feb. to July, 1886; and Aug,, 1892, toliarch, 1894, when the "Grand Old Man" retired from office on account of his advanced age and failing physical powers. Besides being prime minister and first ord of the treasury, he was .ilso chancellor of the exchequer during his first administration and part of his second, and lord pri^•y se.al during his third and fourth The his- torv of his various ministries is the history of the British empire for the time. One ot the first measmes wneh l.e carried as premier was the disestablishment ot the Irish rtinrch, and the condition of Irela..,! was tl.r<,ugl.o..t his leiders lip of a quarter of a century in office or in o. Sio the ol> ect of his peculiar concern. He pre- pafed and introduced (1886 an.ri89,'!) two hills for provi. - i,ie that country with a separate legislature: but bolh were defeated (see Home Rule BiU.). With the exception of about a yeir and a half, he sat continuously in the House .'f Commons 183-2-95, He retired from New- ark in Jan,, 1840, because his views had diverged from those of its i.atron, anil subseiinently represented the r,Uvers ty .'f '.lf,.r.l■(1^4T-06), South Lancashire(1805-«;.8) Creenwicli (1868-80), a..d Midloth.an (or Edinburghshire) 1880-94 He is understood to have been offered a peer- age on more than one occasion, but deeline.l that hon.>r, remaining " The Great Commoner." Althonch b.v tar the most prominent man iu the politics of his time, he fo.ind leisure for considerable contr.liuti.ins to lit- erature. His puldications include "Tlie State in its Re- lations U, the Church" (1838), " Letters on the State Perse- cutimis of theNeapoIitanGovernment"(1851), "Studies on Homer a,.d the H.mieric Age " (18.^-8), " Juventus Mundi (1S69), pamphlets on "The Vatican Decrees (l)-,4, 18,5) and "Bulgarian Horrors" (1876, 1877), ■Homeric Syn- chronism" (ls76), "Gleanings of Past Years "(1879). etc, be- siiles various articles in magazines and reviews, Glaire (glar), Jean Baptiste. Born at Bor- deaux, France, A,.vil 1, 1798: died .at Issy (Seine), Feb. 25, 1879, A French Orientalist and theologian. He published "Lexicon ma- iiiinli- n.-l.raicum et Cliahlaicum" (ls30), etc. Glais-Bizoin (ghi'be-zwau' ), Alexandre. Born at (Juiiitiii, C'('>tes-du-Nord. Iian./.^', March J, 1800: died at Laml.alle.C6tes-du-Nord,Nov 0. 1877 A Fr.Mich p(.litician, opposition member of the Chamber of D.-puties, and member of the Government of Xati..iial Defense 18,0-(1. Glaisher (ghi'sh.r), James. Born April 7,1809: died Feb. 7, 1903, A British meteorologist and aeronaut. He was an assistant at the Cambridge oh- servaUiry ls:!:!-:i«, and director of the ...agn.-iic and iiie- teorologlcal work at (ireenwich obse.->i.to.y 1810-74. He f.,uiide.lthe R..yal Mctcrologicl Sociel, a...l became Its lll-stpresi.lenl in 18B7. He made many ballo.in ascensions, reaching In Is.l-2 the height of 37,0.«. tcef. His works n l^l.nl. "Travels i.. the Air," ■' F..elor TabU-s"(187i>-,»:i\ etc. Glaize (gh'iz k Auguste Barth61emy. Born at .M.iiifpelli.r, l>.-i-. 15, 1-SII7: .li.-d i.f I'nris, Aug. 8 1893. A French i.aiiiter. Among his works are frosi-oa in the clini. hes ..f SI, Slllplce, St, Jacques illl Haiit- Pa-<. an.l St. Mi-.rl at rails. ,, , -r, • r- \ Glaize, Pierre Paul Ldon. B..rn nt Paris, Feb, 3 1S4'_', A FiM'ii.'h |.i.int.-i-, a pupil of his fa- tii.-r ..\. H, (ilai/.'. ai..l ..fti.'-r.mie. Glammis (ghim/.) Castle -^'VyiriVTri' ,f near Sirathmore, Scotlaii.l, seat of the Earl ..f Stralhm.ire, It is associated with Shakspere s "Ma.-befh." ^ . ro .1 Glamorgan (gla-mfir'gan). A county of Soiilli W.l.s Caiiital.CnrdilT. It Ubounded by Brecknock on the iiorth, .Monmouth on the east, Bristol channel .... Glassites the south, and Carmarthen <.n the west. It has important loal and iron deposits, .-Vrea, b08 square miles. Popu- lation (1891), 637,147, Glamorgan. In British legend, the glen of Jlor- gan, a spot in Wales where Morgan, the grand- son of Lear, was killed. Glamorgan Treaty. A treaty made with the Roman Catholics o( Ireland by the Earl of Gla- morgan (afterward Marquis of Worcester), act- ing (but apparentlv \Wthout authority) as agent of Charles I.. Aug. 2.5, 1645. It made important concessions to the Roman Catholics in return for militarv aid. Glanvill, or Glanvil (glan'vil), Joseph. Bom atPl^^nouth, ICi.^'land, 1036: died at Bath, hug- land, Nov,, lli80. An English divine. He was a voluminous author. His best-known work is "The Van- ity ot Dogmatizing " (1601 : enlarged, " Scepsis Scientiflca, 100.') In this he is thought to have anticipated the electnc teleg.aiih , and Hume's theory of causation. Glanville (glan'vil). Ranulf de. Died 1190. Chief iusti.'inr I.f EiiL'h.iid, He w.as sheriff of Vork- shire 11..!- 7.1- ill canu- sheriff of Lancashire in 1173; with Robert Stuteville di feated the Scots at Alnwick July 13, 1174 ■ and was one of the most important persons in the kingdom during the remainder of the reign of Henry II. Glapthorne (glap'thorn), Henry. Known to have written between 1639 and 1642. An Eng- lish dramatist. Among his pLiys are "Argalus and Par- thenia " '■ Albertus Wallenstein," and "The Ladles Privi- lege " "TheParaside.orKevengeforHoner ' w:islicensed in 1653 as by Glapthorne. It was printed later with Chap- n.aiis name : the latter had nothing to do with it, but it may have been revised by Glapthorne. _ Glareanus (glii-ra-ii'nos), originally Heiniich Loriti. Born at Mollis. Switzerland. 1488: died at Freiburg, 1.563, A Swiss humanist. He was crowned poeflaureate bv the emperor Maximilian in 1612, bei-ame professor of belles-lettres i.i the Cll. ge de l-Yance in 15-'l and s.il.se.iuently founded a school for belles- lettres at Freiburg in Breisgau, He favore.l the Refor- mation for a time, but was induced by the disturbances at Basel in 1529 to withdraw his support. He published "De geographia liber" (1,V27), "Helvetia; descriptio (in verse), numerous studies on Latin authors, etc Glarner Alps (gUir'ner alps). A mountainous group in the cantons of Uri, Glariis, andGnsons. Switzerland, e.xtendingfromtheReuss east ward to the Rliine, Its highest peak is the Todi. Glarnisch (glar'nish). A mountain in the can- ton of (ilarus, Switzerland, southwest of Gla- rus. Highest point, 9.583 feet. Glarus (gUi'ros). or Glaris (glii-res'). A canton of Switzerland, bounded by St. -Gall on the north and east. Orisons east ami south, and Schwyz and Uri on the west. The surface is almost entirely mountainous. Cotton is manufactured. The canton sends two members to the National Council. It joined the Swiss Confederation in 1352. Area, 267 square miles. Popnla- lion (1888), 33,825. Glarus. A capital of the canton of (tlsnis, Switzerland, situated on the Liiitli 34 miles southeast of Zurich. It has flourishing manu- factures. Population (1888), 5.401. Glas (glas), John. Bom at Auchtermuchty, Fife, Sept, 21. 1695 : die.l at Perth, Nov. 2. 1( (3. A Scottish ch'igyman. founder of the sect of Glassites or Sandemunians. Glasgow (L'las'go). A seaport in Lanarkshire, Scotlan.l, situated on the Clyde in lat. .5.5« ;52' N., long. 4° 18' W., the largest city in Scot- land and second city in Great Britain : next to Liverpool and London, tin- principal British sea- port. It is the terminus o( several transatlantic lines of Btcamels(Anch..r, Allan. State), If is especially t.uii.ms for iron and steel ship-bnil.ling. being the chief British cily in this regal. i. If inanntaclureB chemicals. e..tton gooils, woolen goods, in.n, sewing-machines, machinery, ctf,: has a great trade in co.il ; an.l has important bleaching anil dye- ing works. The .athedral, founded in the 12fh c.ntuiy, was finished In the ir.th, but is chiefly In the Early Lngllsh style with veiT numerous but small lancets in the clear- Btory', tracelieil wlmlows In the aisles, narrow transepts with great windows, K.|iiare cllevet, an.l cenlral lower an.l spire. The lnlcri..r Is effective : it has a llat w.x«len ceiling, and all the wind..ws are filled with in..dein Mu- nich glass. The en pi is of nniislial beauty : It is a.l- inlrably vanlte.l, an.l its 65 e.dunins i>os»ess finely .>>"■'.>' capitals. The calbe.lral m.as.ires 3-20 by 70 te.-t ; h.lght of nave 00. The l.-ngth is the same as that ot St. latrl.ks Cathedral. New Vork, Ola8g.>w mlvirsity was f..unde.l In 1461. The present large bnll.llng, i'X. by r^lil feel. In ii lno.lifled Early English style, with fall eenfriil <"«;r »»' spire, was llrsl occupied In 1870: It Is b.v ^'r/'- '•"'"',' s'-..tl, Glasg..w becain.- a l^.yal biirgb ab..ut 1 ,5 hor par- llainenfarvpnriK.s.-» it Is arrang.d l"/>;ven divisions, each lefurnfng one m.inbert.. the ll..nse of Commons, Populn- Gl'asse7gh'ls')','' Mrs, Hannah. The author of a p.VpiilMi- l.....k calh'.l ••Th.. Art of Cookerj- " It val ...ibllshcl In 1717, an.l al ..n.- f im.; Its autlmrship w.i« aftri .nf.-.l U> Dr. J..h.i Hill, Mrs, Glasse »ro e ,uher Looks on similar s,.bj,cf». The Ironical l.r.,yerb " Hrst eafehv..nrhar.\"attllbnl.dl..hcr. I" ".'till ' T'',;\'^^'"' Cook.rv," but was pi-..b..bly suggesle.l by he wonis 1 ako v,.nr hare when II Is .-as.-.!, I.f. skinned, . ^ . fllaanites (irlas'ils). A religious sect m bcot- llind f.m,;.h .1 by John GlasNl695-1773). See SiiiiildiKinKiiis. Glassius Glassius (glash'i-us), Salomo (Salomon Glass). Born at Sondershausen, Germany, 1593: died at Gotha, Germany, July 27, 1656. A noted German theologian and biblical critic, professor of theologj' at Jena, and siiperinten- dent of the chui'ches and schools of the duchy of Saxe-Gotha. He wrote " Philologia sacra " (Jena, 1623), etc. Glastonbury (glas'ton-ber-i). [ME. Glaston- bunj,G}asconburi/,GI/(scu)iburi/,Glaskiiiburi/, AS. Glsesthigabiirh, city of the Glrestiugs.] A town in Somerset, England, 21 miles south of Bristol. Its abbey, founded in Roman times, was refounded nnder Ine in the 8th century. The great early-Pointed church, of which the picturesque ruins e.\ist, was begun by Ucnry II. and desecrated by Henry VIII. It was 5:28 feet long. The tine chapel of St. Joseph, at the east end, is the oldest portion. The Abbot's Kitchen, of the 14th centuiy. is of interest. The plan is square, with abundant buttresses, but the high stone roof is octagonal : it terminates in a louver. There are four- huge fireplaces. Several other in- teresting structures belonging to the abbey have been converted to modern uses. Glastonbury is associated in legend with Joseph of Arimathea, who is said to have visited it and, in sign of possession, planted his staff, which took root and became the famous Gliistonbury thorn that bursts into leaf on Christmas eve. The Isle of Ava- lon, where Arthur was buried, is also here. See A mlon. There is something very odd in an English gentile name suddenly displacing the British name ; there is something suspicious in the evident attempts to make the English and British names translate one another, in the transparent striving to see an element of gl.ass in both. Glaestinga- burh, it must be borne in mind, is as distinctly an English gentile name as any in the 'whole range of Englisll nomen- olature ; Glastonbury is a mere corruption ; the syllable which has taken a place to which it has no right in Hunt- ingdon and .\bingdon has in Glastonbury been driven out of a place to which it has the most perfect right. The true origin of the name lurks, in a grotesque^sliape, in that legend of Glaesting and his sow, a manifestly Eng- lish legend, which either William of Malmesbury himself or some interpolator at Glastonbury has strangely thrust into the midst of the British legends. Glaestings lost sow leads him by a long journey to an apple-tree by the old church ; pleased with the land, he takes his family, the Glaestingas, to dwell there. Freeman, English Towns, p. 96. Glastonbury Thorn. See Glastonhimj. Glatigny (gla-ten-ye'), Albert. Born in 1839: died iu 1873. AFrench poet of the tj-pe of Villon. He lived as a strolling actor. Among his poems is the " Ballade des enfans sans souci.'" GlatZ (glats), Bohem. Kladsko (klad'sko). A town in the pro\'ince of Silesia, Prussia, on the Neisse 50 miles south-southwest of Breslau. It is strongly fortified, and has been frequently be- sieged and taken. Population (1890), 11,643. Glatz, County of. A former county adjoining Bohemia, now included in the pro^nnce of Si- lesia, Prussia. It was acquired by Prussia in 1742. Glatzer Gebirge (glats'er ge-ber'ge). A group of mountainsof the Sudetic chain, uearthe fron- tiers of Prussian Silesia, Bohemia, and Mora- via. The principal peak is the Schueeberg (4.680 feet). Olauber (glou'ber), Johann Rudolf. Born at Karlstadt. Bavaria, 1604: died at Amsterdam, 1668. A German chemist, now chiefly known as the discoverer of Glauber's salt (hydrous so- ■dium sulphate), called by him sal admirabile, and believed by him to be identical with the sal ciiixum ot Paracelsus. He was a voluminous writer on chemical topics. Glauchau (glou'chou). A town in the diNtrict of Zwickau, Saxony, situated on the Zwickauer Mulde 36 miles south-southeast of Leipsic. It is noted for manufactures, especially of woolens and hali- woolens. Population (1890), 23,406. GlaUCUS (gla'kus). [Gr. rAawof.] 1. The steersman of the ship Argo, afterward trans- formed into a sea divinity : often surnamed Pon- tius. — 2. A charioteer, the sou of Sisyphus: often surnamed Potnieus. — 3. A son of Minos andPasiphae. — 4. A Lycian prince, ally of Pri- am in the Trojan war. — 5. The principal char- acter of Bulwer s '• Last Days of Pompeii." Glaucus. Flourished about 69 B. c. A statu- ary iu metals, living at Chios, but belonging to the Samian school of art. He is said to be the inventor of the art of soldering metals. Gleditsch (gla'dich), Johann Gottlieb. Born at Leipsic, Feb. 5, 1714: died at Berlin, Oct. 5, 1786. A German botanist and ^vriter on forestry. Glegg (gleg), Mrs. In George Eliot's novel "The MiU on the Floss," a precise, narrow-minded woman, the aunt of Maggie Tulliver. Gleichenberg (gli'chen-bero). Bad. A water- ing-place in Styria, Austria-Hungary, about 25 miles southeast of Gratz. Gleim (glim), Johann Wilhelm Ludwig. Bom at Ermsleben, near Halberstadt,Germany, April 442 2, 1719 : died at Halberstadt, Feb. 18, 1803. A German poet. He studied jurisprudence at Halle, and was subsequently tutor in Potsdam, secretary to Prince William in the second Silesiaa war, secretary to Prince Leopold of Dessau, and finally canon in H;dberstadt, where he died. His fame rests principally upon the "Pi'eussische Kliegslieder von einem Grenadier" (" Prussian War .Songs by a Grenadier "), which appeared during 1757-58, and iu the latter year were collected and published with a pref- ace by Lessing. A collection of Anacreontic songs, " Ver- EUch in scherzliaften Liedern " ("Essays in Humorous Poetry "), had already appeared in 1 744. In 1772 appeared, further, " Lieder fiir das Volk " ('• Songs for the People "), in 1773 "Gedichte nach den Minnesingern "(" Poems after the Minnesingers'"), and in 1779 "Gedichte nach Walther von der Vogelweide " (" Poems after Walther von der Vo- gelweide "). His collected works were published 1811-13, in 7 volumes, to which was added an eighth in 1841. Glei'WitZ (gli'Wts). A manufacturing town in the province of Silesia, Prussia, situated on the Klodnitz in lat. 50° 18' N., long. 18° 41' E. Pop- ulation (1890), 23,554. Glen (glen). The. A valley in the White Moun- tains, at the base of Moimt Washington, with a view of Mounts Jefferson, Adams, Clay, and Madison. It is a resort for summer tourists. Glenalmond (glen-ii'mond). A village in Perth- shire, Scotland, about 15 miles west of Perth: the seat of Trinity College (Episcopal). Glenar'VOn (glen-ar'von). A novel by Lady Caroline Lamb. Almost all the cliaracters are portraits. Lord Glenarvon is Lord B\Ton. Glencoe (glen-ko'). A deep valley in northern Argyllshire, Scotland, about 25 miles northeast of Oban. It was the scene of the "massacre of Glencoe," Feb., 1692, in which about forty ilacdonalds were killed by royal troops at the instigation of the Master of Stair. Glencoe, or the Fall of the McDonalds. A play liy Talfourd. produced in 1839. Glencoe Junction. A railway junction inXatal, South Afi'ica, about 40 miles northeast of Lady- smith. Here on Oct. 20, 1899, the British under General .Symonds defeated the Boers under General Joubert. Glendale (glen'dal). See Fraiiser's Farm. Glendinning (glen-din 'ing), Edward. In Sir Walter Scott's novels "The Monastery" and " The Abbot," the younger of the Glendinning Ijrothers. Glendinning, Halbert. In Sir Walter Scott's novel " The Monastery," the elder of the Glen- dinning brothers: the Knight of Avenel in •'The A1)bot." Glendower (glen'dor), O'wen (.Oiyain ab Gruf- fydd). Born iu Wales, probably in 1359: died probably in 1415. A Welsh rebel, lord of Glyn- dy vrdwy or Glyudwr. He proclaimed himself Prince of Wales in 1402, and in 1403 joined the rising under Harry Percy (Hotspur), together with whom he was defeated at Shrewsbury. June 21, 1403. He subsequently allied liim- self with the French, but was defeated by Hettry, prince of Wales, in 1405. Shakspere introduces him in "1 Henry IV. " Glenelg(glen-elg'). Ariverof Victoria, Austra- lia, which flows into the ocean near the frontier of South Australia. Length, 200 to 300 miles. Glenelg, Baron. See G-rant, Charles. Glenfinnan (glen-fin'an). A place in Scotland, 15 miles west of Fort William, where, Aug. 19, 1745, the Highland clans gathered and began the " Eising of '45." Glengarry (glen-g^r'i). A glen in Invemess- shire. Scotland, southwest of Fort Augustus. Glen House. A summer resort in the White Mountains. New Hampshire, 8 miles (by car- riago-voad) east of Motmt Washington. Glenlivet i glen-le'vet). A valley in Banffshire, Scotland. 25 miles south of Elgin. Here, 1594, the Catholic insurgents under the Earl of Huntly defeated the Protestants under the Earl of Argyll. Glenroy (glen-roi' ). A valley iu In verness-sliire, Scotland, about 15 miles northeast ot Fort Wil- liam, remarkable for a geological formation of parallel roads. Glens Falls (glenz falz). A village in Warren County, New York, situated at the falls of the Hudson 44 miles north of Albany. Population (19U0), 12,613. Glenshiel (glen-shel'). A valley in Ross-shire, Scotland, about 25 miles west of Fort Augustus. It was the scene of a \ictory of the Hanoverians over the Jacobites and Spaniards, June 10, 1719. Glen Tilt (glen tilt). Avalley in northern Perth- shire, Scotland, 30 miles north-northwest of Perth, noted for its geological phenomena and its scenery. The road follows the river Tilt through the glen.' Glenvarloch, Lord. See Olifmnit, Xigel. Glessariae (gle-sa'ri-e). [Ii., se. insulse, ' amber islands.'] See the extract. The principal district for the tide-washed amber was the coast between the Helder and the promontory of Jut- land. From the Rhine to the estuary of the Elbestretched a chain of islands, called Glessarije and Electrides by the ancients, which are now much altered in number and Gloucester extent by the incessant inroads of the sea. Here a Roman fleet in Nero's time collected 13,000 lbs. of the precious "glessum " in a single visit ; and the sailors brought home picturesque accounts of the natives pickiijg up the glassy fossil at the flood-tide and in tlie pools left by the ebb ; "and it is so light," they said, "that it rolls about and seems to hang in the shallow water." Elton, Origins of Eng. Hist., p. 60. Gleyre (glar), Charles Gabriel. Bom at Che- villy, Vaud, Switzerland, May 2, 1806 : died at Pans, May 5, 1874. A Swiss historical painter. Glinka (glin'ka), Feodor Nikolaievitch. Bom m the government of Smolensk, Russia, 1788: died at Tver, Russia, March 6. 1880. A Russian soldier and man of letters. He wrote " Letters of a Prussian Officer in the Campaigns of 1805-06, 1812-16 " (1815-16), the poem "Kareliya" (1830X etc. Glinka, Mikhail Ivano'vitch. Born at Novo- spask. govei-nment of Smolensk. Russia. May 20, 1804: died at Berlin, Feb. 15. 1857. A Rus'- sian composer, nephew of F. N. Glinka. His works include the operas "La vie pour le Czar" (1836), and "Russian et Lyudniila" (1S42). Glinka, Sergei Nikolaievitch. Born in the government of Smolensk, Russia, 1774: died at Moscow in 1847. A Russian historical writer and litterateur, brother of F. N. Glinka. Glion (gle-6n'). A height near Montreux and the eastern extremity of the Lake of Geneva. Height, 2,254 feet. Glisson (giis'on), Oliver S. Bom in Ohio, Jan. 18, 1809: died at Philadelphia, Nov. 20, 1890. An American naval oflicer. He commanded the schooner Reefer in the Mexican war, and accompanied PeiTy's expedition to Japan in 1853-56. ^He commanded the third division of the fleet in the attacks on Fort Fisher in Dec, 1S64, and Jan., 1S65. He was promoted rear-ad- miral in 1870. Glister (glis'ter). In Middleton's play "The FamUy of Love," a doctor of physic. Globe, The. A celebrated London theater built by Richard andCuthbert Burbage in 1599. When their "Theatre" in Shoreditch was taken down, the mate- rials were carried to Bankside and used in the erection of the Globe. It was hexagonal in shape and open to the sky in the middle, the stage and galleries only being cov- ered with a thatched roof. Over the door was the sign of the house, Hercules supporting a globe. The interior was arranged on the plan of the innyards where entertain- ments Iiad formerly been given. It was circular and had three galleries. At the back of the stage were two columns whicl^ supported a gallery about 10 or 12 feet high, and between these hung the curtain. On the stage itself sat a dozen or twenty gallants wlio paid sixpence extra for the privilege. The Globe was a public theater— that is, not nnder the patronage of any great personage. Shak- spere played here, and he with Ilemminge, Condell, and others shared in the protits. It was a summer house, Blackfriars being the winter house of the same company. The Globe was burned in 1613, but intmediately rebuilt at a cost of £1,400. It was pulled down during the Puritan regime in 1644, and the site is now occupied by Barclay and Perkins's brewerj'. Shakspere wrote exclusively for the Blackfriars and Globe theaters, and most of the plays of Jonson, Beaumontand Fletcher, Ford, Massinger, Chap- man, and others were first performed there. The present Globe Theatre in Wych street was built in 1868. Glockner (glok'uer), or Grossglockner (gros- glok'ner). A mountain in Austria-Hungary, on the confines of T%-rol, Carinthia, and Salz- burg. It is the highest peak in the easternmost division of the Alps, and is celebrated for the extensive view it commands. It belongs to the group of the Hohe Tauern. Height, 12,454 feet. Glogau (glo'gou), or Grossglogau (gros-gld'- gou). A fortified town iu the province of Si- lesia, Prussia, situated ou the Odor 57 miles northwest of Breslau : formerly the capital of the now extinct principality of Glogau. it was stormed by the Prussians in 174J, and was held by the French 1806-14. Population (1890), 20,529. Glogau, Ober-. See Obcniloijau. Glommen (glom'men). The largest river of Norway, flowing into the Skager Rack at Fred- rikstad. Length, about 350 miles. Near its mouth it forms the cataract Sarpfos. Gloriana (glo-ri-a'ua). The Faerie Queene in Spenser's poem of tEat name. She also I'epre- sents Queen Elizabeth considered as a sover- eign. See Belplioebe. Glossop (glos'op). A town in Derbyshire, Eng- land, 12 miles east of Manchester. It has man- ufactures of cotton, etc. Population (1891), 22,414. Gloster (glos'ter), or Gloucester, Earl of. A character in Shakspere's " King Lear," the father of Edgar and Edmund. The subordinate plot of Gloster and his sons was prol>- ahly taken from an episodical chapter in .Sidney's "Area- dia" entitled "The Pitiful .State and Story of the Paphla- gonian unlcind King and his kind Son ; first related by the son, then by the blind father." Hudson, Introd. to King Lear Gloucester (glos'ter). [Also formerly Gloster ; ME. Gloucester, Gloucestre, Gloweceastre, AS. Gledweceaster : from L. Glevum, the Roman name, and AS. ceaster, city.] 1. A county in Gloucester 443 memher of the household (deeper of the for- ests) of Prince Lobkowitz. Ho studied music at Prague, Vienna (1736), and Milan (17»4-1:-.), producing (1T41-1S) a nunilier of successful operas ; in 174:) went to England as conipuser of operas for the Hayniarket ; and returned to \ienna in 174(1, where he acted for a time as singiiiB-masler to Maiie Antoinette, who later rendered him important aid in the production of his works in Paris. His nmst celebrated works are "Hrfeo ed Euridice " (1762), (Vienna, Dec. 16, 170.7), "Paride ed Elene" .^ , , ,11 t! i„f r,,o ^.,, ,..«„» .phigenie en Aulide" (1774), "Armide" (1777), gli, situated on the bevern lu lat. ol" &J " ipiHgteie en Tauride " (1779). N., long. 2° 16' W. : the British Caer-'lowo and (juic^gijurg (glUks'boio). A bathing-plaee in ; Eoman (ilevura. it isan important commercial town. j^^, proviiue of Schleswig-Holsteiu, Prussia, 6 The cathedral is in its present form a Perpendicular biiild- 1 Fleuslior<' iuE almost throughout, except in the lower pait of the ^Vt^^ ^ ii / , ., , 5-A . " ^- *i „ „-,.„ nave, but is of much earlier foundation. The plan is Gluckstadt (gluk'stat). A seaport m the prov- west midland England, it is bounded by Worcester and Wanvick on the north, Oxford, Berk.s, and Wilts on the east, Wilts and .Somerset on the south, Monmouth on the west, and Hereford on the northwest. It includes the Cotswold Hills, the Forest of Dean, and the vales of Glou- cester and Berkeley. Its tlve divisions each return one member to the House of Commons. Area, 1,243 square miles. Population (ls91), 690,974. 2 The capital of (.iloucester^hire, England, a Icity and county of itself, and a i.arliamentary Ij^^^j^^'^i <^„'™i I borough, situated on the Severn in lat. ol° 52 IJffig^nK. ^1 early Norman. There is a high central tower, covered with tracery, and a long, piojeciing Lady chapel. There i8 an excellent 15th-century porch, with statues over the arched entrance. The arches and circular pillare of the nave are impressive, and the choir is one of the richest examples of thePerptiulicular style. The whole east end Is occupied by a gieat window with tine glass, the wall- spaces are covered with paneling, and the vaulting rests on a perfect network of ribs. The choir is assigned to ISol and is held to prove that the Perpendicular style ince of Sehleswig-Holstein, Pnissia, situated on the Elbe L'9 miles northwest of Hamburg. It was unsuccessfully besieged by the Catholics in the Thirty Years' War in 1627 and in 1628. Population (1890), com- mune, 5.958. Goalpara von Gneisenau). Count August. BomatSchil- da, Prussian Sa-icouy, (Jet. 27, 1760 : died at Po- sen, Prussia, Aug. 23-24, 1831. A Prussian gen- eral, distinguished in the campaigns of 1813 and 1814. He conducted the retreat from Ligny in 181.5. Gneist(gni.st), Rudolf von. Born at Berlin, Aug. 13, 1816: died July 22, 189.'). A German jurist and politician. He studied law at Eeiliu. habilitated there in 1S39, and became profes.s^>r in 1853. In ISfiS he entered the Prussian House of Deputies, of which he was a member until his death. He was a member of the Reichs- tag 1867-84, became senior judge of the supreme court of Prussia and member of the privy council in 1875, and was ennobled in 1888. Among his works are "Das heutige eugUsche Verfassuugs- und Verwaltuiigsrecht " (1857-68X "Soil der P.ichter auch iibcr die Frage zu beflnden haben. ob ein Oesetz verfassnngsmaszig zu slande gekonimen?" (lided. 1S63), •' Der Rechtsstaat "(1872), "Englische Verfas- sungsgeschichte •■ (1882), and "Das englische Parlament " (1858). ' "■ ' Pol. Gniezno (gnyez'no). Glukhoff(gl6'chof). A town in the government Gnesen (gna'zen), -,—p--^ *>,;,..;„ qn ot^chernigoff. Ku^^ia. situated in lat. ol° 41' A city in the pro.-ince_of Posen, Prussia, 30 N., long. 33° 53' E. originated here. The' dimensions of the cathedral are 420 GlUmdalCa (gllim-aal ka) by 144 feet; height of nave (», of choir 80. The Perpen- dicular cloister, with beautiful fan vaulting, and its ar- cades tilled with glazed tracery, is the finest of its type in England. The chapter-house and crypt are Norman. Gloucester resisted the Koyalist array under Charles I, in 1643. It sends one member to the House of Commons. Population (1891), 39,444. (;ievum was a town of great importance, as standing I only on the Severn near the place where it opened Population (1890), 17,625. In Fielding's bur- miles east-northeast of Posen. Ithasacillhcdral. It is the oldest town in Poland, and was the crowning- _ .. - . placeof the kings of Poland until 1320. Population (1890X lesijuo "Tom Thumb the Great," a captive ^goss. queen of the giants, beloved by the king, but Gnidos. See CiiIiIks. u love with Tom Tliumb. " Glumdalclitch (glum-dal'klich). In Swift's "Gulliver's Travels," a giantess of Brobding- nag. She is Gulliver's nurse, and, though only nine years old, is neaily 40 feet high, huniili.ating to him. Her attentions were extremely into the Bristol Channel, but also as being close to GlycaS (gU'kas), Mlchael. A Byzantme tusto- ilie great Roman Iron district of the Forest of Dean Wririht, Celt, p. 136. I Gloucester. A city and seaport in Essex County, I Massachu.^etts, s'ituated on the peninsula of (■,-.IM> Ann in lat. 42° 37' N.. long. 70° 40' W. is the chief seat of cod and mackerel fisheries in the ited States, and exports granite. It was unsuccessfully .., I .irked bv the Britiili in 1775and 1814. Population (190o), I 20,121. I Gloucester, Dukes of. See Humphrey, Richard III., and ThoMiis. 1 Gloucester, Earl of. See Roiwrt. Gloucester City. A city in Camden County, .\ew .Jersey, situated on the Delaware 4 miles 1.1 low Philadelphia. It has a track for horse- la.-injr. Population (1900), 6,840. Glove, The. An old French story told by Peter '; 'iisard. It has been retold in many forms. Itisthat the kniglit De Lorge (ill the time of Francis I.), whose :-ires3 dropped her glove over a barrier among some lis, and commanded her lover to get it for her as a test riiscoiirage. Revolted at luri'old. blooded inhumanity, knight leaped down, secniied the glove, and threw it IN her face. Schiller. Leigh lUiut, Browning, and othere li ive made the story familiar. Glover (gluv'er), Catherine. The Fair Maid of I'ertli in Scott's novel of that name. Glover, John. Born at IIoughlon-on-the-HiU, Leicestershire, Feb. 18, 1707: died at Launees- t..n, Tasmania, Dec. 9, 1849. An English land- pc-painter, one of the founders of the Koyal nan. Concerning his age nothing is known with cer- tainty except that he lived after UlS. He was probably an ecclesiastic, and is the author of a history of the world from the creation to 1118 A. n. This work is written in a clear and concise style, and its author is ranked among the better liyzantine historians. The best edition is by Bekker in the Bonn collection of the Byzantines, 1836. Glycera (glis'e-rii). [Gr. r;'.tiKfpn, the sweet one.] The name of several notorious Greek courtezans ; in particular, a mist ress of Menan- der, and a favorite of Horace. Glycon (gli'kon). [Gr. r/r/vur.] ACireeklyric poi-t from whom the Glyconic meter was named. Of his works oiilv three lines remain. Glycon of Athens. [Gr. r/.iKUl'.] The sculptor of the Farnese Hercules, which was found in the baths of Caraealla in 1-540 with an inscrij)- tion by Glycon. It was prob.ably executed in the 1st or 2d century of the Roman Empire, but doubtless points to a type already established, possibly by Lysippus. Glynn (gUn), John. Born in 1722: died Sept. 10, 1779. An English lawyer and iiolitu-ian, noted chiellv as the defender of \Yilkes in the eases (17034)4) growing out of the publication of the " North Briton." Gmelin (gma'len ), Johann Frie.drich. Born at Tiiliingen, Wiirtemlierg, Aug. 8. 1748: died at Goltingen, Prussia. Nov. 1, 1804. A German naturalist, nephew of .1. G. (imelin, and profes- sor of mcdiriiie and chemistry at (iottingen. Water-Colour' Society iunl of the Society' of Gmelin, Johann Georg. ,li"«'" "/ '''., brated Gorman operatic composer, son of a Gneisenau (gni' ze -non) (properly Neithardt Gnomic Poets. See the extract. The tenn Gnomic, when applied to a certain number of Greek poets, is arbitrary. There is no definite principle for rejecting some and including others in the class. It has, however, been usual to apply this name to Solon, Phocylides, Theognis, and Simonides of Ceos. Yet there seems no reason to exclude some portions of Callinus, Tyrtajus, Mimnermns, and Xenophanes. These poets, it will be observed, are all writers of the elegy. Some of the lyric poets, however, and ianibographei-s, such as .Simoni- des of Amorgos ami Archilochus, have strong claims for admission into the list. For, as the derivation of the name implies, gnomic poets are simply those who embody . . . sententious maxims on life and morals in their verse : and though we find that the most celebrated masteis of this style composed elegies, we yet may trace the thread of gnomic thought in almost all the writers of their time. Symondu, Studies of the Greek Poets, I. 236. Gnossus. See Cnosits. Gnosticsl(nos'tiks). [From Gr. )Tu(rr(KOr, know- ing, whence LL. GitastiCK-s. a Gnostic] Certain rationalistic sects which arose in the Christian church in the 1st century, flourished ui the 2d, and had almost entirely disappeared by the 6th. The Gnostics held that knowledge rather than faith is the road to heaven, and professed to have a peculiar know- ledge of religious mysteries. They rejected the literal in- terpretation of the Scii|itures, and attempted to combine their teachings with those of the (ircek and Oriental phi- lo.sophies and religions. They held that God was the un- knowable and the unapproachable; that from him pro- ceeded, bv emanation, subordinate deities termed fow, from whom again proceeded other still inferior spirits. The Gnostics were in general agreed in believing in Ihe principles of dualism and Docetism and in the existence of a demiurge or world-creator. Christ they regarded as a superior eon who had descended from the infinite liod in order to subdue the god or eon of this noild. Their chief seats were in Syria and F.gypt, but their doctrines were taught everywhere, and at an early date they sepa- rated into a variety of sects. Gnotho (no'tho). A clownish old fellow anxious to put away his old wife and take a vonnger one, according to the provisions of "The Old Law," in Massiiiger, Middleton, and Kowley's plav of that name. Gtoa (go'ii). A Portuguese possession on the Maliibar coast of India, in lat. 14° 54'-15° 45' N., long. 73° 45'-74° 26' E. Area, 1,447 stpiaro miles. Population (1887), 494.836. Goa, New, or Panjim. The capital of the Por- tuguese possessions in India, situated at the mouth of tho Mondavi in lat. 15° 28' N., long. 73° 50' E. Population, about 8,000. Goa, OM. A ruined city, the formi'r capital of the Portuguese possessions in India, situated on the Mandavi 5 miles east of New Goa. It was eoni|Uered by the Portuguese under Albiiquerc|ue in l.'ilo, and was an Important commercial city In the Kith and 17th centuries. The seat of government was removed to New Qoa In 17f)l>. Goajira(go-ii-ile'rii). A peninsula of the iiorlli- ern const of South .Vmerica. on Ihe west side of thi' ( iiilf of Maracaibo. crossed by the boundary between Venezuela and Colombia. Area, about 5,800 Biinare miles. The inhabllants, numbering about 30,0i«i, are m.istly semi-independent Indians of the Goajira and Cosiiia tribes. Goajiros (go-ii-lle'rOs). A tribe of Indians in northern South Amerien, occupying Ihe (ioajiru peninsuhi northwest of Lake Miiracaibo. Tlicy still number neaily :io,0(iO, ami are practically Indepen- dent, but at present friendiv to tin' whites ; tliev own large henls, and sell cattle, horses, hides cheese, and hnmm.wks. Few or none have been Christianized ; they have no re(lll- lar chiefs, and do not form large \lllage8. By llleh lan- guage thev belong to Ihe Arawak sleek. Inlil the middle of tile lOlli century they were dangerous enemies of the whiles. Goalpara (go -ill -I'"'™)- 1- A district in the eliiel-i'ommissionrrshi|) of Assam, British In- dia, intersected by lat. 20° N., long. 90° 30' E. Goalpara Area, 3,897 square miles. Pop. (1891), 452,304. — 2. The capital of the district of Goalpara, situated on the Brahmaputra in lat. 2G° 12' N., loug. 90° 38' E. Groalundo (go-a-lun'do). A place in Bengal, British India, at the junction of the Ganges and Brahmaputra. Goat Island (got i'land). The island in Nia- gara River which separates the Horseshoe and American falls. Goazacoalco(g6-a-tha-k6-ark6),orCoaxacoal- CO(ko-a-Ha-k6-ark6). The ancient Indian name of a region in Mexico, in the northern part of the isthmus of Tehuantepee, west of the Coaxa- coaleo River, and now forming part of the state of Vera Cruz. It submitted to Sandoval in 1522. and in 1534 was made a province, corresponding nearly to the bishopric of TIascala. The iiiuue soon fell into disuse. Gobat (go-bii' ), Samuel. Born at Cr^mine, can- ton of Bern, Switzerland, Jan. 26, 1799: died at Jerusalem, Ma_v 12, 1879. A Swiss missionary, appointedAnglieanbishopof JerusaleminlS46. Gobble (gob'l). Justice. Au insolent magis- trate in Smollett's "History of Sir Launcelot Greaves," a satirical romance. Gobbo (gob'bo), Lalincelot. A whimsical, con- ceited man-seiTant in Shakspere's "Merchant of Venice." He is one of Shakspere's best clowns. Gobbo, Old. The "sand-bUnd" father of Laun- celot Gobbo. Gobelins (gob-Ian'). A family of dyers, de- scended from Jean Gobelin i died 1476), and es- tablished in Paris. They introduced the manufacture of tapestries in the 15th century. Their manufactory was changed to a royal establishment under Louis XIV. , about 1«(J7. Goben (geb'en), August Karl Friedrich Chris- tian von. Born at Stade,Prussia,Dec.lO, 1816: died at Coblenz, Pi-ussia, Nov. 13, 1880. A Prussian general, distinguished in the war of 1866 and in the Franco-German war. Gober (go'ber). See Eausn. Gobi (go'be), or Gobi (ko'be). A large desert in the Chinese empire, with uncertain boun- daries. It comprises t\vo principal divisions : the east- ern (also called Shamo). situated in central Mongolia; the western, occupying approximately the basin of the Tarim, in East Turkestan. Its streams have no outlet to the sea. The average height is 2,000 to 4,000 feet. Gobineau(g6-be-n6'),Comte Joseph Arthurde. Born at Bordeaux, France, 1816 : died at Paris, Oct. 17, 1882. A French diplomatist. Oriental- ist, and man of letters. He wrote " Les religions et les philosophies dans I'Asie Centrale " (1865), "NouveUes Asiatiques" (1876), etc. Goblins (gob'linz), The. A comedy by Suck- ling, printed in 1646. The Goblins are noblemen and gentlemen disguised as a band of robbers. Gobryas (go'bri-as). A Persian noble. He was oneof the seven conspiratorswho, according to Herodotus, procured the death of Smerdis the Magian in 521 B. c, and raised Darius I. to the throne. Gobseck (gob'sek). A novel by Balzac, written in 1830. Gobseck is an avaricious money-lender. Goch (goeh). A towTi in the Rhine Province, Prussia, 43 miles northwest of Diisseldorf . Pop- ulation (1890), commune, 6,729. Goch, Johannes von. Born at Goch, Prussia, at the beginning of the 15tli century: died March, 1475. A German prior, author of "De libertate Christiana" (1521). Godalming (god'al-ming). A town in Surrey, England, situated on the Wey 32 miles south- west of London. It is the seat of the Charter- house School. Population (1891), 2.797. Godavari (go-da'va-re). 1. Ariverin the Dec- can, British India, flowing by a delta into the Bay of Bengal, about lat. 16° 30' N. Length, about 900 miles. It is navigable about 300 miles. — 2. A district in Madras, British India, inter- sected by lat. 17° N., long. 81° 30' E. Area, 7,345 square miles. Population (1881), 1,791, 512. Goddard (god'ard). Arabella (Mrs. jjavison). [G. Gotthart, 'pious,' 'virtuous'; D. Gotthard, F. Godard.l Born at St.-Servan, near St.-Malo, France, Jan. 12, 1838. An English pianist. Godefroy (god-frwa'), Denis. Bom at Paris, l.')49 : died at Strasburg, 1621. A French jurist. He edited "Corpus juris civilis" (1.583), etc. Godefroy, Frederic. Bom at Paris, Feb. 13, 1826 : died at Lestelle, Basses-Pyr^n^es, Oct. 2, 1897. A French philologist and historian of literature. He published a "Histoire de la litt^ra- tur*^ francaise depuis le X■V^'^ siecle," a " Dictionnaire de I'aiiL-ienne langue fran^aise," etc. 3odefroy, Jacques. Born at Geneva, 1587: died at Geneva, 1652. A jurist and magistrate of Geneva, son ot Denis Godefroy. He was the author ot works on Roman law. 444 Godefroy, Theodore. Born at Geneva. 1580: dicil 1649. A French historiographer and jurist, son of Denis Godefroy. Godehard, Saint, Church of. See HMeshiim. Godeke (ged'e-ke), Karl: pseudonym Karl Stahl. Born at Celle, Prussia, April 15, 1814: died at Gottingen, Oct. 28, 1887. A German historian of literature, professor at Gottingen from 1873. His chief work is " Grundriss zur Geschichte der deutschen Dichtung " (1859^81). Godeman (god'man). Chaplain of the bishop of Winchester when abbot of Thornby, 963-984. He illuminated the "Benedictic.nel of God'eman," now the property of the Duke of Devonshire. In the Biblio- thfeque at Rouen is a manuscript apparently by his hand. Goderich (god'rich). A lake port and the capi- tal of Huron Countv, Ontario. Canada, situated on Lake Huron in lat. 43° 45' N., long. 81° 51' W. Population (1901). 4.158. Goderich, Viscount. See Unbinann. F. J. Godesberg (go'des-berc). A small town and summer resort in the Rhine Pro\-ince, Prussia, on the Rhine south of Bonn. Godfrey (god'fri) of Bouillon, F. Godefroy de Bouillon (god-frwa' de bo-yon'). [TheE.name (lixl/nii is from F. Godefroi (also Geoffroi, whence E. Geoffrey, Jeffrey), Sp. Godofredo, Go- fredo, Pg. Go'ilol'redo,' It. Godofredo,' Goffredo, ML. Godefridiis,'Galfridus, froni MHG. Got/rid, G. Gottfried, peace of God.] Born at Baisv, Brabant, 1061 : died at Jerusalem. July 18. 1100. A leader of the first Crusade. He was made duke of Lower Lotharingia (having Bouillon for its capital) by Henry IV. of Germany in 10S8, and in 1096 joined the Cru- sade for the recovery of the holy sepulcher. He fought with distinction at the stoi-m of Jerusalem, July 15, 1099, and, after the crown had been declined by RajTiiond of Toulouse, was elected kingof Jerus.alem, July 23, 1099. He, however, exchanged the title of king for that of Protector of the Holy Sepulcher. He completed the conquest of the Holy Land by defeating the .Sultan of Egypt in the plain ot Ascalon, Aug. 12, 1099. Grodin (go-dan'), Jean Baptiste Andre, Born at Esqueh^ries, Aisne, France, 1817: died at Guise, Jan. 15, 1888. A French social reformer. He founded at Guise a socialistic industrial union (Familistere), which attained considera- ble success. Godin, Louis. Born at Paris, Feb. 28. 1704 : died at Cadiz, Spain, Sept. 11, 1760. A French sci- entist, one of the commissioners who, in 1735, were sent to Peru to measure an arc of the me- ridian. He remained in that country until 1751, as pro- fessor of mathematics at the University of Lima ; subse- quently he had charge of the college for midsilipmen at Cadiz, Spain. He w.as the author of several treatises on earthquakes and astronomy, a work on Spanish America, and a history of the French Academy of Sciences. Godin des Odonais (go-dan' daz 6-d6-na'), Isa- bel. IJorn in Kiobamba, Peru, 1728: died at Saint-Amand, France, after 1788. The wife of Jean Godin des Odonais, whom she married in 1743. In 1769 she started with her brothers and a sm.all company to descend the Napo and Amazon and join her husband in Cayenne. The boatw.as lost, and all the party perished except Madame Godin, who wandered .alone in the forest for 9 days. When she was finally found by some friendly Indians her hair is said to have become white. Thegovernor of Omaguas sent her down the river, and she rejoined her husband after a separation of 19 years. Godin des Odonais, Jean. Born at Saint- Amand, 1712: died there, 1792. A French nat- m-alist, cousin of Louis Godin, whom he accom- panied to Peru in 1735. He remained there as a pro- fessor in the College of Quito, studying the Hora and Indian languages. In 17.4o he went to Cayenne, explored that col- ony, Brazilian Guiana, and the .-Vnnzon, and finally returned to France iu 1773. He puldished several works on the plants, animals, atid Indian languages of South America. Godiva(g6-da'va). [ML. Godiva, from AH. God- gifii, gift of God : equiv. to Dorothea or Tltco- d'ord.} Flourished about the middle of the 11th century. The wife of Leofrie, earl of Chester, celebrated in the annals of Coventry, Warwick- shire, England, she was a woman of great beauty and piety, the benefactress of numerous churches and monas- teries. According to the legend, she begged her husband to relieve Coventry of a burdensome toll, and he consented on the condition that she should ride naked through the mar- ket-place. This she did, covered only by her hair, and won relief for the people. In some versions of the story, the people were commanded to keep within their houses, and not look upon her. One fellow — "peeping Tom"— diso- beyed, and was miraculously struck with blindness. Her festival is still celebrated at Coventry. Godkin (god'kin), Edwin Lawrence. Bom in Ireland. Oct. 2. 1831 : died at Brixham, England, May 20, 1902. An American journalist andauthor. He came t-j the United States as correspondent of the Lon- don " Daily News'"; wiis admitted to the New York bar in 1858; becameeditorandproprietorof the"Natioir'1865-Cti: and was an editor and a proprietor of the "Evening Post ' 1881-99. He published a • 'History of Hungary " (1856) .etc Godinan(god'man ),FrederickDu Cane. Bom about 18-10. AuEnglish naturalist. Irii870heput>- lished the "Natural Hi>tiiry of the Azores. " ."^hnrtlyafterhe planned an elaborate scicnlihc suivey of Mtxico and Cen- Godwin, Mrs. tral America, acquiring by purchase, and by employing col- lectors, immense series of specimens of the plants and ani- mals of those regions. These have been described in the "Bioliigia Centrali-Americana, ■■ edited by Godman and Salvin. Gododin (go-do'din). A British tribe living ! in Northumberland and southeastern Scotland: the Roman Otadiui. Gododin, The. A Welsh poem bv Aneurin, on the seven days' battle of Cattraeth in 603. The author was probably present at the battle. It consists, in its present form, of over 9(J0 lines, and has been several times translated, either wholly or in part. Gray's " Death of Hoel " is part translation part imitation of a portion of it. The Rev. John Williams ab Ithel translated the whole and published it in 1862, and portions of it have been trans- lated by Henry Morley. ^Ge Aneurin. GodoUo (ge'del-le). A town of Hungary, 15 miles northeast of Budapest. Here, April 6, I849i the Hungarian insurgents under Gbrgey defeated the AoB. trians under Prince Windischgratz. Godolphin (go-dol'fin), Sidney, first Earl of Godolphin. Born in Cornwall, England, prob- ably about 1635: died Sept. 15, 1712. An Eng- lish statesman and financier. He became page ot honor to Charles n. in 1662 ; was appointed master of the robes in 1078 ; represented Helston in the House of Com- mons 166$-79 ; represented St. Mawes 1679-81 ; and was flret lord of the treasury 1090-97 and 1700-01. During the reign of William III. he kept up a secret correspondence with James II. at St.-Gemiain. He became in 1702 premierand lord high treasurer, in which capacity he vigorously sup- ported Marlborough during his absence on the Continent in the War of the .Spanish Succession. He was created earl of Godolphin in 1706, and was dismissed from office in 1710 at the fall of the Marlboroughs. Godolphin Barb, The. One of the three Ori- ental sires from which the thoroughbred horse is derived. See Darley ArahifDi and Byerly Turk. He was probably a barb foaled about 1729 and brought from Paris in the reign of George II. He died in 1753. 'The traditions surrounding this horse were woven into a nov- elette by Engine Sue in 1825. From the Godolphin springa the Matcllem branch of the thoroughbred horse. Godoy (go-Doi'), Manuel de, Duke of Alcudia. BornatBadajoz,Feb. 12, 1767: died Oct. 7. 1851. A Spanish statesman. He obtained the favor of Queen Mai-ia Ix)uisa and Charles IV., and rose rapidly to an ini^ portant position in the state. He becam^duke of .-Vlcudia and lieutenant-general iu 1792, prime minister in 1793, and in 1795, for securing a peace with France, received the title "Princeof thePeace. " He signed the trcatyof San Ildefonso with France Aug. 29, 1796 : married JIaria Theresa of Bour- bon in 1797; and resigned from the ministry in 1798. In 1801 he commanded the army against Pcrtugaland seemed the treaty of Badajoz. He was made generalissimo and high admiral of Spain, He attached himself to Napoleon, and signed the treaty of FontainebIeau( which see). Meanwhile he had become an object of popular hatred, which burst out in a riot (March 18, ISOS), from which he narrowly escaped. His arrest was ordered, but he escaped through Napoleon's influence, and lived later at Rome and Paris. God Save the King (or Queen). The English na- tional anthem : words and music probably com- posed by Henry Carey, it was first performed" in 174a It is sometimes attributed to John Bull (1607): it has also been assigned a Scottish or French origin. The tune was adopted in France in 1776, and was afterward used as the Danish, Prussian, and Gei-man national air. Beethoven introduced it in his "Battle Symphony "; Weber has used it in three or four compositions. The American national hymn, " My Country. 'tis of Thee," was written by Dr. Sam- uel Francis Smith, and published in 1843 : the music is that of "God Save the King." GodunofiF (go-do-nof), Boris Feodorovitch. Born 15.52 : died April 13, 1605. A Russian czar. He was the chief member of the regency during the reign of the mibecile Feodorlvanovitch (1584^98), who was mar- ried to GodunolT's sister Irene. lie was elected to the throne on the death of Feodor in 1598. having, it is said, previously caused the death of the czarevitch Dmitri God-win (god'win), or God^wine. Died April 14, 1053. Earl of the West Saxons. He accompanied Cnut on his visit to Denmark in 1019, and is said to have fought with distinction in an expedition against the Wends. He shortly after married Gytha, a relative b.v marriage of Cnut, and was appointed earl of the West Saxons. On the death of Cnut in 1035 he at first supported the cause of Harthacnut, but afterward espoused that of Harold, with whom he was probably implicated in the murder of the English atlieling Alfred, half-brother of Harthacnut and son of Emma by her first husband. .Ethelred the Unready. In 1042 he was instrumental in procuring the election of Edward the Confessor in opposition to the Danish prince SvendEstrithson. He married his daughter Edith or Ead- gyth to Edward in 1045. His position, however, as the most powerful subject in the kingdom excited the jealousy of the court, and he was exiled in 1051, but was recalled in the following year, God'win, Francis. Bom at Havington, North- amptonshire, England, 1561: died 1633. AnEng- lish bishop and author. He was appointed bishop of Llandaff in It^l. and was translated to the see of Here- ford in 1617. His chief work is " A Catalogueof the Bish- ops of England " (1601). God'win, Mrs. (Mary Wollstonecraft). Bora at London. April 27.17.")9: died at London, Sept. 10, 1797. An English author. She was employed by Johnson as a reader and translator, and for five years assisted in this way her family, who were very poor. In 1791 she first met William Godwin, and after one or two other connections, especially with Gilbert Imlay, who de- serted her, she went to live with him in 1796, The expecti^ Godwin, Mrs. Hon of a cliU.l induce.! then, to marry in 1797. The birth S( the chiia (wh.. was tlie second wile of the poet Melley oroved fatal t. . ller. Uer chief work was - \ indication ..f the Bights of Woman" (17'J2). ,,t t t:> v, Godwin, Parke. Bom at Paterson, N. J., Feb. 2') ISltJ An American ioiirnalist and autnor. Bp wis connected with the -New York "Evening Post' ?.17"4 (except'.ne yar). a .-onnoct .on which was renewed W!^ S(l He ha* pnl.lishe.1 " History of trance (1860), . 1 Bioi:n.,>hv ..t Uilliara Cnllen Bryant" (1883), etc. Godwin, William. Bom at Wisbcaeh, England. March 3, 1750: "• Au English novelist, historian, and political and niiseellaneous wTitcr. His father was a dissent- inc minister, and he became one himself, preaching from 1TT7 to 178-2, when his faith in Cliristianlty was shaken by study of the French phih.sophers. and he devoted himself toliterature. He wasasyinpathizerwith the trt-iRh Kev- olution, and became the representative of English radical- ?su He married Mary WoUstonecraft in 1707, though he objected to marri;lBC on principle His works in- elude '• Inquirv concerning Political Justice, etc. (1|93), "History of the Commonwealth ' (1824-2S), the novels "Caleb Williams"(17W), ".St. Leon "(1799)." MandeviUe ftSlT) etc He also published histories of Rome, Oreece, and En"land, a '■ Panthemi," and "Fables" underthcpaeu- doiiyni of Edward Baldwin, Compare Godwin, lUrs. (Mary VMsUmrcmft). Godwin- Austen (ctod'win-as'ten), Mount. A iiK.uiitain in the western Himalayas, near tlie Karakoram Pass: assumed to be the second highest peak in the world. Height, l.».LaO Goes, or Ter Goes (ter gos). The chief town in the island o£ South Beveland, pvo""';^ of Zealand, Netherlands, situated in lat. 51 30' N., long. 3° 53' E. Population (1889). 5,21 1 41: Goes, Hugo van der. Died about 1482. A Flem- ish painter, a pupil of Jan van Eyck. His chiet work is a "Nativity" (Florence). Goes e Vasconcellos (goiz e vas-kon-sal'gs), Zacharias de. Born at Valen^a, Bahia, Nov. -. LSI.'): ilied at Kio de Janeiro. Dec. 28, 1»'^ \ Brazilian statesman. He was repeatedly elected i.utv and was senator from 1S(H ; was president of sev- . ,1 ,„'..vinc,s. including the newly created province of 1, iTi'i the K.fernmeiit of whiih he organized in lS5.i ; ,■•,',;„ iiilpiiof several ministries; and was three times „,,.,„ii, (1m;i, ls(,4-c.o,and ISiXMJg). During the last period the war " itii ParM^-iiay was at its height. In politics he IV ;,s a moderate e.niservalive. Goethe (ge'te),Joliann Wolfgang von Bon, ai Frankfort-ou-the-JIaiii. Aug. '>, li4S): died at Weimar, March 22, 1832. A famous German iioct, dramatist, and prose-writer: the greatest name in German literature. His father, Johann Caspar Goethe (1710-82), was a well-to-do n.an who had the title of imperial councilor. His mother was Katlia- rina E ikbeth Textor (1731-1SU8), thedaughter of a inagis- trite His early education was under the personal direc linn of his father. In 17«5 lie matriculated at^Leipsic for the study of jurisprudence. In the autumn of 1 ,6S here- I rned ill to Frankfort, and in 1770 went to the I "ivers, ty of Strasburg. In this year occurred a lovcartair with 1 riedeiike Brion (died 18l;i, unmarried)at Sesenheim and the beginning ..f his friendship with Herder. In li,l he ..j.tiineil the degree of licentiate of law, and returned to Irankfort. In 177-2 he went as a practitioner in the '■«- nerial chamber of justice to Wetzlar, where he met Char- l.tte Buff, the Uitte of " Werlber." Sjix n.onUis la er ho Middenlv left Welzlar and returned to Frankfort. In 1 . li iMgan i'is friendship with Lavater and F. H Jacob., an.io). Ji.Slle revisited Venice in 1790, and later, "»'"«;;';»» „l state, was in Breslau. He became director of the da (heater in Weimar In 1791, «-liich position he he 1 u 1817. In 179-2 he accompanied the duke nio the- tlUd against France, and was with him at the siege of > a i.z in 1711.) His el..se friendship with Schiller, which ended only with the death of the latter in 18()6, began in 1,1, Alter 17IM he devoted himself entirely lollteratuie .oe- tlie-8 life in its literary phases may be cons dei el nn lei four periods. The llrstof these, the- -l^rst P',"''';; I".f. ;, exf, .18 from youth to the time of his arrival it "elm r (1776). The chief works of this peri..d are the plays J baune des Verliehteu "(" Tb,- ( •aprlees of I •■-■ l-"Ver ), D « MItschuldlgen" ("The A, cmipllccs ), both i Al"« - drines ; "Ootz von Berliehlngen," a ragedy which esta- lished his fame as a po.:t (177:!); "Die Leiden '.'j" ' f^ Werthcr" ("The Sorrows of Young V erther ). a "ovel fl77IV "Clavlgo," •■Stella."liolhtragedies: poemsto' l.il , >nd other lyrics ; " Goiter, Heldcn und Wielan. ("<.ods Heroes, and WIeland"), a satire (I774)-al belonging to the -Storm and Stre.ns" period orGerinan literature, llie "second poetical period '' extends from bis arrival In W ei- mar to the beginning of his frien.lship with schllhr (from 1776 to 1794). It Includes the operas " l-rwin iind l.lmire and "Claudine von Villa Bella" (1775: ."""■ .7","' ™ 'j i787), the tli-st book of " W ilhelin Meisler (V,'',"-d'"™, ins) the tlnal metrical version of "JP ''f '« , ■„"/• ^ ' his return from Italy ; it had been acted in 1779 ," P'""^'- "Die Oeschwister" ("The Brother and Sister, 1 87 .a drama which had been written in 1776), "^-B"'""'. < 'jl^'j "lorquato Tasso " (in vel^e, 1790 ; a I"^.!«^ ^''^f*'"" ^f been completcl in 1781), " Keinecke i m lis a poem (17M)^ and numerous shorter poems I be thud peilod covers his friendship with Schiller (fr"U' 1™* W^^fu ..^705- eludes the "Uomisehe Elegien " - 1 omaii Elegies l_-9o they aiipcared in Schiller s periodical Die ""'^n .);,,,*; netian sche Epigramme • (1790 : they »PP«"^t'" ^^'''.'.'if,^ "Muscn^dmanaeh"), a series of I",'™ ;!'»'-:""",„ Vt \enien ' wTitlcn by Goellie and Schiller (li9,. in the " J nsenalmanach " , " Willieln, leister's Lehrjahre mx,: begun in 1777), "•llennann und D«™" «» jl"''- "lie Xaturliehe Tochter" (l»o:i), - iJescliichte der tar- benlehre" (" Histoiy- of tile Doctrine of tolrn^ 180.. tlnal form 1810). 'Die Braiit von Konntl The foui th is the period of his idd age, from liito to 18.i2. It meludis "F us ■■ flrst part (18.«),'"Die ^Vahlverwandtsc laf en (••Elective Altinities," l>0;t), ■Alls meliiem Leben D cht- ung und Wahrheit " (" From my I.ife : Poetry » "' .^ '" > (flret part Isll, second 1S12, third 1814. four h 18J1). .and lis scFe^itmc work. In 1814 he began t., write the One - al poems afterward p.ildis led as '■ I^^or ^''-^''.f' ',^''« D^; van' -'DCS Epimenides Erwachen. "''""•'■ ":fP'^: dueed at Berlin' in 1815. In 1810 «/';,^;""P'^''-;f,,'f '!■:?' volume of the ■ Italienische Kcise (" '••'•f." /""',• ma foll.)we.l in 1817 by a second, in ls-29 by- a '»"i. . .^ ' '"" terial being the letters written f™" "»'>''« '™''*^" Weimar, among them Herder and Fran von Stem He ah.> began this year his treatises on (iermanic art in the pel o Ik-a •"Kuiist und Alterthum " ("Art and Antiqui- y'i which weiccontinueddown to 18-28. In 1817 appeared the first of the series of essays on scicntiflc Bubjects, -Zur Naturwissenschaff ('On Natural History con- tinned down to 18-24. " WUhelm »I''^"-> ^S„^,'"''= '' l,^, appeared in 18-21 (in its final shape "j, 1J-:»>A, . 1" 'I"* was published the first part of the so-called ZahmLXe- nien^' ('Tame Xenia"), and a second ]" l^-^- J"" 1*;^, the second part of --Faust" was •^""'I'''^';^'!.', ""'^ '^. t," months before his death. The tragedy of ■F'»»«f- « greatest of his productions, is in reality a literar> epiton t of his life, since it had occupied him ,at f-nes for ■«"'> sixty vears. In 1772 scenes of a prose "Faust were wtiU ten fragments of which were retained in the hitcr poetic vision The earliest rimed scenes uf the first part are from 1773-75. In 17i)0aflist edition, with the title Faust, ein Flaiment," was published at Leipsic. Abou 17( , he ac lin took up the flrst part, which was completed in 1800, aiidi,ul.lishe(latTubingeninl808. As regards the second nut the idea of the " Helena,' ultimately printed iw the third act of the completed second part was <;onceived be- fore 1776, It was not, however, worked out until 1S2U, u[d in 1827 was published with the title ;Helena, eine classiscb-i-omantiscbc I'hantasmagorl.a. T'!^ ™™Pl^''- second part lli-stappeared i,nl»-llrstvonn oof the N^ gelassne Werke " (• Posthumous W orks 1833). l' 8 "«" editions of his coflected works are - Schriften ; ^Verke ,(stut_t- gart and Tubingen, ISl.'i-W, in -20 vols.). "Werke (IS- - 1831, in 40 vols.). To these are to be added ; l-^-'l'" nachgclassne Werke" (183-2-:i4, in 15 vols »;i"> •' ™»- more in 184-2). A chronological tab e of "".h/.V" 'A"/' was edited by Uirzel, Leijisic, 18S4. Lewes s "Life of Goe- tlie" (186,5) is the standard i;nglish work on the subject. Last edition, IS'.H). c^ ^■■. .,.,„ n^,. Goetz von BerUchingen. See Gots von Be>- Goffe"("Kof). William. Born about 1605: died at Hadlev. Mass., 167y. An English Parl-amen- tarv eommander, one of tlie judges of ( liarles 1. Helivedin New England in concealment after 1660. ... . , ., Goe (coc). In Ezek. xxxviu., xxxix., a ruler in the land of Magog, mentioned as the prince ot Meshech and Tubal, in Rev. xx. 8, Gog and Magog appear as two allied warring tribes. 1 ''^^.-J'^ "Xim regarded as connecte.l with the invasion of '"^ Sf>''''- '« 1 wcsteni Asia but of late Hog has been ideiltilled with agu ritirted o in the annals of the Assyrian king Asur- b inipal (««8-fi-2« 11. c.) as the mighty ruler ot a warlike tribe in the territory of Salii, north of Assyria. Gog and Magog. The names given to two efli- .'ies ill tin- liuihUiall, London. They arc now Uiollght to be intendeil for liogmagog and Connens. he "gin 1 statues stood there in the days of Henry \ They «"ro burned In the Great Fire, and »•;»":»;« ""^^^^ «, in 1708. The older ones were made of » 'c^'' " '."^J; ,','"" ' , hoard etc., ami were canled in i.ioeession at the lonl fioemaeoe (gog'ma-gog), or Goemot, or Goe- St^ A legendary king of the giants Ho 'vas killed by Coriueus, a follower ol Brut. Golden Fleece A Russian novelist aud dramatist. He was eJn- cated in a public gymnasium at Pultowa, and subsequently in the lyceuin, then newly established, at > K'Jinsk. In 1831 he was appointed teaeber of history at the Patriotic In- stitution, a place which he cxchangc«d in 1834 for the pro- fessorship of history in the University of St. Petersburg, this be resigned at the end of a year, and devoted himself entiielv to literature. In ls« Gogol left Russia. He lived most of the time in Rome. In 1837 he wrote ■ Dead Souls" (which see). In IMo he went to Russia for a short period in order to superintend the publication of the first volume of "Dead Souls," and then returned to IfUy In lS4(i he returned to Russui. and fell into a state of faiiatical mvsticisra. one of his hist acts was to burn the manuscript of thcconcluding portion of Dead Souls, which be considered harmful. He .also wrote " Eyeninga at the Farm," "St. Petersburg Stories,- "T;inis Bulba, a Tale of the Cossacks," "The Revizor, a comedy, etc. Gogra (gog'rii). or Gogari. A sacred river of India, llowing southeast aud joining the (Tanges about 35 miles above Patua. Length, about 000 miles. .TIT Goil (goil), Loch. An arm of Loch Long, in ArgvUshire, Scotland. Length, 6 miles. GoiOgOUen. See Caijnua. ■ t Goito (go'e-to). A village m the province of Miiitua, Italv, situated on the Jliucio 9 miles northwest of Mantua. Here, in April and May, 1848 the Piedmontese deti-ated the Austnaus. Gokcha (gok-cha'), or Goktchai (gek-chi ), Armenian Sevanga (sa-viin'gii). A lake in the covernmeiit of Erivau, Caucasus, Russia, in- tersected by lat. 40° 20' N., long. 4.5° 20' E. Its outlet isby the Zenga into the Ai-as. LiengtU, 49 miles. Gok-Tepe. See fUok-Tipc Gola (gO'Ui), or Gura (go ra). A small Afri- eau tribe, of the Nigi'itic branch, settled in Liberia, north of Monrovia. Golconda (gol-kon'dii). A place in the Nizam s Doiniuioiis, India, 7 miles northwest of Hyder- abad. It is noted for its fort, for the mausolenms of the ancient kings, and for the diamonds which were cut and polished here. It was the capiul of a kingdom from 1512 until its overthrow by Aurung-Zebe in 16S7. Goldast (gol'diist), Melchior, sumamed yon GogmagOg Hills. A spur of the chalk range iilnmt 3 imles soul heast of Cambridge, England, Gogo (L'.Vg.-.), or Gogha (g.Vgii)- ^} '^''"I""- ."' the .listr-M't of Aliuiedabad, Bombay, UnliM India, situate.l on the tiulf of Cainbay "' lii>- (iilgo'c^.K-WkgiiMwii-gii'go). A Bantu trHn. settled i.i the center of (ie,-.n»n East Africa, between Usagara, Vsaiigo. and Uya.i/^. iVu country Is callcl Ugog". '^';^'"^'\''IS,^ fSess" oi Is a plateau, 3,5n() feet high. »'''V"l,r''r, ;'„.",,, i 1H09: died at Moscow. March 4 (N. h.), 18.)„. Heimingsfeld. B..rn near Bischotszell. Thur- gau, Switzerland, Jan. 6, l..,S(l.i.6 ?): died at Oiessen, Germany, Aug. 11, 163o. A German historian and publicist. He wrote " Suevica- rumrerumScriptores"(1605),"Alamaniucarum rcrumScriptores" (1606), etc. Goldau (gol'dou). A village in the canton of Sehwv/.. Switzerland, 12 miles east of Lucerne. It was ilestroyed, with the neighboring villages, by a landslili from the Rossberg, Sept. 2. 1800. Goldberg (gold'bero). A town in the province of Silesia, Prussia, situated on the Katzbach 48 miles west of Breslau. It suBeretl severely in various wars, and wa« the scene of contests betneeii the French aii.l the Allies May 27 and Aug. -23, 1813. Popula- tion (189. Golden Ass, The. [I- yutam<,rpUos(on,scu ,k lsi,„> .!«/■' ", l.il'ii -V/.] A romance of a taiitas- tic and satirical character by Apideins. written in the 2<1 ceiitiirv : ].robably his earliest work. It imitated a portion of the -• Metamorphoses "of l.ueian. The best-known episode in it is that of Cupid and Psyche, which was taken from a i)opiilar legend oiinyth. .siune of the adventures of D.m tjnix.ile and of Gil Bias arc drawn from this source, and Boccaccio has usens in the north of the empire and m Europe. Dm 'the last years of his life he was in Europe sick and in ■ mp lete p<.verty. While returning to Brazil he per- shed in a shipwreck. Besides his poems he pndished vm-tou" historical and ethnological papers, and a diction- ary ot the Tupl language Ooncourt (gon-kor'), Edmond de. Born at NSn?v.Fiarice,May26,iy22: died -July 16, I89b. Ooncourt, Jules de. Born at Pans, Dec. 17, 1S30 : died at Paris, June 20, 1870. Two i rein-h novelists and authors, brothers and collabora- tors They wi-ote works illustrative of the Ibth century, etc. . , Oonda (gon'da). 1 . A district of Oudh, British S hitersected by lat. 27° N., long. 82° E. Area, 2,879 square miles. Population (1091), 1459 229.— 2. The capital of the ilistriet ot Gouda, situated in lat. 27° 8' N., long 82° 1 E. Gondar (gon'dar). The capital ot Amhara, and ecclesiastical capital of Abyssinia, situated about lat. 12° 31' N., long. 37° 26' E.: formerly the capital of Abyssinia. Population, 5,000. Gondavo. See Gandavo. Gondibert (gon'di-bert). A poem by Sir Wil- liam Davenant, published in 1651. ■■Gondibert/ hislSir WiUiam Davenanfs) greatest per- tormance, incurred, when first published, more ridicule, and in later times more neglect, than its merits deserve An epic poem in elegiac stanzas must always be tedious, because no structure of verse is more unfavourable to narration than that which almost peremp only requires each sentence to be restricted, or protracted, to four lines. But the liveliness of Davenanfs imagination which Di-y- den has pointed out as his most striking attribute, has il- Uiminated even the dull and dreary path which he has chosen ; and perhaps few ^oems afford more ■nstances of vigorous conceptions, and even felicity of expression, than the neglected "Gondibert." Sir Walter Scott, Dryden, Works, III. 101. Oondo (gon'do). Ravine of. A wild gorge of the Alps, in the Simplon Pass. Gondokoro (gon-do-ko'ro), or Ismailia (iz-ma- e'le-a). A village and station of ivory-traders, situated in the territory of the Bari negroes on the White Nile, in lat. 4° 54' N., long. 31° 46' E. : formerly a Roman Catholic missionary station. . , . . , Gonds (gondz). [E.Ind.] An aboriginal race in central India and the Deccan, believed to be of Dravidian stock. Gondwana. A region in f ?t™l Ij^^-^,' J^''' ; vague limits, situated about lat. 19°-2o JN. It is peopled largely by Gonds. Gondwana proper belongs chlelly to th« Central Provinces. Goneril (gon'er-il). One of Lear's unnatural daughters, in Shakspere's tragedy " King L,eai . The elder, Goneril, with the "wolfish visage" and the dark '■ frontlet "ot iU-humour, is a mas™!'.""^,""'""'''* ' of independent purposes and projects whilst ''^J-'" ■ I'" pears niore feminine, rather instigated by QonerU, moie passive, and more dependent. » . „, i,„ v v ^ Gmniim, Shakespeare Commentaries (tr. by F E. (Bunnett, ed. 1880), p. 02.'). G6ngoraMarmolejo (gon'g.Vra mar-rao-la'iw) AlonsO de. Born at Carmona, Seville, about 1510 : died in Chile, Jan., 1576. A bpauish scl- dier and historian. Ho served in Peru; went to Chile in 1549, and took an active part in the Araucaniaii wars; was a captain, but never had any important coinmissions In his latter years he lived at Santiago. His ■' Uistoria de ChUe," written between ir.7-i and 1.W5, is preserved in the onginal manuscript in Madrid. It was first jmlilished In 18S(I, in the "Memorial historlco Espa.lol, and 'C; published in the "Coleccion de historiadores de thUe, 1862. It gives the history of Chile down to 15i j, anu is the best of tlie early works on that subject. Gdngora y Argote (gon'go-rii e !ir-g6'ta),Luis de Born at Cordova, Spain, July 11. l.)Ol : died there, Mav 23,1627. A Spanish lyric poet, noted as the founder of a highly metaphysical and artificial style named from him "Gongor- isra," and also called the "polished," " polite, and "cultivated" style. Gonnella. Svo Jrshof ao,u,rU,i. Gonsalez (grm-sii'leth), Fernan. A half-i ii)u- lous Spanish hero ot the lOtli century, about whom numerous ballads and poems have been wri t ten. His historical achievements occurred between 931 and 1170, when he died. A metrical chronicle of his ad- ventures (date probably of the 14th century) was lonn.l.-d on an older proso account. There are about twont.y ballads relating to km, the most interesting being tlu.se in wh .h he is twice rescued from prison by his coui-ageons wife. TUIinor. Gonsalvo Hernandez de Cordova. See Cm-- Oo'nville and Oaius College, commonly called simply Oaius (kez). A college of the University of Cambridge, England, established by Edmund 4:4:7 Gom-iUe in 1348, and refounded by Dr. John Caius, iihvsician to Queen Mary, m lo.W. The picturesque gate, exhibiting classical friezes niche^ and pcliments. surmounted by an octagonal 'l''" f ".'■'^ P^'l '.' " ret, is modern. The outer court was built by Calls the inner, th.iugh refaced in the last century, by GonviUc. Gonzaga(gon-zii'gii). A small town in the prov- ince of Mantua, Italy, 14 miles south of Mantua. Gonzaga, Carlo I. di. Died about 163.. Duke of Ncvers. Mantua, and Montferrat. Gonzaga, Federigo II. di. Born about loOO . (iie.l l.'illl. Promoted from maniuis to duke ot Mantua in 1.'.30: ruler of Montferrat fro™ 1M6. Gonzaga, Ludovico III. di, sm-named ihe Turk." Born about 1414: died 1478. Marquis of Mantua from 1444. . .„ ^ r> *„ Gonzaga, Thomaz Antonio. Born at Opoito, Poi-tugal, Aug., 1744: died at Mozambique, Africa, probablv in 1807. A Portuguese poet. He was oiividor or judge of Villa Rica, Minas Geraes, Bra- zil a^dn 1789 was involved in the re'^olutionary plot c lied the conspiracy of Tir.adentes for which in 17 .2 e was condemned to penal servitude at 11°^''™'',"!"''^;^',™- ally he marrie.l there. He became insane before his death. H s 'Marilia de Dirceu," a collection of lyrics, was pub- lished before his exile, and appeared in numerous subse- ciueiit editions. ™ , ti „„ GonzaleZ(g6n-tha'leth),JuanG AParaguayan politician, elected president of the republic for four years, Sept. 25, 1890. „ !,„ Gonzalez, Manuel. Bom near Matamoros, be- fore 1833: died at Mexico, May 8. 1893. A Mexi- can eeneral and statesman. He distinguished hini- self in the wars against the French and Maximilian ; fol- owed DTaz in v^ious revolts : was his ^^cretai-y of war- 1877-80 ■ and succeeded him as president Dec. 1, 1880, to Nov 30 I8S4 His term was peaceful, but his financial policy caused much trouble. Subsequently he was gover- nor of Guanajuato. Gonzalez Balcarce, Antonio. See Salcarce. Gonzalez Davila(da've-la).Gil. Born atAvila about 1470 : died there, about lo28. A Spanish discoverer. He went to Espaiiola in 1610, and was made contador In 1519 he was in Spain, and joined with Andres Nhio in a scheme for exploration in the Pacific. Crossing the °s mus of Panama, they followed the coast northward^ discovered the lakes of Nicaragua, and reached Esparlo a in 1523 with a large amount of gold which they had o- ained from the Indians. Pedrarias, g°''^'-"°f,V//.,'^ '"V-^ laid claim to the newly discovered region. O'J Spam a52«). Released on parole, he remained at Avila until his death. Gonzalez Saravia, Antonio. See Molliiwdo y Gonzalez Vigil (ve'iiel).Franciscode Paula. Born at Tacna, Sept. 15, 1792: died at Lima. June 10, 1875. A Peruvian scholar and states- man. He took orders in 1818, and was rector of the Col- lege of Arequipa 1832. From 18H6 until his death he was director of the national libraiT at Lima. Eiuly identified wYth the cause of independence, he was elected to severa ™ igresses! leading thS opposition to Bolivar in 1820,, and resisting Gomara in 1832. His most important woik, De- fensa de la aiitoridad de los gobiernos contra las preten- simics de la curia romana" (12 vols. 1848 ■> I860), caused hi"" t?.be «cl«y«l »" Inrportimtimrtiuestablishlngthe^^^^^^^ He was a member ..f l^irliament I8«.MSr,. „ Good(gud), John Mason. Born fEppng, Es- sex, Kiigbiu.l, Mav 25, 1764: died .Jan. 2. 1827. \ii Kurdish plivsiciiiu and miscellaneous writer. (18*''') Goodale (gu.l'Mi. Dora Read. .Bom at^M..unt Wi"hingl7.ii in ISCii. A,.Ai,i.^ricaupoot,s.ster III' Khiiiie «l.»"lale. s t. t Goodale, Elaine (Mrs. Eastman). Born at Mount Washington, Berkshire County, Mass., li, IHCi^l All American poet. She became a teacher o ti. ndian n the Hanipt.H', Institute 111 ISS.^. and In 188.1 Bover. I lent t.^a.ln^r at White River Camp. Dakota, l'"™ « f,f Fin .^ I I Dora ti..."lal.^ were pvibli»h.-.l as -Apple BloiT:' (18785; "in Berkshire with the Wll.l Flowers' (1879), etc. Goodwin, William Watson Goodall (gud'al), Edward. Bora at Leeds, England, §ept. 17, 1795: died at London. April 11,1870. An English engraver, especially noted f.)i^ his engra%'ings after Turner. Goodall, Frederick. Bom at London, Sept. 17, 1822. An English painter, son of Edward Uooa- Good Counsel of Chaucer. See Flee from the Goode (gud), George Brown. Bom at New Al- banv, Ind., Feb. 13, 18.31: died at Washington, D. (J., Sept. 6, 1896. An American naluralist. Uereceivedan appointraenton the staff of thetmithsoniaii Institution inl87:i; became assistant directorof theNa_tion- al Museum in 1878; was commissioner of llsheries 188.-88; and was assistant secretary of the Smithsonian Institutioa from 18^7. Among his works are "Catalogue of the i ishes of the liermu.las" (1870), " Game Fishes of theUmted States (1879), ■■American Fishes" (1880), "The Fisheries and Fish- ery Industries of the United States" (1884), "Oceanic Ich- thyology " (with Tarleton H. Bean, 1894), etc. Goodell (gii-del'), William. Bom at Temple- ton Ma^s., Feb. 14, 1792: died at Philadel- nhia Feb. 18, 1867. An American missionary. He was graduated from Andover Theological Seminary in 18-0 when he became a missionary of the AmericanBMrd of Cimmissioners of Foreign Missions He labored a Bel- rut from 1823 until 18-28, and was subsequently stationed It Malta and at Constantinople. He translated the Scrip- tures into ArmenoTurkish : the final revision of the trans- lation appeared in 1863. Goodfellow (gud'fel'6), Robin. See Puck. Good Gray Poet, The. A surname of Walt Whitman. . . . i. tx,^ Good Hope, Cape of. A promon ory at the- southwestern extremity of Cape Colony, South Africa, in lat. 34° 21' S., long. 18° 30' E. It waj discovered by Bartholomeu Dias in 1487, and was doubled by Vasco da Gama in 1497. For the colony, see Co;;^ Coloui/. . . Goodman (gud'man), Godfrey. Born at Kutliin, Denbighshire, Feb. 28, 1583: died at London Jan. 19, 1656. An English divine, appointed bishop of Gloucester in 1625. He was accused of Romanist tendencies and practices. He was committed to the Tower on a charge of high treason in lt>41, but was snon released. He wrote "The Fall of Man," eto. (to which llakcwill replied), and other works. Goodman's Fields Theatre. A London theater built in 1729. David Garrick made the success ot the house in 1741. It was pulled down ab"ut 1746, and a second theater was burned in 1S02. Thunibury. Good-natured Man, The. A comedy by Gold- smith, pi-."luced Jan. 29, 1768. Good Parliament. The name given to the Eng- lish Parliament of 1376, which was noted tor its elt.irts to reform political abuses. It impeached Lords Latimer and NevUle, and others -the first instance of an impeachment. Good Regent, The. James Stuart earlofMui- rav (or M.u-ay), regent of Scotland loti.-.d. Goodrich (gad'rich). Chauncey Allen Bora at X.-vv Haven, C.nn , Oct. 23, 1790 : died there, Feb 25, 1860. An American scholar, grandson of Elizur Goodrich : one of the editors of " Web- ster's Dictionary" after 1828. „ , , „ Goodrich, Elizur. B.nn at Wet hersneld.Conn.. (i,.t 2(5, 1734 : died at Norfolk, Conn., Nov.. 1797. An American clergyman and matheina- Goodrich, Samuel Griswoldjpscudonvm Pe- ter Parley Boriiatl(idgelicld,Conn..Aug.l9. l?);i di.-.l at New York, May 9. 1800. An Anier- •aii auth.ir, nephew of C. A. Goodrich. He jmb- ilshed many juvenile works, 'History of the Animal King- dom ■■ (ISM), etc. Goodsir (giid's.'r), John. Born at Anstmther, KileshinsMarch 20, 1814: died at Waniie, near E.liiiburgli. March 6, 1867. A Scottish anato- mist, j.rofessor of anatomy at Edinburgh from 1846. He obtaininl .listinctlon from his investigations in cellular palh.d..gy. His --Anatomic.a llemoirs waspub- lislled in 1808. Goodstock (gud'stok) Tlio host "'Ben Jon- s.Hi's play '-The New Inn." He is Lord !• ram- (ioodwinTgad'WiiO, Charles Wycliffe., Bom at Kings Lvnn, 1817: died at Slianghni. Jam. 1878. Anl'-nglishlawycrandEgyii oogist. He iciih;ri.:;Su;)«svjS8r"i»Hr ^iierisc^s^sffi-^sr^SlS ma.le asslslant judge of the supreme court for HUna anu Goodwin, Thomas. Born at RoUesby, Norfolk, Eii.'laii.l, O.'l . 5. 1600 : died at London. !• cb. 2i, 1679 An English Puritan divine. His works wei-.' publishe.l 1681-1704. Goodwin William Watson. Born at Concord. Mass Mily " 1831. An American dassicai si'liohir lie was graduat.d at Harvard I" lS-''''.''"f '" iwliwii appointed Eliot professor of Greek literature at Goodwin, William Watson that institution. He published "Syntax of the Moods and Tenses of the Ureek Verb " (1860), " Greeli Grammar " (1870), etc. G-Oodwin Sands. Dangerous shoals about 5 miles east of Kent. England, fi-om which they are separated by the Downs. They are opposite Deal and Sandgate. Near them the Dutch fleet defeated the British fleet in 1652. Goodwood (giid'wiid). A seat of the Duke of Rifhmond and Gordon, near Chichester, Susses, England. A noted race-course was established in the park in 1802. The meeting takes place in the end of July, the principal race being that for the Goodwood Cup. Goodyear (gud'yer), Charles. Bom at New Haven, C6nn., Dec. 29, 1800: died at New York, July 1, 180)0. An American manufacturer. In 1S34 he turned his attention to the manufacture of india- rubber. After years spent in experimentation, which re- duced himself and his family to poverty, lie discovered the process of vulcanization, for which he obtained his first patent in 1844. Goody Two Shoes. A nursery tale relating the story of Little Goody Two Shoes, who, owning but one shoe, is so pleased to have a pair that she shows them to every one, exclaiming ' ' Two shoes!" The story was first published in 1765 by New- bery, and is supposed to have been ^vritten by Oliver Goldsmith. Googe (goj), Barnabe. Bom at Alvingham, Lincolnshire, 1540 : died in 1594. An English poet. His most important work is a set of 8 eclogues published in 1503 in "Eglogs, Epytaphes. and Sonnetes," which are thought to have had some influence on .Spen- ser's "Shepherd's Calendar." He translated a number of works, and wrote also a long poem, "Cupido Conquered." Gookin (go'kin), Daniel. Bom in Kent, Eng- land, about 1612: died at Cambridge, Mass., March 19, 1687. A colonial official. He came out to Virginia with his father in 1621, and about 1644 removed to Massachusetts, where he was made superintendent of the Indians in 1656, and major-general in ItiSl. He wrote " Historical Collections of the Indians of Massachusetts," completed in 1674 and first printed in 1792. Goole (gol). A river port in Yorkshire, Eng- Land, situated on the Ouse 23 miles west of Hull. Population (1891), 15,413. Goomtee. See Gumti. Goorkhas. See Glmrl-as. Goose, Mother. See Mother Goose. Goppert (gep'pert), Heinrich Robert. Born at Sprottau, Prussia, July 25, 1800 : died at Bres- lau. May 18, 1884. A German botanist and pa- leontologist, professor of botany at the Uni- versity of Breslau. He was especially noted for his researches on fossil flora. Goppingen (gep'piug-en). A manufacturing town in the circle of the Danube, Wiirtemberg, situated on the Fils 22 miles east by south of Stuttgart. Population (1890), commune, 14,352. GorakhpUT (go-ruk-p6r'). 1. A district in the Benares division. Northwest Provinces, Brit- ish India, intersected by lat. 27° N., long. 83° 30' E. Area, 4,576 square miles. Population (1891), 2,994,057.-2. The capital of the Gorakh- pur district, situated on the river Rapti in lat. 26° 44' N., long. 83° 24' E. Population, includ- ing cantonment (1891), 63,620. Gorboduc (gor'bo-duk). A mythical king of Britain. His story, with that of his sons Ferrex aud Porrex, is told in the early chronicles. Gorboduc, who succeeded to the crown of Britain soon after the death of Lear, profited so little by the example of his predecessor that he divided his realm during hi 5 life between his two sons, Ferrex and Porrex, whose bloody history is the subject of the first regular English tragedy : it was written by Thomas Norton and Thomas .Sackville (Lord Buckhurst),was acted in 1561, and afterwards printed in 1565, under the name of " Gorboduc." Sir Philip Sid- ney says that this drama climbs to the height of Seueca, and Pope has pronounced the much higher eulogy that it possesses " an unaffected perspicuity of style, and an easy rtow in the numbers: in a word, that chastity, correct- ness, and gravity of style which are so essential to tragedy, and which all the tr.agic poets who followed, not e.xcept- ing Shakspeare liimself, either little understood or per- petually neglected." Both in the drama and romance, the princes, between whom the kingdom had been divided, soon fell to dissension, and the younger stabbed the elder ; the mother, who more dearly loVed the elder, having killed his brother in revenge, the people, indignant at the cruelty of the deed, rose in rebellion, and murdered both father and mother. The nobles then assembled and destroyed most of the rebels, but afterwards became embroiled in a civil war, in which they and their issue were all slain. Dutiiop, Hist, of Prose Fiction, I. 240. Gorcum. See Gorkum. Gordian (gor'di-an). See Gordifiniis. Gordianus (gor-di-a'nus) I., Marcus Antoni- us, surnamed Africanus, Anglicized Gordian. Born about 158 a. d.: died at Cartilage, 238. Roman emperor. He was descended from a wealthy and illustrious r.oman family, and acquired great popu- larity liy his largesses to the populace. He became procon- sul of Africa in 237, and when, in 238, a rebellion broke out in his province against Maximinus, he was forced by the insurgents to assume the purple. Ilis elevation was con- firmed by the Roman senate. He associated with himself 448 in the government his son Gordianus II. The younger Gordianus was defeated and slain before Carthage l>y Ca- pellianus. governor of Mauretania, whereupon the elder Gordianus put himself to deatli after a reign of only six weeks. Gordianus II., Marcus Antonius. Bom 192 A. 1). : died near Carthage. 238. Roman empe- ror, son and associate of the preceding. Gordianus III., Marcus Antonius Pius. Born about 224 A. D. : died in Mesopotamia, 244. Roman emperor. He was the grandson of Gordianus I. on his mother's side, and was proclaimed Csesai- on the death of the two Gordiani in Africa in 238. (See Goydianw^ I.) lie became sole emperor in the same year, on the as- sassination bythepretoriansof the two .\iigusti, Pupienus and Balbinus, who had been appointed by the senate to succeed Gordianus I. He undertook an expedition against Persia in 242, under the guidance of his father-in-law, the veteran soldier Misitheus, after wiiose death he was mur- dered by the pretorian prefect Philip, who usurped the throne. Gordium (gor'di-um). In ancient geography, a town in northern Galatia. Asia Minor, near the river Sangarius. It is noted as the place where Alexander the Great cut the Gordian knot. See Gordiiis. Gordius (gor'di-us). [Gr. T6p6io^.'] An ancient king of Lydia (originally a peasant), father of Midas. According to the legend an oriicle had declared to the people of Plu^'gia that a king would come to them riding in a car, and, as Gordius thus appeared to them in a popular assembly which was discussing the disposition of the government, he was accepted as their sovereign. His car and the yoke of his oxen he dedicated to Zeus at Gordium ; and an oracle declared that whoever should un- tie the knot of the yoke would rule over Asia. Alexander the Great cut the knot with his sword. Gordon (gor'don), Adam. A famous English outlaw who established himself near the village of Wilton in 1267, and attacked those especially who were of the king's party. He engaged with Prince Edw,ard (af terwiu"d King Edward I. ) in single com- bat, and tlie latter so admired his courage and spirit that he promised him his life and fortune if he would surren- der. Gordon consented, and was ever after an attached and faithful servant to Edward. Gordon, Sir Adam de. Died 1333. A Scottish statesman aud soldier. He was at first a partizan of Edward II., but after the battle of Eaunockburn adhered to Bruce. His son Sir Adam de Gordon (died 1402) became celebrated in border warfare. Gordon, Adam Lindsay. Born at Fayal (Azores), 1833: shot himself at New Brighton, Australia, June 24. 1870. An Australian poet. He was in the mounted police of South Australia in 1S53, and was afterward a horse-breaker, member of the Vic- toria House of Assembly (1S65), and the keeper of a livery- staljle. He f.>iled in an attempt to secure the Essleraont estate in Scotland in 1869. Among his poems are "Sea Spray and Smoke Drift " (1867), " Bush E:i]lads, etc. " (1870), and " Ashtaroth : a dramatic Lyric " (1870). Gordon, Alexander. Born at Aberdeen before 1693: died in South Carolina in 1754 or 1755. A Scottish antiquary. He wrote "Itinerarium Septen- trionale" (1726), describing "the monuments of Roman antiquity" and "the Danish invasions on Scotland." Gordon, Sir Alexander. Bom 1650: died at Airds, Kirkcudbrightshire, Nov. 11. 1726. A Scottish Covenanter. He took part in the battle of Bothwell Bridge, was proclaimed a traitor and condemned to death, and after many hairbreadth escapes fled to Hol- land. He returned and was arrested (1683), aud remained a prisoner until 1689. For several years his imprisonment w.as voluntarily shared by his wife. Gordon, Andrew. Born at Cofforach, Forfar- shire, June 15, 1712: died Aug. 22, 1751. A Scottish physicist, appointed professor of phi- losophy at Erfurt in 1737. He was noted for his ex- periments in frictional electricity. He is said to have been the first electrician to use a cylinder in place of a globe. He wTote " Phrenomena Electricitatis Exposita " (1744), etc. Gordon, Si r Arthur Hamilton. Bora Nov. 26, 1829. A British colonial governor, youngest son of the fourth Earl of Aberdeen. He sat in Par- liament as Liberal member for Beverley 1864-67, and was appointed governor of New Brunswick in 1.^66, governor of Trinidad in 1870, first governor of the Fiji Islands in 1874, high commissioner for the Western Pacific in 1.S77, governor of New Zealand in 1880, and governor of Ceylon in 1883. He was created Baron Stanmbre in 1893. Gordon, Charles George, called "Chinese Gor- don" and "Gordon Pasha." Born at Woolwich, Jan. 28, 1833: died at Khartum, Nubia, Jan. 26, 1885. An English soldier. He served in the Crimea 1854-56. In 1800 he was attached to the British force under Sir James Hope Grant operating with the French against Chin.a, and in 1863 took command of a Chinese force, called the Ever Victorious Army, against the Tai- ping rebels. He put down the rebellion in thirty-three en- gagements, and resigned his command in 1864, receiving froui the emperorthe yellow jacket and peacock's feather of a mandarin of the first class. He was governor of the Equatorial Provinces of central Africa in the service of the Khedive of Egypt 1874-76 ; was created pasha by the khe- dive in 1877; and in the same year was promoted lieuten- ant-colonel in the British army. He was governor-gen- eral of the Sudan, Darfur, the Equatorial Provinces, and the Red Sea littoral 1877-79, in which capacity he stamped ont the slave-trade in his district. He acted as adviser of the Chinese government in its relations with Russia in 1880 ; went as commanding royal engineer to Mauritius Gore Hall lsSl-82 : and was commandant of the colonial forces oX the Cape of Good Hopeiul8s2. In 1884 he was sent bythe British government to the Sudan to assist the khedive in withdrawing the garrisons of the country, which could not be held any longer against the Mahdi. " He was besieged by the Mahdi at Khartum, JIarch 12, 1884, and was killed in the storming of the city, Jan. 26, 1SS5. Gordon, George, fourth Earl of Huntly. Born 1514: died 1.502. A Scottish statesman. He held important offices under James V. ; with Home defeated an English force at Hadden Rig, Aug. 24, 1542 ; on the murder oX Cardinal Beaton succeeded him as lord high chancellor (1546); and held a command and was taken prisoner at the battle of Pinkie (1547). He opposed the policy of the queen regent, and finally deserted her. He favored the Catholic cause. Under Mary he was in dis- favor, and was finally denounced as a rebel. He attacked the queen's forces at Corrichie, Nov. 5, 1562. but was de- feated, and died from the effects of the battle. Gordon, George, fifth Earl of Huntly. Died May, 1576. A Scottish statesman. He was a fa- vorite of Mary, and an ally of Bothwell, and became lord high chancellor in 1566. He was implicated in the mur- der of Darnley. Gordon, Lord Gteorge. Bom at London, Dec. 26, 1751: died Nov. 1, 1793. An English agita- tor, third son of Cosmo George, third duke of Gordon. He entered Parliament in 1774. Inl779hebe- came president of the Protestant Association, formed to secure the repeal of the Bill of Toleration, passed in 1778 for the relief of Roman Catholics. At the instance of the society a large number of the opponents of the bill met in St. George's Fields, and marched in a body to the House of Commons simultaneously with the pres- entation by Gordon of a petition praying Parliament to repeal the bill. A riot ensued, which was quelled by the troops June 8, 1780. Gordon was tried in 1781 for compli- city in the riots, but was acquitted for want of evidence. Gordon, George Hamilton, fourth Earl of Aber- deen. Born at Edinbuigh, Jan. 28, 1784: died at London, Dec. 14, 1860. A British statesman. He was appointed ambassador extraordinary to Austria Sept., 1813, and signed the preliminary treaty at Tbplitz on Oct. 3. On May 30, 1814, he signed tixe treaty of Paris as one of the representatives of Great Britain. He was for- eign secretary under Wellington 1828-30, secretarj' for war under Peel, Dec, 1834, -April, 183.5, and secretaryforforeign affairs under Peel 1841—16. He was premier Dec, 1852,- Jan. 30, 1855, his ministry being formed by a coalition of Whigs and Peelites. He wrote works on Greek architec- ture, etc. Gordon, John Campbell Hamilton. Born 1847. .Seventh Earl of Aberdeen, grandson of the fourth earl, lord lieutenant of Ireland under the Gladstone administration of 1886, and gov- ernor-general of Canada 1893-98. Gordon, Sir John Watson. Born at Edinburgh, 1788 : died there, June 1, 1864. A Scotti.sh por- trait-painter. His liest-known work is a portrait of Sir Walter Scott. Gordon, Lady Duff- (Lucie or Lucy Austin). Born at Westminster, June 24, 1821: died at Cairo, -July 14, 1869. An English writer, best known as a translator from the Gennan (Nie- buhr. Von Ranke, and Sybel). She resided in Egvpt from 1862. She married Sir Alexander Duff-Gordon in 1840. Gordon, William. Born at Hitehin, Hertford- shire, about 1728 : died at Ipswich, England, Oct. 19, 1807. An English clergyman and his- torian. He wrote "Kise, Progress, aiul Establishment of the Independence of the United States of America " (1788), etc. Gordon Bennett, Mount. [Named from James Gordon Bennett.] A mountain in central Africa, in the neighborhood of Lake Albert Nyanza and Ruwenzori. discovered and named by Stanley. Height, estimated, about 15,000 feet. Gordon Gumming. See Cnmming. Gordon Riots. A rising of the London popu- lace, June, 1780, the culmination of an anti- Roman Catholic agitation, instigated and abet- ted by Lord George Gordon. See Gordon, Lord George. Gore (gor), Mrs. (Catherine Grace Frances Moody). Born at East Retford, Notts, Eng- land, in 1799 : died at Lyndhurst, Hampshire, Jan. 29, 1861. An English novelist and play- writer. Among her works are "Theresa Marchmont," a novel (1824), "The Lettre de Cachet " (1827), "School for Coquettes, "a comedy (1831), " Mrs. Armytage. etc.," a novel (1836), " Cecil, or the Adventures of a Coxcomb " (her most successful novel, 1841), " The Banker's Wife " (1843), and about sixty other works, some of them translations from the French. Gore, Christopher. Born at Boston, Sept. 21, 1758: died at Waltham, Mass., March 1, 1827. An American politician, governor of Massachu- setts 1809-10. He was a benefactor of Harvard College. Goree (go-ra'). A small island belonging to France, situated near the coast of Senegambia. south of Cape Verd, in lat. 14° 40' N., long. 17° 25' W. Population of the town of Gor^e, about 2.000. Gore Hall. A building containing the library of Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts I i Gore House Gore House. A house formerly occupying the site upon which the Albert Memorial is built, in London. It waa a famous resort for men of letters durinp the successive ownerships of William Wilberforce and the Countess of Blessington in the early part of the 19th century. Gorgei. See Gorgci/. Gorges (gor'jez). Sir Ferdinando. Born in Somersetshire, England, about 15G6: died in 1647. An English colonial proprietor. He re- ceived with John Mason a grant of the region between the Merriniac and Kennebec rivers in 1622. In 1629 the connection between Gorges and Mason was dissolved and a new grant was made to each, Goi-ges receiving the region between the Piscataqua and the Kennebec. Gorges re- ceived a contlrraation of his giant under the title of the Province of Maine in 1639. Gorgey, or Gorgei (ger'ge-i), Arthur. Born at Toporcz, county of Zips, Hungary, Jan. 30, 1818. A Hungarian general in the warof 1848-49, Ho succeeded Kossuth as dictator, Aug. 11, 1S49, and surren- dered at VilSgos, Aug. 13, 1849, to the Kussians under Biidiger. Ootfias (gor'ji-as). [Gr. Topyiag.^ Bom at Le- ontmi, Sicily, .about 485 B. c. : died at Larissa, Thessaly, about 380 B. c. A famous Greek so- phist and rhetorician, "an independent cultiva- tor of natural oratory, with a gift for brilliant expression of a poetical and often turgid kind. When he visited .Athens in 427 B. c. his florid eloquence became the rage, and was afterwards the first literary inspiration of the orator Isocrates." From him one of Plato's dialogues is njuned. Gorgibus(gor-zhe-biis'). 1. A comfortable old citizen in llolifere's "Les precieuses ridicules." His niece and daughter tonnent him by their esthetic vagaries. — 2. An unreasonable old cit- izen in Molifere's " Sganarelle": the father of C6Ue. GorgO (gor'go). [Gr. Topju.] See Gorgons. Gorgona (gor-go'na). Aji island in the Pacific, situated about lat. S'^N., long. 78° 20' W. It belongs to the Republic of Colombia. Gorgons (g6r'gonz). [Gr. rdpyovfc.] In Greek legend (Hesiod). daughters of Phorcys (whence also called Phoreydes) and Ceto, dwelling in the Western Ocean near Night and the Hesperides (or in Libya), Their names are Stheno, Euryale, and Medusa. They are girded with serpents, and, in some ac- counts, have wings and brazen claws and enormous teeth. According to Homer there is but one, Gorgo. See Medusa. Gori (go're). A town in the government of Tif- lis, Caucasus, Russia, situated on the Kur in lat. 41° 59' N. , long. 44° 5' E. Population (1891), 7,247. Gorinchem. See Gnrlum. Goring (gor'ing), George, Earl of Norwich, Born about 1583: dieil 1G(J3. An English Roy- alist politician and soldier. He headed an unsuccess- ful Royalist rising in 1647, and was sentenced to death, but later was pardoned. Goring, George, Lord Goring. Bom July 14, 1608: died at Madrid, 1657, An English "gen- eral. He at first supported the Parliamentary cause, and was placed in command of Portsmouth, but in H>42 went over to the Royalists, lie was. liowover, utKiiilc to defend Portsmouth, which was captured in Sept. He commanded the left wing of the Royalist army at the battle of .Marstnn Moor. He was a man of unrestrained life, and in his youth was celebrated for his brilliancy and prodigality. GoritZ. See G(ir:. Gorkhas. See Ghurkas. Gorkum, or Gorcum (gor'kum), or Gorinchem (go'rin-chom). A town in theiirovince of South Holland, Netherlands, at the junction of Iho Lingo with the Merwedo (Maas), 22 miles east- southeast of Rotterdam. It was taken bv the " Water Beggars " in 1572. Population (1889), 11.224. Gorlitz (gf'r'lits). A city in the province of Si- li'sia, Prussia, situated on the Lausitzer Neisse in lat. 51° 8' N., long. 14° .58' E. it is an impor- tant commercial center, and has large numufactnres of cloth. The Rathaus and the Church of Ht. Peter and .St. Paul are of interest. The place ha-s belonged succusslvely to Lusatia, Bohemia, Saxony, and Prussia. Pofiulation (IS'.rO), 62,i:t5. Gormfsorm),»iirnamcd "The Old." Floiirislicd about 860-935. Th(^ first king of united Don- iriark. Gorner (gor'ner) Glacier. One of the largest Alpine glaciers, situated in the canton of Va- lais, Switzerland, northwest of Monte Rosa, It is the source of the Visp, Gorner Grat, A tuouutain near Zermatt, Swit- zerland, in the Alps of Valiiis, Height, 10,290 foot, Gorres (g^r'res), Jakob Joseph von. Bom at Coblenz, Prussia, Jan. 25, 177(>: died at Mu- nich, .Tan. 29, 1848. A (Jeriiiiin .•nitlidr. He edited the " Hheinischer .Mcrkur'" 181 1-H1. and became profcKHdr of histttry in tbernivcr.'^itynf Mutdi-h in 1827. In his early publications he support eersecutcd by the government, and C— 29 449 was a prominent advocate of the Roman Catholic Church. He wrote " Die christliche Mystik "(1836-42) and "Athana- 8iu8"(1837). Gortchakoff (gor-chii-kof'). Prince Alexander Mikhailovitch. Born Julv 16, 1798 : died at Baden-liaden, March 11, 1883, A noted Rus- sian statesman. He was appointed ambassador ex- traordinary at Stuttgart, in 1S41, U) negotiate a marriage between the (Jrown Prince of Wiirtemberg and the prin- cess Olga, sister of the czar >'icholas. In 1854 he was sent as ambassador to Vienna, where ho guiu-ded the in- terests of Russia with great tact and ability during the Crimean war, until 18.'>6. He was appointed minister of foreign affairs in I806, and became viie-cbancellor in 1862 and chancellor in 1863, He maintained a strict neutrality between the contending powers in the Austro-Prussian war(lS661, but in 1870embraced the opportunitypresented by the Franco-Prussian war to repudiate the treaty of Paris (extorted from Russia at the close of the Crimean war in I806) in so far as it excluded the Russian war fleet from the Black Sea and deprived his country of the con- trol of the mouths of the I>anube. Gortchakoff, Prince Alexander. Bom 1764 : died 1825. A Russian soldier. He served under his uncle Suvaroff in Turkey and in Poland, and be- came lieutenant-general in 1708. He served with dis- tinction in the Napoleonic wars, and repulsed Marshal Lannes at Heilsberg in 1807. He acted as chief of the ministry of war in 1812, and became general and Wiia made a member of the imperial council in 1S14. Gortchakoff, Prince Andrei. Born 1768 : died at Moscow, Feb, 27, 1855, A Russian general. He served as major-general under Suvaroff in Italy in 1799, and commanded a division of grenadiers in 1812 and a corps of infantry in 1814, in which last-named year he fought with distinction in the battles of Leipsie and Paris, He became general in 1819, and retired from active ser- Wce in 1828, Gortchakoff, Prince Mikhail. Bom 1795: died at Warsaw, Ma.y 30, 1861. A Russian general. He served in the Turkish war 1828-29, in the Polish revo- lution 1830-31, in Hungary in 1849, on the Danube 1853-54, and in the Crimea in 1855, Gortchakoff, Prince Petr. Lived early in the 17th century. A Russian commander, noted for his defense of Smolensk against the Poles 1609-11. Gortchakoff, Prince Petr. Bom 1790 : died at Moscow, March 18, 1868, A Russian general, brother of Mikhail Gortchakoff. He fought against Napoleon in the campaigns of l^n7 and 1812-14, and subse- quently served under Yerniolulf in theCaucasus. In 1829 he commanded a corpsof infantry, with which he defeated a Turkish corps at Aides. He signed in the same year the preliminaries of the peace of .Adrianople. He became general in 1843, and in 1854 commanded a wing of the Russian army at the Alma and at Inkerman. Gorton (gor'ton). A suburb of Manchester, Lancashire, England, 4 miles southeast of that city. Population (1891\ 15,215. Gortyna (gor-ti'nji), or Gortyn (gor'tin). [Gr. r^/jrtJi'o, roprii',] In ancient geography, a city of Crete, situated about lat, 35° 5' N,, long. 24° 56' E, Gortz (gcrts), Georg Heinrich von. Born 1668 : died at Stockholm, March 12, 1719. A Swedish statesman. He was of Gennan origin, and was privy councilor and seneschal in Holstein when in 1706 he was sent on a mission to Charles XII., whose confidence he gained, and by whom he was made minister of finance in 1715, and subaeciuently prime minister. He formed a scheme for breaking up the league against Sweden, and plaimed a descent upon Scotland in behalf of the Pre- tender, but an accident frustrated his designs. On the death of the king he was imjirisoned at the instance of I'Irica F.leonora and her husband Frederick of Hesse, who succeeded to the throne, anri was executed on the pretext of b;ivink' iT'inded on the king in his undertakings and mismaruiged the fitumces. Oorz (geris), or Goritz (g^r'its). It. Gorizia (go-ret'so-ii). Tl apital of the crowiilaiid Gbrz and Gr.idiska, situated on the Isonzo24 miles north-iKirtliwest of Tricst, It has a cathedral ancl an ancient castle. Population (189(1), 17,956. Gorz and Gradiska (grii-. liabeil "Theory of the Foreign Kxcluinges ' (lHil:i), etc. J'reated viscount in 19IHI. Goshen (go'shen). In biblical geography, a pas- toral region in Lower Egypt, opcuiiied and col- onized l)y the Israelites before the Iv\odus. It was situated east of the Delta and west of the modern Suez Caiuil. 'ioshenland tgo'shen-land). or Goosen. A re- Gotha public set up by some Boer adventurei's after the Transvaal war of 1881, to the west of Trans- vaal. The expedition of Sir Charles Warren inl884dellm. ited the British and Transvaal l)oundaries. and Goshenland was absorbed in Transvaal and in Bechuanaland. Goship. See Gosirttc. Goshoot. See Gosiute. Gosh Yuta. See Gosiute. Gosiute (go'si-tit), or Goship, or Goshoot, or Gosh Yuta. A confederacy of live tribes of North American Indians in northwestern Utah and eastern Nevada. Number 2.5C, in I8».i. The name is a contraction of Goship, a former chief, and C'ta or UU. See Shoshonean, Goslar (gos'lar). A town in the province of Hannover, Prassia, on the Gose and in tlie Havz, 24 miles south of Brunswick, it is of medieval ap- pearance, and the Rathaus, monastic church, Kaiserworth, Domkapelle, and Kaiserhaus are notable buildings. The last-named is a palace founded in 1039 by the emperor Hen- ry III. It is reputed the oldest medieval secular structure in Germany, though it was in part rebuilt after a fire in 1289. It includes the Saalbau and the Chapel of St. llrich. The upper story of the former contains the imperial hall (170 feet long), with massive round-arched windows an(l modem historical frescos. Near the town is the metallifer- ous Ranmielsberg. Goslar was built about 920, and was a fa- vorite residence of the emperors. It was a Hanseatic town, and was a free city until 1802, I» passed from Hannover to Prussia in 1866. Population (1890), commune, 13,311. Gosnold (gos'nold), Bartholomew. Died at Jamestown, Va., Aug. 22. 1607. An English navigator, one of the founders of the settlement at .Jamestown. He commanded an expedition (ship Concord) in 1602 which discovered Cape Cod anil Martha 3 Vineyard (l)oth named by him), and in 1606 joined the expe. dition under Newport to Virginia, which discovered (and named) Capes Henry and Charles and established the set- tlement of Jamestown. Gosport (gos'pgrt). A seaport in Hampshire, England, situated on Portsmouth harbor oppo- site Portsmouth . it contains a naval victualing yard and other government establishments. Population (1891), with Alverstoke, 25,457. Goss (gos). Sir John. Bom at Fareham, Hamp- shire, Dee. 27, 1800: died at London, May 10, 1880, An English composer, chiefly of church music. He was organist of St. Paul's from 1,838. Gossaert (gos'art), or Gessart (ges'iirt), Jan, generally called Mabuse. Born at Maubeugo (Mabuse), Nord, France, probably about 1470: died at Antwerp, 1541. A Flemish painter. He went to England, where he painted the *' Marriage of Henr)' VII. and Elizabeth of Ynrk,"and portraits of the king's children. Gosse (gos), Edmund William. Born at Lon- don, Sept, 21, 1M9, An English poet and lit- erary critic, son of P. H. Gosse. He has written "iladrigals. Songs, and .Soimets," and other poems (1870), a number of essays on English, Dutch, and Scandinavian lit. erature (187,'>-s:t), "New Poems " (1879), "English tides" (completed in issl), "Life of Thomas Gray "(18*2), " Seven- teenth Century Studies" (18.8:!), "Works of Thomas Gray" (1884), "From Sbakspere to Pope" (lectures delivered by Gosse as cl:irk lecturer. Trinity College. Cambridge : pub- lished in Iss.'.l, 'Firdausi in Exile, etc." (1886), "Kalelgh" (18,^1.), ■'l',.i,i;reve" (ISSS), etc. Gosse, Philip Henry. Bom at Worcester, Eng- land, April 6, ]siO: 1, aiui amember of the ministry of war in 1791. He was elected to tho French Institute soon after its foundation, and succeeded narthih'Uiy as keeper of the mi'dals In the Xational Li. brary in 1791), a post which he rctaineil until bis death, Gosson (gos'on). Stephen. Born in 1.555: died Feb. 13, 1624. An Kiiglisli author. Ho liecamo rector of Great Wigborough in 151H, a living which he ex. changed for that of St. llotolph, Ilisbopsgate, Lomlon. in HMK). Anntng his extant works are "Die Sclnn.lc of Abuse " (l.'>79), "The Ephrmerldes of Phlalo" (i;.79), and " Playea i'onfutcd " (no date). Got (go), Francois Jules Edmond. Born Oct. 1, 1.S22: diid Nlnivli 20.1901. A noted French actor, lie nnide his ili'but at the Ci.nn!dle Finlitaise In 1H14. Ueplayed successfully the first partslu claanlcflland imiderTi French comedy, parttcularl\ St;anarelb-,TrlH8otin, Figaro, etc., in the (ornier. an. I lli)«iy.r (In Auuier'a plays "I.es ellrout(5s" and " Le tils de Ginoyir ' ), Maltre Gue- rill, Mercailet, Daviil Sicliel, etc., in tlie lattor. He alMt played such parts asTi'l Ik iiilct and 1 larpngon with c<|iial sue. ce»8. Ilewasprofessorof df lainalional theCoiiservatoirc. Gota, or Gotha (go'tii), A river of Sweden, llowiiiLT from Lake Wener into theCattepnt near Gollienhurg. Length, about .55 miles. Gotha ( go 'til\ A duchy of Germany. See Sdif- iohuni-Gotliii. Gotha Qotha. A city in the duchy of Saxe-Cobuvg- Orotha, and, alternately with Coburg, the resi- dence of its dukes, situated in lat. 50° 57' N., long. 10° 42' E. It is one of the chief commercial places in Thuringia, and is interesting lor the Frieden- stein Palace (with library, cabinet of coins), the museum (antiquities, picture-gallery, etc.), and the geographical institute of Justus Perthes. Population (1890), 29,134. Gotha, Almanach de. An annual register pub- lished in French and German at Gotha from 1764. It comprises a genealogical detail of the principal royal and aristocratic families of Europe, and a diplomatic and statistical record for the time of the different states of the world. Gothaer (go'ta-er). In modern German historv. a political party which favored constitutional government and a confederation of states under Prussia : applied originally to certain members of the Frankfort Parliament who assembled at Gotha June, 1849. Gotham (go'tham). 1. A parish in Nottiug- hamshire, England, 6 miles south of Netting- 450 Gothland (island). See GotlamJ. Gothland (guth'land), Sw. Gotland, or Gott- land(got'land),orGotaland(ye'ta-land). His- torically, the southern division of Sweden, com- prising the modern provinces (laen) Malmolius, Kristianstad, Blekinge, Kronoberg, Jonko- ping, Kalmar, Ostergotland, Halland, Gothen- biu-g and Bohus, Elfsborg, and Skaraborg. and the islands Gotland and Oland. This and the land of the .Swedes proper grew into the kingdom of Sweden during the middle part of the middle ages. Gothofred. See Godcfroij. Goths (goths). [See first quotation below.] An ancient Teutonic race which was established in the regions of the lower Danube in the 3d cen ham. The simplicity of its inhabitants, which has passed into a proverb, is said to have been simulated to avert a king's anger- The "foles of Gotham " are mentioned as early as the 15th century in the " Towneley Mysteries " ; and at the commencement of the 16th century a collection of stories, said to beby Dr. Andrew Borde, was made about them, not, however, including the following, which rests on the authority of nursery tradition : Three wise men of Gotham Went to sea in a bowl : And if the bowl had been stronger My song would have been longer. Halliwell, Nursery Rhymes. 2. A name given to the eitv of New York. Gotham Election, A. A farce by Mrs. Cent- li\Te, produced in 1715. Gothamite (go'tham-it). A humorous epithet for a New-Yorker, first used by Washington Irving in "Salmagundi" (1807). " Gothard, St. See St. Gotthard. Gothenburg, or Gottenburg (got'en-boro), Sw. Goteborg (ye'te-boro). A seaport and the capital of the laen of Gothenburg and Bohus, Sweden, situated on the Gota, near its mouth, in lat. 57° 41' N., long. 11° 55' E.: the second city of Sweden, it was founded by Gustavus Adolphus about 1619. Its commercial importance dates from the Napoleonic wars. The chief manufactures are sugar ma. chinery. cotton, and beer. It has become notable iii re- cent years for its licensing system for the decrease of intemperance. Population (190O), 1311,619. Gothenburg and Bohus (bo'hos). A maritime laen of Sweden, bordering on the Skager Rack and Cattegat. Area, 1,952 square miles. Ponu- lation (1890), 297,824. Gothia (go'thi-a). See Septimatiia. Gothic (goth'ili). The language of the Goths. The Goths spoke various forms of a Teutonic tongue now usually classed with the Scandinavian as the eastern branch of the Teutonic family, though it has .also close affinities with the western bi,anch(01d High German, Anglo-Sason etc.). AH forms of Gothic have perished without record' except that spoken by some of the western Goths (Visi- goths), who at the beginning of the 4th centurj- occupied Dacia (Wallachi.a, etc.), and who before the end of that century passed over in great numbers into Mojsia (now Biilgaria, etc.). Revolting against the Roman Empire they extended their conquests even into Gaul and Spain Their language, now called Mcesoqothic or simply Gothic IS preserved in the fragmentary remains of a nearly com- plete translation of the Bible made by their bishop Wul- flia (a name also used in the forms aifila, Ulphila, Uljilael who lived in the 4th century a. p.; and in some other fragments. These remains are of a high philological im- portance, preceding by several centuries the next earliest leutonio records (Anglo-Saxon and Old High German). We do not know how much of the Bible Wultila trans- lated into Gothic. One ancient writer says that he trans- lated all but the books of Kings, which he left out because tie thought that the stories of Israel's wars would be din- gerous reading for a people that was too fond of fighting ?,,,«,*'•. I' '* I""** •" accordance with what we know of Wulfllas character that he should have felt some uneasi. ness about the effect that such reading might have on the minds of his warlike countrymen; but one would have thought that the books of Joshua and Judges would have heeii even more likely to stimulate tlie Gothic passion for ,h^ , w^ii',""^'!'' "".'",''■" "! ^'"8'- ITobably the truth is !. I i!'^'" '■','', 1°'- '"'*= t" 1"'5t' l>is translation, and no .u"^'v!'1 ^"1"!'' ''^■■'^■'' '° "'« 'ast the books which he thought le.ast important for his great purpose of makin- good Christians. The part of Wulflla's Bible that hal come down to us consists of a considerable portion of each of the Gospels, and of each of St. l-aul's Epistles, to- gether with small fragments of the books of Ezra and Xe- hemiah. Six different manuscripts have been found The most important of these was discovered in the sixteenth century in a monastery at Werden in Germany. After having been lu the possession of many different owners it was bought in 1662 by the Swedish Count de la Gardie' who gave it the binding of solid silver from which it is commonly called Codex Argenteus, or Silver Book • it is now in the University of Fpsala, and is regarded as one of the choicest treasures possessed by any library in Eu- rope. It IS beautifully written in letters of gold and silver on purple parchment, and contains the fragments of the oospels. Of the other five manuscripts one was discovered in the seventeenth century in Germany, and the rest in Italy about seventy years ago. Bradley, Story of the Goths, p. 63. tim . A probable hypothesis identifies them with the Gotones or Gutones who dwelt near the Baltic ; but there IS no reason to believe in their relationship witli the Get.-B and no proof of theu- Scandinavian origin. They made many inroads into different parts of the Roman Empire in the 3d and 4th centuries, and gradually accepted the Arian form of Christianity. The two great historical di- visions were the \'isigoths (West Goths, the Greutuno-i) and the Ostrogoths (East Goths, the Thervingi) A body of \ isigoths settled in the province of Jlcesia (the present .•^ervia and Bulgaria), and were hence called Mreso<'oths ■ and their apostle WuIfila(nBlas) translated the Scriptures intouothic. (SeeGoMic) The Visigoths formed a mon- archy about 41S, which existed in southern France untU 607, and in Spain until 711. An Ostrogothic kingdom ex- isted in Italy and neigliboring regions from 493 to 653. The so-called Tetraxitic Goths are mentioned in the Crimea as late as the ISth centuo'. By extension the name was ap- plied to various other tribes which invaded the Roman fiiUipire. A fragment of a calendar contains the word Gut-thi- ' ?t ' ?f,'iP'*^ "' "'^ «oths.' The word thivda is the same as the Old-English thi!od. meaning people ; and from the compound Gut-thiudii, and from other evidence, it may be inferred that the name which, following the Romans we spell as Gottis w.as property Gutans — in the singular Gntn. Like all other names of nations, this word must originally have had a meaning, but it is very difficult to discover what that meaning was. It has often been as- serted that the name of the Goths has something to do with the word God (in Gothic r,uth). We might easily be- lieve tliat an ancient people might have chosen to call themselves " the worshippers of the Gods" : but although tins interesting suggestion was proposed by Jacob Grimm one of the greatest scholars who ever lived, it is now quite certain that it was a mistake. It seems now to be generally thought that the meaning of Gutam is 'the (nobly) born.' Bradley. Story of the Goths, pp. 4, 6. The Goths are always described as tall and athletic men with fair complexions, blue eyes, and yellow hau- — such people, in fact, as maybe seen more frequently in Sweden than any other modern land. A very good idea of their national costume and their general appearance may be gained from the sculptures on "The storied Column," as it IS called, erected at Constantinople by the Emperor Ar- cadius in honour of his father Theodosius, which repre- sents a triumphal procession including many Gothic cap- "^<=s- Bradtey, Story of the Goths, p. 9. Gotland (got'land), or Gothland (eoth'land), or Gottland (got'land), or Gutaland (vb'ta- laud). An island of the Baltic, 60 miles e'ast of Sweden, to which it belongs. The surface is gen- erally level. The chief occupations are agriculture, cattle- ra'siug, lime-burning, and quarrying. The chief place is visby. The island was a medieval commercial center Its possession was long disputed by Denmark. In 1645 it was pennanently united to Sweden. Length, 70 miles. Area, 1,175 square miles. Population (1893), estimated, 61.141. It is true that the southern province of Sweden Is still called Gothland ; but the Gautar (called Geatas by the An- glo-Saxons), from whom this province took its name, were not identical with the Goths, though doubtless nearly re- lated to them. On the other hand, the island called G'oth- land, in the Baltic, was anciently called Gukiland. which seems to show that its early inhabitants were really in the strict sense Goths; and, according to the Xorse sagas and the Anglo-Saxon poets, the peninsula of Jutland was an- ciently occupied by a branch of the Gothic people who were known as Hl-i5th-gotan, or Reidhgotar. Bradley, Story of the Goths, p. 8. Goudimel Gottland. See Gotlilaml and Gotland Gottorp, orHolstein-Gottorp, Seeo'ldenbura Jiou.se iij. ■" Gottsch'alk (got'shalk). Latinized Gotescalcus (go-tes-kal'kus). Died about 868. A German l,,?,?i°^^°V ^^ '""^ ^""^ "' " <^hild to the convent of fulda and subsequently entered the Benedictine convent at Orbais, where he was ordained. His doctrine of two- fold predestination (i. e. of some to eternal life and of others to eternal death) was condemned by the .'synod of llainz in S4s, and he was deprived of his priestly functions. HautvUliers "'''^ ^'"^"' '" ''"*'"' '" ""^ consent of Gottschalk, Louis Moreau. Born at New Or- leans, May 8,1829: died near Rio de Janeiro, Dec. 18, 1809. A popular American pianist and composer, son of an Englishman and a French- womaii. He made extensive professional tours in Eu- o''iU "V" ""* *'"** America, and enjoyed great Gottschall (got'shal), Eudolph von. Bom at Breslau, Prussia, Sept. 30, 1823. A German dramatist, poet, novelist, and miscellaneous J^'ii^^'"',, ,-*™'"'ff his works are "Die Gottin "(1852), "Car- loZeno (ls53), "Deutsche -Nationalliteratur " (1863) the pla.vs '-Pitt andFo-x," "Katharina Howard," -Aiay Rob- s.art, etc. Gottsched(got'shed),JohannChristoph. Born at Juditten, near Konigsberg, Feb. 2, 1700 ■ died at Leipsie, Dec. 12, 1766. A German critic and writer. He was educated at Konigsberg, and subsequently went to Leipsic, where (1730) he was made professor of phUosophy and poetry, and where he died. His senices to German literature are principiUly critical. He was the reorganizerin Leipsic of the literary society. Die deutsche Gesellschalt, which afterward became a sort of academy In 172o he edited the journal "Die verniinftigen Tadlerinl ?™ ( /'"^ K:itional Censors "), which was continued after Vr.'J-59 ; anrl trcmi 187U to 18S5 had charge of the National Observatory at I 'onloba, Argentina. This ob- scivatory was orgaidzed by bini, ami duiing his dii-cctor- ship it issued the most iinjHirt-.int sei iesof jistronondcal re- pr)rls that liiive appealed in Smitb America. He foumled and .ditcil an astroncMiii.al journal at Canibiidge, Mass. Gould, Hannah Flagg. Born at Lancaster, Mass., 17s;i: died at ^^■«•ll^ryport, Mass., Sept. ."). IHtJ.). All American poet. .She removed with her parents in Isoo to Newbiti-yport, where she spent the rciuainder of her life. Gould, Jay. Born at Ho.xhurv, Delaware Coun- ty. N. Y., "Klay 27, 18;!6 : ut soon re- signed and went to New Vork, where he became president of the Erie Railway. His manipulation of this road In con- nection with .tames Kisk, Jr. (who wius vice-president and treasurer), became notorious. Ho was obliged to restore to the ICnglisb bondholders seeiirilies reiircsentiug ?7.5.50,- 00-Begis, Dorset, EnghiiKl, Sei>t. 14, 1804: died nt London, Feb. 3, ]8,S1. An English ornitholojiist. lie began life as a gaixlenor at Ripley Castle. \'orkshirc, and became taxi- dermist Ut the liTi(iilc. Jlarch 10, 1859, and placed him at once in the first rank of his profession. Among his other operas are " .Sapho " (ISSl), '■ Le miSdecin malgriS lui," from JIo- lif'ie's comedy (IS.'ig), " PhiWmon et Baucis " (1860), " La reine de Saba ■■(1862), "Mireille '■ (1804), " Rom#o et Jnli- ette ■■ (1807), " Cinq-Mars ■■ (1877), " Polyeucte ■■ (1878), etc. Htialso wrote much churcli music, an oratorio (" La r(^- dcmption,^' 18821, the religious work "Mors et vita"(ias5), and many single songs and pieces, besides a great deal of music for the t)i"ph(^onistes. Gour. See llnur. Gourgaud (gor-go'). Baron Gaspard. Born at Versailles, France, Sept. 14, 1783: died at Paris, July 25, 18r)2. A French general. He took part in nlost of the Napoleonic campaigns, and accompanied Napoleon to St. Helena in 1815. He published, witliMon- tholon, "Memoiresde Napoleon h Sainte-Ht:'16ne^^(182::). Gourgues (gorg), Dominique de. Born at ;\[iint-de-Marsan. Laiidos, !• ranee, about l.")30: died at Tours, France, 1593. A French adven- turer. He commanded a successful expedition against the Spaniards in Florida 1507. Gourko, or Gurko ( gfir ' k6\ Joseph Vladimir o- Vitch. Bom Nov. 15, 1S2S: died Jan. 29. 1901. A noted Russian genei-al. In the Ru>..so-Turkisli war of 1877-78 be led an army across the Balkans .July, 1877 : was defeated by Siileinian Pasha at EsUi Zajrhra July :u- Ang. 1: distinguislied himself in the operations against Plevna in Oct. ; again advanced across the Balkans Dec, 1877 : and entered Sophia .ran. 4, 1878. He was governor of Poland 1883-94. Gousset (gii-sa'), Thomas Marie Joseph. Born at Montiguy-les-Chei'lieux, Haute Saone, France, May 1, 1792: died at Rheims, France, Dec. 24.1866. AFrenchcardinnlaml theological writer. His works include "Theologie dogma- tiipie " (1844), " Theologie morale" (1848), etc. Gouvion-Saint-Csn: (go-\-y6n'san-ser'), Lau- rent. Born at TotU, France, April 16, 1764: dieil in tlie south of France, March 17, 1830. A French marshal. He gained the victory of Polotsk in 1812, and was minister of war iSlo and 1817-19. Go'Van (guv'an). A western suburb of Glas- ■,'ow, Scotland. Govardhana (go-viir-dha'na). In Hindu my- tliology,a iiiinmtain inVrimlavana which Krish- na induced the cowherds to worship instead of Indra. The god in rage sent a deluge to wash away the mountain and ils people, but Krishna held up the moun- tain on bis little ilnger U) shelter the people, and ludra, liattlcd, did homage to Krishna. Go'vernor's Island. A small fortified island, lielougingto tlie Cnited States, situated in New York harbor abotit A mile south of New York. GO'W Cgou"). Nathaniel. Born at Inver. Perth- shire. Jlarch 22, 1766: died at Eilinlmrgli, Jan. 17, 1831. A Scotcli violinist and composer. GO'W, Niel. Born at ln\er, Perthshire, Mardi 22. 1727: died there, March 1, 1807. A Scotch violinist and composer, father of Nathaniel Gow. He was the author of several popidar Scotch airs. Gowertgou'er). 1. A character in Shakspere's "Henry IV.," part 2, and in "Henry V.": an officer in the king's army. — 2. In Shakspere's "Pericles," a character who nj)pears as chorus. Go'Wer, John. Born about 132.'): died in the ])ri- oi-y 111' Si. .\l;ii'y Ovei'ies, Sonthwark, 1408. Au English poet . Little is known of his early life, but ho appears to have lived in Kent and to have been a man of wide reading. He was well known at court in his later years. His piineipal work, the "Confesslo Amantis^^ (written in English, piobalily In i:i8ti), was originally iledi- catcd to Iliebard IL, but In KflU he changed the dedica- tion to Heni-yof Lancaster (iifterward Heni-y IV.). Caxtoii printed it inl48't. Among li is other works'are ■'Speculum Alcditantis^^writti-n in l*'rencli, recently found)and "Vox Clamant{s^^(a]incm written in Latin. begun in 1:181). After the accession of Henry ^'I.. t lower, tlien an old man, added a supplement, the '• Tripartite Council. ■' It treiits of ch-. ciirreiiees of the tinn', and the strength of its iispiratlons and teaching caused t^hiincer to call him "the montl Cowcr.^' "Ballades ■'and other poems (mostly In French) were iirinted In 1HI8. Gower. .\ peninsula in Glamorganshire, Wales, which ]irojecls into Bristol Cliannel. The ma- jority of liie inhabitants are of Flcmisli or Nor- man origin. Oowrie (gmi'ri^ Oarse of. A low-lying tract of fertile litnd in Perthshii-e. Si'Otlaml. e.\teiul- in;; along the imrlh luink of the Tay. for about 15 niilos, bi-lween Perth and Dunilep. Goiwrie Conspiracy. A conspiracy against the Gozzi, Count Carlo life or personal freedom of James VI. of Scot- land, 1)V John Ruthven (earl of Gowrie), Alex- ander fiuthven, and others. It resulted in tbedeath of the leaders in a struggle with the kiug^s followers at Perth. Aug. b, 1600. Goya (go'ya). A town in the province of Cor- rientes, Ai'gentine Kepublic, situated near the Parand about lat. 29° 10' S., long. 59° 20' W. Population, about 4,000. Goyanis (go-yii-nas'). A race of Indians for- merly occupying the Brazilian coast between Angra dos Reis and the island of Cananea. and, inland, the country about the present city of Sao Paulo. They lived in the open lands, were savages of a low grade, subsisted by hunting and Dshing, and prac- tised little or no agriculture : commonly tliey dwelt in caves. The Coyanas were enemies of the Tu'pi hordes, but readily n)ade friends with the whites, and were among the first to whom Anchieta and N'obrega preached, 'fhe tioyatacAs (wliicli see) apjiear to have been of the same race. It has been supposed that the Cam^s and other mixed tribes are partly derived from them. Also written (Juayatuiii, Gitaijanacg, and (by a double plural) Goi/aiuuet or Goai/anaees. Goyanna (go-yiin'nii). A town in the state of I'eiii.imbuco, Brazil, situated on the river Go- yanna, near the sea, about 50 miles north of Recife. Population, about 5,000. Goyels (go-yiis'). An e.xtinct ti-ibe of Brazilian Indians •nho lived in the region between the To- cantins and Araguaya. Their women wore gold or- naments, which led the first Portuguese explorers to the discovery of rich gold-mines. The city and subseijuently the captaincy (now state) of Goyaz were named fi-om them. Al so written Qwaifd.-', atid (a double pi oral) Cr6i/fljc*- or Gua- Goyatacd (go-y a-ta-kii' ). or Goyotac^ (go-yo-ta- kii'). A sub-stock of the Tapuya race of Bra- zilian Inditms: so called by Martins because he believed that fhe ancient Goyatacas were of the same group. It includes the Caroprts, Macunls, Pata- chos, and other hordes in northeastern Minas Geraes, southern Bahia, and Espirito Santo. GoyataCels (go-yii-tii-kiis'). [So called by the Tuiiis, from qiuitii. to run, ami cu, to be: 'run- ners.'] A tribe of Br:izilian Indians which, at fhe time of the conquest, occupied the open lands near the coast in what is now the eastern part of tlie state of Rio de Janeiro. They were wandering savages, in customs and apparently in language allied to the CoyaiiAs (which see). ¥or many years they were dangerous enemies of the whites. Also written (r'o- aytacaf.t, Gnaitacaa, and (a double plural) Gnoitacazee, Go- autacacea, and Gtniacaz<-s: hence Campos dos GoUactues, ablireviated to Campos, the name of a city. Goya y Lucientes (go'yii e 16-the-en'tes), Fran- cisco. Horn at Fuendetodos, near Saragossa, Spain.Mardi 3 1,1746: died at Bordeaux, France, March 16, 1828. A noted Spanish painter and etcher. Aniong his works are portraits, satirical works, representations of bull-tlghts, etc. He is also known as a caricaturist and satirist. He has'been called " the Hogartli of Spain." Goyaz (go-yiiz'). 1. A state of Brazil, lying east of Matto Grosso and north of Minas Gcraes. Area. 288,.546 square miles. Population (1888), 211,721.-2. The capital of the state of Goyaz, situated on the river Vennelho in lat. 16° 26' S., long. 49° 49' W.: formerly called Villa Boa de (Joyaz. Po])ulation, about 8,00(1. Goyeneche (go-ya-na'chii). Jos6 Manuel. Bom at .\reqiiipa. Pern, June 13. 1775: diid at Ma- drid, Spain, Oct. 15, 1,846. A Si)anish general. In 1808 the junta of Seville sent him to Simlh America to receive from the viceroys and presidents their oaths of allegiance to Ferdinand Vll. He remained in Peru, and from 1^09 to I81.S commanded the Spanish armies in Chor- eas (now Hollvia), where lie repeatedly defeated (he revo- lutionists. Uetnrning to Spain in ISKl, he assisted in the final exnulsion of the French : was made lleutenanl-gen- eriil and count of t^naqni ; and laterwas councilor of stittc, senatiu-, and commander in several provinces. In 1846 he was made a grandee of Spain. Gozan (go'zan). In liiblieal goopraphv, a dis- trict and city in northern Meso|iotamin, men- (ioned in the cuneiform inscrijilions. Gozlan (goz-lon'), L^on. Bom at Marseilles, S( |il. 1, 1803: died at Paris. Sept. 14, 1.>44, and at Inverlochy Feb. 2, .\ul- dearn May 9, Alford July 2, and Kilsyth Aug. 15, 1645. He was defeated by David Leslie at Philiphaugh, Sept. 13, 1645, and expelled from Scotland. He afterward entered the service of the emperor Ferdinand III., by whom he was made a field-marshal. In 1650 he conducted an abor- tive Royalist descent on Scotland, and was captured and executed. Graham, James, second Marquis of Montrose: surnamed " The Good." Born about 1631 : died Feb., 1669. A Scotch nobleman, second son of James, first Marquis of Montrose. Graham, Sir James Robert George. Born at Na worth, Cumberland, June 1, 1792: died at Netherby, Cumberland, Oct. 25, 1861. A Brit- ish statesman. He was first lord of the admiralty 1S30- 1834, home secretary 1841-46, and first lord of the admi- ralty 1852-55. Graham, John, of Claverhouse, Viscount Dun- dee. Born about 1649 : died Jidy 27 or 28, 1689. A Scottish soldier. He served in the Dutch armyun- der the Prince of Orange, returning to Scotland in 1677. In 1678 he was appointed captain of a troop of dragoons, and was ordered to enforce certain stringent laws that had been enacted against the Scottish Covenanters. Tlie se- verity with which he executed his orders provoked a rising, and the Covenanters defeated him at Drumclog June 1, 1079. In 1CS9 Claverhouse raised a body of Highlanders to light for James II. against William III., and July 27, 1689, gained the battle of KUliecrankie, but fell mortally wounded. Graham (gra'am), Sylvester. Born at Suffield, Conn., 1794: c[ieil at Northampton, Mass., Sept. 11, 1851. An American vegetarian, best known as an advocate of the use of unbolted ("Gra- ham") flour. i I I Graham, Thomas Graham (gram), Thomas. Born at Glasgow, Due. 20, 1805: died at London, Sept. 11, 1869. A noted Scottish chemist. He was professor of chemistry at University College. London, lb37-5.'>. when he heoaine master of the mint. He is famous for his discov- ery of the law of diffusion of Rases (1834). He published "Elements of Chemistry " (liiJ.), etc. Graham (gra'am), William Alexander. Born in Lincoln County, N. C, Sept. 5, 1804: died at Saratoga, N. Y., Aug. 11, 187.5. An American politician. He was United States senator from North Carolina 1841-43, governor of Korth Carolina 1845—19. secre- tary of the navy 1850-52, and Wliig candidate for Vice- President in 1852. Grahame (gi'am), James. Born at Glasgow, Apii 121.', 1765: died near Glasgow, Sept. 14, 1811. A Scottish poet. His chief work is "The Salibath" (1804). He also wrote " Wallace : a Tragedy " (17B9), " Brit- ish Georgics," etc. Graham-Gilbert, John. Born at Cilasgow, 17!)4: died near Gla.sgow, June 4, 1866. A Scotch painter, best known from his portraits. He be- came a member of the Roval Scottish Academy in 1829. Graham Island. The largest of the Queen Charlotte I.r quest to knights errant of all nations, none being quiilillctl to dis- cover it but a knight perfectly cliaste in thought and act. Tile stories and p'tcnis concTning Arthur and the Knights of the K«iund Table are founded on this legend, and it has been still further devulcped in modern times. In the " Parsifal " of Wolfram of Escbenbach the grail is a pre- cious stone confided by angels to the care of a religious brotherhood, "The Chevaliers of the Grail-" The probable genesis of the Arthurian legend, in so far 08 it concerns French literature, appears to be as follows. First in order of composition, ami also in order of thought, comes the T-egend of .loseph of Arimuthea. sometintes called the " Little St GnLal." This we have both in verse and prose, and one or both of these versions is the work of Robert de Borron, a knight and trouvere possessed of lands in the Gatiuais. There is notliing in this work which is directly connected with Arthur. By s9). lie assisted, with others. Charlotte Lenox in her translation of Brumoy's " ThMtre des Orecs ' (1769). 453 Grammichele (griim-me-ka'le), or Granmiche- le (griin-me-ka le). A town in the province of Catania, Sicily. 30 miles southwest of Catania. Population (1881), 11,804. Grammont (griim-niuh'). Flem. Geertsbergen («arts'berG-en), or Greraerdsbergen.^ A man- ufacturing to>vn in the province of East Flan- ders, Belgium, situated on the Dender 22 miles west-southwest of Brussels. Popu.ation (1890), 10,891. Gramont (gra-mOii'), Due Antoine HI. de. Born 1604 : died at Bayonne, France, July 12, 1678. A I'reuch marshal, brother of Philibert de Gramont. He served with distinction in Flanders and Holland. He married a niece of Cardinal Richelieu. His " ilemoires" were published in 171C. Gramont, Due Antoine Agenor Alfred de. Born at Paris, Aug. 14, 1819 : died at Paris, Jan. 18, 1880. A French diplomatist and politician. He was ambassador at Vienna 1861-70, and min- ister of foreign affairs May--\ug., 1870. Gramont, Comte Philibert de. Born 1621 : died 1 707. .\ French nobleman at the court of Louis XIV., and after 16()2 at that of Charles II. of England. His "Mt^moires" were written by Anthony Hamilton in 1713. Grampians (gram'pi-.anz), or Grampian Hills or Mountains. A ruountain system in Scot- land, e.xteiuliug northeast and southwest in the counties of Argyll, Perth, Inverness, Forfar, Kincardine, Aberdeen, and Banff. Highest sum- mit, Ben Nevis (4,406 feet). The name is very loosel.v used. Grampians. A low range of mountains in the western part of Victoria, Australia. Gran (gran). Hung. Esztergom (es'ter-gom). A royal free city, capital of the county of Gran, Hungary, near the junction of the Gran and Danube, 25 miles northwest of Budapest. It is notedforitscathedi-al. Population (1890),9,349. Granada (gra-nii'da : Sp. pron. gi'a-na'THa). A former kingdom of Spain, comprising the three modern provinces of Almeria, Granada, and Malaga. The region was conquered by the Saracens in 711. In 1238, after the disruption of the realm of the Al- mohades, a Moorish kingdom of Granada was establislied which was a vassiil of Castile. A long war with Ferdi- nand and Isabella ended in 1492 with the capture of Gra- nadji, anry of FYanco was executed by a monk of St. Detds — I'riuiat — in French prose. This version, slightly nuidilied, became the origiinil of a compilation ver>' fa- mous in French literature and histoi->-, the "Ornndes ChrotdqucB de France," which was regularly continued by members of the 8amect)niniuidty until the reign of Charli'S V. from ofllehU sources and under royal authority. The work, under the same title, but written by laics, extends further to tho reign of Louis XI. Sainttbunj, French Lit, p. IS8. Grandet, Eugenie. See Emji'iiic Grandct. Grande-Terre. See (iiiadiioujir. Grand Falls. -\ calarnct in Labrador, about 2.50 iiiilcs fi'oin the nitmlli of (!rand liivcr. It wa» reiliscovercii in 1891 bv Howdoin Cidlcee students and by Ken:i'*lon and II. 0. Bryant. Height, over 3tlU feet. Grandfather's Chair. A collection of chil- dren's stories by Xalhaniel Hawthorne, pub- lished in 1841. A second scries with the sumo title was published in l.'<42. Grand Forks. The eapiml of Grand Forks Coiintv. North Dakota, on the Ki-d Hiver about lat. 47° .55' N. It lias large liimbor-niills ami the I'niversity of North Dakota. Population 190111. 7.6.52. Grand Gulf. -\ locality in Mississippi, on the Mississipiii Kivcr soulli of Vicksburg. Grant niailc it a base of operations in 18()3, carrying the position against tho Confederates Jlay 1. Grand Haven Grand Haven. A city and the capital of Otta- wa County, Michigan, situated on Lake Michi- fran, at the mouth of Grand River, in lat. 43° 4' N.. long. 86° 13' W. Population (1900), 4,743. Grandidier (gron-de-dya'). Alfred. Born at Paris, 1S3G. A French explorer. From 1857 to IStiO he traveled in America, India, and East Africa. Dur- ing five years (1865-70) he explored Madagascar, crossing the southern portion three times. His work " Histoire physique, naturelle et politique de Madagascar " (Paris, 1876) is the standard book on the island. Grandison, Sir Charles. See -So- ciiarles Gran- ili.wn. Grandison Cromwell. See Lofmjette. Grand Lake. A lake in New Brunswick, whose outlet discharges into the St. John River. Length, about 25 miles. Grand Lake (border of Maine and New Bruns- wirk). See Schandic Ltil:e. Grand Manani ma-nan') or Menan(me-nan'). An Islandeastof Maine, sitiiatedat theentrance of the Bav of Fundv. in lat. 44° 40' N., long. 66° 50' W. It belongs to Charlotte County, New Brunswick. Length, 22 miles. Grand Monarque (gron mo-niirk'). A surname of Louis XIV. Grand Old Man, The. A popular surname of W. E. Gladstone. Grand Opera. See Paris. Grandpre (gron-pra'). A village in Kings County, Nova Scotia, situated on Minas basin 46 miles northwest of Halifax : the scene of the first part of Longfellow's "Evangeline." Grandpre. A French lord in Shakspere's ' ' Hen- ry V." Grandpre, Comte Louis Marie Joseph Ohier de. IJoru at St.-Malo, May 7, 1761: died at Paris, Jan. 7, 1846. A French navigator and writer of travels. He wrote "Voy.age .>i la cflte occi- dentate d'Afrique " (ISOl), "Voyage dans I'lnde et au Ben- gale, etc." (1801), " Voyage dans la partie m^ridionale de 1 .Airique, etc." (1801), " Dictionnaire universel de geogra- phic maritime" (1803), etc. Grand Prix (gron pre), Le. The great horse- race at Longchamps established by Napoleon III. (prize 20,000 francs), run by three-year- olds, longchamps is a very good course situated in the Eois de Boulogne, first nsed for racing in the reign of Louis XVI. Races have been run here since 1859. The Grand Prix is run on the .Sunday of Ascot week. Grand Prix de Borne (gron pre de rom). A prize given by the Academy of Fine Arts in Paris to the most successful competitor in paint- ing, sculpture, engraving, architecture, or music. The examinations are held annually, and the successful candidates become pensioners of the government for four years. They are sent to reside at Rome, where Louis XIV. founded the Acad^mie'de France in 1666. Gruve. See Vitia Medici, Grand Brapids. A city and the capital of Kent Countv, Michigan, situated at the rapids of the Grand"River, in lat. 42° 58' N., long. 85° 39' W. It has important manufactures and commerce. Population (1900). 87..565. Grand Remonstrance. See Remonstrance, a rand. Grand River, Ind. Washtenong (wosh'te- nong). A river in Michigan, tlomng into Lake Michigan at Grand Haven. Length, over 250 miles. It is navigable to Grand Rapids. Grand River. A river of western Colorado and eastern Utah, uniting with Green River to form the Colorado about lat. 38° 15' N., long. 109° 54' W. Length, about 350 miles. Grandson. See Granson. Grand Trianon and Petit Trianon. See Tri- anon. Grandville (gron-vel') (originally Gerard), Jean Ignace Isidore. Bom at Naiicy, France, Sept. 13, 1803: died at Vanves, near Paris, March 17, 1847. A French caricaturist and illustrator, especially noted for his political caricatures. Grane. See Kowei/t. Granet (gra-na'), Fran(;ois Marius. Born at Aix. Prance, about 1775: died at Aix, Nov. 21, 1849. A French painter, chiefly of architec- tural subjects. Grange, La. See La Grange. Grangemouth (granj'muth). A seaport in Stir- lingshire, Scotland, situated on the Firth of Forth near Falkirk. It has developed rapidly in recent years. Population (1891), 5,833. Granger (gran'jer). 1. A character in South- erne's comedy "The Maid's Last Prayer." — 2. Acharacterin Gibber's comedy "The "Refusal." Granger, Edith. See Domboj. Granger, Francis. Born at Suffield, Conn., Dec. 1, 1792: died at Canandaigua, N. Y., Aug. 28, 454 1868. An American politician, son of Gideon Granger. He was postmaster-general in 1841. Granger, Gideon. Born at .Suffield, Conn. .July 19, 1767: died at Canandaigua, N. Y., Dec. 31, 1822. An American politician, postmaster- general 1801-14. Granger, Gordon. Bom in New York, 1821: died Jan. 10, 1876. An American general. He was graduated at West Point in 1845, fought in the Mexi- can war. and served in the Union army during the Civil W.ar. He commanded a brigade of cavalry in Mississippi in 1862 : became major-general of volunteers Sept. 17, 1862 ; and fought witli distinction at CTiickamauga, Chattanooga, and Missionary Ridge. He commanded the army which, aided by Admiral Farragut, captured Fort Morgau, Ala- bama, in Aug., 1864. Granger, James. Born at Shaston. Dorset, in 1723 : died at Shiplake, O.xfordshire, April 4, 1776. An English writer and print-collector. He matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford, in 1743, but took no degree. He took holy orders, and was presented to the vicarage of Shiplake. About 1773 he made a tour through Holland. He wrote "A Biographical History of England . . . with a preface showing the utility of a col- lection of engraved portraits, etc." (1769). This was con- tinued with additions at different times till in 1824 the work had increased to 6 volumes. In 1806 another con- tinuation appeared from materials left by Granger and the collections of the Rev. Mark Noble, who edited it. The wholesale destruction of illustrated biographical works necessary to accomplish this gave rise to the term gran- gerize. Previously to the publication of the first edition of Gran- ger's work in 1769, five shillings was considered a liberal price by collectors for any English portrait. After the ap- pearance of the " Biographical History," books ornamented with engraved portraits rose in price to five times their original value, and few could be found unmutilated. In 1856 Joseph Lilly and .Toseph Willis, booksellers, each of- fered for sale a magnificent illustrated copy of Granger's work. Lilly's copy, which included Noble's "Continua- tion," was illustrated by more than thirteen hundred por- traits, bound in 27 vols, imperial 4to, price £42. The price of Willis's copy, which contained more than three thou- sand portraits, bound in 19 vols, fol., was £38 10s. It had cost the former owner nearly £200. The following collec- tions have been published in illustration of Granger's work : («) " Portraits illustrating Granger's Biographical History of England " (known under the name of " Richard- son's Collection "), 6 pts. Lond. 1792-1812, 4to ; (V) Samuel Woodburn's"Galleryof [over two hundred] Portraits . . . illustrative of Granger's Biographical Hist^^ryof England, &c.," Lond. 1816, fol. : (c) "A Collection of Portraits to illustrate Granger's Biographical History of England and Noble's continuation to Granger, forming a Supplement to Richardson's Copies of rare Granger I'ortraits." 2 vols. Lond 1820-2, 4to. Diet. Xat. Biog. Grangers (gran'jerz). Members of certain se- cret societies ("granges") organized in the United States for the advancement of the in- terests of agi'iculture by the removal of re- straints and burdens on it, and otherwise. GrangOUSier(gron-go-zya'). [F.,' great gullet.'] The father of Gargautua in Rabelais's romance of that name. He is supposed by some to repre- sent Jean d'Albret. Granicus (gra-ni'kus). In ancient geography, a smiill river (the modern Kodja-Tchai) in My- sia, Asia Minor, flowing into the Propontis. On its banks Alexander the Great won his fiist vic- tory over the Persians in 334 B. c. Granier de Cassagnac (grii-nya' de ka-san- yak'), Adolphe Bernard. Bom at Averon- Bergelle, Gers, France, Aug. 12, 1808 : died near Plaisance,Gers. Jan. 31,1880. AFrench journal- ist, Bonapartist politician, and historical writer. Among his works are " Histoire des causes de la revolution franijaise " (1850), " Histoire du Directoire " (1851-63), and "Souvenirs du second empire" (1S79-83). Granier de Cassagnac, Paul (usually called Paul de Cassagnac). Born at Paris, Dec. 2, 1843. .A French journalist and Bonapartist poli- tician, son of A. B. Granier. He became, in 1866. a member of the editorial staff of the "Pays," of which he became editor-in-chief about 1870. He became a member of the Chamber of Deputies in 1876. In 1884 he severed his connection with the "Pays," in order to found a new Bonapartist organ, " L'.\utorit^." He has published " His- toire de la troisi^me r^publique " (1875). Granite State, The. New Hampshire: so named on account of its abundant granite. Granmichele. See Grammichele. Gran Paradise (gran pa-ra-de'z6). The high- est point of the Graian Alps, entirely in Italy. Height, 13,3'20 feet. Gran Reunion Americana (griin ra-6-ne--6n' ii-ma-re-kii'na). The name of a secret political society founded in London by Francisco Miran- da about tlie end of the 18th century. It had for its object the emancipation of the American colonies from Spain, and its influence in fomenting the revolutionary spirit was very great. Among the members were Bolivar, San M.aitin, O'Higgins. Narifto. Montufar. and others who became conspicuous in the war for independence. See Lautaro Society. Gran Sasso d'ltalia (gi'iin sas'so de-ta'le-ii). The highest group of the Apennines, Italy, sit- uated on the borders of the provinces of Aquila Granuffo and Teramo. Highest peak, Monte Como (9,585 feet.) Granson, or Grandson (groii-son'), 6. Gransee (gran'za). A village in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland, situated on the Lake of Neuch^tel 20 miles north of Lausanne. Here the Swiss (20,fioo) defeated the Burgundian army (40,000 to 50,000) under Charles the Bold, March 3, 1476. The attack was provoked by Charles's perfidy in putting the garrison to death alter inducing them to surrender by the promise of their lives. Grant (grant). Mrs. (Anne Macvicar), gener- ally called Mrs. Grant of Laggan. Born at Glasgow, Feb. 21, 1755 : died at Edinburgh, Nov. 7, 1838. A Scottish author, she wrote "Poems" (1802), "Letters from the JIouhtains"(1806), "Memoirs of an American Lady" (ilrs. Philip Schuyler), etc. Grant, Charles, Lord Glenelg. Born at Kid- derpore, Bengal, Oct. 26, 1778: died at Cannes, France, April 23, 1866. A Britis-h politician. He was president of the Board of Trade 1827-28, and of the Board of Control 1830-34, and was colonial secretary 1835- 18;i9. He was created Baron Glenelg in 1835. Grant, Digby. In Albery's " The Two Roses," a tj'pical blackguard of society. Henry Irving has been successful in the part. Grant, Sir Francis. Bom at Edinburgh, Jan. 18. 1803 : died at Melton Mowbray, Oct. 5, 1878. A Scottish portrait-painter, elected president of the Royal Academy in 1866. He painted por- traits of many distinguished persons. Grant, James. Boi-n at Edinburgh, Aug. 1, 1822: died there. May 5, 1887. A Scottish nov- elist. He was in the English army 1S40-43. He wrote nearly 50 historical romances on Scottish subjects, and also collected and edited the material for "Old and New Edin- burgh " (1880-83). Grant, James Augustus. Bom at Nairn, Scot- land, 1827: died there, Feb. 11, 1892. An Afri- can explorer. After is years of military service in In- dia, he became the associate of Captain Speke in his expe- dition to the source of the Nile. They discovered the outlet of Victoria Nyanza at the Ripon Falls, and met B.aker on hia southward inarch at Gondokoro. A joint account of their journey was published in 18&4. In 1868 Grant accompanied the Abyssinian exijoditiou under Lord Napier. Grant, Sir James Hope. Born in Perthshire, July 22, 1808: died at London, March 7, 1875. A British general, brother of Sir Francis Grant. He served with distinction during the Indian mutiny 1857- 18.'i8, and commanded the British contingent in the Chinese war 1860. Grant, Robert. Bom at Grantown-on-Spey, near Inverness-shire, in 1814: died at Glasgow, Nov. 1, 1892. A Scottish astronomer, appointed professor of astronomy at the University of Glas- gow in 18.59. He published a " History of Physical As- tronomy" (1855), and in 1883 a catalogue of 6,415 stars, the mean places of which had been determined at Glas- gow under his direction. Grant, Ulysses Simpson (originally Hiram Ulysses). Born at Point Pleasant, Clermont County, Ohio, April 27, 1822 : died at Mount Mc- Gregor, near Saratoga, N. Y., July 23, 1885. A celebrated American general, eighteenth Presi- dent of the United States. He was graduitted at West Point in 1843 : served through the Mexican war of 1846-48 : left thearmy in 1854, and settled at .St. Louis ; and removed to Galena, Illinois, in 1860. He was appointed colonel June 17, 1861. and brigadier-general Aug. 7; commanded at Bel- mont Nov. 7 ; captured Fort Donelson Feb. 16, 1862 ; was thereafter appointed major-general of volunteers : was made commander of the Army of the District of West Ten- nessee in March : gained the battles of Shiloh April (>-7, and of luka Sept. 19 ; was made commander of the Department of the "Tennessee in Oct. ; gained the battles of Port Gibson, Raymond, Jackson, Champion's Hill, and Big Black River in May, 1863; received the surrender of Vicksburg July 4, and was made major-general in the reg- ular army: was made commander of the Military Division of the Mississippi in Oct. ; gained the battle of Chattanooga Nov. 23-25; was made lieutenant-general March 2, 1864. and commander of all the Union armies March 12; took up his headquarters with the Army of tlie Potomac ; fought the battle of tlie Wilderness with Lee, May 5-6, which was followed by the battles at Spottsylvania Court House ; unsuccessfully attacked Lee's position at Cold Harbor, June 3; commenced the siege of Petersburg in June; re- ceived the surrender of Lee at Appomattox Court House April 9, 1865 ; was made general July 25, 1866 ; was secre- tai-y of war ad interim Aug., 1867, -Jan., 1868 ; as Repub- lican candidate was elected President in 1868, and inaugu- rated March 4, 1869 ; was reelected in 1872 ; made a tour around the world in 1877-79; was an unsuccessful candi- date for renoniination for the Presidency in 1880 ; and was made general on the retired list March 3, 1885. He wrote "Memoii-s" (2 vols. 1SS5-S6). See "Military History of Ulysses S. Grant" (1867-81), by Adam Badeau. Grantham (grant'am). A parliamentary bor- ough in Lincolnshife,England, on the Witham 22 miles south by west of Lincoln, it has iron manu- factures, and is an important railway junction. There is a fine church, of the 13th century. Population (1891), 16,746. Grant Land. [Named by Hall for General U. S. Grant.] A region in the north polar lands, about lat. 81°-83° N., north of Grinnell Land. Granuffo (gra-nuf '6). A character, in Marston's play "The Parasitaster," who makes a reputa- tion for vrisdom by saying nothing. i Granvella Granvella (gran-vel'la), orGranvelle (F. pron. grou-vel'), Cardiual de (Antoine Perrenot). Boru in Franehe-Comte, Aug. 'M, 1517: died at Madrid, Sept. 21, 1586. A Spanish ecclesiastic and statesman. He was made chancellor of the em- pire by Charles V. in 1550 ; was chief councilor to War- Karel 01 Panna in the Netherlands 1559-64 ; and was made viceroy of Naples in 1570, and president of the council of Italy and Castile in 1575. Granville fgrori-ver). A seaport in the depart- luout of Manohe, France, situated on the Eng- lish Channel, at the mouth of the Bosq, in lat. 48° 50' N., long. 1° 37' W. It was bombarded by 455 istration of the West, with a brother, Valentinian II., as Joint Augustus. On the death of his uncle Valens he also succeeded to the eastern half of the empire, the govern, nient of which he intrusted to Theodosius in 37!>. He was defeated by the usurper Maximus, and was killed iu the Hit'ht. GratianUS. Lived in the first half of the 12th century. A celebrated Italian canonist, said (doubtfully) to have been bishop of Chiusi : author of the " Decrotum Gratiani" (about 1150 : edited bv Friedberg 1879). Gratiusf'aliSCUS(gra'shi-usfa-lis'kus). Lived iu the 1st century B. c. A Roman poet, author of a poem on the chase entitled "Cynegetiea," Gray, Stephen of Nord, France, on the Aa. near its mouth, 12 the English in 1695, and was defended against the Ven. _ " . ' , ■■ . -,^ a 4-« t^^^r.y, "A Inlinnca deans in 179:i, and against the English in 1803. Population Gratry (gra-tre'), AugUSte Joseph Alphonse Born'atXille, France. Wurcli 307 ISO."):' died at Montreu.\, Switzerland, Feb. (J, 1872. A French Roman Catholic theologian. His works include "Cours de philosophic" (1855-57), " Philosophie du Cre- do" (ISGl), "Paix" (18ti2), etc. :iiici»iiij» isiio „ ,, - i / % TT T> «. T\ ,1 K., IS now reniemnereu. (,aiiants-(io:w). ''Heroick Love" (i(i9S).- The British En. Grattan (grat an), Henry. Born at Dub 11 , (jraves, Thomas, Baron • •' "" "■"- July 3, 1(46: diedat London. June 4(llay 14.'), 1725- died Feb 9 1802. 1820. An Irish orator and statesman. He grad (IS'.H) commune, 12,721. Granville (gran'vil), or Grenville (gren'vil). George, Lord Lansdowne. Born 1667: died iir London, Jan. 30, 1735. An English poet, dramatist, and politician. He wrote^he plays "She chanters' (an opera, 1706) ; and among his other writings are "A Vindication of General Monk" and "A Vindication of Sir Richard Granville "—both published in 1732 in a re- vised edition of his works, which he supervised, and which included all his poems. Granville, Earls. See Carteret, John, and Lci'e- !<(>ii-Gower, GnnivUle George. Grasiitz (gras'lits). A town in Bohemia, situ- uted in lat 50° 21' N., long. 12° 27' E. Popu- lation (1890), commune, 10,009. Grasmere (gras'mer). A village in the Lake Distriet,Westmoreland, England, 4 miles north- west of Ambleside. Near it is the Lake of Grasmere (1 mile in length). The poet Wordsworth resided here for S years, and it is the place of his burial. Grasse (gi'as). A town in the department of Alpps-Maritimes, France, 19 miles west-south- west of Nice. It is the center of the Provence manu- facture of essences and perfumes (rose and orange bios, soms). Population (1891), commune, 14,015. Grasse. Comte Francois Joseph Paul de (Mar- quis de Grasse-Tilly). Born at La Valette, uear Toulon, France, 1723: died at Paris, Jan. 11,1788. A French admiral. He commanded, the French fleet which cooperated with Washington in the cap. ture of Cornwallis at Yorktown in 1781. He was defeated by Roilney in the West Indies in 178-'. Grasse (gres'se), Johann Georg Theodor. Born at Grimma, Saxony, Jan. 31, 1814: died near Dresden, Aug. 27^ 1885. A noted German bili- liographer and historian of literature, private librarian of King Frederick Augustus II. of Sax- ony, and director of several of the famous col- lections of Dresden. He wrote "Lchrbuch einer all- gemeinen litteriirgeschichte " (1837-59), " Tr(5sor de livres rares et pril'cieux " (1S58-G9), etc. Grassias (gras'i-as). A rarely used name ap- plied by some to the third-magnitude star ,3 Seorpii (commonly called Iclilil), and by others to the fourth-magnitude star i Seorpii. Grassini (gras-se'ne), Josephina. Born at Va- rese, Lombardy, 1773: diedat Milan, Jan., 18,50. An Italian singer (contralto), she made her first appearance at Milan in 1794, and iu 1803 was the reigning favorite in London. Grassmann (griis'miin), Hermann Giinther. Bom at Stettin, Prussia, April 15, 1809: d'vd at Stettin, Sept. 26. 1877. A German mathe- matician and Orientalist. Uia chief works are " Die Wissenschaft der extensiven Grbssc oder die Ausilch- nungslehre "(1844), " Lehrbuch der Arithmetik " (1.8(il -6.5), ■ Wdrterlnich zuni Rig-Veda" (1875), translation of the •Rig.Veda" (1870-77), etc. Grassmann, Robert. Born at Stettin, Prussia, March 8, 1815. A Gorman philosophii'al writer and mathematician, brother of H. G. Grass- mann. He has published "Die Woltwissen- schaft Oder Phy.sik" (1862-73), etc. Grass 'Valley. A city and townshij) in Nevada County, (,'alifornia, situated 50 miles north- northeast of Sacramento. Population (1900), township, 7,043; eitv. 4,719. Grateful Servant, The. A play by Sliirlev, licensed in 1629 under the title of "The Faith- ful Servant." but printeil in 1630 under tlie for- bv which it is known. mer namf Gratian. See (Irnlianus. ■3-ratiano(gra-shi-ii'n6). 1 (It. pron. gi-ii-fe-a - 116). A conventional character in Italian im- Graveairs (gi'iiv'ilrz) irovised comedy, a prosy, peclantic bore. — 2. Ciblier's comedy "Tl uated B. A at Trinity College, Dublin, in 1767 ; studied law at the Middle Temple, London; was admitted to tlie Irisli bar in 1772; and in 1775 entered the Irish Parliament, where he acted with the opposition, the restoration of the independence ment by the repeal of "Poynings's Law." He retired from Parliament in 1797, but returned in 1800 in order to oppose the legislative union with England. He was in 1806 elected to the Imperial Parliament, of which he continued a member until his death, and where he warmly advocated the emancipation of the Roman Catholics. Several col- lections of his works have appeared, including "The Speeches of the Right Honourable Henry Grattan in the Irish and in the Imperial Parliament " (edited by his son, 1822) and "Miscellaneous Works" (1822). See "Memoirs of the Life and Times of Henry Grattan, by his son Henry Grattan " (18311-46). Grattan, Thomas CoUey. Born at Dublin, 1792 : died at London, July 4. 1864. An Irish novelist, poet, and general writer. He resided at Bordeaux, Paris, and Brussels, and became British consul at Boston in 1839. He assisted in the negotiations which resulted in the Ashburton treaty (which see). In 1S4G he returned to England, and thereafter resided chiefly at London. He was a friend of Washington Irving. His works include "Highways and Byways, or Tales of the Roadside picked up in the French Provinces by a Walking Gentleman " (ISUa ; dedicated to Washington Irving), "Ben Nazir, the Saracen; a Tragedy" (1827), and many others. Gratz (griits), ofBcially Graz (griits), formerly Gratz (gi'ets). The capital of Styria, Austria- Hungary, situated on the Mur iu lat. 47° 5' N., long. 15° 25' E. The cathedral is an interesting mon- ument of the 15th century, with a fine sculptured west portal. The interior possesses several excellent old paint ■ ings, and some beautiful leth.century Italian reliefs in ivory illustrating Petrarch's "Triontl." Among other ob- jects of interest .are tlie .Stadtpark, tlie lu'iglit Suhlossberg, the Landhaiis, tlie .Toanntnim (with collections), and the picture-gallery. Population (1900), l:i8,080. Grau (grou), Miguel. Bom at Piura, June, 1834: died Out. 8, 1879. A Peruvian naval officer. In 1871 he took command of the turret-ship Huasoar. When the war with Chile broke out (1879), he at once entered on active service, and with the two iron- clads Huascar and Imlependencia kept the whole Cllilian navy at bay for several months. He attacked the lilock- ading sliipa at Iijuique, and sunk one, but lost the Indc- pendenciii, which ran on a rock. The Iluasirarwas finally attacked by two Chilean ironclads olT Point Angamos, and surrendered after Rear-Admiral Grau had been killed. Graubiinden. See Grisous: Graudenz (grou'dents), Pol. Orudziadz fgrii- joiits'). A town iu the iiroviiu-i' ). "Field, Forest, and Garden Botany " (186SX "How Plants Behave "(1872), "Danviniana" (1876), "New Flora of North America" (Part I, 1S7S), "Synoptical Flora of North America" (2d ed. 1888). Gray, Auld Robin. See A>M Unhin anu/. Gray, David. Born at Kirkintilloch, Jan. 29, ]S:!8 : died their. Dec. 3, 1,861. A Scottish poet. He wrote " The Luggie " and other poems, pub- lished in 18()2. Gray, Elisha. Born at BarnesviUe, Ohio, Aug. 2. 1S35; died at Ni'Wtonville, Mass., Jan. 20, 1901. \m .•Vnierican inventor, noted for inven- tions relating to telegrai>liy anil the telephone. Gray, George Robert. Bom at London, July 8, 1808; died May 5, 1872. An English ornithol- ogist and entomologist, brother of J. E. (iray. His works include "Entomology of Australia" (18.33). " List of the Geneni of Birds " (1840: enlarged in 1841 and 1K55), "Genera of Birds " (1844-19), "Genera and Species of liinis" (1869-7-'). Gray, Henry Peters. Born at New York. June 23, 1819: died there, Nov. 12, 1877. An Amer- ican p;iinti'r, iiresident of the National ,\cad- eniy 1S()9-71. In 1871 he went to Florence, and lived there till 1874. Among his works are "Charily," " 1 ho Birth of our Flag," "Cleopatra," "Greek Lovers," and "The Apple of Discord." During his later years he gave much of Ids lime to prutrail-palnting. Gray, John Edward. Born at Walsall. Stafford- shire, Feb. 12. 1800: died March 7. 1875. An Englisli zoologist, keeper of the zoological col- lections in the British JIuseum 1840-74. He published numerous works and papers on vari- ous branches of natural history, t Gray, Robert. Born at Dunbar, Aug. 15, 1825: ■ lied at Edinburgh, Feb. 18, 1.^87. A Scotch f Venice," one of Qrave Creek Wtound. A relic of the so-called marries Nerissa. jnound-bnildeis on Grave Creek, near Mounds- ville or Elizabethlown, Marshall County, Wi Virginia, it is 70 feet high and 1,000 feet In circum. ..,,•»„ , ., 1 . „/ .i,„ r.|i„ .,» feronce and Is the largest of the jirehlstorlc mounds In ornithologist. He was In the serWce of the City ol he Ohio valley. A stone hearing an Inscription of In- Glasgow Bank ami '•'<<'^»' I'-V '•",■'< <;'^;-""'"'"^^ .^^^^^^ scrutablc clmrKeters, alleged to have been .llscovered In burgh. >»,,l;-f'-!,'>'' ""« <',V''''V. I' ■ - '>;^u of tl,e wl^ this mound about 1840, has called forth consl.lerable dis- Society at Eillnburgh. He published Birds of the « eat cusalon of Scotland " (1871). Graveiines (grav-lon'^. Flemish Gravelinghe Gray, Stephen. Died Feb. 2.5 1< 36. An Lnglish (.'lii've-ling-e), G. Gravelingen (irrii've- cdectncian, a pensioner of the Charter House li'ug-en). Afortifled si'iiport in the department in Loudon. His experiments were the foundation ol Gray, Stephen the division of substances into conductors and non-con- ductors, and Iladan important bearing upon tile discovery of ttie electric battery. Gray, Sir Thomas. Died about 1369. An Eng- lish writer (in Latin), author of " Scalaehron- ica." See the extract. Tlie '• Scala-clironica " opens with an allegorical prologue, and is divided into tive parts. Of these part i., which re- lates the fabulous history of Britain, is based on '* Walter oi Exeter's " Brut (i. e. on Geotf rey of Monmouth) ; part ii., whicli reaches to Egbert's succession, is b;ised upon Bede ; part iii., extending to William the Conqueror, on Higdeii's " Polychroiiicon " ; and part iv. professes to be founded on " Johnle vilveir de Tilmouth queescriptle YstoriaAurea. " There are several difficulties connected with the prologue ; the chief are its distinct allusions to Thomas Otterlmrn, who is generally supposed to h.ave written early in thenext century (Sca^a-cAroK. pp. 1-4). According to Mr. Steven- son many incidents in part iv. are not to be found in the current editions of Higden. Jlr. Stevenson considers the book to assume some independent value with the reign of John ; but its true importance re;illy beginswith thereign of Edward I. It is specially useful" for the Scottish wars, and narrates the exploits of the author's father in great detail ^Scala-chron. pp. 123, 127, 13S, etc.). The author is tolerably minute as to Edward II. 's reign (pp. 13G-53), and the rest of the book (pp. 153-203) is devoted to Edward III. The detailed account of the French w.ars from 1355-61 sug- gests the presence of the ^vriter (pp. 172-200). The history breaks ott in 1362 or 1363. Diet. Xat. Biog., XXIII. 21. Gray, Thomas. Born at London, Dec. 26, 1716: died at Cambridge, July 30, 1771. An English poet. He was sent to Eton as an oppidan in 1727, forming an intimacy there with Horace Walpole. In 1734 he was admitted as a pensioner at Peterhouse, Cambridge, and in 1739 went abroad with Walpole on "the grand tour." He returned and settled at Cambridge.where he resided chiefly after 1741, though he spent a part of every summer with his mother at Stoke. Pogis. He became professor of modern history at Cambridge 1768. In 1757 he refusedithe laureate- ship. His best-known work is the " Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard" (1751). His other principal works are "Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College" (1747), ••Progress of Poesy " (1757), " The Bard "(1758). His poems and letters were edited by W. Mason in 1775 ; the letters by Mitford 1S43-54 ; and the works, with life, by E. W. Gosse, in 4 vols., in 1882. Gray League. [G. Grauer Bund.'\ A German league in the present canton of Grisons, S^vit- zerland, formed in 1424. In 1497-98, in com- pany with the Gotteshausbund, it became allied with the Swiss cantons. Gray's Inn. One of the London inns of court. It is situated on the north side of Holborn and to the west of Gray's Inn Lane. It is the fourth inn of court in im- portance and size. It derives its name from the noble family of Gray of Wilton, whose residence it originally was. {Thornbxtry.) It still contains a handsome hall of 1560. Gray's Peak. One of the highest peaks in the Koeky Slouotains. situated in tlie Colorado range, Colorado. Height, 14,341 feet. Graymalkin. See Grimalkin. Graz. See Grtitz. Grazalema (gra-tha-ia'ma). A to'wn in the province of Cadiz, Spain, 56 miles east-north- east of Cadiz. Population (1887), 6,389. Graziani (grat-se-a'ne), Francesco. Born April 26, l.'^29 : died June 30, 1901. An Italian barytoue singer. HclirstsangiuLonJouinlSoo. Grazzini (griit-se'ne), Anton Francesco, called II Lasca. [It. lasca, a mullet.] Born at Flor- ence, March 22, 1503: died there, Feb. 18, 1584. An Italian poet and dramatist. Il Lasca was the appellation he assumed in the Accademia degli-Umidi, to which he belonged, where every member was distin- guished by the name of a fish. He was one of the founders ot the celebrated Accademia della Crusca. Gr6al. See Grail. Great Barrington (grat bar'ing-ton). A town in Berkshire County, Massachusetts, situated on the Housatonic River 40 miles west by north of Springfield. Population (1900), 5,854. Great Basin. An elevated region in the United States, lying between the Sierra Nevada on the west and the Wahsatch Mountains on the east. It comprises nearly all Nevada, western Utah, southeast- em Oregon, and parts of eastern and southeastern Cali- fornia. The drainage of the greater part of this large area is into interior lakes (Great Salt Lake, etc.) which have no communication with the sea. It is traversed by the Humboldt and other ranges. The soil is generally unpro- ductive. Great Bear. See Ursa Major. Great Bear Lake. A lake in British North America, about lat. 0.5°-67° N., long. 118°-123° \V. It has its outlet through the Great Bear River into the Mackenzie. Length, over 150 miles. Area, about 14,000 square miles. Great Britain (grat brit'n). [F. Grande Bre- tayne, Sp. GranBretatia, It. Gran Bretagnn, NL. Magna Britannia (or Britannia Major, Greater Britain).] The largest island of Europe, com- prising England in the south, Scotland in the north, and Wales in the west, situated in lat. 58° 40'-49° 58' N.,long. 1° 45' E.-6° 13' W. : the ancient Albion or Britannia (afterward Britan- nia Major). Its length from north to south is about 608 miles ; its greatest width, about 325 miles. Area, 88,iij4 456 square miles. It is called Great Britain in distinction from Brittatiy (Bretagne, Lesser Britain). On the union with Scotland in 1707, Great Britain became the official name of the Britisli kingdom, and so continued uncil the union with Ireland in ISnl. It remains a popular designation of the United Kingdom cf Great Britain and Ireland. (Seebelow.) For the history, see Emiland. Population (liiOl), 3C.99k,076. Great Britain and Ireland,The United King- dom of. Since Jan. 1, 1801, the official name of the British kingdom, including England, "Wales, Scotland, Ireland, and the neighboring smaller islands. Capital, Loudon. The government is a hereditary constitutional monarchy. A sovereign and a responsible ministry form the executive. The legisla- ture consists of a Parliament, comprising the House of Lords (about 560 members) and the House of Commons (670 members). The colonies and foreign possessions are Gibraltar, Malta, Aden and Perim, Somali Coast Protecto- rate, Socotra, Kuria Muria Islands, Bahrein Islands, Brit- ish North Borneo, Brunei. Sarawak. Ceylon, Cyprus, Hong- Kong, India and its dependencies, British Baluchistan, Andaman Islands, Nicobar Islands, Laccadive Islands, Kamaran Island, Labuan, Straits Settlements, Basuto- land, Becbuanaland, Zanzibar, Zululand, Cape Colony, Orange River Colony, Transvaal Colony, Mauritius (with Seychelles, Rodrignes, the Cliagoslslantls) , British East Af- rica, Katal. British Zambesia, Niger Territories, Oil Rivers Protectorate, Saint Helena, Ascension Island, Tristan da Cunha, Gold Coast, Lagos, Gambia. Sierra Leone, Bermudas, Canada, Newfoundland, Falkland Islands, British Guiana, British Honduras.Britisb West Indie.-; (including the Baha- mas, Barbados, Jamaica, islamls of the Windward and Lee- ward groups, Trinidad), Tasmania, Victoria, New South Wales, Soutli Australia, Queensland, Western Australia, NewZealand, British NewGuinea, Fiji, and variousotherPa- cificislands.inclndinL'Co'iks Islands. Union group, Phoenix group, Clu-istmas Island, Fanning Island, (Ulbert Islands, etc. Area of the I'tiited Kingdom. 121,483 square miles; pop. (1901), 41,454,578. Area of the British empire, includ- ing India, colonies, protectorates,an(lspheres of influence, aboiit 10,330,000 s. Griekrii- laiid G. Griechenland, land of the Greeks.] A country in southeastern Europe — («) Ancient Greece: the country of the Hellenes. In the widest sense the name includes the Greek colonies m Asm wlnor I cilv Africa etc. ; in its restricted and more usuTmeLn ng ,^ i^ he peni\,sula south of the Cambutnan MounSmr wi h the .leighhoring islands. Peninsular Greece comprised Thessaly, Epirus, Central Greece (in- cludhfg Snania. -Etolia, Doris, Western Locr.s East- eni Locris, Phocis, Beeotia, Attica, and Megaris), and Pelo- ponnesus includillgCorinthia. Sicyoma. Phlias.a Achaia, fais Arcadia Argolis, Laconia, and Messenia). The chief islands were Crete, ilhodes, Cos, Samos, Chios, Lesbos, Tenedos Imhros, Samothrace, Thasos, Lemnos Scyros En- b™i Salimis, -«gina, the Cyclades, Thera, Cythera . and t he K'an Islands (including Zacynthos, CephaUenia Ithaca, Leucas, Coreyri, etc.). (^yr""' ^^VrlTe Th"s rl and in later times Macedonia and Thrace, i-lic sur- fMe U mostly mountainous. The following are some of the l^ore important facts and incidents of ancient Greek hUtory Dorian invasion of the Peloponnesus about liorf BO. commencement of the hegemony of Spar a , h century ; Persian wars 50fl to about 449 ; hegemony tians- ferred ti Athens about 477; Peloponnesian war 4.!l-404 , ifege inony of Spa,-ta 404-371 ; of Thebes 371-362 ; hegemony of Macedon commenced :M8; rise of ^tolian League and renewSof Achaian League about iSt); independence of Greece proclaimed by iTamininus 1%; Una' ■^"bJ™ '°" of Greece to Rome 146: Greece made (in great part) in o the Roman province of Achaia 27 B. c. Greece foni ed part of the Eastern Empire. See further below and tn- Ser the various cities; also Persian Wars and Pcloponu- tianWar. {!>) itodern Greece : a kingdom, capital Athens, lying between the Turkish empire on the north, and the sea on the east, south, and west and including the Ionian Islands, Euboea, the Cvdades, and some smaller islands. It in- cludes'the ancient Peloponnesus, Central Greece south- elstern Spirus, and nca,^y all Thessaly ; and <;<'»'";"^.* u.Hnnrchies ; Attica, Bieotia, l-.ul.cca, Phth^.tis PIh.'ib, Acanlunia and --Etolia, Achaia, Elis, Arcadia, Laconia. Jleasenia, ArgoUs, Corintli, Cyclades, Corfu, Cephalonia. Zacynthos, Aria, Tri.-ala, Larissa, EuiTtania, JlagneMa, Karditsa, Triplivlia, Lacedrcnion, and Lcucas. Ihe tov- erumonl is a hereditary constitutional m-S7,and reeominered by the Turks in 1715 M" i recentevents are the revolution of l«21-2;.i: ">;■',«'";':",'■,'■ mentof akingd.ini in 18:)2: the .>volution nl 1»4.), u, grant of a constitution in 1K44 ; the revoluti.m and the deposition of Otto in 1KB2: the election of George l.n. 18f.:f tlie cession of ArtJi, Tricala. and Lan.^^sa by luike> in Uil- and the war with Turkey in 1807. .Area, 2..,014 lUir.- iiiil'~ I'opulation (iWt,, 2.433,HUC 457 Greek Empire. See Eastern EiHiitre. Greek Independence, War of. The Greek re- volts against tlif Turks, which broke out in the Moiva^iud in Wallachia and Moldavia, in IHL'l. The war was noteworthy for the Greek e'',i;';'',"„''>' "'•"• tho aid rendered by r...rd liyron and other philhelleids s, the Turkish atrocities in Chios, and the interference ol the powers ami their victory over the Turkish fl«e' "' ^J'™; rino in 1827, anil tho llnal llus-.f>-Turkish war of 182h-21l, which secured the independence of Greece. Greeley (gre'li). Tho capital of Weld County, uortluTii Colorado, on a tributary of tho South I'latte. Po|'"l'it'ou (1000), :t,02:i. Greeley, Horace. Bom at Amherst, N, H., Feb. 3, 1811: died at Pleasantville, Westclies- ter County, N. Y., Nov. 29, 1H72 A ceUbratod American jimnialist. aiillior. and politician, no founded tho New York " Tribune " in 18-11 ; was a member of Congress from New York 1 848-1 il ; was a noted anti- slavery leader ; and was the unsuccessful candidate of the Liberal-Republican and Democratic parties for the presl- dency in 1872. His chief work la "The American Con- flict '(ISW-tiU). Greely (gre'li), Adolphus Washington at Newburyport, Mass., March -i, li^-l American Arctic explorer. He served as a volun- teer in the Union Army during the CivU « ar, " ''■;.^";;^ of which he was appointed a leutenant >° «'^/';K' '"^ anuy and attached to the signal service In 1»81 be wm appointed to the command of the expedition ?ent o" Y the government to establish an Arctic obser^ng statio n aeeordatiee with the plan of the Hamburg Interna lo Geographical Congress of 1879, providing for the erection of a-Sn of 13 stations about ti, north Po'e b>- >■'<^•";';- tional concert. He sailed from St. .'ohn ^ > ewf oundla, d with 24 men, in the Proteus July 7, 1881, and Aug. 1-, 1881. reached Discovery Harbor, lat. 81 44 -N., long, m 45' \V . where he eslabhshed his station. A detachment of his expedition under Lockwood and Brainard went ?o lat. 83' 24i- N., long. 40' 46!' W., May 1=^. If 2 '.higher latitude than any before attained. Compelled hy the fail- ure of relief expeditions to reach him, he began to retreat southwanl Aug. 9, 1883, and was rescued at Cape .sabine bv a relief expedition under Captain W inlleld schk), June 22, 1884, after having lost 18 of his men. Uc was ai|- poiuted chief of the signal-service corps with the rank of brigadier-general in bs87, and was head of the^^ eather Bureau from that time until it passed unde'r the control of the agricultural ilepartment. He has published Three Years of Arctic Service •■ as8C>. . . Green (greu), Anna Katharine. The maiden naiuo and pseudonym of Airs. Kohlfs, an Ameri- can novelist, born in l•'^■i6. ^, ^ -, , Green, Ashbel. Born at Hanover, N. J., July 6 1702: died at Philadelphia, May 19, 1848. An American Presbyterian elerg\Tnau, president of Princeton College 1812-22. Green, Sir Henry. In Shakspere's "King Kichard II.." a creature of the king. Green, Horace. Bom at Chittentlen, Vt Dec. -4 isii:;: died at Sing Sing, N. Y., Nov. 29. 1866. An American physician, author of works on dis- eases of the thi'oat and air-passages. Green. Jacob. Bom at Philadelphia, July 26, 1790. died at Philadelphia, Feb. 1, lof 1; An American man of science, son of Ashbel Green. Ue pnl.lished "Chemical Philosophy" (1829), etc. Green, John Richard. Born at O.xford, Eng- land Dec. 12 (0. ISj^: Jie^i at Mentone, March 7 1883 A noted English historian. He was graduated from Oxford in 1859 ; became a curate in ix>ndon in 18(10 ; and in 18t» w.-ui appointed incumbent of St. Phil- ip's, Stepney. He became librarian at Lambe h in 1869^ Se 'published a "Short History of the English Peo,^e (1874), "A History of the English People (1877-80), Uie Making of r.ngland"(188-.i), "'"l '"t'le Conquest of Eng- land"(lSS3). ^^ .,, , , Green, Norvin. Born at New Albany, Ind., April 17, IslS: died at LoulS\^lle, Ky.. i'eb. 1-, 1893 An American financier. He graduated at the medical school In the University of Louisville 18-lu, and subsequently served three terms in the Kentucky kgisa- ture. He became president of the Southwestern lelegraph Company about ISM, a.ul w:is ""<=■•«■»"', ^'^•■■.j'';'^".''.'!^:':'"' the American Telegraph Company and of " >• )\<-^'^"> I„ionT.legr,.phCompany(187S). Uew;is president of the Ujui-vill.-, Cincinnati, and Lexington fculroad 1809-,3. Green. Seth. B<>m at Iron.l.;(iuo.t N .\ "March 19, 1817 : died at Kochester, N. Y., Aug. 20, 1S,H8. \n American pisciculturist. Ue devised improved methods of breeding H^h, and in 18e7-ti8 ^tocked the (•....- necticut and other rivers with shad and "'"if "r"^"^'' • and in 1871 introduced shad m the rivers of Califoinia. He became a nH-mber of the Sew York Fish C.ununs.um in 18118, and in 1870 superintendent, a Ii;'siti"" «lmh he retained until his death, "e jvrote ' ."Ut nil ue (lS7"i and " Fish.llat.lling an.l Fl.sh Catching (is. 9). Green, Verdant, s- r.r,/„»M.r««. Green, Widow, l u Sheridan Knowles s Love Chase," '-the pleasant widow whose fortietli year, instead of autumn, brings a second sum- mer in." „ ^ _ .,, Green, William Henry. Born at GroveviUc near Trent. m, .N. •'., Jan. 27, 182o: died at Princeton, N. J.. Feb. 10, 1900. An American Presbyterian clcrg\nnan and theoloijian. Hegrad- uated at Lafayette Colleg,- in 1810, and at l>i">et«n 1 heo- logical Seminary in isi.; : became pn.fessor of bihllcil . Oriental literature at l-i iucetou in ls.'.l ; and was chainiian of the American OM 1 cstament Hevlsion ( ompany of the English and American liil.le Kevisioii Committees. His works include "A Grammar of the "'^''rew Language (18«1) 'An Klemenlary Hebrew Grammar (isiipei-se.l through his prose works. His pr ncipal wotks ore tracls and pamphlets, "Mamillia. etc. (entered on •Stationers' Register" 1680), "Gwydonius. Ilie Caroe of Faucie '( 1584), ' Arbasto, the Anatomic of I ortune (I.*!). "Planetomachia' (1:kS«1, "Euphues. his Censure ..Ihl- lautus. etc " (VSTt, " Perimedcs the Blacke-Smlth 15881, Pandosto: the Triumph of Time, the liyst«rie of Itoras. tuVa'ud F^wnia ""(1588): - Alcida " (licensed y«8>, •'«•;."?• Dhon etc "(1589: this appeared as "Greenes Arcadia in lS."Greenes Mourni.V- Garment. etc. '(K'.OOlT.ree.^^^^^ Never too Late " (ISlKi), " Greene's I .u-ewell to lolly (1591), " A Notable liiscowery of Coosnage 0'' 3 parts . 2 in l.WI, the third in l.™2>,"Greene's Gioaisworth of W i . etc (pnb. llshe,l at his dying request : licensed 15!tt) His pl"J s_are ••(irlando Kurioso, " ■ A Looking Glass for 1/indon and Eng- land "(With Ix.dgc), 'The Honourable "'s'"';?'.?!.'^!""' "'l" ■on and Friar Bungay." " James the Fourth, '"Alphonsiis, KiiiL- of Aragon. " and "George a-Greene, the Pinner of Wakilleld." Dyce , ollected and edited his works 1831-fJJ. Greenfield (gren'leld). The capital of Frank lin County. Massachusetts, situated on the ton- necticut Kiver *t miles iH.rlli of SpringUcl.l. I'opuhilioii (190(1), 7,927. Greenhat ( gren hat). Sir Humphrey. The pseu- donvm of Sir Ambrose Crowley in "The lat- ler,'' No. 73. ,j T 1 T Green Isle. The, or The Emerald Isle. Ire land: so naincil from its verdure. Greenland (gren'laud), Dan. Gronland (grfcn'. liiiul). I Discovered by Norsemen about 900. ho imiiicil, it is said, in 986 by Eric the Ki'd with the intent of attracting immigi-aiits from Iceland by this alluring name.] An island in the north polar regions, belonging in part to Denmark, northeast of North .-Vmerica. It estemls fnmi Capo Farewell, In ahi). I was visited by l.rlc the Ki-.l ai .1 ,1 m zed 1 V in In 98,;. It w«, rediscovered by llavls in M5 I rcoloi,i.e.l by the Panes In 1721. Ks.i.nate, ,rea M'J.eoO sqllale tulles. Population (most > •-kh>'"«) 1891 I 10 5Ui(:f09 o( them European.) in the Danish U'lrL t ory « Iti' pruhably a few hun.ireds more elsewhere. Greenleaf Oreenleaf (gren'lef). Benjamin. Bom at Hav- erhill, JIass., Sept. 25. 1786: died at Bratlford, Mass., Oct. 29, 1864. An American mathemati- ciau, author of a series of mathematical text- books. Greenleaf, Simon. Born at Newburyport.Mass., Dec. 5. 1783: died at Cambridge, Mass., Oct. C, 1853. An American jurist, reporter of the Maine Supreme Court 182(>-32, and professor of law at Harvard 1833-48 (when he became professor emeritus), succeeding Story in the Dane pro- fessorship in 1846. His chief work is a " Trea- tise on the Law of E\-idence" (1842-58). Green Mantle. See Bedgauntlet. Green Mountain. The culminatiug summit of Mount Desert, Maine, in the eastern part of the island. Height. 1.527 feet. Green Mountain Boys. The soldiers from Ver- mont in the American Revolution, first organ- ized under this name by Ethau Allen in 1775. Green Mountains. Tliat part of the Appala- chian system situated in Vermont, continued in Massachusetts by the Hoosac and Taconie Mountains. The hijrhest peak was long considered to be Mount JIansfield (-1,070 feet), but Killington Peak (4,:;40 feet) now claims the honor. Green Mountain State. A popular name of Vermont, which is traversed by the Green Mountains, Greenock (gren'ok). A seaport and parliamen- tary borough in Renfrewshire, Scotland, sit- uated on the Clyde 19 miles west-northwest of Glasgow. It is noted for the building of iron ships and for its foreign commerce, and manufactures sugar and machiiien.'. Population (190i), 67,645. Greenough (gren'6), George Bellas. Born 1778: died at Naples, April 2. 1855. An Eng- lish geographer and geologist. He founded the Geological Society of London, becoming its tirst president in 1811, and retaining that otfice for 6 years (he was sub- sequentlytwice reelected). He was also several times pres- ident of the Royal Geographical Society. He constructed various geological maps, the most extensive being one of British India. Greenough, Horatio. Born at Boston, Sept. 6, IsOa : died at Somerville, near Boston, Dec, 18, 1852, An American sculptor. Among his works are a statue of Washington (near the Capitol, Washington), '■ The Rescue " (Capitol, Washington). " Venus Victrix " (Boston Athcnieuni), etc. Greenough, Richard S. Born at Jamaica Plain, Boston, April 27, 1819, An American sculptor, lirother of Horatio Greenough. Green River. A river in Kentucky, joining the Ohio 7 miles southeast of Evansiolle, Indi- ana. Length, about 350 miles ; navigable about 150 miles. Green River. A river in Wyoming, northwest- ern Colorado, and Utah, uniting with the Grand River to form the Colorado about lat. 38° 15' N., long. 109° 51' W. Length, about 750 miles. Greensleeves (gren'slevz). A ballad sung to a tune of the same name. It has been a favorite since the latter part of the 16th century. The tune is one to which "Christmas comes but once a year" and many other songs of the same rhythm are sung, and is probably much older than the ballad. The ballad has several names : *' X New Courtly Sonet of the Lady Greensleeves to the new tune of Greensleeves," printed in 1.tS4: "A New Northern Dittye of the Lady Green Sleeves," licensed in 15S0. Child reproduces the former in his '* English and Scottish Bal- lads " as "Greensleeves." Green's Tu Quoque, or The Citie Gallant. A jilav bv John Cooke, published in 1614. See liubbh'. Green Vault, The. [G. Dasqriine Geicolhe.'] A series of 8 rooms in the royal palace at Dresden, containing an unrivaled collection of precious stones, works of art, etc. It is called the green vault from the color of its original decorations. Greenville (gren'vU). A city and the capital of Greenville Cotmty, Soiith Carolina, situated on the Reedy River in lat. 34° 50' N., long. 82° 25' W. It is the seat of several Baptist eciuca- tional institutions. Papulation (1900). 11,860. Greenwell (gren'wel). Dora. Bom at Green- well Ford, Durham, Dee. 6, 1821: died March 29, 1882, An English poet and prose-writer. Her poetical works, which are chiefly of a religious character, include volumes of poems (1S4S, 1S50X "Carmina Crucis" (18t>9\ "Songs of Salvation"(18"3>, etc. Among her prose works is '■ The Patience of Hope " (1880). Greenwich (grin'ij). A municipal and parlia- mentary borough of Loudon situated on the Thames 5 miles southeast of St. Paul's. It is noted for the Koyal Observatorj- (built in 1675) and for Greenwich Hospital (which see). The observatory, situ- ated in lat. or 28' S8 " N., is the point of departure, through which the zero meridian passes, from which longitudes are measured in English-speaking countries. Population (1891), 165,417, Greenwich. A town in Fairfield Count}-, Con- nectieutj situated on Long Island Sound 30 458 miles northeast of New York. Population (1900), 12,172. Greenwich. A former village in the western part of Manhattan Island, now a part of New York city. Greenwich (griii'ij) Hospital. A hospital for seamen, situated at Greenwich, England, it occupies the site of a royal palace which was removed during the Commonwealth. It was rebuilt in the reigns of Chalks II. and William III., and in 1694 was converted into a sailors' hospital. From 1865 a considerable propor- tion of tlie pensioners have been non-resident, and part of the building has since 1873 been occupied as a Koyal Naval College. Greenwood (gi-en'wud), Grace. The pseudo- n\-m of Mrs. Sara Jane (Clarke) Lippincott. Greenwood Cemetery, A cemetery in southern Brooklyn, overlooking Gowanus Bay in New York harbor. It was opened for interments in 1840. It is 400 acres in extent, and is well laid out and ornamented with forest trees. Greenwood Lake. A lake on the border of New Jersey and New York. Length, 10 miles. Greg (greg),William Rathbone. Born at Man- chester. England. 1809: died at Wimbledon, Nov. 15, 1881. An English essajist. His works include " Political Proldems for our .-ige and Country " (l870). ''Enigmas of Life" (1872), "Eocks Ahead, or the Warnings of Cassandra " (1874), " Mistaken Aims and At- tainable Ideals of the Working Classes " (1876), and various collections of essays. Gregg (gieg), David McMurtrie. Born at Huntingdon, Pa,, April 10, 1833. An American soldier. Hewasgraduatedat West Point in IS55; served as colonel in the Federal army in the Peninsuhu- campaign in 1862 ; was promoted brigadier-geuei-al of volunteers in the same year ; commanded a division of cavalry at the battle of Gettysburg in 1863 ; was appointed to the com- mand of the 2d cavalry division of the Army of the Potomac in 1S64; and resigned Feb. 3, 1865. He served with dis- tinction in the battles of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania, Hawes's Shop, and TreiHian Station. Gregg, John Irvin. Born July 19, 1826: (ef. .VfYf. fiioij.). In 1691 he was appointed Savilian professor . Grenville (gren'vil), sir Bevil. BomatBrinn, Cornwall, March 23, 15!I5: killed at Lans- down, near Bath, .Itily 5, 1643. An English Royalist soldier. He led the van at Brailock Down, Jan'. 11), Im;!, where the Parliamentarians wore defeated, and fell in the attack on .Sir William Waller's forces at Lansdiiwri, Grenville, George. Born (^ci. 14, 1712 : died at London, Nov. 13, 1770. An English states- miin. He entered Parliament In 1711 ; became a lord of the admiralty in 1744 ; was a loril of the treasury June, 1747, -Nov., 1755 ; was treasurer of the navy Nov., 1750-112 (with a seat In the cabinet In 1701) ; became secretary of state for the northern departmenl In May, 1702; and be- came llr^t lord of the admiralty In (Vt. of that year. Fnim Oct., 1701. toOct., 1702, lie was leaderof the House otfom- mons. He became premier In April, 1703, anil retained olllce until July, 170.5. Iliiinmiculed Wilkes, and oiiixised the repeal of the Stamp .Act Ui obtained the nickname of "the Ocntle. shepherd "in an encounter with Pitt. "He Interposed in defense of Dashwuod'B proposition of air ad- Gresley, William ditional duty on cider, and reminded the house that the profusion with wliich the late war had been carried on necessitated the imposition of new taxes. He wished gentlemen would show him wtiere to lay them. lOn his] re- peating tltis iiuestion in his querulous, languid, fatiguing tone, Pitt, who sat opposite to him, miniieking his accent aloud, repeated these words of an old ditty, 'Gentle shep- herd, tell me where 1' and then, rising, abused Grenville bitterly." Diet. Sat, Bio^t. Grenville, or Greynvile, Sir Richard. Born about 1.541: died Sept., 1.591. A British naval lioro. He was a cousin of Sir Walter Kaleigh. In 158.5 he commanded a lleet of 7 vessels which took part in the colonization of \'irginia. In 15til he was vice-admiral in tlie lleet of 10 slii]»s under Lord Thomas Howard which sailed to the Azores to intercept the Spanish treasure-ships. While the English were at anchor otf Klores, a Spanish fleet of 53 sail appeared, and Howard put to sea to avoid it. Grenville, however, refused to follow, and when, later, he rashly attempted to pass through the .Spanish Meet, wos becalmed and was attacked by about 15 of the largest ves- sels. He maintained a hand-to-hand fight for 15 hours, and oidy surrendered when all but '20 of his 150 men were slain. He ilied a few days after the battle. Gren'ville, Richard Plantagenet Temple Nu- gent Brydges Chandos, second Duke of Buik- ingham and Chandos. Born at London, Feb. 11, 1797: died there, July 29, 1861. An English his- torian. He was known as Earl Temple 1813-2"2, and as Marquis of Chandos 18*22-39, when he succeeded his father as duke. He was member of Parliament for Buckingham- shire 1818-39, and was lord pi Ivy seal 1841—12. lie in- troduced into the Reform Bill in 1832 the clause known as the Chandos clause, which extended the franchise in counties to £.50. He wrote "Memoirs of the Court and Cabinets of George III." (1853-56), " Memoirs of the Court of England during the Regency" (1850), "Memoirs of the Court of George IV." (1859). " Jlemoirs of the Couits and Cabiuets of \\ illiam IV. and Victoria " (1861), etc. Grenville, Richard Temple (later Grenville- Temple), Earl Temple. Born Sept. 26. 1711: died Sept. 12, 1779. An English politician, brother-in-law of Pitt. He was fli-st lord of the ad- miralty under the Duke of Devonshire 1756-57, and lord privy seal under Pitt and Newcastle 1757-W. He was a patron of Wilkes, and was thought by some to be the au- thor of the "Letters" of Junius. Gren'ville, Thomas. Born Dec 31, 1755: died at London, Doc. 17, 1846. An English politician (Whig) and diplomatist, best known as a book- collector. He bequeathed over 20,000 volumes to the British Museum. Grenville, William Wyndham, Baron Gren- ville. Born Oct. 25, 17.59: died at Dropmore, Bucks, England, Jan. 12. 1834. An English statesman, sou of George Grenville. He entered Parliament in 1782 ; was appointed paynmster-general of the army in 1783 ; was chosen speakerof the House of Commons about 1789; was created Baron CJrenville in 1790: and was secretary for foreign atfairs in Pitt's ministry 1791-lSOl. In 1800 he combined with Eoxtoform theministryof "All the Talents," of which lie was premier. The death of Fox in the same year weakened the ministry, and Grenville was conipcUed to resign in 1807. Grenville Channel. A narrow clumnel between the niaiuhiiiil of British Columbia and Pitt Isl- and. Length, 50 miles. GreshamCgresh 'am). Sir Thomas. DiedatLou- diiii, Nov.21. 1579. An English tinancier. Hcwas employed to negotiate loans for the government both at home aud abroad, and was knighted by tjueen Elizabeth in 15,59. He founded the Royal Exchange in 150.5, and Greshani College in 157.5, which was opened In 1590. He observed and commented on Ih* tendency of the inferior of two forms of currency in circulation to circulate more freely than the superior, which has been named from him tiresham's Law. Gresham, Walter Quinton. Born at Laues- ville,lnd., March 17, ls;i2; died at Washington. D. C, May 28, 1895. An American politician, jurist, and general. He was admitted to the bar in 18.53, and Joined the Union army at the begimdng of the Civil Wiu*. serving as a division eonnuamior in Blair's corps before Atlantit, and being brevetled major-genera) of vol- unteers Miu'ch i:i, 180.5. He was I nlled States judge for the district of Indiana 1809-82; was postmastergenenU 188'2-81 : wiui secretary of the treasury in 1&S4 ; and be- came secretary of state in Cleveland's cabinet in 1893. Gresham College. An educational foundation iti London, enilowi-d liy the will of Sir Thomas ( i resham. I.ecturi's were commenced in 1597 ; the build- ing was trnnsterred.to the government In 17(18. The pres- ent biiihiing, near the (iuildball, was erected In IS43. Gresley ( gni-hi ' ),HenriFrangois Xavier. Born at Vassv, Haute-Marne. France, Fel>. 9, 1819: died at I'aris, May 2, 1890. A French general. He served as hrlgadler-geneml ami chief of the geiu'ral Btalf of the 1st nimy cor|iB in the Franco- I'rnsslaii war; was chief of the general stall In the ministry of war In 1874- 1877 • became general of division In ls7;.; was minister of war in 1879; was elected senator for life in ls79; ami wa« commander of the 5lb army corps ISSO 8:1. Gresley (gres'li), William. Born at Keml- worlh, Warwickshire, March 16,1801: died at Boyne Hill, near Maidenhead, Berkshire, Nov. 19."l87(>. An English clergyman and writer. In 1857 he became jierpetual cnnite'of All Saints, Bo.vne Hill. He published a number of tales and many religious works Among the latter aie ■ilrdinance of Contesalon " (IS5I), ".Sophron and .Ni-ologos. "etc. tl.wl)," Priests onil Pblloso. phers" (187:n. "Thoughts on liellglou and Phllo'ophj ' (1875). His tales, mostly written In conjunction with Ed- Gresley, William 460 ward Cliurton, were illustrative of social and religions life. "Bernard Leslie," etc., written b.v Gresley aJone in 1S42, was intended to show the influence of the Oxford move- menL Gresset (gre-sa'), Jean Baptiste Louis de. Bom at Amiens, Aug. 29, 1709 : died there, June 16, 1777. A French poet, for a time, in his youth, a member of the Jesuit order. His best-known poem is "Vert- Vert." Among his other works are "La Char- treuse." "Edouard III.," " Epitre h ma s<»ur sur ma co{i- valescence," and the comedy 'Le m^chant" (1747). complete works were edited b.v Renouard 1811. Greswell (gres'wel), Edward. Born at Denton, near Manchester, Aug. 3, 1797: died at Ox- ford, June 29, 1869. An English ehronologist. He was a fellow of Corpus Christi College, O.xford. and vice- president of the college 1S40-69. He published " Fasti temporis catholici, etc." (Part 1. 1862). "General Tables of the Kasti catholici, or Fasti temporis perpetui, from B. c. 4004 to A. D. 2000 "(1852)," Originescalendarise hellenicsa" (1854), etc. Greta Hall (gre'tii hal). It is in the vale of Keswick, Cum Southey. berland. Gretchen (grech'en; G. pron. gi-at'chen). [G., a dim. of ilarflaret.} The principal female char- acter of Goethe's ■' Faust." She is a smiple girl of the lower ranks of life, charming in her innocence and contlding love for Faust. of Queen Elizabeth : and was an intimate friend and the biographer of his kinsman Sir Philip Sidney. He became secretar>- for Wales in l.'>83 ; treasurer "of the wars" in March, and of the navy Sept., 1.S98 ; chancellor of the ex- chequerin 1614 ; and commissioner of the treasui-yin 1618. He was stabbed, Sept. 1, by a servant. ICalph Haywood, one of the witnesses to his will, to whom he failed to leave a legacy. His epitaph, composed by himself, was : "Fulke Greville, sen'ant to Queen Elizabeth, councillor to King James, and friend to Sir Philip Sidney.^' His works were reprinted by Grosart (1870). His Greville (gra-vel'), Henry. The pseudonym of Alice Marie Celeste Durand. Greville (grev'il), Robert, second Lord Brooke. Born 1608 : died March 2, 1643. An EngUsh Par- liamentary general in the civil war, only son of Fulke GreviUe. He defeated the Earl of .\orthampton at Kineton, near Banburj-. Aug. 3, 1642 ; was appointed in Jan., 1643, comm.ander-in-chief of the counties of War- wick, Stafford, Leicester, and Derby ; captured Stratford- on-Avon in Feb. ; and was killed at LichfleUl. He wrote "The Nature of Truth, etc." (1640), and other works. The residence of (Jreville, Robert Kaye. Born at Bishop Auck- ' purity of domestic duties, the truly feminine instinct with which she tends her little sister, the natural grace with which she reveals her feelings, the naive love of ornament natu- ral to the girl of the people : then the first shadows which .^ .,, . fall on this transparent soul, the misgivings roused by Cirpxnr Pranpnia Pan! Tnloo Fausfs bold .address, the presentiment of danger and in- „„:,„^'.„.. , ,„y. t^.^^SL . ^ . voluntary shudder at Mephisto's presence, her pious anxi- ety about the spiritual welfare of her lover, her devotion and utter self-surrender to him, her inability to refuse him anything, and then all the fell consequences of her weak- ness, madness, prison, and death — a fearful transition this from the idyllic to the tragical. Scherer, History of German Literature, II. 327. Grethel (greth'el; G. pron. gra'tel), Gammer. The fictitious narrator of " Grimm's Tales." Gretna Green (gret'na gren). A farmsteading /i_„„ ^„„"^ ■nt„i,«»..5»i. T}„~,ir'\!H degree of doctor of medicine at Leyden in 1671. riages were rendered invalid (unless one of the parties has \" 1^.' ' ".^ ^came secretary of the Royal Society, and ed- resided for some weeks in Scotland) by an act passed in i'/'' the ■Philosophical Transactions (Jan., 1678.-Feb., Ig5(}_ 16,;,'). His " Anatomy of Plants appeared in 1682. Gretry (gi-a-tre'). Andre Ernest Modeste. Grey (gia), Charles, first Earl Grey. Born at Born at Liege, Belgium. Feb. 8, 1741: died at Howiek, 1729: died there, Nov. 14, 1807. AnEng- Montmorency, near Paris, Sept. 24, 1813. A lisli general. He became colonel and king's aide-de- Preneh composer. Hisworks include the operas "Le ^^f iPi.nl772;ioinedHowein Aonericain 1776(with therauk Huron" (1768) "LucUe" (1769), "Le tableau parlant " "' raajor^gf neral) ; defeated Anthony Wayne near Paoll, (1769). " Mmire et Azor " (1771), " L'Amant jaloux '■ (1778), tT-7- 'l^'Ji, Tt? "r ^f brigade at Gerniantown Oct. ••E'Eprenve villageoise." " Richard Cceur de lion " (1784), kh^' ' .""P'^r'^d New Bedford and Martha s \ meyard in " GuUlaume Tell " (1791), " Lisbeth " (1797), etc. He also wrote several books, "Memoires on essais sur la musique " (1789), "De la virit^ etc." (1803), etc. Greuze (grez), Jean Baptiste. Born at Tour- nus. France, Aug. 21, 172.5 : died at Paris, March duced Martinique in March, and St. Lucia and Guadeloupe 21, 1805. A genre and portrait painter, pupil at -'" -^l"''' ^"^■'• Gridley, Richard Grey (marquis of Dorset and duke of Suffolk) and great-granddaughter of Henry VII. of Eng- land. She was the pupil of Bishop Aylmer and of Roger Ascham. At the age of 15 she was able to wTite in Greek. Latin, Italian, French, and German, and was studyine Hebrew. She was married U] Lord Guildford Dudley in May, 1653, as a part of the plot for changins the succession of the crown from the Tudora to the Dudleys after the death of Edward VI. ; was proclaimed queen in July 1558 • was arrested in Nov., and afterward condemned for trea- son ; and was executed on Tower HUl with her husband Feb. 12, 1554. She has been made the subject of tj» gedies by Rowe (1715). Laplace (174,=i), JIadame de Stael (180(1), Brifaut (1812), Soumet (1844), Tennyson (1876), etc. Grey, Richard. Born at Newcastle, England, 1694: died at Hint on, Northamptonshire. Feb. 28, 1771. An English divine and scholar, rector of Hinton from 1720. He published " Memoria Tech- nica, or a New Method of .Artificial Memorj- " (1730), long* popular work on mnemonics. Grey, Thomas, first Marquis of Dorset. Bom 1451: died Sept. 20, 1501. An English noble- man, son of Sir John Grey, Lord Ferrers of Groby, and Elizabeth Wo'odville (afterward queen of Edward IV.). He was created earl of Hunt- ingdon in 1471, and marquis of Dorset in 1475. In 1471 he took part in the niurderof Prince Edwai-d, son of Henry VI. On the accession of Richard III. he tied, and joined the party of Henry of Richmond (afterward Henry VII.). He was on the Continent until after the battle of Bosworth. Grey, Sir William. Bom 1818: died at Tor- quay, May 15. 1878. An English statesman. He was lieutenant-governor of Bengal in 1867-71, and governor of Jamaica 1874-77. Greycoat School or Hospital. A school at Westminster, London, situated on the east end of Rochester Row, facing Greycoat Place, it u so named from the color of the clotiiing worn by the in. mates. It was founded in 1698 by Queen .Anne for the edu- cation of 70 poor boys and 40 poor girls. Thornburi/. Grey Friars (gra fri'iirz), or Fratri Minores land. Dm-ham, Dee. 13, 1794: died near EdLn- biu-gh, June 4. 1866. A British botanist. He published " Scottish Cryptogamic Flora," "Flora Edinen- sis " (begun 1823), " Icones fllicum " (with Hooker : begun 1829), "Algae Britannica; " (1830), the botany of India and of British North America in the "Edinburgh Cabinet Li- brary," etc. He was an opponent of slavery and a supporter of the cause of temperance. ' ' Born at Mont-sous- Jm-a, Aug. 23, 1824 : A French statesman, brother of Frauyois Paul Jules Grevy. He was elected to the National .Assembly in 1871, "and to the Chamber of Deputies in 1876. He was ciril and militaiT governor of Algeria (1879-Sl). .. Born at Mont- sous-Vaudrey, .Jura, France, Aug. 15, 1807: died at Mont-sous- Vaudrey, Sept. 9, 1891. A French statesman. He was a deputy to the Constituent Assem- blyl84S-49,totheLegislative Assembly l&49-51,andtothe ,. -/.. - - -,- - ^ ■•■«,. -. CorpsLegislatifl86S-70iandw.-ispresidentoftheNational (t™ *" ml-no rez), or MinOnteS (mi'nor-Its). Assembly 1871-73. and of the Chamber of Deputies 1876 In the Roman Catholic Church, one of the men- and 1877-79. He succeeded Jlac-Mahon as president of the dicant orders, founded bv St. Francis of Assisi. Frenchrepublicinl8,9;wasreelectedmDec., 1885; and Also fnllprl Fi-/7,>^;c-./,>.o" ft. ,u '^ ' "' ^-'"»'- was compelled to resign in 1887. owing to the tfatfic which „,?T.,„ Vli' ?r ciicans. The other orders are Do. his son.in-law Wilson carried on in offices and decorations. °S'r "' /.m w^^,°^'is^''? Preachers or Black Fri- ars), Carmelites (White Friars), and Augustinians (Austin Friars). The order of Grey Friars was established by Pope Honoiius III. in 1223. In London the Grey Friars were located in Ludgate street, where Christ's Hospital (Bluecoat School) afterward stood. The monastery was founded by John Ewin, a mercer, in 1225. The chou- of Grey Friars Church was built by Joyner, lord mayor in 1239, and the nave was added by Henrv Walings. The church was rebuilt in 1306 by Margaret, queen of Edward I. In 1421 Sir Eichai-d 'miittington gave the monks a large library. It was a favorite place of burial for mem- bers of the royal family for many years. Grey Friars was surrendered in 16SS, and (except a few traces of the niona*. tic residence, which m.iy still be seen in Christ's Hospital) was swept .aw.ay in the great tire of 1666. Greylock (gra'lok). The highest mountain of the Berkshire Hills, in northwestern Massachu- 177S ; returned to England in 1782 ; and was appointed setts 8 mUes from North Adams. Height, 3,535 ■;• commauder-in-chief m -America— an appointment which *„„<- ° ' "'""^ > the close of the war rendered inoperative. In 1793 he was « , _ , . , .ft ., "^ appointed with Jervis (later Earl St. Vincent) commander ureySOn (gra-zon ). Emile. Bom at Bmssels, of an expedition to the French West Indies. They re- Aug. 17, 1S23. A Belgian writer, general direc- tor of higher and intermediate instruction in Belgium. _., .„„„. .. ^..^.^ „„.. i,„...„.v p<.x.u.v>^., i„x^.. ..„ _ - r|i,„_|p„ second Earl Grev and Viscount ^t-'Kium. His works include the romances "Fiamma Lyons of Gromdon, and m Pans (17o5) of the i^rey, onaries, seconu tan urej , ana viscount colonna"(i857), "Juiter Da.idje et JuHer Doortie"(i874), Academy. Inl7=6he went to Italy with the Abbe Gou- S^'ir'"' , ^,°™i ^r "^ n°o °,"r.V.°'''5'' ^7"^-' " Hiei-Aujouid'hui " (1890). - ■ NorthumbCTland March 13, 1764: died July 1^ Greyson( gra 'son), R.E.K An (ine.xact) ana- 1840 An English A\ hig statesman. He became grammatic pen-name of Henrv Rogers, first lord of the admiialty under Grenville in 18U6, foreign fJroTH-nwT. i',rv5'tr>„T, ^ t;oo <,!„ ?„,?„,?«; v-,>,.*» secretary on the death of Fox, and was dismissed from J^reytOWn Ig a toirn). peejxin Jmiu del ^o)te. office in March, 1807. He remained out of ofiice for many trriDeaUVal (gre-bo-var ), Jean EaptlSte Va- years. In Nov., 1830, he undertook the formation of a quetto dc. Born at -Amiens, France, Sept. 15, ministry, which, after an appeal to the country (1831) and 1715: died at Paris, Mav 9. 1789. A French a temporary resignation ol ottice (May 9-18, 1832). passed „„ ..; i ; «• .-ii ^i- j. ioin.»» the Refcrni Bill of 1832 (June, 1832): In Aug., 1833, he ^'^".t "''^ "^'^ general of artilleiy. carried a bill abolishing slavery throughout the British Gnboyedoil (gre-bo-ya'dof ), Aleksander Ser- empire, and in 1834 passed the Poor Law Amendment geyevitch. Bom at Moscow, Jan., 1795 : mur- Act. He resigned in July, 1834 ^ •< . _ . — In 1756 he went to Italy with the Abbe Gou- jenot. In 1767 he retired to -Anjou, whence he returned to exhibit pictures in his studio. He amassed a large for- tune, which was lost in the Revolution. Neglected by the public, which admired only the new school of David, he passed his last^years in miseiy and neglect. Grfeve (grav). Place de la. The place of exe- yf?rs. cntion of ancient Paris. Until the creation of the Place dn Carrousel, it was the largest open square in the city ; was also used as a market ; and was the point most intimately associated with the business of the city. For this reason it was chosen for the location of the Hotel de ■Ville.which now stands there. The space in front of it, for- « tiit j. mi merlythePlacedelaGrive.isnowcalledPlacedel'Hdtelde "rsy, iilllOt. the principal character in Les Ville. Besides being the place for the execution of crimi- ter Wallack's plav " Rosedale," created by him nals. innocent victims have been shot here in nearly every Grev Sir GporffP ' Born 1 799 • dipil Ssnt o" 1 v;'''''" '" Ri'''^^'-'l^°°'«Grey, Sir George Edward. Bom at Lisbum, bir t ti.til< s (Tiandi>oii. Ireland. April 14. 1812 : died Sept. 19, 1898. A British colonial governor and author. Hewasgov- -,-,.,,.. ^ _ '„ , ' ernor of South Australia 1841-46, of New Zealand 1816-54, English dianst, gi-andsou of the fifth Lord of Cape Colony 1854-61. and of New Zealand 1861-67. He Brooke, and, on his mother's side, grandson of ^"''^^'"5^' ''Polynesian .Mrthol.igv" (1855), etc. the third Duke of Portland. He was secretary of Grey, Henry, Duke of Sufl'olk and third Marquis Jamaica and clerk of the privy council. For 40 years he ^^ Dorset. Executed 1554. An English noble- recorded in his diary his impressions and intimate know- man, father of Ladv Jane Grey bv his second (?) Henry Reeve :tlrst series. 1817-37 (3 vols. 1875), second and Brandon, duke of Suffolk, and Mary Tudor, third series, i837-t)0 (3 vols. 1S85, 2 vols. 1887). younger sister of Henry VHI. See Giei/, Ludij Greville, Fulke, flrst Lord Brooke. Bom at '^""e- Beauchamp Court, Warwickshire, 1554 : died Grey, Lady Jane. Bom at Broadgate, Leiees- Sept. 30, 1628. An English poet and statesman, tershire, England, about 1537: beheadedat Lon- He studied at Jesus College, Cambridge; became a favorite -Jon, Feb. 12, 1554. The daughter of Henry dered at Teheran. Feb. 12, 1829. A Russian poet and diploinatist. He first studied law, but at the age ot 17 entered the army, and afterward the col- lege of foreign affairs, the service of which took him to Persia and Georgia, where a part of his comedy " The Mis- fortune of having Brains" was written. It was played in 1832, after his death. He was killed with his followers in an insurrection. under Lord John Russell 1846-52, colonial secretary 1S54- f'-iJl-^ /„.; i/VN T«— ».--i. -d i t> i 18.-.5. and home secretary under Palmeiston and Russell ^i^r^^^^y '"^'.lU'^' ,^®T®°V,*^- ^°™ ^^ Boston, 185,1-58 and 1862-66. March 10, 1 (02 : died at Brooklme, Mass., Sept. Grey, Sir George Edward, "• '■ -o '-■•' . . • . ... .^. . Greville, Charles Cavendish Fulke. Born April 2, 1794: died at Loudon, Jan. 18, 1865. An 10. 1767. An American lawyer, brother of Rich- ard Gridley. He graduated at Harvard in 1725, and subsequently became a lawyer. He was attorney-general of the province of Massachusetts Bay, where in 1761 he defended against James Otis, before the superior court of judicature, the legality of the writs of assistance demanded by the British custom-house officials. Gridley, Richard. Bom in Massachusetts, Jan. 3, 1711 : died at Stoughton, Mass., June 20, 1796. AlU American general. He became chief engineer and colonel of infantry in the British army in 1755, and ser^-ed under Winslow in the expedition to Crown Point in 1756, under Amherst in 1758, and under Wolfe in the expeiiition against Quebec in 17.'>9. At the outbreak of the War of Independence he was appointed chief engi- neer and commander of artillery in the colonial army at Cambridge, and planned the works of Bunker Hill "the night before the battle of June 17, 1776. He received a Gridley, Eichard 461 major general'8 commission from the Provincial Congress Glihyasutras (grh-ya-so'traz). [Skt., 'rules Sept. 20, 1775, and had command of the Continental artil- ncrtaiiiiii" to the house.'l K'ules fortbe oonduet lery until Nov. of that year. Grief a.-la-Mode. See Funeral, The. Grieg (u'i'tt.')i Edvard. Born at Bergen, Nor- way, Juno 15, 1843. A noted Scandinavian composer. He we!it to Leipsic in 1858, and studied for four years at the Conservutorium. In 1S(J3 he went to Copenhagen for study. After hia return to the north in 1867 ills compositions became stamped witli the mark of his .Scandinavian nationality. He went to London in 18S8, where he both pliiyed and conducted. Among his com- positions are "lIuniorcsken"(for the piano), " .Si>ngs," the "Peer (lynt" suite (two series), "Norwegian Folk-.Songs," ** Sigurd Jorsalfa" (an opera), Norwegian dances, etc. Qrierson (grer'son), Benjamin Henry. Born at Pittsburg, Pa., July S, IsiiG. An American cavalry officer. He became aide-de camp to the Union gcnerarPrentiss at the beginning of the Civil War, and waa of domestic rites and the personal sacraments, extending from birth to the marriage of a man, See Siitia. Grijalva (gre-nal'vii), Juan de. Bom in Cuel- lar, 1489 or 1490: died in Nicaragua, Jan. 21, 1527. A Spani.sh soldier, discoverer of Mexico. He was a nephew of Diego Vel!is„V,-i Tth IT 17Q1 • died tlipve .Tnn oi igTo July 28, 18ij.i, and brevet major-general of the ' leuui, Jan. l.>, i(9l. aieu tneie, Jan. _i, iai~. Griesbach (gres'biich), Johann Jakob. Born at Butzbach, Hesse-Darmstadt, Gcrniany, Jan. 4, 1745 : died at Jena, Germany, March 24, 1S12. A (jennan biblical critic, professor at HaUe 1773-75, and at Jena 1775-1812. He edited the Greek New Testament 1774-77. Ones (gre or gres) Pass. A pass in the Lepon- tine Alps, leading from Obergestelen, in the Bhdne valley, Valais, Switzerland, to Domo d'Ossola, province of Novara, Italy. Grieux (glee), Le Chevalier de. The lover of (jriinc'gi'im)" Yu •JLanonLescaut,iiiPrevost'snovelof thatname. .^^.j^^ ^j^ „,^, GrifSuCgrif m). The capital of SpaldingCounty, to private life in 1866. His dramas are 'Die Ahnfrau ("The Ancestress"; a so-called "fate-tragedy,' 1817), ■Sappho" (1818), the trilogy " Das goldne Vliess ' ("The }olden Kleece." 1821). "KonigOttokaisOluck und Ende" ("King Ottokar's Fortune and End," 1S25), " Ein treuer biener seines Herrn"("A True Servant of his Master," 1828), " Des Meeres una der Liebe Welleii " (" The Waves of Love and of the Sea," 1831), "Der Traum ein Leben (" Dream is a Lif e, " 1834). A comedy, ' ' Weh' dem, der liigt " (" Woe to him who Lies," 1840), was a failure. Three other tragedies ajipeared posthumously. Still another, "Esther." was left unttnished. His complete works, "Sammtliche Werke," appeared at Stuttgart, 1872, in 10 vols, Arthurian legend, a fisherman gave Ills name to (irimsby. ■ He saved the life of Havelok. See Havrlok the Dane. Grim's Dyke was a Judge ol the State Supreme Court of Ohio 1886-42. He wrote " Nature and Tendencies of Free Institutions" (1818). Grimk^, Sarah Moore. Born at Charleston, S. C, Nov., 1792 ; died Dec. 23, 1873. An Ameri- can abolitionist, sister of T. S. Grimk6. She wrote ' ' Letters on the Condition of Woman and the Equal- ity of the Sexes " (1838), etc. Grimk6, Thomas Smith. Bom at Charleston, S. C, Sept. 26, 178() : dierl near Columbus, Ohio, Oct. 12 (11?), 1834. An American lawyer and lecturer. He graduated at Yale in 1807, and was a mem- ber of the State senate of South Carolina 1826-30. He was a prominent member of the American Peace Society, and was one of the pioneers in the cause of temperance reform. He wrot« "Addresses on Science, Education, and Litera- ture "(1831). Grimm (grim), Frledrich Melchior, Baron. Born at Katisbon (Kcgcnsbui-g), I'.avaria, Dee. 25, 1723 : died at Gotha, Germany, Dec. 19, 1807. A noted German-French critic, man of letters, and diplomat, long resident in Paris, and a mem- ber of the most brilliant literary society of the period. He was made a baron of the empire and minister of the Duke of Gotha at the French court in 1776, and minister of Catharine II. of Russia at Hamburg in 1795. His works include" Let tressurOmphale "(1752)," Le petit prophete de Boehinischbroda " (1753)," Correspondance lit- tCraire, philosophiiiue et critique adreast^e & an souve- rairi d AlleniaKiie ' (first part 1813, second part 181i. third part 1813, with a supplement 1814), "Correspondance in- edite de Grimm et Diderot, etc" (1829). Grimm, Herman. Born Jan. 6, 1828: died .luiie 10, 1901. A German critic and author, son of Wilhidiii (irimm. He studied at Berlin and Bonn, and was professor of the histor}' of art in the Uni- versity of Berlin 1H73-1'.I01. His most important works are "0.03 I*ben MichelanKelos," "Essays" (1869 and 1865, new series 1871 and 1875), " Das Leiien Kafaels " (1872), " Vcjrlesungen uber Goethe " (1877). He was the author, besides, nf the novel " rnulierwindliche MSchte " ("Un- conqueralile Powers"), and of " Novellen" (" St4irie8"). fiHo^'MstoTS'''''""'^"^^"^"*"' ^"^"" <*""1> !»»« C°^^«f °?r°-];S?^'*°°- ^ P'^y ^** Grimm: Jakobr Bom at Hanau, Jan. 4, 1785 lnm,Charles. Born in Licking County, Ohio, lTi'4re'D'e'^^''a'n'-"). Jakob's iiidejKiniiiit work consists of an essay, "I'oesie iin Recht" (ISlii), expaiideil 1828 into " Deutsche Kechlsalterthumer." Beginning with 18'29, his "Deutsche Grammatik " ("Ger- man Grammar") appeared. This last is the fundamental work in comparative Germanic philology, of which spe- cific branch he may be called the founder. Its principal terminology originated with him, and one of its most characteristic jihases, that of the relative correspondence of consonants, was first (orninlatcd by him, and bears the name of Grimm's Law. In 18;i6 appeared another great Invasion," "The Rivals," et Griffinhoofe (grifin-huf), Arthur. The name under which George Cohiiau the younger pub- lished a number of his jiliivs. Oriffls (grif 'is), William Elliot. Born at PhUa- delphia, Sept. 17, 1843. An American educa- tor and clergyman. He graduated at Rutgers Col- lege in 1869 ; weiit to Japan in 1870 to organize schools on the American plan ; was superintendent of education in the province nf Echizen in 1871 ; and was professor of phys- ics in ihc Imperial University of Tokio 187-2-74. On rc- tuniing to the United States he studied divinity, and be- came pnstor 11877) >it a Reformed climch at Sehcneitad), New York, (l!«ll)i)f a Congreif^itionid church at lloHton. and (l«'.l3M>f the Congregational church at Ithaca, N. V. He was the author of "The .Mikado's Empire "(1876). etc. Griffith (gi-if 'itli). In Shaksiiere's "Henry VIII.," a gonth-man usher to(^ucen Katharine. Griffith, William Pettit. Born at London, July 7, 1815: died tlieie. Sept. 14, 1KS4. An English architect and arch!i>ologist. He wrote "The Natural Svstem of Aridiilecture" (1845), ".'Vucieiit Cdlliic Churches" (IH47-.52), etc. Griffith Gaunt. A novel by Charles Keade, pub- lislied ill 1S()() 1779: died tliere. May 31, 1837. A noted Eng lish pantomimist anil actor. He came of a well- known family of clowns, and first appeared as an infant dancer in 17S2. Ilri,lit;iiii« d Iiis greatest success at Coven t Garden in lwa IH.VI-IHI. He was one of the tew Republican senalcirs who voted against the con- viction o( President Andrew .lohnson iiamter of Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm. Grimm, Wilhelm. Bom at Hanau, Feb. 24, 1786: dieil at Berlin, Dec. 16, 1859. A German phi- lologist and writer. He was the brother of .lakob Grimm, with whom he lived and was treiiuently associated In joint authorahip. Like his lirolher, he studied juris- prudence at Marburg. Owing to ill health he had, how. ever, no iiermaneiit position up to 1814, w hen he wont with Jakob as librarian to Cassel. Their subsequent career it one. (See Jakob Grimm.) Wilhelm married, and Jacob did not. He did the chief work In the eollcctlon of fairy tales wlilcli owe their particuliu- style to him. An Inde- pendent work was " Die Deutsche Heldensage " (" The Oer- inaii Heroic Legend," 18'2tt). Grimma (grim'mii). A town in the district of Leipsic, .Sa.xony, on the Muhle 17 miles south- east (if Ijeiiisic' It conlains a noted school and an ileclonti castle. Population (1890), 8,957. Grimmelshausen (grim'nuls-hou-zeu), Chris- tOph'VOn. Horn al (ieliihau.sen, Prussia, 1625: died at Keiichen, ill Baden, .\ug. 17, 1676. A (ieriuan writer. His parents belonged to the peaa.iiit class. I'ntll the peace of Westjihalia, in KHs, he wiui a soldier, hut 8ub«ei|uently is supposed t.) have traveled In Hollanil, France, and .Swilierland. Hewns allerwartllntho aervlce of the Bishop of Stnisbnrg, and ulilmalely ni.igis- trnte al llenchen, where he died. Ills principal work,and the most ImpoltanI of Its class In German lllerature, Islho romance " Her abenleiirllche Slmpliei»»lniusTeu(»ch, da» 1st : Ilcschrelbung des l.eliens eines Sellzamen Vagantena genannt Melchior .Slernfils von KncbsbainC'f" The Adven- turesome Slmpllelssimns ; Tliat Is. Ihserlption of the Life of n .strange Vagabond named Melchior SIcrnfela von Fuchshaim, ' IOi'.()). Grimsby.oi Great Grimsby. See reaiOrim.iby. Qrimesdltch, Scetheextract. Grimes, Old. See ()l " Hercnle et Di- oniede." 'The criticism upon this work brou^'ht on an at- tack of melancholia, and he drowned himself. He ex- hil)ited at the Salons from 1707 to ls36. Orosclaude (gro-klod'), Louis. Born at Lode, Switzerland, Sept. 26, 1788 : died at Paris, Dec. 11, 1869. A Swiss genre painter. He studied with Regnault. Many of his works were bought by the King of Prussia. Orose (gi'os), Francis. Born at Greenf ord, Mid- dlesex, about 1731: died at Dublin. May 12, 1791. An English antiquary. He studied art, and exhibited at the Royal Acailemy for a number of years, chielly architectural drawinKs. He was Richmond herald 17.iri-(j:i, and afterward held oHlces in several coriis of mi- litia. In 178!»hemade an antiquarian tourin Scotland, and in 1791 started on a similar tour in Ireland, from w hlrb lie never returned. He wrote "The Antii|Uities of Kcit'land and Wales" (177:»-87), " Classical Dictionai-y of the VulK.ar Ton(!ue"(1780), "Military Antiquiti.-s, etc." (17811), "Pro- vincial Glossary " (1787), "The Antiquities of Scotland" (1789), "The Anthiultifs of Ireland," Bniahed by Dr. Led- wich (1791-95), etc. Gross (gros), Samuel D. Bom near Easton, Pa., July 8, 1805: dicil at PliiliKlrlphia, May 6, 1884. An American surgeon. His works include "Elements of Pathological Anatomy " (1839), "System of Surgery " (18.W), etc. Grossbeeren (gros'ba-ren). A village in the province of Brandenburg, Pru.ssia, 12 miles south of Berlin. Here, Aug. 'i3, 1813, the Prusslansun- der Von Biilow defeated the Krencli army which was ad- vancing on Berlin under Oudinot, driving it back on the Elbe. Grosse (gi'os'se), Julius Waldemar. Bom at i'lrliirl, I'russia, .\)iril 25. IS'JS: ilicd at Torbole, Austria. May 9, 1902. A (Jemiaii jioet and nov- elist. He wan engaged in Journalisthr wfu'ls at Munich 18:'4-70, and became secretary of the Scliiiler-Stiftuiig at Weimar in 1870 lleliutilished numerous lioetical and dra- matic workn, and the novels" I'll treu alls Mltleiil "(18(12-61). "Marin MoicinI" (ISO'.I). " Kine alte l.iclic " (IRfill). "Ge- L"ii d.ii sin.m " (18711, " Tantn ''arldoro " (IHllO), etc. Grossenhain (gros'sen-hln), formerly called Hain. A town in the govemineiit district of Dresden, Saxony, situated on the Uiider 19 miles north-northwest of Dresden. I'upulatioii (1890), 12,;i35. Qrosseteste (gros 'test), Robert. Died 12.')3. An English divine and scholar, elected bishop of Lincoln in 1235. Hestudleil at oxford ami Paris; later became chancellor at Oxford and (1224) llist rector of the Kianciscans there; an biognqiliv she wrote (1873). Slio published also "Lite of Ary y.di.lTer" (1860), etc. Grotefend(gr6'te-fent), Georg Friedrich. Born at Miiiideii, ni'ar Cassel, Prussia, June 9, 1775: dic6. In 1857 he became docen tat Kiel, where he was subsequently made professor. Twovoluraesof " V'ertelln" (narrativesinprose) appeared in 185.i and 1859. A second volume of "IJuick- born" followed in 1872; "ft min Jungsparadics, drei Ver- telln ' ("From my Vouthful Paradise, Three Stories ") in 1876. "Briefe uber Hocluleutsch nnd PlattdeuUch " (" Letters on High German and Platt-Deutsch ") appeared in 1858 ; "Uber Mundarten und Mundartliche Diehtung" ("On Dialects and Dialect Poetry") in 1873. Grotius (gro'shi-us) (Latinized from de Groot), Hugo. Born at Delft, Netherlands, April 10, 1583 : died at Rostock, Germany, Aug. 28, 1645. A celebrated Dutch jurist, theologian, states- man, and poet, the founder of the science of international law. He was made pensionary of Rot- terdam in 1613; as a Remonstrant leader was condenmed tolifeimprisomnentatLoevestein in 1619; escaped in 1621; and was Swedish ambassador to France 16.*i5--15. He pub- lished "De jure belli et pads "(1625: his chief work), " De veritate religionis Christiana; "(1627), annotations on the Old Testament (1644) and on the New Testament (ltUH6X ".\damus exul" (1601: a tragedy), "Christus patiens" (1608 : a tragedy), and many other works. Groton (gro'tou). A town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, 32 miles northwest of Boston: the seat of Lawrence Academv. Pojjulation (1900). 2,0.52. Groton. A town in New London County, Con- necticut, situated at the mouth of the Thames, opposite New London, it contains Fort Griswold, which was the scene of a massacre of American troops bv British under Benedict Arnold, Sept. 6. 1781. Popula- tion (19001, .'>,»<'.2. Grotta del Cane (grot'tii del kii'ne). [It., lit. 'grotto of the dog': so named because the car- bonic acid, collecting nearthe floor of the cave, will kill a dog. while a man, being taller, es- capes.] A grotto near Pozzuoli, 6 miles west of Naples. The carbonic-acid gas collected in it is dangerous to animal life. Grottaglie (grot-tiil'ye). A town in the' prov- ince of Leece, Apulia, Italv, 13 miles northeast of Taranto. Pi>inilation (1881), 9,431. Grouchy (gro-she'), Miir.|uis Emmanuel de. Born at Paris, Oct. 23. 17l)6: died at St.-Etienne. France, May 29, imi. A French marshal, dis- tinguished in the Napoleonic wars. Hecommanded a detached force In the Waterloo campaign, arid defeated part of Bliicher'a army at Wavre. .lune 18, 18i:», but failed to prevent Blucher frtun Joining Wellington or to come himself to thea.sslstanceofNai)oU'on at thebnttleof Water- hs), which was fought a few miles distant on the sinne day. Grouse's Day. St. The ]2lh of August: so called jcicularly in Great Britain because the shoot ing-sea.son ojiens then. Grousset (gr<>-8a'). Paschal. Born in Corsica, 1.S44. A French journalist and Comniuiust, min- ister of foreign alTairs in the Comnnine 1871 (March 22), and member of the executive com mil tee (April 21). lie was arrested .lune S, condemned to deportatlim, and sent (.lune, 1872) to New Caledonia. In .March, ls74. he escaped to England, nnd relnrned to France In 1881, where he devoted himself entirely to lit- eraiy watrk. He wrote inidcr the pseudiinyms Dooteur Blaslus. iyo|Kilil Virey, I'hilippe l)iu-yl, Audi* Laurie, ami '1 Iburce Miuity. Grove (grov), .sir George. Born at Clapliam, Surrey, Aug. 13, IS20: died at Lomloii. May 28, 1900. An Englishi'TigiiM'er and writer, llebulll at .lamaica in 1841 the firHt iron licbthouse. and was em- ployeil on the Biilaunia llriili;'-. He wan director of the Royal College of .MiiMe. Keii»ingt 1RVJ-1)4. He edited " M.'teniillan s Ma'.;a/ine " f"r (.everal year,-*, and edited th<' •■ Hi, tioiiarv ..t .Mu-lc an, I Musicians" (I87U-,>'0). Grove, sir William 'Robert. Bom at Swansea, Wales, July 14, 1811: died Aug. 1,1896. An English physicist. He was ndndtted to the bar 183.'.; invented tlie voltaic battery known as "Grove'r, battery 1839; was pr<»fessor ot physic* at the London Institution 1840 47 ; became a judge uf the Court of Common I'leos Grove, Sir William Kobert 1871; was kniehted 1S7-; became a juJire of the High Court of Justice 1ST5 ; and retired from tlie bench 1&S7, Chief wurli, '" On the Correlatiou of Physical Forces " (1646). Groveton (grov'ton). See Bull Situ. Groyne, The. The old English name of Corxmna. Grua Talamanca y Branciforte (gro'a tal-a- man'ka e bran-the-tor'te). Miguel de la. Mar- quis of Branciforte. Boru in Sicily about 1750 : died after 1813. A Spanish general and admin- istrator. He belonged to the family of the princes of Carini, and was the brother-in-law of Manuel Godoy, whose influence secured him many undeserved honors. He was made captain-general in the army, grandee of Spain, etc., and from July, 1794, to May, 1798, was viceroy of Me.vico. By scandalous abuse of his power he gathered 464 Giiaimis among other works. "Decorations and Stuccos of Churches Guadalavlar (gwa-THii-la-ve-ar'). A river of and Palaces of Italy" (1S44) and "Specimens of Oraa- eastern Spain which flows into the Jlediterra. mental Art ■■ (1S5U). , ^^^^^ ^g^j. Valencia. Grunstadt (gruu stat). A smaU town m the Onadalpa7ar Marnnis of Spp Fpmnn^^ H. Rliine PalatSiate, Bavaria, 10 mUes southwest a^-^^, J^^i^/ec/o J^ernandee de of Worms. Griinten (grun'ten). A peak of the Algauer Alps, Bavaria, near Immenstadt. There is a fine prospect from its summit. Height, 5,712 feet. Grus (grus). [L., ' a crane.'] A southern con- stellation between Aquarius and Piscis Austra- lis. It is one of the constellations introduced bv the navigators of the 16th centnrv. nulla ituusc Ol uua^'UHCi u^ g.n.„.-n-.i ^^ " j. ;. ^.. \ /^ L» / ;• - ** "^ /\ T a large fortune, but incurred the hatred of his subjects. GmtCr (gril ter), or trniytere (gru-e-tar ), Jan. In after life he adhered to Joseph Bonaparte. Born at Antwerp, Dec. 3, 1560 : died at Heidel- Gruber (gro'ber), Johann Gottfried. Bom at berg, Baden, Sept. 20, 1627. A noted classical Naumburgon the Saale, Prussia, Xov. 29, 1774: scholar, author of ''InscriptionesantiqusBtotius died at Halle, Prussia, Aug. 7. 1851. A German orbis Romanonim" (1603), etc. writer and scholar, collaborator with Erseh on Griitli. See JlufU. the "Allgemeine EucyklopadiederWissenschaf- Gliitzner (griits'ner), Eduard. Born at Gross- ten und Kiinste." " Karlowitz. in Silesia, May 26, 1846. A German Gmb (grub) Street. A London street, still ex- genre painter, best knowii from his scenes from Guadalupe (ga-da-16p' ; Sp. pron. gwa-THa-lo'- isting but for many years known as Milton Shakspere. _ pa). A river in southern Texas which joins street. It is in the parishot St GUes, Cripplegate. and Gruyeres, or Gruyfete (grii-yar'), G. GreyeiZ the San Antonio, about 10 mUes from its mouth. runs from Fore street to ihiswell street. It was formerly (gn'erts). A district in the canton of Fribourg, Length, about 250 miles. noted "as the abode of small authors, who as writers of Switzerland; also, a town in the district, 15 miles Guadalupe-HidalgO (gwa-THa-lo'pa-e-dal'- Guadalquivir (ga-dal-kwiv'er ; Sp. pron. gwa- THal-ke-ver'). [From Ar. wddi-el-kebir, the great river.] A river in southern Spain, flow- ing into the Atlantic 17 miles north-northwest of Cadiz : the ancient Bsetis. Length, about 300 miles; navigab's to Seville. Cordova is also on its banks. Guadalupe 'gwa-Tna-lS'pa). A town in the province of Caceres, Spain, situated at the base of the Sierra Guadalupe about 60 miles east of Caceres. The Hieronymite convent of Santa Maria is a noble foundation, royally endowed. The buildings are very extensive. The church is massive, in Pointed archi- tecture, with a sumptuous retable and many tombs. The sacristy is reputed one of the finest in Spain : it contains paintings by Zurbaran and by Luca Giordano. There are two tine cloisters — one in the Moresco style, the other Pointed. Population (1S87), 2.964. trashy pamphlets and broadsides became the butts for the j, f p,.;v,mi"r'ordens Mythologi" ("Mythology of the North"), and the suc- ceeding year" Optrin af Kjampelivets I nder gang i Xord " ("Scenes from the Close of the Heroic Age in the North "). In 1810 he was chaplain to his father at Udby, hut returned to Copenhagen in 1813, after the latter's death. In the fol- lowing years he wrote many historical and religious arti- cles in periodicals, and immerous poems. He also trans- lated Saxo and the Heimskringla into Danish, and in 1820 made a free version of Beowulf. In 1S'21 he was appointed parish priest at Prasto, but went the following year to Co- penhagen as chaplain. In 1825, in consequence of a violent expression of opinion in "Kirkens Gjeumale " (" The .An- swer of the Church," namely, to a work by H. N. Clausen r> - I,. an- .-.o on Catholicism and ProtestantismX he was prosecuted for IxUacnires. aee Iruaigitens. damages and fined, and resigned his position. From 1829 Guachis (gwa-shez ). [So called by the Guaycu- to 1831 he was in Engl.and engaged in the study of Anglo- Saxon literature. In 1839 he became pastor of the little hospital church of Vartov, in Copenhagen, where he re- mained until his death. On the fiftieth anniversary of his priesthood the title of bishop was given him. He was a most prolific \vriter in almost all departments of litera- ture, and published more than 1(X) volumes. Grundy (gmn'di), Felix. Bom in Berkeley County, Va., Sept. 11, 1777: died at Nashville, Tenn.j Dee. 19, 1840. An American politician. He was United States senator from Tennessee 1829-38, and attorney-general 1838-40. Grundy, Mr. In Dickens's "Pickwick Papers," a friend of Mr. Lowten. Grundy, Mrs. In Morton's comedy " Speed the nada. It has a cathedral and a ruined castle. Population (1887), 11,989. Guaduas (gwa'THwas). A town in the depart- ment of Cundinamarca, Colombia, situated about lat. 5° S., long. 74° 50' W. Population, about 8,000. Guahan (gwa-han'), or Guam (gwam), or San Juan(sanHo-an'),Sp.Guajan(gwa-Han'). The southernmost and largest of the Ladrones. Pa- cific Ocean, intersected by lat. 13° 26' X.. long. 144° 40' E. It was ceded by Spain to the United States by the treaty of Paris, Dec. 10, 1898. It is about 30 milei long and 6 « ide. Population (1887), 8,561. Guaharibos(gwa-a-re'b6s). A tribe of Indians of the Carib stock, iu southern Venezuela, liv- is constantly alluded to bv Mrs. A: -- . ,, ■ ^ ^ crswife.in thephrase''WhatwillMrs.Grundys.ay?"but Guaddlajara. The capital of the state of Ja never appears on the scene. Her name has become pro- ij^po. Mexico, situated about lat. 21° X., long.- verbial for conventional propriety and morality. inoo ia' tv tx ^ j ., • is.o .•„ *-t ^\.;.a ...-^c _ ... , .j^.,,*^ , ■'_, . . T. T J ■ 103° 10 W . It was founded in 1542, is the third city Gruner (gro ner), Wunelm Heinncn LUdWlg. of Mexico in size, and contains a cathedral and a univer- Bom at Dresden. Feb. 24. 1801 : died tliere. Feb. sity. Population (1895), 83,870. 27, 1882. A German engraver. He illustrated, Guadalajara, Audience of. See Xueva Galicia. rus : said to mean ' slippery feet.'] A tribe of jng about the head waters of the Orinoco and Indians of southern Matto Grosso, Brazil, now Caura. Formerly numerous and formidable, they are nearly or quite extinct, owing to the practice now reduced to a few hundred, who stand in great fear of infanticide among them. They were formerly of the whites and have Uttle intercourse with them, powerful. The Guachis appear to be the same as the GuahibOS (gwa-e'bos). An Indian tribe of the ' ' ^ ^" '■' * " upper Olinoco valley. They were formerly pow- erful, but are now reduced to a few thousand, near the Orinoco, between the Meta and the Vichada. They are nomadic, rarely passing two nights in the same place ; live by hunting and fishing and on wild fruits ; and are sav- ages of a low grade. About 1770 a few were gathered into mission villages, but they soon returned to the plains, and have remained inveterate enemies of the whites. Their color is lighter than that of most Indians. Their linguis- tic relations .are doubtf til. Also written Guaybaf, Guaji- Guahirof!. See Qiiaquas. Guaxarapos or Guasarapds mentioned by old writers Odso Giiararapos and Guarapayos). Their relations are doubtful. .\lso written GuachUi, GuaxU. Guadalajara (gwa-da-la-Ha'ra). 1. A province in New Castile, Spain, bounded by Segovia, So- ria, and Saragossa on the north. Teruel on the east. Cuenea on the south, and Madrid on the west. Area. 4,870 square miles. Population (1887), 201,496.— 2. The capital of the province Plough," one of two rival farmer^' wives. She °^^"'''^^l*^?^^';*^/**'^°°*,^^???l^sl7^^1l"^^^^^ Guaicas, or Guaycas. Ashfield, the other farm- northeast of Madnd. Population (1880, ll,_3.x g^g^j^^j^g^ p^.g^g^j^gj^gg_ See aiiaiqueris. Guaimis (gwi'mes). -\u ludian tribe of south- eastern Costa Rica, near the Bay of Chiriqui. on both sides of the central CordUlera. Their language appears to have some relation to that of the ancient Chibchas of New Granada. *l Guaiqueris Guaiqueris (gwi-ka-res')- A tribe of Indians which formerly occupied the island of Margarita and the adjacent parts of Venezuela. They are supposed U) liuve been of Caiib skn.-k. Their descendants live in the same retjion, but speak unly Spanish. Also written Guakeries, Guakurvi, and Guachires. Guaira, La. See La (imnira. Guajira (gwa-ne'ra), or Goajira (gwa-He'ra). A peninsula, partly in Venezuela and partly in Colombia, projecting into the Caribbean Sea northwest of Lake Maracaibo. Guajivos. See Guahibos. Gual (gwiil), Pedro. Bom at Caracas, Jan. 31, 1784 : died at Guayaquil, Ecuador, May 6, 1862. A Venezuelan statesman. He was a lawyer ; joined the patriots in 1810; occupied many important civil and diplomatic posts; was one of the leaders of the insurrec- tion apainst Monagas in 185s; and was vice-president and president ad interim in isr.0. Gualdo Tadino (gwiil'do ta-de'no). A town ill the province of Perugia, Italy, 21 miles east- northeast of Perugia. Near this place, at the ancient Taginte (Tadinunil, Narses defeated Totila in 55*2. It has a cathedral. Population (1881), commune, 8,477. Gualeguay (gwa-la-gwi'). A town in the prov- ince of Entre Rios, Argentine Republic, situ- ated on the river Gualeguay 120 miles north by west of Buenos Ayres. Population (1889), 11,000. Gualeguaychu (gwa-Ia-gwi-eho'). A town in the province of Entre Rios, Argentine Repub- lic, situated on the river Gualeguaychu 115 miles north of Buenos Ayres. It was founded in 1883. Population (1889), about 14,000. Guam. See Guahan. Guamanga (gwii-man'ga), or Huamanga (wii- man'gii). A city of Peru, now called Aijacucko. Guamas (gwa-mas'). An Indian tribe of the (Jriuoeo valley, on the Apur<5. They were formerly numerous, had large villages, were agricultural, and were skilled in the manufacture of pottery and other objects. They were perhaps of Tupi stock. The tribe is nearly ex- tinct. Guamos. Same as Guamas. Guanabacoa (gwii-nii-bii-ko'il). AtowninCuba, 5 miles east of Havana. It is the residence of many Havana merchants, and a sea-bathing resort, ropulation (ISllia 13,965. Guanahani (gwii-nii-a-ne'). The first island discovered by Columbus in his voyage of 1492, and consequently the first American land seen by modem Europeans. It was described as low and flat, covered with trees, surrounded by reefs, and having a lake in the center. It was certainly one of the Ballamas, near the middle of the group, but its exact identity can- not now be iletermined with certainty. The weight of opinion inclines to \\'atling's Island ; but various writers have supposed it ti> be Cat Island, Samana, Acklin, Mari- guana, or Grand Turk. Guanajuato (gwil-na-Ho-a'to). 1. A state of Me.xico, bounded by San Luis Potosl on the. north, Quer^taro on the east, Michoacan on the south, and Jalisco on the west, it is noted for the richness of its silver-mines. Area, 12,-546 square miles. I'l<>ni/.:ttion of tliese islands by the (lUanches nnisl have tak'-ii place before the Arabian iiivasliui. The tluanches belongrd ti> the red-haired variety of Berbers, and em- balmed tlieir dead, whom they preserved in caves like the F-gypfians, They also used alplialietie and hie'roglyphie charaeleis in writing their language. Spaniwh ha-* com- pletely superseileil tbeGuaneh language, but it is said that the rural poiiulation still shows nniny Berber features and customs. Ouanes (gwii-nas'). An ancient Indian tribe of Colombia, which occupied the mountainous re- gion in what is now the southern part of llie di'- partment of Santander. They had attained some C— 30 465 degree of civilization, and resisted the Spanish conquerors with great valor. Tlieir descendants may be traced in the mixed races of the same region, and it is said that some wild hordes to the east were derived from them. Guano Islands (gwii'no i'laudz). Islands off the coast of Peru, noted for their deposits of guano. They comprise the Lobos Islands, Chin- cha Islands, etc. Guantanamoigwiin-tii'na-mo). A city of Cuba situated about 40 miles northeast of Santiago de Cuba and about 10 miles north of Guanta- namo Bay. The latter was the scene of engagements between the Spanish an.l United States troops and vessels in .Tune, ISM. Population (ISSW), 7,137. Guap. See Yap. Guapey (gwii-pay'), or Guapay (gwa-pi'). A river in BoUvia which rises near Cochabamba, and unites with the Mamore. Guapore (gwii-po-ra'), called in its uppercourse Itenez (e-ta-niiz'). A river in western Brazil and on the Brazilian and Bolivian border. It unites with the Mamor6 in lat. 11° 54' 13' S. Length, over 9u0 miles. Guaranys (gwii-rii-nes'). ['Warriors.'] A powerful race of South American Indians who, at the time of the conquest, occupied most of the region now included in Paraguay, together with portions of Uruguay and of the Brazilian coast to Santa Cathaiina. They were divided into numerous tribes and villages with dilferent names, not bound together by any permanent league, but having es- sentially the same language and customs. The Guaranys cultivated manioc and other plants, had weil-oidered towns, and practised rude arts : it does not appear that any of them were cannibals. Generally they received the wliites as friends, and, though Spanish tyranny provoked some revolts, they were easily subdued. Am<»ng them the Jesuits establislied their most important missions. Krom this race, mingled with the Spaniards, was derived the modern population of Paraguay, where a corrupt form of Guarany is still the common language. In that countiy only the so-called Caas of the upper Parana remain in a wild state. The name is loosely used for senii-civilizcd In- di.ans of Tupi stock in Argentina, I'mguay, and simtbern Brazil. The Guarany language has a considerabie litera- ture, including a newspaper. Also written Guaranii or Guaranies. Guarany stock. See Tupi stocl: Guaratingueta (gwa-ra-ten-gwa-tii'). A town ill tlie state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, situated on the Paiahiba 120 miles west by north of Rio de Janeiro. Population, about 5,000. Guaraunos (gwa-ril-o'nos or wii-rii-o'nos), called by the English of Guiana Warraus, or Guar- raus (wii-ra-iis'). A tribe of South American Indians about the mouth of the Orinoco. For- merly they seem to have been eontined to the swampy lands of the delta, where they built their houses on piles or in trees ; latterly they have occupied jiortions of the higher lands. They have plantations, but sulKsist inairdy on llsh and fruits. Their language is very distinct from that of surrounding trilies. A few thousand remain. Guarayos (gwil-rii-yos'). [t^uichua: hiiara, breeches, yoc, without; naked.] A tribe of Bolivian Indians occupying the partly wooded plains northeast of Santa Cruz de la Sierra. Guarayos. A name sometimes, but improperly, applieil to tho Itenesaiid other savage Indians of northern Bolivia. Guardafui (gwilr-dii-fwo'), or Gardafui (gilr- dii-fwe'), Cape. A cape in the northeastern ex- tremity of the Somali coiintry, Africa, lat. 11° .50' 30" N., long. 51° 1(1' 10'" E.: ne.xt to Ras Hafun, the eastemiuost |ioiiit of Africa. Guardi (gwiir'de), Francesco. Born 1712: died 179:i. A Venetian paiiiler. Guardia (gwiir-de'ilK TomAs. Born at Bagaces, Uuanacaste, Dec. 17, 1832: died July 7, 1882. ACosta-Bican general. Beheaded the revolt of 18V0 which deposed .Mmenez and made C-UTanza pi-esident: but fluardia, though nominally remaining militaiy eommanil- or, was really the chief of stale. Fi-om Aug. 8, 1870, to May 8, 1876, he was president. Guardian (giir'di-iiM). The. 1. A play by Mas- singer, licensed in 1(13:1, played in 1034, and publislied in 1G55. — 2. A comedy by Abrahum Cowley, acted at Cambridge in 1G41 for Prince Cliarles. It was )iriiiled in 1G.')0, and rewritten as "Tho Cutter of ColiMiiaii Sirei'l " in 10.58. — 3. A periodical )iiiblislied at Ijondon in 1713, and edited iiy Steele. It comprised 17U num- bers (51 of theiri liy Addison). It lollowed tlie "Spoeliitor.'' mill was inferior to it. Guardian Angel, The. A novel byOlivorWen- iloll II. limes, published in ISCS. Guardiola (gwiir-de-o'liii Santos. Born about 1810: assassinati'dtlaii. 11, l.sii2. Ageneraliind Jiolitician of Honduras. lie was a rough and cruel soldier who. after serving under Malespln aQd against Walker, was pri-sident of Honduras friuu Feb. 17, tsrid. Ills adiniidstration was, on the whole, good, though his previona acts had won for him tlie title of " the Tiger of t'enfi:d America. " Guarico (gwii're-ko). Originally, in 1492, the Indian town in Haiti governed liy Guacauagari. Guatos The name was transferred to the modern city near the same place, now known in English as Cape llaitien. Guarini(gwii-re'ne), Giovanni Battista. Bom at Ferrara, Italy, Dec. 10, 1537 : died at Venice, Oct. 4, 1612. A noted Italian poet and dijilo- matist, professor of belles-lettres at Ferrara. He was in the service of the Duke of Ferrara. and later in that of Tuscany and that of libino. His chief work u the pastoral drama "II pastor tldo " (ISBo). Guarionex(gwa-re-6'nag). Died after 1510. An Indian chief of the region or "province" of Macorix. in the central part of Haiti. He received Columbus hospitably in 1194, and remained friendly to the whites until 1498, when he headed a revolt. Defeated, he lied to the country of Mayobanex, but was eventually captured and held as a hostage. Guarneri (gwar-na're). Latinized Guameiius (gw;ir-ne'ri-us), Andrea. Born at Cremona, Italy, about 1630 : died after 1695 (?). A noted Italian violin-maker. Guarneri, Antonio Giuseppe. Born at Cre- mona, June 8, 1683: died 1745. A celebrated Italian violin-maker, nephew of Andrea Guar- neri. Guastalla fgwiis-tiiriii). A small town in the province of Beggio nell' Emilia, Italy, situated at the junction of the Crostolo with the Po, 19 miles northeast of Parma. The duchy of Guastalla (previous to 1621 a county) passed to Don Philip of Sjiain, along with Parma, in 1748, to Pauline Borghese in 180.% to M, when it was estalilished as an independent repulilie. It has had sevei-al wars with .Salvador anil Ili.ii.luras, Area. i;:;. 4110 .sc|ilare miles. Populati01,I4.'i. Guatemala, or Santiago de Guatemala tsiin- te-ii'go da gwii-ta-niii'lii), sometimes called New Guatemala (Sp. Guatemala laNueva). The cajiital of the republic of (iuatemala, situ- ated about lat. 14° 3t>' N., long. 90° 27' W. The chief building is the cathedral. The city was founded in 177.'", soon after I he destruction of Old Guatemala. Popu- lation (1893). 71,fiL'7. Guatemala, Audience of. See Confines, Audi- run iif till-. Guatemala, Old, or Antigua (iin-te'gwti). A town of Guatemala, 24 miles west-southwest of Xew Guatemala. The original city of Guatemala, founded 1,'>24, was destroyed by a llood from the Volcan de Agua 1541 ; refounded on a new site 1.M2, it was almost completely destroyed by tho great earthquake of July 29. 1773 ; the capital was then removed to its present site, !»ut the town of .-\nligna grew up about the ruins of the second lity. P.nailiili.in. about 10,111)0. Guatemala, Presidency of. The region in Cen- tral America which, during the colonial period, was subject to the jurisdiction of the Audience of tho Confines or of (Guatemala. See ('iiiitiiu:i. As originally limited, in 1M.\ It embraced all the present states of Central Amerlea, the Isthmus of Panama, Vuea- tan, and Chiapas, the capital, after 1549, being at Guate- mala. In 1518 Yucatan was placed under the Auilicnce of Mexico, and in 15.^0 the isthmus was united to Peru. From 1561 to 1570 tile t^entriU American colonies were made subject to New Spain (Mexico). In 1570 the Audi- ence of the Contlnes was again establishetl at Guatemala, antl thereafter the presidency included the present Cen- tnil .'Vnlerican countries (except portions of the east coast which subsequently fell into the hands of the Britisli), together with Chiaiias, now a state of Mexico. A/ter 1(*0 Guatcniata was ruled by captains-general, who were also generally presidents of the audience, but had independent powers similar to those of the viceroys of New Spain and Peru. The nrovliiees, eorrespontling to the pres.nl re- publics, were ruleil by governors who, to a certain extent, were subject to the captain-general. Guatemotzin (gwii-ta-moi-zen'), or Guatemoc (gwii'tii-iiiok). [' Swooping eugh'.'] Horiialiout 1497: died in Tabasco early in 1.52.'i. The last Azieo sovereign of Mexico. II.. was nephew of Montezuma 11.. and was elected to the throne on tlie death of CuItlahilBlzIn (Sept., K.JOl : defended Mexico against t^orti-s in the famous siege, May Aug , 1521 ; waa captured .\ng. l:l ; and was subsequently tortured in the hope that he would give up eiiiirealeil treasure. In i:,24 lie was forced to go wilht^'ortt^oii the march to llondums ; on the way he was accused of treachery and hanged. Alio written (Juaffmozin. Qitauhtfmotziti. Cuauhtrmoe, etc GuateSCOS. See Uua.iUr.i. Guatos (gwii-tos'). A Soiijli .Vnierioan Indian Irilie ill the swampy regions of the upper Para- guay l\iver. Formerly they were very numerous and warlike : tliuy arc now reduced to a few humlred about the mouth of theSAo l.onrenvo tributary. 1'lio Guatos resem- ble F.iiropeaiis In color, and have short beards. They live alnio*-.! entirely in canoes, tishliig and hunting, making rude buts In the swamps, and retiring to higher lands onI> Guatos ■ 466 Gueroult 26 miles south-southeast of Frankfort-on-the- died at Madrid, 1768. A Spanish general and Oder. Population (1S90), commune. 29.328 administrator. He was captain-general of Cuba GubitZ (go'bits). Friedrich Wilhelm. Born March. 1734,-AprU, me, and viceroy of Mexico July 9, at Leipsic, Feb. 27, 1786 : died at Berlin. June 5, Jll'j-'i^,?- 1°lFS-,h2° '''* ""^^ '" *P^'" •'^.^'^ ""^de T. -.---» * /-' ■ 1- * ^i 1 ..■ .. captani-general of the army and count of Revillaciffedo 1&, 0. A German joui-uahst, author, and artist. He was reputed to be the wealthiest Spanish TuW^t of He edited and illustrated the "DeutscherVolks- his time. , , kalender" (lS3.>-69), etc. Giiemez Pacheco de Padilla Horcasitas (go- stinct stock. Only a few hundred are left. Many of Gucumatz Cgo-ko-mats' ). [Quiche. 'feathered a'meth pa-eba'ko da pa-Del' va 6r-ka-se'tas) c'l'^.'"Hf''!^''!f f""" «"^''™''?P''''^K'A"^f''"^' serpeut.'or- serpent clothed ingreenand blue.'] Juan Vicente, Count of Eeviilagigedo. Bom )S were descended from Mexicans brought to this re- t„ fi ,a •.u._^i,-i j; ^x^J^ r. 1 •<- 1 ^i ot t:i„,.„„„ f\,t„ i-in i- j >. i? j • j ,, „ — 1.,-. iiu_ at J-la\ ana, Cuba, 1(40: died at Madrid. May 2 1799. A Spanish general and administrator, during the floods. They have long been friends of the Bra- zilians, and aided them in the war with Paraguay 1S65-70. Their linguistic relations are doubtful. Gtiatusos (gwii-to'sos). A tribe of Indians in northern Costa Rica, on the streams which flow into Lake Nicaragua. They practise agriculture, are enemies of the whites, and have always retained their in- dependence. By their language they appear to constitute a distinct stoi ' 'he tusos were descended from Mexicans brought to this re- t r, ,-, • u „",^i 1 „„ i? 4.1. ~ t^ 1 t- i ^i ' gion bv the Spaniards, or from the bucaneek Alsowrit- ^ theQuiehe mythology of the Popul\uh,the ten Huatusos. title of the first creator of all things. Guaviare (gwa-ve-a'ra). A river in Colombia Gudbrandsdal (go'brans-dal). The vaUey of and Venezuela, joining the Orinoco about lat. ^^^ Laagen, in central Norway, about lat. 61° 4° X., long. 68° 10' W. Length, about 725 miles. Guaxaca. See Oajacn. Guaxarapos, or Guasarapos. See Guaehis. Guayana. See Guiami. Guayanas. Same as Guanas. Guayaquil (gwi-a-kel'), or Santiago de Guay- 62° N. Gude (go'de), Hans Frederik. Born at Chris tiania, March 13. 182.5. A Xorwegian landscape son of (jiiemez de Horcasitas. He distinguished himself in the Peninsular wars ; was made viceroy of Bue- nos Ayres 17S9 ; and was almost immediately appointed viceroy of Mexico. His rule (Oct. 16, 17a9,-Juiy, 1794) was oni- of the best in Mexican colonial history. Returning to Spain, he was made director-general of artillery. painter, a pupil of Achenbach and Schirmer at Guendolen (gwen'do-len). In Geoffrey of Mon- the Academy of Diisseldorf, and since 1880 a successful teacher of his art in Berlin aquil (san-te-a'go da gwi-a-kel' 1. The chief Gudeajgo-da'a). One of the earliest Babylo- seaport and most populous city of Ecuador, situ- ~ ~ ""* ated on the river Guayaquil in lat. 2° 12' S., long. 79° 52' W. : an important commercial mouth, the wife of Locrine, the eldest son of Brute or Brutus. See Sabriiia. Guerande (gii-rond'). A town in the depart- ment of Loire-Inferieure.Franee,42 miles west- northwest of Xantes. It manufactures salt. Population (1891), commune, 7.020. nian kings, or, as they were styled in the old est epoch of Babyl-ouian histoiw, patesi. i. e priest-king or viceroy. Gudea is mentioned as such place. Population (1890), 44,772. duayaquil. Gulf of. An inlet of the Pacific Erregi^'ha^^Xbe^'a^c^rulnedTpoiibTa^ursoSS ««ercne (garsn)^ i.a. A town in the depart- Oeeau, west of Ecuador. b. c, or, according to some, 4Chjo b. c). ™<^"t o* *-'i<^'"' *Tance. on the Aubois 11 miles Guayas(gwl'as). AmaritimeprovineeofEcua- Gudin (gii-dan'\ Theodore. Born at Paris, west of Xevers. Population (1891), commune, dor. Capital, Guayaquil. Area, 8,220 square Aug. lo, 1802: died at Boulogne-sur-Seine, J' \ „ v j t, ^ x . miles. Population, 98,012. France, April 11. 1880. A French painter of Guerche orGuerche-de-Bretagne,La. A town - --- tnariupa nnH lanrlo^nnfls lu the department ot Ille-et-\ ilaine, France, 25 miles east-southeast of Rennes. Population Guaybas. Same as Giiahibos. marines and landscapes. Guaycurus fgwi-ko-ros'l. A tribe of South Gudrun (go-dron'), or Kudrun (ko-dron') American Indians, on the river Paraguay, Brazil, near the Paraguayan frontier : now com- monly known to Brazilians as Cadiueios, prop- erly the name of one of their clans. The Para- guayans call them Mb.ayas. They are powerfully built, brave, and warlike. Formerly they were very numerous and nomadic, living by hunting and fishing and by rob- bing other tribes. They acquired horses from Spanish unknown author in Austria or Bavaria. stock, and became skUful horsemen. They were long a QuebeiS, or Ghebers (ge'berz), or GaberS, or terror to the whit«s and to Surrounding tribes. The few hundred remaining live in villages under Brazilian rule. It is doubtful if this was the tribe of the same name known in the Chaco region in the 17th and ISth centuries. Also written Guaicurus, Gtuiycurue^, Ouaycurus, etc. Guaycuru stock (gwi-ko-ro' stok), sometimes called the Chaco stock. A well-defined group of South American Indian tribes, nearly all of which inhabit the region west of the riveV Para- guay, between 19° and 29° S. lat.. known as the Gran Chat?0. it includes the Guaycurus, Mocobis, Tobas. the extinct Abipones. and many others, ^1 of more or less nomadic habits, warlike, and li\ing largely by rapine. The Jesuit missionaries could make little impression on them, and a few only, on account of weakness, have sub- mitted to white influence. They resemble North American [MHt^. Eutriiu, NHG. Gudrun.-] The heroine S^^^^X- commune 4,933. of a Middle High German epic poem, after the ^^rfinq (gwer-che no), Giovanni Francesco ••NibelungenHed" the most important in the ?-?;F,°^f."; Born at Cento near Bologna, Italy, earlv literature of Germany. Gudrun is the daugh- If «= 'Ije'^ at Bologna. 1666. An Italian pamter ter of King Hetel of Hegelingen. The scene of action is ?' '"^ Bolognese school. Among his best works principally the coast region of the North .Sea and Xor- is the **Sta. Petronilla" (at Rome). mandy. the poem was written in the 13th century by an GuerCnS. See Crens, .... Gueret(ga-ra'). The capital of the department of Creuse, France, situated in lat. 46° 12' N., long. 1° 52' E. Population (1891), commune, 7.799. Guericke (ger'ik-e), Heinricli Ernst Ferdi- nand. Born at Wettin. near Halle, Prussia, Feb. 25, 1803 : died at Halle, Feb. 4, 1878. A German Protestant theologian, professor at Halle. His works include "Handbuch der Kirchenge- schichte" (1S33I, " Allgenieine christliche Symbolik" (lS39)."LehrbuchderchristlichenArchaologie"(1847).etc. ciferii'li'edtngriel'^"'"- ^'''''"'^^"■""''" ^^"^ Guebriant (ga-bre-oh'). Jean Baptiste Budes, Comte de. Born at Plessis-Budes. Brittanv. Feb. 2. 160: Guaymas (gwi'mas). [Prob. an Opata name.] A tribe, now extinct (as such), formerly living on the coast of the Gulf of California in Sonora. lYom them the town of Guaj-mas derives its name. The Guaymas were almost exterminated, in the second half of the Isth century, by the Seris. Their language is said to be a dialect of the Pima. Guaymas. A seaport in the state of. Sonora, Mexico, situated on the Gulf of California in lat. 27° 56' X., long. 110° 36' W. Population, about 6,200. Ghavers (ga'verz). or Gebirs (ge-berz') [Commonly derived from the Arabic kdlir, in- fidel Cgiaom-.' the word applied by Mohamme- dans to all non-Mohammedans, and supposed to have been applied to this sect by their Arab conquerors in the 7th centtiry). From its oc- currence in the Talmud as Clieber, and in Ori- gen as Eahir, others believe it to be an ancient proper name from some tribe or localitv.] .\ „- , , Mohammedan name of the followers of" Zoro- Guericke, Otto Von. Born at Magdeburg. Prus- " ■ ■ - ' sia. Xov. 20, 1602: died at Hamburg, May 11, 1686. A German natural philosopher. He stud- ied law at Leipsic, Helmstedt. and Jena, and mathematics at Leyden, and traveled in France and England. From 1631-36 he was chief engineer at Erfurt, in the Swedish service. He invented the air-pump (1650), air-balance, etc., and constructed the "Magdeburg hemispheres." He published "Eiperimenta nova" (1672), etc. Guerin (ga-ran' 1. Eugenie de. Bom 1805 : died 1848. A French writer, sister of G. M. de Gue- rin. Her '• Journal ■" and " Lettres " were ed- ited in 1862. aster, otherwise known as Atishparastan ("fire- worshipers'), ilajusan (from their priests the magi), and Parsis. or people of Pars or Fars (Persia). See Parsis. died at RottweU. Swabia, Xov. 24, 1643. A French marshal. He served in Ger- many from 1635 under Bemhard of Saxe- Weimar. On the death of Bernhard he concluded, Oct. 9, 1639, a treaty with the officers of the late duke's array, whereby the army en- tered the service of France " the Imperialist general a service for which he was He captured Eottweil Nov. 19, 1643, when he was mortally wounded. Guebwiller. See Gebiceiler. irntbofa\Klm;ij^.Trm^GTierin,GeorgesMauricede. BomattheChft- vas created a marshal ot France. '■^^^ du Cavla, near Albi, in southern France, Guaynos (gwi'nos). An ancient Indian tribe Guelderland, Guelders. See Geldcrland. of northeastern South America, south of the Guelfs, or Guelphs (gwelfs). [From Guelfo, It. foiTu of G. licit, a personal name.] The Orinoco, from whom the great region called Gtiiana is said to have derived its name. The Guinaus of the upper Orinoco, or the Guianaus of British Guiana (both of Arawak stock), may be their descendants. Guasrra (gwi-ra' or gwi'ra). The name given by the Spanish conquerors of Paraguay to the regionbordering the upper Parand. Thenamewas loosely applied, sometimes including both sides of the river above the great fall, at other times denoting the region to the east and sontheiist (.f the river, including the present disputed territory of Missiones. and portions of Parani, Santa Catharina. and Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil and of Corrientes in Argentina. Until the I9th century it was legally or practically included in the governmentof Para- guay and the Jesuits had important missions there. Guayra, La. See La Guai/ra. 6uayr4 Cataract. See ske Quedas. Gubbio (gob'be-o). A cathedral c ^ _ province of Perugia, Italy, at the foot of Monte Calvo 20 miles north-northeast of Perugia: the ancient Igu\-ium or Eugubium. it has manufac- tures of majolica. The Eugubine Tables (which see) are here, and other Umbrian antiquities : and there are va- rious remains of antiquity in the neighborhood. The Pa- . lazzo del Consoli is a building of the early 14th century. one of the most massive examples of Italian medieval civic construction. With its tower and its battlementii, it recalls the Florentine Palazzo Vecchio. This I'mVirian town was destroyed by the Goths. It was independent in the middle ages. Population, about 5,000. Guben (go'ben)^ A town in the province of .\ug.4, 1810 : died there. July 19, 1839. A French poet. He wrote the "Centaur. " which was published in the "Eevue des Deux Mondes" in 1840. His literary re- mains, including the "Centaur," were published in 1S60. Guerin, Jean Baptiste Paulin. Born at Tou- lon, March 2.5, 1783: died at Paris, Jan. 19, _ _^_^_ _^^ . „ .„^ i„i^,«.v I'^^a. A French historical painter. ages :" opposed to "the G'hibemnes, the" irnperiri Guerin, Baron Pierre Narcisse. Bom at Paris, and aristocratic partv. The WeUs (Guelfs) were a ii'^^ ^?\\' '■* =. '",«'' ^.' Rome, July 16, 1833. A papal and popular party of Italy in the middle powerful family of Germany, so called from "Welf I. in the time of Charlemagne. His descendants, several of whom bore the same name, held great possessions in Italy ; through intermarriage were at ditterent times dukes of Bavaria, Saxony, and Carinthia ; and founded the princely house of Brunswick and Hanover, to which the present ro\al family of England belongs. The names Wei/ and French historical painter, a pupil of Eegnault. He gained the prix de Kome in 1797. In 1815 he was made academician, and in 1S16 returned to Rome as director of the French Academy. He returned to Paris in 1S2'2. In 1833 he visited Rome with Horace Vernet, and died there. Hi ixiiiliit., I at .Salons 1799-1819. Among his pupils were C.>L'iiit-t. I '■ ricault, and .\ry Scheffer. Waiblimjen (C.uelf and Ghibelline) are alleged to have Guerln-Menevllle (ga -rah ' man - vel '), F^lix K...1.. fi...-f .......1 n.. .-.«.. — i^. „* *l, , 1 — ..1 1 XT-..; 1 ;_ .^ ., .1 T. . '-^m . ^, '_ wMjfc been first used as war-cries at the battle of Weinsberg in 1140, fought and lost by Welf VI. against the Hohenstauf en emperor Conrad III. The contest soon ceased in Ger. many, but was taken up on other grounds in Italy, over which the emperors claimed supreme power; aiid the names continued to designate bitterlyantagonistic parties * *i. "j 1 -i • ,1 there till the end of the 15th century. See Ghibelline^. tw''<^t:l'r.^Lf,3l GuellyRent6(go-ely'e™nta'),Jos6 Bom at Havana. 1818 : died at Madrid, Dec. 20. 1884. A Cuban politician and author. Most of his life Edouard. Bom at^Toulon, France. Oct. 12, 1799: died at Paris, Jan. 26,1874. AFrench nat- ural ist. His works include " Iconographie du r^gne ani- mal, etc." (1829), "Iconographie des mammif^res, etc" (182S), "Genera des insectes" (1835), etc Guerino Meschino (gwa-re'no mes-ke'no). The hero of a romance of the middle ages, of un- certain authorship and date, first printed in Italian at Padua in 1473. Brandenburg, Prassia, situated at the con- Giiemez de Horcasitas (gti-a'math da 6r-ka-se'- fluence of the Lubis with the Neisse, about tas), Juan FranciscO. Bom in Oviedo, 1682: was passed in Europe. In 1843 he married the infanta GuemSCy (gern'zi). L. Samia(sar'm-a). ['The Josefa Fernanda, sister of the King of Spain, who in con- rireen Isle '1 The second in siye nnH TioniilntinTi sequence was deprived of all her rights. As a republican Jf, °r^"^' ^ , t i ^^''°?° "' ^'^? '*5V^ ^ P ,nol?-° GUell y Rent^ was long prominent in Spanish politics, of theChannelIslands,intersectedbylat.49°2(' He published many poems, essays, and sketches of West X., long. 2° 35' W. Capital. St. Peter Port. It is Indian life. a popular health-resort. With Alderney and the other isl- ands (except Jersey) it forms a bailiwick, ruled by a lieu- tenant-governor, bailiff, and states-assembly. Area. 24 square miles. Length, 9i miles. Population (1891), with Henu and Jethou, 35.339. Gueroult (ga-ro'), Adolphe. Bom at Rade- pont, Eure. France, Jan. 29, 1810 : died at Vichy, France, July, 1872. A French political writer. Guelph (gwelf ). A city and the capital of Wel- lington County. Ontario, Canada, situated on the river Speed 47 miles west by south of Toronto. Population (1901), 11,496. Guerra 467 Guillaiune de Palerne Oueira cer'ra) Crist6bal A Spanish mer- the same as that of the Wagoma, and both are related to author of "Pousic liriflie" (lUSl), "Amalsunta chant of Seville' who, in 1499 and 1500, was en- ^ll^^ill'r' ,^p';„,„, ,™ «'.,«> rv r,n.n». qr. J".l*?'i2" <^"*^^'' ••^^"^■"'ioJie " (1692), etc. lof the north- <*;"^"*'''':^"y*?3,(ge-ana) [F.G»|^f»if.Sp Q^i^j-Poj^ljiaso^ a^e ilasavcio. GuuijuMt.] A re^on in South Amenca, bounded Gujdiccioni (f-'we-de-oho'ne). Giovanni. Bom by the Atlantic Ocean on the north, Brazil on ,,( j^ucc-a, I-'jOO (14KU?): died at llacirata, Italy, the east and south, and Brazil and Venezuela on j^^^^ ^^ Italian ecclesiastic, diplomat, and thewest. it is divided into British Guiana, Dutch Oui- __ . - ana. and French (iuiana. The name is sonictinies applied to the entire re|,iir)n l>etween the Orinoco, the ocean, the Amazon, tlie Kiu Ne)j:[o. and the Cassiquiare. gaged with Niiio in an exploration ( ern coast of South America. See NiUo, Pedro Alonso. Ouerrazzi (gwer-rat'se), Francesco Domenico. Born at Leghorn, Italy, Aug. 12, 1SU4: died at Cecina, near Volterra, Sept. 23, 1873. An Ital- ian author and politician. He was Tuscan premier In 1848, and triumvir and dictator in 1849. Anions his Guiana Brazilian. That portion of northern hi''""'=^^''''™^"."!f ^,:V,t,^f !!f "?,i',^;',;tT'- •■'iX^!?"^' Brazil which lies north of the Amazon and east •LAssediodiFirenzu" (183ti), "Isabella Ursini" (1844). Guerrero (ger-ra'ro). A state of Me.xico "^^''^' "'^^j^'j^"' a British colony, hounded bounded by Michoacan^ Mexico, Morelos, and *^^X' Atlantic on the ,i,.rtl> and northeast Puebla on the north, Oajaca on the east, and the Pacific Ocean on the southwest. Area, 22, ,S66 square miles. Population ( 189.5), 417,621 Guerrero, Vicente. Born at Tixtla, Aug. lo. 1782: died at ChUapa, Feb. 14, 1831. A ifexiean general. He joined the patriots in ISIO and held out until 1821, wlien he united his forces with those of Itur bide ; but when Iturtnde became emperor he was one of the leaders of the revolt against him. and after his de- thronement was a member of the executive junta 1823-24. and vice-president 1824-28. In 1828 he declared against by the Atlantic on Dutch Guiana on the east. Brazil on the south, and Brazil and Venezuela on the west. Capital, Georgetown. The leading product is sugar. Rich gold, mines are now worked in the western part. There are S counties— Berbice, Uemerara, Esseqiiibo (fonnerly aepa- rate colonies, consolidated in 1831), The region was first settled by the Dutch in l.'.SO ; was aciiuired by the Brit- ish in 1S03 : and was formally ceded to them in 1814. The boundary with Venezuela was determined by arbitrati"!! in 1899; that with Brazil has never been fl,\e-m- GuillaumedeLorrlS(B'>-.voin delo-res ). t 1804 An Italian operatic composer. Hiaworks holine," a leKendnry )iriiice, tlieson of Cyinbe- at Lorris. Loirit, France: died aliout P-*0 include "I duo Gemelli," "La serva innamo- lin(> of Britain. He is disguised under the name , . . _ rata," etc. and state of Polydore. the son of Moigan. Chiha(go'ha),orWaguha(wii-go'hii). ABantu Guldi (gwe'de). Carlo Alessandro. Horn at tribe of the Kongo State, settled on both sides Pavia, Italy, .lime 14. 1650: diecl al Frascati, of the Lukuga River. Their language Is said to bo Italy, June 12, 1712. An Italian lyric poet, 2,400) under Cornwallis defeated ide Americans (aUmt 4,400) under Greene. The British loss waa about 600 ; the Alnerleaii, about 400. Guillaume. See JTiUinm and Wilhdm. Born (f). A French jioet, author of the first part of the " K'oinan do la Hose." About 4,«70 of the 22,800 or more lines were written by him. Sec Roman it la ftixf. Guillaume de Palerne ('if pu-larn'). An enriy French romaii daventure. It was translated veiy Guillaume de Palerne early into English, ;imi has been published as -'William of PaleriiC" by the EailyEnglisli Text Society. "It introduces the favorite medieval idea of lyoaiithropy, the hero being througliout helped and protected by a friendly were-wolf, who is before the end of the poem freed from the enchant- ment to which he issubjected." Saint^burii, French Lit., p SK). Guillaumet (ge-yo-ma'), Gustave. Bom at Paris, March 26, 1840 : died at Paris. March 14, 1887. A French p.iiuter, a pupil of Pieot and Barrias. He gained the second prix de Rome in 1863. Guillim (gvFil'im), John. Born at Hereford about 1565: died at London, May 7, 1621. An English writer on heraldry. He published "A Display of Heraldrie "(1610: sometimes ascribed to John Barkham). Guillotin (ge-yo-tan'), Joseph Ignace. Born at Saintes, France, May 28, 1738 : died at Paris, March 26, 1814. A French physician, wrongly regarded as the inventor of the guillotine. As deputy to the Constituent Assembly, 1789, he proposed that all capital punishment should be by decapitation, a privi- lege till then reserved for the nobility, and suggested that decapitation could be most quickly and humanely per- formed by a machine. The device actually adopted as a result of this suggestion w.as prepared by a German me- chanic named Schmidt under the direction of Dr. Antoine Louis, perpetual secretjiry of the Academy of Surgery, and was first used April 25, 1792, for the execution of a highwayman named Pelletier. The machine was first named louison or louisette, but after a while Guillotin's name was attached to it. Guillotin was not, as has been asserted, executed in his own machine, but died a natural death. Guimaraes, or Guimaraens (ge-ma-rins'). A town in the province of Minho, Portugal, situ- ated on the Ave 30 miles northeast of Oporto. The castle is a battleraented ruin with a huge central keep, inaccessible save by a wooden bridge, and square angle-towers connected by curtains. Population, about 3,000. Guinart (ge-narf), Roque. A noble in Cer- vantes's " Don Quixote." He was a real charac- ter, his name being Pedro Eocha Guinarda. Guinaus. See Guaipios. Guinea (gin'i). [Formerly Criiinie, Ginny. etc. ; F. U-iiiiiee, Sp. Guine, etc.: named from the African Ginnie, or Jinnie, a town and kingdom in the Niger district.] That part of western Africa which lies along the coast from Cape Roxo (or about lat. 12° N.) to Cape Negro (or about lat. 16° S.), and extends indefinitely in- land. It includes, besides native states, British, French, German, and Portuguese colonies, Liberia, and part of the Kongo Free State. It is divided into Upper or Xorth Guinea, and Lower or South Guinea (separated by the Kamerun Mountains or the equator). The name is some- times used in a more restricted sense. See Liberia, Gold Coastf etc. Guinea, Gulf of. That part of the Atlantic Ocean on the western coast of Africa comprised between Cape Palmas on the north and Cape Lopez on the south. Guinegate, or Guinegatte (gen-gaf). A vil- lage in the department of Pas-de-Calais, north- em France, near St.-Omer. Here the French were twice defeated : (1) by Maximilian I. (then archduke of Austria) in August, 1179; (2) by Henry VIII. of England and Maximilian (his ally) in August, 1513. See Spurs, Bat- tle of the. Guines (gen). A town iu the department of Pas-de Calais, France, 7 miles south of Calais. It was an ancient seat of counts, and was held by England in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries. Population (1891), commune, 4,502. Guinevere (gwin'c-ver), or Guinever (gmu'e- v6r), or Guenever (gweu'e-ver), or Geneura, or Ganore (ga-n6r')I The wife of King Arthur in the Arthurian cycle of romance, she was the daughter of Leodegraunce, king of Camelyard, and loved Lancelot of the Lake, See Lancelot. This princess (Geneura) is described as the finest woman in the universe ; her stature was noble and elegant ; her complexion fair, and her eyes the finest blue of the heav- ens; the expression of her countenance was lively yet dignified, but sometimes tender; her understanding, nat- urally just, was well cultivated ; her heart was feeling, compassionate, and capat)leof the most exalted sentiments. Dunlop, Hist, of Prose Fiction, I. 224. Guinevere. One of tlw^ "Idylls of the King" by Tennyson, published in 1859. GuLngamp (gan-goii') A town in the depart- ment of C6tes-du-Nord, Brittany, France, sit- uated on the Trieux 19 miles west-northwest of St.-Brieuc. Its. church of Notre Dame is one of the principal Breton pilgrim resorts. Popu- lation (1891), commune, 9,196. Guipiizcoa (ge-pbth'ko-a). One of the three Basque provinces of Spain. Capital, San Sebas- tian. It is bounded by the Bay of Biscay on the north, France on the northeast, Navarre on the east, Navarre and Alava on the south, and Biscay on the west. Area, 728 square miles. Population (1887), 181,866. Guirior (ge-re'6r), Manuel. Born at Aviz de Ugarte, Navarre. March 21, 1708: died at Ma- drid, Nov. 25, 1788. A Spanish naval officer and 463 administrator. He served in the English and Algerine wars, and \vas made viceroy of New Granada in 1773, and viceroy of Peru in 1776, retaining the latter office until 17S0, He retained the rank of lieutenant-general, and was cre- ated marquis of Guirior after his return to Spain. Guisborough, or Gisborough (giz'bur-o). A town in the North Riding of Yorkshire. Eng- land. 40 miles north of York. The first alum- works in England were established here about 1600. Population (1891), 5,623. Guiscard, Robert. See Robert Guiscard. Guischard, Karl Gottlieb. See Guichnrd. Guise (giiez). A town in the department of Aisne, France, situated on the Oise 23 miles north of Laon. it gave name to the ducal house of Guise. It was the birthplace of CamiHeDesmoulins. Pop- ulation (1891), commune, 8,153. Guise, Cardinals and Dukes of. See Lorraine. Guise, Duchy of. A former duchy of northeast- ern France, which took its name from the town of Guise, and corresponded to the northern part of the department of Aisne. it was situated in the government of Picardy. Formerly it was a county. It was famous in the 10th and 17th centuries as a duchy in the hands of the Guise family, a branch of the house of Lor- raine. Guise (giz), Martin. Died Jan. 21,1829. AnEng- lish naval officer who in 1818 entered the service of Chile, imder Cochrane, as captain. He did effi- cient service in the war for independence, and on the re- tirement of Cochrane (1S21) was appointed to organize the navy of Peru. By blockading the port of Callao he forced the surrender of the last Spanish post, Callao Castle, Jan. 19, 1826. Admiral Guise was killed in the attack on Guay- aquil. Guiteau (ge-to'), Charles. Born about 1840: hanged at Washington, June 30. 1882. An Amer- ican assassin. He was a pettifogging lawyer of French- Canadian descent at Chicago, and on Garfield's election to the presidency went to Waslliugtoli to seek the office of American consul at Marseilles, which he did not obtain. Excited by this failure, and by the political conflict be- tween Garfield and Koscoe Conkling, he shot the President fatally at Washington, July 2, 1881. Guizot (ge-zo' or giie-z6'), JIadame (Elisabeth Charlotte Pauline de Meulan). Born at Paris, Nov. 2, 1773: died at Paris, Aug. 1, 1827. A French writer, first wife of F. P. G. Gui^zot, whom she married in 1812. She wrote "fidu- cation domestique, on lettres de famille sur I'education" (1826), etc. Guizot, Francois Pierre Guillaume. Born at Nimes, Oct. 4, 17S7: died at Val-Richcr, in Nor- mandy. Oct. 12. 1874. A distinguished French historian and statesman. At the age of 12 he left his native city for Geneva, and in 1805 he took up the study of law in Paris. In 1812 he became assistant pro- fessor of literature at the Sorbonne, and later was called to the new chair of modern history. His early publica- tions are "Du gouvernement repr^sentatif et de l'6tat actuel de la France " (1816), " Des conspirations et de la justice politique" (1821), "Des moyens de gouvernement et d opposition dans I'etat actuel de la Fi-ance" (1821), ■' De la peine de morte en matiere politique " (1822), etc. These pamphlets brought about his resignation fi-om his professorship. Devoting liiniself exclusively to historical research, he published his "Histoire du gouvernement repri^sentatif,"' "Essais sur I'histoire de France," "Col- lection des m^raoires relatifs k la revolution d'Angle- terre," "'Collection des m^moires relatifs :\ I'histoire de France." "Histoire de la revolution d'Angleterre depuis I'avenement de Charles I. justiu':^ la restauration de Charles II.," etc. His courses of lectures at the Sorbonne, delivered 1828-30, appeared under the titles " Cours d'his- toire moderne," 'Histoire g^nerale de la civilisation en Europe." and "Histoire generale de la civilisation en France.'' In 1830 he was elected to the Chamber of Dep- uties. After the revolution of July, 1%'M, he became minister of the interior, and, with the exception of a few months in the year 1840 spent as French ambassador to England, remained almost continuously minister in vari- ous capacities until he fell from power, Feb. 23, 1848. on the eve of Louis Philippe's abdication. He had been prime minister for the b years preceding his downfall, but had made himself so unpopular that he failed to be elected to the National Assembly of 1818. The latter part of h.'s life was spent in retirement. Besides the works already mentioned, Guizot translated Shakspere, and published "Washington" (1840), "De la d^mocratie en France" (1849), " I)iscours sur I'histoire de la revolution d'Angle- ■ferre" (1850), "Meditations et etudes morales" (1851), "L'Amour dans ie maria;:e " (1855), "Guillaume le Cou- querant," "fidouardlll. et les bourgeois de Calais," "Mc- moires pour servir k I'histoire de mon temps " (1858-68), "L'Eglise et la societe clu'etienne en 1861" (1861), "Dis- cours academiques" (1861). "Trois generations" (1861), " Histoire parleinentaire de France " (1863), " Meditations sur I'essence de la religion " (1864), " Meditations sur I'etat actuel de la religion chretienne" (1865), "Melanges biographiques et litteraires " (1868), "La France et la Prusse responsables devant I'Europe " (1868), " Meditations sur la religion chretienne dans ses rapports avec I'etat actuel des societes et des esprits " (1S(>S), " Melanges poll- tiques et historiques '■ (1869), " Le due de Broglie " (1872), "Les vies de quatre grands Chretiens fran^ais, Saint- Louis, Calvin " (1873, incomplete), and " Histoire de France racontee i mes petits-enfants " (1870-75). Gujarat. See Giizerat. Gujranwala (guzh-ran-wa'la). 1. A district in the Panjab, British India, intersected by lat. 32° 15' N., long. 74° E. Area, 3,017 square miles. Population (1891), 690.169.— 2. The capital of Gumti the district of Gujranwala, situated in lat. 32° lO; N., long. 74° 14' E. Poptdation, about 20,000. Gujrat (guzh-raf), sometimes written Guzerat. 1. A district in the Panjab, British India, in- tersected by lat. 32° 40' N., long. 74° E. Area, 2,051 square miles. Population "(1891), 760.875. — 2. The capital of the district of Gujrat, situ- ated iu lat. 32° 35' N., long. 74° 7' E. Here, Feb. 22, 1849, the British under Gough defeated the Sikhs. Gula(go'la). InAssyro-Babylonian mythology, the name of the wife of Adar, the god of w;ir and the chase. She is styled "the great lady" who presides over life and death. Those who break contracts are threatened with her vengearjce. Nebuchadnezzar dedicated to her two temples at Babylon and three at iJor- sippa. Gulf Stream, The. An oceanic current, ori- ginating fi'om the -Atlantic Equatorial Ciu'reut, which is made uji of two arms, one of tbem issuing through the Florida Strait from the Gulf of Mexico, the other running westward along the northern face of the island of Cuba. The united stream follows the .\tlantic coast northeast- ward with a velocity of from 2 to 5 miles an hour, gradu- ally ex]tanding in breadth and diminishing in depth, but distinctly perceived for many degrees beyond the eastern edge of Newfoundland. Its coznparatively hi'.;h tempera- ture (10 to 20 degrees above that of the surrounding ocean), rapid motion, and deep-blue color make the Gulf Stream a most remarkable phenomenon, and even more interest- ing than the Kuroshiwo, the corresponding current on the Asiatic coast of the Pacific llcean. The Gulf Stream, doubtless, exerts a certain influence in modifying the cli- mate of the British Isles, France, and other parts of west- ern Europe, but to what extent is not yet definitely known. On the other hand, it is certain that its effect is not so great as was formerly supposed, and tliat some of its assumed workings are rather to be credited to the regular oceanic drifts. See articles on Kuroshiwo and Sargasso Sea. Giilhanfe. See Ahdnl-Medjid. Gulistan (go-lis-tan'). [Pers., 'the rose-gar- den.'] The most celebrated and finished work of the Persian poet Sadi. it is a kind of moral work in verse and prose, consisting of S chapters on kings, der- vishes, contentment, taciturnity, love and youth, decrepi- tude and old age, education, and the duties of society, the whole intermixed with stories, maxims, philosophical sen- tences, and puns. Gull (guD, Sir William Withey. Bom at Thorpe-le-Soken, Essex. Dec. 31, 1816: died Jan. 29, 1890. A noted English physician, ap- pointed physician extraordinary to the queen in 1872 (ordinary in 1887). He received a baronetcy for the skill with which he treated the Prince of Wales in 1871. Gullians (gul'ianz). A name sometimes given to the followers of William IH. of England. Gulliver, Lemuel. The ostensible reeounter of ''Gulliver's Travels." Gulliver's (gul'i-verz) Travels. A social and political prose satire, in the form of a book of travels, written by Jonathan Swift, and pub- lished in 1726. It consists of 4 voyages — to Lilliput, to Brobdingnag, to Laputa, and to (i\& country of the Houyhnhnms. Lemuel Gulliver is an honest, blunt Eng- lish sailor. "Gulliver's Travels " owes most of its external shape to the "Vera Historia" of Lucian, itself a travesty of lost works on geography. The French poet Cyrano de Bergerac (1020-1655) had written a '■ Voyage ii la lune " and a " His- toire comique des etats et empires du soleil," from which Fontenelle had borrowed some hints. Several slight points which Swift used he is said to have taken from a tract by Francis Goodwin, Bishop of Llandaff. There can be no doubt, moreover, that the particular narrative manner of Defoe, whose "Robinson Crusoe" had appeared in 1719, produced an effect upon Swift. All these critical specu- lations, however, are rather curious than essential. Swilt, always among the most original of writers, is nowhere more thoroughly himself than in his enchanting romance of Lemuel Gulliver. Whether we read it, as children do, for the story, or as historians, for the political allusions, or as men of the world, for the satire and philosopliy, we have to acknowledge that it is one of the wonderful and unique books of the world's literature. Gosie, Hist. Eng. Lit, p. ICO. Gull's Hornbook, The. A book by Thomas Dekker, published in 1609. it gives a graphic de- scription of the manners of Jacobean gallants. The tract is to some extent modeled on Dedekind'a "Grobianus." It is Dekker's best-known work. Gumbinnen(gom-bin'nen). Atown in the prov- ince of Eiist Prussia, Prussia, situated on the Pissa in lat. 54° 36' N., long. 22° 9' E. Popu- lation (1890), commune, 12,207. Gummidge (gum'ij), Mrs. In Dickens's "Da- vid Coppertield," "a lone, lorn creetur" living at Mr. Peggotty's. Gumri. See Alexandropol. Gumti (gom'te), or Gamti (gam'te), or Goom- tee (gom'te). A river in British India, joining the Ganges 17 miles northeast of Benares. Length, about 500 miles. Lucknow is on its banks. Gumiish-Elliana Glimlish-Khana. [• Silver house.'] A town in Asiatic Tiirliey, about 40 miles south of Trebizoiid. Gimdamuk. See Gandamal-. Giinderode (guu'de-r6-de),Karoline von. Born at Kiulsi-uhe, Baden, Feb. 11, 17S0: committed suicide atWiniel, near Mainz, July 26, 1806. A Gennan romantic poet, authorof '•(.rediehte und Phantasien" (1804), "Poetische Fragments " (1805), etc. Onndlach (gond'liich), Johann Christoph. Born at Marburg, Hesse-Cassel, July, 1810. .\ German naturalist who, since 1839. has resided in Cuba. He is well known for bis numerous contributions to Cuban ornitholog)- and ento- mology. Gundobad (gim'do-bad), or, erroneously, Gun- debald (gun'de-bald). Died 516. King of the Biirgunilians 473-516. Hebecameapatricianof Rome ill 47'i, and in the following year succeeded liisfathertJun- dioch asking of theBurtrundians, dividing tlie sovereignty with his brothers Oodegisel, Chilperic, and Godoraar I. In 600 he was defeated by Chlodwig (Clovis). king of the Franks, through the treacherj' of Godegisel, and was es- ?iened from his kingdom. He subsequently recovered his hrone, depose*! Godegisel, and, as his two other l)rolhers had in the mean time died, reunited the Burguiidian do- minions under his sway. He formed an alliance with Chlodwig. and. although an Arian. educated his sons Sig- mund and Godomar II. in the Roman Catholic religion, which was the faith of his subjects. He drew up a code of laws, which was named, after him, " Lex Guudobada. " Gunduk. See (iamlak. Oundulf (gun'dulf), L. Gundolphus (gim-dol'- f us). Bom in the diocese of Koueu about 1024 : died March 8, 1108. A Norman prelate, inioso he became a monk in the abbey of Bee, where he became 8 friend of Anselm and of Lanfranc, archbishop of Canter- bury, by whose assistance he was elevated to the see of Rochester, March 19. 1077. He was the architect of the cathedral of Rochester (some of his work still exists), of a castle at Rochester, of St. Leonard's Tower and a nunnery at Mailing, and of the White Tower Id London Tower. Gnndwana, See Gnndwana. Gungl (gongl), Joseph. Born at Zsiimb^k, Hun- gary, Dec. 1, 1810 : died at "Weimar, Feb. 1. 1889. A Hungarian composer, chiefly of dances and marches. Gunib (gu-nib'). A plateau in Daghestan, Cau- casia : scene of the last resistance to Russia and the capture of Shamyl in 1859. Gunnerus (gon-ua'ros), Johann Ernst. Born at Christiania, 1718: died 1773. A Norwegian botanist, bishop of Trondhjem. He described the flora of Norway. Gunning (gun'ing), Elizabeth, Duchess of Hamilton and afterward of Argyll. Born in 1734: died May 20, 1790. A celebrated beauty. She married James, sixth duke of Hamilton, in 17fi2, and in 1759 she man-ied John fampbell, marquis of Lome, afterw;ird fifth duke of Argyll. Cimijiare Gunning, Maria. Gunning, Maria, Countess of Coventry. Born in 1733; died Oct. 1, 1760. A celebrated beauty, daughter of John Gunning of Castle Coote, County Roscommon, Ireland. She and her sister Elizabeth went to London in 1751, and were at once pro. nnunced to be "the handsomest women alive." They were followed by crowds wherever they went, and Maria, who was the l»etter-looking, was mobbed one evening in Hyde Park. The king gave her a guard to jirotect her. and she once walked in the park for two hours with 2 sergeants of the guard before her and 12 soldiers following her. In 17'>2 ahe married George William, sixth e;irl of Coventry. "The beautiful .Misses Gunning" were painteii a number of times, and there are many engravings from these portraits. Gunning, Mrs. (Susannah Minifle). Born in 1740 (?): died at London, Aug. 28, 1800. An English novelist, she married John Gunning, the brother of the beautiful Gunning sisters. He was colonel of the roth regiment of foot ami lieutenant-general. He had one daughter, IClizabeth, and owing to her llirtations (in which her mother took her i)art) she and her mollier left his house. Many squiba and satires were written on the ensuing complication, which Walpole called "the Gunningiad." B()th Susannah <:uiuiing anil her daughter wrote a number of novels. Tlie latter marrii-d Major James I'luiikett and died in Suffolk, July 20, 182:1. Gunnison (gun'i-.sqn). A river in western Col- orado, tributary of Grand River, which it joins near lat. 39° N.' Gunnison Canon. A remarkable caSion in the GniinisDii Kivcr, 15 mill's in lengtli. Gunpowder Plot. In English history, a con- spiracy of certain Roman Catholics having for its object the destruction of Janus 1, anil llie lords and commoners in the Parlianunl House, London. The learlers wore Catesby, Pen y. Digby, Win ter; Guy i<'awkes, and others. It was foiled hy the arrest of Fawkes, Nov. 4, Itinfi. See Fnwkeit. Gtins (giins), Iluncr. Koszeg (k^s'seg). A free royal city in tlie county of Eisenburg (Vas), Hungary, situated on the river Giins in la{. 47° 22' N., long. 16° 31' E. it was successfully defended against Soliinan the Magnitlccnt in 15.12. Population (l.syo), 7,n7i'>. Gunter (gun'ttT), Edmund. Born in Hertford- 469 shire, England, 1581: died at Gresham College, London, Dec. 10, 1026. An English mathema- tician, professor of astronomy in Gresham Col- lege from 1619. He invented the chain, line, quadrant, and scale that are named from him •■Gunter's chain," etc. Henry Briggs was his colleague for a year ; and their as- sociation doubtle-ss led toGunter's " Canon Trianguloruni ; or. Table of .\rtillcial Sines and Tangents, to a i-adius of lOO.WO.OOO parts to each minute of the Quadrant," 1020. This was the llrst table of its kind published, and did for sines and tangents what Biiggs did for natural numbers. In these tables GuntiT applied to navigation and other branches of mathentatics his admirable rule " The Gunter," on which were insci-ibed the logarithmic lines for num- bers, sines, and tangents of arches ; and he showed how to take a back observation by the cross-statf, whereby the errorarising from the ecccntricityoftheeyeisavoided. . . . He was the ttrst who used the words cosine, cotangent, etc., . . . andalsointroduced the useof arithmetical com- plements into the logarithmical arithmetic (Briggs, Arith. Loij., cap. 15). l)e Morgan {Arith. Books, xxv.) favors Gun- ter's claim to the invention of the decimal separator. 2>icf. Nat. Biog. Giinther (gim'ter). In the Nibelungen ejiic, a Burgnndian king, brother of Kriemhild and hus- band of Brunchilde. Giinther, Albert Karl Ludwig Gotthilf . Bom at Esslingen, Wiirtemberg, Oct. 3, 1830. A Ger- man-English zoologist, particularly noted for works on herpetology and ichthyology. He be- came assistant in, and in 1875 director of, the zoological department of the British Museum. He has published "Catalogue of the Colubrine Snakes "(185S)."Cataloi,'ue< if the BatrachiaSalientia" (1868), "Reptilesof British India " (lS(>4),"Catalogueof Fishes "(lS.S9-7U),"TbeGi(;autie l.aii.l- tortoises" (1S77), "Introduction to tht: Stndj- of Fishes" (1*80), " Report on the .Shore-flshes, etc., ot the A'oyage )f the Challenger" (1S87-88), etc. Giinther, Anton. Born at Lindeuau, near Leit- meritz, Bohemia, Nov. 17,1783: died at Vienna, Feb. 24, 1863. A German philosopher and Ro- man Catholic tlieologiau. Among his works are "Vorschule zur spekulativen Theologie" (1828). "Die Juste-Milieus inderdeutschen Philosophiegegenwartiger Zeit"(l.s:S). Giinther, Johann Christian. Born at Striegau, Silesia, Prussia, April 8, 1695: died at Jena, Ger- many, JIarch 15, 1723. A German poet. His collected poems were published 1724-35. Guntram (gun'tram), or Gontran (gon'tran). Died March 28. .593. King of the Franks. He received the sovereignty of Oiti^ans and Burgundy on the death of his father Clotaire I. in .%1, while tlie rest of the Prankish dominion was divided among his brothers chari- bert, Sigebert, and Chilperie, who received Ai|uilainr, ,\us- trasia. and Neustria respeeti\r Gurwhal. See Gurhirul. Gushington (gush'ing-ton), Angelina. The noni de plume of Charles Wallwyn Radcliffe Cook.i. Gushington, Impulsia. The nom de plume of Helen Seliua Sheridan. Lady Dufferin. Gusmao (gozh-miiii' ), Alexandre de. Bom in Santos, Brazil, 1695 : died at Lisbon, Portugal, Dec. 30 or 3], 1753. A Portuguese statesman. Most of his life was passed in F.nrope. where he was an intluential minister tuuler several Portuguese kings. The treaty of 17.''0, which settled the limits of the Spanish and Portuguese possessions in America by l^(t possidetis, was due mainly to him. Giissfeldt (giis'felt), Paul. Born at Berlin, Oct. 14. 1840. A German scientific traveler, in 1873, In association with Kalkenstein, Soyaux, Linder, Pechuel- Losche, and Dr. Bastian, he led an expedition to west- central Africa, but failed in his effort to exjdore the far interior. A rich harvest of scientilic collections and ob- servations was brought back in 18T5. and published in journals as well as in " Die Li>ango Expedition " (Leipsic, 1879). In 1870 Gussfeldt explored the eastern desert of Egypt i!i company with Dr, Schweinfurth. His journeys in the Atides of Chile aiul Argentina and in the Bolivian highlands (1882-s:t) resulted iii seventl imp4)rtant disi-ov- eries. In Keb . ls'':i, he made an unsuccessful attempt to reach the sinniint »tf Aconcagua, one of the highest peaks of the Andes, although he attained an elevation of upward of 21,000 tceU Gustavus (gus-ta'vus or gus-tS'vus) I,, or Gus- tavus Vasa (vii'sii). [5fL. Gustavu.'<. F. (;««■- tare, It. an. Giis- tav.} Born at Lindholmen, Upland, Sweden, May 12. 1496 : died at Stockholm. Sept. 29, 1.560. King of Sweden 1 523-60. He was the son of Erik Jo- hansson (hence called (Justavus Erikson) of the house o( Vasa, and was descended on the mot ber's side fioni the house of Sture, twoof the most intlucntiid noble families in Swe- den, He received a careful education, cbietlj' at the court of bis kinsman, the regent Sten Sluri the younger, ilmler whtun ho serveil against the Dalu-s at Ilu- batth- of Brann- kyrka in 1518, In the negotiations which ftdlowed this Swedish victory, ho was sent as a hostage tti Christian II. of Itenniark, by whom he was treachenaisly carried vll U> Denmark. He escsiped in 1519, and on the nnissacre of Stockholm, in which 90 of the leading men of Sweden, in- cluding the father of Gustnvtis, were executed by Chris- tian II,, headeit a revolt of the Daleciirlians in 1520, and captured .Stoekhtdm in 152!i, in which year a diet at Strerignjis chose him king (June 0) ami reptldiated the Kabnar uidon with Dennntrk. He favored the Kefomia- tion in opposition to U»e Konntn Catholic clergy. Mho had sujiported the Datiesiliiring the wiu'for freedtun ; and In 1527, at the Diet of Westerrts, procured tile passage of measures placing the lanilsof the bishops at his disposal, and gnuiting the liberty of preaching the new doctrine. Gustavus II. Adolphus. Bom at Siockliolm, ])<■<■. 19. I.'ill4: died Nov. 16. U>.'i2. King of Sweilen 1611-32, son of Charles IX. and Chris- tina of Hiilslein, and giandson of Giistnvns I. He irdierit^'d at his accession three wars frtun the previous relgt), namely, with Deiunark. Kussia, and IVdaml. He coneliuled peace with Denmark at Knared, .Ian. 29, Ifil.S; compelled Kussia to cede Kexholm, Karelen, anil Inger- manland at st, 1017; ami, through the mediation of Uiehellen, concluded an armistice oto yvan with Poland, Sept, 20, Kl'.'o, with a view to invailing Ger- many, where the recent victories of the emperor over Iho Protestant princes umlerChristiati IV.of Deimnirk threat- ened ht)th Fmnce ami .Sweden, the former hy the Increase of the power of the house of Austria, anil the latter by the destruction of the equlllbriuni between lYotestnntfsm ami Konuni Catholleism in the north of Europe, heaving the conduct of the govenunent in the haniUof his chancellor. Axel Oxenstjerna. he landed in Pomeranla with IfyOO men, July 4, KWO: concluded a formal treaty of alllanco with France at Bnrwahle In Jan.. imi : defeated Tilly at Lelpslc. Sept, 17, liai ; and gained the vlelon- of I.utccn over Wallcnstein, Nov. Ill, I«32, but fell in the battle. Gustavus in. 470 Theniirthern plateau was inhabited by a mixture of un- cultivated tribes at the earliest period of which we have Gustavus III. Born at Stockholm, Jan. 24, Gutium (gu'shi-um). See the extract. 1746: died at Stockholm, March 29, 1792. King of Sweden 1771-92, son of Adolphus Frederick. He crushed the power of the royal council, consisting of nobles, by a coup d'etat in 1772, which reduced it from the position of a co-regent to that of an advisor>- com- mittee. He carried on war with Kussla 178S-!)0, and was murdered as the result of a conspiracy among the nobles. Gustavus IV. Adolphus. Born Nov. 1, 1778: died at St.-Gall, Switzerland, Feb. 7, 1837, Kiug of Sweden 1792-1809, son of Gustavus III. Contrary to the interests of his country, he bitterly op- Gutnic (got'nik), or Gutnish posed Napoleon, and in 1808 became involved in war with — - - Guzman de Alfarache Guyot (ge-6'), Arnold Henry. Born near Nen- chatel, Switzerland, Sept. 28, 1807: died at Princeton, N. J., Feb. 8, 1884. A Swiss-Ameri- any knowledge, and was known under the gener:il name can geographer and scientist, professor of ee- of Outiuni or Guti (Kutu in Assyrian), nrst identified by oerauhv and seolop-v at Prh^oifcT, fmrv, ial«; Sir H. Kawlinson with the Goyim of Uen. xiv. 1. Gutium ^'''PY .""-"i' geoiogj at ri meet on trom 1855. Russia, which conquered Finland, and was deposed by a military C'unsi)iracy. Gustavus Adolphus Union. [G. Evaugciischer Verein der &ustar-Adolf-Stiftiing.'\ A union of various Protestant ehtrrehes in Germany, for the purpose of assisting Protestants in Ro- man Catholic countries, founded after the bi- centennial celebration of the battle of Liitzen (1832). Giistrow (giis'tro). A town in Mecklenburg- Schwerin, Germany, .situated on the Nebel in lat. 53° 48' N., long. 12° U' E. it has a trade in wool, and contains a cathedral and an ancient ducal castle. Population (1890), 14,668. Gutenberg (go'ten-bero), Johannes or Henne (originally Gensfleisch). Born at Mainz about 1400 : died about 1468. The inventor of print- ing. His claim to this invention has been much disputed. (.See Coster.) He was the son of Frielo Genstleisch and Else Gutenberg, and took liis mother's name. In 1420 his father was exiled, and viuious legal proceedings growing out of this show that Gutenberg was in Strasburg in 14^4. In !4:f6 he was sued before tlie court at .'Strasburg for breach of promise of marriage. His claim to be the in- ventor of printing rests mainly on a legal decision ren- dered at Strasburg Dec. 12, 1439, from which it appears that he entered into partnership with certain persons to carry on various secret operations, one of which involved the use of a press with an attachment conjectured to have beCTi a type-mold. In 14i;o he formed a partnership with Johann Fust, a money-lender, which terminated in 1455. Fust demanded payment of money loaned ; in default of this, seized all of Gutenberg's types and stock ; and carried on the business himself, with Peter Scholfer (later his son- in-law) as manager. Gutenberg continued his work with inferior types. Giitersloh ince Miinster. it is the center of the "pumpernickel .. gion, and exports hams and sausages. Guthlac(goth'lak), Saint. Bom about 673: died at Crowland, April 11. 714. An English hermit .lie i-Tujini oi uen. XIV. 1. Liuuum Tf„ ,^.,i,K ^l.^ i ., ■ „ i , 7. comprised the whole countiy which stretched from the -°'5, PU'^'iS'lea a series ot school geographies, Euplirates on the west to Media on the east ; the land of " Earth and Man " (1849), etc. Nizi^r, with the niountain of Rowandiz, on which the ark Guy's Hospital. A London hospital situated of the Chaldean >oah was believed to have rested, being ;„ gt Thonias's strept sniitli nf fbo T1,q,>,,> . „„f included within it. Sayce, Anc. Empires, p. uo! f f ^-'^o™** » Street, soutli ot the Ihames, not far trom London Bridge. It was founded, -with [G. Gutnisch.^ other charities, by Thomas Guy, a bookseller of The Swedish dialect of the island of Gotland in London. 20' E. It comprises the northern districts of the gov- ernorship of Bombay, the Gaikwar's dominions, and other native states. it forms the group specifically called East Norse. Guts Muths (gots'mots), Johann Christoph „.,„esiues Fne_drich Born at Quedlinbiirg, Prussia Aug. Gugerat (in the Panjab). See Gujmt. 9, 1,,j9: died at Sehnepfenthal, near Gotha, Guzman(26th-man'l.PernaiidoPfire7, Germany, May 21, 1839. A German educator, teacher of gj-mnastics at Sehnepfenthal. He ivrote "Gymnastik f Ur die Jugend " (1793), " Handbuch der Geographic " (1810), "Tunibuch fUr die Sohne des Vater- landes " (1817), etc. Gutzkow(gots'k6),Karl. Born at Berlin, March 17,_1811: diedatFraiikfort-on-the-Main,I)ec. 16, 1878. A German dramatist and author. He studied theology and pliilosophy at Berlin. In 1831 ap- peared his first work, ■■Forum der Journal Litteratur." He was subsequently engaged in journalistic work in Stutt- gart, and afterward traveled abroad and lived for short periods in various places in Germany. In 1835 appeared ■' Wally, die Zweiflerin " (" Wally, the Skeptic "), which cost Guzman (got h-man ' ) , Fernando Perez de. Born in UO.") : died in 1470. A Spanish poet and chroni- cler. He sen'ed for a time .at the council-board and in the ilrmy of John II., king of t'astile. but eventually retired to private life and devoted himself to literature. His chief M-ork is '^Croiiicadel sefn -r don Juan Seguudodeste nombre, rey de Castilbi," etc. (1.=>I>»). Guzman, Gonzalo Nuno de. Bom at Portillo : died at Santiago de Cuba, Nov. 5, 1539. The second governor of Cuba. He was one of the con- querors of the island, regidor of Santiago, and after the death of Velasquez became governor, April 27, 1527. On account of his avarice and cruelty he was removed, Nov. 0, 1531, but again obtained the place and retained it until 153" hnn, on account of the religious views expressed, a three (JnymaTi Co-ntVi Tnari'l Tnaniiin 'Piifro/.in TJ^,.., months' imnrisonment at M.i.nhpinv Fi^nn, ls.iV t„ ia;;n y^UZmaiHgOtn-man ), JOaQUiniiUiraClO. Bom in_Costa Rica, 1801: died in Salvador about 1870. A Central American general and politi- cian. He served under Malespin, and was vice-president he lived at Dresden as a dramatist. In the mean time he had again been active as a journalist, and had written be- sides a number of critical works and essays. In 1852 he founded, in Dresden, a weekly journal. From 1S60 to 1864 he was secretary at Weimai- of the Schiller foundation. Loss of health compelled him to relinquish this position in the latteryear. Among his many novels are "Die Hit- ter vom Geist" (1850-52). " Der Zauberer von Rom " (1859- /-•„„„„.„ T „i„ IT : .°" j' 1861), "Hohenschwaiigau"(186SX etc. His principal dra- "UZman, JjUIS UennqUCZ de, mas .are "Zopf uud Schwert" ("Periwig and Sword, "1S43), '■ Das Urbild des Tartufle " (" The Prototype of Tartufe,' 1844), " I'riel Acosta " (1846), " Der Konigslieutenant ' ("The King's Lieutenant." 1849). of WeSia^Pnisl^^'TJn.f ^ ^l"''; Gutzlaff ("giits'laf), Karl. BornatP^Titz, Pom- .tL^'r*?"^!'!:!?!.'?.- '.'."'.''i,^,^.!, °^ ei'ania,Prussia,_ July 8,_ 1803: died at Hong- in his administration, but declared against him in Feb., 1845, and assumed the presidential office until the end of the term in 1S48. Subsequently he was a leader of the liberals in the Salvadorian Congress. See Henriquez (Ic Gii-miiii. Guzman, Nuno or Nunez Beltran de. Born at Guadalajara, Spain, about 1485 : died there, 1544. A Spanish lawyer and soldier. He was long encomendero at Puerto de Plata, Espaiiola. In 1626 he was appointed to settle and govern PAnuco, in northwestern Mexico; and by his encroachments on the territoiy of Cortes, and of Narvaez on the north, caused much trouble. In 1528 he was made president of the first audience of Mex- ico, virtually ruling the countrj- until 1531. He did aU he could to injure Cortes, and made himself odious by arbi- tniry acts and extortion. In 1530 he conquered the region on the Pacific coast long known as New Galicia. Guzman Guthrie (guth'ri). 'The capifaf oF Oklahoma e«''?^. Sp. (^«/rfo, G. andD. G»/<7«.] ■Diedli94. ^I^ienlirdlsg^ac "fan'S? fe "'''"'' ""^ ^"''■ Territory and of Logan County, situated about J^"?"! Jerusalem. He was descended from an ancient Guzman, Ruy Diaz de. Born in Paraguay. 1.544: 30milesnorthor..)kfahoma. Plpulation(1900). ^^^^i^^^l^y^^^^^^t^^^^^t^ ^Jt!}r^^-.:^,!ilt!^±li^?^F^f^E^ ry). king of Jerusalem. He succeeded to the throne in 1186 on the death of Baldwin V., the son of Sibylla and the Marquis of Montferrat. In 1187 he was conquered and im- prisoned by Saladin, by whom he was released on renoim- Kong, Aug. 9, 1851. ' A German missionary in China, and Sinologist. His chief works are " Cliina Opened " (1838), " Gesehichte des ehine- who for about 15 years lived with a few eompan- p^'f^"«"«^;T- -^ n.,, -,,-. . ions at Ci'owland. The church reared bv^thel- tJuy.or Gui (gi or ge), or Guido (gwe'do), of bald over his relics gi-ew into Crowland Abbey. i;"?lSn.f n(lu-zen-you )_. JML. ««(((o, F. G«j/, It. 10,006. Guthrie, James. Bom near Bardstown, Ky., Dec. 5, 1792: died at Louisville, Ky., March 13, 1869. An -\merican politician, secretary of the treasury 1853-57. Guthrie, Thomas. Bom at Brechin, July 12, 1803 : died at St. Leonard's, near Hastings, Eng- land, Feb. 24, 1873. A Scottish clergyman, orator, and philanthropist. He published" Pleas for Ragged Schools" (1847, 1849), " The Gospel in Ezekiel" (1855), "The City, its Sins and .Sorrows" (1857), etc. Guthrie, Thomas Anstey : pseudonj-m F. An- Stey. Born at Kensington in 18.56. An Eng- lish novelist. He wrote "Vice Versa" (1882), "The Giant's Robe" (1883), "The Tinted Venus" (1885), "The Fallen Idol " (1886), " The Pariah " (1889), etc. Guthrum (goth'rom), or Guthorm. Died 890. A Danish king of East Anglia. He conquered East Anglia in 878. He was defeated by Alfred at Ethandun (Edingt^in, Wiltshire) in the same year, but retained his cfonquest. Guti (go'te). See G-titiim. Gutierrez (go-te-ar'reth). Juan Maria. Bom at Buenos Ayres, 1809 : died there, Feb. 25, 1878. An Argentine author. During the dictatorship of Rosas he lived in exile in Chile, where he was director of a nautical school. Returning to Buenos Ayres in 1853, he became rector of the university. He published many works, mainly biographical or relating to Spanish-Ameri- The greater part of his life was spent in the province of Guayra, where he became military governor. His "His- toria Argentina" describes the conquest of the Platine States, and brings the history of the colony down to 1575. The work was first publisheil in 1836. ciiig his claim to the throne. This renunciation he subse- pV,'.^,^'^'^ ''RT,'r,.''/M.'l'r''''l^\'T.:,4.« • t> 192 transferred his claim to "lizman Blanco (Wan ko), Antonio. Bom at quently disregarded, and in 1192 .. the kingdom of Jerusalem to Richard I. of England in ex- change for Cyprus, in which he became the founder of a new Frankish kingdom. Guy of Warwick. A legendary hero of Eng- lish romance. The legends concerning him seem to have been first put in shape by an Anglo-Norman poet of the 12th century. In tlie 14th centm-y they were first con- sidered authentic histoiy by the chroniclers. Peter Lang- toft and Walter of Exeter wrote his history about 13C)S. Many poemsaswell asshort ballads havebeen written upon the subject. His most popuUar feat was the killini; uf the giant Colbrand, a Danish champion, with whuin Ije fought a duel to decide the w:ir between .\thelstan and the Danes who were besieging him at Winchester. He then returned to Warwick, where he had left his wife, the daughter of the Earl of Warwick, in right of whom he assumed the title. He resided near her castle as a hermit, and lived on her alms without making himself known to her; and she only discovered his identity when he sent her their wed- ding-ring, begging her to attend his death-bed. See War- wick. Guy (gi). Thomas. Born about 1645: died at London, Dec. 27, 1724. An English bookseller and philanthropist. He founded Guy's Hos- pital (London) in 1722, and endowed other charitable institutions. can literature. n,„„„„„ o /. - Gutierrez, Santos Joaquin. Born at Villa del S^y^-SP^-j;:^'^'',';^^"'"'' ,^ . , Gocui,_Boyaca, Oct. 24\l820: died at Bogotd, ^l^y.^.^J^A^i^E (?..St'^,„^';-'=°^?, A novel by Feb. 6, 1872. A New Granadan general and politician. He was one of the chiefs of the liberal party, and took a leading part in the revolutionary struggles from 1S51 to 1863- From 1868 to 1870 he was president of Co- lombia. Gutierrez de la Concha, Jos§. See CnyicJm. Gutierrez Vergara ( var-gii'rii), Ignacio. Bom in 1800: died Nov. 3, 1877. A Colombian poli- tician. He was a lawyer ; deputy to sever.al congresses ; governor of Cundinamarca ; and minister of the treasury 1857-61. In 1861. as a leader of the consen'atives, he as- sumed executive power and attempted to defend Bogot.^ Sir Walter Scott, published in 1815. Guyon(gi'on;F.pron.ge -on'), Madame (Jeanne Marie Boiivier de la Motte-Guyon). Born at Montargis, Loiret, April 13, 164s : died at Blois, June 9, 1717. A French mystic, one of the founders of quietism, she married Jacques de la Motte-Guyon at 16 years of age. In 1695 she was im- prisoned for her religious opinions, and later was banished to Blois. She wrote "Moyen court et trts facile pour I'oraison "(1688-90), " Les torrents spirituels " (1704), " Poe- sies spiritnelles " (1689X autobiography (1720), translation of the Bible (1713-16\ etc against the revolutionist Mosquera, but was defeated and ""Uyoil ( gi on ), Sir. 1 he personification of tem- fora time banished. peranee in" Spenser's "Faerie Queene," bk. ii. Caracas, Feb. 29, 1828: died at Paris, July 29, 1899. A Venezuelan soldier and statesman! He was prominent in the federalist revolts 18o9-63, and mi the triumph of Ills party became first vice-president under Fal- con inls63. The latter wasdeposed byarevolution inI868. Guzman Blanco headed a successful counter-revulutioii in 1870, and {Falcon having died) became president. By suc- cessive reelections he retained the office until 1882, and iiis influence was strong under subsequent administrations until 18S8. Guzman de Alfarache. A romance by Mateo Aleman. named from its hero. It is "nearly of the same age as 'Don Quixote,' and of great genius, though it can hardly be ranked as a novel or a work of imagination. It is a series of strange, unconnected adventures, rather drily told, but accompaTued by the most severe and sar- castic conimentarj-. The satire, the wit, the eloquence and reasoning, are of the most potent kind : but they are di- dactic rather than dramatic. They would suit a homily or a pasquinade as well [as] or better than a romance. Still there are in this extraordinary book occasional sketches of character and humorous descriptions to which it would be difficult to produce anything superior." Hazlitt. As it has reached us, it is divided into two parts, the first of which was published at Madrid in 1599. Its hero, who supposed himself to be the son of a decayed and not very reputable Genoese merchant established at Seville, escapes, as a boy, from his mother, after his father's ruin and death, and plunges into the world upon adventure. He soon finds himself at Madrid, though not till he has passed through the hands of justice; and in that capital undergoes all sorts of suffering, serving as a scullion to a cook, and as a ragged errand-boy to whomsoever would employ him ; until, seizing a good opportunity, he steals a large sum of money that had been intrusted to him, and escapes to Toledo, where he sets up for a gentleman. But there he becomes, in his turn, the victim of a cunning like his own ; and, finding his money nearly gone, enlists for the Italian wars. His star is now on the wane. At Bar- celona he again turns sharper and thief. At Genoa and Rome he sinks to the lowest condition of a street beggar. But ^cardinal picks him up in the last city and makes him his page : a place in which, but for his bold frauds and tricks, he might long have thriven, and which at last he leaves in great distress, from losses at play, and enters the service of the French ambassador. Here the First Part i Guzman de Alfarache ends. . . : In leos the genuine Second Part appeared. It begins with the life of tJuzman in the liouse of tlie French ambassador at Rome, where he serves in some of the most dishonorable employments to which the great of that pe- riod degraded their mercenary dependents. Ticknar, Spaa. Lit., III. U9. Gwalior (gwa'le-6r). 1. A protected state of India, of irregular outline, lying between the Northwest Provinces on the northeast and the states of Rajputaua on the west. It is ruled by the Sindhia dynasty : their forcea were defeated in 1803 and 1S43. Area, 29,000 square miles. Population (1S91), 3,3(.;6,49«. 2. The capital of the state of Gwalior, situated in lat. 26° 13' N., long. TS° 10' E. it is the seat of Jaui and early Hindu antiquities, and is noted for its for- tress. Population (1891), 101,083. Owamba (gwam'ba). A Bantu tribe occupying the vast tract between Zululand and the Sabi River, mostly in Portuguese East Africa, but also represented in Transvaal, scattered tribes are found as far north as Lake Nyassa, where they are called Batonga, which is the nickname given them by tlie Zulus. They call themselves Magwamba, and their language Shi- gwamba. This language differs more from Chuana and Suto than from Zulu. The Boers call them Knobnoses be- cause of their custom, now abandoned, of producing a string of fleshy knobs down their noses. A Swiss mission has been very successful in teaching these natives. Gwendolen Harleth. See Harleth. Gwilt (gwilt), Joseph. Bom at Southwark, London, Jan. 11, 1784: died at Henley-on- Thames, Sept. 14, 1863. An English architect and archieologist. He published an " Encyclo- pftidia of Architecture" (1842), etc. Gwyn.or Gwinn (gwin), Nell or Eleanor. Born at Hereford (?), Feb. 2, 1650 : died Nov. 13, 1687. An English aotress,mistress of Charles H. There is little information as to her early life. Her first known appearance on the stage was in lOB.'J. She was a great favorite with the public, as she was g.ayand spright- ly and played piquant, bustling parts. Her dancing was much admired. After various adventures with other lovers besides the king, she left the stage in 1682. The king re- tained his affection for her till his death. She had two childreji by him: Charles Beauclerk (1670) (afterward Duke of St. Albans), and a second son, James (1671). Large sums of money, and Bestwood Park (Nottingham), Burford House (Windsor), and other gifts, were bestowed on her. For tragedy she [Nell Gwyn] was unfitted : her stature was low, though her figure was graceful ; and it was not till she assumed comic characters, stamped the smiUlest foot in England on the boards, and laughed with that pecu- liar laugh that in the excess of it her eyes almost disap- peared, that she fairly carried away the town, and enslaved the hearts of city and of court. She spoke prologues and 471 epilogues with wonderful effect, danced to perfection, and in her peculiar but not extensive line was, perhaps, un- eciualled for the natural feeling which she put into the parts most suited to her. She was bo fierce of repartee that no one ventured to allude sneeringly to her antece- dents. She was coaree, to.i, when the humour took her ; could curse pretty strongly, if the house was not full ; and was given, in connnon with the other ladies of the com- pany, to loll about and talk loudly in the public boxes, when she was not engaged on the stage. Doran, Eng. Stage, I. 62. Gya. See Gaija. Gyaman (gva-miiu'). A Nigritic tribe of the Gold Coast," West Africa, situated north of Ku- massi, and speaking a language of its own. Gye (gi), Frederick. Born at London, 1809: died at Ditehley, Dec. 4, 1S78. An English manager of opera. He undertook the management of Covent Gar. den in 1869, and retained it till 1877, when his son Ernest Gye assumed control. See Albani. Gyergy<>Szent-Mikl6s (dyer'dyo sent m^k'- losh). A town in the county of Csik, Transyl- vania, situated in lat. 46° 42' N., long. 25°33' E. Population (1890),. 6, 104. Gyula River.] A tribe of North American Indians on upper Skeena River, British Columbia. See yasqd. Gyninopaediae (jim-no-pe'di-e). [Or. yvfuovai- i)ia(.] Sfi' the extract. The feast of the Oymnopsedia;, or naked youths, was one of the most import;int at .Sparta (Pnusan. III. xi. § 7). It lasted several dajs, porliai)s ten. It was less a religious festival than a great spectacle, wherein the grace and strength of the Spiu-tan youth were exhibited to their ad- miring countrymen and to foreigners. The chief ceremo- nies were choral dances, in which wrestling and other gymnastic exercises were closely imitated, and which served to shew tlie adroitness, activity, and bodily strength of the performers. These were chiefly Spartan youths, who danced naked in the forum, round the statues of Apollo, Diana, and Latona. Songs in celebration of the noble deeds performed by the youths, as the exploits of Thyrea and Thermopylae, formed a portion of the pro- ceedings at the festival. Rawlinmn^ Herod., III. 451, note. Gjnnnosopllists (.iim-nos'o-fists). A sectof an- cient Hindu philosophers who lived solitarily in the woods, wore little clothing, ate no flesh, renounced all bodily pleasures, and addicted Gyges (gi'jez). King of Lydia, a contemporary tliemselves to mystical contemplation: so called of the AssjTian king Asurbanipal (fab8-t>-() ,j^. greek writers. By some they are regarded as B. C), and a founder of a new dynasty. Pressed Brahman penitents; others include among the'm a set of by the Cimmerians, he invoked the help of Asurbanipal, Buddhist ascetics, the Shamans. and submitted to his supremacy. Afterward he allied hmi- (Jyoma, (dyo'mo). A town in the countv of B^k^S, self with Psammetichus, king of Egypt, aganist Assyria, TS,,„„,,_..-^„:t,,„f „,i on the Koriis in lat 46° .57' and seems to have fallen in one of the repeated attacks of ' } ui gdr> , "tuatetl on tUe lvrote " Bildern aus dem Soldatenleben im rrieden"(1841),"Wachtstubenabenteuer"(1845),"Handel und Wander'(1850), etc. Hackney (hak'ui). A municipal and parlia- luentarv borough of London, 3 miles uorthea^t of St. Paul's, formerly a fashionable center. It returns 3 members to Parliament. Popula- tion (1891), 229,531. Hackum (h.ak'um). Captain. A bully in Shad- well's " Squire of Alsatia." Haco. See Hakon. Hadad (ha'dad). A Syrian deity. The name is applied in the Bible to several persons. See Ben-hadad. Hadad occupied a higher position than Saul. He was, as 1 have said, tlie supreme Baal or Sun-god, whose wor- ship extended southward from Cai'chemish to Edom and Palestine. At Damascus he was adored under the Assjt- ian name of Rimmon, and Zechaii,ahi.iii "I tlie re-ici.le tictti-. Hadley, Arthur Twining. BoniatNewUaven, ( oim.. April 2;i, 1S.36. Au ^Vmeriean educator, liie son of James Hadley. He was sraduatcd at Vile University in 1870; was professor «•« politiLal science tlierel88li-l)9 and "as eiccteil president of tlie university May, 18M. He has written " Railroad Transportation : its uistliry and its Laws" (1885). etc. Sadley, James. Bom at Fairfield, Herkimer Ccmnty, N. Y.. March 30, 1821 : died at New Ha- vcu Conn., Nov. 14, 1872. Au American scholar, professor of Greek in Yale College 18ol-72. Be oiiblisheda-Greek Grammar- (1861). An "Introduction fo Roman Law ■ (1873), a volume of " Ess.ays; (ls73), and a "Bitef History of the English Language' (1879), were pub- lished after his death. J. J t:. 1, Hadley, John, Born April 15, 1()82 : died Feb. 14 1743. A noted English mathematician and mechanician. He improved the reflecting telescope, and in 1730 invented the reflecting quadrant. His claim to the latter invention has been disputed, Thomas Godfrey, of Philadelphia, having proposed a simUar apparatus m the same year .... ti. Hadramaut (ha-drii-mat' ). A region in south- ern Arabia, of undefined boundaries, extending along the Indian Ocean between Dahna on the Dorth, Mahra on the east, and Yemen on the west: recently explored by Bent. Hadrian (Popes). See Adrian. Hadrian (ha'dri-an), sometimes Adrian (i'UD- Uus .ffiliUS Hadrianus). Born at Rome Jan. "4 76 a. d. : died at Baia?, Italy, July 10. 1J8. Koman emperor 117-138, nephew of Trajan whom he succeeded. Renouncing the policy of con guest, he abandoned the new provinces of Armenia. Mcso notamia, and Assyria, and established the Euphrates as the eastern boundary of the empire. In 119 he began a pro- gress through the provinces, in the course of which he began the construction of the wall that bears his nanie a-ainst the Picts and the Scots in Britain, and from which he returned about 131. He promulgated the " Edictiim Perpetuum," a collection of the edicts of the pretors by Sal- vias JuliaiiuB, ill 132. In 132 a revolt wasoccasioned among the Jews by the planting of the Roman colony of -i-lia Capitoliiia on the site of Jerusalem, which was suppressed Hadrian, Arch of. See Arch of Hadrian. Hadrianople. See AdrianopU. Hadrian's Mole, ^ee Angelo, Castle of Sanl . Hadrian's Villa. ^Vn assemblage of ancient ruins, near Tivoli, perhaps the most impressive in Italy. It included the Greek and Latin theaters, so called, an ndeuni, th.-rma;, a stadium, a palace several tcm- nles, spacious structures for guards and attendants and many sub.iidiary buildings and devices. Of most of these there are exU-nsive remains ; and here were found many ol the fine statues now in Roman museums , ,, Hadrian's Wall. A wall of defense for the Ro- man province of Britain, constructed by Ha- drian between the Solway Firth and the mouth of the Tvne. The work has been a.scribi d to Scvcrus and others," " but after ii long debate the opinion noiv pre- vails that the whole system of defence bears the iiiipr. ss of a single miml, and that the Nvall and its parallel eai th- works, its camps, r..ads, and stations, were designed and constructed bv Hadrian alon/." FMi'ii. Hadmmetum (had-ro-me'tum), or Adrume- tum (ad-ro-ni6'tum). In ancient geography, a Phenieiaii (later a Roman) colony, generally identified with the modern Susa,Tmiis, situated on the Gulf of Haiuniainet 70 miles south by east of Tunis. „ . . t -n * Haeckel (hok'el), Ernst Hemrich. Born at Potsdam, Prussia, Feb. IG, 1834. A distin- Kuished German naturalist, one of the leading advocates of the biological theory of evoliitioii. He was appointe.l professor at Jena in 18i;.2. His worKs Include "llie Radiularicn" (1862), "(ienerelle Mo.pho. logic der Organiauien " (1H0«), " Natiirliche Scllopfungs- Rc^schicbte ■■ r Natural History of Creation," 18(i8), "( tier die Entstehnng und den Stammbauin ( es Menschengc schlechts" ("On the Drlgiu and Oe""''""/ '■' ni, K .I'k' man Race," 1870), "Anlhropogenie (18,4) ^le kalk- Bchwammo" ("Calcareous S|.onges, 1872), ■'Oaatriea 1 he- crie" (1871), " Plankton-Sludieu " (I81)ii), etc. Haeltzuk (hil'el-tziik). 1. A division of thi. Wakashan stock of North American Indians, comprising 23 tribes. Itshahitat is the northern part of Vancouver Island, adjoining the Aht (Wakashan) .uid Salishan territories, and the western coa.« of British Co- lumbia. The principal tribes of this ;IIv1h1"m arc the Haelt^lk proper, Wikeno, Kwakintl. and Naw, 1. 1 here arel8il8on the Kwawkcwlth agency, liritisli ( olumbns and over l.nno not under ageiiti. See Wakmhan. 2 A collective nameforaboily of North Ameri- can Indians (also calleil IMMIa, or Millhaid- Sound /iirfiVn/.s) which includes the Haeltzuk proper and the Wikeno. Their habitat is Mill- bank Sound and Rivers Inlet, British Columbia. Haemus (he'mus). The Latin uaiuo of the Bal- kans t^wliich see). 473 Haenke. See Hiinkc. , „ .«■ i Haff. See Frisclies Haff, Kurisches Haff, and SUttincr Buff. _, , ,. _, Hafiz (Pers. proii. ha-fiz'), Shams ed-din Mu- hammad. [Arabic hdfi:. he who knows by heart, i. e. the Koran and the tradilious.J liorii at Shiraz in the beginning of the 14th century: died between 1388 aud 1394. An eminent 1 er- sian divine, philosopher, and grammarian, and one of the greatest poets of all time. He was not only appointed teacher in the royal family, but a special college wa,s founded for him. He singsof wiM love, llight- ingales, and flowers, and sometimes of Allah and tlie Prophet and the instaliility of life. His tomb, about 2 miles northeast of Sbiraz. is sumptuously adorned, and is still the resort of pilgrims. Hafnia (haf'ni-ii). The Latin name of Copen- liagen. , . „ Hagar (ha 'gar). An Egyptian concubine of Abraham, mother of Ishmael. ^ Hagarenes ( hag'a-renz ) , or Hagrites (hag nts) . A nomadic people of Old Testament times, oc- (■up\ing a region east of the Jordan. Hagedorn (bii'ge-dorn), Friedrich von. Bom at Hamburg, April 23. 170S; died at Hamburg, Oct 28, 1754. A German IjTic, didactic, and satirical poet. The best edition of his poems was published in 1800. . Haeen (hit'gen). A town in the province ot Westphalia, Prussia, situated at the .luuctiou of the Eiinepe with the Volme, 32 miles east- northeast of Dusseldorf . It manufactures iron anil textile fabrics. Population (1890), 3y,4L8. Hagen, Ernst August. Born at Komgsberg, I'riissia, April 12, 1797: died at Komgsberg, Fob. 15, 1880. A German writer on art, author of "Norica" (1827), "Leonardo da Vinci in Mailand" (1840). etc. Hagen. Friedrich Heinrich von der. Born at iScTimiedeberg, Brandenburg, Prussia, !• eb. 19, 1780 : died at Berlin, June 11. 1856. A Gerimtn scholar, especially noted for researches in Old German poetry. He became prof essor at Berlin when the university was founded, was called to Breslau, and re- turned to Berlin in 1821. He edited the " .Nibelungen- li d " (1810-20), " Minnesinger" (1838), etc. Hagen, Hermann August. Born at Konigs- berg,Prussia, May 30, 1817: died at Cambridge, Mass., Nov. 9, 189;i. \ ( ierman-American ento- mologist, curator of entomology at the Cam- bridge Museum of Comparative Zoology (from about 1873). He is best known for his works on the Kciiroplcra and Pseudoneuroptera. Hagen, Theodore. Bom at Dusseldorf, May 24 1842. A German landscape-painter, pro- fessor(1871) and director (1877) of the art school at Weimar. . Hagenau (hii'ge-nou), F. Haguenau (ag-no ). A town in the district of L.iwer Alsace, Alsace- Lorraine, on the Moder 17 miles north of St ras- burg. It was once a fortified free imperial city, and was a fa?orile residence of the Hohenst.anfens. Population (I8.K1X commune, 14,752. Hagenbach(hii'gen-biich), Karl Rudolf. Bom at Basel, Switzerland, March 4, 1801: died at Basel, June 7. 1874. A German-Swiss church historianand Protestant theologian, aiuoderate advocate of the •■nieaiatioii tlieologv.'' ,vmong his works are " Encyclopadie und Methodologic der thcolo- ghcheii Wlssenschaftcn " (1833), " Lehi biich der liogincn- geschichte '• (18-10), " Kirchcngeschichte (1808 i2). Hagerstown (ha'gerz-tmm). The capilal of Washiiiglou Couiilv, Maryland, situated oil. \ii- lielniu Creek 03 miles west-northwest of Balti- more It has some manufactures. Population M90()), i:),.'i91. „, Haggai(hag'i). Pro,,lMsied.520B.c. The tenth ill order of the minor pro|du-ts of Israel. His I.rolihecv consists ot 2 ch.ipters, ami the burden of It is an aiipeal to his countryineu to prosecute the work ol re- Hktgard Sard). Henry Rider. Bom in NoiMolk. Eiiglal.d. June 22, 18;,(;. An English novelist and barrister. He wius in the colonial service in the Transvmrl 1875-79, ami published in !«',-"'•';■'.>•"';';" „i, s White Neighbors." Among his novels aie King s,d..inon-» Mines," ".She," •'Allan yjmtermaln, Cleo- natni anil "Montezuma's Daughter. HagiOgrapha (hfi-,ii-og'ra-lii). [Gr. ay,6ypa^, saeniT writings: Heb. A, /"//>»', writings.] The Oreek name of the last of I lie 3 Jewish divisions of the Old Tcstnment. They lu-e variously reckoned, but usualU miirise the Psidins, Pnivefbii, Job, I unth-les, lUltl, Lainentations, !.-.ccle»la»tc8, Esther, Daniel, Eixa, Nohciniah, and CiironlcleB. Haiduks vice of the synagogue, and for this purpose were writteo each in a separate volume. „, . .,^ , . ^ ^^ „ m, ir. R. Smith, U. T. U) the Jewish Ch., p. 131. Hagrites. See Ilaijarenes. Hague, La. See Hoijne^ Jm Hague (hag). The, D. Den Haag (den hao), or 's Graven Hage ('s orii'ten hii'oe). [I-, la Uai/e, G. IJir //<(»(/, ilL. Haga Comitis. repr. D. 'Jhii IJiiui/, the Haw, or 's Graven tluijt, the Count's Haw, that is, garden, it being orig. a lodge or dwelling of the coimts of Holland.] The capital of the Netherlands and of the jirov- ince of South Holland, situated ? miles from the North Sea. in hit. 52° 4' N., long. 4° 18' E. The chief attractions are the Biunenhof (building used for States-General, etc.l, the llauritshuis with the picture-gallery, Groote Kerk, town hall, municipal mu- seum Steengracht picture-gallery and some other collec- tions, royal library, and park. The town, originally a hunting-lodge (hedge) of the Counts of Holland, was an important diplomatic center in the 17th and Isth cen- turies It was the scene of a concert between the em- pire Prussia, Russia, and the maritime powers in 1710. in order to secure the neutrality of northern Germany; the Triple \lliancc (between France, England, and the Nether- lands) was concluded here Jan. 4, 1717 ; and the peace be- tween Spain, Savoy, and Austria was signed here Feb. li, 1717. Population (1000). 212.211. Hague Conference. Se,- I'eai-e Conprf,,,-,. Hahn (hiin), August. Born at Grossosterhausen, near Eislebeu, Prussia. March 27, 1792: died at Breslau, Prussia, May 13, 1863. A German Prot- estant theologian, professor and preacher suc- cessively at Koiiigsberg, Leipsic, and Breslau. Ho wrote "Lehrbuch des christlichen Glau- bens" (1828), etc. Hahn, Madame (Helena Andrejevna Fade- ieff). Born 1814: died at St. Petersburg. June 24, 1842. A Russian novelist, wife of an officer of artillery. Among her novels are " Jelaleddin," "rt- lialla," "Theophania," and "Abbiaggio," her best work. She wrote originally under the pseudonym 'Zeueida R wa" The third section of the Hebrew B blc consist" of what are called the llagi..grapha or"Keti b in," that lsr»acr,.,l| writings. At the head ..f these stand three |i.|etlcal books, - Psalms, Proverbs, and J..b. Then come I he live smal hooks of Canticles. Itutb, Lamentations, ■.ccesla.stes, and Esther, which the Hebrews name the Mcgilloth.oi ndls They have this name because they alone ainolig the Haul ograplm were used on certain annual occaslous in the ser- Hahn, Johann Georg von. Born at Frank- fort-on-thi-Main, July 11, 1811: died at Jena, Germany, Sept. 23, 1809. An Austrian traveler, consul at Janiua 1847, and in Syria 1851. He wrote "Albaucsische Studien" (1854), "Keise von Belgrad nach Salonik" (18C1), etc. Hahnel (ha'nel), Ernst Julius. Born at Dres- .h-ii. March 9, 1811: died at Dresden, May 22, 1,S91. A German sculptor. Among his works are sculptures for the theater and other build- ings in Dresden. n • j ■ v lIahnemann(lui'ne-in!in),Christian Friedrich Samuel. Born at Meissen, Sa.xoiiy, April 10, 17.")5: died at Paris, July 2. 1843. A German physician, founder of homeopathy. He took the deg"ree of M. D. at Erlangen in 17:», and practised for some years at Dresden and viu-ious other places. About 179C. he announced a new system of medicine, which no subseiincntly developed in the work "lirganon der ra- tionelleii Heilkunde" (IslO). Hahn-Hahn (hiin'hiln). Countess Ida Marie Luise Sophie Friederike Gustave von. Born at Tressow. Meckleiibiirg-Scliwenu. (.ermaiiv, June 22, 18(l,>: died at Mainz. Cerniaiiy, Jan. 12, 1880 A German author, she was the daughter of Count Karl Friedrich von Hahn. In 1S2B she mariied her cousin Count Friedrich Wilbelm Adolf von Hahn. hut so.iM separat.il from him. Ill 1860 she became a Roman I'atholie.and in 1S.V2 entered as novice a convent at Angers. I aler sli'e founded a convent, and devoted herself there to i!,.ud works She published viu-ious volumes of poems, and t he r..niances " Aus dor GesellschaJt " (1S3S). "GraBn l aus- tine"(1841), etc. Haida (hi'dii). A division of the Skiftapetan stock of North American Indians, who still oc- cupy the (.jueeii Charlotte Islands, British Amer- ica. They are (ainoiis for their carved w.irk and baskets. Slavery was hcrediliuy. the slaves being canturcd from other tribes. They still have 13 villages. Their present innii\«-r is from l,7bo to 2,000. See Skilta'jctan. Haidarabad. Si^e ihjdrriihad. Haidinger diiMing-er), Wilhelm von. Born at Vienna, Kcb. 5, 179:"i: died at Dornbach.iiear Vienna. March 19, 1871. An Austrian niiiieriil- (M'ist and geologist. In lS'23-'27 he resided In Edin- burgh anil after 1S40 at Vienna, where be was director oJ the Imperial Geological Institute 18r,>-(W. He was the author of "Handl.uch der bestimmenden Mlneralogle (1815), "GeoKnostiaebe (Ibersichlskartc der bsterrelch- Ischen Monarchic " (1M7). etc. flaidee (hi-do'). A Greek girl in BjTon's "Don Haidiiks, or Hayduks (hi'diiks) [Hung. , ' dro- vci"; '1 \ class of mercenary foot-soldiers in lliingarv, of Magvnr stock, di.sfinguished for llieir L'allaiitrv in the licl'l. For their tbMlty tolho Protestant caiisellocskay. tlie leader In an Insurrecllon In Hnngaiv. rewarded th.iii In IlW. with the nriyilegcs <.t noliilitv', and with a terrltoriil possession called the Hal- dnk district, wliirli was enlaiitcd as Ualdilk county iu 1870 The Hungarian light infantry were called Uaidiikt In tile 18lh ceiilniy. from a reghaent constituted for ■ time by these people. Haifa 474 Haifa (hi'fii). A town in Svria, Asiatic Turkey, Hajdu-B6s26rm6ny (hoi'do-be'ser-many). A situated on the Bay of Aci-e in lat. 32= 4S' N., town in the Haiduk county. Hungary. 12 miles long. 35° I'E.: the ancient Sycamiuuni. Popu- northwest of Debreezin. Population (1890), lation (estimated). 5,000. J^'.-^^'v. „ -.■.- ^-, - ^ . * • *., Hail Columbia. A patriotic American song, Hajdu-Dorog (hoi do-do rog). A town m the written by Joseph Hopkinson in 179S for the Haiduk county, Hungary. 22 miles north by benefit of "an actor. The tune was then caUed " The west of Debreezin. Population (1890). 8,720. Presidents March." Under the political excitement of HajdU-Naild.S (hoi'do-na'nash). A town in the time the song became very popular, and, though pos- f)^^ Haiduk countv, HungaiT, 23 miles north- sessing little poetical merit, is still kept in vogue by the ^g^thwest of Debreczin. Population (1890), force of patriotic sentiment, Hailes, Lord. See Dalrymple, Sir David. Haimonskinder (hi'mons-kin-der). Apc_ German romance, borrowed from the French " Les quatre tilz Aymon." It appeared in 1535. Hainan (hi-nan'). "An island belonging to the prorinee of Kwangtung, China, situated be- Haji Khalfa (haj'e khal'fa), also called Katib tween the China Sea ou'the east, and the Gulf Tchelebi (originally Mustapba ben Abdal- sMn'-der) "Apopular Hajdu^Szoboszlo (hoi'd6-s6'b6s-16) s-wn-aer;. Apopuiar .^ ^^^ Haiduk county, Hnno-arv. southwest of Debreczin 14.728. A town Hungary. 13 miles Population (1890). of Tongking on the west, about lat. 18°-20° X., long. 108^30'-111°E. Capital, Kiung-chow-fn. The surface is generally mountainous. The inhabitants are Chinese, and partlv independent Li. Area, estimated, 12,000-14,000 square niiles. Population, estimated, about 2,otio.i:ioo. Hainan, officially Haynau (hi'nou). A town in the province of Silesia, Prussia, situated on the Swift Deichsel 49 miles west by north of Breslau. Here, May 26, 1818, the Prussians de- feated the French." Poprdation (1890), com- mune, 8.115 lab). Died at Constantinople in 1658. ATiii-k- ish historian and bibliographer. He was a native of Constantinople ; spent some years in military senice ; studied under Cadhizadeh Etiendi and Sheik A'raj Mus- tafazadah ; and was appointed khalifa (assessor) to the principal of the Imperial College at Constantinople about lt>iS. He wrote in Arabic a chronological work entitled "Takwimu 'ttawarikh.'and a bibliographical lexicon en- titled "Kasfu zzuniin 'an AsAmt 1 Kutub wa 1 fumin," which contains notices of 18,550 Arabic, Persian, and Turk- ish books, with memoirs of the authors (edited with Latin translation by FlUgel as •*Lexicon bibliographictun et en- cyclopaedicum," lS35-oS). Hainaut, or Hainault (ha-no'), Flem. Hene- Hajipur (haj-e-por ). A town in the Muzaffar- gouwen (heu'e-i^o-ven). [F. Hainaut. formerly pur lUstrict, Bengal. British India, situated on Mainault, G. Hennegau, ML. Hannonia, Hagi- the Gandak, near its junction with the Ganges, noia, or ComiUitus Eeiiegarensis, Flem. Hene- about o miles north-northeast of Patna. Pop- SOHiren.- named from the river ^((((M-.] A prov- ulation. about 2o. 000. the southwest. Capital. Mons. It was a medieval countship, which was joined through marriage to Holland in 12^^. In 1433 it was united to the dominions of Philip the Good of Burgundy, subsequently became a pos- session of Spain. Part of it was ceded to France in l(>o9. and part in 167*. The remainder passed to Aus- tria in 1713-14 and shared the fortunes of the Bel- gian Netherlands, Area, 1,437 square miles. Population (1593), 1,072,1112. Hainb'arg(hin'borG),orHaimburg(him'b6rG). A town in Lower Austria, Austria-Hungary, situated on the Danube 26 miles east by south of Vienna, near the site of the ancient Carnun- tum. There is a ruined castle in the vicinity. Population (1890). 5.075. Hainicben (hi'nich-en). A town in the district of Leipsic, Saxony, on the Little Striegis 28 miles west-southwest of Dresden, it is the center of the German flannel manufacture. Population (1890), 8,260. Hair of Berenice. See Coma Berenices. Haiti, 'IV Hayti (ha'ti; F. pron. a-e-te'), Sp. Santo Domingo (san'to do-meng'go), and for- Hakim (hii'kem). orHakem (ha'kem). Bom 985: died about 1021. AFatimite calif inEgypt, 996 to about 1021, regarded as the founder of the Druses. Hakluyt (hak'lot), Bicbard. Bom about 1552 : died at London, Nov. 23, 1616. An English ge- ogl'apher. He studied at Oxford, took holy orders, and was attached to the suite of the English ambassador in France 15S3-S6. In 1603 he was made archdeacon of West- minster. While in France he published an annotated edi- tion of Martyr's "De orbe novo," and an account of Lau- donniere's expedition to Florida. His great collection of travels, "The Principall Navigations, Voiages, and Discov- eries of the English Nation," first appeared in 1589, and was republished in a gi-eatly enlarged form, in 3 vols., 1598 to ItiOO. There are modem editions. Hakluyt Society. [Named in honor of Richard Hakluyt.] A society established in London, in 1816, with the object of printing annotated Eng- lish editions of rare works on early geography, travels, and history. It has published a large and valuable series of books. merlv Bspanola (es-pan-yo'la). Latinized as Hakodate (ha-ko-dii'ta), or Hakodadi (ha-ko- Hispaniola (his-pan-i-o'la). An island of the '•'^- • ^^__ ^t _ .- , _ j „ii-__. Greatei Antilles, and next to Cuba the largest of the West Indian islands. It is separated from Cuba on the west by the Windward Passage, and from Porto Rico on the east by the Mona Passage, and is traversed from east to west by 3 mountain-ranges. It contains min- eral and especially vegetable wealth. It is divided po- liticaUv into the republics of Haiti and Santo Domingo. It was discovered by Columbus in 1492, and in 1493 he es- tablished on it the first Spanish colony in the New Worid. Subsequently it was neglected, and became the prey of freeb"J*, anilof " Godey's Lady's Bi»k"(l'hiladelphia) in 1S37. She wrutL- "Woman's Record" (1863), vtc. Haleb. See JJrppo. Hales, Alexander of. See AkiaMler of Hahx. Hales (halz), John, sumamed " The Ever-llcin- (uable." Born at Bath, En>;la7id, April 19, 1.').S4 : died at Eton, England, May 19, Ki.iG. An Eng- lish scholar and Arminian divine. He was edu- cated at Oxford, and became a fellow of Merton CuUcKc. He attended the Synod of Dort in inis. anil in l«!9 tiecanie oanon of Windsor. His most notable work is " Golden Re- mains " (18.W). Hales, Stephen. Born at Bekesbourne, Kent, Sept. 7, 16(7: died at Teddingt on, near London, Jan. 4, 1761. An English physiologist and in- ventor. He was curate of Teddinpton, Middlesex, from 1708 until his death. His chief worli is "Vegetable Stat- icks " (1727). Hal6yy (ii-!a-ve'), Jacques Francois Fromen- tal Elie. Born at Paris, May 27, 1799: died at Nice, March 17, 1862. A French composer, of Hebrew descent. He entered the Conservatoire in 1809, and studied with Berton and Cherubini. In 181!) he took the grand prix with his "Ilerminie," In 1827 he was professor of haiTOony at the Conservatoire, in 1833 pro- fessor of counterpoint and fugue, and in 1840 professor of composition. He wrote "Lemons de lecture musicale " (1857), "Souvenirs et portraits, etc." (1801)., Among his numerous operas are " La Juive "(1836), "L'Eclair" (1835), "LeJuif errant "(1862). Hal6'7y, Joseph. Born at Adrianople, Turkey, Dec. 15, 1827. A French Orientalist and trav- eler in Arabia and Abyssinia, noted as an As- syriologist. His works include " Rapport sur une mis- sion arch^ologique dans le Y^men " (1872), " Skdanges d'epigraphie et d'arch^ologie s^niitiques" (1874X " Re- cherches antiques sur I'origine de la civilisation baby- loiiienne"(1876), "Documents religieux de I'Assyrie et de la Babylonie,.etc." (1883), etc. He founded the "Revue S^mitique d'Epigraphie et d'Histoire Ancieime. '* Hal6vy, L6on. Born at Paris, Jan. 14, 1802 : died at St.-Geiinain-en-Laye, France, Sept. .3, 1883. A French poet and man of letters, brother of J. F. F. E. Hal^vy. He published theatrical pieces, translations, historical works, etc. Hal^vy, LudO'Vic. Bom at Paris, Jan. 1, 1834. A French dramatist and author, son of Li'-on Haldvy. His works include librettos for the operas bouffes""La belle Helfene" (lst!4), "Barbe Ideue" (1806), "La grande duchease de Giirolstein " (1867), "La P^ri- chole " (1S*)8), and for the operas comiquea "Cannen " from Merim(5e (1876). " Le petit due " (1878), " La petite made- moiselle" (1879), and the comedies " I'rou-frou " (1809), " Le reveillon" (1872), "La boulc" (1875), "hi cigalc" (1877), "La petite mfcre" (1880), " Larouss()tte"(1881), All these were written in collaboration with Meilhac. .\niong his novels and romances, writttrn alone, are " I'n scandale " (I860), " L'Abl)(; Conatantin "(188l'), " Deux mariages, etc." (1885), " Mon camarade Moussard, etc." (18S6), and stories In " Karikari " (1892). Half Dome (hiit dom), or South Dome (south dom). An inaccessible mountain near the east- ern end of the Yosemite valley, < 'alifornia, 4,735 feet iibove the valley, and abo'ut K.SIJO feet above seji-lcvel. Half Moon. The vessel in which Henry Hud- son saili'd from Holland l'cini at Witnl- siir. Nova Scotia, Dec, 179l>: died at Isli'wortli, near London, Aug. 27, IWio. A British-.Anieri- can humorist. He practlacd law at Annapidls Royal, and became chief justice of tlieCi.urt of t'ominon I'leaaof .Nciva Soiitia In 1828, and, on the abolition of tills c t In 1810, jmlge of the .Supreme Court. He ri-slgticd and went to Ungland in 18,ie, II(^ wrote "The cloi'kmiikcr, or ,Say- lugs and Doings of .'lamnel Slick of ,sllckville " (IH.17 : 2d series 1838, :!d scries 1840), liislorlea of .N'ova Scotia, " The Attacht^, or Sam slick In f.nglaiid " (lK4:t), "The Bubblen of Canada " (ls.'tll), "I'lio Old .lutlge, or Life in a Colony '" (184:t), etc. HalicarnaS8U3(hal'i-kiir-ims'iiH). [(>r. 'iVmaf}- viwn/ir.'] In ancient geography, a city of ('aria, Asia, situated on the Cerninic (iiilf, on the mainland and the island of Zejihyria. in lat. 37° 2' N., long. 27° 25' E. It wa» founded by Ilorlans, and was taken and nearly dcHtrnycd liy the Macedonians about 3:U it. c. It Is celebrated for tile Mallftoleum. the tomb of Mansotus, In antiquity one of the seven wonders of the world. It was built in 352 H. c, with the coojieration 475 of Scopas and the most celebrated of contemporary sculp- tors. It consisted of a noble quadrangular peristyle of Ionic columns uii a high basement, above which rose a Iiyraniid of 24 steps, supporting a quadriga. Important i-etnaiiis of the abundant sculptured decoration are in the British Museum. It is also famous as the birthplace of II crodotus and of Dionysius. The site is now occupied by the niodrni Budrun. Halicz (hii'lich). A town in Galicia, Austria- Hungary, situated on the Dniester !59 miles southeast of Lemberg. Population (1890), com- mune, 3,8,^7. Halidon Hill. A hill about 2 miles northwest of Berwick-on-Tweed, England. Here, .luly IB, 1333, the English under Edward III. defeated the Scots under the regent Archibald liuuglas. Halifax (hal'i-faks). [ME. Halifax, appar.from AS. liid'Ki, holy, nuAfeax, hair. Another view makes the second element /ace. The legends which explain these different views appear to be inventions. ] A town in the West Hiding of Yorkshire, England, situated on the Hebbele, near its junction with the Calder, 14 miles west- southwest of Leeds. It is an important seat of the manufacture of woolen (especially of carpets) and of cot- ton. The chief buildings are the town hall, the piece- hall (originally useil for piece-goods), the parish churchi All Souls' Church, and other churches. It returns 2 mem- bers to rarliament. Populationil901), 104,933. Halifax. A seaport anil the capital of Nova Scotia, situated on Halifax harbor in lat. 44° 40' N., long. 63° 35' W. it haa important commerce and flsberies. is a leading military post, and is the chief na- val station in British North America. It is very strongly ' fnitlHid. It was founded in 1749. Population (1901), Halifax, Earl of. See ilnnUuju. Charlrs. Halifax, Marquis of. Si>e Savile, (iiarf/e. Hall (hill), Jlrs. (Anna Maria Fielding). Born at Dublin, Ireland, .Ian. 6, 1800: died at East Moulsey, Surrey, England, Jan. 30, 1881. A British author, Avifo of S. C. Hall, she wrote "Sketches of Irish Character" (1829), "Lights and Shad- ows of Irish Life" (18;18), and other novels and tales of Irish life; with lier husband, "Ireland, its Scenery, etc." (184l-4:i), and other works. Hall, Asaph. Bom at Goshen, Conn., Oct. 15, 1829. An American astrononier. He was professor of mathematics in the navy from ls6;i, and was stationed at the naval observatory in Washington from 1862, retir- ing in 1891. In 1874 he observed the transit of Venus at Vladivostok, Siberia. Hall, Basil. Born at Edinburgh, Dec. 31, 1788 : died at Portsmouth, England, Sept. 11, 1844. A British naval officer, traveler, and author. In the Lyra he accompanied Lord Amherst's embassy to China in 1815, returning in 1817. During this voyage impor- tant explorations of the eastern seas were made. Hall had an interview with Napoleon at St. Helena. In 1827- 182S he visited the Inited States. He became insane in 1&I2. .\inong his works are "Account of a Voyage of Discovery to the West Coast of Corea, etc." (1818), "Jour- nal written on the t'oasts of Chili, Peru, and Mexico" (1824), "TiMvels in North America" (1829), "Fragments of Voyages and Travels " (1831-33), Hall, Charles Francis. Boni at Rochester, N. 11., 1821 : died in (ireenlaud, Nov. 8, 1871. An American arctic e.xjilorer. He received a common- school education, and followed various occupations, includ- iuK those of blacksmithing and engraving. Becoming in- terested in the fate of Sir .lolin Franklin, he undertook, fitted out by private suliacription, a journey to the arctic rcgiona In search of the documents and possible survivors of his expedition. Ho left New London May '20, 1860, and domesticated hiniself with the Kskimos, whose roving habits brought liirn over much of the territory he desired to explore. He rctui'iicd to New London Sept, 13. I,s62, having failed in the main object of his journey, but hav. iiig discovered relics of Frobisher's expedition of 1577-78, He made a second Journey of a similar character 18r contempt of court In disregarding a writ of habeas corpus and in Imprlwni- ing a jiidvc. Hall, or Halle, Edward. Died l.')47. An Ehr- lish liistorinn, aiillior of "The Union of the Two Noble and Illustrious Families of Lancaster nn3, and servingaa inspector of schools forvariousdistricts 1855-62; went to London in 1862, and became professor of Sanskrit in King's College; and in I8(i9 removed lo Mariesford, Suffolk. He iiublished various Sanskrit works, " Recent Kxemplitlcationaof False Philology " (1872). "ModemEng- lish " (1873). " On English Adjectives in -able " (1877), etc. Hall, James. Bom at Philadelphia, Aug. 19, 179^: died near Cincinnati, (Jhio, July 5, 1868. An Anierican Jiuthor. He published "Letters from the West "(1829), "Legends of the West" (lK:i2), "T;Ues of the Border " (ISS.".). " Sketches of the West "(1830), and, with McKcnncy, " History of the Indian Tribes "(1838-44). Hall, James. Born at Hingham, Mass., Sept. 12. 1811; died at Bethlehem, N. H., Aug. 7, 1898. A noted American geologist and pa- I'l'ontologist. He was assistant professor of chemistry at the Rensselaer Polytechnic School 18:r2-36, wlien he became professor of geology. He betian his labors on the geological survey of New York in 1836. devoting himself after 1843 chi.fly to p.aleontology. He published "The rnleoutology of New Vh>'xia. He]iractised at London 1826-,'i3 : became a fellow of the Royal Society of Pllysicians in 1841 ; and delivered the Gnlatonian lectures in 1842, and the ( 'roonian 18.',l.>-.'»2. His chief works are "The Diagnosis of Diseases" (1817), and " Principles of the Theory and l*ractice of Medicine " (1S<37). Hall, Newman. Bora May 22, 1816 : died Feb. 18, 1902. An English Congregational clergy- luiui. He was minister <»f the .Albion Congregational Cliurch at Hull from 1842 to 18o4, when he took charge of Surrey Chapel, known as Rowland IliU's Chajtel, ill Black. friars Road, London. In 1S76 he removed with his congre- gation to Christ ("linreh, a splendid edifice erected cbielly tbrougli his e.xcrtions. He resigned bis pastorate in IHIW. He was the author of " Lectures in America " (1868). " Pil- grim Songs " (1871)," Conn; to Jesus "and other tracts, etc. Hall, Robert. Born at Arnesby, Leicestershire, M;iy 2, 17(U : died at Bristol, Feb. 21. 1831. An English puliiit orator of the Baptist Church. He preached at Bristol 17&'i-90, at Cambridge 1791-1806, at Leicester 1807-26, ;iiid at Itristol 1826-31. His works in 6 vols, were editetl \>\ tillntlms Gregory (1832). Hall, Samuel Carter. Born atWaterford, Ire- land. May 9, 18(10: died at Kensington, London, March 16, 1S89. A British author and editor. He eilited or subedited "The Literary obser^'er," "The Amulet," "New Monthly Magazine." "The Town," "Art Cnion Journid," "Social Notes." He wri)te "Baronial Hallsof England, ctc,"(184S), etc., and, with his wife, "Ire- land, it.s Scenerv, etc."( 184 1-43X and verv many other works. Halla. Sce7/r;/(/, Hallam( ha ram), Arthur Henry. Bom at Lon- don. Fell. 1, IHll : dieil at \icnna, Sept. 15, 18;t;i. An English essayist, son of Meni'V llallam. H« formed an intimacy with Tennyson, to whose sister he w aa betrothed, and by whom he lias been commemorated In the poem "In .Memoriam." His literary remains were pub- lislud In 18:14. Hallam (hal'am). Henry. Born at ^Vindso^, l';ngland, July 9, 1777: diid at Penshurst.Kent, England. Jan. 21, 1S,59. An English historian. He grailnateii with tlie degree of B, A. at (ixford (Christ Church) in 1799, was afterward called to the bar, and wna for many years a commissioner of stamps. In 181'- lie in- herited a competent fortune from his father, which en- abled him to withdraw fioin the |iraetlce of law and de- vote himself to historical stnilli'S. His chief works arv " A View .>f til,' stale of Kni'oiie during tbeMliMIe Ages ' (1818X "The Conatitutlonal lllslory of England from the Accession of Henry VII. to the Heath of (icorge II. "(1827), and the "IntriKliietloti lo the Literature of Eurtipe hi the i.Mli, Pith, and ITtb Centuries" (l,s37-;fll). Halland (hiil'liinil). A mnritimelaen of south- ern Sweden, lying on theCattegat. Area, 1,899 S(|unre niilc's." Popnhition ( IH9;)), 1:17,002. Halle, or Halle-an-der-Saale (hHl'le-Uu-der- zii'le), formerly also Halle-in-Sachsen(hiirie- in-ziik'sen).' A city in llie pi-ovinee of Sa.xony, Prussia, on the Saiile 20 miles northwest of Leipsic. it has important salt-works and consldemblc trade, ami manufactures inacliinerr. starch, ami sugar. Objects of Interest are the unlvernlly. ealhedral, Maikt. kirche, Church of St, Maurice, K«l Tower, l<.athaus, and Franckc's Ini'titulloiia. It »a» the birthplace of Handel Halb' was a llansc.-illc t^iwn. It was acquired by Bran- denburg In 164.^, I'be French slomied 11 In 1800, Popu- lation (19U0), 1.^6,611. Halle, Adam de la Halle, Adam de la. See La Halle. Halleck (hal'ek), Fitz-Greene. Born at Guil- foril, Conu.. July 8, 1790 : died at Guilford, Nov. 19, 1S67. An American poet. He was one of the original trustees of the Astor Library (New York). With J. R. Drake he wrote the " Croaker " papers in the New York "Evening Post" (1819). Among his poems are "Fanny" (1S19X "ilarco Bozzaris" (18-27). His poetical works were edited and published in 1869 by James Grant Wilson. Halleck, Henry Wager. Born atWestemvllle, Oneida County, N. Y., Jan. 16, 1815: died at Louisville, Ky!, Jan. 9, 1872. An American gen- eral. He graduated at West Point in 1839 ; served in the Mexican war ; was promoted captain of engineers in 1853 ; and in 18.54 resigned his commission in order to take up ■ the practice of law at San Francisco. He was appointed major-general in the Union army at the outbreak of the Civil War, and assumed command of the Department of the llissouri Nov. 9, 18:il, and of the Department of the Mississippi Marcli 11, 1862. He commanded in person at the siege of Corinth, which he occupied May 30, 1862. He assumed command asgeneral-in-chief of all the armies of the United States, with headquarters at Washington. Jidy 11, 1862, an office in which he was superseded by General Grant, March 12, 1864. He was chief of staff to Grant, March 12, lS64,-April 19, 1865, when he was appointed to the command of the division of the James. He published "International Law " (1861), "Elements of International Law and Laws of War " (1866), etc. Hallein (hiil'lin). A to«-n in Salzburg, Austria- Hungary, situated on the Salzach 8 miles south of Salzburg. It is noted for its salt-mines. Pop- ulation (1890), 3,945. Hallelujah Victory, The. A victory said to have been gained bv the Britons over the Picts and Scots at Mold in Flintshire, March 30. 430. It was named from the war-cp' adopted by the Britons at the suggestion of St. Germain, bishop of Auxerre, who was present at the battle. Hallenga (hal-leng'ga). See Bisliarin. Haller (hal'ler), Albrecht von. Born at Bern, Svritzerland, Oct. 16, 1708 : died at Bern, Dec. 12, 1777. A distinguished Swiss physiologist, anatomist, botanist, and poet. He studied at Tu- bingen, Leyden, and Basel ; traveled in France, England, Holland, and Germany ; and settled as a physician at Bern in 1729, where he became city physician and librari;m. His works include "Elements physiologise corporis humani" (1767-66), "Bibliotheca botanica" (1771-72), "Bibliotheoa anatomica" (1774-77), "Bibliotheca chirurgica" (1774-75), " Bibliotheca medicinae practice " (1776-87), " Iconum anatoraicariun, etc." (1743), etc. Haller, Berthold. Born at Aldingen, near Rott- weil, Wiirtemberg, 1492 : died at Bern, Feb. 25, 1536. A Swiss preacher, influential iii estab- lishing the Reformation at Bern. Halley (hal'i), Edmund. Born at Haggerston, Shoreditch, Loudon, Nov. 8, 1656: died at Green- wich, Jan. 14, 1742. A celebrated English astron- omer. His father was engaged in the business of soap- boiling in London. He studied at St. Paul's School, and in 1673 entered Queen's College, O.vford, but left the uni- versity in 1676 without taking a degree. His astronomical stodies were begun in his boyhood (his first communica- tion to the Royal Society was sent before he was 20), and in 1676 he sailed for St. Helena for the purpose of observ- ing the positions of the fixed stars in the southern hemi- sphere. The importance of observations made duringthis trip led Flamsteed to name him "the Southern Tjcho." On Nov. 7, 1677, he made at St. Helena " the first complete observation of a transit of Mercury." In 1678 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society. He was a friend of Sir Isaac Newton, and printed the " Principia " at his own cost. He was assistant secretarj' of the Royal Societj' and editor of the " Philosophical Transactions " 1685-93 ; was appointed Savilian professor of geometry at Oxford in 1710 ; became secretary of the Royal Society in 1713 ; and was appointed successor to Flamsteed as astronomer royal in 1721. From Xov., 1698, to Sept., 1700, he explored the South Atlantic in the Paramour Pink (returning once to Eng- land) for the purpose of studjing the variation of the com- pass and discovering southern lands, and reached lat. 52' S. In 1701, in the same vessel, he surveyed the tides and coasts of the English Channel. He is best known from his studies of comets. He inferred from his computations that the comets of 1531, 1607, and 1682 were in reality the same body, and predicted its return in 1758, a prediction which was verified by its appearance on Christmas day of that year. This comet has since been known by his name. Hallingdal (hal'liug-dal). A valley in southern Norway, about lat. 60°-61° N.. noted for its con- nection with the ancient sagas. Halliwell-Phillipps (hal'i-wel-fil'ips), James Orchard. Born at Chelsea, London, June 21, 1820 : died at HoUingbury Copse, near Brighton, Jan. 3, 1889. An English antiquarian and Shak- sperian scholar. He was the son of Thomas Halliwell, but in 1872 he succeeded to the property of his wife's father, Thomas Phillipps, and assumed that name. He became connected with the Shakspere Society in 1841. In March, 1872, he bought the theater at Stratford-on-Avon ; he was also the means of buying Shakspere's house, Xew Place, at Stratford-on-Avon, and conveyed it to the corporation of Stratford. Among his works are "Early Historj' of Free- Masonry in England " (1843), " Nursery Rhymes of England, etc."(lS45X " Dictionarj- of Archaic and Provincial Words " (1847), "Outlines of the Life of Shakspere" (1848). In 1853-65 he published a folio edition of Shakspere in 16 vols., and in 1862-71 "Lithographed Facsimiles of the Shakspe- rian Quartos." He edited many Middle English and early modem English works. 476 Hall of Fame, G. Euhmeshalle (ro'mes-hal- le ). A buililiug at Munich. Bavaria, completed 1853, consisting of a Greek Doric portico, with projecting wings, raised on a high basement of masonry. The portico contains 80 busts of celebrated Bavarians. The colossal statue of Bavaria, in bronze, by Schwanthaler, which stands beside the Ruhmeshalle. is 62 feet high : it represents a woman of robust form holdin.g a wreath in her raised left hand, and with the Bavarian lion sejant by her side. HallO'Well (hol'o-wel or hal'o-wel). A city in Kennebec County, Maine, situated on the Ken- nebec 2 miles south of Augusta. It exports granite. Population ,1900), 2,714. Hallstadt (hal'stat). Lake of. A lake in the Salzkammergut, Austria-Hungary, 7 miles south of Ischl, noted for picturesque scenery. Length, 5 miles. Hallstatt (hal'stat). A village in Upper Aus- tria, Austria-Hungary, situated on Hallstatter See 32 miles southeast of Salzburg: a salt- mining center. Hallue (a-lii'). A small tributary of the Somme, department of Somme, northern France. Near it, 6 miles northeast of Amiens, the Germans (about 20.- 000) under Manteuffel defeated the French (40,000-50,000) under Faidherbe, Dec. 23, 1870. Halluin (a-lii-an'). A town in the department of Nord. France, on the Belgian frontier, near the Lvs, 11 miles north by east of LiUe. Pop- ulation (1891), 14.841. Hallwyler (hal'vel-er) See. A lake in Switzer- land, 16 miles north of Lucerne. Length, 5i miles. Halm (halm), Karl von. Bom at Munich, April 5,1809: diedthere.Oct. 5, 1882. AGermau clas- sical philologist and critic, from 1856 director of the state library and professor at the univer- sity in Munich. Halmstad (halm'stiid). A seaport and the capi- tal of the laen of Halland, Sweden, situated on the Cattegat. at the mouth of the Nissa, in lat. 56°40'N..long. 12°52'E. It has important salmon- fisheries, and is the seat of an old castle. Population (1890), 11,825. Halmstad, Laen of. See Holland. Halpine (hal'piu), Charles G. Bom at Old- castle, Cotmty Meath, Ireland, Nov., 1829: died at New York, Aug. 3, 1868. An American jour- nalist andhumorist, author of the " Miles O'Reil- ly " papers, etc. He came to the United States in 1E51 ; became assistant editor of the Boston " Post " in 1S52, and editor of the New York "Leader" in 1S57 ; served in the Federal army 1S61-64 ; became assistant adjutant-general and colonel in 1862 ; and was editor of the New York "Cit- izen " in 1864, and register of the county of ^qv York in 1867. Hals (hals). Frans. Bom at Antwerp about 1580 : died at Haarlem, Netherlands, Aug., 1666. A celebrated Dutch portrait-painter. His works are in all the principal musetmis and galleries in England and on the Continent. The "Hille Bobbe " in the itetropoli- tan Museum, New York, is probably by his son Frans, There is a genuine " Hille Bobbe " in the Berlin Museum. Five of his seven sons were painters. Halstead (hal'sted). Atownin Essex, England, situated on the Colne 43 miles northeast of Lon- don. Population (1891), 6,056. Halyburton (hal'i-ber-ton), Thomas. Bom at Dupplin, Perthshire, Scotland, Dec. 25. 1674: died at St. Andrews, Scotland, Sept. 23, 1712. A Scottish divine, professor of divinity in St. Andrews University. His works, "Natural Religion Insufficient" (1714), ""The Great Concern of Salvation" (1721), etc., were published posthumously. Halys (ha'Us). The ancient name of the river Kizil Irmak. Ham (ham). One of the sons of Noah, the re- puted ancestor of the Hamitic races. Ham (am). A town in the department of Somme, France, situated on the Somme 35 miles east- southeast of Amiens. It is noted for its castle, dating in its present form from the 15th century: a picturesque fortress grouped about a central cylindrical donjon 10} feet in diameter and 100 high, with walls 36 feet thick. Tliis has long been used as a state prison : among the prisoners have been Joan of Arc, the prince of CondS, Poli- gnac, Louis Napoleon (l&40-46>, Cavaignac, and Changar- nier. It was surrendered to the Germans Nov. 21, .'S7a Population (1891), commune, 3,082. Hamadan (ha-ma-dan'). A town in the prov- ince of Irak-Ajemi, Persia, about lat. 34° 48' N., long. 48° 25' E. It has been identified with Ecbatana. Population, estimated, 30,000. See Ei'hatnna. Hamah (ha'ma). See Hamath. HamaKha-mal'). [Ar.7mma7.aram.] Theusual name of the second-magnitude star a Arietis, in the forehead of the animal. Eaman (ha'man). A Persian courtier of the 5thcentary B. c. (See Esther iii.-vii.) He was Hameln, Piper of hanged on the gallows he had caused to be made for Mordecai. Hamann (ha'miin), Johann Georg. Bom at Konigsberg, Prussia, Aug. 27. 1.30: died at Miinster. Prussia. June 21, 178^, A noted Ger- man litterateur and philosophical writer, sup- named "the Magus of the North." His col- lected works were edited by Roth 1821^3. Hamar (hii-mar'). A small town in southern Norway, on Lake Mjosen. Hamasah(ha-ma'se). [Ai-., lit. 'bravery.'] The title of various collections of Arabian poems, of which the most celebrated is that in 10 books compiled by Abu-Teman in the 9th century. It was edited with a Latin translation by G. W. F. Freytag 1828-51. Hamath (ha'math). [Heb.,' walled place," for- tress.'] A city in upper Svria, situated on the Orontes in lat. 35° 10' N., long. 36° 39' E., now called Hamah. Hamath was capita] of a king, dom to which the territory of Israel reached under David, Solomon, and Jeroboam II. It often came in contact with AssjTia. In the great confederation of the 12 cities against Shalmaneser II., about KiO B. c, Irhulena, king of Ha- math, was, with the King of Damascus, the leader. Tiglath- Pileser III., about 730 B. c, took tribute from Eni-ilu, king of Hamath; and Sargon (722-705) records that he "rooted out the land of Amatu." Antiochus IV. Epipha- nes (175-164) gave it the name Epiphania, by which it was known to the Greeks and Romans. In 639 A. D. it fell into the hands of the Arabs. The Arab historian Abul- feda was its governor 13H;>-31. Hamath is in Gen. I. IS enumerated among the descendants of Canaan. The Ha- matites were closely akin to the Hittites. if not a HitUte division. Of late, what are supposed to be Hittite inscrip- tions have been discovered in Hamath. Hamaxiki. See Levha.i. Hambach (ham'baeh). A village in the circle of Neustadt, Bavarian Palatinate. At the castle here a politic;\l assembly of about 20,000 persons (Ham. bacherFest) was held May27, 1832. This is noteworthyaa the first public appearance of the republican party in Ger- many. Hamblet (ham'blet), Prince of Denmarke, Hystorie of. A translation from one of Belle- forest's " Histoires tragiques." The original was written in 1570, and the translation was made soon after. It is in black-letter quarto. There can be very little doubt that Shakspere took his "Hamlet" from it, Hamburg (ham 'berg; G. pron. ham'boro). [D. Hambro, Dan. Hambnrg, F. Hambounj, It. A»i- burgo. Sp. Hamburgo.'] A state of the German Empire, comprising the city of Hamburg, its suburbs, the neighboring territory of Bergedorf and some smaller districts, and the outlying territory of Ritzebiittel, inclosed in Prussia. It is a republic, having a Senate (IS members) and a Biirger- schaft or House of Burgesses (160 members). It has 1 mem- ber in the Bundesrat, and 3 in the Reichstag. 'Ihe pre- vailing religion is Protestant. (For history, see Hamburg (city), below.) Area, 158 square miles. Population (1900), 768.349. Hamburg. [D. Hambro, Hamhorgh, Dan. Sw. Hamborg, F. Hambotirg, Sp. Pg. Hamburgo, It. Amburgo, ilL. Hamburgum, Hamburgo, from G. Hamburg.GHG.Hammabiirg.'] Afree eity,form- ing with its teiTitory a state of the German Em- pire. The city is situated on the Elbe, at the mouth of the Alster, in lat 53° 33" N., long. 9° 58' E. It is the most impor- tant seaport of Germany, and, next to London, Liverpool, and Glasgow, the chief commercial place in Europe. It trades especially with Great Britain, the United States, and northern Europe ; is an important place of embarkation foremigrants ; and is the termiims of various steamship lines, including the Hambirrg-American to New York, Its exports are grain, iron, fancy goods, buttei; hides, etc. The city consists of the.Altstadtand Neustadt, and the suburbs of St. Georg and St. Pauli. Altona adjoins it. There are extensive harbors and quays. St. Nicholas, one of the most important of modem churches in the Pointed style, wasbuilt by Sir G. Gilbert Scott. The architecture repre- sents the most ornate type of the 13th century, with pro- fuse sculpture inside and out. The length is 285 feet ; that of the transepts, 151. The western spire is 473 feet high, and is surpassed in Europe only by the cathedrals of Co- logne, Ilm, and Rouen, and the Eilfel Tower. Other ob- jects of interest are the Church of St. Peter, exchange, Johanneum (library, museum). Lake Binnen- Alster, Kunst- halle (picture-gallery), zoological garden, and museums. Hamburg was founded about SOS, and was the seat of an archbishopric 834-1223. It was one of the chief Hanseatic cities. Its position as a free imperial city was acknow- ledged in 1510. "The Reformation was introduced in 1529. It was incorporated with France in 1810 ; an attempt at rebellion was punished by Davout in 1813 ; and it regained its freedom in 1^14. It has been successively a member of the Germanic Confederation, North Germ an Confederation, and German Empire. In 1842 it suffered from a fire. II joined the ZolUerein in 18(>8. Population (1900;, with sutiurt's, 70.^,7;;.^ Hamefkuttelli. See Atuamih. Hameln (ha'meln). A town in the province of Hannover, Prussia, on the Hamel and "Weser 24 miles south of Hannover. It is noted in connec- tion with the legendary' "piper of Hameln " (see belowX and contains the "Rattenfangerhaus." It was the scene of a Swedish victory over the Imperialists in 1633. Popu- lation (1890), commune, 13.675. Hameln (ha'meln). or Hamelln (ham'e-lin), Piper of, or The Pied Piper of. In medieval Hameln, Piper of legem!, a magiciau who iu the year 1284, for a stiiiulateil sum of money, freed the town of HaiiK'lu from a plague of rats by pla^-ing on his !)ipe and leadiug the vermin, which fol- lo\vo0 children, lie led them to a hill called the Koppetiherg, into which they all entered and disappeared. The event is recoi-ded in inscrip- tions on the Itallians and elsewhere in the town, and was lonK regarded as histui ical. Tile legend has been told in rinic by Robert drowning. He apparently founded it on Verstegan's accinuit in Ids " Restitution of Decayed Intel- ligence " (1034). r.raiidf-nliurg, l.orch, and other towns iiavea similar tradition, and there are Chinese and Persian legends much resembling it. Hamerling (lia'in-r-ling), Robert. Born at 477 Comtp de Gramont whose "M^moires" he Wl'ote (1713). He also wrote ' Contes de Kerie,"ete. His complete works were published in 1812. Hamilton, Claud, l'"rd Paisley, oommonly calhil Lord Claud Hamilton. Born about 1543: died lUliL'. A Scottish politician, fourth son of the .secoud Earlof Arrau. He fought for (Jucen Mary at the battle of Langside ; was implicated in the iissassination of the regent MuiTay ; was driven f roni Scotland in 1571) ; entered the service of Queen Elizabeth ; and returned to .Scotland, becoming there a leader of the Roman ('atholio party. Hamilton, Elizabeth. Bom at Belfast, July •M, lT."i.S: died ;it Harrogate. England, July 23. 1816. A British writer. She wrote " .\ Hindoo Ra- jali"(a series of criticisms on England, ITSXi), "Memoirs of Modern Philosophies " (a humorous work, IsOO), " Let- ters on Education " (1801-02), "The Cottagers of Glenbur- nie " (1808). etc. His works include "thoughts about Art "(1862), "Etching and Etchers " (1866X "Contemporary French Painters" (1867X " I'aintiiig in France, etc." (1808), " The Intellectual Life '(1873), "The Oraphic Art8"(1882), "Human Inter- course " (1884). He also wrote several romances, and re- printed (1H8S) his articles written for "The Portfolio," an art periodical wliich he planned in 1869 l and in 1880 he published " French and English : a Comparison," founded on his contriliiitions to the " Atlantic Monthly." Hami (hii-me'), orKhamil (kha-mel'). Alown iu Sungaria, Chinese empire, situated about lat. 42° 50' N., long. 93° 40' (?) E. : an imjiortant trading center. Hamilcar (ha-mil'kar), sumamed Barca (biir'- kii) or Barcas (biir'kas). Killed iu Spain, 229 or 228 B. c. A Carthaginian general. He held Mount Ercte (Monte Pellegrino), .Sicily, against theRoniaiis 247-244; held Mount Eryx 244-241; suppressed the war witli the mercenaries 241-238; and began the reduction of Spain to a (.Carthaginian province. Hamilton (ham'il-ton). A town in Lanarkshire, Scotland, on the Clyde, near the mouth of the Avon, 10 miles southeast of Glasgow. Near it is Hamilton Palace, a aeatof the Dukeof Hamilton, formerly noted for its pictures and other art treasures that were sold by auction in 1SS2. The ruined Cadzow Castlv, tin' fornierseat of the H-amiltons, is in the vicinity. Botlnvell Brid^reis nearby. Hamilton belongs to the Falkirk district of parliamentary burghs. Population (1801), 24,86.3. Hamilton. A to\vn in Victoria, Australia, situ- ated on Grange Burne creek in lat. 37° 44' S., long. 142° 1' E, In early life she possessed great beauty of face and figure later she became vei-y fleshy. She attained considerable social success, became an intimate friend ,rtaut part in the political intrigues of that court in relation to Eng- land. Xelsou first met her in 1703 at Naples. She was arrested and imprisoned for debt in 1813, but was released in the following year. Hamilton, Frank Hastings. Born at Wil- mington, Vt., Sept. IU, 1813: died in New York city, Aug. 11, 188(3. An American surgeon. He' was connected with Bellevne Hospital, New York city, from 1861 until his death, occupying the chair of the principles and practice of surgery in the P,ell.-vue Medi- cal College 1868-76. He wrote "A Prnclical Treatise on Fractrnvs and Dislocations " (1800), "The Principles and Practice of Surgery " (1872), etc. Hamilton, Gail. The nom de plume of Mary Abigail Dndgo. Hamilton, Gavin. Born at Lanark, 1730: died at Rome, 1797. A Scottish painter and anti- quarian. He painted chiefly classical (Homeric) sub- jects. His most important labors were his excavations in Italy, which resulted in the discovery of many remains of antiquity. He conducted explorations at Hadrian's villa near Tivoli, on the Ma .^jipia, about the Albaii Mountains, and elsewhere. Hamilton, Lord George Francis. Born at Brighton, England, Dec. 17, 184'). An English politician, third son of the first DuUo of Aber- corn. He was vice-president of the committee of coun- cil on education 1878-80, first lord of the admiralty 1885-SO anil 1886-02, and secretary of stale fur India 1hj5 Hamilton. The capital of the Bermudas, situ- Hamilton, James, second Lord Hamilton and ated on Groat Bermuda, the largest of t he gi'on] Hamilton. A city and lake port, the capital of Wentworth County, Ontario, Canada, situated on Burlington Bay, western end of Lake On- tario, 30 miles southwest of Toronto. It is at the head of navigation on Lake Ontario, and has important commerce and manufactures. Population (I'.ioii. .■>2,0;i4, Hamilton. A town in Madiso.r^ County, >few H^iiton;james; second Earl of Arran, hrst Earl of Arrau. Born about 1477: died be- fore July 21, l.-i2y. A Scottish politician, son of James, first Lord Hamilton . He was created earl of Arran by .lames IV. in l,'i03, and in l.'il3 conmianded an expedition sent to aid the King of France against Eng- land. UesupportedthercgentAtbanydurinn the iiiin.ir- ity of .Tames V., and iu l.il7 was appoiiittd a m.iiilicr of the council of regencv, of which be became president. Yo.^, situatedon the Chenango mvt.r^3(Vmnes H^^^j^^^^l^fStdL^D^i^il^'Hlm^nrs:;;^! soutlieast of SjTactise. It is he scat ol the Scottish statesman, ap- Bapt,stinshtut,onsHam,lt.,.iThcologn^ governor of Scotland .luring the mi - inary and Colgate (formerly Madison) Univer- {;o,.i,y ^f-^.^.y ;„ 1540. He was forced by the TT ''■•IX A c t- ■ ,!*„ „,..,;foi nf quecii dowager to abdicate in 1")54. ^^'^i.^y^'SC'l^^^t: U;:F ^filtto^ Hamilton, J^mes, Hor.i 17.9 : died at Dublin. River 20 miles north of Cincinnati. Popula- tion (1900), 23,914 Hamilton. A family of the Scottish nobility descended from Sir'Gilbert de Hamilton (13th century). The leading representatives are the Dukes of Abercornand Hamilton. The present (ISlh) Duke of Ilani- ilton (.^uriiaiiie, DoUKlii-s-Haniilloii) is the premier peer of Scotland. Hamilton, Alexander. Born in the island of Nevis, West Indies. Jan. 11, 17.'>7: died at New York, July 12, 1K|)4. A celebrated American statesman. lie settled in New Vork in 1772 : attracted attontirm as a pamphleteer in the political agitation pre- ceding the Revolution, 1771-7.^1; entered the Conliiienlal service as an artillery captain in 1770; waa a member of Washington's staff 1777-81 ; .served with distinction at Yorktown in 1781 ; was a membei; of the Continental Con- Tiress 1782-83, of the Constitutional Convention in n.^T. and of the New York ratifying convention In 17S.H ; was secre- tary of the treasury 178»-9:'> ; was appointed comnnuul hief of the army In 1799; and was mortally wouudedby Hamilton, Patrick. Born about iri04: burned Hamites of the War of 1812, and it was in spite of his mandate "to remain in Boston until further orders" that Hull in the Constitution gained the victory over the Ouerriere. Hamilton, Robert. Born at Edinburgh, June 11 , 1743 : died J uly 14, 1829. A Scottish mathe- matician and economist, iirofessor of mathe- matics at Aberdeen. He wrote an "Inquiry concern- ing the Rise and Progress ... of the National Debt of Great Britain and Ireland " (181.3), etc. Hamilton, Schuyler. Bom at New York, July 2.j, 1S22: died M:irch 18, 1903. An American general, sun nf .1. ('. Hamilton. He published " History of I ho National Flag" (18r)3). Hamilton, Thomas. Bom at Glasgow, 1789: died at Pisa, Italy, Dec. 7, 1842. A Scottish author, brother of 'Sir William Hamilton (1788- 18.')6). Hewrote "Cyril Thornton "(1827), "Anualsof the Peninsular Campaign " (1829), " Men and Manners in Amer- ica "(183;!). ^ .„ .Linlith- March ballad col- 730: lied at Liuidon, Ajiril G, 1803. A British diplo- matist and archieologist, grandson of the third Duke of Hamilton. He was British envoy at Naples 1764-1800. He made extensive collectionsof ancient works of art, coins, etc., many of which were jiurchased for the British Museum. Hepurchased from itsfinderthe "War- wick vase " (now at Warwick Castle), and bought the cele- brated "Portland vase " (which see), selling it again to the Duchess of Portland. His second wife was the notorious mistress of Lord Nelson. Hamilton, Sir William. Born at Glasgow, March 8. 1788: died at Edinburgh, May 6. 1856. A Scottish philosoiiher. He was made professor ol civil history at Edinburgh in 1821, and was professor of logic and metaphysics there 18-36-56. He published " I'hi- losophyof the Unconditioned " (1829), and other contribu- tions to the " r.diiiliuigb Keview," collected as " Discus- sions in Philosophy, Literature, and Education "(lS52-.i5X and edited Reid's works (1810) and Stewart's works ^1864- IS.'io). His lectures on " Metaphysics " and " Logic ' » ere edited by Maiisel and Veitch (lSr«-60). See "Life" by Aeitch (1800). Hamilton.William Gerard. Bom at London, Jan. 28, 1729: died there. July IG, 179G. An English politician. He w.as elected to Parliament in 17,'4, and, Nov. 13, 17.''iB, during the debate on the aildrcss, delivered Ills maiden speech, which, as it remained hill most notable eltort, procured for hiin the nickname "sin- gle siieech Hamilton." He was a connnissioncr for trade and iilaiitalions K.'iO-Ol, and chancellor of the exchequer in Inland 1703-84. Hamilton, William Richard. Born at Lon- don, .lau. 9. 1777: died then-, July 11, ISi'ig. An English anliiiuary and iliploinutist. He w.as secre- tary to Lord Elgin, 'amba.ssailor at Constantinople, and aided him in securing and bringing away the Elgin mar- bles (which see). In 18o9 he became nnder-secretaiy of state for foreign affairs, and was minister at Naples 18*22- 1825. He wrote ".^^gyptiaca, or some Account of the An- tient and Modern State of Egjiit, etc." (1800). Hamilton, Sir William Rowan. Born at Dub- lin, Aug. 3-t. iso.'i: died Sejit. 2, 1865. A cele- brateil British mathematician. Hew. as remarkably precocious, especially in the study of languages, knowing, it is sai.l, at least 13 at the age of 12 ; entered Trinity Col- lege, Dublin, in 1823; in 1824 discovered by theoretical reasoning conical refraction ; was appidutcd in 1827, before gradimtion. professor of astronomy and superintendent of the observatory : and beeani-' president of theK^iyal Irish Academy in 18:17. He is especially eelebnitcd as the in- ventte "lA'Ctures on (Quater- nions " (ls[i:i), " Tlie i;iements of tjuatemions " (1S6«), etc. Hamilton College. An institution of learn- ing at Clinton, Oneida County, New York, con- trolled by the Presbyterians. It was founded as an academy by Samuel Kirkland in 1793, and chartered as a college in 1812. Connected with it are the Maynard- Knox Law s.hool and tin Lii.-nllel.l (ihsei vatory. It lias about 20 instructors and l.">0 students. Sojit. Id, is29. A British teacher, known as theadyiicate of a jiarticidar method of instruc- tion in languages. The "Hamiltonian" method was baaed on a literal rcnderingof the text (prior to the study of gjannnar) and the use of Interlinear translations. Hamilton, James. l'>"rn at Cliarleston, s. C, -Mitv 8, 178G: lost at sea, ISTu. An American , itician. He was member of Congress (Democrat) TT- .,...-, j A district in Iho hom South Carolina 1823-29, and governor of South Caro- •'^.^^{'^P^'^, *' " , X Ji „. . "t Pvnv, ?,..<, Una 1830-.32. While governor ho advised the legislature Alliihaliad di\nsion. .NorUn\ est 1 lo\ inces to pass the .Nnlllllcation Act, anil was 8ub»e<|Uently In com maad of the troops raised for the defense of the Statu un der Ibis act. Hamilton, James. Born at Paisley, Scotland, Nov. 27, 1S14: died at London, Nov. 24. 18G7. Brit- sh India. int<'rsected by Int. 2.")° 30' N., long. 811° E. Poi^.nlation, ;-)29,137.— 2. The capital of (lie Ilamirpur district, situated at the junc- tion of the Bilwii with the Jumna, in lat. 25° N.. long. 80° 12' E. In- ... Aaron Burr in a duel atWcehawken, New .Jersey, .lilly 11, 1804. He was the ebier authoi i>f llie " ledi ralisl ■(whi, b 8oe). His works have been edited by his son .). C. Uandl- ton(7 vols.,185l). See "Live9"by.I. 0, Hamilton (18»l-40), Itenwick (1811). Morse (1876), Shea (I.s.BO), and Lodge (1S8-). Hamilton, Count Anthony. Born probably at Koserea, Tipperary, Irehiiid, UUG: died at St.-Germain-en-Ijaye, Fnitice, .\iig. 6, 1720. A French author, of British ilescent, third son of Sir George Hamilton (fourth son of the first Earl of Aborcorn), and brother-in-law of the at SI. .\iiihvws. Feb. 29. l.^>28, A Scottish Re- former, son of Sir P:itriik IIannllon,and graml- son of the first Ijorcl Hamilton. Heailopted and ad- vocaled the iloelrines of the Ucfonnatliui, and was put to dilllh as a hc'lelie Hamilton, Paul. Bom in St. Pauls parish, S. ('., Oci. 1(1, I7(i2: died at Beaufort, S. C, June 30, 1816. An American politician. He was comptrollerof South Carolina 1799-18IH; governor 1804-00; and was secretary of the navy during the first administra- tion of .lames Madison, 1809-13. lie endeavored to enforce Iho embargo policy of the government at the begiuoing est times, 3 varieties (a i)Ble and red-liaired, a redilish, and a dark-brown) have been dis- tinguished. The blond type Is found among the Ber- bers ; the reddish among the l.gypllans and lledja ; the dark-biiiwn or black am.ing the Somal, the Calla, and the Fulbr or Fiilahs. In these three the admixture of Nl- gritie blood Is evident. I'lie earliest civilisation of man- kind (that of Egvpt, to which all the others seem to beol- rectly or indirect Iv Indebted) fiourished among the Ham- ites of the leddlsli type. In the Lower Nile valley. The Hamille family of languages is generally divided into S subgroups; (u) the Libyan or Berber, spoken fnmi the Cauarv Islands to ligypt ; (6) the Egyptian, compris- ing iiiil Lgviitlau and Coptic with I's 4 dtilects: (c) the Hamites Ethiopic. including tlie Bedja. Dankalt, Somali, Galla, Agau, Saho, and Bilin. Tlie Ethiopic is also called Cmh- •Mc or Punic. Lately the Fulah cluster has been added by some to the preceding, as prevailingly Hamitic. Owing to ethnic and hnguistic mixtures with negroes, it is im- possible to draw a clear line between Hamitic and Bantu- negro languages or tribes. Even the Hausa and Hotten- tot languages show traces of Hamitic structure Tlie Hamitic languages are sometimes called semi- or sub- Semttic. In eastern North Africa they are intermixed geographically with the Semitic ; in western North Africa the Semitic are superposed on the Hamitic. See African lawjuat/es (under Africa). Fulah, Hottentot, Berber, Bantu. Hamitic (ha-mit'ik). See Hamites. Hamlet (ham'let), or Amlet. A mythical or semi-historieal Danish prineeivhose story.origi- nat ing in a Danish saga, is given by Saxo-Gram- matieus. This story is given in a French version by Belleforest in 1S70 in the fifth volume of his '■ Histoires tragiques." The English translation of this latter was published as " Hystorie of Hamblet. " and it was also made into an English play, now lost, that probably served as a Btartmg.poiut for ,Shukspere's ■■ Hamlet. " Henslowe men- tions a play of this name as represented at Newington Butts June9, 1694, which was an "old play." Sh.ikspere's "Ham- let" was played in 1600 or 1601, and printed first in 1603. It was entered on the "Stationers' Register," July 26, 1602, "A booke called the Kevenge of Hamlett Prince Denmarke as yt was latelie Acted by the Lord Chaniberleyne his Ser- vantes." Tills was a very imperfect text, known as the first quarto. The second quarto, published in 1604, was a good test, thought to he as Shakspere left it. The third quarto, areprintof the second, appeared in 1606 ; thefourth in 1611. There is a fifth quarto, undated. No others ap- peared during Shakspere's lifetime. The 4 folios are es- sentially the same te.\t, which differs from the quartos The German play ' Der Bestrafte Brudermord, oder Prinz Hamlet ausDa?nnemark" ("Fratricide punished or Prince Hamlet of Denmark ") is now thought to be probably a weak copy of the old play preceding the 1603 quarto. It 18 not known precisely when it appeared, but it was early m the 17th century. (See Shakipere. ) About the charac- ter of Hamlet and his real or feigned insanity there h.is been much controversy. He shows the unfitness of a thoughtful man who sees both sides of a subject to deal with questions requiring prompt action under extraordi- nary circumstances. Hamlet. An opera bv Ambroise Thomas, first produced at Paris in 1868. The French words are by Barbier and Carre, after Shakspere. It was produced in London in Italian as "Amleto " in 1S69. Hamley (ham'li). Sir Edward Bruce. Bom at Bodmm, Cornwall, April 27, 1824 : died Aug. 12, 1893. A British soldier and author. He entered the army in 1843; served in the Crimean war; was professor of military history at the Statf College, Sandhurst, 185S-64 and commandant of the Statf College 1S70-77 ; was chief of the commission for the delimitation of the B.alkan and Arme- nian frontiers 1879-80 ; and commanded a division in the £gyptian war of 1S82. Among his works are " The Opera- tions of War Explained and Illustrated " (1866), and " The Strategical Conditions of our Indian Northwest Frontier " Hamiin (ham'Iln), Hannibal. Bom at Paris, Maine, Aug. 27, 1809 : died at Bangor, Maine, July 4, 1891. An American statesman. He was a member of Congress from Maine 1843-47; TnitedStates sen- ator 184S-57; governor of Maine in 1857; Cnited States sen- ator 1857-61; Vice.Presidentl861-65; United .States senator 1869-81 ; and Lnited States ministerto Spain 1881-S3 He was originally a Democrat, but differed with his party on the question of slavery, and joined the Eepublicans about I85o. Hamm (ham). Atownin theprovinee of West- phalia, Prussia, at the junction of the Ahse and Lippe, 22 miles south-southeast of Miin- ster. It manufactures engines, tacks, etc.; is an impor- tant railway junction ; and hiis warm baths. It was the ancient capital of the county of Mark. Population (180O1. 10,o03 ; commune, 24, %9. Hammarskjold (ham 'mar-sheld), Lorenzo (origmally Lars). Bom at Tuna, in the laen of Kalmar, Sweden, April 7, 1785: died at Stock- holm, ()ct. 15, 1827. A Swedish critic and poet. His chief work is '"Svenska Vitterhe- ten" ("Swedish BeUes-Lettres," 1818-19: re- visea edition 1833). Hamme (ham'me). A town in the prorince of East Flanders, Belgium, situated on the Durme /is^'n ?o°o°Q^'''^^** °* Brussels. Population Hammelburg Cham'mel-boro). A small town in Lower Franconia, Bavaria, on the Franco- man Saale 22 miles north of Wiirzburg. Hammer(ham'mer),Frledrlch Julius. Born at Dresden, June 7, 1810 ; died at PiUnitz, near Dresden, Aug. 23, 1862. A German poet and Eovehst. His works include the novel " Leben und Traum (1839), the poetical collection 'Schau um dich und schau in dich " (1851), etc. Hammer (ham'er), The. A popular sumame of Judas Maccaba?us. Hammer and Scourge of England, The. A sm-name of William Wallace. Hammerfest (ham'mer-fest). A seaport in the amt of Finmarken. Norway, situated on the island of Kvalo in lat. 70° 40' N.,long. 23° 40' E. It exports fish, train-oil, etc., and h.is trade with Busaia. It is a favorite starting-point for arctic expedi- tions, and IS often visited by tourists. Population (1891) 478 Hammer of Heretics, The. [L. Malleus- He- reUcorum.'\ A surname of Pierre d'Aillv, presi- dent of the Council of Constance 1414-^18, and also of St. Augustine. Hammer of Scotland, The. A surname of King Edward I. of England. Hammer-Purgstall (ham'mer-pbrg'stal), Jo- seph von. Born at Gratz, Stvria, June 9, 1774: died at Vienna, Nov. 23, 1856. An Austrian Orientalist and historian. He published •• Ge- schichte des osmanischen Reichs " (1827-34X "Geschichte der goldenen Horde " (1840), " Geschichte der osmanis- chen Dichtkunst " (1836-38), " Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur " (1850-57), Oriental texts, etc. Hammersmith (ham'er-smith). A borough (municipal) of Loudon, situated north of the Thames, 6 miles west by south of St. Paul's: formerly noted for market-gardens and nurser- ies. Itreturnslmemberto Parliament. Pop. (1891) 97 237 m.mmond(ham'ond), Henry. Bomat Che'rtsey' Aug. 18, 1605 : died at Westwood, Worcester- shire, April 25, 1660. An English divine and scholar He graduated at Oxford (Magdalen CoUege) in 1622 ; obtained the living of Penshurst, Kent, in 1633 ■ be- came archdeacon of Chichester in 1643 ; sided with' the Koyalists in the civil war; and was a canon of Christ Church, Oxford, 1645-48. Hammond was a chaplain of the king, but was not allowe 000 years, so that he may be termed the founder of the B"aby- loniari empire. After freeing and uniting the country he turned his attention to its protection and interior prosper- ity. To obviate the disastrous inundations and at the same tune to provide the country with water he executed one of tlie greatest works, the excavation of a gigantic ca- nal, named after him nahr-Hammuraii, later famous as "the royal canal of Babylon." Besides this, he constructed a great walk along the Tigris, and erected many temples Numerous inscriptions of him have survived. Hamoaze (ham-6z'). The estuarv of the river Tamar, near PljTnouth, England." Hamon (ii-mon'), Jean Louis. Bom at Plouha, C6tes-du-Nord, France, Mav 5, 1821: tUed at St. -Raphael, Var, France, "May 29, 1874. A French painter, chiefly of genre scenes. Hampden (hamp'den)," Johll. Bom at London in 1594: died at Thame, Oxfordshire, England June 24, 1643. A celebratedEnglish statesman. He entered Parliament in 1621, was one of the leaders of the patriotic party in the Short and Long Parliaments, and was one of the " five members" impeached by Charles I. 1642. He commanded a regiment for the Parliament 164-'-^ 1643, and was mortally wounded at Chalgrove Field June Jk ^^^' ^^ '^ chiefly known as the defendant in the case of the King r. John Hampden before the Court of Exchequer 1637-38, for resisting the collection of the obsolete tax of ship-money, which Charles I. attempted to revive without the authority of Parliament. The casewas decided against him, but in 1641 the House of Lords ordered the judgment to be cancelled. Hampden-Sidney College. An institution of learning situated near Farmville, Prince Ed- w^ard County, southern Virginia : founded in 1(75. and chartered in 1783. It has about 10 iustmctors and 130 students. Hampshire (hamp'shir), or Southampton (suTH-hamp'ton): abbreviated Hants (hants). [ME. Hamtmishire, Santesshire, AS. Hamlun- scir, from Hamtun. Hampton (Southampton), and sc/>, shire.] Amaritime county of England! boimded by Berks;on the north, SuiTey and Sus- sex on the east, the English Channel on the Hancock, Albany south, and Wilts and Dorset on the west. Uto. eludes the Isle of Wight. It is traversed by the North and south Downs The New Forest is situated in the southwest of It. It contains many Roman antiquities. Area 1 (Wl square miles. Population (1891), 690,us6. ' ' Hampstead (hamp'sted). {AH. Hamstede.home- M^V 1 o '^?'"°"gli (municipal) of London, situated 4i miles northwest of St. Paul's. It wai formerly noted for its mineral springs, and as a literare center. It re urns 1 member to Parlilient llLnpst^a^ Heato IS a well-known pleasure-resort. Populat^ a89?J Hampton (hamp'ton). A village in Middlesex. England, 14 miles west-southwest of London Population (1891), 5,822. Hampton. The capital of Elizabeth City Coun- t.v, \ irginia, situated on Hampton R6ads 15 miles north-northwest of Norfolk: seat of Hampton Normal and Agi-ieultural Institute (which see). Population (1900), 3,441 Hampton Court. A royal palace on the Thames 12 miles from Charing Cross, built bv Cardinal "1°, 'i^- ,^ freat part of the highly picturesque battle- mented Tudor buildings in red brick, surrounding 3 courti stdl remains. The property originaUy consisted of aboS 1^000 acres of more or less barren land belonging to the Kmglit HospitaUers of St. John of Jerusalem. It wis leased from the Priorj- of St. John in 1515 by Thomas Wolsey, arch- bishop of i ork and primate of England, who erected the origin;a Gothic palace. In 1526 he surrendered the estate toHenry \ III., who added the chapel and great hall 1531-36 In the reign of William III., the great facade, modeni state ap.artments and a gallerj- for the cartoons of Raphael were added by Sir Christoidier « ren. The front on the fine J-renchgardensislater.intheRenaissance style. Theereat hall, 106 by 40 feet, and 60 feet high, possesses a handsome open-framedroofwithelaboratependants. The state apart- ments are nlled with paintings, many of them noted works. The cartoons by Raphael have been removed to the South Kensington Museum. A part of the palace is now occu- pied Ijy persons of good family in reduced circumstances. Hampton ( uurt^is most intimately associated with James Chajles I ""' " ^^'^'^ °' imprisomueat of Hampton Court Conference. A conference appointed by James I., at Hampton Court in 1004, to settle the disputes between the Puritan party and the High-Church party in the Church ot England, it was conducted on three days (Jan. 14, 16, and 18) and resulted in a few alterations of the liturgv- but entu-ely failed to secme the objects sought by the Puritans- An important indirect result of it was the re vision of the Bible called the King James's or authorize* version, which was suggested at that time. Hampton Normal and Agricultural Insti- tute. A training-school fornegroesandlndians situated uearHamptou,V3jginia, established by General S. C. Armstrong in 1868, and incorpo- rated by the State of Virginia in 1870. its obfett IS to train young men and women of the negro and Indian races to become teachers among their own people. Hampton Roads (hamp'ton rodi). a channel connecting the estuary of James River with Chesapeake Bay, situated south of Fort Monroe, V irginia Here, March 8, 1862, the Confederate ironclad \u^inia (Merrimac) destroyed the Federal frigates Cum- berland and Congress ; and the following day there was a contest between the Virginia and the ironclad Monitor, th* former retiring. This was the first engagement be- tween u-onclads. See Monitor. Hampton, Wade. Born in South Carolina in 17o4 : died at Columbia, S. C., Feb. 4, 1835. An American general and poUtician. He served with distmction under Marion and Sumter in the Revolution • obtained the rank of major-general in 1813 ; was repulsed in an attack on Sir George Prevost at Chateaugay, Oct. 26, 1813 ; and frustrated the expedition against Montreal by f,'.?„4'"^U''°g°'^ss to cooperate with his rival. General >\ ilkinson. Hampton, "Wade. Bom at Columbia, S. C, March 28. 1818: died there. April 11, 190'> An American general in the Confederate service ?i"Z?aQ-*^'''°' ^■'*"'i«0" of Wade Hampton }} '.?t:^°^''^- He « as an able cavalry commander in the Civil War, commanding the Hampton Legion at Bull Run 1861, and serving with distinction at Seven Pines Aiitie- \Tr ^a'-^'^fiV'^' '■^^•. ^^ "'^^ fe'overnor of South Carolina 18 1 6- 1 9. and United states senator from that State 1879-91 namun (hii-mon'). a large morass on the bor- ders of Persia, Afghanistan, and Baluchistan. Hanafites (han'a-fits). The oldest and most important of the four orthodox sects of Sunnite Mohammedans, founded by Abu-Hanifah of Al- Kufah (about 700-770), a puritan in doctrine and the author of a system of jurisprudence. Also Hanifites. Hanau (ha'nou). A town in the province of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, at the junction of the Kinzig and Main, 10 miles east of Frankf ort-on- the-Main. it has flourishing commerce and luanufaC' tores. The Grimm brothers were born there. It was the capital of an ancient countship of Hanau. Here, Oct. 30, 1813, Napoleon, with 70,000 men, encountered on the retreat from Leipsic an Austro-Bavarian army of 30,000 men under Wrede, who was compelled to retire .after having inflicted seveie losses on the French. Population (1890), commune, 26,029. Hancock (han'kok), Albany. Bora at New- eastle-on-Tyne. Dee. 24, 1806: died there. Oct Hancock, Albany 24, 1873. An English zoologist. He wrote, with AJler, ■' Jlouograph of British Nudibianehiate Mollusfa" (lb4.")-55), etc. jHanCOCk (hau'kok), John. Born at Quincv, I Mass., Jan. 12, 1737: died at Quiufy,OL't.8,1793. A noted Amei-ioau statesman. Hb was president of tlie Provincial Congress 1774-76 : president vf Congress 1775-77 ; the first signer of the Declaration of Indepen- dence ; and governor of Massachusetts 17Su-*5 and 1787-93. Hancock, Winfield Scott. Born at Montgom- ery Square, Pa., Feb. 14, 1824: died at Gov- ernor's Island, near New York, Feb. 9, 1886. An eminent American general. He graduated at West Point in 1844 , served as a lieutenant in the Mexican war; was commissioned a brigadier-general of volunteers at the outbreak of the Civil War ; served under McCIellau in the Peninsular campaign ; commanded tlie first divi- Bion of the seeonil corps at Aiitietam Sept. 17, 18t>2, and at Fredericksburg. Dec. 13, 1SG2 ; commanded a corps at Gettysburg, July 1-3, 1803, and at Spottsylvania Court House (where he took 4,04K) prisoners), May 12, 18tU ; was commander of the militiu-y department of the Atlantic 1872-86, and was an unsuccessful Democratic candidate for the presidency in 1880. Hancock House. An old house formerly stand- ing in Boston, Massachusetts. It was built in 1737, and was the residence of Governor John Hancock 1780-93. It was demolished in 1863. Handegg Fall (hau'deg fal). A cascade of the Aare, in the eastern part of the Bernese Ober- land, Switzerland. Height, 2.')0 feet. Hsuidel (han'del), George Frederick, G. Georg Friedrich Handel. Born at Halle, Prussia, Feb. 23, 1685 : ilied at London, April 14, 1759. A cele- brated German composer. He studied with Zachau, organist of the cathedral at Halle, for 3 years. He then went to Berlin, where his powers of improvisation caused hnn to be regarded as a prodigy ; then to Halle, where his father died. It became necessary for him to support his mother, and he went to Hamburg, where" he entered the orchestra of the Opera House as '■ violino di ripieno." He soon became known, and was made conductor. In 1705 bis first opera, "Almira," was produced there. In 1700 he went to Italy. Returning to Germany in 1709, he accei)ted the position of Ivupellmeister from the Elector of Han- over, on condition that he should be allowed to visit Eng- land, having already received pressing invitations to do so. He first went to London in 1710. His opera "Rinaldo" was produced there in 1711. He undertook the direction of the Italian opera in 1720. Buononcini and .\rio9ti, both of whom he had known at Halle, also went to London about this time and formed an opposition to him, which gave rise to much feeling and to Byrom's epigram ending * Strange all this difference should be "i'wixt Tweedledum and Tweedledee!" From 1729-34 he was in partnership with Heidegger at the King s Theatre. In Vi7 he became bankrupt. In 1739. when he was about 54, he began to compose the oratorios which made him famous. In lT,"i2 he was attacked by eatu- racl. and was couched three times. but without success. He was nearly if not entirely blind for the rest of bis life, but continued to preside at the organ during bis ow'n oratorios. His fame increased, and tlie animosity which had pursued him during his earlier years died away. He is best known by his oratorios "Esther' (172(i), "Saul" (1739), "Israel In Egypt ' (1739), " The llessnih " (1742), " Samson "(1743), "Judas Maccaba;us" (1747), "Joshua" (1748), "Jephthah" (1752), etc. He wrote 23 oratorios, more than 40 oper.as, "Acis and Galatea" and "Alexander's Feast" (cantatas), besides a great deal of church and chamtier music, odes, songs, etc. See his "Life" by Mainwaring, Scholcher, and Chrysander. Handel and Haydn Society. An American musical society, founded at Boston in 1815. Handel Society. 1. An English society for the publication of Handel's works, f.irmed in 1843 and dissolved in 1848. His works were issued 1843-58.— 2. [G. HamJel-disrlhi-hafl.'] A Ger- man society for the publication of llaudors works, formed in 1856. These works have been published since 18.59 under the editorship of Chrysander. Handsome Swordsman, The. [F. Le beau sa- breur.^ A surnanH- given to Mitrat. Han dynasty. See the extract. In the year 207 n. c. another period of anarchy was ended liy Kaou-te, who, gathering up again all China under his rule, founded the celebrated Hun dymisty, which nour- ished 1111 220 A. II.. or, roughly speaking, from the days of Uaiuiibui to those of Caracalla. Hodijkin. Italy and her Invaders, II. 16. Haneberg (hil'no-bero), Daniel Bonifacius von. Born iit Tanne, near KiTnphn, Havaii.i, .lune 17, IHKi: died at Spires, Bavaria, May 31, 1876. A German Koman Oatholic pi-chite and theologian. He was professor of theology at Mu- nich 184151, abbot 1814, and bishop of Spires 187'-'. He wrote various thcobigical. historical, and polemical works. Hanega (han'e-gii). A tribe of Xorth .\ineri<'an linlians, living on the west coasi of I'riiice of Wales Island, Alaska. They number 587. See KnhiKrhdii. Hanes (hsl'nez). An ancient Egyptian city (Isa. .x.KX 4). See the extract. Butwhatand wherewas Hanes? The Greek translators of the old Testament, labouring in Egypt, could not tell; the patient Clialdees who pnraiihrased the Scripture In the vulgar tongue of Palestine could not tell. Gescnlils, »Jiat prince of modern Hebrew scholars, guessed that 479 H.anes must he the city which the Copts called Hues, the Greeks Heracleopolis, the town of Hercules, one the civil, the other the religious name. />«)(,•, Cities of Egypt, p. 31. Hang-chau, or Hangcho'w (hang'chou). The' eaiJital of the province 'if Che-kiang, China, sit- uated near the river Tsieu-tang, about lat. 30° 16' N., long. r_'0° 15' E. It was long noted tor its trade un.i its silk m:inufai!tures, and as a literary center. It was b. Id l.y til. Ini|.ings 1801-04. Pop., estimated, 800,000. HangO-Udde ^hilng'ge-O'de). A seaport in Fin- laud, situated at the entrance of the Gulf of Finland, in lat. 59° 51' N., long. 22° 57' E. Here, Aug. 7. 1714, the Russians defeated and captured the Swedish admiral Ehrenskjiild. Han-hai (hiin-hi'). A name of the western part of thr liobi desert, or of that desert itself. Hanifites. See U99. Hannah (haii'ii). [Heb., 'grace'; Gr. 'ft.i'ra.] A wife of Elkaiiah, and mother of the prophet Samuid. Hannay (han'a), James. Bom at Dumfries, Scotland, Feb. 17, 1827: died at Barcelona, Spain, .Jan. 9, 1873. A British critic, novelist, and miseellaueous author. From 1840-15 he was a midshipman in the royal navy, and consul at Barcelona 1868-73. Among his works are " Satire and Satirists " (ia54), "Studies on Thackeray "(1809), the novels "Single- ton Fontenoy " (1850), " Eustace Couyers " (1855X and crit- ical essays. Hannibal (han'i-bal). [Punic,' grace of Baal'; li. Ildiiiiihul, F. ifiiiniilxi/, A)iitil)(il,lt. Amiibale, Sp. Aiiibal.'] Born 247 B. c. : committed suicide at Libyssa, Bithynia, prol)ably 183 B. c. A fa- mous "Carthaginian general, son of Hamilear Barca. Ho accompanied his father to Spain about 238 ; succeeded Hasdrubal as ctuninander of the arniy- in 221 ; completed the coiujuest of Spain south of the Ebro 221- 219 ; besieged and took Saguntum in 219 ; crossed the Ali)S, probably by way of the Little St. Bernard, in 218 ; gained the victories of the Ticino and the Trebia in 218, of Uike Trasimene In 217, and of I'annie In 216 ; wintereil at Capua 216-215 ; captured Tarentum in212 ; marched against Rome in 211 ; and was recalled to Africa in 203. He was defcate find new trading stations, and to found new colonies of the half-bred " Liby-Phcenician " population, from whose presence the State was always anxious to be freed. Each admiral was in command of a powerful fleet. Hanno was dii-ected to go south from the Pillars of Hercules, and to skirt the African cA§st ; Himilco was in like manner di- rected to keep to the coast of Spain. The records of both voyages were long preserved upon tablets in the temple of Moloch ; and nanno's account is still extant in a Greek translation. Hiinilco's tablet is lost, though it seems to have been extant as late as the fourth century of the Christian era: but its form is known from the "Periplus of Hanno," and its substance is. to some extent, preserved in the extracts of Avienus. ElUni, Origins of Eng. Hist., p. 20. Hanno (han'6), surnamed "The Great." Lived in the 3d centvu-y B. c. A leader of the aristo- cratic party at Carthage, an opponent of Hamil- ear Barca and Hannibal. Hanno, or Anno (an'o). Saint. Killed 1075. An archbishop of Cologne. He became chancellor of the empire in the reign of Henry III., and was elevated to the see of Cologne in 1056. In 106'2, placing himself at the head of the princes disaffected with the administra- tion of the regent Agnes of Poitou, he abducted the young king Henry IV. from Kaiserswerth to Cologne, and usurped the regency. Hannover (hiin-no'ver), Eng. Hanover (han'- 0-ver), F. HanO'vre (ii-nov'r). A province of Prussia. Capital, Hannover. The main portion is bounded by the North Sea, Oldenburg. Schleswig llol- stein, and Hamburg (separated from these two by the Elbe) on tile north, Mecklenburg and Brandenburg (separated by the Elbe) on the northeast, the province of Saxony on the east, Brunswick, Waldeck, Lippe, Schaumburg-Lippe, and Westphalia on the south, and the Netherlands and Oldenburg on the west. It is nearly cut in two by Olden- burg. South of it is a detached portion, separated by Bruns- wick, and reaching south to Hesse-Nassau, and there are several minor exclaves. The surface isgenerally level ; the Harz, Weser hills, and Teutoburger Wald are in the south. The chief rivers are the Ems, Weser (with the Alter and Leine), and Elbe. The leading occupation is agriculture. In the south arc mines of coal, iron, lead, copper, and silver. 'Ihere are considerable manufactures. The province is di- vided intoO districts — Hannover, Hildesheim.Osnabrnck, Liineburg, Aurich. and Stade. The great majority ,>f the population is Protestant. Hannover formed part of the old duchy of Saxony. The \\'elf house, which had ac- quired Bavaria in 1070, obtained Luneburg. etc., in 1120. After the deposition (1180) of Henry the l,i..n, duke of Saxony and Bavaria, his son William obtained (1'203) Lune- burg, the Upper Harz, etc. His son Otto was made duke of Brunswick and Liineburg in 1'235, and acquired Celle, Hannover, etc. There were various divisions and reunions, and finally two main lines, Liineburg and Wolfenbutlel. In 1692 the principality of Luneburg be- came the electorate of Hanover. The second elector, George Louis, succeeded to the British throne asGettrge I. in 1714 (founder of the British line of Hanover, Bruns- wick, or the Gnelfa : see (Vcorj/c /.). The duchies of Bre- men and Verden were acciuired in 1719. Hannover waa occupied by the French in 1803 ; was ceded (o lYiissia in 1805 ; and was taken frtmi Prussia in 1807. Piut of it waa allotted to the kingdom of XN'estpbalia in 1807, and another portion in 1810. It was liberated in 1813. By the Con- gress of Vienna (1814-15) it was i-aised to a kingdom, and received accessions (East Frieslaml, Hildesheiin, etc.). It entered the Germanic Confederation in ISl.^i. A constitu- tion was given lo it in 18.'i3, which was suspended in 18:17. Hannover was separated fnini Great Britain in 1837, Ernest Augustus, duke iif Cumberland, succeeding King ^^'illialn of England. An alliance between Prussia, Hannover, and S:ixony wiu* formed in 1849. Hamniver sided with Austria against Prussia in 1806. It was annexed to I'russia in 186t>. The Duke of Cumberlaiul (representative of the house of the Guelfs) resigned his claims on Hannover In 1S1>2, re- ceiving in exchange from Prussia the "Guelf fund." (See Bruu^wiy-k.) Area, 14, 8.'t3 square iiiilrs. Population (ItHK)), 2,r,yo,M:i;). Hannover, Eng. Hanover. The capital of the province of Haiinovc r. Prussia, situated on the Leino in Int. 52° 23' N., long. 9° 43' E. It haa recently become an important railway, coinmerclal, and raanufactiniiig center. It nninufaclilres Iron, machinery, etc. Among the objects of interest are the Waterloo column, war nionuinent, Kestner mu^ellnl, palace, Markt- kirehe, museum, picture-gallery, Rathaus, and theater. Near the city are the lleiTcnhaiisen castle and the poly- technic schotil (former HV/^';i-.'i*/i/-98. Hanover. See Ilnnnortr. Hanover. .\ town in Grafton County, New llnnipshire, situated on the Connecticut River. It is tlic sent of Dnrtinouth College (which see). Population (Ih'JOJ, 1,817. Hanover, House of Hanover, House of. The present reigning family of tlie United Kingdom of Great Bi'itain and Ireland. See George I. Hanover, Treaty of. An alliance for mutual aid concluded between England, France, and Prussia, Sept., 1725. It was directed against the union between Austria and Spain. Hanover Court House. The capital of Han- over County, Virginia, 17 miles north of Rich- mond. Here, Hay 27, 1862, the Union general P'itz-John Porter defeated a force of 13.000 Confederates. The Union loss was 397 : that of the Confederates, between 200 and 3J0 killed, and 730 captured. Hanover Square. A square ^n the West End of London, south of Oxford street and west of Regent street. It received its name in the days of the early popnlarity of George I. St. George's, Hanover Square, is the most fashionable church for maiTiages in London: it gives name to one of the p.arliamentarj' borougfis. The squai-e was built about 1731, when the place for executions was removed from Tybui'n, lest the inhabitants of the *' new square" should be annoyed liy them. Tlie bronze statue of William Pitt in the square is by Chan trey (1831). Hare, London, 11. 138. Hansa, The. See Hanseatlc League. Hansard (han'sard), Luke. Born at Norwich, England, July 5, 17.5:! : died at London, Oct. 29, 1828. An English printer, best known from his publication of parliamentary reports. He printed the ".Journal of the House of Com- mons from 1774." Hanseatic League (han-se-at'ik leg), or the German Hanse or Hansa. A medieval con- federation of cities of northern Germany and adjacent countries, called the Hanse tovms, at one time numbering about 90, with afiSliated cities in nearly all parts of Europe, for the pro- motion of commerce by sea and land, and for its protection against pirates, robbers, and hos- tile governments. At the height of its prosperity it exercised sovereign powers, made treaties, and often en- forced its claims by arms in Scandinavia, England, Portu- gal, and elsewhere. Its origin is commonly dated from a compact between Hamburg and Lubeck in 1241, al- though commercial unions of German towns had existed previously. The league held triennial general assem- blies (usually at Liibeck, its chief seat) ; and, after a long period of decline and attempts at resuscitation, the last general assembly, representing 6 cities, was held in 166y. The name was retained, however, by the union of the free cities of Lubeck, Hamburg, and Bremen, which are now members of the German Empire. Hansen (han'sen), Heinrich. Bom at Haders- leben, Schleswig, Nov. 23, 1821 : died at Copen- hagen, July 11, 1890. A Danish architectural painter. Hansen, Peter Andreas. Bom at Tondem, Schleswig. Dee. 8, 1795: died at Gotha, Ger- many, March 28, 1874. A noted German as- tronomer (originally a watchmaker), director of the observatory at Gotha from 1825. He wrote " Methode zur Berechnung der absoluten Stbrun- gen derkleinen Planeten "(l&56-59\ "Tables de la lime" (1857), '• Tables du soleil" (with Olafsen, 1854-67), etc. Hansi (han'se). A town in the Panjab, India, 80 miles northwest of Delhi. Population, about 12,000. Hansom (han'som), Joseph Aloysius. Born at York, England, Oct. 26, 1803 : died at Lon- don, June 29, 1882. An English architect, inven- tor of a patent safety cab which was named from him the " Hansom." The principal feature of the original vehicle was the "suspended" axle. It had no out- side seat. Hansteen (han'stan), Christopher. Bom at Christiania, Norway, Sept. 26, 1784: died at Christiania. April 15, 1873. A Norwegian as- tronomer and physicist, noted especially for his researches in terrestrial magnetism. He published " Untersuchungen iiber den Magnetismus der Erde ' (1819), " Resultate magnetiscber, etc., Beobachtun- gen " (1863), etc. Hanswurst (hans'vorst). [G.,' Jack Sausage.'] A conventional buffoon in old German comedy. See Gottsclicd. He was servant, messenger, spy, intrigant, and conjuror, and was dressed in motley and provided with a crack- ing whip, like the old gleeman. He was obscene and vul- gar, a great eater and drinker, a braggart and a coward. He was the hero of farce and the jester of tragedy, and he even forced his way into Hamburg Opera . . . He went under different names at different periods, Pickelheiing, Harlequin, and Hanswurst being the most frequent. . . . .\s early as 1708 a German theatre was estatdished in the imperial capital, and its founder, Joseph Stranitzky, a Si- lesian, made extensive use of the characters and plots of Italian f:u-ce: he himself acted Harlequin, to whom he gave the old German name of Hanswurst, a title borne occasionally by the clown of the earlier drama. He made him appeal more d irectly to the Viennese. His Hanswurst came from S-alzburg, just as the Italian .^rlecchino came from Bergamo, and both were made to speak in their na- tive dialect. As Arlecchino has his own special costume, made of triangular patches of cloth, so Hanswurst always appeared asa peasant with the characteristic green pointed hat. Scherer, Hist. German Lit. (trans.). I. 398. 480 Hantiwi (han-te'we), or Hantewa (han-ta'wa). An almost extinct tribe of North American In- dians. See Palaihidhan. Hants. See Hampshire. Hanuman (ha 'no-man). [Skt., lit. 'having (large) jaws.'] In Hindu mythology, a monkey chief who is a conspicuous figure in the Rama- yana. He and the other monkeys who assisted Rama in his war against Rjivana were of di\ine origin and superhu- man powers. Hanuman jumped from India to Ceylon in one bound, toi'e up trees, carried away the Himalayas, and performed other wonderful exploits. Accompanying Rama on his return to Ayodhya, he received from him the reward of perpetual life and youth. His exploits are favorite topics among Hindus from childhood to old age, paintings of them .are common, and there are temples for his worship. Hanumannataka (han"o-man-nat'a-ka). In Sanskrit literature, a di-ama, by various hands, on the subject of the adventures of the mon- key chief Hanuman, written in the 10th or 11th century. Hanway(han'wa), Jonas. Born at Portsmouth, England, Aug. 12, 1712: died at London, Sept. 5, 1786. An English traveler and philanthropist. He became the partner of an English merchant in St. Petersbiu-g in 1743 ; and 1743-44 made a mercantile jour- ney to Persia, in which he suffered many misfortunes. He published an account of it in 175;^. His later years were occupied with various philanthropic schemes, espe- cially in behalf of poor children. He advocated the es- tablishment of Sunday-schools. He is said to have been the fii-st habitually to carry an umbreUa in the streets of London. Hanyang (han-yang'). A large city Ln China, nearly adjoining Hankow (which see). Hapafanda (ha-pa-ran'da), properly Haapa- ranta (ha-pa-rSn'ta). A small town in the laen of Norrbotten, Sweden, situated at the head of the Gulf of Bothnia, opposite TorneS,, on the boundarv of Sweden and Finland, in lat. 65° 51' N., long. 24° 2' E. Hapi (ha'pe). InEg^T)tian mythology, the NUe as a deity; the god Nilus. We can more easily understand the worship of the god Hapi, the Nile. We can readily realise that the Egyptians paitl divine honours to the river that brought tliem all blessings. It is true no special temples seem to have been erected to this god, but we find that gifts were presented to him everywhere, and he was worshipped as a god in hymns and was identified with other gods. La Saussaye, Science of Religion (trans.), p. 411. Hapitu. See Tusayan. Happy Valley, The. In Johnson's '■ Rasselas," a garden of peace where the Prince of Abyssinia lived. It was almost impossible to get into or out of it. See Eassel^s. Hapsburg (haps'berg; G. pron. haps'boro), or Habsburg(haps'b6rG). House of. [G. Hapsburg, Mab.iburij, ovig. flai//(7(fe'Z»iHY/,hawk'scastle.] A German princely family which derived its name from the castle of Hapsburg (which see), and which has furnished sovereigns to the Holy Ro- man Empire. Austria, and Spain. The title Count of Hapsburg was .assumed by Werner I., who died in 1096. Count Rudolf was elected empel-or as Rudolf I. in 1273 and acquired Austria, and founded the imperial line which reigned 1273-91, 1298-1308, 1438-1740. Rudolf IV. became archduke of Austria in 1453. In 1477 the emperor Maxi- milian I. acquired the domain (except the duchy) of the ducal house of Burgundy by marriage with the heir- ess Mary, and in 1490 had all the Hapsburg possessions united in his hands by the abdication of Count Sigismund. His son Philip the Fair married Joanna the Insane, qneen of Aragon and Castile. Their eldest son became king of Spain as Charle* I. in 1516, and emperor as Charles V. in 1519; their second son Ferdinand received the Austrian crown, to which he added by election the kingdoms of Bohemia and Hungary. The Spanish line was continued by Charles's son Philip II., and reigned 1516-1700. On the abdication of the imperial c^o^vn by Charles V. in 1550. he was succeeded by his brother Ferdinand, who continued the imperial line, the last male representative of which was Charles VI. On the death of Charles VI. in 1740, his daughter Maria Theresa succeeded to the Austrian inher- itance by virtue of the pragmatic sanction (which see). She married Francis I., grand duke of Tuscany, of the house of Lorraine, who became emperor in 174.5, and founded the Hapsburg-Lorraine line, members of which ruled as emperors of the Holy Roman Empire until its aliolition in 1806, and have since" ruled as emperors of Austria. Hapsburg Castle. See the extract. Hapsburg is a castle (built about A. D. 1020) in the Aar- gau on the banks of the Aar, and near the line of railway from Olten to Zurich, from a point on which a glimpse of it maybe had. "Within the ancient walls of Vindonissa," says Gibbon, " the castle of Hapsburg. the abbey of Konigs- felden, and the town of Brugg have successively arisen. The philosophic traveller may compare the monuments of Roman conquests, of feudal or .\ustrian tyranny, of monk- ish superstition, and of industrious freedom. If he be truly a philosopher, he will applaud the merit and happi- ness of his own time. " Bryce, Holy Roman Empire, p 213. Hapur (ha-por'). A town near Meerut, India. Har. Same as Hormahliu. Hara (hii'ra). In Hindu mythology, a name of Sliiva. Haraforas. See Alfures. Harald. See Harold. Haran (ha'ran). [Heb. Haran, Assyro-Baby- Hardee Ionian Barranu, Gr. Xappav, L. Carrie or Char- i-(7.] A city in Mesopotamia, situated on the Bellas (Belich, ancient Bihchus), a small affl^ ent of the Euphrates, 10 hours southeast fron Edessa. The Assyrian meaning of the name is 'roa" probably so called as the crossing-point of the Syrian, As- syrian, and Babylonian trade routes. In the Old Testament it is mentioned in connection with the patriarchs, and Ezekiel (xxvii. 23) speaks of it as a considerable trading center. It is often mentioned in the cuneiform inscrip- tions. It was an ancient seat of the worship of the moon* god Sin ; and >'abun,aid, the last Babylonian king (65fr- 538 B. c), relates that Sin, in a dream, commanded him to restore his temple E-hul-hul ('house of joy ') in Haran, which was destroyed by the Scythians during their inva- sion under Asurbanip^. Naltunaid thereupon restored or rather completed the restoration of the temple, and adorned the city. Haran became famous among the Romans, being near the scene of the defeat of Crassus by the Parthians. About the time of the Christian era it ap- pears to have formed part of the kingdom of Edessa. After- ward it came with that kingdom under the dominion of the Romans. In the 4th century it was the seat of a bishop. At present it is a sraaU village inhabited by a few Arab families. Harar (ha-rar'), or Hurrur (hor-ror'). 1. A small state in the Galla country, eastern Africa. — 2. The oapital of Harar, situated about lat. 9° 23' N., long. 42° E. Population, about 37,000. Harari (ha-ra're), or Adarl (ii-dii're). A Se- mitic dialect, mixed with Hamitic words, spoken only in the important city and small state of Harar. The language is allied with Geez and Amharic. The people are Mohammedans. Harbour Grace (har'bor gras). A seaport in southeastern Newfounciland, situated on Con- ception Bay 29 miles west-northwest of St. •John's. Popidation (1901), 5.184. Harburg (har'boro). A river port in the prov- ince of Hannover, Prussia, situated on the south- ern ami of the Elbe 6 miles south of Hamburg. It is increasing in importance. Population (1890), 3.5,081. Harcourt (har'kort). 1. A character in Shak- sperp's "Henry IV.," part 2. — 2. A character in Wyeherley's play "The Country Wife." Harcourt, Siinon, first Viscount Harcourt. Born about 1661: died at London, July 29, 1727. An English politician. Hew:is attorney-general 1707-08, and again in 1710 ; became keeper of the great seal in 1710 ; and was appointed lord chancellor in 1713. He lost hie office in 1714. He was a friend of Pope, Swift, Gay, and other literarj' men of his day. Harcourt, Simon, first Earl Harcourt. Bom 1714: died at Nuneham, Sept. 16, 1777. An Eng- lish politician and general. Hewas appointed am- bassador at Paris in 1768. and was lord lieutenant of Ire- land Oct., 1772. -Jan., 1777. Harcourt, William, third Earl Harcourt. Bom March 20, 1743: died June 18, 1830. An English soldier. He took part in the Revolutionarj' War as lieu- tenant-colonel, and in 1776 captured General Charles Lee in his own camp (a service fur which he was promoted colonel): and became major-general in 1783, general in 1796, and fleld-marsh;U in 1820. Harcourt, Sir William George Granville Ven- ables Vernon. Born Oct. 14, 1827. An Eng- lish politician, grandson of Edward Vernon Har- court, archbishop of York, and a descendant of the first Earl of Harcoiu't. He was educated at Trin- ity College, Cambridge, and called to the bar in 1854. He entered Parliament (for Oxfor4. commanded the army which defended Savannah against .-herman. flardenberg 481 Harless 1 ITardpnherff (har'deu-bero) Georff Friedrich retaryl36T-«8, secretary for war 1874-78. secretary for India also wrote a iiumber of poUtical tracts. He is best known Bkflf^^ Jnn • ,L,;,1 n t ,, TJn^a lf= RoTi, , f 1878-«>. ^n^^rd president of the council 18S5^ and l(iS«- now as the author of the couplet ' ^ft^^tldrnrar teeM ?iu.si-. m"v '• ?892-, He was raiLlw the pee-^-e as Viscount C^nbrook ..Treason doth never prosper : whafs the reason! -i . ? 1 V near JlaiisIelU, l I u^.^ia, .MdJ ., ,„ i878, and was created earl of Cranbro..k m 1892. j.^^ -^ ,( j,^^ „J,^ ji^„ call it treason." 1,72: died at Weissenf els, Prussia Match 2:), Hardy, Latitia.Iu Mrs. Cowley's c-omedy'- The r i^ ta- . .w s oq irvi 1801. A noted German poet and litterateur. He Belle's Strata-'eui " a voune girl betrothed to Harmgton,Jolm. Died at Worms, Aug. 23, 1613. wrote the novel "Heinrich von oftcrdingcn," and lyric „^ :„„,_* „^ ° ,/ ^, . j.. , .' , • .Vu Knt;lish nobleman, the tirst Lord liariUKtou. poems. His works were published in 1802. UoneOUTt. She is piqued by his mdilference into playini! He waa the cousin of Sir .lohn HarinKton. In 1«J3 he re- Hardenberg. Prince Karl August von. Bom ^^^^^^^^C^^:r^':;:Su^i::^::^^ ^i^lS'i^STl^l-^^^l^y "^'^^^ ed't"r n^'eSa at EssenroSe, Hannover Prussia, May 31, 1750: Hardy. .Sir Thomas. Born 1709: died lS:!i1. rr!!,n thUrl?i.Lrrof\^,f ■oinpo^Jdfr^tt/'e^^^^^ died at Otenoa, Mov. 2b, 1822. A Pnissian states- An Enu'lisli naval coiniiiander. with her to Coventry. In IBia he had a royal patent for man. He entered the I'russian ministry in 1791 ; was Haxdv ThomaS Born in Dorset, June 2, 1840. coining brass farthiiiKs for 3 years, granted to reimburse minister of foreign atfai.slSM-«i and 1807; andwasmade , Kri'.'lJHli novelist Hi, works include " I)esi>en.to Wi" 'or expenses incurred by her extravagance. These t»- chancellor in 1810, and president of the councU in 1817. „ ".r^i ■' /,V«a ..ii V„. .., ,°^» kens were called " Haringtons ' in ordinary conversation. His me,n..irs were 'edited by Von Eanke in 1877. S*"'"^ "/„, ^X*' j- "''•'^^Is^s'; .Vj-*^" ^^f the Maddnt ^e went abroad as royal commissioner to se_ttle the joint- Harderwijk(har'dei-wik). Atownintheprov- Crtw^d'''(18kx"Tl,VH™Ht.hefbTrta'» ince of Cielderland, Netherlands, situated on the turn of tlic .\ativo ••(1«78), •• The Trumpet-Major" (l.-si. , Hanri ( ha re re), the surname of AbU MObam- Znvder Zee 31 miles east of Amsterdam It was "'''"'" "" " 1'o«<"'" (1S«-). "-* "roup of Noble Dame.- ' med Kasim ben All. [Ar. Iiann. silk-mer- folJ^tl an fnfpornrH?nsLnVp\H:a,S theseat o"" 'Ss'-'^aS,")' ''lude'lt;"ob";i"1r^9;''-seHam''in ^•^""'■J '*"■•" "' ^^^^^ '^^^""^ 10^= '"'"^ '''"«• university from lt>48 to 1818. Population (1891), 7.6»4. '■ Hi]^,Ws ilt-azinJ ■' t, •' Ilelrt^^^^^ about 1122. An Arabian poet. The most famous Hardicanute (har'di-ka-nut'J. [Also Harde- Hardvn? oi'Hardin? (hii-'dinL')" John Born of his works are hisMakamat (■assemblies' or 'stances'), ^rr,Zu nnr,1n,;,,if TT„,-H,n,;i„t ■ TiU . FI„nli '^ o- J^-^' i , . , ,7^ ^ i ^ h- . . " ■ consisting of.'.Ooratoiical, poetical. moral, encomiastic, and canuh, Haraainut Uattliacimt , ML,. -"''''''- 13/8: diod ab.mt 14().). An English chronicler, satirical discourses, supposed to have been spoken or read eanutus. Ab. Hartliacmit.} iSoru about lOlS): a* a y.,uth he was a nieml>er of the household of Harry in public assemblies. It is ciuisidered among the Arabs died at Lambeth, near London, June 8, 1042. Percy (HotspurX and was present at the battle of sinews- as a literai-y classic next onlj to the Koran. Itwaglnpart Kinff of Enelaud 1040-4' son of Canute and '""'.^'- He fouglit also at the battle of llomildon and nt translated into English by Preston and fhcncry ; a free tL.™ f V, .„.,., „rl,r n~'i ,■ . T^ ■ Agincourt. He was constable of .Sir Robert Inifrevilles Oerman translation of the whole w..rk by Ruckert exists, tmma ot :y oinuaudy. He became king of Denmark castle at Kyme. LincijlnBhire, from HSa. UU chroni.le is and there is an edition of the original by .Silvestre de Sacy. iuioso, and nominal king of the West Saxons in the same written in Englisli verse, and comes cl„«n to al>.iut 14:ti;. tt„„-„-u„v~„ j_, ,i,„ ,.;«!, ,.l,..„'.l,...i Tt, Hiiwln year, his half-brother Haloid being king of the north. .See He is best known in connection with certain docnn,. nth Hanshchandra (ha-rish-chal » ha). In Hindu Uarold. forged liy him nlatiiig to the feudal relations of the »iot. mythology, the twenty-eighth king of the 30- Harding(har'ding), Chester. BomatConway, tish and English crowns. lar race, celebrated for his piety and justice. Mass., Sept. 1, 1792: died at Boston, April 1, BUire (bar). The. A constellation. See Lepua. He is the subject of legends in the Aitareyabrahmana. 1866. .An American portrait-painter. Hare, Augustus John Cuthbert. Born at Mahabharata, and Markandevapurana. The first tells Harding^ James DuAeld. Born at Deptford, K„m,.. March 13, IS34: died at 8t. Leonards, '^^ ^^^l.^ll^Z^^^f^^T^^^jSl^ "^ ''' ''''"''^ Kent, 1/98 : died at Banies, Surrey 1863. An Jan. 22,1^103 An English author, ncphewof J. C. ^^^ (har'it), or Harita (har'i-ta). [Skt.,' fal- English landscape-pamter, and writer on art. and A. W. Hare. He wrote "Walks in Rome" (1871), ,„„ , i ,,„ii„... ; i, ,,.,„,„ n t>i ITiniln rnvtliolnirv He was a successful teacher of his art, and pub- -Memorial.^ of a Quiet Life" (187^1 •; Wan.lerings in '^!^' .>;''"".' Tiidra or the sun tN-^cal of tis lisbpd cdiicntininl works imon it .Spam" (W7:i)," Days near Rome" (18.4),"Citiesol Nortli- tUo males ot Inoia, or tile sun, ly-picai ot Lis lisueuedutaxioiiai woiKsuponii. ern ami Central Italy " (I87i;i, "Walks in Lon,lon"(iH78r, rays: according to Max MuUer, the prototj-pe Harding, John, bee Uunlyng. "Citiesof Southern ItJily, etc." (1883). "Cities of Central of the Greek Charites. Hardinge(har'ding), Sir Henry first Viscount Italy"(l884),-studi«in Russia" (l&s.'^„,"Pari3"(1887). Harivansha (ha-ri-van'sha). In Sanskrit lit- Haiduigeot Lahore. Boi-n at Wrotham, Kent, Hare, Augnstus William Born at Rome Nov. eiuturc, • Hari's (i.e. Vishnu-Krishna's) race': Match 30, 1780 : died near Tunbridge Wells, 1M,92 : died at Koiuc, 1- eb. 18 1834. AnEn^- the title of a poem of 10,374 verses, it purpoHs Sept. 24. 18.^6. A.n English general, distin- lish clergyman, brother of J. C. Hare, and his ^ ^e a part of the SIah3bhaI■at!^ but is of much later guished througliout the Peninsular war and at collaborator in " Guesses at Truth.' date. The first part treat.s of the creation and of the pa- Ligny. Hewassecretiiryatwar under Wellington July, Hare, JuliuS Charles. Born at Valdagno, Italy, triarchal and regal dynasties ; the second, of the life and 1828,-July, 1830: chief secretary for Ireland .luly-Nov., Sept. 13, 179.): died at Hurstmonceaux, Sussex, advcnturesof kri6hna;thcthird,oftliefutureof t henorld 1830,a„dl8»4-35;secret.u-y at war 1811-14; and governor. England, Jan. 23, 1855. Au English divine and ?i^ ^;,rsm.Tof^mii^ ^ ^''^'- " "^ I"-"b"Wy «•"'- ueneral of India 1814-18, serving as second m command r; ", .' , •^' „„,.i, j^ . „„ „f T o,..oo 1SJ.n 4. , I, ..,,-.., .r^ t i^. r. underOough in the first .Sikh war. He w.as commander- theological writer, archdeacon of Lewes 184U. Harkaway(hark'a-wa'), Grace. InDionBouei- iii eliief of the British array 1852-66, and was made Held- He held the living of Hurstmonceaux fronim32 Among a^n/^ comedv "Loudon jLssurance," a young moshd in ISI'i his works are " Mission of the Comforter (1840) ; " 1 he ,■<■,.;.,„ i j => in.ii»n,uinisDO. ,,.».,. iu C.-1 Conte8twithRome"(18.W); "Vindication of Luther ■ilSii); woman ol fortune, Hardoi (hur do-e). A district in the bitapur conjointly with A. W. Hare, "Guesses at Truth" (I8i!7).| Harlan (hiU-'lan), James. Born in Clark Couu- division, Oudh, Northwest Provinces, British H^jg Robert. Born at Philadelphia, Jan. 17, ty. 111.. Aug. '2'), 1820: died at Mount Pleasant, India, intersected bylat. 27° 30' N., long. 80° 10' lyyj. jip,i .^^ Pliiladclphia, May 15, 1858. An Iowa, Get. 5, 1899. An American Republican E. Area, 2,325 square miles. Population (1891), American chiinisl. He was professor of chemistry in (originally a Whig) politician. He was tinted 1,113,211. the medical ib-p.-irtimnt of the I'niversity of Pennsylvania States senator from loMfca 18&5-05 ; secretary of the inte- Hardouin (ard-oah'), Jean Born at Quim- I8I8-17. He invented the calorimotor in ISUi. Howrote rior 18i)f>-«(l; and I nited States senator 1800-7.% when he per 1646- died at Paris Sept'3 1729 AFrcnch "Clieinical Apiuiratus and Manipulations "(1830), etc. became editor ot llie " WiL^hingt.m Chronicle." Jesuit classical scholar', numismatist, and chro- Harefoot, Harold. Soo Harold. Harlan, John Marshall. Born in Boyle Coiin- nologist. He mauitained in the "Prolegomena ad cen- Harflour (iir-fler' ). A seaport ill the department ty, Ky., .lime 1, 1.S33 An Aiuerican jurist. He •uratnveterumscriptorum" the parado.x that, withafew of Soino-Inff rieure, northern 1 ranee, situated graduated from the law department of 'TrTinsylvania t ni- exceptions, all the works ascribed to classical antiquity „u the Lezarde, near the mouth ot the Seine, 6 yersity in 1853, was attorney-general of kentueky 1803- h^ieeenforgedbymonksinthemh century; under the ^j,,, ^^,j ,,,. j,'^„,._ This was formerly an important *, -,>^beea,n^ direction of a certain Severus Archontlns. He also at- ,„.„„., rt ,»•.,., iwi....n.-riiniiMl bv the Fnulish in the 15th Pri""^ "^ ourt in isi 1. tacked the genuineness of ancient coins and of all church f«»P; r'; \^ *-,'f|,;,7,;;,^°s5n'';";,,,^,„„V Harland (hiir'lau.l), Marion. The pseudo.iJTU councils before that of Trent. , ■Lr„-.™o^== /)'■:,.' ,...i,.,i V,ir,,^,^A U-ummnnA "f Mrs. Terhuue (Mary Virginia Hawes). Hardt (hart) Mountains^ A^^oontin^ation of Hargraves^(l;ar g.a^._). _E^^^ 2arlaw (har-la').\ A ilacels miles northwest and. the Vosges in the Rhine Palatinate, Bavaria. "l^ .,,;.' ^'^'^''i'^^^^^^^^ of Abcnicen. Scotlan.l. Here the Highlander, who Hard Times. A novel by Di.-kens, published ''S '/•'"»" andniinei,the<118COVererottliegOia- ^^^^.^^ _, aIm rdeensbire under Dimald, U.rd of the Isles. origiuallvin"Household Words" in 18.54. It helds ot Ausira lia in 18jl. were defeated by the Earl of Mar, HU. was published entire in one volume in 1854. Hargreave (bar grev), Charles James. Born Harlech (hiir ' letdi). The ancient capital of Hardwar,orHurdwar(hur-dwar'). [Skt. Ha- "* Wiirtley.nearLeeds.Dec., lsJ(l:died«tB.ay M,.,.io„<.thshire, Wales, situated on the coast ridmra gate of Hari, i. e. Vishnu.] ^Vn ancient "ear Dublin, Apnl 2J. 1800. An Lnglish jurist oj ,„i|p^ ^outh of Carnarvon. lu castle was cp- ..;*,. r.w. fhc ,.;™v,t v%o.,L- «f tbo f;uiing for Charles I. The natiomd Cambrian w«r- nver breaks through into the plain. It Is an Im- ^^'^ „, estates under the Kneinnl.ered Estates Act of I8III. »ong, " The March ..f the Men ..f Harlech," is said to haTO portant place of annual pilgrimage, while every twelfth ,^^^^^ ^^ ^ judge of the l.iiii.le.l K.Klates Court from its es- i.riBiiiated during the former of these sieges. Grore. year a peculiarly sacred feast called a kumlih-inela takes ,ai,liBhment in 1868. He pnlilislied nuineious mathcmat TT.,ipij,n ManiiRprint.R and MiqrAl1a.nv See place. The concour.w of pilgrims (yearly 100,000 ; ut tiie |,.„| „„,,,,,., iiarieian Jttanuscripis ana misceuany. oce kumbh-mela 3(X).000) has t'iven rise I.. Mil important fair. TT„_i_o„_on Hiiir'iTrov/) .llLmaa Born orob- lli'ihi/. hutiirt. ^'T',?8r?9''lT'"""^''^'^'""'""'"°'""'"'' '"" ■ ^twfiU Blfu/lbirrLltiS:- died at'^^o,- Harlem (hUr'h.m) 1. See H',„Wr„, -2. The H^r,irk'^^rd'wik),Oharles. Bom at Slings- Un|ha,n, Apnl 1778 An Kng.ish^ mechanic };- ,:^ , "^f ^"^.^Xi^- l^TrZ t'- by, Yorkshire Sept. 22, 1821: died near Ba- ---^ ablt'\To4 l^V^^'^VaUmt^d ^ eluded U.L,.: the l^iist and Harlem rivers, gneres-dc-Luchon, l ranee, Aug. 18, 18.)U. An j,^, ^^^^^ claimed tor Thonms lligh^ but on iiisullklent Kighth Avenue, and lOOlh street. English clerg.vmaii (arehdcacon of Ely) and ec- evidence. Hamreaves established, in partnership with a garlem Rlver. A chnniu'l separating Maiihat- clesiastical historian. Among his works are "A His- Mr. .lamea, a cotton-mill in Nottingham. ,^^1^ Island from the mninland of the Stale of tory ol the Christian c'hurch, Middle Age" (18f'3-t>«). Hari (hii'ri). In 1 liiidii mythology, aname com- j,j,,^^. y^,^^ ^,,,1 ,.,„n,iuinieating with the Kast ll^l,''.''"'V^"','!'■^■niefln^'ii^^^^^^^^ nionlydesignalingVishiiu,but sometimes given Kivcr on the east, and through Spuvten Duvvil Iull,otoverapc,,pn,e,ntliel.miH,K. to other gods. creek with the Hudson on the west. Length, Hardy (hardi), Arthur Sherbunie. Born at Harihara(ha-ri-har'a). l,, Hindu mythology, a ,.,„„„ 7 „,i,..,. The Harlem cania.eon.iectlng with th. Andover, Mass., Aug. 1.J, 184*. An American ,.„„ii,inatioii of the names of Vishnu and Shivn, ii,„|„„, mver, was ..lllcially opened June 17, 18».'.. novelist. He graduated at West Point in iwm, and wn» ropresiriting the union of I he two deities. Harlpnuin (hiir'le-kin or-kwin). fit. Arlrr- assistaiit instriiitor of artlllerv tactics there till IS-n: wuM „ '. p . ^^ ,. ,. , naxiequin (iiai i< 1^'" "^ , ■„ ..V'l ' „;,. professor of civil etiglneering and mathematics at tlrlnnell gFl-Rud. '^'■' /i;::;(^ " '„ . „„„ j„„^ Will '''"""' '' " ""'''•'/""'■] A conventional clown m College, Iowa, 1870-73; professor ot civil engineering In Haring (lia ring), Wllnelm. pseudonym Will- (1,^ iiupiovised Italian comedv, or eommedia the Chandler Sclentlllc School, Dartmouth. N. 11., 1,'<7| ; bald Aloxis. Horn 111 IJreslau, Prussia, June ,[,.|i. ,„.,,, j,^, ,,.,,, „,^, „,rv„„i .,f Pnntalone, or Panta- and professor of mathematics in llartmontb College 1878. oi) ^-lJf^ . ,ij,.,| „, Arnsladt. Thiiringia, Di'c. 16, \g„„ ^,„ noted f..r his agllllv and gluttony, ami carried ere,;!.'" iLlH 'r;i,,''';;^'swU7er^^^^ «mrt"r^n.in' I«71 . A Gcrmnn novelist . His works include ■ Wal- a swl.rd of lath, lie was the deseendunt of the ,dd Roman iw' Z:,!^l,;sw,,?^sa. •' lutl, rw"^^^^^^^^ ladmor ■• and •S.-blossAvulon" (which he Issue.! In 18K1 »,,n,,lo(,a,,,); tin. .lerninn Ilanswiirst was iKirrowed mm The wt? f I ,.»trv •■ (ISHl-,) "p.rJse R se" SSI and 1827 respectively, umler the name of Walter Scott). him. In Kugl «h pantomime llj.rle.,uln was ( 8hi,). 1 ,i«>. Rosi ( s.si., „ rabanis" (18:C), " Der Roland von Berlin" (1840), ami made |Mipnl»r by the acting o Rich, W.vwlward O llrlen, Hardy, Gathome.hrst Earl of Cranbrook, Horn „ti„.r i,„nance» from Cenmm history. and (irimaldl. lie bar.lly exlst.H now .«ve In Christmas at Bradford, Oct. 1,1814. A British politician. TTniHnotnTi (hnr'inf ton) Sir John Bom at pantomlmeji. Improvised Italian playa. and puppet shows He waaedueatLd atoned College, Oxford, and'calle.1 to the ^k%M ne Hnl f •v'i'and l-VlT'die "here HarleSS (hiir'les), CJottlieb Ohrfstoph Adolf barin 1840. Heontered Parliament asConservativemember ^,' '"'"'• '".," ''»' ", l.ng a ml. l.ilil . .110.1 in. re, iiawcBo v \,,r,.,Mlieri' Bavaria Nov 21 forLeominsterlnl847.amlwas,etuinedl.,rtheInlver«ity Nov. 2(1, 1612, An Knglish Jioet. Ills .hl.'f w.,rk JOU. '.'""'■'' '^ V"^.' '"''V^V ,«- , \ r ,„ ' „ of Oxford in la«)5.deteatingSIr.Ulad.it.)ne. llcwaslDmesec- wan a tnmslatlon ..f the "Orlando Furloso" (I.'.IU). He IsOO: .lle.l at .Muni.'ll. ^I'pt. o, IMJ. .\ Ut rniaa c— :il Earless Protestant theologian. His works include "Kom- mentar uber den Brief an die Epheser " (1834), 'Theolo- gische Encyklopadie uiid Methodologie " (1837), " Die ciiristliche Ethik " (1842), etc. Harleth (har'leth), Gwendolen. The principal female character in George Eliot's novel "Dan- iel Deronda." Harley (har'li). The ' ' man of feeling " in Mac- kenzie's novel of that name: a sensitive, irres- olute person, too gentle to battle Tvith life. Harley, Robert, first Earl of Oxford. Born at London, Dee. 5, 1661: died May 21, 1724. An English Tory (originally Whig) statesman. He entered Parliament in 16S9 ; was speaker of the House of Coniraons 1701-05; was secretary of state 17(M-osthu- mously in 1G31. He did much for the advancement of algebra, especially tiy enunciating the fundamental jufn- ciple that an eiiuation is the product of as many simple equations \\& there are units in its highest power. Harris (har'is). A district in the Outer Heb- rides, Scotland. It comprises the southern part of the I;ugest ishmd (Lewis being the northern and larger part) and a few smaller islands. Harris, James. Bom at Salisburv, Julv 20, 1709: died there, Doe. 22, 1780. An English classical scholar and politician. He became a lord of the admiralty in 17(53, and a few months later a lord of the treasury, retiring in 17*15. He wrote "Hermes, or a Philosophical Enqniiy concerning t^niversal Grammar" (17B1), etc. narris, James, first Earl of Malmesbury. Bom at Salisbury, England, .\pril 21, 174(): died nt London, Nov. 20, 1820. An English diploma- tist and politician. Ho was made secretary of embassy at Madrid in 17(18; became minister at Berlin In 1772, at St. Petersburg In 1776, and at The Hague in 1784 ; and ne- gotiated the marriage of the Prince of Wales in 17!t4. He wrote " Diaric.Hund ('orreHpondcnce"(4 vols., edited by the third Earl of .Malm, sbiny, 18-14), "Letters" (edilcil 1870). Harris, Joel Chandler. Born at Eniouion, Ga., Doc. 8, 1848. An American writer and journalist, from 1876 on the staff of tlie " At- lanl a Constitution." He la best known a« the author of books on negro folk-lore: "Uncle Ucmu» : his Siings and his Sayings "(l,s80),".NightBwith Uncle Kemnh"(18Ki), " -Mingo, anil olbirSkelche8"(lSS4)." Free .Toe, etc." (1S87), " Dadily Jake, tlic Kuiiaway " (188)J). Harris, John. Bom about 1667: died Sept. 7, 1719. An English divine and seientilie writer. He was electe). Harrison, William Henry. Born at Berkeley, (,'harles Cilv Coiiiilv, Va., Feb. 9, 1773: died ill Washington, D. C.'. Ajiril 4, 1.H41. The ninth President of the United Stales, son of Benja- min Harrison. He was a delegate to Congress from the Northwest TeiTitory 1799-lsOO ; was governor of Inillann Territory I'Ol-Ul; and gained the victory of Tlppecanoo in 1811, and that of the TImines in IsW. He was member of Congress from (lllio 1H16-III. United States senator 1820- 18M, and Unlled Stales minister toColonibIn 1828-29. In 18.'t(l he was defeated as Whig candidate for the presi- dency, but was clecteil (ill the "log cabin and hard-elder campaign ")in IMO. He was President for one month only, being inaugurated March 4, 1841. Harrison's Landing. .V landing on the lower .lames K'iveriii \'jiginia. often mentioned in the Civil War. Harrisse (Imr-es'), Henri. Bom in Paris, of Itussian Hebrew )mreiits, 1830. A critic, bilili- ographer, and historian. Ho became n natiiralieed citizen of the United Slates, and tor some years nraellsed law In New York. He lias traveled In Anierlcaaml In many parts of Europe In search of ilocumenl^ relating to the early history of the New World. Among his importanl pubiications are "Itibliotlieca Americana Vetustissima ' (1866), "Cri8t .lohn Lyon in 1571, opened in 1611) is one of the great puhlie sehooi^ .1! i. upland. Pop (>91). .''',72.S. Harry (har'i ), Blind, ^r Henry the Minstrel. Lived about 14(0-!t2. A S(■otti^h niinislrel. au- thor of a poem on William Wa I laee( prill ted l.")70). Acompletemanuscript, dated 148H,isin theAd- vocat s' Library, Edinburgh. Dirt. Xiil. JBiog. Harry, Earl of Moreland, History of. See J-Ool llf (jKtiliti/. Harry Lorrequer. A novel by Charles Lever, first jiublislied in the "Dublin Magazine " in l'<37. Hart (hiirt), James McDougal. Bom at Kil- marnock, Scotland, Mav 111. 182S: died at Brook- lyn, N. Y., Oct. 24, 1901. An American Itmd- seape-painter, brother and pupil of William Hart: noted for landscapes antl paintings of cattle and sheep. Hart, Joel T. Bom in Clarke County. Ky., in 1810: died at Florence, March 1, 18f7. An American sculptor. Among his works are "Angelina," "II Penseroso," "Woman Triumphant," and statues of Henry CLay. Hart, John. Born at Hopewell, N. J.. 1708: died there, 1780. An American patriot, delegate to Congress from New Jersey 1776. and a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Hart, Sir Robert. Born in 183"). A British diplomat. He entered the consular service in China in IS.'tl. was inspector-general of customs in China 186;i-8.">, and w;ui director of Chinese imperial maritime customs l^s5-. Created a baronet in 1893. Hart, Solomon Alexander. Bom at Plymouth, IS06: died at London, June 12, 1881. An Eng- lish historical painter, of Hebrew descent. Hart, William. Bom at Paisley, Scotland, March 31, 1823: died at Mount Vernon, N.Y.. June 17, 1894. An American landscape- and jiiiiinal- painter, brother of James McDougal Hart. Harte (hiirt), Francis Bret. Bom at Aiv>any, X. v., Aug. 2.'). \S'M): died at Camlierley. Surrey, England, Mayo, 1902. An American poet and novelist. He removed to California in 18.^4, and founded tile " Overland Monthly "(San Kranciscol in I86«. In 1870 he was made professor of recent literature in the Univer- sity <>f California, but resigned and removed to New York in 1871. He was United States consul at i'refebl, Germany, 187s-.S(l, and at (ilasgow 1880-8.'',. and afterwanl lived in Kiigland. .Viiionu his many works are " The Lnek of Roar- lng('anip"(1868). "The Outcasts of Poker I'lat ' 11869), both appearing ill the "Overhiiulilont lily"; "Condensed Novels, etc." (1870); "The Heathen Chlnec"(in verse. 1S70: origi- nally appearing as " Plain Talk fri>m Truthful James" in the "Overland Monthly"); "Poems "(1871); "Stories of the Sierras "(1872) ; "Tales of the Argonauts " (187ft) : "tiabriel Conroy "(1876); " Thankful Blossom '(ls77): "Two Men of Sandy Bar" (a drama. 1877) : " California Stories "(1^S4) ; " A .Milli.uiaire of Rough and Ready "(18-<7) ; "A Drift from KcdwtMul t'aini)" and "A Phyllis of the Sierras "(1888X Hartenstein (hiir'ten-stin), Oustav. Born at I'lauen, Sa.xony, March 18, 1808 : died at Jena, Feb. 2, 1890. A (ierman philosophical writer of the Ilerbartian school, professor of philos- ophy at the rniversity of Lei)isic 1834-58. He edited Kant's works and llerbart's. Hartfell (hiirt'fel). A hill in Scotland, on the lioiiler of Peebles and Dumfries. Hartford (hiirl' ford). Aeity, the capital of Con- neetieiit and of lliiflford County, situated on llie Coiineclieut in hit. 41° 46' N!, long. 72° 41' W., at the head of navigation. It Is noted for iU wealth, ami is an lni|K)rlaiit center of Insurance business, book-publishing, and manufacturea(esnecially of Ilrearms, bicycles, etc.). II is the seat of u llicological seminiiry (Co'ngregatloual). of Trinlly College (which see), and of the American Deaf ami Dumb Asylum, Connect lent Retreat for the Insane, llartfordOrphaii Asylum, and other benevo- lent luHtllulions. II was settled ill liCl.'.. and was thescene of the attempt of Andros to secure ilie colonial charter (hidden In the "Charter oak ")ln li*'. II was sole capital liill.'i 1701. and capital Jointly with New Maven 1701-1873. Population (lliooi. T1l..s.".0. Hartford Convention. A poliiical assembly which metal llarlloid Dec.l.'t, 1814.-Jan.5. 181.'). It was composed of 12 delegales from Massachusetts (in- cluding lis president, George CalHiU 7 fnun Connecticut, and 4 from Rhode Isl.ind (appidnted by the legislatures of these States), and 2 from New Hampshire and I trom \ ef. moot (ajiiiointed by counties), all Kederalisls. It published a report prolesliiig auatnst the war with England and against the action of the United Stales government in re- fusing to pay the expenses of defending Massac liii.^et Is and Hartford Convention 484 Connecticat because those States refused to place their mi- Harvard University. The oldest and largest in litias UDder the control of the Federal gorenuueut, and rec- ommended, among other things, the restriction of the powers of Congress pertaining to war and to the laying of embargos. Its proceedings were carried on in secret, and the convention was suspected at the time of treason. Harthacnnt. See Hardkanute. Hartington (har'ting-ton). Marquis of. See Caiiinlit-h, Spencer Compton. Hartlepool. See East Martlejwol and West Miir- tlfpool. Hartley (bart'li), David. Born 1705 (exact date uncertain): died at Bath, England, Aug. 28, 1757. An English materialistic philosopher. His chief work is " Observations on Man, his Frame, his Duty, and his Expectations " (1749). He explained all mental processes as founded upon minute nervous vibrations, which he called - Vibratiuucles." He was the founder of the English a^sociational psychologj'. Hartmann (hart'man), Karl Robert Eduard von. Born at Berlin, Feb. 2a. 1842. A German philosophical writer, noted as an expoimder of pessimism. He has ivritten "Die Philosophie des Unbewussten " (" Philosophy of the Unconscious," 1869), "Phanomenologiedes8ittlichenBewus5tseins"(lS79),'-Das religiose Hewusstsein der Menschheit," " Die Religion des Geistes" (1SS2), etc. Hartmann, Moritz. Born at Duschnik. Bohe- mia, Oct. 15. 1^21 : died at Oberdobling, near Vienna, May 13. 1872. A German poet and nov- elist. Among his works are "Der Krieg um den Wald " (1850). and the poem Eva" ,ls.-il:. Hartmann von Aue (hart'man fon ou'e). Born in Swabia about 1170: died between 1210 and 1220. A Middle High German epic poet. He was a liegeman of the noble house of Aue. He was well edu- cated, according to the measure of the time, and had re- ceived instruction in Latin and French. He took part in the Crusade of 1197. At various times he wrote lyrics and two poetical love-letters, or "Buchlein "(•' Booklets "). His epics are ■•Gregonus," the legend of St- Gregory, based on a French poem ; ' Der arme Heinrich " (" Poor Henry "), a pious tale from a Latin storj- ; and two romances from the so-called cycle of King Arthur, " Erec " and " Iwein," both free versions of originals of the French poet Chrestien of Troyes. "Erec' and "Gregorius" were written before 1197, "Der arme Heinrich " and "Iweiu " after, probably in the order given. In " Erec " he introduced the Arthur- ian legend into German literature. Hartranft (har'tranft), Jolin Frederick. Born at XewHanover, MontgomervOountv, Pa.. Dee. 16, 1830: died at !s^oiTistown,"Pa., Oct. 17, 1889. An American general and politician, governor of Pennsvlvania 1873-79. Hartt (hart), Charles Frederic. Born at Fred- ericton, New Brunswick, Aug. 23, 1840 : died at Rio de Janeiro, March 18, 1878. An American geologist. He studied under Agassiz. and accompanied him to Brazil in 1S6S ; subsequently he was piotessor of geology at- %'assar College and Cornell University. He made repeated excursions to Brazil, and in 1875 organized the Brazilian Geological Commission, under the govern- ment of that country : its work was cut short by his death. He published "Geology and Physical Geography of Brazil " (1870). and numerous important papers on geology, pale- ontology, and ethnology. Hartwick ihart'wlk). A township in Otsego County, central New York, 63 miles west of Al- bany :" seat of Hartwick Theological Seminary (Lutheran). Population (1890). 1,894. Hartz. See Hur-. stitution of learning in America, situated part- ly in Cambridge and partly in Boston, Massa- chusetts. The college was founded by the general court of the colony of ilassachusetts Bay in 163ii. Two years ,. ^ later the name Harvard was given to it in memorj- of John garzburg (harts'boro). A small towninBruns Harvard (see above). The university includes Harvard ^^.j. jj^ ^^^^ ^arz 26 miles south of Brunswick Hasdrubal ony in Prussia : the ancient .Silva Hercynia. It is divided into the Upper Harz in the northwest and the Lower Ilarz in the southeast, and is noted for mineral wealth and picturesque scenery. Among the chief miner- als are lead, silver, iron, and copper. The highest summit is the Brocken (3,745 feet). Length of the chain, 60 miles. \ College, the Lawrence Scientific School, the Graduate School, the Divinity School, the Law School, the Medical School the Dental School, the School of Veterinar}' Medi- cine, the Bussey Institution (a school of agriculture), and the Arnold Arboretum, the first five of which are situated in Cambridge, the last five in Boston ; also the I Diversity Li- brarj-, the Museum of Comparative Zoology (popularly known as the Agassiz Museum), the University Museum, the Botanic Gardens, the Herbarium, the Astrouomical Observator)-, and the Peabody Museum of .American Aicha;- ology and Ethnology, all of which are in Cambridge. It is governed by two boards — the corporation, consisting of the president, treasurer, and 5 fellows, in whom is vested the title to the property of the university; and the board of overseers, 30 in number (besides the president and trea- surer). Until I860 the State government maintained a more or less direct control over the overseers, but since then they have been chosen exclusively by the alumni of the college. The number of teachers at present (1903) is .534 ; of students in all departments. 4,261 (2,109 of them in the college proper). There were also 94.5 students in the summer school in 1902. The endowment of the univer- sity is overS14,000,000 ; its other property, including lands and buiUiiiigs. about $5,000,000 more. Its annual income is over Jl.OOO.OW. Its fellowships and scholarships yield almost ?100,CKXi a year. The library contains 600.000 bound ^ __ volumes, not including pamphlets and maps. Adainuud Harvey (har'\-i), Gabriel. Born at Saffron Wal- den, Essex, 1545 (?) : died there, 1630. An Eng- lish author. He matriculated at Christ s College, Cam- bridge, in 1566, and in 1570 was elected a fellow of Pem- broke. While there he became intimate with Edmund Spenser, who Introduces him in "The Shepherd's Calen- dar " as Hobbinol. He exercised for some years an influ- ence over Spenser's genius, from which the latter, who ad- mired him, freed himself with difficulty. He was of an arrogant, bitter spirit, and was continuously at war with those who smTouuded him. This finally culminated in a scurrilous paper warfare with Xashe and Greene, which began with Greene's "Quip for an Upstart Coiutier," writ- ten in retaliation for contemptuous references to himsell in the writings of Harvev's brother Kichard, to which Har- vey replied in his " Four Lettere " (1592), vituperating Greene unmercifully. Even the death of Greene, which occurred soon after, did not prevent Har^-ey's attempts to blacken his character. Xashe now began, with great powers of invective and sarcasm, to defend his friend's memorj-. In his "Strange News" (1593) he proclaimed open warres " against Harvey and his brother. Harvey It consists of the villages I^eustadt, Biindheim, and .Schle- wecke, and is a noted summer resort. Near it is the Burg. berg, with the ruined castle of Harzburg. Hasan, or Hassan, and Husein (Arabic pron. ha'sen, ho-san'). Sons of All and Fatima, daughter of Mohammed. Ali was Mohammed's cou- sin, and the first person, after his wife, who believed in him, and was declared by Mohammed his brother, dele- gate, and vicar. He married Fatima, the prophet's daugh- ter, and his sons Hasan and Husein were favorites with Mohammed, who had no sons, and was expected to name Ali as his successor. ..^t Mohammed's death in 632 Ali was passed over, and Abu-Bekr, Omar, and Othiuan became successively calils. On Othman's assassination (655) Ali accepted the califate, but was resisted by Moawiyah, who had set himself up as calif, and with whom he fought a bloody but indecisive battle in Mesopotamia. Shortlyafter Ali was fatally stabbed by an enthusiast in the mosque of Kufft. The Mohammedan world is divided into the two great sects of Shiahs and Sunis. The Shiahs reject the first three califs as usurpers, and begin with Ali aa the first lawful successor of Mohammed; the Sunis recognize Abu- Belir, Omar, and Othmau as well as Ali, and regard the Shiahs as impious heretics. Husein, one of All's sons, married the daughter of Tezdigerd, the last Sassanian king of Persia, whence Persia became specially connected with the house of Ali. Moawiyah diedin680. His son Yezid suc- ceeded him as calif at Damascus. DiU'ing Moawiyah's reign. All's sons, the imams Hasan and Husein, lived in retirement at Medina ; but when Moaw iyah died the peo- ple of Kufa sent offers to Husein to make him calif. He set out for Kufa with his family and relatives to the num- ber of 80. Then ensued the tragedy of Kerbela, familiar to every Mohammedan. In a battle on the plain of Ker- bela, Husein and his men were slain. The women and children were afterward taken in chains to Damascus. The sufferings of the "Family of the Tent," as the imam Husein and his companions at Kerbela are called, and the death of Hasan, who was p^is^tned by his wife, form the subject of a Persian t.azya(see Tazya\ or religious drama, resembling the Obei-ajnmergau "Passion Play." This drama, which has sprung up within the present century, plays a great part in the religious life of the Persia of to- day. See "A Persian Passion Play" in Matthew Arnold's "Essays in Criticism." Hasbeiya (has-ba'ya). A town of the Druses in SjTia, Asiatic Tui'key, 36 miles west by south of Damascus: perhaps the biblical Baal-Hermon. replied with 'Pierce's Supererogation." The warf.are con- HasdlTlbal (has ' dro-bal), or Asdmbal (a: di-u-bal). A Carthaginian omeer of high rank in the army of Hannibal in Italy. He contributed greatly to the victory of Cannse in 216 B. c. by a cavahy charge on the rear of the Roman infantrj- after having put -ii.-uiu... ^^ ^ ^ ^, , the Koman horse to rout. howCTerrn1)w\&rLdied a"clinrax,Wd in 1599 it was ordered Hasdrubal, or Asdrubal. Died in Spain, 221 by authority 'that all Nashes bookes and Dr. Haney's ^ ,_. A Carthaginian gene tinned till in 1596 Nashe, hearing that Har\ey boasted of having silenced him, "published his famous satire, 'Have with you to Saffron Walden,' which he dedicated by way of farce to ' P.ichard Lichfield, barber of Trinity College, Cambridge ' ; and to this Harvey once more rejoined in his ■ Trimming of Thomas Nashe ' (1.597). The scandal had. bookes be taken wheresoever they may be found, and that uone of the same bookes be ever printed hereafter' (Cwper, Atheme Cant., ii. 306)." (Diet. Sat. Bioii.) Among his works, besides those mentioned, are '• Rhetor, sive 2. Die- rum Oratio de Xatura, .Arte et Exercitatione Rhetorica" (1577), " Ciceronianus, sive Oratio post Reditum habita Cautabrigise ad suos auditores," etc. (1577), " The Storj- of Mercy Harvey" (1574-75), "Letters to and from Edmund Spenser " (1579-SO), ' A Letter of Notable Contents " (1593). Harvey, Sir George. Born at .St. Ninian's, near Stirling, Feb., 1806 : diedat Edinburgh, Jau. 22, 1876. A Scottish painter, chiefly of landscapes fi-om Scottish historv and life. and scenes Hartzenbuscb (harts'en-bosh), Juan Eugenio. Harvey, William. Born at Fc^lkestone, Kent, id, Sept. 6, 1806: died at Madrid, April 1. 1578 : died at London, June 3. 1657. A celebrated English physician, physiologist, and anatomist : the discoverer of the circulation of the blood. He was educated at Canterburj- and Cam- bridge (Gonville and Cains CoUege), where he graduated in 1597 ; studied at Padua ; took the degree of doctor of medicine at Cambridge in 1602 ; became physician of St. Bartholomew's Hospital in 1609 ; was Lmnleian lecturer at the College of Physicians 1615-56 ; and became physician extraordinarj- to James I. in 1618. During the civil war he sided with the Royalists, was at the battle of Edgehill, and went to Oxford with the king. His chief works are "Ex- ercitatio de motu cordis et sanguinis " (" Essay on the Mo- tion of the Heart and the Blood," 1628X "Exercitationes de generatione animalium " (1651). Born at Madrid, Aug. 2, 1880. A Spanish dramatic poet, of Ger man descent. He published " Los amantes de Teruel " (1836), and other dramas, and edited critically Calderon, Lope de Vega, etc. He wrote " Cuentos y Fabulas (1861). Harudes (ha-ro'dez), or Charades (ka-ro'dez). [L. (Csesar) Harudes, Gr. (Ptolemy) Xapoidcc.] A German tribe first mentioned by Caesar as in the army of Ario vistus. In the campaigns of Tiberius they were situated on the lower Elbe, at the base of the Cimbrian peninsula. Notlung is known of their ultimate fate. Harun-al-Kashid (hii-ron'al-rash'id or -ra- shed')('AaiontheJust'). Calif of Bagdad 786- 809, the fifth and the most renowned of the Ab- Harvey, William. Bom at Neweastle-on-TT,-ne, bassides. Under him the Eastern califate attained the England, Julv 13, 1796 : died near Eichmond, height of its splendor and power. All the lands from the Eno-ianj Jan. 13, 1866. An English wood-en- Ja.\artes and the Indus to Gibraltar obeyed his rule, and ^^''^^ ' ,, ,]„_:'„- tj„ iUuatrntpit T.nnp's Bagdadbecameacenteroflearningaudcivilization. Harun graver and designer. He lllustratea l^ane S madesuccessfulexpeditionsintotheGreekempire.forcing "Arabian rvights, etc. theemperorNicephorus to pay tribute, whileheentertained Har'wich. (har'ij). A seaport in Essex, England, friendly relations with Charlemagne. He is, however, best ^jtug^pj oDDOsite the confluence of the Stour known from the tales of the "Arabian Nights, in which - , A " ,V ;„ i„f srio^^fi'V \r.T.a 1° M' V Tt everything curious, romantic, and wonderful is connected and Orwell, in lat.Ol Ob JS., long. 1 li £.. U with his Same, or is supposed to have happened in his is a summer resort, and the termmus of steam-packet Uue» rejg,, -^ rr rr ^ Antwerp and Rotterdam. Population (1»91), 8,191. Harvard (har'vard), Jobn. Born at South wark, Harwood (har'wud). Ed'ward. Born at Dar- London.1607: died at Charlestown, Mass., Sept. wen, Lancashire, 1729: died at London, Jan. 14, 14.1638. A clergyman in the Massachusetts col- 1794. An English biblical and classical scholar, ony, the first benefactor of Harvard College, to He wrote "A View of . . . Editions of the Greek which he bequeathed his library of about 300 and Roman Classics'" (1775), etc. volumes and half of his estate. He was the son of Harz (hiirts), sometimes \vritten HartZ,G. Harz a butcher of Southwark. London ; graduated at Emmanuel qj. HaTZgeblrgC (hiirts'ge-ber-ge). A range of College. Cambridge, in 1631 ; and emigrated to New Eng- mountains in Germanv, situated in Brunswick, land n l(>:i7. He was for a time assistant pastor of the i"i"'ui to join ills brotlier in Italy. He crossed the Alps in '207, but was attacked and defeated by the Romans under C. Nero and M. Livius on the Metaurus in the same year be- fore he could effect a junction with Hannibal. He fell in the engagement, and, according to Livy, his severed head was thrown into the camp of Hannibal by the victorious Romans. Hasdrubal, or Asdrubal. Died about 200 b. c. A Carthaginian general, son of Gisco. He was sent to Spain with an army in 214, and on the departure about 209 of Hasdrubal, son of Hamilcar, on his expedition to join Hannibal in Italy was left with Mago in command of the Carthaginian forces in Spain. He w as defeated with his colleague at Silpia or Elinga by Scipio Africanus in •206 ; was in command of an army opposed to Scipio in Africa in 204, when his camp near Utica was fired by the Romans and nearly the whole of his army destroyed ; and is said by some authorities to have taken poison to escape the fury of the Carthaginian populace. Hasdrubal, or Asdrubal. A Carthaginian gen- eral. He was commander-in-chief in the war against Masiuissa in 160 B. c. Having sustained a decisive de- feat, he was punished with exile. He was, however, re- called on the outbreak of the third Punic war in 149. and was placed in command of the forces outside the walls of Carthage. He defeated the consul Manilius in two engage- ments at Nepheris about 148. He subsequently became commander of the forces within the city, which he de- fended with great obstinacy against Scipio in 146. He finally surrendered, and, after gracing the triumph ot Hasdrubal Seipio, was allowed .o^pen^^^e^. of ^ ^l^l^Z^ chW captivity. It Ifi'^'^ih cowardice, a..a threw herself SiriSrhaareifi-rt^"'-"- of the temple m which she had taken refuge^ ^^^ ^^ Base (ba ze) ^arl AU&usi,^ ^^^^ j^^ 1830, and at Jciia If 0-«;i. Hr^cme . ^^^^ L^'Jf^^e^SSir.t.^?^^ ■^^.hen.ei.chte ■■ (1^. Base, Karl ^^^- .^"^'a^^^r^. Sfpruria^Alr^nafisSS. A German arcbi- teetural pa"itoah '" ^^'^^ „f ,he first 10 Xisuthros, and ''^PJS „''"""'"= '" '"' '"^"'P'lV'" -^I^^SEu^sS^&l S^"- - ^'^■^"''""'"'' ,, . or ;fruif -^P-^-^^^;'; \^, „pper Aare, in Hasll(haz li). ,./'J'^J,g pjiton of Bern, Switzer- tirTJ^^ f^on:::lr the Grin.sel to the fjs'Ver.'^ff-anSiiesofeotton. Popu- lation (1891), 18.225. Hasmoneans. ^<;%^" ^ ''m^i^.s; town in the Haspe (ha^I^). A ™/^'^^'^:^,Xa. situated on the province of WestpliaUa.riu^^sia. ^^^ ^""'^''.fuf^cureT Popu^^^^^ ,ron manufactures, r p . ^^^^^ Hassan (has'san). A distiia j,_ intersected by lat. 12 M i>i., ioi% Hassan. See Haw ". 3ori, Hassard (haz'ard , Jol»i^gI^fjf,«jYS^rrApril 18, at New York, i^ept. 4, l^-'f,;'J'^„d musical critic. 1888.AnAraerican]0urnaUstan^^^^^ lnl866hebecameconnecteo 1850-55. Bniiilian coast. Strait <>'. *."»?'; ,,'.,,i,, pcep-sea dredg- Hastenbeck 'l-^'^t^p'r' Prussfa near"Hameln. province of H?""°7;^ J^,™X >Iarshal d'Estr^os Here, July •2(1, ITS. , th« Fren'.i nnae (.^lanj. li:uS=:™ stills- trris; invasion of England 893;8»7. „„,,;„„j.,, AS. JIa'..- Countv. '"".V. " -fi, tl,o Atississiiipi. 19 miles southeastotM. t .viii- ' '. ,.,„,„ (-.,,,,ntv, south- H^5;gs,Francis^Bawdon^^'!-,S;:;js! the American war diirm^ "liny ^^^ <^^^j „, „,.,, nused cans at the battle of 11 Kik» succeeded his to the peerage as ?'>".'"''•."";", anp.iinted master-gen. tttthera'searl of ^oira in l.i« • "J^-W .^^.^^, ^,, m^i,, ?^l"-V''v«a°i;r:a"d'mar;.?s oi Hastings in 1810 ; and was governorof Malta 1824 ■(). c,,„rehill, Ox- HastingB, Warren. .^«''\i|o^1,"ed Aug. 22. fordshire, England, U^' ■ ^' ' ;- ,^ ,,,„, „nt to 1818. An EuKl.sh stiUesn . 1.^^ ^.^^,„^.. Calcutta as a w"ter i the Eas^ Inm' .,^,,,^ j„ ,;„! ^e- came a member f. ''S^°' ,e,,t „ut asa meinber of the turned to Eng »nd in 1 M . «ei.t ou ,^.^,.„„r „, Ben- council at Madras... 1769, and b^^^^'^i ^^ j,,,,! ,„ 1771. Kal h. 1772, a...l fll^Ll'eh"! si..gl^ '.e.-n'Hhir"' '""»'•'■*•• In 1781 he expel ed ^''^f,," a war CiUitrihutloll .igalnst the who refused a ',l«:n""''V ' L.ated poition of the lamU Mahrattas ; and in 1 ' « '. "'7the Nawab of O"'"' (the Be- „nd treasure of '^' '"'''. ^'^'i'reSasViBtanee to Chait Singh. Ki.m»fOudh),whohali I'd'-r'j^' , ,„ ,;g7 was im. He returned to EnK';" f ' J^^,'',J;'„„,i n.iaden,eano.-s, peached on the '■•'"J'-B", " .' '.f 'i,"; r"toence to .-halt Singh fca,ed ehielly ".. his c "duet iiriu ,^^,,^^^ ^^ ?;"» '""t'jris'in" 7 tind riildt.^ in an ac.ui.tnl lnl79.. isi:'x;t;;gu:^:vo.Lt^..:^j;--j-;s nX'-n^-nijlSHKi^^"';^?^? 14lil, rcceiv.r of the '^'^V^' '",,.,' ,,i Mcn-tB, ehamber- cha.nlKrlain c.f the r,,y,.J^^n.s.lnl '^ ^^^ ^..^^,^_,^ lain of North Wa es '.!»-[''■,; \ „„ i„v,,ding army, and lnU7r, he w,v, »'=nt,V'l" ' TiTlVil le w... cx-ate.! Ilaron a treaty of peace '"""",7'.„J''„o Edward's ehl.st so,,. HiUitlngs. He swore 'yl\-f''[f" ',",;. After the king s but was on bad t<""" ','''' rl..g hi n to agree with l..« death, (lloucester, ''•'«'"'',„ 'St ,. coll.icil held in the plans, cluirged hlin «',''' .[,'^""' J,,! l.ehea.led at o.ioe. reigned as ,|ue< ... J"'" linither, Thothmes 111. Uhasp.easedhistoriansK,™.k™othr.iesn.as^^ Thothmes II. and ■rhothn.eslll^ B „ ' T >' thmes II., and as Q.icen Consort . urii.p the ^^f'^"' ' „( ,he reign of as Q"«n-',f/"'^ ,'Xrs and mosVemphatieally by Dr Thothmes III. By "t""";, "" -suriier. As a matter of Brugsch, she >? «V'';^ w ,s aefuSly Qn^". ^''-^ ^^^""'.'^e- fact, however, Uatasu « as ■'"""'/.r',, j Uer accession, lant, during the lifetime c^ Ju.'.e "e"din" '"at of her therefore^ates f"™ » '"'^.^'",'rtlM historical inscr.p- LSePyiconite E. %^X^^Sz^,, Fellahs, etc., p. 261, ;n^endana:ompa;,U.n (fCommodoreTrunnion. HatCreek Indians. /- ^ .»^ ,. Hatfield ^l^'^* \^^'^iie^^or'h-noThwest of Lon- :^r'S"i.' is hLS House, seat of the ^^I7:^a rhise''"A large tract of fenland (now Hatfield Onase. ^ ■• i- Yorkshire. ■Ivained) near ^^on-' -^ '> i^;^^'^g^^^.,,„i.^^ere. Hathaway hath •!- f^j^^^-^ u^ytholog^, a« local forms and names. __.,,. r>„,.„ ir. Wilt- Hathorne (.;a^h^i),WUli.- i^S^., lll^' ^'i:^Hca..eol.ual^offici^.^He^ grated to America in It*-* ■ "•;; "ea at ^^^^^ Seinber.,f '"« ^"""^J'^","" ?PPt with the French agent of Massachuse ts B7J*'^''^fth" B"neraU•ourtolMassa■ D■.^ul,.eyinlMn;w^s,«akero^the^Bery_^_ ^^ ^^^ „, '^t^ /iJ^-cC-rrefUt t^subSiit to the authority ,,f the loval commissioners. ,..»._..„', A HLtras(hii-triis'),.n-Hathras.h.^^^^^^ ^:!f ^rce^i^Utt-'^vf ^'^ ;^^v I70 36' N., long. 78° 5' E. Population (1891), 39 H^l. Hatshepsu. See H«'<'S". j^ Kether- SnSdaW lelsb/a'ieposed clergy- in tl..' imagination, and is llseii ii» "»'.• 1 Ti:^terSTl.atS;:Dirk. A smuggler in ^*^^^ ott's no^4^.>u>^Mant.nn^^ j^ir'!^o,ifi,;'y"^'^:^rs?^vn^'oJt.^u S(i.^i.''^i-,S::fo;r.h^^^--^- nant inlluence '•\''^"";" '"",\,,,,i,ority at the expense of an nmuly nol ilitj, a P"' V. " ,' , part of the ptn.ple '--I^.il-M'^^^llevarie^lnrhe^" carried away by .'",,'■.. .1 .,.,..,.„ h,t,, the cniter of Etna. iither, 1 loinmeB w. 1 ,,.. \lr Uhl.id in 1841. exea Her tomb «,»s ->™;"";7itt.a vlcl^'li of her Un.ple ; vated i.. the el."-"!''^- ''' ' " ',',„,, to have been forgotte... but its hlentltyaj,pe»n-i.'-'J^'^^ ^.^.„^„^ ^,, _ p. .,„;. n;::ievn'i..;d ;hV:^;7inio-the crater of Etna. xi VtnTT )i,d'Hi9or970. Archbishonof Main/.. HattO II. 1 " " ■,:.„,,, ,„ ^42 or SM:t, an.l (.. 9-,n™.r5ri^""^e^ appointed him lord >h»"ce\l"r Aprn ,^^,^t,,,,t ?H^-;'rc;:;;ix'x;r;£f^nKii«.bethhyh.. „,a,.cful da,,ci,.g at a n.nsk « o 1 >. ^^_^ ^^^^.^^^ Hatuey O':to-ay V l ,''^; ^ V,., „f OnnjabA in ,.|,i,.f. ongmally of \hr " '^ J '„,.„„,,,,, om the Haiti. lnl.M.<"rlMlhea,»nn 1. - tyrannyof niepmn auls and -t»^ 1«^, Vcl„..,.ie,, Imt were Hatun Kaymi celebrated especially at Cuzeo at the end of Au- gust. It was a thanksgiving for the harvest. Praises were offered to the supreme deity and to the sun, mo^n and lesser dunnit.es. There were solemn .lances and p?": cessions from the lemple of the Sun, and the feasting Md rejo.c.ng lasted many days. Some authors state thaTa tft^i ^V^^Z^^'^'^' "^^^-^ "'^•'^ "-^ '-' Hatun-nmas. See Pimas. Hatvan fhot'von). A town in the county of iJeves, Hungaiy, situated on the Zacryva 3'> aS90)f e'gre"''*''^''"* °^ Budapest. Population Hat2feld'(hats'felt), Hung. Zsombolya (zhom- Dol j-a). A town in the eountv of Torontal, ilungary, situated in lat. 4.i° ii' X long '^0° 44 E. Population (1890), 9,.580. Haubourdin (6-bor-dau'). A manufacturing town m the department of Nord, France di° rectly southwest of LiUe. Population (1891), commune, 7,457. Hauch (houeh). Johannes Carsten von. Bom at Fredenkshald, Norway, ilav li\ 1790: died at Rome, March 4. 1872." A Danish poet and dramatist. His childhood was spent in Xorway. In IbOJ he went to Copenhagen, where he subsequently stud- led at the university. After taking, in 1831, the degree or doctor, he travele.l in Germany, France, and Italy Six rears later he returned to Denmark, and was appointed lector at the Soro Academy. He was subsequently (1846^ for a short time professor in Kiel. In 1851 he was ap- poiiitetl successor of Ohlenschlager as professor of esthet- ics in the I niversity of Copenhagen, a position which he ..^i'"'."' )?'^ 'Jeath His principal works are the tragedy libenus and the drama "Gregoiius den Syvende " both r" ,^°..i"!i."? '■'I ^''^^ journey to Italy ; the historical novels '/Vilhelm Zabern" (1S34X "Guldmageren - ("The ^,'Q>'°'«t»\f*"'rp"v,P°'"i.T'^"^"<"A^°"^hFamily," lo??^ Slottet ved Ehinen ("The Castle on the Rhine ■■ }?^^k -^^t'^ ^""i"" (^^5), "Charles de la Bussiere- (lSo9); and thelaterdramas "Svend Grathe, ■■ "Sostrene paa Kmnek-ullen ■ ("The Sisters of Kinnekullen"), "Tycho Brahes Lngdom- ("Tycho Brahe's Youth '). ' Aeren tabt ogvunden ("HonorLost and Found "). A voluraeof Ivric poems, " Lyriske Digte." appeared in 1842 ; " Lyriske Di»te og Romancer" (' Lyric Poems and Romances ") in IS61 • and Nye Dlgtninger" ("New Poetical Works") in 1869.' nauck (hak;, Minnie. Bom at New York. Xov. 16. 18.52. An American mezzo-soprano singer. She made her first appearance in concert at New Orleans about lS6o ; in opera at Xew York In 1868. She has sun" with great success in Europe and the United States. She made the success of Bizefs opera "Carmen ■' at London in 18iS : It had not pleased on its first production. Hauff (houf), Wilhelm. Bom at Stuttgart, Wiirtemberg. Xov. 29, 1802: died at Stuttgart' Xov. 18, 182 1 . A German novelist and poet His works include the novel "Lichtenstein " (is%) the tales "Die Bettlerin vom Pont-des-Arts, " "Das Bild des Kaisers. " etc. Hang (houg), Johann Ckristoph Friedrich Bom atXieder.^totzingen. Wiiitembero- ilarcli Qo' ?I?n" "^.'^^ '^^ Stuttgart, Wiii-temberg, Jan. c'r^ Orerman epigrammatic poet, author of ■ Zweihundert Hyperbeln auf Herm Wahls ungeheure Xase" (1804), etc. Haug, Martin. Born at Ostdorf, near Balingen Wiirtemberg, Jan. 30, 1827: died at Eagatz! St.-Orall, Switzerland, June 3, 1876. A German Orientalist, collaborator of Bunsen at Heidel- berg in 1856, professor of Sanskrit at Poena, India, m 1859, and professor of Sanskrit and comparative philology at Munich 1S68-76 He SL°if,"T°'^ '""^ Gathas,-ete."0858-«0), "Essays on the fifS.^ '^yr^^^A B ■; '"?^?'"^ Keligion of the Parsees" (1862), 'Old Zend-Pahlavi Glossary" (18681 "A Pahlavi rmm'*.?-}^'^'X^«?>- "Essay o^he'Svi Eangu^g"' Wel% J^^ ^^S.^'^^V"'^" (1872-74: with E.V West), etc. He edited and translated the "Altareya Brahmana of the Rigveda " (1863). ^ .u <=} a Haugesund(hou'ge-s6n). A town on the west- em coast of Xonvay, about 35 miles northwest of btavanger. Population (1891), 5,383. Haughtcjn (ha'ton), ■William. Lived in the last halt ot the 16th century. An English dramatist, ^^■^"■n tS "°™'^«'' of plays, principally in collaboration with Dekker, Day, Chettle. and others. In l&r2 he was writing a play called "Cartwright" Kothing later is lSZ"okoto. The Hausas form the most important f ,K °b' '?^ ^'^'^'"'- ^^"y ''<>l°"e 'o the -Vigritic branch of the Bantn-negro race, slightly mixed with Hamitic ele- ments. According to their own tradition, their father was a n^ and their mother a Berber. The Gober section IS of Coptic descent. The Hausas are Mohammedans, senii.eivili2e.t, great traders, and able craftsmen. In the slaving ti raes Hausa slaves were in great demand ; to-day Hausa soldiers constitute a large portion of the British and Kongo state forces. In the middle ages the Hausas foraied a great negro kingdom, which subsequently broke up into small states. About the 16th century the Fulahs or Fulbe began to get a foothold among them, and in ISO-' Othman dan Fodio founded in Hausa-land a great Fnlah empire. From this, divided among his sons, spmng the modern siUtanates of Sokoto. Gando, and Adamawa. The Hausa language is spoken far beyond Hausa-land. It is euphonious, simple and regular in structure, and eminentlv ^LthlTT-r^ iterarj- language. The principal dialects Md Da^ Katsena (the literarj- standard), Kano, Gober, Hauser (hou'zer), Kaspar. Died at Ansbaeh Bavaria, Dee 17, 1833. A German foundlin souare miles. Population (1891X 280,866. ^ Haute-Savoie (h6t-sa-\-wa') (Upper Savoy) A department in eastem France. Capital, Aineey. It IS boundrd by the canton of Geneva on the northwe^ the Lake of Geneva on the north, Valais on the east, Ital5 h»in^^ !'""''??'■ ^^''il"' "^ ""= ^">, and Aiii on the west being formed from the ancient Savoy, ceded bv Italy uj France 18«). Thesnrfaceismountainous(includingMont 26C-'67' "^ ^"^^ """^ Population "(1891X Hautes-Pyr^n^S (hot-pe-ra-na') (Upper Pvre- nees). A department in southwestem France Capital, Tarbes. It is bounded by Gers on the north Haute-Garonne on the east, Spain on the south, and Basses! Pyrtates on the west, being formed from a portion of the ancient Gascony. It is traversed by the Pjrenees and otf- shoots. Area, 1,749 square miles. Population (1891) »25 86L Haute-Vienne (hot-vyen') (Upper Vienne >. ' A department m westem France. Capital, Li- moges. It is bounded by Vienne on the northwest. Indie on the north, Creuse on the east, Correze and Dordogne on the south, and Charente on the west, being formed chiefly from portions of the ancient Limousin and Marche The leading mdustry is the manufacture of porcelain ' Area. 2,130 square mUes. Population (1891X 372,87& Hautlein (6t-lan' ), Marquis de. A gentleman ot the ancient regime at whose house Scott pro- fessed to have gathered the materials of " Onen- tm Durward." Hautmont (ho-mon'). Amanufacturiii"town in the department of Xord, France, on the Sambre 19 miles east-southeast of Valenciennes. Pop- ulation (1891). commune, 10,238. Haut-Rhin. See Bel/ort, Territory nf. Hatiy (a-iie'). Rene Just, Abb^. Bbm at St - Just, Oise. France, Feb. 28. 1743 : died at Paris June 3, 1822. A celebrated French mineralogist the founder of the science of crvstallographv' He taught at the CoUege of Navarre in Paris (from 1764)'- on the opening of the Revolution was thrown into prison.' but was rescued by Geoffrey SaintHilaire ; and became a member of the commission of weights and measures 1793. professor of physics at the Normal School 1795, and x,m- l^iT^ of mineralogy at the Museum of Natural History (1802) and t he Faculty of Sciences. He published " Ti-aitl ^*'^!"f,''.S!f?'? ", ''^->' "TiaiW «*mentairede physique - (1504), "Traite de cristallographie, etc" (1822X etc. Haiiy.'Valentin. Bom at St.-Just, Oise, France, Xov. 13, 1745: died at Paris. March, 1822. A French instraetor of the blind, brother of R J Haiiy. Hav^a (ha-van'ii). sometimes Havannah Sp La Habana (la a-Ba'na) or San Crist6ba'l de la Uabana ('St. Christopher of the Haven'), F. La Havane (la hii-van'). A seaport antJ the capital of Cuba, situated on a fine bav on the northern coast, in lat 23° 8' X''., long. 82° 21' W It is the commercial center ot the West Indies, and one of the pnncipal commercial cities in America. The chief ex- ports are sugar, cigars, and tobacco ; the leading manufac- ture IS tobacco. Havana is divided into the "old "and new towns, thelatter beyond theoldwalls, and it has sev- eralhandsomesuburbs, Itcontains acathedral(begunl724) and many public parks and promenades. It was founded on its present site in 1619. It was taken several times in the 17th century by bucaneers, and by the English in 17ti but restored to Spain in 1763, Population (isi)9), 235.981 Havana Glen. A remarkable glen nearth'e head of f^eneca Lake. 4 miles from Watkins Glen, western X''ew York. Havasupai (ha-va-so'pi). A tribe of North American Indians, living in northwestern Ari- zona. The name is translated as • down-in people ' and ' wiUow people.' They number 214. See Tuman. Havel Havel (ha'fel). A river iu Pnissia, joining the Elbe Smiles northwest of Havelberg. It traverses several lakes. Its chief tribiitai-y Is the Spree. Length, about :;20 miles, nearly all of it navigable. I Havelberg (ha'tVl-bera). A town in the prov- iuce of Brandenburg, Prussia, situated on an island in the Havel. .59 miles west-northwest of Berlin. Population (1890), commune, 0,975. Havelland (ha'fel -land). A territory in the western part of the province of Brandenburg, Prussia, lying Ijetween the Havel and the lower course of the Rhin. Havelock (hav'e-lok). Sir Henry. Bom at Bishop-Wearmo\ith. England, April 5.179.5: died at Lucknow, British India, Nov. 24, 1857. An English general i7i India, especially distin- guished during the Indian mutiny of 18.57. He relieved Lucknow Sept., 1S57. Havelock the Dane, The Lay of. An Anglo- Danish story, composed before 1300. It contains the legend of the town of Grimsby. There is a French lay called "Le lai d'Havelok le Danois." It is a trans- lation of a French romance called "Le lai de Avelo.-, written in the first half of the lith century, and probably founded on an Anglo-Saxuii originaL It has bcei\ edited by SU' F. Madden for the Roxburghe Club (1825), and reedlted for the Early English Text Society by the Key ^V . W, Rkeat (ISOS) Havelock was the son of the Danish king Birka- hecn. He was put to sea by treachery, and was saved by ilrini, a flshernian. who brought him up as his son. (.nm was rewarded by the king when the truth was discovered, •,nd with the money given him built Grimsby, or Grim s Haven (ha' vn), Erastus Otis. Born at Boston, Mass., Nov. 1, 1820: died at Salem, Ore., Aug. 2, 1881. An American bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He edited "Zion'sHerald"CBoston) 1850-63; was president of the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor) 186:<-69, and. .f the Northwestern l"mversity(Evans- lon Illinois) 180'.l-72 ; and became chancellor of SjTacuse I "i'verslty in 1874. He published " Rhetoric " (1869), etc. Haven Gilbert. Born at Maiden, Mass., Sept., 18'n- died at Maiden. Jan. 3, 1880. An Ameri- can bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, lb- edited "Zion's Herald" (Boston) 1867-i2. Haverford College (hav'er-ford kol'ej). An in- stitution of learning situated at Haveno™. Pennsylvania, 9 miles west-northwest of Ptula- delphia. It was founded 18:^2, opened 1833, and incor- p.irated lSri6 ; it is controlled by the Society of Friends. Haverfordwest (hav' er- ford -west ), Welsh Hwlffordd (hol'forTH). A seaport and the caiiital of Pembrokeshire,Wales, situated on the West Cleddau in lat. 51° 48' N., long. 40 57'W. Populatiou (1891), 6,179. Havergal (hav'er-gal), Frances Ridley. Born at Astley, Worcestershire, Dec. 14, 1836 : died at Swansea, Wales, June 3, 1879. An English re- ligious writer. She published the "Ministry of Song " (1870) and other collections of devotional poetn; and prose. Haverhill (hav'er-il). A town in Suflfolk, Eng- land. Population (1891), 4,.58/. Haverhill (hii'ver-il). A city (incorporated 1870) ia Essex County. Massachusetts, situated on the Merrimac JO miles nortli of Boston. V Is noted for shoe manufacture. It was the birthplace of Whittier. i-opillation (19001, 37,175. . Haverstraw (hav'er-stra). A town in Kock- laud Countv. N. Y., situated on tlie Hudson. Populatii>n'(l'JOO), village, .5,93.5. Haverstraw Bay. Tlic name given to the ex- pansion of the Hudson below the Highlands and north of Tappaii Sea. Have with you to Saffron Walden. See *«/- frtiii W'liUlcn, etc. . , Havilah (hav'i-Ui). In the description of Eden in Gen. ii., a land mentioned as eircompassed liV the Pishon, one of the four rivers whicli so out from Eden, and as containing geld and bedolach and shoham stnne. As I'lshon has been Identlfltd with almost all rivers, so Havilah was -ought and f..uiid in all parts of the earth, notably In A' "':;";' (r„ldii.|an,l India. Frederick IX-lltzsehwh,, ..cat.-- Kin in Mcs..p..tamia near Habyl.mia (see M..m), ident lbs la^ vilahwith lb.- ir:.. 1 in.mediately to the south an.l west ..f the Eui.brales. ILivilali is also enumerated in Ucn. x. i an .n.K be sons of . nsb, s..n ..t Ham ; In Gen X. 29 among the s.m« ..f Joktan, a descen.lant ..f Shem ; and in Oen. xxv. 18 it appears as the ,..utlu.,stern limit of the Ishmaellte Arabs It perhaps .lesignatea the e.uit or 8..ntheast of Arabin on the Persian Gulf, in which region, "'•;'■'■';'''■'«•" Strabo atribe by the name of i-haul..tn;ans lived, who were neighbors of th.' Nabalojans an.l ll.izarenes the Cushite Havilah. . n j Haviland ( hav'i-land), John. Born at Ounden- ham, Somers.tsliirc, in 1793: died at Philadel- phia. March JS. 1S52. An English ardiitccl. lie studied with .laines Elines. In 1S15 he went to Kussla t.. enter the imperial co,-ps ..t engl,u-.rs_ The '""''"luB -; r he went t.. the United States, wh.^re h.- mmh> a "I" ''"It 'of penitentiary buildings : am..ngtl..Tn werethat at l-lllsbnrg the llrst deiigncl on the ra.llating priiuilile advora c.l by .Teremy Bentham ; the Eastern I'eiiltentiary at Ihiladel- phia- theToinbB.NewYork; ami the Stale penltontlaiies of 487 New Jersey, Missouri, and Rhodelsland. Heolsodesigned the fnited States Naval Asylum at N.irfolk, the I nlted Slates .Mint at Philadelphi!^ and other public buildings His prisons were considered standard at the time, and were visited by c.jmmissiouers fr..m England, trance, Russia, and Prussia. tt_™> Havre (ii'vr), Le, or Havre, ir>rmerly Havre- de-Grace (a'vr-de-gi-iis'). [I'., 'the Haven, 'the Haven of Grace': a chapel of Aotre Dame de Urdcc,' OUT Ladv of (irace,' formerly existed there.] A seaport' in the department of Seuie- Inf(?rieure, France, situated at the mouth of the Seine in lat. 49° 29' N., long. 0° 7' E. It is the second seaport of France, and the terminus of sever.d steamship lines; has abo.it one fifth of the whole foreign trade of France (especially with America)' and is note.l for its docks and ship-buil.ling yards. Ihe Church of Notre Dame and the museum are of interest. Hernar.lin de Saint Pierre and Casimn Delavigne were born here. The town was founded by Louis xn. ; was developed by Francis I. ; was occupied by the English in 1562-63 ; and was unsuccessfully attacked liy the English in 1694. Pop- ulalion (1901). 129.014. Havre de Grace (hav'er de gras). A town in Harford t 'ouuty, Maryland, situated on the Sus- quehanna, near its mouth, 34 miles northeast of Baltimore. Population (1890), 3.244. Hawaii (hsi-wi'e). Tin- largest and southeast- ernmost of the Hawaiian Islands. The surface is mountainous. It contains the volcanoes .\launa Kea, Mauna Loa, an.l Kilane:.. The ibief town is Hilo. Area, 4,01.1 s.|uaie miles. l',.pulati..n (WOOi. 4n.M:;. Hawaiian Islands (ha-%vi'yan i'landz), or Ha- waii, or Sandwich Islands (sand \vicli i - landz). A grouii of islands in the North Pacih.'. about lat 18° 55'-22° 15' N., long. 154° .50--lG0° 15' W. Capital, Honolulu. The chief islands are Ha- waii, Maui, Oahu, Kauai, Lanai, Kahulaui, Jlolokal, Nu- han The surface is largely mountainous and volcanic. The chief export is sugar; other exports are rice, l)aiianas, and wool. The inhabitants are native Uawaiians(3o,00.i.de- ereasin..-), I'hinese (21.616), Japanese (24,407), rortuguese (15 191), Americans (3.081)). British (2.250),Gcrmans(l,432, eu-' The islands were discovered by Gaetano in 1:.4-., ami rediscovered inl778byfook(who gave them the name Dwhyhee). The government was c.>nsolidat Ini/), Stephen. Born about 147G: died aboiil 152!!. ,\n English poet. He wr.de an alle- gi.rical p...-ni, " I'h.' Pastime of Pleasure" (ab.mt 1006), piniled bv Wyiikyn de \V..rde inl!«l, etc. Hawes, William. Bom at Eondon, 1785: died there, Feb. 18. ls4f). An English c.miposor and musician. He inlr..duccil Weber's "Her Freiachiitl" InU) I'.nglan.l 1,S24, after which he adapted many openisf.M- Ihe English stage. -r,- i • » Hawes Water. A lake in the Lake Distru't Westmoreland, England, 9 miles northeast ot Ambleside. Eeiigth, 2i miles. Hawick (Ini'ik). A town in KoxburKhshire. Scotland, siluat.'d ..ii tlic Teviot 40 miles south- southeast of Eilinbiirgh. It inanufa. tines twcwls, hosiery, etc. Near It Is Ib.inksome T.;wer Hawick, Gala- shHs^lind Selkirk form tin; llawl.k dWr c ■' ''"^"j '» "' the lior.ler burghs), returning 1 member U> larllauunl. I'.,pulall..iulH91). 19,204. .,,,,■ i . Hawkabites (Inik'a-bits). A club of .iissolute vouiig iii.n, associateil in Eoiidon aftertlie Ixes- toration f..r the pl.'asiire of lighting. "Acliu.s..f nilllanswhosi- favorite amusement wa.H toswagger by night ab..ut n.wn, breaking wln.low-s, iipsetl ng V;:^»"»- ''™''''« (inlet men, etc," (OW aiul AVie iMulon, IV. llkl.) Also Hawke (InVk). Edward, first Baron llnwk'^- Born at Eon.l.m. I7II5: ,lie,l at Snnbniy. Mi.lille- sex, Englaii.l, (bM. 17, 1781. A" l^-'K^V, ■*• miral. He delVated the French off Belle-lie in 1747, and oil t^uiberou iu 1759. Hawthorne, Nathaniel Hawke Bay -\ bay on the east coast of the Nortli Islaii.l, New Zealand. Hawkesbury (haks'ber-i). A river of New South Wales which flows into the Pacific north- east of Svduey. Leiigtli. about 330 mUes. Hawker (ha ' ker), Robert Stephen. Born at Stoke Damerel, Devonshire : died in 1875. An English writer, vicar of ilorwenstow, Cornwall. Hawkeye (hak'i) State. .\ popular name of the Stat.' .if Iowa. It is said to be so named from an In.iian chief who onci- lived in that region. Hawkins (ha'kinz). Anthony Hope. Born at E.irul'.n. Feb. 9, 18fi3. .\n English novelist, lie writes under the name of Anthony Hope. He was called to the bar in ls87. He has written "A Man of Mark" (1890), "Father Stalf.ud," 'Sport Royal." "A Change .d Air," ''Ihe Prisoner of Zenda," ■■The Dolly IJialogues," "The Indiscretion of the Duchess," etc. Hawkins, or Hawkyns (ha'kinz), Sir John. Bom at Plymouth. 1.532: died at sea off Porto Kico, Nov. 12, 1595. An English naval hero. In 1562, 1564, and 15<>7 he carrie.l cargoes of slaves from Afri- ca to the West Indies and the Spanish main. Several Eng- lish noblemen, and, it is said, Queen Elizabeth, had a tinan- cial interest in these voyages. The trade was a violation ot Spanish law, and ultimately Hawkins was attacked by a Spanish fleet in the harbor of Vera Cruz, and escaped with difficulty, after losing most of his ships(Sept. 24, l.i68). In 1673 he was made treasurer of the English navy. As rear-admiral he took a prominent part in the defeat of the Spanish Annada (Aug., 1.588). and was knighted. He was with Fiobishcr on (he Portuguese coast in 1690. and died while second in command in Drake's expedition to the West Indies. Hawkins, Sir John. Bom at London, March 30, 1719: died at Westminster, May 21, 1789. An English author. He wa.s one of Dr. Johnson's execu- tors, and wrote his life, which he published with an edition of Johnson's works in 17s7. His chief work is 'A General History of the science and Practice of Music " (1776^ Hawkins, or Hawkyns, Sir Richard. Born aliout 1562 : died at Loudon. Apnl 1 1 . 1022. An English naval hero, son of Sir John Hawkins ( 1532-95). He was early engaged in West Indian enter- prises ■ took part in the defeat of the Armada, Aug., 1588, and iilthe ilescent on the Portuguese coast in 1090 ; and in June, 1693, started on a voyage around 'he «'•'■''' "''"" Dainty. After touching in Brazil, be passed the Strait of Magellan, and took and plundered Valparaiso; but he was defeate.l and captured after a har.l light in San Mateo Bay, Peru June 22 1591. Taken to Lima, he was sent to Spain in 1-.97 an.l imprisoned until 1602, when he was ransomed. Subs..iu. iitlvbe W.1S vice admiral of Devon, and second in commaii.l inSir Robert Mansell's fleet against the Alger- iiie pirates. W20-21. Hawks (haks). Francis Lister. Born at New- born, X. C. June 10. 1798: die.I at New lork. Sept., 1866^ An American clergyman of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and historical, lc"al, and miscellaneous writer. Amoug his works is •■Contributions to the Ecclesiastical History of the United States" (1836-41). Hawkwood (hak'wd.l), Sir John. Bora in Essc.'i, England, about 1320: dicil at Florence, Italy, in 1394. A noted English leader ot con- dottieri and strategist. He served under Ihe Black Prince In Krance, and after the peace of Breligny organ- ized his famous While Company, whose services lie sold to various Italian powers. He tln.dly became the permanent. military advis r and captiUn general of Florence. Hawley (lia'li), Gideon. Born at Stratford ( Bri.lgeport), Conn.. Nov. 11. 1727: died at Mash- pee, Mass., Oct. 3, 1807. An American mission- arv. He graduated at Vide in 1749, and In Kf* at the ins'tance of the e.immlssioners of Indian affairs esUiU- lished a mission among the Iltxpiols Indians on the Sus. nuehanna Kiver, which ho abandoned In 17r>6 on account of Ihe old French and Indian war. He8ubse dur- ing the Civil War. beinn brevetted major general In ItXtt; was president of the Republican National Convention In 18118 ; was Repniilban member of Congress fr..m t onncctl- eut ls-2-75 and 187i»-81 ; has been Inlle.l Stales senator since 1881; was an unsuecessfnl candidate f.ir the Hepun- llcan nomination for l-resldenl In 1S84 an. 1.-8S,; and wu preslilent ot the United States Centennial t ommlMlon Hawtiiornden (hA'th(5rii-deii). A glen orvalley in E.liiiloirglishire. Scotland, 8 miles south of E.linbui"li. The estate of Hawlhoniden was the property of the pod William Dmmmond. Hawthorne(ha'tliorii), Julian. Kornal Boston, •Juno 22, l.Slli. .\n .\iiieri<>iin imvelist and inis- ccllaireouswrit.r. SDii of Nat lianiel Hawthorne. Hawthorne. Nathaniel. Born at Salem. Maw., .Iiily 4, 1804: died at Plymouth, N. H., May 1», Hawthorne, Nathaniel 1864. Aoelebrated American novelist. He grad- uated at Bowdoin College in 1S25 ; served in the custom- buuse at Boston 1&'!&-4I ; joined the Brook Farm Associa- tion in 1S41 ; settled at Concord, Massachusetts, in 1843 ; was surveyor of the port of Salem 1S46-49 ; and was United States consul at Liverpool 1853-67. In 1861 he returned to the United States. "Fanshawe," his first story, was pub- lished in 1826 at bis own expense. He wrote "Twice-told Tales" (1837: second series 1842), "Mosses from an Old JIanse"(lS46), "The Scarlet Letter" (18501, "The House of the Seven Gables " (1851), "The Wonder-Book" (1861), ■' The BUthedaleRomance "(1852)," Snow Image and other Twice-told Tales " (1862), " Life of Franklin Pierce " (1852). "Tanglewood Tales "(lS53),"The Marble Faun "(1S60: the English edition was called "Transformation, or the Ro- mance of Monte Beni," also 1860), "Our Old Home " (1863), "Pansie" (1864: also c;illed "The DoUiver Romance"), " Note Books "(1868-72X" Septiraius Felton "(1872). " Tales of the White Hills" (1877), "Dr. Grimshawes Secret" (a fragment, 1883). Hawwa (ha-wii'). {^Ai.aJ-hawwa, the serpent- charmer.] A rarely used name for the star a Ophiuchi, commonlv known as Sas-alaghue. Hay (ha), John. Born at Salem, Ind.. Oct. 8, 1838. An American author, journalist. anddiplomatist. He was assistant private secretary to Presicient Lincoln 1861-05 ; first secretary of legation at Paris 1806-67 ; charge d'affaires at Vienna 1867-68 ; secretary of legation at Ma- drid 1868-70 ; assistant secretarv of state 1S79-S1 ; ambas- sador to Great Britain 1897-98 : secretary of state 1898-. He published "Pike County Ballads " (1871) and " Castilian Days " (1871), and is the autlior, with J. G. Nicolay, of the " Life of Abraham Lincoln " (1886-90). HaydSe (a-da'). An opera eomique by Auber (words by Scribe), produced in Paris in 1847. Hayden (ha'dn), Ferdinand Vandeveer. Born at Westiield,Mass., Sept. 7, 1829: died at Phila- delphia, Dee. 22, 1887. An American geologist. He graduated at Oberlin College in 1850, and at the Albany Medical College in 1853 ; was professor of geology and min- eralogy in the University of Pennsylvania 1865-72 ; and was connected with the geological and geographical sur- veys of the United States 1859-86. He edited the first S reports (1867-76) of the United States geographical and geological surveys of the Territories, and is the author of "Sketch of the Origin and Progress of the United St.ites Geological and Geographical Surveys of the Territories" (1877), "The Yellowstone National Park .and the Mountain Regions of Idaho, Nevada, Colorado, and Utah " (1877). Hayden, Mount, or Grand Teton (te-t6h'). The highest of the Three Tetons, Teton Range, western Wyoming. Height, about 13,600 feet. Haydn (ha'dn; 6. pron. hi'dn), Johann Mi- chael. Born at Rohrau, Lower Austria, Sept. 14, 1737: died at Salzburg, Austria-Hungary, Aug. 10, 1806. An Austrian composer, brother of Joseph Haydn. Haydn, Joseph. Born at Rohrau, Lower Aus- tria, March 31. 1732: died at Vienna, May 31, 1809. A celebrated Austrian composer. He was appointed chapelmaster to Prince Esterhazy at Eisen- stadt, Hungary, in 1760, and resided in London 1791-92 and 1794-95, His works include "The Seven Words, etc." (1785 : a cantata), "The Creation " (1798), "The Seasons" (*^ Die Jahreszeiten," ISOl), 126 symphonies, 83 string quar- tets, sonatas, etc.. and the Austrian national hymn. See his life by Pohl, 1876-82. Haydon (ha'don), Benjamin Robert. Born at Plymouth, England, Jan. 26. 1786: committed .suicide at London, June 22, 1846. A noted Eng- lish historical painter. His life was one of struggle and of disappointment because his talent was not appre- ciated. Among his works are " Christ's Entry into Jeru- salem" (now at Cincinnati), "Tlie Raising «f Lazarus," " The Judgment of Solomon " (in the National Gallery, London). He published "Lectures on Painting and De- sign "(1844—10). His life, compiled from his autobiogra- phy and journal, was published by Tom Taylor in 1853. Haye, La. See Hague, The. Hayel (ha-yel'), or Hail (ha-el'). A city of Shomer. Arabia, situated about lat. 27° 40' N., long. 42° 40' E. Hayes ( haz), Catherine. Bom in Ireland about 1825 : died at London, Aug. 11, 1861. An Irish singer. She made her d^but in 1846 at Marseilles, and had a brilliant career in Italy and Austria. In 1849 she appeared in London, but soon left England for America, India, Pol>'Tie5ia, and .\ustralia. She married a Mr. Bush- nell in 1S57. Grove. Hayes, Isaac Israel. Bom in Chester Countv, Pa.. March .5, 1832: died at New York. Dee. l"7, 1881. An American arctic explorer. He accom- panied the second Grinnell expedition under E. K. Kane as surgeon 1863-66. Convinced during this expedition of the existence of an open polar sea, he solicited subscrip- tions, as the result of which he was enabled to fit out an expedition, consisting of 14 persons, which sailed from Bos- ton, Massachusetts, July 7, 1860. He wintered in Foulke Fiord, lat. 78° 18' N., near Littleton Island, and May 18, 1861, reached a point which he placed at lat. 81° 35' N., long. 70° 30' W., although the correctness of his observa- tions has been called in question. He returned to Boston Oct, 23, 1861. In 1869 he visited Greenland with the artist William Bradford in the Panther. He published "An Arctic Boat-Journey " (1860), " The Open Polar Sea " (1867), " Cast Away in the Cold "(1868), " The Land of Desolation "(1872). Hayes, Rutherford Birchard. Bom at Dela- ware, Ohio, Oct. 4, 1822: died at Fremont. Ohio, Jan. 17, 1893. The nineteenth President of the United States. He served in the Union army 4S8 during the Civil 'W.'u-, being brevetted major-general of volunteers in 1866 ; was a Republican member of Congress from Ohio 1806-67 ; w:is governor of Ohio 1868-72, 1876-77 ; was a Republican candidate for the presidency in 1876 ; was declared elected by the Electoral Commission March 2, 1877, and served 1877-81. See Electoral Commissitern Pennsvlvania, 85 miles norUnvest of Heart's Content. A seaport and eaWe termi- Philadelphia. Itis afoal-minin<;epnter. Popu- nus in Newfoundland, situated on Trinity liay lati'J:ii57,=>), etc. fought near the wall of Antoninus in the north of Knglaud, where Oswald of Northumbria de- feated the Britons under Cadwallon (Cadwalla), who fell in the engagement. According to legend, Oswald entertained a vision of St. Coluraba. the founder of Uii, in a dream the night before the battle. The appari- tion shrouded the English camp with its mantle, and said to Oswald, " Be strong, and do like a man ; lo ! I ain with thee." On the morrow Oswald communicated his dream to the army, \yhicli, with the enthusiasm born of peril, pledged itself to become Christian if it conquered in the light ; for in the whole Northumbrian host only Oswald and 12 nobles frinn Hii were Christians. So Oswald, as- sisted by his soldiers, set up^a cross of wood as a standard, and the'fleld of battle was in after times called Heaven's field, in allusion to the miraculous intervention of heaven >f which it was the seen Head (hed). Sir Edmund Walker. Born near gg^j^jgi (heb'bel), Friedrich. Born at Wes- ■' ■■ " ' ' ""' '' '--'— -^-- T.... selburen, Schleswig-Holstein. March 18,1813: died at Vienna, Dec. 13, 1863. A German dra- matic and Ivric poet. His chief dramas are " Oeno. veva" (1843), "Maria Magdalene" (1844), "Die Nibelun- gen"(1862). Hebe (he'be). [h., from Gr. "11,:*'/, a persouitica- tiou of youth.] 1. In Greek mj-thology, the goddess "of vouth and spring ; the personifica- tion of eternal and exuberant youth, and, until supplanted in this office by Ganjnnede. the cup- bearer of Olympus, she was a daughterot Zeus and Hera, who gave her as yvife to Hercules after his deiUca- tion, as a rewai-d of his achievements. 2. The sixth planetoid, discovered by Henke at Driesen in 1847. _ Bora at Basel, at Schwetzin- German poet. .' the assistance of frremia he was enablcd'to attend school," and subseiincutly studied theology at Eriaiigen. Ue was afterward i)rofe8siir in Karlsruhe, and held various ecclesiastical titles. His principal work is his "Alemannische Oedichte" (poems in the Alamannic dialect), yvhich appeared in 1SII3. A number of prose narratives appeared llrst in " Dcr rhe n- Ische Hausfretind " 1808-11, and were collecteil under the title " Schatzkastleln des rhoinischen Hauslreundes (isll). Heber (he'bfer), or Eber (e'ber). The epony- mous ancestor of the ancient Hebrews. See llfbrcw)!. Heber (he'ber). Reginald. Born at Malpas, Cheshire, April 21, 1783: died at Trichinopoly, British India, April 2, 1826. An English prel- ate and hymn-writer, made bishop of Calcutta in 1823.- He wrote the poem " Palestine," which gained the Oxford prize In 18112 (imblished 1801)). In thc'llymns written and adapted to the Weekly Church Service of the Year," 68 are by Bl.shop Heber, including " From Ureen- lands Icy Mountains, ' " Brightest and Best," " Holy, holy, holy, torilCod Almighty," etc. ~ " " Born at Westminster, Eiig Maidstone, England, 1805 : died at London, Jan 28, 1868. An English colonial governor, and writer on art. He published a " Handljook of the Span- ish and JFrench Schools of Painting " (1846). etc. Head, Sir Francis Bond. Born near Roches- ter, England, Jan 1, 1793: died at Croydon, near London, July 20, 1875. An English trav(d- er, lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada (1835- Sept. 10, 1837), and author, brother of Sir Qeorge Head. Among his works are ■'Bubbles from the Brunnen of Nassau" (1833), "Stokers and Pokers (1849) " Defenceless State of Great Britain " (1800), ' A Fagot of French Sticks" (1862), " Descriptive Essays from the Quarterly Review" (IS.SB), "Mr. Kinglake" (1863), "The Royal Engineer' (1869), "Sir John Burgoyne (18i2). Head, Sir Greorge land, 1782: died English traveler through the Manufact Summerof 1835" (183.^-:i7) Headley (hed'li), Joel Tyler. Bom at Wal- ton, Delaware Coiintv, N. Y. . Dec. 30. 1813 : died at Newburg, N. Y., Jan. 16, 1897. An Ameri- can writer. He published numerous historical and bio- graphical works, including " Napoleon and his Marshals (1846), "Life of Washington " (1867), etc. Headley, Phineas Camp. Born at vValton, N. v.. 1 line '24. isl'l: died .Jan. ;i. 19().i. An Americiiiii'lcrgyniaiiand writer on biograiOiical misoellaneous'subicets. brother ot Joel iyler Headley. His works include " The Court and Camp of David " (1868), etc. Headlong Hall. A novel by Peacock, pub- lished in 1816. ,,. , . Headsman, The. A novel by Cooper, published Headstone (h.'d'ston), Bradley. 1" D";'^,i:'f ^ '• ( )ur Mutual Friend," an ungainly and still Out excitable schoolniaster, madly in love witli Liz- I'mich painter. Hubert, JacQues Ren6, snrnamed Le P6re - • ' l{„,.,u,tAleiivon.l''niiiee,17.V.:di.d Hebrus (he'brus). [Gr. "Kftxir.] zieHexam, and the deadly enemy and would-he Heber, Richard. .,,,.,,, murderer of Eugene Wrnyburn. land, 1773 : died 0,;( .. 1833. .\n Lnglish book Healey(he'li),GeorgePeter Alexander. Born ,„nector. half-brother ol Keginald llolni-. JulylS, 1818: died June 24, 1894. All ^\juerican Hubert (a-lmr'). Antoine AugUSte Ernest jortrait-painter. Born at Grenoble. France, Nov. 3, 181 (. A Hearne (h6rn), Samuel. Born at London, 174.i: died 1792. An English explorerin British North America 1769-72. He wrote an "Account .pf a Jour- ney from Prince of Wales's Fort In Hiiilson » Bay to the North- West, umlertaken . . . for the illacovery ol Copper Mines, a North-West Passage, ' etc. (179.'). Hearne, Thomas. Born at A\1iite Waltham, Berks, lOnglaiid, 1678: die.l June 10, 1735. An English ant i((iiarv. IIi^ edited Spehnan's "Life of Alfred (he Great," Leiand's " Itinerary" and "Collectanea," Kobert of Gloucester, Fordun, etc. Heart of England. A name given to Warwick- shire from its central position. Heart of Midlothian, The. A novel by sir Walter Scott, published in 1818: so called from Duchesne. at I'aris, March 24, 1794 revolutionist. He was of obscure nai education, and at the lieglnninK of tlie French Revolution was living in poverty at I'aris, having lost at least two situations through malversation. On the outbreak of tlie Revolution he acciulred Intlueiiee In the dubs as a scurri- lous and vhdeiit lait ready speaker ami writer, and wiw chosen to edit a new Iti'volntlonary puiier called " Le Pere DuchcBiio" from a p.ipular constitutional paper of the Baine name. He became «ldely known In the provinces and 111 the army under the name of bis paper; was a leader of the most violent (action In the Uevolutlomiry Commune after Aug. Ill, 1792; and was appointed sulistl. lute lo the procureur syndic Sept. 2 following. On May 24 1793 he was arrested by order of the more moderate Hecataeus of Miletus party in the Commune, hut was released in consequence of a' demonstration in his favor by the mob. He insti- tuted, in conjunction with Chaumettc and Anacharsis Clootz, the worship of the goddess Reason, and organized the ultra-revolutionary party known as the H^bertists or ■eiiratjef. He was the principal witness before the Revo;'- tionary triliunal against .Marie Antoinette, whom he ac- cused of incest with her son, and procured the downfall of Fabre d'figlaiitine, Desmoiilins, and Danton. He was sent to the guillotine by Robespierre, and died amid the jeers of the mob whose iiassion for blood he had helped to arouse. Hebrew (he'bro). The language spoken by the Hebrews, one of the northern or Canaanitic di- visions of the Semitic family of languages. It is the language of the books of the Old Testament (with the exception of portions of Daniel and Ezra), and became extinct as a vernacular tongue 3 centuries before the Chris. tian era. It is still the language of the synagogue, and is employed as a scholars' language ; has an extensive post- biblical and even modern literature ; and is becoming the vernacuhu- of the Jews of Palestine. Hebrew Melodies. A collection of poems by Lord Bvron, published in 1815. Hebrew's (he'broz). [Aram, 'ebrdi/d, Heb. 'ihrl (pi. 'ibriiii). a Hebrew, referred to an epony- mous Eber or Heber: orig. 'those of the other side' (of the Euphrates).] The members of that branch of the Semitic family of mankind de- seentJed, according to tradition, from Heber, the great-grandson of Shem, in the line of Abra- ham, Isaac, and Jacob ; the Israelites ; the Jews. These tribes, first of all trans-Euphratian, which had become, by crossing the stream, cis-Euphratian. took the generic name of Hebrew (Ibrim. ' those of the other side '), though we do not know whether they took it when they placed the Euphrates between themselves and their breth- ren who remained in the Paddan-Arani, or whether it was the Canaanites who called them "those from beyond," or. to be more accurate, 'those who had cros-sed the river." lifiian. Hist, of the People of Israel, I. 76. Hebrews, Epistle to the. One of the books of the New Testament, addressed to Christians of Hebrew birth dwelling in Rome, or perhaps in Palestine or Alexandria. Its chief object is to pre- sent a parallel between the symbolism of the old Testa- ment dispensation and thelife work of Christ. The author is unknown — perhaps Barnabas, or less probably Apollos. The authorship has often been ascribed to the apostle Paul, but this view is contrary to the weight ot authority of the early church, and is opposed by most modern schol- ars. .'\ probable date of composition is about A. D. 65. Hebrides (heb'ri-dez), or Western Isles. [NL. Hebriilex, an error for L. .fffftHrfc.* (Pliny).var. of llcbuilie, Gr. "EJociSn/ (Ptolemy), pi. of "E,iov6a, applied to the principal island.] A group of isl- ands west of Scotland, the ancient Ebudio (Ptol- emv) or lleliudes (I'linv). .It comprises the Outer IIebrides(Lewis and Harris, wliieh together form the largest island. North list, Soulb I'ist. Barra, and smaller islands) and the Inner Hebrid.s (Sky e. Mull, loiia. Eii;g, Coll, Tirce, Colonsay, Jura, Islay, ami smallei islands). Bute and Arraii are also 'sometimes included in the Hebrides. The ishuids are noted for picturesque sceiierj'. Politically they form part of Scotland, Lewis (or the Lewes) being in Ross-shire, and the rest of the group partly in Invenie.ss and partly in Argyll- TheearlyCeltic iiiljabitants were rliri,~lianized by loliiinba. The islands were eidonized from .Norway in the !lth century ; wereceded by Norway to Scotland in 1'2(;0 ; and were ruled by the " Lords of the Isles " in the 14th, l.Mh. and lOtli centuries. The inhabited islands number about 120. .\rea, about :i,o of Judah. David resiiled hen tile llrst 7 years of his reign. Ijiter it was taken possession of by the idumeans. from whom Judaa Maccabeus reeaptureii It (1 .Mac. v. 66). At pres- ent It has about lO.OOOiidiabitants. ol whom 600 are Jews : the rest are Mobaininedans. As the city of Abraham il is called bv Mohamm.-dans AlHalil ('City of the Friend of Ood'). iipoii the traililiiuial site of the burial-place of the patriarchs, Maebpelab, a magnillccnt mosque is creeled, accessible only to Mohammedans : a special llrnian of the sultan was ret|iiired lor the adinlttanee of the Prince of Wales 111 18fi'.'. the .Marquis ot Bute in Isixl, and the Crown Prince of ITuaslaln Ixm. Dean Stanley and MajorConder have examimil the mosque, and described the supposed The ancient A notorious Kreneh iiaiiic of the river Maritzn. arentage and limited HocatseUS (hek-ii-te'us) of Abdora. A Greek philosiiphi'r and historian who lived about .120 H. C. He was a pupil of the Skeptic I'yrrho, and appears to have acciunpanled Alcxaiuler the Oreat on his Asiatic exiicdltl..n. lie wrote a work on the Ilyperlioreans, and another on Egypt, Some critics also attribute to him a work on the Jews. An edition of the extant fragments ol his works has been published by P. Zorn (" Uccatei Al- deritu- Fraglnenta.- 17.S0). Hecataeus of Miletus. Died about 4(6 b.c. A (Jreek geographer and liistorian. He was the »or of liegesaniler. and was ile»cendeTic poems and romances. His poetical writings, "Poetiske Skrifter," appeared at Copenhagen in 1862 in 11 vols.; his prose, "Prosaiske Skrifter," at Copenhagen 1861-62, also in 11 vols. Heide (hi'de). A town in the province of Schles- wig-Holstein, Prussia, 58 miles northwest of Hamburg. Population (1890). commune, 7,444. Heidegger (hi'deg-er), John James. Bom at Zurich in 1659 (?): died at Richmond, Sirrrey, Sept. 5, 1749. A noted theatrical manager. He managed the Haymarket with Handel 1729-34. Heidelberg (hi'del-bero). A city in the district of Mannheim. Baden, situated on the Neckar 12 miles southeast of Mannheim. It has considerable trade, and is celebrated for its picturesque surroundings. The castle is a famous monument founded at the end of the 13th century by the count palatine Rudolf I., and en- larged and strengthened by succeeding electors. During the 16th century it received the architectural development which, despite disaster, makes it still one of the richest productions of the German Renaissance. In 1689 and 1693 it was ruined by the generals of Louis XIV., but was subsequently restored. It was finally destroyed by Are from a lightning-stroke in 1764. The ruins are the most imposing in Germany. The picturesque outer walls and towers, now broken and ivy -clad, inclose a large area ; but the chief architectural attractions are grouped about the inner court. The Otto Heinrichs Ban, dating from 1556, is the finest example of the early German Renais- sance. It consists at present of 3 stories above the base- ment, with engaged columns and entablatures, and con- tinuous ranges of ornate windows with central midlion. The doorway, surmounted by armorial bearings, is very rich- ly treated : its two entablatures are supported by atlantes and caryatids. Tlie Friedrichs Ban, of 1601, is a good example of late Renaissance work : it has 4 stories — Doric, Tuscan, Ionic, and Corinthian — with statues of emperors and electors in niches. This building is now in part restored as a museum. The university, founded by the elector Ru- pert I, in 1386, is the oldest inthe present German Empire. From 1556 it came under the control of the leaders of the Reformation. The library was plundered and sent to Rome in 1623, and partially returned in 1816: it now consists of over 400,000 volumes. The university was re- organized by the elector Charles Frederick of Baden in 1803. Heidelberg was the capital of the Palatinate from I I^eidelberg tlie 13th century to 1720. It was sacked by Tilly in 1022, anii by the French in ltJ8i», and was nearly destroyed by the French in lii93 It passed to liaden in 1S03. Population (ISitii). commune, 31,739. Heiden (hi'don). A village aud health-resort iu the eautoii of Appeuzell. Sn-itzerlaiid, 8 miles cast of St. -Gall. Heidenheim (hi'den-him). A manufacturing (own in the Jagst circle, WUrtemberg, on the Breuz 44 miles east by south of Stuttgart. Pop- ulation (IStKi), commune, 8,001. Heidenmauer (hi'den-mou-er). A stone ram- part on the summit of the Kastanlenberg, near I)iu-kheira, Palatinate, Germany, probably of ancient Teutonic origin, noted in legend and fiction : also other similar prehistoric or Roman remains. Heidenmauer, The. A novel by Cooper, pub- lished in 1832. Heijn (Mn), Pieter Pieterse. Bom at Delfts- haven, Netherlands, 1.577: died 1029. A Dutch admiral. He served as vice-admiral in the fleet of Ad- miral WiUeken at the capture of San Salvador, Brazil, in 1621 ; defeated the Spaniards in a bloody naval battle in All Saints' Bay, Brazil, in 1626 ; and captured the Spanish silver fleet, with treasure valued at 12,000,(X)0 gulden, in the Bay of Matanzas, Cuba, two years later. He was sub- sequently placed at the head of the Dutch navy by the stadtholder Frederick Henry, and was killed while block- adinc Dunkirk in 1629. Heilbronn (hil'bron). A town in the Neekar circle, Wiirtemberg, situated on the Neekar 26 miles north of Stuttgart, it has important manu- factures and commerce The Rethaus, Ihurch of St. Kilian. and Deutsohes Hans are of interest. It was formerly a free imperial city. Population (1890), commune, 29,941. Heilbronn, Union of. An alliance between the Swedes and the German Protestants for the prosecution of the war against the Imperialists, coiiohided at Heilbronn in 1G33. Hell dir im Siegerkranz (Ml der im ze'ger- kriiuts). [G., ' Hail to thee in the conqueror s wreath.'] The Prussian national hymn, it was written by Heinrich Harries in 1790 as a sonp for the birth- day of Chtlstian VII. of Denmark, adapted totheETiglishair "God saveGreat tieorpe the King,'" and wasaiTangedin its present form for Prussian use by B. G. .Schumaclier in 1793. Heiligenstadt (hi'lig-en-stiU). A town in the jirovinee of Saxony, Prussia, situated on the Leine 27 miles east by north of Cassel. it was the capital of the old principality of Eichsfeld. Popula- tion (18911), commune. 6,183. Heilsberg (hilz'berg). A town in the province of East Prussia, Pi'ussia, situated on the Alle 39 miles south of Konigsberg. An indecisive battle was fought here between the BYench under .Soult and the Rus- sians under Bennigsen, June 10, 18u7. Population (1890), 6,.W1. Heilsbronn, or Kloster-Heilsbronn (klos'ter- bilz-brou'). A small town in Jliddle Franconia, Bavaria, L") miles southwest of Nuremberg. It contains the remains of a medieval Cistercian abbey. Helm (am), Frangois Joseph. Bom at Belfort, France. Dec. 16, 1787 ; aief llallinskidi [anutlier name of liisl is obscure." Such Is a summary of the most important passages referring to Ileimdal. Rhij^, Celtic Heathendom, p. 82. Heimskringla (hims'kring-lii). [ON. heimr, world, and Initiiiln, circle.] 'f he history of the Norse kings, from tlie earliest inythieal limes down to the Itattle of Ke in 1177, written by the Icelander SnoiTJ Sturlnson (1178-1241). It re- celves Its name from Its first words. "Kringln heimsins," the circle of the world. In subject-matter and literary style it Is the most important prose work In Old Norse literature. Heine (hi'ml, Heinrich. Born at DUsseldorf, Prussia, Deo. 13, I7i)!l: died at Paris, Feb. 17, 1856. A celebrated German IvTic poot and critic, 491 of Hebrew descent. Destined for a business career, he was sent, against his own desire, to his uncle Solomon Heine, a banker iu Hamburg ; but through the tatter's as- sistance he Wiis enabled to study jurisprudence at Boim, Berlin, and tlottingen. In ls2ri he embraced Christianity. He lived alternately in Hamburg, Berlin, and Munich, After 1S31 until his death he lived for the most part in Paris, during the last years of his life a great sutf erer from an incurable malaily. FYom 1837 to 1S4S he received an annuity from the departmetit of foreign affairs. The flrst collection of his poem.s, "(Jedichtc," appeared in 182'2, his "Buch der Lieder ' (" Book of Songs") in 1S27, "Keue Gedichte" (" .\ew Poems") in 1S44, and ''Romanzero " in 1851. Among his songs are some of the best-known l>Tics of Germany: for instance, "Die Uirelei," "Uu bist wieeine Blumc," " Naeh Frankreich zogen zwei Grenadier." He also left a number of characteristic prose works, the most celebi-ated of which, the " Reisebilder " (" Pictures of Tra- vel "), had appeared in 4 parts from ls26 to IKU. The " Romantisc lie Sehule," to whieh IleiiH- himself as a writer preeminently belonged, ajipeared iu IsMii. His complete works appeared in Hamburg lS61-6.'i, in 21 volunn-s. Heineccius (lu-nek'tse-os), Johann Grottlieb. Born at Eisenberg, Germany, Sept. 11. 1()81 ; died at Halle, Prussia, Aug. "31, 1741. A Ger- man jurist, professor of philosophy (1720) and later of law at Halle. He wrote " Elementa .jtiris civilis" (1725), •' Historia juris civilis" (1733), etc. Heinecken (hi'nek-en), Christian_ Heinrich. Born at Liibeek, Germany, Feb. 6, li21 : died at Liibeck, Jime, 1725. A (jerman child, noted for his extraordinary precocity. Heis said to have been well vei-sed in the b'istoiy of the Bible in his second year, and to have learned French and Latin in his third. He is also known as " the Cliild of Liibeck." Heinicke (hi'nik-e), Samuel. Bom at Naut- schiitz, near Weissenfels, Prussia, April 10, 1727: died at Leipsie, April 30, ]790. A Ger- man teacher who opened the first institution for the education of deaf-mutes in Germany in 1778. Heinrich. See iJeiiri/. Heinrich von Meissen (hin'rich fon mis'sen). Born at Mi-issen, 1250: died at Mainz, 1318. A Miihile High German IjtIc poet. He was a wander- ing singer. In 1278 he was in the army of Hapsburg ; in 1286 at Prague. He is said to have founded at Mainz the flrst school of "blaster Singers," so called, and himself marks the transition from the " Minnesingers " to the later "Master Singers." Heis also called Fl'auenlob, a name given him because of a declared preference in a poetical contest for the title "Fran" Oady, mistress) applied to ivomen. rather than " Weib " (woman, the mere opposite of man). The women of Mainz bore him to his grave, where, at the cathedral, histuonument is still to be seen. Heinrich von Veldeke. Seo /vw,/,y. Heinse (hin'ze), Johann Jakob Wilhelm. Born atLangewiesen. Thiiringia, Feb. 16, 1749: died at AseiiatTenburg, Bavaria, June 22, 1803. A German romance writer. Among his romances is " Ardinghello und die gliiekseligen Inseln" (1787). Heinsius (!iin'se-os). Antonius. Born at Delft, 1641 : died Aug., 17211. .\ Dutch statesman, gi'and pensionary 16S9-1720. Heinsius, Daniel. Born at (ihent, June 9, 1 .580 : dieil Feb. 25, 1<).55. A Dutch classical philologist, author of Greek and Latin poems, editions of the classics, etc. Heinsius, Nikolaas. Bom at Levden, .Tulv 20, Iti20: dicMl at The Hague, Oct. 7, 1681. .-V noted Duteli elussical [ihilologist and Latin poet, son of Daniel Heinsius. Heintzelman (hint'sel-miin), Samuel Peter. Horn at Manheim, Lancaster Count v, Pa., Sept. 30, 1805 : died at Washington, D. C, May 1, 1880. An American general. He graduated at West Point in 1826; served In the Mexican war; became brlgadier-gen eral of volunteers May 17. 1861 ; commanded a divisioii of .McDowell's army at the first battle of Bull Run; cont- nninded a corps at the battle of Williamsburg; was made major-general of volunteers .May 5. 1862; participated in the battle of Fair Oaks; and comnnitideii the right wing of Pope's army at the secomi battle of IhiU Run. He subse- quently held ccumnand of the Department of Washington and of the Northern Department. He was placed on the retired list, with the rank of major-general, by a special net of Congress Ajiril 29, 1SII9. Heir-at-La'W, The. A comedy by Colman thi' younger, iiidiliiecd in 1797, printed in 1808. Heir of Linne, The. .\n old ballad preserveil in PiTcv's " lvolii|uos": the story of a si)end- thrift wlio liiinlly regains his lands and money. Heister (liis'tcr), Lorenz. Horn at Frankfoi't- on-th.-.Maiii,Si'pt. 19, 1683: died al Helmsledl, April 18,17.58. A German surgeon, profi'.ssor of surgery at Ilelmstedt from 1720. lie was the founder of modern German surgery. Hejaz. See lliilja:. Hejira (hrj'i-rii). |"Ar.. 'departure.'] The era wfiicliforiiislhestartifig-pointof the Mohamme- dan cali'iidar, July 1,5, 622. commemorative of the llight of Mohammed from Mecca to Medina. The actiuil date of the tlighl was June 20. Hel (hel). [ON., a )iersoni(ication of /»•/, the Helena, Saint abode of the dead, = E. 7/t7/.] In Old Norse mythology, the daughter of Loki and the giant- ess Augurboda (OX. Angrlxidha), and goddess of Niflheim, or Niflhel, the realm of the dead, below the eaith. Originally all the dead went to her. In later mythology oidy she is horrible in appearance, half bjue-black ami half Ilesh-color, and heratiode is one of misery to which those alone go who die of age or illness. Helbon (hel'bon). An ancient name of Aleppo. Helder (.hd'der), The. A forlitied seaport in the province of North Holland, Netherlands, situated on the Marsdiep 40 miles north of Am- stcrdam. it is an important commercial place, and a Dutch naval station. The great Helder Dyke defends it fnun the sea. Near it the Dutch under Knyter and Tromp defeated the English in a naval engagement Aug. 21, 1673 ; and near it also the Rnglish and Russian tnwps lauded in their unsuccessful expedition of 1799. Population (18S9), conuiinne, 21,984. Helderberg ( hel'der-birg) Mountains. A range ot lulls wist of Albany, New York, an offshoot of the Catskills. Helen (hel'en). [Gr. 'EMvri, L. Helena : hence It. Khiia. Sp. Helena, Eleita, F. Hi'leiic, E. Helen, mien, G. Uekne.'] 1. In Greek legend, the wife of Menelaus, and, according to the ustial tra- dition, the daughter of Zeus and Leda, or, ac- cording to another, of Zeus and Nemesis, cele- brated for her beauty. Her abduction by Paris was the cause of the Trojan war. Goethe introduces her in the second part of "Faust, ' and Faustus, iu Marlowe's play of that name, addresses her thus : "Oh ! thou art fairer than the evening air Clad in the beauty of a thousand stars ! " Helen of Troy is one of those ideal creatures of the fancy over which time, space, and circumstance, and moral proba- bility, exert no sway. . . . she moves through (ireek he- roic legend as the desired of all men ami the possessed of many. I'heseus bore her away while yet a girl from Sparta. Her brethren. Castor and Polydeukes, recovered her from Athens by force, and gave to her .-Ethra, the mother oC Theseus, for bondwoman. . . . ,slie was at last assigned in wedlock to Menelaus, by whom she conceived her only earthly child, Hermione. Paris, hy aid of Aphrodite, won her love and lied with her to Egypt and to Troy. In Troy she abode more than twenty years, and was the mate of De- iiihobus after the death of P:iris, When the strife raised for her sake was ended, Menelaus restored her with honor to his home in Lacedamion. There she received Telemachus and saw her daughter mated to Neoptolenms. But even after death she rested lu)t from the service of love. The great Achilles, who in life had loved her by hearsay, but had never seen her, clasped her among the shades upon the island LeukC, and begat Euphorion. Synwndx, Studies of the Greek Poet*, I. 124. 2. In Sidney's romance "Arcadia." the queen of Corinth. She begs and carries away the wounded body of the knight Amphialus, falsely sup- posed dead. — 3. A waiting-woman to Imogen iu Shakspere's '• Cymbeline." — 4. In Sheridan Knowles's play '• The Hunchback," a lively girl, ill love with Modus. Helen, a Tale. The last novel by Miss Edge- worth, published in 1834. Helena (liel'e-nii). A Greek painter, daughter of the Egyptian Timon. She1s said to have lived in the time of the battle of Issus, and to have paiiued a pic- ture of that subject. This picture was hung by \'espiisian in the Temple of Peace at Rome. The great Ponipeian mosaic of the battle of Issus nmst have been made about this time, aiut is ]>erhaps a copy of the picture. Helena, l. .Vcharacti'r in shakspere's comedy "All's Will that EmlsWcU."— 2. In Shakspere's play "A .Midsuniiiier Night's Dream," a;i Athe- nian ladv in love with Demetrius. Helena, iThe. See the extract. The Third Act (of the Becond jiart of Goethe's "Faust," in which Helen of Troy is Introdueed] is known in (Ut- many as '"i'he Helena," not only because it was separately published In ls27 umler the title of " Helena : a Chusico- Romantic I'hantasnuigorhi," but also because it is a com- plete allegorical poem in Itself, inserted in the Second Part of '• Faust " by vei;>' loose threads of attachment. (iouthe began its composition in 1800. It. Tat/ti'r. Notes to Faust, part 2. Helena. -V tragedy of Euriiiides, exhibited in 412 II. C, based on the story invented by Stcsichorus that only a phantom of Helen appeared at the siege of Troy, the mil Hilen being in Egypt. Helena (hel'e-nii or he-le'nii). The capital of Phillips Cimiity, Arkansas, situated on tlio Mis- sissip)ii 52 inilis southwest of Memphis. It was unsuccessfullv iillacked by the Confederates .luly 4, 1863. " I'oinilatiou ("l90(ll. 5,;5.50. Helena. A city, the ca]iitiil of Montana and of fiiwis and Chirke Counly, situated in lal. 4<5° .'Hi' N., long. 1 1 1° ;53' \V. it isan lmiK>rtant buaincu center, and there are gold-in!ni-s In lis vicinity. It woa settled In l.sr,! I'Mpnhillon lllNKIl, 1»,770. Helena, Flavia Julia, Snint. Died about 328. Till' mot III r of ( oiisl anil lie tin' Great. She was, according to some aillliorities, the daughter of an inn- kerper at Drepanum. Billiynia; acciinnng to others, a Ilrltish or Caledonian princess, .'^he berame the wife of t'onstantius Chloiiis, who. on his elevation to the dignity of Cn'siir ill 2112, divorced her in onler to marry TheiHlora, the stepdani^iliT of the Augustus Maxltnianus Hercules. Subsei(uently, on the elevation to the purple of Constan Helena, Saint tine, her son by Constantius, she received the title of Au- gusta, and was treated with marked distinction. About 325 she made a pilgrriniage to Jerusalem, where she built the Church of the Holy Sepulcher and that of the Nativity. Helensburgll (lifl'euz-bur-o). a town and wa- tering-place in Dumbartonshire, Scotland, sit- uated on the Clyde 20 miles northwest of Glas- gow. Population (1891), 8,405. Helenus (hel'e-nus). [Gr. "E/.fjof,] In Greek le- gend, a son of Priam, celebrated as a prophet. Shakspere introduces him in '• Troilus and Cressida." Helgoland (hel'go-liint), or Heligoland (hel'- i-go-land), Friesiau Hellige Land. ['Holy Land.'] An island in the North Sea. belonging to the province of Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia, situated in lat. 54° 11' N., long. 7° 53' E. It is divided into the Oberland and rnterlaml. (.'lose by is the bathing-place, the Dune, It has lobster-fisheries, and is frequented for sea-bathing. The population is of Fiiesian stock. Formerly it was a heathen sanctuan'. It was taken from Denmark by Great Britain in 1S07, and ceded to Great Britain in 1814. In 1S90 it was ceded to Germany, and at- tached to the province of Schleswig-Holstein. Near it the Danish fleet repulsed a combined attack of the Prussians and Austrians, May 9, 1S64. Length, a little over 1 mile. Population. 2,086. • Heliand (na'le-and). [OS. Hiliand, AS. Eselend. NHG. Ueiland, the healer, i. e. the Saviour.] An Old Saxon epic poem on the Saviour, writ- ten in alliterative verse by an unknown author between the years 822 and 840. it is a Christian poem with old Germanic heathen elements, and is one of the most extensive as it is one of the most important works of early Gennanic literature. Helias, or Helis, or Helyas. The Knight of the Swan. See Swan, Knight of the. HelicanUS (hel-i-ka'nus). The faithful minis- ter of Pericles. Prince of Tyre, in Shakspere's play of that name. Helicon (hel'i-kon), modem Zagora (za-go'ra). [Gt.'E?,ikui'.'\ In ancient geography, a mountain- range in Boeotia, Greece, celebrated in mythol- ogy as the abode of the Muses. It contained the fountains of Aganippe and Hippocrene. Height, 5,736 feet(?). Heligoland. Sec HrlijoJand. Heliodorus (be-li-r.-do'rus). [Gr. 'H/iodupoc, gift of the sun.] Born at Emesa, S\Tia: lived at the end of the 4th century. A Greek ro- mance-writer, a Christian bishop of Trieea in Thessaly, author of the earliest Greek romance, the ''>.93thiopica." See Theagenes and Chariclea. Heliogabalus. See Elagabalus. Heliopolis (he-h-op'o-lisl, Egyptian An lau), the modern Matarieb (ma-ta-re'e). [Gr. 'K/xov7!o7d(, city of the sun-god.] In ancient geography, a city in Lower Egypt, situated on the Pelusiac branch of the Nile in lat. 30° 8' X., long. 31° 24' E. " it stood on the edge of the desert, about 4} miles to the east of the apex of the Delta ; but the alluvial land of the Delta extended 5 miles further to the eastward of that city, to what is now the Birket-el- Hag." {Rairlinfon.) It was a seat of learning ("the uni- versity of Egypt ") and of the worship of the sun-god Ka. The site of Heliopolis is still marked by the massive walls that surrounded it. and by a granite obelisk bearing the name of Osirtasen [Usertesen] I. of the 12th dj-nasty, dating about 3900 years ago. It was one of two that stood before the entrance to the temple of the Sun, at the inner end of an avenue of sphinxes ; and the apex, like some of those at Thebes, was once covered with bronze (doubtless gilt), aa is shown by the stone having been cut to receive the metal casing, and by the testimony of Arab history. Tradition also speaks of the other obelisk of, Heliopolis, and of the bronze taken from. its apex. Rawlinson, Herod., IL 9. note. Heliopolis. The ancient name of Baalbee. Helios (he'U-os). [Gr. "H>.(Of, 'He/.;of.] In Greek mythology, the sun-god (called Hyperion by Homer), son of the Titan Hyperion and the Titaness Theia. He is represented as a strong and beau- tiful youth, with heavv-, waving locks and a crown of rays, driving a four-horse chariot, rising in the morning from the ocean on the east, among the Ethiopians, driving across the heavens in his glowing car, and descending at evening into the western sea. At night, while asleep, he is borne along the northern edge of the earth in a golden boat to his rising-place in the east. Also called Phaethon (Gr. 'l'a€9wi') for his brilliancy. Inlatertimes hewas iden- tified with Apollo. Helius (he'li-us). Died 68 A. D. A Roman court favorite. He was a freedman of the emperor Claudius, and became steward of the imperial demesnes in Asia. He was one of the agents employed by Agrippina in ridding herself of M. Junius Silanus, proconsul of that province in 55. He was prefect of Rome and Italy during the absence of Xero in Greece 67-68, being invested with full power of life and death even over the senatorial order. He was put to death, with Locusta, the poisoner, and other creatures of the late tjTant, by Xero's successor, the emperor Galba. Hell (hel), Maximilian. Bom at Sehemnitz, Hungary, May 13, 1720 : died at Vienna, April 14, 1792. All Austrian astronomer. He entered the Society of Jesus about 1738, and was director of the observatorj* at Vienna 1756-92. In June. 176^*, be made, in Lapland, a successful obsen'ation of th# transit of Ve- 492 nus, of which he published an acconnt(" Observatio tran- situs Veneris," 17?0). He is the author also of a number of other works, including " De paraUaxi solis " (1773). Hellada. The modem name of the Spercheius. Helladians (he-la'di-anz). See the extract. otherwise, while Greek was fast becoming the domi- nant speech of the Empire, the name of Hellas became a geographical expression, the name of a single theme of the Empire, while the name of Hellenes meant only the professors of the fallen faith, whose temples supplied ma- terials for building the temples of the new. When the people of the theme of Hellas, perhaps of a region a little wider than the theme of Hellas, needed a geographical name, the new Dame of Helladians was coined to express them. Freeman, Hist. Essays, III. 331. HellanicUS (hel-a-ni'kus). [Gr. 'E/L/.;KOf.] An eminent Greek logographer. He was a native of My- tilene, Lesbos, and lived about 450 B. c. Nothing is known with certainty of his personal histor}'. According to an evidently erroneous account by Suidas. he lived with He- rodotus at the court of .^myntas. The same doubtful au- thority states that he died at Perperene, on the coast of Asia Minor, opposite Lesbos. He was a prolific writer, and was held in high esteem by the ancients. His works, frag- ments only of which are extant, included a history of At- tica, a history of the -Eolians in Asia Minor and the islands of the .Egean, and a history of Persia, Media, and Assyria from the time of Ninus to his own day. Hellas (hel'as). [Gr. 'E/./.ar.] In ancient geog- raphy, originally a town and small district in Phthiotis, Thessaly, and later the lands inhab- ited by the Hellenes (see Greece); inarestricted sense. Middle Greece (south of Thermopylse and north of the Gulf of Corinth), or the dis- tricts south of the Ambracian Gulf and the mouth of the Peneius. Helle (hel'e i. [Gr. "E/./)?.] In Greek legend, the daughter of Athamas and Nephele. She was drowned "In the Hellespont, whence its name (" Sea of Helle"). Hellebore (hel'f-bor). A character assumed by Foote in his part of the devil, in his play " The Devil upon Two Sticks " : the president of a medical college. Hellen (hel'en). [Gr. "E/./Itv.] In Greek legend, a king in Phthia (in Thessaly), eponymous an- cestor of the Hellenes. Hellenes (hel'enz). [Gr. "EW-^TTfc.] 1. The ancient Greeks ; properly, the Greeks of pure race : traditionally said to be so called from Hellen, son of Deucalion and Pyrrha, the le- gendary ancestor of the true Greeks, consisting of the Dorians, .^olians. lonians, and AchEPans. — 2. The subjects of the modern kingdom of Greece, or Hellas. Heller (hel'ler), Stephen. Born at Budapest, Hungary, May 15, 1814: died at Paris, Jan. 14, 1888. A Hungarian pianist and composer for the pianoforte. Hellespont (hel'es-pont). [Gr. 'E/J.^a-ofroc, sea of Helle. See Hetle.'] In ancient geogra- phy, the name of the Strait of Dardanelles. (See Dardanelles.) It is celebrated in the legend of Hero and Leander. Hellevoetsluis (hel-le-v6t-slois'), or Helvoet- sluis (hel-vot-slois'). Aseaportinthe pro\ince of South Holland. Netherlands, situated in the island Voorne, on the Haringvliet, 17 miles west- southwest of Rotterdam. Here, in 16S8, Wil- liam of Orange embarked for England. Hell Fire Clubs. Clubs consisting of reckless and unscrupulous men and women. A number of these have existed. Three such associations were sup- pressed in London in 1721. Hell Gate (hel gat). A passage in the East River, east of the city of New York, noted for its dangers to navigation. Obstructions were removed bv explosion at Hallett's Point in 1876, and at Flood Rock in 1885. Hellin (el-ven' ). A town in the province of Al- bacete, Sp'ain, situated in lat. 38° 28' N,, long. 1° 39' W. It has sulphur manufactures. Pop- ulation (1887). 13,679. Hellowes (hel'oz), Edward. Lived about the last half of the 16th centui-y. An English trans- lator. In 1597 he was groom of the chamber in the royal household, and in 1600 received a pension of 12 shillings a day for life. He translated three works from the Span- ish of Guevara. Helmer (hel'mer), Nora. The principal char- acter in Ibsen's "A Doll's House." Her husband treats her as if she were a child, and so far unfits her for real action that when she begins to meddle with realities she commits a crime. On awakening to a knowledge of her real self, and her husband's false idea that he can be both will and conscience for her. she leaves him. Helmers (hel'mers), Jan Frederik. Bom at Amsterdam. March 7, 1767: died at Amster- dam, Feb. 26, 1813. A Dutch poet. His chief work is "De Hollandsche Natie" ("The Dutch Nation." 1812). Helmholtz (helm'holts), Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von. Born at Potsdam, Aug. 31. 1821 : died at Berlin, Sept. 8, 1894. A celebrated Helsinglan^ German physiologist and physicist, especially noted for his discoveries in optics and acoustics. He became military physician at Potsdam in 1843 ; taught anatomy at the Academy of Art in 1848 ; was professor of physiology at Konigsberg 1849-5,'.; wasprofessor of anatomy and physiology- at Bonn 185.^-58, and of physiology at Hei- delberg 1858-71 ; and was appointed professor of physics at Berlin in 1871. He invented the ophthalmoscope in 1S.'1. His chief works are '" Handbuch der physiologischen Op- tik" ("Manual of Physiological Optics," 1856-66), "Die Lehre von den Tonempfindungen " ("The Doctrine of the Sensations of Tone," 1862), "tjber die Erhaltung der Kraft " (" On the Conservation of Force," 1^7). Helmond (hel ' mont ; F. pron. el -mon '). A town in the province of North Brabant, Neth- erlands, situated on the river Aa in lat. 51° 28' N.. long. 5^ 39' E. Population (1889), commune, 9.0.57. Helmont (hel'mont), Jan Baptista van. Bom at Brussels in 1578: died near Brussels, Dee. 30, 1644. A Flemish physician and chemist. He spent a number of years in France, Switzerland, and Eng- land, married a wealthy lady of Brabant, and in 1609 set- tled on an estate near Brussels, where he devoted himself to chemical investigations. He is said to have been the firet to demonstrate the necessity of employing the bal- ance hi chemistry, and to have introduced the word "gas" in the terminology of that science. A collective edition of his works appeared as "Ortus medicinee " (1618). Helmstadt (helm'stat). A village in Lower Fraueonia, Bavaria, 10 miles west of Wurzburg. Here, in the Seven Weeks' War, July 25, 1866, the Prus- sians defeated the Bavarians. Helmstedt (helm'stet). A town in Bmnswick, Germany, 21 miles east of Brunswick, formerly the seat of a university. Population (1890), 10,955. Helmund (hel'muud), or Hilmend (hil'mend), orHalmand (hal'mand). A river in Afghanis- tan, flowing in a generally southwesterly direc- tion into Lake Hamun, with no outlet to the sea : the ancient Erymanthus or Erymandms. Length, about 680 miles. Helolse (a-lo-ez'). Born about 1101: died at the Paraclet, near Nogent-stir-Seine, Prance, 1164. A French abbess, celebrated on account of her relations with Abelard. she was a niece of Fulbert, canon of Notre Dame, .\belard became her in- structor, and soon her lover and seducer. After the birth of her child he proposed a secret marriage, which was ac- complished only after much opposition on the part of He- loise, for she preferred to sacrifice her own future rather than that of Abelard. She even denied the marriage after it was performed, and retired to the convent of .Argenteuil. The enraged Fulbert revenged himself on Abelard by in- tlicting on him a shameful mutilation. He became a monk, and Heloise took the veil. Heloise. See Xoiirelle Heloise, La. Helos (he'los). [Gr. TO "E?.of.] In ancient geog- raphy, a town in Laconia, Greece, situated near the sea 25 miles southeast of Sparta. Helots (he'lots or hel'ots). [Gr. Ei/Mrat or E(/.' Netherlands about 1 /_J: died at ] lie Hague, (1846-52), •■ H.andbuch der allRen.einen Anatomic " (iSl) ley," an uncompromising and brusk, but up- I''*". A Dutch philosopher and writer on es- _• llaiMJi.n.h der Anatonne .i,s M.nschen ■ iiK.55-73),ett. right and conscientious man. His niece Caro- thetics, son of Tiberius Hemstcrhuis. Henley (hen'li), John, generally called "Orator line is one of the principal characters. Hemsterhuis, Tiberius. Born at Groningcn, Henley. Born at Melton-Mowbray, England, Helvellyn (hel-vel'in) The second peak in Netherlands, ItiS.'i: diid at Leyden, April 7, Aug. 3, 1692: died 17')() (ll'tOf). Au English height in the Lake District in Cumberland, 1™'- A Dutch philologist and critic. His cliief preacher^elebiate,! f,.r his eccentricities. England 8 miles north bv west of Ambleside "'"'''''' "'"'' "" edition of the - Onouia-sticon ' of Pollux Henley, William Emest. Bom Aug. 23, 1849: ShrS.uTfee't""'' ■''''"' ^" '"'''■ S;p,res^?^4r"^^^^^^ '"?'^ ■'"'>■ '-' ''■>'''■ Au English write'r and Helvetia (hd-ve'shia). In later Latin, a part Henault(a-n6' j.Charles JeanFrangois. Born t"„uhe.?v,;';^,M'';{^'?L"'V,'>^^^ <.?l^'" of Gaul corresponding generally to the western at Paris, Feb. 8, 108,^: .lied at Paris, Nov. 24, ^^i:'/.,"- ifo'il^o™ h; ,Sst.T" A S^^^^^^ andcentralportionsofthemodernSwitzerland: 1770. A French historian. Uc wrote " Nouvei (isss), etc. used also poetically for Switzerland. abr(>Ki5 chionoloRiiiue dc lliistoire de France" (1744), Henley-On-ThameS (hen'li-on-temz'), or HcU- Helvetian Desert." See I'echtlnnd. '.','^'">^^"V„^;','I",''"'"8''l'"= ^e Ihistoire d-Espat;ne et de ley. A town in Oxfordshire, England, situated — ■ ■ ■ ■" ' ' • ' " — - ■ -- — - • - 1 ottimal (lei.*), etc. — ^x^„ flii.„. .in — :i„„ . „i? t i__ „ r,fp/1 in the de- uce, situ- (■...,..,7, leiiiiu leautri 01 iii?> iiiuc. ne was iniuiaier ai i^eu ., , . /.ooi^ ^ n-t* "'^'"'.^■. ,..-..,.„. , A , . T, chars, Fiteshiie, 1613-38, and afterward at EdinbuiKii.l^pi'hition (1891), commune. 6,9(2. HelVetlUS (el-va-se-us ), Oiauae Aarien. Born The National covenant (I638) and the solemn League and HennegaU. ^vv Udltiinit. at Paris in Jan., ITl.'J: died Dec. 26, 1771. A Covenant (adopted in 1643 by the Westminster Assembly. Hennepin (hen'e-pin; F. pron. en-pah'), LouiS. French philosopher and litterateur-. He was ap- »''''<:h he attended as a Scottish commissioner) were both i3y,.,j .,( \x\\, Belgium, about 1640: died in the pointed farmer-general about 1738, and soon after became drafted by him, and were larpely his productions. He Vptherlands after 1701 A French missionary rhinih.rlim (ntheniieeii Til 17S1 be m-irried ihp beiiiti. presided as moderator at three Important general asscni- ^^^^'""^ '»'y'^-^ "^' .. * j '^tlS^^S.^^^.Jl^^^i^^^:^. Wies (10:«, 1641 and ,648): at tha'i held It Glasgow in and explorer. ncM,do,,ged ,0 the order of R^coe^^ of the chief centers of literaiT society in Paris. He retired >«« ""= Scottish lushops were deposed, and the church of St. i rancis. went to (_ a nada in 1«< -i. and m 16, 8 J"n>«l to his estate in Perche at his niarriiie, and devoted hiiu- "as reconstituted as Presbyterian. Henderson had various I.a Sillies second evpedition to the W est. "f "f '»<^; self during the remainder of his life to philosophical conferences and even discussions with Charles I. on pub- spatched by La Salle from tort Crevec.e»th t« one studies. He published in 1768 a metaphysical work en- '*'-• (especially ecclesia"fetical) atfairs. in a canoe, Feb, 29, 11*0, to exploie H'c J" ">' » f "^L"'" li.led ■• De res'prit." in which he derive'i 'all virtue from HenderSOn, JameS. Born in the north of Eng- ^^^''^f "t,*i'lS^ni "Aprdll C an Pdn.f.fg^ap self-interest, and which was burned in 1759 by order of ,;„„i ,.,,out'l78;3 : died at Madrid, Spain, Sept, ? vTty U^verer l^Sls .^ St Antt^^^^^^^ " rtol lowing Ta %vVs"e^';Sar„e''d *i y'ilLderi^k "the ^^- 18^^- An English author. From 1819 to 1821 he cued'by Oreysolon du l.hut. arrived at Que^bec in 1682, and r eat at PoLdam 11 r-'ITuvres c^^^^^ t.aveled in Brazil. Subsequently he was British consul- on returning to Europe was made guardian of the con- n hed at Lh^L'ei"i774 Lee which tTiemme^Hs^^^^ K™eral at BogotA until 1836, llis principal work is "His- vent of Renty in Artois. lie publislied " Description de rlnshiveaLared nuraeious other ,f Brazil ...,,,„„,„„ jg,.!). »" la Louisiane '■(les;)), "Nouvclledecouverted'un tresgrand Ljmons nave appeal ui. . Hpndprton .tamfi'? Pincknev Born in Lin- pays" (1697 : in which he claims to have descended the HelvldlUS (hel-vid'l-us). A pseudonym of ^enaerson, dames r-lIlCKIiey. ooiu '"V"" Mississippi t.. its mouth in uvso - a cl.aim .since shown to James Madison. Under this signature he re- Sii'", *:""'"> '.^ ;,'•,' "^7^„^i' ^^P^\ '^^ *" be false), and •■ .Nouveau Voya..- ■ (ucis), plied to the letters of Pacificus (Hamilton) in Washington, D. t , Juiie4, 18..8. Au American Hennequin(en-kah'),PhilippeAugUStin. Born tive cssavs. ,,,,. ,..,^., v^ general and politician. He was secretary of state j,t Lyons, Franr-o. 17G;i: ditnl at To\irnav, Bei- Helvidius'Priscus. See Priscus, Helvi89, He pa.»sed live t^7trW'^.,T.h..,. .,.,.1 ,r;.V,.„v>T,-i.,;; c.wl l.> l,.,vo been jealous of him. He was particularly tine in soldo- years in Italy. Among his pictures lue " Iji Naiade," " Lo lexicographer and giammarians.ud to h, \e .^J His repertory hieludedallthe best tragic ami many bon Samaritain " (at the LuxeridKuirg), -fdylle." "Su- hved A. D. 1088-11(2: author ot the " Abliidlia- ,;„i„ic roles, zanne," and "La Madeleine." na-ehintamani" (which see). Hendon (hen', Hennersdorf (kii-to'lish-l. A village in north- Browne). Born at Liverpool, Sept. 2"), 1793: Hendricks (hen 'ilriks), Thomas Andrews, western Silesia, Prussia, near Naumburg-on- died near Dublin, May 16, 1835. An English Burn near Zanesville, Ohio, Sept. 7, islil: died the-t^ueiss. Here, Nov. 24, 174.'>, the Prus-slans under poet, best known for her lyrics. Among her other at Indianapolis, lud., Nov. 25, 1885. An Ami'ri- Frederick the (ircal defeated the .Saxons and Auslrlans poemBare"TheVe9persofPalenno "(182:))," The Forest can statesman. He was memberof Congress from In- under Ihe liuke of Lomilne. sanctuai-y (1,826). "Poetical Works ' edited by ". M. j,^,,^ 186I-6.';; t'nlted States senator 186:)-6» ; governor. .f HenneSSy ( h«n '.•-si), William J. Born at Tho- Rossetti, l,M7:i. Indiana 1873-77 ; and unsuccessful Democratic candi.lale inastown, Ireland, in 1839. A landscape- anil Hemel-Hempstead (hem ' el -hemp ' Sted). A for vice. Pr..si,lent in 1876, He was el.cte.l Vice-President jj,.,„.o.,„unter. He went t.. New York in 1841), and was small town in H.itfor(lshire,Englan.l,24 miles I" >8»t- «"'l w"" Inaugurated March 4, 1K.S.,, ^ i.]r,-l,-,] mitl..nal a.a.U'inician in isiti. In 1870 he went northwest of Londiui, Henge(heng'g.'),.irMahenge(ma-heng go). .\ |„ |,,,iidi.n, but liv.-s principally in Normandy. Hemes See .A.wc-. liantulribeof (i.rman East Alri.-a, west of th.' Henri (.'"-le' ) I„ King .>f Haiti. H,;' Chrisloplir. Hemicycle of Paul Delaroche, The. An en- '^,"''J' l^i^'i-, iit th,. foot of the .•.•ntral iilatean gg^jj jjj gt g^ Cour. A .Irama of the roman- .austic mural paintni-ad..r.iingth.'amphitliea- They are marau.l.'rs. an.l imitate ll»Mvays an.l , j,. s,.1i.h. I, by Al.vx:.n.lre Dumas pf're, produced t..rof the E,-„le.l..s Beaux Arts, Paris. In it are '•'"ls''.'''f ""*<'',",''';''"'*• , ,,_ .,,.,, i"l''-'9. Kroupeil7firepres.ntativcarti.sts and llgures typifying the UCHglSt ( hong gisl ). 1)1. mI -JMh. a chiet ot III.- Hgnriade (oil -ryii.l ' ). An epic poem by Vol- art..fallperi...ls. The great (Jreek masters Phi.llas, Ictl- ,1 utps, j.unt I'oun.li'r wil h I lorsaof the kingd..ni ,,^1,,,,^ |„ K) .■antos. It Is a pletureof war undertaken iius, and Apelles, enthroned, form the ccntralgr.jup. The ^f Kent. They lan.led at Ebbslleet aUiut 449. Many le- n, the name of nllgi.in, an.l waa Intended to inspire a ha. llgurcF arc- 2:1 feet high, gonds have B|irung up ab.mt Ihelr names, an.l their exis. tr,.,l ,,f liit.ilenince and p.i»ecntl..n. Heming.orHemminge, John. Born atSli..tlery, tcncc as hlsl,.rieal persomiges has been .,uesll..n.-.l, will. Henrichemont (..n-resh-m.'.li'). A town in the 1556(0: .li.'.l at AMermanbury, ( ..■(. U), 16:!0. -", 'Xnw'li Ih';: ,f"'Z n ber.l) Ernst Wil d™ n^l of tMicr. Franc- 16 miles north- An English actor. Litilei«kn.,wn..f hiscariylife.but Hengstenberg ( .■ g st. n- beio), trnst Wll- I . ^„|. „,„„.,„,„ P..pulaf ion (1891), com- he seems to have been t.-.a8>irer..f the King's c..mpany..f helm, li..in at Fr.uid.'iiburg, W .'St phalia, H.i . n,.illi,.,sl . iv.m^. s, i.puiuiioiui Ji,,ium act.>r8. He played in the llrst part of "Henry IV., "an.l J(|, |S(12 : .li...l al H.'riin, May 28, 1869. A (lir- ''i'"".'' .•'■,"'■'• ..,.,, 1 1. d tn-^oo 1.-0- in .l.msons "Volp.m.-, " " Alchen.ist, " a...l »ev.n.l ..th.r „„„, l.,.„,,.„, „„, theologian, leader ..f the ..rtho- HennCl(h.'n-rot se). JakOb. BoI•uatUr088Ka^- ..f his plays. With c.ndell he edite.l the llrst f.,lln .,f " ' , , ,1. , .,„s ovofess.ir . f Ih.'oloL'V in Berlin lenbach, Bavaria, .Ian. 1, 1803: .lie.l at Kooii- Shakspere in 162:1. To this he owes his ,hlcl tan,,- He dox L It el Ml s, P'ofesM.i < t Ih. " "f.,> " "el 1 11 Oennan-Aiucriean was pi i.icipal pr..prietor.,f the Olobe Theatre iu,ilcl..»ely fl-om 1826. He w...le "Chrlsl..h.gle .Us All.n 1 .sta- "■"->• ■'•.•' " > • " • „,, i„., „..,.,.„, I„ IWH assu,'lal.-.l with Sliakspere, who mentions him in his will, ments "(IsaB-;!!.), " lleltragezur Ivlnleltung Ins Alto Testa- communist. Ileemlgnded I.. Ihe I nlt.^l S .-^tc.s In IffiS JI^^M^„ «„,. ir, ..,;;.,„ mcnt" (1831-39), "K..mmentiir uber die Psalmen " (1812- an.l sut>s..incnlly )..ln..l Ihe llarm..nis S •'''•'"'"> ''ri';!', I:"' VrllTvl^^^^^^^^^^ Solingen, Prussia, S.-pt. 5. Isl 1 : .lie.l at lirand •^t.^l.Hnieiit ot Ptts-tlo-Oalais, France. 10 miles IS,;^"'^ l^'; l.l^^l.rid'lll .'^^^^^ Uapi.ls, Mich,, Sept. 2.), 18.9. A (..'rman-Am.'ri- south of Lill.-. Poi., (1891). .-.. 11. num.', 9,467. thema.'.agem.'nl ..f ll ..minunltyun.l.T Ihe title .if llrst can physician. He came 1.. Ameri.a in IS-V. ; gra.ln- Henke ( h'lur'k.'X Heinrich Philipp Konrad, Irust.e. which position he retalneil unlil his. lealh. at,M. at the medical .bpartimnl. if the rnlyorslty.d Ne.v ^^ , ||,,i,i,., |i|ii„swick, (i.iniaiiv, ,lulv ll, HenrlcianS (hen-rish'an/.l. 1. A sect of reli- \ork in IK45 ; became profcss.ir 01 mal.Tla m.Mll.a an.l ,-r„ ,■ ■ . ., ■ 1 «i , •> luiio" \ ■'• **>^»"»«'» ,. ,_ , ■ . «,V.|,,,,rl,iii,l .111, 1 u..iillii>rn thenipcuti.s in the llabncoann Me.licI ..dlcge at Phil- 1'">'2: .li.'.l at Hrunswi.-k, May >, 1809 A l.er- g,..us r.;f.>r .i.-rs n Switz.-rhiml an.l sou Hern a.lelphia in I8.'i7; and subse.iuenily praciis.'d me.liclne at man Protestant I licol.igian ami cliur.'li hist oriun, France in tli« 12tli century, tollowers ot iienry Henricians of Lausanne. — 2. The followers or adherents of the emperor Henry IV., who opposed Gregory VII. in favor of the autipope Clement III. Henrietta Anna (hen-ri-et'a au'a), Duehesse d'Orleuns. [Fern, and dim. of Henry ; F. Hcn- riette, It. Enrighetta, Sp. Enriqueta, Pg. Hcti- riqueta,G Senrictte.] Born at Exeter, England, June 16, 1644: died at St.-Cloud, near Paris, June 30, 1670. Daughter of Charles L of Eng- land. She maiTied the Due d'Orl^ans (brother of Louis XIV.) in 1601. Henrietta Maria (ma-ri'ii), Queen of England. Born at Paris, Nov. 25, 1609 : died near Paris, Sept. 10, 1669. Daughter of Henry IV. of France. She married Charles I. of Eiiglaml in 1625; went to Hol- land in 1042 to obtain aid for the king; returned in 1643; and finally left England for France in 1644. Henrietta Temple (tem'pl). A love-story by Disraeli, published in 1S37. Henriette (hen-ri-ef; r. pron. on-ryet'). 1. A young, simple, and natural girl smTounded by the pedantic "femmes savantes," in Moli^re's comedy of that name. She is considered by the French the type of true "svomanliness. — 2. A character in Balzac's *'Lys dans la valine" C' Lily in the Valley"). Henriquez, Francisco Fernandez de la Cueva. See FertKUnk-:; de la Cueva Henriquez. Henriauez de Almansa { en-re 'keth da al-man'- sa), Martin, Born in Alcanizes, Spain, about 1525: died at Lima, Peru, March 15, 1583. A Spanish administrator. He was the second son of a Marquis of Alcafiizes. He was viceroy of Mexico Nov. 5, 1568, to Oct. 4, 1580, during which period the Inquisition was established (1571), and the great cathedral of Mexico was founded (1573). From Sept. 23, 1581, he was viceroy of Peru, He was an excellent ruler. Henriquez de Guzman (goth-man'). Luis. Born about 1600: died about 1667. A Spanish administrator. He was count of Alba de Liste and gran- dee of Spain ; was viceroy of Mexico June 28, 1650, to Aug. 1, 1653, and of Peru Feb. 24, 1655, to July 31, 1661. His reign in both countries was rather uneventful. He was just and benevolent, and encouraged learning. Henrioiuez de Rivera (re-va'ra), Payo. Born at Seville about 1610 : died April 8, 1684. A Spanish prelate and statesman. He was a mem- ber of the Augustine order ; was chosen bishop of Guate- mala in 1657 ; and was translated to Michoacan in 1667, but before reacliing his new diocese was made archbishop of Mexico (1668). From Dec, 1673, to Oct., 1680, he was also viceroy. Keturning to Spain, 1681, he was appointed president of the C'ouncU of the Indies and bishop of Cuen- ca, but resigned both offices and died in a convent. Henry (hen'ri) I, [The E. name Henry, for- merly also Henrie, Henri, assimilated Herry, now Harry, is from OF. and F. Henri, Sp. Enrique, Pg. Henrique, It. Enrico, from ML. Henrieus, from OHG. Heinrih, G. Heinrichj D. Hendrik, etc., chief of the dwelling.] King of Castile 1214-June, 1217, son of Alfonso IX. and Eleanor, daughter of Henry 11, of England. Henry n. Bom 1333: died in May, 1379. King of Castile 1369-79, natural son of Alfonso XI. He was known before his accession as count of Tras- taniare, and ascended the throne by expelling his half- brother, Pedro the Cruel, with the aid of the celebrated captiiin Du Guesclin. Henry III., surnamed " The Sickly." Born 1379: died 1406. King of CastUe 1390-1406, sou of John I. He maiTied Catharine, daughter of John, duke of Lancaster, in 13S8, and in 1403 recognized Bene- dict XIII. as pope in opposition to Boniface IX. Henry IV., sm-named ** The Impotent." Born at Valladolid, Spain, Jan. 6, 1425 : died at Ma- drid, Dee. 12, 1474. King of Castile 1454-74, son of John II, He married Joanna of Portugal, the legiti- macy of whose daughter, Joanna, was questioned by the Cortes. He therefore adopted as his heiress his sister Isabella of Castile, who married Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469. Henry L, surnamed Beauclerc. [F., 'fine scholar.'] Born at Selby (?), Yorkshire, 1068: died Dec. 1, 1135. King of England 1100-35, fourth son of William the Conqueror and Ma- tilda. He was elected, on the death of William 11., by the witan during the absence of his elder brother Robert, duke of Nonnandy, on a crusade. He restored the laws of Edward the Confessor, as modified by the Conqueror, re called Anselm (see Aivselm), and suppressed the great feudatories, for whom he substituted a class of lesser nobles. He conquered Normandy in 1106 by the victory of Tenchebrai over Robert, who was kept in captivity unt il his death (llo4). He was twice married — first to Matilda, daughter of Malcolm of Scotland, and afterward to Adela, or Adeliza, daught-er of Hodfrey Vll., count of Louvain. His only son, William (born of the first marriage), was drowned lathe White Ship in the Channel in 1120. Henry II. Born in 1133: died July 6, 1189. The first Mng of England of the house of Anjou (Plantagenet), 1154-89, son of Geoffrey Plan- tagenet, count of Anjou, and Matilda, daughter of Henry X. He claimed the English throne in right of !iis mother, who had been deprived of the succession by Stephen of Blois. In 1153 he" was nilopted by Stephen as ;■ by the treaty of Wallingfordfand acceded to his successor 1 494 the throne on Stephen's death, Oct. 25, 1154. His posses- sions outside of England included Normandy and the suzerainty uf Brittany, inherited from the Norman kings ; Anjou and Maine, inherited from his father; and Poitou, Guienne. and Gascony, acfiuii^tl by m;irriage with Elea- nor of Aquitaine (U52). He compelled Malcolm of Scot- land to restore the English counties of Northumberland, Cumberland, and Westmoreland, granted to Malcolms father by Stephen, and to do homage for the Scottish crown (1157); reduced the Welsh to obedience in 3 expe- ditions (1158, 1163, and 1165); and conquered the south- eastern part of Ireland (1171). He consolidated and cen- tralized the royal authority by the institution of fiscal, judiL-ial, and military reforms, the chief of which were the improvement of the coinage (1158), the assignment of reg- ular circuits to itinerant justices, the great assize or trial by a jury of twelve knights (which superseded the old modesof trial by battle and by compurgation), the comnui- tation of personal military service for a money payment or scutage (1153), the revival of the ancient fyrd or national militiaby the assize of arms (1181), and the extension of the jurisdiction of the secular courts to clerical offenders by the Constitutions of Clarendon (1164). His reforms were ve- hemently opposed by Thomas Becket, archbishop of Can- terbury, in so far as they related to the church, although after the unauthorized murder of the archbishop by four of Henry's knights (Dec. 29, 1170), and Henry's consequent penance at Becket's shrine in July, 1174, he vu'tually car- ried his point. In the last year of his reign a rebellion broke out under his sons Richard and John, assisted by Philip of France, during which he died. Henry III, (of "Winchester). Bom at "Winches- ter, Oct. 1, 1207 : died at "Westminster, Nov. 16. 1272. King of England 1216-72, son of John and Isabella of Angonleme. He succeeded at the age of 9 years, under the regency of William Marshal, earl of Pembroke. His title was disputed by Louis, son of Philip of France, who had been chosen king by the bar- ons opposed to John. The regent defeated Louis's army at Lincoln May 20, 1'217, and compelled hiiu to abandon his claim to the crown after having suffered theloss of his reinforcements in a naval battle off Dover, Aug. 24. 1217. After the death of Pembroke in 12l;>, the government was carried on by the justiciiuy Hubert de Burgh, supported by Stephen Langton, archbishop of Canterbury, until 1232, when Henry personally assumed the direction of affairs. He married Eleanor of Provence, Jan. 14, 1236. Of the Prench possessions of his house, he retained only Aquitaine and Gascony. His misgovernment and the favoritism which he showed toward foreigners provoked arising of the barons, who compelled him to accept the Provisions of Oxford in 1258, whereby a series of reforms were carried out by a commission of 24 barons. Henrj' subsequently repudiated the Provisions of Oxford, whereupon the bar- ons arose in arms under Simon de Montfort, and defeated the king at the battle of Lewes May 14, 1264. He was kept a virtual prisoner by Jlontfort until the battleof Evesham, Aug. 4, 12G5, when he was rescued by his son Edward. Henry IV. Born at the castle of BoUngbroke, near Spilsby, Lincolnshire, April 3, 1367: died at "Westminster, March 20, 1413. The first king of Ensrlandof the house of Lancaster, 1399-1413, son of John of Gaunt (foiu'th son of Edward III. ) and Blanche, heiress of Lancaster. He was banished by Richard IL in 1398, succeeded his father as duke of Lancaster in 1399, and in the same yeai" returned to England and cajitured and imprisoned Richard, who was deposed hy Parliament at London Sept. 30, 1399. He put down a serious rising under Harry Percy (Hotspur) at the battle of Shrewsbury, July 21, 1403, in which Percy was kUled. Henry V, (of Monmouth). Born at Monmouth, probably Aug. 9, 1387: died at Vincennes, Aug. 31, 1422. King of England 1413-22, son of Henry I"V. and Mary, daughter of Humphrey de Bohim, earl of Hereford. He is said on doubtful authority to have been wild and dissolute in his youth, and is so repre- sented by Shakspere. As king he was able, energetic, and brave. He invaded France in 1415; gained the brilliant victory of Agincourt Oct. 25, 1415 ; married Catharine of France June 2, 1420; and concluded the peace of Troyes Hay 21, 1420, by which he was accepted by the French as regent and heir of France. Henry VI. (of "Windsor). Born at "Windsor, Dee. 6, 1421: died at London, May 21, 1471. King of England 1422-61, son of Henry V. and Catharine of France. He succeeded to the throne at the age of not quite 9 months, under the protectorsliip of his uncle John, duke of Bedford, the protectorship Iie- ing exercised by Bedford's brother Humphrey, duke of Gloucester, during Bedford's absence as regent in France. He was crowned king of France at Paris Dec. 16, 1431, in accordance with tlie peace of Troyes (see Henry V.\ but by 1453 had lost all his possessions in France, except Calais, in consequence of the successes of Joan of Arc and Charles VII. He married Margaret, daughter of Ren6, titular king of JS'aples and Jerusalem, April 22, 1445. In 1453 he was stricken with insamty, and a contest for the regency ensued between (^u-cii Margaret (supported by the Duke of Somerset) and Kithard, duke of York. The Duke of York prevailed, but tell into disgrace on the recovery of Henry in 1454. He thereupon advanced claims to the throneas the descendant of Lionel, elder brother of Henry's ancestor, John of Gaunt, both of whom were sons of Ed- ward ni. War broke out in 1455 (see Wars of the Roses, and Edward IV.), and, after many fluctuations of fortune, Henry was deposed by York's son.who was proclaimed king as Edward IV., March 4, 14C1. A rising under the Earl of Warwick against Edward in 1470 restored Henry, who liad been imprisoned since 1465 : but he was recaptured in tlie same year, and, after the final defeat of his party at the battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury, was murdered, it is said, in the Tower of London. Henry VII, Bom at Pembroke Castle. Jan. 28, 14ri7: died at Richmond, April 21, 1509. The fii'st king of England of the house of Tudor, Henry III.j^ 1485-1509, son of Edmund Tudor, earl of Rich- mond, and Margaret Beaufort, through whom he traced his descent from John of Gaunt, son of Edward lU. He became head of the house of Lan- caster on the death of Henry VI. in the Tower of London- in 1471, and, as an object of jealousy to the kings of the house of York, spent the years from 1471 to 1485 in exil^ chiefly in Brittany. In 1485 he effected a landing in Eng- land, and, having gained the victory of Bosworth Field^ Aug. 22, 1485, in which Richard III. fell, was crowned king: Oct. 30, 1485. He married Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Edward IV., Jan. 18, 1486, whereby he united in his own person the titles of the houses of Lancaster and York. He defeated the impostor Lambert Sinmel (who personated the Earl of Warwick) at Stoke-upon-Trent June 16, 1487, and Nov, 23, 1499, executed the pretender Perkin Warbeck^ who personated the Duke of York. Lord Daubeney de- feated the rebel Thomas Flammock at Blackheath June 17, 1497. Henry married his son Arthur to Catharine of Ara- gon Nov. 14, 1501, and his eldest d:iughter Margaret to James IV. of Scotland in 1502. The Statute of Drogheda,. or Poynings's Law, was passed in 1494, and the Cabots dis- covered North America in 1497. Henry's distinguishing characteristic was his avarice. He accumulated a fortune of £2,000,000, being aided in his extortions by his agents Empson and Dudley. Henry VIII. Born at Greenwich, June 28, 1491: diedat Westminster, Jan. 28, 1547. King of Eng- land 1509-47, son of Henry Vll, and Elizabeth of York. He ascended the throne on the death of his- fither April 21, 1509, and June 11, 1509, married Catharine of Aragon, widow of his brother Arthur. He joined the Holy League (which see) against France in 1511. In 1513- he took personal charge of the war in France, and gained with the emperor Mjiximilian the victory of Guinegate (called the Battle of the Spurs), Aug. l(i, 1513. During his- absence James IV. of Scotland made war on England in favor of France, and was defeated and killed at Flodden Sept. 9, 1513. He made his favorite Cardinal Wolsey lord chancellor in 1515, and in June, 1520, met Francis I. of France near Calais at the Field of the Cloth of Gold. In 1521 he wrote the "'Assertio Septem Sacramentorum "" against Luther, which procured for him the title of De- fender of the Faith from Pol)e Leo X. Aftei' the capture- of Francis by the Imperialists at Pavia, he concluded an alliance with France as a counterpoise against the emperor Charles V. (Aug. 30. 1525). In 1527 he instituted proceed- ings for a divorce from Catharine, alleging the invalidity of maniage with a deceased brother's wife, although a papal dispensation had been properly granted. Enraged at Wolsey's failure to obtain a decree for the divorce from the Pope, he dismissed him from the chancellorship, and bestowed it on Sir Thomas More (1529). At the instance of Cranmer, he obtained opinions from English and foreign universities declaiingtheinvaiidityof the marriage andthe incompetency of the Pope to grant a dispensation, where- upon he secretly married Anne Boleyn (Jan. 25, 1533), while Cranmer (who had lieen made archbishop of Canterbury in 1532) declared the marriage with Catharine void (May 23, 1533), and that with Anne Boleyn valid (May 28, 153:i). In 1534, in consequence of the refusal of the Pope to grant the divorce, he procured the passage of the Act of Su- premacy, wliich severed the connection of the English chiu'ch with Home and appointed the king and his suc- cessors protector and only supreme head of the church, and clergy of England. He executed More July 0, 1535, for refusing to acknowledge the royal supremacy. At tlie instance of his new adviser Thomas Cromwell, who was made vicar-general or vicegerent of the king in matters ecclesiastical in 1535, he first suppressed the smaller (153ti> and afterward (1539) the larger monasteries, whose prop- erty was confiscated. He beheaded Anne Boleyn on the chai-ge of adultery Slay 19, 1536. He married Jane Sey- mour May 20, 1530 (she died Oct. 24, 1537). In 1539 he pro- cured the enactment of the Statute of Sis Articles (which see). He married Anne of Cleves Jan. 6, 1540. A divorce and the execution of Cromwell followed in the same year, as well as a marriage with Catharine Howard, who was- sent to the block on the charge of adultery Feb. 12, 1542. He married Catharine Parr July 12, 1543. Henry IX., King of England. A title assumed by Cardinal York after the death of his brother^ the "Young Pretender." Henry I. Bom about 1011 : died Aug. 4, 1060. King of France 1031-60, son of Robert II. Henry II. BornatSt.-Germain-eu-Lave,Francey Mareh31,1519: died at Paris, July I0,i559. King of France 1547-59, son of Francis I. He married Catharine de' Medici in 1533 ; conquered the bishoprics of Metz, Toul, and Verdun from Germany in 1652 ; captured Calais and Guines, the last English possessions in France, in 1558 ; and was mortally wounded at a tournament in honor of the marriage of his daughter Elizabeth with Philip II. of Spain. Henry III. Born at Fontainebleau, France,. Sept. 19, 1551: died at St.-Cloud, Paris, Aug. 2, 1589. King of France 1574-89, third son of Heury II. and Catharine de' Medici. He was, while prince, styled Due d'Anjou ; defeated the Huguenots at Jar- nac and Moncontour in 1569; was elected king of Poland in 1573 ; and succeeded his brother Charles IX. as king of France in 1574. He sought to maintain a balance of power between the Huguenots and tlie Koman Catholics, but the favorable peace which he granted to the former in 1576 (the paix de monsieur) occasioned the formation of the Holy League by the Koman Catholice under Henry, duke of Guise, and compelled him to take sides with the Koman Catholic party. The death of his brother, the Due d'Alen- 9on. in 1584. caused the question of the succession to as- sume importance, as it left Henry of Navarre, the head of the Huguenot party, heir presumptive to the throne. The Holy League proclaimed the cardinal Charles de Bourbon heir presumptive, which brought on a renewal of the war with the Huguenots in 1585. The victory of Henry of Na- varre at Coutras, Oct. 20. 1587, was followed by a conspir- acy of the leading members of the League to depose the king, whose sincerity was mistrusted. Henry caused the t 495 Henshaw «,a89iT,atIon of the Duke of Guise and Im brother, Ix.uis died at Pan, France, May 25. 1555. Titular king Henry ^f^I; pj j;;;^';"'^ave?eft^ It unfhiished, ■i"'^"™!;,. .„,ii„ni de cuise. i,ut was foiced to take „f N,, vaive. He was an unsuccessful claimant H>^'^^^*^ beii.K bv Fletcher and SlassiuKer. It ia •^Z'ZT cL-";u,,a1T ourse,"fiut'-w-^"fmcea"t,rta-ke ofNava'rre:' He waV an unsuccessful claimant refuuewithHenryol Navarre, in whose canip at St. -Cloua ,„,)„, (iirone iu 1521. „ ,„ H^n^Iv'^toratg^u'Sre DerU(13n. Henry III., King of Navarre. See Be.ry IV., iT^Jf diei at Paris May H (13?), 1610. King g^^"^' Vboh,- at Lisbon, Jan. 31. 1512: died 1 of France 1589-1610, son of Antome de Bour- Henry 1^ l^ > ^ -.^p bou king of Navarre, and Jeanne d'Albret. Ue .i-^^" S:'"" i". . . _> c. rr..... ' ,.^ . J ,.* *K^ U>ir.i...ni^f narfi- (in the ilea became the I'rii Navarre Cliarl the I »th left da'lmeTthe7a''rdi"ir!a"c'lmrfe8 de "Bourbon heir presuinp- ilve War broke out in con^eiiuence in 1585. The car- di'ial was proclaimed king under the title of Charles X. by the Leacae on the death of Il.iiry III. in 158'1 ; but after defeating the Leaguers utidei' ll,e Duke of Ma.venne at Im March 14, l.nlW, and embia.ing the Roman Cathohc religion at St. Denis, Jidy 2:.. l.i:>:i, Henry secured the gen- eral recognition of the Roman i atholics, and was crowned atChartrcs, Feb. -27, 1594, although the war was stdl con- tinued by the League in alliance with Spain. He published the Edict of Nantes (which see) .April 13, 169S and con- cluded the peace of Vervins with Spain and the League tlUUVM ... t ,..,n...i VVo,-n nf thn HntrllH- founded on Uolinshed's " Chronicle and lo>^ s " Christ an Slaityrs," and was produced in 1613. As we have it, it is not the play of that name that was being acted when the Globe Thi aire w;i3 burned in the same year. _ Henry Joseph. Born at Albany, N.l., Deo. 17, Bojador in 1433, discovered Madeira, tho Azores, tbe Senegal, etc. .^ __..,. i. tt»j^ Henry Prince of Prussia (G. Fnedncn Hem- rich iudwig). Born at Berlin. Jan. 1^; J '-^': died at Hheinsberg, Prussia, Aug. 3, 1^0 A Prussian general, brother of Frederu'k the Great, distinguished in the Seven Years \\ar. especially at Prague in 1757, and Freiberg in iis'ti^5as^s"eU;Tt'i;'e%^^^^^^^^^^ „o*l Uewas assassinated by the Roman Cath.dic fanatic jj^veusburg, Wurtemberg, 1129 : died at Bruns- Ravaillac. . ., ,, , t. wick, Germaiiv, Aug. 6, 1195. Duke of Saxony aiid Bavaria. He succeeded as duke of Saxony in 1139 : received Bavaria in 1155 ; was deposed and his dominions divided in 1180; and submitted to the emperor mllM. Henry of Ghent. Born near Ghent. Be giuni. probablv about 1217: died atTouruay, Be Iguini. 1"93 -V scholastic philosopher,surnarae"'">"" "Vjh^^: ial and iluring an expedition to Rome deposed the three ^pe "sv-lvester III., Bene.lict IX., and Grego.7 \ L, and |)upc3 ■ J",'-,='^^___. ,'t 1 1,..,,. 1,„ ivns crowned emperor KiigliUid, June 22, 1714. An English biblical .•(imnicntalor, son of Philip Heniy. Ho became a n.,nconf..rmiBt minister at Chester in 1«87, and in 1712 re- move.! to II;,. kiiev. His chief work is the -Exposition of the nld aM.l .New Testament " (1708-10). He also wrote •A Method fur lTayer"(1710X etc. Henry, Patrick. Born at btudley, Hanover L\.untv, Va., Mav 29, 1736: died at Red Hill, Charlotte County, Va., June 6, 1.9'l. A cele- brated American orator and patriot. He was the son of .lohii Henr\ , a Scotchman, and Sarah V inston, a de- scendant of the English fainilyof that name He was ad- mitted to the bar in 1700. In 1765 he entered the \ irginia House <.f Burgesses, and immediately became the leader in Virginia of the political agitation which preceded the American Revolution. He offered a series <>' re^"'' " declaring the Stamp Act unconstitutional. May 29, 1(65, ami in May. 1773, was associated with Thomas JeBerson R. H Lee and Dabnev Carr in procuring the passage of the r,'-..luti..n estid.lisidng a committee of correspondence for inteic.urse with the other colonies. He was_a promi- nent member .if til.' Continental Congress of 17.4. and ot wasgoveniorof \irginia ano i.M^j... ».." ... ■■•'^ -as a member of the Rati- fyingCiuiventi.)n,where he acted with the Anti-Federalists. Henry, Philip. Born at London, Aug. 24, 1631 : died at Br..ad Oak, Flintshire, June 24. 1696. An English nonconformist divnne. His diariea were published in 1882. Henry. Robert. Born at Muirton Stirling- shin'V.l). 18,1718: dicdatEdlnburgh,^ov 24, 1 7<)0 -V Scott ish historian, author of a " His- tory ..f Knglmid " (1771-93). , Henry and Emma. A poem by Pnor upon the ,,H„I, 1 „r llieold ballad "The Nut Brown Maid. '- tting trot- At the request of Alexander, bishop of Lincoln from u4 to 1147 (llio. A "■'''"■. Prolnu.), he undertook an Eng- lish history billowing liede by the bishops advice, and ex rictiig'frmn other chroniclers. Tlie tlrst editi..t, of this workNvas carried down to 1129, and he i':""'" ";; , ' add to it at various times, the last edi ion being b i..iiMi down to 1154, the year of Stephen's death, which cul.l n., ong have preceded his own, as we And a new arclule cm. of Huntingdon in 1166. The early portion of Henry s s- t„rin Anu-lorum " is taken from the usual sources, the 11 1>- ;,n"'■ '''"'J- Henry of Lancaster. Born about 1299 : died at Leicester, May 13. 13G1. An English noble, son of Heniy ear? of Lancaster {1281(n-1345). n- appointed ( »t« Til Ben." lict IX., and GregoiT VI., and of Henry, earl ot l.ancasier ^':-^'',^^'r '■""'• 'ement il.. by w on. he was crowned emperor eommandeA under Edward III. '" X' u"^der F.t^a, len.ciio i... 1 ,....„,, ,h„ i.nnerial nowcr to „,„„f„,i onrl .,f Derby in 1337 ; fought under fciiwa; created earl f Derby in 1337 ; fought under E.lward at Vh-onfosse; took pan in tho sea-light betore sluys; was appo nt'ed captain-general in Scotland in i:«l : and was J^Ltena„tandcaptain.,fA,,u■t.■,.eMay,l.«5,-^^ ing ng many other sucecss.'s. In 1349 he was created earl j^.j,, . .ij^.^i j.^oliably before bv ,t Lincoln, ami appointed vice-regent » '''"';"•: '/„f„^,','^ Scottish poet. He wrote "Sch.xd .ony aiid_of thed.ichy of I'".''"' • . I" If , ''?,.:;''?''-,' n,^ line. restament ,if Cresseid " (a_sor o„ ZSlni^s S^'lii^. 'ie r;^sei ii^ilnperial power to its highest point. „ , -r. ■ x' „ 11 Henry IVT Bom at Goslar, r™ss_ia ^ov 11, m.-.nr died atLifege, Belgium, Aug. i. 1106 Em- peror of the HolV Roman Empire, son of Henrj UI whom he succeeded as king of Germany in l((.-.fi. The principal oceurrenc;e of his reign was the atruKgle with Hndcbraiid (see Gregrm) VII\ ,""."" :Sed emperor in 1084 '^y aem-tlJI-iyhoniheh^d ele- vated to the papal see in opposition '"."^K"!^',- ""lif dpith nf Gregory in 1085, h s purtizans elected Vlct P;":'>-,i.Vwi'sfj e^ oto. bled about 1 148. A Fr..iich i luerant prra.'h- llJiiS l^i^h'ihe'J.;^'^;: 21- ^^^il;^ impri^!ed er and religious reformer, founder of .he sec, , d his father. . . . -,. tlie lleiiri.Jiin ♦ Henry V. Born In Netherlands, May ! Holy K"ma" Empire, son of Henry IV- """"" ?!"' '?,';''?,,'':':/''^V|'r,'',::,,;;;,/;iV,T.;;unic.;v^^^^^ duke of Lancaster, and ma.le .apUiin and admiral o he western licet. He was engage.l in numen.us military op- erations and In diplomatic missions. Am,.ng hiseolitem. TH.raries h.' was fani.ius as a in..dcl of knighthood. iilso called HenrypfClu party, and foi a time imprisoned er and religious reformer, lounaer or ine sec, .., 1h(. lleiiriciiiiis. . , , , n i.>n n 1081: died at Nimvvegen. ggnry of MarlboroUgh. Flourished about 14.U. 23 112.'). Emperor of t)ie ^\„ i.;„,,lis|i ihronii-l.-r. He was a chaplain In Dublin, ire,' son of Henry IV. wll..m , heW the vicar,M.cs of Balscaddan ,o^ ^.K,„aU,e ill ters. He was bv Andrew Jackson, by Grand Bashaw, a siinnose.l Arabian imp.irted from Algiers. . Henry Esmond ( hen'ri ez'mond). A novel by Thnck.rav. published in 1852. The scene is laid hi the time ..f Duccn Anne. The book is a reproduction of lie manners, t louglits, and litera.7 style which preva le.l Ei^l" ml at ll.at*^pc-?iod. Henry Esmond, he pri.ie.pal c liaracter, is a brave, polished, true, and loyal gentleman. a in™ t to., self sacrincing. He loves Beatrll Esmond, but linaily-niarrieshcrniother.LadyOastlewood. See i.iii«i"»" )• "'» c.llected works were edited by D. l-aiiig (1M15). Henry the Minstrel. ^ See Ha>-r,j. BUnd. Henschel ^., ; ^^^ , ^,^^ ,^_^_.„ ,^,„„ he un,ie?t«ok an expedition in Italy in "»1 " f:-;;;;'-', ,'^ Inheritance fnnn the usurper Tanc.ed of L ece it « as compelled to retire to Germany in the »»™-= >' "Y^; unsi cecasful siege of Naples. Du._liig th s eM c.llti.,.. 1 1.^ was erowne.i emperor at Rome. He subdue.l the ,s cl le» :,'two"Sc,|ueiflexpe.iitions(llfl4 and 1197) a^^^^^ ne was about t« un.lerlake a crusade to the H.ily Uind. Henrv VII. Born 1202 : died at Buon.'onvonto ,u.a"sHMiH, Italy, Aug. U, 1313 K,iiper.,r o the Holy Roman Empire, son of the (ount ol Luxemburg: he succeeded Albert L as (.(.riiiaii king in 1308. He granted the Swiss cantons docu- montnry conllrmatloii of their immediate feudal relation to Ihe empire, and their con8e,,.umt Independence of Austria, in 1309. He was crowned emperor In l.tlu. Henry I. Died in July, 1274. King of Navarre Henry IL Born at Sanguesa, Spain, April, 1503 : in~irif)'r Drilllcd KilHI. The material was taken from ■■Tl.eVan...us Victories of Henry V.," and with the two Iircvl.ius plays completes a tril.igy. „.. „ . Henry VI. A historical play in J parts. The (irit part L« acted as a new ..lay In IMK V,,^" "*; ,''4^""> 'written in lf*H-S9 by sevem^ hands, wl h »<1'» '-;'»' > ™»^,- spere. The authors have bee., said to be.M"''^'"^,., ^ ," „os,T, elder sister of Felix Mendelssohn, and wife (( let. 3,1829) of \V. Heiisel. a I '.ernian paint- er Sill' publishi'il several bo.iks of songs. Hensel, Wilhelm. Born at Trebbi.i. l'j;''S8ia, .liilv 6 1794 : .lied at Berlin, Nov. 21. IM.l. A C.erman hisl..rica1 imint.'r. In J SJ8 I'e '•■■'■;"«« curt painter. He married tbe sisl.-r ol Mem.els- .hii ^S „^^;r;i::':n.l'^"b:ir.;?:J:^.l;:%^^'y^^^i H^nseltO.en'seU). Adolf. BornatS<0,wabach. ,',,l^,;art s a mns'ilp't .,t a play wlttcn about ir,S9 ami ^ravaria Mnv 12. 1814: did at W arn.bruiin, S - Ids .ullnlf.i>4as"'lM,e|.Mrsirarl..ftbeC..ntci.l...,be. 1 ) 1889. A noted ii.'r.uan pianist. wixt the two K,.ii....is Ib.uses of Vork ami I^";,-;"" ^•■■- ,' '?'.i'«\ ,';.,'', ,„,u. court pianist and teacher of the .,,. mostly b> " birlow.-, wdth touches by Shakspere. These ,^ , Mia,ll,.1ovyn. C.inn Jfirce pb.yswerc pb.ccl by He,.,l..g ""• *'»';^'''' '" ""^ """ „e„r Fre.leinck, Md., Jul} collected edill.m ot Shakspere s plays In 1023. »l'" l„ i.cis h,. w.« made court pianist ami icacmr ..t the lin- , , .,.. Jr^. , . SI I'ctersl.urg He vlslle.1 England 111 with tb.' .....dcrii tr.-almeni ..( cxiciisi..!.-.. John Prentiss Kewley. lioini. .ui.....e Conn., June 13, 1792: died Jienr Fre-lei-ick, Md., July 19 (20 t), 18.V2. .Vn flenshaw American bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church. He became rector of St. Peter s, Baltimore, in 1817, and in 1843 became bishop of Rhode Island and rector of Grace Church, Providence. He published a number of theological works, including a volume of "Hymns " (5th ed. 1832). Henslow (henz'lo), John Stevens. Born at Ro- chester, England. Feb. 6, 171)6: diedatHiteham, Suffolk, May 16, 1861. An English botanist, pro- fessor of mineralogy at Cambridge 1822-27, and professor of botany 1827-61. He became rector of Hitcham in 1837. He wrote a " Catalogue of British Plants ' (18"2J*), "Principles of Descriptive and Physiological Bot- any '(1S36), "A Dictionarj- of Botanical Terms "(1857), etc. Henslowe (henz'lo). Philip. Died in IG16. An English theatiieal manager. He beKun life as ser- vant of the bailitf of Viscount Montague, whose town bouse was in Southwai'k. Henslowe took care of the property there, and gradually made money and bought property. He owned the Boar's Head and other inns. In lo^^o he bought land on the Bankside, and in 1591 built the Rose Theatre there. In 1592 he began to keep the accounts of his theatrical ventures in his "Diary." In it he gives the dates of new plays and the amounts he paid for them. This diarj' is of ^Teat value to students of the drama. In 1600 he, with Alleyn, built the Fortune Theatre. His " Diai-y " was edited for the Shakspere Society (1841). Hentz (heuts), Mrs. (Caroline Lee Whiting). Boru at Lancaster, Mass., 1800: died at Mari- auna, Fla.jFeb.ll, 1856. An American novelist. She \\Tote "Aunt Patty's Scrap-Bag" (1846), ^'The Mob Cap" (1848). Henzada fhen-za'dii). A district in the Pegu division. British Burma, intersected by lat. 17° 30' N.. long. 95° 30' E. Area. 2. 298 square miles. Popuhuion (1891). 380.027. Hepburn (hep'bern), James, fourth Earl of Both well. Born about 1536: died 1578. A Scot- tish noble, husband of Mary (Jueen of Scots. He took no part in the murder of Rizzio, and aided Mary, after that event, in her flight from Holyrood, and was her chief supporter. He was the principal in the assassination of Dariiley ; was tried for the mui'der, under circumstances which made his conviction practically impossihle, and was acquitted. On April 24, 1567, while the queen was return- ing to Edinburgh, she was met by Bothwell, who, with a show of force, carried her to his castle of Dunhar. He obtained a divorce from his wife early in ifay, and mar- ried the queen soon after (IVI ay 15, 1567). They were di- vnr,.t-d in 1570. He became a pirate and died insane. Hephaestion (he-fes'ti-on). [Gr. ^U.'xtr;iviit;aiit demonstrations of grief. Hephaestus (he-fes'tus). [Gr. "E(pai48. An English philosopher, soldier, diplomatist, and historian. His chief work is "De veritate" ("On Truth," 1624). Herbert, George. Bom at Montgomery Castle, Wales, April 3, 1.593: died at Bemerton, near Salisbury. Feb., 1633. An English poet, bro- ther of Edward, Lord Herbert of Cherbury. He graduated B. A. at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 161i and M. A. in 1616, when he was elected fellow. In 1618 he was prelector in the rhetoric school at Cambridge, and in 1619 he was made public orator. He was much in fa- vor at court, and in his position as orator it was his duty to WTite all official letters to the government This brought him much in contact with public men. In 1627 he resigned the post on account of ill health. In Ifi.W Charles I. pre- sented him to the rectory of Fuggtestone with Bemerton. "Wiltshire. He repaired Bemerton church, which is said to be the smallest in England. It was restored by Wyatt in 1866. Here lie wrotethe religious poems for which he is principally remembered, and which were published after his death in a volume called "The Temple : Sacred Poems Herbert, George »nd Private Ejaculations" (ie;a). In 1670 " nii.r? tlian 20 000 copies had hcen suM." There have been many edi- tions, the most careful heini; that of Orusart in his col- lec(e'essos through the veins of the Greek hero. Sayce, As-syria, p. 111. 1853-55, and 1859-61, and colonial secretary 1855, Herbert, Sir Thomas. Born at York, England, about 1606: died at York, March 1, 1682. An English traveler and author. He obtained a place Id the suite of SurDodmoreCott..n, ambassador to the King a man upon one knee, with his head toward tlie south, and with uplifted arms. The ancients did not identify the constellation with Hercules ; the moderns place a club in one hand and a branch of an apple-tree, with the three heads of Cerberus, in the other. The con- stellation contains 1 star of the second magnitude, 9 of the third, and 12 of the fourth. in 1867. Herdimensionsare — length, 32.'i feet ; breadth, 69 feet ; displacement, S,840 tons. She has a water-line belt of armor from 6 feet above to 5 feet below the water- line, a single-decked central citadel, and armored bulk- heads at each end. Thickness of armor, 6. 8, and 9 inches. Armament, 8 lO-inch, i 9-inch, and 4 7-inch guns. of Persia, in 1627. After the death of Cotton in the follow- Hercules. A British armored war-ship, launched Ingyear, he made an extensive tour of the Persian domin- - ions, and returned to England in 1629, He adhered to the Parliamentary cause during the civil war ; was appointed to attend Charles I, during his contlnenjcnt at Ilnldenby in 1(547 ; and in the same year w:»s app"inted hy the king as one of his grooms of the bedchamber. He wrote "A Description of the Persian Monarchy " (1634 : reprinted t,.,, c c r> ;; /• /7„..„„;„„ with additions as "Some Veares Travels into Africa and Hercules, PlUarS of. See Pilhira oj Jlercidcs. Asia the Great "in 1638) and "Threnodia Carolina "(1678 : Hercules and Stag. A notable anticpiP bronze reprinted with additions as " Memoirs of the last two years from PoiuBeii.in the Museo Nazionale, Palermo, lmorv"lh,g'ch^les i''"?.! n'o-2) "^'"^ "' '"' "" «i<'ilv. The figure of Hercules is slender and youthful : Hertorn (Yfor'tn").-' A i^vn in the province l-,,-;-^ the ,tag by one horn, and forces him U, the of Hesse-Nassau, Piussia, 39 miles northeast of Hercules Buffoon. See Lacif, John. Coblenz, ,-,-,- > rr- •« • Hercules flnf ant) Strangling the Serpents. A Herculaneum Jjier-ku-la ne-um). [Ur. . Hpo; painting by Sir .Joshua K.ynolds (178S), in the lent town was forgotten, and modern Hercynian ForCSt (hfcr-sin'i-an for'est). The. er its ruins. In 1709 an inhabitiint ol I ],_ ]Jci-ci,,ii(i Siliui.Or.'EnKvviai/.r/.'] In ancient which reached the ancient level in the *- ,-' ' , ' ,. ,-• , , . . wuien I eaeucu L.ie auv. geography,a mountaiu-raiige forming thenorth- kMioi; city of Hercules.] An ancient city of €ampania, near the coast. 6 miles southeast of Naples, directly at the foot of Mount Vesuvius. It was overw helmed like Pompeii in the eruption of 79 A, I),, being covered in this and succeeding eruption-i flrst with mud ajid then with ashes and lava to a depth of from 70 to 112 feet. The ancient Aesina grew up over Resina sunk a well which «tage structure of the theater, and brought to light sculp- turesand marble facings. Further search was made, solely for the marbles and works of art, and subsequently exca- Tatlons were undertaken l>y the government, but were very Ignorantly and irregularly conducted, and the galleries pierced were in great p:ut ftlleil again. Under the French rale (1806-16) systematic explorations were instituted ; a little was done between 1828 and 1837; then nothing until Victor Emmanuel caused the resumption of the work in \Sm. The most important remains are the theater, basil- ii:a, prison, some interesting private dwellings, ami por- tions of several streets paved with lava. In Herculaneum were found a number of carbonized manuscriptson papy- rus, some of which have been deciphered, and some of the heat-known statues of the Naples Museum, including the A^rippina, .Sleeping Faun Aristides, and busts of Plato and Iteniosthenes, Herculano de Carvalho e Araujo dr-ko-lii'no de kiirviil'vii 6 ii-rou'zliii), Alexandre. Born at Lisbon, Maivli 2.S, 1810: died Sept, Hi, 1877. A Portuguese poet, historian, and novelist. His works Include the p. .em " A voz do propheta" ("The Voice of the Prophet," ls.li;), "ilisloria de Portugal" (1840-63), "Daorigemee8tabelccimentodaln<|iii.>.ir:io.in Portugal" (IM."i4-,'.,'il, the novels " Eurico ■ (1K17), "d mnngcdeClster" ("The Monk of Cister," 1848), etc, Hercules (hir'kfi-lez), Gr, Heracles (her'a- klez). [Cr. 'lIpriK/lw.] In Greek and Roman my- thology, a mighty hero, originating in (jreek le- gend, but adopted by the Ronians,and worshiped as the god of physical strength, conragi',and re- luted cpialities. According to the mythical account, his father, Zius(.Iupiter), destined him to the sovereignty of Tiryns by right of his mother, Alcrncne, granddaughter of Perseus, but was thw artel liy llei-a(.Iuno). After Her- cules hail performed wonderful deeds in behalf of Thebes, his blrthphice, Hera consented to his being made inunor- tal, on condition of liis accomplishing certain superhuman » feats tor his rival Kurvslheus of Tiryns, in which he suc- ceeded. These teiil»,cail.il the "twelvclaliors "of Hercules wereaBfollow,< : (/Olhe .Hlrjingllngot the Nciueanllon ■,(li) the killing of the l.ernean hydra; (<•) the capture of the Ccryneiaii stag ; ('/) the capture of the Erymanthhin boar; (<•) the cleaning of the Augean stables; (f) ""^ slaughter of the Stymphalian hinls ; (.7) the capture of the Cretan bull ; (A) the captnrcof the man-eating mares of lliomcdes; (i) the securing of the girdle of llipiiolyte, i|uecn of the Aniazims; (j) the fetching of the reil oxen of Gcryon; («•) the procuring ol the golden apples of the HeHperides ; (() the bringing to the up|ier world of I lie dog Cerberus, guar- dian of Hades, I'he subject of this most famous of the Herculean legends (of comparatively late date) Is ilistin- guisbee- ard's succession to the English crown, the lighting John •• de Courcy frtim directhin ol affairs, and maile him an enemy; while Richard's coming crusaiie, exciting the hopes of the Irish chiefs, caused them to patch up their own quarrels and agree on a combined rising, of which tlie most nittahle result was the destruction of the English army at Thurles. The i csulta would have been serious to England if the insnrgentshad not again fallen out among themselves. Tllen the prophecy proceeds— "The other into Apulia, with protltaltle remaining." On his way to the Holy Land, Richard renndned at Mossjna, where. In a quarrel about his sister's dower, he extorted from Tan. crcd, the last of the Norman kings of Sicily, forty thousitmt ounces of gold, and betrothed bis nephew Arthur of Bre- tagne to Tancred's daughter. Then of the Ihinl .livislon the prophecy adds— " The third in their highest (,■)oalh^ all drawn to vengeance," That Is to say, by their oath as Crusaders to avenge the desecration of the Holy Place by the inlldel. The last line, as given by Ilovcden, Is a cor- ruption. This Is my own guess at the unsolved riddle of the last part of the Here ProTdiecy, ami, if not In every word right. It seems to give the true general sense, .Worfci/, English Writers, 111. Ml. nod of German literature. He was the son of a noor school-teacher. Through his own exertions he was able to attend the I'idvcrsity of Konigsbcrg, where he supported himself by giving jirlvate instruction. From 1704 to 1769 he was a'teachcr in Higa, In the latter year he went to Paris, where he nccepled the posilionof compaiMon to the young Prince of llolBlein on a journey to Italy, He ac- companied the latler, howevei-. only as far as Slrasburg, where he remaineil the succeeding half year. In 1771 he received u call as jiastor to Kiickeburg, where he lived until 1776, At the recommendation of Goethe, whom he hail known In Stnwlmrg, he was called that year to Wei- mar as court chaplain and superintendent of the church district, and here, with the exception ol a Jcuirncyto Italy 111 17H8, he lived unlil his death. In 1802 he was ennobled by the Elictor of liavarla. His llrst Importnnt works, both of which were published In Riga, were "Fragmente uber die neuero deiilsehe Llteratlir" (" Fragments concerning the More Recent German Literature," 1767), and "Kri- tischeWillder"("l'rltlcaI Forests, "17(111), In 1772 appeared, 'i'ber den Ursprung der Spraeh- " further, the treatise "I'ber den I rsprung ('■ On the Origin of Language "), In 177:llie i.nbllshed, in _ . ,-„,.,-. collabontion wIthOocthe, "Vondeutscher AH nnd Kunst HererO(he.n'i'ro),orOvahererO(o-vu-ne-ni ro). cinigetliigende matter" ('I^A Few Flying Sheets on Gcr- j,^ Hatitu tribe and language of (Jermnii South man Style nnd Art "), In 1771 appeared " Die altcste t r kunde des Menschengeschleehls' ("TheOhlest Record of the Human Race), The most Important of his works writ ten in Weimar are "Volkslleder' (" Kolk-Songs" 1778 and 1779), called In later editions 'Stlminen der Volker In I.ledem "(" Voices of the Xalionslii Songs"); "Ideen zur PhilosophlcderGesehlchtcderMenschhell' ("ideas on the I'hilosophy of the History of Mankind," 1784-91) ; " Brlele zur Itpforderiing der lliinmnltal " (" lA'tters for the Ad. vancement of iiiimanilv, " 171i:i-l)7), The i)oem " Der I'ld " ("The lid "), written i.Hn2-0,'l. appeared posthumously In 1805, A complete edition of his works was published at Stuttgart, 1827-30, iu «0 vols. west Africa, in what is called Damaraland or Hereroland. Tliey called lliem«elves Ovaherero, and their language Otshlhcrcr.", Hy some they ere called t'altle.Damaraa, In distinct Ion fn.m the mil-Onmaras- The whole lite of the Herero Is engrossed by his herds of caU tie, which he well nigh worrlnps, and by wars with the Nama-lloltentots, whose chief business Is periodically to raid Herero cattle, the ovaheiero have been partly rlirlstlanlzed by Gennan missionaries, who have created a considerable literature In Olsliiherero, This langua«e belongs to the same cluster im that of the Ovambo tlid Ovliubuudu. Hereroland Hereroland (he-ra'ro-laua). See Herero. Hereward (hei'e-ward). Flourished about 1070. A noted English outlaw and patriot who defended Ely against the Normans. He was a Lincolnshire man, incor- rectly said to have been a son of Leofric, earl of Mercia. In 1070 he joined the Danes, who had appeared in the Humber, and attacked Peterborough and sacked the ab- bey. He took refuge with his band in the Isle of Ely, from which he was finally driven by William the Conqueror. ig to John of Peterborough, he was suruamt Wahe." Many legends sprang up about his name. Hereward the Wake. A historical novel by Charles Kiugsiley, published in 1S66. Herford (her'ford). A town in the proTince of Westphalia, Prussia, situated at the junction of the Werre and the Aa, -IS miles -srest-south 498 Leipsic, Nov. 28, 1772: died at Leipsie, Dec. 31, 1^, A noted Gei-man classical philologist, professor at Leipsic 1798—1848. Among his works are "De metris Gnecorum et Eomanorum poetarum" (179t;X "HandbucU der Metrik" (1799). "De metris Pin- dari"(lS17), -'Deemendanda rationeGrxeciegrammaticte" (1801). He edited Euripides, the "Clouds " of .\ristophanes (1799), " Homeric Hymns " (181J6), Bion and Moschus (1S49X . . . .£schylus(lSo-2l, etc. According to John of Peterborough, he was suruamed "the TT-TTnaTiTi TCarl 'Pripdrir'h Boni at Frankfort- Wake. " Manv legends sorang ud about his name. Mermaim, JS^ri i ne(iricn. com at r lanKlort on-the-Mam, Aug. 4, 1*04 : died at CTOttmgen. Prussia. Dec. 31, 1855. A German archaeologist and philologist, professor at Marburg (1832) and later (1842) atGottingen. His best-known work is " Lehrbuch der griechischen Antiquitaten " (" Manual of Greek Antiquities," lS41-o2). west of Hannover, it has manufactures of cotton and HennamisDenkinal(her'manzdenk'mal). A fl!^ "'sJ'">l">ifo«nd an ancient nunnery. Population monument of the chieftain Ai-minius at Det- ( s, ), i-f • Tj ,,. , D „, f mold, Germany, dedicated in 1875. The arcaded ilencOUrt. see Jietjort, name OJ. pedestal is lOO feet high, and the colossal statue measures Hering(ha'ring),Constantin. Born at Osehatz, 86 feet to the point of the uplifted sword. The figure is Saxony, Jan. 1, ISOO: ilied at Philadelphia, of sheet-copper secured to a framework of iron. Julv 23, 1880. A German- American homeopathic Hermannstadt (her'man-stat). [Hung, yagy physician. He published "Rise and Progress S.-eftew, Rumanian .S(b»(.L. 0'6/«((/»(.] The cap- ■— ...-,„.. ^ .. T>, . ■ .. jfjjj |j£ ^ijg county of Hermannstadt. Transyl- vania, situated on the Cibin in lat. 4.5° 48' N.. long. 24° 8' E. it was formerly an important trad- ing center. The majority of the inhabitants are Ger- mans. The Brukenthal Palace (with collections) and the Rathaus are of interest. It was founded by German col- onists in the 12th century; was formerly capital of Tran- sylvania ; and was the scene of several contests between Hungarians, Austrians, and Russians in 1849. Population (1890). -21. 465. Hermann und Dorothea (her'man ont dor-o- tii'ii). .\n idyllic poem by Goethe, published in 1797. The scene is laid about the year 1796. and has a basis of fact in a story connected with the expulsion of several hundred Protestants from his territor>' by the Archbishop of Salzburg, which occurred in 1731. Her- mann is an established citizen of a little town, and repre- sents a settled life as contrasted with the wandering and unsettled one of the fugitive but self-reliant Dorothea ex- iled from her home, whom he finally wins and marries. Hermanric (her'man-rii), or Brmanaric (G. Hermanrich). Died 376. King of the East Goths. He was descended from the royal family of the Amali. and ruled over a loosely welded Gothic confederacy extending probably over northern Hungary, Lithuania, and southern Russia. He was defeated by the Huns at the beginning of the migration of the peoples in northern Europe, and fell upon his sword in 376, having, it is said, attained an age of over one hundred years. Hennaphroditus (her-maf-ro-di'tus). [Gr. ■Epi;a9po(S(-of.] In Greek mythology, the son of Hermes and Aphrodite. With the nymph of the fountain Sahnacis, iu Caria, he was united iuto one person. ♦ Hennas, Shepherd of. See Sh eplierd of Her mas. of Homoeopathy " ( 1S34). ' • Domestic Physician (1S37), etc. Heringsdorf (ha'rings-dorf). One of the lead- ing watering-places on the Baltic, situated in the island of Usedom. Pomerania, Prussia, 54 miles northwest of Swinemiinde. Heriot (her'i-ot), George. Bom at Edinburgh, . 1563: died at "London, Feb., 1623. A Scottish goldsmith and philanthropist. He founded Her- iot's Hospital at Edinburgh. He is a prominent figrire in Scott's "Fortunes of Nigel." Heri-Rud (her-e-rod'), or Herat-Rud, or Hari- Rud. A river in northern Afgliauistan and on the Persian frontier, which, under the name of Tejend, disappears in the Turkoman steppes. Asiatic Russia, about lat. 37° 30' N.. long. 60° E. : the ancient Arius. Length, about 650 miles. Herisau (ha're-sou). The largest town in the half-canton of Appenzell Outer Rhodes. Swit- zerland, situated on the river Glatt in lat. 4i° 23' N., long. 9° 16' E. It manufactures muslin. Population (1888), 12,970. Heristal, or Heristall. See Herstal. Herjedal (her'ye-dal). A district in the south- ern part of Jemtland, Sweden. Herkimer (her'ki-mer), Nicholas. Died at Danube, X. Y., in Aug., 1,777. An American Revolutionary general, of German extraction. He commanded 'the militia of Tryou Cotinty, who in 1777 marched to the relief of Fort Stanwix on the Mohawk Riv- er, which was besieged by the British. He defeated a de ta'chment ..f the BrTtish at Oriskany in Aug. of that year, Hermenogild (htr'me-ne-gUd), Saint. Died at but was himself wounded in the battle, and died in con sequence of an unskilful surgical operation. Herkomer (her'ko-mer), Hubert. BomatWaal, in Bavaiia, May 26, 1849. An English genre, landscape, and portrait painter He came to .Amer- ica in ISol with his father, a wood-carver, but went to England in 1857 and settled in Southampton, where he en. tered the School of Art. In 1865 he visited Munich, and in 1S66 he entered the schools at South Kensington under Frederick Walker. He became a member of the Institute of Water Colors in 1871, and associate of the Royal Acad- emy in 1S79. He received the medal of honor, Pai'is, 1^78. In 1373 he settled in Bushey, Hertfordshire, where he es- tablished an art school in 18S1. He revisited America in 1882. and again in 1SS3 and 1885. He was appointed Slade professor of art at Oxford as successor to John Ruskin, and became a member of the Berlin Academy in IsSo. Perkim, Cyclopedia of Painters and Paintings. Hermandad (er-man-daTH'). [Sp.,'a brother- hood.'] In Spain, originally, a voluntary organi- zation I the Santa Hermandad, or Holy Brother- hood) for the maintenance of public order. The first Hermandad was formed in Aragon in the 13th cen- tary, and another in Castile and Leon a few years later, chiefly to resist the exactions and robberies of the nobles. They soon assumed general police and judicial powers, under royal sanction ; and at the end of the loth century the organizations were united and extended over the whole kingdom. The Hermandad was soon after reorganized as a regular national police, which has been superseded in later times by a civic guard on the model of the French gendarmerie. Hermann. See Arminius. Hermann (her'man). sumamed "The Lame" (L. Hermannus Contractus). Bom July 18, 1013 : died at Reichenau. Lake (!lonstance. Sept. 24. 10.54. A German historian, author of a "Chronicon," edited by Pertz in "Monumenta GermaniiB historica" (1844). Hermann, Friedrich Benedikt Wilhelm von. Bom at Dinkelsbiihl, Bavaria, Dee. 5. 1795 : died at Munich, Nov. 23, 1868. A German po- litical econotnist and statistician. He was ap- pointed professor of political economy at Munich in 1827, and occupied various political and official positions, among them that of head of the statistical bureau. His chief work is "Staatswjrtschaftliche I'ntersuchuugen nomic Researches," IsSJ : 2d ed. 1870). Tarraeo. April 13. 585. A West-Gothic prince, He was the son of Leovigild, king in Spain, by whom he ' was admitted to a share in the government in 573. He rebelled against his father and was pnt to death. He was canonized by Pope Sixtus V., tradition having pictured him as a champion of the Catholic faith against the Arian, to which his father adhered. Hermengyld (hir'men-gild). The wife of the Constable in Chaucer's " Man of Law's Tale," of whose murder Constance (Custance) was falsely accused. Hermes(her'mez). [Gr. 'Ep//5c.] InGreekmy- thology. the herald and messenger of the gods, protector of herdsmen, god of science, com- merce.invention. and the arts of Uf e, and patron of travelers and rogues: son of Zeus (Jupiter) and Maia. bom on Mount Cyllene in Arcadia. He was the guide (psychopompus) of the shades of the dead to their final abode. In art he is represented as a vigor- ous youth, beardless after the archaic period, and usually but slightly draped, witb caduceus. petasus, and talaria as attributes. The Roman Mercury, a god of much more material and solid character, became identified with Her- mes. The name has also been given to quicksilver. Hermes, or a Philosophical Inquiry concern- ing Universal Grammar. A work by James Hanis. published in 1/51. Hermes (her'mes\ Georg. Bomat Dreierwalde, Westphalia, Prussia, AprU 22, 1775: died at Bonn, Prussia, May 26, 1831. A German Roman Catholic theologian, founder of the system of Hermesianism, a rationalizing theory of the re- lation of reason to faith. He wrote "Einleitung in die christkatholische Theolcgie" (1819-fS), " Christkatho- lische Dogmatik " (18»J-36). Hermesianax (her-me-si'a-naks). Bom at Colophon, Asia Minor: lived in the last part of the 4th century B. c. A Greek elegiac poet. Fragments of his works have been edited by Hermann, Bergk, etc. Hermes of Andiros. A statue so named, in the National Museum. Athens. It is. in fact, a sepul- chral statue of the 4th century B. c, the finest existing » tu.ci example of idealized portrait-figures of this class. ("Eco- Hermes carrying the Infant Bacchus. An original statue l>v Praxiteles, in the museum Hermann, Johann Gottfried Jakob. Bom at at Oh-mpia, Greece. Xhe left arm, with the chUd, Hermogenes rests on a tree-stump, over which is thrown the himatioiL The right arm was raised, and held some object t^> amuse the child. It is the finest rendering of a beautiful vouth- ful flgiu"e surriving from antiquity. Hermes (Mercury) in repose. A beautiful Greek original bronze of the school of Lygip- pus, in the Museo Nazionale. Naples. The fig- ure leans slightly forward; the expression is one of rest and amiability. Hermes Trismegistns (ti-is-me-jis'tus). [Lit. •Hermes the thrice greatest.'] The Greek name of the Egyptian god Thoth, the reputed author of 42 encyclopedic ^yorks on Egypt. A partial coUecrion of Hermetic writings was translated into French by Menard in 1866. Hermia (her'mi-a). In "Shakspere's "A Mid- summer Night's Dream," an Athenian lady, the daughter of Egeus : she is in love with Lysan- der. Hermione iher-mi'o-ne). [Gr. 'Ep/ii6ifi.'] 1. In Greek mythology, the daughter of Menelaus and Helen, and wife of Neoptolemus, and later of Orestes. — 2. The wife of the jealous Leou- tes in Shakspere's "Winter's Tale.'' she is the Bellaria of Greene's ** Pandosto," the story from which the '• Winter's Tale " was taken. 3. A charaeterin Racine's "Androma que. ''said to be "the most personally interesting on the French tragic stage." — 4. The wife of Damoa in the tragedy ' • Damon and Pythias "' by Baiiim and Shell. Hermione, Lady ( Lad jr Erminia Pauletti). A rich Genoese lady in Sir Walter Scott's novel "The Fortunes of Nigel." Hermiones (her-mi-6'nez). Herminones (her- mi-no'nez), orlrminones(er-mi-n6'nez). [L. (Tacitus) Herminones, the Latinization of a hy- pothetical Germanic fundamental fonu *£r- m(e)>ia:, a name of the god *Tiicu~. *riH. AS. lYir (in Tiwesdaeg), ON. Tyr, OH6. Zio. L. Ju- piter, Gr. Zf ! f . Ct. AS. Tiwesdaeg.'] According to Tacitus, one of the three great divisions of the West-Germanic people, named from their ancestors, the three sons of Mannus. Ingvasoues, Herminones. and Istv^ones. The Herminones com- prehended, particularly, the Upper German tribes. The Ing%-jeones lived by the sea, and included the Lower Ger- man tribes. The Istvjeones were the tribes of the Rhine region who ultimately formed a principal part of the Franks. The terms are, however, of inexact ethnologic application. Pliny makes a fivefold divisitm in tnav he gives, besides the three groups of Tacitus, the Vin- dili and the Pencini-Bastamse. The names were prob- ably in their first use not ethnologic, but were originally applied to Amphictyonic unions all devoted to the ctilt, under different attributes, of the old Germanic heitveD- Tod. Hermitage, The. 1. A palace at St. Peters- burg, Russia, founded by Catharine H., origi- nally in the form of a paviUon of moderate size, but "rebuilt in the 19th century, especially for a museum, in a neo-Greek style of excellent ef- fect, and forming one of the best-designed mu- seums existing, it measures 375 by 512 feet, and has 2 interior courts. The entrance porch is supported by 10 colossal hlmian figures, and the roof of the grand hall resta on 16 fine monolithic columns. On one side of the build- ing is a copy of Raphael's Loggie in the Vatican, which sur- vives from the old palace. The collections include im- port.ant ancient sculpture, the unparalleled discoveries of Greek jeweln', textile fabrics, and other minor antiqui- ties, from the Crimea, and one of the great galleries ol paintings of Europe. 2. A fashionable resort at Moscow. Russia. It is a garden on the side of a hill. — 3. A chalet built in the valley of Montmorency, France, by Madame d'fipinay as a retreat for Jean Jacques Rousseau. He passed about 18 months here il7.i6-^7), writing then a part of '* La nouvelle Heloise ' and of his "Dictionarv of Music." Gretry died here in 1813. 4. An old house near Nashville. Tennessee, the residence of President Andrew Jackson. Hermite, Tristan 1". See Tristan. Hermocrates (her-mok'ra-tez). [Gr. 'Epuo^pn- 7«-.] Died at Syracuse about 407 B. c. A Syra- cusan general and politician. Hewasoneofthethree generals who in 414 were intrusted with the defense of S\-racnse against the Athenians, and who after several spirited but unsuccessful engagements were depnved ot their commands. He was one of the commanders of the Svracnsan squadron in the naval battle of Cynossema in 411. He was banished in 409. and was killed in an attempt to make himself master of Syracuse. Hermodorus (her-mo-do'ms) of Ephesus. -^ Greek philosopher who is said to have assisted the decemvirs in drawing up the laws of the- Twelve Tables at Rome in 451 B. C. Hermogenes (her-moj'e-nez). [Gr. 'Epuojivw.J Born at Tarsus, Cilicia : lived in the second half of the 2d century. A noted Greek rheto- rician. His rhetorical treatises were edited (in the " Rhetores Grseci ") by Walz. The greatest technologist of the period now under COT- sideration was Hermogenes, the son of CaUppus of i-»> Hennogenes gas. Theyear of hishirtli is imt known, but he was only fifteen when the fiiuiL* uf his piecociuus genius as an ex- tenipuio speaker led the emperor M. Aurelius to send for him; anil he introiiuceil himself by saylnj;, "Behuld, I am come to you. O prinei-, an orator requiring a peda!,'opue, an orator sliU iookin-^ fur\v:nd In maturity." Soon after this lie became a pul.dic te:ichcruf rhetoric. K. 0. MuUer, Hist, of the Lit. of Anc, Greece, III. 156. [{Donaldson.) Hennon (her'tuon). [Gr. Ae/)/f(ji'.] Aruountain- ridirt' and the culminating point in tlioranf;:^ of Anti-Libanus, Syi'ia, situated about 35 miles west-southwest of Damascus : the modern Je- bel-esh-Sheikh. Height, y,200 feet. Hermonthis (her-mon'this). [Gr. '''Epfiui'dtc.'] In ancient geography, a town in the Thebaid. Egypt* situated ou the Nile 8 miles southwest of Thebes: the modern Erment. it was a seat of ancient worship, and important ruins remain, notably lli'i-se of a temple built in the time of Cleopatra. Hermopolis. See HcrmupoIi.s. Hermopolis (her-mop'o-lis), or Hermupolis (hcr-mup'o-lis), Magna. [Gr. 'E/j/zor tto/jc /'f- }a///, great city of Hernies.] In ancient geog- raphy, a city of Egypt, situated near the Nile in lat. 27° 45' N.: the modern Eshmun or Ash- munein. Near it are the tombs and grottoes of Beui-Hassan (which see). Hermosillo (har-mo-seryo). A city, capital of the state of Sonora, Mexico, situated on the river Soiiora about lat. 29° 10' N., long. 110^45' W. Po(Mii;)tioii ( ]S95i. 8,:J7(). Hermsdorf (herms'dorf), Nieder-. A village and tourists' resort in the province of Silesia, Pi-ussia, 42 miles southwest of Breslau. Popu- lation (1.S90), commune, 7,614. Hermilllduri(her-mun'du-ri or her-mun-du'ri). [L. (Pliny) HermnndHri, Gi*. (Strabo) ''E/juui'div ^of.] A German tribe, a branch of the Suevi, first mentioned by Strabo. They were situated on the Saale eastward to the middle Elbe, and adjoined the Chatti on the west, in the Harz region. They are men- tioned under their old name fur the last time in the 4th century. They in all probability became, finally, tlie Thu- riiiK'aiis. Hermupolis (her-mup 'o-lis), or Hermopolis (her-mop'o-lis), or Syxa (se'rii). [Gr. 'Ep/iov JTOA/f, city of Hermes.] A seaport and the capi- tal of the nomarchy of the Cyelades, Greece, situated on the island of SjTa, lat. 37° 26' N., long. 24° 57' E. Population (1889), 22,104. Hermus (her'mus). [Gr. "Ep/^or.] In ancient l^cography, a river in western Asia Minor, flow- ing into the Gulf of Sm^mia 10 miles northwest of Smyrna : the modern Ghedis-Tchai or Sara- bat. Length, about 180 miles. Hemals (her-nalz'). A western suburb of Vi- enna. Hernandez (ar-niin'datli)i Francisco. Bom at Toledo, 1514 ; died about 1578. A Spanish nat- uralist. ?hilij» II. sent him to RIexieo with the eosmog- rapher Franeisci* Doniinguez, to study the natural his- toi-y of the country. He traveled there frnm 1571) to 1570, and prepared 10 folio volumes on plants, animals, and minerala: portions of these were published in lt;4S, 1051, and 179L Hernandez C<5rdoba. Francisco, See Cordoba. Hernandez Giron, Francisco. See Giron. Hernandez de Oviedo y Vald^s, Gonzalo. Sfr (trivdo If Vdlflis. Hernani, ou I'Honneur Castillan. A tragedy by Victor Hugo, acted, after much opposition, Feb. 1!5, 18:{(). See Eruani. The main subject of "liernani " is the point of honour which contpels a noble Spaniard to kill himtielf. in obedience lothe l>last of a horn sounded by his mortal enemy, at the very moment of his marriage with bis beloved. Saintxburij, French Lit., p, r>20. Hemdon (h^TuMon), William Henry. Horn at Greensburg, Ky., Dec. 2>^, ISIM; died near Springfield, 111., March 18, 1S91. An Aincrican lawyer. He removed with his parentH to Illinois in ].v_'0, and in lH4;i entered into law partnernhip with Abraiiani Lincoln, whicli eoiitinueil in form until the death of the latter. He wrote a "Life of Al)raham Lincoln " (188W). Hemdon, William Lewis. Born at Fredericks- burg, Va., Oct. 25, lHi;3 : died Sept. 11*, 1H57. An American naval otViccr. in l8r.l-52,beinR then a lieu- tenant, he waa sent witli Lieutenant Lardner (libbon Ut nm)(u an exploration of the river Amazon and Its I'eruviau trlbutarieB. The reHUlts were publiHhed by the I'nited States government as "Kxphnation of the Vallev of the Amazon "(1863, 2 vols. ; V', the last distinct echo of the old music of Hellas. K. 0. Miiller, Hist, of the Lit. of Anc. Greece, III. 370. [(Donaldfion.) 2. A poem of Marlowe and Chapman, based on the poem of Musa?us. The first edition consisted of Marlowe's portion, 2 sestiads ; the second edition gave the w hole poem, the remaining 4 sestiads being written by Chapman after Sljulowe's death. Both editions appeared in 1598. Herod (her'od) I.jSuniamed "The Great.'' [Gr. 'HiKlxhfC.I KiiJL^ of Judea 40-4 B. C. Hecameof an Idumean family which was converted to Judaism. His father, Antipater, succeeded during the coidlict between Hyrcanus II. and his l)rother Ariytotiulus II. in obtaining a hold in .ludean politics and befriending the Konians. Ac- cordingly when Antipater was appointuil byCiesarin47iJ. C procurator of Judea, Herod, though only 15 years old, was made goveriujr of Galilee, and shortly afterward of ('oele- Syria, In 40 lie had to llee from Judea to Rome, and was appointed by tliesuiuile king of Judea. In 37 he took pos- session of Jerusalem with the aid of the Romans. During the civil war he was on the side of Mark Antony, but after the battle of Actiuni (31 B. c. ) he secured the favor of the vic- torious (Jetavianus. who not oidy conllrnu'd him in his king- dom, liut also considerably increased his territorj', so that it extended from the sea to Syria, and fioni Damascus to Egypt. His jiolicy toward Rome was that of cringing servility, though his secret aim may have been the found- ing of an independent monarchy. His attitude toward the people over whom he ruled was characterized by entire want of understanding of or sympathy with its n:iture, ideals, and aspirations. His rnlc wasnuirked by unscrupu- lous selfishness aiiHition ho had his bene- factor Uyrcanjis II. executed, ami it was assumed that his brother-in-law Aristobnlus. appointed by him higli priest, was drowned at liis Instigation for fear of his great popular- ity with the people. The people he held in alieyunce by bloody terror. Even the magidllccnt temple begun '20 H. C. and llnisheil in fe years (Jtntrph., Antii|., XV. 11) could not gain him the hearts of the outraged people. At the same time with the temple, he erected everywhere thea- ters, gymtntsia, and heathen temples. Even some cities owe tiioir origin to his love of building, notably Cwsarea. Samaria was turned by him Into a fortri'HS, and nanipd Se- baste. In a tit of jealousy he executed his beautiful wife Marianme, gramhlaugbter of Hyrcanus II., and later his two sons liy her. AlexandtTand Arislobulns. and live days befi)re bis death bis clilest son by i>orin, Antipater. His la.st onier, according to a well-known story, was for the massacre of the nohleH inunedlatety after his ileeease, so that at least his death might cause mourning (.//i., Antiq., X VII.<1. r>). Hedied In great agony friunaloathmune it. C. It wasflr>t printed in Ihe original by Aldus Manutius in l.*)02, a Latin version by Valla having appeared as early as 1474. About fifteen numnscripts of the history of Herodottib are known to critics; ami of these, several are not of higher antiquity than the middle of the fifteenth ceidur}'. One copy, in the I-Yench king's library (there are in that collection live or six), appears to belong t^> the twelfth century; there is one in the Vatican, and one in the Flor- entine library, attributed to the tenth century ; one in the library of Emmanuel foUege, Cambridge, formerly the property of Archbisliop Sam-roft, which is believed to be very aneient ; the libraries of D.xford and of ^'ienna con- tain also manuscripts of this author. Taylor, Hist. Anc. Books, p. 171. Herod Philip (her'od (il'ip). Dieilabont 34 A.D. Son ()f Herod the tireat and Cleopatra, made tetrarch of Auranitis and the nei^hborinfjr re- ;;ions in 4 H. c. His wife Herodias deserted him for his baif-brotiier, Herod Antipas. H6rold (a-rold'), Louis Joseph Ferdinand. Born at Paris. Jan. *JS. ITiM : dii-d:il I'aris. .Ian. 11). lS3:i. A note(l Freiudi composer of eomic operas. He took the grand prix de Utunc for his can- tata" Mile. delaValliere'in Usl'i. His works include " La (Jioveiitu di Knrico Quinto" (ISUl). "t'liarles de France" (with Hoieldieu: 161(1), " 1-es rosii-res" (ISI7). " I.e prc^ nder vcnu" (1818). "Les tro(|UeurB'' (I81l», "L'Amour phitf "Hero's fountain," in whielia jet of water ismaintained by eondensed air. and of a maehine netinp on the principle of l^arker'snnll. in whieh tliemotion is produced bystt'ani. Kraiimentsof his works on tneelianios have bi'on preserved. Heron, surnanied "The Yonn^jer." A Byzantine mathematician and natural pnilosopber, proba- bly (»f Ihe 71 h eenlurv. Heron (her'on), Matilda. Horn at Londonderry, Ireland. Oee. 1, ISiSO: died at New York. Mareh 7. 1S77. An actress, she made her dt_Mui( at Phihidcl- phia (1S.M), when quite young, an lUancn In " Kairio. ' Her principal part wasCamllle. In 18:.7 she married Kohert Stocpel, a niu)>tcinn, and wila divorced from him in \Wd. Her ilanghter, Itijou, also an actreu, wan l>orn at New York In 1803. Heroopolites Sinus Heroopolites Sinus (her-o-op-6-li'tez si'uus). [Gi'.'H/juuTo/iV;;f ko'Itto^, gulf of Ileroopolis, from ;/ ' llfiuuf -u'/ ic, city of heroes, a city on the coast. ] The aiieieut name of the Gulf of Suez. Heroplulus(he-rof'i-lus). [Gr. 'Hpi5(6//.of.] Born at Chalecdon, Bithynia : lived about 300 B. c. A Greek anatomist and physician. Herostratus (he-ros'tra-tus). [Gr. 'HpdorpaTOf .] An Ephesian who set fiire to the temple of Diana 500 Landseer, the keen sympathy for animal life which char- acterizes the English school. " Many important race-horses were painted by him. Rice. Herrings, Battle of the. A name given to the engagement between the French under the Count of Clermont and the English under Sir John Fastolf near Kouvray, in Feb., 1429. Sir John was carrying provisions to the English army besieg- ing Orleans, and these provisions consisted chiefly of her- rings intended for the Lenten fast: hence the name. (Artemis) at Ephesus (as it happened, on the Herrnhut (heru'liiit). A town in the govern- mental district of Bautzen, Saxony, 45 miles east of Dresden : the chief seat o£ the Moravian Brotherhood, founded 1722. Herrnhuters (hem'hot-ers). A denomination of Moravians or United Brethren : so called in Germany from the village built by them on the estate of Count von Zinzendorf in Saxony, named Hemihut (which see). See Moravians. Smith, Diet, of Greek and Roman Biography and Hcrschcl (her'shel). A name given for a time [Mythology, II. 439. to the planet now l^nown as Uranus, discovered Herrada, Juan de. See Eada. by Sir William Herschel. Herran (ar-riin'), Pedro Alcantara. Born at Herschel, Caroline Lucretia. night of the birth of Alexander the Great) in order to immortalize himself. It w.is remarked by Hegesias the Magnesiaii that the coutiagration was not to be wondered at, since the goddess was absent from Ephesus, and attending on the delivery of Olympias : an observation, says Plutarch, frigid enough to have put out the lire. The stroke of genius in question, however, is ascribed by Cicero, whose taste it does not seem to have shocked, to Timieus of Tauromeniuni. Born at Han- Bo^ota, Oct. 19, 1800: died there, April 26, 1872. A Colombian general and statesman. He served In the war for independence, and iu Peru 1824-26. He subsequently was prominent as a liberal in the civil wars of New Granada, at times as commander-in-chief of the government forces, and was president 1841-4.S. General nover, Prussia, March 16, 1750: died there, Jan. 9, 1848. An English astronomer, sister and col- laborator of Sir William Herschel. she published a " Reduction and Arrangement in the Form of a Cata- logue in Zones of all the .Star Clusters and Nebulie observed by Sir William Herschel." Herran was known as the "Hiisar de Ayacucho." from a HerSChel, Sir John Frederick William. Born brilliant charge which he made in that battle. Herrenhausen (her'ren-hou-zen). A royal pal- ace in Hannover. George I. and George H. of England resided there. Herrera, or Herrera y Tordesillas ( er-ra'ra e tor-da-sel'yiis), Autonio de. Born at CueUar, Segovia, 1549: died at Madrid, March 29, 1625. A Spanish historian. Philip II. made him chief chron- icler of America and one of the chroniclers of Castile, offices which he held until his death. His greatest work is the "Historia general de los hechos de los Castellanos en las islas y Tierra Firme del Mar Oceano," in 8 decades at Slough, near Windsor, England, March V, 1792: died at Collingwood, near Hawkhiirst, Kent, England, May 11, 1871. A celebrated English astronomer and physicist, son of Sir William Herschel. He continued his father's re- searches on double stars and nebulte, and conducted ob- servations at the Cape of Good Hope 1834-38. His chief work is " Results of Astronomical Observations made 1834- 1838 at the Cape of Good Hope" (1847). Among his other works are "Study of Natural Philosophy " (1830), "Out- lines of Astronomy " (1849), "Familiar Letters on Scien- tific Subjects ■■ (18«;), etc. (.Madrid, 1601). This includes the history of America, HetSChel, Sir William (originally Friedrich written in the form of annals, from 1492 to 1554, and is the most important of the older works on the subject. Herrera also published a history of the world during the reign of Pliilip 11., and many other works. Herrera, Fernando de. Born at Seville, Spain, 1534: tiled at Seville, 1597. A celebrated Span- ish lyric poet, surnamed "the Divine." a friend of Cervantes who wi-ote a sonnet in his honor. His poetical works were published by his friend, the painter Francisco Pacheco, in 1582 and 1619. He also wrote "Relacion de la guerra de Chipre, y suceso de la batalla naval de Lepanto " (1572), and ** Vida y Muerte de Tonias Moro " (1692). Herrera, Francisco, surnamed el Viejo ('the Old '). Born at Seville, Spain, about 1570: died at Madrid. 1656. A Spanish painter, etcher, engraver, and architect. Among his best works is a " Last Judgment," at Seville. Herrera, Francisco, surnamed el Mozo ('the Young'). Born at Seville, Spain, 1622: died Wilhelm). Born at Hannover, Prussia, Nov. 15, 1738: died at Slough, near Windsor, Eng- land, Aug. 25, 1822. A celebrated English as- tronomer, of (ierman birth. He joined the band of the Hanoverian Guards as oboist at the age of 14 ; de- serted and went to England in 1757 ; was engaged in the teaching of music ; and attained considerable success as a violinist and organist. He instructed himself in m-athe- matics and astron- >ray ; and in 1773 constructed a telescope with which he observed the Orion nebula. In 1775 be erected his first large retiecting telescope. On March 13, 1781, he discovered the planet I'ranus, naming it, in honor of George III., "Georgium Sidus," a name which was not accepted by astronomers. He was made court astronomer in 1782. On Jan. 11, 1787, he discovered two satellites of Uranus (Oberon and Titania); on Aug. 2S, 1789,a sixth satel- lite of Saturn (Enceladus), and on Sept. 17, 1789, a seventh (.Mimas). His great reflecting telescope (tube 39 feet 4 inches long) was erected in 1789. '" In nearly every branch of modern physical astronomy he was a pioneer. He was the virtual founder of sidereal science, .^s an explorer of the heavens he had but one rival — his son." Diet Nat. Bintj. at Madrid, 1685. A Spanish painter, son of Hersent (er-son'), Louis. Born at Paris, March Francisco HeiTera Herrera, Jos6 Joaciuin de. Born in Jalapa, 1792 : died at Taeubaya, Feb. 10, 1854. A Mexi- can general and statesman. An officer in the Span- ish army, he followed the defection of Iturbide in 1821, but opposed him as emperor. He was several times min- ister of war ; was president of the Supreme Court ; and was temporary president of therepublic in 1844. He was elected president Sept. 14. 1845, but was compelled to resign Dec. 30 : was second in command under Santa Anna diu-ingthe 10, 1777 : died there, Oct. 2, 1860. A French his torieal and portrait painter. He was a pupil of Regnault. Hersfeld (hers'feld). A town in the province of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, at the junction of the Geisa and Haune with the Fulda, 32 miles south by east of Cassel. It was formerly the seat of an old Benedictine abbey. It passed to Hesse-Cassel in 1648. Pop- ulation (1890), 6,^"^ war witl\ the fnited States; and was again president dur- Herstal (hers' till), formerly Heristal, or HeriS' ing a peaceful term, M.ay 30, 1848, to Jan. 15, 1851. Herrera y Obes (ar-ra'rii e 6'bas), Julio. Born at Montevideo about 1846. An Uruguayan statesman. He was ala\vyer and journalist; was min- ister of foreign affairs In 1872 ; on the fall of Ellaury (1875) was banished ; returned in 1877 ; and was minister of goV' tall (her'is-tal). A town in the pro\-inee of Liege, Belgium, situated on the Meuse 3 miles northeast of Ijifege. It formerly contained a castle, the residence of Pepin of Heristal, and was the birthplace of Pepin and of Charles the Great (?). Population (1890), 13,877. ernment under President Tajes. At the end of Tajes's Hertcl (her'tel), Albert. Born at Berlin, April term Hen-era was elected president, March 1, 1890, for the term ending Feb. 28, 1804. Herreros, Manuel Breton de los. Born at Quel, in Logrono, Spain, Dee. 19, 1800: died at Madrid, Nov. 13, 1873. A Spanislidi'amatic and satiric poet, author of 150 dramas. Among his comedies are " Los dos Sobrinos," " El Ingenuo, " " El Hom- bre gordo," "Todo es farsa en este mundo," etc. Eerrick (her'ik), Robert. Born at London, _i- .-„- , „,„ „ ^ , „c rr ^ j rr .\ug., 1591: died at Dean Pi-ior, Devonshire, Hertford. \_U^. Bertford, A^. Heortford, Heo- Oct., 1674. An English lyric poet. In 1613 he was rotford, hart-ford, from /(coro?, hart, and /orrf. 19, 1843. A Prussian landscape-painter, noted for his coloring. Hertford (hert'ford or har'ford), or Herts (lierts). A county in south midland England. It is bounded by Bedford on the northwest. Camliridge on the north, Essex on the east, Middlesex on the south, and Buckingham on the west. The leading industry is agriculture. Area, 635 square miles. Population (1891), 220,162. a fellow-commoner of St. John's, Cambridge. In 161G he went to Trinity Hall to study law. In 1629 he accepted the I living of Dean Prior. He was ejected in 1647 for his roy- alist principles, and went to London. He was restored in 1062. He T'ublished "Hesperides, or the Works both Hu- nianand Divine of Robert Herrick, Esq."(1648). His com- plete poems were edited by Grosart in 1S76. Many of his poems were published anonymously. Herring (her 'ing), John Frederick. Born in Siun-ey, 1795: died near Tunbridge Wells, Sept. 23, 1865. An English painter of horses. After some years of service as a coachman he settled in Doncas- tt--.ai,q ter. His best works were portraits of race-horses. He ^erxna. ford.] The capital of the county of Hertford situated on the Lea 20 miles north of London An ecclesiastical council called by Theodore, archbishop of Canterbury, met here in 673. Population (1891), 7,232. Hertford College. A college of Oxford Uni- versity, founded about 1282 by Elias de Hert- ford as Hertford or Hart Hall. This foundation (Hertford College from 1740) was dissolved in 1805 ; and the buildings, with other propert.v, passed to Magdalen Hall in 1822. In 1874 Magdalen Hall was dissolved and llcrtford College reincorporated. See Xerthu.'i. possessed more than any other painter of his day, except Hertogenbosch (her'to-Gen-bosch"), S,.or den Herzberg Bosch, 6. Herzogenbusch (hert's6-gen-b6sh), F. Bois-le-Duc (bwii'le-duk'). The capital of the province of North Brabant, Netherlands, situated at the jimction of tb'? Dommel and Aa in lat. 51° 42' N., long. 5° Is' E. it contains a noted cathedral, and was formerly strongly fortified. It was taken Uy the French in 1794, and by the Prussians in 1814. Population (ls«9), commune, i7,103. Herts. An abbreviation of Hertfordshire. See H()-tfunl. Hertz (herts), Henrik. Born at Copenhagen, Aug. 25, 1798: died there, Feb. 25, 1870. A Danish dramatist and poet. He was the son of Jewish parents, but embraced Christianity. He studied jurisprudence at the University of Copenhagen. In 183S he ti-aveled abroad at the expense of tlie government, and upon his return was given the title of professor, and an annual pension. His first important work was a series of rimed epistles "Gjenganger- Breve eller poetiske Epistler fra Paradis" ("Ghost Lettei-s, or Poetical Epistles from Paradise "), whicli appeared in 1830, and whose purpose was esthetic and critical. The same year appeared a com- edy in verse, "Amors Genistreger" (" .\mor's Clever Pranks "). Among his many works for the stage are the comedies " Emma " (1832), " Den eneste Fell " ("The Only Error "), and " Sparekassen " (" The Savings Bank," 1836); the romantic plays "Kong Rene's Datter " ("King Rent's Daughter "), " Svend DjTings Hus " (" The House of Svend Dyring "); the vaudevilles " Kjarlighed og Politi " (' Love and Politics"), " Arvingerne " ("The Heirs"), "De Fat- tiges DjTehave " (" .\ Park for the Poor"). During 18,58- 1859 he edited the weekly journal "Ugenlige Blade." His poems('- Digte ") were published at Copenhagen (1851-62) in 4 vols. ; his dr.-unatic works ("Dramatiske Vaerker")at Copenhagen (ls.",4-73). in 18 vols. Hertzberg (herts'bero), Count Ewald Fried- rich von. Born at Lottin, near Neustettin, Prussia. Sept. 2, 1725: died May 27, 1795. A Prussian statesman. He negotiated the peace of Hu- bertsburg in 1763, and conducted the foreign affairs of Prussia 1763-91. Hertzberg, Gustav Friedrich. Bom at Halle- on-the-Saalc, Prussia, Jan. 19, 1826. A German historian, professor of history at Halle. His works include " Geschichte Griechenlands unter der Herr- schaft der Romer" (1S66-75X "Geschichte der Perser- kriege" (1877), and, for encyclopedias, contributions on Greek, Roman, and Byzantine history, etc. Hertzen, or Herzen (hert'sen), Alexander. Born at Moscow, March 25, 1812: died at Paris, Jan. 21, 1870. A Russian author and political agitator. He published in London and Hamburg in Russian, French. German, and English. He founded in London the liberal journal "Kolokol" ("The Bell") in 1856. Among his works are the novel "Kto Vinovat" (" Whose Fault," 1847), " Le monde russe et la revolution " (1860-62), etc. _ Heruli (her'u-li), or Eruli, or .ffiruli (er'u-li). A Germanic people, first mentioned in the 3d centiu-y as dwelling near the Black Sea, nnj as allies of the Goths. They joined with other tribes under Odoacer in overthrowing the Western Empire in 476. Their original home was probably on the Cimbrian peninsula, whence, according to Jordanes, they were en- tirely driven out by the Danes at the beginning of the 6th century. Nothing is known of their ultimate fate. Hervas y Panduro (ar-vas' e piin-do'ro). Lo- renzo. Born at Cuenea, Spain, May 20, 1735: died at Rome, Italy, Aug. 24, 1809. A Jesuit philologist. He taught philosophy at Madrid, spent some years in America, and from 1S04 was librarian of the Quirinal at Rome. He published numerous works on com- parative philology, in Italian and Spanish, besides books on astronomy, physics, etc., and a cosmographical work in 21 vols. Herve (er-va'): assumed name of Florimond Bonger. Born at Houdain, Pas-de-Calais, June 30, 1825 : died at Paris, Nov. 3. 1892. A French composer of operettas. According to Pou- gin he claimed to be the founder of the kind of music ren- dered famous by Offenbach. His works include "L'CEil crevi5 " (1867), "Le petit Faust" (18B9). etc. In 1887 he was conductor of the Empire Theatre, London. Hervey (hcr'vi). John, Baron Hervey of Ick- worth. Born Oct., 1696: died Aug., 1743. An English politician, lord privy seal 1740-42. He wrote ' ' Memoirs of the Court of George H." (ed. by Croker 1848). Hervey Islands. See Cook Islands. Herward. See Hereward. Herwegh (her'veo), (Jeorg. Born at Stuttgart. Wiirtemberg, May 31, 1817 : died at Baden-Ba- den, April 7, 1875. A Gei'inan political poet. He emigrated from Wiirtemberg in his youth, and settled at Zurich, where, in 1841, he published a volume of poims of a political tendency, entitled "Gedicbte eines Lebendi- gen," which obtained great popularity with the Liberal party in Germany. He was one of the leaders of the un- successful revolution in Baden in 1848. Herzberg (herts'bero), or Herzberg-on-the- Elster (cl'ster). A small town in the province of Saxony, Prussia, situated on the Black Elster 56 miles south of Berlin. Herzberg, or Herzberg-in-the-Harz (hints). A small town in the province of Hannover, Prus- sia, on the Sieber 19 miles northeast of Got- tingen. It has an old castle, and was a former residence of the dukes of Brunswick. Herzegovina TTprzeeOVina (hert-se-go-ve'na), Turk. Hersek (her'?ek). Formerly a sanjak of the vilayet ot Bosnia, Tm'key, since 1878 admimstered by Aus- tria-HnDKarv. It is bounded by Bosnia on tlie north •nd nortlieakt, Montenegro on the southeast, and Dalinatia ;„ t e west "'d southwest. The surface .s mountanious The nhabitants are Slavs, and the language Servmn. It was conuuereU by the Turks in 1483 ; was the scene of an rnsuSton it, lS75-7f. •. was occupied by Austria-Hungary lU Aug, 1878 : and was again the scene of an insurrection (which proveil unsuccessful) in ia*l-82 Herzen, Alexander. See Mert:cn. Herz. mein Herz, warum so traiurig ? [t- , 'Heart, my heart, why so sorrowful f ] A pop- ular German song. The words were written by .1. R. Wys9 Jr., about 1812, and the music about 1814, by J. L. F.Gluck, a clergyman. T„v«K Ra>-i> nt Herzog (hert'soo), Johann Jakob, koiu at B"elf Switzerland, Sept. 12, 1805: died Sept. ■m 1882 A German Protestant theologian. He „ak D.oT;s8or at Lausanne 183.1-47, at Halle 1847-54, and rt^rden 18?t-77. He edited the "Real-Encyklopadie J, r pSfstantische Theologie uud Kirche " a864-«6). HerZOgenbUChsee (hert's6-gen-boch-za ). A town in the eauton of Bern, Switzerland, 20 miles northeast of Bern. Wpr70eenbusch. See UerUxjenhnsch , S. HmZoI ErnstThert'sog ernst), A Middle High &rmanpoem,writteninBavanabyanunknown author in the latter part of the 12th e^entiiry It recounU the marvelous adventures in the Orient o the tonished Duke Ernst of Swabia, who was at war with his rteptather, the emperor Conrad II. Heiekiel (he-za'ke-e ), Georg Ludwig. Bo™ at Halle-on-the-Saale, Prussia, Aug. 12. 1819. died at Berlin, Feb. 26, 1874. A German jour- nalist and man of letters, author of poems, his- torical novels, and a life of Bismarck (18fa8). Heshbon (hesh'bon). In Bible geography.acity in Palestine, about 36 miles east of Jerusalem. It was the capital of Sihon, king of the Amorltes. and af- terward beloilged successively to the Israelites and to he Moabites. It was tributary to Thothmes III. It is the modern Hesban. , . ., , i i. *- i He8iod(he'si-od). [Gr.'Ha.oiiof.] A celebrated Greek poet. He was, according to a poem attributed to blm, born in the village of Ascra, in Bajotia, and Pr"'';; ' V Uved about 735 B. c. His youth was according '"the same authority, spent in rural pursuits at his native village iU Ippears tij have lived during the latter part of his life at Ordiomenus, where he is said to have been buried. The obscurity in which his life is involved bus led some critics to adopt the opinion that the name does "Ot ■"Z"'?. nn i^ actual person, but is a mere personification of the B^otian or Hesiodic school of poetry, as opposed to the llome™ or Ionic. Of the numerous works commonly ascribed to him the most important are " Works and Days and - lle- OBony ■• The former is chiefly composed of precepts on S economy and maxims of morality ; the latter is an ac- Sunt of ?h"o.igin of the world and the birth of the gods. Hesione (he-si'6-ne). [Gr. 'na (Earth ) caused to gi'ow is a marriage-gift for Hera. They dwelt >" Jl"^' «; treme west, on according to one account, among In ii.\ - ^ZZl^. According to Uesiod th^y we.x daiighei^of Night : in later accounts, daughters of Atlas and Ucspcns, named ^le, Arethusa, Erythcia, and Hcsperia He8peras(hes'pe-rus). [Gr."E,T7rfpo.; ] Theeven- iugstar,iuGreefii.ivtholog>',sonofAstrn3Usand Eos (according to llesiod). He was regarded as iden- tical with the morning star, and was hence called the "Llght-hrlngcr." Compare /'AospAonw. Hesperus. In Arthurian legend, the name given to Sir Pertolope, the Green Knight. Tennyson calls hini the " Evening Star": his famous combat took place at dawn. Sec lletperm, above. Hesperus, Mount. See Jijn,,lKi4. A German iininter, brotliev of Pet^r von Hess. Hess, Karl Adolf Heinrich. Born at 1 )resdeii, 176il: died at Wilhelnisdorf. near Vienna, .Inly 3. 184'.). A German painter of horses and bat- tle-scenes. 501 Hess, Karl Ernst Christo_ph. Bom at Darm- stadt, 1 ic.n.ianv. -la,,. 22. 17.->5 : died at Munich, July "•') 1828. ' A Gcniiau engi-aver. Among his best-works aie -A Charlatan " after Dow " Ascension of the Virgin •• after Guido Reni, portraits after Rubens, and a " Holy Family " after Raphael. Hess, Peter von. Born at Diisseldorf , Prussia, July 2'J, 17'J2: died at Munich. April 4, 18/1. A noted German painter ot battles and genre scenes, son and pupil of Karl Ernst Chnstoph Hess, and pupil of the Munich Academy. He served in the campaiL-ns of 1813-13, and went to Greece ,n S3amltoKussiainls;«Uon,akest,,diesforba epictu^^^^^ ordered by the czar. Among his works are "Batlleof Arcis- sm--Aube" "I'assage of the Beresina." " Irench Wagon- train " (National Gallery in Berlin), "Battle of Leipsic, "Battle of Austerlitz," etc. Hesse (hes), G. Hessen (hes'sen). Alandgravn- ate of the German-Koman Empire. It lay along the Main and the middle Rlune, and 's,'''"''!'"' ""''j^/f *; ward to the Weser. The ancient inhabitants were the Chatti. The landgraves of Thuringia became rulers n Hesse in the 12th century. On the extinction of the Thu- rinL'ian line in 1247, various claimants appeared. In 1263 by the treaty of Wettin. Henry of Brabant acquired certiin possessions, and styled himsel landgrave ad prince of'^Hesse, making Cassel his capita . ^Jious acyni- sitionswere made(Giessen, Horaburg.etc.). PhiliptheMag- nanimous, landgrave of Hesse, was one of the lea.lers of the Reformation. Athisdeathin 15«7 thecountry wasdivnkd among his four sons, and the lines of Hcsse-Cassel Hesse- Darmstadt, Hesse-Rheinfels(extinguishedl583),and Hesse- Marburg (extinguished 1604) were formed, hee below. Hesse, Grand duchy of. A grand duchy and state of the German Empire. It comprises mainly two separate parts - the northern, consisting of the prov- re of I'pper Hesse (Oberhessen), surrounded by Prussia; and the southern, consisting of the P™""'='^^, "^ ^/"X. burg (east of the Rhine) and Rhine Hesse west^of the KMne). bounded by Prussia on the west and »°rt'>' ^^^ Bavaria and Baden on the east and south. There are also nsmaUer exclaves. The chief physical fea ures are le odeiiwald the Vogelsberg, outhers of the launus and the piuro the Rhine and Main. Hesse has considerable production of wine and flourishing manufactures. The ?aS is Darmstadt ; the chief city Mainz. The govern- n Su aherclltary constitutional monarchy with a grand duke and a Landtag ot 2 chambers. Hesse has 3 rtpre- sentatives in the Bundesrat and 9 in "« R«'f'^'?S;.,„?^' = religion of the majority is Protestant The la"'i|');™^ of Hesse-Darmstadt was '-■onstitutedm 156,. (bee Wcssi above.) It lost to France the territories west of the Rhine ,"ahe wars of the French Revolution ; ceded various Ur. - t^ries in 1803, but was largely ;ncf<;'^«'l„'j>' ',";."'',"^^^/',, \I-iiTi7 theduehyof Westphalia, etc; entered thei mlMl- e ra ion i^f the Rhine in lSo6, and became a grand .lucby receWIng territory ; joined the Allies in 1813 ; entered the Germanfc Confederation in 1815 ; ceded the duchy of V e - phaUa to lYussia in 1815, and made other cessnms t deceived extensive territories and the towns of Ma nz , n Woo-ms ; and received a constitution in 1820. I /"' with Austria against Prussia in 1866, and was obliged to make contributions and cede Hesse-Homburg and Jk r tloiis of llnper Hesse to Prussia, the grand duke being con peUed'^U. enter the North German ^'o" « '^ '™, ;;^ his territories north of the -Mam. From that time it h u usValiy been called Hesse instead of Hesse-Darn.s adt. Area, 2,965 siinare miles. Population (WW'. l,llii.*«»J- Hesse (hes'se), Adolf Friedrich Bom at Bres- lau, Prussia, Aug. -W, 18011 : died there. Aug. .., 1803. A German organist and composer tor tlie Hesse '(es), Jean Baptiste Alexandre. Born at Paris, Sept. :!0. IHOO : 'lic'l at Pans, Aug. ,, 1S7'J. A French historical painter, nephew ot N.A.Hesse. ,„ , ,„^ Hesse, Nicolas Auguste. Born at Pans, 1 /9o : died it Paris, June 14, 1869. A French histor- ical painter. , „ „ Hesse-Cassel (hes'kas'el), or Electoral Hesse, G. Hessen-Kassel (hcs'sen-kas sel), or Jiur- hessen (kiir'lies-sen). A former landgraviate and electorate which lay north of Hesse-Darm- stadt. It was formed in 1667 at the 'livlsio" ••' "'" "JS'.;'," lands- was occupied liy the French in theseven \ cars Wai . urn?sirj:fS;lioi troops for the ''r''J»^»Xrito''r!;'wes of United .States ; lost to France '" ''"'V.^l "l^Zrah ig- ? l^"thfL\:gInr.dWe'»tph,diain.J«,7 lu^^^^^^ restored in 1813; and received part of "'" P I ,i Ipallt) Fulda and .)thcr territories In l»l.^ and enUred the Gti- manle ' n t'leration. A constitution was proclaimed In S A constitutional struggle betweca, the bera » and Uasscnptlug in Isr.o led to the armed IntcrventU n of Aus- tr^nafdofHaH-cnpllug, "-f ^';'-'T'' ' ;Jrii;!'iX;ite Prussia 1S66, and was annexe.l by Prussia >« '■«:. ^ ''"K'^'-""-' portion forms iiart "f the pn.vince of Hesse-N.issnn. iesse-Darmstadt (1^-'''^;''' r"4^^, '^\\Xi viate of Germniiv, fornud in l.'itn, now called Ilcsse Foritsl,islorv,se,'//<'.v,-r,(;niH(('(ii<'/'.V<>.r- Hesse-Hombure (hes'hon/berg) «• Hessen- Homburgdics^sen-liom'borG). A forme, lan.l- ^., . . _ . .. *. I ■...>...) 1 1..... till rir.i'ikl-ili't- HettstEdt Hesse-Nassau (hes'nas'a), G. Hessen-Nassau (hes'sen-uiis'sou). A xirovince ot Prussia, formed in 1868. Capital, Cassel. It comprises nearly all Hesse-Cassel, nearly all Nassau, part of Hesse- Horaburg, the other cessions made by Hesse m 186«. and those made by Bavaria in 1866. It is surrounded by the Prussian provinces of Saxony, Hannover, Westphalia, and the Rhine, Hesse, Bavaria, Waldeck, and Saxe-W eimar ; and there are also several small exclaves. It surrounds I pner Hesse. The surface is generally hilly, and in part mountainous. The soil is generally fertile. Agriculture and industries are flourishing. There arc 2 government districts, Cassel and Wiesbaden. Area, 6,058 square miles. Population (I'JOOI, l,bl)7,'J81 ,• , . t ,j Hessian (hesh'an). The German dialect of old Hessian territory about the upper Lahn, the Fulda, and tlio Eder. With t'pper and Middle Fran- conianandThuringian,ltfoniisthegroupspeciflcallycalle I' i .nt 1866 eVded It to Prussia. It now forms part of the prSvlnce of HeMe.Nas«,u and of the Rhine Province, The most important Byzantine lexicon bears the name of Hesychius of Alexandria, who appears to have livwl in the latter part of the fourth centuiT : but has uiiquestion- alilv come down to us in modifled fonn. including many additions ..f a much later date. Hesychius hinise f was probably a pagan, and a large portion of these additions ^insists In Biblical glosses which must have proceo' «! from the pen of some Christian grammarian The value oMhe work is not lau.h enhanced by these later additions. But it is an i„. ^ti.nal.l.- aid to the study of the classic^ authors esneciiillv Homer, because it embodies In a large measure the besttradiiions of the older groinmanans of Alexandria. It was derived immediately by Hesychius fr'm, the dictionary, in Ave l,ooks, liy Diogenianlis. who lived at Heraclea, in the Pontus, m the time of Uadiian . and this, again, was an extract from the great dictloliar>', in ninety-tlvc books, by Pamphilus and Zopyrion, of the school of Aristarcbus. A-. O. Mulli-r, Hist, of the Lit of Anc. Greece. III. 384. {(^Donaldstm.) Hesvchius. surnamed '■ The Illustrious." Born at Miletus. Asia Minor: lived at the beginning of the Otli century. A Greek historical and biograivliical writer. _ ^ Hetaeria PhiUke (het-a-re'ii fe-le ke ). [NGr. h ;ilel"«d::'."M'l ,Vnm, "'- 'J^';:' «-;;, " '^ '•»■ enitnrgcscblcbtc des 1>, ,labrhnnderts (18,16-.0). Hettstadt. or Hettstedt (het'stet) A town ,n 111,, i.rovince of Saxonv. Pmssia, situated on tlio Wi,!!.er'i^ ""!-'' «'>"♦•"' °f Magdeburg. Popula tion (18'J0), commune, 8,641. Heuglln Henglin (hoig'lin), Theodor von. Born at Hirsohlaiideii, Gemiany. Maroh 20. 1824: died at Stuttgart, Nov. 5, 1876. An African trav- eter and ornithologist. He was an able naturalist, linguist, marksman, and draftsman, and his numerous ex- peditious resulted in collections and published works of fare scientific value. His many-sided explorations carried him to Arabia. Abyssinia, and Kordofan (18.^0-55); to Ba yuda. lied Sea, and Somali coasts (lSo6) ; to Mensa, Bogos. Barea, Adua, Gondar, and to Djamma, Galla-land. where he met King Theodorus (IS61-62) ; and to the land of the Dors as far as the Dembo River (1S63-WX In lS58-6tX and after 1864, he published 7 important works on his journeys and on African ornithology- In 1S70-71 he \isited Spitz- bergen and Nova Zembla. on which regions he wrote 3 volumes, and in 1874 he made his last African tour along the Red Sea and among the Beni Amer. Heureaux (e-ro'), Ulisse. Born about 1846: assassinated at Moca, Sauto Domingo, July 26. 1899. A general and politician of the Domini- can Republic. He took an important part in the war with the Spaniards 1866 ; became president of the republic 1882-83, and again in 18S7;and was afterward continuously reelected, the last time in 1897. Heuscb {hesch ). orHeus ( hes). Jacob van. Bom at Utrecht. 1657: died there, 1701. A Dutch painter, nephew of Willem van Heusch. Heasch, or Heus, Willem van. Lived in the 17th century. A Dutch landscape-painter. Hevelius (he-ve'li-us ; G-. pron. ha-fa'le-6s). ori- ginally Hewel (ha'vel), or Hewelke (ha-vel'- ke). Johannes. Born atDantzic, Prussia. Jan. 28, 1611 : died at Dantzic, Jan. 28, 1687. A Po- lish astronomer. After having completed his studies at Ireyden he traveled in Holland, England, France, and Germany 1630-34, when he returned to his native city of Dantzic. and devoted himself to the study of astronomy. He was elected a judge in 16*1, and a town councilor in 1651. Among his works are *' Selenographia *" (1647) and "Prodromus astronomise " (1690). Hewitt (hu'it), Abram Stevens. Born at Hav- erstraw. X. Y.. July 31. 1822: died at New York, Jan. 18, 1903. An American statesman, son-in- law of Peter Cooper. He was a Democratic member of Contrress fr..m New York 187^79 and 1881-86. and mayor of N'ew Y'Tk IS-ST-t^S. Hewitt, John Hill. Bom at New York eitv, July 11, 1801: died at Baltimore, Md., Oct. Y, 1890. An American author, in 1825 he settled at Baltimore, where he engaged in literar>' work, and was brought into rivalry with Edgar Allan Poe. His best-known work is the ballad *lne Minstrel's Ketum from the War." Hexam (hek'sam), Lizzie. One of the principal female characters in Dickens's "Our Mutual Friend." Hexapla i hek'sa-pla). [Gr. ra ecarr/Mj so. Bifi'/Ja, sixfold ^Bible).] An edition of the Bible in six versions. The name is especially given to a collection of testsof theOldTestamentcoilatedbyOrigen. It contained in six parallel columns the Hebrew test in Hebrew char- acters and in Greek characters, the Septuagint with criti- cal emendations, and versions by Symmachus, Aquila. and Theodotion. There were also fragments of several other versions. Hexapolis (hek-sap'o-lis), Dorian. [Gr.'Efd;ro- A^Cj six cities.] In ancient Greek history, a name given to a league of six Dorian cities — Lindus, Ialysus,Camirusiall in Rhodes), Haliearnassus, Cnidus. and Cos. Hexateuch (hek'sa-tiik). [From Gr. cf, six, and T£ixoc^ an implement, a book.] The first six books of the Old Testament. The sixth book, Joshua, relating the final settlement of the Jews in the promised land, is a continuation of the Pentateuch, and apparently forms with it a complete work, homogeneous In both style and purpose. Hexham (hek'sam). A town in Northtunber- land. England, situated on the Tyne 20 miles west of Newcastle-on-Tyne. it contains a priorj- church. Here, May 15. 1464, the Lancastrians under the Duke of Somerset were t-'tally defeated by the Yorkists under Lord Montacute. Somerset was taken prisoner, and was beheaded after the battla Population (1891). 5,945. Heyden (M'den), Jan van der. Bom at Gor- kom. Netherlands, 1637 (1640?): died at Am- sterdam, 1712. A Dutch architectural painter. Heylin, or Heylyn (hi'lin). Peter. Bom at Bur- ford, Oxfordshire. England, Xov. 29, 1600: died at London. May 8, 1662. An English church his- torian and controversialist. Among his works are " Cosmography " (1G62).'* Ecclesia Restaurata : the History of the Reformation of the Church of England "(1661X etc. Heyne (lii'ne). Christian Gottlob. Bora at Chemnitz, Saxony, Sept. 25. 1729: died at Got- tingen, Prussia, July 13, 1812. A German clas- sical philologist and archieologist, professor at Gottingen 1763-1812. He published "Opascula aca- deraica '^ (17S5-1812), and edited Tibullus (1755), Ver^ (1767-75), Pindar (1773), the Hiad (lSO-2). etc. Heyse ' hi' ze ) , Johann Christian August. Bom at Nordhausen, Prussia, April 21, 1764: died at Magdeburg, Prussia. June 27, 1829. A German grammarian, teacher successively at Olden- burg. Nordhausen, and Magdeburg. He publish- ed '■ Allgcmeines Fremdwbrterbuch" (1S04). "Deutsche .Grammatik " (1814X "Deutsche Scholgrammatik " (1816X etc. 502 Heyse, Johann Ludwig Paul. Bom at Berlin, March 15, ISSO. A German novelist and poet. He is the son of the philologist Karl Wilhelm Ludwig Heyse. He studied at Berlin and Bonn. In 1849, and again in 1S52, he traveled in Italy. Since 1S54 he has lived in Munich. His principal works are his "Novellen/' 13 se- ries of which have appeared from 1S55 to Itfil under vari- ous titles. Besides these he has published "Gesammelte Xovellen .i.n Verseu" (ISo^i). "SjTitha " (1S67), "Die Ma- donna in Olwald " ("The Madonna of the Olive Grove." 1S79). The novels "Die Kinder der Welt " (" The Children of the World ") and '• In Paradies " appeared in 1S73 and 1S75 respectively. He is the author of numerous dramas written at various times from 185Tian army of 185,000 troops be- sieging Jerusalem was smitten by the angel of the Lord in the night, and were "all dead corpses." The Assyrian in- scriptions contain no reference to the catastrophe of the army, which is mostly explained to have been caused by a pestilence; but this omission is easily accounted for by national pride. The eirtraordinary event is corroborated by a tradition preserved in Egypt, and heard 250 years later by Herodotus. The divergences between the biblical and the Assyrian accoonta concern more Berioosly the chronol- Hicks, Thomas ogy. According to the biblical account Hezekian reigned 727-699 : for the destruction of the kini:dom of Israel in 722 is represented as takiu:; place in his 6th year, and Sennacherib's campaign, which fell in tlie Utli vearoi Heze kiah, would have to be put in 713. But Sennacherib did not come to the throne before 705, and the dale of the campaign in the inscriptions (701 1 is therefore preferable Again, the illness of Hezekiah. his recover}-, and the con- gratulatory embassy from Merodach-Baladan. to whom be showed his rich treasures, are represented in the Bible as happening after the collision with Sennacherib. But this must have occurred before the treasurv was emptied to pay the heavy tribute to Assyria (i. e., 704 or 703). H. H. The pseudonym (for Helen Hunt) of Helen Maria Fiske (Mrs. Hunt ; afterward Mrs. Jack- son). Hiawatha (lii-a-wa'ta or hi-a-wa'tha). A per- sonage of miractilous birth. ImowD by this name among the Iroquois, and by other names among other tribes of North American Indians . He ww sent among them to teach them the arts of peace. "In any form the tale has been known to the whites less than SO years, and the Onondaga version first had publicity through Mr. J. V. H. Clark, in a communication to the >"ew York 'C<^nimercial Advertiser.* He obtained it from two Ouou< daga chiefs. Scho'dcraft used these notes before thef were included in Clark's history, and afterward appropri- at4*d the name for his Western Indian legends, where it had no proper place. About the same time, Mr. Alfred B. Street had a few original notes from other Iroquois sources, which he used in his metrical romance of 'Ftod- tenac' along with some from Schoolcraft. Thus, when Longfellow's 'Hiawatha' appeared, 1 was prepareii to greet an old friend, and was surprised at being introdnctd to an Ojibway instead of an Iroquois leader." {W. M, Beau- champ, Journal Amer. Folk-Lore, IV. 295.) Longfellow^ poem "Hiawatha, "published in 1S5.^. was based on School- craft. The latter's " Myth of Hiawatha " was published ia 1S56. and dedicated to Longfellow. Hiazus, See Ya::oo. Hibbert Lecrtures, A foundation instituted by the trustees of Robert Hibbert, a West India merchant, who died in 1849. For many years the trustees applied the ftmds mainly to the higher culture of students for the Unitarian nainistiy. but in 1S78 re- solved to institute Hibbert Lectures, with a \iew to capa^ ble and really honest treatment of unsettled problems in theology, apart from the interest of any particular church or system. Amongst the lecturers have been Mai Miiller, Page Renouf, Renan, Rhys Davids. Kuenen, Beard, K^. ville, Pfleiderer, Rhys, Sayce. and Hatch. Chamben'$ En- cijdopsdia, V. 702. Hibemia ihi-ber'ni-a). or Ibemia (i-b^r'ni-a). or Ivemia (i-ver'ni'-a), [L. Hibemia, Iren'ia, Jnverna, lenia, lerne ; Gr. 'lovepvia^ lipi-jj: all appar. representing the Old Celtic form of Erin, Ire-land.^ An ancient name of Ireland, HibitOS(e-be't6s). A tribe of Peruvian Indians on the upper Huallaga. apparently a branch of the Chunchos. From about 1076 to 1790 they were gathered into mission villages : later the missions vt-f broken up. the Hibitos returned to a wild life, and nothing is now known of them. Also written Xibitog, Hibueros (e-bo-a'ros}.orHigTieros (e-gwa'ros). Tb€ Aztec name for Central America : some* times used by Cortes and others before 1530. Hickathrift (hik'a-thrift). Tom, A mythical strong man. Tom Hickathrift belongs to the same series as Jack the Giant-killer, one of the popular corruptions of old north- ern romances. It seems to allude to some orf the insur- rections in the Isle of Ely, such as that of Hereward, described in Wright's Essays, ii. 91. Spelman, however, describes a tradition, which he says was credited by the inhabitants of Tylney, in which Hickifric appears as the assertor of the rights of their ancestors, and the means he employed on the occasion correspond with incidents in the following tale. HcJlixctU, Nursery &h}'mea. Hickes (hiks). Greorge. Bom at Newsham. near Thirsk. Yorkshire. June 20. 1642: died Dee. 15, 1715. An English nonjuring divine, Anglo- Saxon scholar, and controversialist. .His chief works are ** Institutiones Grammaticse Anglo-Saxonictt" (16s9), "Linguarum veterum Septentrion^am Thesau- rus" (1703-05). Hickok (hik'ok). Laurens Perseus. Born at Bethel, Conn., Dec. 29. 1798 : died at Amherst. Mass., May 7. 1888. An American clergyman and metaphysician. He was president of Tnion Col- lege 1S66-68. Among his works are '■ Rational Psychology " (184Si, "Moral Science" (2S53X 'Empirical Psychologj- '* (lSo4). '■ Rational Cosmology "(1&5SX ''Creator and Creation (1S72X and *• The Logic of Reason " (1S75). Hickory (hik'o-ri). Old, A nickname given to General Andrew Jackson, from the toughness and strength of his character. Hickory Pole Canvass. The presidential can- vass of 182S in behalf of Jackson ('' Old Hick- ory"). Hicks (hiks),Elias. Born at Hempstead. X.Y., March 19, 1748: died at Jericho. X.T., Feb. 27, 1830, An American preacher of the Society of Friends, founder of the denomination of the Hieksites. He published "Observations on Slavery "(lSll).*'Do('trinal Epistle "(1S241. etc. Hicks, Gteorge Edgar. Bom at Lymington, England, iSlli. An English genre-painter. Hicks, Thomas. Bom at Newtown. Bucks Coun- ty, Pa., Oct. 18, 1823: died at Trenton Falls, Hicks, Thomas 503 Hildesheim NY Oct. 8, 1890. Au Amerieau painter, e.spe- Hietan. See Comanche. at Poitiers, Frano.-: died at Poitiers, Jan. 13, ciallv of portraits. Amoug liis works are - Ed- Higden(liis'den),orHigdon(hig'don),Ranulf. 368 a. D. A Gaulish prelate and theologian, a win Booth as la-JO,"" Henry WardBeeeber,"ete. Diid at Cliester about Kiiio. An Eufjlish ehnin- noted opponent of Arianism. He became bishop of Hicks (hiks;. William. Hicks Pasha. Born icl,^-. lie took the vows of ,. Be„edic.i„c in .he Abbey Poitiers at^ut :«3^^ ^ *|31 : killed -ar Kl meicU Kord^fan. Africa^ l^jJ'^^^^S^l^^^l^S^^ll^^hr^^lir-'^d.S; HiKs "r mla:;^^: surnamed Arela- Nov. 4, lhb3. ABritishoftcei. He commanded ;;'""' '"^'= "^ ^ tensis ^ of Aries')- Born in Gaul about 4U1 : !i''?eft?.yb;birxyT"t'VX^[rne',"^^^^ "'' HigginSOndnK'in-son), Francis. BorninEng- ,Ii,.d May 5,449. A Gaulish prelate. He became ■aiXaiiJarh hiiks'lrec-hM (Sir Michael Ed- land about 1587: died at Salem, Mass., Aug. bishop of Aries in 429, and was deprived by Leo the Great HlCkS-Ueacn (mi>.s uetu ;, oir miLUd-ei xiu i,'„„i;cb r.l.,v.rcTnuTi ir. ,>,.,in-,-!>ted of liis r '.rhls as motn.pol tan n 445. •nrnr-A Rfi,-,! o t T.i^TnlnTi Oot ^H 18o( AiiEn""" o, lo.)i'. Ao JliJigiisn ciergymaii, lie emijiiaieu i -w -v o ti-i ward, ■'^f''""' Yrv°";yv.,Hv;™^H.tnn^^^^^ t<^ Massachusetts in 1029, and wrote "New England's Pla..- Hilary (hil'a-n). hee Jldanus. lish baronet, and Lonservatiye politician. He ,^ti,jus •■ (io.jn). Hilary S Day, St. A feast commemorated on r^t^'' cta,rS,.'":;f' the "exchltuer' a';i^.1'ui:r"r'iPe Higginson, iohn Born at Haybrooke Leices- Jan. h by the Church of England, and on Jan. Uonse of Commons 1885-88 ; chief secretai7 for Iieland tershire, England, Aug. (), lOK): died at balem, 14 liy the t liureh of Home. The Hilary Term at Ox- issi-sr: president "f the lioard of trade is8s-n2 ; and Mass., Dee. 9, 1708. An j\jnerican clergyman, ford besins on Jan. U, and ends on the Saturday next be- clmii.el!or..ftheex.heciuerlHiir,^1902. .,,, son of Francis Higginson. fore I'alm .Sunday. Hick or Hycke Scorner. A morality printed tjy Higginson Thomas WentWOrth Born at Cam- in law, the Hilary Term is one of the four terms of the Wvnkvu cl(.- Worde. bndccM'iss Deo "" IS'^l An American au- Courts of Law in EnRland. It begins Jan. 11 and ends Tliplrcii+ocdiik'sitsl A secedinffbodvof Friends ^i " ,'-'i ' ' "• , ,' ' " ' * * i,„ „„ Jan. 31, Tlie Hilary sittings now begin Jan, 11, and end JllCKSlteS(hik sU^^ Aseeemng r oayorr^^^^ fl,,,,.^ distinguished as an opponent ot s avery. Wednesday before Ea-ster. Formerly the sittings of or Quakers, followers ot Elias llicks, tomied in jj^ f-raduated at Harvaid in ISII, and was ordained in 1847; t,,^ (-ourts of Chancery and C.mmon Law were regulated the United States in 182( , and holding bocinian retired from the ministry in is.'is ; and was colonel of the j, ^YLe terms. Hapalje and Laurence, Law Diet doctrines tlrstcolnred regiment in theCivil War. Hehas published ■" TTi^ta'c W0II ThosossinTislinuspof tliecountv "Outdoor Papers" (1863), "H.irvard Memorial liiugra- Hlld. hee Eildil. ^Pr^fu • J 1 1 K,^,Mt i,Vi(iio a,?,i ?X;, I''"««" (1806), "Malbone: an Oldport Romance" (1869), Hilda (hil'da), or Hild (hild), generally called of Mlddlese-X, England, built in 1()12 and taken ..Army Life in a Blacli Kegiraent" (1870). "Atlantic Es- ^„,^;'; TTiiJa"" pas HiM '[j Hilda ^ Bom in down in 17s2, says "(1871), " Young Follis' History of theUnited Stjites" f.'^^'ii,-'", w -Vi ■ ^ f V b 1 ■ i^-. „1„,T Kill. ffidalgO de Cisneros y Latorre (e-dal'go da (l876),'"La/gerHistoryoftheUnite'dStates"(l884),"Hint8 tlie West Ridmg of Yorkshire England. 614: ■^ia^fi'Tfi^fil'i t,?r'r5/BaUa7ar Born at Car- on Writing and Speech-making" (1887), etc. died at Whitby, England, Nov. 1<, ()80. An Eng- thes-na ros e la_-toi ra) Bal^^^^^^ High Bridge. .\ bn.lgc l„iilt l,s42-49 at 17.5th lish abbess. She was a descendant of the royal North- tegena about 1-do: d ed there, June 9, 1829. A ^S" ._^ B^^^^ ^ ^- ^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^.^^^^^^ _ mr^hn-^r. line, became abbess of Hartlepool In 649, and Spanish general and administrator. He com- , across the H'lrlem Kiver into the city, founded the monastery of Whitby in 6,i8. Z^^^}Z:^^ZS^^l^l^:^^V^^. tt^^^^!^pZJ^^^^>= arches. tL ^^^^^;^^-\^^i^;'^:Z ^..^^^^'i^^^i^X^t^^it^i.X ffi^hfly^' h^'^; : a bay race-horse by Her- 'p^^S^^U^^:l)^p^^ Sx^k possession uf the office ^July 30, 1809, but was deposed od, foaled in 1774. He was the property of Eichard kept a peipetual iglit burning and where tt^e doves came by the revolution of May, IhlO : June 21, 1810, he was Tal!tersall, founder of "Tattersalts" in London, who made to be fed, is shown as Hi da 8 Tower in Rome, forced to leave the country. The Spanish government £-25,1100 by his piircliase, "Tattersall's" has always at- HlldDUTghatlSen ( Inlt Oor(,-nou-zen). A town exonerated him. He held various important posts: was tributed the establishment of its fortune to the success in the duchy of Sa.ve-Meiningen, Germany, sit- mlDistcr of marine Sept., 1818, and director-general of the of this horse. Highflyer is in the direct male line from ^.jfed on the Werra in lat. ."iO" 2G' N., long. 10° s:^^sSi:S';;;:;s;^^;;^^;rs:n;^"ir°vz :^^,n^s^n^:'°^^::'^^^"^^""^"'"'^'"''"°^- '';:^j^^^:^^r%^^^;r^ ^^ '" ""^ ^■^"'-'"•«'=--' "' "'^ "^P-'-™' "' Highgate (hi'gat). 1. A suburb of Wlon, in ^^{^^i^^^^^^ StB^'^'-T.- malVyC0Stilla(ekos,t.l'y.i)Miguel.Boni ^::^^^,^^^^^^^^^^-s^^o^ n'-T''"'"T''''"'r'''?rH^"AFrlm.';^ef in Guanajuato, May 8, 17o3: died at Cinhuahua, the level of the Thames. at Tours, !■ ranee, Dec. 18, 1134. A 1" reiich prel- Aug. 1. 1811. The first leader of the Mexican 2. An old gate formerly standing at the south ate, theologian, and author, bishop of Le Mans war for independence. He was curate of the village end of King street, which runs from Whitehall (made archbishop of Tours in 1123). of Dolores, where he proclaimed a revolt Sept. 16, 1810. jq Westminster The gate-house was taken Hildebrand (hil'de-brand). See Greijori/ VII. The undisciplined army which he gathered marched to- i^^ni^iTo-j (Hcinel ward Mexico and defeated Truxillo Oct. 30, 1810; but it ''."'7"'" Y jt tt 1 m _,- • tt,-ij«i,Co„,1 \ ,.olMi,..,fn,I Ioo-or,rlorir obiiT-ncfBr was beaten by Ualleja, and Hidalgo fell back on Guadala- High-Heels and Low-Hecls. Two parties m Hildebrand. A celebrated legendary character Jara. Tlicre he raised his army to 100,000 men, but was l,illiput, in "Gulliver's Travels" by Swift, in- of (icrniiin romance. He is an old man, part of whose •KSin disastrously defeated by Calleja at the bridge of Cal- t,.,,,ii,i to «qtiri7o the Tories and Whies. story is told in the " Hildebnindslied," but who also ap- diron, Jan. 17. 1811. He resigned and Ded toward the ,; "^'i, "V^ W,^ Tbt^iame Hven to Marv pearsinthe-Nibelungenlied,"" Welrichvon Bern.-Bite. United States, but was captured, tried, and shot. Highland Mary. 1 he name gl\ en to Mary ^olf," the " Rosengaitcn," and the hero legends. Hidatsa(he-da'tsii). A division of North Ameri- Campbell and Mary Monson, sweethearts ot Hiidebrandslied(hil'de-briiniis-led). fG.,'Song can Indians, comprising the Hidatsa proper and the poet Burns. a i- * • <. • n nf Hildebrand.'] An Old High German poem in the .\bsaroka or Crow. The Hidatsa proper, also Highlands (hi landz) The. A district in north- ,iiiin.,..mye verse, of unknown authorshin, pre- called.Miniiari.haveerroneouslybeenstyledOrosVentres. ern and western Scotland, ot vague limits. It curved in a fragmentary form in a single manu- The Hi.latsa proper, who number 252, are in a village »;, sa- ii(,g_ Prominent points are Fishkill Jlountjiin, Storm torical ])ainter. Amonghisbest worksare "Murderof Cred citv.] 1. An ancient city of Phrygia. Asia King Crow's Nest, Donderberg, Anthony's Nose, and West the .Sons of Eilward IV. '(1836). 'Othello relating his Ad- Minor, situated about lat . 37° .57' N., long. 29'= Point. , o- Tir ,. .J^■,"i"v''"^''^2'■ X ,. Ti/r • 1, .r," E.: the modern ParabukKalessi. It was held sacred Highland Wldow, The. A story by Sir Walter Hildebrandt, Johann Mana._ Born at Dus- on account of its hot springs and cave "Plutonium," and ScTitt, |iiiblisli(.il in 1S27. seldcirf, Germany. Marcli U>, ISdc dieiliiiMada- was the birthplace of Epictetus. High Life Below StairS. A comedy farce by gascar, Miiy 2!l, b^sl. . An African traveler and 2. An ancient city of Syria, situated in lat. 30° n,,, ];,.^. .fairies Towiiley (1709). It was attrib- botanist. Theileldsof his eiploniti.m were— in 1872-73 31' N., long. 37° 56' E. : the Greek Bambyce |,,,.,[ ,,, , j-irricU Bogos and .soinaliland ; in 1875 the tni.t between Mom- (p«./, ^.) and the modern Membid,j High Peak (hi p'ek). An elevated region in the J;- "-J^M"-' K.nb^ b; \«:;:^^!„^;,-'"«--,','j:";',7,!- HieriZim (hi-er i-zim). [Origin doub ful, but „„rthern part of the Peak, in Derbyshire, Eng- Vork appeared in the "Journal "of the Berlin tieogrnphi- probably due to some mistake. 1 Kiccioli sname ijj„j^ Ki miles oast-southeast of Manchester, cal s.,ci.iy. forthe8tar,i<'ygni,ordinarilyknownas.(/(»>f«. „oted for the ("astleton caverns. Hildegard(liil'de-giird), Saint. Born at BBckel- Hiero (hi'e-ro), or Hieron (hi'e-ron), I. [Gr. HighPeak orMountLincoln(niountling'kon). heiiii, diiiccse of Mpinz, Germany, about 1098: 'l»Vui.,] I)ied at ('Mtaiiia, Sicily, 4fi7 is. c. Tyrant , )„(, ,,|- ,1,;. ,.],i,,|' Kuimnits tubanaiMii, wh.i revolte.l, liut wiiM ibialiy Hildcn (liil'den). A manufacturing town in the King of Svracuse. He became general of the .Syracu- subdueil about l.'.iif,. It Is an Indian name. Also written if),;,,,, I'ri.viiice, Prussia, situated on the Ittef sans 275 ; king 270 ; ally of Carthage 204 ; and permanent llviwii ami Ciwrni-. S miles ins|-M.,utlieast of Diisseldorf. Popula- ally ..f Rome 263, _ Hi,iaZ. See /M/j'/- . ,• „ i„„,t 7 (llll) Hierocles (hi-er'o-klez). fGr. 'I'7K«/«.] A na- Hika (he'kil). [Ar. at-U.t,,;,. the white spo .] ' '"'' '''''V^ '■,:,,;,„„ i,,,,,, a citv in the prov- tive of ('aria, Roman proconsul in Bithyiiia, and A name given lo the little group of slars ,n Ih.. mideshe m 1 U s-^^^ t^^^^^^^ 'i,, to l.-n lie In- later in Alexandria, .luring the ivign of Diode- ,,...,, „r Orion, in which group > Is the most con- - ,' '/ •' ) ";,..';■' ,:r,",'.;;i';;;.,'.."^[l. tian: .said to have nieited that emperor to his s,„cuous. ,,,.,„ ,-ri,,, mu.wned for Its specimen, of nudl.val and (Jernmn Re- persecution ot the Christinris. He wrote a work In Hilarion(lil-lari-on), Saint. Born at 1 liaUallia, ,|„|sHance buildings. Tb.' cathedral l» an early-Roman. Greek, now lost, entitled "Truthlovlng W.inls t.i the yp^,. (Jn/a Palestine, about 300 A. n. : died m esiiue monument with a late roinledwuilb aisle and north ChristianH," in which Christ was unfavorably compared ,, 071 \ lionnit of Pllli'stine. Ho intro- transept. Tli. interior has been barbarlle.l, but i.reserv,, with Ajiollonius of Tyaniu It was answered by Euscbius 'yi'""", ••"■ '^ ," ..nniitvv Home very line church farnllnre an.l a n..leworthy seulp- of Cesarea. 'hiced inonasticisin into that ountlj. turc-d Renaissance ro..d.l..ft. The bms. .I.M.re between the Hierocles. Lived in the 5th century A. D. An HilariuS (hl-la'n-us). | li. Illlnrills.ur. ''"P'OC, vestibule at the west en.l and the nave date from lol.,, and Ale.xaiidrian Neonlatonic philosopher, reputed cheerful, merry, V. Ililaiic, It. llano, Sp. Pg. bearliilnterestlngnliefsof lhe"Kall 'nnd ■Redemption author ..fairextailtcomme^itaryoS the "Gulden jm.no.] Bornjn Sardinia: died 467. Bishop ]>;'|;;;,l;-,»'-r.;iri?:rBl;;!iruni*;\,l'^Tih^ '^0 Verses " of Pythagoras. of Homo 4f)l-4(i(. ,.,□.. 1 of the noiilcst Komanesque monuments in Oermany. It HieronvmUS " HoeJemmf. HilariUS, or Hilary (nil n-n), Samt: surnamed „.,^,|,ulltearlyln the nth century, nnd somewhat modllled Hierosolyma. See Jerusalem. Pictaviensis (' I't I'oil iors '). Bom probably In the l2tl. and l»th. There are double tmnsepu, and a Hildesheim choir at each end, that toward the west standing over a coiumned crypt. Every tliird support of the nave is a massive pier ; those intervening are columns. The nave has a flat wooden ceiling which is covered with remark- able scriptural paintings of the 12th century. There is a fine Romanesque cloister with Pointed vaulting. The Church of St. Godehaid, one of the most notable of Genuan Romanesque structures, was built in the middle of the 12th century. The choii* is French la character. Three massive towers characterize the exterior, and there is a rich sculptured doorway on the northwest. Other ol>- jects of interest are the Rathaus, Knockenhauer-Amthaus, Wedekind house, etc. Hildesheim became the seat of a bishopric iu 818, and was a Hanseatic town. Population (1890), commune, 33.481. Hildesheim.Bishopric of. Abisbopric of whieli the city of Hildesheim was the capital. Its seat was removed from Elze to Hildesheim in 818. It was ac- quired by Prussia in 18iJ3, was made part of the kingdom of Westphalia in 1S07, and was assigned to Hannover in 1S15. Hildreth (hil'dreth), Richard. Bom at Deer- field, Mass., June 22, 1601 : died at Florence, Italy, July 11, 1865. An American historian and journalist. He was admitted to the bar in 1830, but abandoned law in 1832 and became a member of the editorial staff of the Boston "Atlas." His cliief work is a " Histor>- of the United .States" (6 vols. 1849-56). Hilgard (hil'gard), Julius Erasmus. Bom at Zweibriieken, Bavaria, Jan. 7, 1825: died at Washington, D. C, May 8, 1891. An American physicist. He emigrated with his father from Germany to the United States in 1835, and in 1S45 was appointed to a position on the United States Coast Survey, of which he was superintendent lSSl-85. TTillria.'h (hil-ki'a). [Heb., ' Jehovah is my por- tion.'] The high priest in the time of Josiah, king of Judah, who discovered the book of the law in the temple. Hill (hil), Aaron. Born at London, Feb. 10. 168-5: died 1750 (?). An English poet, drama- tist, and general ■writer. Hill, Abigail. See Masliam. Hill, Ambrose Powell. Bom in Culpeper County, Va., Nov. 9, 1825 : killed near Peters- burg, Va., April 2, 1865. An American general. He graduated at West Point in 1847, fought in the Mexi- can war, and became a colonel in the Confederate army in 1861. He served in General Johnston's command at the first battle of Bull Run ; commanded a brigade at the battle of Wilhamsburg ; became a major-general in 1862 : participated in the seven days" battles around Rich- mond and in the second battle of Bull Run ; reinforced General Lee at Antietam ; commanded the right wing of General Jackson's corps at Fredericksburg ; commanded the center at Chancellorsville ; became lieutenant-general in 1863 ; commanded a corps at Gettysburg ; participated in the action at Bristol Station (1863) ; repelled with Long- street the Union attack on the Weldon Railroad ; and was shot near Petersburg by stragglers from the Union army. Hill, Daniel Harvey. Bom at Hill's Iron Works, York district, S. C, Julv 12, 1821: died at Chariotte, N. C, Sept. 24, 1889. An Ameri- can general. He graduated at West Point in 1842; served in the Mexican war ; became professor of mathe- matics and military tactics in Washington College, Vir- ginia, in 1849 ; professor of mathematics in Davidson Col- lege, North Carolina, in 1S54 ; and president of the North Carolina Military Institute at Charlotte in 1859; and was commissioned colonel in the Confederate army at the beginning of the Civil War. In Sept. , 1S62, during the Maryland campaign, he held the pass in the Blue Ridge, near Booneslwro, until Jackson had captured Harper's Ferr>' and Lee had crossed the Potomac. He was pro- moted lieutenant-general in lb63, and commanded a corps under Bragg at the battle of Chickamauga- He became president of the Arkansas Industrial University in 1877. Hill, David Bennett. Born at Havana. X. Y., Aug. 29, 1843. An American lawyer and Demo- cratic politician. He was elected lieutenant-governor of Xew York in 1882 ; became governor on the election of Cleveland to the presidency ; waa elected governor in 16S5, and again iti I^St : was i'mted States senator 1891-97 ; and was defeated tor governor in 1894. Hill, Rowland. Bom at Hawkestone, Shrop- shire, England, Aug. 23, 1744 : died at London, April 11, 1833. An English preacher. He grad- oated B. A. at Cambridge in 1769; became curate of Eingsbon, Somerset, in 1773 ; and erected Surrey Chapel, London, iu 1783. His most notable work is ''Village Dia- logues" (1810). Hill, Rowland, first Viscount Hill. Bom at Frees, Shropshire, England, Aug. 11, 1772 : died at Hardwicke Grange, near Shrewsbury, Eng- land. Dec. 10, 1842. An English general, nephew of Rowland Hill (1744-1833). He entered the army as ensign in 1790 ; was promoted lieutenant-general in 1809 ; served with distinction in the Peninsular war and at the battle of Waterloo ; was created Baron Hill of Al- marez and Hawkestone in 1814 : was promoted general in 1*25; was commander-in-chief of the British army 1828-42 ; and was created viscount in 1842. Hill, Sir Rowland. Bom at Kidderminster. England. Dee. 3. 1795: died at Hampstead, near London, Aug. 27, 1S79. The author of the pen- ny postal system. He published in 1837 a pamphlet entitled " Post Office Reform : its Importance and Prac- ticability," in which he recommended the adoption throughout the United Kingdom of a uniform rate of 1 penny for letters not exceeding half an oimce. An act em- bodying this proposition was passed by Parliament in 1839, 504 and the penny rate was introduced in 1840. He was ap- pointed secretary to the postmaster-general in 1846 ; was secretary to the post-office lfr54-t>4 ; and was knighted in IS60. Hill, Thomas. Bom at New Brunswick, N. J. . Jan. 7, 1818: died at Waltham, Mass., Nov. 2, 1891. An American educator and Unitarian clergyman. He was president of Antioch College 1859- 1862, and of Harvard College 1862-68 ; and at the time of his death had charge of a Unitarian church at Waltham, Massachusetts. He invented a number of mathematical machines, the best-known of which is the occnltator ; and was the author of " Curvature " (1850), etc. Hillah (hil'la), or Hilleh (hil'le). A town in the %-ilayet of Bagdad, Asiatic Turkey, situated on the Euphrates in lat. 32° 28' N.. long. 44° 28' E. It is the place situated nearest to the site of ancient Baby- lon, and is bnilt almost entirely with bricks from the mound El-£asr, i". e. the ruins of the once gorgeous palace of Xebuchadnezzar. Its inhabitants carry on a brisk trade in bricks which they dig out of the mounds and sell as building material Population, estimated, about 10,000. Hillard (hil'ard), George Stillman. Born at Maehias, Maine, Sept. 22. 1808 : tiled at Boston, Jan. 21, 1879. An American journalist and mis- cellaneous writer. He published "Six Months in Italy " (1853), " Life and Campaigns of George B. McClel- lan " (1864), school readers, etc. Hillel (hil'el). Born in Babylonia, a descendant of the family of David. President of the San- hedrim 30 B. "c.-9 A . D. , appointed by Herod I. He lived in poor circumstances, and went to Jerusalem to study the law under Shemaiyah and Abtalion, becoming there the reorganizer of Jewish life and the founder of "Tal- mudic Judaism. By his introduction of the seven dialec- tical rules for the interpretation of the law, he gave its study a rational basis. He also enacted many reforms which affected the whole social fabric of his time. He was the first of the presidents of the Sanhedrim to be honored with the title nasi(i. e., *prince,''patriarch').and the pa- triarchate remained thenceforth hereditary in his family until its extinction. He was particularly distinguished for his humility, gentleness, and liberal, humane spirit. From his numerous sayings and maxims may be mentioned " Do not judge thy neighbor until thou hast stood in his place." "Do not believe in thyself till the day of thy death," and the most celebrated, "Do not unto others what thou wouldst not have done unto thyself. This is the whole law: the rest, go and finish.'' Hillel n. Patriarch 360 A. D. He introduced defi- nite rules for the calculation and fixing of the Jewish calen- dar, which still form the groundwork of Jewish reckoning, Hiller (hil'ler), Fertiinand. Bom at Frankf ort- on-the-Main, Oct. 24, 1811: diedat Cologne, May 10, 1885. An eminent German composer, pian- ist, director, and writer on music, of Hebrew de- scent. He became municipal kapellmeister at Diissel- dorf iu 1847, and at Cologne in 1850. He conducted the Lower Rhine festivals from 1S50 whenever they were held in Cologne. His works include the oratorio " Die Zersto- rtlng Jerusalems " ( " The Destruction of Jerusalem," 1839X symphonies (notably his ''Spring S)Tuphony in E"), con- certos (notably the pianoforte concerto in F minor^ can- tatas, choral works, songs, chamber music, etc. Hiller, originally Hiiller (hiU'ler), Johann Adam. Bom at Wendischossig, near Gorlitz, Prussia, Dec. 25, 1728 : died at Leipsic, June 16. 1804. A German composer of operettas, songs, and church music, resident in Leipsic after 1758. He was the first to compose the " Singspiele" (operettas), and the founder of a series of public concerts since fa- mous as the '■ Gewandhaus Concerts " (from being given in the hall of the Gewandhaus after 1781). Hillerod (hil'le-red). A town in the island of Zealand, Denmark, 21 miles north-northwest of Copenhagen, it is noted for the palace of Frederiks- l)org (the historical museum of DenmarkX an imposing Renaissance structure of red brick with towers and peiii- ments, built early in the 17th century by Christian IV. The apartments of the interior are riclily decorated. The palace church, in which many Danish kings have been crowned, is excellent artistically, despite its exuberant richness in gilding and color. Hilleviones (hil'e-'vi-o'nez). The name given by Pliny to the Germanic tribes of Scandinavia. It is of unknown etymology and uncertain ap- plication. Hillliouse (hil'hous), James. Born at Mont- ville, Conn., Oct. 21, 1754: died at New Haven, Conn., Dec. 29, 1832. An American politician. He was United States senator (Federalist) from Connecticut 1796-1810. Hillhouse, James Abraham. Bom at New Ha- ven, Conn., Sept. 26, 1789 : died near New Ha- ven, Jan. 4, 1841. An American poet, son of James Hillhouse. He published "The Judgment: a Vision " (1812), and the dramas " Percy's Masque " (1S20) and " Hailad " (1825). In 1839 he published his works in 2 volumes. Hilliard (hil'viird). Henry Washington. Bora at Fayetteville, N. C, Aug. 4, 1808: died at At- lanta, Ga.. Dec. 17. 1892. An American lawyer. He graduated at South Carolina College in 1826 ; was ad- mitted to the bar in 1829; and was a member of Congress from Alabama 1845-5L He wasappointed Confederate com- missioner to Tennessee by Jefferson Davis, and held the rank of brigadier-general in the Confederate army. He was United States minister to Brazil 1877-81. He wrote "Speeches and Addresses " (1855), "De Vane: a Story of Plebeians and Patricians " (1865X and " Politics and Pen Pictures" (189-2X Hincmar Hilliard, Nicholas. died at London, 1619. painter. Hill of the Nymphs. Hillsdale (hilz'dal). Bom at Exeter, 1537: An English miniature- See yymphatum. A city and the capital of Hillsdale County, southern' Michigan, 85 miles west-southwest "of Detroit : the seat of Hills- dale Collpffp (Freewill Baptist). PoptUatioa (1900). 4,1.51. ■ ^ Hill Tipperah (hil tip'e-ra). A tributary state of British India, intersected bv lat. 23° 30' N., long. 91° 45' E. Area. 4,086 square miles. Population (1891), 137.442. Hilo (he'16). A seaport situated on the east- ern coast of the island of Hawaii, in lat. 19° 44' N., long. 1.55° 4' W. Hilversum (hil'ver-snm). A town in the prov- ince of North Holland, Netherlands, 16 miles southeast of Amsterdam. Population (1889), commune, 12,393. Himalaya (him-a'la-ya or him-a-la'ya), or Him- alayas (-yaz). [Skt., 'snow-ai)ode.'] Amoim- tain system in Asia, extending from about long. 73° to 96° E. along the northern frontier of Hin- dustan : the ancient Emodus. Imaus. etc. itia. connected with theHindu Rush on the west, and with the plateau of Tibet on the north, and contains the sources of the rivers Indus, Ganges,and Brahmaputra. The mountains rise from the plain of the Ganges in ranges generally par- allel The two main chains are the southern or Outer Hima- laya, and northern or Inner Himalaya ; there are also the sub-Himalayan or Siwalik Hills and various other outer ranges. The highest peaks (the highest in the world) are Everest (29,002 feet). Godwin-Austen (28.250 feet). Kun- chinjinga (28,176 feet), Dhwalugiri (26,826 feet). 'Two peaks apparently higher than Mt. Everest were seen by Graham in 1SS4. The range is crossed by few good passes (by non& except in the western partsX Length, about l,5Cib miles. Himera (him'e-rS). The ancient name of two- rivers in Sicily, one flowing south (the Salso), and the other north past Himera. Himera. In ancient geography, a town on thfr northern coast of Sicily, 20 miles southeast of Palermo, it wasfonnded by Greek colonists in the Tth century B. c. Here, 480 B. c, Gelon of Sirracuse defeated the C-arthaginians. It was destroyed al)out 408 B. c. Ther- mae (the moaem Termini) was founded in the vicinity. Himilco (hi-mil'ko). [Gt. 'luiAKcjv.'i 1. Lived about 500 (?) B.C. A Carthaginian navigator. Ac- cording to Pliny he conducted a voyage of discoverj- from Gades northward along the coast of Europe. Itis inferred from passages in the " Ora Maritima " of Festus Avienua that the voyage of Himilco may have extended to the Sar- gasso Sea. With a little good fortune the admiral [Himilco] would have discovered America more than 2,000 years before the birth of Columbus, but "the magicians on board "were- too powerful to allow the prosecution of the adventtirous voyage. They had arrived at the Sargasso Sea. £Uon, Origins of Eng. Hist., p. 21. 2. Lived about 400 b. c. A Carthaginian gen- eral in Sicily. Himmel (hiin'mel), Friedrich Helnrich. Bom at Treuenbrietzen, Brandenburg, Prussia, Nov. 20. 1765 : died at Berlin, June 8, 1814. A Ger- man composer, author of the opera '• Fanchon, das Leiermadchen,''libretto by Kotzebue (1805), "Der Kobold" (1804), a number of cantatas, oratorios, songs, etc. Himyarltes (him'ya-rits). The former people of southwestern Ajabia. or Y'emen, said to be so called after an ancient king Himyar : now more often known as Sabeans. Himyaritic (him-ya-rit'ik). The former lan- guage of southwestern Arabia, especially of the Himyaritic inscriptions. It was an Arabic dialect, more nearly akin to Abyssinian than is the classical Ara- bic ; it has been crowded out of existence by the latter. Hinayana (hi-na-yil'na). [Skt., ' Little Vehi- cle.'] The southern school of Buddhism. See Gnat Vfhicle. Hinckley (hingk'li). A town in Leicestei-shire, England!, 13 miles southwest of Leicester. Population (1891), 9,638. Hinckley, Thomas. Bom in England about 1618 : died at Barnstable. Mass., April 25. 1706. Governor of Plymouth colony. He came to Scit- uate with his parents in 1635. and in 1639 removed to Barn- stable. He was deputy governor of Plymouth in 1680, and, except during the administration of Sir Edmund An- dros, was governor 1681-92. Hincks (hingks), Edward. Bom at Cork, Ire- land, 1792 : died at Killyleagh, County Down, Ireland, Dec. 3, 1866. An Irish Assyriologist and Egyptologist. Hincks,' Sir Francis. Bom at Cork, 1807: died at Montreal, Aug. 18, 1885. A Canadian states- man. He emigrated to Canada in 183^ founded the To- ronto "Examiner" in 1838, and the Montreal ''Pilot" in 1844 : was premier of Canada 1851-54 ; and was governor of Barbados and the Windward Islands 1555-6*2, and of British Guiana 1862-69. Hincmar (hingk'mar). Bom about 806 : died at Epemav, Dec. 21, 882. A French prelate. fiincmar 505 He was descenrte.l frntn a noble West Frankish family, was educated at tlu- Alibeyof St. Denis undei HlUtmn, and was appointed ai vhbishop of Khenns hy I l.arles tbe BaU In K45 He played a eonspieuous part ni the tbeoloKieal movements oif his time, notably in tbe predestinarjiin eon Soversy. in whieh he supported Pasehasu.sKadbe.tus HlBchief work is the"Annales Berliiiia... (from si.l to M2)- H's complete works were first published by birmond in 1645 Hind (bind), John Eussell. Bom at Nottiug- ha.li, May 12, 1823 : dif.l Dee. 23, 1895. An Eng- lish astronomer. He was superi.itendent of the Nau- tical Almanac Office for many years, a..rt discovered 10 planetoids and several comets. He publ.shed " Ihe .Sola. System" (lS4f.). "A.sl.o.i"miial % ocabnlary (18a2), tie- mentsof AlKebra'(l<,..). etc. ,. . , Hind and the Panther, The. A satirical poem bv Drvden, published 1(587 : a defense ot Roman Catholicism. The hind typified the Church of Uomo ; the panther, the Church of EngUuid. Hindi (hin'de). A modem dialect of northern India, differing from Hindustani in being a purer Aryan dialect. See Hiiidiistmii. mndley (hind'U). A manufacturing town m Lancashire, England, 19 miles northeast of Liv- erpool. Population (1891), 18,973. Hindley, Charles. Died at Brighton, May, 1893. An English bookseller. He wrote a good deal for the nress, and several books, but is best known as the author of "Mother Shipton» Prophecy," assumed to have been published in 1-148. Hindol (hin-dol'). A tributary state of Orissa, British India, intersected by lat. 20° 40' N., long. 85° 20' E. Hindoos. See Hiiidus. Hinduism (hin'do-izm). Aterm used to desig- nate the aggregate of the religious beliefs and practices developed in modern times from the earlierBrahmanism. Hinduism subordinates the wor- ship of the purely spiritual Brahman (nom- Brahma) (see BrahinaX with its first manifestation Brah.na (brahma), to that of Shiva and Vishnu, or of their w.ves, or of some f..rm ot these deities, while each sect e.\alts itsown god to the place ot the Supreme. The Puranas (which see) are its Bible. Hindu Kush (hin'do kosh). A range of moiui- tains situated mainly in Afghanistan and Katr- istan, extending from about long. 67° to (4 L. : often identified with the ancient Paropamisus. It is a western continuation of the Himalaya range. Highest point, over 24,000 feet. Hindur (hin-dor' )• A native state in the Panjab, India, intersected by lat. 31° N., long. 76° 4.')' h. Hindus (hin'dbz), or Hindoos. The native race in India descended from the Aryan couqucinrs. Their p..rest representatives belong to the two great h.s- toric castes of Brahmans and Rajputs. Ma.iy of the noii- Arjan inhabitants of India have been largely U.ndu.zed. The Hindus speak vario..8 dialects derived from Sanskrit, as Hindi, Hindustani, Bengali, Marathi, etc. Moreloosc'ly, the name includes also the no.i-Arjan inhabitants of I.idia. Hindustan (l.iu-do-stan'), or Hindostan (Idn- do-stiin'), orlndostan (in-do-stan'). The land of the Hindus; the central peninsula of Asia, or, in a more restricted sense, that portion north of the Vindhya Mountains, or even the valley ot the upper Gauges. See India. Hindustani(hin-do-stan'e).Oneofthelanguages of Hindustan, a form of Hindi which grew np m the camps of the Mohammedan conquerors of India, since the 11th century, as a medium of communication between them and the subject population of central Hindustan. It is more cor- rupted In form than Hindi, and abounds with I'e.sianand Arabic words. It is the ottlcial lang..age a..d means of general Intercourse throughout nearly the whole penin- sula. Also called Urdit. Hinganghat (hin-gan-gaf). A small town in the Wardha district. Central Provinces, Briti.sh India, situated in lat. 20° 34' N., long. 78° 52' E, Hinghani(bi'ig'am). Atownin Plymouth Coun- ty, Massachusetts, sit.iated on Boston harbor 1- miles so.it beast of Boston. Population ( 1900), ,'i,(l.')9. Hinnom (hin'om), The Valley of. See Gchennn. Hinojosa (e-no-Ho'sii), Pedro de. Bom at Tnijillo about 1490: died at Chuquisaca, Upper Peril, May 0, l.')53. A Spanish soldier. He was a follower of Pizarro In Per.. : fought against the Alma- gros in 1038 and ir.42 ; followed the rebellion of (ion7.alo I'izarro In 1546 ; a.id as captain of his ships took I'aiiania and Nombro do DIoa. (lasca induced Hinojosa to desert to the royal side with his whole Heet (Nov. Ill, iri4(i), and this dofectlon Insured the defeat of the rcbelllo.i. (lasca gave him the com.nand of his army, and subseciuenlly he was made governor of Cl.arcas, where he received rich g.ants. II.' was nm.ilered (here by conspirators. Hinojosa del Duque (del do'ka). Alownintho province of Cordova, Spain, 43 miles north- northwest of Cordova. Population (18>^7), 9,470. Hinterland (hin'ter-land: 0. proii. hin'ter- lant). [G., 'back-land.'] A German term used gpecifieally for regions in Africa inland from the European coast possessions: as, the British " Hinteriand" of the Gold Coast, or the German ••Hinterland" of Kanionin. Hinter Rhein (hin'ter rin). [G.,'Baek Ehme. ] \ river in the canton of Grisons, fewitzerlai.il, uniting with the Vorder Ehein to form the Khii.e at Keichenau. Hinton (hin'lon). James. Born at Keadiiig in 1822 : tlied Dec. 16, 1875. An English physician and philosophical writer. He was apprenticed to a clothier at Uindon i.. 1838 : became a member of the Koyal College of s.irgeo.is in 1847 ; began the practice of medieuie atLo.idoninlsM;a.idwaslectiuxronauralsurgeryatt.uys Hospital 1SU3-74, when he abandoned med.c.ne to devote himself to philosophical studies. Among his works !Ue •'Man and his Dwelling- Place '■ (1859\ '"Ihe >lystery of Pai.i ■■ (.im;\ anil '■ The Place of the Physician (18. 3)- He edited "Physiology for Practical I se " (18,4). Hinton (hin'ton), John Howard. Bom at Ox- ford, Euglaml, March 24, 1791: died at Bristol. England, Dec. 17, 1873. An English Baptist clergvman and author. Hehad charge of Devonshii-e Square (Jhapel, Bishopsgate street, London, 183"-«3. He wrote "Theology. or an Attempt towards a Co.is.stent V lew of the whole Counsel of Ciod '• (18271, 'The Work of the Holy Spirit in Conversion Considered " (1830), " Memoir of John Howard Hinton " (1835), etc, ; and edited "The H.s- tory and Topography of the U..ited States' (1830-S2). Hioso fhe-o'go). A seaport in the main island of .Tapan, situated in lat. 34° 40' N., long. 13.5° 12' E. It is one of the chief commercial places of Japan, opened to Eu.opean commerce in I8li8. Population, with Kobe (1890), l:iii,n(l8. ,, , r„ - Hiouen-Tsang (he-wen'tsilng ). A Chinese Buddhist pilgrim who visited 110 countries and places in India 629-645 a, D. Of the two works re- lating to his travels, neither was written by himself. The fli-st is a bibliographical .lotice, in which his travels fonu a principal feature, composed by two of his pup.ls, Hoe.-li and Yen-Tso.ig ; the second (" Jlemoirs of the Countries of the West •■) was edited by Pien-ki. These works, translated into French by Julien, are an invaluable source for the his- tory of the times. Hiouen-Tsang is said to have translated from Sanskrit into Chinese 057 works. Hipparchus(ln-par'kus). [Gr."In-n-apjo(:.] Died at Athens, 514 B. C. A tyrant of Athens, son of T'isistratus. He reigned in conjunction with his brother Ilippias from .''.27 to 614, when he was slain by Harmod.us and Aristogiton. See Barmodius. _ Hipparchus. Bom at Nicaea, Bithynia : lived aljout 160-125 B. c. A celebrated Greek astron- omer, the founder of scientific astronomy. He catalo'-ucd the stars, invented the planisphere, and made a ..umber of most in.portant discoveries, including theec ecntricity of the .solar orbit, s.itue of thc.iie.iual.tiesof the moon's motion, the precession of the equinoxes, etc. Hippel (hip'pel), Theodor Gottheb von. Born at Gerdauen, East Prussia, Jan. 31, 1(41: died at Konigsberg, Prussia, April 23, 1796. A Ger- man humorist. His works include "UberdieEhc"(" On Marriage," 1774), "Lebenslaufe naeh aufste.gender l.m.e ('•Careers according to a.. Ascending lane,' 17.8-M), etc. His collected works were published 1S27-38. Hippias (hip'i-as). [Gr. 'IrTriac] Died about 490 B. c. A son of Pisistratus, whom he suc- ceeded astyraut of Athens(.iointly with Hippar- chus) in 527. He was sole mler from 514, and was expelled in 510. Hippo, or Hippo Kegius (bip'o re ji-us). [t.r. 'iTTTTuv liacihhi^.] In ancient geography, a city of Numidia, near the site of the modern Bona. Augustini^ wtis bishop of Hippo, It was burned by the Vanih.ls in 430. Hiram trained himself for a large knowledge of his special pursuit by a familiarity with the metaphysic of the day. H.s al- leged study of the great idague at Athens is not corrol.o- rat«;d by a comparison with Thucydides accou.it. llie works pronounced genuine by Litln; in the large collec- tion of Hippoci-atic writings which still survive are these j the treatises on "Ancient Medicine," on 'Prognosis (which includes our diagnosis in the largest sense), the "Epidemics "(i. and iii.X the 'Treatment of Acute His- eases," the tracts on joints, fractures, and surg.cal instru- ments applied to them, on head wounds, and Hie 'Oath and " Law " of the Euild. . __ _ ilahaffy. Hist, of Cnassical Greek Lit., II. 4,. Hippocrene (hip'6-kren or hip-o-ki-e'ne). [Gr. 'iTTT-.^p//.-;/.] A fountain on Mount Helicon. Boe- otia, sacred to the Muses. Hippocrates (lii-pok'ra-tez). [Gr. 'linroKpazrK.l, Born ill f he island of Cos about 460 B. C. : died at Larissa, Th.^ssaly, about 377. A famous Greek physician, s.irnamed "the Fatherol Med- icine." 'The 87 treatises forming the socallc.l " Hippo- cratlc Collection" have been edited by Kuhn 182ft--2,, by Ermcrins 185SM16, and by Uiivi 1889-01 (with translation). See the extract. The life of Hippocrates is shrouded in a strange mist, considering the exiraonlinary celebrity of tbe ma... In the late biographies which remain to us, the fol owing facta seem worthy of record. A certain Soranus of h..s, other- wise unknow... Is said to have made specml research, s among the records of the Ascleplad g.ilid in which ll.|.- pocrales was set dow.. as the sev.liteenth In descent from the god Asclcplos, and bor.i on the 2.ith of the inonlh Ag- rhmus. In the ye.Ir 4«0 ... o. The InhablU.l.ts were si II ollerlng hinl the honours of a hero. He seems Ui l.a»e travel about a go.n. bria, and (lorglas.if U'onlinl. a h^gen.l arising merely (r..io theco..f.islngofthlsHerodlcuswlthanolherphy«lclanwb.. happ, n.7;l. Tbe next celebrated French version was that of t!ilberl,().ieen christh.a's Krench minister, i.i ItHii. Hut his very title, " Hippolyte. on le Carson Insensl de, 8..und8 strange, and the play is said nevertheless to have admitted a great deal of gallant.y In tlie> hero. Mahafu, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., I. S36. Hippolytus Romanus. An ecclesiastical writer ..I' I III' li.l .eiitiirv. He wasapupllof Ircnajus; appeara I.I have been bishop ..( l'..rtus Homanus (I'orlo); and was the lea.ler of a disalleited a.id Bchlsmalle party, orlh.vlox i.. doctrine and rigoristic in discipline, during the p.mllll- eates ot Zephyrlnus C^J^IS) and Calllstus (•:l8-^-"i'J). Ac- cording to a late tiailltion he die.l a martyr hi -sarxlinla In "ir. or '311 He Is comme.noralcil by the R..inaii Catholic Church on Aug. •2'i- Ills chief work Is ■ Phll..»..phumona, written In Greek, a manuscript of which was dlsc.iverejl at M.iunt Athos in 1842 and published hy Emmanuel Mil- Hipponax (lii-piVnaks). [Gr. 'lT-ui<,] Born at Kiihesiis: iloiirished during Ihe second half ot the 61 h centiirv B. r. A Gr.'ok iambic poet, generallv reckoiie.l as Ihe third (with Anliilo- ehus ani\ Simoiiides): note.) ns the inventor of the cl.oliainbiis- He w.as expell.d from Ephesus by the tyrants Atbenagonis an.l Comas, and thereafter resl.led at cla7...inci»e. He was deformed. giraeana. See hajnkaiia. , rT> 1 iram(l.i'ram^,orHuram(liu'ram). [Perhaps shortened from .ilii-nim, exalted brother.] 1. King of T)Te about 1000 B. C, a contemporary Hiram of David and Solomon. He raised Tj re to a leading position in the Pheuician confederacy, built many temples, and subjugated Cyprus. He entertained amicable rela- tions with David and Solomon, assisted at the building of the temple at Jerusalem by furnishing materials and arti sans, and entered witli Solomon into a commercial alliance. The so-called tomb of Hiram is shown about three miU-s distant from the modern Tyre (Sur). but it is said to ha^e been originally built just outside the eastern gate of tlie continental town, which thence sloped down to the sea. It is a "grey, weather-beaten" structure, bearing all the marks of a high antiquity. 2. A distingruished worker in brass brought by Solomon from Tyre (1 Ki. vii. 13). Hiram. A town of Portage County, Ohio, 30 miles southeast of Cleveland, the seat of Hiram College (Chiu'ch of the Disciples). SUranyagarbha (hi-ran-ya-gar'bha). [Skt., ' golden germ ' or ' golden womb.'] In the Eig- veda, a deity who is said to liave arisen in the beginning, the one lord of all beings, who upholds heaven and earth and gives life and breath, and whose command even the gods obey. According to Manu he was Brahma, the first male, formed by the undiscernible First Cause in a golden egg resplen- dent as the sun. .\fter a year Brahma divided the egg into 2 parts hy his mere thought. One part became the heavens, the other the earth i and between them he placed the sky, the 8 regions, and the eternal abode of waters. Hiren (hi'ren). [A corruption of the Greek Jrexe.'] A strumpet, a character in Peele's play "The Turkish Mahomet and Hiren the Fair Greek." The phrase,"HaTe we not Hiren here? " which appears in Dekker's *'.Satiromastix, " Chapman's " Eastward Hoe, ' and a number of 17th-century works, is an allusion to her. Pistol in Shakspere's 2 "Henry IV." appears to apply the phrase to his sword. William Barksteed wrote a poem called ■ ' Hiren, or the Fair Greek " in 1611. Hirhor (her'hor). A high priest of Amun at Thebes, the founder of the 21st (illegitimate) dynasty of Egyptian kings, ruling at Thebes. Brugseh gives his date as 1100 B. C. Hixlas Horn, The. A "Welsh poem, written by Owain, prince of Powys, in the 12th century. The Hirl..s horn is "a drinking-horn, long, blue, and sil- ver-rimmed," which Owain fills and drinks to each of his chiefs, with a song. Hirpini (her-pi'ni). In ancient history, an Ital- ian people, of Samnite stock, living in southern Samnium in the district near Beneventum. ffirsau (hir'sou), or Hirschau (hir'shou). A village in the Black Forest circle, Wiirtemberg, situated on the Xagold 21 miles west of Stutt- gart. It was noted in the middle ages for its Benedic- tine monastery, built in the 9th century. Hirsch (hirsh), BaronMaurice de (Baron Man- rice de Hirsch de G-ereuth ). Born at Munich, Dec. 9, 1831 : died at Ugyalla, near Komorn, Hungary, April 21, 1896. An Austrian finan- cier, capitalist, and philanthropist, of Hebrew descent. His great wealth was partly inherited from his father, partly increased by marriage, and to a great extent gained by banking and by transactions in railroads, chiefly Turkish. He contributed upward of S25,O0O,OOO for charit- able purposes, largely for the education and allegation of the sufferings of the Jews. Among the gifts by which he is best known is that to the Jewish Colonization Associa- tion (¥10,()00,(XiO), and the De Hirsch Trust for the United States (*2,.=.00,i.iOO). Hirschberg ( liirsh'bero). A town in the prov- ince of Silesia. Prussia, at the junction of the Zacken and Bober, 60 miles west-southwest of Breslau. it is the center of trade in the Silesian Moun- tains, and the center of the Silesian linen manufacture. Populati..n (1890X 16,214. Hirson ler-soii'). A town iti the department of Aisne, France, on the Oise 33 miles northeast of Laon, noted for basket-making. Poptilation (1891), commune, 6.294. fiirtius (her'shi-us), Aulus. Killed near Mu- tina. Italy. 43 B. c. A Eotnan politician, a friend of CsBsar, the reputed author of the eighth book of Ctesar's "Commentaries on the Gallic War." and of the history of the Alexandrian war. As consul with Pansa (43) he defeated Antony at Mutina. Hispalis (his'pa-lis). or Hispal (his'pal). The ancient name of Se%-ille. Hispania (his-pa'ni-a). The ancient name of t)ie Spanish peninsula. Hispaniola. See Espnilola and Haiti. Hissar(liis-sar'). 1. A dependency of Bokhara, central Asia, lying between Russian Turkestan on the north and Afghanistan (separated by the Amu Daiia) on the .south. — 2. The chief town of Hissar, situated on the river Kafirni- gan about lat. 38° 2.=i' N., long. 68° 28' E. Popu- lation, about 1.5.000. Hissar. 1. A division in the Panjab. British India. Area. i^.SoS square miles. Population (1881), 1,311,067.-2. A district in the Hissar division, intersected by lat. 29° N., long. 76° E. Area, 5,163 square miles. Population (1891), 506 776.006.— 3. The capital of the distinct of His- sar, situated in lat. 29° 10' N., long. 75° 46' E. Population (1891), 16,854. Hissarlik. See Troy. Histiaea (his-ti-e'ii). [Gr. 'lartaia.] See Oreiis. Histiaeus(his-ti-e'us). [Gr.'IffnoJor.] E.xeeuted at Sardis. Asia Minor. 494 B. 0. A tjTant of Miletus, a friend of Darius I. of Persia. Histoire Comique de Francion (es-twar' ko- mek' de fi'ou-syoh'). [F.. 'Comic History of Francion.'] A fiction by Charles Sorel, chiefly remarkable for the " evidence it gives of an attempt at an early date (1623) to write a novel of onlinaiy manners." Saintsbiiry. Historia Miscella (Ms-to'ri-a. mi-sel'a). See the extract. This curious farrago of history forms the first part of Sluratori's great collection of the " Scriptores Eerum Itali- carum." The first eleven books are substantially the work of Eutropius (the familiar Eutropius of our boyhood), and reach down to the death of Jovian. The authorship of the following books is generally attributed to Paulus Dia- conus. of Aquileia, who died in 799, and the completion of the work to Landiilf the Wise, who flourished in the elev- enth century. Without going into the disputed question as to this authorship, it is sufficient to say that the writer, who is confessedly a mere compiler, interweaves large passages from Jornandes, Orosius, the -Annalists, and the Ecclesiastical Historians. Bodgkin, Italy and her Invaders, I. 431. Histriomastix (his tri-o-mas'tiks). [LL., 'the player's seoiu-ge.'] A playby Marston. produced before 1599, in which year Jonson satirized it in his "Every Man out of his Humour." It was printed in 1610. Histriomastix, the Player's Scourge, or Ac- tor's Tragaedie. Atreatise by Williatu Prynne, published in 1632, though dated 1633. The book was designed to promote the total suppression of stage- plays. " Prynne's treatise, as is well known, led to his beiiig summoned before the High Commission Court and Star Chamber, which condemned his book to be burnt, and the author to be expelled from the Bar and his Inn, to stand in the pillory, to lose both his ears, to pay a fine of £5,000 to the King, and to be perpetually imprisoned. . . . For, about the time when the book was published — ac- cording to one account on the day before, according to an- other but shortly afterwards— the Queen anil her ladies had themselves acted in a Pastoral at Whitehall." (Ward. Hist. Dram. Lit.) In 1649 a mock retractation, entitled "ilr. William Prynn his Defence of Stage-Plays, or a Ketracta- tion of a former Book of his called Histrio-Mastix," was published. Hit (hit). A town in the vilayet of Bagdad, Asiatic Turkey, situated on the Euphrates about 100 miles west-northwest of Bagdad: the an- cient Is. It is famous for its fountain of bitu- men. Population (estimated), 2.500. Hitchcock (hieh'kok), Edward. Born at Deer- field, Mass., May 24, 1793: died at Amherst. Mass., Feb. 27, 1864. An American geologist, professor from 1825 of chemistry and natural history at Amherst College, and president of the college 1845-54, with the professorshij) of natu- ral theology and geology. Among his works are "Geology of "the Connecticut Valley " (1S23), "Elementaiy Geology" (1840), "Fossil Footsteps" (1S48), "Religion of Geology "(1851), "lUustrationsof Surface Geology "(18.56), "Supplement to the Ichnology of New England" (1S65), "Elementary and Popular Treatise on Geology" (ivith Charles H. Hitchcock, 1860), "Anatomy and Physiology" (with Edward Hitchcock, Jr., 1860). Hitchcock, Roswell Dwight. Born at East Machias, Maine. Aug. 15, 1817 : died at Somer- set, Mass., June 16, 1887. An American clergy- man and theologian. He was appointed professor of church history at Union Theological Seminary (New York) in 1855, and president in 1880, He published "Complete Analysis of the Bible " (1869), "Socialism " (1879), etc. Hitchin (hich'in). A town in Hertfordshire, England, 33 miles north bv west of London. Population (1891), 8,860. Hitchiti(he-che-te'). Adivisionof North Amer- ican Indians. The name is from a Creek word, 'to look up ' (i. e., the stream). The language was spoken on the Chattahoochee River, Georgia, and spread to Flint River through Georgia and Florida. The Seminoles were a half- Creek and haif-Hitchiti speaking people, and probably the Yamassi also. See Creek. Also Echeetee, Etchila, Ichiti. Hitopadesha(hi-t6-pa-da'sha). In Sanskrit lite- rature, the book of "Good Counsel." It was thefirst Sanskrit book printed in Nagari letters (see Demnarjany. edited by Carey, and printed at Serampore in 1S03, It had been already translated by Wilkins(Bath.l7S7) and Sir Wil- liam Jones(London, 1799). Itisethico-didactic,and iswhat theHindus call a nitishastra or'conduct-work.' The plan is simple. The sons of King Sudarshana are vicious. He convokes the wise men, and asks if any one is able to re- form his sons. Vishnusharman offers to do so, takes them in charge, and relates to them the stories which make up the collection. 'The Hitopadesha is not an original work, but an excellent compilation of ancietit material. The sources are expressly said to be *" the Panchatantra and another work." The author or editor is said to have been Narayana and his patron, the prince Dhavalachandra. The woik'is at least 500 years old. Hitteren (hit'ter-en). An island of Norway, west of Trondhjem. Length, 30 miles. Hoare, Sir Richard Colt Hittites (hit'its). An important tribe, descend- ed from Heth, son of Canaan, the son of Ham, settled in the region of Hebron on the hiU, and often mentioned as one of the seven principal Canaanite tribes, and sometimes as comprising the whole Canaanite population. Hittite kings are mentioned who seem to have dwelt north of Palestine. About the middle of the 9th century B. c. they disappear from biblical history, some scholars, however, distinguish the latter as Syrian Hittites, whom they consider a differ- ent tribe from the Canaanite Hittites. 'They have lately been identified with the Eheta of the Egyptians and the Chatti of the AssjTian monuments. These monuments agree with the notices of the old Testament in depicting the Hittites .as a powerful tribe. Thothmes III., of the 18th dynasty, fought with them about 1600 b. c. in ilegid- do. Later Seti attacked them about 1350 B. c, and Ramesea n. (the supposed Pharaoh of the oppression^ defeated them not long after at Kadesh, on the Orontes. The Kheta are also often referred to in the diplomatic corre- spondence of Tel-el-Amarna. The Chatti are found early in collision with Assyria. They were defeated by Tiglatfa. Pileser I. (1120-HiX>). Asurnazirpal (S84-S60) carried tneir princes into captivity. Under Shalmaneser II. the Hit- tites entered into an alliance with Ben-hadad of S>Tia, but were defeated in the great battle on the plains of Syria, and their city, Carchemish, was taken in 855. Twelve Hit- tite kings are enumerated as contemporary rulers at this time. Sargon fiuiilly put an end to the Hittite indepen- dence in 717, when the inhabitants of Carchemish were de- ported to Assyria and the city was repeopled with Assyrian colonists. Monuments, supposed to be Hittite, have been discovered since 1872 in Hamath, Aleppo, Carchemish, Cappadocia, Lycaonia, and Lydia, which would show that the Hittite empire once spread over the greater part of Asia ilinor; audit maybe that from there they at onetime pushed their way into northern Syria. The question whe- ther they formed one race with the Hittites of the Canaan- ite stock remains an open one. The originators of these Hittite monuments are considered by some scholars to have been a " Mongoloid " race. The art exhibited on these monuments is still of a primitive, rude character. The in- scriptions, in hieroglyphic characters, have not yet been deciphered. Of late there is a tendency among some scholars to consider the Hittites as a race speaking a Semitic lan- guage akin to SjTiac or Aramaic, and to regard the so- called Hittite inscriptions as the work of another people who are, for the time being, caUed "pseudo- Hittites." Hittorff (hit'tort). Jacques Ignace. Born at Co- logne, Aug. 20, 1792: died at Paris, March 25, 1867. A French architect. His chief work is the Church of St. Vincent de Paul in P.aris. He published ".Ar- chitecture cntique de la Sicile " (1826-30X ".\rchitecture moderne dela Sicile" (1826-35), " Architectiure polychrome Chez les Grecs " (1S51), etc. Hitzig(hit'siG), Ferdinand. BomatHauingen, Baden. Jvme 23. 1807: died at Heidelberg, Baden, Jan. 22, 1875. A German exegete, professor at Zm-ich (1833) andlater (1861) at Heidelberg. He published commentaries on Isaiah (1S33), the Psalms (1835- 1S36), the minor prophets (1838), Jeremiah (1841), etc. Hitzig,Friedrich. Born at Berlin, April 8, 1811 : died Oct. 11, 1881. A German architect. Hivites (hi'vits). An ancient Canaanite people in northern Palestine. Hjelmaren (hyel'mar-en), or Hjelmar (hyel'- miir). A lake in Sweden, 10 miles southwest of Lake Malar, into which it discharges its waters. Length, about 40 miles. ^j6rring(hyer'^ing). A town and bathing-place at ahnost the northern extremity of Jutland, Denmark. Ho. See Hwanglio. Hoadly, or Hoadley (hod'li), Benjamin. Bom at Westerham. Kent. England, Nov. 14, 1676: died at Chelsea, London, April 17, 1761. An English di\-ine and controversialist, bishop suc- cessively of Bangor (1715), Hereford (1721), Sal- isbury (1723), and Winchester (1734). He origi- nated the "Bangorian controversy '' (which see) by his ser- mon on the "Kingdom of Christ " (1717). Hoadly, Benjamin, Born at London, Feb. 10, 1706: died at Chelsea, London, Aug. 10. 1757. An English physician and author, son of Ben- jamin Hoadly. He wrote "The Suspicious Husband " ?1747), and assisted Hogarth in his "Analysis of Beauty." Moangho. See Hiii:i>i. Hoar (hor), Ebenezer Rockwood. BornatCon- eord, Mass., Feb., 21, 1816: died there, Jan. 31, 1895. An American jurist, son of Samuel Hoar. He was judge of the Massachusetts Supreme Court 18.'.»- 1869 ; United States attoniey-genenal 1869-70 ; joint high commissioner on the treaty of Washington 1871 ; and member of Con^rre.^s from Massachusetts 1873-75. Hoar, George Frisbie. Born at Concord, Mass., Aug. 29, 1S26. An American statesman, sou of Samuel Hoar. He was a Republican member of Con- gress from Massachusetts 1869-77, a member of the Elec- toral Commission in 1S77, and United States senator 1877-. Hoar, Samuel, Boni at Lincoln, Mass., May 18, 1778 : died at Concord, Mass., Nov. 2, 1856. An American politician, member of Congress from Massachusetts 1835-37. Hoare ihor). Prince. Born at Bath, England, about 17.55 : died at Brighton, Dec. 22. 1834. An English painter and playwright, son of William Hoare. Hoare, Sir Richard Colt. Bom at Stourhead, Wilts, Eugland, Dec. 9, 1758 : died there. May Hoare, Sir Richard Colt 19, 1838. Au English auticiuiiry aiicl topogra- pher. His chief work is a " History of Modern Wiltshire" (1.H22-44). Hoare, William. Bom about 1706 :iiied at Bath, Kii!;l:iiiil, Dec-., 1792. Au Euglish historical and portrait paiiili-r. Hobart (ho'biirt), sotuotimcs writ t I'll Hobarton ; ho'liar-ton),"orHobartTO'Wll (ho'liiirt touii or !io'bar-ton). The capital of Tasmania, situated I u Sullivan's Cove, at the mouth of t he river Der- «ent, in lat. 4:;° .53' S., long. 147° 21' E. It was fouiidt'd in 1S04, and is the chief comiuercial city of the colony. Pdpillatioii (1891), 24,905. Hobart (ho'liiirt), Augustus Charles, Hobart Paslia. Bornat\Valton-on-thc-\Volds,Leicester- sliire, .-Vitril 1, 1.S22 : diedat Milan, June 19, 1880. Xn Englisli admiral in the Turkish service, third -on of the sixth Earl of Buckinghamshire. He >ntere(l the British na\'y in 1835; became naviJ adviser to the Sultan of Turkey in 1307; suppressed the Cretan re- liellion in 18(>7 ; was appointed admiral, with the title of pasha, in 1»(19 ; reorganized the Turkish Heet and operated against Russia in the Black Sea in 1877 ; and was promoted mushir or marshal of the Turkish empire in ISSl. Hobart, Garret Augustus. Bom at Long Branch, N. J.. 1844: died at Paterson, N. J.. Nov. 21, 1809. An American lawj-er and Ke- ]>ublican politician. He was educated at Rutgers Col- lege, and was admitted to the bar in 1869. In 1872 he served in the State assembly of New Jersey ; in 187ti was elected a member of the State senate, and in 1881 its president: and in 1800 was elected Vice-President. Hobart, John Henry. Bom Sept. 14, 177,'): die.l Sept. 10 (12?). 1830. Protestant Episco- pal bishop of New York lSl()-:!0. Hobbema (hob'be-ma), Meyndert or Minder- hout. Born at Amsterdam, or Koeverdam, about 1638 : died at Amsterdam, Dec, 1709. A Dutch landscape-painter. He was influenced in style by Ruisdael. He is noted for his atmospheric effects, torie, and brilliancy. In many of his landscapes figures liave been painted by other noted artists. His picture of " The Henuitage, .St. I'etersburg " (1603) is owned by the New York Historical Society. Sobbes (hobz), Thomas. Bom at Westport (now in Malmesbury). Wiltshire, April,"), 1588: died at Hardwick Hall. Dec. 4, 1679. A cele- brated English philosopher. His father, Thomas Hobbes, was vicar of Charlton and Westport. In 1603 Hobbes entered Magdalen Hall, Oxford, where he grad- uated in 160S. He soon entered the service of William Caveiulish llater first earl of Devonshire) as tutor to his eldest son (later second earl of Devonshire), and retained this position until the death of his pupil in 102H. They made a continental tnur in ItilO. In 1020 he became trav- eling tutor to the son of Sir Uervase Clifton, and visited Paris and, probably, Italy. He returned to the service of the Cavendishes in 1031 as tutor to the third Earl of Devon- shire, with whom, 1634-37, he made an extended tour on the Continent, during which he estaldished friendly relatitms with many distinguished men, including ( ialileo, Gassendi, Mersenne, anil Descartes. Previous to this time (before 1625 Ohe had served llacon as amanuensis, and in translat- ing some of his essays into Latin. He lived with Devon- shire until 1IV41I, when fear of persecution by Parliament for his political opinions drove him to Paris, where he re- mained until 1051, when, in the belief that his life was in danger from those who accused hinmf heii-iodoxy and even atheism, he rted hack to Knglanil and luciinie reconciled to the Croniwellian goverrniient. For a time in 1040 he instructed the Prince of Wales (later Charles II.) in math- ematics. After the Restoration he lived with the Earl of Devonshire. Hobbes was a pronounced nominalist in philosophy, an antagonist of scholasticism, one of the suggesters of the associational psychology, and a leader of modern rationalism. He insisted especially ujion the complete separation of theology and pliilosophy, and the subordination of the church t^» the slate. He is best Itnown from his doctrine that the iHiwerof the state is ab- solute as against the individual — that it is the '" Levia- than " that swiillows all, a mortal god who, like the Deity, governs accnrding to his pleasni-e, and gives peace and se- curity to his subjects. His chief works are a transilatlnn of Thucydides,"!)!- cive" 1 10-12), " Human Nature, or I Ije Fun- damental Elements of Policy "(1050)." "De corpi ire politico" (10.^0), "Leviathan, or the Matter, F'oriii, and Power of a C'onuu' in wealth. Ecclesiastical ami civil " (lO.M), "Of Lib- erty and N'ece8Hity"(lor.4). llisclli-ct'd works were edited by Sir W. Moleswi.rlh 1839-45, in 16 vols. (5 in Latin). Hobbes, John Oliver. The pseudonym of Mrs. Craigie. Hobhouse (hob'lions), John Cam, Lord Brough- ton. Bom !it Keilland, near Uristol, .luiie 27, 1786: died at London, June 3, 1869. An Eng- lish politician and writer. He entered Parliament in 1820 ; became secrelai-y at war In 18:12 ; was appointed chief secretary for Ireland, March, 18.'t3, but soon resigned his olllre and his seat; reentered Parliament in 18;i4 ; and was [ircsident of the board of control I^;f5-4I, and again 1840^ .'i2. In 1819 he was arrested and romniitted to New- gate for an anonymous pamphlet (" A ']') illhig -Mistake in 'illomas, Ixird Erskine's recent Preface, etc. "), the piiblica. tlon of which was held to he a breach o( privilege by the House of Commons. He was the most Inthnate friend of Lord Ityron, a nmnection which was formed at Cambridge. They travibd logethcr on the Continent l.iMllHII. Holi- hnuse wasoiif i.f ISyron's executors. He was created I>onl Broiighton in ls51. Ho wrote " Historical Illustrations of the Fourth Canto of 'Chllde Harold •" (2il eil. 1818). "A Journiy through Albania, etc." (1813), etc. His "Diaries, Correspondence, and Memoranda " are in the Iceoplng of the llritisli Museum, ami could not be opened until the Jear 19"^" (l?36). '"<'i <;»sa>s republUhed from the British under Lord Kawdon defeated the Americans under 1 rmci ton Keview. Greene, in what is sometimes called the second battle of Hodge, Hugh LenoX. Born at Philadelphia, . Camden. June 27, 1796; died at Philadelphia, Feb. 26, floboken(h6'b6-ken). AcityinHudsonCounty, 1873. An American physician and medical New Jersey, situated on the Hudson, opposite writer, brother of Charles Hodge. He became iu New York, contiguous to Jersev City. It is the 1835 professor of obstetrli s in the I'niversity of Pcnn- terminus of several steamship and railway lines, and the sylvania, a position which he retained until 1803, when he seat of the Stevens Institute of Technologj'. Population became professor emeritus. He wrote " Diseases Peculiar 11900), o'.i,364. to Women" (185!>1," Principles and Practice of ObBtetrics" Hobson(hol)'son). Richmond Pearson. Horn (18iH),and • ioeticide •■ (IsiS). at Greensboro," Ala., Aug. 17. Is70. An Aiiier- HodgSOn (hoj'son), John Evan. Born March 1, ican naval officer, noted for his exploit in blow- 1831 : died Jtme 19. 189.'i. An Englisli painter ing up the United States collier .Merrimac in an of genre, historical, and Moorish subjects, attempt to block tlie channel of the harbor of H6d-Mez6-V4s&rhely (hod'me-zii-vii'shSr- Santiago de Cuba June 3, 1898. He was pro- hely). A city iu tlie county of Csongrfid, Hun- tnoted naval constructor June 23. 1898, and garv, situated in lat. 46° 27' N., long. 20° 22'E. i-nptain Feb. 26, 1901 ; resigned Feb., 1903. Population (1S90), r).-),47.'). Hobson, Thomas. Bom about 1544: died Hoe (ho), Richard March. Bom at New York 1631. A carrier and keeper of a livery-stable city, Sept. 12, 1812: died at Florence, Italy, at Cambridge. England, in the first half of June 7, 1886. An American inventor. He per- thp 17th cpiitiirv iiisbnhif nf nbliiHnffbiBeiistomers fected in 1S46 B rotai-y piiuting-press which received the I, take the horse ;^hich°ha^''ptLftob^^ "■■■•-''* '^'^I'ili'j?^'!?,"? n^^t^^ ■"" subsequently invented gave rise to the expression "Uobson's choice" — that is, '"« "'"- ^^^y.?A \ T^T^Xt^ ->„„ Ti „f A . * 'this or none ' Hoecke ( ho ke), Jan vau den. Bom at Ant- Hoche (osh). Lazare. Bom at Monti-euil, near werp, 1611: died there 1651. A historical and Versailles. France, June 25, 1768 : died at Wetz- portrait painter of the F emish school He was lar, Prussia. Sept. 18 (19 ?), 1797. A French gen- '■•^''Jt painter to Archduke Leopold William in oral. He served with distinction in Alsace in 1793 ; sup- ''•^'i _ ^ pressed the Vcndean revolt 1795-90 ; and fought against the Hoecke, Robrecht VaU QeU. Bom at Antwerp, Austrians in 1797. Nov. 30, 1622 : died after 1695. A genre, land- Hochelaga (ho-shel'a-ga). A tribe or village of scape, and battle painter of the Flemish school, North American Indians, on the site of Mon- half-brother of Jan van den Hoecke, treal when it was discovered liy Cartier in l.i35. HcEdi (he'di), [L. Iia'tli, the kids.] The two stars It had disappeared in 1003. The tribe was Iroquoi.an, and // and C Auriga^. was surrounded by Algonquian tribes. The name is de- HoBnlr (he'nir). fON.l In Old Norse mythology, rived from a word meaning 'beaver grounds. See Iro- ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ three gods (Jdin, Hceuir, aid Lodur (ON. Lodhurr), who created out of frees in Midgard the first man and woman. Ask and rived from a word meaning fruoinn. Hochheim(h6'liim; G. pron. hoch'him). A small town in the province oi Hesse-Nassau. Prussia, situated near the Main 4 miles east of Mainz, celebrated for the Hochheimer wines. Hochkirch (hoch'kirch), or Hohkirchen (ho'- kirch-en). A village in the governmental dis- trict of Bautzen, Saxony, 6 miles east-southeast of Bautzen. Here Oct. 14, 1758, the Austrians (about 05,000) under Daiin defeated the Prussians (about 42,000) Embla. Odin gave them life, Hoenir sense, and Lodur blood and color. Hof (hof), formerly Regnitzhof (reg'nits-hof). A city in Upper Franconia, Bavaria, situated on the Saale in lat. 50° 18' N., long. 11° 55' E. It lias important niamifactures. Population ( 1890), commune, 24.455. under Frederick the Great, the loss of the Prussians being Hofer(lio'fer), Andreas. Born at St.Leonhard, about 9,iX)0, that of the Austrians about 0,000. Passevr vallev. Tvrol. Nov. 22. 1767: executed Hochst (hechst). A town in the province of at Mantua, Italv," Feii! iO,' 1810. A Tvrolese Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, situated on the Main patriot, the lieai'l of the Tvrolese insurrection 6 miles west of Frankfort -on-the-Mam. Here, on ih09. He gained victories at Sterzing, Innshnick, Isel. .lune 20, 1022, Tilly defeated Duke Christian of Brunswick ^[^.^ .,„j „.(^ (he head of the goveriino nt in 1S09. and on Oct, 11, 179.5, the Austrians underClerfayt defeated TTnO-ma„ «- , Ppxroncrp fnr a Tathfr \ trii- the French under Jourdan. Population (1890), commune, Uonman, Or a Itevenge lOr a i ainer. -\ t ra- jiji^r, "^ geily by Henry Chetlle, produced 111 ]()02. HSchstadt (hech'.stot). A small town in the Hoffman (hof'nian), Charles Fenno. Born at governmental district of Swabia, Bavaria, sit- New York city in 1801): died uI Harrisburg, Pa,, uated on the Danube 23 miles northwest of June 7, 1884. Au .-Vnierican poet and novelist. He was admitted to the bar about 182S, but shortly aban- doned the profession of law in order to devote liimself to liteniture. He established the "Knickerbocker -Maga- zine" in 18.'13, and subsei|Uently became proprietor of the "American Magaaine," which he edited for many ^eara. He I line insane in 1849, and during the rest of his life was luiiilned in the Harrisburg Insane Asylum. The first collection of his poems. " The Vigil of Faith, a Legend of the Adirondack Mountains, and other Poems." appeared in 1812. A complete edition was published by E. F. Uoff* man ni 1874. Hoffmann (Imr'niiin), August Heinrich.com- iiioiily called Hoffmann von Fallersleben (fon lal'lers-la-ben). Born at Fallersleben, llannover, Prussia, April 2, 1798: ilied at the castle of Korvei, near Iloxter. Prussia. .Tan. lil- 20. 1S74. A iJerman poel, ]iliilologist. and lit- erary llistorian. lie studied at Oottlngen and lionn. In 1823 ho was made custodian of the university library' at llreslau, and in 18:10 professor there of (Jennanic iditlol- ogy. In 1842, in eousei|Uence of the views expressed In his" I ■npolitischcl,ieder"("XoniKilltical Songs," 1810-41), lie wa-s deprived of his ]iosition. and for several years luia no settled place of residence. He was finally ri-liabilitaleil in 1.S48. tn Prussia. In 18.53 he went to Weimar, where he engaged, In collalHiration with the OermanistiiscarScbado, in the editorship of the short-lived " Welinarisehe .lahr- biicherfnrdeiilseheSprache.Lltcralnrnnd Kunst "(" Wei- mar Annals for German Language, Literature, and Art "). After 18(10 he lived at Korvei as llbniriau !.• the Duke of llatlliiir. Among llis many itoetlcal works iire"l.ieder null Koman?.en' ('Songs and Romances," IS'Jl) ".'agcr- llcder"(" Hunters" Songs," 1)^28), "Klnderlieder" ("Chil- dren's Songs," 1K4:1-I7), " Deutsche ()a88enlleder"(" Ger- man Street Songs," 1,'-I3), " l.lebeslleder " (' I ove Songs," 1811), ".soldatenlicder"(" Soldiers' Songs," 18M-.V-'X " v«- terlaiul8lleder"(" Songs of Fatherland," 1S71). Among his eiinallynnmemua seieMtlflc wrilings are " Knndgniben fur Oeschichte deulscher Snraclie und l.iteralur" ("Tn-a- sures for the History of tlieCcrman Ijtnguage and Litem, ture." 1h;i(I-;i7). "(leschlehle des deutschon Klrchcnlleds bis I,utlier"(" lllstorv of theCerninn Church Hymn down to Luther." 1831), " lioiir llelgica'" (a collicllon of low (Jerinan folksiuigs. lvi.t-i'.2. In 12 vols.). ' Deutsche I'hl- lologle till (irumlriss" ( "sketch of Dcrmnn Philology," I8;!0). An Aiiiericnn rrestiyterian tlieologiun. He was g^jmj^jjjj Daniel. Born at Halle, Prussia, prote-shorin 1-rinceton ■rbeologlcal Seniiriaryfrom l'^2•2 and , - ^ , . ,j '| , Wolfenbllttel. (tprmany, 1611. A was the founder of the "lllblleal Keposllory and Prince- ' ' ^ t .i _.. ..,„l.,.»^„«,i.,U<.f ton Eevlew" (18-26). His chief work Is ".Systematic Tht- (5erman Lutheran controversiahst. Augsburg. It was the scene of three battles: (1) Sept. 20, 1703, defeat of the Imperialists by the Bavarians and French: (2) Aug. 13. 1704, the battle of Blenheim, called the battle of Hochstadt by the (iemians; r;i) June 19, 1800, defeat of the Austrians by the F'reneh unilcr Morc.iu. Hochstetter (hoch'stit-ter). Ferdinand von. Born atEsslingen.W'iirteiiiberg. April 30. I.Sl'I) : died at Oberdobling, near Vienna, July 18, ].>^84. A (lertnan geologist, traveler, and geou;rapher. lie became prival-doceiit at the I'niversity of Vienna in IS.'iO, geologist to the Novanl expeilition In 1867, and was professor of mineralogy and geology at the Vienna Poly- technic Institute ls«l 81. He wrote " Nciisceland "(180:1), "(leologie von NiiLsieland " (1804), " Palaontologie Ton Nensecland " (1804), etc. Hodeida (ho-da'dii or ho-di'dii), or Hudeide. .\ senport in Yemen, Arabia, situated on the lied Sea in lat. 14° 47' N., long. 4'2° .54' E. Pop- ulation, about 20.000. Hodel (he'del), Emil Heinrich Max, called Lehmann, alsii Traber. Bmn atLeipsic, May 27, IS,')7: e.xei-iileil -Vug. 16, 1S78, A (ierman Social Deniocrnt who altempleil to assassinate Uie emperor William by firing two shots from a revolver, neither of which took effect, at Berlin, May 11, 1K78. Hodge. The name given to the t>i)i<'al peasant in I'iiiginnil. Hodge (lioi). Archibald Alexander. Born nt Princeton. N. J., July 18. 1S23: dii-d there. Nov. 11, 1886. An .\mericiin Presbyterian clergyman and theoliigian, son of Clinrles IlodgiN lie was professor of ilidaitic tbeologyin Western Theological Sem- inar)-, Alleghcnv. Pennsvlvanla, 1804-77, and in 1878 suc- ceeded his latl'ier as iiroressor of didacllc and imlemic thcoliigy at Princeton Thcologleal Seminary. Among Ills works are "Outlines of Theology " (1800). "The Atone- ment " (ISOs), and ".Manual of Forms'" (revised edillon, 188,1). Hodge, Charles. Bom at Philadelnhia, Dec, 28, 1707: died at Princeton, N. J., .lune 19, 1878. rrestiyterian theologian Hoffmann, Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffinann, Ernst Theodor Amadeus (origi- nallT Wilnelm). Born at Konigsbeig, Prussia, Jan." 24, 1776: died at Berlin. June 25. 1S22. A German romance writer. His works include " Phan- tasiestiicke in Callots Manier" ("Phantasy Pieces in Cal- lots Manner," lS14-l.iX - Elixire des Teufels" (1S1»-16). "Nachtstiicke" (IslT), 'Die Serapionsbriider " (1819-21), " Kater Mnrr " (1820-i2), etc. Hoffmann, Friedricll. Bom at Halle, Prussia, Feb. 19, 1660: died at Halle, Nov. 12. 1742. A celebrated German physician, author of "Sys- tema medieinse rationalis" (1718-40). He be- came the first professor of medicine at Halle in 1693. Hoffmann, LudwigFriedrichWilhelm. Born at Leonberg, Wurtemberg, Oct. 30, 1806: died at Berlin, Aug. 28, 1873. A German Protestant clergj-man. He studied theologj- at Tubingen, became pastor at Stuttgart in 1833, and was appointed superin- tendent of the Missionary Institute at Basel in 1S39. He became in 1852 court preacher to Frederick William IV., on whose ecclesiastical policy he exerted a strong influence. Eofgeismar (hof'gis-mar). A small town in the province of Hesse-Nassau. Prussia, situated on the Esse 14 miles north-northwest of Cassel. Hofhuf (hof-hof').orHofuf (ho-fof). The capi- tal of El-Hasa. Arabia, situated near the Persian Gulf about lat. 2.5° 20' N.. long. 49° 50' E. It was taken bv the Turks in 1872. Population, about 25.000". Hofmann (hof'man). August Wilhelm von. Born at Giessen, Germany. April S. 1.^18: dieil at Berlin, May 5. 1892. Anoted German chemist. He became superintendent of the Royal College of Chem- istry (afterward chemical section of the Royal School of Mines) at London in 1S4S; warden of the British mint in 1855 ; professor of chemistry at Bonn in 1S64 : and was professor of chemistry at Berlin from 1S65 until his death. He published '• Handbook of Organic Analysis " (1853), " Einleitung in die modeme Chemie " (6th ed. 1877), etc. Hofmann, Johann Christian Eonrad von. Bom at Nuremberg. Bavaria. Dee. 21. 1810: died at Erlangen, Bavaria, Dec. 20, 1877. A German Lutheran theologian, professor of the- ology at Erlangen in 1841, ordinary' professor at Rostock in 1842. and at Erlangen in 1845. Hofmann, Richard. Born at Manchester, Eng- land, May 24, 1831. An Anglo-American com- poser, pianist, and teacher. He has lived in New York since 1847, Hofwyl (hof'vel). Aji estate 6 miles north of Bern. Switzerland: the seat of the educational institutions of Fellenberg. Hogarth (ho'garth), William. Bom at Lon- don, Nov. 10, 1697 : died at London, Oct. 26, 1764. A celebrated English painter and en- graver. In 1712 he was apprenticed to Ellis Gamble, a silversmith; in 1718 he turned his attention to engrav- ing ; and in 1726 he first became known by his plates for *' Hudibras." In 1729 he ran away with Sir James Thorn- hill's only daughter, and was married at Paddington church. He published in 1733 "The Harlot's Progress," which was soon followed by "The Rake's Progress." In 1735 Hogarth obtained the passage of an act securing the rights of artists to their own designs. In 1736 he painted on the stairway of St. Bartholomew's Hospital " The Good Samaritan" and "The Pool of Bethesda." .\mong his other pictures are the " Distressed Poet " and the " Enraged Musician "(1741), " Marriage a la Mode "(1745), "Industry and Idleness " (1747). He made a famous journey to France in 174S. In his later years Hogarth indulged in literary compositions, and wrote "The Analysis of Beauty." He painted a number of-portraits of himself, the best of which is in the National Gallery, London. Hogarth is essentially a comic painter ; his pictures are not indifferent, unimpassioned descriptions of human na- ture, but rich, exuberant satires upon it. He is carried away by a passion for the ridiculous. His object is " to show vice her own feature, scorn her own image." He is so far from contenting himself with still life that he is always on the verge of caricature, though without ever falling into it BailiU, Eng. Poets, p. 190. Hogarth Club. A London club for artists, es- tablished in 1870. It has a life class, sketching club, and reading-room. Hogg (hog), James. Bora at Ettrick, Selkirk- shire, 1770 : died at Eltrive Lake, Nov. 21, 1835. A Scottish poet, called "the Ettrick Shep- herd " from his oeeupation. In 1790 he began to be known as a song-maker, and in 1796 his education had ad- vanced so far that he began to write his verses. In 1802 he made the acquaintance of Scott. In ISIO he settled in Edinburgh with a view of devoting himself to literature, but went to Eltrive Lake in Yarrow about 1816. He was "the Shepherd " in Wilson's "Recreations of Christopher North." Among his poems are "The Queen's Wake" (1813), "The Pilgrims of the Sun " (181.5), "Madoc of the Moor" (1816), "The Poetic Mirror, or the Living Bards of Great Britain" (1816; parodies), and "Queen Hynde " (1826). Among his prose works are "The Brownie o'' Bods- beck, etc." (1817), and "Winter Evening Tales" (1820). His "Jacobite Relics, etc. " (1819-20X are both prose and verse. Hogue (bog), or Hague (hag ; F. pron. hag). La. A promontory at the northwestern ex- tremity of the department of Manche, Prance, projecting into the English Channel, in lat. 508 49° 43' N.. long. 1° 57' W. This cape is generally incorrectly mentioned in connection with the great victory of the English and Dutch over the French May 10 (N. S. 29X 1692, ofl the fort of La Hogue, or La Hougue, near the northeast extremity of the peninsula. Hoh. See Qnileute. Hohe. See Assiiiibohi. HoheAchtiho'e aeht). One of the chief moun- tains of the Eifel, western Germany. Height, 2,490 feet. Hoheneck (ho'en-ek). The second highest summit of the Vosges. on the frontier of France and Alsaee.west of Miinster. Height,4.480feet. Hohenelbe iho'en-el-be;. A town in Bohemia situated on the Elbe 62 miles northeast of Prague. Population (1890). 5.736. Hohenems (ho'en-emz), orHohenembs (ho'en- embz). A town in Vorarlberg, Austria-Hun- gary, situated in lat. 47° 21' N., long. 9° 41' E. Population (1890), commune, 4.972. Hohenfriedeberg (ho en-fre'de-bero). A small town in the province of Silesia, Prussia, 36 miles west-southwest of Breslau. Here, June 4, 1745, Fred- erick the Great defeated the Austrians and Saxons under Prince Charles of Lorraine. The Prussian loss was about 2,000 ; that of the Austrians and Saxons was 4,000 killed and wounded and 7,000 prisoners. Hohenlimburg (ho en-lim'boro). Atown in the province of Westphalia, Prussia, near Hagen. Population (1890), commune, 6,204. Hobenlinden (ho ■ en-Un ' den ) . A ^•illage in Up- per Bavaria. 19 miles east of Munich. Here, Dec 3, 1800, the French under Moreau defeated the Austrian army under the archduke John. The Austrians lost 8,000 killed and wounded and 12,0O0prisoners, and the battle vir- tually ended the war. The poet CampbeU wrote a lyric on the battle. Hohenlohe (ho'en-16'e). A former county, later a principality, of Germany, mediatized in 1806, and now mainly included in the circle of Jagst, Wurtemberg. Hohenlohe-lngelfingen(ing'el-fing-en),Prince of (Friedrich Ludwig). Bom at Ingelfingen, Wurtemberg. Jan. 31. 1746: died near Kosel, Si- lesia, Prussia, Feb. 15, 1818. A Prussian gen- eral. He gained a victory over the French at Kaisers- lantern in 1794.but wasdefeated by Napoleon at Jena, Oct. 14, 1S06, and compelled to surrender with 17,000 men at Prenzlau. Oct. 2S, 1SCK5. Hohenlohe-Schillingsf iir st ( shil ' lings - f iirst ) , Prince of (Chlod'wig Karl Victor), Prince of Batibor and Korvei. Born March 31, 1819: died July 6, 1901. A German statesman and diplo- matist. He was Bavarian minister of foreign affairs 1866-70; became German ambassad^ir at Paris in 1874; and was appointed governor of Alsace-Lorraine in 1885. He was chancellor of the German Empire Oct.. 189t-Oct., 1900. succeeding Caprivi. Hohenlohe- Waldenburg-Schillingsfiirst (val'den-bbrG-shiriings-fiii'St), Prince oft Leo- pold Alexander). Bom at Kupferzell, near Waldenburg. Wurtemberg, Aug. 17, 1794: died at Voslau, near Vienna, Nov. 13, 1849. A German Roman Catholic ecclesiastic. He was ordained priest in 1815, and became a member of the society of "Fathers of the Sacred Heart" about 1816, canon of Grosswardein in 1824, grand provost in 1829, and bishop of Sardica in partibug inJideUum in 1S44. He several times came into conflict with the civil au- thorities as a practitioner of the prayer-cure. He wrote "Der im Geist der Katholischen Kirche betende Christ" 0819), etc. Hohenschtrangau (ho 'en-shvang'ou). A medi- eval stronghold in Swabia. Bavaria. 56 miles southwest of Munich, said to have been raised on Roman foundations, but entirely rebuilt by Maximilian II. It is especially interesting for its fres- cos, which include the "Legend of Lohengrin." many his- torical subjects, the "Life of a Medieval Lady," episodes of chivalry, etc. The garden exhibits a reproduction of the Fountain of Lions in the Alhambra. Hohensta'Ufen (ho'en-stou-fen). A village in Wiirtemberg. 23 miles east of Stuttgart. lu former castle was the seat of the Hohenstaofen family. Height, 2,237 feet/ ' Hohenstaufen. A German princely family. It furnished sovereigns to Germany 1138-12*'^ and 1215-54, and to Sicily 1194-1266. Conradin, last of the line, was exe- cuted 126S. See " Geschichte der Hohenstaufen," by Rau- mer. Hohenstein (ho'en-stin). . A town in the gov- ernmental district of Zwickau, Saxony, 48 mUes west-southwest of Dresden. Population (1890). 7,546. Hohentrwiel (ho'en-tvel). A mined fortress in Wurtemberg, near Singen. Height. 2.273 feet. Hohenzollejm (ho'en-tsol-lem). Aprovince of Pmssia, inclosed by Wiirtemberg. Area, 441 square miles. Population (1890). 66.085. HohenzoUem. Aeastle nearHeehingen. south- em Germany, belonging to the Prussian royal family, situated in the Swabian Alp. It was be- gun in 1S50, the medieval fortress having practically dis- appeared, except the chapel. The exterior walls and bas- tions reproduce the old castle. The entrance is by com- Holberg plicated and well-defended ramps. The inner buildings consist of several wings with 5 great towers. The state apai'tments are adorned with polished marbles, gilding, and color, and the vaulting is admirable. The style of the 14th centurj- is consistently followed throughout* Height, 2,840 feet. Hohenzollem. A German princely family. It ruled over Brandenburg from 1415. and has furnished the kings of Prussia since 1701 (German emperors since 1871). HchenzoUem-Sigmaringen (sig'mar-ing-en). A former principality of Germany, situated in Wiirtemberg: incorporated withPrussia in 1850. Hohe Tauem. See Tauern. Hojeda. See Ojeda. Holbach (G. pron. hol'bach ; F. pron. 61-bak'), Paul Henri Thiry, Baron d'. Bom at Hei- delsheim. Baden. 1723: died at Paris. Jan. 21, 1789. A French skeptic and materialistic phi- losopher. He wrote "Le Cliristianisme d^voil^, etc" (1767), "Le systfeme de la nature '(" System of Nature," 1770; published in popular form as "Le bon sens," 1772), numerous articles in the "Encyclopedic, " etc. He re- sided in Paris from his youth, and his home became a ren- dezvous for the free-thinkers of his time. His diimers. were exceptionally celebrated, and earned for him, from the Abb^ Galiani, "the title of the "premier maitred'hdtel de la philosophie." Holbeach \ hol'bech). A town in Lincolnshire, England, in the Holland district. Population (1891). 4,771. Holbein (horbin), Hans, sumamed "The Eld- er." Bom at Augsburg. Bavaria, about 1460; died there. 1524. A German historical painter. He represented the realistic tendency of the Swabiaa school, and later was influenced by that of the Italian Re- naissance. His "Altar of St. Sebastian " (1516). in the Old Pinakothek, Munich, is his masterpiece. Holbein,Hans,surnamed ■•TheTounger.'" Bom probably at Augsburg. Bavaria, about 1497: died at London, 1543. A German historical and portrait painter and wood-engraver, son of Hans Holbein (1460-1524). He went to Basel in 151.5, and matriculated in the painters' gild in 1519. His frescoe in the city hall at Basel, and the "Passion" in the Basel Museum, were painted about 1521-22. In 1523 he painted the portrait of Erasmus at Longford Castle. .4bout 1536 be visited Antwerp to see Quentin Massys, and afterward went to England, where he was lodged at Sir Thomas More's house, near London. In 1528 he went to Basel, and returned to England in 1532, where he remained for the rest of bis life. He became court painter to Henry Till, about 1536. Among his works are a series of 89 sketches in red chalk and India ink, belonging to this period, now in the Wind* sor collection ; a series of designs for wood-engraWnp, "The Dance of Death. ' engraved by Hans Lutzell.urger, published in 1538 and 1547 ; a portrait of Sir Thomas More (1527) ; a portrait of Anne of Cleves (1539) ; a number of portraits of German merchant goldsmiths of the Steel- yard, some of which are in Germany ; "The Ambassadors " (in the National Gallery. 1533) ; and portraits of Heury Vin. and of the principal personages of the time. He also designed the title-pages to Coverdale's and Cranmer's Bibles, and painted some important works with religious subjects (" The Last Supper," " The Dead Christ ." eight Pas- sion pictures, etc.— all in the museum at Basel; "The Na. tivity " and "The Adoration of the Magi," at Freiburg- im-Breisgau ; " Madonna. " with the Meyer family at Darm- stadt ; "Madonna and Saints," at Solothum, etc.). Holberg (hol'berG). Ludvlg von. Bom at Ber- gen, Norwav. Dec. 3. 1684 ; died at Copenhagen, Jan. 28. 1754. The father of the Danish drama, and the greatest name in Danish literature. His father, who had risen from a common soldier to the rank of colonel, died when he was still an infant, and his mother when he was 10 years old. He had been intended for the army, but showed such an aptitude for study that ha^aft sent to the Bergen Latin school, and in 1702 he entered the Copenhagen Fnivei-sity. Being destitute of means, he soon came back again to Norway, and was tutor in the family of a clergyman at Voss. A year later he again went to Copenhagen, where he studied theology and took his examination, but shortly after returned to Norway and was again a tutor, this time with a clergyman at Bergen. This latter had been a great traveler, and Hclberg. through the perusal of the journal he had kept, was inspired with a desire to see the world. He accordingly set out for Hol- land, but went only as far as Aix-la-Chapelle. The year after he returned to Norway and settled at Christiansand, where he taught French during the winter. The following spring he w.^nt to England and remained 2 years, chiefly at Oifoni, where he supported himself by teachini: languages and music. Returning to Copenhagen, he established him- self as docent at the university, but soon after accepted the post of private tutor, and accompanied his charge to Germany. ITpon his return to Denmark he was again a tutor until the year after (1710), when he was admitted as a stipendiarv at Borch's Collegium in Copenhagen, when he was finallv enabled to devote himself to literary work. In 1711 he published his first work, " Introduction til den Europaiske Rigers Historic " (" Introduction to the His- torv of the Nations of Europe "). In 1714 he was made pro- fessorextraordinarius,but without a stipend. Shortly.after, however, he was made the beneficiary of the " Rosenkrants fund,' and was thus enabled to go abroad. He accord- ingly sailed to Holland ; traveled on foot from Brussels to Paris, where he remained for a year and a half; pro- ceeded again, partly on foot, to Marseilles and Genoa, where he fell ill ; and afterward « enf on to Rome, where he remained the whole winter. The following Feb. he set out again for Denmark, making the whole journey from Rome to Paris on foot In 1718 he was made professor of metaphysics at Copenhagen ; later he became profes- sor of Latin and rhetoric, and ultimately (1730) of history and geography. In 1719-20 appeared, under the pseudo- nym Hans Mikkelsen, the first of his cbaracteristic pro- Holberg diictions, the comic-heroic pociu " Peder Paars." In 1722 ho hegan to write comedies. L'p to this year, when the l);iiii5h theater was opened with a transhuion of Muliere's ' 1/Avare," there had been Frencli and (ierman hut no [)rtnish theaters in Copenhagen. Uolberti was applied to tn write Danish comedies, and this year the first of them was produced; "Den politiske Kanderst.0ber " ('* 'i'he I'ewterer Politician ") Five plays were furnislied duriiiR the year, and ultimately lie had written 3S. Anitinf: the nios{ notable of these, besides the one mentioned, are " Den 509 land, and Richard .'-tanihurst to continue from 1509 to 1547 the histtjry of Ireland, which Holin.shed had compiled chiefly from a manuscript by Kdmund Campion. At IrnnHi, ou 1 July, 107s, a license tor publishing " Kaphael llol- linuesheila Cronycle" was issued to .lohn Uarrison and George Bishop, on payment of the unusually hij-'h fee of "XX- and a copy." l>'<:t- iVa(. Biog. Holkar (bol'kiir). A Mahratta family in the 18tli anil iOtli cr-iitiirics. Holkar's Dominions. See indore. See Neth Holstein 1878. An American nav;il nftieer. He entered the navy In I8U, sen ed under Decatur in the Algerian war iu 1815, and became commander in 1844. In 1854, while lying oil the Mostiuito Coasi, he bombarded (Jreytown, whose citizens, it was alleged, had molested the American resi- dents, iu consequence of wliich hasty action serious diffi- culty was narrowly averted with (jreat Britain, who claimed a protectorate over N icaragua. He resigned in 1861, in order to accept a commission as commodore in the Confederate navy. Hollis(liori8), Thomas. Born in England, 16.59 : iHeil 1731. An English merchant, a benefactor of Harvard College. Holo (ho'lo). A Bantu tribe of Angola, West ..».,.» , ,. iVfriea, settled between the Kuangu and Luiyi iVpai" of Liineolnshire, England, largely com- rivers. They own many cattle, but live in a very 1 of fens. low state of cult ure- .rTwe7efiiniish'ed,'rn"ferira"lw«~ever, tohise^^^^ Holland, GrCorge. Born at London, England, Holloway (lior6-wa). A district in the north- ies. Inl741 was published in Latin, at Leipsic, "Nicho- j)(j^. (j IT'il • died at New York, Dec. 20, 1S70. erii part of London. i:\'''":eLin''"'N;luKUru.';5lrio^^^^ A comedian: After a career of some success in Kng- Holloway, ThomaS. Born at London 1748: m::^f^^^:^!^^^^^^^S^i\n^- '""'-l •"= ^^""'^ ^r "'^!/l"--"d ^'V^^ '" '*''• """" '"' "'"' ' ''''" ' "' ' ''^:i?^^-r'^ Norwich, England. Feb., lie considerable propertv that he had accumulated was popular favorite until his death. . . , n\ 1**^'- An Liighsh engraver. His chief works are ft, at bis death, to the Sorji Academy. He was buried Hollana, ^ir Hcnry. Born at KuutstorO, blie- engravings after Raphael's cartoons, and illustrations for lu the .Sort* church. Besides the above, he wrote various shire, England, Oct. 27, 1788: died at London, Lavater's "Physiognomy." bistoric.il and other works, among them" DanmarksRiges Q|,(. 27 1873 \n English phvsiciau and author. Holm, Saxe. A pseudonvm under which a num- ^^:X^,S^^'^^:^^:^^2 HepnbHshed'-MedicalNot6sandReflections" ]^:lV^;)-^^-X^<^:^l^^ .stiindesl^se' ("The Busy Man"X "Erasmus Montanus,' ■B.ar5elstuen' ("The Lying-in Room ;)"Jeppe pan Bjer. Holland (hol'aiid ; I ). pron. hol'lant). See.Vc?/(- c.t ( ■■leppe of the Mountain ^, "Jacob von Ihybo, " , , ^ „ ■■ ,, ',, ', x- ^^ .1 TT^,llo„.l ■ Den Vaegcl8indeae"(" The Fickle Woman"). In 1725 erinnds. For Holland, ^o^th, and Holland, be again went abroad, and remained during the winter in .South, see North Hollaiul and S(}Uth HoUnntl. A region in the southeast iris. After 172s, the year of the great conflagration m Holland (liol'and) 1 openhagen, and during the reign of christian VI., no more plays were written; but when the theater was re Inned in 1747, on the accession of Frederick V., several po lie and several humorous epics and lyrics. He has been called "the founder of modern Danish literature." Holborn (ho'born ). A borough (municipal) of London. Poinilation (1891), :i3,.')n;!. Holbrook ( hoi ' bruk), John Edwards. Born at Beaufort, S. C, Dec. 31, 1795: died at Norfolk, Mass., Sept. 8, 1871. An American naturalist. He became professor of anatomy in the Medical College of South Carolina in 1824. a position which he retained up- ward of SO years. His chief work is "American Herpe- tology ■ (1842). Solcroft (horkroft), Thomas. Bom at London Holland, Josiah Gilbert. Born at Belcher- Holmboe (holm'be), town, Mass., July 24, 1S19: died at New York, Oct. 12, 1881. An American author, journal- ist, and editor. He was an editor of the " Spriiigfleld Republican " 184&-(56, and editor-in-chief of " Scribner's Monthly ' (later "The Century Magazine") 1870-81, and one of its founders. He wrote "Timothy Titcomb's Let ters to the Young on Familiar Subjects (1S.'>8) and " Kathrina Bonnicastle" (IS' turn " (1877), etc Andreas. Born in the district of Vuldcrs. southern Nor- way,Marclil9,179G: died April 2. 1882. ANorwe- gian philologist. He was appointed to a professorship in the University of Christiania in 1825. His works include " Das al teste Miinzwesen Norwegens " (1846), "Sanskrit og Oldnorsk " (1846), " Det oldnorske Verbum (1848), etc. "(1858). "C.oldFoil '(1859), "Plain Talks Holmby (hom'bi) HoUSe. An old mansion near ects" (1865); the poems "Bitter-.sweet" x,,rtliarapton in England, in which Charles I. hrina" (18(8); and the novels "Arthur . ' ,1 ;„ nfi- ■3), "SeUoiks' (1876), "Nicholas Min- ^«L""1'^^' ! ' ^"a C^ " r> w„„.4„.„„,. Holmes (homz), Abiel. Born at 'Woodstock, Englisli writor. noted as a translator. He gradu ated at CaMibri.lgc (Trinity Colle^-i) in ir.71, and after 159:. lived at Cov.-ntry. His translati.ms iiR-lnde Livy (UiOO), the "Natural History ' of I'liny (lt»l), the "Morals" of Plutarch (1603), the " History of the Cicsars" of Suetonius ( lOlHi), Camden's " Britannia " (1610), and the " Cyropiedia " !,.„,=.■ a,... v.^ , ^ — of Xenophon (li;32). x^ . , t on Cumberland's "Fashionable Lover "(1795), etc. He also Holland HoUSe. A mansionin Kensington, Lon lutioii, be was indicted for high treason, but after remain- ing for about two months in Newgate he was discharged without a trial. Among his plays are "The Follies of a Day," a translation of Beaumarchais's " Mariage de Figaro ' (produced in 1784, Holcroft appealing as Figaro), "The Road to Ruin " (1792 : revived in 1873, and translated into Danish anil German), "The Deserted Daughter," founded __ , , ,,-,,,., T i_ -n ii T) 1 Sir Walter Cope, it was built in 160' Solder (hol'dcr), Joseph Bassett. ''"••" "^ Lyn " ~~ ' citv He' herpetology In New York city from 1S70 until his death. He wrote a "History of the North American Fauna" (1882), "History of the Atlantic Right Whales " (IS&'O, "The Living Wortd " (1884), etc. HSlderlin (hel'der-lin), Johann Christian Friedrich. Born at Lauffen, Wiirtcinberg, Mar.-h 2(1. 1770: died af Tiibingcn, 'Wiirtcinberg, .June 7, 1S43. A German poet, author of the romance "Hyperion" (1797-99), lyric poems (1820). etc. Holdemess (hol'der-nes). The peninsula be- tween the North Sea and the Humber, in the Kast Iviiling of Yorksliire, England. HolgerDanske liorgeriliins'kc). Thetutelary H611enthal(hil'leu-taO. - lews in the various cities he visited. The Earl of Arun. del, ambassador to the emjieror in les.";, discovered Hollar and brought bim to England. About ie:i9 he became teacher of drawing to the Prince of Wales, and was made royal designer on the prince's accession as Charles II. Hollar enlisted with the Royalists in the civil war, and was ade prisoner at Basing House in 1(H5. On regaining hii of a church at Cambridge. tborof 'Annals of America" (1806: new ed., bringing the narrative down to IgB, 1829). Holmes, Oliver 'Wendell. Born at Cambridge, Mass., Aug. 29, 1809: died Oct. 7, 1894. An American poet, essayist, and novelist, son of Abiel Holmes. Hewasprofessorofanatomyandphysi- ology in the medicid school of Harvard University from 1847 to 1882, when he resigned and was appointed professor emeritus. He contributed to the " Atlantic Monthly "the "Autocrat of the Breakfast. Table" (1857-58), "Professor at the Breakfast-Table " (ls69). " Poet at the Breakfast- Table"(1872)^and"Over the Tea-cups "(1S91); and wrote " " Angel" have Humor- •Be- (188^). He also wrote a number of vol- umes of essays, and memoirs of Ralph Waldo EmersoQ (1SS5) and of John Lothroj) .Motley (1878). Holofernes (hol-o-fer'nez). [Gr. 'O'/.oifi-pi'r/c, also 'O'/tK^qni/i;, 'i)i>iu;iii'}v>/c.'] A general of Nebuchad- nezzar: the leading character in the book of .luditli (.Vpocrviiha j. He was killed by Judith. liberty lie Joined ^^".'^^\i^ ^^'^^^^l:^^^^^^ Holofernes. or aoiophemes:i; A conventional ing to England in 1652. Howard to Tangier to make topographical drawings. In 1640 appeared 26 plates entitled "tlrnatiis Muliebris Aii- glicaiius, or .Several Habits of English Women, etc.," fol- lowed in 16 13 by illustrations of feminine cost 11 iius in other parts of Europe. In 1672 be made plates of Lincoln, York, etc. His rendering of architecture is especially tine. A picturesque valley part of the Black Forest, Ger- gemiis of the Danes, who, according to the le- in the sontheni gend, sleeps beneaththeKronborgatHelsingor many, east ..f l''rciburg. (the Klsinore of Sliakspere's "Hamlet"), readv Holies (holz), Denzil, Biiron Holies. Born Oct. to arise when Denmark is in danger. Loctil le- 31,1.599: died Feb. 17. 1(i79. An Enghsh states- gend ]ihices him also at Miigeltondern, in North Si-hh-swig. Holies (ho'lieh). A town in the county of Neu- tiii. Hiingarv, 4.') miles north of I'resburg. Pop- uhitii.n (isob). .').747. Holinshed (hol'inz-hed), or Hollingshead (horingz-hed), Raphael. Born iirobably at Sutton Downes. Clieshirc: died about l.')80. An English chronicler, lie is said to have been educated at one of the universities, possibly Cambiidge. Ills great \wirk, "Chronicles of England. Scotland, and Ireland," waa begiiii for Keginald Wolfe, a London printer, whose service he ent. n d as tianslator early In the reign of Elizabeth. (See tlie extract.) A second and enlarged edition, edited by ,Iohn Hooker, was published after llolinslied's death (16S7). man, second son of Die first Earl of Chire. He was the hrother-lii-law of Stratford. In 1024 he entered Parlianii-nt, and on March 2. 1629, was one of the two who held the speaker ill Ills chair when he attempted to adjourn the House at the king's order. Two days later he was ar- rested and sent t^j the Tower. He refused to acknowledge the Jurisdiction of thecourtsover what was doiiein I'ailia ment, and was heavily fined. The sum of tS.imowas voted to him by the Long I'lUliament as compensation tor his pisses in the alfair. lie was an influential membi-r of this Tarllament. was one of the members Impeachid by the king .Ian. :l, 1612, ami fought for the Parliament at Edgehlll and Brentford. Later he became a prominent advocate of peace and an agreement with the king, was opposed to the Ind ■haracterof Italian eonieily: a jiedant or pom- pons schoolmaster. — 2. A pedant iu Kabelais's "Gargantua and Panlagriiel." He teaches Gar- gantua to say the alphabet backward in a years and 3 months. — 3. A pompous schoolmaster in Shukspere's "Love's Labour's Lost,"' taken from tho conventional character of Italian comedy. As for the notion of certain critics, that Holofernes vmi meant for a satire iii>oii .lohn Florio, whose ".See4iiid Fruits" appearecl in 1591, containing some ix-llections on the inde- corum of the English stage, we cannot discover the slight- est groiinil for it. Shakes]ieare, no doubt, had ample occa- sion to laugh at the pedantry of pedagogues long before he know any tiling of Florio. lludnim. Int. to Ix>ve'8 I..abour '% \jaii. Hoist (hoist). Hans Peter. Bornat Copenhagen, Oct. 22. 1811: die.) .lune 2. 1893. A Danisli poet. After having been snceessively a teaeberaiul a newspaper editor, be became, in 1875, dramatllivlst to the m>al thea- ter at Coiienhageii. He founded in 1868 the inagazino " For Romantlk og llistorie,"an. It received representative government in 1831 ; rebelled against Den- mark lS48-nO and lSt>3-&4 ; and was annexed by lYussia in 1S66. See Schle.^ncif/ and Schleswiff-UoLstein Wars. Holstein-Gottorp. See OkUuliuiy. Holston (liol'ston). Ariverin eastern Tennes- see, formed by the North and South Forks near Kingsport. It unites with the Clinch to form the TeiHiessee at Kingston. Length, about 2Ch;i miles (in- cluding the North Fork, over 300 miles); navigable to Kno-Wille. Holtei (hol'ti), Karl von. Bom at Breslau, Jan. L'4, 1798: died there, Feb. 12, 1880. A German poet and dramatist. He began the study of jurispru- dence, but soon abandoned it to go upon the stage, and afterward was connected with the theater, in various places, as actor, director, and poet. He also acquired reputation as a Shaksperian reader. A volume of poems(" Gedichte '") appeared in 1826. His princiiial fame, however, as a poet rests upon his •'.SchlesischeGedicbte"('*Silesian Poem.s," 1830). Among his dramas are particularly to be mentioned " Leonore," '• Lorbeerbaum und Bettelstab " ("Laurel Tree and Beggar Staff "), " Der alte Feldherr" (" The Old Gen- eral ■'), "Die Berliner in Wien " ("The Iterliners in Vien- na ")," Die \yiener in Berlin " (" The Viennese in Berlin "), all of which appeared in his " Theater " (1867) in 6 vtds. He is also the author of a number of novels, among them " Die Vagabunden " ("The Vagabonds," 18.'i2), "Christian Lammfell "(lS53),"EinarmerSchiieider "("A Poor Tailor," 1S38), "Der letzte Komodiant " ("The Last Comedian." 1863). Holty (hel'ti), Ludwig Heinrich Christoph. Born at Mariensee, near Hannover, Dec. 21, 1748 : died at Hannover, Sept. 1, 1776. A Ger- man lyric poet. He was the son of a clergyman. He studied' theology at GOttingen, where he was one of the founders of the poetic brotherhood, the so-called " Hain- Bund. " He wrote songs, odes, and elegies, and the patriotic idyl " Das Feuer im "U'alde" ("The P^ire in the Forest "1. His collected poems were first published posthumously in 17S3. Holtzendorff (holts'en-dorf ), Franz von. Born :it Vietinannsdorf, Ukermark, Prussia, Oct. 14, 1829 : died at Munich. Feb. 4, 1889. A German jurist. He wrote " Franzosische Recli«sznstiinde "(1869). " Die Reform der .Staatsanwaltschaft in Deutschland ' (1864), " Die Prinzipien der Politik " (1869), etc. Holub(h6'Iob),Emil. Born at Holitz, Bohemia, Oct. 7, 1847 : died at Vienna, Feb. 21, 1902. An -\frican explorer. After practising medicine at the diamond-tields of .South Africa (1872). be took to scientific exploration and collecting. He first explirreil the Trans- viijil (1873-74) ; reached.the Zambesi River, via Shoshong, in 1875 ; and went as far as the Barotse, returning to Europe in 1879. In 1884 he was again at the Cape and on his way tui-cd on the river and set on lire to burn the barges. Many on Iwith sides were killed or wounded. Population tlUOO), Home, Sweet Home. A favorite English song. The music is in Bishop's opera "Clarl, or the Maid of Milan." It is called n .Sicilian air. but is probably llish- op's. The words wen- written by .ld-huinonred of- flciousness in the one are setidl by the graceful attt^tnlioh and courtly pretension In the other. natlM. F,ng. Poeta, p. l.to. Honeymoon, The. A comedy by .John Tobin, produced in 1805. It is, to some extent, based ontjhak- Hooch spere's "Taming of the Slu-ew," with ideas from Fletchei and Shirley. Honey^wood, The •' good-natured man" in Gold- smith's play of that name. He suffers from a foolish eagerness t<( please, even wishing to give up the woman he loves to a friend who also loves her. He is cured by Sir William Honeywood, his uncle. Honfleur (6ii-fler'). A seaport in the department of Calvados. France, situated on the estuary of the Seine nearly opposite HaxTe. it has consid- erable export trade t*) England. Formerly it wx-^ of much more importance. It was frequently taken ami retaken during the Hundred Years' War. Population (1891), com- mune, 9,4a0. Hong-Kong (hong'kong'). [Properly Hiang- KidiHi, fragrant streams.] An island belong- ing to Great Britain, lying off the pro'vince of Kwang-tung, China, near the mouth of the Can- ton Ktver, in lat. 22° 17' N., long. 114° 10' E. Chief place, Victoria. The surface is niountainona. It was cede, by the will of his father, placed under the guardianship of Stiliclio, whose dailgtiter Maria he married in. '<9K. Stiliclio defeated Ahiric at I'ollentia in 403, and in 4(XI repulsed the nousimi of Kjulagaisus(wlio pene- trated as far as Florenecl, but was put to death at the in- stance o1 the emperor in 408. In 4 In Kome was taken and Backed by Alaric. During the relgu of Ilomuius the West Ootlis, Franks, and Iturgiindians settled in Uaill, and the Sucvl, Vandals, and Alans in Spain, while Uritatn and Ar- niorica made themselves virtualh indeju'iident. Hontheim (hont'him), Johann Nikolausvon. Born al Trier, Prussia, Jan. 27, 1701: ilied at M(inti|iiinlin, Luxemburg, Sept. 2, 1790. A Ger- man Roman Catholic prolate, Idshop in /uirfihus of Myrioptus, anil Miltragan bishoji of Treves: an opponent of rilriimontaiiism. His chief work , is " He statu eccleslie et legltiimi potestate Roniani pontifl- cis" (published under tile pHemliuiyni of .lustinuB Febro> iilns. Ilia). HonvM (hon'viid). fHung.. lit. 'defenders of llielatlierhind.'] The laiidwehrof Hungary, ex- clusive of art illery. The name was used in 1848-49 to denote, tlrst the volunteers, and then the entire revolu- tionary lu-my. Hooch, or Hoogh (htV-li or hog), Pieter de. Born al Riitlerdaiu about 1C32: di-jd at Hajir- Hooch 512 Hopkins, Mark 1 >.T .i,„„i„„^„ oh,^„f1fi<<1 A riiit-pli o'Pnrp- (1614), and " Baeto ■• (1626). His principal work is "Neder- Hoolc (hol), John. Born at London, Dec, 1727 lem, ^ethe^lands, about IbKl^ A Uuten genre J,„,i„',',h„ Historien'i" History of tlie Netherlands"), writ- died near Dorking. Enrf; " ^ ~ and. 1803. An English poet, known onlj- as the translator of Tasso's "Jerusalem Delivered" (1763), the "Orlando Fui'ioso" of Ariosto (1773-83), and other Italian poems. „ - •, i? XT- 1 T> ..."-1..^... landsclie Historieu painter. He was a pupil of Nicolas iSerghem. j^^^ during i«28-3S, and published in 1042, HoOChOW, or Hu-chau (ho'chou'). A city in Hogg (hoG), Joost van der. Born about 1550 : the pro\inoe of Che-kiang, China. 53 miles died after 1613. A Dutch captain who, in 1580, north-northwest of Haug-chau : one of the .^y^g ti^g leader of the first Dutch colonists in principal centers of the silk industry. Guiana. They settled on the Essequibo River, but were TTnnd I'lii'id) .TnViTi Rpll Born at Owinesville. driven out by the Spaniards and Indians. Returning in iLu""»u. . .^.^ .^...i.,,., ilOOa (liua),d0nn Ueii. corn ,u w«in^t,%uie, J /j^. f^rnjj. J the settlement of Demerara, of Hoopah. hee Hiqxi. Bath County, Ky. , June 1, 1831 : died at New e^^^^^\Zler Hoog was the governor. Hooper (hup'er or hop'er), John, Orleans, Aug^ 30, 18,9. A Contederate soldier ^.^g^-,^,^_ A town in the prov- ^ ■ -^ ^- - - '^ - - in the Civil War. He graduated at West Point in 1853 ; -^""S v Netherlands situated in lat entered theConfederatearmyatthebeginningottheCivil y?,^:'' °* V'^^"™^'-,^^*'?*? ° ' ^""^'^'^'^ ^"^ ''^^• War ; commanded a division of Lee's array at Antietam ;>2° 43 JN., long. tJ ^» t^. and at Gettysburg ; commanded a brigade under General HOOgh. See Hoocll. Bragg at Chickamauga; was promoted lieutcnant-geii- WooghlV See Siuili. eral ; and in 1864 succeeded General Johnston as com- Tx„.„_+J^o'o-fQ-n /h^lr'atra tenl A small town in mander-in-chief of the army opposed to General Sherman HoOgStraeten (hOG Stia-ten). A small town m in Georgia. Abandoning the defensive policy of his prede- the province of Antwerp, Belgium, ^0 miles cesser, he attacked General Shenuan 20th, 22d, and 28th northeast of Antwerp. of July, 1864, but was repulsed with heavy loss, and com- -CTtraten. Samuel Van. Bom at The pelled to abandon Atlanta Sept, 1, 1861. He was defeated „"», ".j-T^^' ,? 1^7 .i; '] "^ nordrecht Neth- by Gener.il Thomas at the decisive battle of Nashville, Hague (.) about lb_/ . (lieU at UortUecUt, iNetn Dec. 16, 1864, and was reheved of his command in Jan., 1865. erlands, Oct. 19, lb,8. A Dutch painter. ■ ' Hook (huk), James Clarke. Born at London. Nov. 21, 1819. An English historical, marine, and genre painter. He was a pupil of the Royal Acad Hood, Mount. One of the most celebrated sum- mits of the Cascade Range, in Oregon, about lat. 45° 24' N., long. 121° 40' W. Height given as 11,200 feet and as 11,934 feet_. Hood, Born in Som- ersetshire, England, about 1495: bui"ned at the stake at Gloucester, Feb. 9. 1.555. An English Protestant bishop and martyr. He fled from Eng- land to escape prosecution for heresy in 1539, and resided at Zurich 1547-49. In the latter year he returned to Eng- land, and became chaplain to the protector Somerset. He was consecrated bishop of Gloucester (after a struggle against the wearing of vestments, yielding only when he was committed to the Fleet) in 15.S1. In 1552 he became bisliop of Worcester. On the accession of Mary he was . imprisoned, accused of heresy, and, having refused to re- cant, executed. Hooper, William. Born at Boston, June 17, 1742: died at Hillsborough, N. C, Oct., 1790. An American politician, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. Od' Robin. A traditionary English outlaw Hook, Theodore Edward. Born at London, d pmJular hero. He is said to hav e been born at Sept. 22 1 , 88 :^ died there Aug. 24 1841 An and pop Locksley, Nottinghamshire, about 1160. He lived in the ■woods with his band, eitlier for reasons of his own or be- cause he was really outlawed, his haunts being chiefly Bherwood Forest and Bamsdale in Yorkshire. He is also said to have been the outlawed Earl of Huntingdon. He English humorist and novelist. He became the ed- itor of " John Bull " in 1820. Among his novels are " Max- weH"(1830), "GilbertOurney"(1836), " Jack Brag " (1837). etc. He was the original of Mr. Wagg in Thackeray's Vanity Fair. wasextravagant and adventurous, and though kind to the g--t Walter FarOUhar. Bom at London poor robbed the rich. .According to one tradition the prioress of Kirkley, to whose care he had intrusted himself to be bled when he was a very old man, treacherously al- lowed him to bleed to death. His companions were Friar Tuck, Maid Marian, Little John, Will Scarlett, .\llen-a-Dale, and George-a-Greene. He is a favorite subject in ballad tradition, and in fact the ballads are to all appearance the original source of the legends concerning mm. ue is in- -jinnVo /In'itl 'Wa+'ha-niol Rom in Ireland tim^ately associated with the May-day festivities. There HookC (hnk) Nathaniel. Born mjf eland trayed the adventure* of Robin and his band, but were HooV- Robert. Born at Freshwater, Isle of «„,n„ ,b.„.b..i in onp nf H,e other snorts, the " n,„rr,s. .^.^j^^.^ England, July 18, 1635 : died at London, March 3, 1703. An English natui-al philosopher and mathematician. He wrote ' ' Micrographia " (1664), etc. was a distinct set of sports in vogne at the beginning of the 16th century, called the Robin Hood sports. They por trayed the adventure* of Robin and his ban ' finally absorbed in one of the other sports, the " morris, which, being a procession interspersed with dances, had a tendency to absorb the characters of the others. .\ stop was put to the whole at the Reformation, when penalties were imposed by act of Parliament upon the performers. Jtitson. Child. Diligent enquiries have been made to ascertain whether the personage known as Robin Hood had a real existence, but without positive results. The story of his life is purely legendar}', and the theories in regard to him have never beeu advanced beyond hypothesis. It is exceedingly prob- able that such a man lived in the 12th or 13th century, and that the exploits of other less prominent populai- heroes were connected with his name and absorbed in his repu- tation. The noble descent which has often been ascribed to him is in all likelihood the result of the niediev,il idea that the great virtues e.visted only in persons of gentle birth. T^wkcnnan, Hist, of Prose Fiction, p. 48. Hood, Samuel, first Viscount Hood. Born Dec. 1-2, 1724: died at Bath, England, Jan. 27, 1816. An English admiral. On Feb. 21. 1759, in command emyinl83_6. In^l854 hebegan a seriesof English^pastoi-als. Hoorn (horn). A town in the province of North " ' ' " J T T Holland, Netherlands, on the Hoornerhop (a bay of the Zuyder Zee) 20 miles north-north- east of Amsterdam. It has several interesting old buildings, and was the birthplace of Schouten, who dis- covered Cape Horn. Near it a naval battle was fought be- tween the Dutch and the Spaniards iu 1573. It was for- merly the capital of North Holland. Population (1889)^ commune, 11,170. Hoom (hom), or Hoome (hor'ne), or Horn (horn), or Homes (orn). Count of (Philip II. of Montmorencj'-Nivelle). Born about 1520: beheaded at Brussels, June 5, 15(38. A Dutch noble. He sen'ed with distinction at tlie battle of St,- Quentin in 1557, and Gravelines in 155S, and was arrested by the Duke of Alva Sept. 9, 1567, and executed in com- pany with the Count of Egmont. Hoosac Mountain (ho'sak moun'tan). An ex- tension in western Massachusetts of the Green Mountains. Hoosac Tunnel. A tunnel of the Fitchbirrg Railroad through the Hoosac Mountain in Mas- sachusetts, opened iu 1875. Length, 4f miles. March 13, 1798 : died at Chichester, England. Oct. 20, 1875. An English divine (dean of Chi- chester) and -n-riter. nephew of T. E. Hook. He published "A Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Biography " (1845-52), " Church Dictionarj' " (8th ed. 1859), " Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury " (ISfiO-V " about 1690 : died July 19, 1763. A British his- torian, author of a ''Roman History" (1757-71). Hooker (hk'er or hok'er), Joseph. Bom at =°P^t«°^| iij t^L*' '?^^,^!; |?,^„^^^^^^ Hadley,Mass., Nov. 13, 1814: died at Garden City, N. Y., Oct. 31, 1879. An American soldier, suTnamed "Fighting Joe." He graduated at West Point in 1837; served with distinction as a captain in the Mexican war ; became brigadier-general of volunteers in 1861 ; commanded a division of the Army of the Poto- mac in the Peninsular campaign ; eomm.anded a corps at South Mountain, Antietam, and Fredericksburg; was ap- pointed to the command of the Army of the Potomac Jan. 26, 1863 ; waa defeated by General Lee at Chancellorsville, May 2-4 (when at a critical moment he was stunned by a cannon-ball); and was relieved of his command June 28, 1863. He subsequently served as a coriis commander In the Ch.attanooga campaign in 1363, and in the march to Atlanta in 1864. northern New Jersey, about 50 miles northwest of New York. Length, 8i miles. Hope (hop), Alexander James Beresford (later (1854) Beresford-Hope). Born Jan. 25, 1820: died near Craubrook. Kent, Oct. 20, 1887. An English Conservative politician and -nTiter. He entered Parliament in 1841, and took an active part in its debates until a few years before his death. In part- nership with John Douglas Cook he founded the "Satur- day Review" in 1855. lie devoted himself especially to the promotion of the interests of the Church of England. He wrote "A Popular View of the American Civil War" (1861), "The Results of the American Disruption " (1862i the novel "Strictly Tied Up" (18«0), etc Hope, Anthony. _See Hawkins, Anthony Eope. of the Vestal, he captured the French frigate Bellona after HOOker, bu- Joseph Ualton. Uorn at Ulasgow, Hope, ThomaS. Bom at London about 1((0 a fight of three hours. He was appointed coramander-in chief in North America, April, 1767, returning to England in 1771. In 1780 he became rear-admiral of the blue, and was sent to the West Indies to reinforce Rodney. He was sent to blockade Martinique in 1781, but was prevented from accomplishing his object by a French fleet under De Grasse. On Aug. 28, 1781, he joined Rear-Adniiral Graves at New York. He commanded the rear in the ti^lit w ith De Grasse, Sept. 5, 1781, but was not able to get into act ion. In Nov. be sailed to the West Indies, where he iigaiii met De Grasse. He was commander-in-chief in the Medi- terranean in 1793, and took possession of the harbor and forts of Toulon in Aug.: from this position he was driven by the French in Dec. He captured Bastia May 19, 1794. Hood, Thomas. Born at London, May 23, 1798 : died there. May 3, 1845. An English poet and humorist. He began the study of engraving, but soon abandoned the art, and in 1821 became an under editor of the "London Magazine." In 1830 he began the "Comic Annual," and in 1843 "Hood's Magazine." From 1835 to 1837 he lived at Coblenz, and from 1837 to 1840 at Ostend. He wrote " Whims and Oddities " (1826). " Plea of the Mid- summer Fairies, etc." (1827), " Lamia " (published 1852), "Dream of Eugene Aram " (1829), "Tylney Hall" a novel (1834), " Up the Rhine " (1844), " Song of the Shirt " (1843), "Bridge of Sighs," "Miss Kilmansegg," "Epistle to Rae Wilson," etc. Hood, Thomas. Born at Wanstead, near Lon- don. Jan. 19, 1835 : died Nov. 20, 1874. An Eng- lish author, son of Thomas Hood. Hooft (hoft), Pieter Corneliszoon. Born at Amsterdam. March 16, 1581: died at The Hague, May 21, 1647. A Dutch poet and dramatist. He was the son of an Amsterdam burgomaster. He stud- ied at Leyden, having previouslv traveled extensively in France, Italy, and Germany (15(18-1601). In 1609 he was appointed bailiff of Muiden, and in the following years lived during the summer at the castle of Muiden, and in the winter at Amsterdam, in which places he gathered about him the most renowned artists, poets, and learned men of the day, since known in Dutch history as " the .Mui- den Circle." His lyric poems appeared for the first time collected in 1636. Among his dramas are particularly to be mentioned the pastoral play "Granida" (1615), the tra- gedies ■' Geraerdt vanVelzen " (1613)," Theseus en Ariadne " 1817. A noted "EngUsh botanist, son of Sir W, J. Hooker. He has published "Flora Antarctica" (1845^8), "Rhododendrons of the Sikkim-Himalaya " (1849-51), "Flora of New Zealand" (1853-55), "Student's Flora of the British Islands " (1870), etc. Hooker, Mount. A mountain in British Colum- bia. Height, 15.700 feet. Hooker, Richard. Born at Heavitree, Exeter, England, about 1553: died at Bishopsbourne, near Canterbury. England, Nov. 2, 1600. A cele- brated English divine and theological writer. He graduated at Oxford in 1574, and obtained a fellow- ship in 1577: was presented to the living of Drayton- Beauchamp, Buckinghamshire, in 1584; was appoiuted master of the Temple in 1585 ; became rector of Boscombe, Wiltshire, and a prebendary of Salisbury in 1591; and was rector of Bishopsbourne 1595-1600. His great work is " Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity " (first ed., 4 books, about 1592 ; fifth book 1597 : the remaining 3 books were pub- lished after his death). Hooker, Thomas. Bom at Markfield. Leices- tershire. England, about 1586 : died at Hartford, Conn., July 7, 1647. An English clergyman. He emigrated to Massachusetts in 1633, and was one of the founders of the Connecticut colony. He was the author (with John Cotton)of the " Survey of the Summe of Church Discipline" (16481. died there, Feb. 3, 1831. An English novelist and antiquarian. His works include the novel "Anas- tasius, or Memoirs of a Greek: written at the Close of the Eighteenth Century " (1819), "Costume of the Ancients " (1809), " Modem Costumes " (1S12), " Historical Essay on Architecture "(1836), etc. Hopeful (hop'ful). A companion of Christian in Bunvan's ''PilOTim's Progress." Hope Theatre, The. A playhouse opened on the Bankside, Southwark, London, about 1581. It was originally a bear-garden.- On the same bank of the great river stood the Hope, a playhouse four times a week, and a garden for bear-bait- ing on the alternate days. . . . When plays were sup- pressed, the zealous and orthodox soldiery broke into the Hope, horsewhipped the actoi-s, and shot the bears. This place, however, in its character of Bear Garden, rallied after the Restoration, and continued prosperous till nearly the close of the 17th centurj-. Daran, Eng. Stage, I. 29. Hophra. See Apries. Hopkins (hop'kinz) , Ed'ward. Born at Shrews- bury, England, 1600: died at London, March, 1657. -Aji English politician, governor of Con- necticut in alternate years from 1640 to 1654. The last election occurred after his return to England (16.52). Hooker, Sir William Jackson. Born at Nor- Hopkins, John Henry. Born at Dublin, Ire wieh, England. .Iulv6. 1785: died at Kew. near London, Aug. 12. 1865. A noted English bota- nist, appointed director of the Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew in 1841. He published numerous botanical works, including "British Jungermannia! " (1816), "Flora Scotica" (1821), "Icones Plantarum " (1S37- 1854), "Species Filicum" (1846-53), etc. Hooker, Worthington. Born at Springfield, Mass., March 2, 1806: died at New Haven. Conn. .Nov. 6, 1867. An American physician. and medical and scientific writer. He was professor of the theory and practice of medicine at Yale from 1862 until his death. Hookey Walker. See Walker. land. Jail. 30, 1792 : died at Rock Point, Vt., Jan. 9. 1868. An American bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church. He came to America with his pa- rents in 1801: was admitted to the bar in 1818; was or- tbiiiied in 1S24; and became bishop of Vermont iu 1832. Hopkins, Lemuel. Born at Waterbury, Conn., June 19, 1750 : died at Hartford, Conn., April 14, 1801. An American poet. He practised medicine at Litchfield from 1776 until 1784, and at Hartford from 1784 until his death. He was one of the so-called Hartford wits associated in the composition of "The .-^narchiad." He wrote 'The Hj-pocrite's Hope" and other poems. Hopkins, Mark. Born at Stockbridge, Mass., Feb. 4, 1802 : died at Williamstown, Mass., June 513 Tullus Hostilius for their combat with the three j., ^^^ Ge™»n, anu ircncu. T?,ii„h„rP'h Curiatii of Alba LonRa. Twoof then, wcreslam, but g j^er (hor'uer). FranClS. Born »* I=''}'"J*"^„f '• Cunatn ot Aioa uvnua. i-uut "•>■■■■ ■-•- - -- ■ Hopkins, Mark 17 1887 An American e bhak.pere s t> his day. He settled at Housatonic (now Great Il:.rn..g- Um), Massachusetts, in 174:i, and at New urt R I., n. 1.70 His chief wo. k is a '■ Systei.i of 1 heoh.gj (1791). His loi "vers were kn.jwn as Uopk.ns.ans (Which see) Hopkins, Stephen. Born at b'-'tuate R. I., Mwh 7 1707: .li.?d at Providence, K. I.. July IJ, 1785 An American politician. Ue was g.)vernor of Rhode Islajid from 175.=. to 1708, with three short inter- ?'ls and s S the Declaration of Independence as a "emiKM of (■.mgrcss in 1776. He wrote a "History of the rianting m.d (Jrovvth of I>r<3vidence adherent- WnnkiTmians (hop-kin zi-aiiz). tn© aauereiu. °o°''thf theological system fotmded by Samuel Hopkins (1721-1803) and developed by Emmons anil others. Hopkinsianism was Calvinistic and a _ „tr,fH,pKvsteni taught by. lonathan Edwards, It :),Gl3. lat'^'pda/stresio, The so?erei|nty and decrees of .i.>d, Horde (hfer'de). A mamilacnirmg i""" '"^^ decti..n the obligation of impenitent sinners to subinit o . .j^ge of Westphalia, Prussia. 3 miles south- ?he liv ne will, the overruling of evil to the good of le PO J- Population 1890), 16,346. 3r?;:,fhiTete''r°Vro\%rwma^^^^^^^^^^^ See «,>,«,•. . SexXivelv and personally, eternity of future punish- Hofgen (hor'gen). A town m the canton O man exclusively a y ?., „„„i-,„.i„n„n, no binder Zurich Switzerland, situated on the Lake o Zurich'9 miles south by east of Zurich. Popu- lation (1888), .5,518 E Theresien- Horten years after he had perished. His journal was published in English, German, and French. onnonents one at a time. On returning to Rome 'le slew liTs stcr Horatia, who expressed her grief for one of the ■ irhti t<."vhon she was betrothed. For this he was con- demiicd to dea?i, but escaped with a humUiating punisli- """''• "■"). 1. The friend of Ham- let "il'Shakspere's ' • Hamlet." He is the antithesis if the wavering Hamlet, He takes with equal thanks the butfeta ami rewards ot fortune. •»„„*» tbo 2. In Kowe-s tragedy •' The Fair Penitent, the friend of AUamont. ,.,,,-. „ Horatius Codes (ho-ra'shi-ns ko klez). L'-. •One-eyed H..ratius.'] A Roman legendary „^ __„ _ ___, hero, celebrated with his two companions tor ggrodenka (ho-ro-den kil thedefenseof the bridge over the iiljer against, A„stria-Hun2ar\-, situate. He is the subject of a poem by \ug 12, 1778: died at Pisa, Italy, Feb. 8, 1817. A British politician and political economist. Hornet (hor'net). An American ship of war. She"v:,s of 18 guns rating and 480 tons burden^ Her Brst commander was Captain •'"">'=« •^^'^i;*.''",,,^"' V^'fJ: apeake.) On Dec. 13, l-li she blockaded the Bonne I ito- yVnne (18 guns rating) at San Ndvador. On F el . ii. M-j- near the mouth of the Ikmcn.ra River, she fell to »Uh the British war brigs F.spingle (18 guns rating) and Pea- cock, and captured the I'eacock. Home Tooke, John. See Toole Hornisgrinde (hor'nis-gnn-de). A summit of the Blu-k Forest, Germany,about 10 miles south of Baden-Baden. Height, 3,825 feet_. . lorodenka (ho-ro-den 'kil). A town in (jalicia, Austria-Hungary-, situated on a tributary of the Dniester. Population (1890), 11,102. by Is land theology. Hopkinson.(hop'kin-son) Francis Born at anticipatea tne -xewioiii.iu ms,,,.j u. B ifnDkmson (hop'kin-son), franciS. ^i*orn a. laiio.i >.;5'™',' X;i,V A town in the county of Tlnrsa (hor'sa). Killed at the battle of Ayles WMd^-I^IISAS^^^ ^^^^-iBk^'-^'- --' •■l...shchief.brotherofHen.s, Lthor. kewasa.ielep^toCongre^mNew^rsey, stadt. Population ( ^_), ^ , t:^'j'^n^^ilSi;SSf™""in^"^^fif : Horicon'(hor;i-kon), See G^o^^X^r^ ?;^vrotT«.e "Battle of the Kegs' (1777), and other hu- HormakhU (hor-ma'kho) Ul BgyPt^'^ P^^ m„r.ms and political works, thology, the rising sun, one ot the pnnupai HVinson, Joseph. Born at PlnladelphlaNo^^ SV'. .. , „ , ^„ „_.b„.»,l nt, H,.h- 1" 1770 : died at Philadelphia, Jan. lo, 1842. An t loiogy, lue lisiug =""• ^ 1 ■ 1 „t H,.i; forms of the sun-god Ra, worshiped at Heli opolis, and represented by the great sphm.^ on the southeast corner ot the great pyramid at Gizeh. Also Harmachis, Baniais, Bar. Hormayr (hor'mir), Baron Joseph von. Bom at Innsbi-uek, Tyrol, Jan. 20, 1782: did at Mu- nich, Nov. 5, 1848. A noted German historian I(ewrote"Kritisch-diplomatischeBeitragezurncschichte Tir.Js°m MiWelalter(lW2-03),"GeschicllU^.lergefurstcto^ (iiVfschaft Tirol" (180(1-08), " Lebensbilder aus dem Be- ficiungskriege " (1841-44), etc. ^,, .„o rr f Hormisdas (hor-mis'das). Pope 514-523. Heef- f° ted the I'ennion of the churches of Rome and - ( 'oiistantinople in 519. , ^ ^ Ti ■ TTormirdas lli.ir-miz'das), or Hormuz (li.ir - Born at Provi- HornilZ^<9. Horn (h<-irn). Cape. Th.- southern end o a rockv island inthe Fuegiaii Archipelago and the southernmost point of America, lat. 5o ■)J fe., lorn? 67° 16' W. It was first rounded by Le Mairc and Schouten in l.ilO, and namc.l by them from Hoorn m North Holland. Horrocks,orHorrox(hor'oks),Jeremiah.Bor_n at To-xteth Park, near Liverpool about 101, died at Toxteth, Jan. 3, 1641. A celebrated Kng- lish astronomer. He studied at Cambridge. b"t J'J ""^ tike a degree and was curate of Hoole, near ITefctoii 163^ 1M§ He^made tJie first observation of a transit of Venus M639). an account of which is given in his ■'% eniis in sole visa "(ree") Other posthumous works were published in Ict^ ^Ue was the tlret t.. assign to the moon an elliptical orbU with the earth at one of the foci, ami in a measure anticipated the Newtonian theory of gravitation. lorsa (hor'sa). Killed at the battle of j . font 4.55 (?).'A Jutish chief, brother of Hengist HOTSt(hor'shelt),Theodor.B..rnatMunich M-iv.-h 16, 1829: died at Munich, April 3, IM 1. A German painter of genre scenes and battles. Horse-Fair, The. A large painting by Rosa Bonheui-, nOw in the Metropolitan Museum of Art New York, it represents a number of horses, some ridden, some led. trotting toward the right It appeared In the salon of 18f.3, was bcjllght by Gam bar laud Ca ^n- don for 40,000 francs, and from them by V, . I ■ ""«'». Weehawken, New Jersey, in 18S7: it then passed to he Stcwi?t collection. It was bought an.lpresente.lo the Metropolitan Museum, New York, by Cornelius Vander- b It La dsecr engraved it while it>yas in Gan.bart s pos- session Itos^i r.,.i,b.urpai..tedforhis use areduced copy: tbit was b ..Ml.- .tb. .1 in l»('« to the NatLmal Gallery. She pi^iled .'ihiT replicas: the third is in London ; the fourth. a small water-color, is owned in England. Horselberg (her'sel-bcro). See Fenus, Mountain of, and Tonnhiiiiscr. Horse-Shoe Fall. See Xiariara. Horse-Shoe Robinson. A historical novel by J. P. Kennedy. The scene is laid in the boutU during the Revolutionary War. Horsens (hor'sons). A seaport on the eastern coast ot Jutlan.l, Penmark, situated on the Hor- sens Fiord in lat. 55° 52' N., long. 9° 51 h. Population (1890). 17.290. American jm-ist, son of Francis Hopkmson : au- thor of " Hail, Columbia" (1.98). HoDkinsville (hop'kinz-vil). A city and the capUal oT^L-hristian ("ounty, southwestern Ken- tuckv, situated 70 miles northwest of Nashville. Population (1900), 7,280. Hop 0- my Thumb. IF.lepcUt poucct the l.t- t°- thumb. ] The hero of a fairy talo of the same name taken from the French of Perraiilt. He should not be confounded with Tom Th.imb, ll'e ^tory I, an 0I.I one, taken partly from the .a. vent.ires of Ulysses to the cave of Polyphemus, ar.d partly from the fable of Theseus and Ariadne. Dunlvp. Hoppin (hop'in). Augustus. ---, .„- t.tv deuce R.I., July 13, 1828: diedatFlushing.N.Y AdHI 1,1896. An American book-iUustrator. lie nfustrated works by many well-known an h some authorities identified with the modern Jebel-Nebi-Harun (4.360 feet). It was the ^s^^lii^^aukiuy Horatius Fiaccus., ^-^''r;!::..:^^ ^}?^^^^^u Bom at Venrs a, Apulia, Dec. 8, 65 B. c. : .h.;.l Hornberg (horn'berr.). The old castle of Gotz at Rome Nov 27 8 B. C. A famous Roman lyric ,.„„ n,.,.li.-hingen. It is situatc.l on the Keckar.be "w nn 1 s^frical noe He was the son of a f. cc.ln.a,, ; was ,i„.s»„,crshei,., on an elevation 200 fee above the 1 iver. Xltla^liSfaml Shells jservc.l in. b.-m^^^^^^^^ men " (ISSS,. etc. , , ,, . <,,„„, v„, LmyatlM,ilippiin42u.c.;aiiden,..ycd be . ...^^^^^ ._.;( miles northeast of Freiburg. Horsham (hor'sham). A town in Sussex, Eng- }''^''']?';'''V;Z^^^'''^^^^^>^-^^'^'^^ Homcastle (h6rn'kas-l). A town m L.nco i- Xnd, 34 miles south-southwest ot London. Pop- wrr,tr"','.^^^^^^ Hhire, England, sitiiate.1 on t he Baui is nules „i,„ion (,soi). 8.C,:i7 . ^ m, .t ^Ode^(flrst3books24..r2:U..urtbb,,.,knbmitl^^^^^^ oast ot Lincoln. Population (1H91 ), 4..!. 4 ,._ „„•..„-,;^ ny,<,^^^. V.H^^rA. Bom at tlls-dlrst book about 20, second "...;k an. the Ar 1 ..c- ^ George. Born at ( ».«..., Ken , tica--aboutl3-8),and"CarnienSeculare (1.). Coiua^^^^ Kncland Nov. 1, 1730: did at Bath, Liiglaiul eilitlons have been pub shed by Bentley (1, 11), Mcintkc, Li'S'-i"'!. ^^"J ^ ^ ,,. .j^,, i,;^,,,,,,. author of ^^eloS ^^^^''<^y^>y^^^"-^°^^^^'^' ''rJmVn;a;yonVelU..s'Wl^ nroduced n 1040 its snlject is the combat ..f Home, Richard Hengist. I on, :it ''""''""•f"! ■ (1K3S), "Greg.irv tli.' S.'venlli" (18-10). etc. Home Thomas" Hartwell. Born at B;;"-!';"; Oct 20 1780: die.lal London. Jan. -., 181).. An English biblical s.'liolar. His chief w..rk Isan "In- tn,.i;,ctl..n I., the Critical Study .ind lvn..wledge of the ll.ilv Si-ripl.ireB"(1818) was Kumioru pii.iLBo,., ". =^. ..,,,..- , Harvard lS47-<«, when he became president of Hu- Kum- Sd Vhemlcl Works, Provi.lence. Rh... c Island He dis- covered the mctb.ul of preparing bakmg-pow.ler co - dXd milk, a,,.Ulie niediVinal acM kn.,wi, as yl...-sf.^^^^^ acid." Among his w.,rks are •• The 1 l>""-y ,"'" ^','1 . North Jlaking " (is'• ..'y:;"';; h.E to Ibjiner they arc han.lmai.lens of /..-us, wh.> guard I e Kat,:","f heave'ii ami control the weather; «^'^";^ to Ile»i.>d they are daughters of Zeus an.l Ihemis, nain..l Eu .unla 'Oood Order'), Dice (• .T.istlce '), ""' Ij; ™- (• Peace •), guarilians ..( agriculture ami also .,f ►"'^™ '' pollli.^^1 order. Their numbervarie.l tr<.,n tw.., "-" A'''"^ rrlialio m.ddesH .)f spring I .iwers, an.l CanK). g.i.lde»» ..I l,nm,lerCVt..l,lr, ThcMlance,,f .h..|...™w.i.a.ym. b.,llM.l representation of the wnrsc of the seasons. Horatia gens (ho-ra'sliiil jenz). A Roman l.atrician g.ns whose sumaiiios were Barbatus, ("ocli'S, anil Piilvillus. Horatii(h5-ra'shi-i), The Three. In Roman le- gend, three brothers celebrated in the reign ot 0.— 33 Illation (1891). 8.637. , „, , ^ . Horsley (h.-.rs'in, Charles Edward Bom at Lon.lon, 1822: died at Nf w \''rk. 1 eb. 28. 18,0. An Kii.'lish comp..scr, s.iii of William Horsley. Horsley, John. Born at Inveresk Midlothmn 1C,S5: .li.-.l al M..rpeth, Kngland, Jan. 12, L.l-. A British aii1i.|iiarv. author of " Britannia Ko- niaiia, or Ih.' Ant i.iiiili.'s of Britain '■(l^:'-)-''t"'- Horsley, John Callcott. Born al L..n.lon, Jan. •"I 1S17. AnKnglishl.istoricalandgenrepainter. Horslev Samuel. Born at L.m.lon. Sent. l.>, T7Se.l:Vt^righton.Enghind.(>t.4 186(;. An En.'lish bisliop (of SI. Asaiih) ami s.'holnr. Ho :,table f..r a 'cntn.versy witli l'-''"" -•>•;;,;,.' f'.,^« opposwl S,.cinianlsm. Am..iig his w..rk« arc ' "'H. >l < rlt^ u'llmm. tbellrsi tourt.-cn lli«torl.-al B,.ok»of IheOldTc^ ^;;i;:r;^(?rneh;-vin. Aoi^i;.Stoul,en H0^fe^;;wJlliam.,^n. .^^^^^^ K^5 i^^^s'so^.::^^:^'^;..^"^ i:r:;.? l^±ii^l}or his^gWs (•• By CeU^ Ar. ^^!rj?^{^^.^Xim.Ger,an>^,n.772:,,i,.d^^ ?X t'J.l'auIp '" o-f ..; African As.o.llV.'loiu^V'.n'.n, ^^^T wej.cni bank of the ChriBliania Fjord. i."cr.«se.l ? 1." M iVanVonrim-nt fn.m Cair,. oy.T Mnrriik 3,., „,i,^„ „„„„, l,y west of Chnstinnm: a station r,,rrw'-r Niger 171.8-iso,. ^be place amUheap^^^^^^^ oftheNorwegiai fleet. Population (1891),6,555. mate date of his death were not ascertained until a low Hortense Hortense (or-tons') (Eugenie Hortense de Beauhamais). Born at Paris, April 10. 1783 : died at Areuenberg, Switzerland, Oct. 5, 1S37, The daughter of the empress Josephine, wife of Louis Bonaparte, and mother of Napoleon III. She was the reputed author of the song " Partant pour la Syrie." Hortensia gens (h6r-teu'shi-a jenz). A Koman plebeian gens. Hortensian Law (hor-ten'shian la), The. [L. lex Hortensia.l hi the history of ancient Rome, a law, adopted probably in 286 B. c, which de- cided that the decrees 'of the Comitia Tributa should be binding on all citizens, patricians as well as plebeians, it was passed in consequence of a dangerous uprising of the plebeians, and received its name from the dictator Hortensius. Hortensio (h6r-ten'shi-o), lu Shakspere's "Taming of the Shrew," a suitor of Biauca. Hortensius ( h6r-t en' shi-us ) , Quintus. Born 114 B. c. : died 50 B. c. An eminent Roman orator, a leader of the aristocratic party. Hortibonus (hor-ti-bo'nus), or Hortusbonus (hor-tus-bo'nus), Is. The pseudonym of Isaac Oasaubon. Caseau in the Dauphinois patois he- ingjardiii, the pseudonym is literally *' bon jar- din" ('good garden'). Horus (ho'rus), or Hor (hor). In Eg^'ptian my- thology, a solar deity, the son of Osiris and Isis, and the avenger of his father upon Set : called by the Greeks Harpocrates. As Osiris was the sun of night, Horus was the sun of day. As the opponent of Set, he figured as the Elder Horus ; as Horus the Child, he was the rising sun. He was generally represented as hawk- headed., and is hardly distinguishable from Ra, like whom he was the lord of Upper Egj-pt. The heaven- or sun-god Horus was worshipped almost as generally as Ra, He was honoured in various shapes in Eg>'pt ; as Haroeri (the elder), Harpechrud (Harpokrates, the child), as the son of Isis, of J» ut, or of Hathor, in many places in Upper Eg>'pt (as at Edfu) and in Lower Eg>-pt. His sjTnhol is the winged sun-disc, and he flies through the air as a hawk. His chief myth is that of the flght with Set. But it is diflBcult to trace his original form, as he is completely absorbed in the Osiris circle, to which he cer- tainly did not originally belong. La Smissaije, Science of Religion, p. 408. Horus. A name given by Mariette to Hor-em- hib, an Egyptian king of the 18th dynast5\ After several insignificant kings came Horus, and with him the series of legitimate princes begins again ; but with him there also set in a violent reaction against the fanati- cal reforms of AmenophislV. The names of the dethroned kings were everywhere chiselled out ; their buildings were razed to the ground, and the capital at Tell-el-Amarna was so carefully and patiently demolished that not one stone is left standing. Mariette, Outlines, p. 43. Horvath (hor'vat), Mihaly. Born at Szentes, Hungary, Oct. 20, 1809: died at Karlsbad, Bo- hemia, Aug. 19, 1878. A Hungarian historian and politician, minister of "worship and public instruction in 1849. He wrote a " Historj- of the Hun- garians" (1842^6), "Historical Monuments of Hungarj'' (1S57, etc.), "History of Hungary" (1859-63). Hosea(ho-ze'a).orHosliea(h6-she'a). The first of the "minor prophets." He flourished in the king- dom of Israel under Jeroboam 1 1, and his successors. Inhis prophecies, which consist of 14 chapters, he represents the relation of Israel to Yahveh (Jehovah) as that of a wife to her husband, and its apostasy as the faithlessness of a wife. In the first division (i.-iii.). which originated during thelat- ter part of the reign of Jeroboam II., these ideas are syai- bolically expressed and illustrated by the prophet's own experiences in his married life with a faitliless woman ; the second division (iv.-xiv.), belonging to the period of the kin^s following, contains, on the basis of the same ideas, a series of discourses in which the sins of the peo- ple in all ranks are exposed and censured. Hosea's style is characterized by short and abrupt, sometimes obscure, sentences, full of fervor and strong feeling. Hosea Biglow. See Biglow Pajjer.^i. Hoshangabad (ho-shung'ga-bad). or Hushang- abad (hu-shung'ga-bad). 1. A district in the Central Pro\inees, British India, intersected by lat. 22^^ 30' N., long. 17° 30' E. Area, 4,594 square miles. Population (1891), 529,945.— 2. The capital of the district of Hoshangabad, sit- uated on the Nerbudda about lat. 22° 45' N., long. 77° 37' E. Population (1891). 13,495. Hoshea (ho-she'a), or Hosea (ho-ze'a). [Heb., 'deliverance,' ' salvation.'] The last king of the ten tribes, successor of Pekah son of Re- maliah, whom he assassinated in a revolution. and vrhose throne he usurped. According to the annals of Tiglath-Pileser III., Pekah was killed by the As- syrian king, and Hoshea (Assyrian .1 iisi) was appointed his successor. The invasion by Tiglath-Pileser of the king- dom of Israel, resulting in the capture of many cities, the inhabitants of which were deported to Ass>Tia, is men- tioned in 2 Ki. xv. 29. Under Tiglath-Pileser's successor, Rhalmaneser IV., Hoshea " conspired " against the Assyri- ans, seeking an alliance with the EtO'.ptian king Shabaka (biblical So). This led to the destruction of Samaria after a three years' siege by Shalmaneser, and the imprisoning of its last king. Kosius vho'shi-us), or OsiUS (6'shi-us). Died 514 in Spain about 358. A bishop of the early Chris- tian church in Spain. He was appointed to the see of Cordova about 300, and in 324 was sent by Constantine the Great to Alexantiria, with a view to composing the diffi- culties between Alexander and Arius. He is said by some t.i have drawn up the symbol of faith adopted at the Coun- cil of Nice in S25. Hosius (ho'se-os). Stanislaus. Born at Cracow, May 5, 1504: died near Kome, Aug. 5, 1579. A Polish cardinal, a leading opponent of Protes- tantism in Poland. Hosiner(hos'mer). Harriet G. Born afWater- town, Mass., Oct. 6. 1830. Aji American sculp- tor. She studied with Stevenson of Boston, and (anat- omy) in the School of Medicine at St. Louis. In 18:>2 she went to Rome, and studied with Gibson. After 2 years she produced busts of "Daphne" and "Medusa." Among her best-known works are "(Enone " (1855), "Zenobia in Chains '■ (1S59), " The Sleeping Faun " (1867). "TheWak- ing Faun," " Beatrice Cenci," " Puck *' (1SS5). The foun- tain in Central Park, Xew York, is by her. Hospenthal (hos'pen-tal). A place on the St. Gotthard Pass, Switzerland, southwest of An- dermatt. Hospitalers of St. John of Jerusalem, Order of the. A body of military monks, which took its origin from an earlier commtmity, not mili- tary in character, under whose auspices a hos- pital and a church had been founded in Jerusa- lem. Ita military organization wasperfected in the 12th century. After the retaking of Jerusalem by the Moslems, these knights defended Acre in vain, took shelter in Cy- prus, and inthe 1-lth century occupied the island of Rhodes. In 1522 the island of Rhodes was seized by the Turks, and the knishts, after some wanderings, had possession given them of Malta, the government of which island they ad- ministered until it was occupied by >apoleon in 179*. The badge of the order was the cross of 8 points, without any central disk, and consisting in fact of 4 barbed arrow- heads meeting at their points — the well-known Maltese cross. This is modified in modern times, with slight dif- ferences for the dilTerent nations in which branches of the order have survived. At different time s the order has been called officially Knii7hts of Rhodes and Knvjhts of Malta. It maintains to the present day a certain independent ex- istence. The most famous grand master of the order was La Valette, who successfully defended Malta against the Turks in 15tj5. That branch of the order c:illed the baili- wick of Brandenburg was revived and recognized as a sep- arate order by the King of Piussia in 1S52. The dormant langue of England was revived 18-27-31, and is again lo- cated at St. John's Gate, Cierkenwell. Hotcangara. See Winnehago. Hotel de Cluny (6-tel' de klu-ne'). The pal- ace, in Paris, of the Abbots of Cluny in Bur- gundy, built in the 15th and 16th centiu-ies, and now a museum of medieval and Renaissance decorative art. it is a picturesque example of the late- Pointed stjle, with towers, square mullioned windows, higli roofs, and tracer}* -framed dormers. The little chap- el is elaborately ornamented. The palace occupies the site of a Roman palace assigned to Constantius Chlorus. Of this the baths survive in part, notably the vaulted frigi- darium, 37i by 65 feet and 59 high, and decorated with rostra. Hotel de Rambouillet (de ron-bo-ya'). A fa- mous house in Pans, on the Rue St. Thomas du LoUT-Te. It was destroyed together with the street when the Ijouvre was finished. It was originally the Hotel Pi- sani, the residence of the father of Madame Rambouillet. It was noted as being the center of a literai-y and exclusive circle out of which afterward grew the French Academy. This salon was instituted about 1615 by the Marquise de Rambouillet, who was shocked by the puerile and immoral society of the period. The women assumed the title of "Les precieuses,"and proposed to devulgarize the French language. The men called themselves "Esprits doux." They had a vocabularj' of their own, and called all common things by uncommon names. They also had a conventional language out of which Saumaise "composed his "Diction- naire des precieuses." Richelieu, Bossuet, Corneille, Des- cartes, La Rochefoucauld, Balzac, Madame de Sevign^, and others were members of this coterie, and it exerted a good influence. Pedantrj- and affectation, however, in- creased, and the gatherings declined in interest, and never recovered from the irony of MoU^re in "les precieuses ridicules " and *' Les f emnies savantes." though it was only tlie extravagances of a few that he attacked. La Bruyt-re also took occasion to quarrel with them. Hotel des Invalides (6-tel' da zan-va-led^). A great establishment founded in 1670 at Paris for disabled and infirm soldiers. The monumental fa- cade, about 650 feet long, has 3 stories, and is adorned with military trophies and an equestrian statue of Louis XIV. The interior possesses halls adorned with interesting mili- taiy paintings, and contains the Museed'Artillerie, which includes a remarkable collection of medieval and Renais- sance armor.. The Church of the Invalides consists of 2 parts — the Eglise St. Louis and the Dome, since 1S40 the mausoleum of Xapoleon I. The nave of the former is adorned with captured battle-flags. The D6me was built by J. H. Mansart in 1706. In plan it is a square of 198 feet, surmounted by a gilded dome on a circular drum which is 86 feet in diameter, and with its cross and lantern 344 high. The entrance is adorned with 2 tiers of classical columns and a pediment. The tomb of Napoleon is a large monolithic sarcophagus of red granite, placed be- neath the dome in an open circular crypt 20 feet deep and 36 in diameter. The walls of the crypt bear allegorical reliefs, and against its 12 piers stand colossal Victories. In alternate intercolumniations areplaced6trophies, each of 10 tlatr? taken in battle. Hotel deVilleCo-tel'devel). Ahistoric building Houdin in Paris, of great size, bm-ned by the Commune in 1871, but carefully restored and much enlarged. The original structure was begun in 1533 by an Italian, Do- menico da Cortona : this is represented by the central part of the existing fai^ade, which offei-s a picturesque combina- tion of the Italian and French Renaissance styles. It is of 2 stories, flanked by pavilions a story higher, all with high hip-roofs, and siuiuounted by a high openwork cen- tral tower. The exterior is adorned with much sculpture. The rooms of state display splendid sculptures and wall- paintings by the most distinguished contemporary artUta. Hotho (ho'to). Heinrich Gustav. Bom at Ber- lin, May 22, 1S02: died there, Dec. 24, 1873. A German historian of art, appointed professor at the University of Berlin in 1829. He was director of the collection of prints in the Royal Museum from liS59. He wrote '*Geschichte derdeutschen und niederlandischen Malerei ''' (1S40-43), " Die Malerschule Huberts van Eyck" (1855-58), "Geschichte der christlichen Malerei " (1867~72X etc. Hot Springs fhot springz). A town and water- ing-place, capital of Garland County, Arkansas, 48 miles west-southwest of Little Rock. It is noted for its hot springs. Population (1900), 9.973. Hotspur. See Percy, Henry, Hottentot-Bushmen (hot'en-tot-bush'men). A South Afi-ican race. Ethnically Lepsius includes the Hottentots, Bushmen, and Pygmies, with the Bantu, in the • negro race, but he classes the Hottentot and Bushman languages wirh the Hamitic family. He derives the Hot- tentots from Cushitic Hamites blended with Bantu n^ groes. Generally the Hottentots, Bushmen, and Pygmies are classed as one race or two separate races. There are striking differences between the Hottentots and the Bushmen in structure and language, but their physical and linguistic kinship seems to be well established. In the Bushmen the distinctive features of the Hottentots with regard to other races are found exaggerated. These peculiar features are (a) the color, that of the Bushmen being brown, that of the Hottentots yellow ; (6) the stat- ure, the Hottentots being somewhat shorter than the Bantu, while the Bushmen rank with the Pygmies ; (c) the tufty hair : (tf) the diminutive and broad nose ; («) the perpendiciilar forehead: (.0 the tapering chin with promi- nent cheek-bones; (j?) the wrinkled skin. Intellectually, the Hottentots and Bushmen are fairly gifted. By do people ai-e the Bushmen more ill-ti-eated than by their nearest of kin, the Hottentots. The Hottentots are pas- toral; the Bushmen and I*5"gmies are exclusively given to hunting. The Hottentots are independent, even aggres- sive ; the Bushmen and Pygmies are timid, and hover, ss Helots, on the skirts of the stronger Bantu settlements, which they supply with game. See Khoikkoinj Bushmenf and Africa (with subheadings). Hottentots (hot'n-tots). [Native name Khoi- khoht. Hottentot is supposed to be imitative of stammering, with ref. to the clicking sounds of Hottentot speech.] A nickname given by the first colonists to the natives of the Cape of Good Hope, because of the clicks and other strange sounds of their language. The Hottentots call them- selves Khoikhoin, 'the mem' Sometimes this name is used for the Bushmen and Pygmies as well, all three being con- sidered as one race. In this acceptation the name Hotten- tot-Bushmen (which see) is to be preferred. Hottinger (hot' ting- er), Johann Heinrich. Bom at Zurich, Switzerland, March 10. 1620: drowned in the river Limmat, near Zurich, June 5, 1667. A Swiss Orientalist and biblical scholar. He wrote ^'Thesaurus philologicus " (1644), " Etymologicum orientale" (1661), etc. Houbraken (hou'bra-ken), Jacobus. Bom at Dordrecht, Netherlands, Dec. 25, 1698 : died at Amsterdam, Nov. 14, 1780. A Dutch engraver and painter. Houchard (6-shar'), Jean Nicolas. Bom at Forbach, Lorraine, 1740 : guillotined at Paris, Nov. 16, 1793. A French general. He defeated the Allies at Hondschoote Sept. 6-8. 1793, but was defeated at Courtray Sept. 15. This defeat was the cause of his ar- rest and execution. Houdan (o-don' ),LuC de. Bom at Rennes. 1811 : died at Paris, 1846. A French hydrographer. He was a lieutenant in the French fleet in the Rio de la Plata lS4i>-4;^ made extended surveys, and published sev- eral works on the Plata and Parang and on South Ameri- can hydrogrraphy in geueral. Houdetot (od-to'), Comtesse d* (Elisabeth Fran,'^ «• ^^ two other " sonnet-seque.ices, • and my t» o, "> E'.Bl'^h * etry which can take rank beside it, ■' I he Sonnets of Sh.ik- »Dere" and "Sonnets from the Portuguese ' Dowden, Transcripts and Studies, p. 229. House of the Seven Gables, The. A novel by Hawthorne, publislied in 18.^1. It shows the trans- mission .if personal character and the blightWg inHuenco of evil action to succeeding generations. _ Houses of Parliament, Loudon. See I artia- House that Jack Built, The. An accumulative tale "iven in " Mother Goose'sNursery Rhymes. Th? original of " Tlie house that Jack buUt " Is presumed to be a hymn in "Sepher U'ig.pf''': '"'^f ■„ ' \ 'lelc^ historical interpretation was llrst Kl^f" .".^ ^1, ^,- [ft ;■•„ recht, at Lcipslc, in 1731, and is printed In ^}^<',.^l\"»l.''" Reformer " vol xvU., p. 28. The original is In the Uialdeo languSlse //aWiweJi, Nursery Ehymos. Houssa. See Hnt'.itt. Houssain, or Hussan. See Ha.'inn 515 Ho at lUSSam, or xiuaoau. • ■> > ...■■■■■ lussaye (o-sa'),orit;.Hous8et.Arsfene Borr, at Uruveres, near Laon, France, Maich _«, ihi.>. died Feb. 26, 1896. A French critic, novelist, and litterateur. In 1818 he was for a short time en- tanglcMl in poliths. In 1849 ''^I'^'fJ^H wlM^T.nt over Ciim-di.- Francalse. He resigned m 18:.6, having put ovir aZ,,;lrel,Uy^.v the best-known drannitlstsontf.es^ Ue wrote •■ l,a nal.-rle .le portraits du \\ II'". )\^*>: "Hiatoire de li. peintnre llainande ct hollalidl Ise (1«^"); "LE. pire c'est la paix," a .■antata, cmimsed t..r Kucl.e aftr ircoup d'«At of i8.'.i-, besides " Wr';;}''iVri'i.',; novels, live or six volumes of poems, a "^'n .'l«'™'.y'' rt"s41 cinto April, 18.36 ; was president of Texas 1^6-38 an 1MI~ 1844 ; was Inited Slates senator from Texas 1845-&9 , and was governor of Texas 1859-61. Houyhnhnms (hou'iumz or ho mmz). A coni- munitv of horses desciibed as endowed with reason and intelligence, in the fourth part ol " (juUiver's Travels," by Jonathan bwitt. The Houyhnhnms, beings endowed with reason but un- disturbed and untenipted by the passions or struggles of an earthly existence, are not brutes, and are not to be coni- pared with men. Tuckerman, Hist, of Prosellction, p. 1, i. Hoveden, Roger of. See Hor/er. Howadji, The. A pseudonym of George William Howard (hou'iird), Catharine. Executed Feb. 1" 1542 Daughter of Lord Edmund Howard, and fifth iiueen of Henry VIII. whom she mar- ried July 28, 1540. She was convicted ot adul- tfrv aiui condemned as a traitor. Howard, Frederick, fifth Earl of Carbsle. Born May 28, 1748 : died at Castle Howard,! orkshire, England, Sept. 4, 1825. An English politician, viceroy of Ireland 1780-82. He was c hiet of the commissioners sent to America by Lord North Howard, George William Frederick, seventh E'lrl of Carlisle: earlier \iscount Morpeth. Born at London, April 18, 1802 : died at Castle Howard, Yorkshire, England, Dec. o, 1864. An English statesman. He was chief secretary for Ireland 183,&41; chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster 15^52 ; and lord lieutenant of Ireland 1855-58 and 186 «4 He wrote "Diary in Turkish and Greek Waters (1854), and other works in prose and verse. Howard, Henry, Earl of Surrey. Borti about 1517: beheaded on Tower Hill, London, Jan. 21, 1547 An English poet. He was known in youth as " Henry Howard of Kenninghall," from an estate owned by his Irandfather in Norfolk. He received an unusual y gjod education, and from 1630-32 lived at W "i'^?"'- «")>,","= voung Dukeof Richmond, the natural son of HeniT \ HI., Smpanying the king to Fiance in 1632. Uc r.-m'''n/;f at the French court for about a year. In 1541 he was in- sta led KnTght of the Garter, and in 1543 joined the Eng is forces at Lindrecles with special recommendations I on Henry VIII. to Charles V., and a little later was appomte.l "up-bearer to the king. He was present at the surrender of Boulogne, of which he was made go^^roor in 1545, but wiis recalled to England the next year. H^M-Vh liZk^ ill, and.wheii his death was near Surrey s fatlie , 'he ""'''^ of Norfolk, who was premier duke, was suspected o - ing at the throne. A month before the king s death both were arrested, and the Dukeof Norfolk, as peerol the rea n, was tried by his peers. The Ball of Surrey, however who had only a courtesy title, was tried by a jury picked fo ?he-occasion, who found that he "f^'^e'V ■""'\™;",^ >' "'I'' treacherously set up and bore the arms of Edwai the to - lessor, then used by the Prince of Wales, m'^cd «'!' » »' jolneJ with his own proper arms. He had >"' »« "'J^^. arms without iiucstion In the presence of the king, as the Howanls befori liii.i had done since the r grant by Iticluid II. Howas tried for high treason and beheaded Ui?P"-' »» wore llrst printed as -Songs ami Sonetes *■' ■""y" Miscellanv in 1557, with those of Sir! homas Wya t, lie w^the first English writer of blank verse, translating the "e^nd and fourth hooksof the 'E"eijl.i"t- >l";,'";"lil"''' with Wyatt he introduced the sonnet into English litera- ture. Howard, John. Bom probably at Hackney, Lon- don Sept. 2, 1726: died at Kherson, Kussia, Jan. 20 1790. An English iiliilanthropist, celebrated for his exertions in behalf of prison reform. He was appointed high sherllf of Bedfordshire In 1. i.t, and he acquaintance with prison abuses which he K'^"" ' ^ office led t« his career as a reformer. After a c re ul r- sonal Inspection of the prls.ms of l"''}'"^- ^Z,lwrt llv- Ireland, he visited those of Par s, Holland, !• ^J"; "r many, and Switzerland, and later made a secon.l tour In England He published " The State of the Prisons n Eng- Howe lis of BuU Run and Fair Oaks, a division at the batUes of An- tietam and Fredericksburg, and an army corps at Chan- cellorsville, Gettysburg, .Missionary Ridge, and '-!'''"»- nooga ; an J led the right wing of Shermans army ui the march from Atlanta to the sea. He was chief of the F reed- men's Bureau 18t;r.-74. and was promoted major-general in ISsi;. lie rctir.-d in ls'.i4. Howard, Thomas, Earl of Surrey and second Duke of Norfolk. Born in 1443: died May 21, 1524. An English soldier and politician. He defeated the Scots at Flodden Field, Sept. 9, Howard, Thomas,Earl of Surreyand third Duke of Norfolk. Born in 1473 : died at Kenninghall, Aug. 25, l.')54. An English soldier and politi- cian. He became lord higli treasurer in 1523, and, on the maiTiage of his niece CathMine Howard to Henry > 111- in 1540, gained great inlluence at court. Through the in- fluence of his rival the Earl of Hertford, he was ordered for execution on the charge of treason in 1547, but was saved by the death of Henry VIII. Howard,Thomas, fourth Duke of Norfolk. Born March 111. 1536 : died June 2, 1572.. An English politician, son of Henry Howard, eari of Surrey. He was the Brst subject in England under l.lizabelh, m- iismuch as there were no princes oi the blood and he was the possessor of the highest title of nobility. He wa* ap- pointed lieutenant of the northern counties m 15.^9 He ispired t« become the husband of liars' Queen of Scots, and joined a conspiiacy for her liberation, in consequence of which he was executed on the charge of treason. Howard, Thomas, Earl of Arundel. Born July 7, 1.186: died at Padua, Italy, Oct. 4, 1640. An English nobleman. He was employed in various dip- lomatic missions: and formed the llrst large collection of works of art in England, part of which was presented to the University of Oxford by his grandson under tne name of the Arnndelian marbles. Howard University. An institution of learn- ing at Washington, District of Columbia, found- ed in 1867, and designed especially for the high- er education of the colored race, but open to all races and creeds. It comprises preparatory, nor- mal, collegiate, theological, medical, law. and industrial courses. It lias about 50 instructors and 700 students. Howe (hou), Elias. Bom at Spencer, Mass., July 9, 1819: died at Brooklyn, N. \., Oct. 3, 1867. An American inventor. He completed the first sewing-machine in 1845 (patented in 1846). „ „ Howe, George Augustus, \ iseount Howe. Bom 1724: killed at Ticonderoga, N.\ ..July 8, 1/58. A British general, brother of Earl Howe. Howe, John. Born at Loughborough, Leices- tershire, England, May 17, 1030: died at Lon- don, April 2, 1705. An English Puritan clergy- niau. He became domestic chaplain to Cromwell, and settled in London in 1675. His complete works were pub- lished in 1724, including the " Living Temple of God Howe Joseph. Born neat Halifax, Nova Sco- tia, Dec. 13, 1804: died at HaUfax, June 1, 1873. A Canadian politician. He became secretary of state and superintendent-general of Indian alfairs in 1870, »nd in 1873 wiis appointed lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia. His "Speeches and Public Letters," edited by W . Annand, were published in 18.''8. Howe, Mrs. (JuUa Ward). Born at New York, Mav 27, 1819. An American poet and philan- thriiiiist, wife of S. G. Howe. Her noems were col- lected in "Passion Flowers" ("*«).,"" o,™»'V.'t-'i'"' w"l^- (ls,Mil, and "Later Lyrics" (1866: including "The Battle Hvniii of the Itepublic, ' which was written during a visit to the camps near Washlngt.m In 1861). She has also written "Sex In Education" (1874X "Modern Society (ISSO), " .Margaret Fuller, etc." (1SS3). Howe Richard, first Earl Howe. Born at Lon- don, iliirch 8. 1726: died Aug. .'), 1799. An Eng- lish admiral. lie was made vice-admiral in 1776. and In Feb 1778, appointed comnnindcr-in-chief in America. Here he conducted the English naval ojieral ions after the beginning of the Uevolnti,.n until 1778 when he_ re- turned to England. He » as llrst lord of the admiralty l(».t- 1788. < In .1 line 1 . 1794, he defeated the French oil t slianU In 179t! be was promoted admiral of the lleet, Howe, Samuel Qridley. Born at Boston. Nov. Ill, ISOI: .iicilnt liostoii. Jan.9. 1876. An Ainer- r;rin^prinV/7^'i78;;n8M;uii7«.,^h..m,.be isi:hLr!;:i:ey!:^^C^XK8;nc:hrw.^trjf °. f " t e , n."«- of examining the n.llltary hosp las Whic. engaged L this work he was attacked by canipfeyer ,md 'lied He was burled at Dopliluovka. Ills labors led lo many imporlaiit reforms. Howard, John Eager. Born in Ba timoro County, Md., June 4, m".: died at Baltimore, Oct. 12, 1827. An Ameri<'an Kevolntionnry olli- cer "and politician. Ho served at the I'owj.ens J" 17sl. and was gi.vernor of Maryland V»9-Vi and I nited SUtcs Howard,' oiiver Otis. Bom at Leeds, Maine, Nov. H. 1S30. A Union general in the Amen- ean Civil War. He commanded a brigade at the battles icaii philanthropist. He became superintendent of thel'erklnslnslituteforthe Blindal South Boston In 18;tS, ami was I'nited States commissioner losanto liomlnKO in 1871 He piihlished" Historical .Sketches of thcGreek Hev- olution" (1828), etc. Howe,William,Visconnt Howe Born Aug. 10, 1729: (lied July 12, 1814. A British general, brother of Eari Howe. He succeeded Oage as coni- mander-ln-chlef In America 1775; commandecl "< H""''" Hill 1775; and gained the victories of Long Islaii, , W hllc Plains (177(1). Brandvwine, and Oermanlown (l.ii). Howell (liou'el). James. Born in Wales about 1.-.05- died ItUW. .\ii English aullior. best known for liis " Lctlers" (lW.'-.-.55K He edited the third and fourth editions ot (^dgrive's "l-rench and English D tionary " (lii.'.o a.id KUVil, and compile.l ■> PolMf'"! dic- tionary ''l-tJlcon TetragL.tion "(lOtK)), with a cl,.u.sll\«l nomendator, lists of pro\ . rl.s, etc. Howells (hou'elz). WilUam Dean, ^^"^f Martinsville, Belmont County, Ohio, March ], Howells 1837. An American novelist and poet. He was United States consul at Venice 1861-6.1 ; editor-in-chief of the '■ Atlantic Monthly" 1871-81; an associate editor of ■' Harper's Magazine " 1886-91. He published " Poems of Two Friends" (with J. J. Piatt, 1860), "Venetian Life" (1866). " Italian .Tourneys " (1869). " Poems " (1867). Among his chief novels are '■ Their Wedding Journey" (1872), "A Chance Acquaintance" (1873), "A Foregone Conclusion" (1874), "The Lady of the Aroostook " (1876), "The Undis- covered Couiitry" (1880X"Dr. Breen's Practice" (1881), " A Modern Instance " (1882), " A Woman's Reason "(188:!), "The Kise of Silas Lapham" (1886), "The Minister's Charge "(1880)," Annie Kilburn "(18SS), " World of Chance" (1S9S). ■ " ' 516 Hudibras and farces. He edited the "Cosmopolitan " in 189: Ho'We's Ca'Ve (houz kav). A large and remark- able cave near Schoharie, New York. Ho-witt (hou'it),Mrs. (Mary Botham). Bom at Uttoxeter, England, about 1.S04: died at Kome, ISSS. An English authoress, wife and collabo- rator ofWilliam Howitt. Among her separate works .,..,., are translations from Frederika Bremer and Hans Auder- MuancayO ( wan-Ka yo). sen, and juvenile works. Her autobiography was edited by her daughter (1SS9). flo-witt, William. Bom at Heanor, Derbyshire, England, 1792: died at Rome. March 3. 1879. An English poet and miscellaneous author. He wrote "Book of the Seasons" (1831). " Rural Life of Eng- land " (183SI, "Visits to Remarkable Places" (1840-42), "Rural and Domestic Life of Germany " (1842), "History of the Supernatural, etc." (1863), "Northern Heights of London, etc." (1869), etc.; jointly with his wife, "Litera- ture and Romance of Northern Europe ' (18.S2). "Ruined Abbeys and Castles of Great Britain' (1862-64), of the Wye, etc, (1863), of Yorkshire (186.1), of the Border (1866). Ho'Wle-glass. See Eidexspiericl. Ho'WTah (hou'ra). A suburb of Calcutta, sit- uated west of that city on the Hugli. Popula- tion (1S91), 116,606. Ho'WSOn (hou'son), John Saul. Bom at Giggles- wiek, Yorksliire, England, May 5. 1816 : tlied at Bournemouth, Hants, England, Dec. 15, 1885. An English clergyman and author. He published, jointly with W. J. c'onybeare, "Life and Epistles of St. Paul " (1850-32), and wrote " Metaphors of St. Paul " (1868), etc. Ho'Wtll (houth) . A peninsula in County Dublin, Ireland, on the northern side of Dublin Bay. Hoxter (heks'ter). A manufacturing town in the province of Westphalia, Prussia, situated on the Weser 43 miles south-southwest of Han- to the Chancas untU both tribes were con- Hubet (ii-bar'), Frangols. Bom at Geneva, he Inca Pachac_utec Yupanqui,^about^l420. jujy o, 1750 : died near Geneva, Dec. 31, 1831, rations on the honey-bee. He was the author of " Nouvelles observations siir les abeilles " (1792), " Memoirs sur I'influence de I'air et des diverses substances gazeuseg dans la germination des ditf^rentes plantes " (1801). He early became blind from excessive study, and conducted his scientific work thereafter with the aid of his wife. nierlvomjof the rrchertcrties in Peru, and was noted for Hubcr (ho'ber), Johannes. Bom at Munich, ' '-^ „_-..,...•-.. „v,.,... _4ug_ 13^1830: died at Munich, March 19, 1879. A German philosophical writer and leader of the Old Catholic party, professor of philoso- phy (1855, extraordinary; 1864. ordinary) at Munich : author of " Philosophic der Kirchen- viiter" (1859), " Das Papsttum und der Staat" (1870), '-Der Jesuitenorden " (1873), etc. subordinate quered by the ... Their descendants are now merged in the general popu lation of Peru. Huancavelica(wiin-ka-va-le'ka). 1. A depart- ment of central Pern. Area. 10,814 square miles. Population, about 100,000.— 2. The capi- tal of the department of Huancavelica, situated about 170 miles southeast of Lima. It was for merly one of the richest cities in Peru, and ■ its quicksilver mines, now abandoned. Population, about .^,(XX). [e has also written a number of short comedies Huanca'VlllcaS (wan-ka-vel kas). A powerriU tribe of Indians, presumably of Quiehua stock, who formerly inhabited the lowlands of eastern Ecuador, between the river Daule and the sea. They were conquered by Huaina Capac about 1600, and, under Inca domination, occupied the same region at the , _.,,-t, -^Tiio-i. time of the Spanish conquest. Their descendants are HubOr, Johaiin Rudoll. Bom at Basel, bwitzer- merged in the general population of the Guayaquil valley, land, 1608 : died 1748. A Swiss historical painter, . , _ , A city of Peru, in the sometimes called "the Tintoretto of Switzer- southwestern part of the department of Junin, land." in the valley of Jauja, 10.880 feet above the sea. Huber, Madame (ThereseHeyne). BomatGot- It gave its name to the constitution promulgated ^there tino-en, Pnissia, May 7. 1764 : died at Augsburg, Nov. 11 1, 1839, which was finally superseded by that of Nov. 25, 1860. Population, about 5,000. Huanta (wan'ta). A town in the department of Ayacucho, Pern, about 200 miles southeast of Lima. Population, about 4,000. HuanuCO (wii'no-ko), or GuanUCO (gwa'no-ko). XT , Victor Aims Bom l.AcentraldepartmentofPeru,comprehendingHub^^^^^^^ part of the upper valley of the Huallaga with the adjacent mountains. The mountains are rich in min- erals, and the valleys near the Huallaga are covered with forest. Huinuco corresponds to an Inca province or re- gion of the same name. It was settled by Gomez de Al- varado m 1539. Area, 23,000 square miles. Population, about 80,000. 2. Thecapital of the department of Hudnuco,sit- Bavaria. June 15, 1829. A German author, wife first of G. Forster, and after his death of L. F. Huber, and daughter of C. G. Heyne. Her " Erzahlungen " (" Tales") were published 1830-33. Bom at Stuttgart, Wiir- " nearWemigerode, in the Harz, July 19, 1869. A German literary historian and publicist, son of L. F. Huber. He became professor at Rostock in 1833, at Marburg in 1836, and at Berlin in 1843. He retired in 18,50. He ivrote " Die Geschichte des Cid " (1829)," Chronica del Cid " (1844X" Die neuTomantische Poesie in Frankreich" (1833), "Die eng- lischen Universitaten " (1839-40), etc. nated near the river Huallaga 170 miles north- Hubert (hii'bert ; F. pron. ti-bar , Saint. Pi. northeastofLima,foundedinl542. Population, ^I'l'^^^-f^^^^^J^^^^l^l^^ about 7,500. Huanuco Viejo, or Hudnuco el Viejo (wa'no- ko el ve-a'Ho). An ancient Imiian town of Peru, about 40 miles west-northwest of the present city of Huanuco. The remains of Incan architecture found Died patron of hunters. Hubert. A character in Shakspere's "King John ." He is Hubert de Burgh, justice of Eng- ^^^__^^^^ land, created earl of Kent. He died 1243. here are among the finest in existence. TheVlace was set- Hubert de BUTgh. See Burgh. tied by the Spaniards in 1539, but abandoned soon after for HubOrtUSburg (ho-ber tos-borg). A castle near the present capital. Some silver-mines in the vicinity were ^Vermsdorf, Saxonv, 25 miles east of Leipsic. worked in the 18th century. rj.|,g p^a^e of Hubertusburg was concluded here between nover. Near it is the castle of CorveL It has a church Huaoul (wa'ke). A place on the Desaguadero Prussia, Austria, and Saxony, Feb. 15, 1763, ending the of St. Kilian. Formerly it was a free imperial city and jjiygj. Bolivia It is notable for the battle of June 20, Seven Years' War. Prussia retained Silesia. Hanseatic town. Population (1S90), commune, 6,646. ign, in'which the'spanishforcesunderGoyenechedefeated Hubli (ho'bli). A town in Dharwar district, Hoxton (hoks'ton). A district in Shoreditch the patriots of Buenos Ayres and Upper Peru under Cas- Bombay, British India, situated in lat. 15° 20' and Hacknev. London. " it was sometimes caUed telli. ...i... . ^ e ^- i *♦!„„„ N., long. 75° 12' E. Population (1891), 52,595. Hogsdon and Hog Lane. ... In the • Domesday 'record Huaraca (wa-ra ka. A great festival of the an- Hiibner (bub'ner). EmiL Born 1834 : died 1901 it is entered as Hocheston, and in a lease of the time of eient Peruvians, held at the time ot the summer """"^'- v ' •__...-.. Edward III. it is mentioned as Hoggestori^ . .Hoxton goigtiee. The youths who had attained sufficient age and has long been noted fortoe number of Its charitablynsti- strength were then admitted to military rank, with various wT 1 ) ThonAury, Old and New London.V. 524. "J^^^o^j^g ^nd testa of endurance. Hoy {hoi). An island of the Ork-neys, southwest Huaraz (wa-rath'). The capital of the depart- of Pomona. It is high and picturesque. Length, ment of Ancachs, Peru, sitnated on the river 13 mile<; & i i o Santa about 200 miles north by west of Lima. Hoyden (hoi'den), Miss. The daughter of Sir Population, about 17,000. HnhriPr Baron Josenh Alexander VOn Bon TJnbelly Clumsy in Vanbmgh's comedy " The Hwma (--^e -).^ A^plaui at fte^^^^^ Hub^ner.Bar^u Joseph iUex^^^ ^^^^ AGerman philologist, sonof Rudolf Julius Hiib- ner. He became professor of classical philology at the University of Berlin in 1870, and was editor of the period!. cal " Hermes " 1866-81, and of the " .\rchaologische Zei- tung " 1868-73. He published " Grundriss zu Vorlesungen Uber die romische Literaturgeschichte " (4th ed. 1878), "Grundriss zu Vorlesungen uber die lateinische Gram- matik" (2d ed. 18sli, etc. Bom Relapse," a pert and amorous country girl. She was a great favorite with both actresses and audiences. Hoyle (hoil), Edmund. Born 1672: died at London, Aug. 29, 1769, An English writer on games. He published "Short Treatise" on whist (1742: included in his book on games). Hoz (6th), Pedro Sanchez de. Died at Santi- ago, Chile, 1548. A Spaniard who, in 1537, re- ceived from Charles V. authority to conquer and colonize Chile. Pizarro had already given the same right to Valdivia, and to avoid conflict he arranged that the two should be associated in the enterprise (1539). Valdivia speedily became the real leader, but Hoz re- ceived rich grants of land and Indians. During Valdivia's absence in Peru he plotted to seize the command : the plan was discovered by Villagra, and Hoz was beheaded. Hrabanus Maurus. See Babanus. Hradschin. See Prague. Hrots'Vitha. See Hom-itha. Huaina Capac, or Huayna Ccapac (wa-e'na kii'piik). Born at Tumibamba about 1-150: died Nov., 1525. The eleventh Inca ruler of Peru em extremity ot its name to the battle of Oct. 20, 1647, in which Gonzalo Pizarroand hislieutenant Carvajal defeated Diego Centeno^ Huascar (was'kiir),or IntiCusi Hualpa(en'te ko'se wal'pa). Born about 1495 (according to Cieza de Leon, in 1500): died at Audamarca, Jan., 1533. Aninca chief. At the death of his father. An Austrian diplomatist. He was minister at Paris 1849-59, and ambassador at Rome 1865-67. He has pub. lisbed "Sixtus V."(1S71), etc. Hiibner, Karl Wilhelm. Born at Konigsberg, Prussia, June 14.1814 : died at Dusseldorf. Prus- ^^....v... ^...-.. ^^......-^ -■•- sia, Dec. 5, 1879. A German genre-painter. HuaiuaCapac(Nov.,1525),theempu-ewasdividedbetween Hiibner, Rudolf JuliUS BennO. Bom at Ols, Huascar and his illegitimate brother, Atahualpa. Huas- Silesia, Pnissia, Jan. 2i , 1806: died at Losch- carhad the southern and Larger part, with his capital at ^..^^^ ^^^^ Dresden, Nov. 7, 1882. A German works are "Roland," The Golden Age, " etc Cuzco. W.ar broke out between the two, and Huascar was ,. , . , . . eventually defeated and captured (1532). After Alahualpa historical painter. Among Ins works are was seized by Pizarro he feaied that the Spaniards would " Samson," " .Tob and his Friends, The Goldei interfere in favor of his brother, and by his secret orders ^ /jjj^n gyarlste Elgis. Bom at Toulouse, ""-°"- "'°° "■—'"' France, Aug. 1, 1813 : died at Paris, March 26, Huascar was drowned. Huastecs (wiis'teks). A tribe of Indians near the coast of eastern Mexico, in southern Tamau- lipas and northern Vera Cruz. By their language they are allied to the Mayas of Yucatan, and those ethnol- ogists who hold that the Mayas came from the north be- lieve that the Huastecs were a tribe left behind during 1860. A French Roman Catholic missionary and traveler in the Chinese empire. He published "Souvenirs d'un voyage dans la Tartaric, le Thibet, et la Chine " (18.50), "L'Empire chinois " (1854), "Le Christian- isme en Chine " (1S57), etc. neve tnat ine Huastecs were a uioe leii ociiiiiii uuiiiig „ ,, ,, ,,. t-i^\ A .,oi.i;omoT.tQrv theu- migration. At the time of theconquest they lived in Huddersfield (hud'erz-feld). A parliamentary villages,"generallv of wooden houses, and practised agri- culture. They re'adily submitted to the whites, and have long been Christianized. Also written Huastecas, lluax- tecos, and GuaUscos. Also writ- Accordine to Bias Valera he had ruled 42 years at the time ■|T,,,+,,ofic Sop fitintiivov ofhisdeath. Balboa says 33 years. He completed the con. nuaiUSOS. f^ee i^uaimvb. ■„^„„j„„„;„ „f questsof his father, Tup.ac Inca Yupanqui, penetrating far Huayias (wi las). A colonial intenaencia 01 south into Chile and subduing the province of Quito, where Peru, now the province of Aneaehs he fought a memoralile battle. During his reign the Inca ^^^ Hiiailas. empire attained its greatest extent and splendor. At his ^t n !««.* Gnn Tli,niv,n Cnrtnf death it was divided between his two sons, Huascar and Huayna CcapaC. See Suflina Capac Hualapal, See Walapai. Huallaga (wUl-yii'ga). A river of Peru which flows north and" joins the Amazon about lat. 5° 6' S. , long. 75° 40' W. Length, about 650 miles. Huamanga See Guamanga. Huancas ( wan'kas). An ancient tribe of Peru- vian Indians, of Quiehua stock and language, who inhabited a portion of the present depart- ment of Junin (province of Jauja). They were Hubbard ( hub'Jird), William. Born inEugland, 1621 : died at Ipswich, Mass., Sept. 14, 1704. An American historian and clergyman. He wrote a "History' of New England " (published 1815), and a 'Nar- rative of the Troubles with the Indians in New England Hubbardton (hub'ard-ton). A toivn in Rutland County, western Vermont, 14 miles northwest of Rutland. Here, July 7, 1777, the British under Fraser defeated the Americans under Francis and Warner. Pop- ulation (1900), 488. borough in the West Biding of Yorkshire, Eng- land, situated on the Colne 15 miles southwest of Leeds. It has important manufactures, par- ticularly of fancy woolens. Population (1901 . 95.008. Hudibras (hii'di-bras). A satirical poem by Samuel Butler, directed against the Puritans, published 1663-78: so called from the name of its hero, who is a Presbvterian country justice. Accompanied by a clerk, one of the Independents, he ranges the country after the manner of Don Quixote, witB zealous ignorance endeavoring to coirect abuses and re- press superstition. The greatest single prodnction of vrit of this period, I might say of this countrj-, is Butler's "Hudibras. ' It con- tains specimens of every variety of droUerj- and satire, and those specimens crowded t.igether into almost eye^ page The proof of this is that nearly one-half of his line* are got by heart, and quoted for mottoes. HadM, Eng. Poets, p. 9L Hudibras, Sir 517 Hudibras, Sir. A rash and melanoholy man in Spensei"'s •' Faerie Queene." It is thought that the poet intended to slmdow forth the Puritans in this char- acter. See Hrulibras. Hudiksvall(lio'dilis-viil). A seaport on the east- ern coast of Sweden, south of Sundsvall. Pop- ulation (1890), 4,804. Hudson (hud'son). [Named from Henry Hud- sou, wlio discovered it in 1609.] Ariver in New York, rising in tlie Adirondaclis in Essex County, New York, tiomng south, and falling into New York Bay in lat. 40° 42' N., long. 74° 1' W. it is Huelva, Alonso Sanchez de. celebrated for its picturesque scenery, especially in its course tlirouph the Highlands and past the Palisades. In its lower course it is called the North River. Tlie Mohawk is itJi chief trihutar)'. Length, about 350 miles ; navigable to I'roy, 151 miles. On its barilis are Troy, Albany, Kings- ton, Poughkeepsie, Newliurc, Fishkill, Cornwall, West Point, Sing Sing, Yonkers, New York, and Jersey City. Hudson. A city, river port, and the capital of Columbia County, New Y'ork, situated on the ville on the east, Cadiz on the southeast, the Atlantic on the south, and Portugal on the west. Area. 4,122 square miles. Pojiulation (1887). 2.54.831.— 2. The capital of the proviuce of Huelva, situated on the river Odiel 54 miles west-southwest of Seville. It has sardine fisheries. Near it is the convent of La RAbida, where Columbus was sheltered and received efficient aid for his voyage. The simple buildings, with the iron cross before the door, the two arcaded courts surrounded with cells, and the large hall of the prior Marchena, remain very nearly as when the discoverer sojourned there. Population (18S7), 18,195. The name given Hugo, Victor Marie 113.5 : died at London, Nov.. 1200. An English pri-lute, made bishop of Lincoln in 1186. Hugh of Lincoln. An English boy alleged to have been put to death by Jews at Lincoln, England, 1255. He is the subject of the" Prioress'sTale ' in Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales," and of "AlphoHsus of Lincoln." Hugh, or Hugo, of Saint Cher. Bom at St. Cher, near Vienne, France, about 1200: died at Orvieto, Italy, 1263. A French cardinal and theological compiler. Hugh, or Hugo, of Saint Victor. Bom about 1097: liied Feb. 11. 1141. A French mystical theolotrian. His works were edited in 1648. the story, this man dieil in the house of Columbus after having revealed tn him the secret of the discover)'. The report, in a nmeh less deliidte form, and without the name, first appeared ijj Oviedo's history in 1636. It is now gen- erallv discredited. .l^l'baTk oYt^Tnids^n^TrlnUnruth-of IT- Huen-Tsang (hwen-tsang'). See HiouenT.ano. l.any. Population (1900), 9,528. Huesca (wes'ka) 1. A province of Aragon Hudson, George ilicd at London, speculator, known as " the railway king, Hudson, Henry. Died in Hudson Bay (?), 1611. A noted English navigator. He was, perhaps, grandson of Henry Hudson, one of the founders of the by Gaivilasso de la Vega (1609) to a sailor or pilot who is said to have discovered land west j. ,i - , -, 4 ,7. •• ^ ■■ . -,'\ of the Canary Islands about 1484. According to Hugh Capet („!;» ^a^pet ; 1< ^ pron. ug^ ka-.pa_)_. Died OctT 24, 996. King of France 987-996, son of Hugh the Great whom he succeeded in the duchy of France and in the countship of Paris in 956. He was elected king on the extinction of the direct line of Charles the Great by the death of Louis le Faineant without issue in i(S7. He found the royal do- main restricted to the region bounded by the Sonnne, the Loire, Normandy, Anjou, and Champagne ; and was pow- erless to resist the great feudatories - the dukes of Nor- mandy, Brittany, Burgumiy, and Aquitainc, and the counts of jianders. Champagne, and Vermandois — each of whom surpassed the king in military power and in extent of ter- ritory. He became the founder of the Capetian dynasty. njed Hughenden (Im'en-den). A village iu Buck- Saragossa. Population (18S7), l:i,(m. Hudscar (wes'kiir). A town in the province of Granada, Spain, situated on the Guardal in lat. Muscovy Company in 1556. In 1607 he was sent out by that company, in the Hopeful, to sail across the pole to the Spice Islands. He reached the east coast of Greenland (lat. 69'-70") in June ; sailed northward along the co.ist to lat. 73" ; thence went along the ice-barrier to Spitzbergen. reaching lat. 80° 23'; and returned to England, discovering .Ian Mayen (named by him Hudson's Touches) on the way. Ill KiOS he attempted to find a northeast passage, (in 5l,arch 25, 1609, he set sail with the Good Hope and Hall Jiloon, in the service of the Dutch East India Company, _ ,q„ with the same object ; but his crews mutinied, the Good ''■'-°- ,, _. t-> • , t. i i-i Hope returned, and with the Half Moon he sailed across Huot (u-ef), Pierre Daniel. Bora at Caen, the Atlantic to Nova Scotia. Thence he sailed southward, France. Feb. 8, 1030: died at Paris, Jan. 26, exploring the coast as far as Chesapeake Bay. In .Sept. y-.y^ ^ French prelate, bishop of A^Tanehes, he explored the river afterward named for hnn, ascend- 411 „i ,,. „ , ,.V, . *• „ ing it nearly to the sit« of Albany. In 1610 he sailed in and a noted scholar. He wrote " Demonstratio evan- the Discovery to And a northwest passage, and entered gelica"(1679) " Censura philosop nai cartesiana! ( Cn- Hudson Strait and Hudson Bay. He wintered on James tique of the Philosophy of Descartes, 1689), etc. Bay. On his return his crew mutinied, and on June 23, HueXOtzinCO (wa-HOt-then'ko). [A Nahuatl 1611, he was bound andwith 8 others set afloat in a small jj^me.] A town on the eastern base of the Iz- square miles. Population (1887), 254,958. — 2. The capital of the province of Huesca, situated 40 miles northeast of Saragossa. It was occu_ by the Arabs from 713 to 1096, and was probably the ancient Osca. It is noted for its cathedral of the 15th century. 'The great recessed west door has fine statues and reliefs, and the alabaster reredos, sculptured with the Passion of tt,,_t,oo nn"i/'i Tn'hn Rnrn in Couiitv Tvrone Christ, is by the master who executed that in the PUar at HUgfieS (hu/), J Oim^_ uora in >;0™ty Yrone, inghamshire, England, 31 miles west-northwest of London. Hughenden Manor was the seat of the Earl of Beaconstield. Ireland, June 24, 1797 : died at New Y'ork, Jan. 3, 1864. A Roman Catholic prelate. He became bishop of New Y'ork in 1842. ami archbishop in 1S60. He founded St. John's College, Kordham, in 1839. boat on Hudson Bay. They were never seen again. Hudson, Henry Norman. Bom at Cornwall, ■Vt., Jan. 28, 1814: died at Cambridge, Mass., Jan. 10, 1886. An American Shaksperian scholar and Episcopal clerg^^nan. Hepublished "Lectures on Shakspere " (1848), " .Shakspere : his Life, Art, and Char- acters, etc." (1872), " Studies in Wordsworth " (1874), " Es- says on F.ducation, etc." (1883). He edited Shakspere (11 vols.) in 1851-5G and (20 vols.) in 1880-81. Hudson, Sir Jeffery or Geoffrey. Born at Oak- ham, Rutlandshire, England, 1619 : died in 1082 A famous English dwarf. bigh till he was about 30 years beight of 3 feet 9 inches. He made his first appe served up in a pie at the table of the Duke of Bucking- ham. After the marriage of Charles I. he was a iiage in the service of the queen. He had many adventures ; was a captain in the royal army at the beginning of the civil war; and had his portrait painted by Vandyck. Scott in- troduces him in "Peveril of the Peak." He was finally arrested in 1682 upon some suspicion connected with the Popish plot, and confined in the Gatehouse prison. He was released, and did not die there as Scott and others state. tHet. Xat. Biog. Hudson Bay. An inland sea in North America, inclosed liy British America on the east, south, an(l West, iind partly inclosed by Southampton Island on the north: called James Bay iu the south. It communicates with the Atlantic through Hud 37° 47' N.,long. 2° 33' W.' Population (1887). Hughes, Thomas. Bora near Newbury, Oct. " """ 20, 1.H23 : died at Brighton, March 22, 1896. An English author, reformer, and politician. He was educated at Rugby under Dr. Arnolil, and was later as- sociated with Canon Kmgsley anil F. D. Maurice in the movement for improving the condition of the poor know n as Christian Socialism. He lectured in the United States in 1870, and in 1880 he founded the "Rugby Colony" in Tennessee. He was made queen's counsel in 18C9. and county court judge in 1882. (Sie Jtughy.) He wrote "Tom Brown's School-Days" (1856), "The Scouring of the « lute Horse " (1858), "Tom Brown at Oxford " (1861), "1 he Man- liness of Christ" (1879), "Rugby, Tennessee " (1881), etc. tac-cihuatl, in the state of Puebla, Mexico. At the time of the conquest the tribe of Huexotzinco was =" depe,S,rd SSost alTayTatwarwRh Hugli, or Hooghly (hog'le). The westernmost andtheirconfederates. In 1.524aconventwase8tablishcd channel of the Ganges, at its delta. Calcutta there, parts of which are still occupied. jj, situateil on it. Length, 145 miles. Hufeland (ho'fe-liint), Christoph Wilhelm. -^^gn or Hooghly. A city of Bengal, on the Born at Langensalza, Prussia, Aug. 12. 1 >, ui>. • i . „„; . -'-1 . . isn, A German .lurist and political economist. xox, ^v^eri,«.u.|uii,...^..i,o,...v„...„^>..^..,.. Hugo(hii'g6; F. pron. ii-go'), Victor Marie. Hug (hoG), Johann Leonhard. Bom at Con- ^^ \j Besancon, Feb. 26, 1802: died at Paris stance, Baden, June 1. 1705: died .at Freiburi Baden. March 11. I.s4(!. A German Roman Catholic biblical critic. He wrote " Einleitung in die Schrif ten des Neuen Testaments " (1808), etc. Hiigel (hii'gel), Baron Karl Alexander An- selm von. Born at Ratisbon, Bavaria, April 25, 1796: died at Brussels, June 2, 1870. A German traveler iu Asia, the East Indies, ami elsewhere. He published "Kaschmir und das Reich der Sikhs " (1810-42), "Das Decken von Kabul" (1851-52), etc. 80nStralt,andnitb theArcticOceanthroughFoxChanneL ...... i^ i c 1 c. <-i ItschieltribntaiiesaretheChurchillanil Nelson, Itwas HugCr (u-je'), Benjamin. Born at Santee, b.C, explored by Henry Hudson in 1610. Length, about 1,000 isOo: died at CliarlesUm, Doc. 7, 1877. A Con- miles. Greatest widlh, about i»0 miles. federate general in the Civil War. He commaml- HudSOn Bay Company. A British joint-stock ,.,i ^ division under General Johnston at I'air Oaks, and company chartered in 1670 for the purpose of under General Lee al Malvern HilL puridiasing furs and skins from the Iniliaiis of Huger, Francis Kinloch. Born at Charleston, British North America. Itsoriginal possessions, y. c., Sept., 1773: died there, Feb. 14,^1855. called the Hudson Bay Temtory, were ceded to tlie government in 1870. Hudson Bay Territory. The territory wa- tered by the streams (lowing into Hudson Bay, Kranted to the Hudson Bay Cotnpany in 1670. It was incorporated with the Dominion of Canada in 1870. It is known also as Rupert's Land. Hudson Strait. A sea jiassago connecting Hud- son Buv on the southwest with the Atlantic An American oflicer, nephew of Isaac linger He joined Dr. Kric Bollnian in the unsucccsBtul attempt to libeiatc La Fayelte from the (orticsa of Oliniitz In 1707. with the result that he was imprisoned by the Austrian government nearly eight months. Huger Isaac. Born on Limerick Plantation, S. C, March 19, 1742: died Oct. 17, 1797. An American general ill the Revolution, llecom- mandcd the left wing at the battlcof Slono, June 20, 1779; wiui ilefeated by Tarlelon and \\ elisler at Slonk's Corner. South Carolina : and commanded the Virginians at Guil- ford Court UoUBO. on the east: discovered by Sebastian Cabot in H^ggj^g (i,„g'in/.). Sir William. Born at Lou 1517. Length, about 500 miles. Breadth, about 100 miles. Hu6, orHu6-fu (hci-ii'fo'). The capital of An- nam, situated on the river Hu6 about lat. 16° 30' N., long. 107° 35' E. U was foriified by French engineers. Population (estimated), 30,- 000; with stiburbs, 50,000. .Inn. I'ob. 7. 1.S24. All Kuglisli astronomer. iiuiod for his rcHcarclies in spectrum iiunlysis. Hugh (hii), F. Hugues (iig). "the Great." or "tTieWhite." Died .lime ]6,9.")6. Count otParis and Duke of France. He married Ilodwig. sister of the emperor Otto I., by whom he becaino the father of liugh cupi'f. Huelva (wel'vii). 1. A pro\'ince of Andalusia, Hugh, or Hugo (hii'go), of Lincoln, or of Ava- Spaiu, bounded by Badajoz on the north, Sc- Ion. Saint. Born ut Avalon, 1 ranee, about May 22. 1885. \ celebrated French poet, the recognized leader of the romantic school of the 19th ci'iitiiry in France. His childhood was spent jiartly with his mother in Paris, and partly in Corsica. Klba, Italy, and Spain— wherever his father, an olllcer in the French army, could gather his fainil)' about him. He re- ceived his early education from his mother, and also at the hands of an t)ld priest, Lai-iviere. In 1815 he went to schoid, anil thence to the Lycc^e Louis-le-tiraiul in Paris. In 1816 he wrote his first tragedy, "IiUnii'ne." While sf ill al school lie began another tragedy, "Atht^lie," and composed a melodrama, " Inez de Castro," and several poems. He also competed for a prize of the French Academy with a poem, "Sur Its avantages de I'etude " (lsl7), Agidn, in Isls, he competed with his poems "Sur linstitution du jury "and "Sur les avantages de renseignement mutuel," His suc- cess encouraged lliin to send to the Academy of Floral Gaines at Toulouse " Les derniers bariies," " Les viergcs do Verdun," and " Le rt^tablisseinent de Iu statue de llenrt IV." (1819), for which he was awarded the principal prize. In 18"J0 he took aiu>ther prize with his poem *' .Moise sur le Nil, " and was made matlie is jeux.floraux. In 1819 ho had founded a fiutnighlly review. "LeConservatellr LittiS- ralre": ho wrote alwifor "La Muse Fran^aise " 1 1 is poeti- cal ciunpositloliB Include " Odes et poijsles di^erses "(18'J'i). "Xouvelles odes" (1821), "(Ides et ballades" (1826: of which a revised and enlarged "Les orientates " (IS'JO), " Les chants du ci-opusciilc ' (1835), " Les voix Inlerleures (18:17), "Lob rayons et les ombres" (bSIO), "Les chiltl- ment8"(I8.5;i), "Lesconteniplationa" (18,Ml-.57), first series of " La ICgendo des sli'des " (1859), " Les chansons des runs et des bols" (18(151, " l.'Aiiinc terrible" (1S72V. " L'Art d'etre grand-pere" (1877). second scries of "l.u legendodoa BlMes ' (lS77X"Le pape " (1878)," la pllle »upr>>nie "(1S79), "LAne (ISSo)." Religion et religions" (1880), "U'smiaire vents de I'esprlt" (18S1), third series of ■' Iji Kgelule des sl^cIe9" (18S:l), "Iji till de .Satan " (1886). " DIeu" (1891), " route la lyre "(1888-9,1). As a draniatlBl Victor IluBO adapted "Amy Robsiirf ' (18J8) from Scott's "Kenil- worth," and also wmle "('M'niwell " (1827\ " Marion De- loriiie " (is-iii). " Hcrnani " ( ls:)o), " U- rxil s amuse " (IS;12), *Lucricellorgln"(18.'!.'i). " Marie ■l'iidor"(183.')), "Angelo' ns:i.5), "Ksm.ralda "(18:l6), " Itily lUas" (1838). " I*s Bur- graves "(184:1), "'I'oniuemada" (1882), "Le lliriAfrc en 11- berti' " (I8,M'.). and " I.es jiiineaux ' (1889), Vlclor Hugo's prose wrlliiigs are " llan d'Islande ''(1H23), " Bug .largnl " (1826). " Le dernier lour d'jn coudaniniS " (18:i»), ">'otre .'ditfon apjieaied in 1828), 1 (eilille«d'autoinne"(1831). Hugo, Victor Marie Dame de Paris " (1831), '"'Litt^rature et philosophie m6- 16es " and ' ' Claude Gueux " (1S3-1), " Le Rhin " (1842), " Na-- pol6on le petit "(1862), '*Les mis^rables" (1862), "Victor Hugo racoiit^ par ua t^moin de sa vie " (1863), " William Shakespeare " (1804), **Les travailleiirs de la nier" (1866), "L'Hoiume qui rit"(1869), "Actes et paroles" (1872-76), " Quatrevingt-treize " (1874), "Histoii-e d'un crime " (1877- 187S>, '• Choses vues " (1837), " En voyage : Alpes et Pyr6- n^es " (1800). He was elected to the French Academy Jan. 7, 1841. His interest in politics and journalism led him to found a newspaper, "LEv^nement," in 1848. After the revolution of this year he was exiled (in 1851)'from France, not to return till the fall of the empire in 1870. Ht- went first to Belgium, in 1852 to Jersey, and in 1855 to Guernsey. Victor Hugo was elected a life member of the French sen- ate in 1S76. and the last years of his life were devoted to litoraiy work. Huguenots (hu'ge-nots). [The name as applied to the Protestants of France vras first used about 1560, being apparently imported from Geneva, where it appears to have been for some time in use as a political nickname. Its par- ticular origin is unknown : no contemporary information has been found.] The Reformed or Cahinistic commimionof France in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Huguenots were the Puri- tans of France, noted in general for their austere virtues and the singular purity of their lives. They were perse- cuted in the reign of FYancis I. and his immediate suc- cessors, and after 1562 were frequently at war with the Catholics, under the lead of such men as Admiral Coligny and the King of Navarre (afterward Henry IV. of France). In spite of these wars and the massacre of St. Bartholomew (Aug. 24, 1572), they continued numerous and powerful, and the Edict of Nantes, issued by Henry TV. (1598), se- cured to them full political and civil rights. Their political power was broken with the surrender of La Rochelle in 1628, and the revocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV. (1685), and the subsequent persecu- tions, forced hundreds of thousands into exile to Prussia, the Netherlands, Switzerland, England, etc. Many settled in the colonies of New York,Virginia, etc., but especially in South (Carolina. The name is sometimes applied at the prt'sent day to the descendants of the original Huguenots. Huguenots, Les. An opera by Meyerbeer, fii-st produced at Pai'is in 1836. Hugues (iig), Victor. Born at Marseilles, 1761 : died near Bordeaux. Nov., 1826. A French ad- ministrator. He went to Santo Domingo in 1778, was en- gaged in the revolution of 1789, and was deported to France. The Convention made him commissioner to the French West Indies (1704), where he reconquered Guadeloupe and took St. Lucia and other islands from the English. In his government of Guadeloupe he showed extreme cruelty to those opposed to revolutionary ideas. He fitted out several privateers which preyed not only on the English but on North American commerce, nearly provoking a war be- tween the United States and France (1798). Recalled in Dec, 1798, he was made governor of Cayenne in 1799, finally surrendering to the English Jan. 12, 1809. He was again governor of Cayenne 1817-19. Huilliches(wel-ye-chas'). [Araueanian: ImUU, southern, and ch^, people.] The name given to various hordes of Indians of the Araueanian stock who inhabit that portion of Chile near the Gulf of Ancud. See Araucanians. Hmtzilihuitl(wet-ze-le'wetl). [Nahuatl, ' hum- ming-bird.'] Died in 1414. An Aztec sovereign of Tenochtitlan (Mexico) from 1403. He was a son of Acampichtli, and married a daughter of the Tec- panec chieftain, thus strengthening the alliance between the two tribes. It is said that a regular system of laws was first established during his reign. Huitzilopochtli (wet-zel-6-p6ch'tle). The war- god and principal deity of the ancient Mexicans : '*the mythic leader and chief deity of the Az- tecs, dominant tribe of the Nahuanation " (Ban- croft). He was represented by a hideous stone idol, be- lieved by Bandelier and others to be the one now preserved in the museum at Mexico. As he was supposed to be of a very sanguinary disposition, immense numbers of human sacrifices were made before the idol. When his gieat tem- ple was dedicated, in 1486, it is stated that 70,000 victims (evidently an exaggeration) were slain. It appears that he was also called Mextli (whence the name Mexico, given to Tenochtitlan). Hulin, or Hullin (ii-lan'), Comte Pierre Au- gustin. Born at Paris, Sept. 6, 1758 : died at Paris, Jan. 9, 1841. A French general in the Napoleonic wars. He became adjutant-general to Bo- naparte in 1796, and general of division in 1802. He pre- sided at the court martial which condemned the Ducd'En- ghien in 1804, and in 1812, when governor of Paris, put down the conspiracy of Malet to subvert the empire. Hull (hul), or Kingston-Upon-Hull (kingz'tpn- u-pon-hul'). A seaport in the East Kiding'of Yorkshire, England, situated at the entrance of the Hull into the Humber, in lat. 53° 45' N., long. 0° 19' W. After London and Liverpool, Hull is the principal port in England. It is an important terminus of steam-packet lines to domestic, continental, and Ameri- can ports, and a center for extensive fisheries. Trinity Church is one of the greatest of English parish churches, in the Decorated and Perpendicular styles; it exliibits highly interesting tracery. Hull became an important port under Edward I. Itw:ia the birthplace of Wilham WU- berforce. Population (HK)1), 'J-lM.tilS. Hull, A town in Ottawa County, Quebec, on the Ottawa River opposite Ottawa. Population (1901). 13,993. Hull, Isaac. Bom at Derby, Conn., March 9, 1773(1775?): died at Philadelphia, Feb. 13, 1843. 518 An American commodore. He commanded the Constitution, which defeated and captured the Guerriere Aug. 19, l.Slli. Hull, William. Born at Derby, Conn., June 24. 1753: died at Newton, Mass., Nov. 29, 1825. An American general . He served through the Revo- lutionary War ; was governor of Michigan Territoi-y 1805- 1814; and surrendered Detroit to the British in 1812. Hullin. See HhUu, Hulse (huls). John. Born at Middlewich, Che- shire, March 15, 1708: died Dee. 14, 1790. An English clergyman. He bequeathed estates to the Uni- versity of Cambridge, which form an endowment for the Hulsean professorship of divinity, for the Hulsean lec- tures (on the Christian evidences, or in explanation of diffi- cult or obscure parts of Scripture), and for certain Hulsean prizes. Hulst (hulst). A town in the Netherlands, 16 miles west by north of Antwerp. Huma, or Wahuma (wa-ho'ma). A pastoral tribe of Galla origin which has given toKaragwe, Unyoro, and Uganda their royal families, in these 3 kingdoms they are found as herdsmen, giving wives to their Bantu neighbors, but keeping otherwise separate. In Unyoro and Karagwe they are honored; in Uganda they are rather despised. Like the Galla, they are a fine- looking race. Everywhere they speak the Bantu languages of their neighbors in addition to their own, which must be of Hamitic structure. Humahuacas (o-mii-wa'kas). A tribe of Indians who inhabited the valleys and plateaus of the eastern Andes, in what is now the Argentine province of Jujuy and southern Bolivia. Tliey made a brave resistance to the Spaniards from 1592 to about 1G50, when the remnantswere taken to Rioja, farther south; there they soon became extinct as a tribe. Humahwi. See Humawhi. Humaita (d-ma-e-ta'). A town of southwestern Paraguay, on the river Paraguay 15 miles above its confluence with the Parana. The river is here greatly narrowed. Humaita and an advanced post to the south, called Curupaiti, were strongly fortified by the elder and younger Lopez, and they are memorable for the long siege which they Kustained from the Brazilian and Argentine forces during the war of the Triple Alliance. The works were abandoned July 25, 1868, and were dis- mantled by the Brazilians. Humawhi (.ho-ma'hwe). An almost extinct tribe of North American Indians. See Palaihnilian, Humbaba. See Khunibaha. Humbe(hom'be). A Portuguese fort and county capital on the Kunene River, West Africa, Sev- eral wars have been fought here between the Portuguese, the Boers, and the natives. The native name is Unkuiiibi. Humber (hum'ber). [^fE. Humher, Hioiibre, AS. Humher, Humbre.'] An estuary formed b}' the junction of the Trent and the Ouse, England. It lies between Yorkshire on the north and Lincolnshire on the south. Length, about 40 miles. The chief ports are Hull and Grimsby. It was the boundary of ancient North- unihria (Deira) and Mercia. Humbert (hum'bert). It. TJmberto(om-ber't6), I. , Ranieri Carlo Emanuele Giovanni Maria FerdinandoEugenio. Born at Turin, March 14, 1S44 : assassinated at Monza, near Milan, July 29, 1900, King of Italy, son of Victor Emman- uel, whom he succeeded in 1878. He commanded, while Prince of Piednn mt, a division of General Cialdini's army at Custozza June 2-1, 18GG. Tliemostiiot;ibk- event of hisrfi!J,nwasthef.'niiatirin i>f the Triple Alliance (in 1882). Humboldt (hum 'bolt; G.pron.hom'bolt), Baron Friedrich Heinrich Alexander von. Bom at Berlin, Sept. 14, 1769 : died there. May 6, 1859. A celebrated German scientist and author. He studied at the universities of Frankfort-on- the- Oder and Gbttingen, and after traveling in Holland, Belgium, and England continued his studies at the Mining School in Freiburg. From 1792 he was for several years mining en- gineer at Steben.near Bayreuth, but resigned the positinn in 1797 to travel in Switzerland, I tidy, and Fnuxt-. In I'aiis he became acquainted with Aim6 Bonpland, witli whom he undertook from 1799 to 1804 a scientific journey to South America and Mexico. From 1809 to 1827 he lived for the most part in Paris, engaged in scientific work. After 1827 he took up his permanent residence in Berlin. In 1829, at the instance of the Emperor of Russia, he undertook an- other scientific expedition, to Siberia and the Caspian Sea, Subsequently.until his death, he lived in Berlin. The re- sults of the American journey were published in a large series of works with thegenenxl title "Voyage aux ri^gions 6quinoxiales du nouveau continent." They include "Re- lation historique " (1814-25, covering only the first part of the trip), " Essai politi(nre sur la Nouvelle Espagne " (1811), "Essai politique sur I'isle de Cuba" (1826-27), scientific monographs, atlases, etc. The "Asie Centrale"and other works describe the Asiatic journey. The "Examen cri- tique de I'histoire de la gif ographie du nouveau continent, etc.," a work showing great research, was published 1814-34, and "Kosraos" 1845-58. The latter, perhnps the greatest of Humboldt's books, was first puldislit -I in (ier- man. Commonly known as Alexander vmi Hunilmlilt, Humboldt. Baron Friedrich Wilhelm Chris- tian Karl Ferdinand von, commonly kno^vn as Wilhelm von Humboldt. Bom at Potsdam, Prussia, June 22, 1767: died at Tegel, near Ber- lin, April 8, 1835. A German philologist and author. He studied jurisprudence at Frankfort-on-the- Oder and Gdttingen. He afterward traveled extensively through Europe, and acquired a mastery of the principal modern languages, t'rom 1801 to 18UH he was Vrussian Humphrey minister resident in Rome. The latter year he returned to Berlin, where, as minister of public instruction, he waa active in the foundation of the new University of Berlin. Afterward he was minister resident in Vienna and a mem. ber of the Vienna Congress. Later he was minister resi- dent in London, and, finally, minister of the interior in Berlin. After 1819 he lived for the most part at Tegel. His principal work, "Ueber die Kawisprache auf der Insel Jawa"("On the Kawi Language of the Island of Java"), appeared pusfhumously at Berlin lS3(.>-40, in 3 vols. The intrudiiitiun to tliis woik," IV-biT die Verschiedenheit dea meiisrhliLlit II Spiaclii)aues uiid ihren Einflussauf diegeis- tigf En twickulung des Meiischengeschlechts" ("On the Dif- ference in the f'onstruction of Language, and its Infiuenee upon the Intellectual Development of the Human Race"), has been published several times separately. "Briefean eine Freundin" ("letters to a Friend," Charlotte Diede) appeared tlrijt in 1847. His collected works were published at Berlin, 1S41-52, in 7 vols. Brother of the preceding. Humboldt (hum'bolt) Lake, or Humboldt j Sink. A lake in the west of Nevada, with no \ outlet to the sea. Humboldt Mountains. A range of mountains J in the eastern part of Nevada. Humboldt River. A river in Nevada, flowing | into Lake Humboldt. Length, about 350 miles. Its valley is traversed by the Central Pacific Railroad. Hume (hum), David. [The name Hume is the same as Home.'] Born at Edinburgh, April 26 (O. S.), 1711 : died there, Aug. 25,1776. A fa- mous Scottish philosopher and historian. He studied at Edinburgh ; went to France in 1734, where he remained until 1737, chiefly at La FUche in Anjou ; retired to S'inewells, Berwickshire, in 1740 ; became a companion to the Marquis of AnnandaJe in 1745, and was dismissed in 1746 ; became secretary to General St. Clair, by whom be was appointed judge-advocate, and whom he accompanied on an embassy to Vienna and Turin; was appointed keeper of the Library of the Faculty of Advocates at Edinburgh in 1752 ; visited France 1763-60 ; and was under-secretaryof state 1767-GS. He is chiefly celebrated as the expounder of skeptical views in philosophy, which have pioduced an extraordinary effect upon all metaphysical thinking since his day. He wrote "A Treatise of Human Nature, etc." (1739-4U), " Essays, Moral and Political " (1741-42), "Philo- sophical Essays concerning Human UnderstaTiding"(1748: afterward called "An Enquiry concerning Human Under- standing "), " Political Discourses " (1751), "An Enquiry con- cerning the Principles of Morals" (1751), "Four Disserta- tions "(1757), " History of England "(1754-61), " Natural His- tory of Religion "(1757), "Two Essays "(1777), "Dialogues concerning Natural Religion " (1779). Collected works ed- ited by Green and Grose (4 vols., 1S74) ; life by J. H. Burton (1S46). Hummel (hom'mel), Johann Nepomuk, Born at Presburg, Hungary, Nov. 14, 1778 : died at Weimar, Germany, Oct. 17, 1837. A noted Ger- man pianist and composer for the pianoforte, author of concertos, sonatas, operas (3), etc. He was a pupil of Mozart^ kapellmeister to Prince Esterhiizy 1804-11. conductor at Stuttgart 1816, and later (1820) con- ductor at Weimar. Hummums, The. See the extract. In the southeast corner of the market-place (Covent Gar- den), and occupying that portion which was destroyed by fli-e, are two hotels, known by the strange names of the ''Old Hummums "and the" New Hummums." The name is a corruption of " Humoun." Mr. Wright, in his " His- tory of Domestic Planners of England," says: "Among the customs introduced from Italy was the hot sweating bath which, under the name of the hothouse, became widely known in England. . . . These "Hummums," however, when established in London, seem to have been mostly fre- quented by women of doubtful repute. . . . They soon came to be used for the purpose of intrigue, which grad- ually led to their suppression. Tiiornbury, Old and New London, III. 25L Humorists, The. A comedy by Thomas Shad- well, produced in 1671. In this play the word humorist has its early meaning of a capricious person. Humorous Lieutenant, The. A play by Fletch- er, probably produced between 1618 and 1625, printed in 1647. Humperdink (horn ' per- dingk), Engelbert. Born Sept. 1, 1854. A noted German composer. His opera "Hansel und Gretel." produced at Weimar] Dec. 23, 1893, has earned for him the title of "the modera j Wagner. " i Humplirey (Imm'fri), Duke of Gloucester, called j " Good Duke Humphrey." Born 1391: died at j Bury St. Edmunds, Feb. 23, 1447. The youngest! sonof HenrvIV.by his first wife, Mary Bohun. He j studied at Balliol College, Oxford, and was noted as a patron ' of learning and a collector of booiis. He was the founder, by his gifts of books, of the library of that university. In 1420 he was appointed lieutenant of England, and held that i office nntil the return of Henry V. in 1421. On Henry's j death Gloucester, though only deputy for Bedford, became practically protector of the young king Henry VI., through Bedford's' c iiinitioii w illi altairs in France. In 1422 he married .laciiuelinL, only daiipliter of William VI., count of Hainault, to whose estates she had succeeded, but of which she had been deprived; and in 1424 conquered Hai- nault and was proclaimed its count. In 142g his mai-riage with .Jacqueline was annulled, and he soon married his mistress, Eleanor Cobham. His protectorate, which was throughout unfortunate, was terminated by the coronation of Henry VI., Nov. (■,,1429. In 1441 he wasdisgraced through the dialings of his wife with the astrologer Eolingbroke. (See Cuhham, Kleitmir.) In 1447 he was arrested by order of the king, and in a few days died. Humphrey, Heman Humphrey, Heman. Bom at West Simsbury, Harrlord County, t'onii., March 26, 1779 : died at fittsfleld, Mass., April 3, 1861. An Ameri- can Congregational clergyman and educator, president of Amherst College 1823-4.5. He pub- lished " Tour in France, etc.'' (1838). Humphrey Clinker, The Expedition of. A novel by Tobias George Smollett, published in 1771. ft is written in the form of letters. They [Mr <^id Mrs. BramMeoii their expedition in search of health) pick up a postilion named Humphrey Clinker, a convert to tlie new doctrines of Whitetield and Wesley, who afterward turns out to lie a natural sun of Mr. Bramble himself, and who, after converlin;,' lliss Taljitha and Ml-s. Winifred [Mrs. Bramble's maid], marries the latter. Fursylh, Novels and Novelists of the 18th Cent., p. 289. Humphreys (hum'fi-i/.), Andrew Atkinson. Born at Philadelphia, Nov. 2, ISKI: died at Washington, Dec. 27. 1883. An American gen- eral. He served with distinction in the Union army in the Civil War, commanding a division at the battle of Get- tysburg in 18ti3, and a corps in the operations about Peters- burg 131M-65. He was chief of engineers in the United States army 1866-79. Humphreys, David. Bom at Derby, Conn., July, 17.52: died at New Haven, Conn., Feb. 21, 1818. Au American poet and difilomatist. He published, with Barlow, Hopkins, an-8.s). His collected works were published 1790 and 18IM Humphrey's Clock, Master. See Master Hum- phriii. Humphrey's Walk, Duke. A name given to the middle aisle of St. Paul's Church in London, on account of the tomb of Duke Humphrey, the son of Henry IV., which was said to ))e there. HumpoletZ (hom'po-lets). A town in south- eastern Bohemia, 57 miles southeast of Prague. Population (1890), commune, 5,913. Humuya (o-mo'ya), or Ulua (o-lo'it). A river in Hondiu-as which flows northward and falls into the Gulf of Honduras. Huna(ho'na). Bom 212: died 297. The prin- cipal of the Talmudic Academy in Sora, Meso- potamia. He was distinguished both for learn- ing and charity. Hunah (ho'nii). A tribe of North American In- dians, living on Chichagof Island, Alaska. They number 908. See Koluschan. Hu-nan,orHoonan(h6-nan'). A i^rovinee in central China. Area, 82,000 square miles. Pop- ulation, 21,002,604. Himcamunca (hung'ka-mimg'ka). A character in Fielding's burlesque tragedy "Tom Thumb till- Great." She is the daughter of King Arthur and Queen DoUallolla, and is sweet, gentle, and amorous. Hunchback, The. A comedy by J. Sheridan Knowles, produced in 1832. Hundred Days, The. The period of about 100 days, from the middle of March to June 22, 1815, during which Napoleon I., after Ids escape from Elba, made his final effort to reestablish his em- pire. It ended in the crushing defeat at Water- loo and his abdication. Hundred Years' War. The series of wars be- tween Engl.ind and France about 1338-14.53. The English, generally victors in these wars down to about 1430(C'r6cy, Poitiers, Apiiicourt, etc.), and rulers of a great part of JYancc. were tinally expelled entnely, except from Calais, which tliey retained for about a century longer. Hnndsriick (honts'riik). A mounluin-range in west<>rn Germany, between the Moselle and Nahe, connected \vith the Vosges. Hunfalvy ( hon'f ol-ve), Jdnos. Bom at Gross- Schlagendorf, Zips, Himgary, .luuo 9, 1820: died Dec. 6, 1888. A Hungarian grugrapher, brother of Piil Hunfalvy. His chief work is a " Phys- ical Geography of Hungary" (18(>3-6U). Hunfalvy, PAl. Born at Gross-Sihlagendorf, Zips, Hungary, March 12, 1810: dieil Nov. 30, 1891. A lluugarian philologist and ethnog- rapher. Hungarian Insurrection. A rising in Hungary against the tyranny of .\ustria, 1848-49. Kos- suth was ttie (;bi',-f leiid.'-r. The overthrow of .Metternich, the reactionary niiiii.^li-r, at Vienna in March, 1848, was Innnedratfly f.dlowed by a revolutionary movement in Pest. The emperor l-'erilinand was forcO'l to grant a sepa- rate Hungarian ministry, but encouraged .lellachieh, the Ban of Croatia, to rrvnlf against Hungary. In t»ct,, I81H. Hungary ruse in insurrection. 'I'he war eontiiuied under the relgti of Francis .loseph (who succeeded [tec. "2). The chief Hungarian generals were llorgei. Klapka. item, and DenibiuHkl. In April, 1H19, (he Hungarians declared tlndr Indepenilence, and proclainud their country a republic, with Kossuth as governor. I'.y the aid of Kus^lan armies the Austrians con19, and Kossuth escaped. Austria restored the constitutional liberties of the king- dom in 1M67. Hungary (htmg'ga-ri). [ME. Ilunqaric, Uon- garie, Ot\ flnnfinrir, F. Ifnnrjrir, Sp. Pg. TTini- gria, It. Uiiglinin, Oni/iirin, MIj. IIinK/nriti (G. Ungam), from Uungdri, L'ngan, Cngri, I'gri, 519 Huntingdon middle of last centtiry, conceived the idea that the Huns might be thus identified, and with intlidte pains has writ- ten out their history from Chinese sources, and has exhiiv ited it in its connection with that of llie various Tartar conquerors, who. since their ilay, liave poured down upon the civilised kingdoms of Europe and .Asia and wasted them. Uodffkin, Italy and her Invaders, II. 5. MGr. Oi7ypoi, a name given to the Magyars. The Magyar name of the country is M(Uii/urorszdg.'\ A country of central Eiuope: a name used in three distinct, more or less extended senses, (o) The Transleithan division of the Austrian- Hungarianmouarchy,iucludingHungaryproper „„^„ Ttn,;*„ ,.t>„i,*i,«i;+«,. \., „..„io„+ ,„»r, with Transvlvania, Crotitia a.ul Slavonia, and Huns, White or Ephthahtes An ancient peo- ... „ T "., . -.■ ,-1 ,1 -,1, 1., ,.i„ pie in central Asia, near the Uxus. Theywereso tiume. In this sense It .s a kingdon. united wh.A,usia J/^^j ^ the Greeks on account of their cH-Uization. It in apersoual union under tlie en.].e. „, , hut having its ow n .^ supposed that they became established in tlie region after the great emigration of the Huns. They were finally blended with the I'm-ks. Hunt (hunt), James Henry Leigh. [The sur- name Hunt is from ME. Iiiintt . AS. hiuita, a hunter.] Born at Southgate, near London, Oct. 19, 1784 : died at Putney, near London. Aug. 28, 18.59. An English essaT,-ist. poet, and miscel- laneous author. His chief works are essays, the poem ■' .story of Rimini " (1S16)," Recollections of Lord Byron " 09U,'292. (fc) Hungary proper and Transylvania (1828), "Autobiography " (I8.i0). (now ineorporateii with it). This is the main part Hunt, Richard Morris. Bora at Brattleboro, of thel'ransleithandivision justdescribed. Area, 108,2.')8 Vt., Oct. 28, 1828: died July 31, 1895. An square miles. Pojiulatioii (1900), 16,056,904. (c) Hun- American architect, brother of W. M. Hunt. Reichstag at liudap, st : thi~ is couiposeil of a Table of Maj nates and a Chamber of Deptitiest numbering 4f»;>), and legis- lates in general for the Iranslcithan cU\isi(Ui, and in par- ticular for Hungary and Transylvania. In the Hungarian part of the empire less than one half are Magyar, the re- mainder being Kumaniaus, Germans, Slovak.-, Seibo-Croa- tians, Ruthenians. etc. As regards wW^i the Roman Catholics are more nmuerous than the i;riM-k l.'hnrch, Prot- estants, and Israelites. (For Croatia, Sliiruniii, Traiufiilva- nia, see these names; for the empire in general, see Aug- Iria.) Area, 125,0;)9 square miles. Population (1900), 19, Silesia(separated by the Carpathians) on the north, Galicia (separated by the Carpatliians) on the north and northeast, Bukowina and Transylvania on the east, Seivia (separated by the Danube) and Croatia-Slavonia (separated by the Drave) on the south, and .Styria and Lower Austria (sepa- rated by the Leithaand March) on the west. TheCarpathi ans are in the north and east; the Bakony Wald anil spurs 1892. An American chemist, mineralogist, and geologist. He was chemist and mineralogist to the Geological Survey of Canada 1847-72, and was professor ot geology in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1872-78. He wrote "Chemical and Geological Essays" (1874), "The Domain ot Physiology' (2d ed. 1882), -A New Basis for Chemistry" (1887), etc. of the Alps are west of the Danube The leading physical -rr-.'-i •nTiVliaTn TtATitTr Rom ,nt London March features kre the great plains of the Danube and Theiss. ■'f,^*J ^ imam ilenry. isom at J^^ The country produces large quantities of wheat, barley, 28, 1/90 : died Feb. 10, 1864. An English painter rye, Indian corn, wine ; the mineral products are coal, salt, in water-colors. iron,lead,copper, silver, gold, etc.; the exports are wheat, Hunt, William HolmaU. Born at London, flour, barley, live stock, etc Including Transylvani:i, Hun gary has 63 counties. The capital and principal city is Budapest. The dominant people in Hungary proper are the JIagyars. Hungary proper was in part included in Pannonia and Dacix The settlement of the Magyars un- der Arpad took place about 896. The Magyars made many attacks on neighboring lands, and were defeated by Henry the Fowler and by Otto the Great on the Lechfeld (9;.5). 1827. An Eijglish painter, one of the leaders of the Preraphaelite school. He first e.\hibited in the Royal Academyin 1S46. Among hiswoiks are "Awak- ened Conscience "and " Light ot the World ' (18.'.4)," Find- ing of the Saviour in the Temple " (18l«), "Isabella and the Pot of Basil " (1808), "The Shadow of Death " (1873), ' Portrait of Dante Gabriel Rossetti " (1884). Hungary was Christianized in the end of the loth century, Huut. William MorriS. Born at Brattleboro, , 1 . . . _ _ ,.; I 4.... a, ..',..—1-.... :., ii'uiA iti>,.i,.i> — I- , — .^, .. ... . .T. ...-1, 1 and became a kingdom under St. Stephen in lOoO. During the next two centuries it increased its territories at the ex- pense of the Slavs. The constitution of the "Golden Bull' was granted in 1222. The country was terribly ravaged by the Mongols in 1241. The Arpad dynasty came to an end in 1301, and was followed by the house of Anjou (1309), under which Hungary came to occupy a commanding position. Louis uniteil the crowns of Hungary and Poland 1370-82 . and they were again united under Ladislaus, who died in 1444. War against the Turks was carried on under the lead- ership of Hunyady (1442-56). Matthias Corvinus reigned 14.i8-90. The crowns of Hungary and Bohemia were united 1490-1626. On the overthrow of the Hungarians by the Turks at the battle of Mohacs in 1S26, a great part of Hungary passed to the Turks, and Kerdinand of Hapsburg (later emperor) became king of the remainder (with Za- polya as rival king). Biida was recovered from the Turks in 1686. ThesovereiL'ntywasniadelu'r.ditaryintheHapsliurg family in 1687; andtluir llnTigaiian .loniiiiions wci e cc.li-.l by the Turks in 1699 and 1718. Au eigllt years' rebellion terminated in 1711. Ihe revolution of 1848-19, under the leaiiership of Kossuth, was suppressed with Russian assis- tance. The dual .system of government was establishefl under the leadership of Deak in 1867. Area of Hungary proper, 91,609 square miles. Population (18',iO), 12,996, 1 10. Hungerford (hung'ger-ford), Mrs. (Margaret Hamilton Argles). Died at Bandon, Ireland, Jan. '24, 1S97. An Irish novelist. MoU.d her books have apjieared under the pseudonym "'Ihe Duchess." HungU, or MahungU (mii-hon'go). A Bantu tribe of Angola, west Africa, stretching in straggling settlements from the head wiiters of Hunter, Robert Mercer Talial the Dando eastward to the Kuangu Iviver. 'ihe a,,,,;i ./i iki)ii. ,li,„i TnU- 18 1887 MahungU grow coffee, which they sell at Dolido. I.oanda, Apul -1, 1811. . dietl Jul> 18, 188 . MahungU grow . and Ambrlz. They speak a dialect of Kongo closely re- lated U^ Mli.amba, and in a lesser degree to Kimbundu. Hiiningen (liU'ning-en). F. Huningue (U- nan'g). A town and former fortress of Upper Alsace, on the Rhine 3 miles north of Basel. Huna (liunz). ri'T-"- lJ">i>ih LGr. Oln-im. also LL. Cliiiiiiii, Cliiiiii. LGr. Xovi'voi, Xoi'i'm; doubtfully identiiied witli the Chinese Hioiignii or IIiidi;/- noo, a people who, according to Chinese annals, constitiilod about the end of the 3il century B. C. a powerful emi)ire in central .Asia.] A Mongolian riice which, having crossed the Volgn Vt., March 31, 1824: died at Isles of Shoals, N.H., Sept. 8, 1879. A noted Americaii portrait, landscape, and figure painter, a pujiil of Cou- ture and Millet. Among his works are sketches of street life in Paris, mural paintings in the Capitol at Al- bany, New York, etc. Hunter (hun'ter). David. Bom at 'Washing- ton. D. C, July 21. ]S0L>: died at Washington, Feb. 2, 1880. An American general in the Civil War. He commanded the main column of McDowell's army in the Manas.saa campaign, and participated in the battle of BuU Run July 21, 1861. He was appointed to the command of the Department of the South in March, 180-2, and May 9, following, issued an order liberating the slaves in his ilepartment (Georgia, Florida, and .South Carolina), which order was annulled by the President ten days later. H'Onter, John. Born at Long Caldei-wood, Lan- arUshire. Scotland, Feb. 13, 1728: died at Lon- don, Get. 16, 1793. A noted British surgeon, anatomist, and physiologist, brother of William Hunter. Ho c(dlectcd at London a museum of anatom- ical, physiological, and patboloirical specimens. He wrote " Natural Histoiyof the Human Teeth" (I77I-78X 'Trea- tise on the Blood, luUammation, and Gunshot Wounds" (1791), etc. Hunter, Mrs. Leo. The author of an ode to ''an expiring frug": a character devoted to celebrilRis, in Dickens's "Pickwick Papers." Taliaferro. Bom All Ameri- can shitesnian. He was a uieniber of Congress (Demo- cratic) from Virginia ls:i7-13 and 184.'i-l" (speaker 18;i9- 1811); Cnitcd states senatxir 1847-t'l ; Confederate secre- Uvry of state in 1861 ; Confederate senator; and peace com- missioner in ISlia. lie became treasurer of Virginia in 1877, and retired from public life in 1880. He took a lead- ing part in the framing of the tarilf act of 1857. Hunter, William. Born nt Long <^'alder\vood, l.nnarksliirc, Scotland, .May 23, 1718: died at London, .Man-h 30. 1783. A Brilish physician, amitoinisl. and pliysiidogist. Hewasnotedasalec. turerou ariatomv, and as the ci>llectorof a museum (now ill the luiversitv of Glasgow) He wrote "Anatomy of the Gravid l'terus"(I774), etc. about 300 and totally defeated the Alani, united Hunter, Sir William Wilson. Born July 1!5, with tlicm and then attacked the Goths, thus compelling the iiTiiption of the . The Huns, with various subject tribes, Invaded Gaul under the leadership of At Ilia, and were defeated near Chabuis-siir-Manie In 461. (Coin, pare Attila.) The fate ot the Huns l» uncertain. They were probably nicrgeil in the later Invaders. But for one somewhat disputed source of lufonnatlon, all is dark concerning them. That sour.-e Is the history 1840: died near O.xford, Fi'b. 7. 1900. An Eng- lish stalislician and author. He received an aji- )iolnlnient In the Indian civil service in 186'2. and hecainc director-general of slallslles in India In ls7I. lie pub- lished "A Ciunparallve lii,ti..narv ..f Ihe Languages of India and High Asia" (1868), "The Imperial Goiettecrof India" (1881), "Ihe Indian Empire'' (ISS-i), "A Brief Historv of the Indian Peojde " (1882|, " A lUgUiry ..f Brit- ish India," Vol. L (18U»). That sour.-e IS the nislory , , . i v rirw u- i J of China. If the Huns be the Illong nu, whose ravages Huntingdon(hun ting-don). IXltj. aunti/ngdntl, are recorded In ihat history, then we have a inluiito lie- Il,iiit' was flying from one of his unsuccessful engagements with the Ottoman armies, he met and loved the beautiful Elizabeth Morsiney. at the village of H?inyad^, and John Hunyady was believed to be the fruit of this consolatory affection. "Whatsoever his parents were," says Knolles, "he himself was a politic, valiant, fortunate, and famous captain, his victories so great as the like was never before by any Christian prince obtained against the Turks; so that his name became unto them so dreadful that they used the same to fear their cry- ing children withal." Poole, Story of Turkey, p. 87. Hunza (hon'za). A small bill kingdom, nom- inally tributary to Kashmir, situated opposite Nagar along the Hunza Eiver. it joined with Nagar in an insurrection crushed by British troops in 1891. It commands an important route from the Pamirs and Asiatic Russia. Hunza River, or Kanjat. A small river, north of Ka.shmir, which unites with the Gilgit. Huonde Bordeaux (ii-6n' debor-do'). AFrencb chanson de geste. It supplied Shakspere with some of the dramatis persons of ' 'A Midsummer Night's Dream." Huon de Bourdeaux, though written in verse as far back as the thirteenth century, is not in its present form sup- iwsed to be long anterior to the invention of printing, as there are no manuscripts of it extant. It is said, indeed, at the end of the work, that it was written by the desire of Charles Seigneur de Rochefort, and completed on the 29th of January, 1454; but it is suspected that the conclu- sion is of a date somewhat more recent than the first part of the romance. The oldest edition is one in folio, with- out date, and the second is in quai-to, 1516. There are also different impressions, in the original language, of a more recent period. Huon of Bordeaux, indeed, seems to have been a favourite romance not only among the French, but also with other nations. The English translation, executed by Lord Beniers in the reign of Henry ^^II., has gone through three editions, and it has lately formed the sub- ject of the finest poem in the German language. . . . The incidents in the Oberon of Wieland are nearly the same with those in the old French romance, and are universally known through the . . . translation of Mr. Sotheby. Diinlop, Hist, of Prose Fiction, I. 294. Huon Gulf. A gulf in the east of New Guinea. Hupa (ho'pa), or Hoopab. A tribe of the Pa- cific division of the Athapascan stock of North American Indians, formerly in villages along the lower Trinity River, California, now on the Hoopa valley Indian reservation, California. See Athapascan. Hu-peh(ho-pa'), Hu-pih (ho-pe'), etc. A prov- ince in central China. Area, 70,4.50 square miles. Population, 33,365,005. Eupfeld (hop'feld). Hermann. Bom at Mar- burg, Prussia, March 31, 1796: died at Halle. 520 Prussia, April, 1866. A German theologian and Orientalist, noted as a biblical critic. Ue was pro- fessor at Marburg 1825-43, and at Halle 1843-66. Among his works are "tjbersetzung und Auslegung der Psalmeu " (1855-61), "Die Quellen der Genesis aufs neue untersucht " (1853), etc. Huram. See Hiram. Hurdwar. See Hardwar. Hurepoix (iir-pwii'). A former small territory in northern France, in the department of Seine- et-Oise. Its chief town was Dourdan. Hurlbut (herl'but ), Stephen Augustus. Bom at Charleston, S. C. Nov. 29, 1815 : diedat Lima, Peru, March 27, 1882. An American general and politician. He became a brigadier-general of vol- unteers in the Union army at the beginning of the Civil War, and served with distinction at the battle of Shiloh in 1862 ; was promoted major-general of volunteers in the same year; and commanded a corps under General Sher- man in the expedition to Meridian in Feb., 1864. He was United States minister to the United States of Colombia 18(>9-7,'i, Republican member of Congress from HlinoislS73- 1877, and United States minister to Peru from 1881 until his death. Hurlothrumbo (her-16-thnun'b6) . A burlesque opera written and brought out by Samuel John- son ( 1691-1773) in 1729. He played the part of Lord Flame. The piece was successful, through the imperturb- able conceit of Johnson, and a Hurlothrumbo Society was formed, the word becoming proverbial for absurdity and nonsense. Huron. See Wyandot. Huron (hii'ron), Lake. One of the 5 great lakes in the St. Lawrence basin, it lies between Michi- gan on the west and the province of Ontario on the north- east and south. Its chief arms are Georgian Bay, Saginaw Bay, and Thunder Bay ; the chief island, Grand Manitou- lin. It is connected with Lake Superior by St. Mary's River, and with Lake M ichigan by the Strait of Mackinaw. Its outlet is St. Clair River. It is named from the Huron tribe of Indians. Length, 270 miles. Breadth, excluding Georgian Bay, 105 miles. Depth, from 300 to 1,800 feet. Height above sea-level, 581 feet. Area, estimated, 23,800 square miles. Hurrur. See Harar. Hurst (herst), John Fletcher. Bom near Sa- lem, Md., Aug. 17, 1834. An American bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and a writer on church history. He became professor of historical theology in Drew Theological Seminar)' (Madison, Xew Jersey) in 1871, of which institution he was president 1873- 1880, when he was elected bishop. He h;is published a "History of Rationalism " (1865). an "Outline of Church Historj-" (1876), "Short History of the Reformation "(1884), "Short History of the Medieval Church" (1887), "The Success of the Gospel, etc. "(1888), etc. Hurtado de Mendoza ( or-ta'do da man-do'tha ) , Andres. Born at Cuenca about 1490: died at Lima, Peru, March 30, 1561. A Spanish noble- man, marquis of Caiiete, who was governor of Cnenca, and from June 29, 1556, viceroy of Peru. He took vigorous measures against those who iiad been in rebellion, and for the first time placed the government of the country on a secure footing. SajTi Tupac, the last of the Inca chiefs, was induced to leave his mountain fast- nesses and resign his sovereignty, Hurtado de Mendoza, Garcia, Marquis of Ca- iiete from 1561. Born July 25, 1535: died Oct. 15, 1609. A Spanish administrator, son of Andres whom he accompanied to Peru in 1556. His father made him governor of Chile 1567-60, where he carried on a successful war with the Araucanians. Return- ing to Spain, he served in the war with Portugal. He was viceroy of Peru from Jan. 6, 1590, to July 24, 1590. The ilarquesas Islands, discovered in 1595 by an expedition which he sent out, were named in his honor. Hurtado de Mendoza yLuna (e 16'na), Juan Manuel, Marquis of Slontes-Claros. Bom at SeviUe about 1560: died at Madrid, Oct. 9, 1628. A Spanish administrator, viceroy of Mexico 1603 to 1606, and of Peru Dec. 21, 1607, to Dec. 18. 1615. He was an able and successful ruler. Often called Juan de Mendoza y Luna. Hurter (hor'ter), Friedrich Emanuel von. Born at Sehaffhausen. Switzerland. March 19, 1787: died at Gratz, Styria, Aug. 27, I860. A Swiss historian. He was Protestant pastor at Sehaff- hausen 1825-41. In 1S44 he went over to the Roman Cath- olic Church, becoming an exponent of ultramontanism. From 1846 (except 1848-52) he was imperial historiographer at Vienna. He wrote "Geschichte Papst Innocenz m. und seiner Zeitgenossen " (1834-42), "Geschichte Ferdi- nands II. und seiner Eltem (1850-64), etc. Hus, John. See Huss. Hlisar de Ayacucho. See Herran, Pedro Al- rinitarn. Husbands (huz'bandz). Herman. Bomin Penn- sylvania: died near Philadelphia, 1795. An American revolutionist. He was aleader of the North Carolina " Regulators " 1768-71, and of the " whisky insur- rection " in western Pennsylvania in 1794. Huscb (hosh), or Husl (ho'se), or Hush (hosh). Atoivn in Moldavia, Rumania, situated near the Pruth 38 miles southeast of Jassy. The peace of the Pruth (which see) was signed here in 1711. Popula- tion (1SS9-90), 12,660. Hushang (ho-sheng'). According to Firdausi, the second Iranian king. He first senarated iron from Hutcninsonians ore, and practised irrigation and the breeding of animals. Hurling at a serpent demon a stone which struck a spark from another, he was led to ordain the worship of fire. Hushiarpur (hosh-e-ar-por'). or Hoshiarpur (hosh-e-iir-por'). 1. A district in the Jalau- dhar di\ision, Panjab, British India, intersected bv lat. 31° 30' N., long. 76° E. Area. 2,244 square miles. Population (1891), 1,011,659.-2. The capital of the district of Hushiarpur. situ- ated about lat. 81° 35' N., long. 75° 47' E. Huskisson (hus'ki-son), William. Bom at Birch Moreton, Worcestershire. England. March 11, 1770: accidentally killed at Eccles, near Man- chester, Sept. 15, 1830. An English statesman and financier. He was secretarj- of the treasury ISOi-06 and 1807-09 ; president of the board of trade 1823-27 ; and colonial secretary 1827-29. Huss (hus; G. pron. hos). or Hus, John. Bom at Husinetz, near Prachatitz, southern Bohe- mia, July 6, 1369: burned at Constance, Baden, July 6,1415. A celebrated Bohemian religious reformer. He was the son of well-to-do Czech peasants, and studied divinity and the liberal arts at the University of Prague, where he began to lecture on the writings of Wyclif in 1398. He was appointed dean of the philosophi. cal faculty in 1401, and was rector of the university 1402- 1403. In 1402 he became pastor of the Bethlehem Chapel at Prague, where as a popular preacher in the Czech lan- guagehe spreadthedoctrinesof Wyclif amongthe populace, and sought to bring about a reformation of ecclesiastical abuses without separating himself from the Roman Cath- olic Church. He was reelected to the rectorship of the university in 1409. In 1412 he denounced the bull of John XXm. decreeing a crusade against Ladislaus, king of Naples and Hungary, and with his coadjutor, Jerome of Prague, condemned the sale of indulgences, with the re. suit that he was excommunicated in 1413. He was in 1414 cited before the Council of Constance, where he was ar^ rested in spite of a safe-conduct from the emperor Sigis- mund, and burned at the stake as a heretic. A complete edition of his works was published in 1558. Hussars of Junin. [ii-p. Hiisares de Junin.'] A title conferred by Bolivar on the Peruvian cav- alry which took part in the battle of Junin, They were commanded by Miller. Hussein. See Hasan. Hussites (hus'its). The followers of John Huss. See Hu.^s. The Hussites organized themselves imm& diately after Huss's death into a politico-religious party, and waged tierce civil warfroml419tol434. Acompromise was effected 1433-36. They were divided in doctrine into radical and conservative sections called Taborit€» and Calijitiiiei. The former finally became merged with the Bohemian Brethren, and the latter partly ^vilh the Lu- therans and partly with the Roman Catholics. Husum (ho'som). A seaport in the province of Sehleswig-Holstein, Prussia, situated near the Heverstrom 21 miles west of ScUeswig. Pop- ulation (1890), commune. 6,761. Huszt (host). A town in the county of Marma- ros, Hungarv, situated in lat. 48° Ic N.,loug. 23° 17' E. Population (1890), 7.461. Hutcheson (huch'e-son). Francis. Bora in, ("bounty Down, Ireland, Aug. 8, 1694: died atj Glasgow, 1746. A Scottish philosopher, pro fessor of moral philosophy at Glasgow 1729— iCJ He wrote an "Inquiry into the Original of our Ideas oB Beauty and Virtue" (1725), " Kature and Conduct of tha Passions and Affections" (1728), "System of Moral Philo* ophy " (1755), etc. Hutchinson (hueh'in-son). The capital of Reno Countv, soutbern Kansas, on the Arkansas River." Population (1900). 9.379. Hutchinson, Mrs. (Ajine Marbury). Born ii Lincolnshire, England, about 1-590: killed by Indians near Hell Gate, N. Y., l()4o. A religioua enthusiast, the leader of an antinomian fao tion. She emigrated to Massachusetts in 16 and was banished from there in 1637. Hutchinson, John. Bom in Nottingham, Eng laud, 1016: died at Sandown Castle.Kent, EngJ land, Sept. 11, 1664. An English revolutionis and regicide. An accotmt of his life (writteJ by his wife) was published 1806. Hutchinson, Thomas. Born at Boston, SeptJ 9, 1711 : died at Brompton, near London, JimeJ 1780. An American magistrate and historianJ He became acting governor of Massachusetts 1769, govJ ernor 1771, and resigned in 1774. Author of "History or the Colony of Massachusetts Bay" (1765-67). "CollectioBJ of Original Papers relative to the History of the Colony Massachusetts Bay " (1769). Hutchinsonians (huch-in-so'ni-anz). 1. Those who held the views of John Hutchinson (1674 1737), a secular English writer on theology and natural philosophy. He and his followers interpret- ed the Bible mystically, regarded it as an Infallible source of science and' philosophy, opposed the Newtonian sys- tem, and laid great stress on the importance of the Hebrew language. The Hutchinsonian school existed till the 19th century. 2. In American history, the followers of Mrs. Anne Hutchinson (died 1643), an antinomian teacher, in the early days of the colony of Mas- sachusetts Bay Hutten Hutten (hot'ten), Ulrichvon. Born at Castle Steckelberg, near FulJa, Prussia, April 21, 1488 : died on the island of Ufenau, Lake Zurich, Aug. 23, 1523. A German humanist. Intended for the 521 Dionysus), and as a reward were transferred to the heav- ens as a part of the constellation Taurus. Their rising with the sun was associated with the beginning of the rainy season. The Komans, through a mistaken etymol- ogy, called the constellation "the little pigs " (Succula;). chiirch, he was in 1498 placed in the monastery of i'ulda, Hvbla Hersea (hl'blii he-re'a). [Gr. 'ilpaia.^ whence he Hed in 1506. Ue subsequently studied the if, ., ,,,vi,.,,f ,,,.n(,,.!,,iliv' a fitv of southern SicUv, humanities at viirious German and Italian universities, i" ''"'-!!.,'" f:,<^ °K' ^l'"> ' V ^ souiueiu oi^-iav , including those of Fninkfort-on-the-Oder and Payia. He about .i.i miles west ot byraeuse. served the Oie Swaoiiiii ijciifiuu ii^iiiiioi. 1.1111,11, ui.n., .,.1 .. .11 v^....,'.,.^, 1" --',. ,v, ';, ,,• ii"i,ri-i 1, ;.^ 1619; and in 1622 fought unsuccessfully with IV.mz von I't htiiu, II miles northwest ot Latauia. Sickingen at the head of the nobility of the Upper Khine Hvbla MinOT (lli'blii mi'uor), or Megara Hy- against the spiritual principalities. He was a friend and v-lgga ( mes'a-rii hl-b'le'ii). "FGr. "TJXa » uiKoa or supporterof Luther; was one of the authors of the"Epis- . \i, . „„„ ,A' fV' ?/«7« 1 " Tr, inniont CTooornnhv tolie Obscnnirnm Virorum "(which see); and was one of •" ^It ,apaTa T,Uaia.i in ancient geo^apny, the principal satirical writers of his time. Worlis edited a city Ot Sicily, Situated on the east coast about hy E. Boclcing CI8.-.9-70) ; life by Strauss (1857). 12 miles north of Syracuse. It is celebrated for the Hutton (hut'n), Charles. Bom at Newcastle- honey produced in the vicinity. Often confounded with on-Tyne, England, Aug. 14, 1737: died Jan. 27, HyblaM.ajor. , , _^ „ ,„,, ,, 1823. An Englisli mathematician, professor of Hydaspes (hi-das pez). [Gr. Tdaa-iK.] mathematics at the Royal Academy, Woolwich, ancient name of the river Jhelum. 1773-1807. Among his works are "JMhematical and Hyde(hid). A manufaeturiug town m Cheshire. Philo3ophicalDictionar}'"(l795),"Courseof Mathematics" England, situated near the iaiueb miles east by (17118). south of Manchester. Population (1891), 31,- Hutton, James. Bom at Edinburgh, June 3, (3go 1726: died March 26, 1797. A Scottish geologist gy^e Edward, first Earl of Clarendon. Bom "° "^"t" " '''^"'"•^ atDLnton, Wiltshire, Feb. 18, 1608(0. S.): died The ' Theory and natural philosopher. He wrote of the Earth, etc." (1795), etc Hutton, Richard Holt. Born at Leeds, June 2, 1S26: died at Twickenham, Sept. 9, 1897. An English journalist and essayist, editor of the " Spectator " 1861-97. Huxley (huks'llKThomas Henry. BomatEal- ing, near London, May 4, 1825: died at East- boui'ne, June 29, 1895. A celebrated English biologist. Ho was educated at Ealing School and at Char- ing Cross Hospital, London ; served as assistant surgeon « , ,, i i, • a on board H. M. S. Rattlesnake 1846-60 ; became professor Hyde, Edward, V ISCOUnt Combury (later third of natural history at the Royal School of Mines, and Ful. j^j^j-l of Clarendon). Died at London, April 1, lerian professorol physiology at the Royal Institution, in ,-„q i Fti,t1;«1i -nnliticinTi He was o-ovemor 1855; was installed lord rector of Aberdeen University for ^'''^- ^, ^°S'i.SliPO""Cldn. Me was ^ovemoi a term of three years in 1874 ; was Rede lecturer at Cam- Ot INeW 1 ork I (0_-U&. bridgeinl883; andwaspresidentof theRoyalSocietyl8!<3- HydePark (hid park). A park in Westminster, '"' c Hydrozoa"(i869), London, situated 24 miles south by west of St. Paul's. It is one of the largest of the London parks, ex at Rouen, France, Dec. 9, 1674. An English statesman and historian. He entered Parliament in 1640 ; became chancellor of the e-tchequer in 1643 ; was the chief adviser of Charles I. during the civil war, and of Prince Charles during his exile ; and was lord chancellor of England 1660-67, when he was impeached and banished by Parliament. His chief works are a "True Historical Narrative of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England" (generally termed "History of the Rebellion," i702-*M) and "The Life of Edward, Earl of CHarendon, ten by Himself " (1769). . Writ. 1885. Among his works are "Oceanic "Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature " (1863), "Lectures on the Elements of < omparative Anatomy " (1864), " Les- sons in Elementarj- Physiology "(1S66), "An Introduction to the Classification of Animals '(1869), "Lay Sermons" (1870), "A Manual of the Anatomy of Vertebrated .\nimals" (1871), "Critiques and Addresses "(1873), "Physiography" (1877), " A Manual of the Anatomy of Invertebrated Ani- mals " (1877), " The Crayfish " (1880)," Science and Culture " (1881), " A Course of Practical Instruction in Elementary Biology " (with H. M. Martin, 1876), "Essays upon some Controverted Questions " (1892), "Evolution and Ethics" (1893). Huy (ii-e'), Flem. Hoey. A town in the province of Lifege, Belgium. Ptipulatiou (1890), 14,480. Hnygens, less correctly Huyghens(hi'genz; D. pron.hoi'Gcus), Christian. Born at The Hague, April 14, 1629 : died there, June 8, 1695. A celebrated Dutch physicist, astronomer, and mathematician, son of Constantijn Huygens. He discovered a satellite of Saturn in 106.6, and the ring of Saturn in 1659 ; invented tlie i)eiidnluni clock in 1066 ; Improved the telescope ; and developed the wave-theory of light. He wrote "ni>rologium Oscillatorium " (1673), Huygens, or Huyghens, Constantijn : L. Hu- geniUS. Born at The Hague, Sept. 4, 1596 : died at his estate, Hofwijk, March 28, 1687. A Dutch poet, father of Christian Huj-gens. Ho was the »on of a state 8ecret.ary. He studied at Leyden, and sub- sequently was sent upon various embassies, first to Eng- land, then to Venice, and afterward twice again to Eng- land, where he was knighted in 1622. In 1025 ho suc- ceeded to his father's position. His collected poems ap- peared for the first time in 1626, under the title " Otia. of Ledighe Tren "("Otia, or Idle Hours"), later amplified as "Korenbloenien '■ ("('(jrnflowers,'^ 106,s-72) in 27 books. tending from Westminster to Kensington, and covering an area of about 390 acres. It originally belonged to the manor of Hyde, the property of the monks of St. Peter, Westmin- ster, which fell into the hands of Henry VIll, at the dis- solution of the monasteries. During the CumnioinveiUlh, and for 10 years after the Restoration, a large park was leased to private holders. In 1670 it was inclosed with a wall and restocked with deer. It is now the principal rec- reation-ground of London, and is frequented by rich and poor. It has 9 carriage-entrances and many gates for pe- destrians. See Serpentine, St. James's Park, Rotten Row, and Ladies' Mile. Hyde Park. A former township in Cook County, Illinois, now annexed to Chicago. Hyde Park. A town in Norfolk County, Mas- sachusetts, situated on the Neponset River 8 miles south-southwest of Boston. Population (1900), 13.244. Hyderabad (lii"der-a-biid'), or Haidarabad (hi'dji-ra-bad'), or The Nizam's Dominions. The principal Mohaniinedan state and most im- jiortant native state iu India, situated in the Deccan between the British provinces of Bom- bay and Madras. Capital, Hyderabad. The sur- face iaa low plateau- The ruling people ;uo Mohammedans. The prevailing languages are Telugu, Marathi, and Kana- rese. In 1687 it was made a Mogul province. About 1713 the viceroy (Nizani-ul-.Mnlk) became independent. In 1748 there was a disputed succession, one of the rivals he, Ilig supported by Dnpb-ix and one by the East India Com- pany. A treaty I'.f :illiame with England was made in 17- .lio.l tlipvn 1740 Aiiotpd '^iHSi. It is an important commercud center. Thecan- aam, Api II l,), lt.8-.. UieU tlieic, 1(4J. A noted j„„„„„t q, Secund'rabad and the old city flolconda are Dutch painter of (lowers and fruit: in tins de- |„ j],,, neighborhood. Population (1S91), with suburbs, partraeiit the ablest painter of the 18th century. 415,039. Hwang-ho(liw:uig'li6),orHuang-ho,i>rHoang- Hyderabad, or Haidarabad. A eitv in Siiul, ho, or t lie Yellow River. Thunorthenmiost of British India, on the Indus. It is a nianufaclnr- the two chief rivrrs of Cliiiia. Itriscs in Kokonor, ing center. It was founded In I'tls, Population (ISiil), enters Kan-su, traverses part of Mongolia, reenters Chimi. flowing SMUth, e;Lst, and liorthcast, and enters the tiuK of Pe-chi-li. It is called "Chliia'sSon-ow " frum its frequent disastiou.i Hoods. Length, estlniuted, 2,700 miles. H'wen Tsang. See nioucn-Tsang. Hyacinths (yU-sanf), P6re. See Loyson, VJmrk'^. Hyacinthu8(hi-a-ain'thus) [Gr. 'Tnwiflor.] In Gi'eek mythology, a beautiful youth, son of Amyclas, king of Amychn in Laconia, anil Dio- mede. He typified the early vegetation of spring. Ho was killed through jealousy by ,,\ polio (the sun) while the two were playing at quoits" on the banks of the Eurotiis. From his blood the godcanstMl the hyat-inth tospring, and upon the petals of the plant was thought to bo nnirkeil the exclamation \\ ('woe!'). Mis festival, the Hyaclli- Ihia, was tibserved at Amydro during three days In July. Hyades (hi'a-dez). [Gr. TiHlir.] A group of nymphs, daughters of Atlas and ./Ethra, and sis- ters of the Pleiades. They nursed the Infant Zeus (or Hyder All (lu'der ii'le), or Haidar Ali tbi'- dilrii'le). Died at Cliitlore, British India, Dec, 1782. A mahara.ja of Mysore-, lie was of obscure birth; entered the Mysore army in 1749; became virlual ruler of Mysore in 17.^'9 ; and usurped the title of maha- raja In 1700, The EiiKllsh having formed a league with the Mahrattas against him, in 17(i7 a war ensued which re- sulted ii the defeat of the English, who wire eonipclled to sue for peace in 1709. In alliance with the Krench and Mabrattas, he Invaded the Carnatic In 1780, hut was de- feated by Sir Eyre Coote at Porto Novo, PoUlloor, aud sli.i- Mngur In 1781. Hydra (hi'drii). [Qr. wVn- water-snake. 1 l.In (freeU mythology, a monstrous dragon of Lake Ijermi in Argolis, reiircsenf ed as having 9 lieads, each of wliii'li, boiiig i-nl 'ptian hik-shasu, " chief of the Beduins," or "Shepherds," Shasu being the name given to the Se- mitic nomades of Northwestern Arabia- The Hyksos, how- ever, are called Men or Menti in the inscriptions, Menti being explained in the geographical table of Edfu to be the natives of Syria. In accordance with this, Manetho speaks of Jerusalem as a Hyksos town, and their Egyptian capital, Zoan orTanis, is connected with Hebron in Numb, xiii. 22. It is possible that their leaders were Hittite princes, though Lepsius believes them to have come from Punt or Southern Arabia; at any rate, their features, as revealed by the few memorials of them that exist, more especially the lion of San, belong to a very peculiar and non-Semitic type. Sayee, Anc, Ijnpues, p, 31. The exact nationality of the Hyksos is still a matter of dispute. All we know with certainty is that they came from Asia, and they brought with them in their train vast numbers of Semites who occupied the northern part of Egypt, Comparatively few Hyksos monuments have as yet l)een discovered. These exhibit a peculiar t>'pe of features, very unlike that of the Egyptians. The face is thickly bearded, the hair being curly, with a pigtail hang- ing behind the head. The nose is broad and sub-acpiiline, the cheek-bones high, the forehead square and knitted, the lips prominent and expressive of intense determina. tion. The kindly urbanity st» characteristic of the Egyp- tian face in statuary is rei)Iaced by an expression of stern- nessand vigour- .\nioMg tbeethnidMgieul types presenteTia, in the district called Nahrina by the Egyptians and Anmi. Xaharaim in the old Testament. It was a district of which the centre was .Mitanni in the fifteenth and following cen- turies before the Christian era; and since the cuneiform tablets recently discovered at Tel el .Vmarna have disclosed to us thcfacttiiat the langniige i.f ,Mitaniii was neither Se- mitic nor Indo-F.niopeitii, we mny perhaps conclude that the population which spoke it was also not), Semitic. How- ever this may be, if we are to regard the 8t),c.alled Hyksos sphinxes of sail as reproducing the Hyksos type of coun- tenance, it would follow that the hordes which over- whelmed Egjiit in thetwenty-lhird century B. c. were led by princes from Northern Syria. Sayce, Races of the O. T., p. 9.->. Hylacomylus. See WaUlscrmiiUcr. Martin. Hylas (hi'las). In classical mythology, n boy who was a favorite of Hercules. lie was carried off by the Naiads, who fell in love with him while he was drawhig water fi-om a fountain in Mysia. Hymen (hi'mcn), or HymenasUS (hi-mo-ne'us). [tir. 'T//VI', 'T/MTaior.] tlriginally. n marriage- song among the Greeks. The names were gradu- ally personified, and Hymen was Invoked as the gml of marriage. He is represented as a taller and more serious voiith than Kros, carrying a bridal torch. Symettuslld-met'us). [Cr. 'T.i/'/mii;.] The nn- eicnt name of a mountain in Attica. Greece, sontheasl of Athens : the modern Trelo Vouni. It was celebrated for honev. and also noted for its marble. Height, a.3()S feet. H3nnir(he'inir). [ON.] In Did Norse mythology, a water-demon, the giant of the winter sen. He dwelt tar In the east, at the end of the heavens, by the sea. The glaciers resounded when be relnrned home fmm Iho chase, and his beard was eoven.l with lee. He was the original owner of the kettle in which the gods brewed ale. HyogO. See Ilioi/o. Hypatia (hi-pa's'hiii). [Or. 'Tn-ar/a.] A Neo- ]il!il(>iiic pliilosopher of Alexandria, nt the end of till' 4th and the beginning of t he. 'ith century, celebrated for her beauty and her unhappy fate. The celebrity of Theon Is obscured hy that of his daugh- ter Hypatia, whose sex. youth, beauty, and cruel fati' have mnde'hcr the most interesting martyr of phllnsophv. After receiving Instruction in mathematics from her fattier, who was a professor at the Sluscum In his native city, she w cut Hypatia to Athens, where she became such a prcflcient in the Pla- tonic philosophy that, on her return to Alexandria, she presided in the public schools there, and taught at once the mathematics of ApoUonius and Diophantus, and the philosophy of A mmonius and Plotinus. Her influence over the studious and educated classes in Alexandria, especially the intimacy which subsisted between her and the prefect Orestes, excited the hatred and jealousy of the narrow- minded and unpi-incipled archbishop ; and Cyril found no ditticulty in directing the brutabviolence of a superstitious mob agiiinst one who was described as an enemy of the faith and its ministers. Headed by an ecclesiastic named Peter, a band of fanatics attacked Hypatia, in the spring of A. D. 415, as she was passing through the streets in her chariot, dragged her to one of the churches, where they pulled her clothes from her back, and then cast her out into the street, pelted her to death n ith fragments of earth- en\s'are, tore her body to pieces, and committed her mu- tilated remains to the flames. K. 0. MuUer, Hist, of the Lit. of Anc. Greece, in. 351. [{Donaldson.) Hypatia. A novel by Charles Kingsley, pub- lished in 1853. Hyperboreans (hi-per-ho're-anz). [6r. 'Tn-fp- jiopeoi, those who are beyond' the north wind.] In early Greek legend, a people who lived be- yond the north wind, and were not exposed to its blasts, but enjoyed a land of perpetual sun- shine and abundant fruits. They werefree from dis- ease, violence, and war. Their natural life lasted a thou- sand years, and was spent in the worship of Apollo. In later times the Greeks gave the name to inhabitants of northern countries generally. Very elaborate accounts have been given of the Hyper- boreans both in ancient and modern times. Hecatseus of Abdera, a contemporary of Alexander the Great, wrote a book concerning them. They are, however, in reality not a historic:J, but an ideal nation. The North Wind being given a local seat in certain mountains called Khipsean, it was supposed there must be a country above the north wind, which would not be cold, and which would have in- habitants. Ideal perfections were gradually ascribed to this region. According to Pindar, Hercules brought from it the olive, which grew thickly there about the sources of the Danube (01. iii. 219). When the country had been made thus charming, it was natural to attach good quali- ties to the inhabitants. Accordingly they were made wor- shippers of Apollo (Pindar, 1. s. c), observers of justice (Hellan. Fr. 96), and vegetarians (ibid.). As geographical knowledgegrew, it was necessary to assign them a distinct position, or to banish them to the realms of fable. Herod- otus preferred the latter alternative, Damastes the for- mer. Damastes placed them greatly to the north of Scy- thia, from which they were separated by the countries of the Issedones and the Ariniaspi Southward their boun- dary was the (supposed) Rhipjean mountain-chain ; north- ward it was the ocean. (Ft. 1.) This arrangement sufficed for a time. When, however, it was discovered that no 522 mountain-chain ran across Europe above Scythia, and that the Danube, instead of rising in the north (compare Find. 01. iii. 25 with Isth. vi. 34), rose in the west, a new posi- tion had to be sought for the Hyperboreans, and they were placed near the Italian Alps, and confounded with the Gauls and the Etruscans or Tarquinians. A different and probabha later tradition, though found in an earlier wTiter, is that which assigned them an island as large as Sicily, lying towards the north, over against the country of the Celts, fertile and v.aried in its productions, possessed of a beautiful climate, and enjoying two hjirvests a year. In this island it is not difficult to recognize our own country. llauiiiison, Herod., III. 27, note. Hyperides, or Hypereides (hi-per-i'dez). [Gr. 'T-cp£t6;ig, 'Yjrfp«l//f.] A celebrated Attie ora- tor, a contemporary (and probably a younger contemporary) of Demosthenes, and the son of Glaucippus of the deme CoUytus. He supported Demosthenes in his opposition to the Macedonian pai'ty ; later (324) took part in his prosecution on the chai'ge of bribery by Alexander ; was chief instigator of the Lamlau war ; and was slain at Corinth in 322. H3^erioil (hi-pe'ri-ou or hi-per-i'on). [Gr.'Tirc- piuv.] 1. In Greek mrthology, a Titan, a son of Uranus and Ga?a. By his sister Theia he was the father of Helios, Selene, and Eos. — 2. The seventh satellite of Saturn, discovered by Bond Sept. 16, 1848. Hyperion. 1. A poetical fragment by Keats, published in 1820. — 2. A prose romance by Longfellow, published in 1839. The subjects of the two works are entirely different. Hyphasis (hif'a-sis). [Gr. "Tpamf.] The an- cient name of the river Sutlej. Hypocrite, L". The name under which " Tar- tufe " was first played. Hypocrite, The. A play by Bickerstaffe, in wliich Gibber's "Non-Juror," an adaptation of "Tartufe," survives. It was prodticed in 1768. Hyppolite (e-po-lef), Louis Mondestin Flor- vll. Born at Cap Haitien, 1827: died March 24, 1896. A Haitian general and politician. He was a mulatto, the son of one of Soulouque's ministers; first at- tained prominence in the civil war of 1865 ; was the leader of the sanguinary revolt by which Legitime was defeated ; and in Oct., 1889, w!is proclaimed acting president. In May, 1S90, he was elected president for seven years. Hyrcania (her-ka'ni-a). [Gr. v Tpnaria.l In ancient geography, a region in Asia which bor- dered on the Caspian Sea and the Oxus. It cor- responded in part to northern and northeastern Persia. Hythe Hyrcanus (her-ka'nus) I., or John Hyrcanus. A Jlarcabean prince of Judea 135-105 B.C. Under him the political achievements of the Maccabees were con- solidated and extended. He cleai-ed the young state of heterogeneotis and hostile elements by driving out the Hel- lenists from Palestine and destroying the Samaritan tem- ple on Jlount Gerizim, thus accomplishing the dissolution of the Samaritans as a separate religious nation. The Ida- means he forced to accept Judaism. He also extended, by successful wars, the boundaries of Judea, and assured its independence. With Rome he entertained friendly re- lations. His reign was compared to that of Solomon. Hyrcanus II. The last and most unforttmate of tlie Maceabean princes. He was of a weak, irres- olute character, but, being the elder of two brothers, was at the dcatli of bis mother, Salome Alexandra, 69 B. c, ap- pointed king, while tohis more energetic but rash brother, Aristobulusll., was bequeathed the high-priesthood. Soon a conflict broke out between the brothers. The helpless Hyrcanus fell into the hands of the crafty Idumean An- tipater, father of Herod, whom he adopted as his guide and counselor. Antipater's machinations brought Pom- pey to Jerusalem in 63 B. c, an event which was the begin- ning of the end of Judean independence, and resulted in supplanting the Maceabean race by that of Antipater, the Herodians. Aristobulus II. was led as a prisoner by Pom- pey to Rome, and was there poisoned. The weak Hyrca- nus became a tool of Herod. Even of the dignity of the high-priesthood, to which Herod confined him, he was de- prived in consequence of mutilation which he suffered at the hands of the invading Parthians. He finally died the ignominious death of a criminal, Herod ordering his exe- cution on the charge of conspiracy, 30 B. C. Hysmene and Hysmenias (his'me-ne and his- me'ni-as). A Greek romance by a certain Eustathius (or Emathius, or Eumathias), writ- ten not earlier than the 9th centtiry A. D. Hystaspes(his-tas'pez). [Old Feis. Vishtdspa.'] See the extract. Hystaspes, the son of Arsames and father of Darius — the Gustasp of Persian romance — not only occurs in the ge- nealogical lists, Greek and native, but likewise appears in the Behistun Inscription as actually living in the reign of his son and serving under him. According to Ctesias, he was accidentally killed as he was being drawn up by ropes to examine the sculptures which Darius was having exe- cuted for his own tomb. I have already noticed the prob- ability that Hystaspes was the real heir to the throne, on the failure of male issue in tlie line of Cyrus, but waived his right in favour of his eldest son. Hawlinson, Herod., IV. 257. Hythe (hiTH). [AS. il^tt, the port.] A town in Kent, England, on the Strait of Dover 11 miles west of Dover. It is one of the Cinque Port^ and a military station. Population (1891), 1,361. lacchus(i-ak'us). [Gr."IaK,roc.] Lu Greek mythology, a divin- ity peculiar to Athens, and important from his intimate conneetion-ivith the Eleusin- ianmysteries. Hewasasonof Demeter and Zeus, and a brother of Kora (Proserpine).and persoui- fled the raale element in nature, ashis sister the female. At Eleusis he was looked upon as an intermediary between the (ireat hA w!iH lookeu upon as an iuiA;iiin-«i'*'j ■"--■; -- r^- -- SodTesses and their votaries, and presided in person (rep fSented by an image crowned with myrtle and bearing a JSchrover the splendid procession from the Eleus.n.um S Atfcens to the sekos at Eleusis, and over the mysterious I,-... In ?he latter sanctuary. At a comparatively late date r»cchs became to "omfixtent confounded with a new ^ne of infant Bacchus, who, as a son of Demeter, was en- tirelv distinct from the older Dionysus. , ,.,_ , Smo (i-ak'i-mo). In Shakspere's "Cymbe- UnT^a worldly and affected Roman courtier: ft brutal villain. He conceals himself in a chest in Ini- oeen^rooinTand so furnishes himself with detaUs which seem to prove her unchastity. . „, , , . iLeo d-l'^o). A character in Shakspere's tra- pedv " Othello." He is the ancient of Othello, and is filed with jealousy of bis rank and power. His cool and SlcuirtiiK villainy, his speciousness, and his bitter sai- calculating ™'*';'.»' . „„^trast to the noble and large- ^Xe';0h"J^lo''*inorde7to revenge himself for the loss "f the position as Othello's lieutenant which he failed to .lire (and partly apparently from sheer love of evil), he ;. s" a whi^rh"nd of passion in the latter's bre.ast^by IroUly making him believe in the unfaithfulness of Des- clemoua, to the final destruction ot aU three. lamblichUS (ja'm'bli-kns). [Gr '^m^^^^J-^ b!«-u at Chalcis, Coele-Syria : died about m A. D. A Syrian Neoplatonic philosopher. He wrote ^s^?-r^£vi^rs^s a:^^ ■■Sh^,nation to Philosophy "were edited by k.essling laDetiis (i-ap'e-tus). [Gr. 'laTrfrif.] In Greek mythology, a Titan, son ot Uranus and Ofea, aildfathlr of Prometheus Epimetheus, Atlas and Men»»'•»•"»';[« it is ca led the " Cro-Magnon type, from a skull, P"^ •'''/ of pateolithic age, found in a sepulchral cavern at Cro- Ma?noninP6rigord Before the arrival of the brachy- ceXllc Ligurian race, the Iberians ranged over the great- er part of France. We trace them in the valleys of the Seine the Oise, and the Marne, frequently in association with he remains of the J.i^-urian invaders. If, as seems Diobable we may identify tl.em with the Aquitanl, oneof Se three races which o.eupied Gaul in the ti-'e o fCa,sar, they must have retreate.l to the neighbourhood of the IJT- enees before the beginning of the historic period. It is ta this regLn mainly in the valley of the (iaroune, that their seDUlchr.aI caves are the most numerous. . . . Iht IberLnia short Southern dolichocephalic race, repre- sented in the long barrows of Britain and the sepulchral elves of France and Spain. The stature averaged 5 feet 4 fnches?and the cephalic index 71 to 74. They were orthog- nathous and swarthy. They are now "■'^P«^™'f ' |"™" of the Welsh and Irish, by theCorsicans, and by the Span- ish Basques. Their affinities are African. ^ Taylor, Aryans, pp. 69, 9i, iU. Ibadan (e-ba'dan). A town intlie Yor^V' """"o try7West Africa, about lat. 7° 20' N.. long. 4° 10' E Population, estimated, 100,(100. Ibarra (e-bar'rii). The capital of the province of Imbabura, northern Ecuador, about Shinnies northeast of Quito. It was destroyed in ISbh by an earthqi^ke whi.di killed 3,000 of the in- habitants. Population, about 13,000. Ibea (i-be'a). The part of British East Africa foiTnerlv under control of the Imiienal British East Africa Company. The name is tormcl from the initials of tlie al.ovo words. Iberia d-be'ri-ii). [L. IbSria, Gr.l^>ip>a, from Ihins, Bibcrc:.-, Or. "lih/prr, tlx^ inhabitants.] In ancient geo-raphy: (") The pi'innsula of southwestern Europe, comprising the modern Spain and Portugal. ('-) The region bounded by the Caucasus Mountains on the north, Al- bania on the east, Armenia on the south, and Colchis on the west. It corresponds nearly to the modem Georgia. Iberian (i-bo'ri-an) Mountains. A .lamesome- t lines given to tlie mountains in central and east- ern Spain. Iberian Peninsula. The southwesteni ,.eniii- suhi of Euroiir, comprising Spain and Portugal. Iberians ii-lie'ri-aiiz). The ancient mhalntants of the Iberian peuinsuUi. See tlie extract. Iberus (i-be'ms). The Latin nanieof the Ebro. Iberville (e-ber-vel'), Pierre le Moyne, Sieur T Born at Montreal, July 16,1661: di(,d at Ha- vana, July 9, 1706. A French-Canadian naval and military commander. He entered the French navy at the age of fourteen ; was one of the leaders of the Sditioi. aiainst Schenectady in 1690 ; obtained com- Sofa frilate in l(j9i : and took Forts Nelson and Bour- bon on Hudson Bay in H194 and 1097 respectively. In lt.99, having been commissioned by the French government to establish direct intercourse between If-'fnce and the J s^ sissippi River, he erected Fort Hiloxi, at the head of In Om bIv the first post on the Mississippi Eiver. He sub e- nuently estaldished other posts in the same region, and was preparing to attack the cast of North Carolina when he died of a fever at Havana. Ibicuhy, or Ibicul (f-be-kwe'). Ariver in south- ern Brazil, joining the Uruguay in the province of Kio Grande do Sul, about lat. 29° 20 S. Length, over 300 miles. Iblisi See Ehlis. ., Ibn Batuta (ibn ba-to'ta), properly Abu Ab- dallah. Mohammed. Born at Tangier, Mo- rocco, about 1304: died at Fez, Morocco, about 1377 An Arabian traveler. He visited northern and central Africa, westeni and central Asia R"«"f ■ l"" liV rhina. etc His '■ Trave s " were translated into hng- n'stM^y" Lee'in islg.and into French by C. Defr^mery and K. Sanguinetti 1874-79. Ibn Ezra. See Abraham ben Meir ibn Ezra. IbnHauk\ll(ibnhou-kul'). Died 976 A. D. An \raliian geograplier and traveler. The ob8erva_ tions of his twenty years of travel in the coun(.r es of r; we?f put doL^n the work .;Uig.way» and ^ tries '■ which wiia translated into English 'ly "" " ""•'"' 0^ele^^nnde^the title of "The Oriental (ieography of Ibn Ilaukul," in ISOO. . Ibn Khaldto (ibn khal-d8n'), patronymic of Abu Zeid Abdurrahman. Bom at Tunis, K!°2 : died at C.-iiro, March. 1406. An Aral.nm historian. His chief work is a universal hist(>ry which treats especially of the Arabs and Ber- IbnkhalUkan(ibnkal'li.kiln). Born 1211 A.D. at Arbela: died I'JSl A. I), at Damascus. An eminent Ai'abian sclndar and writer lie was scholar, poet, compiler, biographer, ami l',li";"l'";\,,!„ •• celelrateS biograpl.ieal ^york.•■ ''•"'''"■;',''; iSush and (•' Wafiat-ul-Aiyan ■' ). has been translated into ^''W «'•'"','' copiously annotated by Bar<.n Mactiuckin de Mane (184i- 1871). Ibn Sina. See Jrirennn. . „ , TV 1 Ibn Tofail (ibn to'fii-il) (Abu Beker Ibn el- Tofeil). An Arabian pliilosoplnr and physi- cian,acontein]>orary of tlie Arabian philosopher and writer Averroes. He llvc.l toward the close of tile I'lh centni-y in <.ne of the Arabic kingdoms In Spain. He^VrnprnidaTldlosophlcal deserintionn I he^^^ voyages of Ibn Y.,k,lhan, translaled t"t' ' ■" ™ ''^^J ,°"^,' Narbonensis. and Into l-nlln by r;'ei";k.; b, ni,l. ^Sooral NarbonenslB, an.i niio i."'", .., ';"„;,, •..■„.,, ,,,,,i ,„„. English translation, were made from ,'.' /' ' , 'l," "J, '' ."j ,„m tlu> -igimd Ar.d.c by Mm.., M^ Si,;;il^dln';;^ Mfeo;H';'i?in:V,;,lhan, wrl,.enby Abu f.xnioiieo III .lie..,., ; j-j ,.,„ .Taafer Ebn Topball." Sco A utod,dncUu Ibo (e'bii). An island seaport an.l town of 1 or- tugueseEast .Xfrica. in lat. 12° 23 N. Ibo(e'bo)."rlgbo(eg'bo). An important Afri- can tribe dwelling at the apex of the Niger delta, 628 and extending thenee to the north and east The chief town, also called Ibo, is ™ ™P°""n' Nile? palm-oil trade. All the saves exported « ^o » " « >• >«^r used to be called Ibos in North America. The Ibo tl be comprises some minor tribes speaking dialects of Ibo. naS Isoama (the dialect used in missionary books). eCu Abadj" and Abo. The Ibo. being a trade language fs "fed beyond the territory of the tribe. See Igara and Ibrahim (ib-ra-hem' )• The Arabic form of A bru- Ibrahim. Died in 153.5. A grand vizir of Tur- key. He was the son of a saUor at Parga ; was captured bv "corsairs in his youth ; was sold into slavery at Magne- sia, ai?dbeeLme the property of Soliman II 'ly whom he was made virir in 1523. He fought with dis'mction in he war against Hungary in 1627, and was put to death at the instigation of the sultana in lo35. Ibrahim of Aleppo. Died in 1549. A celebrated Ottoman jurist. He compiled the great c"de of laws knowii as " 5Iulteka-al- Abhar " ('■ Confluence of the Seas ). Ibrahim, ou llUustre Bassa. A romance by Mademoiselle de SciuU-ry, published m 1641. Settle wrote a tragedy founded on this : it was published in 1677. -a„^^\o« IbrahimPasha(ib-ra-hem'pash &)• Bornatta- valla, Rumelia, 1789 : died at Cairo, Nov. 9, 1848 An Egyptian general, son (or adopted son) ot Meheniet All. He subdued the Wahhabees 181(i-18: commanded against the Greeks 1824-27; stonned .\cre Mai"? 1^2 defeated the Turks at Homs a.id Konieh in 1832, and at ^'isib .luue 24, 1839 ; and succeeded Mehemet KM. as viceroy in 1848. Ibrail, or Ibraila. See BraXla. Ibreez. See Ivris. Ibsambul. See Abn-Simhel. Ibsen(ib'sen),Henrik. Bom at Skien,Norway, March 20,'182H. A noted Norwegian dramatic noet. He at flrst studied medicine, but soon devoted hiui- ?elf entU-ely to literature. His flrst dramatic a (erupt, the th?ee-act tragedy ■' Katilina," was puldished at Chiis- tian a in 1800 unde-r the pseudonym Brynjolf Bjarme^ In the same year he went to Christiania in order to pursue his studies at the university With A. (.. Mnje L" Botten-Uansen the .''iWiograPher young men o his own age, he engaged in the ed torship of the si on- ved weekly journal - Andhrimner," to which he contrib- ted ij^ics and satirical pieces. A short saga piec^ ■' KKiimehoten " (" Tlie Warrb.rs Mound •> written at this time,Tas produced upon the stage. On "•« ''^;^-' »" »' the journal the following year, he obtained r.n the vo- linist Ole Bull the position of manager "■"'•'":■» ^ onened National Theater at Bergen, a post which he held unt 1 1857 In 18r,2, in the interest of the theater, he un- dertookashort journey to Denmark and (iermany to s udy eeu"c art From thisperi"'! is the historical drama " . il ■ diTt rairsolhang ■ ('The Banquet at Solhang 1. In 1867 he w"cXd " Christiania as director of the Norwegian TheVJer From this year is the historical drama •'Fru liig.rti Ostrmit ■(••Mistresslngeratostrm.t yvlilchsiiH a'.iuently, however, was almost wholly rewritten. l-Yom is' 8 is 1 o historicuil drama ■■Hernuendene paa Udge- land •• (•■ The Warriors at Ilelgeland "). • Kjieil ghe. en8 K l.-die " (■' Love's Comedy "), the llrst o the satirical BO- ci plays that have particularly made h,» naine famous. was he next important work to appear (In 1802). In IMM apneared the historic drama " KTongs-Kmnerne ("Iho p'retenders ' ). In 18.14. after writing the poem " En Broder I Nod'T'A lirother in Need ■) a demand to the people to akenpthe cause of Denmark, whieh, however, ell ui l- eede.f-he left Norway in a sort o voluntary exile In Uole in 18,« he eompleted one of "'J, •;■■■;;' 7'. "''» works, the drama " Brand." This was followed Ih^ » <-: ceedii g year (1807) by the dramatic poem Peer (.yilt, a ., vHttiiTln Italy. Ills next work was the "».' fie c.m.;. edv "DeUnces Forbund " ("The Young Mens nion, 18( 7)- like all his later works, « rlltei, in prose I his wa. ,, lowed ill 1S71 by the long hisloric dn.nia "keiscTOg i^iiee^ nb'l Halihan "), which consists of rrts-'\lulai.s Apostasy ".md".IuliaMtliel.ini.eror e iieantiine he had changed his place of residence, •W9 ,V'Et Dukkehjem" ("A Dolls House,' tn.i.sl»t^ under the name "N.na"),];. he ^V^;^,''"'.., '„'V; k ■ plays are ■• OJengangere " C ."'"'f'^. '%'';, vidnn en" lelide" (•■ An Knemy "'''>V\ '"'''''•;,, \??,-i\,ln."Kn^^^^ ..The Wild Din-k • 1884^, , -'-"^^"l. ^.'^L [:,l"r'7l89i'i), a ;^^! gn' ^t^r S,.I,ies."("Arelll.ect M^ ,n.«"lS!)-'l Among his minor writ lugs are tlR. epic lerje v'ge.i" ™i the hing p."m •• Paa Vldderne" (I880X IbVCUS (ib'i-kus). " [Gr. "I,JM*of.] A Greek lyric poet of th.- sc..ond1.alf of the 6th century n. c, „,iii at Khegiiim. Italy. Uellve.'i. and at Constantinople 18&4-77 ; was influential in jiegotiating the treaty of .San Stefano in 1878; and was minister of the interior 1881-82. Ignatius (ig-na'shi-us). Saint, sumamed The- Ophorus (L- Deifer, lit. 'God-bearer'). [L., from Or. 'lyviiTiog, ardent, iiery; F. Ignnce, It. Ignazio, Sp. Iijnncio, Iiiigo, Pg. Ignacio, G. Ig- naz.'] Died between 104—117 A. D. A bishop of Antioch who, according to the tradition, suffered martjTdom under Trajan. He was tbereputed author of epistles to the Ephesians. Komans, Polycarp, etc. (ed- ited in " Corpua*Jgnatianum," 1849). Ignatius de Loyola. See Loyola. Ignoramus (ig-no-ra'mus). A famous academi- cal comedy WTitten by George Ruggle, 1615, as a per.sonal satire. It is a mixture of the iambics of Flautus (from whom it was taken through tho Italialt) and Latin and English prose. Igor (e'gor), Song of the Band of. A Russian epic poem, descriliing the struggle of Igor, Erince of Novgorod-Soverski, with the pagan ordes from the southwest. It is supposed by some authors to have been inspired by Homer. It is the most ancient of the Russian epics of the middle ages, and the prototype of all. The ifS. was burned in the great lire at Moscow (lal2). The stoi7 had, however, beeu edited by Pushkin. IgU Ce'giJ). See Ighira. Iguala, Flan of. See Iturhklc, Agutitin He. I^alada (e-gwii-lii'THii). A town in tho prov- ince of Barcelona, Spain, situated on the Noya 35 miles northwest of Barcelona. Population (1887), 10,201. Iguvium (i-gii'vi-uin). An ancient name of Gubliio. Ijashne (i-.iash'ne). [Gujrati for tho Pahlavi ytijisliK, from ynz, yas, to wor.ship by sacrifices and prayers, kindred with Avcstan yamid, Skt. yajiia, sacrifice.] The name of tho ceremony attending, among the Parsees, tlie solemn recital of the Yasiia. See Ai'cxta. In it arc n»ed conse- crated water, a kind of bread, butter, fresh milk, nieitt, tho bninches <»f tlie lionni plant with one of the imnie. granate, the juice of the Homa plant, the hair of an ox, and a bundle of twigs tied together by means of a reed, evidently relics of ancient sacritlclal usages agreeing In part with tlir Hnihmanlc. Ikelemba (e-ka-lem'bii), or Ikelembe (-be). A soutlicru Irilintary of the Kongo, which it joins near tli pintiir. Ikenild Street. See IcVnicM. Ilanz (e'liints), Roraansli Glion (lye-on'). A town in the canton of GriHons, Switzerland, on the Vorder Rhein at the junction of the Lugnetz valley. 17 miles west of Coiro. It was tho old capital of the Gray League. Ilcaester (il'chos-ter), formerly Ivelcliester (iv'el-ehes-ter). A small decayeil lown in .Simi- erset, Enghmd, situated on the Yen 31 miles southwest of Bath. It was the birthplace of Roger Bucou. 525 Ilderim (il'de-rim). See Bajazrt. Ile-de-France (el-de-frons'). Isle of France. 1. -Vn :incient government of Prance. Capital, Paris. It was bounde>rn brief perioil between their usur- pations. Frccmaii, Hist. .Saracens, p. 111. Ill (el). A river in Alsace which joins tlie Rhine 7 miles below Strasburg. Length, about 125 mill's; navigable from near Colmar. Illa-ticsi (el'yii-lek'se). One of tho names or titles (;iven by the ancient Peruvians to their supreme deity, Uiraeoclia (which see). Also written IlUt-tiri or lilo-tieci. Ille (61). A town in the department of Pyr(''- nees-Orieiitales, Prnnce, on the Tet west of Pei-iiiunnn. Population ( 1S91), commune, 3,34L Ille-et-Vilaine (el-a-ve-lnn'). A department in iiorlliwi'sli'rn Frnni'O. Capital, Keiines. It is liuunded by the English Clninnel and Mam-lie on the north, .Mayenne on the east, l.oire-lnferleure on the smitl), ami ('otes-du-Nor'd and Morbihan on the west. II formed part of the nnelent Brittany. Area, 2,&IKI siiuare ndles. Pop* ulation (1891), 02U,87I>. Illyria Iller (il'ler). A tributary of the Danube, which it joins near Ulm. it forms part of the Iwundarv be- tween \yurtendierg and Baiaria- Length, about IO1.1 miles. Illiberis (i-lib'e-ris). An important Roman city in Sjiain, near the modern Atarf6 and Granada. lUiez, Vald'. See Val il'Illirz. Illiger (il'Ii-gcr), Johann KarlWilhelm. Bora at Brimswick, (iermany, Xov. 19, 1775: died at Berlin, May 9-10, lSi;i; A German naturalist, lie edited a "Magazin fiir Insoktenkunde," and published ' ' Prodromus sy stematis mammalium et avium," etc. Illimani (el-ye-ma'ne). A mountain in the Bo- livian Andes, immediately east-southeast of La Paz. Height, 21,030 feet. Illiniza (el-ye-ne'thii), or Iliniza (e-le-ne'tha). A mountain in Ecuador, about 17,400 feet high. See the extract. This mountain is probably seventh in rank of the Great Andes of the Equator. It is slightly inferior in elevation to Sangai, and is loftier than Carihuairazo. It has two peaks, or rather it is composed of two mountains that are grouped together, the more northern of which is the lower, and is called Little Illiniza. The sumnnts of both are sharp, and during the time of our stay in Ecuador they were completely covered by snow. Whyinper, Travels amongst the Great Andes of the [Equator, p. 130. Illinois (il-i-noi' or -noiz'). A confederacy of North American Indians, formerly occupying Illinois and adjacent parts of Wisconsin, Iowa, and Missouri. They were allies of the French, and therefore the Iroquois in l(i78 began a long and destruc- tive war against them. The name is from illini, 'man' : their own pluial uk was changed by the French to their plural ending oU. Their Ave principal component tribes were Peoria, Kask,askia, Cahokia, Taniaroa, and iliehega- mea. The assassination of Pontlac t»y a Kaskaskia in 17tJ5 was avenged by the Lake tribes in a war of destruction. There are a few at the (jnapaw agency, Indian Territory. .See Jlfron representatives to Con- gress; and has 27 electond votes. It was settled by the French at Kaskaskia anil elsewhere in 1-1315), and also to the German mvs- tic Johann Taiiler (1.300-1361). Illuminati (i-lu-mi-na'ti). [L., 'the enlight- ened.'] A name given to different religious so- cieties or sects because of their claim to perfec- tion or enlighlenment in religious matters. The most noted among them were the Alumbnidos (' the En- li^ihtened) «)f Spain in the itilh century: an epbemenil society ()f Itelglum and northern France (alsit calliil (?«.'- rinl«y, and produci's, as the author himself remarks, » division into ]irolo|,'ue (Act i.), till imperfect comedy (Acts ii.-iv.), and a tragedy (Act v.)" (Sdiiil.ihiiii/, French Lit., ji. 295). Illusions terdues duir-dii'), Les. [P., 'lost 11- lusicins.'J ,\ work liy Balzac, in 3 jmrts, written in l.H,'i7-39— 13. lie drew In it a picture of the feuilletonists which exa.sperated the press against him. Illyria (ilir'i-ii), F. Illyrie (e-lo-re'), 0. lUy- rien (il-le're-en). [tir. 'l).?.vpic or 'I/Aiyxn.] A region on (he western coast of the Balkan peninsula, north of ({reece proper. Iin lionnda- rtes 01-0 vague. It Is included now in ^lontonegro and lUyria pftrt8 of the Austrian and Turkish empires. The southern part of it came early under Greek influence. The kinp- dom of lUyria, with Scodra as its capital, was important in the 3d century B. c, and was overtlirown by Rome in IBS B. c. For the ecclesiastical Illyricum and the modern II- lyria, see below. The same remarks apply to the second branch of peo- ple occupying the north-west of the Balkan Peninsula, the Illyrians: the last linguistic remains of this branch are pre- served in modern Albanian. According to the probable opinion expressed by H. Kiepert (Lehrb. d. alten Geogni- phie, p. 240, f.), this tribe in pre-Hellenic times was widely spread over Greece under the name of Leleges. Schroder, Aryan Peoples (tr. by Jeyons), p. 430. Illyria. A titular kingdom belonging to the Cisleithan division of the Austrian-Hungarian monarchy, comprising the five erowrdands Ca- rinthia, Carniola, Istria, Triest, and Gorz and Gradiska, formed from the Illyrian Provinces ceded to Austria 1815. Illyrian (i-Iir'i-an) Provinces. A state under French control, formed by Napoleon in 1809 out of cessions by Austria. It comprised Carniola, Dalmatia, Istria, Fiume, Trieste, Gorz and Gradisca, and parts of Carintliia and Croatia. Restored 1815. Illyricum (i-lir'i-kum). IGi.'lA/.vpiKov.'i 1. One of the four great prefeetm'es into which the later Roman Empire was divided, it comprised the dioceses of Macedonia and Dacia, and corresponded generally to Greece, Crete, Macedonia, Albania, and Servia. 2. A diocese of the later Boman prefecture of Italy. It comprised Xoricum, Dalmatia, and Pannonia (that is, nearly all of Bosnia and that part of Austria be- tween the Danube and the Adriatic). Ilmen (il'men), Lake. A lake in the govern- ment of Novgorod, Russia, about 100 miles south-southeast of St.Petersburg. It discharges by the river Volkhoff into Lake Ladoga. Ilmenau (il'me-nou). A town in Saxe-Wei- mar-Eisenach, Germany, situated on the Ilm 28 miles southwest of Weimar. It was fre- quently the residence of Goethe. Population (1890), 6,453. Ilminster (il'min-ster). A town in Somerset, England, situated on the Isle 31 miles north- east of Exeter. Population (1890), 6,764. Iloilo (e-16-e'16). After Manila, the principal port of the Philippine Islands, it is situated on the island of Panay. It was captured from the Philippilie insurgents by the United States troops on Feb. 11, 1S99. Population, about 12,000. IlopangO (e-Io-pan'go). A lake near the city of San Salvador, noted for a recent volcano which has formed an island in it. Deri (e-16're), or Ilorin (e-16'ren). A town in the Yoruba country. West Africa, about lat. 8° 30' N., long. 4° 20' E. Population, estimated, 70.000. Use (il'ze). In German folk-lore, aprincess who was changed into a river. Usenburg (U'zen-borG). A small town in the province of Saxony, Prussia, in the Harz 18 miles west of Halberstadt. Ilus (i'lus). [Gr. "I/lof.] In Greek legend, the son of Tros: the mythical foimderof Ilium. Ilva (il'va). The Latin name of Elba. Imaus (im'a-us). [Gr. "luaof, ro ''I^uaoi' 6/30C.] In ancient geograph}', the name given to the mountain system of central Asia, extending east and west : later the so-called Bolor range. Imbert (an-har'), Barthelemi. Born at Ximes, • France, 1747: died at Paris, Aug. 23, 1790. A French poet, noted especially for his fables. Imbros(im'bros). [Gt. "I/i,3pog.'] An island in the ^gean Sea, belonging to Turkev, situated in lat. 40° 10' N., long. 25° 45' E. it was an an- cient Athenian possession. Area, 98 square miles. Pop- ulation, about 6, iXX) (mainly Greeks). Imeritia (e-me-rish'i-a), orInieretia(e-me-ret'- sya). A region in the government of Kutais, Transcaucasia, Russia, between Georgia on the east and Mingrelia on the northwest. Imgur-bel (im'gor-bel). [' Bel is favorable.T One of the walls of ancient Babylon. See Babel. Imhotep (em-ho'tep). In Egyptian mythology, the first-born son of Ptah and Sekhmet. with whom he formed the Memphic triad. He was the god of knowledge, akin to Thoth, and was identified by tlu- Greeks with .^^sculapius. Imitation of Christ. See De imitatlone Christi. Imlac (ira'lak). In Johnson's "Rasselas," a man of learning who accompanies Rasselas from the monotonous "happy valley." Immanuel, Emmanuel (i-, e-man'u-el). [Heb., lit.' God with us.'] A name that was to be given to Jesus Christ (Mat. i. 23) as the son bom of a virgin predicted in Isa. vii. 14. As a personal name aiso written Emanuel. Immenstadt (im'men-stat). A small town in Swabia and Neulnirg. Bavaria, near the Uler 23 miles east of Lake Constance. 526 Immennann (im'mer-man), Karl Lebrecht. Born at Magdeburg, Prussia, April 24.1(96: died at Diisseldorf , Prussia, Aug. 25, 1840. A German dramatist, poet, and romance-writer. His chief romances are "Die Epigonen" (1836), " MUnchhausen " (lS3«-39). Imogen (im'o-jen). In Shakspere's play " Cym- beline," the daughter of CymbeUne and wife of Posthumus. Her characteristics are fidelity and truth. Imogene (im'o-jen). See AIo»:o the Brave. Imola (e'mo-la). A town in the province of Bo- logna, Italy, 22 miles southeast of Bologna, on the river Santemo : the ancient Forum Comelii. It is the center of a wine-producing region. It was founded by .Sulla. Population, about 11,000. Imola, Innocenzo da (originally Innocenzo Francucci). Bom at Imola, Italy, about 1494 : died about 1550. A Bolognese painter. Imperial (em-pa-re-al' i. A former city of south- emGhile(inthepresentprovinceof Cautin),near the Rio de las Damas, about 15 miles from the Pacific. Itwas founded by Valdivia in March. 1551. and for half a century was an important place, becoming the seat of a bishop in 15S2. After withstanding many assaults from the Araucanians, it was destroyed by them in l&X). Xueva Imperial, a small modern town,is near the same site. Imperial City, The. A common epithet of Rome. Imperial Delegates Enactment. [G. Seichsde- putationsha uplschluss.'] A convention drawn up Feb. 25, 1803, by delegates of the German Em- pire under French and Russian influence, and ratified by the Reichstag and emperor. The prin- cipal provisions were : cession of the left bank of the Rhine to France ; indemnification of the secular powers who lost possessions thereby, partly by the secularizing of the eccle- siastical powers(escept the electorate of Mainz and the Teu- tonic Order and the Order of St. John), partly by mediatiz- ing all the free cities except Hamburg, Bremen, lilheck. Frankfort, Nuremberg, and Augsburg ; certain territorial changes in Prussia, Hiinnover, Bavaria, Baden. Wiirteni- berg, etc.; the abolition of the electorates of Cologne and Treves ; and the creation of the electorates of Wurtemberg, Baden, Hesse-Cassel, and Salzburg. Impertinents, The. See siiadwell. Impey (im'pi), Sir Elijah. Born June 13, 1732 : died Oct. 1, 1809. A noted English jurist, the first chief justice of Bengal. He assumed this office in 1774, and acted from the first in harmony with Warren Hastings. In 1775 he presided at the trial of Nana Ku- mar for forgery, and sentenced him to death. In 1783 he was recalled and impeached for his conduct in this case, but was honorably acquitted. Importants (im-p6r'tants ; F. pron. an-p6r- ton' ). The. In French history, a political clique formed after the death of Louis XITL, 1643. It intrigued against the government unsuccess- fully. InachUS(in'a-kus). [Gr."Ira,tor.] 1. In ancient geography, a river of Argolis, flowing into the Argolic Gulf near Argos. — 2. In Greek my- thology, the god of the river Inachus, son of Oceanus. Inagua (e-na'gwa). Great, and Inagua, Little. Two of the Bahama Islands, situated at the southern end of the group. Inaqulto. Same as Anaquito. Inawashiro (e-na'wa^she'ro). One of the two largest lakes of Japan, in the main island, about long. 140° E. Length, about 10 miles. Inca (ing'kii) Empire. The region ruled by the Incas. At first it was confined to the immediate vicin- ity of Cuzco. To this were successively added the neigh- boring valleys, the Titicaca basin, parts of the eastern slope of the Andes, the Peruvian coast, Quito with the neighboring coast-regions, and northern Chile. In its greatest extent, under Huaina Capac, it included nearly all the highlands of Ecuador, Peru, Boliria, and northern Chile. Its length, from the river Ancasmayu, north of Quito, to* the river Maule in Chile, was .about 2,200 miles. The breadth varied from 400 or more to 100 miles. Soe Inca^. Inca Manco. See Manco. Inca Rocca (en'ka rok'ka), called Sinchi Boca (sen'ke ro'ka) by Montesinos. The sixth Inca sovereign of Peru. He reigned about the middle of the 14th century, and his conquests were not extensive. He is best known as the founder of public works, remains of which may still be traced at Cuzco. Bias Valera says that he held the crown more than 50 years, but this is verj' doubtful. Incas (ing'kaz). [Quichua, 'chiefs' or 'lords.'] The reigning and aristocratic order in ancient Peru from the 13th to the 16th century. Mark- ham and others believe that they were originally a tribe or family of the Quichuas who inhabited certain val- leys near Cuzco and first became dominant under Manco Capac about 1240. Their own traditions described Man- co Capac as a child of the Sun. From him descended the twelve other historical sovereigns of Pern, the last reigning one being Huascar. though the lineage was pre- Beo'ed long after. These sovereigns (the Incas in a re- stricted sense) always married their own sisters, and the throne was inherited, in general, by the oldest son pro- ceeding from this marriage. Children by their other wives could not, by custom or law, receive the crown, though this rule was broken when Atataaalpa inherited a part of India the empire in 1523. The rule of the Incaa was absolute, but very mild, and maybe described as an extreme form of state socialism with a despotic head : lands and a large proportionof goods were held in common. The Ineas as an order, retained all the important civil and military offices, and the sacerdotal offices were confined to them'- thus the sovereign was the head not onlv of the state ami the army, but of the priesthood. It has been stated that the Incas used a language distinct from the Quichua but this is improliable. The word Incas is often used lor the wh.ile Quichua race. See Quichuas and Peru. Ince-in-Makerfield (ins'in-ma'ker-feld). A town in Lancashire, England, near Wigan. 17 miles northeast of Liverpool. Population (1891), 19,2.55. Inchbald (inch'bald), Mrs. (Elizabeth Simp- son). Born at Stanningfield, near Bury St. Edmunds, England, Oct. 15, 1753: died at" Lon- don, Aug. 1, 1821. An English novelist, dram- atist, and actress. Among her novels are "A Sim- ple Story ■' (1791), "Nature and Art '■(1796). Shealso wrote " Such Things Are " (1788), and other plays. Inchcape (inch'kap) Rock. See Bell Bod: Inchcolm (inch'kom). An islet in the Firth of Forth. Scotland. Incledon (ing'kl-don), Charles Benjamin. Bom at St. Keverne. Cornwall. England. 1763 : died at Worcester, England. Feb. 11, 1826. An English tenor singer. He visited the United States in 1817. His forte was ballad-singing. Inconstant, The, or the Way to Win him. A comedy by George Farquhar, produced in 1702. It IS an adaptation of Fletcher's " Wild- goose Chase." Incredible Things in Thule. An ancient ro- mance by Antonius Diogenes (about the 1st century), narrating the adventures and loves of Dinias and Dercyllis. The lovers meet in Thule, whither each has fled, Dinias from Arcadia and Dercyllig from Tyre. Ind (ind). A poetical name of India or the In- dies. Independence (iu-df-pen'dens). The capital of Jackson Countv. western Missouri, 9 miles east of Kansas City. Population (1900). 6.974. • Independence Hall. A building in Chestnut street, Philadelphia, where on July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was adopted by Congress and read to the people assem- bled on Independence Square. The Continental Congress assembled here, and Washington was here chosen commander-in-chief in 1775. The building is now used as a mnseizm of relics connected with the history ol the countrj". Inderab. See Andcrah. Index Expurgatorlus (in'deks eks-per-ga-to'ri- us). ['Expurgatory Index.'] Catalogues of boolia comprising respectively those which Roman Catholics are absolutelylorbidden to read, and those which they must not read unless in edi- tions expurgated of objectionable passages. They are prepared by the Congregation of the Index, a body of cardinals and their assistants. Pope Paul TV. published a list of forbidden books in 1557 and 1559. The Council of Trent in 1502 attempted the regulation of the matter, but finally referred it to the Pope. He (Pius TV'.) published the ' Index Tridentinus" in 1564, often reprinted, with ad- ditions, under the title "Index Librorum iYohibitorum." In 1539 Charles the Fifth obtained a Papal bull author- izing him to procure from the University of Louvain, in Flanders, where the Lutheran controversy would naturally be better understood than in Spain, a list of books danger- ous to be introduced into his dominions. It was printed in 1546, and was the first "Index Expurgatorius" published under Spanish authority, and the second in the world. Subsequently it was submitted by the Emperor to the Su- preme Council of the Inquisition, under whose authority additions were made to it ; after which it was promulgated anew in 1550. Tichnor, Span. Lit., L 422. India (in'di-a). [Formerly also Indie (still used, in the plural, in East Indies and West Indies) and Inde ; F. Indie, Sp. Pg. It. India, 6. Indien, from L. India, Gr. 'Ii-dia, from Indi, Gr. 'Ivdoi, the inhabitants.] An extensive region in southern Asia. The name India is and has been used with very different meanings. With the ancients it meant the country of the Indus ; later it was extended through the peninsula, and sometimes made to include Further India and the northern islands of the Malay Ar- chipelago. In modem times it may mean what is some- times called Hither or Nearer India, the peninsula whose natural boundaries are the Indian Ocean, the Suliman Mountains, the Himalayas, and the hill-ninges east of Ben- gal : in this sense it is not so inclusive as the political India (("- c, British India), but includes on the other hand the French and Portuguesepossessions. (See/'o;irfifArrn/, God, ifah''. Earikal, Panjim, Daman, Dili.) The name India is also sometimes used for the two peninsulas of Hither and Further India, and sometimes as nearly equivalent to East Indies. The ordinarj- meaning, however, is British India, or the Indian Empire, officially called India. This includes Bengal. Madras, Bombay. Sind. Aden, Assam. Be- rars, .Ajmere, Central Provinces, Coorg, Northwest Prov- inces, Oudh, Panjab, Lower Burma, Fpper Burma, Anda- mans, and Quetta and the Bolan, having an area of 964,992 square miles, and a population (1891) of 221,172,952. In ad- dition there are the feudatory native states, including Hy- derabad, Mysore, Kashmir, Baroda,states inRajpntana, au^ states in connection with the Central ProTinces, (Centra) India India, Panjab, Bengal, Mato- Babylonians Ijefore the Persian kings is uncertain- Theview that Ophir, whither the mercantile fleet of Solomon and Ilirara went, was in India, has been generally given up. Tlie knowledge of the ancients con- cerning India, before the expeditions of Alexander the Great and Seleucus I., was in general very limited. West India (India intra Gaiii/e»i) was to the Greeks and Romans the land east of the Iranian highland and south of the Ima- ua. Alexander the Great penetrated India as far as the Hyphasis in the east and the mouth of the Indus in the south. The island of Ceylon w;i3 known by the name of Taprobane, or Salike, the inhabitants being callud S;Ua;. Still less comprehensive and accurate was their knowledge of East India (India extra Ganoem). Alongside of a land of gold, silver, an' B. c. ; conquest of the Panjab by Alexander the Great,327-;i25n.c.: aGreeo- Bactrian kingdom in India down to about the 2d century B. C, the so-called Scythian invasions following or accom- panying this ; Buddhism displaced by Brahmanism. about the Cth century of our era ; invasion of Mahinudof (Jhaznl (the flrst Mohammedan invasion), 1001; inva.sionof Timur, 1398 ; expedition of Vasco da Garaa, 1493 ; permanent set- tlement of the Portuguese at Goa, 1510 ; foundation of the Mogul empire by Baber, 1526 ; reign of Akbar, 1550-1005 ; formation of the English East India Company, 16W, and of the Dutch East India Company, 1002 ; rise of the Mali- ratta power under Sivaji, 1057; (ieath of Aurung-Zeb and beginning of the Mogul decay, 1707; rivalry of tVench ami English in India at its height in the time nf Dupleix. about 1748 : Clive's victory at Plassey, 1757, followecl by the ac- quisition of Bengal ind Behar ; acquisitions made under the administrations of Warren Hastings (1772-^5), Welles- ley, Cornwallis, Minto, Marquis of Hastings, Ainherst, Dal- housie : C:u-natic annexed, 1801 ; British (I.4»wer) Burma an- nexed. 1820 and 1852; flrst Afghan war, LS;i8- 12; annexation of Sind, ia4:t ; annexation of the Panjab, 181'.) ; Sepoy Mu- tiny, 1857 (suppressed, 1858) ; transferenc- of tlie adminis- tration from the East India Company to the crown, 1858; Queen Victoria proclaimed Empress of India, 1877 ; second Afghan war, 1878-80; annexation of Upper Burma, ISSO. Recent events have been the building of the Sind-Quetta Railway toward the Afghan frontier, thcaceiuisition of cer- tain teiTitoriea in Baluchistan, the suppression of the Hunza-Nagar insurrection la 1891, the Manlpur revolt in l»:n, etc. India, British. Same as India, in the present official sense; or, more strictly, that part which is under direct British administration, exclud- ini; th(> native statos. Sec India. India, Further, or Indo-China (in'do-chi'na), or India beyond the Ganges. The south- eastern poninsula of Asia, including Bumia, Siam, Cambodia, Cocliin-China, Annam, Toug- kitit;, Straits Settlements, etc. India, Hither or Nearer. The great central peninsula in southern Asia, with the natural boundaries as described under India. Indiana (InHli-an'ii). [XL., Mand of Intlians.'] One (if the Central Stales of the l^nite>f wlieut, and the uiglith State In population. It has 92 counties ; sends 2 setrntorn and 13 representatives to Congress; nnd has Ki electoral votes. It was settled by the Kn^nch at \'lncetine8 and elHowhore early in the 18th century ; wns ceded to (ireat Itrltnin In 17tt3. and to the United States In 17H.S ; became part of the Northwest Territory in 17i*7 ; and was made a separate Territory In 18), 392,0(i0. Indians (in'di-anz) (of North America). The aboriginal inhahitants of North America. They were so named on the snpposition that the landsdiscovered by the early navigators were parts of India ; the errone- ous name h:is continued in use, notwithstanding attempts at its correction. Schoolcraft invented for the North Americans the names AUjic, to denote the people of the eastern coast ; Abanic, for those west of the Mississippi ; andO«(w,for those who live between these limits: but no other writer has used them. The latest attempt, ecjnally unsuccessful, calls the North American tribes AvfiniMa- . raSlonians — Marafion being a name for the river Anuizon, and .^0H€0 aword connected with a Northern myth. Seri- ous mistakes in governmental practice as well as In the- ories came from eiTors In the names of the ethnic divi- sions of North Americiu Each tribe called Itself by a name in its own language which often was metaphorical and varying; and its several neighbors called It in their langimges by other names, which, according to their exist- ing rehdions, might be terms of obloquy, of frienttill less diitermlmible. Besides the actually ascertained errors In nomenclature-, other cun- slderatinns affect the questions concomlnR population, habitat, and migrations, upon which, together with bin- guage, a proper classllleatlon rlcperuls. Before the Ktin*- pean Invasion the North Amerleftii tribes hail reai'heil a state of quast-cqullibrlum, and were sodentary to the ex- Indo-Europeans t«nt that their territories were recognized, and, though many of them held districts too large for actual occu- pancy, the limits were substantially defined. While ag- riculture had commenced in some parts of the present area of the United States, and was spreading, it nowhere sufficed to replace hunting, which demands enormous areas per capita for support; and the population had not increased, except perhaps in a small part of Califomia, so as to press upon the foud-supply. Contrary to the cur- i-eut opinion, the Indians were not nomadic until after the arrival of Europeans, who drove many tribes from their established seats to those occupied by other tribes ; and from the same Eurojieans they procured the horse and firearms, both of which were necessary to a nomadic life under the existing conditions. The wars with the inv:ulers and those occasioned by their pressure, in which firearms were used, were far more destructive than the former quarrels between triites. The losses and gains of most of the tribes during recent decades are now known with sufficient precision to allow an estimate of the elfect of civilization upon them. In this connection it must be noted as important that many individuals of aboriginal blood have disappeared from the numerical strength of tribes, not by extinction but by absorption. Krom all these considerations it is concluded that the Indian pop- ulation of North America at the time of the Columbian discovery was not very greatly in excess of that now ex- tant. The Bureau of Ethnology, established by Congress in 1879, h:is brought the classitication and nomenclature of the Indians of North America into system and approxi- mate accuracy. The tiibes in British America, Lower California, and the I'nited States, including those found both north and south of the Mexican border and exclud- ing the remainderof Mexico, are divided Into 57 linguistic fainil ies or stocks. fundamentally differing from each other, and often apparently as distinct as the Aryan and Scythian linguistic stocks. In all the stocks were languages, some- times but one being now known, sometimes many, the dif- ferences between which were such that the speakers failed either entirely or in large part to understand each other. The names assigned to these stocks in this work aie those given by the authority who flrst recognized each particular stock in a publication ; and the tenninatitin an or ian is now added to each to distinguish between the stock names and tribal names, many of which without such distinction would be identical and confusing. The 57 linguistic fam- ilies or stocks in the territory mentioned are as follows: Algonquian, Athapascan, Attacapan, IJeothukan, Cad- tluan, Chimakuan, Chimarikan, Chinmiesyan, Chinookan, Chitimachan, Chumashan. Coahuiltecan, Copehan, Costa- noan, Eskimauan, Esselenian, Irotiuoian, Kalapooian, Ka- rankawan, Keresan, Kiowan, Kitunnhan, Koluschan, Ku- lanapan, Kusan, Lutuamian, Mariposan, Moquelumnan, Muskhogean, Natchesan, I'alaihnihan, I'inian, Pujunan, Quoratean, .Salinan, Salishan. Sustean, Sidiaptian. Shosho- nean, Siouan, Skittagetiin, Takilin:in, Tnnnaii, Tlmuqua- nan,Tonikan, Toukawan,Uchean, W'aiilatpuan, Wakashan, Washoan, Weitspekan, Wishoskan. Yakonan, Yanan, Yu- kian. Yuman, and Zuilian. These stocks differ widely In the amount of territorj* occupied, in the number of com- ponent tribes, and in the number of individuals identified as belonging to them. Some claimed the combined areas of a number of the present States and Territories of the United Stjites, while the known habitat of others was not more than a modern county or to\^'nship. Some are dif- ferentiated by the language of a sitigle tribe now known ; others comprise many tribes, those of the Algonquian stock amounting to 600 separately named divisions, each one of which has been rcgnrde1»4,150. 2. The capital of Indore state, situated in lat. 22° 42' N., long. 75° 50' E. Population (1891), 92.329. Indra (in'dra). The god ivho, in Yedic theology, stands at the head of the deities of the middle realm — thatof the air. The especial manifestation of his power is the battle which he wages in the storm with his thunderbolt (rfl/ra) against the demons Vritra (* sur- n>under'), Ahi ('continer'X Shushna ('parcher*), and others, who in the form of mighty serpents or dragons en- compass the waters and shut olf their path, as well as that of the light, from heaven to earth. He is originally not the supreme, but the national and favorite, god of the Indo- Aiyan tribes, and a t.\-pe of hei-oic might exerted for noble ends. He becomes more prominent as ^'aruna is gradually obscured. In later times he is subordinated to the triad Brahma- Vishnu, and Shiva, but still is the head of the heaven of the gods. He is the subject of many stories in the great epics and the Puranas. Indraprastha (in-dra-prast'ha). The capital city of the Pandu princes. The name is stffl known and used for a part of the city of Delhi Indre (aiid'r). A river in central France, join- ing the Loire 17 miles west-southwest of Tours. Length, about 150 miles. Indre. A department of central France. Capital, Chateauroux. It is bounded by Loir-et-Cher on the north. Cher on the east, Creuse and Haute-Vieime on the south, Vienne on the west, and Indre-et-Loire on the northwest. The surface is level. It exports grain. It was formed from the ancient Bas-Berry and parts of Orleanais andMarche. Area, •2,(524 square miles. Poptilation(lS91), 292.SIS. Indre-et-Loire (and'r-a-lwar'). A department of France. Capital, Tours. It is bounded by Sarthe on the north, Loir-et-Cher on the northeast, Indre on the southeast, Vienne on the south, and ilaine-et- Loire on the west, and was formed chiefly from the ancient Toiu^aine. The surface isgenerallylevel. The department is traversed by the Loire, whose valley here is called '■ the garden of France." It produces grain, wine, hemp, fruit, etc. Area, 2.301 square miles. Population (1S91). 337,298. Indulgence, Declarations of. In EngUsh his- tory, royal proclamations promising greater religious freedom to nonconformists. The prin- cipal were : (a) A proclamation by Charles 11. in 1671 or 1672, promising the suspension of penal laws relating to ecclesiastical matters which were directed against noncon- formists. It was rejected by Parliament. (!*) A proclama- tion by James II. in 16S7. annulling penal laws against Roman Catholics and nonconformists, and abolishing reli- gious tests for office. The refusal to read this declaration by several prelates led to their trial, and was one of the causes of the revolution of 16S8. Indus (in'dus). [Skt. 5!n(?AM.] One of the chief rivers of India. It rises in an tmexplored region among the Himalaya of Tibet, about lat. 32= S., long. 82" E. It flows northwest through gorges in Tibet and Kashmir. ?Cear the northern part of Kashmir it turns south and flows through British India (Panjab and Sind) into the" Arabian Sea by a delta in about lat. 24' X. Its chief tribu- taries are the combined rivers of the Panjab (Jheltmj, Che- nab, Ra\"i, and Sutl-^j. through the Panjn.id) and the Ka- bul. Length, about l.StfO miles ; navigable from RorL Ine (e'ne), or Ini (e'ne), or Ina (i'na). Died 729. King of the West Saxons 688-726. He con- quered Kent in 694, defeated the Cymiy of Cornwall in 711, and between 090 and 693 published a series of laws, commonly called the Laws of Ine, which form the earliest extant specimens of West-Saxon legislation. He abdicated in 725 or 726, and, with his wife ^ithelburh, made a pil- grimage to Rome, where he died. Ines de Castro. See Castro. I/ies de. Inexpiable War, The. A war between Car- tha>;i.- and her mercenaries, 241-238 B. c. The latter were unsuccessful. Infanta Maria Teresa. An armored cruiser of 7,000 tons, the flagship of Admiral Cervera in the Spanish-American war. she was sunk in the battle of Santiago, July 3, 1896 ; was raised imder the direction of Xaval-Constructor Hohson ; and was aban- doned in a gale north of San Salvador, Nov. 1, 1898. Inferno (in-fer'no ; It. pron. in-fer'no). The. [It., -hell.'] The first part of Dante's '-Divina Commedia." it is divided into 34 cantos. The poet is conducted by Vergil through the realms of hell to an exit " where once was Eden." From here he visits Piwgatory. Inferuin Mare (Ln'fe-rum ma're). [L., 'lower sea.'] See Tyrrhenian Sea. Inflexible \in-flek'si-bl). An iron-clad British 528 twin-screw double-tmreted battle-ship, she was launched in April, 1876. Her dimensions are : length, o20 feet ; breadth, 75 feet : draught, 2o feet ; displacement, 11.400 tons. The armored region consists of a submergetl hull with an armored deck 5 or 6 feet below water-line, and a central rectangulai- redoubt or bulwark carrying two turrets placed diagonally at opposite comers. She car- ries foiu' So-tou guns in the tmrets. Inganos. See ilocoas. Ingaiini (in-ga'ni). In ancient history, aLigu- rian tribe which dwelt in northwestern Italy, on the Gulf of Genoa. • Ingelheim (ing'el-him), Nieder-, and Ingel- heim, Ober-. Two small towns in the prov- ince of Khine-Hesse, Hesse, 8 miles west of JIainz: formerly noted for a palace of Charles the Great. Ingelow (in'je-lo), Jean. Bom at Boston, Lin- colnshire, in 1820 : died at London, July 20, 1897. An EngUsh poet and novelist. Her works include poems (1863, 1865, 1867, 1876, 1879, 1885, 1886), '■ Studies for Stories" (1864), "Mopsa the Fairy" (1869), "Off the Skelligs"(anovel. 1872), '■ Fated to be Free " (1875), "Sarah de Berenger" (1879). "Don John" (ISSl), "John Jerome, etc." (18S6X " .* Motto Changed " (1893X and a number of children's books, Ingemann (ing'e-man), Bemhard Severin. Bom at TorMldstrup, Falster. Denmark, ilav 28, 1789 : died at Copenhagen, Feb. 24, 1862. A Danish poet and novelist. He wrote the epic " Val- demar de Store og bans Mand " (1824), the historical novels ■' ValilemarSeier "(1826), "Erik iIenvedsBarndom"(lS-:S). ■■Kong Erik " (1833), " Prinds Otto af Danmark " (1835). Ingenhousz (ing'gen-hous), Johannes. Bom lioO: diedin England, 1779. ADutchphysician. Ingermanland (ing'er- man -land), or Ingria (Ln'gri-a). An ancient district, nowforming a large part of the government of St. Petersburg, Eussia. It passed several times between Sweden and Russia, and was acquired by Sweden 1617. It was con- quered by Peter the Great. Ingersoll (ing'ger-sol). A town in Oxford Coun- ty, Ontario, Canada, situated on the Thames 54 miles west-southwest, of Hamilton. Popu- lation (191-11 1. 4.573. Ingersoll, Charles Jared. Bom at Philadel- phia, Oct. 3, 1782 : died at Philadelphia, Jan. 4, 1862. An American politician and author, son of Jared Ingersoll. Hewrote".A^HlstoricalSketchof the Second Warbetweenthe United States and Great Brit- ain " (1845-52). Ingersoll, Joseph Reed. Bom at Philadelphia, June 14, 1786: died at Philadelphia, Feb. 20, 1868. An American politician, son of Jared Ingersoll: United States minister to England 1850-53. Ingersoll, Robert Green. Bom at Dresden. X. Y.. .\ug. 11, 1833 : died at Dobbs Ferry,X. T., July 21, 1899. An American lawyer, lecturer, and poUtieian. He settled as a legal practitioner at Peoria, Illinois, in 1857, and became colonel of the 11th Illinois cavalry in 1862, and attorney-general for Illinois in 1866. He published " The Gods, and Other Lectures " (1876). "Some Mistakes of Moses ' (1S79), "Great Speeches" (1S87), etc. Ingham (ing'am). Charles Cromwell. Bora at Dublin, about 1796 : died at New York. Dec. 10. 1863. An English-American painter. He came to the I7nited States in 1816. He was one of the original mem- bers of the National Academy of Design. Ingham, Col. Frederic, --i. pseudonym used by Edward Everett Hale in " The Ingham Papers " and other works. Inghamites (ing'am-its). An English denomi- nation founded by Benjamin Ingham (1712-72), a Yorkshire evangelist, which combines ele- ments of Methodism and lloravianism. The con- version of Ingham to Sandemanian views led to the disrup- tion and nearly total extinction of the denomination. Inghirami (eng-ge-ra'me), Francesco. Born at Volterra. Italy, 1772 : died at Florence, May 17. 1846. Ail Italian archaeologist. He wrote "ilon- umenti erruschi o di etrusco nome" (1820-27), etc. Inghirami, Tommaso, sumamed Fedra. Born at Volterra, Italy, 147(): died at Rome, Sept. 6, 1516. An Italian poet, scholar, and orator. Ingleby (ing'gl-bi), Clement Mansfield. Bom at Edgbaston, near Birmingham. England. Oct. 29, 1823 : died at Ilford. Essex, Sept. 26, 1886. An English philosophical writer and Shakspe- rian scholar. Hewrotc"OntIinesof TheoreticalLogic" (1856), "The Shakspcre Fabrications" (1859\ "Shakspere Controversy" (1861), ".\n Introduction to Metaphvsics" (1864-69), '■ Shakspeares Centurie of Prayse. etc. ' (1874), ■' The StiU Lion " (1874 : a new edition 1875, entitled " Shak- spere's Hermeneutics "), "Shakspere: the Man and the IJook " (1877-81), etc Inglis (ing'lz), John. Born at Edinburgh in 1810 : died near Edinburgh, Aug. 20. 1891. A Scottish jurist. He was educated at Glasgow Tniversity and Balliol College, Oxford, and was called to the Scottish bar in 1835. He was solicitor-general for Scotland in 1852, and lord advocate in 1852 and 1S5S. In 1858 he was ap- pointed lord justice clerk, with the title of Lord Glencorse, Inness and from 1867 he was lord justice general and presidentof the Court of Session. Inglis,Sir JohnEardleyWilmot. Bom in Nova Scotia. Xov. 15, 1814: died at Hamburg, Sept. 27, 1862. The defender of Lucltnow. He was the son of John Inglis, third bishop of Nova Scotia. He served in Canada in 1537, and in the Panjab war 1848-19. In the Indian mutiny of 1857 he was second in command to Sir Henry Lawrence at Chinhut June 30, and at Lucknow, where the garrison was besieged in the residency, July l! When Lawrence was wounded. July 2. Inglis succeeded to the command, and conducted the defense until the arrival of Sir Henry Havelock, SepL 26, 1S57. On this date also he was promcjted to major-general and created K. C. B. Ingoldsby Legends (ing'goldz-bi lej'endz or le'jemlz). A series of satirical stories in prose and verse by Eichard Harris Barham, under the pseudonym of Thomas Ingoldsby, Esq. Theearlier numbers were published in "Bentley's Miscellany," and afterward in "IheNew Monthly Magazine." In 1840 the first series was published collectively : a second and third series in 1S47. Ingolstadt (ing'ol-stat). A fortified town in Upper Bavaria, situated at the junction of the Schutter with the Danube. 44 miles north bywest of Munich. Its imiversity, founded in 1472, was removed to Landshut in 1800, and to Munich in 1826. Its fortifica- tions were razed by the French in l^OO. It was besieged by Gustavus .\dolphus in 1632. Population (1890X 17,646. Ingomar the Barbarian. AplaybyMariaAnne LoveU. produced at Drury Lane in 1851. it was a translation from the German. It has been a favorite on account of the character of Parthenia. Ingraham (ing'gi^a-am). Joseph Holt. Bom at Pcjrtland, Maine, 18'09 : died at Holly Springs, Miss., Dec, 1860. An American clergyman and novelist. Among his works are " The Prince of the House of David " (1S55\ " The Pillar of Fire " (18.i9). Ingres (ang'r), Jean Auguste Domlni(ine. Bom at Montauban, Aug. 29, 1780: died at Pa- ris, Jan. 14, 1867. A celebrated French histori- cal painter. At the age of 16 he went to Paris and en- tered the atelier of David. He won the grand prix de Rome in 1801 : studied for 5 years in Paris ; and went in 1806 to Italy, where he remained about 15 years. In 18'24 the "Vow of Lotiis XIII." was exhibited in the Louvre, and the artist retiuued to Paris in great favor. He was made a member of the Institute in 1825. Among his works are "(Edipus and the Sphinx " (1808). "Apotheosis of Ho- mer "(1826)," Martyrdom of St. .Symphorian " (1SS4X " Strat- onice"(1839), "The Golden Age "(unfinished, 1848), "Joan of -\rc " (1S54X "The Spring " (1856). Ingria. See Ingermanland. Ingvaeones (ing-ve-6'nez). [L. (Tacitus) Ingie- rones, the Latinization of a hypothetical Ger- manic fundamental form *Ingvai, a name of the god *Tlwaz,*T!u. Cf. AS. (rune song) Ing, OHG. Inc. the name of a rune ; OX. Tngri. Tngri- Freyr, from whom the Swedish kings, the Tng- Ungar, derive their descent ; AS. (Beowulf) /«man Catholic Chinch on July -iS. ken), orlnterlaohen(in'- summer resort in the canton of and Lyon's Inn (pulled down in 1868, now the site of thi- gi„„gtew ,,f p^ssau, lO.'j-i. lave disappeared), to the Mid- Jnterlaken (in'ter-la ad Staple's Inn to Gray s Inn ; ^{i,. k- X-en) A sum , Inn, to Lincoln's Inn. Ser- tei-laui-en;. ^isuui ,i,„,H ihc raaiority of the cardinals, refusing to recognize the validity of his election, chose Anacletus II. as antipope. Ml was forced to seek refuse in France, where Bernard of Clairvaux procured his recognition by the court and tlic der'T. He was installed in the Lateran at Kome by tlie emperor Lothair in UXl, but ,lid not gain undisputed possession before the death of Anacletus in 1138. Innocent III. (Giovanni Lothario Oonti). Bom at AiKiRiii. Italv, in IKil : die, 1198. fol- lowing in the footsteps of Gregory VII.. he made it the cldef aim of his ecclesiastical policy to vindicate the papal claim of the supremacy of the church over the state. He forced Philip Augustus of France to take back his pri%-ilege of calling " maintain instruction and examination for that purpose ; also, the pre- cincts or premises occupied by these societies respectively. TheyarethelnnerTemple, Middle Tem- ple, Lincoln's "inn, and Grays Inn. The first two originally belonged to the Knights Teniplare (whence the name Tem- iile). These inns had their origin about the end of the ISth century. The inn was originally the town residence of a person of iiuality. "Before the Temple was leased by lawyers, the laws were taught in hostels, liospitia curia-, of which there were a s-'rcat number in the metropolis, espe- cially in tin- iRi'„'bborli"od of Holborn ; but afterwards the Iiinsof ( 'oui t and 1 lianicrv increased in prosperity till they formed what stow describes as "a whole university of stu- dents, practisers or pleaders, and judges of the law of this realm, not living on common stipends as in the other uni- versities, as is for the most part done, but of their own private maintenance,' " Hare, London, I, 59. „„, Innuit (in'ii-it). See Eskimaunn. gated Inn-7iertel(iu'fer-tel). The region between the llie capture of Constantinople from the Greeks and the Austria in 1779, to Bavaria in lh09, anil agai fsiablishincnt of the Latin Empire ; deposed Otto IV., era- , a .^tria in 1815. p.ror "f the Holy Roman Empire, and in 12ir. crowned his former ward, Frederick of Sicily, emperor; compeUed m l'13,Iohn of England, who refused to accept Stephen Lang- ton the papal nominee to the archbishopric of Canter- l.urv, to acknowledge the feudal sovereignty of the Pope anil" to pay an annual tribute ; ordered the crusade against fliH Albit'enses in l'*08 ■ and presided at the fourth Lateran n-.^. ,..■--/, ,^. ' , , j i i ■ li,.al party in Spain which in 1873-74 fomented A to-vra in the prov- „„ misuccessful insun-ection.— 2. A factiouin the emperor Conrad IV. in 12.54, the struggle ■was con- j ,^ ( in'sels-bcro tinned with Manfred, the uncle and guardian of Conrad s InSeiSDerg ( n stis ociu son Conradin of Sicily, who iuHicted a decisive defeat on summits ot the Iniiriugt ■ - - — -■-"■ richroda. Height, 3,000 nstauratio Magna (in [I... 'tlie great renewal.', . . ^.^mo, ^^.. ,.-.,. -- - philosophical work planned and partially earned 2vTjjyj^j.j^^ northern Italy, on t' out by Lord Bacon, comprising the "Advance- ^j ^.^^^ Maggiore. Populati inent of Learning,'' "No\'um Organum, ' etc. Tntransieentists(in-ti'an'si-j< Avignon. Innocent VIII. (Giovanni Battista Cibo). Born at Genoa, 1432 : dieil July 25. 1492. Pope 1484_9'J. Ue was involved in war with Ferdinand ot Na- ples whose crown he ottered to Kenaldus, duke of Lor- raine ; and kept Zezim, brother of the sultan Bajazet, a close prisoner in consideration of an annii-.d iiayment of 40 000 ducats and the gift of the sacred apear said to have pierced the side of the Saviour. Innocent IX. (Giovanni Antonio Faccni- netti) Born at Bologna. Italy, 1519: diedDec. 30, 1591. Pope Oct. 29-l)i-c. 30, l.Wl. Innocent X. (Giovanni Battista Pamfili). Born at Konie, 1572: died Jan. 7, 10:).i, Pnpe Ifi44-,M. H,. ,-ond. iiiniil the treaty of Westphalia in 10.'.1. and till- .lansiTiist biri-sy in n.r.:). Innocent XI. (Benedetto Odescalchi). Horn at Coino, Italy, 1611 : died Au£. 12, 1G89. Pope 167(1-89. Innocent XII. (Antonio PignatelU). Bom at Xii)iles, March 13, 1015: died Sept.2(, liOO. Pope 1091-1700 ofteii simply Jiistitiil.'i An association of the members of tho live French academies, L'Aca- deinie Fran^'aise, L'Acad^mie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, L'Acadi5mie des Sciences, L'Acad^inie desBeaux Arts, and L' Academic des Sciences Morales et Politiques. It was established by the Republican Convention in 1795, and is siijiported by Ihegovernnient. Its purpose is " to advance the sciences and arts of research by the publication of discoveries and by correspondence with otiier learned societies, and to prosecute those scientillc and literary labors which shall have for their end general utility and the glory of the n-- pulilic.^^ It was originally called L'Institut National, and thj name has chang.d with the various changes m the government. At llrst the as.sociation yvas installed at the Liiuvrc, but in 1800 it wiw removed U< the cllcge des (Juatre Nations. There is n geniral annual meeting on (be 2r.th of o.tolier, the anniversary of its fonnding. Institutes of Justinian. Sir ( ■o<'/;"^- •/"'•'■••'■ Boni Institutes of the Christian Religion. L-.^"; stiliitii) i:,li, limns Clirisliini.-r.] A theological work by ('alyiii, ]iiiblislieil in Latin in 1530, and l-'rench in 15411. Pons, or (Lnijiontiim. It i« noted for its pictnrcsiiuc situation. The Franciscan church, or llofkirche, is a Ke- raissancc building, notable especially for its magnificent monument to the emperor Maximilian I. I lie kneeling llgure of the emperor, in bronze, on a great marble sar- cophagus, is surrounded liy '28 statues of his anceslors. The sides of the sarcophagus are adorned with 24 reliefs of scenes from the emperor's life, most of them by the Flem- hig Colins. These reliefs arc among the llnest sculpture of the Iflth century; many of the figures are portraits. The Schloss Amras is a line castle of the l:itll century, re- fitted and enlarged in the 16th by the archduke Ferdinand. It Is now a museum, with very interesting collections, chiefly historical, including medieval and modern weapons, furniture, industrial art, sculpture, and portmita. The 16th-ceiitury Spanish saloon Is notable, as la the oniate late- Pointed chapel. It has several other castles and a unlver- C— 34 (1S1I4) numbering over 5.'. volumes, and contalnInK docu mentg of the highest Interest " "-"■ lilc librar.y. . ■ , ■ . Insubres (in ' su-brO/.). Ill ancient history, a (lallic (leople in Cisalpine (iniil. ilwelling north 1,1' the I'll, in Ihc vicinity of .Milan. They were IliiMilv siihjceled In Home in 190 H. C. Interim (in' I I'r-iin). A provisional nrrangc- menl for the settlement ofri'ligious ibtTerences between Protestants and Komaii f'alholics in (iennanv during llie Uerormalion epoch, iiend- ing a detiiiite settlement bv a clnirch council. There were three interims: the Katlsbon Interim pro- mulgated by the emperor Charles V., July 29, 1641, but France whose parliamentary progi^am includes various radical reforms and socialistic changes. Intrepid, The. l. A Tripolitan vessel, cap- tured anil so named by Americans, in which Stephen Decatur sailed" into the port of Tripoli on the niglit of Feb. 10. 1804, and reca).tured and burned the United .States frigate Philadel- phia, -vvhich had fallen into the enemy's hands. The vessel was afterward blown up in the harbor to destroy Tripolitan cruisers.— 2. An Antic exiiloringVcssel. She sailed under Com- mander Austin in 18:50 from England. IntrigO (in-tre'go). A man of business in Sir I'niniis Fane's comedy "Love in the Dark,'" frniii which Mrs. Ceiitlivre took Marplot. Intronati (e"-ti'o-"ii'l<>)- A literary academy I'mniilrd at Siena in 1:525. Invalides, Hotel des. See Uout. Inveraray, '>r Inverary (in-'ve-ra'n). A sea- port and tlie cajiilal of Argyllshire, Scotland, sitiialed on Loch Fyne 40 miles northwest of (ilasgiiw : noted for heiriug-tishery. Popula- tion ( 1.H91). 82'2. . , Invercargill (in-ver-kiir-gir). A town in the South Ishiiid, New Zealand, on an inlet of ho- veaiix Strait. 11 exports mutton, etc. Popu- Intii.n (IS91), 8,551, . Inverlochy (in-ver-loeh'i). A I'ljce in Ar- gyllshire. Scotland, situated near Loch Lil JJ iiiiles iiortheasl of Oluin, Here. Feb. 2, 1645, Montrose defeated (he Campbells. It possesses n very vidua- JnyernesS (i'l-vei'-nes'). 1- A ootinly of Scot- land, bonndcd by Koss on the north. Nairn niul KIgin on the uorthetist, Banff ami Aberdeen on the east, Perth and .\rgyll on the south, and tho Atlantic on the west. It comprises also Harris, North and South list, Skye, and others of the Hebrides The surface Is mountainous. It Is note, for Its lakes and for picturesipie sceueo. T >o prevailing lanKiiago is Gaelic. Area, 4,088 B.|uare miles, ropulalioii (18111), 2' A seaport and tho capital of the county of Inverness, situated cm the Ness m lat. 5,° .8 N., long. 4° 13' \V. It has flourishing coasting and fo> Inverness eign trade ; is a tourist center, and the capital of the north- ern Highlands ; and was the ancient Pictish capital. Its castle was destroyed by the army of the Pretenderin 174ti. Inverness, Furres. Fortrose, and Nairn form the Inverness district of parliiimentiiry burghs. Population (I^IX 2t),865. Invincible Armada, The. See Armada. Invincible Doctor, The, L. Doctor Invincibi- lis(ilok'tor in-viu-sib'i-lis). A sui'uame given to the scholastic philosopher William Occam. Invoice (in'vois). One of the principal charac- ters in Foote's " Devil upon Two Sticks." Inwood (in' wild), Henry William. Born May '22. 1794 : supposed to have been shipwrecked March 20, IJjviS. An architect, the eldest son of William Inwood (177I-1S43). He published "The Erechtheum at .Athens" (1827X "Of the Resources of Design in the .\rchitecture of Greece, Egypt, and other Countries •nS43). Inwood.William. Bom at Highgate about 1771 : died at London. March 16, 1843. An English architect. His chief work is St Pancras New Church, London (1819-22), which is an adaptation of Athenian models, chiefly tlie Erechthetnn. lo (i'6). [Gr. 'Iolce gave an Italian version in 1560. There are obscure French ver- sions by Rotrou (1640X and by Leclerc and Coras (1675), the latter in opposition to the great imitation of Racine in 1674. Racine's remarkable play, written by a man who combined a real knowledge of Euripides with poetic talent of his own, is a curious specimen of the effects of French court manners in spoiling the simplicity of a great mas- terpiece. . . . An English version of Racine's play, called "Achilles, or Iphigenia in .Aulis," wasbrought out at Drury Lane in 1700, and the author in his preface to the print boasts that it was well received, though another Iphigenia failed at Lincoln's Inn Fields about the same time. This rare play is bound up with West's "Hecuba" in the Bod- • Iquitos leian. The famous opera of Gluck (1774) is based on Racine and there was another operatic rei ival of the play in bub- lin in the year 1846, when -Miss Helen Faucit appeared as the heroine. The vereiou (by J. W. Calcraft) w as based on Potter's translation, and the choruses were set to music, after the model of Mendelssohn, bv R. M. Levey. I fancy this revival was limited to Dublin. Schiller translated Euripides' play (17'.i0), and there is an English poetical version by Cartwrijjht, about 1867 (with the "Medea " and "Iph.Taur.'> JIahafy, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., I. 37L There yet remains the very famous "Iphigenia" of Goethe for our consideration. This excellent play has been extolled far beyond its merits by the contemporaries of its great author, but is now generally allowed, even in Ger- many, to be a somewhat unfortunate mixture of Greek scenery and characters witli modern romantic sentiment. It therefore gives no idea whatever of a Greek play, and of this its unwary reader should be carefully reminded. Apart from the absence of chorus, and the introduction of a sort of confidant of the king, Arkas, who does nothing but give stupid and unheeded advice, the character of Thoas is drawn as no barbarian king should have been drawn — a leading character, and so noble-that Iphigenia cannot bring herself to deceive him, a scruple which an Athenian audience would have derided. Equally would they have derided Orestes' proposal, of which Thoas ap- proves, to prove his identity by single combat, and still • more the argument which Iphigenia prefers to all outward marks — the strong yearning of her heart to the stranger. The whole diction and tone of the play is, moreover, full of idealistic dreaming, and conscious 'analysis of motive, which the Greeks, who painted the results more accu- rately, never paraded upon the stage. ilahaffy. Hist, of aassical Greek Lit., I. 357. Iphigenia. -A. tragedy by John Dennis, acted at Lincoln's Inn Fields in 1700. The story is taken from Euripides's "Iphigenia in Tauris." Iphigenia among the Tauri. A play of Eu- ripides, of uncertain date, but certainly belong- ing_ to the poet's later period. Iphigenia at Aulis. Aplay of Etiripides, brought out after his death by his son. Iphig^nie. X tragedy by Racine, acted at court in 1674. in public in 1675. Iphigenle auf Tauris. -A. psychological drama by Goethe, completed 1787. Iphigenie en Aiuide. An opera by Gluck, pro- duced at Paris iu 1774. Iphigenie en Tauride. .A.n opera by Gluck, produced at Paris in 1779. The story of "Iphigenia in Aulis " has been set to music by moi-e than 20 cumposerft besides Glucii, and of "Iphigenia in Tatiris " by 9 or 10. Ips, or Ybbs (ips). A town in Lower Austria, situated at the junction of the Ips ■with the Danube. 58 miles west of Vienna. Population (1890), commune. 4.286. Ipsambul. See Abu-Simbel. Ipsara (ip-sa'ra). or Psara (psa'ra). A small island in the JEgean Sea, 12 miles northwest of Scio, belonging to Turkey: the ancient Psyra. Ipsus (ip'sus). [Gr. "Ii/iof. 'It/'oc.] In ancient geographv. a town in Phrygia, Asia Minor, about lat. 38° 41' N., long. 30° 52' E. Here. 301 B. C, Lysimachus and Seleucus defeated and slew Aitigonus. Ips'wich (ips'wich). A seaport and the capital of Suffolk, England, on the Onvell 64 miles northeast of London, it has a grammar-school, re- founded by Elizabeth, and was the birthplace of Wolsey. It was plundered by the Danes 991 and 1000. It retum» 2 members to Parliament. Population (1901). 66,6"22. Ips'wich. A river port in Queensland. Austra- lia, situated on the Bremer about lat. 27° 35' S., long. 152° 50' E. Population (1891), 7,625. Ipswich. --A river port in Essex County. Massa- chusetts, situated near the mouth of the Ipswich River. 25 miles north-northeast of Boston. Pop- ulation of township (1900). 4.658. Iqulchanos (e-ke-chii'nds). A tribe of Pern- %ian Indians, of the Quichua race, in the 'wild motmtain region of the department of Ayacu- cho, west of Huanta. They have retained a form of tribal independence. During the revolution they fought on the side of the royalists, but since they have served the Peravian government bravely, especiallv in the war with Chile 1880-83. Also written yqiiichaiws. Iquique (e-ke'ka). A seaport in the territorv of Tarapacd. Chile, in lat. 20° 12' S.. long. 70°' 11' W. Xear here. May 21, 1879, occurred a naval battle in which the Chilean ship Esmeralda was sunk by the Peru- vian monitor Huascar. Iquique was ceded to Chile in 1883, Population (1685), 15,391. Iquitos (e-ke'tos). A tribe of Indians on the northern side of the upper Amazon, in the re- gion disputed between Ecuador and Pent. For- merly they were found about the rivers Tigre and N'anay, where missionaries preached to them from 1727 to 17G8. Some, at least, relapsed into barbarism, and the remnants live on the left side of the Xapo. They are naked savages, and use poisoned arrows, Nothing is known of their lan- guage. The town of Iquitos, Peru, was named from them. Also written Yquitos. Iquitos. A town in the department of Lorete, Peru, on the Maranon. Population ( 1889), about 3,000. Iraj Iraj (e-rej')- In tbe Shahuamah, son of Farulun bv Arnivaz. In the division of his realm Fariiiun nave to Iraj though the youngest Iran, and to Salni and Tur, re. spectivelj-, the West and Tuian. These rose against Iraj. and Tur slew him. Ue was avenged by Minuchihi', who slew both SiJm and Tur. See Salm. Irak (e-rak' ). Tho tract of lami wliieb is oallod Babylonia by Ptolpiny, bounded on the nortli by Mesopotamia, on the west by the Per- sian Gulf and Susiaiia, and on the east by Su- siana, Assyria, and Media. It was invaded by the Arabs "under the first calif, Abu-Bekr, 632- 634 A. D. Irak Ajemi (e-riik' aj'e-me) or Adjemi. A province of western Persia, lying west of Kho- rasan and south of Azerbaijan, Ghilan, and Mazanderan. It corresponds generally to the ancient Media, and contains Teheran and Ispa- han. Irak-el-Arabi (e-riik'el-a'ra-be). Same as Irid: Irala (e-ra'lii), Domingo Martinez de. Bom at Vergara, Guipuzcoa. 1487: died at Itsi, near Asuncion, Paraguay, 1557. A Spanish soldier. He went to the Rio tie la Plata with Mendoza in 1534, and was commodore of the Heet with wliicli Ayolas ascended the Parana and Paraguay in loSG. In 1,^37 he was made governor of the Spanish colonies on the Plata and Para- guay. Succeeded l)y Cabcza de Vaca in 1M2, he again be- came governor on thelatter's deposition in April, 1544, and remained in power until his death. He conducted many important expeditions, and first opened communications between Paraguay and Peru. Irail(e-ran'). 1. Originally, the land of the Ar- yans. — 2. The plateau including Persia, Af- ghanistan, and Baluchistan. — 3. The official name of Persia. Iras (i'ras). A character in Shakspere's "An- tony and Cleopatra," a female attendant on Cleopatra. Irawadi, or Irrawaddy (ir-a-wad'i). The chief river of Burma. It isfonned by two head streams, Meh-kha and Mali-klin, which unite near Bhamo. Its sources are unknown. Perhaps the .Meh kha is the Lu- kiang, or the Na, a large river in Tibet. The Irawadi flows into the Bay of Bengal by a delta about lat. 16" N. The chief mouths are tlie Rangotm and Bassein. Ava and Mandalay are on its banks. Length, probably about l,.'iOO miles : navigable from Bhamo. Irbit (ir-bif). A town in the government of Perm, Russia, situated on the Nitza about lat. 57° 30' N., long. 63° 20' E. : noted for its fair. Population, about 5.700. Iredell (ir'del), James. Born at Lewes, Eng- land, Oct. 5, 1751 : died at Edenton, N. C, Oct. 20, 1799. An American jurist, justice of the United States Supreme Court 1790-99. Iredell, James. Bom at Edenton. N. C, Nov. 2, 1788: died at Raleigh, N. C, April 13, 1853. An American jurist and politician, son of James Iredell. He was governor of North Carolina 1827-28, and United States senator 1828-31. Ireland (ir'land). [ME. Irchnul. Irlaiid, Yrland, Erland (F. trlande, G. Irlund, from E.), AS. Ira- land, Irlqiid, land of the Irish, from Ira, gen. of Iras. Tras, the Irisli. from Ir. Eire, Ireland, Erin. See Erin and lliheriiia.] An island west of Great Britain, forming with it the United King- dom of Great Britain ami Ireland. Caiiital.lJub- lin. It is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the north. west, and south, and separated on the east frtmi Great Britain by the North Channel, Irish Sea, and St. George's Channel. Itcxtendsfrom lat. 61*26 to.W21' N.,long. ,'>*23' to 10 '28' W. There are mountains near the coast, but the Interior is generally level, and abounds in lakes. The lead- Ing occupation is jigriculturc, and chief products eei eals, potatoes, etc. The cliief manufactures are linen, woolen, spirits, etc. Ireland is divided into 4 provinces ^I'lster, Leinster, Munater, Connaught), and subdivided Into 32 counties, finvernnient is administered by a lord lieu- tenant. apjHiinl'-d by the British government for the time being, assisted liy a privy council at I>ublin and a chief secretary in Parliament. The kingdom is represented by 10;t members in the House of t'onnnons, and the peei-age, which at present (l.^it) numbers ITit members, apiioints 2s representative peers to sit in the House of Lords. About 70 per cent, of the population are Roman Catholics. The inhabitants are tnostly of Celtic ile8Cent(exceiit in I Is(ei-). The colonizations of Ireland by Kirboigs, Milesians, and other races lu-e legendai-y. The fy Strongbow, be- ginning in litis); exiieiUtion of Pt)yninga sent hy Henry VII., leading (t) I'oynintis's Act. 14iM ; revolt of tlie Irish under theGenibiiin'sstijijiressetl by Henry VI 11., who took the title of King of Irt-lainl ; rebellions during the rt-ign of Elizabeth, nniUr the Uailership <>( sliane (VNelll, hiter of Desmonil, anil bitir of lltigh ( >' N till (earl of Tyrone), whi> wastlefeatcd by Monolj'iy in 11101; Knglish and Scottish settlement niatle in rlsl,"'f by .lanjcs I.; the lieutenancy of Stralford, fttllowetl by the *' massacre ttf 1041 "; rising jnU down (lt;4!>-;'>ii> t^' t'rinnwcU, who inatie additional settle, ments of iMiL'limi and Scots; adherence f>f Irelanii to James 11, lljsii; batlleottbe Hoyne.Inly l,l«S)p; the Irish Parliament declared Independent, 1782 ; unaiicccssful re- 531 hellion, 1708 ; Actof ITnion, ending the sep.irate Irish P.ir- liament and uniting Ireland with Great Britain, carried through under the lieutenancy of Coniwallis (came into force Jan. 1, IsOl); unsuccessful rebellion under Kminet, 1803; Catholic Emanciptitlon passed, 1S29; repeal agita- tion under O'Connell, 1842-14 ; potato famine of lS4()-47, followed by great emigration to America ; *' Young Ire- land" rebellion, 1S48; Fenian outbreaks, 1865 and ls67 ; Land Act, IS70 ; disestablishment of the Irish Church, 1871 ; Land Act, 1S81 ; Lanil League suppressed, 1881 ; -Na- tional League organizBd,1882 ; Pliteiii.x Park murders, 1882 ; Home Rule agitation under theleaiiof Parnell ; introduc- tion by ilr. GItulstone of a Home Rule Bill which failed to pass the House of Commons, 1880 ; Home Rule Bill passed by tlie House of Commons, but rejected by the House of Ixirds. ISiKi. Area, 32,683 s(|uare miles. Popu- lation (I'.KUj. l,4."it...'i4i; Ireland, Join. Bom near Wem, Shropshire : died at Birmingham, Nov.. 1808. An English author. He worked as a watchmaker in Maiden Lane, London. In 1780 he published tlie " Letters and Poems" of John Henderson the actor. In 1793 he edited for Iit»y- dell " Hogarth Illustrated " (1791). In 1798. as a supple- mentai-y voltinie of this work, he published his " Life of Hogarth," with engravin;:8 of snme hitherto unpubli.shed di-awings. This is the standard biography of Hogarth. Ireland, John. Born at Burnchurch, County Kilkenny, Ireland, Sept. 11, 1838. A Roman Catholic archbishop. He emigrated to the United States in 1S49 ; was educated in France ; and was ordained priest in St. Paul, .Minn., in ISCl. He was consecrated co- adjutor to the bishop of St. I'iiul in 1875, became bishop of that city in l.'->4. ami archl'ishop In 1888. He has written "The Churcli ami .Modern Society" (1896). Ireland, Samuel. Bom at London : died there, July, isoi). An English author and engraver. Grig'inally a weaver in Spitalttelds, London, he later went into business as a dealer in prints and drawings, instruct- ing himself in drawing, etching, and engraving. In 17f»0 lie won a medal from the Society of Arts, and in 1764 ex- hibited at the Royal Academy for the first and only time. From 1780 to 1785 he etched many plates after Mortimer and Hogarth, iilso Ruysdael (1786) and Teniers (1787). He is best known as the dupe of his son, William Henry Ire- land, in the affair of the Shakspere forgeries. Ireland, William Henry. Born probably at Lomliiu, 1777: died there, April 17, 1835. A forger of Shakspere matiuscripts. He is supposed to have been an illegitimate son of Samuel Ireland. He visited Stratford-on-Avon about 1704 with his father, an ad- mirer of Shakspere, who fully believed a story of the recent ilestruction of shakspere's own manuscripts. Gn his re- turn to London he began his famous series of forgeries of Shakspere manuscripts. Among these are a mortgage deed copied on old parchment from a genuine deed of U>12, which had been copied in facsimile i>y Steevens; Shakspere's signature on the liy-leaves of old books; a transcript of "Lear"; and extracts from ''Hamlet" (the orthography copied from Chatterton's Rowley poems). In Feb., 1795, these documents were exhibitetl by the elder Ireland at his house in Norfolk street. Gii Feb. 25 Dr. Parr, Sir Isaac Heard, Herbert Croft, Pye, the poet laureate, ami 16 others signetl a paper testifying to theirbelief in their gentiineiiess. Totheselrelandadiledanew l)laiik verse i.la>." \'<»rtjgein and ll^iwena," in Shakspere's aulo-raph, jind a tragedy, " Henry II.," which he said he had coined from Shakspere's original, wliicli were examined by Sheridan of Drury Lane antl Hanls of Covent Garden. On April 2, 1796, "Vorti- gern " was produced by Kenible at Drury Lane. Its com- plete failure led to the exposure of the entire frainl, ami before the end of the year Irelaiul pnlilished "An Authen- tic Account of the Shakespenrian MSS." He also published a number of ballads, poems, novels, memoirs, and transla- tlons. Diet. Sat. liiog. Ireland Island. One of the Bermudas. Irenaeus (i-n^-ne'us), Saint. Born in Asia Mi- nor: dictl at Lyons, probably in 202 A. D. A celebrated Greek churcli fatlici'. IL^ was a native of Asia Minor ; studied untler Polycjirji, bisiinjxif Smyrna ; removed to Rome about l.'i5 ; and became bisji.iiiuf Lyons in 177. He died a martyr during thepei-s.-cnlion nndertlie emperor SeptimiusSeverus. He wrote a Greek work against heresies, which is extant in a Latin translation entitled "t-'ontra hereticos" (ed. by Stleren 1851-53, and by Har- vey 1857). Irene (i-ro'ne). [Gr. Ei/"/'''/, peace.] Born at Athens about 7.52 : died in Lesbos. Aug. 15, 803. A Byzantine empress, .she became the wife of the empcTor Leo W. in 769, and from 780 to 71*0 was regent for her son Constantine VI., whom she ilethroned ami blinded in 707. She was tleposed and banished by Mcephorus In 802. Irene. An asteroid (No. 14) discovered by Hind at London, May 19, 1851. Irene. A tragedy by Samuel Johnson. It was playeii untler the title " ^lahomet and Irene," under tlar- rick's management, Feb, 6, 1749. Garrick iilayed Demo- trills. Ir6ne (o-riin'). A tragedy by Voltairi', produced March 16, 1778. He was crowned with laurel In his box for this play on the first occasitm on which he was able t<» attenil, Ireton (ir'ttui), Henry. Born in Nottingham, England, Kill: died near Limerick, Ireland, Nov. 26, 1651. An English Parliamentary general, son-in-law of Crimiwell. In 1026 he became a gentle- man conimtmer of Trinity College, oxforti, graduating H. A. In 16'J9. At the beginning tit the civil war he was the chief BUpiMirler of the Parliamentary interest In Notting hanislilre. anil June :<0, 164'2, was niatle captain of the Not- tingham horse. He attaehetl himself vei^ intimalvly to t'romwell, witll whom ho liati great inlltience ; was made eommis.sarv-general of the Intrse at Naseby ; and married crtimwell'ri liauKliter Brl.lget. June 1.'., 1646. On Oct. .30, 16)5, he was returned to Parliament tor Appleby. He took irnenus part in tlie treaty between the commissioners of the army and Parliament. He liopetl to lay the foundatitin t^f an agreement between the king and Parliament, and to es- tablish the liberties of the people on a permanent basis. When Charles I., however, refused the " Four Bills," Ire- ton advisetl the settlement ot the alfairs of the kingdom without hiin. In the trial of the king he sat regularly in the High Court of Justice, ami signed the warrant for the king's execution. On Aug. 15, 1649, he went with Cromwell to Ireland as second in ctimmand, and became his tleputy .May -29, Itl5o. Iriarte, or Yriarte (e-re-iir'ta), Tomas de. Born at Orotava, Teiieriffe, Canary Islands, Sept. 18,1750: died at Madrid, Sept. 17,1791. A Spanish poet. His chief works are "Lamusica" (1779), ••Fabulas literarias" (1782). Iris (i'ris). [Gr. 'Ip(r.] In Greek mythology, a female divinity, messenger of the gods, often regartleti as the personification of the rainbow. Iris. An iisteroid (No. 7) discovered by Hind at London, Aug. 13, 1847. IrisaiTi{e-re-sii're), Antonio Jos6 de. Bora at Santiago de los Caballeros, Guatemala. Feb. 7, 1786 : died at Brooklyn, N. Y., June 10. 1868. A Spanish-American statesman and author. He settled in Chile, where he took a prominent part in the revolution 1810-18. Sulpsetiuently he held various diplo- matic posts for Chile, ami from 1855 was minister of tjua- teniala and Salvador t^i the t'nited States. He edited sev- eral journals in various Spanish-American countries, pub- lished liistorieal ami ])hilological works ami a collection of satirical poems, antl was a well-known bibliophilist. Irish (i'risli). The language of the tiative Celtic race in Ireland. It is in age and philological value the most important language of the Celtic famil.v, though its antitfuity and importance have been much exaggerated by tradititm and patriotism. The alphabet is an adaptation of the Latin. As heretofore printed the letters, like the st>calletl .AngltvSaxon letters, are usually made to resem- ble a conventionalized form of the Latin alphabet In use in Britain in the early middle ages. Gaelic is a compara- ttvely recent fonii of the Irish spoken by the Celts of Scot- land. It differs but slightly from the Irish of the same age. Modern Irish is greatly corrupted In pronunciation, as compared with the OKI Irish : but it retains in great Ijait llie .lid oithogrjipby. A* a livin-^ spec, it ills fast go- ing out of use, tlioti^ih efforts are making lo preserve it. Irish Sea. Abody of waterljing between Eng- land on the east ami Ireland on the west, and connected with tlie Atlantic Ocean by the North Channel on the north and St. George's Channel on the south. The Isle of Man is in its center. Irish Widcw, The. A comedy by David Gar- rick, ttikeu in part from ilolifere's "Le mariage forc^." It was brought out Oct 2:1, 1772. The widow Brady was played originally by Mrs- Barry, for whom the play was written. Irkalla. See rnif/al. Irkutsk (ir-kotsk'). 1. A government of Sibe- ria, bounded by Yakutsk on the north and east, Trans-Baikal on the southeast, the Chinese em- pire on the south, and Yeniseisk on the west. Area, 287.0(il stpiare miles. Population (1897), .501,237. — 2. Tlie capital of the government of Ir- kutsk, situated at the junction of the Irkut with the Angara, in lat. 52° 17' N., long. 104'= 12' E. It was fotiiutcd in 16.52, and is the chief commercial city of Silieria ami the seat of the general government, and Is noted for Ita tea trade. It was nearly destroyed by lire in 1879. Population (1897), 51.484. Innin (er'min), or Irmino (fr'mi-no). In Ger- manic mythology, a god, eponymic ancestor of tlie Iliriiiiiioiies. Irminones. See IIfri)iiniie,s. Irminsul (cr'iiiin-.sdl). A Saxon idol cast down by ( liMi'leiiiagne. near Ereslmrg, about 772. Her- mann. i>r Arniinius, the hero of Teutonic independence. was the object of the Saxons' admiration, antl they callef the iilol witll Hermann existeil. The Irmln-Sul, or Column of Hermann, near Eresburg, the modern Stadtberg, was the chosen object of worship to the deseenilants of llie I'tieritsei, the Ghl Saxons, in do- fence of which Ihey fimglit desperately against Charle- magne and his Christ ianlr.ed FYanks. "Innin." says Sir Francis Palgrave, " in the cloudy Olympus of Teutonic be- lief, appears as a king ami a warrior; antl the pillar, the Irmln-Sul, bearing the statue, ami considered as the sym- btil <»f the ilelty, was the Palladium of the Saxon nation until the temple of Kresbnrg was destroyeil by Charle- magne, ami the column Itself tninsferred to the inonastory of Corbey, where perhaps a portion of the rutle rtiek-Idol yet remains, covered by the ornaments of the(>othie era." f'ltilil) Swilh. lliel. Worl.l, III. S«8. Irnerius (*r-ne'ri-us).orWarneriU8 (wiir-ne'- ri-us). Lived first part of the 12tli century. A noted Italian jurist. See the extract. Irnerius, by universal testimony, was the founder of all learnetl Invcsllgallon Into the lawsof Jiisllnlan. Hegavo lectures njion litem al Bologna, his inllive eily, not long, in .Savigny's opinion, after the commenrement of the cen- turj'. Anil, besiiles this oral liistruetl.tn. he began Iho pracllceof making glosses, or short marginal exnlanatlons, on the law-lmoks, with the whole of which lie was oc- (lllalnteil. We owealso (o him, acconling t4)aneienl opin- ion, though much ciniiroverled In later time^an epiiomt ealleilihe Aulhentlca. iif what Gnivlna calls the prolix and illtllciilt (sidebrosisati|Uegarrulls) Novels of Jnslinian.ar. rangeil according to the titles of the Code. ' llaWim, Lit., p. 53. Iron iron (i'^rn)j Ralph. The nom de plume of Olive Sehreiner. Iron Arm, F. Bras de Fer (bra de far). A sur- name given to the Huguenot leader De Lanoue. Iron Chest, The, A play by George Colman the younger, with music by Storace. it was taken from' Godwin's "Caleb Williams," and was produced at Dniry Lane -March 12, 1796. Iron City, The. A name given to Pittsbiu-g, Pennsylvania, ou account of its iron manufac- tures. Iron Duke. A British war-sMp,lauiiched in 1871. Her chief dimensions are: length, 280 feet; breadth, 54 feet; draught, 2-2.7 feet; displacement, 6.010 tons ; thick- ness of armor, 8 to 6 inches. The armored region consists of a belt at the water-line 10 feet wide, and a double-decked central citadel. The lower battei-j- has only broadside fire from 6 12-ton guns. The upper battery has 1 12-ton gun and an indented port at each angle for fore-and-aft as well as broadside fire. The Iron Duke ran into and sank her sister ship the Vanguard otf the coast of Ireland Sept., 1S75. Iron Duke, The, A popular surname of the Duke of Wt'Uingtou. Iron Gates, The. A celebrated defile in the Dan- ube, at the fonfiues of Hungary, 8ervia, and Ru- mania. Length, 11 miles. Iron Man, The, See Talus. Iron Mask, Man with the. See Man, etc. Ironmaster, The. A play translated from Oh- net's " Maitrt.' de Forges" (1882) by Pinero, and produced in 1884. Iron Mountain. A hill, 1,075 feet in height, in St. Francois County, eastern Missouri, 67 miles south-southwest of St. Louis, noted for its de- posit of iron ore. Ironside. A surname of Edmund II., king of England, Ironside, Nestor. A pseudonym of Sir Richard Steele in "The Guardian." Ironsides, Old. See Old Ironmles. Ironsides, The. The famous regiment led by Cromwell in the English civil war. The name was afterward applied to the entire army un- der his control. Ironton (i'crn-ton). A city and the capital of Lawrence Countv, Ohio, situated ou the Ohio in lat. 38° 33' N'., long. 82° 30' W. It is the center of an iron district. Population (1900). 11.86S. Iroq.UOian (ir-o-kwoi'an). A linguistic stoekof North American Indians, historically of great importance though numerically inferior to sev- eral others. The conductofapartofthesetribes, which are collectively called Iroquois, in the colonial period markedly shaped thu history of America north of Mexico, as at the first collisions they became the allies of the Eng- lish against the French, and by their early procurement of firearms, perliaps more than by the preeminent valor and sagacity imputed to them by most writers, they mastered aud drove off from immense districts all the tribes before occupying them which would not submit to their rule. The St. Lawrence River valley was their earliest known habitat, whence they gradually moved southwest along the shores of the great lakes. Cartier in 1535 found between Quebec and Montreal a people the recorded fragments of whose language indicate that they were Wyandots. (Sec Iroquois.) The Iroquoian tribes were notably sedentary and to a considerable extent agricultural, depending com- paratively little upon hunting, and were remarkable for their skill in house-building and fortification. The re- maining Indians of this stock, both in the United States and in Canada, are distinguished for their advance into civilization. As a rule they are prosperous and increasing in numbers. Their whole population now is abimt 43,000, of whom over 34,000 are in the United States and nearly ■9,000 in Canada. They are divided both linguistically and geographically into 4 groups, as follows : northern group — Wyandot. Tionontati, Tohotaenrat, Wenrorono, Keuter, Huchelaga; central group— Mohawk, Oneida, Onondagii, Cayuga, Seneca, Erie, Conestoga; southern group — Tuscarora, Nottoway, Meherrin. Chowanoc, Co- ree; Cherokt-e group— Elati or Lower Cherokee, Middle Cherokee, and Atali or Upper Cherokee. The name of the linguistic stock is taken from the fbrm Iroquois, which has been applied specitlcally to the confederacy or league also called the "Five Nations," and later the "Six Nations." Iroquois (ir-o-kwoi'). [The name, given by the French, was derivedfrom an exelamationused by the speakers of the confederacy,] A well-known confederacy of the North American Indians. They called themselves by a name meaning' we of the long house," also by another, meaning 'real men.' The Dela- ware name for them was Mengwe, corrupted into Mingo. The English knew them as the Confederates or Five Nations, and, after the admission of the Tuscarora, as the Six Nations. The confederacy was, about 1540, coniposed of five tribes, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca, extend- ing across New York State, in the order named, from Hud- son River to Lake Erie. According to tradition they had before lived on the St. Lawrence River, wlience they liad been driven by Algoiiquian tribes. After procming firearms from the Dutch, tliey made war upon all the surrounding tribes, dnving off some, incorporating some, and making others tributary, mitil their rule was acknowledged from the Ottawa River to the Tennessee, and from the Kennebec to the Illinois and Lake Michigan. During the Revolution these tribes sided with the English, with whom they had before been allied against the French; and afterward the Hohawks aud Cayugas followed Brant in a body to Canada. 532 They, with some individuals of other tribes of the confed- eracy, settled and still remain at a reservation on Grand River, Ontario, and at other points in that province. Those in the United States are on leservations in New York, ex- cept theOneidas, whoarechietlyat Green Bay, Wisconsin. The so-called Senecas of the Indian Territory are really " Mingos " collected from all the Iroquois tribes, and che Catholic Iroquois at Caughnawaga, St. Regis, and Oka have no connection with the confederacy. The numbei-s of the latter are now about 15,000, including mixed blood. See iroquinan. Irrawaddy. See Irawadi. Irredentists (ir-e-den'tists). An Italian politi- cal party, formed in 1878 for bringing about the "redemption" ortheincorporationinto the king- dom of Italy of all regions situated near Italy where an important part of the population was Italiaa^ but which were still subject to other gov- ernments, and hence called Italia irredenta {"ui\~ redeemed Italv'). Irrefragable Doctor, L. Doctor Irrefragabilis (dok'tor i-ref-ra-gab'i-lis). A surname given to the scliolastic philosopher Alexander of Hales. Irtysh, or Irtish (ir'tish; Kuss, pron. ir-tish'). A river in Suiigaria and western Siberia, which joins the Obi about 190 miles north of Tobolsk. It traverses Lake Zaisan. Its chief alfluentsare the Ishim, Tobol, Bukhtarma and Cm. Length, over 1,600 miles ; navigable to Lake Zaisan. Irun, or Yrun (e-ron'). A town in the province of Guipuzcoa, Spain, situated near the French frontier 19 miles southwest of Bavonne. Popu- lation (1887), 9,264. Irus (i-rus). 1. In Homeric legend, a beggar of gigantic statui-e who kept watch overthe suitors of Penelope. and was employedby them as ames- senger. He was celebrated for his voracity. — 2. The Blind BeggarofAlexandriain Chapman's play of that name. He assumes many disguises. Iruwai (ir'o-wi). A tribe or division of North American Indians formerly li\'ing in Scott Val- ley, Siskiyou County, California. In 1851 it had seven villages and an estimated population of 420. See Sastean. Irvine (er'vin). A seaport in Ayrshire, Scotland, situated on the river Irvine 23 miles southwest of Glasgow. Population (1891), 4,554. Irving(er'ving), Edward. Boruat Annan, Dum- friesshire, Scotland, Aug. 4, 1792: died at: Glas- gow, Dec. 7, 1834. A Seottishpreacheranddivine. As a boy he was much influenced by tlie services of the ex- treme Presbyterians, seceders from the Church of Scotland. In 181-3he obtained the mastership of the academy at Kii-k- caldy, where he formed a warm friendship for Thomas Car- lyle. In 1818 he went to Ediuburghto prepare himself for the ministry, and Oct., 1819, became assistant to Dr. Chal- mers in Glasgow. He removed to the little chapel iu Hatton Garden, London, July, 1822, wlien he immediately won ex- traordinary popularity. At this time begin the peculiar mental and religious aberrations which are associated with his career. In ilay,1828,he made a tour of Scotland with the object of proclaiming the imminence of the second advent. Another expedition to Scotland followed, and in 1S30 his tract on "The Orthodoxy and Catholic Doctrine of Our Lord's Human Nature" exposed him to direct charges of heresy. The "unknown tongues," a pentecostal phenom- enon, were first heard in ilarch, 1S30, from the mouth of Mary Campliell. They were at first heard only in private assemblies, butOct, 16, 1S31, the services of his new Regent Square churcli were disturbed by a woman wlio gave utter- ance to an outbreak of nnintelligible discourse. An at- tempted prosecution for heresy failed in Dec, 1830 ; but on April26, 1832, he was removed from his church. i>n March 13, 1833, he was condemned by the Presbytei-y of Annan on a charge of heresy concerning the sinlessness of Clirist. This practically terminated his career. The "Irvingite" or "Catholic Apostolic Church" still survives. Diet. Nat. Biog. Irving, Sir Henry (real name was John Henry Brodribb). Born at Keinton, near Glaston- bury, England, Feb. 6, 1838. A noted Eng- lish actor. He made his first appearance at the Sun- derland Theatre in 1856. After playing at Edinburgh for some time he made his first London appearance at the Prin- cess's Theatre in 1859. He made no distinct mark till 1870, when he played Digby Grant in Alberys " Two Roses." He played with success till 1874, when his performance of Ham- let created genuine interest. In 1S78 he undt-rtook the management of the Lyceum Theatre, where liis success has been great. He has produced a large number of new plays and Shaksperian revivals. In 1883, 1884, 188i;, 1893, l8Jr>, 1899, and I'.iOl la- ram.- to the United States with his company, includini^ Miss IMIeiiTt-rry. He is especially dis- tinguished in "jHamlet," "Othello," " Mercliant of Ven- ice." "Richard III.," "Richelieu," "The Bells," "Louis XI.." "Henry VIII.," "Becket," etc. Knighted in 1895. Irving, Theodore. Born at New York, Maj' 9. 1809: died at New York, Dec. 20, 1880. An American clergyman and author, nephew of Washington Irving. Irving, Washington. Born at NewYork, Aprils, 1783: died at Snnnyside, nearTaiTytown, N.Y., Nov. 28, 1859. An American historian, essay- ist, and novelist. He was the son of an Englishman. AVilliam Irving, who came from the Orkneys. He entered a law office when quite young, and wrote literary squibs for the "Morning Chronicle," under the pseudonym "Jon- athan Oldstyle." His health obliged him to travd.and ni 1804 he was sent abroad for two years. On his return he undertook the publication, with James K. Paulding, of • Isabella "Salmagundi." In 1S09 he published his '*Historyof New- York, by Diedrich Knickerbocker." Its success established his literai-y position. In 181U he became a partner in a com- mercial house established by two of his brothers. In 1815. however, he went abroad again, and lived there till ls3e In 1826 he was attach^ of tlie United States legation at Madrid, and in 1829 was made secretarj' of legation at London. He lived principally at Sunnyside (Wolfert's Roost) from 1832 till 1842, wheu he was appointed miu- ister to Spain. He returned in 1846 to Sunnyside, where he lived till his death. Besides the works above mentioned, he wrote "The Sketch-Book" (wliich came out iti parts in 1819, and collected in 1820), "Bracebridge Hall, or tlie Humourists "(1822), "Tales of a Traveler" (1824), "Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus" (1828), "Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada" (1829), "Voyages of the Com. panions of Columbus" (18yl), "The Alhambra" (1832), "Crayon Miscellany "(including "Tour on the Prairies," 1835), "Astoria, etc. "(with Pierre M. Irving, 1836), "Adven- tures of Captain Bonneville, etc." (1837), "Oliver Gold- smith" (1849), "Mahomet and his Successors" (1850), "Wolferfs Roost "(1855), "Life of George \A'a8hington" (1855-50). Works in the "Geoffrey Crayon" edition (26 vols.. 1880); "Life aud Letters" edited by Pierre Irving (1801-67). Irvingites (er'ving-its). A religious denomi- nation named from Edward Irving (1792-1834) Irving was not the foundei of the sect popularly called af- ter him, but accepted and promoted the si^read of the prin- ciples upon which, after his death, tlie sect was formed. Its proper name is the Catholic Apostolic Church, and it has an elaborate organization deri\ed from its twelve "apostles," the first body of whom was completed in 1835. It recognizes the orders of apostles, prophets, evangelists, pastors or "angels," elders, deacons, etc. It lays especial stress on the early creeds, the eucharist, prophecies, and gift of tongues. It has an extremely ritualistic service and a!i elaborate liturgy. The adherents are not numerous, and are found chiefly in Great Britain. There are some ou the continent of Europe and in the United States. Irwin (er'wLu), Sir John. Born at Dublin, 1728: died at PaiTna, May, 1788. A British general, the son of Alexander Irwin. As lieutenant in hU father's regiment he was granted ayear's furlough for con- tinental travel in 1748, when he commenced a regular cor- respiindeiice with Lord Chesterfield, which continued for twenty years. He is supposed to have suggested to Ches- terfield his paper on "Good Breeding," which appeared in the " World," Oct. 30, 1755. Irwin afterwai'd became gov- ernor of Gibraltar (1766-68), and commander-in-chief and privy councilor in Ireland 1775. Isaac (i'zak). [Heb., ' the laugher.' See exti'act below.] A Hebrew patriarch, son of Abraham and Sarah, and father of Jacob and Esau. The name of his father Isaak is probably also an abbre- viation for "Isaakel," 'He upon whom God smiles.' It may be that the lioly tribe was so designated at a certain epoch ; or the Isaakel may perhaps have been a Puritan group anterior to that of the Jakobel. Kenan, Hist, of the People of Israel, I. 90. Isaac I. Coinnenus. Died 1061. Byzantine em- peror 1057-59. He was elevated by the army in oppo- sition to Michael VI., who was defeated and compelled to abdicate. He resigned the crown to Constantine Ducaa in consequence of an illness supposed to be mortal, and en- tered a convent. Isaac II, Angelus. Died 1204. Byzantine em- peror 1185-95 and 1203-04. He succeeded Andronl- cus Comnenus, who was overthrown by a popular revolt. He was detlrroned atid blinded by his own brother, Alex- ius III., in 1195 ; but, on the latter's flight before the Cru- saders, was replaced by them on the throne, together with his son Alexins IV., in 1-203. Together with his son, he was supplanttd by Alexius V. in 1204. Isaac, Sacrifice of. A painting by Rembrandt, in the Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg. Isaac lies bound on a heap of fagots; Abraham, kneeling over him, with his hand on the boys face, is about to give the fatal blow, when the angel strikes the knife from his hand. The entangled ram is seen in the wooded background. Isabella (iz-a-bel'a). [F. Isabeatt, IsaheUc, It. IsahcUa, 8p. YsaheJ] Pg. Isabel, G. and Dan. Isa- helle.] Born 1214: died at Foggia, Dec. 1, 1241. German empress, wife of the emperor Frederick II., and second daughter and fourth child of John, king of England, and Isabella of Angou- leme. Her maiTiage with Frederick II was concluded July 15, 1"235. Her daughter Margaret was born Feb., 1237, and by marriage with Albert, landgrave of Thuringia, be- came ancesiress of the Saxe-Coburg-Gotha house. Isabella I., surnamed '* The Catholic." Born at Madrigal.April 22,1451: died at Medina del Cam- po, Nov. 26, 1504. Queen of Castile 1474-1504, daughter of John II. of Castile, she married, in 1469, Ferdinand of Aragon, conjointly with whom she succeeded her brother, Heniy IV., as monarch of Castile in 1474. She equipped the expedition of Columbus in 1492. See Fer- dinami \'., King of Castile. Isabella II. (Maria Isabella Louisa). Born at Madrid, Oct. 10, 1830. Queen of Spain 1833- 1868, daughter of Ferdinand VII. whom she succeeded under the regency of her mother, Maria Christina. See Maria Christina, aud Car- los, Maria Jose Isidoro de Bourbon, Don. she as- sumed personal control of the govertmient in 1843 ; was deposed and banished by a revolution which broke out at Cadiz, Sept, 18, 186S ; and resigned Iier claim to the throne in favor of her eldest son (afterward Alfonso XII.), Jun» 25, 1870. Isabella. 1. Aeharacter in Ari«sto's "Orlando Furioso," loved by Zerbino. and killed by Rodo- mont. — 2. A character in Shakspere's comedy Isabella "Measure for Measure," the sister of Claudio, and object of the base passion of A>igelo. but resfueii and man-led by Viueentio, the duke.- 3 A character in Webstei-'s tragedy " \ ittona Corombona, or The White Devil": the 'sviie ot the Duke oi Braeliiano, lover of Vittona. To shield bin. from the vengeance of her family because of his ill freatliient of her, she purposely plays the shrew to make them think her worthless. „ . ,, . ■ „i„„ 4 The " insatiate countess" in Marston s play of that name. Slie alternately attracts her lov- ers and induces their successors to kill them.— 6 The wife of Biron in Southerne s ' i atal Marriage." she marries VUleroy, being deceived into a belief fr. Biron's death ; and after his return and actua death she dies distracted. Isabella was a favorite part with Mrs. Barry, Mrs. Siddons, and other tragic actresses. The play was afterward known as " Isabella. 6. One of the principal characters in Mrs. Ceutlivre's comedv " Tlie Wonder." Isabella of Angouleme. Died at Fontehrand 1246. Queen of KiiiK John of England and daughter of Evmer, count of Angouleme, by Ali- cia, daughter of Peter of Courtenay, a younger KOn of Louis VI. of France. She was married to John diu-ing his visit to France, .^ug., 1-2011 Her first son tSterward Uenry III.) was born Oct. 1 1207 In Dec 1214, she was imprisoned in Gloucester by orderof John, and was probably there when he died. In 121i she re- tamed to France, and May, 1220, married Hugh, count of La Marche. . , , ^-r ^ Isabella of France. Bom 1292 : died at Hert- ford, Aug. 23, 1358. Queen of Edward II. of Eng- land, and daughter of Philip the Fair, king of France. They were married at Boulogne, Jan. 26, 1308. Her arst son (afterward Edward III.) ivas born >ov. 13 131-' at Windsor. Edward II. treated her with extreme unklndness. Driven from England by the mtluence of the Despensers, she raised an army, and »;ith Roger Jlor- timer in command, Sept. 24, 1326, landed at Harwich, begin- ning the campaign which terminated with the deposition of Edward II. by the Parliament in London, Jan. 7, U-i, and the recognition of Edward III., then 14 years old Isa- bella and Mortimer ruled in his name. In 1330 Edward III andHenryof Lancaster conspired against her, and she was ;uTested with Mortimer at Nottingham, Oct. 18. Mor- timer was executed. Isabella of France. Bom at the Louvre, Paris, Nov. 9, 1389 : died at Blois, Sept. 13, 1409. The second daughter of Charles VI. of France, and second queen of Richard U. of England. The marriage contract was signed March 9, 1390, when she was 7 years old. After llichard's death she was restored to France (July, 14iil), and June, 1404,married Charles, count of Angouleme, the poet, Isabella (so called from Isabella of Castile, queen of Spain). The first European city m the New World, founded bv Christopher Colum- bus, Dec, 1493, on a small bay of the northern shore of the island of Espanola or Haiti, 2o miles west of the present town of Puerto Plata. It was abandoned soon after the founding of Santo Domingo city, and only a few ruins now remain to mark its site 533 He was the greatest of a Vace of giants. He gave their final lorn, to Hebrew ideas. He is not the founder of Ju- daism ; he is its classical genius. Semitic speech reaches in him its highest combinations. x tt jns Utiian, Hist of the People of Israel (trans), U. 408. Isaiah's poetical genius is superb. His characteristics are grandeur and beauty of conception, wealth of imagi- nation, vividness of illustration, compressed energy, ana splendor of diction. „, . ,- . _ o,c IMcer, Introd. to the Lit of the Old Test, p. 215. Isandula (e-siin-do'la), or Isandlana (e-siind- lii'nii). A place in Zululand, South Africa, 90 miles north-northwest of Durban. Here, Jan, 22, 1879 an overwhelming force of Zulus under Cettiwayo de- feated a detachment of the British army under Colonel rui- leine. Isar (e'zar). -V river in northern Tyrol, and m Upper and Lower Bavaria, joining the Danube near Deggendorf : the ancient Isarus. Munich .j„fi T.ntiflshut are on its banks. Length, about Isabella (e-zii-bel'). l. A young girl brought u^i bv Sgaiiarclle in Moliere's "Eeole des mans. He secludes her from all knowledge of the world or of pleasure, intending to marry her. She eludes his vigi- lance and marries Valere. See Lionnre. 2 An amusing and mischievous girl in Dry- den's " Wild Gallant." „.,.,,, Isabey (e-/.ii-ba'),Eugfene Louis Gabriel. Lorn at Paris, July 22, 1804 : died at Lagny, Seme- et-Mame, April 27, 1886. A French painter, son of J. B. babey, noted especially for his ma- rines. Hewentto Algiers in 1830, as roy.al marine-painter with the expedition of that year. He received medals of the first class in 1824, 1.s27, 1865, and became a member of the Legion o( Honor in 1832 and oHlcer in W" Isabey, Jean Baptiste. Born at Nancy, France, April 11, 17G7: died at Paris, April 18, 18.).'5. A French miniature-painter, a pupil of Girar- det and Claudet (at Nancy), and of Dumont and David (at Paris). Amonghisportraitsare those of Josephine, Napoleon, his marshals, members of the Congress of Vienna, etc. . Isabinda (is-a-bin'dii). One of the principal characters in Mrs. Centlivre's comedy "The Busybody." the daughter of Sir .lealouH Traffick, who kc'Cps her from the sight of all men. IsaUS (i-se'us). [Gr. 'lowior.] Born at Chalcis (at .Vthens f): lived in the first half of the 4th century B.C. One of thr ten Attic orators. Ills 11 extant orations, niiiiiilv "" loiilestcd inheritances, have been edltid by Scli.inuiiiini (Is-'tl), Hurmann (Is.'iS). Eng- lish translation by Sir William Jones. Isaiah (i-za'yil or i-zi'yii). [Ilob.,' salvation ot Jehovah.'] A Hebrew prophet who prophesied from 740 B. O. till 701 u. c. Ho was thegrcatestof the Hebrew prophets and orators, a consistent opponent of the policy of the Hebrew kings to enter into entangling alliances with fondgn jKiwers. Once, however, the alli- ance with Assyria being formed, ho cimnsclcd the keeping of faith, continually asserting that no dependence coilld be placed on Egvpl. chapters xl.-lxvl. of Isaiah, which relate to the lapiivity and return, are conslihreil by some scholars the work of a postextlic prophet called lleutero- Isalah. and Landshut are on its banks. Length, about ISO miles. _ , Isaure (e-z6r'). Clemence. Born at Toulouse, France, about 1450 : died at Toulouse about 1500. A French lady, restorer of the floral games at Toulouse (1490). Isauria (i-sa'ri-ii). [Gr. V 'laai'p/a.] In ancient geogi'aphy, a district in Asia Minor, bounded by Phrygia on the north. Lycaonia on the east, C'ilicia "on the south, and Pisidia on the west. The surface is rugged. The inhabitants were famous in -uerrilla warfare. They were defeated by Servilius in 76 B. c, and by Pompey, but continued unsubdued. Isca'(is'ka), or Isca Silurum. A Roman city in the west of England, remarkable fonts the- ater, its temples, and its palaces. Part of its massive walls still remain at Caerleon. Wright, Celt, etc., p. 137. Ischalls (is'ka-lis). An important town in an- cient Britain': the modem Ilehester. Ischia (es'ke-a). An island belonging to Na- ples Italv, near the entrance of the Bay ot Naples, 16 miles west-southwest of Naples : the ancient iEnaria (sometimes Pithecusa or Ina- rime), and medieval Iscla. It contains several vol- canoes ; is noted for its fertility and for its warm baths ; and produces wine and frnit. The capital is Ischia. It »as visited by an earthquake in 1883, causing a loss of aljout n 300 lives. Area, 26 square miles. Population, 22,1,0. Ischl (ish'l). A watering-place m Upper Aus- tria, situated at the junction of the rivers Ischl and Traun, 27 miles east by south of Salzburg. It is the favorite resort of the Austrian royal family and nobility, and contains salt and other baths It is the cen- tral jioint in the Salzkammergut. Population (1891), com- mnne, 8,473. , Iseghem (e'se-oem). A town in the province of West Flanders, Belgium, 25 miles west-south- west of Ghent. It has manufactures of linen. Population (1890), 9,965. Isenbras (is'en-bras), or Isumbras (is'um- bras) Sir A hero of medieval romance. Isengrim ('is'en-grim), Sir. The wolf iu "Rey- nard the Fox." Iseo (e-za'o), Lago d'. A lake in Lombardy, Italv, 15 miles east of Bergamo: the ancient Lacus Sebinus. It is traversed by the Oglw^ Length, 14i miles. Height above sea-level, OOu Is§re (e-zar' ). A river in southeastern France, ioining the Rhone 7 miles north of Valence: the ancient Isara. Length, about l-o miles. Istee. A department of France. Capital, (ire- noble. It is bounded by Ain on the north, Savoy on the northeast, llailtes-Alpes .m the southeast Drome on the southw est, an.l Rlirtne and Loire <.n the west, and is formed from the northern part ,.f the ancient Dauphin^, llie sur- face is monntainons, particularly i" "'i?""")" ,»■.''" chief occupations are „gn. idttire, working of mlnera ». and the manufacture ..t gb.ves, paper, etc. Area, 3,-01 Bi|Uare miles. Population (1891), .^i2.14... Iserlolin (e-zer-lon')- A town in the province nf Westphalia. Prussia, on llie Baar 44 miles northeast of Cologne. It has a large trade, and man- ufactures wire, needles, bnuis ware, etc. Near it are cad- mia mines. Poimlation (1890), commune, 22,11,. Isernia (0-ser'ne-il). A town in the province of CampobasHO, Italv, 52 miles nodh of Naples: the ancient yEs.Tnia. It contains the remains of ancient walls. Population, about ,,000. I8eult(i-smt'). Ill AH Inirian romance: (,i) The liaiighter of Anguish, king of Irela.id, known as Isenlt the Fair. She was tlie wife of Mark, king of Cornwall, aJid loved Sir Trislnim or I rislniu (h) The dinighliT of Iloel or Howell, king of Brittaiiv. She was the wife of Sir Tristram, and was known as laeult of the White Hands. See Trislrnm. Isidonis Hispalensls ta, Iseo, Isawde, Isowde, Isod, Isold, Vsiaut, and Ysottd, to which Hisolda may be added. I>utUov, History of Prose Fiction, I- 471 (Sttpplemcntary [notes). Isfendiyar (is-fen-di-yar'), in Pers., correctly, Asfandiyar (es-fen-di-yar'), or Aspandiyar (es-pen-di-yikr'). A hero of the Shahnamah, son of King Gushtasp, the Coustantine of the Zoroastrians. After many exploits he was called to con- quer Ari.asp, a demon king, who had taken captive two daughters of Gushtasp, and t.i restore hissisters. For this he undertook his "seven labors." Choosing, like Rustam, the shortest and most perilous way to the enemy's strong- hold, he first slew two monstrous wolves; secondly, con- (luercd a fierce lion and his mate; thirdly, slew a fierce dragon; fourthly, withstood the wilesof a beautiful woman who caught in Asfandivar's niMise, became first a cat and then a wolf, and finally a black, flame-vomiting .kinon, and was then slain by him ; fifthly, slew a Simurgb, a gigantic bird which tried to bear him away ; sixthly, brought his troops through a furious storm of wind and snow ; and seventhly, traversed a deadly desert. Kcaching the braien fortress Asfandiyar collected a hundred camels and en- tered it with his warriors disguised as a merchant caravan, when his brother Bishutan attacked it from without, as he within After this success Gushtasp wished Asfandiyar to go against Rustam, to whom Kaiklmsran had given Zabill. Kabul and Nimruz. Asfandiyar pleaded the nobility and services of Rustam, but the king was obdurate. Rustam came out to welcome Asfandiyar, but when told the errand of the latter refused to yield. The heroes fought on two successive days. Kustam was wounded but recovered and, guid.il by the Simurgh which had cared for his infancy, on the second day lodged an arrow, made by the Simurgh s direction from the kazu tree, in the eye of his antagonist, who fell Zal and Rustam both came to offer sympathy, but Asfandiyar died, intrusting his son Bahman to the care of Rustam. Isha (e'sha; with Vedic accent, e-sha ). [Skt., 'Lord.'] A title of Shiva; also, with o long, the name of an Upanishad of which Ishavasya is the first word. It is also known as the Vajasaneyisan- hita Vpanishad. It is translated by Muller in "Sacred Books of the East," L 311. .„ ^ , » Ishbosheth (ish-bo'sheth). [Heb., 'man of shame.'] A son of Saul, proclaimed king of Israel after his father's death. See David. In our t«xt of the Books of Samuel, Saul's son and suc- cessor is called Ishbosheth, but in 1 Chronicles viii. 33 he is called Esllbaal. Eshbaal means 'Baafsman.'a proper name of a well-known Semitic type, precisely similar to such Arabic names as Imrau-l-Cais, ' the man of the gc^ Cais.' W. Jt. Smith, O. T. in the Jewish Ch., p. 78. Ishim (ish'im). A river of Siberia which joins till' Irt ish about 120 miles southeast of Tobolsk. Length, about 1.000 miles. Ishmael (ish'ma-el). [Heb., 'God heareth ] The sou of Abraham and Hagar: regarded by tlie Arabs as their ancestor. IshmaeUtes (ish'ma-el-its). The descendants of Ishmael. Abraham's son, who, as is related in Gen. x\\. 14, was driven into the wilderness with his mother. Hagar. His twelve sons were " princes" or heads of tribes. The Ai-abs re- >'aril him as their ancestor. Ishpeming t i«li'pem-ing). A city in Maniuette County, northern Michigan. 14 miles west by south of Marquette : the center of an iron dis- trict. Population (1900). 13.255. Ishtar (ish'tiir), or Istar (is'tar). The pnn- eipal and most poi>iilar deity of tlu' Ass^to- Babvlonians, tlie goddess of love and war. unit- ing," as it were, the Aphrodit^ (Venus) and Athene (Minerva) of the Greeks, and corre- sponding in name and character to Ashtoreth (Astarte) of the Svro-Canaauites. only that she riil.il the planet "Venus while Ashtoreth was icieiitilied with the moon. In her warlike character she waaconceiv.il by the Babylonians as ruling the morn- ing star- as g.Mldess of love she ruled the evening stiu". In her fonner character she wiuj also cidled .4ii,»i(i(, and had her principal seat of worship at Agane. in the temple Eulliar; in the latter character she waa cspeclallv wor- shiped at Krech (i Irchoe of the (ireeks, modern W lu^ka). In the temple E-ana C House of Heaven \ with a volnplu.ms cult With Iho Assyrians slie was the wife of Bel, and waa sometimes called ISelit ('Ijidyl; they distinguished between Islitar of Arbda, who presided over battles, and Ishtar of Nineveh. In whom the voluptuous aspect priv dominated. Ishtar alsooccurs asan apiiellali.m, or generic name, lor a g.nldess In general. On the relation of Ishtar lo Tanimnz, see Aili'iiiji anil l;epted Ihroiighout llie Koman Catholic Church: BO callod from Isidoius Hispalensis, who was er- roiii'oiisly supposed to have compiled it. Also callcMl tli"e Spanish Decretiils ^ Isidorus (iz-i-do'ms) Hispalensis, or Isidore (is'i-dor) of Seville. P.<.rn at Cartagena Spain, about 5C,0: died Aynl 4, ()36. A Spanish eccle- siastic and miscellniicoiis writer. Hebowneblsh- ot> of Seville In (KIO. His works, which were held In high eSl.-.m .luring the mid.lle ages ''';'»,'•" ""''^J,'',''''',,';'," elvn.ologlamm llbri xx , " •• De ecclesiostlcls offlcl s llbri ihio ■ and " Senlenlianim sive de siimino Ikuio "hrl Irwf lie has been errone-nisly accredited with the compllatloD of the so-called Isidorian Decretals (which see). Isidro, San Isidro (e-se'dro), San. See the extract. Uis [Lope'sl subject was well chosen. It was that of the great fame and glory of Sail Isidro the Ploughman. This remarkable pei-souage. who plays so distinguished a part in the ecclesiastical history of Madrid, is supposed to have been born in the twelfth century, on what afterwards be- came the site of that city, and to have led a life so emi- nently pious that the angels came down and ploughed his grounds for him, which the holy man neglected in order to de%-ote his time to religious duties. From an early pe- riod, therefure, he enjoyed mtich consideration, and was regarded as the patron and friend of the whole territory, as well as of the city of Madrid itself. But his great hunors date from the year l.i98. In that year Philip the Third was dangerously ill at a neighboring village ; the city sent out the remains of Isidro in procession to avert the im- pending calamity ; the king recovered ; and for the first time the holy man became widely famous and fashionable. Ticimor, Span. Lit., IL 165. Isis{i'sis). 1. [Gr.'^Icr/f.] In Egyptian mythol- ogy, the chief female deity, the sister, -nlfe, and female eounterpai't of Osiris, and the mother of Horns. She is distinguished by the solar disk and cow's horns on her head, often surmomited by a diminutive throne, and bears the lotus scepter. By the Greeks she was identified with lo. Uer worship in a modified form, as a nature-goddess, was introduced subsequently to the .\lex- andrine epoch into Greece, and was very popular at Rome from the end of the republic. TheGreek and Roman priests and priestesses of Isis wore a specLil costume, and had as an attribute a peculi."u- metallic rattle, the sistrum. On her statue was an inscription mentioned by Proclns : ''I am that which is, has been, and shall be. My veil no one has lifted. The fruit I bore was the Sun"; hence the well- known allusion to a mystery as "the veil of Isis," or as covered with " the veil of Isis. " Isis, at once the sister and wife of Osiris, and the mother of Horos. At Thebes she was known as Mnt, 'the mother,' with the vulture's head ; at Bubastis as Sekhet, the bride of Ptah and daughter of Ea. As mother of Horos, she was named Halhor or .\thor, 'the house of Horos," iden- tified by the Greeks with their Aphrodite, and confused with Astoreth by the Semites. The cow, with its horns, symbolising the crescent moon, which in Egypt appears to lie upon its back, was consecrated to her, indicating at how er.^'ry a time the bride of Osiris, the Sun-god, was held to be the moon. She was also identified with Sothis. the dog-star, and in later days with the planet Venus. All that is good and beautiful among men comes from her ; she watches over the birth of children, and rocks the cradle of the Nile. As Neit, too, she is the authoress of weairing and of the arts of female life. Sayce, Anc. Empires, p. G4. 2. An asteroid (No. 42) discovered by Pogson at Oxford, May 23, 1856. Isis. A name sometimes given to the Thames (England) in its upper course. Iskander (is-kan'der). [Turk, form of Alexan- (ler.l The pseudonym of Alexander Herzen. Iskander Beg. See Scanderbeg. Iskanderun ( is-kan-de-ron'). See Alexandretta. Population, about 2.500. IskanderuQ, Bay of or Gulf of. An arm of the Mediterranean, at its northeastern angle, situated between Syria and Cilieia. Iskardo. See Sknr'do. Isla es'la). Jose Francisco de. Bom at Sego- \-ia, Spain. 1703: died at Bologna, Italy, 1781. A Spanish satirist and Jesuit preacher. He was the author of the satirical romance " Historia del faraoso predicador FrayGenindio de Campazas" ("History of the Famous Preacher Friar Gerundio of Campazas," 175S-70). It was an attack on the style of popularpreaching, which, originally corrupted by Paravicino, the distinguished fol- lower of G<3ngora, had been constantly falling lower and lower, until at last it seemed to have reached the lowest point of degradafSbn and vulgarity. The assaUant was Father Isla, who was bom in 1703 and died in 1731, at Bo- logna, where, being a Jesuit, he had been sent as an eiile, on the general expulsion of his order from Spain. Ticknor, Span. Lit., m. 286. Islam (is'lam). See Koran, Mohammed. Islamabad (is-lam-a-bad'). A town in Kashmir, situated on the Jhelum in lat. 33° 43' X., long. 75° 17' E. Island City. A name sometimes given to Mon- treal. Island Number 10. An island in the Missis- sippi Kiver, near the northwestern comer of Ten- nessee. It was captured by the Federal army (under Pope) and naw (under Foote), April 7, 1862. Island of Saints, L. Insula Sanctorum (in'su- la sangk-to'rum). A medieval name given to Ireland as an early stronghold of Christianity. Island Princess, The. A play by Fletcher, pro- duced at court in 1621. printed 1647. Afterbeing several times revived with alterations, this play was con- verted into an opera by Motteux in 1699, the music being by Daniel Ptircell and others. IslandsMre (i'land-shir). Formerly a part of Durham, England, now a part of Northumber- land. It comprises the Fame Islands and some districts near Berwick. Islands of the Blest. See Fortunate Islands. Islay (i'la). or Isla (i'la). An island of the Heb- rides, belonging to Argyllshire. Scotland. 15 miles west of the mainland of Argyllshire. It manufactures and eiports whisky. Formerly it was the seat of the Lords of the Isles. Length, '25 miles. Greatest 534 width, 17 miles. Area, 220 square miles. Population (1891), 8.143. Isle of Dogs. See Dogs. Isle of France. See Mauritius. Isle of Honey. See the extract. The Welsh bards indulged their fancy in describing the state of Britain before the arrival of man. According to the authors of the earliest Triads, the swarms of wild bees in the woods gave its first name to the " Isle of Honey." Elton, t>rigins of Eng. Hist., p. 2. Isle of Ladies, The. See Dream, Chaucer's. Isle of Man. See Man. Isle of Pines. See Pines. Isle of Wight. See Wight. Isle Royale (il roi'al ; F. pron. elrwa-yal'). An island in Lake Superior, belonging to Michigan, intersected by lat. 48° N., long. 89° W. Length, 45 miles. Isles, Lord of the. A title assumed intermit- tently from the 12th to the 16th century by various Scottish chieftains who maintained a practical independence among the islands west of Scotland. Some of the most notable were John Mac- donald (died 13S8) and Alexander Macdonald, and the elevr enth Earl of Ross. Isles of Shoals (Jlz ov sholz). A group of small islands in the Atlantic Ocean, lOmUes southeast of Portsmouth, New Hampshire. They belong partly to Rockingham County (New Hampshire), partly to York County (Maine), and comprise Appledore, Star Island, etc. They are a noted summer resort Isleta(es-la'ta). [Sp..' little island.'] The name of two villages of the Tigua tribe of New Mexico. The main village lies 16 miles south of the city of Albu- querque, at the junction of the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa F^ Railroad and Atlantic and Pacific lines, on the Rio Grande, It is inhabited by about 1,059 Indians, mostly of Tigua slock. The aboriginal name is Shiehwhibak. Isleta already existed, probably, when the Spaniards first colonized New Mexico in 159S, and a mission was estab- lished there previous to 1636. Another Isleta in Texas, on the Rio Grande 9 miles south of El Paso, was founded, about I'JS-i, by Indian refugees from 2few Mexican Isleta. It has a small population. Islington i iz'ling-ton). A municipal and par- liamentary borough in the north of London, 2 miles north of St. PauVs. It returns 4 mem- bers to Parliament. Population (1891). 319.433. IsUp, Simon. Died 1366. Archbishop of Can- terbury. He was consecrated in 1349. He derived his name from the village of Islip on the Cherwell near Oxford. Isly (ez-le' ). A small river in eastern Morocco, near the Algerian frontier. Here. Aug. 14, 1844, the French under Bugeaud defeated the troops of Morocco. Ismail (is-ma-el'). A town in the government of Bessarabia, Russia, situated at the Kilia mouth of the Danube, in lat. 45°21' N.. long. 28° 46' E. It was formerly a Tiu-kish fortress : was taken by the Rus- sians in 1770. 1790 (stormed by Suvaroff, when 3S,0(X1 Turks were massacred), and ISO'^ ; and was ceded to Russia in 1S12, to Rumania in 18,">6, and back to Russia in 1878. Pop- ulation, 34.308. Ismail Pasha (is-ma-el' pash'a). Bom 1830: died 1895. Khedive of Egypt 1863-79, son of Ibrahim Pasha. He succeeded Said Pasha as khe- dive in 1863 ; annexed Darfur in 1874 ; and was compelled to abdicate in favor of his son Tewfik Pasha in 1879. Ismailia (is-ma-e'le-a). 1. A small town in the Isthmus of Suez. Egypt, situated on the Suez Canal 47 miles south of Port Said : founded in 1863.— 2. See Gondokoro. Ismid (is-med'),orIskimid(is-ke-med'). Atown in Asia Minor, 57 miles southeast of Constanti- nople, at the head of the Gulf of Ismid : the an- cient Nicomedia (which see). Population, es- timated. 15.000. Ismi-Dagon (is'me-da'gou). [' The god Dagon has heard me.'] The earliest known king or pa- tesi (priest, king, or ^"iceroy) of Ass.^Tia. In the ruins of the ancient city of Ashur (modem Kileh-Sher- ghat) were found bricks of a temple bearing his name, and from a reference to Mm in the annals of Tiglath-Pileser I. (1120-1100 B. c.) it was concluded that he lived about 1840 B. c. Isnard (is-nar'), Maximin. Born at Grasse, Var, France, Feb. 10, 1751 : died there, in 1830. A French (Jirondist. He became a member of the Council of Five Hundred in 1795. Isnik, The modem name of Nicfea. Isnik, Lake. See Asconia. Isoama. See Ibo. Isocrates (i-sok'ra-tez). [Gr.'IooxpdrT??-.] Bom at Athens, 436 b. cV: died 338 B.C. One of the ten Attic oratoi-s, distinguished as a teacher of elo- quence after about 392. Of his orations twenty- one are e.vtant. Thus this remarkable writer (Isocrates] lived through three of the most eventful generations in Greek history, and, though one of the most prominent writersof his time, may be said to have produced no influence whatever ex- cept upon the form of prose writing. For he was in no sense a thorough-going man. He was a curious combination of sophist and patriot, of would-be politician and philoso- pher, of really private and publk; man at the same time. The candour and honesty of his nature made him in f eel- Israfeel ing a patriot, while his want of appreciation for deeper politics prevented him from seeing the evils of despotism, or ticking any thorough interest in the forms and varieties of constitutions. His bashfulness compelled him to re- main in private life, while his vanity tirged him to appear in public ; his profession suggested to him the study of philosoph,v, while his intellect was incapable of under- standing its higher problems. Thus his egregious vanity and seli-complacency were perpetually wounded by the consciousness that he had. after all, not made his mark upon the age, and that, though eminent and widely re- spected, he was neither consiUted nor obeyed by the men whom he most desired to influence. He aspired to the po- sition of a Swift or a Junius, with the talents of an Addison or a Pope. Mahafy, Hist of Classiial Greek Lit., II. 216. Isola (e'so-lii). A small town in Italy, on the Liris about 60 miles east-southeast of Rome. Isola Bella (bel'la) and Isola Madre (ma'dre). [It., 'fair island' and 'mother island.'] The two chief islands of the Borromean Islands (which see) in Lago Maggiore. Isola dei Pes(^tori (da'e pes-ka-t6're). An isl- and in Lago Maggiore. [ Isola Grossa(gr6s'sa), or Lunga(long'ga). [It., 'great island' or 'long island.'] An island in the Adriatic Sea,belonging to Dalmatia, 10 miles west of Zara. Length, 26 miles. Isolde, Isonde, Isond. See Iseuli. Isonzo (e-son'z6). AriverinGorzandGradiska, Austria-Hungary, flowing into the Gulf of Tri- est 13 miles northwest of 'Triest. Length, about 80 mUes. Isouard (e-zo-ar'), orIsoard(e-z6-ar'), Nicold. Born at Malta, Dee. 6, 1775 : died at Paris, March 23, 1818, A Maltese composer, usually known as Nicolo. Author of about 33 Qperas, among which are "Michel Ange" (1S02), "CendriUon" (1810X 'Joconde" (1S13), " Jeannot et Colin " (1814), etc. Ispahan (is-pa-han'), or Isfahan (is-fa-han'). A eitv in the province of Irak-A jemi, Persia, sit- uated on the Zendemd in lat. 32° 39' N., long. 51° 45' E. The Great Mosque was buUt by Shah Abbai in the 16th century. The entrance to the sanctuary is by a keel-shaped arch set in a square panel adorned with in- scriptions and arabesques in colored tiles. The archway is flanked by a double tier of deeply recessed arcades, and behind it rises a large pointed bulbous dome, whose sui^ face is decorated u ith arabesques. Before the dome stand two slender cyUndrieal minarets, with a portion toward the top corbeled out to a greater diameter and crowned by cylindrical domed finials. The interior is arcaded in two tiers. TheBazarof theTailorsisavery rich and monumen- tal example of Persian architecture. The distribution con- sists of wide and high corridors divided into bays by mas- sive keel-shaped arches, and covered with domes on pen- dentives having open eyes for light at the apex. The walls are ornamented with colored tiles, and the arches and bal- ustrades over the square lateral booths are filled with geo- metric pierced openwork. The Caravansary of Amin-Abad, on the road to Shirar, is an octagon inclosing a centra court. The gateway opens beneath a high keel-shaped areh which is flanked on each side by two superposed deeply recessed arches. The court, in the middle of which stands a prayer-platform, is surrounded by chaUibers for travelers, behind which there is a vaulted corridor with quarters for beasts of burden. Ispahan manufactures fabrics, weapons, etc. It was captured by Tamerlane 1387 ; was the capital and an important city of 600,000inhabitants in the 17th cen- tury : and was sacked by the Afghans in 1722. Population, estimated, 60.000. Israel (ii'ra-el). [Heb.,' Soldier of God. 'or 'God is a warrior.'] A name given to Jacob after suc- cessfully wrestling with the angel (Gen. xxxii. 28). Hence his descendants were called the peo- ple of Israel. See Jetcs. Israel. The kingdom of the northern tribes of the Israelites who seceded from the southern tribes in the reign of Rehoboam, 953 B. c. (or perhaps about 975). Their first king was Jeroboam. Prominent succeeding kingswere Ahab, .Tehu, Jorani. Jero- boam IL, and Pekah. Elijah and Elisha belonged to the northern kingdom. Sargon, king of Assyria, captured Sa- maria, ended the kingdom, and carried a large part of the people into captivity in 7'22 or 721 B. c. Their ultimate fate has been the subject of much speculation, and they are frequently referred to as the lost tribes. They have been found in the Anglo-Saxons, the American Indians, etc. There seems to be no doulit, however, that some intermingled with the Assj-rians, others returned to the southern kingdom, and still others are to be found in the scattered Jewish communities in Africa, Abyssinia, and elsewhere. Those remaining eventually united with As- syrian colonists and formed the Samaritans. Israel in Egypt. AnEnglish oratorio by Handel, first performed April 4. 1739. The words are thought to have been selected by Handel him- self from the Old Testament. Israels (ez-ra-als'). Josef. Bom at Groningen, 1824. A genre-painter of the Belgian school. He studied painting at Amsterdam under Kruseman, then went to Paris, where he worked in the atelier of Picot His works have figured at the expositions of Paris, Brussels, and Rotterdam. He received a flrst-class medal at Paris in 1878, and a grand prix at the Exposition fniverselle at Paris in 1SS9. Among his pictures are "Les dormeuses** (1868), "Retour" (1878), "Le pot au fen," and 'Lejonrde repos." Israfeel, or Israfil (es-ra-fel'). The angel of music. His voice is more melodious than that of any other creature. He is to sound the resurrection trumpet the last day. Koran. Issacuar iBSachariis'a-kar). [Heb.; meaning doubtful.] 1. One of the patriarchs, son of Jacob and Leah. — 2 OueofthetwelvetribesofPalestiue, dwell- ine west of the Jordan, south of Zebulon, and branches. One of them, under vaiioua names, seems to north of Manasseh. The territory iucluded the I'^ve held all_ the southern ,.irt of the wester., »ast of valley of Escb-aelon. Issik-Kul (is'ik-kol). A lake in the proviiice of 535 But whatever we make of the Etruscans, the rest of Italy in the older sense was held by various blanches of an Aryan race nearly allied to the Greeks, whom we may call the Italians. Of this race there were two great Semiryetchensk. central Asia, about lat. 42° 20' N., long. 77° 30' K. Length, 112 miles. Height above sea-level, .'),300 feet. Issoire (e-swiir' ). A town in the department of Italy, and to have spread into .Sicily. Some of the tribes of this blanch seem to have been almost as nearly akin to the 4. ISSUS (is'us). In ancient geography, a town in Aequians, Volscians, Saninites, Lucanians, and other peo- ple who play a great part in Roman history, may perhaps be classed t^^gether as Opicans or Oscans, in distinction from the Latins and the other tribes allied to them. These tribes seem to have pressed from the eastern, the Hadri- atic, coast of It.ily, down upon the nations to the south- west of them, and to have largely extended their borders at their expense. Freeman, Ilist. Geog., p. 46. 2. The inhabitants of Italy in general, ancient or modern. Cilicia, Asia Minor, situated near the head of Italian Molifere, The. A surname sometimes the Gulf of Issus (the modern Gulf of Iskan- frivcn to (ioldoni. deriin\ Three notable battles were fought in its neigh- Italian Pindar, The. A surname sometimes borhood: Alexander the Great defeated the Persians under „iven to Chiabrera. Darius 111,333 B. o. ; Septimius Severus defeated i"'' rival jtalian War of 1859. A war between France Pescennins Niger, 194 A. i>.; and Heraclius defeated the '■y^^Tr. "„!:ii„„„ tit n „.,^ c„,,i;„;„ ^„„,1„.. v;„- Persian army of Khusrau, ii22. Isay (e-se'). A suburl) of Paris, immediately southwest of the fortifications. Population (1891), commune, 12,830. Istakhr. S^ee PcrsepoUs. IstambuLorlstambouKes-tam-bol'). A Turk- ish name of Constantinople. Istar. See Ishtar. later (is'ter). A Latin name of the Danube. See Intlimitiii saiictiiarii. (under Napoleon III.) and Sardinia (under Vic- tor Emmanuel) allied against Austria, for the liberation and unity of Italy. Victories were won by the allies at Montebe'llo May 20, 1859, at llagenta .June 4, and at Solferino June 24. Preliminaries of peace were negotiated at Vill.ifranca July 11, and the treaty of Zurich was signed Nov. 10. The work of unifying Itidy, begun by this war, was continued in 1860, 18(16, and 1870. Italica (i-tal'i-ka). An ancient Roman town near Seville in Spain. It has ruins of an amphithe- ater, and was the birthplace of Trajan, Hadrian, and The- odosius. Isthmian games. lathmian sanctuary, The. A sanctuary in the j^ y (e-ta-lyait'), Boulevard des. A fa Isthmus of Corinth, near the eastern mouth of iidueuH i"/a j^ _/_'.,"" -.^.".^ r>„„:„ the modern canal. It was the seat of the isthmian games, which were celebrated every two years, and were second in importance onl;- *- "- "' "' ■■ '^'"' °°- cred inclosnre. which was mous street in the central part of Paris Italiens, Lea. See Thedtre Italien. ly to those of Olympia. The sa- Italy (it'a-b). [Gr. 'Ira/.ia, L. It. bp. Pg. Italia, s stron-ly fortified in the time of F, Italic, G. Italieii.'\ 1 . A kingdom of south- Augustus is roughly triangular in shape, about 660 feet ^^^^ Europe, bouuded by Switzerland and Aus ^7hfnirwe?e^Ve';l'upTe?:!rPoseiL'ir(U,"^ tria-Hun|aryonthenorthAustria-Hungary,th< mon (Ionic), portions of the aixldtecture of both of which ' '-:•-— S ..,„m,.,i,f.,..o„oo„ ,,„ tl.» <.„.t have been recovered. The nortliern wall of the sanctuary coincides with the great defensive wall crossing the isth- mus. Outside of the inclosnre. to the south, lies the sta- dium, in which the chief exercises were held, and to the west is the Roman theater, close behind which was the Greek theater, and beyond the Sacied Vale, with temples to Demeter and Persephone, Artemis, and Bacchus. Al- most all topographical knowledge of this historic sancttl- ary is based upon the exploration made in 1883 by the French School at Athens. latib (is-teb'), or Shtiplie (shte'ple). A town in the vilavet of Kosovo, European Turkey, situated in lat. 41° 41' N., long. 22° 20' E. Pop- ulation (estimated), about 10,000. latria (is'tri-a), formerly Histria (liis'tn-ii), (i. latrien (is'ti-e-en), formerly Histerreich (ins'- ter-rich). [Gr. 'lorp/a.] A margraviate in the Cisleithan division of Austria-Hungary, which forms with Gtirz-Gradiska and Triest the ad- ministrative district of KiistenhuMl. Capital, Parenzo. It is a peninsula, projecting into the Adriatic, and bounded liy Triest, Oorz-Dradiska, i arniola, and Croa- tia. The surface is generally mnunt:iin..uH, Kriiit and wine are produced hi abundance, l^t^ia la a separate crownland, though belonging adininistiativ.dy to Knsten- land, and has a Diet of 3:i members. Tw.j thirds of the in- habitants are Slavs (Croats, Serlis, and Sbivenes), and one third Italians (cities and coast). It w.as incorporated with Italy about the time of Augustus ; was largely settled by Slavs ; became a margraviate In the 11th centiiiy ; was in great part acquired by Venice ; pa.sscd with Venice to Aus- tria in 1797 ; fonucd a part of the Illyrian Provinces under Napoleon ; and was restored to Austria in 181G. Area, 1,911 square miles. Popnl.ation (18110), 317,610, the Adriatic §ea, and the Mediterranean on the east, the Mediterranean on the south, and France and the Mediterranean on the west. Capital, Rome. It comprises also Sicily, Sardinia, and some smaller isl- ands, and is divided into 69 provinces (comprising 16 com- partimenti). The government is a hereditary constitu- tional monarchy, with a parliament consisting of a senate of aljont 375 members and a chamber of 508 lieputies. The prevailing religion is Roman Catholic; the prevailing lan- guage Italian. The northern districts of the country are occupied by the Alps. .South of these is the valley i.f the Po ; and the boot-shaped peninsula in the center and south ia traversed by the Apennines. The leading industry is agriculture, the chief jiroducts being cereals, wine, silk, olives oranges, lemons, etc. The chief manufacture is silk ; the chief exiiorts silk, olive-oil, fruit, wine, and sul- phur. The following are the leading events and incidents in Italian history: early occupie.l by the lapygians, Os- cans, Latins. Volscians, Sabines, Etruscans, Ligurians, Ve- Tieti(8ee Jtomr, Ulrurin, Mwiiia Oiircia) ; entry of thefJauls into northern Italy ali.iut the ,5th century B. 0. ; the penin- sula consolidated under Koman rule, first half of the 3d century B. C. ; Koman Emi)ire of the West overthrown by the Herilliaild other tribes under Odoacer, 476 A. li. ; riiiiards in |)..\ver through a great part of the J.e ninsnia while part r.-niain.-d to the empire; foundation of tlie Slates of the clinrch through grants by Pepin to the Pope of the exarchate and Pcntapolis in 7.56 ; dep.psltion by Charlemagne of Desiderins, hiat kinn of the Iximbards, and annexation of his ilominions, 774; Cliarleniagne crowneil emperor of the I!.. mans, lice, ;'5, sui ; ii,,rtli.rn Italv ruled hycarolingians unlil tbeend of I he reign oil ■liarles the f at, S87; southern Italy ruled by Lcunbard dukes and by tlii' Byzantine emidro ; rule of various Italian kings in north Istrla or latrOPOlis ( is-tiop'o-lis). [Gr. 'larfiia crn Italy until 961 ; accession of Otto I., king of Oernmny. 'Sor ■z,Jo>.,c.:i see'tho extract. -^!-^/-:^js::!'^Xwiii;iiJ;^!:yrr^:r Istrla, later, or (stropolis, at the mouth of the Danube or later was n colony of the Milesians, fonnded about the time of the Cimmerian Invasion of Asia Minor. (I'eripl. Pont Eux. p, 157.) Its name remains in the i lern W is terl bat its site vAs probably nearer to Kostendje. ItawUmon, Ilerod , III. 67, note. Istnriz (es-t8-reth'), Francisco Xavier de. Bom at Cadiz, Spain, 1790: died Ajiril Ki, 1H71. A Spanish politician and diplomatist, lender in the revolution of lSi;0. He was premier in 18."i6 and 1N46, and sulisequently ambassador in London, St. I'etors- burg, and Paris. Istvaeones (ist-ve-6'nez). FL. (Tacitus) Is- txroncs, the Latinizatioii of a hypothetical Ger- manic fundamental fonn 'Istm:. a supposed name of the god "TSwaz, "Tin. From \f idh, to shine.] See Benniniini. Itaborahy (e-tii-b6-ra-6'). Viscount of. See /fo(/ni/H<,s- Torres, Jnaqiiim Jnsr. Italians (i-tal'yanz). 1. The primitive inhabi- tants of Italy. See the extract. perman.- ..,, .- ,., . the Italian cities Genoa, Pisa, Venice, Milan, Amalll, etc conciuest of southern Italy by the Normans under Robert (iulscaid, who was recognized by the Pope as duke of Apulia and Calabria in 1059; struggle between popes and emperors in the llth. Pith, and 13th centuries; quarrels of the Ouelphs and Ghlbellines begun, llith centnrv ; re- fonnsof Arnold of ISrescia suppressed by Frederick llar- barossa, 1155; Frederick Harbarossa worsted by the cities of the fjombard League at Legnano, 1176 ; enil of the Nor- man rule in southern Italy, 1194 ; participation of \ enico In the Cnisade, and overthrow of tlie Greek empire, 1204; cn.l of the Swablan line In Italy with the overthrow of Conradlu. 120.S ; the popes at Avignon 1,^1 76 ; spread of the Renaissance movenienl In 14tb and 15lh eenlurleB(the great period of Italian liteialure), the chief Italian slates at this period being the kingdom of Naples, the Papal States, the duchy of Milan, and the republics of \ enlce, Florence, and Genoa; Invasion by Charles VIII. of France, 1494 (boglnnini.' of the period of foreign inlerterence) ; the Two Sicilies attacherl to Spain In l.'.o;i. and the .Milan- ese soon after, Siiaidsh Inlluence lieconiing ilomlnant In Italy, the chief Imlependent states being the Papal .St4ite«, Tuscany Modeiia, Kemira, Parma, Venice, and I'ledniont : Italy the scone of Napole.m's campaigns, 1796 and 1797; the Cisalpine, Ligurlwi, and Tlborlne republics formed. It is Never too Late to Mend and Venetia gnmted to Austria, 1797; -Napoleon king ot Italy 1S05, his kingiiom comprising the Cisalpine Repub- lic, Venetia, Valtellina, the biBhopric of Trent, and the march of Ancoua; kingdom of Naples bestowed on Joseph lionaparte in 1806, and on Murat in 1808; Borne annexed t4i France, 1809; the old division nearly reestablished by the Congress of Vienna (Isl5). the chief powers being the kingdom of Sardinia, the grand duchy of Tuscany, th« duchies of Parma and Modena, the Papal States, and the kingdom of Naples, while .\ustria held L*unbardy and Ve- netia; unsuccessful insurrections in southern Italy, Pied- mont, etc.. 1820-21; revolutions of 1848-49, under the lead of Mazzini, suppressed by Austria (battle of No- vara. March 2:1, 1.^49); France and Sardinia allied de- feated Austria, 1869; Lombardyanncxeii to Sardinia, 1869; Tuscany, Parma, .Modena, and Romagua annexed, 1860; Naples invaded l>y Garibaldi in 1860. and annexed ; Vic- tor Emmanuel, kin;; of Sardinia, proclaimed the first king of Italy, 1861 ; unsuccessful attempts of Garibaldi to lib- erate Rome, 1862 and 1867; capital removeil from Turin to Florence, 1866 ; Italy allied with Prussia against Austria in the war of 1n66. gaining Venetia : occupation of Rome (which became the capital) Sept. 20, 1570 ; entry of Italy Into the Triple Alliance 1882. Other recent events are the acquisition of foreign {lossessions in Africa, 1886-89; the increase of the army and navy ; and the financial diffl- ciilties. Area, 110,623 siiuare miles. Population (1901). 32,475,255. Foreign possessitins : Massowah District, Assab Territory, Oaiilak Archipelago, abi>ut 260.000 inhabitants (see Eritrea). Protectorates : Somaliland, Gallaland, -Afar Country, etc. The name of Italy has been used in several meaningsat different times, but it has ahvays meant either the whole or a part of the land which we now call Italy. The name gradually spread itsell out from the extreme south to the north. At the time when our survey begins, the name did not go beyond the long narrow peninsula itself; and indeed it hardly took in the whole of that. During the time of the Roman commonwealth Italy did not reacn beyond the little rivers Jlacraon one side, near Luna, and Rubico on the other side, near Arimiuom. The land to the north, as far as the Alps, was not counted for Italy till after the time of Caisar. Freeman, Uist. Geog., p. 43. Northern Italy deserves its (ierman appellation of Wallschland ; for neither the Roman nor the Iximbard conquest, nor the ravages of Goths, Huns, or Vandals, ever rooted out the offspring of those Gallic hordes which settled in the plain of the Po four centuries before our era. Rawlineon, Herod., III. 185. 2. One of the four great prefectures in the later Roman Empire. It comprised the dioceses of Italy, Ulyricum, and Africa, corresponding to Italy and neigh- boring islands, that part of the Austrian empire and Ger- many northward to the Danube, and nearly all the western port of the Rimian possessions in Africa. 3. A diocese of the later Roman prefecture of Italv. It comprised Italy and neighboring islands, and Rha'tia (Tyrol, Orisons, southern Bavaria), and had 17 provinces, Italy. A descriptive poem by Samuel Rogers, published 1822-28. Itasca Lake (i-tas'ka. Ifik). A small lake in northern Minnesota, the source of the Missis- sippi, lat. 47° 13' N., long. 95° 12' W. Height above sea-level. 1,457 feet. Itenez (eta'niiz), or Ites (e-taz'). A tribe of Indians of northern Bolivia, on the rivers Guaiiori'' and MumorC'. It appears that they were anciently found as f.ar east as the Paraguay. They are saT- ages of a low grade, and have always been independent. Their language, called Itonama, has never been classified. Also Itatm. Ites. See Itenez. Ithaca (ith'a-kii). [Gr. 'WdA//.] Oneof the Ionian Islands, Greece. 2 miles northeast of Cephalo- nia: the modern Thiaki. The surface is mountain- ous. The chief place is Vathy. It Is famous as the re- puteil home of I'lysses. Length, 14 miles. Area, 37 square miles. Population, about lo.OiKi. Ithaca. A city and the capital of Tompkins County, New York, situated near the head of Cayuga Lake,4G miles south-southwest of Syra- cuse. It is I he seal of ( 'ornell University (which see). Population (1900), 13,130. Ithake. See Ithaca. Ithamar(itli'ii-niar). [neb.;Gr. 'ien/«ip.] The yiiuiigcst son of ,\aron. Ithamore (ilir»-iii6r). A Turkish slave in Mar- lowe's ".li \v of Mulla." "He is an effective jiielui-e of the basest kiuJ of villain." Ward. Ithobal. See Kthbaal. Ithome (i-tho'me). [Gr. 'Wu^i//.] In ancient geograpliy, a mountain fortress of Messenia, (ireece, 28 miles west-northwest of Spuria. Ithuriei (i-thU'ri-el). All angel, a character in Milton's "Paradise Lost," He was sent by Gabriel to find out Satan. The slightest Uiucb of his spear ex- Itineraries of Antoninus. Two ortlcial lists of the slulioiis or the roads of the Koman Empire, with (listuiH'es by land and sen. Itinerary, The. An account by John Leland ( l,')(U)-52) of his .ionmeys througli F.ngland, with ilescriptions of routes and matters of aiitioua- rinn interest. It was editeil and published by Tliomns Ilearne in 1710. It is Never too Late to Mend. A novel by ( 'linrles Keade, published in 1856 He afterward dramatized it. Itius Portus Itius Portus (ish'i-us por'tus). [Gr. to "Itiov.'] In ancient geography, the place from which Ceesar sailed for Britain : generallj' identified with Wissant or Boulogne. ItO (e'to), Hirobumi, Marquis. Born in the prov- ince of Chosu, Japan, in 1840. A noted Japanese statesman: premier 1886-88,1 892-96, Jau.-June, 1898. 19"0-(H. He became con\inced of the advanta;.'es of Western civilization through visits to Europe and the United States, and has been the leader in the introdnction of European ideas and political methods into Japan. He was the chief founder of the Japanese constitution of 18b9. Itonama. See Itene:. Ituraea (it-u-re'a). In ancient geography, a district hing northeast of Palestine. Its location has not been precisely determined, bnt it was proliably southwest of Damascus and southeast of Mount Hermon. Iturbide (e-tor-be'Da), AgUStin de. Born at Valladolid (now MoreUa*, Sept. 27, 1783: died at Padilla, TamauUpas, July 19, 1824. A Mexi- can revolutionist, afterward emperor. He was a colonel in the Spanish army, and in 1820 was in command of the forces operating against Guerrero in the south. On Feb. 24, 1821, he published the celebrated manifestoknown as the " Plan of Igual.i," in whiclx he proposed that Mexico Bhould be made independent under a Spanish Bourbon prince. Guerrero and other leaders quickly adhered to this plan ; the viceroy was forced to resign ; and O'Donoju, who succeeded him, was induced to recognize the inde- pendence of Mexico in his sovereign's name. But Fer- dinand VIL reg-arded the movement as a rebellion, and refused the crown which was offered to him. After much quarreling, Iturbide himself was proclaimed emperor May 18, 1822, and was crowned July 21. A strong opposition to him was quickly manifested. Santa Anna proclaimed a republic at Vera Cruz ; an army of insurgents marched on Mexico; and in March, 1S23, Iturbide was forced to re sign. He was allowed to retire to Europe with a large pension, on condition that he should not return. At- tempting to enter the country in July, 1S24, he was ar- rested and shot, Iturbide, AgUStin de. Bom 1863. Grandson of the emperor Iturbide. His mother was a native of the United States. In I860 he was adopted by the em- peror Maxiniili.an, and made heir to the Mexican throne. After Maximilian's death he was taken to the United States, wliere he received part of his education. He is now an officer in the Mexican army. Ituzaing6(e-t6-za-eng-go'). A plain and rivulet in the southwestern part of the state of Eio Grande do Sul, Brazil, near the river Santa Maria : a southern branch of the Ibicuy. Here. Feb. 20, 1827, the Brazilians (6,627) under the Yiscount of Barbacena were defeated by the Argentines (10,557) under Carlos de Alvear. Itys (i'tis). In Greek legend, the son of Tereus and Proene. See Tereus. Itzehoe (it'se-ho). A town in the province of Sehleswig-Holstein, Prussia, on the Stor 33 miles northwest of Hamburg. It is the oldest place in Holstein, and was formerly the place of meeting of the estates. Population (1S90), commune, 12,481. luka (i-u'ka). The capital of Tishemingo Coun- ty, northeastei-n Mississippi, 110 miles east by south of Memphis. Here, Sept. 19, 1862, a battle was fought between tlte Federals under Rosecrans and the Con- federates under Price. Darkness put an end to the fight. The Federal loss was about 700 ; that of the Confederates, nearly 1,400. Population (1900), 882. lulus (i-ii'lus). Tn classical legend, a son of Ascanius, or, according to other accounts, a sur- name of Ascanius himself. See Ascanius. Ivan (e-van') I., suruamed Kalita. [Iran is Euss. for Jo;i;i.] Died March 31, 1340. Grand Duke of Moscow 1328^fl. Ivan II. Born in 132(3 : died in 1359. Grand Duke of Moscow 13.53-.59, son of Ivan I. Ivan III., suraamed " The Great." Died at Mos- cow, Oct. 27, 1505. Grand Duke of Moscow 1462-1505. He subjugated Novgorod in 1478, and freed himself from the suzerainty of the Tatars 1480. Ivan IV., surnamed " The Terrible." Born Aug. 25, 1530 : died March 18, 1584. Czar of Russia. He was the son of Vasili IV. whom he succeeded as grand duke of Moscow in 1533. He assumed in 1M7 the title of Czar of Russia, which has since been borne by the monarchs of RossLa. He annexed Kazan in 1552, .\strakhan in 1554, and conquered West Siberia near the end of his reign. Ivan V. Born Aug. 27, 1666: died Jan. 29. 1696. Czar of Russia 1(582-89. He was the half-brother of Peter the Great, to whom, being mentally and physically unfitted for the conduct of the government, he resigned the c rown in 1689. Ivan VI. Born Aug. 24,1740: died Dec. 5,1764: Czar of Russia 174(5-41, son of Anton Ulrich of Brunswick and Anna Leopoldovna. He was adopt- 536 ed as her successor by the Czarina Anna Ivanovna whom he succeeded under the regency of Biron. He was deposed by Elizabeth, daughter of Peter the Great, and is said to have been put to death in prison in consequence of a rev- ' olution in his behalf by Mirovitch. Ivanhoe (i'van-ho). A historical novel by Sir Walter Scott, published in 1820: named from its hero, Wilfred, knight of Ivanhoe. The scene is laid in England during the reign of Richard I. (1189-99). Ivanoff (e-va'nof ), Alexander Andreyevitch. Born at St. Petersbm-g, l^iOG: died at St. Peters- burg. July 15, 1858. A Russian painter. Ivanovo (e va'n6-v6). A town in the govern- ment of ^^adimir, Russia, situated on the Uvo- da 66 miles north-northeast of ^Hadimir. It is noted for its manufactures, especiallv of calico. Population, 20,910. Ivans, Robert. See CapeUa. n. A. de Biito. Iviza (e've-tha). or Ibiza (e'Be-tha), or Ivipa (e've-tha). One of the Balearic Islands. 50 miles southwest of Majorca : the ancient Ebusus. The chief town has the same name. Length, 25 miles. Ivory Coast. That part of the coast of Upper Guinea, West Africa, lying west of the Gold Coast and east of the Grain Coast, or Liberia: annexed by France 1892-93. Ivory Gate, The. In classical mythology, the gate of sleep by which false dreams are sent from the lower world. I'vrea (e-vra'a). A town in the province of Turin, Italy, situated on the Dora Baltea 29 miles north-northeast of Turin : the ancient Eporedia. it was a Roman colony ; was for a time the capital of a marquisate of Ivrea ; and was ceded to Savoy in 1248. It has a cathedral and castle. Population, com- mune, about 10,000. I'Vris (i-'vres'), orlbreez (i-brez'). See the ex- tract. More than a centtu^ ago a German traveller had observed two figures carved on a wall of rock near Ibreez, or Ivris, in the territory of the ancient Lykaonia. One of them was a god who carried in his hand a stalk of com and a bunch of grapes ; the other was a man who stood before the god in an attitude of adoration. Both figures were shod with Vioots with upturned ends, and the deity wore a tunic that reached to his knees, while on his head was a peaked cap ornamented with horn-like ribbons. A cen. tury elapsed before the sculpture was again visited by an European traveller, and it was again a German who found his way to the spot. On this occasion a drawing was made of the "figures, which was published by Ritter in his great work on the geography of the world. But the drawing was poor and imperfect, and the first attempt to do ad- equate justice to the original was made by the Rev. E. J. Davis in 1S75. He published his copy, and an account of the monument, in the Transactions of the Society of Bib- lical Archeeology the following year. He had noticed that the figures were accompanied by what were known at the time as Hamatliite characters. Threelinesof these were inserted between the face of the god and his uplifted left arm, four lines more were engraved behind his worship- per, while below, on a level with an aqueduct which fed a mill, were yet other lines of haU-obliterated hieroglj"phs. It was plain that in Lykaonia also, where the old language of the countr>- still lingered in the days of St. Paul, the Hit- tite system of writing had once been used. Sayce, Hittites. p. 61. Ivry-la-Bataille (ev-re'lii-ba-tay'). A village in the department of Eiu'e. France. 42 miles west of Paris. Here, March 14, 1690. Henry IV. defeated the Catholic Leaguers under the Duke of Mayenne. A memorial pjTaniid has been erected on the battle-field. I'Vry-SUr-Seine (ev-re'siir-siin' ). A town in the department of Seine, France, situated near the Seine immediately south of the fortifications of Paris. It has important manufactures. Its fort figured in the war of the Commune, 1871. Pop- ulation (1891), commune, 22,357. Izils (e-hels' ). A tribe of Indians, of Maya stock, in Guatemala. Ixion(iks-i'on). [Gr. 'Ij/wr.] In Greek legend. a king of the Lapithse, father of Pirithous, and father by a cloud (which was caused by Zeus to take the form of Hera) of the Centaurs. For boast- ing of the favors of the fictitious goddess, he was punished in the lower world by being fastened to an ever-revolving wheel. Ixion in Heaven, A burlesque by Benjamin Disraeli, jrablished in 1828. Ixtaccihuatl. See I:taceHiuatl. Ixtapalapa (es-ta-pa-la'pa) A village of Mex- ico, in the Federal District. 7 miles southeast of Iztaccibuatl Mexico CMty. Before the Spanish conquest it was a place of importance on the canal between Lakes Tezcuco and Chalco, and was noted for its gardens. On an adjoining hill the sacred fire was kindled at the beginning of each cycle of 52 years. Population, about 3,000. Also writtea Ixtapalapam or Ixtapalapan. Irtlilxochitl (est-lel-no-chet'l), or Ixlilxo- Chitl (es-lel-Ho-chet'l). Born at Tezcuco, Mex- ico, about 1500. A son of the chief of Tezcuco, in Mexico, who, on his father's death, disputed the succession with his brother, Cacama (1516). The war ended in a division of the kingdom. Cortes sup- ported the pretensions of Ixtliixochitl and deposed Cacama. The former subsequentlyaided Cortes in variouscampaigns. Ixtliixochitl, Fernando de Alva Cortes. Born about 15(38 : died about 1(348. A Mexican historian, of native race, descended from the ancient kings of Tezcuco. He was an official inter- preter, and, by order of the viceroy, wTote various works on the ancient Mexicans. His history of the ChichimecB was published m theKingsbo rough collection, and a French translation was printed by Ternaux-Compans in 1840. Izabal (e-tha-bal'). A seaport of Guatemala, situated on Lake Izabal 107 miles northeast of Guatemala. Izabal, Lake. --V lake in Guatemala, communi- cating with the Caribbean Sea by the RioDulce. Length, about 30 miles. Also Golfo Dulce. Izabel de Braganga (e-za-bel' de'bra-gan'sa). Princess. Born at Rio de Janeiro, July 29, 1846. The eldest daughter of the emperor Pedro II. of Brazil, and heiress to the Brazilian throne until the abdication of her father in 1889. On Oct. 15, 1864, she married Louis Gaston d'Orleans, Comte d'Eu, by whom she has three living sons. During the absence of the emperor in Europe and America she was three times regent (1871-72, 1876-77, 1886-S9). She favored the clerical party. Izalco (e-thal'ko). [Xahuatl.] A volcano in the western part of Salvador. 4,937 feet high, which rose quite suddenly in the latter half of the 18th. century. Ever since that time it has been almost con- stantly active, the eruptions occurring at very short inter- vals. Occasionally there are more violent outbreaks, as that of March 19, 1809. Izar (e-zar'). [Ar. al-hdr, the girdle.] The bright third-magnitude star f Bootis, a beauti- fully colored double star in the waist of the constellation. Izard (iz'ard), Ralph. Bom near Charleston, S. C, 1742: died May 30, 1804. An American politician, L'nited States senator from South Carolina 1789-95. Izcohuatl (es-ko-wat'l). orlzcoatzin (es-ko-at- seu'). [Xahuatl, 'obsidian snake.'] Born about 1360 : died in 1436. War-chief or (so-called) emperor of ancient Mexico from 1427. Under him the city first rose into prominence, and became the dominant power of the lake valley. Also Izcoatl, Itzcoatl, Izicoatl, etc. Izdubar (iz-do-bar'), also called Gilgamesh (gil-ga'mesh). The principal hero of certain ancient Babylonian legends. They are called the Baliylonian "Ninirod Epic," because Izdubar was consid- ered tlie prototype of ^Ninirod.who is mentioned in Gene- sis x. The exploits of Izdubar are briefly as follows : Erech (Orchoeof the Greeks, modem "Warka), the capital of Slii- nar (ShumirX had been governed by Dn'uzu (Tammuz, AdonisX the husband of Ishtar. After his tragic death it was subjected by the Elamite invaders. In this emergency Izdubar comes from his native place, Marad, to Erech, and with the help of the demigod Ea-bani kiHs the last Ela- mite usurper, Khumbaba, and delivers Erech. Thereupon Islitar offers him her love and hand, but is roughly re- jected by him and reminded of her former amours, which brought oidyruin and death to the lovers. The insulted goddess cries to her father Ann for revenge. Anu create* a monstrous bull and sends it against Erech, but the ani- mal is easily killed by Izdubar with the assistance of his friend Ea-bani. At'last Ishtar prevails on her mother Anatu to smite Ea-bani with death, and Izdubar witli a loathsome disease, a kind of leprosy. To get rid of hift malady and to bring back his friend to life, Izdubar decides- to seek for his ancestor Hasisadra, who w-as translated to the seat of the blessed and enjoyed there immortality with the gods. After many adventures he reaches him. Ha- sisadra describes to him the deluge which once took place, and how he with his friends was saved in a ship that he had built at the advice of the god Ea, and then cures him of his disease. Izdubar thereupon returns to Erech, and upon his lamentation for Ea-bani the gods grant the lat- ter the privilege of returning from th^ under world. Iztaccmuatl (es-tak-se'hwatl), or Ixtacci- huatl. [Xahuatl, from iztac, white, and ci- huatl, -woman.] A mountain in Mexico, north of Popocatepetl. Height, 16. 705 feet. The name originated on the west side, where the mountain beara some resemblance to a woman lying extended in a white shroud. The summit is covered by glaciers. W K-iJ^J! * ^ I , . ■ o-iJ^ iabalptir (jnb - al - per ' i. or ri^' , /^^'-X? ^\i Jubbulpore ( jub-biil-por' ). tJ^Jfiff-WVy' !• A di\-ision of the Central '^^ ^--'iBji'/.- Provinces, British India. Area, 18,G88 square miles. Population (1881). 2,201.- 633.-2. A district in the Jabalpiu- division, intersect- ed by lat. 23° N., long. 78° E. -Vrea, 3,948 sijuare miles. Population (1891), 748,146.-3. The capital of the district of Jab- alpur, about lat. 23° 10' N., long. 80° 3' E. It is an important trading center. Population, in- ilu.liug cantonment (1891), 84.480. Jabbah (jab'bil). [Ar. ikill al-jehah, crown of tlie forehead.] The fine triple star v Scorpii, ■ ■f the fourth magnitude. Jabbok (jab'ok). In Bible geography, a moun- tuin stream of Gilead. Palestine, joining the .liirdan about 25 miles north of the Dead Sea : ilie modern Zurka. Length, about 50 miles. Jabesh, or Jabesh-Gilead (Ja'besh-gil'e-iid). [Heb., ' dry.'] In Bible geography, an impor- tant town in Gilead, Palestine. Its situation lias not been identified. Jabez (ja'bez). A person mentioned in 1 Chroii. iv. 9, 10 as more honorable than his brethren. Jabin (.ia'bin). [Heb., 'intelligent.'] In Old Testament history: («) A king of Hazor in Palestine, defeated by Joshua by the waters ofMerom. Josh. xi. 1-3. (6) A king of Hazor, whose general, Sisera, was defeated by Barak. Judges iv. The accounts of these two kinps ami tllcir overthrow are Tery much alike, and probably relate lu the same person and event. Jablunka (yab-16n'k;i) Pass. A pass across the Carpathians in Austria-Hungary. It connects the ba.sins of the Mlsa in Austrian Silesia and the Waa^ in Hungary, and is traversed Ijy a railway. Height, 1.970 feet. Jabne (jab'ne), or Jabneel (jab'ne-el or jab'- nel), later Janmia (jam'iii-ii or jam-ni'a). A Philistine city which fell to the lot of the tribe of Dan, situated between Joppa and Ashdod, about an hour distant from the Slediterraueau : the modern village of Yebna or Ibna. It was conquered by the Maccabeans ; given by Augustus to Her- od; and by the will of Salome, sister of Uerod. lieoanic pri- vate property of the imperial house, but was destined to play an important part in .lewish history, liming the siege of Jerusalem by the Romans, Titus granted permis- sion to Jochanan ben Zaccai to establish there a 'I'almudic school. After the fall of .lerusatem a Sanhedrim was also constituted, and .labiie Ipccarne for centuries the center and nursery of the religious and national life of the dis- persed .lewish community. Jaboatao (zhii-V)wii-tiiii'), Antonio de Santa Maria. Born nearPernambuco, l(i95: died after 1761. A Brazilian Franciscan author. He.i,,ii- pied various posta in his order, of which he was chri>n icier in Brazil. His most important work is the "iirbe Se- raphico Novo Brasilico" (Part I, Lisbon, ITtil ; Part II, Rio lie Janeiro, 18.'>9). It Is a history of the Seraphic Kranciscana in Brazil, and contains much of general in- teresL Jaca (Hii'kii). A town iuthe province of Hues- ca, Spain, situated on the Aragon 66 miles north-northeast of Saragossa. It has a cathe- dral, and was formerly important. Jachin (.ja'kin). fHtalk is a descendant of the wonderful ash in the " i;dda. " HaUiwt'U, Nursery Rhymes, p. 175. Jack the Giant-killer. The hero of a nursery legend. The story wasoriginally in Walter ilap's book, and he obtained it from France in the early part of the 12th century. It was written iit British or .\rmoric, and translated into Latin by Geolfrey of Monmouth. Jack Brag. A novel l)y Theodore Hook, pub- lished ill 1837. Jack Brag is a vulgiir braggart who contrives to get into gooii society. Jack Horner. An old nursery rime, the hero of which "sat in a corner eating his Christmas pie." It is one of the oldest of this class of rimes, .\ copy of his "pleasant hist^iry " is to be found in the Bodleian Library, which is in substance much the same as "The Fryer and the Boy. ■published in London 1617. Hal- liwell says ■• tioth are from the more ancient 'Jack and his step-dame,' printed by .Mr. Wright.* Jack-in-the-Green. A puppet character in the Knglisli May-day games. Jackson (jak'son). [The surname Jackson stands for Jack's son."] A city and the capital of Jackson County, Micliigan, situated on tlie (irand Kiver 75 miles west of Detroit. It has flourishing manufactures and trade. Popula- tion (1900), 25,180. Jackson. Tlic capital of Mississippi and of Hinds Ciiuntv, situated on the Pearl 1-iivcr in lat. 32° 18' N", long. 90° 8' W. It exports cotton. Here, .May 14, lSf'.:l. the Federals under (Jrant defeated the Confederates under J. F.. Jobii-'^ton. Federal loss, 300; I'.iMtcderate, 846. Population (IWloi, 7,«1G. Jackson. A city and the cajiital of Madison County, Tennessee, situatcdon the Forked Deer River 77 miles northeast of Memphis. It ex- ports cotton. Population (1900). 14,511. Jackson, Andrew. Bom at tlie Waxhaw set- llciiieiit, N. I'., .\lai'.-li 15, 1767: dii'd at tlic Hermitage, luar .N'aslivillc, Teiin., .lune 8, 18-15. Tlic seventh I'rcsidcnl of tlic I'nitcd Slates ( 1829-37 ). lie was member of Congress from Tcmicssee 1796-97 ; t nited .states senator 1797-»S ; justice of the Su- preme Court of Tennessee 179S-18II4 ; defeated the Creeks at Talladega in 18l:t, and at Einuckfau anil Horseshoe Benii in 1S14; captured Pensacola from the English In 1HI4 ; defeated the Knglisli under Sir Kilward Pakeiiham al Sew llrleans Jan. 8, isl.'. ; commanded against the Seminoles 1817-1,h; was governor of Florida Territory In ISJl ; was I'liited Slates senator from Tennessee I8'i3-2.'i ; was an unsucce8.sful candidate for President 1824 ; was elected as the liemocratic canilidate tor President In 1828; and was reelected In ls;i-.'. He inaugurated the "spoils system " In Federal politics by dismissing about (IIKI olllce. holders during the llrst year of his administration, as against 74 removals by all the preceding Presidents. In July, 1832, he vetoed a bill recharlering the Bank of the I nited States. He published, llec. 11, 1832, a proclamation In answer to the niillillcation ordinance passed liy ,Soulli Carolina Nov. 24, 1832, declaring void certain obnoxioiu 6S7 duties on imports. In this proclamatiOD he announced his intention of enforcing the Federal laws, and ordered United states trroduced In 1847), "Isaiah '(an oratorio, 18.54), songs, and a giHitl deal of sacred music Ills last work. "The Praise of Music," was comiK»sed for the Bradford festival (ISUii). He did not live to conduct It. Jackson'Ville (jak'son-vil). A citv ami the ciipitiil of lliiviil Coiintv, Floriihi. situated on the SI. John's Hiver in hit. 3(P 20' X.. long. 81° .39' W. It Is a railway. slcamlM>ar, and commercial cen- ter, with trade in gmln and fruit ; Is now the largest city Inthe.siate: and l.< noted a»a winter health-resort, Pop- lllalion inNMII. 'J8,4'J'.I. Jacksonville. A city and the capital of Morgan County. lUinoiH. situated near Mauvaiseterrc Creek 30 miles west by south of Siiringliehl. it Is the seat of Illinois College, ami has various other educa- tional as well as charitable Institutions. PopuliUon (1900), 15,ll7M. Jack Sprat. An English nursery rime. Few cliildn-n's rhymes are more common than those re- lating to Jack Sprat and his wife, "Jack Sprat could eat no Jack Sprat fat," etc. ; but it i3 little tliought they have been current for two centuries. .Sul-Ii, tiowever, is the fact, and when Howell published his Collection of Proverbs in 1059, p. 2o, the story relatecf to no less exalted a personage than an arcbdeacoH : "Archdeacon Pratt would eat no fat, His wife would eat no lean : 'Twixt Archdeacon Pratt and Joan his wife. The meat was eat up clean." Halliwell, Nursery Rh>'me3. Jack Tier. A novel by Cooper, publislied iu 18-18. It is a recasting of "The Ked Rover." Jack Upland. An attack on friars, in prose, added by Speght to Chaucer's works in his 1602 edition, but evidently not Chaucer's. JacmeKzhak-mel'). A seaport on the southern coast of Haiti, lat. 18° 14' N., long. 72° 34' W. Population, estimated, ,30,000. Jacob (ja'kob). [F. Jacohe, Sp. Pg. Jacobo, It. Jdciipo, Giiu'oho, G. Dau. S\v. Jflfrofi (in vernacu- lar F. Jacques, Jaqiies, -whence E. Jack), from LL. Jacobus, Grv.'IaKuji, Heb. Yaqobh, of uncer- tain origin, but explained as ' supplanter.' See James.'] The son of Isaac and Rebekah and twin brother of Esau : father of the twelve patriarchs, and ancestor of the Israelites. The date of his immigration into Egypt is given by Brugsch as about 1730 B. c. A kind of synonjTn of Israel was Jakobel, "He whom El rewards," or "He who follows El, whomarclies step by step In the ways that He baa traced. " This name was abridged to Jacob, as that of Irhamel was to Irhani, or Calbei to Caleb. Beni-Jacob or Beni-Israel was the name of the tribe ; and in course of time Jacob was taken to be a living person, grandson of Abraham. Renan, Hist, of the People of Israel, I, 90. Jacobabad (ja'kob-a-bad'). ['Jacob's city.' named from Gen. Jolin Jacob, 1847.] A to-wn and military station in Sind, British India, about lat. 28° 14'"N., long. 68° 28' E. Jacob Faithful. A novel by Marryat, published in 1834 • so called from the name of its hero. Jacob! (ja-ko'bi ; G. pron. ya-ko'be), Abraham. Born at Hartum, Westphalia, May 6, 1830. A German-American physician. He graduated M. D. at Bonn in 1851, removed to the United States in 1.S53, and became professor of diseases of children in the New York Medical College in 1861, in the medical department of the University of the City of New York in 18ti7, and in the Col- lege of Physicians and Surgeons in 1870. He is the author of " Dentition and its Derangements " (186.3), "Infant Diet" (1874), "A Treatise on Diphtheria " (1880), and "The In- testinal I)iseases of Infancy and Childhood " (1S87). Jacob! (ya-ko'be), Friedrich Heinrich. Bom at Diisseldorf, Prussia, Jan. 25, 1743: died at Munich, March 10, 1819. A noted German phi- losopher. He was the son of a merchant. After study- ing in Geneva he applied himself (176-2) to his father's busi ness. In 1779 he was called to Munich, where he became privy councilor, remaining there until 1794. From that date until 1804 he resided in various places in northern Germany, returning in tlte latter year to Munich, where he became (ISO") president of the Academy of Sciences. His chief works are "Woldeniar" (1779X "Eduard Allwills Briefsammlung" (1781), "Ober die Lehre des Spinoza" (1785), "David Hume uber den Glauben" (1787), "Send- schreiben an Fichte" (1799), Jacobi, Johann Georg. Born at DUsseldorf, Prussia, Sept. 2, 17-40 : died at Freiburg, Baden, Jan. 4, 1814. A Gorman poet, elder brother of F. H. Jacobi, professor of philosophy and rhet- oric at Halle, and later of literature at Freiburg. Jacobi, Karl Gustav Jakob. Born at Potsdam, Prussia, Dee. 10, 1804: died at Berlin, Feb. 18, 1851. Aeelebrated German mathematician, bro- ther of M. H. Jacobi, especially noted for his dis- coveries in elliptic functions. .He was professor at KoniBsberglS27-!2, and later taught at Berlin. His "i-'un- damenta nova tlieoriai f unctionum ellipticarum " was pub- lished in 18-29. Jacobi. Moritz Hermann. Bom at Potsdam, Prussia, Sept. 21, 1801: died at St. Petersburg, March 10, 1874. A German physicist. He went to St Petersburg in 1837, where he later became a mem- ber of the Academy of Sciences and a councilor of state. He invented the process of electrotyping 1839 (described in his " Galvanoplastik," 1840), and the application of elec- tromagnetism as a motive power, Jacobini (yiUko-be'ne), Ludovico. Bom at Gen- zano, near Rome, Jan. 6, 1832: died at Rome, Feb. 27, 1887. An Italian cardinal, papal secre- tary of state 1880-87. Jacobins (jak'o-binz). 1. In France, the black or Dominican friars: so called from the Chttreh of St, Jacques (Jacobus), iu which they were first estabhshed in Paris. — 2. The members of a club or society of French revolutionists organ- ized in 1789 under the name of Society of Friends of the Constitution, and called Jacobins from the Jacobin convent in Paris in which they met. The club originally included many of the moderate leaders of the Revolution, but the more violent members speedily gained the control. It had branches in all parts of France, and was all-powerful in determining the course of govern- ment, especially after Robespierre became its leader, sup- 538 porting him in the measures which led to the Reign of Ter- ror. .Many of its members were executed with Robespierre in July, 1794, and tlie club was suppressed in November. Jacobites (jak'o-bits). 1. In Englisli history, partizans or adherents of James II. after he ab- dicated the tlirone, or of his descendants. The Jacobites engaged in fruitless rebellions in 1715 and 1745, in behalf of James Francis Edward and of Charles Edward, son and grandson of James II., called the Old and Y'oung Pretender respectively. 2. A sect of Christians in Syria, Mesopotamia, etc., originally an offshoot of the Monophysites. The sect lias its* name from Jacobus Barada^us, a* Syrian, consecrated bishop of Edessa about 54L The head of the church is called the Patriarch of Antioch. Jacobs (ya'kops). Christian Friedrich Wil- helm. Born at Gotha, Gennany, Oct. 6, 1764: died at Gotha, March 30, 1847. A German clas- sical scholar and author, librarian and director of the various art collections at Gotha. He pub- lished translations and editions of the classics, juveniles, and " Elementarbuch der griechischen Sprache " (1805). Jacobs, Paul Emil. Bom at Gotha, Aug. 18, 1802: died there, Jan. C, 1866. A German his- torical painter, son of C. F. W. Jacobs. Jacob's Well. A well, near Sheehem, where Jesus conversed with a woman of Samaria, it seems to be identical with the Bir Vakub, still existing near Nablus. Jacoby (ya-ko'bi), Johann. Bom at Kouigs- berg, Prussia, May 1, 1805: died at Kouigsberg, March 6, 1877. A Prussian radical politician, of Hebrew descent. Jacopo de Voragine (yil'ko-pd de v6-ra'ji-ne). Bom at Viraggio, near Genoa, 1230 : died 1298. An Italian ecclesiastic, the compiler of the '• Le- genda aurea" (ed. by Grasse 1846). Jacotot (zhii-ko-to' ), Jean Joseph. Born at Di- jon, France, March 4, 1770: died at Paris, -July, 1840. A French educator, professor of the French language and literature at Louvain 1818-40. He devised a method of instruction which is described in his ' " L'Enseignement uni- versel" (1823). His method of teaching is based on three principles : 1. All men have an equal intelligence ; 2. Every m^lue pilgrimages, and devote four months of the year es- Dccially to fasting, reading their Scriptures,and meditation. the Jaina*, like the Buddhists, reject the \ eda as corrupt, to which they oppose their own Angas as the true \ eda They have no sacerdotal caste. They observe the ru es of ca«te among themselves, but without attaching to them religious significance. They have promoted iterature and science, especially astronomy, grammar, and romantic lit- mture Like the Buddhists they are divided into a cler. fcal body and a lay (Yatis, ■ ascetics,' and Shravakas, •hearers'), but the monastic system is less developed. They have two principal sects; theShvetambaras, 'having white garments,' aud the Digami,„ra8, 'those having the air as their gannent,' who go nakjd - designations applied to both clergy and laity. The first have the highest rank, but the second are more ancient. Both sects go back per- haps to the 5th centui7 A.D. They are rather rivals than enemies. Anotherdivisionisthat into .Northern andhmitli- ern Jainas, whicli, originally geographical, has extended to the canon and tlie entire body of traditions and usages. The Digambara Yatis now practise nudity only at their meals w'hen these are taken in common. No Hindu sect is more rigorous in respect for and abstinence from evei-y- thhig that has life, though 'he Southern Jamas frequently practised religions suicide in the middle =«ef- The gen- eral doctrine of the Jainas is nearly like that of the Bud- dhists They are atheists. The world is eternal The) deny the possibility of a perfect being existing from all eteniity. The Jina became perfect. As the Buddhists have their Adibuddha, the Jainas have al'" "turned to a sort of deism in their Jinapati, a supreme Jina. Beings Tre animate and inanimate. Animate beings are composed of 3..U1 and body, and their souls areeternal-a point of dc- T ation from Buddhism. Not existence but life is evl to the .Jainas, and Nirvana is to them not annihilation, but Inuknce into endless blessedness. The Jina reveals He means, the Triratna, the 'three jewels 'perfect fa tlin Se Jina. pe.-fect knowledge of his doctrine, perfect con- duct 'rhe parallelism of Buddhist and Jaina doctrine and usage extends also to thetraditions in s.i many points in, i some have believed Var.lhamaiia or Ma uivna, H"' ►■','• t hero,' tlie Jina of the present age, to be i.lcnti.a wdli i..in- tami; but Buhler thinks he has discovered data which prove that Mahavira was a real personage 'I'f '"'jt ;™ fiautama, whose real name was Nirgran tia J™ 'PU ra, C e. the ascetic of the Jnatis, a Rajput tribe Still Jain. Ism must, in view of the aftlliation of its doc rines be i - aarded as a sect that took its rise in Buddhi^ni. I It icriptures of the Shvetanibara .lainas are comprised in 4^. worts, in (i groups, colh-div, ly rall.d Agamas and w, t en In a lYakril dialect calle.l Aidlcnnag.adhi ; those of the DIgamlmras arc In Sanskrit, and still little known. Jaintia Hills. See A7/rt.9: died at l.auchstadt, near llerscburg, Prussia, July 22, 1827. A German philosopher and po- litical economist, professor of philosophy at Halle 1791-1807. and of political economy at Kharkoflf in 1807, and at Halle 1816-2(. He wrote "Grundriss der allgemeiuen Liogik^ (1788), "Lehrbuch der Nationalokouomie (180.5), etc. Jakutsk. See TakutsV. Jalalabad. Hee Jclakibad. .. . Jalal uddin Rumi (,1a-lal' 6d-den ro-me ). Born at Balkh. 12U7. A Persian poet, nisfather was the founder of a ccdlege at Iconium. to the direction of which his son succeeded after studies at Aleppo and Damascus. The great work of Jalal uddin is the Mesnevi, a series of stories with moral maxims. Jalandhar (.iul'aiwlhar), or JuUunder (jul'- lun-der). 1. A division in the Paujab. Bntisli India. Area. 12,571 square miles. Population (1881), 2,421,881.-2. A district in the Jalan- dhar division, intersected by lat. 31° 20' N., loii". 76° E. Area, 1,433 square miles. Pop- ulation (1891), 907,583.-3. The capital of the division and district of Jalandhar, 75 miles east by south of Lahore. Population (1891), 60.202.' .^ , Jalapa, or Xalapa (Ha-la'pa), Aztec Xalapan. [See the extract below.] The capital ot the state of Vera Cruz, Mexico, situated about 60 miles northwest of Vera Cruz. Population (1895), 18,173. James I. Jambavat (jiim'ba-vat). In Hindu legend, the J.alapa (meaning 'place of water and sand") was an In- dian town at the time of the Conquest ; and because of its position on what, for a long while, was the main road be- tween Vera Cruz and the City of llexicoit early became a place of importance. After the organization of the Kepub- lie it was for a time capital of the State ot V era Cruz. Be- tween the years 17-20 and 1777 a great annual fair was held here for the sale of the goods brought yearly by the fleet from Cadiz: whence is derived the name Jalapa de la Feria, frequently applied to the city in documents of the last century. Janmer, Mex. Guide, p. 435. Jalaun(.iii-loun'). l. A district m tlie Jliansi di- vision. Northwest Provinces, British India, in- tersected by lat. 26° N., long. 79° E. Area, 1,4S0 square miles. Population (1891). 396,.!61.— 2. A town in the district of Jalaun, in lat. 26° 9 N., long 79° 22' E. Population, about 10,000. JaUsCO. or Xalisco (Hii-les'ko). A maritime state of Me.vico, bounded by Durango, Zacate- cas, and Aguas Calientes on the north,Guana- iuato on the east, Michoacan and Colima on the south, and the Pacific Ocean on the west. Capi- tal, Guadalajara. Area, 27,261 square miles. Population (1895), 1,107,863. .Talna (iiil'nii). A small town in Hyderabad, India, situated in lat. 19°51' N., long. 75° .53' E. Jalpaiguri (jiil-pi-go're), or Julpigori (.i"l-pe- "O^re). A district in Bengal, British India, in- tersected by lat. '26° 30' N long. 88° 40' K Area, 2,962 square miles. Population (1891). 681,3.52. , . , . .^ Jamadagni ( ja-mad-ag'm). A nshi often men- tioned wit h Vishvamitra as an enemy of Vasish- tha, and sometimes as a ilcscen.lant of P.hrigii. In epic poetry he is the son of lUiargava Kichlka and tie father of five sons, ot whom tlio most renowncl was 1 a- raslinrama. The \ialiabharata and Vishnu Puraiia contain various legends regarding linn. Jamaica (,ia-ma'k;i). All island of tlio t'>'e»t.';i' .Antilles, \\'est Indies, belonging to (.rent Brit- ain, situated in the Caribbean Sea90 miles scmth of the eastern jiart of Cuba. Capit^al. Kiiigslon. The surface is generally mountainous, the Line .Moun- tains i. "he east rising to 7,:«10 feet. The Island has abun. dant vegetable and some mineral resources. The cliUI exports are suUar, rum, coffee, fruits, dye-woods etc. Ja naica Is a crown coh.ny, with a If,"""''-""^''',!',''^''^^',',' ,',';,''; and legislative assembly. It was discovered by ( ob » " » May 4;MiM; was settled by the Spaniards in l-'-"' • ' ' waacon.iucredbythoF.ngllsh In WK. >""')' ri""K» "'','." Maroons (..r runaway slaves). .ccurre.1 In the 18th eentui) The slaves were emancipated by purchase In 1S.14. A negro Insumotiiui in ISCI was suppressed by (Joyrnor Es?e -ITie Caicns and lurks Islamis, Cayman Islands, and a few smaller Islands are 'I'-'I"^^"''''";;'";' "Vn?,',"!; "^'"7 Length, 144 miles. (Irealest w .Itl.. .'.0 mlles^ A. « 1, 4-0, «,uare miles. Population ('•»"»"'*-"','„?'"':;' '..S ad b'i inclndlMg about «lO,iH)o blacks, 120,000 colored, and only "onoo whites, the remainder being coolies. Jamaicada-ma'kil). A village inQueensCounty. L.mg Island, New Vork: iticorporated in he eilv of New York. Pop- (1H97), about 0,.500 Jamaica Bay. -\n inb'i "f the Atlantic, south of Long Island. New ^ ork. Jaman (zhii-mon'). Col de. A pass in the cbu- t..n of Vaud, Switzerland, leading from Mon- treux over the Dent de Jaman to the valley of the Siuino, I'ribourg. Height, 4,974 feet. Jaman, Dent de. See Dent de Jaman. Jamasee. See Vamasi. vliief of the bears who with the monkeys were allies of Kama in his invasion of Lanka. Jambres. See Jiumes. Jambud-dpa (jam-bo-dwe'pa). A name of In- liia 111 Sanskrit poeti7, and restricted to India in Buddhist writings, but strictly a poetical name for the whole earth, of which India was thought . to be the most important part. In the Mahabha- rata the world is divided into seven chrcular dvipas or continents, of which Jambudvipa is the first, surrounded respectively by seven oceans in concentric belts, the moun- tain Mem, or abode of the gods, being in the center ol Jambudvipa, which again is divided into nine \ arshaa, or ountrics separated liv eight ranges of mountains, the Varsha called Bharata (India) lying south of the Himavat (Himalaya) range. Jambudvipa is so named from the jainbu (rose-apple) trees which abound in it, or from an enormous jainbu tree on Mount Meru. Jamburg (viim'boro). A town m the govern- i.uMit of St;. Petersburg, Russia, situateil on the Liiga OH miles southwest of St. Petersburg. Population, 4,238. James (iiimz). [The E. name James, dial, also ./(■«/Hcs (whence coUoq. .Jem and Jm), is from ■ ME. Jamrg, also Jam, from OF. James, another form of Jaqiies, .Jacques, from LL. Jacobus, Ja- cob. See Jacob.] There are several persons of this name who hold an important place in New Testament historv. (l) The son of Zebedee and brother of the apostle" John. Originally a fisherman, he was called to be a disciple of Jesus and an apostle. tie was killed by Herod Agrippa (a. d. 44). and is the only apostle whose death is recorded in the Scriptures. Accord- ing to one legend, he traveled and preached 111 Spain ; ac- cording to another, liis body was miraculously conveyed toCompostella,inSpain,andworshipedthere. (-2) -James the Lord's brother. " author of the "Epistle of James. He is described as holding office in the church at Jenisa- lem, and appears to have been president of the councU that met there in A. I.. SO or 61. He is also called James the less" (or "the little") (Mark xv. 40X and ill early church history "James the Just." (3) An apostle, dis- tinguished as "James the son of Alphteus, identified by many with "James the Lord's brother." James, The General Epistle of. A New Tes- tament epistle, written by "James the L.ora s brother." It was written from Jerusalem, and is ad- dressed to the twelve tribes of the Dispersion. Its main object Is to inculcate the importance of practical morality. James I. Born at Dunfermline, 1391 : died Feb. 20, 1437. King 'of Scotland 1406-37, son of Robert III. and Annabella Drummond. He was cantured by the English while on his way to France, and was detjiincd in captivity until 142.S. He repressed the great feudatories with the assistance of the clergy and the burghs aud maintained peaceful relations both with Eng- land aiid with France. He was murdered at Perth by the Earl of Atholl and K..bert Graham o 1 ico James II. Bom Oct. 16, 1430 : died Aug. 3. 1460. King of Scotland 1437-60, son of James I. aud Jane daughter of the Earl of Somerset. He con- tinucdhis father's policy of repressing the great feudatories with the assistance of the clergy and the burghs : and on Feb •>■' 14.i-i stabbed with his own hand the Fjirl of Doug. las w'lio had entered into a treasonable alliance with the Ea'rlB of Crawford and of Koss, and whom he had enticed to Stirling by a safi^conduct. He was accidentally killed by -1 wedge from a bombard at the siege of Roxburgh. James III. Born Julv 10. 1451: died June 11, 1488. King of Scotland 1460-88, son of James II and Marv of Guelders. He favored men of in- ferior rank to the neglect of the great feudal houses, which provoked a rising of the latter under his son James. He was dcteaU-il by the rebels at .Sauchieburn, June 11, 1488, an.l was killed in the flight. „,,„., ,. , ,^, ,„ James IV. Born March 17, 14/J: died Sept. 9, 1513. Kiiigof Scotland 14,8)^-1513. son of James 111. and Margaret, daughter of Christian I. of Denmark. Heheaded the rebellious nobles whodefeated and killed his father at the battle of .Sauchieburn, June II 11S8 He inalMtalned peaceful relations with Heiirr ' if F.ngland, whose daughter Mai-garet he married in . . 1 .. .1... ....I.-.. ....Oil.).. ../ lli.tirv Vil Ot i-.ngiaiui, wiKise uiiiiKoivi ..i...„,..^. "-, ""V-,-,- l',oi ■ but was forceil by the aggressive attitude of Henry VllT to seek an offensive alliance with 1-Yance. He wm defeated and klUeil by the Eari of Surrey at Umlden Helil, Sept ■.", 1.M:i. during an invashin ot England in Henry • absence In l-"ninee. . James V Bom at Lmlilhgow. April 10, l.il J: ,lied Dec. 14, 1.542. King of Scotland 1513-4-2, son of James IV. and Jiargaret, daughter of llenrv VII. of England. During his minority the re gencv wasc.mdnetci first by his mother, and afterward by the I'mke ..f Albany, lie assumc.l personal exercise of the roval prerogatives In l.vis. He was a vig..r,.n« admin »- trat.u- protecte.l the poor against oppres.-ion tnun the noblei ;.nd mingled freely with the '''"''V';;'" "',',',";: .'.V^' under the Incognito ol "the Undcman of llalllnbreich \ wl lence he Is often called "the king of the minnion^ h' b "ai e i iv.dved In war with England In l.M'J, and siif- I, red 111! loss of an army under Sinclair at Solway .Moss, Nov. 24, \r,V>. , r, ., ^ in James I. Born in E.linburgh Castle, .June 19, 1 "ffdied at Theobalds. March 27 lfi2^-„ King of England, Scotland, and Ireland ll)0.t-2.>, son of Lord Darnlev iind Mary Queen of Scots. He iKcame, on the ab.llcatlon of his mother, king of Scdiand ns James VI. July -Jl. l.'.«7-. and by virtue of hi. descent, hotl through his father and his mother, from Margaret Tudor daughter ..f llenr) VII., succeeded to the English ttroni on the death of Ellxabeth -ithont l«iue, March James I. 540 f-.^'^h ^^'"B cTov^eA king of j:,r,g\!,nA (and Ireland) frinia. In 1856 he became consul-general to Venice where ^ilfi^P^^::^;^ |;^dle..^_s.pa...a,,.TLcUera,ln..Ba.iaJr; Z:^t^J!i^^I£^:^!:^^S:ll^^TL^ J^?S^«,- ^enry Bo™ at Albany N. T., June vinB ri.Th* nf L-!n„ci,i., „...!„<• ._.■ , i. ."'."' 6,1611: uieu R t Cam Dntlge, Mass. , Dec. 18 1882. An American theological and philosophical writer. Among his works are " Moralism and Cliristian ity (1852), '•'"'—■-"-" - - ■ -- - Janauschek tish portrait-painter, a pupil of Rubens with Vandyck: called the Scotch Vandyck. He re. turned to Aberdeen 162U, and established himself in Edin- ^m^l.^^7l ^f^- ^^''<=» "^'""'^^ I- "=^it>-'J ScotiandTn IfcJ.T he sat to Jamesone, and paid him with a diamond from hi.s own hand. Several of his portraits in Scotland pass for \ andycks. In Aberdeen are several of his por Hn/iif"'' l-^P"^'"--,^ »f the .Sibyls. His own portrait of CuTefiJ^n'se.'BlS^e."' "''^^'""^' ^' ''"""'- '^ «' vine right of kingship and of episcopacy : in his foreign relations lie strove to maintain peace at all hazards even totheprejudiceofhisnatural allies, the Protestant powers on the Continent. He presided, in 1604, over the Hampton Court Conference between the bishops and the Puritans at which the latter sought but faUed to obtain a relaxa- tion of the laws directed against nonconformists In the same year he concluded peace with Spain, with which he had inherited a war from his predecessor in Em-land • and appointed a commission to revise the English traiisl'ation oi the Bible, which commission completed the so-called King James version in 1611. He sanctioned in 1RI6 penal laws OI increased severity .against the Roman Catholics in consequenceofthediscoveryoftheGunpowderPlot(which i^oveusis u».»). "Uaisv Jliller" nR-*i •.Ti».v,h„™„" .<. >V . W in»\'he fL^Jf "'"'? ^r'' "'It S""'"'"^" ^ P"'^"' "^S"'"^- <'5"eUsh Men of Lttm s^e "ilrm'^'CmtidmcI" (iSm f Norfolk. It was the site of the Spanish settlements !.°f- ^ f LonJon and Plymouth companies, the former of "PortraitofaLady-dSSl) " DVsvMhler"?icomedv\«?} ^" ^>euel, founded by Ayll„ii 1626 but soon ibanrifmld Tb nl'7p''''";!','''=''-'"'™'™'°f-'=''"'^'^'''"-"">l'»"-'^>'ile "A little Tour in fencV' S) "S^^ The colonists sent by the Lo don Company AnX^^^^^^^^ a Ijand of English separatists fr. .111 Holland founded, with- trafflo, etc." (1885X "Tl e Bostonikns" n^m ° Prin?. 13, 10»7 ; the settlement grew slowlv and suffered terriw/ of" h'eluer fn 6'.r"irn" "' ^'"r"."^ '" '" V-Tl""? ^asamassima ^ a^o), '■ Pa^ll°PorTrait^^ 88sf ""me r^R^^^'^ "i 'he starvinf time of &^10.""ft wlis b^'e'd oi tneiatter in 1620. Aiiothir important event which took Real Th iig, etc. ■ (ls»3) li'^A -ine ,„ Bacon's RebeUion, 1676. The onlv relies are the lii»-»; gaceml(^6wasthercst,,rationofepiscopacyinScotl.and. Ta„„_ t'v„ A„„!,i -n ^ -d, :,^ ,^ of the church and a few timbs " Hebeganinl611negotiatio,,sforthemairiageofliiseldest "^^^^S, JohnAngell. Born at Blandford, Dor- TamP^tnTmi Ar.U,-o T .• ^, eon Charles with a Spanish princess; and in the same year set, England. June 6, 1785 : died at Birmin.'ham "'"'"'SStOWn. A c-it\ and summer resort in Chau- entered into a defensive alliance with the Protestant Union Oct., 18.59. An English Congregational cTero-v' ,^'^^}% ^ punty. ^ ew \ ork, situated at the out- - " "'-' ' TlKo'r James, Thomas, Bom about 1593: died about Jamestown, ^he only town in the island of . , ChristianitytheLogicof Creation" (1857), etc. James, Henry. Bom at New York, April 15, ^uueu nouse, Bannshir 1S43. An American novelist and critic, son of James's Palace, St. See St Jame'^\ Pnlnr. Sfs^^ie^.ri^^-at'^^Ir^varll-'l^fb^™??^^^^^^^^^^ periodicals in 1866. Since 1869 he has l"ve™mostIy !n ^f^^^!^"^ (jamz'toun). [Named from James S"?l>'",-. i"°"ghisworksare"TransatlanticSketches" i'-l ^}'}^ "''St permanent English settlement in (lS/5), "A Passionate Pilgrim, etc." (1S~;>\ "The Anieri- thBlTintorl e+ot-^,. o;.,.„t..i.-„ t ^.. „ . can" (1S77X "The Europeans" (1878), "French Poets aiid (English Menof Letters series, 1879), ■•Confidence" (1880\ .,^°!;'.'?',' "'a I-ady ■■ (1881), " Daisy MUler "(a comedy. 1883) ♦ «="".'' 1°""' '° I'rance" (1884), "The Author of Bell trafflo, etc. (^1885), "The Bostonians" (1886), "Princess tasamassima ' (1880), "Partial Portraits " (I88S) "The Real Thing, etc. "(isas). v ='~a -luo ---1 ---- ""- i'^'"JO">riii, i:,uguHii seiuement m the Umted States, situated in JamesCitrCounty V w'°f'''i%'^ '^'^ "^^^^^ ^''"'''' 37 miles northwest erick v., head of the union, uc itriuseu 10 ass in-law in the struggle with the emperor Ferdii the crown of Rnh,!,!,:^ ic^^ i'..,-.^. ,«.■,.!. I- .1^ .. and ] -.- — .. ... .„^ -iiu^,ii,. .,,111 iiic ciiiptrn _ the crown of Bohemia (see Frederick V , elector palatine Ferdinand II.. emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, and Thirti) J ears War) : and after the defeat of Frederick by the Imperi.ilists on the White Hill, and the invasion of the i'alatmate by the Spanish troops in 1620, sought by futile negotiations to induce Philip III. of Spain to reinstate Fred enck in the electorate nnd t.mccict In fai.^.^..; T_ St. Helena^^ Population, about 3.000. 1635. An Engli.sh navigator. On ilav s ifi.fi he t'XH^V-'-"^""-^/, ts sailedfrom Bristol in the Henrietta Maria to discover the V"" Q'^me )■ Bom 1411: died 1492. A eele ..„„.,,,...„* ,_...,__ brated Persian poet. His name was Nuruddin Ab- -_.-- — ...„. ... ...,, iA..uiic^t*i iiiiiim to uiscoverrne northwest passage into the south sea" and circumnavi- gate the globe. He reached Greenland in June, and sailed on to Hudson Bay, where he wintered. He reached Eng land Oct. 22, 1632 - .'^, :— :" — , •■; * •"••i'^**- ^^lopaiij lureiiisiate jrea- land Oct. 22 1632 enck in the electorate and to assist in restoring pe.ice Inx tT^"ii. -r^. , answer to a rebuke from the king for meddlin" in affairs "^ ^mOS, William. Died at London, Jlav 28, 1827. 2[l'?^.]'?..'^"?'.°S in a petition against pope?y and the ^ British writer on naval history. iVom 1801 to „i „t V C J- - . '"° '"' meuuiing in anairs of state by sending in a petition against popery and the proposed .Spanish marriage. Parliament passed, Dec 18 llCl, the Great Protestation, declaring that alfahs which cojicerneii the king and the realm were proper subjects for dehate in Parliament. The king tore the T):,..'e mntaining the protestation from the journal of tlu- (■(iinnioiis In 1623hereluctantlypeiniiltedCharlesandtlieliukeofBuck. ingham to depart for Spain to conclude the negotiations for a marriage treaty which had lieen kept up with inter- ruptions, since 1611 ; but as Philip was unwilling to pro- cure the restoration of the Palatinate, Charles and the duke returned in the same year, and the negotiations were finally abandoned. James ~ 1813 he was an att Vhere he was assigned the chateau of St. Germain by Louis .\IV. as a place of refuge In 1689 he made a descent on Ireland, but was totally defeated by W illiam at the battle of the Boj-ne, July 1, 1690. James. A river in Virginia, formed near the border of Botetourt and Alleghany counties by tile 11 m^" ^f fim i..^i- j/-i . . '' and miles. ^^^^s TiAncis Edward Stuart, surnamed '■ Ihe Pretender." See Stuart. Janieson (ja'me-son), Mrs. (Anna Brownell ; ^-..^— ...* ^.^^^. iiio uiiui,; waa i>uruaain Ab- durrahman, but he IS known as Jami from his birthplace J.-un 111 Khorasan. He began his career as a general stu- dent, but later devoted liimself especially to the philoso- phy of the Sufis under the Sheik ul Islam Saaduddin whom he succeeded. He was the last great poet and mystic of PersK^ and is said to have been the author of 99 works in both prose and verse. "The Seven Thrones " is thought by a native critic to combine the most exquisite compositions- in the lersian language, with the exception of the "Five Poems of Nizami. The 7 poems thus termed are "The V i" , S"'*^' "Salaman and Absal,"" The Present of the Just, The Rosary," "The Ixives of Laila and Mainun " \usuf and Zulaikha," and "The Book of Alexander " Other works are a "Spring Garden " (t. e. a book on ethics containing anecdotes and fables written in both prose and verse), the "Magazine of secrets." and a biography of the Sufls entitled "Exhalations of Intimacy or of Holiness." He was buried at Herat, the sultans of which were his pa- trons. ^ (ja'mi-son), John. Born at Glasgow, ■ "59 : died at Edinbui-gh, JiUy 12, 1838. clergyman, antiquary, and philolo- gist. He entered Glasgow University at theageof 9, and was licensed to preach in 1781. He was settled in Edin- burgh in 1797. His chief work is "An Etymological Dic- tionary of the .Scottish Language"(1808: supplement 1825). Murphy, an Irish mmiature-painter. Fromtheaue don Serif fi isoi a ti i ■ -1 , - , of 16 to 20 she was governess in the family of the Maro^il He w,« fhV" ' f 1' , ^- ^"^^^-^"^ '"^ '^^'^ animals, of Winchester. Abmit l.v21 she entered uron the saSeser w,„ ^% ^°," °^ " ''?? ^'' '" '^•"■iosities in Hamburg. He vice in the family of Mr. Littleton. afterwS Lord father: monoDoh- ^f'that I'LT^'^ "'"i™"'' '" ^**"' ^""^ ^'='"''"-^'' » ton. Her journal was publishedaiionymouslyas"AlaSy^ fca c?rdens ""'"""'<^' ^''PPlying menageries and zoolog- Diar>% andthenas"TheDi;irj'ofanEnnuye^'inl8-'6 In To^Svtj ••■■ ■■A,^ . . -, „ i^-'-='- •■-' ■• ' ■ ■ -^ 'ni.-o. in Jamrud (jam-rod'). A ruined fort 9 miles west IS25 she married a former lover, Robert Jameson "b.-i^ris' ''^PJf "tt (jam-rod ). A ruined fort 9 miles west jer: but they soon separated, Jameson going as judge to '^'- Peshawar, Panjab, British India, at the en- amaica. Her "Characteristics of Women " appeared in trance of the Khyber Pass. 183 In 1842 she began the series of art works which .Tfl.maliirt CPc,-« r.;.^„ ^„„, ^t,ra'\ t_ -ci;..:,_,_.: TJ.T-"^ » ,-'■"-. '^".. ^i.u J 01 ail ciiiiuyee ini^-j6, in } -" t. ™-''"'"«d '^ former lover, Robert Jameson, b.irris. ter; h"*" **""" '^ ■ ' Jama mla; ^^^t,^^'^^^^^?^£^Z^,:^ JamsMd (Pers. pi-on. jem-shed'). In Firdausi, Galleries of London." She traveled extensivel in Europe ^^^ ^°"'"''' "^S '^^ ^^^ Pishdadian or earliest dy- and America, and in 1847 revisited Italy to write her chef- """'"" "---■ ■ - d auvre^ "Sacred and Legendary Art." This appeared in four parts ; "Legends of the Saints "(1848)," Legends of the , ?,^il'' °i'''^''^ <1850),"Lcgends of the Madonna"(18.i2) and 1 he History of our Lord," The last was left unfln^ ished, and was completed by Lady Eastlake after Mrs. Ja- S"'^°".?,2^'' <•„ J^nio'ig her other works are "Lovesofthe ■... <.}829) "Celebrated Female Sovereigns "(1831), "Vis- its and Sketches"(1834)," Winter Studies and Summer Ram- bles in Canada (1838), "Social Life in Germany," a trans ation of the dramas of Princess Amelia of Saxony (1840) -Memories of the Early Italian Printers" (184,5), aiid "Mis cellaneous Essays," chiefly artistic (1846) neai navigable to Richmond (150 miles) James IV. A play by Robert Greene, it was written about 1591, but was not printed until 1698 The whole title is " The Scottish History of Janes IV slai^ at nodden." It contains a fairy iuterlude^n which O^on appears. Lodge assisted Greene in this play ""^'^"'^ James, Army of the. nasty. He reigned 70O years, the first 300 of which were happy and beneficent. He softened iron and taught ite use in the arts, taught weaving, distinguished castes sub- dued and employed the devs or demons, discovered pre- cious stones and minerals, invented medicine and first practised navigation. In his homage men first celebrated the New \ ear. Death was unknown, but Jamshid became proud and forgot God. He was forced to flee before Dahak (see.lzAiDnAai-a), and remained concealed 100 years when he appeared on the shore of the China Sea only to be seized and sawn asunder by Dahak. Jamshid is the Avestan Vimo kshaeto, 'Shining Yinia' (see IVma), Sanskrit Yama (see i 07110). Also called ycm. Alloa, Clack- Jamu (jum-o'), or Jummoo (jum-mo'). A town died at Bangala "' Kashmir, situated on the Tavi in lat. 32° 44' -„-, -,-„. 1/, 1008. A British matu- ,^-' 'oug. 74° 54' E. Population (1891), 34,542. ralist and explorer. He visited Borneo inl877. South J^^^^^, (jan'a-ka). In Hindu leg(?nd : 1. A king Africa in 1878, the Rocky Mountamsin 1882, and Spain and of Jlithila. of the solar rapo ■nn,„„ tc Alcrenn in istaj Cin To., .tn loc" u_ i .l _ . Algeria in 1884. On Jan. 2o, 1887, he became the natural 1st of the Emm Pasha Relief Expedition under Henry M Stanley, contributing £1,000 to the funds. He was left as ,._,,. second m command of the rear column under Major B.artte- A Federal army in the l5'> '";„?l''''i'J''''>' *■'""' '" ^*** witnessed the killing of a licb n,.o,.ot..,) ; J-io" . "_ ,eirl of 10 by the cannibals of Tippu Tib — i'".*^."^^" ""^"i^ "IT 111 i\.iiiiueriey, Lape colony and was appointed administrator of the British South M- fml .^^^'Tk'? '.his opacity he organize,! an attack }\P°!i the Matabele 111 1893. In 1895, at the instigation of Amencan Civil War, which operated in lSfi4 iri t^ °' ^^ ^^i^'' cannibals of Tip, conjunction .vith the Army of the Potomar K ''^™®Son, Leander Starr. A Scottish physi was commanded by General B. F. Butler. " and'Ls^/„S!'H"!,;r,l',':V.\!ii\.^™5^ C".'""? James, Duke of Berwick. See Fityame.<:,James. James, George Payne Rainsford. Bom at Lon- don, Aug. 9, 1801: died at Venice, Mav9. 1860 An English novelist and historical wi-iter while stiU young he traveled on the Continent, read historv- and poetrj- and became acquainted with Cuvier, Darwin and other distinguished men. Under the influence of Scoffs works he began to write romances which had great suc- ??4^' u i?™^ encouraged by Scott and Washington Irving Richelieu, his first novel, was published in 1829 He was a most prohfic and mediocre writer. He was appointed of Jlithila, of the solar race. When Nimi died with- out a successor, the sages rubbed his body and produced from it a prince "called Janaka, from being born without a progenitor." He was the first Janaka, 20 generations earlier than Janaka the father of Sita. 2. King of Videha, and father of Sita. Hewasre- markable for his knowledge and sanctity. The sage Yajna- valkya was his priest. He refused to submit to the pre- tensions of the Drahmans, and asserted his right of per- forming sacrifices. He succeeded in his contention, for it is said that by his righteouslife he became a Brahman and Rajarshi, t-Z^si ii." J 'r^" 1\1 '"""'.■ '" *"'"'■ "'' ""^ msugation of ■">j'"='".. fn,vp.nT„n»n*^ i''^'''y'^.P''"^f'''''''''' *" '«'"' "n "niied Janamejaya (jan-a-ma'.ja-ya). In Hindu le- Bec,:ra"'a?,"dri^l'trabo?.'' l^'^^i^^J^!^ gend. a king, son of Parikshit and great-grand- the Bechuanaland and Matabele mounted police) before ?" "* Arjuna. He listened to the Mahabharata, as re- tbe preparations were complete, and was oliliL-ed' to siir "^™ "'>' '^'aishampayana, and so eicpiated the sin of killing r',"J^'"i]'^.*«»"h African Republic at DcKirnKup, Jan' -"'^"■"'""''r- 9 TWO*; ^j^ -.--—-"■—"" ..^I'".'in.. ai. iyi.njlll IVup Jan. 2, 1896. President KrOger sent him to Great Britain for trial. In July, 1896, he was condemned to ser\e a fifteen months term of imprisonment for having infringed the foreign enlistment act, but was released Dec. 3, 1896 on account of ill health. ' ; . 7 . f.".....- .i.iuiiicun.iie writer, ne was appointed "-"^'S" eiiiistmeur a historiographer royal by William IV., and in that capacity account of ill health a Brahman. Janauschek (yii'nou-shek), Fanny (originally Franziska Magdalena Romance). Born at Prague, Bohemia, July 20, 1830. A Bohemian tragic actress. She made herfirst appearance at Prague, and in 1847 was engaged at the theater at Cologne. The next year she went to Frankfort, where she remained for 12 years. She came to the United States in 1863, and played Janauscbek 541 aucces^fully In the principal cHies. She l?^™f4Enfl'«'> at this time in order to play Shakspere , I" '»'% ^^e ap^ peare J in Londun. She has again visited the United states and nlaved successful engagements. Jandai (jeu-dtl'). lu the bhahnamah, a trav- eler, a noble of Furiduu's court, whom he seut to Sarv, the Kiug of Yemen, to seek his three dauRhters in maiTiage for his tlu-ee sons, balm, Tur, and Iraj. , t /-i. i ..+„ Jane Evre ( jan ar). A noted novel by Charlotte Brouti^ published in 1847 under the pseudonj-m Currer Bell . Its title is the name of its principal char- «oter a woman who is made interesting in spite of a lacK ofbea'trwrti!. money, and all the conyentio.al attributes of a heroine. The book is partly autobiographical, ad caused much cimmeiit, bringing its writer prominently before the public. , t j r n .„„ Jane Grey, Lady. See Grey ^nd Lady Ja>ie Giey. Jane Seymour. See Sci/mour. Janes (janz),EdmundStorer. Bom at Sheffield, Mass., April 27, 1807: died at New ^ork Sept 18, 1876. An American bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Jane Shore ( jSn shor) . l . A tragedy by Chettle and Day, entered in Henslowe s "Diary Maj, 1603. Ward says it was produced in 1602. It was thought to be a revision of an older play. „ „, , „-,•„ 2. A tragedy by Kowe (1714). See Shore's 11 i.tc, and Shore, Jane. The ballad of "Jane Shore •wQl be found in Percy's "Reliciues." Itis well known that the-hme shore of real history survived Edward IV. for thirty years. The char- acter which had been rendered very popular by Lhurch- ?^rd's Legend of " Shore's Wife ■' in the " Mirror for Magl^ tmtes" (see "The Retume from Parnassus "i, 2), appears in a few scenes of "The True Tragcdie of Richard III. JjjjJjJ Ward, Hist. Dram. Lit. Janesville (janz'vil). A city and the capital of Rock County, Wisconsin, situated on the KocK Kiver Hi miles west-southwest of Milwaukee. Population (WOO), 13,185. Janet (zha-na'), Paul. Born at Pans, April 30, 1823 : died there, Oct. 4, 1899. A French philos- ODber. He was professor of philosophy at the College of Bourges 1846-48, and at Strasburg 1848-57. He became professor of logic at the Lyc^-e Louis le Grand in 1867 and was professor of the history of pliilosophy at the Soi bonne 1864-»7, He was one of the principal advocates of llbei ty of 9,-ientiflc research. He was the author of "La famlUe mm "Histoire de la philosophic morale et politique, etc •• (1858), "Etudes sur ladialectique dans Platon et He- gel'" (1880), "La philosophie du bonheur" (1862), 'Le ma- Mrialisme contemporain en AUemagne, etc. (1864), ■ Les probR-mes du XIX- siecle'' (1872), "Philosophie dc la ?6volution francaise"(1876), "Les causes finales (18,0), "Sainl>simon, elc."(1878), " La philosophie fran^aise coii; temporaine -(1879), "Les maltres de la pensce moderne nssa) ■• Les origines du socialisme contemporain (18SJ), '■Victor «;ousin, etc." (1885), "Histoire de la philosophie^ etc " (with G. S(5ailles, 1887), "Centenaire de 1,89, etc. 0889). "La philosophie de Lamennais " (1890), "Lectures vaii&a, etc." (1890), etc. He als.. published several teit- bonks, translated Spinoza's "God, Man, and Happiness ami Leibnitz's " New Essays on Human Understanding, and cntriliuted articles ,.,11 the liberty of thought to all the iirliicipal periodicals. _ . , Janiculum ( ja-nik'u-lum), or Mons Janiculus (moiiz ia-nik'u-lus). A long ridge or lull in Borne, on the right bank of the Tiber, extend- ing south from the Vatican, and opposite the Capitoline and the Aventine. It is the highest of the hills of Rome, attaining opposite the Porta San lan- crazio, at about the middle of its extent, a height of 278 feet above the sea. _ . ,. t„- * Janik(ja-nek'),orYanik(ya-nek ). A district in the vilayet of Tieliizond, Asiatic lurkcy. Janin (zhii-nan'), Jules Gabriel. Born at St.- ftienne, France, Feb. Hi. 1>^riviU-,'.s attached to it. The body became large and very '^owcfTil and turbulent, often controlling the 1-,«t.n>^ oj the irovenmient • and, altera revolt purposely piovoked ; the sulian Mahmud II. in 1826, many ., long. , 38 W. ";'«'>'»■ covered by the Dutch navigator Jan Mayen in 1811. Jannaeus. Hee Akxumler. Jannes (jau'Oz) and Jambres .(J^™. .^^y!^)^ Names given by St. Paul (2 Tim. ui. 8) to the Egj'ptian magicians who withstood Moses at Pharaoh's court. ^ t i- • „i Jansen (.jan'sen; D. pron. yan'sen), Latinized Jansenius (jan-se'ni-us), Cornells. Born at Aequoi, near Gorkum, Netherlands, Oct. -8, 1,585: died at Ypres, Belgium, May 6, l(j38. A Dutch RomanCatholic theologian, founder ot a sect named for him. See Jansenists. Hischief work is "Augustinus, seu doctrina St Augustiiii de liu- mame iiatura sanitate, ajgritudine, medicma, etc. (184U). Jansenists (jan'sen-ists). A body or school in the Roman Catholic Church, prominent m the 17th and 18th centuries, holding the doctrines of Cornells Jansen. Jansenism is described by Cath- olic authorities as "a heresy which consisted >n denying the freedom of the will and the possibility of resist ng diviieVace," under "a professed attempt to res ore the anc"ent doctrine and discipline of the Church' (Cath. Diet ) It is regarded by Protestant authorities as a re- action within the Catholic Church against the theological casuistry and general spirit of the Jesuit order, and a Je^Wal of the Augustinian tenets upon the inability of the fallen wUl and upon efhcacious grace ((r. i . I'lSHtr, Hist. Reformation, p. 451). Jansen (yiin'son), Kristoffer Nagel. Bom at Bergen, Norway, May 5, 1841. A Norwegian poet and novelist, author of poems and tales in Norwegian dialect. -ht- i, i Janson, or Jenson (zhon-son'), Nicholas. Died about 1481. A French pnnter and en- graver who set up a printing establishment at Venice about 1470. He is known chiefly as the introducer of the roman t)-pe. .„,.,. JanuariUS (ian-u-a'ri-us), Samt. A Christian martyr who wa's beheaded under Diocletian. He wisbishop of Beneventum. Relics which are assert- ed to be his head and some of his blood, are preserved at Wes The blood is supposed to have the miraculous power of heconiing fluid wh.n it is brought nearthehead- k miracle which is performed for the ediflcatioii of large numbers of jieople several times a year. His festival Is kejit ill the Roman Church Sept. 19. January (jau'u-a-ri). [L. Ju,iuarius{sc. mcisis), from JaiiL.-] the first month of the year ac- cording to present and the later Roman reckon- iur'. eonsisliiig of thirty-one days. January and May. Pope's version of Chau- cer's "Merchant's Tale." Janus (ja'nus). [Prob. couuected witli .r Zt, <■ 1 A iirimitive Italic solar deity, regarded among tlie Komans as the doorkeeper ot heaven and the esiieeial patron of the beginning and ending of till undertakings. As the protector of doors and gateways, he was represented as ho ding a S 01 "cei^cr in th'e right hand a>vV\,'',r,rhe Indtwo nii.l i,» the cod of the sun s rising and setting he bail two ?rce 01 e £ Si .g •> the cast, an.l the othcT to the west. Hi, temp"e at Rome was kept open h, time of war. and was , loscd . 'nly in the rare event of universal peace. Janus. Tlie pseudonym iu. mercial treaty, March 31, ISbi. which wai foUowed 1) commercial relati.inswitholhercountries. Iheshogunate wasabolishcd in 1867, and a civil war ended m 1868 m the recovervof full powerby theilikado. More recent events are aboliti.,.. of the feudal system, 1871 : anneication of the lioninlslaii.ls, 187(1, and of the Loochoo Islands, 18,9. sup- ^ nression of the Satsuma rebellion, 1877 ; constitution pro- mulgated 18^9 ; first paiUument met.1890 ; war with China and acquisition of Pormosa, 18;*)-'J6. (See China.) Area 'exclusive of the territory recently acquired by treaty from ChinaX 147,6.55 square miles. Population (1893X 4 1 1 189 940 Japan, Sea of. That part of the Pacific Ocean which lies between Japan on the east and south, Korea on the west, and .\siatic Russia on the north. It communicates with the Sea of Okhotsk by the Channel of Tatary on the north and the Strait of La P6- louse on the northeast, and with the Pacific by the Chan- nel of Korea on the southwest and Sangar Strait on the Japetus. The eighth sateUite of Saturn, dis- covered by Cassini, Oct., 1671. Japheth (ja'feth), or Japhet (ja fet). Accord- i,,.' to the account in Genesis, the third son of Noah, and the ancestor of various nations m northern Asia and in Europe (in general, of the so-called Indo-European race). See Shcm. Japai (ja-jiati' ). [Crr.ipted from /o shailes bi.aiise he had no s.,n, became a male bir.l ba.l tiy 1 II f.mr sons, an.l then abai..l..ned her. In the burning ."the Kliandiiva forest she .levotedly Pn'^'f ',' , 'V,; ^"/ dren, wh.. were saved by the Intluenccof Man.lapala with jMley '(' ji'r'ii V Mrs. In Dickens's " Old Curios- iU ST.op,"lhe merry, kind-hearted ownj-r and eiliibilor of .larlev's wax-works, "the delight of the nobility mid' gentry, and the peculiar pet of the roviil family." Jarlsberg ( y iirls' ben 1 ) and Laurvig (lo-.r % ig). A maril i.i.e amt in southern ^''■■";'.•• ArP", *^'->'> s.,i,are miles. Population (1891 , U0,9.h. Jarnac (zhiir-niik'). A town in tlie.leparlment ,Vt- Charente. western France, situated on the Chnreiile 17 miles west of AngouU-me. It haa , rr'ti'in't trll. m brandy atut «'"V,„?„rrtefJa"!:M t'l^. W.>. the Catholics un. ler the l>nke of A")'l>' "'^^"'S? "'^ Iliign.'nots un.ler CondO and Collgny. Population (1891* commune, 4,880. Jarndyce Jarndyce(jam'dis), John. In Dickens's "Bleak House," the owner of Bleak House, and guar- dian of Kichard Carstone, Ada Clare, and Esther Summerson. it is his habit, when he is disappointed in human nature, to feel a severe east wind. Jarnsida (yam-se'dai. 10^. Janisidha : Jam, iron, and sidha, side.] The first law code of Ice- land under Norwegian sovereignty, compiled * from old Norwegian laws and sent to Iceland by King Magnus in 1271. it is also called nakon- arbok, having been erroneously ascribed to King Hakon Hakonsson. It met with strong opposition in Iceland, and was soon superseded by the Jonsbok. Jaromierz (ya'ro-merts). A town in Bohetfiia, situated on the Elbe 66 miles east-northeast of Prasue. Population (1890), commune, 6,925. Jaroslaff. See Yaroslaff. Jaroslaw (ya'ro-slav) . A town in GaUeia, Aus- t ria-Hungary, situated on the San 57 miles west- northwest of Lemberg. Population (1890), com- mune, 18,065. Jarric (zha-rek'), Louis Etienne. Bom at Les Cayes, 1757: died there, Feb. 21, 1791. A Hai- tian mulatto who, in 1789, was delegate to the French Assembly, and organized there the So- ciety of Amis des Noirs, or Friends of the Blacks. Subsequently he was engaged with Og^ in a revolutionary descent on Santo Komingu. and was captured and put to death. .See Ofi>'. Jarrow, or Jarrow-on-Tyne (jar'6-on-tin'). A mining and manufacturing town in Durham, England, situated on the Tyne 6 miles east of Newcastle. Itcontains the ruins of a monastery, found- ed 681, which was the home of Bede. Population (1S91), 33,632. Jarvie ( jiir' vi), Baillie Nicol. A magistrate of Glasgow, a character in Sir Walter Scott's novel "Rob Roy." Jasher (ja'sher). Book of. [Heb., 'upright.'] A lost book of Hebrew national songs, narratiug the deeds of the heroes (upright men). Two pas- sages in the Old Testament are quoted from it : the famous song which mentions the standing still of the sun (.Tosh. X. 13), and the lament of David over Saul and Jonathan (2 Sam. i. 18). It is endent that the work cannot have been completed before the time of David, although the nucleus of the collection may have been in existence ear- lier. There are several Hebrew works of this title extant, and one forgery which appeared in England in 1751. Jasmin (zhas-man')7 Jacques. Born at Agen, France, March 6, 1798 : died Oct. 4, 1864. ' A Pro- vencal poet. He was known as the last of the trouba- dours and the "Barber Poet." His father was a composer of the burlesque couplets used at fetes, charivaris, etc.. and he accompanied him on his expeditious. Put at hist in a seminary, he left it abruptly, and was employed iii a barber's shop at Agen : later he entered thisbusinesson his own account. His first work was called "Charivari '"(1825). He also composed a great number of popular songs, patri- otic odes, etc., and '' .Mons Soubenis" ("My Souvenirs"), written in the patois of Agen, a dialect of thelangue d'oc. The first collection of his works was published in 1S35 under the title, taken from his profession, "Papillotes." His name reached Paiis : he was presented to the king, and received the cross of the Legion of Honor and a pension. In 18.12 the .\cademy granted him a "prix extraordinaire" for his Provencal poems. His principal poems are "L'Aveugle de Castel-Cuill6 " (1836), translated by Longfellow ; " Fiancon- netto" (1840); "Marthe la foUe" (18M).; "Les deux freres jumeaux " (1&15); ''La semaine d'un fils" (1849); etc. Jason (ja'sgn). [Gr.'Iao(Ji',thehealeroratoner.] In (jreek legend, the leader of the Argonautie expedition. He was bom at lolcos.was ason of .Eson and Polymede, and was brought up under the instruction of Chiron. T?he legends concerning him are nmnerous and varied. His greatest exploit was the expedition to Col- chis with the other ,\rgonauts to obtain the Golden Fleece. This he secured by the aid of the sorceress iledea, daugh- ter of .Eetes. king of Colchis, who fell in love with him. She protected him from the buUs breathing fire and hoofed with brass which he was obliged, in order to obtain the fleece, to yoke to the plow, and from the armed men who sprang up from the dragon's teeth which he was re- quired to sow in the fields. From other perils, also, she saved him, and fled with him and the fleece. Jason finally desert«d Medea. See Medea. Jassy, or Yassy (yas'se), or Jash (yiisht. A city in Moldavia, Rumania, situated on the Bach- lui, near the Pruth, in lat. 47° 10' N., long. 27° 36' E. It is the chief city of Moldavia, and was its capi- tal from about 1564 to 1861. It has been frequently occu- pied by the Russians, and was nearly destroyed by janiza- ries in 182'2. It has a university. A treaty was made here b tween Russia and Turkey in 1792, by which the Russian frontier was extended to the Dniester. Population (1889- 1890), 72,859. JastrO'W (yas'tro). A town in the province of West Prussia, Prussia, situated in lat. 53° 27' N., long. 16° 47' E. Population (1890), 5,288. Jasz-Ap4thi (yiis'o'pa-ti). A town in the county of Szolnok, Hungarv. 52 miles east of Budapest. Population (1890), 10,401. J5.SZ-Bereny (yas ' be ' rany). A town in the county of Szolnok, Hungary, situated on the Zagyva 42 miles east of Budapest. Population (1890), 24,331. Jataka (jii'ta-ka). [Skt. jataka,iiova.jdtaka7n, nativity, principles of nativity.] Among the 542 Buddhists, a former birth of Shakyamuni, and a narrative rcirarding it; "Birth-story." The Jatakas are one of the sacred books of the Kuddhists, a division of the Khuddakanikaya, or "collection of short treatises." in the .Suttapitaka, or discourses for the laity. There is evidence of the existence of a collection so named as early as the Council of Vesali (about 380 B. cX They were put into their present form in the Suttapitaka in the 5th century A. P. There were current among the Buddhists fables and parables ascribed to Buddha, the sanctity of which they sought to increase by identifying the best ch.ar- acter in any story with Buddha himself in a formerbirth. Distinguished by quaint humor and gentle e:irnestness, they teach the duty of tender sympathy with animals. Many, if not aU, of the fables of the Hitopadesha may be identified with them. Thestoriesnumber550. Theyhave been edited in the original Pali by Fausbbll, and are being translated l>y Rhys Davids and tinder his superintendence. Rhys Davids terms them " the most important collection of ancient folk-lore extant." Jatayu (ja-ta'yo). In the Ramayana, a bird, the son of Vishnu's bird Garuda, and king of the vultures. As ally of Rama he fought, to prevent the carrying away of Sita, against Ravana who mortally wounded him. In the Piu^nas Jatayu is the friend of Dasharatha. J4tiva, or Xdtiva (nii'te-va), or San Felipe de Jclti'7a (siin fa-le'pa da Ha'te-vaj. A town in the pro-vinee of Valencia, Spain, situated on the Albaida 31 miles south by west of Valencia : the ancient Sjetabis. it has a castle ; was noted in Roman times for linen manufactures ; and was the birthplace of Pope Alexander VI. and of Ribera. Population (1887), 14,099. Jats, or Jauts (jats). A mysterious race, per- haps Hinduized Scythians, first mentioned in the beginning of the 11th centiu'y. They opposed the invasion of Mahmud of Ghazni, by whom they were defeated, though they are said to have gathered 8,000 boats on the Indus, In Aurung-Zeb's reign they were banditti in the mountains of the interior of India. Increasing in strength under their chief Suraj Mai in the 18th century, they dictated the policy of the Moguls. Suraj Mai was killed when htlnting in bravado in the imperial park at Delhi, which city he had undertaken to besiege. After a contest between the sons of Suraj Mai. their survivor, Ran- jit Singh, secured the chiefship. "When British power was est.ablished in northern India, Ranjit Singh was allowed to retain his territories, viz. Agra and its district, granted to Suraj Mai by Ahmad Shah as the price of his desertion of the Mahrattas before the bat tie of Paniput. Disagreements arising between the English and the raja, Ix)rd Comber- mere stormed and captured the Jat fortress of Dig Jan. 18, 1826, and ended finally their power. Jaubert (zho-bar'), Amedee fimilien Probe. Born at Aix, France, June 3, 1779: died at Pa- ris, Jan. 20, 1847. A French Orientalist, author of "filaments de la grammaire turque" (1823), translator of Idrisi's geography (183()-4()), etc. Jauer (you'er). A town in the province of Si- lesia, Prussia, situated on the Wiitende Neisse 37mQes west of Breslau. It was formerly the capi- tal of the ancient principality of Jauer, Population (1890), commune, 11,576. Jauja (Hou'Ha), or Xauxa (nou'Ha). A town of the department of Junin, Peru, in a valley 11,150 feet above the sea, and 108 miles east of Lima. It was a large native city at the time of the con- quest, and was Pizarro's temporary capital before the founding of Lima. Population, about 3,000. Jaunpur (.ioim-por'). 1. A district in the Alla- habad division. Northwest Provinces, British India, intersected by lat. 25° 40' N., long. 82° 40' E, Area, 1,550 square miles. Population (1891), 1,264,949.-2. The capital of the dis- trict of Jaunpur, situated on the Gumti 35 miles north-northwest of Benares : formerly an important Mohammedan capital. Population (1891). 42,819. Jaunthal (voun'tai). or Jaunerthal (you'ner- tiil), F. Val de Bellegarde (val de bel-gard'). An alpine valley in the canton of Fribourg, Switzerland, joining the valley of the Saane at Broc. Jauregui y Aldecoa (nou'ra-ge e al-da-ko'a), Agustin de. Born in Bazan, Navarre, 1708: died at Lima, Peru, April 27, 1784. A Spanish soldier and administrator. Afterserving in the West Indies and Portugal, he was captain-general of Chile 1773 to 1779. and viceroy of Peru July 20, 1780, to April 13, 1784. The revolt of Tupac Amaru took place during his terra in the latter country. He died from the results of an accideiit a few days after giving up his office. Ja'va (ja'vii). One of the Sunda Islands, and the most important island of the Dutch East Indies. Capital, Bata\'ia, It is separated from Sumatra on the northwest by Sunda Strait, from Borneo on the north by the Java Sea. and from Bali on the east by Bali Strait, and bor- ders on the Indian Ocean south. It is traversed by moun- tains throughout its length, and contains many volcanoes. Its soil is noted for its fertility. The chief exports are cotf ee. tea, sugar, indigo, and tobacco. It is divided into 22 residencies, under Dutch " residents " and the governor- general of the Dutch East Indies. The inhabitants are main- ly Javanese, Madurese, and Sundanese. Various Hindu states were flourishing here prior to the introduction of Mohammedanism in the 15th century. Dutch rule com- menced in 1610, The island was taken by the British in 1811, but restored to Holland in 1816. There was a native insurrection in 1825-30, Colonial system of enforced labor Jean de Meun for the natives was introduced in 1830, modified by aiy agrarian law in 1870. Area, including Madura, 50,65* square miles. Greatest length, 6t'.4 miles. Greatest breadth, about 129 miles. Population, with Madura (1892), 24,284,969. Javan (ja'van). According to Genesis, son of Japhet and ancestor of Elisha,Tarshish,Kittim, and Dodanim. in Ezek. xxvii. 13 he is mentioned a« carrying on trade with the Tyrians (compare also Isa, livi. 19), In all these passages the loniaiis of Asia Minor are * | meant, with whom the Orientals were earliest and best acquainted. In the annals of Sargon (722-705 a. c.) they are mentioned by the name of lavanu (or, by the frequent interchange of v and m in AssjTian, lamanuX and figure as pirates on the coasts of Phenicia and Asia Minor. Javary (zha-va-re'), Sp. Yavary (ya-va-re'). A southern affluent of the Amazoii, forming the boundary between Brazil and Peru, it rises, presumably, ne'ar lat. 7° .S. and long, 74° W,, and after a very crooked course joins the Amazon in lat, 4' 15' 8., long. 69° .'16 \V. (nearly). Most of the course is navi- gable. By existmg treaties, the extreme source of the Javary (unknown) is the western terminus of the boun- dary between Brazil and Bolivia, and the northwestern terminus of that between Bolivia and Peru, Also written. Javart. J&VBL Sea. That portion of the ocean partly in- closed by Borneo on the north, Sumatra on the west, Java on the south, and Flores Sea on the- east. Ja'Pea (na-va'a). A seaport in the pro-vince of Alicante, Spain, situated on the Mediterranean 43 miles northeast of Alicante. Population (1S87), 7,441. Ja'vert (zha-var'). An officer of the police force in • • Les Miserables," by Victor Hugo. He is the- incarnation of inexorable law. Ja'W0r6w(ya-v6'rov), or Jaward'W (ya-va'rov). A town in Galieia, Austria-Hungary, 28 miles- west by north of Lemberg. Population (1890), commune, 9,219. Jaxartes (jak-sar'tez). The ancient name of the- Sir-Daria. Jazt. See Jagst. Jay (ja), John. Bom at New York, Dec. 12,1745: tliedatBedford,WestchesterCouitty, N.Y.,May 17,1829. An American statesman and jurist. He was a delegate to Congress from New "Vork 1774-77 and 1778- 1779, and drewup the constitution of >"ew Yorkin 1777. He was United States minister to Spain 1780-82 ; peace com- missionerat Paris 178-2-83; secretary for foreign affairs 1784- 1789 ; contributor to the " Federalist "; first chief justice of the T'nited States Supreme Court 1789-95; unsuccessful candidate for governor of New York 1792 ; special minister to Great Britain 1794-95; and governor of New Vork 1795- 1801. Jay, William. Born at Tisburv, Wilts, May, 1769 : died at Bath, Dec. 27, 1853. An English Independent clergyman and religious writer. His best-knovm work is "Morning and Evening. Exercises" (1829-31). Jayadratha ija-yad'rat-ha). A prince of the lunar race, and king of Sindhu. He married the daughter of Dhritarashtra, and was an ally of the Kauravas, In the absence of the Pandavas he carried off Draupadi, Seized t>y them, he was spared, to be slain by Arjuna in the great battle. Jayce, or Jajce (yit'se), or Jaitza (^it'sa). A town in Bosnia, situated on the Verbas in lat. 44° 16' N. It is one of the most interesting towns in Bosnia, and contains a number of mosques. It basa noted waterfall. Population (18S5), 3,706. Jay's Treaty. A name given to the treaty be- tween Great Britain and the United States con- eluded by John Jay Nov. 19, 1794, and ratified by the United States Aug. 18, 1795. It contained provisions for the surrender to the United States of the northwestern military posts ; for the settlement of the east- ern boundary ; for the payment of British debts and Ameri- can claims; for the restriction of American trade in the- West Indies ; and for neutrality at sea. Jazyges (jaz'i-jez). A Sarmatian people who settled in Hungary about the beginning of the Christian era, and later were merged in the Magyars. Jeaffreson (jef 'er-son), John Cordy. Bom at Framlingham, Suffolk, England, Jan, 14, 1831: died Feb, 2, 1901, An English novelist and miscellaneous writer. Among his works are " Isabel, the Young Wife and the Old Love," "A Book about Doc- tors" (1860), •' Olive Blake's Good 'Work " (1862), " Live it Down" (1863), •' Not Dead Yet" (1864), "Life of Robert Stephenson, etc." (1864), ''Journals and Journalists, etc,," "A Book about Lawyers" (1866), "A Book about the Cler^v" (1870), "Annals of Oxford" (1870), "The Real Lord Byron, etc. " (lt83), "Tlie Real Shelley, etc, " (1885\ " Lady Hamilton and Lord Nelson " (1887), etc. Jealous Wife, The. A comedy by George Col- man the elder, produced in 1761. It is founded on the episode in Fielding's " Tom Jones " where Sophia takes refuge with Lady Bellaston. Jeames (jemz). [.Jeames, formerly pron. jamz, is a var. of James.'] A conventional name for a footman orflunkey. Thackeray's -' Jeames's Diary," wliich appeared in "Punch," is the diarj- of a footman, and he occasionally used the name as a pseudonym. Jean de Meun (zhon de mun' ) (Jean Clopinel)' (klo-pe-nel'). Born at Meun-sur-Loire, Orlean- Jean de Meun , abof 11250: died at Paris before Nov., 1305. . iV.o of the leading French j.oets of the 13th cen- I liiv. Ue is known chiefly as havinc continued after a ,\. of 40 years, " Le roman de la rose," a poen, undertaken : mt -'37 l.y a young poet, Gulllaume de Lorns, and left ■ :.:!lm,rete at the time of his death. In 1277 Jean de Meun ,va.^ still a student in Paris. His translatioi 543 tarib ui= ^,...=.-.ions into French oH^ude the "Ue re inUitari " of Vegetius (1284), the '„r espondt-nee of Helo.se and Abelard, and Gerald l; ,rri' •■To,i,«raphia Hiberniffi." "L'.\nutW spirituel le, •slated f urn the English of the monk .Elred, and the ■nncl translation of Boethius3"De consolationeph.loso- ,i -a 'hive both been lost. Betweenl291andl2».;..lean de Meun wrote his " Testament," a curious piece of work re plete with sarcasm and criticism, especially of the woliien 'mdofthemendicantordersofhisday. Also./«nde.Wcu-i "."."li'™ (also called .ledwood justice). Population (1801), ,i,.i97. Jeddah. Seo Jidilah. , T.- 1. Jefferies i jof 'riz), John Richard, calh^i Rich- ard Jefferies. Bom netir Swindon,\\ iltshire, EiK'laiid, Nov. G, 1848: died at Goring, Sus- sex (?), Aug. 14, 1887. An English miscellane- ous writer, noted principally for his deseriiitiona of nature. Author of "The Game-Keeper at noine" (1878), "Wild Life in a Southern Countiy" (1879). '-J?ture near London " (1883), " StoiT of Jly Heart "(lss:i " I.ife of the Kiel. la ■' (1884), " Red-Deer " (1884), " Amaryllis at the Fair " (1887), etc. . . ,f , Jefferson (jeCtr-snn). A nver m Montana, formed by the union of the Beaver Read and Wisdom (or Big Hole) rivere in Madison County. It unites with the Madison and (_tal- latin to form the Missouri. Total length, about 200 miles. Jefferson, The capital of Manon County, east- em Te.xas, situated on Big C>-press Bayou 40 miles northwest of Shreveport, Louisiana. Population (1900), 2,8.J0. Jeffferson, Joseph. Born at I^hiladelphia, !■ eb. "0 1S"'I A noted .\inerican actor. He is the fourth '.t' bis family and the third of his name "n, 'Ij.'-' stage. He made his llr^t appearance as the child in 1 I- zano" at the age of thr.e years. Intll 1858 he played minor parts ami managed several .Southern theatcis In ISr.S he tiecamo prominent as Asa Trcnchard in fur American Cousin.'' Later he became a " star, and his Dr. Pangloss, Hob Acres, and llr. OUapod are well known. He is prinel],ally not.'d for his performance ,i( HIpVan Winkle. His autolilography was i.ulibshed in 1890 Jefferson, Mount, one <>r the summits of the Presidnilial Hiiiige, White Mountains, New lliunpsliiro, near Mount Washington. Height, •'i,7:;.'> toet. Jefferson, Mount. Apeak of the Cascade M.uin- tiiiiis, Orogon. 7.') miles southeast of Portland. Ileighl. 111,'JllO IVof. Jefferson, Thomas. Bom at Shadwell, Albe- marle Countv, Va., April 2 (O. S.), 1743: di.Ml at Montieello, Albemarle County, July 4, is.t). The third President of the United States (1801- 1809). He was ft member of the Virginia Hoase of Bur- gesses 1769-76 and 1776-78, and of the Continental Con- gress 177r.-7f., and drafted the Declaration lyf Indepen- dence 1770. He was governor of Virginia 1779-81; member of Congress 1783-84; United States ""''s'", 'o .';","'-^ 178.S-89; secretary of state 1790-93; founder of t>>J • ™ ■ cratic-Kepnl.liean party; % ice-President l'» :?^1;, ' President (elected as candidate of the Uemocratic-Repub • can piuty) tw,. terms, 1801-09. Among the chief events of hii admiVistrations were the war with Tripoli "'« I-""'; siaiia Purchase, the reduction of the national debt, the exiiloration ..f the West, and the embargo. _ . Jefferson City. The capital of Missouri and of Cole Countv, situated on the MissOTn m lat. :iS= li.'i' X., hing. 02° 11' W. Population (1900), Jefferson Ville ( jef '^r-son-vil) . A city and the capital of Clarke County, Indiana, situated on the Ohio at its falls, opposite Louisville, Ken- tuckv. Population (1900), 10,774. Jeffrey (jet'ri), Francis, Lord Jeffrey. Born' at Edinburgh, Oct. 23, 1773: died Jan. 36, 18o0. A Scottish critic, essavist, and jurist. He was the son of George Jeffrey, depute clerk in the Court of Session. He studied at Queens College, Oxford, for a part of one year, 1791-92, and was admitted to the Scottish bar Dec. 16, 1794. The "Edinburgh Review" was started by a coterie of which Jeffrey, Sydney Smith, Brougham, and liom'crwere tliecliirfs, at the suggestion of Smith, who at llrst assumed contn.l. He was, however, superseded by Jeffrey, who became responsible editor. The llrst nuni- l)er was published (let. 10, 1802. Its success was imine- diate. As Brougham was the principal political contribu- tor, the politics of the "Review "were those of the iij lugs. Jeffrey's legal practice continued to increase until July 2, 1829 whenhewas unanimously chosen dean of the Faculty of Advocates, and resigned his editorship of the "Review to Macvey Napier. In 1830 he was appointed lord advo- cate After thapassage of theReform Bill hewas returned to ParUamcnt for Edinburgh, Dec. 19, 1832. In May, 1834, he accepted a seat in the Court of Session, and became U>nl Jeffrey. Jeffrey visited Aiucrica in 1813 for six months. Jeffreys ( jef 'riz), George, Bai-on Jeffreys. Born at Acton, Denbighshire, 1048: died at London, Anril 18, 1089. An English .iudge. HewascaUed to the bar in 1068, and was appointed common sergeant of the city of London in 1671. Seeing no hope of further advancement from the popular party with which he had hitherto been associated, he ingratiated himself with tiK Duke of York, with the result that he was appointed solicitor-general to the duke, and was knighted m 10. , In 1678 he was made recorder of London, a position wliicli he was compelled by Parliament to resign in li«0. lie became chief justice of Chester in 168q^and of Enghind in 1083- was created Baron Jeffreys of Weni in 1685 , and was elevated to the post of lord chancellor of England in 1685 Ue used bis position as chief justice and as cban- ceUor to transform the judiciary from a stronghold of tlit> opposition to the chief agent in furthering the attempt -798 B c. (Buncker), son of Jehu. He was held in snb- ie'ction by Hazael, king of Damascus, who compelled hini to reduce his army to 60 horsemen, 10 chariots, and 10,000 infantry. 2 KL xiii. 1-9. Jehoiachin (,ie-hoi'a-kin). King of Judah S97 B c (r)iincker),s<>n of Jehoiakim. Ho was, after a reign of three months and ten days, c»r"f > ,'"'" "f Babylonian captivity, with 10,000 of his subjects, by Nebu- chadnezzar. Jehoiada (if-hcd'a-dii). nigh priest of Judah. When the usurper (jiieeVi Athaliah slew the members of the royal house of Judah in 843 li. c., he saved the prince Joash, whcmi he brought up in the temple. In 837 be headed a rebellion by wliieh Athaliah was overthrown and Joash placed on the throne. Jehoiakim (.ie-hoi'a-ki'"). King of Judah G09- ."19711. V. (l)uncker), son of .Tosiah. He succeeded his brother Jehoahaz, who wasdc|Hi8ed by I'baraoh.Ncebo. Afterthedcfeatof Phanudi-Nciho at Cioelienosh l.y "'■eliu- chadnczzar in 605, he reniain.d virtually independent unlU Olio, when Nebuehadnczziirinvailed his kingdom and com- pelled his submission. ,,-,> ., ,.., Jehol(ya'hol),orOheng-te(cheng'te ). AtmM in Moiigoha, about hit. 41° N., lonp- 11« '^■ It cciitaius a summer residence of the (diinese emiieror. Jehoram. See.Aoraw. . t i i Jehoshaphat (je-hosli'a-fat). Kmg of Judah ahoiit S,:!-S4H p.. r. (Duncker), sun ol Asa. 1 e marrUd his son Jehoram to Athaliah, daughter ,,Ahab, king of Israel, and Jezebel; ami was defea ed «l '> Al" ' at Itan.oth-Gilcad l.y the king of .Syria. 1 K\. xxW. 41-00, 2 chrori. xvll. \x Jehoshaphat, Valley of. The name ;>'>w f ^en to llio valli'y lielwoen .leriisalem and the Mount III' Olives. Jehovah. See Yahreh. , . , Jehu I ie'hfi), sou of nanani. A prophet of .liidiiliin the time >d'Jch(ishaplint.s73-.s48 B.C. Jehu sonof Ji'li.>slia)>hat,Honof Nimshi. King ot Israel 84:i-815n.c., and the founder of a new dvnastv. He was caiitiiln of the army under Jch..nini, , son and iuceess.ir of Ahab. ami at the or.ler of ' "J'-^'P »'l F.llsha was anointed king, and commissioned w H' <''' evecnilon ot judgment on the house of Aha ..lie tl ruthlessly exteimlnated the old dynasty, and with II the Jenkins, Thornton Alexander worship a.ul «oi>hipers ol llaal. In Ills war with Hazael of Syria he lo-st the East Jorilan region. He is mentioned on theblack obelisk of shalmaneser 11.(860-824 B. c.)amone the kings paying tribute. Jehu. A common name for a coachman, espe- cially a reckless one. See 2 Ki. ix. 20. Jeisk. See Ycish. Jekyll, Dr., and Mr. Hyde. See Strange Case, etc. Jelalabad (jel a-lii-bad'), or Jalalabad (jal- a-la-l.iid'). A town in Afghanistan, 77 miles east of Kabul, it was successfully defended by the Brit- ish under Sale against the Afghans in 1S42, and was held by the British 1878-80. JeUl-ed-din-Rftmi. See Jalal tiddin Rumi. Jeletz. See Ydcts. Jelf (jelf). William Edward. Born 1811: died Oct. 18, 187."). An English scholar. He was . the anther of a Greek grammar (1842-4')). Jellachich de Buzim (yel'lii-ehieh de bot'sem ), Count Joseph. Born at Peterwardem, Slavo- nia, Oi-t. Hi. IHOl: died at Agram, Croatia. May 19, lH.'i9. A Croatian general. He was appointed ban of Croatia in 1848, and. incited by the court of Austria, to<.k up arms against the Hungarians Sept., 1848. He was Anally completely defeated in July, 1849. Jellalabad. »ve Jelalabad. Jellyby (iel'i-bi), Mrs. In Dickens's "Bleak House," a strong-minded woman, completely occupied with missionary and charitable work, particularly with emigration to Borrioboola- ( jha, and ha\-ing no time to attend to her house- hold duties. . Jemez (lia'maz).orEnunes,or Hemes. .A divi- sion of the Taiioan linguistic stock ot ^orth American Indians, occupying the pueblo of Je- mez, on Jemez River 20 miles northwest of Ber- nalillo. New Mexico. Thepaebloof Pecos was formerly occupi.d bv the eastern division of the people speaking the Jemez dial'ect, but since 1840 the few surviving members of the Pecos tribe have lived with their kindred at Jemez pueblo The name is an adaptation of the Keresan name of Jemez pueblo. Number, 428. See Taiioan. Jenunapes, or Jemappes (zhe-map' ). A village in the i.roviiice of Hainaut, Belgium, 3 miles west of Mous. It is famous for the decisive victory gained bv the French under Dumouriez over the Aiistrians under the Duke of .Saxe-Teschen, Nov. 6, 1792. It was he llrst battle won for the republic, and was followed by the occupation of Belgium. Population (1890), 11,682. Jemtland(yemt'liint). 1. A (former) province of Sweden, about lat. 63° N.-2. A laen of Sweden, formed from the former province of Jemtlaudandllerje&daleu. Area. 19,593 square miles. Population (1890), 100,455. Jena (ya'nii). A city in the district of Apolda. Saxe-Wcimar-Eisenach, situated on the baale 45 miles southwest of Leipsic. It contains a castle. The university, founded by the elector John Frederick of saxony, was formally opened iu 1558, and reached the height of its celebrity in the end of the ISth centurj-. It his a library of about 20ti,(KW volumes, and the first t.erman literary journal was published under its auspices in 1785. A victoi-J' was gained here l.y the French (nunibciing IIX).- 000) under Naj.oleon over the Prussians and .Saxons Omra- bcringoii,iKKi) under Prince H.dicnlohe, Oct. 14, 181)6. 'The Prussian loss W!V< 12,IK)(1 killed and wounded, and 15,000 prisoners. The same day at Auerstrtdt. a few niilea dte- tant Dav.mt defeated another Prussian army. Bee .4i«T- ,.(„,;; |',.pulation (IS'.KI). i:i.449. JenghizKhan,.'rGenghisKhant,ieu'giskhaii), er Jinghis Khan (.iiii gis khiin). etc (originally Temuchint Born near the river ()non. Mongo- lia, 1102: died ill Mongolia, 1227. A Mongol con.iueror. son of Yesnkai, a petty tril.al chief- tain. He proclaimed himself khan of the Mong.d nalloii In 12i«; completed the eominest of nortliern Clilna with the capture of Peking In 1215 ; and coniiuered central Asia 1218-21. Jeniguich. See Cliciehnevi. . . , , . Jenil, Id- Genii (lia-nel'). A nverm .Andalusia, Spain, i'.ining the (iiiadahiuivir 30 miles west- soulh\v'esl..r('ordova. Length, about I50milos. Jenkin (jeng'kin), Henry Charles Fleeming. Horn near Dtingeiiess. March 2.'.. ISHIi; died at Edinlnirgli. June 12. 1S85. A British engineer and electrician. Ue began his education at the F-din- burgh AcadelilT, and entered the I niversily of (jenoa III l,^^^where he t..ok the degree of M. A. 1 he praci cal par of Ids iirofession ho learned I" , ^'L'.''",';',',,", "'"•!';",". Manchester. In IS.'.H he began, with Sir W llliam 1 hoin- mu. experiments t.. determine the resistance 1 Insu a- tloil ot electric cables, and fl-..m 185S to ls,.i was especially ..ccupled Willi practical work In cable telegraphy. 1 111 reports to the llrllish Ass.iclali..n of the eommlttec on ■■electric standards" In l.scll are largely hiswork. 1 e was elected F. U. S. In ISU;., and professor of engineering in I'nivcrslty C.illeg... L<.n<|on, and in l.-tw to tile same chair In F.dloh.irgh I nivcrslty. Jenkins (ieng'kin/.l. Ed-ward. Born at Banga- lore India l.'^3S. .\ British aiillior. He Is an ad- vanced Liberal, and 1ms written a number nflH>ok» and pamphletson political and »..clal subjeeta : the best-known „lll„'seiB-(llnxs|laby"(ln70). Jenkins, Thornton Alexander. B..rn m Or.ingo Countv Vn..l>ee. 11, ISU; died at \\ ashington. Jenkins, Thornton Alexander D C, Aug. 9, 1S93. An AineiieaD naval officer. He was chief of staff of Farragut's squadron in the Mis- sissippi River during the Civil War. and was promoted reai-- admical in 15^70. Jenkinson (jeng'kin-son), Anthony, Died at Tigbe, Kutland, Feb., 1611. An EugUsh sailor, merchant, and explorer. He began his career in the Levant (1;>46), visiting most of the Mediterranean coun- tries In 1553 he met Soliman the Great at Aleppo, from "Whom he obtained privileges for trade in Turki&h ports. In 15o7 he was appointed captain-general of the iluscovy Company's fleet, and their agent for three years. Their fleet reached the Dwina by way of the North Cape July 12, 1557, where he left it and proceeded overland to Moscow 6-07 he led the opposition. Returning to the Home Office March 25,lSu7, he opposed the Catholic emancipation movement ; he became earl of Liverpool upon the death of his father (Dec., 18'i8). yrom June, 1S12. to April. 1827, he was prt-. mier in a Tory ministry. He was a prime mover in sending Napoleon to St. Helena, and in the readjustment of French affairs in 1815 and 1818. During the reform struggle he uniformly followed the policy of forcible repression until 1826, when he seems to have recognized the necessity of modifying the Corn Laws. Jenkins's Ear, War of. The name popularly given to the war between Great Britain and bpain which broke out in 1739. and became merged in the War of the Austrian Succession. Its immediate cause was the grievance of an English mar- iner, Robert Jenkins, who alleged that he had been tortured by the Spaniards, with the loss of his ear. Jenne (jen'ne), or Jinne (jin'ne). A town in Su'mph from the hand of a dairjTnaid. and on July 1 inoculated the same boy with smallpox. The ex- periment was successful : an account of it was published Jane, 1798. The practice of vaccination gradually gained ground until in 1800 a great part of his time was taken up by the distribution of lymph, much of it in America. Honors came tohim from every quarter, and on June 2, 1802, a grant of £10,0>w was made to him by Parliament. Jenner. Thomas, Flourished 1631-56. An au- thor, engi-aver. and publisher, in the reigns of Charles L and Charles II. he kept a print-shop at the Royal Exchange which was frequented by Pepys and Evelyn. Among his works are the "Soul's Solace" with thirty curi- ous copperplate engravings (1631X " Directions for the English Traveller ■ (lC4:i). "A Further >'arrative of the Passages of these Times " (l&lS), " London's Blame if not its Shame " (1651). Diet. Sat Biog. Jennings, Sarah. See Marlborough, I>uihess o/. Jenyns(jen'inz),Soame. Born at London. Jan. 1, 1704: died there, Dec. 18, 17S7. An English miscellaneous writer. In 1722 he entered St. John's College, Cambridge, leaving without a degree in 1725. He published anonymously " The Art of Dancing : a poem '" (1737) and a collection of poems {l~i>'2). He was returned to Parliament in 1742. In 1757 he published a "Free En- qnir>- into the Nature and Origin of Evil,"' and in 1765 "TheObjections to the Taxation of our American Colonies by the Legislature of Great Britain brieffy considered." His " View of the Internal E\idencesof the Christian Religion ' was published in 1776. "Jenyns' prose style was regarded bv his contemporaries as a model of ease and elegance." Ihct Sat Biog. -Jephthah (jef'tha). [Heb., '(God) opens* or 544 * makes free. '] A chieftain and judge of Israel whose history is given in Judges xi.-xii. When he went to battle against the Ammonites, he vowed that whatsoever should come forth from his home to meet him on his return "in peace from the children of Amnion ' should be offered up as a burnt-offering. The Ammonites were routed, and as Jephthah returned the first to come out to meet him was his daiighter and only child. She consented to the fulfilment of his vow after a respite of two months. Jephthah. An oratorio by Handel, finished in 1751. It was produced in 1752. and was the last he composed, as he became blind at this time. Jephthes (jef'thez), or Jephtha. A play by George Buchanan, written between 1539 and 1542. Jequitinhonha (zha-ke-ten-yon'ya), or Rio Grande do Belmonte (re'6 gi-an'da do bal- mon'ta). A river iu Brazil which flows into the Atlantic about lat. 16° S., long. 38° 50' W. Length, about 500 miles; navigable for S4 miles. The Salto Grande, about 10i> miles from the mouth, is one of the finest cataracts in South America. Jerace (ya-ra'che). Francesco. Bom at Poles- tina. Calabria. 1853. An Italian sculptor. Jerba (jer'ba). An island in the Gulf of Ca- bes, belonging to Tunis: the ancient Meninx. It is known as the island of the lotus-eaters, and was the scene of the massacre of 18,000 Christians by the Turks, May 11. 1560. Poole. Jeremiah (jer-e-mi'a). [Heb., prob.* the Lord's appointed (or exalted) one.*] The second of the arreater prophets of Israel. He lived and prophesied ^uringthereignsofthekingsof JudahfromJosiah to Zede- kiah (from 6"29 to about 5S0B. c). The book of his prophecy gives numerous details of his personal history. It is largely occupied with denunciations of the sins of the nation and warnings of e\ils to come on account of tfiem. Some of his prophetic utterances were accompanied and illustrated by symbolical actions. Jeremy, A witty valet in Congreve's * ' Love for Love." Jeremy Diddler. See ViddJer. Jerez, Trancisco. See Xeres. Jerez (or Xerez) de la Frontera (Ha-reth' da la fron-ta'ra). A city in the province of Ca- diz. Spain, situated near the Guadalete 14 miles northeast of Cadiz: probably the ancient Asta Regia. It is celebrated for the production and export of sherry wine. It was the scene of a victory of the Sara- cens under Tarik over the West Goths under Roderic in Til. Alfonso X recovered it in the middle of the 13th century. Population (1SS7). 61.708. Jerez de los Cabalieros (Ha-reth' da 16s kii-Bal- ya'ros). A town in the province of Badajoz, Spain, 39 miles south of Badajoz. Population (1887), 8,953. Jericho (jer'i-ko). In Bible geography, a city of Palestine, situated west of the Jordan and 14 miles east-northeast of Jerusalem, it was de- stroyed by Joshua and rebuilt by Ahab ; was the residence of Herod the Great ; was destroyed by Vespasian, rebuilt by Hadrian, and again destroyed by the Crusaders. Jermyn {jer'miu), Henry, Earl of St. Albans. Bom in England about 1600: died at London, Jan., 1684. An Ensrlish statesman. Inl6-24hewas attached to the British embassy in Paris, and was returned to Parliament for Liverpool in 1628. On July % 1628, he be- came vice-chamberlain to the queen. He represented St. Edmuudsbury in the Long Parliament, and was involved in the "first army plot" to overawe Parliament. March. I&IL In the hostilities which followed he was engaged mainly in procuring w;ir material on the Continent. He returned to England in 1&43, was wounded at Auburn Chase Sept. 18, 1643, and was raised to the peerage as Baron Jermyn of St. Edmondsbury, Sept. S. He returned to France with the queen in 16i4 and directed her correspondence, the in- terception of which exposed the king's attempt to procure foreign aid. After the death of Charles I. he remained in France with Charles n. On April 27. 1660, he was created earl of St. Albans. At the Restoration Jermyn received many favors, his success being largely due to his influence with the queen mother. He was made ambassador to Paris, and employed himself in strengthening the influence of Louis XJV. Jeroboam (jer-o-bo'am) I. King of Israel 953- 927 B. c. (Duncker), son of Xebat of the tribe of Epliraim. He organized a revolt of the ten northern tribes against Rehoboam, and founded the kingdom of Is- rael (1 Ki. si.-xiv.. 2 Chron. ix.-xiiL). Jeroboam H, King of Israel 790-749 b. C. (Duncker), son of Joash whom he succeeded. He was the most prosperous of the kings of Is- rael {- Ki. xiv.). Jerome (je-rom' or jer'om), Saint (Eusebius Hieronymus). [Gr. 'Ispdwaoc, sacred name; L. HirronijmHsAi. Gerotiimo.Girolanio.Sp.Jero- )iimo, Jeramo, Pg. Jeronimo^ F. Jerome, G. Hie- ronymus.'] Bom at Stridon, Pannonia, about 340: died at Bethlehem. Sept. 30. 420. A father of the Latin Church. He studied at Rome under Do- natus the grammarian and Victorinus the rhetorician. In 373, during a journey through the Orient, he was attacked with a severe illness, on recovering from which he devoted himself to an ecclesiastical life. He became a presbyter at Antioch in 379, and in 382 removed to Rome, where he be- came secretar>- to Pope Damasus. After the death of this pontitf he entered a monastery at Bethlehem. He pub- lished a Latin version of the Bible, known as the Vulgate Jerusalem (which seeX and by Ijis knowledge of Greek and Hebrew introduced the treasures of the Eastern Chtirch into the West The best edition of his works is that by \'allarsi (1 734-42). Jerome, King of Westphalia. See Bonaparte. Jerome in the Wilderness. A painting by Ti- tian, in the Brera at Milan. The soUtary flgure of the saint is broadly and vigorously treated. The backgrotmd brings to mind a wild scene in Friuli, with its rocks, pines, and gnarled oaks. Jerome of Prague. Bom at Prague. Bohemia, about 13G5 : bui-ned at Constance, Baden. May 30, 1416. A Bohemian religious reformer, an asso- ciate and follower of Huss. He was condemned for heresy by the Coimeil of Constance. 1415-16. Jeronimo* (je-ron'i-mo), or Hieronimo (M-e- ron'i-mo), The first part of . A play by Thomas Kyd. It was acted in 15SS or 1592. The only version ex- tant w:is pi-inted in 1G05. The second part was called ''The Spanish Tragedy " (which see). Jeronimo, the hero of both, is an old man, the marshal of Spain, who goes mad with grief over the murder of his son. His ravings were ridi- culed by contemporary and later dramatists, and became regular expletives in the slang of the period. Shakspere alludes to this in his " Go by Jeronymy " in his '' Taming of the Shrew." The two "Jeronimo " or '• Hieronimo " plays were, as has been said, extremely popular, and it is positively known that Jonson himself, and probably others, were employed from time to time to freshen them up, with the consequence that the exact authorship of particular passages is some- what problematical. Both plays, however, display, nearly in perfection, the rant, not always quite ridiculous but al- ways extravagant , from which Shakespere rescued the stage. SainUbury, Hist, of Elizabethan Lit., p. 74. Jerrold (jer'old). Douglas William. Bom at London, Jan. 3, 1803: died there, Jxme 8, 1857. An English dramatist, satirist, and humorist. He was the eldest son of Samuel Jerrold, an actor, and was brought on the stage when a child. In later life he occa- sionally acted, but was never inclined to the profession. His education was very slight : his knowledge of Latin, French, Italian, and English dramatic Literature having been acquired entirely by his own efforts. From 1813 to 1815 he served as midshipman in the royal nav>", which was engaged in operations against Napoleon in Belgium. Returning to London in 1S16, he maintained himself as LI apprentice to a printer, and by contributions to periodical literature, A play,*' More Frightened than Hurt," was pro- duced in London April 30, 1S'21. and later in Paris. "Black- eyed Susan, or All in the Downs," produced June 8, 1829, at the Surrey Theatre, was his first important success. It was brought out also at Drory Lane in 1835. In lSa6 he undertook the man;ii:ement of the Strand Theatre without success. He now turned his attention to the reviews and magazines, contributing to the "Athenseum." '"Black- wood's," etc. He attached himself to "Punch " at its ap- pearance in 1S41, and was a constant contributor until his death. His articles were signed Q. His greatest success was "Mrs. Caudle's Curtain Lectures." From 1S52 until his deatli he edited 'Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper." He wrote about W plays. Jerrold, William Blauchard. Bom at Lon- don. DfC. 23, 1S2G: died at Westminster. March 10. 1884. An English journalist and author, eld- est son of Douglas Jerrold. On the death of hia father be succeeded to the editorship of " Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper." He was a Liberal in politics, and defended the North in the Civil War. His chief work is a 'Life of Napoleon III." (1875-^2). He wrote a ntunber of plays^ "Cool as a Cucumber" 1,1851), etc. Jersey (jer'zi). The largest, most important, and southernmost of the Channel Islands, cap- ital St. Heller's, situated in lat. 49° 10' N., long oo y 's^^ j^ exports potatoes, cattle, fruit, oysters, gran- ite, etc. The government is vested in a lieutenant-governor appointed by the British crown, and the "states" {a local legislature). It is the 5IL. Ciesarea. Length, 10 miles. Breadth. 5 to 6 mQes. Area, 45 square miles. Population (1S91). 54,:.1S. Jersey City, The capital of Hudson County, New Jersey, situated on the Hudson opposite New York, it is the terminus of many railway and steamerlines. andhas important mannfacturesof tobacco, etc. It was formerly called Paulus Hook, and was incor- porated as the City of Jersev in 1820, and as Jersey City in 1838. Population U900), 206,433. Jerseys (jer'ziz). The. A collective name for East Jersey and West Jersey, into which New Jersey was temporarily divided in 1676. Jerusalem (Je-ro'sa-lem). [Heb. Teri't^hdl^i or Ytni/hdiaiftm, probably * city of peace'; in the Assyrian inscriptions rrsalitumu : in the tablets of Tel-el-Amama rru-Salim Gr. ^lepov- Ga7.T/u, L. Hierosolyma,'\ The ancient capital of Palestine, regarded by the Jews still as their sacred city, and as a holy city by both Giris- tians and Mohammedans, its identity with Salem (Gen. xiv. IS) is disputed. It first appears as Jebus, or the city of the Jebusites, from whom David captured it or its site, establistxing himself in the " stronghold of Zion," and making it his capital. Its situation was suitable for a na- tional metropolis : it lay in the territorj' of the mighty tribe of Judah, and virtually in the center of the country. 33 miles from the sea and about 19 from the Jordan, while it was the more secure from being some distance off the great highroad of the nations. It was also a mountain city, sit- uated in the heart of the "hill countrj-," surrounded by limestone hills, and itself on the eilge of the chain, its highest point being 'ioSi feet above sea-level. .Solomon beautified it bv erecting the temple as a stable national sanctuary, and" otherwise, and surrounded the city with a Jerusalem real wall. The 8«;cessionof the ten tribes under Solomon's son Kehobouiu left Jerusalem tliL- capitiil of the soutliern kingdom only. I'ndrr Kehoboam it was invaded by the F.jryptian kin^' Sliish:ik. and the temple and palace were in part desjuuled (ubont UTO b. c). I'nder Joram (848- >^U) the temple was ;i{,Miii plundered by Arabian and fhil. i-tinc hordes. Jonsli, king of Israel, defealiiiK Kinp Ani- i/jab of Judah, made a wide breacli in the walls and -|M.i]fd the city. Under I'zziah (792-740) Jerusalem and :ill Jiiiah enjoyed prosperity, but were visited byaneartti- iji ik . Hezekiah provided the city with water by means ■ i A .-siibteiTanean c^ial : in his rei<^n it was bt-sie-jed with- iiit success by Sennacherib. After Josiah fell in the battle 'I Meyiddo, Judah was at the mercy of F.^ypt. Nechotook I ilioahaz prisoner, and exacted a heavy hue from the city ud country. Jerusalem was visited by Ni.-l)uchadnezzar, kiri-i of Babylon, after his victory over the Ky^yptians at I irchemish : probaldy the city was bcsiefred. as he cairied If some«'f llic vessels of the temple. In 5^7 the Babylo- ans reapjirared before Jerusalem: the city surrendered, iL' treasurii-S of the temple and palace were pillaged, and \inK Jehoiaehin, the wlnde court, 7,iM)0 warriors, l.OOj ar- i-ans, etc. (in all Hi,iiuni, were carried off to Babylon. Zed- kiah, made king in his stead, revolted against Babylon, itid Nebuchadnezzar, after a terrible sieL;e of 18 months, ijain captured Jerusalem (586). The Babylonians now irried off all the treasures that remained; the temple as burned, and the city and land deserted by all but the i-y poorest class. In 53t5 Cyrus issued a decree authoriz- nm the rebuilding of the temide, and a large rolony. coni- iiising all classes, returned to Judah. After many delays lie temple was Hnislied in 516. and the city and its walls were rebuilt under Nchemiah. about 44.'>. In ;>20 Jerusalem wastaken by I'toleniy I. Suter. Tin- liiLrh priest Simeon the Just(a!jout ;Jixi-i;Ti') cllected nian.\ ini[)rovements in the city. In lOSJudeaiame under tile ruleof theSeleucidiC.and .IiTUsalem opened its gates to Antiochus the Great. Un- der Antiochus F,piphanes (175-104) it again became a thea- ter of massacre: in 170 he slew the citizens, plundered the temple, and carried off many captives ; and in ics his unny, after a great slaughter, plundered and burnt the i'ity, and destroyed the walls. Antiochus endea\ored to (iiforee tlu- introduction of heathen worship: the temple WHS desecrated aiid the observance of Jewish ceremonies u-isabsnliitcly forbidden. This persecution pri>vy the Fart hians. In:j7u.<'. Jerusalem wa-^ taken by Herod with the aid of the Itomans. Herod <_niln llished it with palaces, theatej-s, gj'mnasia, etc., and i.>iteci.dly by ■ 1 1'.- rebuilding of the temple. Healsoconipbtcd thereeon- (ruction of a fortn ss built by Jolni ITynanns, naming it \iitonia, after .\rark Antony. Soon altei' Herod's death ,'udea was reduced t^> a Roman province, and Jerusalem «:ls often the sci-Tieof riots and bloody encounters bet ween the Jews and the Koman soldiers. Theopjuessive rule of the procurators, especially of (Jessius J^'lorus, led to resls- tmcewbich ended m the destruction of Jerusalem. The 1 ity, with its triple walls, was besieged first by Cestitis Morus, the governor of Syria, ami for two years by the em- jjTors Vespasian and Titus. Within it was ravaged by p.irty quarrels, famine, and pestilence; and at last, after'a inN.st heroic resistance, it fell in 70 a. I>. Its tcmplewas I'liined, and it lost forever its jjolitieal importance. For mure than 50 years after its destruction by Titus, Jerusa ■rn ceased toi-xist, Aboutl.'iritheemperor Hadrian erected town on its site, which he named -Klia t'apitolina, or imply .'Elia. and settleil with a colony of veterans. About tin; same time a revolt undrr Bar-Cochba occurred, in uhich the Jews becam-! masters of Jerusalem and attempt- ed to rebuild the tempb*; and it took Julius Severus, the greatest general of his time, two years to recapture it. On the site of the teniiile varitius heathen temples were now erected. Jews were ftubidden to enter it on pain of death, and a swine wan sculptuied over the gate leading to Bethlcliem, christian pilgrhnagesto Jerusalem began as early as the 3d century Helena, mother of Constan- tine. visited it fn 320, ami the empress Eudocia in 4;is, and numerous churches were erected on the holy places. It was an episcop.il see subordinate! to Ciesarea till after the Council of Chalceilou (451X when it became an indepen- dent patriarchate. It was taken by the Persians in KM, but was regained by Heraclius in (i28. In GM it fell into the hands of the Saracen Omar: it bad then about .'"tO.OOit in- habitants. In JtOI* it i>jmsfd over to Egyptian Fatiniiles. From 1 ODD to 1187 it wart the capital of the kingdom of Jerusalem of the Cnisarlers, who slew most of the Mo* hamniedan and Jewish iiduibltauts. Captured in 11H7 by Saladin, it was surrendered in 12*i?9 to the emperor Kred- erlck II, Since 1244 it has been in possession of the Mo- hamniedans, and since ir>17 under Turkish rule. In IStH) Nap(deon planned the capture of Jerusalem, but gave up his ifitcTition. Mi'hemet Alt. pasha of Egypt, took pos- session of it in 1m:(2; in 18:U it wjm seized and held for some time by insurgent Bedouins ; and in IMl it was again restored to the sultan. Modern Jerusalem is a citv of the vilayet of Syria. Asiatic Turkey, situated in lal. ;tl 47 N., long, .■ifi" i:i' E. The christian (piarter occupies the north- west of it, the MolKiinnu'dan the northeast, the Jewish the soutluMst, anri the Armenian the southwest. It is the resideru!e of the I'asha of Fab-stinc. and is now con- nected with Jatfa by railway. The most c 545 as delegates from the community at Antioch ; and what is called the Council of Jerusalem, a full assembly of all the apostles then present iu the metropolis, solemnly de- bated this great question. Milman, Hist, of Christianity, I. 403. Jerusalem, Kingdom of. A Clirist ian kingdom ju Syria, llOll-S?. larf^^-ly under Freneh iiiflu- eiiee. It was Dnitinued as a titular kingdom, now held noininally by the house of Austria. Jerusalem Chamber.* A room at the southwest side of Westminster Abbey, dating from 137G or 1386. Henry IV. died in tliisrooni. The Upper House of Convocation of tlie Province of Canterbury meets in it. It probably derives its name from tapestries with the his- torj' of Jerusalem on them, whieh hung on the walls. Jerusalem Coffee House. Au old house in Com- hill, Loniloit. It is one of the oldest of the city news- liMinis. and is frequented by merchants ami eiiptains cim- meted with the commerce of China. India, and Australia. T'mb.-i. Jerusalem Delivered, It. Gerusalemme Lib- erata. An epic poem by T, 1790, he was ordered to abandon Corsica and the Mediterranean and to defend the Channel. To i>revent the union of the allied Meet with the French squadron at Brest, he took up a position off Cape St Vincent Feb., 1797. On Keb. 14 a battle was fought, resulting in the capture of four Spanish sliips. He was at once gazetted to an earhlom with the title of St. Vin- cent. He relinquished his command June l.">. 1799. In the summer of 180O he again entered the service in command of the Channel fleet. In ISOl he became first lord of the admiralty. On the collapse of the Addington ministry and the return of Pitt to power, St. Vincent's n-f innicntfrom the admiralty became necessary. After the d.atb of Pitt hi- acain entered the seiTice with the actinu rank of ad- miral of the tleet, March, 1800, but was relieved April '24, 1S1I7. Jervis, Sir John, Born Jan. 12, 1802: died at London, Nov. 1, 1856. An English jurist, lord ciiief justice of the Common Pleas. He was second cousin of John Jervis. Earl St. Vincent. He studied at Trinity College. Cambridge, and was called to the bar in 1824. From 1826 to ls;J2 he reported in the E.vchciiuer court. Dec. 18:12, he wasreturned for Chesterasa Liberal in the first reform Parliament. He was appointed solicitor- general in 18-1(S, and attorney-general in tlie same year. July 16, ISSn, he was api)ointed lord chief justice of the Cimimon Pleas. In 1848 were passed three bills which bear his name, regulating the duties of justices of the peace. Jesi (ya'se). A city in the province of Ancona, easternItaly,sitnatedontheKsinoir)miIeswesf- S(.tuthwestof Ancona : the ancient JEsis or yEsi- nm. It has a cathedral, and is noted asthe birtbplace of the emperor Frederick II. Population, about 12,(XHX Jesse (jes'e). The father of David, king of Is- rael. Jesse, John Heneage. Born 1815: died at Lon- don, ,hdy 7, 1S71. An Kurdish historicalwriler. Ilepubli^heil " Jlemoii's of the Court of England during the Keign of the Stuarts" (1840), and similar W()rks. Jessel (jps'ol), Sir George. Born at London, Feb. 13, 1><24: died there, March 21. 1883. An English jurist. IK- w:i3 the son of a Jewish merchant. He graduated at London University in lS4:i, and was called to tile bar at Lincoln's Inn in 184". Jessel was returned to Parliament for Dover in Dec, ISttS. ami was appointed scdicitor-general in 1871. Ouring hi^ tenure of odice oc curred the Geneva arbitration. In 1873 he was made mas- ter of the rolls. Jesselmere. See Jaisahnir. Jessica (jes'i-kli). In ShakspereV '* Merchant of Venice," the tlaugliter of Sliylock. She elopes with I-orenzo. taking her father's jewels and money, " A most beautiful pagan, a most sweet Jew." JeSSO. See Yc-o. Jessonda. An ojtera by Spohr, first produced at Cassi'l in lSL*:i, and at London in 1840. Jessor, or Jessore ( jcs-sor' i. A district in Ben- gal, Britisli India. interHected by bit. 23° N.. long. 89^30' E. Area, li.i»2r>m|iuire miles. Pop- ulation (IH!»1). l.HHM.HL'T. Jests of Gonnella. Tln^ jests of tlie domestic fool of Nicolo d'Eslo : they wore lu'iuted iu ir)0(). Jesuits (jez'u-ita). [So called (first, it is said, by Calvin, al)out ir>.^)0^ from the name given to the order by ils founder ( NIj. Sitrirtas Jtsu, the Conii>any (or Society) of .Testis).] The mem- bers of tlie *' Society of Jesus " (or *'< 'onipiiiiy of Jesus"), founder! by Ignatius l^oyola in l.'t:t4, and contirmed by the Pope in 1540. Tt.tmembor- sblp Inclmies two general elassex (laymen, or temporal co- attjutors, and prle^tn) and six graded— nanielv, noviec-R formed temponil coacljiitort, approved acholnstlcs. formed Jewel spiritual coadjutors, ^he professed of three vows, and the professed of four vows. The professed oi the f(atc June 20, 1789. Jeunesse Dor^e (zhe-nes' d6-ni'). [F., 'gilded youth. 'J In French history, a band of young men who formed a reactionary faction against the Jacoltins after the Uth Thermidor, vear 2 (July 27, 1794). Jever (ya'fer). A town in Oldenburg, Germany. 34 miles north-northwest of Oldenburg: former- ly the chief town of Jeverland, an old division of Friesland. Jevons (.icv'onz). William Stanley, l^orn »t Liverpool. Sept. 1. ISt.'i: .IiuwimmI while bath- ing near Hastings. Aug. lit. IsS'J, An English ceonomist and logician. He was the siui of a nail- maker and iron merchant of I.iverfMxd. He eiit«Teil I nl- versityCidlege, I/uidon,fnls:)l, and sluille0 tn return to rniverslty rollege. hVimi 18*12 to 18(M be pultlisbed numerous diHserlations on cur- rency anil finance. In \m\ appeareub||shed"TheSubslltntlonofsindlarN'(lKe.luc(ive I^igie ' (1S8'I\ "Ibe rrhiclples of ?^\. ence" (is;.)!, •• Th.- Thcori- "f I'oIKind Economy " (U^'D- Jew, The Wandering. See WmiJehnq Jcw^Thc. Jewel (.ir.'eh. John. Horn Mav *J4. irrjii: died at Monklon Farleigh. Sejit. Ua. iri7I. Hishopof Salisbury. He gmduated nt Oxford (Merton College) in IMo. and wnseleited fellow of (\)rpnn Chri«li In 1642. On the accession of Mar)' in 15.^»3, Jewel wns deprived of hti ii.oi I'll it.> )'iii(i.otn ;oiu .( ;it. oiii. .Ill f>LiL'Lii. Jesus Disputing with the Doctors. A pain iii!^ by Paolo Voiouust", iu the Koyal Museum i Jewel fellowship, and fled to Frankfort March 13, 1566. On Mary'B de:ith he returned to England. His letters to Peter Mar- tyr and other friends at this time are a valuable source of historical information. He was appointed a disputant at the Westminster Conference in I5f)9, preacher at Paul's Cross in June, 1560, and bishop of .Salisbury in July, IStiO. In 1502 appeared his "Apologia pro Kcclesia Anglicana," the first methodical statement of the Church of England's position against the Church of Rome. Jewel's complete works were collected under the direction of Archbishop Bancroft and published in 1609. Jew of Malta, The. A play by Marlowe, it was written after 1588, and was frequently acted between 1691 and 1596. It was reviveii in 1601 and 16;i3, and in 1818 Kean produced an altered version at Druiy Lane. The earliest English edition extant is dated 1633, and was edited, some- what altered, by T. Heywood. It presents the popular idea of an avaricious, murderous Jew. There was an older play of "The Jew," named by Ste- phen Gosson in his *' School of Abuse " as setting forth '" the greediness of worldly choosers and the bloody minds of usurers," which seems to have been a treatment in one play of the two fables which form the groundwork of Shakespeare's " Merchant of Venice." Some years after the death of Marlowe we find evidence in Germany of the existence of a play in which Barabas of "The Jew of Mal- ta " is made one with the Jew of the other play. It has, therefore, some rough features of resemblance to "The Merchant of Venice," and in the course of this piece it is to be observed that Barabas changes his name to Joseph. Morley, English Writers, X. 117. Je'WS (joz). [From Jtulalt.'] Loosely, the Se- mitic nation that was earlier called Hebrews, Israelites, or the children of Israel ; strictly, the people descended from the tribes of Judah and Benjamin (see Judah, Kingdom of). After the destruction of Jerusalem (70 A. D.) these were scat- tered throughout other countries. They still remain a distinct people, often oppressed and persecuted, but re- taining their nationality and distinguished by specific characteristics. Their number at the present time is es- timated at between 7,000,000 and 8,000,000, about 6,500,000 being in Europe. Jewsbury goz'ber-i),Geraldine Endsor. Born at Measham, Derbyshire, in 18112: died Sept. 23,1880. An English novelist, she was the daugh- ter of Thomas Jewsbury of ilanchcster. In 1841 she became associated with Thomas Carlyle and his wife, and removed to Chelsea, to be near them, in 1854. Among her novels are "Zoe" (1846), "The Half-.Sisters" (1848), "Sor- rows of Gentility ' (1856), etc.; and she ^vrote several children's stories and short tales. Jewsbury, Maria Jane (afterward Mrs. Fletcher). Born at Measham, Derbyshire, Eng- land. (3ot. 25, 1800: died at Poonah," India, Oct. 4, 1833. An English author, sister of Geraldine. She wrote "Phantasmagoria, etc.," "Letters to the Young," "Lays of Leisure Hours," etc. Her best work appeared in the "Athenaeum."' Jeypore (ji-p6r'), or Jaipur (.ii-por'). 1. A na- tive state in Rajputana, India, intersected by lat. 27° N., long. 76° E. it passed under British protection in 1813. Area, 16,349 square miles. Popula- tion (1891), 2,832,276. 2. The capital of the state of Jeypore, situated in lat. 26° 55' N., long. 75° 52' E. it is the chief city of Rajputana, and an important financial center, and is noted for its tine buildings. It was founded in 1728. Population (1891), 158,906. Jezebel (Jez'e-bel). The wife of Ahab, king of Israel, whom she married before his accession, and by whom she became the mother of Atha- liah, queen of Judah, and of .Ahaziah and Jo- rara. kings of Israel. She was a Phenician princess, daughter of Ethbaal, king of the Sidonians, and estab- lished the Phenician worship at the court of Ahab. She was put to death by order of Jehu. Jezreel (jez're-el), mod. Zerin (ze-ren'). In Bible geography, a city in the plain of Jezreel, Palestine, situated near Mount Gilboa, 53 miles north of Jerusalem, it was the capital of Israel under the dynasty of Ahab. Ahaziah and Joram were killed here by Jehu. Jhalawar (ja'la-war). A native state of Raj- putana, India, consisting of two separate por- tions, situated west of Gwalior, about long. 76°-77° E. It is under British protection. Area, 3,043 square miles. Population (1891), 343,601. Jhana (j-ha'na). See Dhyani Buddha. Jhang (jung)." 1. A district in the Multan divi- sion, Paujab, British India, intersected bv lat. 31° 15' N., long. 72° 15' E. Area, 5.871 square miles. Population (1891), 436,841.— 2. A town in the district of Jhang, about lat. 31° 18' N., long. 72° 23' E. Population (1891), 23,290. Jhansi(jan'se). 1. A division in the Northwest Provinces, British India. Area, 4,9S3 siiuare miles. Popiaation(1881), 1,000,457.— 2. Adis- trict in the Jhansi division, intersected by lat. 25° 30' N., long. 79° 10' E. Area, 1,640 square miles. Population (1891), 409,419.-3. A for- tified town in Gwalior, India, situated in lat. 25° 27' N., long. 78° 33' E. It was the scene of a massacre of Europeans in 1857 ; was captured by the British in 1858 ; and was ceded to Gwalior in 18B1. Pop- ulation (1891), 63,779. Jhelum, or Jhelam (je'lum), or Jhylum, or Jhilam (ji'lum), etc. 1. One of the rivers of the Panjab, India, rising in Kashmir and join- 546 ing the Chenab in lat. 31° 10' N. : the ancient Hydaspes. On its banks Alexander the Great defeated Porus, 326 B. c. Srinagai- in Kashmir- is on its banks. Length, about 460 miles. 2. A district in the Rawal Pindi division, Paniab, British India, intersected by lat. 33° N., long. 73° E. Area, 3,995 square miles. Population (1891), 609,056.-3. The capital of the district of Jhelum, situated on the river .Thelum in lat. 32° 55' N., long. 73° 40' E. Population (1891), 12,878. Jlbaros. See Jivaros. Jicarilla (He-ka-rel'yii). The northern branch of the Vaquero of Benavides, a tribe of the Apache. Prior to 1799 they ranged north of northern New Mexico till driven out by the Comanche. The Jica- rilla ai-e closely related to the Earaone. Jiddah ( jid'da), or Jeddah ( jed'da). A seaport in Arabia, in tlie vilavet of Hedjaz, Asiatic Tur- key, situated on the Red Sea in lat. 21° 28' N., long. 39° 11' E. It is one of the chief commercial cen- ters of Aj'abia, and the landing-place for Mecca pilgrims. It was the scene of a massacre of the Christians 1858. Pop- ulation, estimated, 22,000. Jihun. See Aniii-Daria. Jijona (He-Ho'naj. A town in the pro\'inee of Alicante, eastern Spain, 12 miles north of Ali- cante. Population (1887), 6,198. Jilolo. See GHoIo. Jim Crow ( jim kro). A dramatic song and negro dance brought out by Thomas D. Rice, the lirst "negro minstrel," in Washington in 1835. Jo- seph Jeffei'son appeared with him in tliis dance when only 4 years old. Jimena de la Frontera (He-mii'na da la fron- ta'ra). A town in the pro^-ince of Cadiz, Spain, north of Gibraltar. Population (1887), 8.622. Jimenes. See Ximenes. Jiminez (ne-ma'nath), Jesiis. BomatCartago, June IS, 1823: diedatSan Jos^, Feb. 17, 1897. A Costa Rican statesman, president of the repub- lic May 8, 1863, to May 8, 1865, and again Nov. 1, 1868, to April 28, 1870, when he was overthrown by a revolution. He was moderate in politics, and under him the country progressed steadily. Jina. See Jainas. Jingas (zlieng'gas). See Kr/ola. Jingle, Alfred, otherwise Charles Fitz Mar- shall. A swindler with an airy temperament and a glib tongue, in Dickens's "Pickwick Pa- pers." Jinnestan (jin-es-tan'). An ideal region in the motmtaius of Kaf, the abode of jinns and peris and devs, in Persian mythology. Jisdra, or Jizdra (zhez'dra) A town in the government of Kaluga, central Russia, situated on the river Jisdra 82 miles southwest of Kaluga. Jitomir. See Zhitomir. Ji'Varos (ne-va'ros). A race of Indians in Ecua- dor and northern Peru, about the rivers flow- ing into the upper Amazon. They are still numer- ous, and are divided into many petty hordes with differ- ent names. All are savages of a rather low grade, living mainly by hunting, and making war on other tribes ; their language has never been classified. For arms they use lances and blow-guns with poisoned arrows. They dry and preserve their enemies' heads, and also those of their chiefs: these heads are well known in museums. Mis- sionaries preached to the Jivaros in tlie IGth century, but they revolted in 1599 and destroyed many settlements; recently they have received Italian missionaries. Also \vritten Jibaros, Givaros, or Xivaros. Joah(j6'ab). [Heb., ' Yah veh is my father.'] The commander of the Hebrew army under King David (about 1033-993 B. C). He commanded in the war against Ishbosheth, the son of Saul, as well as against the Gentiles. He treacherously slew Abner, Saul's former captain, after he had become reconciled with David ; and despatched David's rebellious son Absalom. He was killed by order of Solomon for conspiring with Adonijah. Joachim, King of Naples. See Murat. Joachim (yo'a-chim), Joseph. BomatlCittsee, near Presburg, Hungary, June 28, 1831. A cel- ebrated Gei-man violinist and composer. He has had great success as a solo and quartet player. In 1S49 he was made leader of the grand duke's band at Wei- mar. He was conductor of concerts and solo violinist to the King of Hanover 1864-66, and head of the musical school at Berlin 1868. He received the honorary degree of doctor of music in 1877 from Cambri(ige. He is a mas- ter of technic. and his style is recognized as a model both in England and on the Continent. Joachimites (j6'a-kim-its). The followers or believers in the doctrines of an Italian mystic, Joachim (died about 1200), abbot of Ploris. The most important feature of his doctrines was the belief that the history of man will be covered by three reigns: the first, that of the Father, from the creation till the birth of Christ; the second, that of the Son, from the birth of Christ till 1260 ; and the third, that of the Holy Spirit, from 1260 onward. This last view was developed by his adherents into the belief that a new gospel would super- sede the revelation of the Old and New Testaments. 'These views had many supporters in the 13th century, Joachimsthal (yo'a-chims-tal). A mining and Joannes VI. Palaeologus manufacturing town in Bohemia, situated in lat. 50° 23' N., long. 12° 54' E. its silver-mines were celebrated in the 16th century. The word thaler, dollar, is derived from this place. Population tl890), com- mune, 7,046. Joan, surnamed ' ' The Fair Maid of Kent. " [From. Joamia.'i Born 1328: died at WaUingford Cas- tle, Aug. 7, 1385. The wife of Edward, prince of Wales, " the Black Prince," and mother of Rich- ard II., probably the younger daughter of Ed- mund of Woodstock, earl of Kent, sixth son of Edward I. In Oct., 1330, the young queen Philippa took charge of her, and she became "in her time the most beautiful of aU the kingdom ('/) of England and the most lovable " (Froisxart). She « as first maiTied to Sir- Thomas Holland, steward of the household to William de Monta- cute, second earl of Salisbury. A few months ifter his death (Dec. 28, 1360) she married the Black Prince. The man-iage was celebrated Ijy Simon Islip(whom see), arch- bishop of Canterbury, at Lambeth, Oct. 10, 1361. Betw een 1362 and 1371 she was with the prince in Aquitaine, where her two sons Edward and Richard II. were born. The Black Prince died on June 8, 1376, and in June, 1377, Richard became king. At her interposition in 1378 proceedings against Wyclif at Lajibeth were arrested. She also ex- erted all her infiuence to heal the breach between Richard and John of Gaunt. Diet Nat. Biog. Joan, Queen of Scotland, caljed "Joan of the Tower." Born in the Tower, London, about July, 1321 : died Aug. 14, 1362. The fourth and youngest child of Edward H. and Isabella, daughter of Philip IV. of France. In the summer of 1327 Isabella and Mortimer, in the name of Edward III., proposed to Robert Bruce, then besieging Norham, the marriage of his sou and heir David to Joan, and the mar- riage was included among the conditions of the peace con- cluded at Northampton, April, 1328. They were married at Berwick, July 12, 1328. The Scots called the princess "Joan Make-peace." The children were crowned at Scone Nov. 24, 133L When Edward Baliol seizeil the crown of Scotland (Sept. 24, I:i32), David and Joan fled to Dumbar- ton, and in 1334 to the Cluiteau Gaillard in France until May, 1341, when they returned to Scotland. Joan. A mythical female pope, supposed to have reigned about 85,5-858. she is represented as of English descent, although born at Ingelheim or Mainz, and as having Lallen in love with a young Benedictine monk, with whom she fled in male attu-e to Athens. After his death she removed to Rome, where she rose to the rank of cardinal. She was elected pope as John VIII. on the death of Leo IV., and died in childbirth during a public procession. Joan of Arc (jo-an' or jon ov, ark), F. Jeanne d'Arc or Dare (zhan diirk), called " The Maid of Orleans." Born at Domremy, Jan. 6, 1412 : died May 30, 1431. The French national heroine. She was the illiterate daughter of a peasant proprietor at Dom- remy. At the time of lier appearance in history the English were masters of the whole of France north of the Loire, and the queen mother Isaliella supported the pretensions of her grandson Henry VI. of England to the throne of France in opposition to her son Charles VII. of Fl-ance. Accord- ing to a version of a prophecy by Merlin, which was cur- rent in her native province and with which she was un- doubtedly familiar, France was to be overwhelmed with calamities, but was to be delivered by a virgin out of the forest of Domremy. She imagined tliat she heard super- natural voices commanding her to liberate France, and eventually gained access to the court of Charles VII., who intrusted her with the command of an army. She raised the siege of Orleans by the English, May 8, 1429, and gained thegreat victory of Patay, June 18, 1429, with the result that Charles VTI. was enabled. July 17, 1429, to receive the con- secrated oil at Rheims, where the kings of France were anciently accustomed to hold the coronation ceremonies. She w'as captured May 24, 1430, while defending Compi^gne against the Duke of Burgundy ; was sold by the duke to his allies the English ; and was burned at the stake as a heretic at Rouen, May 30, 1431. Joan of Arc. A painting by Bastien-Lepage, in the Metropolitan Museum, New York. The maid, as a coarsely dressed Lorraine peasant girl, leans against an apple-tree amid rustic surroundings, and looks upward with a rapt expression. Above float spectral flgiu-es of angels and of knights in armor. Joanna (jo-an'ii) I. [Fem. of Joannes.'] Died 1382. Queen of Naples 1343-82. She procured the murder of her first husband, Andrew, prince of Hungary, in 134.5, and in 1346 married Prince Louis of Tarentum. She was expelled by Louis, king of Hungaiy, who invaded Naples to avenge the death of Andrew, but was restored in 13.'>2. She was captured and put to death by the usurper Charles III. (whom see). Joanna II. Died 1435. Queen of Naples 1414^ 1435. Joannes. See Marnjd. Joannes (j6-an'ez) I. Zimiskes. Died at Con- stantinople, Jan. 10, 970. Byzantine emperor 960-076. Heput to death theemperorNicephorusrhocas, and took possession of tlie throne by means of an adulterous intrigue with the empress Theophano. He defeated the Russians in 971. Joannes II. Comnenus. See Calo-Joannes. Joannes III. Vatatzes. Died at Nymphrenm, Oct. 30, 1255. Emperor of Nicfea 1222-55. Joannes IV. Lascaris. Emperor of Nicrea 1259-61, son of Theodore H. Lascaris whom he succeeded. He was deposed and blinded by Michael Pala:>ologus, Joannes V. Cantacuzenus. See Can facticeni(S. Joannes VI. Palsologus. Bom 1332 : died 1391. Byzantine emperor 1341-91, son of Androni- Joannes VI. Palaeologus . cus in. wliom he sueoeeded underthe guardian- ship of Joannes (^antacuzenns. He was forced to fltmre the imperial title with Cantacuzeuus in 1347, but became sole emperor on the abdication of the latter in 13.'.S. Joannes VII. Palaeologus. Born 1390: died I44S. Byzantine emperor 142.')-48. Joannina. See Janina. Joannites (jo-an'its). The adherents of John Clirysostom who supported him after his de- position from the patriarchate of Constantino- j>le iu 404. Joash (jo'ash). King of Israel 798-790 B. c. (Diuicker), sou of Jehoahaz. He expelled the Syri- an^ from liis kingdom, and defeated and ca|ilured Amaziah, liinn uf ,1 udah, and iduTjdered the temple at Jerusalem. Joash. King of Judah 837-797 B. C. (Duueker), BOn of Ahaziah. He was the only prince of the royal bouse who escaped massacre on the usurpation of tlie thruue by Athaliah (whom see). Hewas proclaimed by the high priest Jehoiada(wliom see), who overthrew Athaliah. in K37. He put to death Zechariah, the son of Jehoiada, in an^er at being rebuked for restoring the worship of Baal, and was murdered by his own servants during an invasion of the Syrians. Job (job). [Heb. lydb.'] The hero of a book of the Old Testament named from him. He is a man of great wealth and prosperity, who is suddenly overtaken by dire misfortunes. These give rise to a series of discussions between Job and a number of friends who come to visit him. The problem discussed iswhethersuf- fering is always the punishment for sin, and, conversely, whether sin is always followed by punishment. Job as- aerts his righteousness, and his friends assume that his Buffering must be a pimishment for sin. A righteous man Darned Job is mentioned in Ezek. xiv. 14, but it is gen- erally assumed that the book itself is not historical in char- acter. This assumption is found as far back as the Talmud. The authorship has been ascribed to Moses, Jeremiah, Ezra, and other liiblical writers. Some modern critics consider it an Israelitish production, and place it directly after the fall of Samaria (72'.! b. c), while others hold that it is a Judaic producti his dlHciples surrounding hisdcath-Iied was: "May the fear of (!od intlnence your actlbna as much as the fear of man." Jodelle (zho-del'), Etienne, Sieur do l^vmodin. I'.oni at Paris, l.''>31i: died there, July, i.")73. A French drama! ic poet, a member of tlie I'lt^'iado, and the fouiuler of modern F'rench tragedy and comedy. He wrote the tragedies "Cleopi'itre captive" (15.')2), "Didon" (1553), the comedy " Kiigene," etc. Jodhpur (.jod-piir'). 1. A native state in Raj- putnua, India, intersected by Int. '_'(i° N., long. (2° E. : called aLso Marwar. It panned under Brit- ish protection In 1818. Area, .t7,44.'i square miles. Popula- tion (1891), 2,.')21,727. 2. The capitnl of the state of Jodhpnr, situated in lat. 20° 17' N., long. 73° 4' E. Population (1891), fil,H49. Jodrell ( jo'drol), Ricbard Paul. Born Nov. 13, 547 1745: died at London. Jan. 26, 1831. An Eng- lish classical scholar and dramatist, a friend of Dr. Johnson. He became member of Parliament for Seaford, Sussex, in 17IM. He wrote "Philology ^'f the English Language " (1820),' 'A Widow and no Widow ' (pro- duced at the Haymarket July 17, 1779), "The Persian Heroine." a tragedy (printed 178ti. and acted under the patronage of the Persian amliassador June 2, 1819). JoeKjo'el). [Heb., 'Jehovah is God.'] Thesec- ond in order of the minor i)rophets of Israel. His prophecy, which consists of 3 chapters, is spoken partly in Ills own name and partly in that of Jehovah. It fore- tells judgmcntsthat aretocome in Israel, exhorts the peo- ple to repentance and reform, and promises ultimate i)le.ss- ings. Its date has been much disputed. Jogues ( zhog), Isaac. Born at Orl(5ans, France, Jan. 10, 1G07: killed at Caughnawaga, N. Y., I let. 18, KUfi. A French Jesuit missionary. He entered the order of tlie Jesuits in 1624; was ordained priest in 1G36; and in the same year went to Canada, lieing sent there .as a missionary to tlic Hnrons. He was cap- tured in 1642 by the Mohawks, lint escaped with the as- sistance of the Dutch in 164:1. In 1640 he voluntarily re- turned to the Mohawks, with a view to establishing a mis- sion ; but was looked upon as a sorcerer and killed. lie wrote a "Description of New Netherlands," a "Notice of Ren^ Goupil." and a "Journal" of his captivity, which have been published in the "Collections of the New York Historical Society." Jobanna. See Joanna. Jobanna (jo-han'ii) Island, or Anzuan (iin-zii- iin'), or Anjuan (iiu-jo-iin'). One of the Co- moro Islands, situated in Mozambique Clianncl, east of Africa, in lat. 12° 16' S.. long 44° 2.'/ E. It is governed by a sultan residing at the head town, Johanna. Population (estimated), 12,000. Jobannes (yo-hiin'nes), surnamed Parricida ('the Parricide') (Jobn of Swabia). Born 1290: died 1308. A German prince. He was the nephew of King Albert I., whom he murdered near Win- disch, Aargau, Switzerland, May 1, 1308, for withln.lding his lieredit.ary domains. Jobannesburg (.yo-hiin'nes-borG). A town in 'Transvaal, South Africa, about 300 miles north- east of Kiraberley. It is the center of the Wit- watersrand gold-fields, hiid out in 1886. Popu- lation (1896), 102,714. Jobannes Secundus (.io-hau'ez se-kuu'dus) (originallvJanEveraerts). BomaffheHague, Nov., 15li: died at Utrecht, Netherlands, l.")36. A Dutch poet, noted for his Latin IjTies, elegies, etc. His " Basia" was published in 1.539. Johanngeorgenstadt (yo-hUn ga-or'gen-stiit). A town in the kingdom of Saxony, situated in the Erzgebirge, on the Schwarzwasser, 29 miles south-southwest of Chemnitz. Population(1890), .5,124. Jobannisberg (yo-han'nis-bero). A village of Prussia, on the Rhino near Wiesbaden. It is noted for its vineyards, which produce the Jo- liannisbcrgcr wine. Jobannot (zh6-ii-u6'), Alfred. Born at Offen- bach, March 21, 1800 : died at Paris. Dec. 7, 1837. A French historical painter. He was first known as the engraver of the pictiu-es of Vernet and Ary ScheiTer. Jobannot, Tony, Born at OiTonbach, Nov. 9, 1803: died at Paris, Aug. 4, 1852. A French his- torical painter and engi'aver, lirother of Alfred. Jobn (.jon), the Apostle. [Early mod. E. also Jon; also, after the L., Jolian ; ME. Jon (with long vowel, as in the gen. Jonrs, whence the mod. sm-name Jimix), also JoIkui, OF. Jolian, Ji'lian, Jean, F. Jtnn, Sp. Jmin, Pg. Joiio, It. (iiovanni, Gianni, (Han, 1). Jan, G. Johaini, Kuss. Irayi, etc., from LL. Joannes, Johannes, Gr. 'Iwoi- ivyf, Heb. Yehohliandn (in Eng. O. T. Johanan), 'the Lord graciously gave.' The form Jaek, often used as a familiar substitute for John, is really a short form of Jaioh.] One of tlie three disi'iples of .Testis who were adniitteil to closest intimacy with him, iireeminently "the disciple whom Jesus loved." He was tlic son of Zcbcdcc, and originally a llslierniari. His brotlier James and he wore designated "Boanerges." sons of thunder. He leanetl on the bosom of Jesus at the last supper, and was present nt the crucillxlon, wlu-n Jchuh committed Ills mother t. Jobn Jobn, the Baptist. Born about 5 (T) B. C. : be- headed about 30 A. D. The forerunner of JesuB, and the last of the Hebrew prophets. Jobn I., Saint. Pope 52:{-.52C. Ue was a native of Tuscany, and was elevated on the death of Hormisdas. In 525 he was sent t>y Theodoric, king of the East tloths, at the head of an eml)assy to tlie Byzantine emperor to obtain toleration for the -\rians, in which he was only partially successful. He was suspected by Theodoric of having secretly opposed the object of the mission, and was on his return thrown Into prison, wliere he died. He is com- memorated in the Roman Catholic Church on May 27. Jobn II., surnamed Mercurius (on account of his eloiiuence). Pope .532-535. Jobn III. Pope 560-573. Dui'ing his pontificate Italy was ravaged by frequent incursions of the Lombards. Jobn IV. Pope 640-642. Hewasanativeof Salonaln Dalmatia, and condemned the Monothelitic fonnula of faith prepared by Sergius at the instance of the emperor Ileraclius. Jobn V. Pope 685-686. He was a native of Anfioch in Sma. Jobn VI. Pope 701-705. Jobn VII. Pope 70.5-707. Jobn Vin. Pope 872-882, a Roman by birth. He cr.nvned the emperors Charles the Bald (875) and Charles the Fat (SSI), and paid tribute to the Saracens. Jobn IX. Pope 898-900. JohnX. Pope 914-928. He was elevated through the iniluenoe of his mistress Theodora, a courtezan at Rome. He defeated the Saracens near the Garigliano in 916. Jobn XI. Born 906: died 936. Pope 931-932, son of Marozia (whom see) and Pope .Sergins in. He was deposed by his brother AJberic, and tiled in prison. Jobn XII. Died 964. Pope 955-963, son of Alberic II., patrician of Rome, ami grandson of Marozia (whom see). He called to his aid against Berengarius II. of Italy, Otto I. of Germany, whom he crowned emperor in :*62. He presently conspired against the emperor, how- ever, ami was dejKtsed Ijy him in IH)3. Jobn XIII. Pope 9&5-972. Jobn XIV. Pope 983-984. He was elected, through the intlueiiceof the emperor otto II., to succeed Benedict \'1I., lint w:is imprisoned by the antipope Boniface VII. in 984, and ilied jirobably by poison. Jobn XV. Pope 985-996. Jobn XVI. (Pbilagatbus). Antii.oiu- 997-998. lie was elevated liyCrescentins on the expulsion of Gregory V. in 997, but was inijjriSi-incd and blinded liy the emperor OltuIII. in 911S. Jobn XVII. (Sicco). Pope 1003. Jobn XVIII. (Fanasus or Fasanus). Pope ioo:!-(i;i. John XIX. I'ope 1024-33. Jobn XXI. (or XX. ). pope 1276-77. Jobn XXII. (Jacques d'Euse). BornatCahors, France, aliout 1244: liied 13:14. Pope 1316-34. He made his residence at Avignon, and was wholly sub- servient to the Intel ests of the French court. He opposed the emperor Louis the Bavarian, whose imperial dignity he olfered to Charles the Fair of France. L^niis, however, installed Nicholas V. as antipope at Rome in l.'t28, but on retiring from Italy was iinalile to prevent Nicholas from falling into tlie hands of ,lohn. Jobn XXIII. (Baltasare Cossa). Bom at Na- ples about 1360 : died at Florence. Nov. '22, 1419. Pope 1410-15. He served as a corsair in his youth; afterwiu-d studied at tlie University of Kdogna; was created a canlinal in 14n2 ; and in 1410 succeeded Alexander V., whose death ho waa suspected of having encompassed. He was opiKised Ity the niitipopes Bene- dict XIII. anil Gregory XII., along with whom he waa deposed by the Cv I'hlllp II. of I'mnce. who l.wk CliftleaH Gaillard, the Inst of .1. din's stnuighidds In France, March 6, 1204. on the death of Hubert Walter, arcliblsliop of raliterlniry. in 1205, a dispiileil election for the arcliblsh- oprir was" followed by a reference to Rome, wliieh re- sulted In the elect ion of St4'plifn I.angtance in aUian.e Yorkshire. 721, An Enfflish prelate, bishop of with the emperor Otto I\ ., the Flemish, and othei-s, but tt _u „ an- .„ i k:,i.„^ ^f x^«i. tas; was defeated wiih his allies at Bouvines in 1214. In the Hexham 68. , an.l Uisliop of York /Oo. ■lean time the barons, with whom he had been embroiled John Of Beveiley. Born at Beverley, York- ever since his accession by his exactions and mi^ovem- shire : executed at St. Giles's Fields, Jan. 19, 1414. An En^'lish Carmelite theologian, iden- tified with John of Beverley, the Lollai'd. John of Bologna. [F. Jeau de Bonlofj»e, It. Giovanni da Bologna.^ Bom at Douai about ment, had combined to secure a refonn in the govern ment, and on his return John was compelled to sign the Magna Charta (which see) at Runnymede, June 15, 121f.. He appealed to the Pope, who declared the charter void. The biU'ous retorted by declaiing the crown forfeited and bestowino: it upon Lodis, son of Philip II. of France, who landed in England in 1216. John died during the ensuing war, and his opportune death preserved the crown for his son Henry HI. John (F. Jean) n., sm-named **Le Bon" ('the Good'). Died at London, April S, 1364. King of France 1350-64, son of Philip W. He was de- feated and captured by the British under the Black Prince at Poitiers in 1356, and was restored to liberty by the peace of Bretigny in 1360. John (Pg. Joao) L, sumamed "The Great." Born at Lisbon. April 22. 1357 : died Aug. 11, 1433. King of Portugal 13S5-1433, Ulegitimate son of Pedro I. He became grand master of Aviz in 1530: died at Florence, 1608. A celebrated Italian sculptor. Hewassurnamed bytheltalians "H Fiammingo," from his birth in the LowCountries. Hewent to Rome when quite young, and submitted work to Michel- angelo. After twoyears he settled in Florence. The great fountain of Neptune in Bologna was begun in 1563 and fin- ished in 1566. From this he derived his name. The date of the "Mercury,"now in Florence, his most popular statue, is not known. He also made the "Rape of the Sabines" in the Loggia dei Lanzi, the equestrian statue of Cosmo I. in the Piazza della Signoria,the fountain in the Boboli Gardens (all at Florence); the giant statue of the Apen- nines at IVatolino ; a charming statuette of Venus on a fountain at Petraja ; and the bronze doors of the cathedral of Pisa. 1364. and was in 13S5 elected to succeed his legitimate John of Damascns (John Damascene or brother Ferdinand I., to the exclusion of Ferdinand's - — - — daughter Beatrice, wife of John I. of Castile. John of Cas- tUe sought to enforce his wife's claim, but suffered a de- cisive defeat at Aljubarrota, Aug. 14. 1385. John the Great married Philippa, daughter of John, duke of Lancaster. John II., sumamed ''The Perfect.'' Died in Oct., 1495. King of Portugal 1481-95, son of Alfonso V. During his'reign Bartholomeu Dias John of Gamnndia, discovered the Cape of Good Hope (1486). John III. Born at Lisbon, 1502: died 1557. King of Portugal 1521-57, son of Emanuel I. He introduced the Inquisition about 1526. John IV., surnamed '^The Fortunate." Died Nor. 6. 1656. King of Portugal 1640-56. He headed the revolution against Spain, whose authority he threw off, although the independence of Portugal was not formally recognized before 1668. He was the first of the house of Braganza. John V. Bom at Lisbon, Oct. 22, 1689: died July 31, 1750. King of Portugal 1706-50, son of Petlro n. John VI. Born at Lisbon, Mav 13, 1767: died there, March 10, 1826. King of Portugal 1816- 1826, son of Queen Maria I. He assumed in 1799 the title of regent for his insane mother, whom he succeeded in 1816. Expelled by the French in 1807. he transferred the government to Bi-azil, where he resided until 1S21. John m. Born 1537: died Nov. 17, 1592. King of Sweden 1568-92, second son of Gustavus Vasa. He deposed and nuu'dered his brother Erie XIV. ^hora he succeeded. John II. Casimir. Bom March 21, 1G09 : died at Xevers, France, Dec. 16, 1672. King of Po- land 1648-68, son of Sigismund IH. He succeed- ed his stepbrother I-adislaus, and waged war with Swe- den and Russia, with which powers he concluded peace at Oliva May 3. 1660, and Andrussov Jan. 20, 1667, respec- tively. He abdicated Sept. 16. 1668. John m. Sobieski. Bom at Olesko, Galicia, June 2, 1624: died June 17, 1696. King of Po- land 1674-96. He brought an army of 20,000 Poles to the relief of Vienna, before which he gained a celebrated victory over the Turks Sept. 12, 1683. John, sumamed '*The Fearless." Bom about 1370: assassinated 1419. Duke of Burgundy. son of Philip the Bold whom he succeeded in 1404. He assassinated the Duke of Orleans in 1407, and was at strife with the dauphin (Charles vn.). Joannes Damascentis), sumamed Chrysor- rhoas. Born at Damascus at the end of the 7th eentnry : died about 760 (?). A theologian and father of the Eastern Church. He is the reputed authorof the romance " Barlaam and Josaphat." His works wereeditfd by Le t^iuien (1712). See the extract. John of Gamundia was a mathematician and professor of astronomy. At his death, in the year 1442, he was chan- cellor of the rniversity of Vienna. The calendars made by him were highly esteemed, and were engraved and printed for many years after his death. In his researches after old prints, the late R. Z. Becker, of Gotha. discovered one of the original blocks of a placard or poster edition of the Calendar of John of Gamundia. He describes it as about 10^ inches wide, 151 inches long, and 1^ inches thick. The block was engraved on both sides. De Vinne, Invention of Printing, p. 241, note. John of Gaunt ( coiTupted from Ghent), Duke of Lancaster. Born at Ghent. March, 1S40 : died at London. Feb. 3, 1399. The fourth son of Ed- ward ni. In 1342 he wascreated earl of Richmond, and in 1359 married his cousin Blanche, second daughter of Henrj*. duke of Lancastt-r. On the death of Henry (May, 1361) and his eldest daughter Maud, duchess of Bavaria, "he suc- ceeded by right of his wife to the rar.k and possessions of the dukes of Lancaster. Inl367heaccompanied the Black Prince on the Spanish expedition. Blanche died in 1363, and in ISTlhemarriedConstance, eldest daughter of Pedro the Cruel, the deposed king of Castile. Returning to Eng- land in 1372, he styled himself King of Castile by right of his wife. Lancaster was constantly engaged in the struggle with France, but although a brave knight he was never a competent general, and his repeated failures contributed mach to his increasing unpopularity. The Black Prince died June 8, 1376, and the Good Parliament, which under his patronage had undertaken to reform abuses, was dis- solved. On July 6 the supreme power passed into the hands of Lancaster. His most powerfulopponent, William of Wykehau), was disgraced. In the struggle with the clerical party Lancaster was drawn into an alliance with the Refonners. especially Wyclif whom he defended be- fore the convocation at St* Paul's, Feb. 1*\ 1377. His brutal behavior excited a riot in London: his palace, the Savoy, was attacked, and he was forced to take refuge with Prince Richard aud his mother, the widow of the Black Prince,at Kennington. Edward III. died June 21, 1377, and Richard II. became king, and Lancaster's political power declined. He was engaged in futile expeditions to France and Scot- land. While absent in the north his extreme unpopularity was shown by the destruction of his palace of thu Savoy in Wat Tyler's insurrection, June 13, 13S1. Richard 11. created him duke of Aquitaine March 2. 1390, and he as- John G. Johann. surnamed " The Constant." s.stea .nneptuu.ngtnet rencn treaty iuay 24 ^^ ffi J,me30 ™'8: died Aug. 16, 1532. Eleetor JoM of Gischala. One of the heroes and leaders of Saxony, co-regent with his brother Frederick the Wise uutil the death of the latter (May 5, 1525). He was the Protestant leader at Spires 1529, and in the Smalkaldic League 1531. Jolm, Don. 1. In Shakspere's comedy •' Much Ado about Nothing," the bastard brother of Don Pedro of Aragon. — 2. In Beaumont and Fletcher's comedy "The Chances," a hare- brained but honorable Spanish gentleman. John, Eugenie : pseiidon>-m E. Marlitt. Bom at Arnstadf, Thtrringia. Germany. Dec. 5, 1825. A Ijerman novelist. Among her novels is " Goldelse " (1866). See Marlitt. John, Baron Franz von. Bom at Bruck. Lower Austria, Nov. 20. 1S15: died at Vienna, May 26, 1876. An Austrian general. John, Little. See Little John. John, Prester. See Prester John. John of Austria, generally called Don Juan or John of Austria. Born at Batisbon. Bavaria, Feb. 24, 1547 : died near Namur, Belgium. Oct. 1. 1578. A celebrated Spanish general, illegiti- mate son of the emperor Charles V. by Barbara B1 omberg. He defeated the Moriscos in Granada 1569- in the Judean war with Eome. He first gathered an army of volunteei-s. and fortified himself in his native place, Gischala, a sm;dl city in Galilee. Driven out by Titus, he fled to Jerusalem, and became one of the leading and ruling spirits, distinguishing himself by undaunted courage, heroism, and military ability. He had at last to gi-ace the triumphal procession of Titus, and perished in a dungeon at Rome. John o' Groat's (jon 6 grots) House. A locality in the county of Caithness, Scotland, in lat. 58° oS' N., long. 3° 4' W.. ncarthe northeastern ex- tremity of the island of Great Britain. John of Hexham. Flourished 1180. An Eng- lish historian, prior of Hexham before 1178. He continued the chronicle of Pymeon of Durham over a period extending from llSfv-M. It deals mainly with the church in the north of England. John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford. Born Jime 20, 1389: died at Rouen, Sept. 14. 1435. Regent of England and France. He was the third son of Henr>' IV. of England by Mary, daughter of Hum- phrey Bohu'n. earl of Hereford. He was knighted at his father's coronation as one of the original knights com- panions of the fiath, and in 1403 was made constable of England and warden of the East Marches. In May, 1414, he was created duke of Bedford and earl of Kendal, and later earl of iliclmiond. He commanded the troops in the north until the death of Heniy IV. (Harcb, 1413X On John Nepomuk Maria Joseph Aug. 15, 1416, the fleet under his command won the great victory over the French in the Channel, and succeeded in relieving the besieged town of Hartleur; and in 1417 his expedition into Scotland was successful. At the death of Heni-y V. (Aug.. 142-2) he assumed the regency. To secure the alliance of Philip, duke of Burgundy, Bedford married his daughter Anne in 142:i. His administration of France continued both successful and beneficial uutil the siege of Orleans (14l'S-2!i\ which marks the appearance of Joan of Arc and the decline of English supr- macy. Charles ^'II. was crowned king of trance at Kheims July 17, 1429, and Joan of .\rc unsuccessfully assaulted Paris Sept. 8, 1429. She was betrayed to the English, and executed May 30, 1431. Anne, duchess of Bedford, died Nov. 13, 1432, and Bedford sacrificed the alliance of Philip, dukeof Burgundy, by marrying Jacqueline, daughter of Pierre, count of St, Pol, April 20. 1433. Philip entered into an alliance with the French king, thus thwarting Bedford's hopes, and ter- minating the French dominion~of the English king. John of Leyden (properly Johann Bockelson or Bockold). Born at Levden about 1510 : put to death at Miinster, Westphalia. Jan. 23. 1536. An Anabaptist fanatic. He succeeded Matthiesenas leader of the Anabaptists in Miinster 1534, revolutionized the city, and established a theocracy or Kingdom of Zion, of which he was crowned king. He wasimpriS4»ned by the bishop of Miinster in l.'^.s. He is the subject of Meyer- beer's opera " Der Prophet." John of London, or John Bever. Died 1311. An English chronicler, monk of Westminster Abbey. He was the author of '"Commendatio lamenta- bilis in transitum ilagni Regis Edwardi Quarti." He is supposed to have been the authorof" Hores Historiaruni " (fr.iml26.=. to ISW). John of Luxemburg, See John. King of Bo- hemia. John of Nepomuk. See Sepomuk. John of Peterborough. Flourished 1380. The alleged author of the '•Chronieon Petrobur- geuse." probably an imaginary person. John of Salisbury, surnamed Parvus ( ' the Lit- tle '). Born at Salisljury, Wiltshire, England, about 1115: died at Chartres, France. Oct. 2.5, 1180. Anoted English ecclesiastic, scholar, and author.bishop of Chartres. In use hewent to Paris to attend the lectures of Abelard. He also studied with Alberic of Kheims, Robert of Melun, and William of Conches. At Chartres he laid the foundation of his classi- cal scholarship. In 1141 he returned to Paris to study the- ology under ilaster Gilbert de laPorree, Robert Pullus, and Simon dePoissy. Inll4S he attended the council held by Eugenios III. at Rheims, and followed the Pope to Rome. iVom 1150-64 he lived at the court of Canterbury with Archbishop Theobald. He was repeatedly intrusted with delicate affairs of st.ite, and frequently visited the papal couit in Italy. His close alliance with the bishops brought him into disfavor with Henry II., which obliged him to abandon England in 1164 and find shelter at Rheims. He later returned to Canterbury, and was present at the mur- der of Archbishop Thomas Becket, His works consist of his letters, "Policraticus," "Metalogicus," "Entheticup" "Vita Sancti .Anselmi," "Vita Sancti Thoma Cantuar.." "Historia Pontificalis." His collected works have been edited by Giles (1S4S). John of S'wabia. See Johannes Parriciclo. John (G. Johann) Baptist Joseph Fabian Sebastian, Archduke of Austria. Bom at Flor- ence, Jan. 20, 1782: died at Gratz, Styria, May 10, 1859. An Austrian general, younger son of the emperor Leopold II. He was made commander- in-chief of the Austrian army in Bavaria in Sept., ISOO, and was defeated by the French under Moreau at Hohen- linden. Dec. 3. 1800. In 1309 he obtained command of the Austrian amty in Italy, and gained a victory over the vice- roy Eugene at Sacile April 16, but was defeated at Raab June 14. IS .9. He commanded on the Rhine in 1S15, and was chosen administrator of the empire by the German Xational .Assembly in 1S48 (resigned 1S49). John Frederick (jon fred'er-lk), G. Johann Friedrich, sumamed "The Magnanimous." Born at Torgau, Prussia. June 30, 1503: died at Jena, March 3, 1-554. Elector of Saxony, son of John the Constant whom he succeeded in 1532. He was one of theleaders of the Smalkaldic League. At Miihlberg, .\pril 24, 1547, he was defeated by the em- peror Charles v., captured, and forced to renounce the electorate. See ilithlberg. John George I., G. Johann Georg. Bom March 5. 1.385: died at Dresden. Oct. 8. 165G. Elector of Saxony, in the Albertine line, second sou of the elector Christian I. and Sophia, princess of Brandenburg. He succeeded his brother Chris- tian II. in 1611. John George 11., G. Johann Georg. Bom May 31, 1613 : died at Dresden. Aug. 22, 1680. Elec- tor of Saxony, eldest son of John George L whom he su ccee ded in 16.56. John George m., G. Johann Georg. Bom June 20. 1647 : died at Tubingen. Sept. 12. 1691. Elec- tor of Saxony, son of John George II. whom he succeeded in 1680. Hetookpartinwarsagalnst France, aided the emperor against the Turks, and supported the Venetians in the Morea. John George rV.,G. Johann Georg. Born Oct. l>i. 1668: died April 27, 1694. Elector of Sax- onv. son of John George III. whom he succeeded in 1691. John (G. Johann) Nepomuk Maria Joseph. Bom at Dresden, Dee. 12, 1801 : died at Pillnitz, John NepomuJc Maria Joseph near Dresden, Oct. 29, 1873. King of Saxony 1854, brother of Frederick Augustus II. whom he succeeded. He sided with Austria iti the Aiistro- Prussian war in ISWi.joiiied tlie N'ortlniermanCoiifedcra- timi im its furiii;ilii>n iti Istkl, uni! bt-eanie a member of tlie Oerniaii Kinpire in 1871. He pulilislieU a translation of Dante's "Divina I'ommedia" (183'J-49). JohnBull. TheEuglishiiatioupersonified: used also for an Englishman. John Bull, or The Englishman's Fireside. A comedy by Coliuiin the younger, [inMhiced iu IHII.5. John Bull, The History of. A satirical work by Arbiitlmcit, issued originally as "Law is a Bottomless Pit" in 1712. 7ohn Buncle. The title of a book by Thomas Amory (1691 (?)-17.S8), published 1756-66: so called from the name of its hero. The latter mar- ries 7 wives after extremely short intervals. He is "a pro- Jijtinus hand at matrimony, divinity, a song, and a peek." John Company (jon kum'pa-ni). An old col- loquial desiguatioii for the Honourable East India Company, in familiar use in India and England. John Dory. A fa\orite old ballad frequently referred to by writers of the 16tli and 17th cen- turies. John Gilpin. Aballad by William Co wper, pub- lished in 1785 (printed anonymously in 1782) : 80 called from the name of its hero. John Hyrcanus. See Hyreanus. John Inglesant. A romance by J. H. Sliort- h.iuse, published in 1881. John's College, St. See St. John's College. John Scotus. See Erigena. John, St. (the Baptist), in the Desert. 1. A painting by Titian, in the Aecademia, Venice, — 3, A painting 1 ly Raphael, in the Uffizi, Florence. St John is represented as a youth of 15. with a panther- Bkin about his loins, pointing to a cross beside him. This picture is very familiar in enfrravings, etc. John the Baptist, Life of. A series of 7 frescos by tibirlaudaio (1490), in the choir of Santa Maria Novella, Florence. They begin with the" An- §el and Zacharias," and end with the "Dancing of Hero- ias," and are of liigh interest not oidy for their inherent merit, but also for their portraits of contemporary Floren- tines, Johns Hopkins University. An institution of learning at Baltimore, Maryland, founded by Johns Hopkins, a capitalist of that cit v, who died in 1873, leaving a bequest of $7,000,000 to be di- vided between tlie University and the Johns Ho]ikins Hospital, also at Baltimore, The uni- versity was incoiporated Aug. 24, 18G7, and was opened f'lr instrncti.in in Sept., 1870. It consists of a phikfsoplii- cal faeulty, alfording instruction in letters and seience to Rraduale stndenls. To this is attached a collegiate de- Eartment for undergraduates. A medical seliool, opened y the .Tolnis Hopkins Hospital in 1S93, forms practically part of the university. It has about 125 instructors and 660 students, of which about three flfilis are graduate Btudent-s. Johnson (jon'son), Andrew. Bom at Raleigh, N.C.,Dec.2n, 1808: diedinCarterConnty,Tenn., July 31, 1875. The seventeenth President of the United States (18(i!5-69). He was a member of Con- gress from Tennessee 1843-J».'J; was governor of Tennessee I(i.V(-57 ; was a United States senator I8.i7-C2 ; was inditary governor of Tennessee 1862-64 ; was elected as Ke]int>Iican caniiidate for Vice-1'resident in 1864, l)eing in;mi:niat,d March 4, 1865; succeeded Lincoln as I'residetil .\piil l.'i, ISiir, : and was elected United States senatoi- fr 'I'ennes- 8CC in 187.'>. He was nominated to tlic vi,H-i,rtsiileru y by the Keputilieans in order to eoneiliate (lie war Demoerats, and on his unexpected accession to tin* pi-esldeney it was fouini tlnit his Democratic Htate-ri'.;lit convictions jilaced him liopelessly at variance with tlie Uepnbliean majority in Congress on the iincwlifpuof rec(nistrnction. Tlll^ ipnir- rel witli Congress caTiic to a head on llis attempting to re- move Edwin .\I. Stanton from tlie secrefarysliip of war witliout tile cnnsent of the Senate, contrary to the tcntire- of-ortlee act passed over llis veto March 2, 18tf Sanskrit, Bengali, and Telugu in the East India Company's eiillege at Haileybury. His chief work is a " Persian Dictionary " (1st ed. 1S2U ; 2d ed. 18.'i2), "the most important contrilmtion to Persian lexi- cography in any European language" {Diet. Nat. Biog.). Johnson, Guy. Born in Ireland about 1740: dieil in the Haymarket, London, March 5, 1788. An American Tory andmilitia colonel. He served in the Fiench war (17*57). and under Jeffrey Amherst (1759- 1760). He assisted his uncle. Sir William Johnson, in the Indian administration, and succeeded him as superinten- dent at llis death in 1774- Johnson, Herschel V. Born in Burke County, Ga., Sept. 18, 1812: died in Jefferson County, Ga., Aug. 16, 1880. An American lawyer and politician. He was United States senator from Georgia 1848-49; governor of Georgia 1S53-57; Democratic can- didate for the vice-presidency in 1860; and Confederate senator. Johnson, Isaac. Born at CUpsham, Rutland- sliire, England: died at Boston, Mass., Sept. 30, 1630. One of the founders of Massachusetts. He came to Salera with Winthrop in 1630, assisted in found- ing tlie first church in Charlestown July 30 of the same year, and on Sept. 7 superintended the settlement of Shaw- mut or Boston. Johnson, James. Died at Edinburgh, Feb. 26, 1811. A Scottish engraver, publisher, and music- dealer. He published at Edinburgh "The Scots Musical Museum " (1787-1803), to which Burns contributed a num- ber of pieces. Johnson, Sir John. Bom 1742: died at Mon- treal, Canada, Jan. 4, 1830. A British general in (lie Revolutionary War, son of Sir William Johnson. Johnson, Manuel John. Bom at Macao, China, May 23, 1805 : died in England, Feb. 28, 1859. An English astronomer. In i829hB began observing at St. Helena, and in 183.', published a catalogue of 606 IM'incipal stars in tlie southern lieniispheie, winning the Astronomical Society's gold medal. On July 27, 1832, he observed the solar eclipse at St. Helen.o, In 183', he iiia- tricnlated at Magdalen I l;ill, I l.xtord, and graduated in 18:19. In 18.'10 he sneeeedcd lii',.' I at lladclilfe Observatory, and published IS volumes of " Kadclitfe Observations," Johnson, Reverdy. Born at Annapolis, Md,, May 21 , 1796 : died there, Feb, 10, 1876. A noted American lawyer and politician. He was United states senator (\Vhig) from Maryland 184.''>-l» ; attorney- general IslO-.iO; United Slates senator 1863-68; and United states minister to Great lliilain Istis 69. He negt>tiated a treaty witli England f'pr tin- sctlb-ment of the Alabama claims, which was rejecled by the Senate. Johnson, Richard. Born al London, 1573: died li).')9(.'). An English poet and (irose-WTiter. llis best-known work is the" l< anions Historic of tlieSeavon Ctianipiona of Christemloni : St. George of England, St. Denis of France, St. James of Spain. St. Anthony of Italy, St, Andrew of Scotland, St. Patrick of Ireland, and SI. David of Wales." In 16ii3 ho |iublislied "Anglornm I,a- chryniiD : in a sad passion coinphiyning of the lieath of our late sovcraigiie lady Onciie I'.lizalieth, etc."; in 1612 " Tho Crown Garland of Gi>lden Roses"; etc. Johnson, Richard Mentor, Born near Louis- ville, Ky,,<)cl. 17. 17SII: ilii'dal I'raiikl'ort, Ky,, Nov, 19, 1S50, All -Vniericiin politician. He was member of Congress from Kentucky 1807-19, 1 iiltod States senator 1819-29, and meinberof Congress 1,S29 37, Hewas elected (Democratic) Vice-President in 18:17, ami served 18;!7-4I, ami was all uiisuccossful canilidatu tor the vlcc- presideiicy in 18(0. Johnson, Samuel. Born nt Guilford, Conn,, Get, 14, H19I'.: died at SIralfoid, Conn., 1772, An Aiuerii'iin clergynnan and educator, first presi- dent of King's College (Columbia College), New York, 1754-63, Johnson, Samuel. Born at Lidifii'ld, Englnnd, So]. I. IS, 1709: died at Loudon, Dee. 13,1784. A eelelirated English le.xieograiilier, essayist, and ]loet. He was the son of Mieliacl JidinS4in, hook- selUr at I.lchtleld, a High chnrchnian and Jacidille. Ue lost the use of one evi' (lom scrofula, and was "touched" by tjtiecn Anne. His iint-oulh appeiirance and manner were against him lliroiigh life. In 1728 he entered Pem- liroke College, Oxford, and rcsideil there conllnnously until Dec. 12, 1729, and afterward at intervals until Oct. 8, 17.)1. Johnston, Alexander Keith A Latin translation of Pope's " Messiah " (much admired by Pope) was written at this time. He began to suffer from violent attacks of the hypochondria which followed him througti life. In 1732 lie became usher at Market Bos- worth seliuol, but soon abandoned the place and returned to x.iehtleld and Biriningtlam, in which latter town he mar- lied a .Mrs. Porter, .Inly 9, 1735. Ue established a school at Edial, near Lielilield, in 17;l6, which soon failed. Among his pupils was David GaiTick, with whom he started for London, .Marcli 3. 1737. In March, 1738, a Latin ode to Sylvanus Urban appeared in Cave's "Gentleman's Maga- zine," to which he became a regular contributor. In May, 1738, "London," an imitation of . I uveiad, was published by Dodsley. The "Life of Savage" appeared in Feb., 1744. The plan of his dictionary, inscribetl to Lord Chesterfield, was issued in 1747. The booksellers agreed to pay £1.575 for the copyright, including the i-ntire work of prepa- ration for the press. He employed 6 amanuenses, 5 (if whom were Scotchmen. The book was based on an in- terleaved copy of Nathan Bailey'sdictionary, and appeared in 2 volumes, folio, .\pril 15, 175.'S. In Jan., 1749, he pub- lished the "Vanity of Human Wishes," the finest of his poems. His tragedy " Irene " (begun at Edial) was pro- duced Feb. 6, 174'.i, with indiltcrent success by Garrick at Drury Lane. The "llambler" aippcarcd every Tuesday and Saturday from ilarch 20, 17.^>0, until March 14, 1752, and, with the e.xception of Nos. 10, 30, 44, 97, and 100, was en- tirely his work (No. 97 was written by Richardson). His wife died March 17, 1752. On Fell. 20, K.'i.'), he received the degree of M. A. from O.xford. His work "Rasselas" was written in the evenings of one week in 1759. Among his political tracts is " Taxation no Tyranny " (1775), in answer to the address of the American Congress. After the ac- cession of Ijeorge III,, Johnson received a pension of £300. During his last years he devoted himself almost exclusively to society and conversation, and his sayings and doings were carefully reported by Boswell and .Mrs. Piozzi (Thrale). In 1773 he took his well-known journey with Boswell, an account of which was published in 1775 as " A Journey to the Western Isles of Scotland." He also wrote nearly all the numblrs of "The Idler" (1758-601 and published an edition of Shakspere in 8 volumes, witii notes, in 1765. Johnson, Sir William. Born at Warrentown, County Down, Ireland, 1715 : died near Johns- town, N. Y.,July 4,1774. A British command- er and magistrate in America, superintendent of Indian affairs in the colonies. In 1744 he was appointed colonel of the Six Nations by Governor George Clinton, and in .\iiril, 1755, by General Braddoek, superin- tendent of tlie allairs of the Six Nations witli tlie local rank of major-general. He commanded the provincial forces in the attack ag linst Crown Point. In 1760 he commanded the Indian troops in the advance of Amherst on Montreal. He received a grant of land in the Mohawk valley called " King's land," where he built (174:1) Fort Johnson, the vil- lage of Johnson (now Johnstown), and Johnson Hall(17t>4). He introduced sheep and blooded horses into the Mohawk valley. He published, in the " Transactions of the Philo- sophical Society." a paper on the "Languages, Custom, and ilanncrs of the Indian Six .Nations " (1772). Johnson, William Samuel. Born at Stratford, Conn,, Oct. 7, 1727: died at Stratford, Nov, 14, 1819. An American politician and scholar, son of Samuel Johnson (lt;9C-1772). president of Columbia College (17S7-1.S00). Johnston (jon'ston), Albert Sidney. Born at Washington, Mason Countv, Ky., Feb. 3, 1803: killed at the battle of Shiloh, April 6, 1862. An American general in the Confederate service. He graduated at We^t Point in 1826; was chief of staff to General Henry Atkinson during the Black Hawk war in 1832 ; resigned from the army in 18:t4; enlisted as a private in the Texan army in 18:i6: succeeded Felix Huston as commander of the Texan army in 1837 ; was secretary of war for tlie rcimblic of 'I'exas 18."8 40; served as colonel in the United stales army during the Mexican war; omiiiand- ed a successful expedition nguinst the revolted Mormons in Utah in 18.^7 ; and was appointed eoinmaiidcrof tlie Depart- ment of Kentucky and Tennessee in the Confedenite service at the outbreak of the Civil War in ISUl. He occupied IlowJing Green, Kentucky, in the autumn of 1.^451, but was forced to retreat to Coriniil, .Mississippi, by the fall of Fort Donclson, Feb. Ill, 1S62. Having been reinforced by Gen- erals Beauregard iind Bragg, he attacked tiencral Grant's army at Shiloh, April 6, ls62, and was killed abtnit 2 I'. M. by a ball which severed an artery of his leg. See Sfiitoh. Haiti.' ./. Johnston, Alexander. Born at Edinliurgli,l815 : died at llanipstead, Feb, 2, 1891. A Scottish portrait- ami lignre-painter. He is known from va- rious portraits. "I'lie Interview of the Itegeiit Murray with Maryt^uecii of Scots '(Ihu). ' The Covenaiitera' Jlarriii«e" lls42), etc. Johnston, Alexander. Born at BrooUlx-n, N, \ ., April 29, 1849 : died at I'rineeton, N, J„ July 21, 1889. An American historian. He graduated at Rutgers College in 1870 ; was admitted to the bar in l.S75),"Connectieiil : a study of a ConimonweallliDeniiHiacy ' (1S.S7). and "I In- United Stales : Its History ami Coiistilullon" (reprinted from Iho " Encvelopa'dia llritannlca." I.ss7). Johnston, Alexander Keith. Bom at Kirkhill. near I'ciiicuil;, Midhdliinii. Dee. 28. 1804: died al Ben Rliyd.liiig, V-irlishire. July 9, 1871, A Scottish gi'ogrnplier. He was educated nt EdiiihiirRh University, and In Is2ll formed the llrm of W. ami A. K. Johnston with his l.iolher William Jidiiiston. In ls:ili his first maps were published In "A Traveller's Guide llisik." On Feb. 8, 1840, he was made geogmiitier In onlinary to the (iiieeii. His chief publications were Helnrlch Iierghniis ■ " National Alias "(184:1)," The Physical Atlas "(1848)," Die. Johnston, Alexander Keith tlonary of Geography " (1860), " Atlas of General and De- scriptive Geography " (1852), "The Koyal Atlas of Modem Geography" (1S61). Johnston, Alexander Keith. Boru at Edin- burgh, Nov. '2i. 1844: died at Berobero, Zanzi- bar, June 28, 1879. A Scottish geogi-apher and map-enfrraver. in 1869 he took charge of the geo- graphical department of the London branch of the John- ston house. From 1873 to 1875 he accompanied tlie com- mission for the survey of Paraguay. In June, 1878, he was appointed chief of the Royal Geographical Society's expe- dition to Lake Nyassa; arrived at Zanzibar Jan., 1379; and . there died. His best-known works are "The Library Map of Africa" (180tj), '■ A Map of the Lake Eegions of Eastern Africa," " Handbook of Physical Geography " (1870), "The .Surface Zones of the Globe " (1874). Johnston, George. Bom at Simprin, Berwick- .-, where he was opposed by General Patterson. When General Beauregard was at- tacked by General McDowell, July 18, 1861, Johnston eluded Patterson, and on the 20th or 21st formed a junction with Beauregard, whom, although inferior in rank, he left in tactical command. He was promoted general Aug. 31, 1801. He afterward (1862) opposed McClellan in tlie Pe- ninsular campaign, and was defeated at Williamsburg May 6, and at Fair Oaks May 31, 1862. He was defeated by Grant at Jackson May 14, 1S63, while attempting to relieve Pem- berton at Vicksburg. In the same year he was appointed to the command of the Army of the Tennessee, witli head- quarters at Dalton, Georgia, where he was required to op- pose the advance of Sherman toward AtlanLo. He was compelled to retreat across the Chattahoochee eai-ly in July, 1864, after having fouglit unsuccessful engagements at Re- saca, ilay 15, and at Dallas, May 28, and was in consequence superseded in his command by General John B. Hood, July 17. 1864. Feb. 23, 1865, he was restored to the command of the Army of the Tennessee, with orders to oppose Gen- eral Sherman, to whom he surrendered at Durham Station, N. C, April 26, 1865, General Lee having previously surren- dered to Grant. He published a " Narrative of Military Operations Directed, during the Late War between the States, by Joseph E. Johnston" (1874). Johnston, Samuel. Bom at Dundee, Scotland, Dec. 1.5, 1733: died near Edenton, N. C, Aug. 18, 1816. An American jurist and statesman. He went with his father to America in 1736. He was a member of the Continental Congress 1781-82 ; governor of the State of North Carolina 178S-S9: United States sen- ator 1789-93 ; and judge of the Supreme Court 1800-03. Johnston, Sir William. Born at Kirkhill, near Penicuik, Midlothian, Oct. 27, 1802 : died there, Feb. 7, 1888. A Scottish geographer. In 1826 he, with his brother Alexander Keith Johnston, founded the house of W. and A. K. Johnston, geographical publishers. He waslord provost of Edinburgh(1848-51),and was knight- ed in 1851. Johnstone (.ion'ston). A town in Renfrewshire, Scotland, situated on the Black Cart 10 miles west by south of Glasgow. It has manufactures of cotton, etc. Population (1S91), 9,668. Johnstone, Andre'w James Cochrane. Bora May 24, 1767 : died some time after July, 1814. A British adventurer and swindler. Hewasamil- itary otJicer, memberof Parliament, and colonial governor. After a career of bribery and corruption, he speculated in the London Stock Exchange on fraudulent reports of Na- poleon's death Feb. 14, 1814, was found guilty of conspiracy in June, and was expelled from the House of Commons in July. Johnstone, Christian Isobel. Born in Fife- shire, 1781 : died at Edinburgh , Aug. 26, 1857. A Scottish novelist and journalist. Herchiefworks are "Edinburgh Tales," " Clan Alhin "(a novel), ' ' Elizabeth De Bruce," lives and voyages of Drake, Cavendish, and Dflmpier, *'Cook and Housewife's Manual." Johnstone, John Henry. Born at Kilkennv, Ireland, 1749: died at London, Dec. 26, 1828. An Irish actor and vocalist. He made his flrst ap- 550 pearance in Dublin about 1773 ; sang at Covent Garden, London. 1783-1803 ; and played at Drury Lane 1803-2O. Johnstone, William Borthwick. Bom at Ed- inburgh. July 21. 1804 : died there, June 5. 1868. A Scottish landscape and historical painter, better knovm as a connoisseur and as the first principal curator of the National Gallery of Scot- laud. JohnstO'wn (jonz'toun). A manufacturing city, capital of Fulton County, New York, situated on Cavadutta Creek 40 miles northwest of Al- bany." Population (1900), 10,130. Johnstown. A city in Cambria County, Penn- sylvania, situated on Stony Creek and Cone- maugh River 58 miles east by south of Pitts- buj'g. It has manufactures of iron. It and the places near it were destroyed by the bursting of a reservoir May 31, 1889. with uloss, at the lowest estimate, of about 3,000 ' lives. PoplUation (1900), 35,936. Johore (j6-h6r'). Anativestate atthe southern e-xtremity of the Malay peninsula. It is under British influence. .\rea. estimated, 20,000 square miles. Population, estimated, 200,000. Joigny (zhwiin-ye'). A town in the department of Yonne, France, situated on the Yonne 14 miles north-northwest of AuxeiTe : the Roman Joviniaeum. It has noted wines. Population (1891), commune, 6,218. Joinville fzhwan-vel'). A town in the depart- ment of Haute-Marne, France, situated on the Marne Similes southeast of Chalons-sur-Mame. It was the seat of an ancient barony, later of a principality. Population (1891), commune, 4,478. Join'ville, Jean de. Bom at JoinviUe-sur- Mame, Champagne, about 1224 : died on his ancestral estates, July 16, 1317. A French clironieler. His family was noble and wealthy, and held for four generations the office of seneschal of Cham- pagne. By virtue of his birth he had access to the court circles of Champagne and France. He followed Louis IX. on the seventh Crusade with a retinue of 700 men, and spent sLx years in Egypt and Syria (1248-54). In 1250, at Saint-Jean-d'Acre, he drew up the articles of his religious belief, his " Credo," which he subsequently revised in 1287. The great work, however, to which he has left his name is the "Histoire de Saint Louis." The original copy, presented in 1309 by the author in person to Louis le Hutin, great-grandson of Louis IX., is lost. A second copy, belonging to Joinville, shared a like fate : this was pre- sumalily used, however, in preparing the first edition in 1.547- The best modern edition was made by Natalis de Wailly for the Soci^t^ de I'Histoire de Francein 1868. Join'ville, Prince de (Francois Ferdinand Philippe Louis Marie d'Orleans). Born at Neuillv, near Paris, Autr. 14,1818: died at Paris, June 16, 1900. The third son of Louis Philippe. He was in the French naval service 1834-48. accompanied McClellan in the Peninsular campaign in 1862, and served (incognito) in the war of 187i)-71. Jokai (yo'ko-i), Mor. Born at Komorn, Feb. 19, 1825. A Hungarian novelist, journalist, and politician. Among his novels are "A Hungarian Na- bob " (1854), " Black Diamonds " (1873), "The Romance of the Coming Century " (1874). Jokjokarta (jok-yo-kiir'ta). 1. Aresidencyin the southern part of Java, Dutch East Indies. — 2. The capital of Jokjokarta residency, situated in lat. 7° 48' S., long. 110° 21' E. Population, est., 58,284. Joktan (jok'tan). See the extract. Arphaxad was the grandfather of Eber or "Hebrew." "UntoEber," we are told [in Genesis], "were born two sons : the name of one was Peleg ; for in his days was the earth divided ; and his brother's name was Joktan." The tribes and districts of south-eastern Arabia traced their descent to Joktan. Among them we find Hazarmaveth. the modern Hadhraraaut ; Ophir, the famous sea-port and emporium of the goods of the further cast ; Havilah, 'the sandy region,' compassed by the river Pison (Gen. ii. 11), and occupied by the sons of Ishmael (Gen. xxv. IS); and Amalek (1 Sam. xv. 7). as well as Sheba, the Saba of the native inscriptions, whose ancient capital is now repre- sented by the ruins of Mareb in the south-western corner of Arabia. Sayce, Races of theO. T., p. 65. Joliba. See Xioer. Joliet (jo'li-et). A city and the capital of Will County. Illinois, situated on the Des Plaines River 34 miles southwest of Chicago. It is a railwav and manufacturing center, and contains a State prison. Pop. , 1900), 29,3.53. Joliet (zho-lya'), Charles. Born at St.-Hip- polyte, Doubs. France, Aug. 8, 1832. A French novelist and litterateur. He has written, under the pseudonym J. Telio and several others, for " La Vie Pa- risienne," "Chariv.ari," and a number of other journals. Besides his novels he lias written " L'Esprit de Diderot" (1859), "Les pseudonymes du jour "(1867: 2d ed. 1883), " Curiosites des lettres, etc." (1884), " Le tr^sor des curio- sit^s, I'argot, etc." (1891). Joliet, or Jolliet, Louis. Born at Quebec, Sept. 21. 1645 : died in May, 1700. A French-Cana- dian explorer. He was intended for the priesthood, and took minor orders in 1662, but abandoned divinity in 1667, and became a merchant. In 1672 he was commissioned by Frontenac, governor of New France, to explore the Mis- sissippi River ; and, in company with the Jesuit missionary Jones, Jacob Jacques Marquette and five other Frenchmen, explored the Fox, Wisconsin, Mississippi, and Illinois rivers in 1673. Jolley (jol'i). Sir Joslin. One of the principal characters in Etherege's comedy "She Would if She Could": a con\-i\ial country gentleman. JoUivet (zhol-i-va'), Pierre Jules. Bora at Paris, Jiuie 27, 1803 : died at Paris, Sept. 7, 1871. A French historical and genre painter. He was a pupil of Gros and De Juinne. Among his pictures are " ilassacre of the Innocents "(1845 : Rouen Museum)," Es- tablishing the Magistracy " (1866 : bought by the stateX "Christ among the Doctors" (1865: Prefecture de la Seine), etc., and portraits of Philip III., Queen Victoria, Prince Albert, and others, Jolof. Same as Wolof. Jomini (zh6-me-ne'), Baron Henri. Bom at Payeme, Vaud, Switzerland. March 6, 1779:* died at Paris, March 24, 1869. A celebrated Swiss military writer, in the French military service as colonel and aide to Marshal Ney. After 1813 he was in the Russian service as lieutenant- general and aide-de-camp to the emperor. His works include "Traits des grandes operations militaires"(lS05), "Principesde la strategic " (1818), "Histoire critique et militaire des campagnes de la revolution de 1792 a 1801, etc." (with Koch, 1819-24), " Vie politique et militaire de NapoWon " (1827), " Precis de I'art de la guerre " (1838), etc. Jommelli, or Jomelli (yo-mel'le), Niccol6. Born at Aversa, near Naples, Sept. 11, 1714: died at Naples, Aug. 28. 1774. An Italian com- poser. He ■wrote the operas "Merope" (1747), "Didone" (1745), "Arraida" (1771), etc., and cantatas, oratorios, and church music. Jonah (jo'nii). [Heb., 'a dove'; Gr. 'luvof, E. Jonas.'] A Hebrew prophet who flourished in or before the reign of Jeroboam II. His storj- is given in the Book of Jonah, the date and authorship of which are unknown. The incident of the whale has par- allels in Babylonian, Egyptian, and Greek mythology. Jonas (yo'nas), Justus. Born at Nordhausen, Prussia, June 5, 1493: died at Eisfeld, Saxe- Meiningen, Oct. 9, 1555. A German Protestant reformer, the friend and collaborator of Luther. Jonathan (jon'a-than). [Heb., 'gift of Yahveh.'] A Hebrew commander, son of Saul and friend of Da\id. See David. Jonathan, Brother. A popular nickname for the Amei'han people. Its origin has been explained in several ways, but is not definitely known. Jonathan Maccabseus (mak-a-be'us). Killed 143 B.C. The fifth son of Mattaithias, and leader of the Maccabees after the death of Judas. Jonathan Wild the Great, The History of. A novel by Fielding, published in 1743. Jon Bee. See Badcock, John. Jones (jouz), Anson. Bom at Great Barring- ton, Mass.. Jan. 20, 1798: committed suicide at Houston, Texas, Jan. 7, 1858. A Texan politi- cian, president of Texas 18 14 d 5. Jones, Da'vy. The name given by sailors to the evil spirit who is supposed to rule over the sea- demons (hence "to go to Da'vy Jones's locker" is to dro\\'n or to die). The name has been said to be a corruption of Jonah. Jones, George. Bom Jan. 6, 1786: died at Lon- don, Sept. 19, 1869. An English painter. He en- tered the Royal Academy in 1801 and exhibited annually. He served in the Peninsular war and in the occupation of Paris after Waterloo. He was most successful in battle- pieces. Jones, Henry. Bom near Drogheda, Ireland, 1721: died at London. April, 1770. An Irish poet and dramatist. He published "Poems on Sev- eral Occasions" (1749), "The Earl of Essex," a tragedy (1752), etc. Jones, Henry. Bom at London, Nov. 2, 1831 : died there Feb. 15, 1899. An authority on whist and other games of cards, on which he ■wrote under the name of Cavendish. He also wrote on lawn-tennis, backgammon, dominoes, etc. Jones, Hugh Bolton. Bom at Baltimore, Md., 1848. An American landscape-painter. Among his works are "The Return of the Cows (Paris E.Kpo8ition, 1878), "The Poplars " (Roy.al .\cademy, London), " Xear Maplewood "(Metropolitan Museum, Sew York), ''Break- ing Flax " (<;'olumbian Exposition). Jones, InigO, Born at London, July 15, 1573: died there, June 21, 1652. A noted English archi- tect, styled "the English Palladio." He went to Italy and resided there many years, especially in Venice, whence he w-as called to Denmark by King Christian IV. In 1620 he was appointed commissioner of repairs of St. Paul's, which, however, were not commenced before 1631. In 1643 he was thrown out of his office, and in 1646 fined £345 for being a royal favorite and a Roman Catholic, hav- ing been taken in arms at the capture of Basing House. He is supposed to have died of grief, misfortune, and old age at old Somerset House on the Strand. He sat twice to Vandyck. and a portrait by this master has been sent with the Houghton collection to St. Petersburg. Among his works are thebanqueting-hall, 'Whitehall (1619-22), Covent Garden Piazz.!, the famous gateway of St. Mary's. Oxford (10:ii2). the equally famous portico of old St. Paul's and the reconstruction of that church (1631-41). etc. Jones, Jacob. Born near Smyrna, Del., 1770: died at Philadelphia, Aug., 1850. An American Jones, Jacob 551 aaval officer, commander of the Wasp at the JSnkoping (yen'che-ping). 1 capture of the Frolic iu 1812 Jones, John Paul, commouly known as Paul Jones. Horn at Kirkbean, Kirkcudbrightshire, Scotland, July (J. 1747: died ut Paris, Sept. 12, 1792. A Scottish-American naval adventurer. He was the son of John I'aul, a Scotch gardener. In 1773 he went to Virt'inia, anil in 1775. under the assumed name Josceljm A laen in south- Jorat (zho-ra' or zho-rat'), cpt. 2.t f'-ll in "itn the S'''->'^'= ^-li •^""«>'>"'i .... _ . . . - — .. . _ v ' cpt. 2:i f'dl in "ith the Serapis (44 guns) and CouiiteiisoiScarborough(2ngun8). The battle between the Serapis and the Rmhomnie Richard, one of the greatest naval engagements in history, resulted in the sun-ender of the Serapis to the Rich.ard, and the subsequent sinking of the latter. Jones abandoned the .American senice, and entered the French and later the Russian navy, .\fter serving under Potemkin in the Black Sea, withthe rank of rear-admiral, lie returned to Paris in 1790. Jones, John Winter. Bom at Lambeth. June 16, 1805: died at Henley, Sept. 7, 1881. Libra- rian of the British lluseum. He became assistant librarian of the British Museum in IS;?". Upon the retire- ment of Panizzi in 1866, Jones was appointed principal librarian. Jones, Owen. Born in Denbighshire, Wales, 1741 : died at London, Sept. 26, 1814. A Welsh antiijuarv. He jniljlished " M>'v\Tian Ai'chaiol- ogy of Wales" (lSOl-07), etc." Jones, Owen. Born at London, Feb. 15, 1809: died there, April 19, 1874. An English architect and writer on ornament, son of Owen Junes (1741-1814). In 1851 he was appointed superintendent of the works and decorations of the exhibition in London. He published "I'lans, Elevatiuns, Suctions, and Details of the Alhambra" (184-2-45), "Grammar of Ornament" (IS.'iU), "The Polychromatic Ornament of Italy "(184G), " I^.\ample3 of Chinese Ornament" (1867). Jones, Paul. See Jones, John Paul. Jones, Richard. Born at Birmingham, 1779: died at Loudon, Aug. 30, 1851. .\n English ac- tor and dramatist. He was successful in light comedy parts and farce. He claimed the authorship of "The tJreen Man"(181>)and of "Too Late for Dinner" (1820), which was also assigned to Theodore Hook. Jones, Thomas Rymer. Born 1810: died at London, Dec. 10, Is.SO. An English comjiara- tive anatomist and physiologist, professor of comparative anatomy at King's College, Lon- don 18.36-74. His chief work is "General Out- line of the Animal Kingdom" (183.8-41). Jones, Tom. See Tom Jones. Jones, T. Percy. The pseudonym of Professor Aytoiin. Jones, William. Born in the parish of Llanfi- hangel, Anglesca, 1()75: died at London, July 3,1749. An English mathematician. lie entered tne service of a merchant in London, and visited the West Indies, afterward teaching mathematics on a man-of-war and in London. His '• yiew Compendium of the Whole Art of Navigation" appeared in 1702, and his 'SytiopsiB palmarlorum matheseos or a >ew Introduction to the Mathematics" in 17(Xi. In 1711 he edited some tracts by Newton. Jones, William. Bom at Lowick, Northamp- tonshire, July 30, 1726: died at Nayland, Suf- folk, Jan. 6, 1800. An English clergyman and tlieological and miscellaneous writer. Amonghis works are "fatholic Doctrine of the Trinity" (1760) and "Figurative [.aiiguage of the Holy .Scripture" (1780). Jones, Sir William. Born at Westminster, .Sept. 28, 1/4(J: died at Calcutta, April 27, 1794. A noted English (Jrieutalist and linguist, ycning- est son of William Junes the maliiomalii-ian. Ho entered V'niverslty I'ollegc, Oxford, in 17(>1, and be- came a fellow i>f that college In 17, 178;i, and made Judge of the high ern Sweden. Area, 4,447 square miles. Popu- A chain of heights in the canton of Vaud, ,Swit- lation (1S93), 193,268. — 2. The capital of the zerland, northeast of Lausanne. It forms part laen of Jiinkiiping, situated at the southern end of the watershed between the valleys of the of Lake Wetter in lat. 57° 48' N., long. 14° 13' E. Rhine and Khone. It is noted for its manufactures, especially of matches J6rd (verd). [OX. Jdrdh.'i In Old Norse mv- thology, the goddess Earth, the wile of Odin and the mother of Thor. Bom at Antwerp A Flemish painter scenes and portraits. Jordan. See Jorclancs. Jordan (jor'dan). [Heb. Yurdcn, the descend- er: (ir. 'Io/)(!aiv7f, L. Jordaiics. mod. Ar. Esh- Sherkih.l The chief river of Palestine. It rises in Anti-Libanus, traverses Lake Meroni (Uaieh)and the Sea , , , , of (jalilee, and llows into the Dead Sea 19 miles east of Je- died Aug. 0, 1637. A celebrated English dram- rusalem. Its length is about 120 miles. atist. His parentage is not certainlyknown. His mother Jordan. .\ river in Utah which flows from Utah married, while he was still a child, a master bricklayer said Lake into Great Salt Lake. Length, about 40 to have been named Fowler. He was sent to a school at St. miles Martin's-in-the-Flelds, but was soon removed to Westmin- t«..j«- t»„— :j 04. ti * /-. • -n ster school, where Willliuu Camden befriended him. After "'P/?.^''!, UaVld btaiT. Born at Gaines\nlle, N. l.,Jan.l9, 1.S51. An American naturalist and educator. He studied at Cornell fniversity, receiving the degree of M. S. in I81 2, and of LL. D. (honorary) in 1886. a somewhat obscure period he began to work for the stage : In 1 597 he appeared in Henslowe's '• Diary " as a pl.ayer and a playwright t.» "The Admiral's ^len." During a break with thr.Vd II liral's company his Hrst extant comedy, "Ever>' Man in his llnniour," wasolfered to the rival company, the "Lord chamberlaiirs Servants." It was accepted, and was performed at the Globe in 1598, Shakspere jdaying in it. Jonson ranked from this time with the foremost drama- tists of the period. He became involved in quarrels with Dekker and Marston, and in the plays of the two latter are characters attacking or ridiculing him, while he in turn satirized them in several of his plays. In 1603 he began to write " Entertainmenis, ' anil in 1605 the first Jordan of his series of "Court Mas(|ues." He was in favor with ■di"^"^ the court, and his life now entered its most successful phase. The plays performed during 1605-16 (" Epiccene," "The .Alchemist," "Catiline," "Bartholomew Fair," and " I'he Devil is an .\ss") are among his best. In 1613 he went to France as tutor to a son of Sir Walter Raleigh, and in 1618 he made his well-known pedestrian journey to Scotland, .\bout this time he spent some weeks at the house of William DruniniOnd of Hawthornden, whose notes of his talk are the principal source of his biography. On his return be wrote a nan-ative in verse of his adven- tures (" Vnderwoods, \o. 62"). Between 1621 and 1623 the In 1875 he graduated in medicine at the Indiana iledieal College. He was assistant on the United States Fish Cora- mission 1877-91 ; professor of zoology at the Indiana Fni- ver.'ily 1879-85, and its president 1SS5-91 ; and in the latter year was appointed president of theLeland Stanford Junior Unlvei-sity. He has published "Manual of the Vertebrates of the .Northern United .States" (1870 and later editions), "Contributions to North American Ichthyologv "(1877- 18S3), "Science Sketches " (1888), etc. Mrs. (assumed name of Dorothy Bland). Born near Waterford, Ireland, about 1762: died at St. -Cloud, France. 1816. An Irish actress, known as Dolly Jordan. She became the mistress of the DuSe of Clarence (William IV. ) in 1790. As an actress in comedy Mrs. Jordan can have had few equals. Genest says that she had never a superior in her line, and adds that her "Uypollta " will never be excelled. Rosalind, \ iola, and Lady Contest were among her best characters. iHcl. .Vat. Biog. king raised Jonson's pension to £200, and the greatest ca- t j nn. ti .. t i , ,^,X lamity of his private life occurred — the burning of his li- JO''".*^' Anomas. Born at London about 1612: brary, which was one of the finest in England, in 1626 he was attacked with palsy, followed by divipsy, andwascon- lined to his bed during his last yeara. He was appointed chronologertothe city of London in 1628, which increased his income; but his powers were failing and his next play, "The New Inn," was not heard to the end, and in 1631 his salary as chronologer was withdrawn, lie bronglit out more plays and masks, and in 1634 his salary was re- stored. He lived three years longer, during wliich time he wrote little. "The Sad .Shepherd," unltnished, w.a8 found among his papers. He was buried in Westminster Abbey, in the Pouts' Corner. The political crisis at this time prevented the erection of an elalxirate tomb which was intended, and a casual visitor. Sir John Voung, caused "O rare Ben Jonson" to be cut on his tomb. Among his friends were all the people of culture of the time, no- lii'd aliiiut Ui.s.i. An English actor, dramatist, and jKii't. He suj.ported himself by promiscuous literary work, largely pi :i:.'iaiizf.i. until 1671, when he was made part of the corporal ion of LoihIoh in the capacity of poet to that body. Jordan conducted the lord mayor's shows for four- teen years with great success. Amonghis works are " Poet- icall Varieties or Variety of Fancies "(1637),".\ Pill Ui Purge Melancholy "(1637) "The Tricks of Youth "(166,S), "A New Droll, or the Counter Scuffle " (16tl3), "Money is an Ass" (1663), " Rosary of Rarities " (16.'i9), etc. Jordan (yor'diin), Wilhelm. Born Feb. 8, 1S19: died Jan. 27, 1903. .-V German poet. He wrote "Die Nibclnngcn " ilst part, " Sicfriilsage," 1868; 2d part, " Hildebrants Heimkehr, ' 1874), dramas, ' Demiurgus," a poem (18,')'i-.'>4), translations, etc. tably Chapman and Fklcher. With iShakspcre he 'was Jordaues (jor-da'nez),or Jordanis (jor-ila'nls). less intimate : but the theory of his jealousy of the latter has been completely refuted iiy Girtord. Among his plays are "Every Man in his UumniiV" (acted 161)S, printed 1601), "The Case is Altered "(16119, printed 1609). "Every Man out of his Humour" (1599, printed 16uublisbcd 1616) ami " The Fiirest," w hich con- tains his bcstsoniis, etc., up to 1616, most of which wcro subseiiuently published under the name <)f " Under- wooils" (his own tllle) after his death (1640), The lines to the memory of shakspere iiretlxed to the Shakspere folio or (erroneously) Jomandes (jor-nan'dez). A Gothic (Alan) historian and ecclesiastic of the 6th century : by a probably erroneous tradition, bishop of Kavenna. He wrote (in .'.61) "De Orlglne Getarum." often called the "Getica," a history of the Goths compiled from Cassiodorns and others, and "liesumatem- pornni vel orlglne aclibusi|Uc gentis Komanorum," a uni- versal chronicle- The su]iiKisilion that he may have been bishop of Croton iu Italy is rejected. Jorg (ytrii), Johann Christian Gottfried. Born at Predel,near Zeit/., Prussia, Dec. 24, 1779 : died at Leipsic, Sept. 20. 18.56. A German physi- cian and medical writer, noted especiall v for his bstetries. Born at Immenstadt, Bavaria, Doe, 23, 1819: died at Lnndshut, Nov. 18. 1901. .\ Bavarian iiltrainontiiiii' politieian n6'2:i) were" Hrst Included 'in Jonson's works by Gilbjrd. JorgCnSOn (.Vor'gi>n-son), Jorgen lie wrote several prose work-s, among which are ■'""' ' '" ' '" " Timber or Discoveries made upon .Men and .Matter," usually known as "Discoveries (ItMl), and "The English (irnin" mar made by Ben Jonson for tlie benellt of all strangers' (1640), etc His works were llrst collect eil In a foil, " '{ which the llrst volume, revised by himself, apiieared it 1616, the secon.l KCH) 41. Whalley (17661 llrst eillledhim, and in IKioGJItoril brought out an edition, reprinted by Cnrniliigham in l.s76. Jonzac ( zhon-ziik' I. A town in the department iprciniitiilc-liil'ericure, France, 45milesnorthof Uonli-nnx. I'opiilalion (1891), commune, 3,431. Joodpoor. See Joilliimv. and historian. His chief work is "Geschichte des grosseii Baiiernkriegs " (Ift'iO). Born at Co- pinliagen, 1779: iliod In New Sonlli Wales about ls,'ili. .\ Danish adventurer, governor ut b'o- laiid 1S(I9. iiiion, Jomandes. See Jordanes. ourt at Calcutta. In 1784 he fcnindeil tlu Bengal Asiatic .Society. He was the llrst Kngllsh scholar JoonpOOr. See JdlllijlKr to master .Sanskrit, and to recognlite Us Importance for T^nlin rs), and ".Seniions and Charges" (1771 -72), Jorullo (Ho-riiryo). A volcano in tlie state of Miilumcan. Mexico. 160 miles west by south of Mo.xicii, formed in 17.59. Height, 4,265 feet. Population Jorundfjord (yi-'riin-fyoni). One of the most noted liorcls in Norway, on the western coast, southeast of .'\alesiind. Soi /t.irliiiim and Josaphot. , ^,_ ^ ^^__^^ , ' .fort'lin. of 1,149, and Confederate loss of about 'J,(ioo. Population Joram, or Jehoram. King of Judah 848-H44 Joscelyn, "r Josselin (jos'e-lin), John. Born (1900), 877. B. c, son of Jchoshaphat. 1529: died at High Koding, Essex, Dec. 28, 1603. Josaphat. Joscelin. Joscel3m One of the earliest students of Anglo-Saxon. He graduated at Queen's College, Cambridge. He was Latin flecretai7 to Parker, archbishop of Canterbury (155S), and at his suggestion made collections of Anglo-^axon docu- ments, which he annotated. Josef^ (yo-sef i), Rafael. Born at Presliurg, Hungary, in 1852. A noted Hungarian pianist and composer: a pupil of Tausig. He has puh- lislif-d a number of pieces for the pianoforte. Joseph (jo'zef). [Heb., of doubtful meaning: perhaps from a verb ' to add '; Gr. 'lutrz/iji. L. Jose- phus, F. Joseph, It. Giuseppe, Sp. Jose, Josef, Pg. Jose, Jo:e, G. Joseph. 1 The sou of Jacob and Rachel. He played an important part in traditional He- brew liistory He was sold by his brethren as a slave into Egypt, where he became prime minister and the progeni- tor of two Israelitish tribes, Ephraim and Manasseh. Ac- cording to tradition his sale took place in the reign of the Hyksos or shepherd king Aphobis. See Apfiobis. Joseph. The husband of Mary the mother of Jesus. Joseph I. Born at Vienna, July 26, 167S: died April 17, 1711. German emperor, son of Leo- pold I. He w.as crowned king of Hungary in 1689, and of the Romans in IGOO, and succeeded to the empire in 1705. He continued the War of the Spanish Succession. Joseph II. Born at Vienna, March 13, 1741 : died at Vienna, Feb. 20, 1790. German empe- ror, son of Francis I. and Maria Theresa. He was crowned king of the Romans in 1764 : succeeded to the empire in 1765 ; became co-regent with Slaria Theresa in the Hapsburg dominions in 1765; took part in the War of the Bavarian Succession 177.S-79 ; and became sole ruler in 1780. He proclaimed the "Edict of Tolerance" in 1781; abii]i>hed serfdom ; and joined with Russia against Tm'key in 17s8. Joseph, King of Naples, later of Spain. See Boiiiiparte. Joseph, Father (Frangois Leclerc du Trem- blay). Born at Paris, Nov. 4, 1577: died at Eueil, Dec. IS, 1038. A Fi-ench Capuchin monk, confidential agent of Kichelieu. Joseph of Arimathea. A rich Israelite who ap- parently was a member of the Sanhedi-imatthe time of the crueifLxion. He was afraid to confess his belief in Jesus Christ. After the crucifixion, however, he went and begged the body of Jesus, and bui'ied it in his own tomb. There is a legend that he was imprisoned for 42 years, which seemed but 3 to him on account of the Holy Grail which he kept with him in prison; and that he carried the Grail, after his release by Vespasian, to Britain, where he built the abbey of Glastonbury. There isan lUliterative English romance "Joseph of Arimathea," written about 1350 (edited by Professor Skeat in 1871). Robert dc Borrou composed two versions of a "Legend of Josepli of Arimathe;!, or The Little St. Grail," in verse and in prose, which fell into the hands of Walter Map, who wrote the "Great Saint Grail" from them. Joseph of Exeter, L. Josephus Iscanus. Flourished about 1200. A native of Exeter, one of the best medieval Latin poets in England. He resided much in France, and in 1183 went with Archbishop Ba.dwin on a crusade to the Holy Land, returning to Eng- land in 1190. His chief works are "De Bello Trojano" in 6 books, " Antiocheis," a poem on the third Crusade, "Panegyricns ad Henricum." Joseph Andrews (jo'zef an'di'oz). The title of a novel by Fielding, published in 1742, and the name of its hero. He is represented as a young foot- man of great beauty wlio maintains his uprightness and chastity through a long series of trials. The most promi- nent and famous character in the book is that of the curate Parson Adams, (^ee Adams.) The book (said to have been suggested by the "Paysan Parvenu" of Marivaux) was at first intended to be merely a satire on Richardson's "Pa- mela.' but it grew as its author worked upon it. Joseph Bechor Shor (.jo'zef be-ehor' shor'). A Jewish scholar and biblical commentator of the 12th century, in the north of France. Josephine (jo'ze-fen) (Marie Josephe Rose Tascher de la Pagerie). Born at Trois-llets, Martinique, June 23, lil)3: died at Malmaison, near Paris, May 29, 1814. . First wife of Napo- leon I., and empress of the French, she removed to France in 1778; married, Dec. 13, 1779, the S^icomte de Beauharnais (who died 1791) : and liecame the wife of Na- poleon March 9. 1796. She was crowned empress in 1804, and was divorced in 1809. Josephstadt (yo'zef-stat). A fortified toTra in Bohemia, situated on the Elbe 66 miles east by north of Prague. Population (1890), 6.097. Josephus (J6-se'fus), Flavins (Jewish name Joseph ben Matthias). Born 37 a. d.: died about 95. A celebrated Jewish historian. He was of illustrious priestly descent, and related to the Mac- cabean house. A visit to Rome in his early years filled him with enthusiastic admiration forit and its institutions. At tlie outbreak of the Judeo-Roman war he was intrusted by the Sanhedrim witll the governorship of Galilee, and as such took part in the war against Rome. But he weakened the province under his administration by sowing discord ; and wlien the fortress Jotapata, after a most heroic resis- tance, was taken by Vespasian, he managed to save his own life after the remnant of the besieged had died by their own hands. Vespasian, glad to have him on his side as_ a guide and adviser, received him with courtesy and friendliness, and he remained with Vespasian and Titus, following them, after the fall of his people, to Rome, and living in the sunshine of their favor. He received large tracts of land in Judea and an annual pension, and adopted 552 the name of Flavius after that of the imperial family. In Rome he wrote his work "The Jewish War, ' in 7 books, at first in the Syro-Chaldaic tongue and afterward in Greek. His "Antiquities of the Jews, "a history of the Jewish peo- ple from the earliest times to 2Q A. D., in 20 books, is a de- fense of the Jews against Apion, and his own autobiogra- phy. In his HTi tings he displays a great love for his nation and religion. His works are not only the most compre- hensive and important source of information for the his- tory of his times, but also are distinguished for their ex- cellent historical style, which gained for him the title of a Hebrew Li^-y. He died under Domitian, and, according to some intimations, as a martjT to the faith of his race. Joshua (josh'ii-ii). [Heb. Tehoshua, whose help is Yahveh. See Jesus.J The successor of Moses as leader of the Israelites. He was the son of Nun, of the tribe of Ephraim, and was one of the two spies who reported favorably of Canaan. He was an attendant of Moses, who designated him as his successor. He led the nation into the land of promise, and was their captain in the wars that resulted in their peaceful occupation of it. The book that bears his name consists mainly of an account of the settlement of the Israelites in Canaan. It is of composite structure. Josiall(jo-si'a). [Heb., 'Yahveh heals.T King of Judah 640^609 b. c. (Duneker), son of Amon. He was defeated and slain by Pharaoh-Necho at the battle of Megiddo in the valley of Esdraelon. ( 2 Ki. xxii.-xxiv. 30, and2Chron. xxxiv.-xxxv.) He brought about important re- forms, destrojing all forms of idolatrous worship. It was under his reign that the priest Hilkiah found the book of the law. .See Deuteronomy. Josika (yo'she-ko). Baron Miklos. Born at Torda, Transylvania, April 28, 1796: died at Dresden, Feb. 27, 1865. A Hungarian historical novelist. Among his chief novels are "Abafl" ps36), "The Poet Zrinyi" (1840), "The Last BAtory" (1838), "The Bohemians in Hungary " (1840), "A Hungarian Family dur- ing the Revolution" (1861), "The Family Mailly" (1852) "Esther" (1853). Josippon. The title of a history, in Hebrew, which originated in the 10th century in Italy, and which the author (under the pseudonym Joseph ben Gorion) claims to be a free trans- lation of Josephus's historical works. The his- torical events are mingled with legends and tiiles which the author has drawn from the rabbinical literature, Hegesippus, the oldest compendium of the authentic Josephus, and the patristic writings. It was written in a kind of poetical prose, and was a great favorite with the Jewish people ; it has been translated into many languages. Jos(iuin(zhos-kaii')orJosseDesprez(c",a-pra'). or De Pres (de pra), Latinized to Jodocus a Pratis (j6-d6'kus a pra'tis), or a Prato, or Pratensis (pra-ten'sis). Born at or near St.- Quentin, Hainault, about 1450: died at Cond^, Hainault, Aug. 27, 1.521. A celebrated Flemish composer, "one of the greatest masters of the Netherland school," author of masses, numerous motets, etc. Josse (zhos), Monsieur. A jeweler in Molifere's "L' Amour medecin." -when asked how to cure a love-sick lady he recommends jewelry at once ; hence the sarcastic phrase " Vous 6tes orf^vre, M. Josse" ('You are a jeweler, Mr. Josse') — that is, j'ou advise others for your own benefit. Josselin(zhos-lan'). A town in the department of Loire-Inferieure, France, on the Oust 23 miles northeast of Vannes. The castle, a seat of the Rohan family, and the former abode of the Connetablede Clisson, is a fine medieval stronghold with lofty walls over- topped by cylindrical, conical-roofed towers. The interior front, in the Flamboyant of the end of the Pointed style, is highly picturesque, with gables, canopied windows, open- work parapets, and flaming tracery. Jost (yost), Isaak Markus. Born at Bernbiu'g, Germany, Feb. 22, 1793: died at Frankf ort-on- the-Main, Nov. 25, 1860. A German-Hebrew historian, teacher in Berlin and later (1835) in Frankfort. He wrote "Geschichte der Israeliten" (1820-29: "Neuere Geschichte der Israeliten," 1846-47), " Geschichte des Judentums und seinerSekten " (1857-59), etc. Jotapata (j6-ta-pa'ta). A fortress on the mod- ern hill Tel .lefat in Galilee. During the Judeo- Roman war it was held by Josephus. Forced by want of food and water to surrender to Vespasian, the garrison re- tired to a cavern and died by their own hands, with the ex- ception of the general, .Tosephus, and one other. Jotham (jo'tham). King of Judah 740-734 B. c. J6tunheim(ye''t6n-hlm). [ON. Jdtunheimr: Jd- tiinn, giant, and heimi; world.] In Old Norse mythology, the realm of the giants: also called Utgard(ON. ftijardhr), the outerworld. It was conceived to be situated in the extreme north. Jotunheim (yo'ton-him). A mountain region in Norway, about lat. ^° 30' N. it cont.ains the highest summits in the counffy, Galdhoppigen (8,400 feet) and Glittertind. Joubert (zho-bar'), Barthelemy Catherine. Born at Pont-de-Vaux, Ain, France, April 14. 1769: killed at the battle of Novi, Italy, Aug. 15, 1799. A French general. He served with dis- tinction in TjTol in 1797, and in Piedmont in 1798, and suc- ceeded Moreau in Italy in 1799. Joubert, Joseph. Born at Montignae, P^rigord, May 6, 1754 : died at Paris, May 4, 1824. A French moralist and man of letters. Extracts from his manuscripts, uuder the title "Pens^es," were Jovellanos edited by Chateaubriand, and later (1842), under the title "Pens^es, maximes, et correspondance." by Paul Kayni. Joueur (zho-er'), Le. A eomedv bv Kegnard, produced in 1696. JLrs. Centlivre's '-"Gamester" was adapted fi-om it. JouflEroy (zho-frwa'), Theodore Simon. Born at Pontets, Doubs, France, Julv 7, 1796: died at Paris, Feb. 4, 1842. A noted French philo- sophical writer, a pupil of Cousin, professor at various institutions in Paris, and after 1888 li- brarian of the university. He translated Dougald Stewart and Reid, and wrote "Melanges philosophiques " (1833), "Corns de droit naturel" (1835), etc Jougne (zhony), Col de. A pass over the Jura, onthebordersof Vaud, Switzerland, and Doubs, France, connecting Lausanne with Pontarlier. Joule (jol), James Prescott. Bora at Salford, England, Dec. 24, 1818 : died at Sale, Oct. 11, 1889. An English physicist, noted for his re- .. searches in the mechanical equivalent of heat. \ His paper on "Electro-Magnetic Forces" (1840) describes ' one of the earliest known attempts to measure an electric current by a definite unit. In a paper "On the Production of Heat by Voltaic Electricity " (1840) he first announced the law "that when acurrent of voltaic electricity is prop- agated along a metallic conductor, the heat evolved in a given time is proportional to the resistance of the con- ductor nmltiplied by the square of the electric intensity." This discovery was largely suggested by Ohm's " Die pd- vanische Kette" (1827). In a paper (1843) " On the Heat Evolved during the Electrolysis of Water," he demonstrated that the mechanical and heating powers of the current are proportional to each other. These discoveries led to a long series of experiments on the equivalence of heat and energy, which occupied the remainder of his life. In a paper "On the Calorific Effects of Magnetic Electricity and the Mechanical Value of Heat " (1843) it is stated that " the quantity of heat capable of increasing the tempera- ture of a pound of water by one degree of Fahrenheit's scale is equal to ... a mechanic^ force capable of raising 838 pounds to a perpendicular height of one foot" Joule made his final experiments in 1S7S. and the physical constant was determined to be 772..55 foot-pounds. Jourdain (zhor-dan'), Alfonse, Count of Tou- louse. Born in Syria, 1103: died at Acre, Pales- tine, 1148. Euler of the greater part of southern France 112.5-48. Jourdain, Monsieur. In Molifere's " Le bour- geois gentilhomme,'' a good, plain citizen, con- sumed with a desire to pass for a perfect gentle- man. To this end he endeavors to educate not only him- self but all his family. His astonishment at learning that he had been talking prose all his life has passed into a proverb. Jo'urdan (zhor-don'), Comte Jean Baptiste. Born at Limoges, France, April 29. 1762 : died at Paris, Nov. 23, 1833. A French mar.shal. Hewas distinguished in the campaigns of 1702-93 ; became com- mander of the army of the north ; defeated the Austriaug at Wattignies Oct. 16, 1793, and at Flenrus June 26, 1794; was victorious at Aldenhoven ; was defeated at Hbchst Oct. 11, 1795 ; was commander of the army of the Sambre and Mense ; was defeated at Amberg Aug. 24, and WUrz- burg Sept. 3, 1796 ; was commander of the armyof the Dan- ube, and was defeated at Ostrach March 21. and Stockach March 25, 1799; was made governor of Piedmont in ISCK), and marshal in 1804 ; and attended Joseph Bonaparte in Naples and Spain. Journey to London, A. The name given by Vanbrugh to the unfinished comedy afterward completed by Cibber and called "The Provoked Husband" (produced in 1728). Jou'venet (zhov-na'), Jean. Bom at Rouen, Franco, Aug. 21, 1(547: died at Paris, April 5, 1717. AFrench historical painter. Amonghischief works are "Descent from the Cross." "Esther before Aha- suerus," "Miraculous Draught of Fishes." Jou'vet (zho-va'), or Jo'7et (zho-va'). A peak of the Tarentaise Alps, southeastern France, east of Moutiers, noted for its view. Height, 8.410 feet. Joux (zho). Fort de. A fortress in the depart- ment of Doubs, France, 3 miles south-southeast of Pontarlier. Mirabeau was imprisoned here 1775, and Toussaint Louverture died here 1803. Joux, Lac de. A lake on the borders of France and Switzerland, in the Val de Joux. Its outlet is the Orbe. Length. 5 miles. Joux, Val de. A valley in the Jura, in Vaud, Switzerhiud, on the border of the departments of Doubs flnd Jura. France, traversed by the Orbe and the Lac de .Joux. Jouy (zho-e'), Victor Joseph Etienne (called de Jouy). Boimat Jouy, nearVersaillesJrance, 1764 (1769f^: died at St.-Germain-en-Laye, France, Se]it. 4, 1846. A French dramatist and man of letters. Among his numerous writings are " Er- mitede la Chauss6e d'Antin, ou observations surles moeurs et les usages francais an commencement du dix-neuvieme sifecle " (1S12-14X librettos, comedies, tragedies, etc. Jo'va. See Opnta. Jove (jov). See Jupiter and Zeus. Jovellanos (no-vel-ya'nos), or Jove-Llanos, Gaspar Melchor de. Born at Gijon, Asturias, Spain, Jan. 5, 1744: died in Asturias, Nov. 27, 1811. A Spanish statesman, poet, and man of Jovellanos letters. He wrote the comedy " El delincuente honrado " ("The Honest Criminal"), the tragedy "Pelayo," prose works on politics and political economy, etc. Jovellanos (Ho-vel-ya'nos), Salvador. Born at Asuncion, 1833. A Paraguayan statesman. Driven out of the country, heest.-iblished himself in the Argentine Republic, anti in 1865 joined the allied army against Lopez. At the enti of the war he was made a member of the pro- visional government, and a new constitution having been adopted, he was elected president in Oct.. 1871, serving from Dec. 12, 1871, to Nov. 25, 1874. With him began the regen- eration of Paraguay. Jovial Crew, A, or the Merry Beggars. A comedy b.v Richard Brome, produced in 1641, printed in 1652. Jovian. See Jovionus. Jovianus (j6-\-i-a'nus), Flavius Claudius. Born about 332: died at Dadastana. Bitlivnia, Feb. 17, 304. Emperor of Romt> 3G3-364. lie was elevated by the army on the death of .Tnlian the Apostate during a catnpaign againstPersia.andpurch.isedthe retreat of himself and his army by ceding to the Persian king all the5 Roman provinces beyond the Tigris. The chief event of his reign was the publication of an edict restoring Chris- tianity to the privileges granted by Coustantine the Great. Jovius. See Gioiio. Jowett Ciou'et), Benjamin. Born at Camber- ivoll, London, 1.S17 : died Oct. 1, 1893. A noted Enfrlish classical scholar, regius professor of Greek at Oxford, and master of BalUol Collej:ce. In 1882 he was appointed vice-chancellor of the university. His works include "The Dialogues of Plato translated into ['.iiu'lisb, with Analyses and Inti-oductions " (1871. 3d ed. la <-), a translation uf Thuc>dides(18iil), and a translation of the "Politics" of Aristotle (188.^). In 1S60 he was tried and acquitted before the chancellor's court of the Uni- versity of Oxford on a charge of heresy. Jowf (jouf), or Djof. A town and oasis in Arabia, about lat. 29° 30' N., long. 40° E. Joyce's Country (jois'ezkun'tri). Adistrictof County Galway, Ireland, lying north of Conne- mara. Joyeuse (zhwii-yez'). The sword of Charle- magne. Joyeuse Garde (zhwii-yez' gard). La, or La Garde Joyeuse. In medieval romance, the cas- tle of Lancelot of the Lake. It was given to him by Arthur for his defense of the queen's honor in a con- flict with .^irMador who had accused her of poisoning his brother. The name was changed from Dolorous Garde, or La Garde Douloureuse, in honor of his victory. Itis thought to have stood at Berwick-upon-Tweed. Berwick, but for the dulness within its walla, seems almost as worthy of being called Joyeuse Garde as, both from its real and romance history of siege, conquest, and reconquest, it is of being remembered as Dolorous Garde. Stuart Glcnnie, Arthurian Localities, III. L J. S. of Dale. The jtseudonym of F. J. Stimson. Juan (Hi)-;in'). Sjianish form of John. Juan, Don. See Don Juan. Juan, Don. See John of Austria. Juana. See Joanna. Juana.or Juanna(Ho-an'nii). [Named in honor of Prince Juan, the son of Ferdinand and Isa- bella.] The name given by Columbus in 1492 to Cuba. After his death it was changed, by the king's desire, to Feriiandina, and both names appear in some old books and maps. They were soon abandoned. Juan de Arpli (no-Un' da ar'ple). Born at Leon about I'j.S.") : died at Madrid about tlie beginning of the 17th century. A Spani.sli goldsnnth, the most celebrated member of a numerous family of goldsmiths: the Spanish Cellini. Philip II. appointed him assayer of money at the Segovia. lie left various writings on orfevrerie, sculpture, and architecture. Juan de Fuca (.i'i'an de f a'kil ; 8p. pron. Ilo-iiu' da fti'ka), or Fuca, Strait or. A sea pas- sage separating Vancouver Island from Wash- ington, and connecting the I'acilie Ocean with the Gulf of Georgia and with Admiralty Inlet and Puget Sound. Juan Fernandez (llo-iin' fer-niin'deth). 1. An island lirlniigiug toCliile, .situated in tlie South Pacilic in lat. 33° 3.S' S., long. 78° .'53' W. The surface is rocky and mountainous. It was discovered by a Spaniard, .Juan Fernandez, about l.W:* ; was a resort of buc.aneers in the 17th and 18th centuries; and is f.-nnoua for the solitary residence of Alexander Selkirk 17o.t-*i!). Also called Mnit a Tirrnt. Area, 36 sqiniro miles. 2. A grimi) including the above isltind, Mas a Fuera (100 miles west of it), and tlie islet of Santa Clai'a. Total area, 72 sipuire miles. The popiilatiou is very small. Juarez (iio-il'reth), Benito Pablo. Born at Guelatao, Oajaea, March 21, ISOti: died at Mex- ico, July 18, 1872. A Mexican liberal politi- cian, of pm-e Indian blood. Unnished by Santa Anna in 18.''i3, he rcturneil in 185:i, was minlsler of Justice under Alvarez, ami in 18.^>7 was elected jiresident of the supreme court and vice-president of Mexico. ,.\fter tlio fall of Comonfort (.Jan., IS.SS), he became president by sinv cession, but the reacliordsts had selzeil the governnient, and .luarez triinnpheil ovci' them (Dec, isdii) only after a civil war. lie was regularly elected president .March, 1S61. The invasion of Mexico by the French, F.nglish, and Spanish ostensibly in support of foreign bondliolilers (Dec, 18G1), ended in the occupation of .Mexico by the 553 French (June, 1863), and the proclamation of an empire under Maximilian. .Tuarez was driven U> the northern frontier, but on the withdrawal of the French army (Jan., 1867) quickly regained strength, and Maximilian was cap- tured and shot. Juarez entered Mexico, and was reelected president Aug., 1867. Revolts continued, and, though he was again elected in 1871, the northern states were in in- surrection when he died. ^ Juarez Celman (siil-miin'), Miguel. Bom at Cordoba, Sejit. 29, 1844. An Argentine politi- cian of the liberal party. He became president Oct. 12, 1886, but was forced to resign Aug. 6, 18!)U, by a revolu- tion brought on by the financial panic of that year. Juarros (no-ar'ros), Domingo. Born at Guate- mala city, 1752: died tliere, 1820. A Central American priest and historian. He wrote "His- toria de la Ciudad do Guatemala " (2 vols. 1808-lS). There is an abridged English translation by John Bailey, entitled "Statistical and Commercial History of Guatemala" (Lon- don, 1823). The work is important for the history ol Cen- tral America. Juba (jo'bii). A large river in Africa, which flows into the Indian Ocean near the equator. Now jiroved not to be the Omo. Juba (,io'ba) I. Committed suicide, 46 B.C. King of Numidia, and an allj- of Pompey. He defeat- ed the Caesareans under Curio in 49, and was defeated at Thapsus in 46. Juba II. Died about 19 A. D. Son of Juba I., made king of Nnmidia about 30 B. c, and trans- feiTed to Mauretania in 25 B. c. He was noted as a historical and general writer. Jubal (jo'bal). According to Genesis, a son of Lamech by Adah, and the inventor of stringed and wind instruments. Jubbulpore. See Jabalpur. Juby (ji)' be), Cape. A cape on the western coast of ^Vfrica, south of Morocco. J'UCar (Ho'kiir). A river of eastern Spain, flow- ing into the Mediterranean 25 miles south by east of Valencia. Length, about 250 miles. Jucunas (zho-ko-nas'). A tribe of South Amer- ican Indians, on the river Japurtl near the con- fines of Brazil and Colombia. They are of tbe Arawak linguistic stock. Judaea. See Judca. Judah (jo'dji). [Heb., 'praised'; Gr. 'IMa;, rarely 'loMa" Judas.] 1. One of the Hebrew patriarchs, the fourth son of Jacob and Leah. — 2. The most powerful of the twelve tribes of Is- rael. Its teiTitory was bounded by Dan and Benjamin on the north, the Dead .Sea and Idiunea on the east, Idumea and Simeon on the south, and tlic Mediterranean (nomi- nally) on the west. It was suh.lix idi-ii into the districts of the mountain or hill countrj', the wilderne-ss, thesoutl), and the lowland. Judah I., known as " The Prince" (,ha-Xa»i), or "The Holy" (ha-Qadosh). Flourished 190-220 A. D. The seventh patriarcli and president of the Sanhedrim in succession from Ilillel. He resided first in Tiberias, afterward in Sepphoris, and was, accordingtoatradition, on friendly terms with the emperor Antoninus. The principal work of his life consisted in the compiling of the thousands of decisions (halachoth : seo llalacha) of the teachers of the law, which lie arranged according to subjects and redacted as the Mishna (which see) in 6 orders or classes, each comprising the regulationa of a certain branch of religious or social life. Judah II. Patriarcb about 225 A. D., grandson of .ludjih T. lie moderated many laws bearing on the relation of Jews to lirathcn, and, according to a tradition, was an intimate friend of the emperor Alexander Sevcrus. Judah, Kingdom of. Tlio southern kingdom of the Jews, cuini)rising the tribesJudah and Ben- jamin. The northern kingdoni of Israel seceded from it in the reign of Rehol)oani (about 053 ii. c). Among its kings were Jelioshai)hat, Joasli, Uzziah, llezekiah, anil Josiah. It was overthrown in .'i80 IJ. c. by Nebuchadnez- zar, who carried many of the people to IJabylon. Judah ha Levi (.iij'dil hil la've). Born about 10.S5: died aliout 1140. A Spanish-.Tewish poet anil ]ihysiei:iii, in liim the Jewish-Spanish remiissaiico of pocti-y rcailiiil ils Iiriv'bt of iieifection of form and iki. bility and Infliiirss of sutijeit -matter, of his works there survive more than 800 secular iioeins, ntid more than 300 religious poems. He was also the author of an npido- getical woT-k in Arabic, " The Book of Argumentation atid Demonstration for the Iiefenseof the Oppressed Religion." better known by the title of the llelu'cw' translation. " Cho. zari." According to a tradition heundi-rtouk a pilgrimage to.lcrtisalem, and was there tnunpled to death by a Saracen rider. Judas (.iii'daH), surnamed "TlieGaulouite," or "The Galileitn." A Jewish popular lcii(h>r in the revolt against the census under the prefect Quiriiius. The sect of Judas the Gaulonitc, or, as he was called, the Galilean, nniv bo considered the lineal inheritors of that mingled spirit of national independence and orreligious enthusiasm which had in early days won the glorioustri- umidi of frceiliitn from the Syro-Grcclan kings, and had maintained a stern thougli secret resistjuice to the later Asmoneans, and to the Idumean dynasty. Just beforetho death of Herod, it hail iiidueeil the six thousand Pharisees to refuse the oath of allegianee to the king ami to his Im- pi'rial protector, and had probably been tlie secret ineite- nient in the other acts of resistance to the royal authority. ,ludas the Galilean openly proclaimed the unlawfulness, Judson the impiety, of God's people submitting to a foreign yoke, and thus acknowledging the subordination of the Jewish theocracy to the empire of Rome. ilUinan, Hist of Christianity, I. 14L Judas Iscariot (jo'dasis-kar'i-ot). [Heb. (see Judah); Gv.'loi6ag 'lanaiiiuTTig. The surname Iscariot is from Krriolh in Judah.] One of the twelve apostles, the betrayer of Jesus. Judas Maccabaeus (j''''las"mak-a-be'us). Died KJO B. c. The second of the five' sons of Matta- thias the Ilasmonean. He succeeded his father in 1G6 as commander and leader in the struggle against An- tiuchus Epiphanes. In Ihebattles at Bethhoronand Beth- ziir (soiitli iif .lerusalem) he gained adecisive victory over the Syiians, and on the iStb Chisleu (December), 164, he entered .lerusalem and reconsecrated the temple ; in mem- ory of this event the feast of dedication (hanukah) w.as instituted. Later he fought many battles, and at last fell in an encotuiter with the Syrians'under Baccbides. Judas Maccabaeus. A n oratorio by Handel, pro- duced in London 1747. Judd (jud). Sylvester. Bom at Westhampton, Mass., July 23, 1S13 : died at Augusta, Maine, Jan. 20, 1853. An .\merican Unitarian clergy- man and author. His chief work is the ro- mance "Margaret" (1845). Jude (jod), or Judas, Saint. [Heb.: seeJ«dah.'\ One of the twelve apo.stles. probably identical with Thailileus atid Lebliieus (doubtless a cor- ruption of Tliaddius). There are no trustwor- tliy traditions concerning him. Jude, Epistle of. A book of the New Testa- ment, written, not by the apostle Jude, but pos- sibly by a brother of Jesus. He describes himself as a "brother of James," by whom the brother of Jesus may be meant. But both authorship and date are un- certain. Judea, or Judaea (jo-de'ii). {L. Judaea. Gr. 'lov^aia, f rom 'loDiSaiof , Jew, fTom'hiihal books of tlio I Hd 'reslninent. It Is a historical romance dating from the .Maccabean period (proliably from about 12!) It. o), and was apparently written in Hebrew. Tlio original text is no loiigerextant ; it exists at present in two distinct recensions, the Greek and the Latin. The hero- ine Ik mnned Judith (whence the name of the book), luid is represented as a milive of Itethulia. In order to de- liver her native city, which Is besieged l>y Holofcrnes, a general of the King of the Assyrians, she entera the As- syrian camp under the pretense of wishing to betray the city, gains admission to the general'stent llirough her ex- traordinary beauty, and slays him In his drunken sleep, Judson (jud'son). Adoniram. Born at Maiden, Mass., .Vug. y,' 1788: died at sea, April 12, 1.8.50. All American Baptist missionary. He settled In Burma in 181:1. He Iranslaled the Bible Into Burmese In 18:i6. and wrote a Burmese-English dictionary. Jnel Jnel (yo'ell. Niels. Bom at Copenhagen. Mav 8, 1629: dicil at Copenhagen, April 8, 1607. A Danish admiral, distinguished in the war against Sweden 1675-77. Juggernaut (jug'er-nat). [A corruption of the Skt. •Jaguiinutha. Lord of the world.] A name of Vishnu or Kiishna, and also of Rama and Dattatreya, both incarnations of Vishnu. He is worshiped'elsewhere in India, but the Jugannath festival at Puri, near Cuttack in Oiissa, is especially celebrated. Its special feature is the drawing of the great car. Such cars, attached to every large Vishnu pagoda in the south of India, typify the moving active world over which the god presides. The Jagannath festival takes place in June or July, and for weeks before pilgrims come into Puri by thousands. The car is 4.5 feet high, 3o feet square, and supported on 16 wheels 7 feet in diameter. Balaram;!, the brother, and .Subhadni, the sister of Jagannatha, have sep- arate cars a little smaller. When the images aie placed on the cars, the multitude kneel, bow their foreheads in the dust, and, rushing forward, draw the cars down the broad street toward Jagannath's country house. The dis- tance is less than a mile, but the journey takes several days. When the zeal of the pilgrims flags, 4,200 profes- sional pullers drag the cars. An error underlies the common foreign conception of the festival. " In a closely- packed eager throng of a hundred thousand men and women under the blazing tropical son deaths must occa- sionally occur. There have doubtless been instances of pilgrims throwing themselves under the wheels in a frenzy of religious excitement, but such instances have always been rare, and are now unknown. The few sui- cides that did occur were, for the most part, cases of dis- eased and miserable objects, who took this means to put themselves out of pain. The official returns now place this beyond doubt. J^'othing could be more opposed lo the spirit of Vishnu-worship than self-immolation. According to Chaitanya, the apostle of Jagannath, the destruction of the le.ast of God s creatures is a sin against the Creator. Self-immolation hewouldhaveregarded with horror." Sir W. W. HKHfcr, statistical Account uf Bcnual, XIS. 59 fl. Juggernaut, better Jagannath (ju-gun-naf). A seaport in Orissa, Bengal, British India, situ- ated in lat. 19° 48' N., long. 8,=)° 49' E., celebrated for its temple and festival of the deity Jugger- naut (which see). Also called Puri, Popula- tion (1891), 28,794. Jugurtha (Jo-ger'thS). Killed at Rome, 104 B. c. King of Numidia, son of Mastanabal and grand- son of Masinissa. He usurped western Numidia in 117, and eastern Numidia in 112. A war with Home com- menced in 111, and he contended against MeteUus in 109 and 108, and against Marius in 107. He was captured by Sulla in 106. Juif Errant (zhii-ef e-ron'), Le. [F., 'The Wandering Jew.'] An opera by Hal^\'y, first produced at Paris 1852. Juive (zhuev'). La. [F., 'The Jewess.'] An opera by Halevy, first produced at Paris 1835. Jujuy (Ho-Hwe'). 1. The northwestemmost province of the ArgentineConfederation, bound- ed ou the east and south by Salta. Area, 17,000 square miles. Population (1895), 49,.543. — 2. The capital of the province of Jujuy, situated on the Rio Grande about lat. 24° 10' S., long. 65° 20' W. Also called San Salvador de Jujuy. Population (1895), 4,159. Jukes (joks), Joseph Beete. Bom at Birming- ham, Oct., 1811: died at Dublin, July 29, 1869. An English geologist, in 1839 he became geological stu*veyor of Newfoundland, and in 1842 naturalist to the expedition to the northeast coast of Australia. In 1846 he joined the British Geological Survey. In 1850 he became director of the Irish branch of the survey, and lecturer on geology at the Royal College of Science, Dublin. His chief works are "Excursionsin andabout Xewfoundland"(ls42), " Narrative of the Surveying Voyage of H. H. S. Fly " ( WIT), "A Sketch of the Physical Structure of Australia ' (1850), "The Geologj- of South Stattordshue Coal-Belds." Jukovsky ( zho-kof ' ske ), Vasili Andreyev! tch. Bom Jan. 29, 1783: died at Baden, 18.52. A Russian poet and translator. He translated .SchQ- ler's "Maid of Orleans," Byron's "Prisoner of Chillou," Moore's *■ Paradise and the Peri," Gray's " Elegy," etc. Juli (Ho'le). A village of Peru, department of Puno, on a terrace overlooking the southwest shore of Lake Titicaca, 13,100 feet above the sea. It was founded by the Jesuits as a mission station in 1577, and is celebrated in the history of the order. Julia (jo'lya). [Ij.jtem.ot Julius.'] Born 39b. C: died at Rh'egium, Italy, 14 A. B. The daughter of Augustus Csesar and Scribonia. she married in 25 M. itarcellus, on whose death in 23 she became the wife of M. Vipsanius Agrippa, by whom she became the mother of C. and L. Cjesar, .Agrippa Postumus. Julia, and .Agrippina. After Agrippa's death in 12 B. c, she married Tiberius. She was eventually divorced by Tiberius, and banished by her father, first to the island of Pandatoria, and afterward to Rhegium, on account of her vices. Julia. Bom in 83 or 82 B. c. : died in 54 B. c. The daughterof Julius Csesar and Cornelia, she married Cornelius Caspio, from whom, at her father's com- mand, she procured a divorce in order to become the wife of Pompey the Great in 59. Julia. Died 28 a. d. The daughter of M. Vip- sanius Agrippa and Julia, daughter of Augustus Csesar. she became the wife of L. .5:nulius Paulus, by whom she became the mother of M. ^milius Lepidus and ^^■"ibiij first wife of the emperor Claudius. She inherited 554 the vices of her mother, and was banished by Augustus in 9 A. D. to the island of Tremerus, where she died. Julia. 1. In yhakspere's comedy "Two Gentle- men of Verona," a girl loved by Proteus. — 2. In Sheridan's comedy "The Rivals," the long- suffering object of the fractious jealousy of Falk- land. — 3. In J. Sheridan Knowles's play " The Hunchback," a t^-pe of commonplace senti- ment. Julia Domna. Died 217 A. d. A Roman em- press. She was the wife of Septimius Severus, whom she married about 175, before his elevation to the imperial throne, and by whom she because the mother of Caracalla and Geta. she was originally a SjTian priestess, and tlu-ough her influence as empress made Oriental religious rites fashionable at Rome. Julia gens(jo'lyii jenz). A celebrated patrician elan or house in ancient Rome, its eponymic an- cestor was Julus. the grandson or, according to some ac- counts, the son of .Eneas. The Julia gens was one of the leading Alban houses which Tnllus Hostilius re- moved to Rome on the destruction of Alba Longa. Its family names in the time of the republic were Ciesar, lulus, ilento, and Libo. Julian (Jo'lyan), surnamed "The Apostate" (Flavius Claudius Julianus). [L. JuUanus, spitmg from or pertaining to Julius; It. Giu- liano, Sp. Julian, Pg. Juliao, F. Julicit.'] Born at Constantinople, probably Nov. 17, 331 A. D. : died June 26, 363. Roman emperor 361-363, son of Julius Coustantius and Basilina. He was, with the exception of a half-brother, Gallus, the only member of the Havian fiimily wlio escaped massacre on the accession of Coustantius II. He was brought up in the Christian faith, andreceived an excellent education, which was completed in the philosophical schools at Athens. He wiis in 355 created Csesar by Coustantius, whose sister Helena he married, and by whom he was invested with the government of Gaul, Spain, and Britain. He made his residence chiefly at Paris, and in 357 defeated the Ala- raauni in a great battle near Strasburg. He was proclaimed emperor by his troops in 361, and was marching against Constantinople when the death of Coustantius left him undisputed master of the empire. On his accession he publicly announced his conversion to paganism (whence his surname), and published an edict in which he granted toleration to all religions. In 363 he undertook an expedi- tion against Persia, during which he was killed by an arrow while pm-suing the enemy after a bloody engagement, June 26, 363. Julian, Count. In Spanish legend, a governor of Andalusia in the 8th century. According to the story, his daughter Florinda was seduced by Roderic, and in revenge he betrayed Ceuta to the Moors. Julian Alps. The part of the eastern Alps east and southeast of the Camie Alps, situated in Venetia, Carinthia, Carniola, and Gorz-Gra- diska. The culminating point is the Terglou (9,394 feet). The pass over the Julian Alps into Italy was of extreme impi.^rtance, Iteing traversed by the West-Gothic invaders, by Kadagais, by Attila, and by others. Julian Emperors. A collective name for the Roman emperors Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero, as members by birth or adoption of the family of Julius Csesar. Julianists (jo'lyan-ists). A sect of Monophy, sites which held the body of Christ to be incor- ruptible: so called from Julian, bishop of Hali- carnassus early in the 6th centurj-. Jiilich (yii'lieh), F. Juliers (zhii-lya'). A town in the Rhine Province, Prussia, situated on the Roer 16 miles northeast of Aix-la-Chapelle : the Roman JuUacum, and formerly the capital of the ancient duchy of Jiilich. Jiilich, Duchy of. A medieval countship and duchy of Germany, which lay west of the elec- torate of Cologne. Capital, Jiilieh. it becaibe united with Berg in 1423. Jiilich, Berg, and Cleves were united in 1521. "The extinction of the Cleves ducal house in 1609 brought on the '"Contest of the Jidich Succession," settled in 1666, when Brandenburg received Cleves, and Jiilich and Berg passed to Pfaiz-Neuburg. Jiilich was ac- quired by France in 1801, was ceded to Prussia in 1814-15, and now belongs to the Rhine Province. Julie (zhii-le'). In Rousseau's "Nouvelle He- loise," the wife of Volmar, and the mistress of Saint-Preux. Julien (zhii-lyan'), Stanislas. Born at Orle- ans. France, Sept. 20, 1799: died at Paris, Feb. 14,1873. A French Sinologist. He published vari- ous translations from the Chinese, "Syntaxe nouvelle de la langue chinoise " (1S69-70), etc. Julier (yol'yer). A pass in the canton of Ori- sons, Switzerland, leading from the Oberhalb- stein valley to the Upper Eugadine. It was used by the Romans. Height, 7,500 feet. Juliers. See Jiilich. Juliet (j6'li-et). [Dim. ot Julia.'] 1. The hero- ine of Shakspere's tragedy "Romeo and Juliet" (which see), she is the daughter of Capulet. and loves Romeo, the heir of the hostile family of ilontague. 2. A character in Shakspere's "Measure for Measure," a lady loved by Claudio. Julius (jol'yus) I. Bishop of Rome 337-352. He was a supporter of Athanasius. Athanasius took up his residence at Rome, and, under the protection of the Roman prelate, defied his adversaries Junagarh to a new contest Julius summoned the accusers of Atha- nasius to plead the cause before a council in Rome. The Eastern prelates altogether disclaimed his jurisdiction, and rejected his pretensions to rejudge the cause of a bishop already condemned by the Council of Tyre. The answer of Julius is directed rather to the justification of Athana- sius than to the assertion of his own authority. 'The synod of Rome solemidy acquitted Athanasius, Paul, and all their adherents. The Western emperor joined in the sentiments of his clergy. A second council at Milan, in the presence of Constans, confirmed the decree of Rome, Milinan, Hist, of Christianity, II. 42L Julius n. (Giuliano della Rovere). Bom at Albezuola, 1443 : cUed Feb. 21, 1513. Pope 1503- 1513. He joined the League of Cambrai against Venice in 1508 ; formed the Holy League against France in 1511 ; and convened the fifth Lateran Council in 1512. He was a patron of literature and art. Julius III. (Gianmaria de' Medici, later del Monte >. Pope 1550-55. Julius Africanus. See Africanus. Julius Caesar. See Csesar. Julius Caesar. 1. A historical tragedy byShak- spere, probablv written in 1600 or 1601. It was not printed till 1623.— 2. A tragedy by Sir Wil- liam Alexander, earl of Stii'ling, published as "Csesar" in 1604, and as "Julius Csesar" in 1607. Jullien, or Julien (zhii-lyan'), Louis Antoine. Boi'n at Sisterou, Basses-Alpes. France, April 23, 1812: died near Paris, March 14, 1860. A French composer and musical director, in 1842 he began his annuabseries of concerts at the English Opera House. His aim was to " popularize music." He was in the United States from 1852 to 1854. JuUunder. See Jalandhar. July (jij-li', formerly jo'li). [From L. Julius, July, properly adj. (se. lueiisis), month of Julius, so called after Juliun Cfesar, who was born in this month, and who gave it this name when reformingthe calendar. It was previously called Quintilis, or the fifth month. The name Julius in ME. and early mod. E. was commonly July.] The seventh month of the year, consisting o£ thirty-one days, during which the sun enters the sign Leo. July, Government of. In French history, the government of Louis Philippe (1830-48), who was called to the throne in consequence of the revolution of July (which see). July, Revolution of. In French history, the rev- olution of July 27, 28. and 29, 1830, by which the government of Charles X. and the elder line of the Bourbons was overthrown. The younger line (Orleans) was soon called to the throne in the per- son of Louis Philippe. Jumala (yo-ma'la). See the extract. The highest god amongst the Finns is called Jumala, also Num, or Jilibearabaertje, as protector of the flocks ; but this last only amongst certain tribes. The word Juiuala indicates rather the godhead in general than a divine in- dividual ; the god of the Chj istians is also often called Ju. mala. Therefore in the runes another name is more prom- inent; namely, I'kko, the old man, the grandfather, who sends thunder. Both are regarded by Castren as belong- ing to the air-gods ; besides these, there are gods of the elements, such as water-gods and earth-gods. La Saussayej Science of Religion, p. 303. Jumanas (zho-ma-nas'). A race of Indians in northwestern Brazil (Amazonas), on the rivers Japura and Ic4, sometimes found on the Ma- raiion, and probably extending into Colombia, where they are called Tecunas. They belong to the Maj-pnre' linguistic stock, are di\ided into many petty hordes, live in fixed villages, plant manioc, and are gener- ally peaceful. Their faces are tattooed as a tribal mark. Also written Chumaiias, Chimanos, ShmnaiMS, Xonuinai, Ximaiuts. * Jumet (zhii-ma'). A manufacturing and min- ing town in the province of Hainaut. Belgium, 4 miles northwest of Charleroi. Population (1890), 23,927. Jumi6ges(zhu-myazh'). A village in the depart- ment of Seine-Inferieure, France, situated on the Seine 15 miles west of Rouen. The abbey church of the Benedictines, formerly the most important monastic monument of this region, is now a noble ruin, almost roofless. The west front has 2 sciuare towers, oc- tagonal above, and a projecting porch. The nave and aisles are round-arched, with alternate square and circular piers, and there is a great tower at the crossing. Jumilla (Ho-mel'yii). A town in the province of Mureia, Spain, 33 miles north of Murcia. Pop- idation (1887). 14.334. Jumma Musjid. See Ahmedatad. Jumna (jum'nii), or Jamuna (ya'mo-na). A river of India, the chief tributary of the Ganges. It rises in the Himalaya, and joins the Ganges near Alla- habad. OnitsbaiUisareDelhi,Agra,andAllahabad. Length, S60 miles. Junagarh (jo-na-gar'). 1. A native state in In- dia, under British control, intersected by lat. 21° N., long. 70° 30' E.— 2. The capital of the stateofJtmagarh, situated about lat. 21°30'N., long. 70° 24' F, Population (1891), 31,640. Junction Junction (jungk'slion) City. A city in Geary C'liuiity, eastern Kansas. Pop. (1900), 4,695. June (jon). [From L. Junius, June, properly adj. (.sc. miHsiii), month of the family of Junius, from Juniu.s, a Homan gentile name, akin to jtwenis, young.] The si.\th month of the year, consisting of thirty (lays, during which the sun enters the sign Cancer. June, Jennie. The pseudonym of Mrs. Croly (Jeunio Cunningham). Juneau (.i<)-n6'l. A mining town in Alaska. I'ovmlation (1900), l,St>4. Jung (yiiug), or Jungius (jun'ji-us). Joachim. Born at Liibeek, Germany, Oct. 2:2, 15s7: died at Hamburg, Sept. 17, 1657. A Gei-manpliilo- fiophical writer and botanist, ne was professor o( matheiii.itics .it Gieasen 1600-14, and :it Rostock ltj'.i5-28, and rector of the Johunneum at Hamburg 1628-57. Jung, Johann Heinrich, generally called stil- ling. Born at Im-Grund, Nassau, Germany, Sept. 12, 1740: died at Karlsrulie, Baden, April 2, 1817. A German mystic. He was professor of economies at Marburg 17S7-1803, and later lived in retire- ment at Heidelberg and Karlsruhe. He wrote an autobi- ograpliy (published as " Heiiu-ich Stillin^rs Leben " 1806; contituK-d 1>17) and various mystical works. Jungbunzlau(yong-bonts'lou). Amanufaetur- ing town in Bohemia, on the Iser .31 miles north- east of Prague. Population (1890), commune, 11,518. Jongftau (yong'frou). [G., 'virgin.'] One of the chief mountains of the Bernese Alps, Switzerland, on the border of Bern and Valais, 13 miles south by east of luterlaken. It was first ascended in 1811. Height, 13,670 feet. Jnnghulin (yong'hon), Franz Wilhelm. Bom at Mansfeld, Prussia, Oct. 26, 1812: died at Lembaug, Java, April 24, 1864. A German nat- uralist and explorer in Java and Sumatra. His chief work is "Java, seine Gestalt, Pflanzendecke, und in- nere Bauarf (1862-.'i4). Jnngmann (yong'miin), Joseph. Born at Hud- litz, Bohemia, July 16, 177;!: died at Prague, Nov., 1847. A Bohemiau philologist and his- torian of literature. His chief works are a " History of Bohcniiun Literature " (1825), and a " Czech-German Dictionary "(1835-39). Juniata (jo-ni-at'ii). A river in Pennsylvania, formed by the junction of the Little Juniata and the Fraiikstown Branch at Petersbm-g. it Joins the Susquehanna 13 miles northwest of llarrisburfi ; Ifl noted for picturesque scenery ; and has a total k-iiKth of about 150 miles. Junin (Ho-nen'). 1. An interior department of Peru, northeast of Lima. Population, about 200,000. — 2. Atownof the department of Junin, southeast of L.ake Chinchay-cocha. it gave its name to a buttle fought on a ijlain to the south, Aug, 6, 1824, in which the patriots under Holivar di-featedthe royaJists of Canteni<:. Tlie action was decided ml i rely by the cavalry, and without the use of firearms. I'opulation, about 2,000. Junius (jo'njTis). The pseadonym of the un- known author of a series of letters directed against the British ministry, SirWilliain Draper, the Duke of (jrafton, and others. The letters ap- peared In the London " I'ublic Advertiser" from Nov. 21, 1768,toJan. 21, 1772. Their authorship has been attributed to Edmund Burke, Kail Temple, and others; but they probably were written l)y Sir Philip ^'ranci8. Junius ( jii'ui-us), Franziskus. Born at Heidel- berg, Baden, 1589: died at Windsor, England, Nov. 19, 1(J77. A German student of tl](' Teu- tonic languages, sou of Franziskus Junius. Among his works is "JDtymologicum Anglica- num" (ed. by Lye 1743). Junker (vong'ker), Wilhelm. Born at Moscow, April 6, 1H40: .lied at St. Petersburg, Feb. 13, 1892, An .African e.xplon-r. After studying In Ger- many, Switzerhmd, and KuMsin, ,liinker began IiIm caretT as anexplnrerbytonrsin Algi riii:iricrruids(I873-7l), in Lower Egj-pt (lH7r.), Suakini, Kussahi, and Khartum (18711), and Gnndokoro und Makaraka as far as Van (1877), returning to Europe In 1h7h, Arcoinparded lt> bis aH.4i.4lant Hulindortf, he returned in ls7!) to Khartum, where lb, -y einbittlied on the steamer Isinalli:i. In 18.^0 8:1 hr e\pl'>n-d tin- .Nyani- JJyam and .Momlmttu iwuntrlcs in nil direillona. He crossed and followed the Welle River several llnies, and reached Eniln I'asha at LiuU), on the upper \\ lilte Nile, at the close cjf 18,8:1. For some time In^ was held in virtual captivity llu'ough the Mahdl insurrection, but he llnally succeeded (after the failure of the relief expedition under G. A. KIseher) In making ins way from \\'adelal lo the coast, arriv|]ig In Zanzibar In Iiee,, 1886. In 1887 he wag again in Europe. He published "Kelson in Afrltca" 08111). Junkers (yOng'kerz). The members of the aris- tocraticparty in Pnissia which came iiilopower under Bismarck when lio was made prime min- ister in lH(i2. Junkseylon. Same as Salmifi. Juno(j<5'n6). l.InKoman mythology,thoqnoen of heaven, the highest divinity of the Latin races in Italy next to Jupiter, of whom she was 555 the sister and the wife. She was the parallel of the Greek Hera, with whom in later times she became to a considerable extent identilled. .She was regarded as the special protectress of marriage, and was the guardian of woman from birth to death. In Kome she was also the patron of tile national finances, and a temple which con- tained the mint was erecti;d toiler, under the name of Juno Moneta, on the I'apitoline. In her distinctively Italic cliaracter, Juno (called Lanueina, from the site at Lanu- viiuil of her cliief sanctuary, or Itottpita, the Protectress) was a war-goddess, represented as chad in a mantleof goat- skin, bearing a shield and an uplifted spear, and accom- panied, like Athene, by a sacred serpent. 2. The third planetoid, discovered bv Hardiiig at Lilienthal, Sept. 1, ]SI»4. Junot (zhii-no'), Andoche, Due d'Abrantfes. BoruatBiissy-le-Grand, Oct. 23, 1771: died July 29, 1813. A French general. He entered the army in 1702 ; accompanied Bonaparte in Iiis Italian and Egyptian campaigns; became a general of divisi\ Sir Arthur Wellesley at Vimeiro in Aug., 1808, and conipelled to evacuate Portugal. Junot, Madame (Laure Permon), Duchesse d'Abrantfes. Bom at Moiitpellier, Nov. 6, 1784: died at Paris, June 7, 1838. A French author. She married General .lunot about 1800. She was the author of "Souvenirs liistori(|n.s siir Napoleon, laR^volutino. I,. Directoire, le Con.sulat, rEmpirc et la Kestauration "(1831- 1835), "Histoire des salons de Paris" (1837), etc. Junqueira Freire (zhon-kay'rii frav're), Luiz Jose. Born at Bahia, Dec. 31, 1832 :"died there, June 24, 1855. A Brazilian poet. Fronii86itoi&';4 he was a novitiate in a cloister of Carmelite monks, where he wrote his best-known poems, collected in the "Inspira- ^oes do claustro." Junta (jun'tji). [fip. junta (orig. fern, ot junto), from ij.juiictd, fem. oi junctus, joined.] In Spain, a consultative or legislative assembly, either for the whole country or for ono of its sejiarate parts. The most celebrated juntas in his- toi7 were that convened by Napoleon in 1808 and tlie later revolutionary juntas. Junto (jun'to). In English history, a grouj) of Whig politicians very influential in the reigns of William III. and Anne. Its chief members were Somers, Russell, Wharton, and Montague, They were the chief leaders of the party in I'arliament, Jupille (zhii-pely'). A manufacturing town in the jtrovince of Lifege, Belgium, Smiles east of Liege. Jupiter (j6'pi-ter). [L., from Jovis (oarlierXlio- i'l.v, Gr. Zi If, lud. Diaus) oMApatcr, father Jove.] 1. In Roman mj-thology, the supremo deity, the parallel of the Greek Zeus, antt the embodi- ment of the might and national dignity of the Romans. The central seat of his cult was the Capitoline Hill at Rome, where hehad the title of Optiinus Maximus (' Best and Greatest'). He was primarily a divinity of the sky, and hence w.as considered to be the originator of all atmospheric clianges. His weapon was the tliunderbnit. He controlled and directed the future, and sacrifices were ottered to secure his favor at the beginning of every under- taking. Ho was also the guardian of projierty, wliether of the state or of individuals. White, tlie color of the light of day, was sacred to him : hence white animals were ollered to him in sacrifice, his priests wore wliite caps, his chariot was drawn ijy 4 white horse-s, and the cr)nsiil8 were dressed in white when they sacrificed to him upon assuming otllce. Tlie eagle was especially consecrated to him. The surviving artistic representationsof Jupiter are comparatively late, and betray Greek Inltucncc, imitating the typo of the Greek Zeus. Also Jovi;. 2. The brightest of Iho superior ]ilanets, and tilt) largest body of the solar system except the sun itself, its sidereal period of revolution is 11.8611)8 .lullan years, and its synodical period 3t»l) days. Ita mean distance from the sun is about 4.s3,0oll,00ll miles. Its eiiua- torial diameter at its mean distance subtends an angle of 38", BO that its real diameter is about one tenth tlial of the sun (which subtends 1,1)22"), and aliout 11 times that of tlie eartii (tlie solar parallax being 8",!)), Juiiiler is flattened at the poles l>y no less than one seventeenth of Its iter bus r> satellKes or n lis. The fifth (whicli is about 11 1,010 miles from lllu planet, ami of very small diameter, with n period of about 12 hours) was tllscovered by Baniard Sept. n, 181)2. The periods of revolution of the others are as follows: |1) Id I8h, 2Sni, ,'t5.l)ir,s. ; (2) 3d 13ll. 17ni. 53.7:10b ; (.S) 7U 31l. 511ln, 35,851B. ; (I) Kid. 18h. 5ni. 0.928s. Jupiter Amon. Jupiter as identifled with the l''gy]dinii .\iiioii, Jupiter of Otricoli. A marble mask restored as a bust, tlie finest surviving antique head of Justin, Saint Zeus. The features are m.asBlve and imposing ; the heard is full, separated into locks ; and the abundant hair rises from the foreliead aud falls down on both Bides of tlie face. Jupiter-Scapin. A sobriquet given to Napo- leon I. See lieopin. Jupiter Stator. [L., 'he who stays' flight.] .lupiter as the giver of victory in battle. Jura (jo'iii). A chain of moimtains in eastern France and western and northern Switzerland : the ancient Jura Mons or Jurassus. it extends from the junction of the Ain and Rhone to the junction of theAareand ithine. The designation is sometimes ex- tended to include the i)rolongation througli Baden, WUr- temberg, and Bavaria to the valley of the upper Main, called the German Jura, and subdivided into tne Swabian Jura and Franconian Jura. The highest peaks are D61e, SI out Tendre, Reeulet, Cr6t de la Neige, Credoz, etc. (over 5,oiM) feet). Length of French and Swiss Jura, about 180 miles. Jura (zhii-rii'). A department of eastern France. Capital, Lons-le-.Saunicr. it is bounded by Haute- Saftne on the nortll, Doubs and Switzerland on the east, Ain on the south, and t'oted'Or and .SaDne-et-Loire on the southeast, and formecl part of the ancient IYanche-Comt6. Arifa, 1,927 square miles. Population (1891), 273,028. Jura (jo'rii). An island of the Inner Hebrides, belonging to Argyllshire, Scotland. It lies 4 miles west of the mainlaiul, from which it is separated by the Sound of Jura, and is traversed by a range of hills. Length, 27 miles. Jura, Franconian. See Franconian Jura. Jura, Paps of. Two conical hills in the island of Jura, Scotland, about 2,.500 feet in height. Jura, Sound of. A sea passage separating the isUiiid of Jura from the mainland of Argyllshire, Scotland. Jura, Swabian. See Sicalian Jura. Juripixunas. See Jurin. Juris (zhij-res'). [Abbreviated from Tupi Jm- ripixuna, black-mouthed, from their custom of tattooing the face so as to form a black mark about the mouth.] Atrilieof Indians in the Bra- zilian state of Amazonas, on the north side of the upper Amazon, betwei'U the Japiira and I^d, oc- casionally ranging east to the Kill Xegro. For- merly they were the most nunierous and ]Kuvertnl tribe of this region, but they are now greatly reduced in iiumberB, and most of them have been amalgamated with the country population. They are divided into various hordes, have fixed villages and plaiitatiiiiis, and arc esjiecially skilful in the use of the bloM-giin. 'liny are classed with theWaypuri^ stock, and are closely related to the Passes. The name haB also been given to a tribe of .Vrgentine Chaco of the Lule st*iek. Jurunas (zho-ro'niis). [Tupi Ji/ni, mouth, and •una, black.] A tribe of Brazilian Indians of the Tupi race, on the river Xingu between 4° and 8° S. lat. They were formerly very numerous and warlike, and are said to have been cannibals. They tjittooed a large black i>atch on the face (whence the name). The JiirunaB still number several thousand.s, who live in villages and have small plantations. Also written Jun/nnaji and Yu- rutKDi. Jlirupary (zhii-ro-^)ii-re'). Among Indians of the Tupi race in Brazil, a mythi<'al being supposed to iiersecute and soinotinies to kill men. He dwells in the woods, and is described under various mon- al rolls fonns. The old missionaries iilenlified him witli tlie devil. Jussieu (zlui-sve'). Adrien de. Bom at Paris, Dec. 23, 1797: died there, June 29, 1853. A French botanist, son of A. L. de Jussieu. He wrote monographs on the liutiicfM, Meliarefe, and Matpigbiacetg, a "('ours elementaire de la botaiiiqlle," etc. Jussieu, Antoine Laurent de. Bom at Lyons, France, April 12, 1748: died at Paris, Sept. 17, 1836. A noted French botanist, nephew of Ber- nard de .lussion. He wrote "Genera plantariira secun- dum oidines naturales, etc. '(17810, " Intnxluctio in hlsto- rlani plaiitarum " (18:17), '' Ex|>osltion d'lln nouvcl ordredc jilantes, adopte tlaiis les di^nionatratlons du jordln royal" (1774), etc. Jussieu, Bernard de. Bom at Lyons, France, Aug. li, Hi»9: ilied at Paris, Nov. 6, 1776. A noti'il Freiieh botanist. At first a physician, he Inter devoted himself to the study of botany, and in 1758l)ecanio BiipeiinleiMlenl of (he garden of the 'hlanon. He was Iho foundiT of llie naliiial system of dasslfieallon of plants, Jussieu, Joseph de. Born in 1704 : died April 11, 177'.l. A French botanist. In 1735 he went to Peru wllh rondamine tiiid Godiii, He spent 15 years stndj- Ing the botany of the Andean legion, paying special at- tention to cinehona tilants. His collections were loat through Ihe dishonesty of a servant, a misfortune which eansi d Jussieu (o lose his reason. In (Ills state ho ro- tilrneil to France In 1771. Juste (zliiist ). Theodore. Bom nt Brussels, Jan. II, 181H: ,li,.,i there, Aug. 12, 1888. A Belgian historian. Ills works Inelmle "Illslolrcileln Belglnuo" (18:18). "lllstoire du la n^volutlon des Pays-llin sons Phi- lippe II." (185,'.-0,H), "l,es fondatciira de la nionarehlo beige "(18115-84), etc. Justin (jiis'lin). T/ived before the TA\\ century A. I), .\ Romnn hislorinn, iiutlior of an ejiifome of a lost history by Trogus (ed.byDllbner 1831), etc. Justin, Saint, stimamed "Tlio Martyr," or "The Philosojjher." Died probably about 163 A. D. Justin, Saint A celebrated Greek church father. He was bom of Greek parents at ilavia Xeapolis, a Roman colony bailt on the site of the ancient Shechem in Palestine. He devoted himself to the stady of philosophy, and became an adherent and a teacher of the Platonic system. Origi- nally a pagan, he afterward embraced Cliristianity, and is sa'id to have been scourged and beheaded at Rome. Justin I. Died Aug. 1, 527. Byzantine empe- ror 51S-.527, He was of barbarian, probably Gothic, ex- traction, and was a native of Tauresium in Dardania. He entered the guards of the emperor Leo I., and was cum- mander-in-chief of the imperial guards in the reign of Anastasius, on whose death in 518 he was proclaimed em- peror by the soldiers. Justin n. Died Oct. 5. 578. Byzantine empe- ror 56.5-578, nephew of Justinian I. whom he succeeded. During his reign northern Italy was con- quered by the Lombards, who founded the Kingdom of the Lombards in 508 ; and several important conquests were made by the Persians in the Asiatic provinces. Justina (jus-ti'na). [li., fem. otJustiniis.'i Pa- troness of Padua"and( with St. Mark) of Venice. She is said to have been a native of Padua, and to have suf- fered martyrdom at that city in 304. Her supposed relics, said to have been recovered in 1177, are preserved at Pa- dua in a church which bears her name. She is commem- orated by the Ri>man Catholic Church on Oct. 7. Justinian (jus-tin'i-an) I. (Flavins Anicius Justinianus), sumamed "The Great." Bom at Tauresium. Dardania, Ill>Tieum, probably May 11,483: died Nov. 14, 565. Byzantine empe- ror 527-565, nephew of Justin I. whom he suc- ceeded. He married in 525 Tlieodora, an actress, who exercised great influence during his reign, chiefly in eccle- siastical allairs. In 532 a fight broke out in the hippo- drome between the Green and the Blue factions, the lat- ter of which favored the emperor and the orthodox church. The fight spread from the hippodrome to the city, and the Green proclaimed Hypatius, nephew of Anastasius I., emperor. The revolt was put down by the general Belisarius with the assistance of the Blue, but not before 30,030 of the insurgents had been slain and a large part of the citv destroyed, including the Church of Saint Sophia, which was rebuilt .=.32-537 with great splendor according to plans furnished by the architect Anthemius. In the East Justinian purchased peace from the Persians in 531, but in the West the victories of his generals Belisarius and Nar- ses destroyed the Vandal and the Ostrogothic kingdoms in .\frica and Italy respectively, and restored those coun- tries to the Byzantine empire. An important event of his reign was the publication of the Justinian Code (which see). Justinian II., surnamed Rhinotmetus ('he whose nose is cut off'). Died in Dec, 711. By- zantiue emperor 685-695 and 705-711, son of 556 Constantine IV. He was deposed in 695 by his gen- eral Leontius. who cut off his nose and banished him to Cherson. He made his escape from Cherson, and regained his throne with the assistance of Terbclis, the king of the Bulgarians, in 705, but was overthrown by Philippicus in Til and killed. Justinian Code. The body of Roman law com- piled and annotated at the command of the em- peror Justinian. This consists of the "Pandects," or the condensed opinions of the jurists, in fifty books ; the "Institntiones"; and the "XoveUae"or "Novelise Consti- tutiones." a collection of ordinances — the whole forming the *' Corpus Juris Civilis," or body of civil law, the most important of all monuments of jurisprudence. Jiiterbog (j-u'ter-boo). or Jiiterbock (yti'ter- bok). A town in the prorince of Brandenburg, Prussia, situated on the Xuthe 40 miles south- southwest of Berlin. It was the scene of a \ictory of the Swedes over thelmperialists in 1614. Population (1890), commune, 7,181. Jutes (jots). A Low German tribe which, with the Saxons and -\ngles, invaded Great Britain in the 5th century. .According to tradition they were invited by the Britons to aid them against the Picts, and landed at Ebbsfleet, under Hengist and Horsa, about 449. They founded the kingdom of £ent. Their connection with Jutland has been iuatterof dispute. See the extract. Xow, as to the first settlement of Jutes under Hengist and Horsa (Horse and Mare), who established themselves in Kent, Hampshire, and the Isle of Wight, and whom Bede distinctly believed to have come from Jutland, it is to be observed that Jutland is now occupied by Panes, and that men from Jutland settling on our eastern coasts in the days of the Angles were called Banes ; but that in this case they are called "Jutes," not "Danes," and do not seem to have been Danish. Where there has been a Danish settlement, towns commonly are found with names ending in "by." Thus in Lincolnshire, within a dozen miles of Great Grimsby, there stand Foresby, Utterby, Fotherbv, Ashbv-cum-Fenby, Bamoldby, Irby. Laceby, Keelby, Grasby, Brocklesby, Xlceby. Yet throughout this " Jute " region of Kent, Hampshire, and the Isle of Wight there is not even one place to be found that has a name ending in "by." There is no clear ground for asserting, although it has been suggested as one way of conquering this difficulty, that a Germanic people occupied Jutland in the middle of the 6th century. ... Dr. Latham . . . argues that the "Jutes" of the first settlement were, in fact, Goths ; or that, if Jutes, they were Jutes who came in company with Goths, and that they came, not out of Jut- land, but only from the coast of Gaul, across the straits that divide Gaul from Britain. ilortey, English Writers, I. 244-246. Juthungi (Jii-thun'ji). Ih. (Aiamianus) Jutliini- gi.^ A German tribe, a branch of the Suevi Jyotisha and a part of the Alamanni, in the war in Ehetia during the reign of the emperor Caracalla (a. d. 213). Later in the same century they were signally de- feated by Aurelian on the upper Danube. The tribal ap- pellation disappears in the ."'th centurv-, after which they were merged in the Suevl Their original ocation is un- known, Jutland (jut'land). [Dan. Jylland. G. Jutland,] The continental portion of Denmark. It forms the northern part of an extensive peninsula {the ancient Cimbric Chersonese), the southern part of which belongs to Prussia. It is bounded by the North Sea on the west, the Skager Rack on the north, the Cattegat on the east, and Schleswig-Holstein on the south. The surface is gen- erally level, but hilly in the east. Its early inhabitants are said to have been Cimbri. (Compare Jutes,} Area, 9,743 square mUes. Population (lS90t, 942,120. Juvavia (jb-va'vi-a), or Juvavum (jo-va'vuin). The ancient name of Salzburg. Juvenal (jo've-nal) (Decimiis Junius Juve- nalis). Lived about 60-140 A. D. -\ noted Eoman rhetorician and satirical poet of the age of Trajan. Little is known of his life. Sixteen of his satires (in five books) are extant Juventas (j6-ven'tas). In Roman mythology, the goddess of youth. Juxon (juks'on), William. Bom at CTiichester, England, 1.582 : died at Lambeth, London, June 4, 1663. An English prelate, lord high treasurer of England and archbishop of Canterbury. In 1598 he entered St. John's College, Oxford, and became head of that college by Laud's recommendation Dec. Iflt 1621. In 1626 and 1627 he was vice-chancellor of the university. On Oct. 3, 1633. he was created bishop of Lon- don, and on March 6, 1636, lorti high treasurer, which office he resigned on May 17, lt>41. He at tended Charles I. during the negotiation of the treaty of Newport, during his trial, and on the scaffold, Jan. 30, 1649. In 1649 he was deprived of his see. At the Kestoration he was made archbishop of Canterbury (Sept. 13, 1660). Asa churchman he was devoted to Laud. Jnza(j6'za). [Ax. al-ju::a, the central: though the propriety of the epithet is rather obscure.] The fourth-inaguitude star ?. Draconis, in the tip of the monsters taU. Jyotisha (jyo'ti-sha). [Skt., 'relating to the heavenly bodies.' astronomy, astrology.] The name of the Vedic calentlar, a short tract giving the knowledge required for fixing the days and hours of the Vedic saci-ifices. It has had a certain significance from being ranked with the Veda, but is of very late origin, dating from the 4th or 5th century a. V, ^.i\ I '9 ship 2. A liigh peak of the Hima- laya, now known as Mount Goihvin-Austfn( which see). Ka(kii). [Skt.,'thowho?'] Tbo iiiexplioable ; the un- known. By an erroneous inter- pretation of tile interrogative pro- noun in a hymn of tlie Kigveda (X. 121 — kasmai devaya havislia vidhenia,*wliat pod shall wewoi- with the oMati.m?') the word A-a.'who,' is applied as a name to any cliief (,'ud or oljject of worship, as Praja- pati, Brahma, Vishnu, air. tlie sun, the soul, Yama. It is exalted into a deity. In tlie Puranas, Ka as a recognized Rod is even ])rovidi'd with an independent genealogy. Kaaba, or Caaba (kil'liii or ka'a-bii). [Ar. kabali, a square building.] A cube-shaped, flat-roofed building in the center of the Great Mostiue at Mecca: the most sacred shrine of the Mohammedans. In its southeast corner it con- tains the sacred hhick stone called hajnr at a^imid, said to have been originally a ruby which came down from heaven, but now blackened by the tears slied for sin by pilgrims. This stone is an irregular oval about seven uiches in diameter, and is composed of about a dozen smaller stones of ditfeirnt shapes and sizes. It is tlie point toward which all Xlohanmicdans face during their devotions. The Kaalia is opened to worshipere twice or three limes a year, but only the faithful are permitted to approach it. Ho\v natural stone-worship w.as amongst the Semites can be seen in the name Betylia, wliich has become the Keneral name for all sacred stones : we need only remem- ber tlie numerous time-honoured stones mentioned in the Old Testament, and the Kaabali at Wekka. La Saimsaifc, Science of Religion, p. S.'i. Eaaden (ka'den). A town in Bohemia, situ- ated on the Eger 54 miles west-northwest of Prague. Population (1890), 6,889. Kaarta (kar'tii). A Pellatah state in west- ern Africa, east of Senegambia, intersected by lat. 15° N., long. 10= W. Capital, Nioro. It is within the French s])hpre of influence. Pop- ulation, estimated, :i(lii,l)iiO. Kabail(ka-bir),orKabyles(ka-bilz'). A feder- ation of Berber tribes in Algeria, Tunisia, and a few oases of the Sahara. The name is the plural of the Arabic word for tribe. The princijial dialects spoken by the Kabail are that of liugi, tlie Zouave, the Slmw iali or Zeiiatl. that of Tuggurt, Wargla, that of tlic Ueni .\lzab, and that of the Sliamba. See Berber. So far as outward appearance is concerned, the Kabyles or Rlllls of to-dav might be fonnil in an English or Irish village. The antiiplity of the tyjic wliich they exhibit is evidenced by the inoiiumcnls of I'.gypt, where their an- ^:estorh are portrayed with tlie same blond features that they still display, dolichocephalic, fair haired, blue-eyed and white-skinned, they might lie mistakiin for that branch of the Kelts who are distingniabcd for their gold- en hair and their clear and freckled skin. Professor dc Quatrefagcs believes that they are the lineal descendants of the race whose remains have been discovered in the caverns of Cro-.\Iagnon in the P'rench jirovince of VM- gord, along with paleolithic implements ami the bones of the inammoMi an. (triginally a Mus- sulman, hebecanif.i pnipil el* lianjanandaand a X'aishnava with much of the dcniecracy and telerance of Buddhism ; but he denounced all idol-woi-ship. and taught Vaish- navism as a form of strict monotheism. True religion, he said, meant nothing but devotion to one Goil, whether called Vishnu, Raniii, or Hari, or by Mohammedan names. He rejects every malLVoK-nt (listinctlen ef caste, religion, and sect. All authority in faith and mei-als belongs to the guru, or spiritual guide, though the rights of conscience of the believer are reserved. Kabir's aim was evidently to found a religion that should unite Hindu and Mussul- man. Kabirpanthis (ke-ber-piin't-hez). [' Those who follow the path of Kabir.'] The followers of Kabir. They now form 12 principal branches, which have remained in eomniunion notwithstanding some dif- ferences in faith and practice. Their center is Benares, but they are found in tJujarat, Central India, and as far as the Deccan. As they take pains to conform in unessen- tials to the usiiges about them, it is dithcult to ascertain their number. At the end of the last century .35,01X1 tenU part in a nielah at Benares. They are iiitluenlial ratiier than numerous, Kabrega (kiib-ra'gii). See Ni/oro. Kabul, or Cabul (kii-bol'). 1. A province or di%Tsionin eastern Afghanistan. — 2. The capi- tal of jVtghauistan, situated on the river Kabul in lat. ^4° 30' N., long. (i(J° 16' E., 6.000 ft. above sea-level. It is noted as a commercial and strategic center, and is famous for its fruit. It was fallen by Timur, and by Nadir Shah (1738). The British oecuiiied it in the first Afghan war : it was evacuated by them in .Ian., 1842, and retaken in Sept., 1842. In the second Afghan war (1878-SO) it was the scene of Cavagnari's murder, and was captured by General Roberts, and evacuated by the British in 1880. Population, about 70,0i;0. 3. A river which rises in Afghanistan and flows easterly past Kabul, emptying into the Indus in the Pan.iab at Attok, east of Peshawar. Length, about 270 miles. Kabunga (kii-bong'gii). See Manclingo. Kabyles. See Kabail. Kacna ( ka'cha). Ason of Brihaspati who in the Mahabharata becomes a disciple of Shukra, the priest of the Asuras. to obtain a cliariii to restore the dead. Twice kilhd by the Asuras, Kacha is re stored by Shukra at the inlerccssion of Devayani, his daughter. A third time killed, his ashes are mixed with Shukra's wine: but Shukra revives Kacha within his own body, teaches him the chanii, allows himself to be ripped open for Kacha's exit, and is in turn restored by Kacha. This incident is said to have caused Shukra t<» prohibit wine to Brahmans. When Kacha refuses to marry Devayani, she curses him with the hiss of the charm, and he condemns hei t<» be sought by no Ih-ahmau and to well a Kshatriya, Kachh, or Cutch (kuch). A native state under British control, south of Sind. Area,G,500 square miles. Popuhilion (IH'H), ,558,415. Kachh, Gulf of. An arm of the Indian Ocean, Miiilli of Kiiidili and north of Kntliiawar. Kachh, Ran of, or Runn of Cutch. Asaltnu- rass, flooded at times, situated north and east of Kachh, and comiiiunicating with the Gulf of Kuehh. Kachh Gundava (gun-dii'vii). A region in easlerii P.alucdiislnii, east of Klielat. Kadambari (kii-dam'ba-re). A claiighter of Chitraralha and Madira, whose name is given to a celebraled Sanskrit prose work, a kind of romance, written by liaiinbhalla andooutinued by Ills son in about tlie 7th century. Kadapa, or Cuddapah (kud'ii-pii). A district in Madras, Britisli India, intersected by lat. 15° N., long. 78° :tO' K. Kadesh (ka'desh), more fully Kadcsh Barnea (ka'ilesh bjir'ne-ii). [Hid)., •sanctuary.'] 1. A )>lace on the southern boundary of the F.ast Jor- dan territory, the modern Ain Kiidish, in the country of the .\zarime. It wasthe headipiarlersof the Israelites in their wanderings in the desert. Miriam, the sister of Mnses. dleil here; the episode of the "waters of strife" took place.here; and from here the epics were sent out to iiivi-!4tigate Canaan. 2. The caiiital of the Hittites, on the Orontes near Tel Nebi .Meiide. About isno It. c. Itamescs II of the null dynasty galneil ll»ere a decisive victory over the llittlles. Like Carchcmlsh, Kadesh on the Orontos, the most Buulh em capital the Ulttltes possessed, woa also a "holy city." &S7 Pictures of it have been preserved on the monumeDt« of Ranieses II. We gather from them that it stood on the shore of the Lake of Homs, still called the *' I.ake of Ka- desh, "at the point where the Orontes tlowed out of the lake. The river was eondueled round the city in a double chan- nel, across which a wide bridge was thr()W n, the space be- tween the two channels being apparently occupied by a wall. Sayce, Hittitcs, p. 100. Kadiak (kiid-yak'), or Kodiak (kod-yak'). An island in ihe I'acitic Ocean, bidonging to Alas- ka, situated about lat. 57° 30' N., long. 153° W. Length, about 90 miles. The inhabitants are Eskimos. Kadiiah (kil-de'jil). The wife of Mohammed. Kadikoi (kad-i-ko'i), or Kadikeui (-ku'e). A town in Asiatic Turkey, ojijiosile Coustanti- nojile: the ancient Chalcedon. Kado Hadacho (kii'do hii-da'cho), or Caddo- ques, or Cadodaquioux. The leading tribe of the Caddo Conrederacy of North American In- dians. See Ciiililo. Kadom (ka-dom'). A town in the government of Tamboff, Kussia, situated on the Moksha about 125 miles soul hwest of Nijni Novgorod. Population (188.5-89), 7,258. Kadur, or Cadoor (kii-dor'). A district in Jly- sore. India, intersected by lat. 13° 30' N., long. 76° E. Area. 2,635 square miles. Population (ISOI), .3:i0.063. Kaempfer. See Kampfer. Kaf (kUf). In Oriental legend, a range of hills encircling the earth, the chief abode of the ,iinns. Kaffa. See Feodoxia. Kaffa (kiif 'fii), or GomaraCgo'mii-rii). A region in eastern Africii, about lat. 6°-S° N., long. 3.5°- 38° E. It is on the border line of the British and Italian spheres of influence in East Africa. Kaffir, or Kafir, or Caffre (kaff-r). [Ar., ' un- believer,' ' inlidel.'j A name given by the Arabs of East Africa to all pagan African natives, and adopted by the Portuguese, Dutch, and English of South and East -Vfrica. In English the word lias been used to signify (a) the Kaffirs proper, con- sisting of the Xosa, Vondo, and lenibii tribes ; (6) the Zu- lus and the Kaltlrs proper taken collectively, as distin- gnished from the Bechuana. Hottentots, and other South African natives ; (c) the Bantu family, orall negroes south of the eiiuator. Kaffraria (kaf-fra'ri-a). The country of the, K a Hi IS, in South Africa. It isnotanadmiiiistnitivo term, though Transkei in Cape Cidony is sometimes known as Kalfraria proper, and n region in the southeastern part of Cape Colony was formerly known as British Kalfraria. Kaltlrs are found in Natal and neighboring regions, as well as in Cape Colony, The Kalhrs have been repeatedly at war with the British, especially in 1819, 1834-S5, 1840-18, 18.'>0-62, and 1877. Kafiristan(kii-fe-ris-tiin'). A mountainous re- gion in central Asia, on the border of Afghan- istan and the British sjihere of influence. Itsap- proximate boundaries are the Illndu-Kush Mountains on the iiortli, and the rivers Panjshir and Kanar, The in- habitants (estimated at about 2n' columns about 42 feet high. The court H surrounded by a double arcade with coupled columns Population, estimaUd, about 18,000. Also Eairoan, Ke- rouaji, etc. Kais. See JBienn. 558 Kaisariyeh. See Chorea. Kaiserhaus. See Gnxlar. Kaisersaal (ki'zer-siil). See Aix-la-ChapeVe. Kalserslautern (ki'zers-lou-tem). A city in the KhiuePalatiuate.Bavaria.situatedonthe'Lauter 32 miles west of llanuheim. it has manufactures of iron, beer, etc., ami an important fruit-market It was the reaulence of Fi-ederick Barbarossa. Here, November 28- 30, 1793, the Duke of Brunswick defeated the French under Hoche and 5(aj 23, 1794, the Prussians under .Mollendori again defeated the French. Population (1895), 40,828. Kaiserswerth (ki'zers-vert). A town in the Rhine Province, Prussia, situated on the Rhine -,' mil?s north-northwest of Cologne. It is the seat of a trainine-school for Protestant deaconesses, founded by H liednerjund has a noted medieval church. Kaiser Wilhelm (ki'zer vil'helm) Canal A ship-eanal connecting the harbor of Kiel with the mouth of the Elbe near Brunsbuttel The ??"i''i>?''\fT" ■!,'.'."'' ?■ P?' ""'' "P"'"^'' f""- traffic June 19, 1S95. Its breadth at the bottom is 72 feet, and at the surface 213 feet ; depth, 29 feet 6 inches. The cost of con! struction was estimated at about S39,000,000 Kaiser Wilhelm Islands. A small group of islands m the Antarctic Ocean, belonging to Graham Land. Kaiser Wilhelm Land. A German protector- ate (from 1884) in the northeast of New Guinea. Ai'ea. estimated, about 72,000 square miles Population, estimated, 110,000. Kaithal. See Kijthul. Kaiyuh-Khotana (ki'yo-cho-ta'na). A confed- eracy of several tribes of the northern division of the Athapascan stock of North American In- dians, dwelling on the plains of the Yukon and Kuskokwim rivers, in the interior of Alaska. See Athapascan. KakongO (ka-kong'go). See Kongo Xation. Kaku (ka-ko'), or Kakui (ka-kii-e'). In the Shahnamah, a grandson of Zohak, who allied himself with Salm in the war of Faridun and Mmuchihr against Salm and Tur, and was slain by Minuchihr after a single combat lasting al- most a whole day. Kalabagh (kii-la-bag'). A town in Bannu ilis- trict, Panjab, British India, situated on tlie In- dus in lat. 32° 58' N., long. 71° 36' E. It is noted tor salt-quarries. Kalabar(kii-lii-biir'). Seera?«J«)-,£«-,and/fito. Kalafat (ka-la-faf). A town in Wallaehia. Ru- niania, situated on the Danube opposite Wid- din. It was the scene of encounters between the Russians and Turks, resulting in the retreat of the former, Jan. 6-10 as.'4. Population, 6,372. ' Kalab. See Calah. Kalahari (ka-lii-ha're) Desert. An elevated and partially desert region in South Africa, north of the Orange River, and mainly comprised within the Beehuanaland protectorate. Kalah Shergat (kil'la sher-gat'). The mound of niins about 50 miles south of Mosul, repre- senting the ancient city of Assur. Kalakaua (kal-a-kou'a ) I, , David. Bom Nov. 16, 1836: died at San'Franeisco, Jan. 30, 1891.' King of Hawaii 1874-91, son of Kepaakea and Keohokalole, niece of Kamehameha I. He was elected Feb. 12, 1874, to succeed LunalUo. He was com- pelled by a revolutionary movement to grant in 1887 a new constitution imposing important restrictions on the royal prerogative. Kalamata (ka-la-ma'ta). The capital of Mes- senia, Greece, situated on the Nedon, near the coast, in lat. 37° 2' N., long. 22° 8' E. : the an- cient PhariB or Pherse. it was held by the Venetians 1685-1718, and was sacked by Ibrahim Pasha in 1825. Pop- ulation (1889). commune, 15,479. Kalamazoo (kal'a-ma-z6'). A city and the cap- ital of Kalamazoo County, Michigan, situated on the Kalamazoo River in lat. 42°19'N., long. 85° 34' W. It has various manufactures, and is the seat of Kalamazoo College. PoDulatiou (1900), 24,404. ^ Kalamazoo River. A river in Michigan, flow- ing into Lake Michigan 41 miles northwest of Kalamazoo. Length, 1.50 miles. Kalamita (ka-lii-me'ta) Bay. .Aji indentation of the western coast of the Crimea, Russia. Kalanemi (ka-la-na'me). In Hindu mrthologv, in the Ramayaria, a Rakshasa, uncle of Ravana! At Ravana's request he tries to kill Hanuman, assuming the form of a hermit devotee and offering him food. Ha- numan refuses imd goes to bathe. His foot is seized by a crocodile, which he' kills. From the body rises a lovely Apsaras, who had been cursed to live as a crocodile until released by Hanuman. She warns him against Kalanemi, who is seized by Hanuman and hurled to Lanka, where he falls before the throne of Havana. Kalanos (kal'a-nos). The Greek name of a Brahman (called in Lafm Calanus) who followed Alexander the Great from India, and, becoming HI, burned himself alive before the Macedoni- Kali fonA *^'"^® months before Ale.xander's death (3J3 B. c), which he had predicted. Kalapooian (kal-a-po'yan). A linguistic stock ot North American Indians, embracing the Ahantehuyuk, Atfalati, Calapoova, Chelamela Lak-nuut, Santiam, Yamil, and"Yonkala diW- sions with their numerous bands, it formerlyoc cupied the mam and tributarj- valleys of \\-illamette Riyer Oregon, above the falls. The tribes were large early in the century, but suffered severely from disease in 1824- 1825, and later from the depredatory Klikitat. rhe rem- nants of these tribes are on Grande Ronde reservation. Oregon, and numbered 171 in 1890. ' Kalapooyah. See Calapooi/a. Kalarash (kii-la-rash'), or'Kalarashi (kS-ia- ra'she). A river port in Wallachia, Rumania, situated' on the Danube 10 miles northeast of Silistria. Population (1889-90), 8,125. [, Kalatamarefio. Same as Catamarefio. Seo Calclia(2iiis. Kalatch (kU-laeh'). 1. A Cossack settlement m the government of Voronezh, Russia, about lat. 50° 22' N., long. 41° 7' E.— 2. A trading place in the province of the Don Cossacks, Russia, situated on the Don about lat. 48° 43' N., long. 43° 30' E. Kalau (ka'lou). A small town in the province of Brandenburg, Prussia, 59 miles south-south- east of Berlin. Kalayavana (kii-la-ya'va-na). ['Black Yava- na,' 'Greek,' or 'foreigner.']' AYavana. or for- eign king, who led an army of barbarians to Mathura against Krishna. Krishna lured him into the cave of Muchukunda, who awoke and reduced him to ashes by a glance. Kalbe (kal'be). A town in the province of Saxony, Pi-ussia. situated on the Saale 18 miles south by east of Magdeliurg. Population ( 1890). commune, 9.609. Kalckreuth (kaik'roit). Count Frledrich Adolf von. Boru at Sottershausen, near Sangerhau- sen, Prussia, Feb. 22, 1737: died atBerlin, June 10, 1818. APrussian field-marshal, distinguished in the defense of Dantzic in 1807. Kaldu. Seo ChaJdca. Kalenberg, or Calenberg (ka'len-bero). A foi-mer principality of Germany, now included in the circles of Hannover, Wennigsen, and Hameln, province of Hannover, Prussia. Kalergls (ka-ler'gis), Demetrius. Bom in Crete about 1803: died at Athens. April 24, 1867. A Cireek general and politician. Kalevala (ka-le-va'lii), or Kalewala (ka-le- va'la). [Kaleva, heroic; Ja, affix sig. 'abode': ' abode ' or ' land of heroes.'] The national epic of Finland. The elements of the poem are ancient pop- ular songs, hitherto orally transmitted, that have been col- lected in different parts of Finnish territory, for the most part within the present century. Short fragments of myth- ical poetrj- had been known in the 18th century, but the ftrst considerable collection was published by "Zacharias Topelius in 1S23. The poem owes its present coherent fonu to Elias Lonnrott, who during years of assiduous labor collected the material in Finland proper, but principally in Russian Karelia eastward to the White Sea. Lonnrotfs first edition, which appeared in 1835, contains 12,000 verses, for the first time systematically arranged as a connected whole. In 1849appearedasecondedition,containing nearly 23,000 verses, which is the present form ot the poem. The Kalevala is written in eight-syllabled trochaic verse with alliteration, but without rime. The whole is divided into 60 cantos or runes. Its subject-matter is mj-thical, with a ■ few Christian elements. Its central hero is Wainanioinen, the god of poetrj- and music. It is the prototj-pe, in form and contents, of Longfellow's "Hiawatha." Kalgan (kal-giin'). A city in the province of Chihli, China, .situated on the line of the Great Wall, 120 miles northwest of Peking. It has important transit trade, especiallv in tea. Pop- ulation, estimated, 70,000. Kalgueff. See Kolgueff. Kalhana(kal'ha-na). [Skt.] The name of the author of the Rajatarangini, a historv of Kash- mir, supposed to have lived about 1148. Kali (ka'li). In Sanskrit, a name of the die or side of the die which is marked by one point : personified as an evil genius in the poem of Nala. Finding that Damayanti had chosen Nala, Kali, enraged, entered into him, and caused him to be worsted by his brother Pushkara in the game of dice in which Nala lost his kingdom, his wife, and even his raiment, and in consequence of which he became an exde. Kali (ka'le). [In the Vedas Agni has seven flickering tongues for devouring oblations: of these Kali is the black or terrible tongue. The word came to have the following meaning.] In Hindu mythology, the bloody consort of Shiva. (Calcutta is Ealighatta, the ghat or landing- place of Kali.) In her images the body is black, or dark- blue, the insides of the hands red. Her disheveled hair reaches to her feet. She has a necklace of human beads and a cincture of bloodstained hands, while she standson the body of Shiva. Her tongue protrudes from her mouth, which is marked with blood. Bloody sacrifices are made Kali to her. She has a celebrated temple at Ealighat. nearCal- cntta, whicli during her festivals swims with blood. She perwjnifles destroying Time. Kalidasa (kU-li-da'sa). The greatest poet and draiii:itist of India. All that is related of his personal history is that he lived at rjjayini or (lujein, and that he was oiie of the 9 gems of the einirt of Vikraniaditya: but since there have been several kings of that name at Vjja- yini, his date reniLiiiis uneertuiu. \\'ilson believed this Vi- kraniaditya to be the one whose era liegiiis ."itJ B. c. Bhau Daji identities bini with Harsha \'ikraniadityaof the mid- dle of the (jth ceiitui-y. aionier- Williams gives the begin- ning of tlie M kcntiii-y as the date of Kaiidasa ; Lassen, the middle of the 2d ; Kern, the tlrst half of the 6th ; .la- cubi, the middle of the 4th : ."^hankar Pandit, a lime prior to the middle of the bth ; and the scmthern Buiidhists, the r.th. Weber assigns the comitosition of Kalidasa's three Iriimas to a period from the 2d to the 4th century of our [■a — the period of the Gupta princes, whose reigns oorre- ;i(»nd best to the legendary tradition of the ';lory of Vi- ■,rama. Kaiidasa is the undisputed author of the two hamas Shakuntala and Vikramorvashi, and Weber and .^liankar Pandit have submitted strong grounds for ascrib. ingtohim also the Malavikagniniitra. The Raghuvansha. Kumaras:imbliava,MeghadTita, UitU8anhara.Nalodaya,and Shrutabodha have also all been ascribed to him with va- r>'ing degrees of improbability, lie is known to Euro- pVans especially through the drama of .shakuntiila, which, ^^heIl tlist translated by .Sir William Jones in 1789, pro- liiced such a sensation that the early success of .Sanskrit -uidies in England and Germany may be ascribed to this masterpiece. He is characterized by consummate tact in the use of language, delicacy of sentiment, and fertility of imagination. See the several names. Kalika (kii'li-kii). The goddess Kali. KalikapuranaCkii'li-kii-iio-ni'na). In Sanskrit literature, one o£ eighteen Upapuranas, or sec- ■ indaryPuranas,containingaliout 9,000 stanzas, ■ he object of which is to recommend the worship 'I Kali, the wife of Shiva, in one or other of her 1 1 inns. It belongs to the Shakta form of Uindu belief, or ihr worship of the female powers of the deities. A remark- :.Ip1.- liiiture of the work is the description of a immber of livi.i ^ and mountains in Assam, suggesting to Wilson the po.ssible Assamese origin, or origin in northeastern Bengal, :f the Tantrikaand Shakta corruptions of theearlier Hindu rrliglon. Kalilag and Damnag (ku-le'lag and dam'nag). The name of the Syriac version of the original of the Panchatantra, and an important link in the genealogy of Indo-Eui-opean folk-lore. That original, a BuaJhist Sanskrit work in 13 chapters treating of the conduct of princes, and inculcating its doctrines in the form of beast-fables, was translated from Sanskrit into Fahlavi by a Pei-aian physician named Barzoi at the com- mand of Khusrau Nushirvan (5:u-579 A. D. ). From the Fah- lavi version, now lost, was translated, about 670 A. P., the older Syriac version, called after the two jackals, Kara- taka and Damanaka, who figured in the introduction to the SansJtrit original. A notice of this Syriac version had been f (reserved in a catalogue of Syriac writings ni:ide by Elied- e8U8,who died in 1318, and published by Asscniani at Itome in 1725. A Chaldean bishop, tJeorgius Ebed-jesu.s Kliay- yath, on his way to the ecumenical ctMincil in 1870. stum- bled upon a inainiscript of this versiuTi in the episcopal liltrary at Mardin. 'I'hrouKh the mediation of the Italian scholar Ouidi, and a wonderful cond)iiiation of accidents and efforts, '■ the lost manuscript " was madt: known t^> Europe, and at last pulilished and translated by Bickell (Lcipsic, 1876). BickelTs work contains an important in- troduction by Benfey resuming the results (already pul)- Ushed in his Pantschatantra) of his studies in the history of fable. Kalilah and Dimnah (ka-le'Iii and dim'nii), or Fables of Pilpay (pil'l)a). I'lie ntime of the Arabic translation of the Fahlavi translation of the Sanskrit original of the Pancliatantra. It waa made by Ab^allah ibn al-Moplow, Prussia, May lii, ISliS : ilied at Howsley, Derbysliire, Kng- lanil, Aug. 'J:i. IS.S.'). A (ierman biblical critic. Kalish, Pol. Kalisz (kii'lish). 1. A government 559 of Russian Poland, bordering on Prussia. Area, 4,392 sipiare miles. Population, 837, 317. — 2. The capital of the government of Kalish, Russian Poland, situated on the Prosna in lat. 51° 46' N., long. 18° 10' E. : the ancient Kalisia. Here, Oct. 2i). 17U6, the Russian and Polishforces defeated the Swedes ; and here an ortensiveand defensive alliance between Rus- sia and Prussia was concluded Feb. 28, 1813. Population (I89II), 2(1,1101.1. Kalitvenskaya (kii-let-vens'kii-yii). Acampin the province of tlie Don Cossacks, Russia, situ- ated on the Uonetz about 81 miles northeast of Novotclierkask. Kaliya ( kii'li-ya). In Hindu mythology, a five- lieaded serpent-king dwelling in the Yamuna. His mouths vomited fire. Krishna, when a child, jumped into his pool, and waa seized by Kaliya and his attendants. Placing his foot on the middle head of Kaliya, Krishna reduced him to submission, and compelled him to remove to the ocean. Kaliyuga (ka-li-yS'ga). In Sanskrit, the name of tlie last and worst of the fouryugas or ages ; tlie iron age. Their names, Kritayuga, Tretayuga, Dvaparayuga, and Kaliyuga, come from the marks on dice, four being reckoned as best, and one as worst. (See Kali.) The Kali, or fourth age. contains 1,200 years of the gods, or 432,000 years of men, and began Feb. 18, 3102 B. C. When it ends, the world is to be destroyed. Kalk (kiilk). A manufacturing to\ra in the Rhine Province. Prussia, opposite Cologne. Popula- tion (1890), ^..'iSS. Kalkbrenner (kiilk'bren-ner), Friedrich Wil- helm. Born at Cassel, 1784: died at Eughieii, near Paris, June 11, 1849. A Geiman pianist and composer for the piano. Kalki (kal'ki). A name of Vishnu in his future cliaracterof destroyer of the wicked and liber- ator of the world from its enemies. This will be the tenth and last avatar or incarnation of Vishnu, and will take place at the end of the fourth and last age, the Kaliyuga. Kallapuya. See Cnlapooya. Kallimachos. See CaUinmclius. Kalli-Nuddi (kiil'le-nud'de). Ariver in British India, flowing into the Ganges 47 miles north- west of Cawnpore. Kallundborg (kal'lond-boro). A town on the western coast of the island of Zealand, Den- mark. Kalm ( kalm), Peter. Bom in Finland, 1715 : died at Abo, Finland, Nov. 16, 1779. A Swedish botanist. He published "En resa til NoiTa A merika "(' 'A .Journey to North America," 17.53- 1761), etc. Kalmar, or Calmar (kiil'mar). 1. Amaritime laen of southeastern Sweden, including the isl- and of Oland. Area, 4,435 siju^re miles. Popula- tion (1894), 228,577.-2. A seaport and the cap- ital of the laen of Kalmar, situated on an island in Kalmar Sound, in lat. 56*^.40' N., long. 16° 22' E., opposite the island of Oland. It has a ca- thedral and an ancient castle, and is an important trading port. A union of the kingdoms of Sweden, Norway, and Denmark was concluded jiere.luly 2u, 1397. I'opulation (189:!), n.H72. Kalmar Sound. A sea ptissage separating the island of Oland from the mainland of Sweden. Kalmashapada (kal-mii-sha-pit'da). In Hindu mytliology, a king of tlie solar race, son of Su- dasa, and a descendant of Ikshvaku. The Maha- bharata describes him as encountering, when hunting, Shaktrl, Viwlshtha's eldest son, whom he struck with his whip. The incensed Vasishtha cursed hlin so that he be- came a cannilial. After twelve years he waa restored by Vasishtha. The Vishnupurana varies and amplifies the legend. Kalmucks, or Calmuck8(karmuk8). A brancli ol'the .Miirigoliiin family of peoples, divided into four tribes, and dwelling in the Chinese empire, western Siberia, and southeaHtern Russia. They were nomads, adherents of u form of Buddliisin, and num- ber over 2(X),0U0. Kalna (kal'nii), or Culna (kurnjl). A town in Bnrdwiiii district, Bengal, British lndia,sitiiated on the Bliagirathi 47 miles north of t'nlcutla. K41noky (kiil'no-ki), Count Qustav. Born at lielliiwilz, Moravia, Dec. 29, 1S:12: cliedat Briinn, Austria, Feb. 13, 1898. An Austrian statesinan and diplomatist. Ho was appointed minister iit Coiien- bagen in 1871, and ambassador at St, Petei-sburg lu 18S0, ami was made nilidsterof foreign alfairs from ISSltolsalj. Kalocsa (ko'loeh-o). A calhednil city in the county of Pest-Pills-SC)lt and Little Cumania, Hungary, situated near the Danube 67 miles south of Budapest. It is the seat of a Ro- man Catliolio arebbisbop. Populatiou (1890), 18,170. KalO-JohanneS. See rnln-.Tnninirs. Kalpa (kal'iiiO. In Hindu mythology, a day of Brahnia, consisting of l.OOn yiigas, or 432,000,- 000 years. A month of Ilnihma contains 80 kaliiaa, 12 months cnnslltulu his year, and 100 yftirs his lite. \\ e are now 111 the Mst of his years. The word also means 'man- ner of acting,' practice prescribed by the Vcdaa. Eamcni Kalpasutras Ckal-pa-s6'traz). In Vedic litera- ture, the wurks which describe the ceremonial necessary in a Vedic sacrifice, expressed in short technical rules (sutras) ; among the Jainas, the name of their most sacred book. It gives the his- tory of Mahavii-a. the last of the 24 deified saints or Tirt han- karas, and that of four others- Itsauthorwas Bhadra Bahu, who composei Aquarii, more commonly known as Sadalsund, Kalpi (kal'pe), or Culpee (kul'pe). A town in Jalaun tiistrict. Northwest Provinces, British India, situated on the .Jumna 45 miles southwest of CaTvnipore. The Indian rebels were defeated here by Sir Hugh Rose, May, 1858. Population (1891i, 12,713. Kaluga (kii-lo'gil). 1. A government of Rus- sia, surrounded by the governments of Moscow, Tula, Orel, and Smolensk. It has flourishing manufactures. Area, 11,942 siiuare miles. Pop- ulation, 1,242,900.-2. The capital of the gov- ernment of Kaluga, situated at the junction of the Yatclienka with the Oka, in lat. ,54° 31' N., long. 36° 10' E. It hasfliourisliingmanufactures and trade. Population (1892), 42,971. Kalusz (kiil'losh). A town in Galicia, Austria- Hungary, situated on the Lomnicza 58 miles south by east of Lemberg. Population (1890), commune, 7,520. Kalvaria (kiil-vii're-a). A town in the gov- ernment of Suvalki, Russian Poland, situated on the Shelupa 84 miles west-southwest of Vil- na. Population (1890), 10,087. Kalw, or Calw (kiilv). A town in the Black Forest district of Wtirtemberg, situated on the Nagold 23 miles west of Stuttgart. It was for- merly the chief town of a countship of Kalw. Popiilation (1890), 4,522. Kama (kii'mii). [Skt., 'wish,' 'desire,' 'love.'] The Hindu god of love, in the RIgveda, desire is the first movement that arose in the One after it had come Into life through the ptiwer of fervor or abstraction. It is the b(md which connects entity with nonentity. In the Tait- tiriyabrahmana he is the son of Dharma, 'justice,' by Shraddha, 'faith,' but according to the Hiu'ivansha the son of Lakshmi, 'fortune.' In another account he springs from Brahma's heart. He is armed with a bow and arrows, the bow being of sugar-cane, the bowstring a line of bot'S, and each of tile five arrows tipped with a distinct flower, sup- posed to con(|Uer one of the five senses. He rides on a par- rot or sparrow, attended by nymphs, one of whom bears his banner displaying the ^lakara, or a fish on a red ground. His wife is Rati ('pleasure') or I'l-iti ('affection'), his daughter I'risha ("thirst ' or 'desire')^ and his son AnI- niddha (' the unrestrained 'X Kama (kii'mii). A river in Russia, the largest tributary of the Volga, which it joins 42 miles south of Kazan, lieiigth, about 1,050 miles; navigable from Perm (930 miles). Kamadhenu (kii-ma-d-ha'no). [Skt., 'wish- cow. 'J In Hindu mythology, the fabulous won- der-cow that gratifies all wishes. Also called KditKittUuk (kii-ma-d-ho'k), 'wish-milking,' i.e. vielding. ^amakura (kii-mii-ko'rii). A place nearYoko- Inima. .Iiipan. It was the seat of government in the last part of the miildle ages. Kamandaki(kil-iiian'da-ki). In Sanskrit litera- ture, the author of a certain Nitishastra (which see). Kamaran (kii-mii-riin'), or Cameran (kam-e- riin'). .\n island in the Red Sen. beliiiigingtotlie liritisli, situated in hit. 15°'20' N. ,|<,ng. 42-= 34'E. Kamba ^kiill^bii), or'Wakamba (wii-kiim'bii). .\n Afrieiin tribe of British KasI Africa, dwell- ing north of Mount Kilimanjaro and bordering on the Masai. The country Is called fkamba, the lan- guage Klkamba. Very imjierfectly know n, this tribe and language are often said tobe Bantu ; but their ilemoemtic government, their nomadic and pastoral habits, and their nhysical traits show llainltic attlnity. In 1S.S2 some Wa. Kainba settled in Csagiira. The Kilcnyn people, iiorlhern neightiors of the Waknlnlta. are said ti» speak a mixture of Klkainlta and Kwafi, probaiily an iiitermedlar)' ilialeet. Kambyses. See Cawhiscs. Kamcnatka (kiim-chiit'kii). [F. KdHitrlidlka, (1. Jiiiml.tflinlKii.] A large peninsula in the Maritime Province of eastern Siberia. It extendi Intothe Pacific between Berlng.Sea and Ihe.ScnotHkbotsk. II Is traversed liy volcanic mountains (blgbist [Kilnt. nearly lO.oiMi feel). 'I'iie leaiilng people are the Kainchadales. or Kamehatkani'. mostlv KuHsi.'inlxed. Kamchatka was oecu- pleil bv Itnssia In tin. end of the 17th eenlur)', and Ineor poraled with the Maritime Province in 18f>lj. Population, about II, .'.no. Kamchatka, Sea of. Se«> nrrhifj Sen. Kamchi (kiim'cliei. Da'vid, known as Radak from I he initials of his name ili alibi D.Tvid Kam- chi). Lived 111)0-1232 in Narbonne. France. One of the most intiuential Jewish grammari- Eamchi ans, lexicographers, aud exegetes of the middle ages. His Htljiew grammar and dictionary "The Com- piler ("Jlidilol"), witli its second part " Koots"("Shura- shnn ), and Ins commentaries on several books oj the Old lestameut, retain their value to the present time. Kamehameha (ka-ma'ha-ma'ha or ka-me-hii'- me-ha) I., surnamed " The Great." Born 1753 • died at Kailua, Hawaii, May 8, 1819. Kino- of the Sandwich Islands 1809-19, son of the chief ?';?5^- ?" ^^y-T'^ ^"^^ "' *he western part of Hawaii S.. !f n^'J'' "■"h"!'-' "'J of Europeans made himself n.as- tei of all the Sandwich Islands in 1809. He suppressed lui- tnan sacnflce, and encouraged commerce with Europeans. Kamehameha II. Born in Hawaii, 1797 : died at London, July 14, 1824. King of the Sand- wich Islands 1819-24. son of Kamehameha I. He permitted the establishment of an American Protes- tant mission in 18i0. He and his wife died of measles at London during a visit to George IV. Kamehameha III. Born March 17. 1814- died at Honolulu, Dec. 1,^), 18,54. King of the Sand- wich Islands 1824-54, brother of Kamehameha n. whom he succeeded. He introduced a con- stitutional form of government in 1840. Kamehameha IV. Bom Feb. 9, 1834 : died at Hono ulu, Nov. 30, 1863. King of the Sandwich Islands 18o4-63, nephew of Kamehameha HI whom he succeeded. Kamehameha V. Born Dec. 11, 1830 : died at Hono ulu, Dee. 11, 1872. King of the Sandwich Islands 1863-72, brother of Kamehameha IV whom he .succeeded. He proclaimed a new con- stitution in 1864. Kamenets-Podolski (ka'me-nets-p6-d61'ske^ 1 he capital of the government of Podolia, Rus- sia, situated on the Smotritch in lat 48° 40' N., long. 26° 35' E. It was an ancient Polish for- tress, and was held by the Turks 1672-99. Popu- lation (1890), 36.630. ^ Kamenskaya (ka-men'ska-va). A town in the province of the Don Cossacks, Russia, 70 miles north of Novoteherkask. Kamenz (ka'ments). A town in the "overn- meutiil district of Bautzen, Saxony, situated on the Black Elster 22 miles northeast of Dresden ■ the birthplace of Lessing. Population (1890), Kamerun (kii-me-ron'). A German colonial possession m western Africa, on the Kamerun River, extending from the Bight of Biafra north- tI?torate inVffi4'^T?,„u' '^^'"<'™". •■"'" i' "as made a pro- of 13 noo feet ArJf ^q^'^^o"" ''lou'itiins reach a height Kamerun River. A river of western Africa wlmdi falls into the Bight of Biafra about lat. Kames, Lord. See Home, Henry. Kamienic. See Kamenets-PodoM-i. Kammersee. Same as the Attcrsee. Kammin, or Cammin (kam-men'). A town in fir j.i^mnee of Pomerania, Pi-ussia, situated on tlir Kammin Bodden and the Dievenow 38 miles north by east of Stettin. Population (1890), Kampanerthal. See Cnmpanerthal. Kampen (kam'pen). A town in the province of Uv^.ryssel, Netherlands, situated on the Yssel 4.3 miles east-northeast of Amsterdam, it was formerly a Hanseatic town ; hasflourishing trade and man! town m1 ',-r"* ""f " '"eological school, "its Stadhuir"; «, , -ed 'm-inP'°T,"'"",'r 'i""'l"'S "f tl>e Mth centSry, b T .1 .f^?„ t J '«",''l«f f»?a(ieis adorned with anuml c,'n,„nrH" ir.HOs: *'»""J»>>">' ""^hes. Population (1889), Kampen, Nikplaas Godfried van. Born at Haarlem, Netherlands, May 15, 1776 : died at Amsterdam Marcli 14, 1839. A Dutch historian, p ofessor of the German aud Dutch languages ami hterat'ires, and later of Dutch history, at Leyden. His works include "Oeschiedenis van de fiansche heers^chappij in Emopa ■•(•■Histor^of the French Dominion in Europe," 1815-25), etc. rencn Kampfer, or Kaempfer' (kemp'fer), Eneel- I'ry-?! ,•• /?? ■■'' ^\^S0, Germany, Sept 16, 16dl: tiled at Lemgo, Nov.' 2, 1710. A German' physician, traveler in Japan, the East Indies and western and southern Asia : author of a History of Japan and Siam" (London, 17-^7) Kampot (kam'pot). Tne onlvseaport of Cambol ^^l' ^-IIt^"^ ""^ '''P C^"'f of *^'am .about lat. 10° 4.J N long. 103° 47' E. Population. 3,000. Jiamptl (kamp'te). A town in Nagiiur district ofo°Vi'i^'"T"''''^- '^"*''-'''i I°dia, situated in lat. Ilnno ^^:'l""f.-™°l^''E. Population, about J^o.ono. Also humptee or Kamthi. K.amrup (kam-rop'). A district in Assam, Brit- a^a ^ \' intersected by lat. 26° 30' N., long. 560 Kamthi. See Eampti. Kamyshin (kii-me-shin'). A town in the government of Saratoff, Russia, situated on the Volga 110 miles sonth-southwest of Sara- toff. It has a flourishing trade. Population, 15,015. ^ ' Kanada {Tsa-na'da). The reputed founder of the ^ aisheshika school of Hindu philosophy Kanagawa (kii-na-ga'wii). A seaport in Japan, adjoining Yokohama, it was the placeoriginally s^ Yokohama "^ '^ '""''• *"" *"°" S^^^ way to Kanakas (ka-nak'iiz). [Native, 'man.'] Theab- ori.Sinal inhabitants of the Hawaiian Islands, ir, w® a Polynesian race, resembling the NewZealand- ers, but of lower stature and lighter frame. Tliey are brown in color, and have (usually) straight hair. In tem- perament they are light-hearted and indolent. They have adopted Protestantism. .^ucyuaie Kananur (ka-na-nor'), or Cananore, or Can- nanore (ka-na-uor'). AseaportiuMalabardis- trict, Madras, British India, situated on the Arabian Sea in lat. 11° 51' N., long 75° •>^' E milTt''an^'sTa't[on''^ "'" ^"''* '° ""'•""'J is an important Kanafa, or Canara (ka'na-ra). North A dis- trict in Bombay, British India, intersected by lat 15° N.. long. 74° 30' E. Ai-ea, 3,910 square miles. Population (1891). 446,35L Kanara, or Canara, South. A district in Ma- di-as, British India, intersected by lat. 13° N Tf: '^Mfmx*V>,'iv.^''*- ^1"are miles. Voy ulation (1891), 1,056,081. ^ Kanaris, Constantin'e. See Camris. Ka,nauj (ka-nouj'). A city in Fan^akhabad dis- o-'^"^AT*'^'^^^' Provinces, British India, lat. Hind ■^■' '?°?- ?° S'^' ^- " ^^^ •■•" "nportant 17 m ^^^ '" ™''''^''' '^''^- I'°P"l^tion. about Kanawha River. See areat Kanawha. Kanazawa ( kii-na-za'wa). A town on the west- ern coast of the main island of Japan, northeast ot Kioto, noted for its porcelain manufactures. Population (1891). 96,666. Kanchinjanga. See Kuncliiiijiiiria. Kandahar, or Candahar (kau-du-har' or kan- d;i-har'). 1. A province in southern Afghanis- tan.— 2. Thechiefcityof southern Afghanistan about lat. 31° 42' N., long. 65° 31' E. it is a great commercial center and an important strategic point. It is said to have been founded by Alexander the Great It was Ten^'h-^rT"^ ^'^''i""'^."' «''"™'' ™<1 successively by .TeuKhiz Tmmr, Baber, Abbas, and Nadir Shall. It was finally taken by Ahmed Shah in 1747,and was the capital ui^ t 1 1 , ,4. In 1839-41 it was held by the British under Paw- nnson, and again in 1879-81. Nearit Roberts defeated 4vub Khan, .Sept. 1, 1880. The British strategic .Sibi-Pishin raU- Siffs'ow.''"' "' ""ghborhood. Population, estimated, Kandarv (ken-dorv'). in the Shahnamah, the vizir to whom Zohak, after his flight, intrusted tiis throne, and who announced to Zohak his de- teat by 1< andun. See Gandareira. Kandavu (kan-da-vo'). One of the Fiji Islands, 1 acihe Ocean, situated south of Viti Levu Kanderthal (kiin'der-tal). A vallev in the Ber- nese Oberland, Switzerland, south of the Lake ot ihun. Kandu (kau'do). In Hindu mythology, a sage beguiled from his austerities by the nymph Pramlocha, who was sent by Indra from heaven tor this purpose. Kandu lived with her several hun- d ed years, winch seemed as one day, but at length repud". bo^e ^hfiSVarifhl.'" "'"^«'""°' ^'^''-" ^■■-'™'^ Kandy, or Candy (kiin'de). A town in Cevlon 1)0 miles northeast of Colombo, it contains virions temples and royal tombs : was formerly the capita of ?he native kingdom of Kandy : and was flmUly occupied by he liritish in 1815. Population (1891), 20,252. ' Kane (kan) Elisha Kent. Born at Pliiladel- P'-'^l-.l^eb 3 1820: died at Havana, Cuba, Feb. 10. i»o / .An American physician, scientist, trav- So^fh^'ri "^''"^r '^''Viovev. He traveled extensively in flr^t^ri ?r' Europe, and the East: accompanied the seiJch n? st j<'^P<"lj""" ,«« ""= Ai-ctic regions, 1850-51. in r ,?„, 11 "^ ■',°l'" franklin ; and commanded the second t.1 innell expedition, 1863-55. He wrote '■ The V. S Grin- dUi on ""naiKf " p"®'"' ,»"f ,"The Second Grinnell Expe- (inn I, ^ ^^- F" ^"i'hed lat. 80" 56- H. (Cape Constitu- tion : by some placed at SI" 22' K.). Kanem (ka-nem'). A vassal state of Wadai, Sudan, Africa, on the northern and eastern shores of Lake Chad. It is within the French sphere of influence. Area, about 30,000 square iniles. Population, about 100.000, Kangaroo (kang-ga-ro') Island. An island off the coast of South Australia, about lat. 36° S. Length, 87 miles. Kangra (kiin'gra). A district in the Jalandhar dinsiou, Panjab^ British India, intersected bv lat 32° N., long. 77° E. Area, 9.574 square miles. Population (1891), 763,030. Kansas-Nebraska Bill, The Kanin (ka-nen') A peninsula in the govern iiient of Archangel, Russia, projecting into the Arctic Ocean between the White Sea on he west and tbe Gulf of Tcheskaya on the east It terminates in Cape Kanin. Kanishka (ka-nish'ka). The name of one of le three Indo-Scythic kings Huslika. Jushka and Kanishka, recorded in the Rajatarangin T;;i/q^!^s.i£r^i;;ijij-:^&£:'sS J^S^S-fanJ^S^I^S^S der Kanishka the fourth Buddhist council was liekf from scto^7^udl^s^i=:''"^•^"='■•''-=''^'^'■''^■«■■-^'-":- ^i^^v?f ('^°'f -sl^")- Nagy, G. Kanlscha (ka- ne sua). A town in the countv of Zala Hun- gary, situated iu lat. 46° 28' N long 17° E It was an important fortress in the Turkish period. Population (1890), 20,619. Kanizsa, 6. [Hung. . ' old Kanizsa.'l A tovvn lu t he county of Bacs-Bodrog, Hungary, sitii- aS9o7l.5 49^'"''^ "'"'''' ^^«^®'^- Popiilation Kanjut. Same as Hxtnza. Kankakee (kaug-ka-ke'). A city and the cap- K-ijitfi '^'^''''''^^'"""'y' Illinois, situated on nankakee River 54 miles south by west of Chi- cago. Population (1900). 13,.595' Kankakee River. A river in northwestern Indiana and eastern Illinois which unites with the Des P ames in Grundy Countv. Illinois, to form tlie Illinois. Length, over 150 miles Kannmefates. See Canhiefates. Kano (kii-no'). A town iu Sokoto, Sudan (with- in tiie British Niger territories), about lat. 12°N long. 8° E. It manufactures cloth, shoes, sanl dais, etc. Population.35,000. Compare .ffaiwa Kansa (kan'sa). In Hindu mythologv, a king of Mathura, son of Ugiaseua and second cousin K,.:^,'"' . ""^ " •'""S foretold that a son of Dev.aki Kii»l nas mother, would destroy him, he tried to kiU al her children Balarama, the seventh, smuggled aw."v to ^ghU,"- J,?/™"?'" "P \ «°'""'- Whei, Krishi a^'tl e o ?1,^.Ih 1'"™,'"s Piirents tied, upon which the tyrant Oldered a general massacre of all vigorous nnde infants Jas^t?l?e1lTwSi!"""'"P"^^'^'"<"- °' ^"^"'"^ >"■' ""-' Kansa (kan'sa), or Konza, orKaw. [Their own name is A'o«.-f (kiin'za), which contains a reference to the wind.] A tribe of the Dhegiha division of the Siouan stock of North American Indians, which gave its name to the State of Kansas and to the Kansas River. They are in Oklahoma, and number 214. See Dhefiiha. Kansabadha (kah-sa-ba'd-ha). [Skt., 'the slaying of Kansa.'] A Sanskrit drama by She- shakrisluia, written about two centuries ago, weak in plot though good in stvle. See Kansa Kansas (kan'zas). [Named from tlie Kansa In- dians.] A North Central State of the United States of America. Capital, Topeka. Itisbounded by Nebr.lskaon the north, Missouri(separ.'• Area, 82.080 square miles. Population (191X1), 1,470,49;'). Kansas City, Kansas. Tlie largest eitv of Kan- sas, capital of Wyandotte Countv. sitmated on the Missouri, contiguous to Kansas Citv. Mis- souri, with which it has much in common. Among the leailing industries is pork-naeking. Population (1900), 51,418. Kansas City, Missouri. A city in Jackson Coiuity, Missouri, situated on the Missouri in lat 39° 5' N.. long. 94° 38' W. it is the second citv ol tlie State, and an im|)..itaiit railway center. Popula- tion (1000), 163.7.">2. Kansas-Nebraska Bill, The. An act passed by Congress in 1854, wliich provided for the or- ganization of the Territories of Kansas and Ne- braska. It introduced the principle of "squatter sov- ereignty," or local option on the slaverv question, for the people of the Territories, thus abrog.a'ting the Missouri Compromise of 1820. It disrupted finally the Whig pnrtv, led to the rise of tbe Eepubli.-an party, and wasan impor- tant link in the chain of events leading to the Civil War. Kansas River Kansas River. A river in Kansas which joins the Missouri iica r Kansas City. It is formed by the union o( the Smoky Hill Fork and Solomon River near Abilene, The chief tributary is the Republican Kiver. Length, in- dading Smoky Hill Fork, about 900 miles. Kan-SU (kan-so'). A province in the northwest of China. Capital, Lanchow-fu. it is bounded by Uongolia on the north, Shensi on the east, Szechuen on the floutll, and Tibet on the southwest and west. Are.i, 126,450 square miles. Population (IS'.Ki), est., 9,"61.f;00. Kant (kant), Immanuel. Born at Konigsberg, Prussia, April 22, 1724 : died there, Feb. 12, 1804. A celebrated German philosopher, one of the most influential thinkers of modern times: fotinderof the "critical philosophy." Hewasthe son of a saddler in very moderate circumstances. His early education was obtained in his native city, where he entered the university in 1740 and began the study of theology. Subsequently he was tutor in sever.il families, but took Ills degree in 1755 and settled as docent at the university. In 1766 he received a small salaried position in the Koyal library. Finally in 1770 he was made professor of logic and metaphysics, a position which he held until his death. Although he had advantageous calls to other universities, he preferred to remain in Konigsberg, and during his whole life is said never to have laeen further away than Fillau, some 30 English miles distant. During his uni- versity career he lectured not only on logic .and the vari- ous branches of metaphysics, but also, at various times, on antliropology, physical geography, and mathematics. His first treatise, *'Gedanken von der wahren .Schatzinig der lebendigen Kr^te," appeared in 1747. Ilis re.!! liter- ary activity began in 1755 with the treatise on cosmic physics, "Allgeraeine Xatiugeschichte und Theorie des Hiraraels" ("General History of Nature ami Theory of the Heavens"). In 17&4 appeared "Beobachtungen uber das Gefuhl des Schbnen und Erhabenen " ^''Observations on the .Sense of the Beautiful and the Sublime"). Inl7C6he published "Traume eines Geistersehers" (" Dreams of a Ghost-seer"). The first of his great philosophical works, the most important in modern philosophy, appeared in 1781. 'this is the " Kritik der reinen Vernunft "("Critique of l^re Reason"), in which he endeavors to ascertain the nature of the transcendental ideas of the human under- standing and to establish the province of certain human knowledge. His second greatwork, the " Kritik derprak- tischen Vernunft" ("Critique of Practical Ileason"), ap- peared in 1788. This treats of morals : according to it the I'bas of God, human liberty, and immortality are postu- : ifes of practical reason. Finally, the third "Critique," ■I inquiry into the faculty of judgment, appeared in 1790 rider the title " Kritik der Urteilskraft" ("Critique of the '>\ver of Judgment"). In addition to the works men- I ^■tned, he published a number of smaller treatises and es- lys. To 1784 belongs the short essay "Was ist Aufkla- iiing?" ("What is Enlightermient?"), which pronounces lie century of Frederick the Great the age of German en- -'htenment. " Grundlegung der Metaphysik der Sit ten " Foundation of the Sletaphysics of Etliics ") appeared in 17^5. "Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der blossen Ver- i.unft. " ("Religion within the Limits of Mere Reason") in 179;{. "Metaphysische Anfangsgriinde der Rechtslehre" ('■.Metaphysical Elements of Legal Science") in 1797. A late edition of his collected works Is that of Berlin (1868- l'-~'i), iu 8 volumes. Kantemir. See Cantemh. Kanth (kiiiit). A small town in the province "f Silesia, Prussia, 13 miles west-southwest of ! ireslau. Here, May 14, 1807, the Prussians de- • ated the Bavarians. Kanuri(kii-no're). A Nigritic nation of the cen- tral Sudan, on the west of Lake (Jhad. In physl- il appearance and in language the Kanuri people dilfer 'iiHlderably from the Hausa. They are very dark and ive angular features, thus resembling their neighljors ilie Kancmhu. According to their tradition, corroborated tiy resemblances, they descend from the Tibbu or Teda in the Libyan desert. They accepted Islam early, sub- jected neighbi>ring tribes, and formed the kingdom of Bomu. Some subjugated tribes, the ]'.i-dd;i, I'ika, and An- {'ok, are still pagan, and retaiti their dialects. 'I'lie Kanuri anguage has a literature WTitten in the Arabic character. Since the advent of the present dynasty, the Kanem is the court dialect. Other dialects are the Munio, Ngurn, and Oazir. Kanva (kan'wa). ['Deaf,' according to an In- dian scholiast.^ 1. One of a class of evil Ix'ings against whom a charm of the Atharvaveda is directed. — 2. A Rishi regarded as the author of several hymns in the Kigveila. — 3. The founder of aVodie school. — 4. The sage, in Knli(i: died Oct. 28, 1823. A Russian dramatist and lyric poet. Kapodistrias. See Cajto d'Istria. Kapolna (ka'p61-no). A village in the county of Heves, Hungary, 5i) miles east-northeast of Budapest. Here, Feb. 26 and 27, 1849, the Austrians defeated the Hungarians under Dem- binski. Kaposvar (kop'osh-var). A town in the coun- ty of SUmeg, Himgary. situated on the Kapos 94 miles southwest of Budapest. Population (1890), 12.544. Kapp (kiip), Friedrich. Bom at Hamm, Prus- sia, April 13, 1824; tlied at Berlin, Oct. 27, 18S4. A German historian, politician, and lawyer, resident in New York 1850-70, where he prac- tised his profession. He wrote "Die Sklavenfrage in den Vereinigten Staaten " ("The Slavery t^uestion in the LTnited States," lsr4), "Geschichte derSldaverei in den Vereinigten Staaten " (''History of Slavery in the United States," 1860), and other works on American subjects. He was a presidential elector in 1860, and commissioner of emigration 1867-70. On his rettum to Germany he became a member of the Reichstag. Kappadokia. See Cappadocia. Kappel, or Cappel (k;ii)'pel). A -village in the canton of Zurich, Switzerland, 10 miles south of Zurich. Here, Oct. 11, 1531, Zwingli was defeated and slain when leading the Protestiint forces against those of the Roman Catholic cantons. The civil wars between the two faitlis about 1529 to 1531 were called the Wars of Kappel. Kaprun (kil'pron) Valley. A valley in the Aus- trian Alps, directly north of the Grossglockner. Kapiurthala (ka-por-tha'la), or Kopurthella (ko-]ior-thel'la). A native state in the Panjab, India, intersected bv lat. 31° 20' N., long. 75° 20' E., tributary to the British. Kara (kii'rii). A valley in eastern Siberia, about 300 miles from Chita. It is noted for its gold- mines, worked by political prisoners and con- victs. Karabagh (ka-ra-bag'). [Turk., 'black gar- den.'] A region in the southern part of the government of Yelisavetpol, Transcaucasia, Russia. Karabel (kii-ra-bel'). See the extract. The Pass of Karabel is a narrow defile, shut in on either side by lofty cliffs, through which ran the ancient road from Ephesos in the south to Sariles and Smyrna in tlie north. The Greek historian Herodotos tells us that the Egyptian conqueror Sesostris had left memorials of him- self in this place. "Two images cut by bini in the rcjck" were to be seen beside the road which led "from Ejihe- sos to Phokaea and from Siu-des to Smyrna. On either side a man is carved, a little over three feet in height, who holds a spear in the right haiul and a bow in tlie left. The rest of his accontren)ent is similar, for it is Egyptian and Ethiopian, and from one shoulder to the other, right across the breast, Egyptian hieroglyphics have been cut which declare; 'I have won this land with my shoulders.'" These two images were the object of my journey. Oneof them had been discovered by Renouard in I8.'!9, and shortly afterwards sketched by Texier; the other had been found by Dr. Beddoe in 1S.')6. Soiree, Ilittites. p. 54. Kara-Bugaz (ka-rii'bo-gaz') (or -Bogaz), or Adji-Daria (;i',ie-dii're-a). A gulf in the east- ern part of the Caspian Sea, nearlv landlocked. Leiigtli, no miles. Karachi (k;i-ra'ehe), or Kurrachee (kur-a- che'). 1. A district in Sind, British India, bor- dering on Baluchistan on the west, the Arabian Sea on the south, and the Indus on the east. Area, 14,182 square niilcs. Population (1.S91), 564,880.-2. A seaport and the chief city of Sind, situated on Karachi Bay in lat. 24° 50' N., long. 67° 2' E. It has important foreign com- merce. It was annexed by the British iu 1843. Popula- tion (1891), including cantonment, 105,11(9. Kara George, or Karadjordje. See C-enn/. Karagwe (ka-rii'gwe). An .African kingdom of German East Africa, southwest of Lake Victo- ria, in a mountainous aiul healthy country. The Iiopniation is composed of two nices— the Wanyand*", who are Bantu, aiul the ruling Wahumn, of Galla slock. See llniiia and Oinnla. Karahissar, Afium-. See Afuim-Karahisaar. Karahissar(kii-rii-his-sar'),£8ki-. A town near A rMim-Kai'ahissar,on the site of the ancient Sj-n- mnla. Karaites (ka'rii-its). [Heb. qnraim, readers, Kcri|itiiris(s.] A sect among the .lews which rejects the traditional law as it is fixed in the Talmud, ami recognizes only the I'entatcuchor five books of Moses as biniling. The name is de. rived friini Hebri-w qiini, 'to read ' — i. f. adluTents of the iftw that was written and readmit opposition to the tradi- tional law which orlgiinilly was oral. 11 rlgln of the sect Is ascribed t<) a certain Amm ben David, of Itabytonta, In the 8th century A, n.. who became leader of the ant|. Talmudle movement in Indignation at not licing chosen exlllarch or head of the .Tcwlsh conunindtv. The con- troversy between the Karaites and Tarinudists has been productive of an accurate and rational stutly of the Bible Karczag on both sides. The sect never made great headway. Small communities of it linger in parts of Turkey. .Syria. Egypt, Galicia (Austria), Lithuania, and the Crimea (Russia)^ Karajitch (ku-rii'yitsh), Vuk Stephanovitch. Born at Trschitsch, Scrvia, Xov. 7, 1787: died at Vienna, Jan. 26, 18()4. A Servian scholar. He published a "Servian-German-Latin Lexicon" (1818^ Servian grammar (1824), collection of Servian folk-songs (lbiJ-65), Servian tales (185a), proverbs, etc. Karak (kii-riik'). A small island iu the Persian (iulf, lat. 29° 15' X., long. 50° 17' E. It has a fi ee haven. Also Kurracl; Kharak, Kerak, etc. Karakal (ka-ra-kal'). A town in WaUachia, Rumania, situated in lat. 44° 8' N., long. 24° 1(3' E. Population, 10,915. Karakoram (ka-rii-ko'ram). A mined medi- eval city, the ancient capital of Mongolia, sit- uated on the Orkhon River about lat. 47° N.^ long. 102° E. Karakoram Pass. A pass in the Himalaya, about lat. 35° 30' N., long. 78° E., on the im- portant commercial route leading from Leh in Kashmir to eastern Turkestan. Height, 1S.5.")0 feet. Karakoram Range. A range of the Hima» laya. The preferable name is Mustagh Range (which see). Kara-Kul (ka-ra-kol'). A large lake in the Pamirs, central Asia, west of the boundary be- tween Chinese Turkestan and the Russian pos- sessions. Height above sea-level, 13,200 feet. Kara-Kum(ka'rii-k6m'). [Turk., 'black sands.'] A sandy desert in Asia, northeast of the Cas- pian Sea. Karaman, orCaraman(ka-ra-man'). A small town iu the vilayet of Konieh, Asia Minor, Tur- key, 65 miles southeast of Konieh : the ancient Laranda. It was the capital of a medieval Turk- ish kingdom. Karamania, or Caramania (ka-ra-mii'ne-fi). A region in the vilayet of Konieh, Asia Minor: largely a table-land. Karamnasa. A short tributary of the Ganges, on the border of Bengal and the Northwest Provinces. Kara Mustapha (kii'ra mos'ta-fii). E.xecuted 1683. Grand Vizir of the Turkish empire 1676- 1683. He was defeated before Vienna by bobi- eski in 1683. Karamzin,orKaramsin(kii-r!im-zen'or-zin'), Nikolai Mikhailovitch. Bom at JlikhaUovka, I Irenburg, Dec. 1 (O. S. ), 1765: died near St. Petersburg, June 3 (N. S.), 1826. A Russian his- torian, novelist, and poet. He founded the "Mos- cow Journal" in 1789. and in 1802 "TheEuropean Messen- ger. " He wrote a " History of the Russian Empire, " Blu- dow, the minister of the interior, adding the last volume (1816-29; French translation by St. -Thomas and Jautfret), etc. Karankawan (ka-ran'ka-wan). A linguistic stock of North American Indians, now e.\tinct, which onca occtipied the middle portions of the coast of Texas. They were remarkably tall and athletic (whence they were named Keles, 'wrestlers.' by the Tonkawc). They were met by La Salle about lt^7 un- der the name tif Clamcoet. and were virtually destroyed by the Anglo-American settlers of Texas. Karansebes (ko'ron-she-besh). A town in the county of KrassA-Sziireny, Hungary, situated on the Tcmes .54 miles east-southeast of Temesvdr. Population (1890), 5,4<)4. Kara Sea (kii'rii se). That part of the Arctic ( b'eau which lies southeast of Nova Zerabia, northeast of European Russia, and northwest of Siberia. It is navigable for the Siberian trade via the Yenisei from .Inly to September. Karasu(kii-rii's()). [Turk., 'black river.'] The modern Turkish name of various rivers, partic- ularly of the ancient Str\^non and of the west- ern branch of the Euphrates. Karasu-Bazar (kii-rii's()-bii-ziir'). A town in the Criinea, government of Tanridn. Russia, 28 miles e:ist-iH)rthi'ast of Simferopol. Population (18a'>- issi)), i:i,s43. Karatcheff (kii-rii-chef or -chof). A town in the goveriiment of Orel, Russia, 48 miles west- northweslofOrel. Population (188.5-89). 14.8.52. Karategin (kii-rii-ta-gen'). A mountainous rp- gioTi of central Asia, in Bokhara, intersected by lat, 39° N,, long. 70° E. It wasnnnexod to Bo- kliar.'t in 18(i8. population, about 100,000. Karauli. See Kirauli. Karawanken (kii-rii-viing'ken). A range of the .Mps ill Carinthin, Austria-Hungary, south of KIngeiifurl. Highest ]ieak, the Stou (7,326 feet). Karczag, or Kardszag (kort'sog). A town in thecounty of Great Kumania, Hungary, 36 miles wcst-southwestofDebreczin. Population (1890), 18,197. Ear-Duniash Ear-Duniash. [ ' Field or park of the god Dun.'] The name in the earliest Babylonian monu- ments for the distiict immediately adjoining the city of Babylon. Karelia, or Carelia(kar-a-le'a). An ancient dis- trict in southeastern Finland, it was acquired by .Sweden in tlie 13th centurj', and was ceded in part to Rus- sia in 1721, tlie remainder sliaring the fortune of Finland. Karen (kii-ren'), or Karens (ka-renz'). A native race of Bui-ma and Siam, numbering 400,000 to 450,000. Many of them have been Christianized. Karenina, i^Jina. See Anna. Karia. See Caria. Karikal (kii-ri-kal'). Atown and settlement on the eastern coast of India, belonging to France, situated in lat. 10° 55' N., long. 79° 52' E. Popu- lation (1888), 34,719. Karitena. See Earijtnina. Karkar (kiir'kar). A locality in Syria, on the Orontes, where, in 854 B. c. , Shalmaneser 11. de- feated a confederacy of ■western princes, includ- ing Ahab and Ben-hadad. Karl (karl). The German form of the name Charles. Karli, or Carlee (kar'le). A ^-illage in Bombay, British India. 4.")miles east-southeast of Bombay. The rock-cut hall or temple here is the largest and finest of its type surviving in India. The plan strongly resembles that of a Christian church, including a vestibule, nave, and aisles divided by columns, and rounded apse with deam- bulatory. Thelengthisl26feet, thewidth45i. Thecolumns have large vase-formed bases, octagonal shafts, and complex capitals whose leading feature is two kneeling elephants bearing human figures. The roof is of approximately semi- circular section. In the place of the Christ fan altar stands the dagoba, which has the form of a plain dome on a cylin- drical drum. Upon it stands a square tee or relic-casket which supports an emblematic wooden parasol. The en- trance has 3 portals surmounted by a gallery. Before the vestibule stands a lat, or lion pillar, no.doubt one of an origi- nalpair, ThedateisplacedatTSB.C. Somesimilartemples, as at Ajunta, exhibitfatjades very eliiborately sculpturedin architectural forms with figure and geometrical decoration. KarlingS (kilr'lingz). Same as Carolingians. Karlowitz, or CarlowitZ (kar'16-vits). Atown in Croatia-Slavonia, Austria-Hungary, situated on the Danube in lat. 45° 11' N., long. 19° 56' E. It is famous for its wine. A peace was concluded here Jan. 26, 1099, between Austria, Russia, Venice, and Poland on one side and Turkey on the other, whereby Austria acquired Transylvania and Hungary between the Danube and Theiss; Russia, Azoff ; Venice, the Morea and conquests in Dalma- tia ; and Poland, Podolia and the Ukraine. Population (1890), 6,490. Karlsbad, or Carlsbad (karls'biid), or Kaiser- Karlsbad (ki'zer-kiirls'bad). Atown and water- ing-place in Bohemia, on the Tepl, near the Eger, 68 miles west by north of Prague. It is one of the principal wateriug-places in Europe. According to triidi- tion, its mineral springs were discovered by the emperor Charles TV. in 1347. The principal spring is the Sprudel. Karlsbad is frequented by 25,000 visitors annually. Popu- lation (189(1), commune, 12,033. Karlsbad, Congress of. A congress of miuisters representing Austria, Prussia, and a number of minor German states, held at Karlsbad in Aug., 1819, to discuss the democratic movement in Germany. The congress resolved to recommend to their respective governments and to the Diet of the Ger- man Confederation the so-called "Karlsbad Decrees," the most important of which were that the press should be sub- jected to a rigorous censorship ; that a central commission should be established at Mainz for the investigation of demagogical intrigues; that the Burschenschaft, a secret organization among the students, should be suppressed ; and that the universities should be placed under govern- ment inspection. These resolutions were adopted by the Diet Sept, 20, 1819. Karlsburg (kiirls'borG), formerly Weissen- burg (vis'sen-borG). [Himg. G-iiuJa Fclurvdr.'] A fortified town in the county of Unterweissen- burg, Transj'lvania, situated on the Maros in laf. 46° 6' N., long. 23° 33' E.: the Roman Apu- hxm. In the citadel are the cathedral, Batthya- neum, episcopal palace, etc. Population (1890), 8,167. Karlshamn.orCarlshamn (karls'ham). A sea- port in the laen of Blckinge, Sweden, situated on the Baltic in lat. 56° 10' N., long. 14° 52' E Population (1890), 7,191. Karlskrona, or Carlscrona (karls'kro-na). A seaport and the capital of the laen of Blekinge Sweden, situated on several islands in the Bal' tie, in lat. 56° 10' N., long. 15° 36' E. it was founded by Charles XI. ; is the chief station of the Swed- ish fleet; and has extensive docks. Population (1890), 20,613. Ka,rlsrulie, or Carlsruhe (karls'ro-e). 1. A dis- trict of Baden, lying between Mannheim on the north and Freiburg on the south. Area, 993 square miles.— 2. The capital of Baden, situated 6 miles from the Rhine, in lat. 49° 1' N., long. 8° 24' E. it is built in the form of a fan radiating from the palace. It has recently developed manufactures, and contains a noted polytechnic school, a hall of art, and a museum. Population (1890), 73,679. 562 Karlstad, or Carlstad (karl'stad). The capital of the laen of Werinland, Sweden, situated at the entrance of Klar-Elf into Lake Wener, about lat. 59° 25' N., long. 13° 28' E. Popu- lation (1890), 8,716. Karlstadt, or Carlstadt (karl'stat). A small town iu Lower Franconia, Bavaria, situated on the Main 14 miles northwest of Wiirzburg. Karlstadt, or Carlstadt. [Croatian Karlovac.'] A fortress and royal free city in Croatia, Aus- tria-Hungary, situated at the junction of the Korana with the Kulpa, 29 miles southwest of Agi-am. Population (1890), 5,559. Karlstadt, or Carlstadt (originally Boden- stein), Andreas Rudolf. Born at Karlstadt, Franconia, Germany, about 1480 : died at Basel, Switzerland, Dec. 25, 1541. A German Re- former, leader at Wittenberg 1521-22, and op- ponent of Luther. Karlstein (karl'stui). A castle in Bohemia, about 13 miles southwest of Prague, built ( 1348- 1357) by the emperor Charles IV. for the safe- keeping of the Bohemian crown jewels. The chapel in the great tower, in which they were kept, is richly adorned with inlaying, gilding, and color. Karmamimansa (kar-ma-me-man'sii). [Skt., ' inquiry into the karman (action),' in the sense of ' ritual,' of the Veda.] Another name of the Purvamimansa system of Hindu philosophy. Karmat (kar'miit), sm'name of Hamdan ben- Ashath. The founder of the Karmathians (which see). Also Carmatli. Karmathians (kar-ma'thi-ans). [So named from Kannat, the principal apostle of t)ie sect, a poor laborer, who jjrofessed to be a prophet.] A Mohammedan sect which arose in Tui'key about the end of the 9th century. The Karmathi- ans regarded the Koran as an allegorical book, rejected all revelation, fasting, and prayer, and were communistic, even in the matter of wives. They carried on wars against the califate, particularly in the 10th century, but disap- peared soon after. According to some accounts the Druses developed from them. Kama (kar'na). In Hindu mythology, son of Pritha or Kunti by Surya. ' the sun,' before her marriage to Pandu, and so the unknown half- brother of the Pandava princes. He was bom equipped with arras and armor. The sage Durvasas had given Kunti a charm by which she might have offspring by any god invoked, and she chose the sun. Afraid of dis- grace, Kunti exposed the child by the Yamuna, where it was found by the charioteer of Dhritarashtra, who had it reared by his wife Radha. In the war Kama took the partof theKauravas, and was at last killed by Arjuna. Af- ter his death, his relationship becoming known, great kind- ness was shown to his family. Kamak (kiir'nak). A village in Egypt, on the eastern bank of the Nile, on the site of Thebes, famous for its remains of antiquity. The Great Temple extends to a length of about 1,200 feet from west to east, and is comparatively regular in plan. The double pylon of the great court is about 370 feet wide ; the court is colonnaded at the sides, and has an .avenue of columns in the middle. A second pylon follows, and opens on the famous hypostyle hall, 170 by 329 feet.with central avenue of 12 columns 62 feet high and 1\\ in diameter, and 122 columns 42i feet high at the sides. The lintel-blocks of the portal are 41 feet long. A narrow court follows, orna- mented with Osiride Hgures and containing two obelisks, one of which is erect and is 97i feet high, being surpassed only by that of St. John Lateran at Rome. This court precedes a structure containing the usual series of halls and chambers, and an isolated cella or sanctuary. Behind this building is another large open court, at the back of which stands the columnar edifice of Thothraes TIL, an extensive building containing a large hypostyle hall and many comparatively small h.alls and chambers. The exist- ing temple .appears to have been begun by Usertesen I. (about 2700 B. c), to whose modest foundation extensive additions were made by Thotbmes I. and III., Seti I., Kame- ses II. and III., and Shishak (about 950 B. c). The mu- ral sculptures are vast in quantity, and highly interest- ing in character, particularly those which portray the racial characteristics of various conquered Asiatic peoples. A complete temple of Amen, built by Rameses III., extends toward the south from the great court. The pylon of Ptolemy Euergetes is a conspicuous inonument at the end of the long avenue of sphinxes leading from Luxor. The pylon has a single large square portal, and is sur- mounted by a frieze carved with the winged solar disk and by the overhanging cornice. It is covered inside and out with bands of sculpture representing Ptolemy and his queen paying honor to his predecessors and to the gods. In one of the interior compartments Ptolemy appears in Greek costume, an exceedingly rare type. The temple of Khonsu, one of the Theban triad, was founded by Rame- ses III. It is notable chiefly for its beautiful hypostyle hall, whose great columns and epistyle beams are deeply cut with hieroglyphs and with coslanaglyphic reliefs of kings and divinities. The exterior wall also presents much remarkable sculpture. Also Camac. Karnal(kur-nal'). 1. A district in the Panjab, British India, intersected by lat. 29° 45' N., long. 77° E. Area, 2,440 square miles. Popu- lation (1891), 683,718.-2. The capital of the district of Karnal, in lat. 29° 42' N., long. 76° 57' E. Population (1891), 21,963. Karsten, Karl Bernhard Karnapravaranas ( kiir ' na - pra - va ' ra - naz). [Skt., 'having their ears as a covering.'] A fabu- lous people mentioned in the Mahabharata, Ra- mayana, and other Sanskrit works. Karnata, or Karnatas (kar-na'ta,-taz). Names of a country iu India, and of its inhabitants, whence the modern Curnatic. The name Karnata was anciently applied to the central districts of the penin- sula, including Mysore, while the modern Carnatic is lim- ited to a not exactly defined region on the east or Coro. mandel coast of India, from Cape Comorin to about 16° X It is no longer a recognized division, and exists only as a desigMiition for the theater of the struggle between France and England for Indian supremacy. Karnatic. See Camalic. Karnten, or Karnthen (karn'ten). The Ger- man name of Carinthia. Karnul (kur-nol'). 1. A district in Madras, British India, intersected by lat. 15° 30' N., long. 78° E, Area, 7,514 square miles. Population (1891), 817,811.-2. The capital of the district of Karnul, situated at the junction of the rivers Hundri and Timgabhadra, in lat. 15° 49' N.,long. 78° 4' E. Population (1891), 24,376. Karo(ka'r6), Joseph benEphraim. Thegreat- est Talmudic authority of the 16th century (1488-1575). When a child he and his parents were ex- iled from Spain, and settled at different times in Nicopo. lis, Adrianople, and Pidestine. Of his numerous works the best-known are his commentary, "House of Joseph" ("Beth Joseph"), on the "Four Rows"(" Arba Turim ") of Ben-Asher, and especially his "Arranged Table" ("Shul- chan Aruch "), a methodically arranged compendium of all the laws and customs which regulate Jewish life. Karolinenthal (ka'ro-len-en-tal). A suburb of Prague, Bohemia, situated on the Moldau northeast of the city. Population (1890), com- mune, 19,540. Karoly (ka'roly), Na^-. A to wn in the coimty of Szathmar, Hungary, 37 miles east-northeast of Debreczin. Population (1890), 13,475. Karpathos. See Carpdtkus. Karr (kar), Jean Baptiste Alphonse. Born at Paris, Nov. 24. 1808 : died at Saint Raphael, Var, Sept. 29, 1890. A French novelist, jour- nalist, and satirist. In 1839 he became editor of the "Figaro" and founded the very successful little satirical review "LesGu6pes." He wTote "Voyage autour de mon j.ardin " (1S45), and more recently "H^Iene" and "La maison de I'ogre " (1890). He also wrote many political, literary, and humorous fragments and sketches, and a large number of novels. He lived at Nice for several years before his death. Karroo (ka-r6'),The Great. Adiy and elevated region, partly desert, in Cape Colony, between the Zwarteberge and the Nieuweveld Berge. Length, about 350 miles. Kars (kars). 1. A province of Transcaucasia, Russia, lying west of Erivan, and bordering on Asiatic Turkey. Area, 7,308 square miles. Population, 214,471. — 2. A fortress and the capital of the territory of Kars, situated on the Kars Tchai in lat. 40° 37' N., long. 43° 8' E., about 6,000feet above sea-level. It is now an almost impregnable fortress, but was captured from the Turks by Paskevitch in 1828 ; was again t.aken by the Russians Nov. 28. 1855, after a six months' defense by the Turks under General Williams ; was invested by the Russians in 1877, relieved in July, again besieged, and stormed by them Nov. 18, 1S77. With its territory it was ceded to Russia in 1878. Population (1891), 3,941. Karschin (karsh'in) (properly Karsch), Anna Luise. Born near Schwiebus. Prussia, Dec. 1, 1722 : died at Berlin, Oct. 12, 1791. A German poet. Her collected poems were published ia 1792. Karshi (kar'she). A town iu Bokhara, central Asia. 98 miles southeast of Bokhara : an impor- tant trading center. Population, about 25,000. Karshvan (karsh'van), or Karshvar (karsh'- var). In the Avesta, the name of each of the seven dirisions of the world, corresponding to the Hindu d\-ipas. (See Jambudvrpa.) In Per- sian, Lislirar. Karst(karst). [It. Carso. Slavic iiras.] A des- olate limestone plateau in the Maritime Prov- ince, Austria-Hungary, north of Triest. in an extended sense the Karst includes portions of the Alps in Carniola and neighboring regions. All over the Karst (as the high plateau behind Trieste is called) the ravages of the Bora, or north-east wind, have long been notorious. Heavily-laden waggons have been overturned by its fury, and where no shelter is afforded from its blasts houses are not built and trees will not grow. Hodgkin, Italy and her Invaders, I. 165 Karsten (kiir'sten), Hermann, sumamed "The Younger." Born at Stralsund, Prussia, Nov. 6, 1817. A German botanist and traveler in South America, professor of botany at Vienna 1868- 1872. His works include ' ' Beitriige zirr Anato- mie und Physiologic dcr Pflanzen" (1865), etc. Karsten, Karl Bernhard. Bom at Btitzow, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Nov. 26, 1782 : died at Karsten, Karl Bernhard _ Schoneberg, near Berlin, Aug. 22, 1853 A Ger- man mineralogist. He wrote " System der Me- tallurgio " (1831-32), etc. Kartavirya (kar-ta-ver'ya). [Skt., ' son of Kri- tavirya'J A hero of Hiniiu mj-thology, said to bave" been really named Arjuna, but usually called by his patronymic. Worshiping a portion of the divine being called Dattatreya, in whom a portion of Brabnia, Vishnu, and Shiva, or Vishnu was incarnate, he obtained a tliousand amis, a golden chariot answering to his will, the power of restraining wrong, tiie conquest of the earth and the disposition to rule righteously, invincibility, and finally death by a man of world-wide renown. He ruled 8;>,000 years with unbroken health and prosperity, according to the Vishiiupurana. Received in Jamadagni'a hermitage by the sage's wife, he carried otf "the calf of the milk-cow of the sacred oblation, "whereupon Parashu- nma cut olf his thousand arms and killed hiui. He is the subject also of other legends. Karttikeya (kiir-ti-ka'ya). In Hindu mythol- ogy, the god of vrar and the planet Mars : also called Skanda. He is said to have been the son of Shiva or Rudra, to have been born without a mother, and to have been fostered bytheKrittikasor Pleiades ; and so was known as Karttikeya, 'son of the Krittikas. ' He was born to destroy Taraka, a Daitya. whose austerities had made him formidable to the gods. He is represented as riding on a peacock, and holding a bow in one hand and an arrow in the other. Kartam, or Kartoum. See Kliartum. ELarun (kil-rou'). A river in Persia which rises near Ispahan, and flows first west and then south, joining the Shatt el-Arab (Euphrates-Tigris) at Mohammerah. It is navigable (except for rap- ids at Ahwaz) to Shuster. Karor, or Caroor (ka-ror'). A small town in Coimbatore district, Madras, British India, situated on the Amrawati 45 miles west by north of Tricbinopoli. Karwar, or Carwar (kiir-war'). A seaport and the capital of North Kanara district, Bombay, British India, 50 miles south-southeast of 6oa. Population (1891), 14,579. Earytaina (ka-re-ta'nii), or Karitena (kii-re- ta'na). A locality in Arcadia, Greece, on the Alpheus about 10 mUes northwest of Megalopo- lis: the ancient Brentlie. The castle here, a great fortress built by the French 13th-century princes, is one of the most imposing of feudal strongholds. The outer walls with towers, the great keep, dwellings, magazines, and cis- terns, all remain, Kasan, See Ka-nn, Easan (kiiz'an) Defile. A celebrated defile in the Danube, on the borders of Servia and Hun- gary, near the confines of Rumania, long in- accessible by land. It has traces of a Roman road built by Trajan. Near it are the Iron Gates. Width of the Danube, Siq^feet. Depth, 200 feet Kasanlik. See EazanUk. Easbek. See Eazhek. Easbin (kaz-ben'), or Kasvin (kaz-ven'). A city in the province of Irak-Ajemi, Persia, in lat. 36° 16' N., long. 50° 3' E. It has an impor- tant transit trade, since it is on the main route from Per- sia to Europe. It was fomierly the capital. Population, about 30,000. Also Casbin, Kmmii, etc. Easchau (kii'shou), Hung. Kassa (kosh'sho). A royal free city and the capital of the county of Abau.i, Hungary, situated on the Hemad in lat. 48° 42' N., long. 21° 17' E. it is a commercial center, and is noted for its Gothic cafhedral uf St, Eliza- beth. Here, Jan. 4, 1S49. the Austrians under Schlik de. leated theHungariansunderM^szfiros. Population (1800), 28,884. Eashan (ka-shiin'). A city in the province of Irak-Ajemi, Persia, 95 miles north by west of Ispahan: notedfor its manufactiu'es. Popula- tion, about 25,000. Eashgar (kash-giir'). 1. The capital of East- ern Turkestan, Chinese empire, situated on the Kizil-Su about lat. 39° 25' N., long. 76° 7' E. It is composed of an old and a new city ; is un important commercial and manufacturing center ; was conquer-ed by the Chinese in the middle of the ISth century; was the scene of a successful revolt in 1805 ; aiul was recon^lia. Area, 19,300 square miles. Population, 1.009.460.— 2. The capital of the vilavet of Kastamuni, about lat. 41° 23' N., long. 33° 42' E. Popula- tion, about 40.000. Eastner (kest'ncr). Abraham Gotthelf. Bom at Leipsic, Se|i1. 27. 1719: die4). Kathay. See IHtliinj. Katherine, or Katharine. See Catharine. Katherine (katli'e-rin). 1. The Shrew in Shak- spere's comedy "Tlii' Taming of the Shrew.'' She is the daughter of Baptist a, and is married to Pelruchio, and tamed by his rough treatment. — 2. A lady in attendance on the Princess of i"'rnnc(' in Sliiiksperc's '• Love's Laboui''s Lost." Katherine and Petruchio. A jday condensed anil adapted from Sliakspere's "Taming of the Shrew "by Garrick, |irodueed in 17.54. It is still pliived. Kat'hiawar(k!it-e-ii-wiir').orKattywar(kiit-e- wiir'). A pi'ninsula in western liid in. projecting into the Arabian Sea between the (iulf of Kachh anil the Gtilf of Cambay. It comprises many na- tive states. Area, 2(l,.Vi» square miles, iopulatio»(18l)I), Katishtya. See San F( line. Katkoff (kiit-kof), Mikhail Nikiforovitch. Born at Moscow. 1820: died near .M(.sco\v, .\iig. 1, 1H.S7. A Russian journalist, eilitor of the " Moscow tiazotte "since 1861 : noted as a leader of the Panslavists, Katlamat. See Calhlamct. Katmandu. See Khatmandu. Katrine ( kat'rin\ Loch. A lake in southwestern Perthshire, Scot liincl. 25 miles north of Glasgow. It ia noted for the beauty of its scenery. It contains Ellen a Isle, etc,, familiar (niiu Scott's "Lady of the Ijike." The water supply of (Glasgow is obtained from this hike. Length, 8 nules. Katsena (kii-tsii'uii). See Uaiisa. Eatsena Katsena, or Eatsina (kat-se'na). A town in Sokoto, Sudan, central Africa, about 150 miles east of Sokoto. Population, 7,500. KattowitZ(kilt't6-vits). Aniauufacturingtown iu the province of Silesia, Prussia, 57 miles southeast of Oppeln. Population (1890), com- mune, 16,513. Kattjrwar. See Kathiawar. Katunski (kii-ton'ski), or Katun, Alps. The highest range of the Altai, in the government of Tomsk. Siberia. For the highest summits (the Katunski Pillars), see Altai. KatWB;, or Cutwa (kut'wa). A town in Bard- wan district, Bengal, British India, situated at the junction of the Bhagirathi and Ajai, 77 miles north of Calcutta. Population, about S,000. Katwyk- or Katwijk-aan-Zee (kat'rtk-an- za'). A watering-place in tlie province of South Holland, Netherlands, at the mouth of the Old Rhine 23 miles southwest of Amsterdam. Popu- lation (1889), commune, 6,731. Katyayana (kat-ya'ya-na). [Skt..' descendant of the Katya family.'] Tlie celebrated Sanski-it author of tlie Varttikas or supplementary rules to Panini, of the Yajurvedapratishakhya, and of the Shrautasutras. Hiouen-Tsang represents a doctor Kia to yan na as living at Tam.asavana in the Pan- jab 3iX> years after Buddlia's death, or 60 B. c. iWehcr.) The Kathasaritsagara identities him with Vararuchi. amin- isterof Nanda, father of Chandragupta, according towhich he flourished about 350 B. c. Katzbach(kats'baeh). Asmalltributary of the Oder, which it joins 30 miles west-northwest of Breslau. it is noted for the battle fought Aug. ■H\. 1813, on its banks, near Wahlstatt, in wliich the Allies (0<1,(X)0) under Bliicher iKfe^ited tin' Ininh (lod.ioo) iuicUt Mac- donald. The Frenthlost 12,0o0 in killed and wounded. Eatzimo (kilt-se'mo). The Queres name for a mesa or table-rock rising about 500 feet above the basin of Acoma, and a few miles from the rock on which that pueblo is built. The Spanish name for it is Mesa Encantada, 'enchanted mesa.' The folk-lore tells that there was once a village on the top of Katzimo, but that one part of the rock fell in, and the in- habitants, cut off from the valley beneath, were starved to death. The rock is inaccessible at present. Kauai (kou-i'). One of the Hawaiian Islands, situated in the northwest of the group, in lat. 22° N., Ions. 159° 30' W. The surface is mountainous. The chief product is sugar. Area, ^ii square miles. Also .4(«»Mir Aloni. Population (liJOO), aij. 502. Kaufbeuren (kouf 'boi-ren). A town in the dis- trict of Swabia and Neubm'g, Bavaria, situated on the Wertacli 47 miles west-southwest of Munich. It was formerly a free imperial city. Population (1890), commune, 7,331. Kauffmann (kotif'miin), Marie Angelique Catharine. Born at Coire. Grisous, Switzer- land, Oct. 30. 1741 : died at Rome, Nov. 5, 1S07. A Swiss historical and portrait painter, known as Angelica Kauffmann. ShewenttoEnglandinl766, after passing many years in Italy, where she first attracted attention as an artist. She made an unfortunate marriage with an adventurer who passed for a Count Horn whose valet he had been. Her second husband was an Italian painter named Antonio Zucchi. In 1781 she left London and returned to Rome. She painted many pictures, which are represented in the priiicipal galleries of London and the Continent. Kaufmann, or Kauffmann, Konstantin Pe- trovitch. Born near Ivangorod, government of St. Petersburg, Russia, March 3, 1818 : died at Tashkend, Asiatic Russia, May 16, 1882. A Rus- sian general. He was appointed militaiy governor of Turkestan in 1867; conquered Samarkand in 1868 ; com- manded the expedition against Khiva in 1873 ; and con- quered Khokand in 1875. Kaulbach (kourbach), Friedrich August. Born at Hannover, June 2, 1850. A genre- and portrait^painter, son and pupil of Friedrich Kaulbach. He settled in Munich in 1872, and became director of the Art Academy there. Kaulbach, Wilhelm von. Born at Arolsen in Waldeck, 0>-t. 15, ]sn5: died at Munich. April 7, 1874. A historical painter, a pupil, at the Diis- seldorf Academy, of Cornelius whom he fol- lowed in 1825 to Munich, in 1839 he went to Rome. In 1847 he went to Berlin to decorate the Treppenhaus of the new museum, a work which occupied him many years. In 1849 he was appointed director of the academy at Munich. He made many book illustrations, particularly for "Reynard the Fox," (Joethe's "Faust" and other works, and .Shakspere, Schiller, and Wagner, etc. Kaumains. See Commiche. Kaumodaki (kou-mo'da-ke). The club of Krishna, given him by Varuna when engaged with him in fighting against Indra and burning the Khandava forest. Kaunitz (kou'nits). Prince Wenzel Anton von, Count of Rietberg. Born at Vienna, Feb. 2, 1711: died June 27, 1794. A noted Austrian statesman. As minister to France (1750-62) he formed an alliance between France and Austria. He was state 564 chancellor and chief minister 1753-92, and formed the coa- lition against Frederick the Great 1756. Kauravas (kou'ra-vaz). [Skt., •descendants of Kuru.'] A patronymic applied especially to the song of Dhritarashtra. See Muhabharutn. Kaus (kas). [Ar. qaus, a bow.] A name com- mon to the three stars /*., d, and f Sagittarii. a, of the fourth magnitude, is Eaus Borealis ; 5, of the third, is Kaus iledia ; and t, of the second, is Kaus Australis. Kaus. See Eiisan. Kaushambi (kou-sham'be). The capital of Vatsa, near the jimction of the Ganges and the Jumna: the scene of the drama Ratnavali (which see). Kautilya (kou'til-ya). Another name of Cha- nakya, minister of Chandragupta. See Cliana- Injn. Kautsa (kout'sa). A rationalistic Hindu phi- losopher who regarded the Veda as devoid of meaning, and theBrahmanas as false interpre- tations. He lived before Yaska, the author of the Nirukta, who replied to him. Kavala (ka-vit'la), or Kavallo (kii-viU'lo). A town in the vilayet of Saloniki. Turkey, situ- ated on Kavala Bay 80 miles east-northeast of Saloniki : the ancient Neapolis. Population, about 5.000. Kavanagh ( kav'a-nah ) , Julia. Born at Thurles, Tipperary, Ireland," Jan. 7. 1824: died at Nice, France, Oct. 28, 1877. A British novelist. Among her works are " Madeleine " (1848), "Nathalie" (1850), " Daisy Burns " (1853), "Grace Lee " (1856), " Queen Slab " (1863). " John Dorrien " (1876), etc. She also wrote " French Women of Letters " and "English Women of Letters "(1862). Kavasha (ka'va-sha). A Risbi to whom se\- eral hymns of the Rigveda are ascribed. The Aitareyabrahmana relates that theRishiswhen sacrificing on theSarasvati drove away Kavasha as the sun of a slave, and unworthy to drink the sacred water of the river. When Kav.asha was alone in the desert, a prayer was revealed to him by which he prevailed upon the Sarasvati to sur- round him, whence the Kishis, persuaded, admitted him to their companionship. Kaveri, or Cavery, or Cauvery (ka've-ri). A river in southern India, flowing into the Bay of Bengal by a delta about lat. 11° N. It is much used for irrigation. Length, about 475 miles. Kavi (ka've). [From Skt. Ay((/, poet, or kdri/a, poem.] The ancient sacred language of Java. Java has 3 languages — the vulgar, the polite, and the an- cient — all having words in vaiying proportions from the Sanskrit, Arabic, and Telugu, as the result of immigration and commerce, though the general structure is Malay. The Sanskrit is traced to a Hindu immigration about 2,oilO years ago. . In the Kavi is \vi'itten the Javanese literature, largely of Hindu origin. The Kavi language and Hindu- ism were driven from J.avato the little island of Bali in the 15th century. Wilhelm von Humboldt made a special study of the language 1836-40. Kaviraja (ka-vi-ra'ja). [Skt., 'the king of poets.'] The author of the Sanskrit poem Ra- ghavapandaviya, which is highly esteemed in India, It treats in the same words at once the story of the Ramayana and that of the Mahabharata, and is one of the most characteristically artificial poems of its class. Its date is certainly later than the 10th centurj'. Kavirondo (kil-ve-ron'do). A tribe of British East Africa, at the northeast end of Lake Vic- toria. It is split into many clans, pursues agriculture, herding, and fishing, and speaks a language distinct from Bantu, and said to resemble the Shilluk. The tribe is not yet satisfactorily classified. Kavyadarsha (kiiv-ya-dar'sha). [Skt.: k-dfi/a, poem, and (uhirshci, mirror — 'mirrorof poems,'] A Sanskrit treatise on poetics, written by Dan- din in the 6th century. Kavyani (ka-vya-ne'). In Persian mythology, the standard of Ka wah : a leathern apron reared on a spear, used by Kawah as a standard when he suimuonrd Faridun to overthrow Dahak. FariiluM adorned it with gold and precious stones, and until the iloliammedau conquest it was the royal standard -if Persia. Enlarged little by little to receive the jewels added by successive kings, it was 22 feet by 15 feet in size when it fell into the hands of the Arabs at the battle of Kadisi- yah(A.lt. 636). The soldier who took it received in exchange the armor of the Persian general Galenus and 30,000 pieces of gold. The flag was cut up and distributed to tlie array with the general mass of the booty. Kavyaprakasha (kiiv«ya-pra-ka'sha). [Skt.. ' elucidation of poems.'] A vSanskrit treatise on poetics, written by Mammata of Kashmir in the 12th century. Kaw. See Ean'sa. Kawah (ka-we'). In Persian mythology, the blacksmith who asked redress against Dahak (see A:hi Dahaka) for the sixteen sons slain to feed his serpents, and, on the restoration of the remaining son, excited a rebellion and sum- moned Faridun to restore justice. Kawita. See Creik. Kay(ki). A ^-illage in the province of Branden- burg. Prussia, 5 miles west of Ziillichau. Here, in the Seven Years* \A'ar. the Prussians under Von Wedell were defeated by the Russians, with a loss of 8,000 (July 23, 1769), Kean, Edmund Kay (ka), John. Born near Bury, Lancashire, July 16, 1704: died, it is said, in France, some time after 1764. An English inventor, in 1733 he was granted a patent for the " fly-shuttle," and in 1745 another patent for a *' power-loom " for narrow goods. Ilia inventions were stolen, a mob wiecked his house, and he himself fled to France where he died in destitution. Kay, John. Born near Dalkeith, April, 1742 : died at Edinbm-gh, Feb. 21, 1826. A Scottish painter and etcher. His ' • Portraits " are a col- lection of clever caricatures of the Edinburgh celebrities of his time. Kay, Sir, called "The Rude" and "The Boast- ful." In the Arthurian tales, the foster-brother of Arthur, who made him his seneschal. He was treacherous and malicious. Also spelled Ee, Kei, Qiieiix, Ketix, etc. Kayanian (ke-ya'ui-an). The collective name of several Iranian kings whose names begin with Kai. See Kai. Kayanush (ke-ya-nush'). In the Shahnamah, a brother of Faridun who, in envy, with another brother Purmayah tries to destroy Faridun. See Purmajialt. Kaye (ka). Sir John William. Born at Acton, Middlesex, 1814 : died at London, July 24, 1876. An English historical and biographical writer. He succeeded John Stuart Mill iu the political and secret department of the India Office. His works include " His- tory of the War in Afghanistan " (1851), " Administration of the F.ast India Company " (1853), "The History of the Sepoy War in India 1857-68" (1864-76). Kayes (kii-yas'). A town in the French pos- sessions of West Africa, on the Senegal about lat. 14° 30' N. Kaysersberg fki'zers-bero). A small town in Alsace, 6 miles northwest of Colmar. It was an imijerial residence. Kazali (ka-za'le), or Kazala (-la). A fortified trading town in the government of Sir-Daria, Asiatic Russia, situated on the Sir-Daria in lat. 45° 45' N., long. 62° 10' E. Kazan, or Kasan (ka-zan'). 1. A government of eastern liussia, surrounded by Viatka, Ufa, Samara, Simbirsk, and Nijni-Novgorod. it is traversed by the Volga and the Kama. Area, 24,601 square miles. Population (1891), 2,208,917. 2. The capital of the government of Kazan, situated near the Volga about lat. 55° 47' N., long. 49° 7' E.: the ancient capital of the Kip- tchak khanate. It is a flourishing commercial center; manufactures cloth, leather, etc.; and is the seat of a uni- versity founded in 1804. It was conquered and annexed by Russia in 1552. The cathedral, within the picturesque battlemented and towered inclosure of the Kremlin cita. del, was built in 1562, and resembles the Cathedral of the Assumption at Moscow. The curious belfry, of later date than the chm-ch, displays marked Tatar characteristics in its old Russian architecture. The Sumbeki Tower, be- lieved to be the minaret of the mosque of the old khans of Kazan, with subsequent restorations, is the most re- markable structure in Kazan. It is built of brick, and is pyramidal in outline, rising in 4 stages to a height of 244 feet. The summit is crowned by the imperial arms sur* mounted by a gilt ball. Population (1897). 131.r,o,'<. Kazanlik, or Kasanlik (kii-ziin'lik), or Kezan- lyk (ke-zan'lik). A town in Eastern Rumelia, Bulgaria, situated near the Tundja 44 miles northeast of Philippopolis. It is noted for the pro- duction of attar of roses. It was captured in Jan., 1878, by the Russians from the Turks, who thereupon surrendered the Shipka Pass. Population (1888), 9,480. Kazbek, or Kasbek (kaz'bek). One of the chief peaks of the Caucasus, overlooking the Dariel Pass about 75 miles north of Tiflis. in legend this was the scene of the punishment of Prometheus Height, 16,533 feet. Kazerun (ka-za-ron'). A small town in the prov- ince of I'arsistan, Persia, 51 miles west of Shiraz. Kazinczy (koz'int-se), Ferencz. Born at Er- Semely^n, Bihar, Hungary, Oct. 27, 1759: died in the coimty of Zemplin. Hungary, Aug. 22, 1831. A Hungarian author. He translated va- rious Greek, Latin, German, French, and Eng- lish classics into Magyar. Kazvin. See Eashin. Kean (ken ), Charles John. Bom at Waterford, Ireland, Jan. 18, 1811 : died at Chelsea, Jan , 22, 1868. An English actor, son of Edmund Kean. His first appearance was as young Nerval in 1827, after which he played with his father till 1833. In 1842 he mar- ried Ellen Tree. In 1860 Charles Kean leased the Prin- cess's Theatre, at first with Robert Keeley ; in 1851 he began his notable series of spectacular revivals. He was a careful Init not a great actor. His last appearance was as Louis .\I. at Liverpool in 1867. Kean, Edmund. Born at London, Nov. 4, 1787: died at Richmond, May 15, 1833. A celebrated English actor. His father was of Irish descent; his mother was an itinerant actress named Anne Carey, who deserted him. He played children's parts about 1790. and in 1795 he ran away to sea. Under his mother's name (Carey) he led the life of a roving actor until 1806, when he first appeared in the Haymarket as Ganem in the "Moun- taineers." On Jan. 26, 1814. he appeared at Drury Lane, when he was very successful as Shylock. This was fol- I Eean, Edmund 565 Kelly lowed Iiy Hamlet, Dthello, lago, and Luke in "Riches." in Galilee, Palestine, 22 miles southeast of and in 1762 was made Bovcnior of SenchAtel. He wag One of his greatest successes was in Lear at Dniry Lane, Tyre pardoned Ijy Cicorgc II. in 1769 and restored to his estates. AprU, 1S20. His tirst appearance in New York was Nov. ir-j 't-™,— o rn 7 -i „ In ITtM he was recalled bv Frederick the Great. 29.1;20. HereturnedtoDrur)Laneinl»21asKichaidIII., ^eflor Ijaomcr. hee Chcilorlaomcr. Keith James Pranpis TltiwarH Rorn Tipar and played there at intervals until 1820 when (Nov. 14) he Kedron (kO ' ,liou I. vv Kidron (kill ' ron). lu Pet.^5,^.urSe,,fl^^^ ifnf^ n flftHi'- IrilM «t thf appeared at the Park Theater, New York. He continued Bible t'eO'Taiiliv 'i brook that Dasses to the J '^!\i^"' 'f*;; ^\'''l'>"'^ J'''"' IJ. l^yl^- Killed atthe toSct at DrurjLane.fovent (jarden. and elsewhere ; hut ^ '.,,, .f.^^^^'J; 2c' tL „i^™ . }r uf-^? *?^ ^""le ot Hothkircli, Oct. 14, 175«. A Scottish Iheirregulaiityof his life destroyed his career. iTon> 1828 ">'rtl' and east of Jerusalem, and falls into the general iu the Hossian and Prussian service, bis health continued to decline, and he acted only occa- 1-"'^" *<^'l- second SOU of Willinm iiiiitli Karl Arnrischnl of .ionally from that time until May 16, 1833, when he ilied. Keeling (ke'ling) Islands, or CoCOS (ko'koz) S^.,, ]. ,fi „ , ,k ?, M t. ^°^°^ He was probaWyunequaled as Richard in., Othello, Lear, T„, ion- 1- 1 * iiiaiauOcean. luterspctedliy lat. 12°6' b.. louf,'. to Krance, where he resumed his studies. In 1728 he en- Ji.ean, Mrs (i,lien iree;. Uoru IbUo. dicU at 950 55/ ^ _ annexed bv Groat Britain iu IS.IG. '^'-'^d the Itussian service as a major general, served with London, Aufr. _1, ISSO. An Engli.sh actress. Keene fken) A citv" and tlio cniiitnl of flip- success in the Turkish war, and was made governor of the She made her first appearance in 182-2-23. From 1836-39 ^f""V 1 xt ri """ V"^ "^^Pltai 01 v,i e i kraine. Frederick the Great made him a Prussian held- •he played in America. In 1842 she married Charles Kean, '''"J^" Lounty, Aew ilampshirc, situated on the marshal (1747), and later governor ..f Berlin, with whom she played leading parts, and whose success Ashuelot 43 mOes southwest of Concord. Pop- Kelth.VlSCOUnt. ticeElphi,,slo,,c, Gcorqc Keith. Ke'alSvXr'nTphilil, Bom at Xew York T^iolT ^1, ' ^'« ^- it, . tt Kej (kej). A place in fealuchistan, about lat. Jiearny (Kar ni;, rmup. com at .^ew lorK. Keene, Charles Samuel. Bom at Homsev, '^q°\ lont^ 6-« 50' E ■^^^^ ''}^^?- ^'■"'"^ ^* Chantdly, Va., Sept. 1, Aug. 10, ISL'3: died at London, Jan. 4, 1891. An Kelat" HeeKliclal 1862. An American general. He became a second English illustrator and caricatm-ist. He worked KelatiNadiri(kel-at'enii-de're^ Avervstron^ lleatenantin 1837; senedTasa volunteer with the French for tlio "Tllii«tr!itpil T nndnr, TVrpn-= " onrl utp,. ■'^rSia'" ■■■' "lirH "'^'-''t ena-ae le). Averystrong In Algiers, 1839-40; took part in the Mexican war; and ^ .'/^ 1 Itihtratcd London P«ews, and latei tortress in Khorasan, l^ersia, near the Russian Kjsigned from the army in 1S.'>1. In 1847 he was brevetted _^^^ Iriuicn. frontier. major for gallant and meritorious conduct at Contreras Keene, Henry George. Born Sept. 30, 1781: ITplp rkp-InM nr 'RaVolo CV>m Vp 15'^ At, if,.; and Churubusco. He fought with the French in Italy in died at Tuubridtre Wells Jan •>9 1864 a,, ^^^^ (,ke la ), or iSaKeie (ba-Ke-la ). An Afn- 18S9, particularly distinguishing himself at the battle of f„' ii«h Pprs in" f l,^ln. t . ,' ," u . '^'*'^ ^"^"^ °* ""■ ^ ''''"'''' Kongo, on the Ogowe Solterino. On the outbreak of the Civil War he was ap- J^°g"f " S^ ,i^ ^V "°'^J- J," l*;-* J.^ became profes- River, back of the Mpougwe, near the Crystal pointed brigadier-general of volunteers (Xew Jersey), and f°''°' ^^^^"^ "S'^^!'^',"" *' V" F^^' I"'*"' ^°}^<^B<' »' Hal- Mountains Their Hnmaire nukele^ is of Ra„t„ ^tr,,. became maior-uenerjil in ISii" He c.inmnn.lpH fh. isf leybiin', near Hertford, England. Among his works are fi"i"'iaiu>. ineir language (l)ikele) is of Bantu struc- slwe^s^yXigadeinft^nklin'sm^^^^^^^^^ , AboVt™ -Uh?vM^™td7 u"?pUs n^^^^^^^ the Potomac st.rye.d in the battles of the Peninsula vJith Keene, LaUTa Born mEng a,ul m 1820: ched tlie^^^^k^Smt'tllVh'Mpong;!" Th^ the Ai-my of Virginia, and at the second battle of Bull P,un. at Montelair, N. J., Nov. 4, 1873. An English Fan *• t, j He was kiUed whUe reconuoitering near ChantiUy. actress. She came to the United States in 1852, and was Keler (ka'ler) B61a (real name Albert VOn lS.earsarge(Ker sarj). l. a mountain m Carroll known as a brilliant light-comedy actress. She became Keler) Born at Bartfeld Hunearv Feb 13 County, NewHampshire, 5 miles north of North the manager of the Varieties Theater in New York, and in jj^oa. ,]:„,] vt „« icoo '. TT„n„o,!i..,, „'„„,' Conwav Heio-ht about 3 -'50 fppt Also K,nr 1855 was the lessee of the Olympic (at (h-st called 'Laura ^'^-^'- ^'"' ^°'^- -^- ^''''-- ^ Uungaiian com- l^onway. aeignt, at5outd,_oUteet. Ai^Aiar- Keene's Theater') till 1S63. Here she brought out many poser and conductor. He composed popular surge.— ^. A mountain m Merrimae County, new plays, among which was " Our American Coujin,'' waltzes, the "Hurrah Sturm" galop, the Aew Hampshire, 21 miles northwest of Concord, with Jefferson and .Sothern in the cast " Friedrich Karl" march etc Height, about 2,950 feet Keewatin (ke-wii'tin). A district in British Kelheim (kel'him). A small town in Lower Ba. Kearsarge, Tne. A wooden corvette, launched Amenca.iyingtothenorthof Manitoba, andun- yaria situated at the iuuetion of the Altmiihl at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, Sept 1861. der its government. Area, including water, ^jth the Danube, 12 miles southwest of Ratis- Her dimensions were: breadth of beam, 33 feet; draught, (yh.OOO siiuare miles. >,„„ -t ■. ■ .J , , t, • ■ i„ ,. „ . IS feet 9 inches. Her register was 1,031 tons. She carried Keff rkefl or El-Kpff Cel kpf 1 A smflll town r, 1 ^''^V ^^ 'h'? ?o'osfal Befreiungshalle ('Hall of 2 engines of 400 horse-power each, and her armament con- '7,? t'^^^^I^V- ^.\-'^^^ lu ! ''. m • De iverance •) erected in 1S42-63 as a memorial of the War listed of 4 32.pounders, 2 11-inch rifles, and 1 30-pounder J." J ""'**' ?^ ""'f ^ southwest of Tunis. of Liberation (lbl3-15). . rifle. She carried 163 men, including officers, and was in Kenama (ke-hii ma). An Indian ra.ia, a char- Kelland (kel'and), Philip. Born at Dunster, command of Captain John A. \Vinslow. On June 19, 1864, aeter in the poem ''The Curee of Kehama," by Somerset, ISO'l^: died at Bridse of Allan Stir- on Cherbourg, she sank the Confederate cruiser AlalMina. Sniitlipv t;,>„ci,;,.a AtnT-T ICO AT3,.;<; 1, ., ,n *■ • On Feb. 2,18:14, she vvas wrecked upon Roncador reel in the T^°^,,t^-,, ,, • .n, • 1 p r^w , lingbh re May 7, US, 9 A British mathematician Caribbean Sea. rLenl (Kal). A town m the circle of Olienburg. He graduated at Queen s College, Cambridge, in 1S34, .ind Keats (kets), John. Born at London, Oct. 29, ^^f '^"' ^''"'^ted at the junctioii of the Kinzig i"„,'!if Se^i'ty "'''* '"'°"''°' °' ""«'"™'««'=« "> Edin- 1795: died at Rome, Feb. 23, 1821. A famous and the Rhine opposite Strasburg « "as for- j^,? ,,,,■'■ a rtplhprt von Bom nt Ploi TTn^iol, r,npf -a *, ,j »V,. .m, ,. 7^ merlya fortified place, and was bombarded by the French A.^"Cr (.KCllci ), AaeiOert von. Horn at F'lei- inglisnpoet. HewastheeldestchUdofThomaskcats, in 1870. Population (1S90), 6,s90. dclshoim, Wiirtcmbeig, Julv 5, 1812 : died at \^°Tlm■:tl^l7:Lt^ft^S'l'Z^°^-.^,^l^Z'^^^ A river in South Africa, the Tubingen, Wiirtemberg. March 13, 1883. A was apprenticed to a surgeon named Hammond at Edmoii- tonupr boundary lietween Cape Colony and noted (jemian pliilologist, professor of German ton. In the autumn of 1814 he went to London, where he Katfraria. literature and librarian at Tiibingen after 1841 : attended hospital lectures and passed an esamination at Kei, or Key, Islands (kii i'landz). A group of a student of l^omance and Teutonic literatures. bTamrE,a"efy'isslj;;iat'ed^uh Sdgh ^funt'sheiify! ^^^Vf^'^^'^ ''^'H\nVl''^'^r'i'.'\'°''' ""^""^ Kellermann . (kel'ler-mi.n), Frantjois Chris- and Haydon. The sonnet "On first reading Chapman's Ho- lat. &"-fa" b., long. 133° L. Chief island, Great tophe (originally Georg Michael Keller- mer" was written in the summer of 1815. Various poems Kei. Population, estimated, about 21,000. mann), Due de Valniv. Burn near Rcithcubiir" Jl^y!,?" p'"''"'.'" Periodicals and in Jlarch. 1817 a collec- Koighley (ketli'li). A manufacturing town in Bavaria, Mav 30, 1735 : died Sept. 12, 1820. A OonofPoemsbyJohnKeats appeared. In Apri , lsi7, he +i,„ vv„of w:,i; iv 1 i- t-' 1 1 -^ i , i^ 1 "i 1 c/> . i i. j.-, i^-v. ^v began "Endjinion" at the Isle of Wight, and finished it in t^e ^ est Ridingot Yorkshire, England. Situated 1- rench marshal, of Gorman extraction. He en- Dec. "Isabella, or the Pot of Basil" was written in Feb on the Aire 16 miles west-northwest of Leeds, tered the French army inl752,8ervedwith distinction in the 1818. "Endymion" appeared in .May, 1818, and was sharply I'opulati(m (1K91), 30,811. Also Kcitliteu. ^"""t \'-'a[s' War, and in 17!»2 Wiis appointed to tlie cum- criticizedin"Blackw,wds"(AuK.,1818)andinthe"()uar- Kpiffhtlpv Ckit'li) Thnmao Rnvn in Trpl-it»l maud of the army on the Moselle. He gained, with I>u- terly " cSept , 1818). A second volume of his more mature n A 1 780 -rlL V'Tv^ % f M 1^ 1 q" o' ?-'","""'i " bri"""." "^'j'fJ- "'" "'« P"ke of Brunswick at work, entitled "Lamia, Isabella the Eve of St Agne8,and *''^t" ^'^■'' '"^d at Eritll, Kent, Nov. 4, 18/2. \ alniy,,Sept 20, 17fl'2. Hewas created a senat<.r in IMH, and other poems by John Keata, author of 'F.ndvnnion '" was An Irish writer. He entered Trinity College, Dublin, "ilSOCwasintrusledby Kapoleonwithtliecommandottho published July, 18-20. His health now rapidly deilined, in 1803, but did not take a degree. He settled in London "■'•■"•carmy on the Khine. He was created a peer by Louis and he sailed for Naples .Sept IS, 1820. From .XapUs Ire in 1S24, and was mainly occupied with the preparation of .^ ,!"■'" ''''^- _ • Ti . wenttoRoine(Nov.l2),wherehedicdattendcilbvhisfrien.l university text-books on historical and literary subjects. Kellermann, FranQOlsEtienne.PucdeVnluiV. Severn. He was burled in the Protestant cemetery. He wrote "Faii^ Mytlii.I.ii.-y " (1828). BornatMetz, Lorraine, 1770: died June 2. 183'). Keble (ke'bl), John. Bom at FairlVird, Glou- Keim(kim), Theodor. Born at Stuttgart, Wiir- A French general, sou of F. C. Kellermann. Ho cestershire, England, April 25, 1792: died at teraberg, Dec. 17, Isl'.i: died at Giessen, Hesse, served as adjutant-general to Napoleon in Italy in I7'.i6, Bournemouth, Hampshire, EiiL'land March 27 Nov. 17, 1878. A noted German Protestant and became a brigadier general in 1797. He decided the 1866. An English cle'rgj-man and reli'gious poet; theologian and ecclesiastical historian, profes- 3'e,!^!?e"he'w^s"'irrrri'^Ll;Jraf:rd^v!r:■ 'j^-^^^^^^ one of the chief promoters of the "Oxford move- sor_ot tlieology at Zurich (1800) and at Giessen ward served with distinction at Austerlitz (1805) and Wa- ment." He graduated atOxford(CorpusChristi College) (11^73). H., wrote "tlcschichtclesu von Nazara"(" His- terloo (lbir>). and from 18;il to 1841 was professor of poetiy there. He tory of Jesus of -Nazareth," ls(;7-72), works on the Ilcfor- Kelley( kei 'i), William Darrah BornatPhila- became vicar of Hursley (March », lH:iC), and remained "'a."on. «'c- , , „ . , , „ ileliiliin Viiril 1" lsl4- ,)i,.,I ,,1 w',sliiniT(,i„ 11 c there Uiirtyyears. His influence was due especially to his KoiSet (ki'zer), Reinhard. Born at Leipsic, t, V^o \\ ir . r, ■ '^ ;, ^ ' hymns, which were putilished in the "Christian Year" 1673: diedat HiimburL' Sent 12 1739 Anemi- ,;..,., , Aiueiiean iiolUieiiin. He was (1827). He publishe,! a new editi.m of Ilook.-r (I8:i.l), the ,,pnt rTP,V>, n o ™ ie .nmno^ ad.nltlcd to he bar in IMl, an.l was a Repuldiean member I'Libraryof the Fathers" (in conjunction with Newman t^^^.^IV," "!'V! ' -f if^^ 7r • , , t. of ('.uigress froin Pennsylvania froin 861 until his death, and Pusey, begun lajs), seven numlicrs of the "Tracts of Keitn(ketll), George, lift li Earl Manschal. Born He published "Letters from Europe" (ISSO), "The >cw the Times,' etc. about 1553: died at the Castle of Dminottar, J!""'l' " 088' \etc Keble College. A college of Oxford Univer- April 2, 1623. The founder of the Marischal Kellgren (chel gran), Johan Henrik. Born at sity, founded as a memorial of .Tohn Keble, and College. Aberdeen. lie was educate.l at King's Col- ''.r'.'y- ^V'''^ Gothland. Sweden, Dee. 1, 1 /.il : designed especially for students with limited lege, Aberdeen, and suceeedeilt.i the earldom Oct. 11, insi. died ut Stoekliolni, Ajiril 20, li95. A Swedish means, it was incomomterl in iR7n Tlin ert^n.ivo In Juno, l.'.so, he Was sciit ns ambassador oxlraordlnao' to lyric ]ioel and critic. His collected works were balldin% "cofM ko7Xen colo^ilaW hipa^^^^^^ Denmark to conclude the match between the .s.ottl.h .,„l,liil,pd in 1700. The chapel Is in the Decorated me.lievai style : ?lie s-.W^e ^ Hfi,';,';; l'? ;i'f.:;je" 'aK elf """"• '" '"" '"■' '"'""'"' KellOKg (kel'og). Clara Louise. Boni at Sum- of the otherbiiildings Is later. The chapel p.,sse8se« Hoi- -BJiiVT, 'Jii)!_»^' if • a .1 1 i ii,-.,n terville S C liilv l'> 184'> An Ampri..nn onprn. man Hunts painting the " Light of the \vorld." Keith, GeorgO. Born in Scotland about 10.19: i< rMue, D. (.., .iiii\ 1. IM.. An Ameruanopern- KeC8kem6t(kech'kem-at) Atownintlipcoiintv ''iid at E.lbiirlcm, Miireh 27, 1716. A Christian singer (soprano), >yife of ( art SIrakosch Her ttoi^iemeMKCcu Kcm-ai;. Aiownintnecoiinty />„.,i..,_ ,,„,| A,>,rli,..,., „,1^L; ,. n .. childhood was passed n New Eng and. she made her OfPest-Pills-S61tandLittloCuTnania,Hiingan-, ^ , ""'/y (-''""'", """■""" ■\-,. „"S V;",' " first nppearancelu New Vorklnls6I,andlnU.ndon in IcO". 52 miles southeast of Budapest. It has consid- ^ao '''."/T/ar";" h "ded a «r,;,rl"lf f'acll^^^ ™^^ '" ''^"^ »"" "'""""'■'' "" •^•"«"-" ""•'™ ••"""•"">• ^^"'' erable trade. Population 1890), 48,493. t!!fnV,uakerr 'ue'VVtuVn^l iri'oiLo!;' ! niw^' ', ,' 't^I^ {''i' "7-'";»'";' ."f ' J"' ."'i;;',' <"' r",'M'4l",o"r';:'"^ Kedar(ke'diir). [Heb.,'dark,"duskv.'l Ason he went over U. the est..blishe,l chnreh. In 17tV2 he went «• r re .ert,.ire wa. large ncludmg .almui « "l-cms. of Ishraael." His descendants thoKedarem, WOP,, nevt to America asone of the llrsi missionaries sent out by the KellS (kolz). A small town in ( ounty Meath, totheNabatLnMhenostCorlan^^^S Society for tlu- P,npag„,|,,„ot the(.o»p,I Herc.urned to Ireland, situated on the Blackwaler 37 miles Arabs. They aro often mentioned In the Old Testament J-'^k'""'' i" '''^<- ""'I »■•'» made reclorof Edburloii, Sussex, northwest of Dublin : noted for anti.|uities. In Pliny (Hlstor. Natur.. V. 12) Ihey are calleil Ccr/m-. Keith, George, tenth Earl Mnriselial. Born Kelly (kel'i). John Born at New York, April Asurbanlpal.klngof Assyrla(«68-fl'>6ii.c.),mentlon«lnhls 1693 (f) : (lied near I'olsdnin, Prussia, Jlav 2S, 01 luoi . ,i:,„i „, \-„... York Timip 1 m.mi An annals a son of Hazilu (Ilnzael) as king of the country of 1778 \ Sciitlisli .Tncobite lie t.w,k „n «r,;.. f„r V" • ,■,••, ' r m ' ,, ,, the Kadri or Kidri. T'he settlements of the Kedarenes ,| e pVet^nde a , ■ t s rl t , ,\., ,m,^ Anierican poliheian. lea.ler of Tamninny Hall. vTa^X m -' I . \ T T,-u, I Spanish expedltl.m, which was defeated at Olcnshlel April •■''•■'i>-5H ; compt ridler 18((i-H0 ; and unsuccessful n.eaesn(Ke ilesli). in Bible geography, a town 1,1710. InnblhewasmndoPmuianambasaadortoParis, candidate for governor 1879. Kelso Kelso (kel'so). A town iu Roxburghshire, Scot- land, situated on the Tweed 43 miles south- east of Edinburgh. It coutains the ruins of an ab- bey founded by David I. in the I'ith century. Near it are Floors Castle (a seat of the Duke of Roxburghe) and ruins of Roxburgh Castle. Population (ISUl), 4,174. Kelts. See CfUg. Kelung, or Kilung (ke-lung'). A small sea- port iu northern Formosa, bombarded bj- the French in 1884. Kelvin, Lord. See Thomson, WiUiam. Kemble (kem'bl), Adelaide. Born in 1814: died Aug. 4, 1879. Au opera-siuger, the daughter of Charles Kemble. She had little success till 1839, when she sang in Venice as Norma. Her reputation contin- ued to increase till she retired from the stape upon her marriage to Frederick U. Sartoris in 1843. She wTote "A Week in a French Country House " (1807). Kemble (kem'bl), Charles. Born at Brecknock, Wales, Nov. 25, 1775: died at London, Nov. 12, 1854. A noted English actor. He went on the stage in the winter of 1792-93, and played ^Malcolm in "Mac- beth " at Drury Lane in 1794, He was the original Count Appiani in "Emilia Galotti " (1794). He was frequently associated with his brother John Kemble and Mrs, Sid- dons in the production of new plays. On July 2, 1800, he married Miss deCamp,who acted afterward as Mrs. Charles Kemble. In Aug., 1832, he sailed with his daughter, Fanny Kemble, to America, and appearedas Hamlet in Xew York, Sept. 17, 1832. In 1835 he returned to the Haymarket. His last appearance was April 10, 1840. Kemble, Elizabeth. See Wlii flock, Mrs. Kemble, Frances Anne, generally known as Fanny. Born at London, Nov. 27, 1809: died there, Jan. 15, 1893. An Anglo-American ac- tress, Shaksperian reader, and author: daughter of Charles Kemble. Shemadeherflrstpublio appear- ance in 1829, with the intention of retrieving the fortunes of her family, in which at the end of 3 years she was sue- cessful. She visited America iu 1832, and married Pierce I5utler in 1834, from whom she afterward obtained a di- vorce. She resumed her maiden name, and lived at Lenox, Massachusetts, returning to Europe at intervals. In 1848-49 she gave her first series of Shaksperian readings in Boston, followed by readings in other cities. In these she was very successful. In 1851 she again went upon the stage in England. From 1869 to 1873 she was also in Europe. She wrote "Journal of a Residence in America" (1835), "The Star of Seville"(1837, a play), "Poems "(1844), "A Year of Consolation "(1847), "Records of aGirlhood"(lS78),"lifotes upon some of Shakspere's Plays "(1882), "Records of Later Lite" (1882). "Life on a Georgia Plantation " (18()3). Kemble, George Stephen. Born at Kington, Herefordshire, May 3, 1758: died June 5, 1822. Au English actor, brother of J. P. Kemble. Kemble, John Mitchell. Born at London, April 2, 1807 : died at Dublin, March 26, 1857. An English philologist and historian, sou of Charles Kemble the actor, and nephew of John Philip Kemble and Mrs. Siddons. He graduated at Cambridge in 1830. On Feb. 24, 1840, he succeeded his father as examiner of stage-plays, and held that office until his death. He edited "Beowulf" (1333-37), His most important works are his unfinished " Tiie Saxons in Eng- land" (1849), and the "Codex Diplomaticus -•Evi Sa.\o- nici " (1839-40). Kemble, John Philip. Born at Presoott, near Liverpool, Feb. 1. 1757 : died at La.us.inne, Switzerland, Feb. 26, 1823. A celebrated Eng- lish tragedian, son of Roger Kemble. in 1771 he left a Roman Catholic school in Staffordshire for the Eng- lish college at Douai, where he received a good education ; but he could not agree to his father's plan of haviug him enter the church. He played in his father's company while still a child, but on Jan. 8, 1776, he made his real d^but at Wolverhampton as Theodosius, and played on the York circuit, as well as in Dublin and Cork, with grow- ing success till Sept, 30, 1783, when he made his first ap- pearance in London at Drury Lane as Hamlet, Here he created a good deal of excitement and some unfriendly criticism : he had not yet measured the full extent of his power. He remained with this company for 19 years. In Nov., 1783, his sister, Mrs. Siddons, first played with him and overshadowed him. In 1788-89 he undertook the management of Drury Lane, and in 1802 of Covent Gar- den. It was on the occasion of his opening the New Covent Garden Theatre, in 1809, with a new scale of prices rendered necessary by the expenses incurred, that the famous "old-price riots" occurred. He was a stately actor, with a somewhat stilted and dcclamatoi-y style. In Corlo- lanus he was at his best, but he won applause as Richard III., Hamlet, Cato. Wolsey, Zanpa, Penruddock, Jaques, Pierre, Brutus, Hotspur, Octavian, etc. In comedy he was not so successful. Kemosh. See Chemosh. Kemp, or Kempe (kemp), John. Born at Olan- teigh, near Ashford, 1380 (»): died at L.ambeth, March 22, 1454. Archbishop of Canterbury. He was a student and later a fellow of Mcrton College, Oxford. In 1419 he became bishop of Rochester, and was translated to Chichester in 1421, ancl to the see of London in the same year. In 1426 he became chancellor and arch- bishop of Y'ork, and resigned the chancellorship in 1432. He was made cardinal iu 1439. In 1452 he was translated to the archltishopric of Canterbury. Kempelen (kem'pe-len), Wolfgang von. Bom at Presburg, Hungary, Jan. 23, 1734: died at Vienna, March 26, 1804. An Austrian mechani- ciaii, noted as an inventor of automata. Kempen(kem'peu), orKempno(kemp'n6). A town iu the province of Poseu, Prussia, 43 miles 566 east-northeast of Breslau. Population (1890), commune, 5.465. Kempen. A to^vn in the Rhine Province, Prussia, 38 miles northwest of Cologne, it has a castle and an old church, and is the supposed birthplace of Thomas a Kempis. Population (1890), 5,878, Kempenfelt (kem'pen-felt), Richard. Bom at Westminster. 1718 : sank with the Royal George off Spithead,' Aug. 29, 1782. Au English rear- admiral. His father was Magnus Kempenfelt, a Swede in the service of James II. He served in the West Indies, at the capture of Portobello, and passed through various grades to captain of the Eliz.abeth (1757), In 1780 he was made rear-admiral of the blue. When Lord Howe took command of the fleet (.\pril, 1782), Kempenfelt was one of his junior admirals, his flag being on the Royal George at Spithead, In refittingthis ship, theguns were shifted to one side to give her a slight heel ; but the strain was too great, and she broke up and went down with her admiral aboard, Kemper (kem'per), Reuben. Born in Fauquier County, Va. : died at Natchez, Miss., Oct. 10, 1826. An .American soldier. He commanded in 1812 a force of about 600 Americans which cooperated with the Mexican insurgents against Spain, and in 1815 served under General ,(ackson against the British at New Orleans, Kempis, Thomas a. See Tlmmas a Kempis. Kempten (kemp'ten). A town in the govern- mental district of Swabia and Neuburg, Bavaria, situated on the Bier 65 miles southwest of Mtmieh: the ancient Campodunum. Formerly it was the seat of a princely abbacy. It is the chief place of the Algau. Population (1890), 15, 760, Kemys, or Keymis (ke'mis), La'wrence. Died in Gruiana, 1618. An English ship-captain, a follower of Sir Walter Raleigh , and his principal lieutenant in the expeditions to Gmana. His account of the first voyage is given in H.akluyt. Kemys committed suicide .after a conflict with the Indians in which Raleigh's son was killed. Ken (ken), Thomas. Born at Little Berkhamp- stead, Hertfordshire, England, July, 1637: died at Longleat, Wiltshire, March 19, 1711. Au English bishop and hymn-writer, in 1679 he waa chaplain of Marj-, sister of the king and wife of William II., prince of Orange, He was created liislmimf Bath and Wells in 1684. On Feb. 2, 1685, he attended the king's death-lied. In May, 1688, he was one of the " seven liishops " to petition the king not to oblige the clergy to read the second Declara. tion of Indulgence; and in April, 1691, he was deprived of his see as a nonjuror. His most widely known hymns include the morning and evening hymns " Awake, my soul," and " GI017 to Thee, my God, this night" (both of which end with the familiar doxology " Praise God, from whom all blessings flow "), etc. Kena(ka'na). [Skt.,'by whom?'] Anamegiven to an Upanishad, also known as the Talavakara, from a school of the Samaveda. The name, like those of papal bulls, comes from the initial word in the first sentence, " By whom sent forth does the mind fly when sent forth'?" It is translated in "Sacred Books of the East," I. 147-153, Kendal (ken'dal), or Kirkby-Kendal (kerk'bi- ken'dal). A iovra. in Westmoreland, England, situated on the Ken 40 miles south of Carlisle. It has important manufactures of cloth, and was the birth- place of Catherine Parr. Population (1891), 14,430. Kendal, Mrs. (Margaret Brunton Robertson). Born at Great Grimsby, Lincolnshire, March 15, 1849. -An English actress. She is the sister of the dramatist T. W. Robertson, and for some years was known to the public as " Madge Robertson," assuming the stage name of Kendal on her marriage with W. H, Grimston in 1869, i^^e^ Keiidal, W . n .) She made her first appearance in London as Ophelia in 1865, and soon assumed a position in the first rank of her profession as an actress of high com- edy, Mr. and Mi-s. Kendal have made several successful tours in America (the first in 1889). Kendal, William Hunter (the stage name as- sumed by William Hunter Grimston). Born in 1843. An English actor. He first appeared on the stage in 1861, and since his marriage with iladge Robert- sou has played leading parts with her. He is co-lessee of the St. James's Theatre, London with Mr, Hare, Kendall (ken'dal), Amos. Born at Dunstable, Mass., Aug. 16.1789: died at Washington, D.C., Nov., 1869. An American politician, postmas- ter-general 1835-40. He was associated with S. F. B. Morse in his telegraph patents. Kendall, Henry Clarence. Born in Ulladalla district, New South Wales, April 18, 1841 : died at Redfern, near Sydney, Aug. 1, 1882. An Aus- tralian poet. Hischief works are "Leaves from an Aus- tralian Forest" (1869), and "Songs from the Mountains" (1880). Kenealy (ke-nel'i), Ed'ward Vaughan Hyde. Born July 2, 1819: died at London, April 16, 1880. An Irish barrister. In 1850 he was impris- oned for cruelty to a natural son, six years old. In April, 1873, he became leading counsel for the claimant in the notorious Tichborne trial. On account of his conduct be. fore and after this trial, he was expelled from the circuit and disbarred (1874). He was elected member of Parlia- ment for Stoke in 1875, but on contesting the seat in 1880 was not reelected. Keneh, or Kenneh (ken'e), or Geneh (gen'e). A town in Upper Egypt, situated on the Nile in lat. 26° 12' N. : the" ancient Csenopolis. Pop- ulation, about 15,000. Kenneth I. Kenelm Chillingly (ken'elm chil'ing-li). A novel by Bulwer Lyttou, published after his death in 1873. Kenesa'w, or Kennesa'w (ken-e-sa'). Moun- tain. A mountain iu Cobb County, Georgia, 25 miles northwest of Atlanta, it was the scene of fighting between the Federals under Sherman and the Confederates under Johnston, June, 1864. Kenesti (ken'es-te). A tribe of the Pacific di vision of the Athapascan stock of North Ameri- can Indians. They live along the western slope of the Shasta .Mountains from North Eel River above Round Valley to Hay Fork ; along Eel and Mad rivers (down the latter to Low Gap); and also on Dobbins and Larrabie creeks, California. {See Athapascan.) Commonly called Wailakki, though differing from the Wailakki proper. Kenia (ka'nf-a). Mount. An isolated moun- tain iu eastern Africa, about lat. 1° 20' S., long. 37° 35' E. Height, 18,000-19, 000 feet. Kenil'WOrth (ken'l-werth). A town in War- wickshire, England, 5 miles north of Warwick. The castle, one of the most admired of English feudal monuments, was founded about 1120, and was long of note as a royal residence. It was besieged and taken by the royalists in 1266 (compare Kenihcort'li, Dictum of) ; was the prison of Edward II. in 1327; was granted to Jolin of Gaunt, and in 1562 to the Earl of Leicester ; was the scene of en- tertainments given to Queen Elizabeth (1575), of which an account is given in Scott's non-historical novel "Kenil- worth"; and was dismantled under Cromwell. Among the notable features of the ruins are the Norman keep, the picturesquely traceried banqueting-hall, and the manj towers of the outer line of defense. Population (1891). 4,173. Kenil'WOrth. A novel by Sir Walter Scott, pub- lished in 1821. The scene is laid in England in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, and Leicester and Countess Amy Robsart are introduced. Kenil'WOrth, Dictum of. An award, designed for the pacification of tlie kingdom, made be- tween King Henry HI. of Eugland and Parlia- ment in 1266, during the siege of Kenilworth. It re-established Henry in all his authority ; proclaimed amnesty for the rebels on payment of a fine ; annulled the Provisions of Oxford and the conditions recently forced on the king ; and provided that the king should keep the charter which he had freely sworn to. Acland and Ransome, Eng. Polit. Hist., p. 36. Kenites (ke'nits or ken 'its). In Bible history, a nomadic Midianitish people, dwelling in the Sinaitic peninsula. Later they were probably absorbed in the Israelites. Kenn (ken), or Keish (kash). An island iu the Persian Gulf, lat. 2G° 33' N., long. 54° 1' E.: formerly called Kais and Kish. It flourished in the 12th and 13th centuries. Kennan (keu'an), George. Bom at Norwalk, Ohio, Feb. 16, 1845. An American writer and lecturer, in 1864 he was sent to Siberia by the Russo- American Telegraph Company to supervise the construc- tion of lines. He returned in 1868. but in 1870-71 he ex- plored the eastern Caucasus. In 1885-86 he was sent by "The Century" magazine to Russia for the purpose of in- vestigating the condition of the Siberian exiles. He ti-av- eled 15,000 miles in northern Russia and Siberia, and the results of his observations were published in "The Cen. tury " magazine(1890-91), and in 1891 in book fomi, entitled "Siberia and the Exile System." He has also written "Tent Life in Siberia" (1870), and has lectured in Eng- land and America on the exile system. Kennebec (ken-e-bek'). A river in Maine which rises in MooseEead Lake and flows into the Atlantic 12 miles south of Bath. Length, over 160 miles ; navigable to Augusta. Kennedy (ken'e-di) , Benjamin Hall. Born at Summer Hill, near Birmiugliani, Nov. 6, 1804: died at Torquay, April 6, 1889. An Enghsh classical scholar, in 1836 he became head-master of Shrewsbury School, and in 1867 was made regius profea- sor of (ireek at Cambridge, and canon of Ely. From 1870 to 1880 he assisted in the revision of the New Testameut. Kennedy, Edmund B. Died near Albany Bay, Australia, Dec. 13, 1848. An Australian ex- plorer and government surveyor in New South Wales. In March, 1847, he led an expedition to trace the course of the Victoria River, In Jan., 1848, he at- tempted the exploration of Cape York, and died, on his re- turn, between Weymouth Bay and All>any Bay, Kennedy, John Pendleton. Born at Baltimore, Oct. 25, 1795 : died at Newport, R. I., Aug. 18, 1870. An American politician and novelist. He was member of Congress from Maryland 1839-45, and sec- retaiy 1 'f the navy 1852-63. His chief work is " Horse-Shoe R^>bins"n "(18:;,'>). Kennesa'w Mountain. See Kenesmo Mo uniahi. Kennet, or Kennett (kcn'et). A river iri P^ngland which joins the Thames at Reading. Length, about 50 miles. Kennet, White. Bom at Dover, England, 1660 : died at London, 1728. An English bishoij, anti- quarian, and theological writer. His chief work is a "Compleat History of England" (1706). Kenneth (ken'eth) I. MiacAlpine. Died about SCO. Kingof the Scots. He was the son of Alpin. king of the Dalriad Scots. Hisf ather died in battle with the Picta, Kenaeth I. July 20, 834. In 843 he established liis rule over Alban, or the united kingdom of the Picts and Scots» and llxed his capital at Scone. Kenneth II. Died 995. A Scottish kiug, sou of Malcolm I. Dm-ing bis reigu the central districts of Scotland were consolidated and defended. Kennicott (ken'i-kot), Benjamin. Bom at Tot- nes, Devonshire, April 4, 171S : died at Oxford, England, Aug. 18, 1783. An English biblical scholar. He was Radcliffe librarian at Oxford 1707-83. His special work was the collation of Hebrew manuscripts, in which he was assisted by liis wife. She founded two Hebrew schohu-shipsat Oxford in memory of herhusbaiid, Kennicott's chief work is his •' Vetus Testamentum hebrai- cum cum vaiiis lectionibus" (1770-80). His coUectinn of manuscripts is dt-posited at the New Museum, Oxford. Kennington (ken'ing-ton). ['King's town.'] A district in Lambeth, London. It was here that (1041) Ilardicanute died suddenly at a wedding-feast — with a tremendous struggle — while he was drinking. Nothing remains now of the palace. Ilare, Loudon, II. 404. Kenosha (ke-no'sha). A city and the capital of Kenosha County. Wisconsin, situated on Lake Michigan 34 miles south of Milwaukee : a trad- ing center. Population (1900), 11,606. Eensal Green (Ken'sal greuj. a cemetery in tl»e northwestern part of London. Kensett (ken'set), John Frederick. Bom at Cheshire, Conn., March '22, 1818: died at New- York, Dec. 16, 1872. An American landscape- painter. He spent several years(1840-17)in Europe, p.iint- iDg in England, Italy, etc., and was elected national acad- emician in 184l.>. In 1S59 he was appointed one of the commission to supervise tlie decoration of the Capitol at Washington. Among his works are "An October After- noon " (18, and was the seat of the Jutisli kingdoms. Its conver- sion tcChristianitycommenced under Augustinein5*.i7,and tt was annexed to Wessex in 823. Area, 1,562 square miles. Population (1=91), I,142,.i«4. Kent, Pri nc e Edward Augustus, Duke of . Born at Buckingliam House, Loudon, Mov. 2. 1767: died at Sidmouth, Devonshire, Jan. i'i,ls2(l. The fourth son of George III. of England, and father of Queen Victoria. On May 28, 1818, he married Vic- toria Mary Touisa, widow of Emicli Charles, prince <,f J.ein- Ingen-Iiaclisburg-Hardenburg. Their only child, \'ictoria, was born at Kensington Palace, May 24, 1819. Kent, Earl of. A characterin Shaksi)ere'8 "King Lear": nii upright and faithful counselor. Kent, Fair Maid of. See Joan. Kent, Maid of or Nun of. See Barton, Eliza- h'lh. Kent, James. Bom at Philippi, Putnam County, N. Y., July 31, 1763 : died at New Y'ork, Dec. 12, 1847. A noted American .-iiirist. Ho became judge o( the Supreme Court of New York in 1798; was chief jus- tice ol the Supreme Court of New York 1804-14 ; and was chancellor 1814-23. His chief work is "Commentaries on American Law" (1826-30). Kent, William. Born in the North Riding of Yorkshire, 1684: died at London, .Xjiril 12. 1748. An English painter, sculptor, architect, and landscapi'-gardeiier. Ho stmlied In Kome, where in 1710 he attracted the notice of Ulchard Hoyle, third eail of Burlington, with whom he resiiled for the rest of his life. He is best known as the butt of Chestorllehl, Hogarth, and olhci wits o( the time. Kentigern (ken'ti-gern), or MungO (mnng'go). Saint. Born at Culross, Perthshire, probably 518: died Jan. 13, COS. Theapostleof the Stratli- clyde Britons in Scotlanil, and patron saint of Glasgow. Kentish Town (ken'tish toun). A northern suburb o( London, 3 miles northwest of St. Paul's. Kent Island. Tho largest island in Chesapeake Bay, .situated in Queen Anne County, Maryland, 7 miles east of Annapolis. The rirst seltlement in Maryland was made here by Claiborne in 1031. Lenglli, 15 miles. Kent's Cavern. A cavo near Torquay, Devon- shire, England, noted for t)ie pnleolithic flint tools and other implements, and for the animal remains, discovered there. 567 Kentucky fken-tuk'i). [Prom the river so named. liiiitnckii i." an Indian word variously esplaiued as meaning 'at the head of a river,' ' river of blood,' ' the dark and bloody laud ' or 'ground.'] One of the Southern States of the United States of America. Capital, Frankfort. Largest citv, Louisville, it is separated by the .Mis- sissippi from Slissouri on the west, by the Ohio from Ohio, Indianit, and Illinois on the north, and by the Hip Sandy from West Virginia on the ea£t, and is bounded by Vii-ginia on the southeast, and by Tennessee on the south. It lies between hit. 36° ;i0' and 39" 6 N., and long. 82 and 89' 38 W. It is mountainous in the east; the "Blue Grass region" is in the center. The chief minerals .-u-e coal and iron ; the leading occupations .are agriculture and the breeding of horses, cattle, and mules. It is the tlrst State in produc tion of tobacco and hemp. It has ll'.i counties ; sends 2 senators and U representatives to Congress; and has 13 electoral votes. Kentucky, the ancient Indian hunting- ground ("dark and bloody ground"), was explored by IJaniel Boone in 17C9 ; was settled at Harrodsburg in 1774 , was formed into a county of Virginia in 1770; was admitted into the Union in 1792; was distinguished in the War of 1812 and the Mexican war; w.as one of the Slave States; attempted to preserve neutrality in the Civil War; was occupied by Federals and Confederates in 1801; and was the scene of various campaigns and raids. Area, 40,400 square miles. Population ayoo;, 2,147,174. Kentucky. A river in the State of Kentucky, joining the Ohio 40 miles southwest of Cincin- nati. Length, over 2.50 miles; navigable to Frankfort. Kentucky Resolutions. Nine resolutions pre- pared by Thomas Jefferson and passed by the legislature of Kentucky in 1798. a tenth was passed in 1799. They declared the "alien and sedition laws " void, and emphasized the rights of the several States. KenwigS (ken'wigz), Morleena. In Dickens's " Nicholas Niekleby," a young lady with flaxen pigtails and white-ruffled trousers, who has a habit of fainting at intervals. Kenyon (ken'yon), John. Born in the parish of 'rrelawuev, Jamaica, 1784: died at Cowes, Isle of Wigh't, Dec. 3, 1856. An EngUsh poet and philantliroj.ist. He studied at Charterhouse, and in 1S02 etttered ( ';init)ridgc, leaving without a . it is attended by about 2o0 'Students, and has a library of over 30,uon volumes. Keokuk (ke'o-kuk). A city and one of the cajiitals of Lee County. Iowa, situated on the Mississippi, at the foot of the rapids, in lat. 40° 23' N., long. 91° 26' W. It is a railway cen- ter and canal termiiuis. and has iron mainifactures. Meat-packing is an important industry. Population ll'.lOOi, 14.f.41. Kephallenia. See Cijiiuiiiiiiia. Kepler (Ueji'lcr), Johann (family name origi- nally Von Kappel). Born at Weil der Stadt, ^Viirt(■mlperg, \>ir. 27, 1571: died at K;itisbon, Bavaria, Nov. 15, 1030. A celebratoil German astronomer, one of tho chief founders of mod- ern astronomy. lie became professor of mathematics at Gratz in 1593, assistant of 'I'ycho at Prague in 1000, and imperial astronomer in 1001, and was professor at Linz 1012-26. His name is especially associated with the three laws of idanetary nn'tion (Kepler's laws). The (Irst two were announced in bis "Ue .Motibus Stella? Martis" in IflOl), and he discovered tho third on March 8, 1i;i.k. The three lawsare as follows; (rt) The orbitsof the iilanctsare ellipses having the sun at one focus, ih) Tin- areas de- scribed by their radii vectores In cqind times are etjual. (c) The wptares of their peri<)dic tinn-s are prf>iK»rtional to the cubes of their mean distan(K*s frpel. Born Ajiril 25, 1725; ilied Oct. 2. 1786. An English auiuiral, second son of William Anne Keppel. second earl of Albemarle, in 17.55 hetookconnnand of the North American stjuadlon at Hamt>ton Knads. He was made rear-admintl of the lilue In 1702. vice adndral In 1770, admiral of tlu- blue In 177s, ami comnninder-ln- chief of the licet In 1778 On .Iuly27, 1778, he engaged (he French tb-et in llie channel wllhoul result. Kor his be- havior i[i this battle he was court-martialed Jan.. 1779. anti ae,|nitted. In Kockingham'scablnet he was appcdnted Hrst lord of the admiralty (17H'.;), and created viscount Keppel. He retireil fri>ni public life In 1783. Keppel, George Thomas, sixth Karl of Albe- niarlc. It.ini .lime i:t. li!l!): fty and massive ; the passages, colonnades cisterns, and moats are of great ex- tent ami interest. A subterranean chapel with frescos is very curious. Population, estimated, 8,000. K6ratry (ka-ra-tre'), Auguste Hilarion de. Horn at Rennes, France, (let. 28, 1769: ditcl Nov., 1859. A French politician and miscella- neous writer. K^ratry, Comte Emile de. Born at Paris. March 20, 1832. A French jiolitician and publicist, son of Auguste Hilarion de Keratry. Kerauli (ker-a-le'), or Karauli (kar-a-le') or Kerowlee (ker-ou-le'). 1. A native state in Rajputana, India, intersected by lat. 26° 30' N., long. 77° E. It is under British control. — 2. The capital of the state of Kerauli, about lat. 26° 27' N., long. 77° 4' E. Population, about 25,000. Kerbela (ker-ba'lii), or Meshhed-Hussein (mesh-ed'hus-san'). A town m the vilayet of Bagdad, Asiatic Tiu'key, 57 miles south-south- west of Bagdad: the sacred city of the Shiites. Population, estimated, about 60,000. Keres. See Keresan. Keresan(ka-re'san). Alinguistic stock of North American Indians which embraces the seden- tary tribes occupying the pueblos or communal villages of Acoma, Lagtma, Cochiti, Santa Ana, San Felipe, Santo Domingo, and Sia, in the main and tributary valleys of the Rio Grande, New Mexico. The stock comprises two dialectic groups: one, the pueblos of Laguna and Acoma, with their outlying villages ; the other or eastern pueblos, wliich form the Kera or Keres group, from which the name of the stock is ile- rived. In 1542 the tribes inhabited seven villages ; in lfi82 but tlve were occupied. Laguna was not established as a pueblo until 1699. Except Acoma. none of the Keresan pueblos is on the site occupied at the time of the early Spanish explorations. They number ;j,5Co. Also Kcra, Keres, Quera, Quercs, Quirix, Chuchaeas, Kemcliaichatl. Keresaspa (ke-rc-sUs'pa). [' Having lean, slen- der horses.') In the .\vesta, a hero of the race of Sama. He and Urvakhshaya are sons of Thrita. He avenges the murder of his brother by Hitasjia, and slays the dragon Srvara and the demon (iandarewa. In the shabnamah the name appears as Ciarshasp. Kerethim (Uer'e-thim). See the extract. David instituted a bodyguard of Kerethim and Pclelhlni, or rather of Cretans and Philistines (2 Sam. xv. 18), to whom the Hebrew of 2 Sam. xx. 23 ailds a name which has been obliterated in our English version, the Carians. These foreign soldiers were a sort of Janissaries attached to the persim of the sovereign, after the common fashion of Eastern nionarch.s, who, teem themselves most secure when sunminili il liy a band of followere uninlluenced by family comuctiuns « itli the people of the land. The cons'iitution of the bodyguard appears to have remained unchanged to the fall of the Jltdiean state. »: It. Smith, O. T. in the Jewish Ch., p. 249. Kerewe (ke-ra'we), orWakerewe (wii-ke-ni'- we). .\n -African tribe of (iernian East .-Vfrica, inhabiting the island Ukcrewo and adjacent mainland, at the south end of Lake Victoria Bukindo is their capital. Though aiip.arentiv Bantu, their dialect is said to dilfer considerably from that of tllclr Wasuknma neighbors. Kerguelen (k.ig'e-len) Land, or Desolation Island. -\n uniiiliabiled isliiiid in the Soiitliern Ocenn, intersected by lat. 49° S., long. 6!^" 30' E The surface Is mountainous. It wan discovered by tho Freiichimin Kcrgui'len Treniarec in 1772: annexixl by Kranre tK93. Length, about IHI nilb-K Kerkenna (ker-ken'nin Islands. A group of is 1.1 mis in the Gulf of Cubes (Syrt is Minor), east "( Tunis. Kerki (kcr'ko). A town in Russian central .\sia, on the Oxus south of Bokhara. It in an iinportnnt point on the caravan route, and is garrisoned by Russians. Kerkuk dver'-kok'), oflicinlly Shahr Zul (shiir ziil) (or Zor). A town in the vil.ivet of .Mosul, .Asiatic Turkey, situated nn the Aiihem 00 miles southeast of Mosul. Popidalioii, estimated, 12.000-15.000. Kerkyra. See Corfu. Kermadec (kt'r-mn-dek') Islands. A group of small islands in the South I'ncilic, about lat. Slip's., long. 178° W.: annexed by Great Britain in l.ssC). Kerman, See Kirmnn. Kermanshah. See Idrninnshahan. Kem-baby Kern-baby (kem'ba-bi), or Kernababy (.ker'- na-ba-bi). See the extract. Let us take another piece of folklore. All North-country English folk know the Kernahaby. The custom of the " Kernababy " is commonly observed in England, or, at all events, in Scotland, where the writer has seen many a ker- nababy. The last gleanings of the last field are bound up in a rude imitation of the human shape, and dressed in some tag-rags of finery. The usage has fallen into the conservative hands of children, but of old "the Maiden" was a regular image of the harvest goddess, which, with a sickle and sheaves in her arms, attended by a crowd of reapers, and accompanied with music, followed the last carts home to the farm. It is odd enoughthat the "Maid- en" should exactly translate the old Sicilian name of the daughter of Demeter. "The Maiden "has dwindled, then, among us to the rudimentary kernababy ; but ancient Peru had her own Maiden, her Hju-vest Goddess. Lanff, Custom and Myth, p. 17. Kerner (ker'uer), Andreas Justinus. _ Born at Ludwigsburg, Wiirtemberg, Sept. IS, 1786: died at Weinsberg, Wiu-temberg. Feb. 21, 1862. A German lyrie poet and medical ■mriter. He was destined at the outset for a mercantile career, but ulti- mately studied natural history- at Tiibiiigen, where he was intimately associated with I'hland and Gustav Schwab, with whom he founded the so-called Swabian school of poe- try. After 1S19 he was district physician at Weinsberg. where he died. His poems are characterized by a true lyric quality ; one at least of them, the " Wanderlied " (■■Wander Song"), has become a genuine folk-song. He was a believer in spiritualistic manifestations, and wrote several works in this field, among them " Die Seherin von Prevorst" ("The Prophetess of Prevorst "). His principal prose work is "Keiseschatten von dem Schattenspieler Luchs" ("Magic Lantern Pictures of Travel by the Ex- hibitor Luchs," 1811). Keroualle, or Querouaille (ka-ro-al'), Louise Benee de, Duchess of Portsmouth and Aubigny. Born 1649: died at Paris, Nov. 14, 1734. Elder daughter of Guillaume de Penaneoet, sieur de Keroualle. she first appears as maid of honor to Hen- rietta, duchess of Orleans, sister of Charles IL. and later to Queen Catharine. She became mistress of Charles II. in 1671, and on July 29, 167-, bore him a son, Charles Len- no.v, who was created duke of Richmond. She was nat- uralized and in 1673 created duchess of Portsmouth, and made lady of the bedchamber to the queen. In 1674 she was granted by Louis -VIV. the fief of Aubigny in Berry. After the death of Charles n. she retired to Aubigny for the rest of her life. Kerr (ker), Robert. Born at Bugh fridge, Rox- burghshire. 17.")5: died at Edinburgh. (Jet. 11. 1813. A Scottish author. He is best known for his " General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels " (28 volumes : 1811-24). Kerry (ker'i). A maritime eoimty in llunster, Ireland. It is separated by the Shannon from (Hare on the north, and bounded by Limerick and Cork on the east, Cork on the southeast, and the .-Atlantic Ocean on the south- west and west. It contains Macgillicuddy's Reeks and the Lakes of Killamey. The chief town is Tralee. Area, 1,853 square miles. Population (1891), 179.136. Kertch (kerch). A seaport in the eastern part of the Crimea, Russia, situated on the Strait of Yenikale in lat. 45° 21' N.. long. 36° 28' E.: the ancient Panticap8?um. it is noted for its antiquities ; was an ancient Milesian colony ; was the capital of the kingdom of Bosporus ; was occupied later by the Byzantine empire. Genoese, Turks, etc.; passed to Russia in 1774; and was sacked by the English and French forces in 1855. Population, with Yenikale, 30,892. Keshab Chandra Sen (ke-shub' chan'dra san). Boru 1838: died 18,84. The third great tfieistie reformer of British India, following Rammohun Eoy and Debendranath Tagore. Underhis leader- ship the Br.ahmasamaj or Theistic Church was led to break with almost all the traditional Hindu usages spared by his predecessors, even the distinction of caste. Kesho. See Hanoi. Kesmark. See EasmarJ:. Kesselsdorf (kes'sels-dorf). A -rillage 5 miles south-n-est of Dresden, Here, Dec. 15, 1745, the Prus- sians under Leopold of Dessau defeated the Saxons. The peace of Dresden, putting an end to the second Silesian war, immediately followed. Kestenholz (kes'ten-holts). A small to-svn in Alsace, 27 miles south'n-est of Strasburg. Keswhawhay. See Eeresan. Keswick (kez'ik). Atown in Cumberland, Eng- land, situated on the Greta 22 miles south- southwest of Carlisle. It was the residence of Southey and Shelley, and is noted for its picturesque scenery. Der- wentwater, Skiddaw. PSor^rowdale, etc., are in the neigh- borhood. Population (1891), 3,905. Keszthely (kest'helyl. A town iu the county ot Zala. Hiingarv. situated on Lake Balaton in lat. 46° 47' X." long. 17° 15' E. Population (ls;iO), 6.195. Ketch (kech). John, surnamed Jack Ketch. Died Nov., 1686. A famous English executioner. On Dec. 2, 1678, his name first appears in a broadside en- titled "The Plotter's Ballad, being Jack Ketch's incom- parable receipt for the cure of Traitorous Recusants, etc." ■'Punchinello" was about the time of his death intro- duced into England from Italy, and his name passed nat- urally to the executioner in the puppet-show. Kete (ka'te), or Bakete (bii-ka'te). A ■widely scattered Bantu tribe of the Kongo State, on the Kassai, Luebo, and LubUashi rivers. Their 568 towns are intermixed with those of the Bashi-lange. An American Presbyterian mission has settled among them. Ketteler(ket'tel-er), Baron Wilhelm Emanuel von. Born at Miinster, Prussia. Dec. 25, 1811 : died at Bm'ghausen, Upper Bavaria. July 13, 1877. A German eeelesiastie and Ultramontane leader, made bishop of Mainz in 1850. Kettering (ket'er-ing). A town in Xorthamp- toushire, England, 13 miles northeast of North- ampton. Population (1891). 19.454. Kettle (ket'l), Tilly. Born at London about 1740 : died at Aleppo, S\-ria, 1786. An English portrait-painter. His portraits, in the style of Sir Joshua Reynolds, have some merit. Keux. See Eay, Sir. Ke'W (ku). A village in the county of Surrey, England, situated on the Thames 9 miles west of London. It is celebrated for its botanical gardens. These originated iu gardens laid out by Lord Capel about the middle of the 18th century. They were extended by George III., and since 1840 have been national propertj^. The extent of the gardens is 75 acres, and that of the ad- joining arboretum 178 acres. Kew Obser'vatory. The central meteorological observatory of Great Britain. It is at Old Rich- mond Park, between Kew and Richmond, and was brrilt by George III. for the observation of the transit of Venus in 1769, and called the " Kings Observator>'. " About 70 years after this the government determined to cease main- taining it, and in 184'2 it was handed over to the British Association under the name of "Kew Observatory." In 1871 it was transferred to the Royal Society, and is now the central station of the meteorological office. Ke'Weena'W (ke'we-na) Bay. An arm of Lake Superior, north of Michigan, about lat. 47° N., long. 88° W. Ke'Weena'W Point. A peninsula in northern Michigan, projecting into Lake Superior: noted for its copper-mines. Ke'w-kiang, or Kiu-kiang Cku-ke-ang'). A citv in the province of Kiangsi, China, situated on "the Yangtse, lat. 29° 42' N., long. 116° 8' E. It exports tea. Population, about 50,000. Key (ke). Sir Astley Cooper. Born 1821: died at Maidenhead, England, March 3. 1888. A British admiral. He was the son of a surgeon, Charles Aston Key ; entered the na\'y in 1833 ; and was commis- sioned lieutenant Dec. 22, 1842. He was made comm-ander atObligado Nov. 20,1845. He commanded the Amphion in the Baltic in theRussian war 1S54-55; went to China in 1857; was made rear-admiral in 1866 ; organized the Royal Naval College at Greenwich irr 1S72. and became its president in 1373 ; was made vice-admiral in 1S73, and admiral in 1878 ; and became first naval lord of the admiralty in 1879. Key, Francis Scott. Born in Frederick County, Maryland. Aug. 9. 1780: died at Baltimore, Jan. 11, 1843. An American poet, author of "The Star-Spangled Banner." His poems were published in 1857. Key, Thomas Hewitt. Bom at London, March 20. 1799 : died there, Nov. 29, 1875. An Eng- lish Latin scholar, in 1826 he was made professor of mathematics in the University of Virginia, but returned to England in 1827. In 18^23 he was appointed professor of Latin in London Vniversity, and in 1S42 professor of comparative grammar. He was also head-master of the school attached to University College from 1842 until his death. Hepublisheda"LatinGrammar"(lS46). HisLatin dictionary appeared in 1S8S. Keyes(kez), Erasmus Darwin. Born at Brim- field, Mass., May 29. 1810: died Oct. 14, 1895. An American general. He graduated at West Point in 1832 ; was military secretary to General Scott 1860-61 ; and became major-general of volunteers in the Union army irr 1862. He corrrmanded a brigade at Bull Run, July 21, ISiil, and a cdrps at the battle of Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862. He published "Fifty Years' Obsei-vation of Men and Events" (1SS4), Key Islands. See Kei Islands. Key of Christendom. A name once given to Buda, Hungary, from its strategically impor- tant position between Germany and Turkey. Key of India. Herat. Key of Russia. A name sometimes given to Smolensk. Key of the Gulf. A name sometimes given to Cuba, on account of its position at the entrance of the Gulf of Mexico. Key of the Mediterranean. A name some- times given to Gibraltar. Keystone State. A popular designation of Pennsylvania, the central State of the original thirteen. Key West (ke west), Sp. Cayo Hueso (ki'6 wa'so) ('Bone Reef '). 1. An island, one of the Florida Keys, belonging to Monroe County, Florida, situated 60 miles southwest of Cape Sahle. Length, 7 miles. The population is largely of Cuban and Bahaman descent. — 2. A seaport and the capital of Monroe County, and the southernmost town iu the United States, situated on the island of Key West in lat. 24° 33' N.. long. 81° 48' W. it is an important United States naval station, and manufactures cigars. Popula- tion (1900), 17,114. Khazars Kezanlyk, or Kezanlik. See Ea::anlik. Kezdi-Vasirhely (kez'df-va'shar-hely). A town in the county of Haromszek, Transylva- nia, Himgari.'. 34 miles northeast of Kronstadt. ElhabarO'Vka (kha-ba-rof'ka). The capital of the Maritime Province. Siberia, situated at the junction of the Ussuri with the Amur, about lat. 48° 30' N., long. 135° 30' E. Khadljah. See EucUjah. Khafra (khaf'ra). An Egyptian king of the 4th dynasty, builder of the second of the gi'eat pyramids of Gizeh. Also Eephren, Che2>hreii, Chahryes. The statue of Khafra [of polished green diorite, iu the Gizeh palace], the founder of the Second Pyramid, which is remarkable not only for it5 great age — sixty centuries at least — but for its breadth and majesty, as well as for the finish of its details. It is therefore a rare object. It also throws an unexpected light across the history of Eg>*ptian Art. and shows that six thousand years ago the Egyptian artist had but little more progress to make. Mariette, Outlines, p. Ill* Khaibar Pass. See Ehyher Pass. Khairabad, or Khyrabad (kj-ra-bad'). The capital of Sitapur ilistriet, Oudli, British India, 50 miles north of Lucknow. Population (1891), 13.773. Khairpur, or Khyrpur (klr-por'). a native state in Sind, India, under British protection, intersected bv lat. 27° N., long. 69° E. Area, 6,109 square riiUes. Population (1891), 131,937. Kialid (eha'led), or Kaled (ka'led). Died at Emesa, 8\Tia . 642 A. D. A Saracen general, sur- named "the Sword of God." HecommandedtheSIec- can force which defeated Mohammed at Ohod in 625. He afterward became a follower of the prophet, and was placed by ilohammed's successor. .\bu-Bekr, in command of an ex- pedition against Syria. He defeated the Byzantine army in a decisive battle on the Hieromax (Yarinuk) and cap- tured Damascus in 636. Khamil (cha-mel'), orHami (ha-me'). Atown in Eastern Turkestan, Chinese empire, about lat. 42° 50' N., long. 93° 30' E. Khandesh (khan-desh'), or Candeish (-dash'). A district in Bombav. British India, intersected bv lat. 21° N., long. 75° E. Area, 10,907 square miles. Population (1891), 1,460,851. Khandwa (khand'wa). orKhundwa, or Cund- wah (kund'wa). The capital of Ximar district. Central Provinces, British India, situated about lat. 21° 46' X.. long. 76° 21' E. Khania. See Canea. Khanpur (khan-p6r'). A town in the state of Bhawalpur. India, situated in lat. 28° 37' N., long. 70° 35' E. Khan Tengri ( khan ten'gre). The highest peak of the Thian-Shan Mountains, central Asia (24,- 000 feet). Kharezm (kha-rezm'). A country of central Asia, lying about the lower Oxus and the Aral and Caspian seas. Its monarchs for a short period st the beginning of the 13th century ruled over a large part of central Asia. Also Khxcarezm, Ehorave^mia, etc. Kharkoff (ehiir-kof). 1. A government of Rus- sia, surrounded by the governments of Kursk, Voronezh, Province of the Don Cossacks, Ye- katerinoslaflf. andPultowa. Area. 21.041 square mUes, Population (1892), 2,537,339.— 2. The capital of the government of Kharkoff, situated on the Udy in lat. 50° X., long. 36° 11' E. It has flourishing fairs, trade, and manufactures, and is the seat of a university. The city was founded in 1650. and has been a center of Nihilism. Population (1S97), 17n.6S2. Kharput (char-pot'), orHarpoot ihar-pof). A town in Kurdistan. Asiatic Turkey, 70 miles northwest ofDiarbekir. Population, estimated, about 20.000. Khartum, or Khartoum (char-tom'). A city in Nubia, situated at the imion of the White Nile and Blue Nile, in lat. 15° 40' X.. long. 32° 35' E. It was founded by Mehemet Ali in 1823. and was formerly the capital of the Eg>-ptian Sudan and an important com- mercial center. It was occupied by (Gordon in 1S&4-85, and taken by the troops of the Mahdi Jan. ■JO. 1885. It was reentered bv the British Sept. 4 1S38. Population. 26.000. Khasia and Jaintia Hills. A district in As- sam, India, under British control, intersected by lat. 25° 30' N., long. 91° 30' E. Area, 6,157 square miles. Population (1881). 169,360. Khaskioi (ehas-M-oi'), or Haskovo (has-ko'- v6). A town in Eastern Rumelia, Bulgaria, about 45 miles southeast of Philippopolis. Pop- ulation (1888). 14.191. Khassi. See Tifire. Khatmandu, or Katmandu, or Catmandoo (kat-man-do'). The capital of Xepal. situated about lat. 27° 42' N., long. 85° 20' E. Popula- tion, estimated, about 50,000. Khazars. See Cha:ars. Ehelat Kbelat, or Kelat (ke-laf ). The capital of Balu chistan, situated about lat. 28° 55' N., long. 66° 30' E. It was taken by the British 1839 and 1840, and in 188S Khelat and its territory were incorporated with Brit- ish India. Tiie chief part of Baluchistan is under tlie suze- rainty of the Khan of Khelat. Population of the town, 14,000. Ehem (chem). Au Egyptian divinity. See the extract. Khem, the generative principle and universal nature, was represented as a phallic figure He was the god of Coptos . . . and the Pan of Chenimis (Panopolis) — the Egyptian Pan, who, as Herodotus justly observes (ch. 145. book il.> was one of the eight great gods. Jtaivliiison, Herod., II. 285. Kbemnitzer. See Chemnitzer. Kheraskoff (ehe-ras-kof ), Mikhail. Bom Oct. 25, 1733: died at Moscow, Oct. 9, 1806. A Kussian epic poet. He wrote "Rossiada" in 12 books, and '• Vladimir" in 18 books, besides minor poems. Kheri(khe-re'). Adistrict in Oudh,British India, intersected by lat. 28° N., long. 81° E. ^Vi-ea, 2,965 square miles. Population (1891 ), 903,615. Kherson (eher-sou')- 1. A government of south- ern Russia, surrounded by the Black Sea and the governments of Bessarabia, Podolia. Kieff, Yekaterinoslaff, and Taurida. Area. 27,523 square miles. Population (1897), 2,728.508.— 2. The capital of the government of Kherson, situated on the Dnieper in lat. 46° 39' N., long. 32° 35' E. It was founded by Potemkin in 1778 Population (1897), 69,219. Kheta. See Hittitts. Kheyr-ed-Din Barbarossa. See Barbarossa Khilidromi (ke-le-dro'me), or Khiliodromia. An island in the ^gean Sea, belonging to Greece, east of Skopelos and north of Euba?a : probably the ancient Peparethus or Halon- nesus. Length, 13 miles. Khita. See Hittites. Khiva (ohe'va). 1. A khanate of central Asia, situated in the valley of the lower Oxus, bor- dering on Bokhara on the southeast, and nearly surroimded by Russian territory. It is governed by a khan, vassal (|since 1873) of Russia. The leading races are Uzbegs, Sarts, Turkomans, and liberated Persians. The religion is Mohammedan. Khiva was part of the ancient Eharezm. It was unsuccessfully attacked by Russia in 1717 and 1S39. and conquered by Russia in 1873. Area, estimateil, 22,3i20 square miles. Population, estimated, 700,000. 2. The capital of the khanate of Khiva, in lat. 41° 23' N., long. 60° E. Population, about 5,000. Khnum. An Egyjjtian deity. See Ea. Khodjend, or Khojend (eho-jeud'). A town in Sir-Daria, Turkestan; Asiatic Russia, situated on the Sir-Daria 76 miles west-southwest of Khokand. Population, estimated, 35,000. Khoi, or Choi (choi). A town in the province of Azerbaijan, Persia, situated on the Kotur in lat. 38° 32' N., long. 45° 8' E. Near this place, in 1514, the Turks under Selira I. defeated the Persians un- der Ismail. Population, estimated, 25,000. Khoikhoin (koi-koin' ). The native name of the Hottentots. By their Bantu neighbors they are called Balawu or Balao. They occupy the southwestern ex- tremity of Africa, mostly in German territory and in the Cape Colony. (For their physical appearance, sec Hottentot- Bushmen.) Though involved in relentless wars with the white intruders, with Bantu neighbors, ami \\ iili jjcnple of their own kin, they have maintained thenisi'lvts u> tliis day, and are not decreasing. They have sut)jugated a Bantu tribe, the Hill Damara, forced upon it their own language, and almost destroyed another Bantu tribe, the Ovaherero. Most of them are now semi-civilized. The principal tribes are that of the Cape (speaking Dutch), the Korana, the Griqua or Bastards (half-l>reeds of mixed Hottentot an! Dutch blood), the Gonaijua in tlie Eastern Province, and the Namaqua in German Southwest Africa. The last is the strongest tribe, imrabering about 350,000. The main features of the Klioikhoin language are — (1) In phonology : (a) the clicks wliich form an integral part of the words; (o) the musical tunes by which several mean- ings of a monosyllabic root are differentiated. (2) In mor- phology ; (c) monosyllabic roots ; (rf) three grammatic gen- ders and three numbers ; (e) the masculine and feminine letters identical with the Hamitic ; (/) the use of post- positions as in the Hamitic family. Exceedingly rich in grammatical forms and in word-store, the Khoikhoin dia- lects are also well provided with folk-tales, animal stories, and proverbs, many of which have been collected, but few published. See Hottentots anf the grand princes of Kictf ; Wiis sacked by the Mongols in 1240 ; passed later to Lithua- nia and Poland ; and was annexed to Russia in the 17tli century. Population (1897). "iLS.TaO. BUeff (ke'ef), Grand Principality of. A grand principality of Russia in the middle ages. Un- der Oleg (about 900) the seat of the \ arangian power was transferred to Kieff. After 1064 it was regarded as the head of the other Russian principalities. From the middle of I lie 12th century it lost its preeminence. It fell later to the 'I'atars and Lithuanians, and finally to Russia. Kiel (kcl). A scaiKirt in the province of Schles- wig-Holstein, Prussia, situated on Kiel harbor in lat. 54° 19' N., long. 10° 9' E. It is the chief German naval station in the lialtic, and the principal city of the province ; has one of the finest harbors in Europe ; and is the terminus of a canal to the North Sea, opened 1895. Docks and cinays have been recently greatly de- veloped. It has several art and other museums and a university. A peace was concluded here, .Ian. 14, 1814, by which Denmark ceded Norway to Sweden and Helgoland to Great Britain, and leccived Swedish Pomerania and Riigen from .Sweden. Population (IIHHII. 107,938. Kielce (ke-elt'se). 1. A govornmentof Poland, Russia, boinided by Piotrkoff and Radom on tlie north, Austria-Hungary on the east and south, and Prussia on the west. Area. 3.89^ ^®^*'® 5"0 King George's Sound square miles. Population, 692,328. — 2. The burv. London Feb 7 Ifil'^- aipH nt WTiitoViQil ^o„i^™.,„i * _„ »• t-- eipital of the goverUent of Kielee, situated 96 Lon'don?Mar°h ll, 1683 in EnllisL^madst' UppefoeUte °° ^-^-^endge clay, in the momT%^^ "^^'^ " "'^'^- P^P^'^""" brother of Sir William Killigrew". Hewaaapageoi Kiilpolung (kim-p6-long'), orKimonlune Xlsytl), I'.if'i'-. _ _ Cliarles I., and remained loyal to him and his successor. ikiin-nn.lHT,.,^ A t^,^^i!:Tv„ii v'^^P^^ ■ S brother of Sir William Killio^ew. „„ .. j« u pa^ic ui ,i„„,-,, i.,i^„. Cliarles I., and remained loyal to him and his successor. Eielland (eherand), Alexander Lange Born ^'^ P^iluced and wrote many new plays and built several at Stavauger, Xorwav, Feb IS 1844 A Xor V>'^a'*=rs. He is, however, best remembered as a wit. „ - 1- i , , J. T _.. iL, ±o^^. ^ *^oi- Among his plays are CLiracilla " forinted lAllY "Th^ wegian novehst. He studied at the Tniversity of P^irson's Wedding " (1644). etc. CPrmted 1641), The Chnstiania, and was a.liuitted to the bar in 1S72. but has KilUffrew Thomai? known n« "tlio ,-«„r,o.o,. " never practised law. In 18S9 he edited the 'Stavaneer R;t^, •„ ?ii, IP" J- i r^ ^i ,-,^ younger. Avis," and in 1891 became burgom.ister of StaTan<-er Born ,n Feb., 16o/ : died July 21. 1. 19. AnEng- Among his works are "Novelletter" (1879), "Sye Novel- "**" dramatist, son of Thomas KiUigrew (1612- " l'j'^3). He wrote "Chit Chat "(1719), etc. (1883), ■Fortuna" (1884)7 "Sne" (1S86X ''"■ Sai'ikt Hans Fest •• (lfS7), '■ Jakob "(1891). ^epert (ke'pert), Heinrich. Bom at Berlin, July 31, 1818: died there. April 21, 1899. A ( kim-po-long'). A town in Wallaehia, Rumania 81 miles northwest of Bukharest. In the neigh- borhood is the German colony Eisenau. Pod- ulation, 10,180. *^ Kinbum (kin-bom'). A former fortress in the government of Taurida, Russia, situated at the i^er;(F8o);;"Ga;^an^;^\-i;;".(i^^^^A;i^^^^^^^^^^ iFs^r-Fe';^;;;"" c-hirch'Sr- an9T etV'"'-'" odest"' "^^ ^""''^'^ ''*"^'^- '' "^"'^^ '^'' °- ffi ■■fortn„l'^W''P|ne"'\i^I<.^lrL''ttiLs^ Kincardine (Mn-kar'din), or Tlie Meams Fesfn>*7. ...T..„^..n^^o„ ^ ^ ^--^^ H.U1S London, May 28 1606: died at London, (marnz). Amaritimecountvof SeotlandTo^ lb9o. An English poet and dramatist. Among ed by Aberdeen on the north, the Korth Sea on — -. .... ..^,,, .,, ,,,,. ., h;s works are "Three Playes" (1665), '-Four the east, and Forfar on the southwest Z°l noted German geographer and chartographer, J'.f,'^ ^^'"^^t. (l^e^, sonnets, etc. 383 square miles. Population (1891) 35 49^ ^ pi^fessor at the University of Berlin. ^He p„b: ^lUlDgton Peak (kil'ing-ton pek). A peak of Kinchinjinga. See A„„,.A7,y°4„ ^' ' shed -Atli^ von Hellas" (1840-46; rerised ed. 1S71>. ^^'^ ^^rcen Mountains in Rutland County, Ver- Kind-hart's Dream A namnhlet writ+P„ T^^ Fni." 1,?-2 f,'f' °.^','f " ,"!*^5',-. "-^™'^'- Handatl.^ ,!ei- mont, 7 miles east of Rutland : 4,240 feet Heurv Oiettle itV 1 W-^ pamphlet written by Kev t^Tkien """"^ (-Vised ed. 1885), etc. KilUs (kil'lis). A town in the vUayet of lleppo, -"-'' y^'ltTl.V^ I'lzi J.^ '"^P"'^" -^ 'he flist Kiffa-(kif'fa). [Ar.KiTa. a scale-pan.] A name ;t\Von '^^S'oo?"'"' °°'''' °' '"''P^^- "'"P' ot two stars o and J Libra., both of the second v^l™?;v,wi'i - ' ^ , . ^ . magnitude. The former is Kifia Australis • the nf n ^,?^^™r ^f l^-™™^"")- -^ ^.^-^^tern suburb latter, Kiifa Borealis. They are also known as Ci 'e 'was ^^nfdlnTss'''*^"'''''^'''' ^- ^• Kikinda (ke'ken-do), Nagy. A town in the ^Jma^segg (kil man-seg), Miss. In Thomas ST 22'768.*'^°"*"' ^"^"^^-"- ^"^'^1^*^°° wfth'a goMTnTg. ^°^" ^^ '^^™'' ^ ^^^^^^ Kikusni (ke-ko'yo). See Kamha. Who can forget her a Kilauea (ke-lou-a'a). An active volcano in the island of Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands, about 30 miles southwest of Hilo. Height, about 4,000 feet. Circumference of crater, about Smiles. Kildare (kil-dar'). l. a county in Leinster, Ireland, bounded by Westmeath and Meath on the north, Dublin and Wicklow on the east. Carlow on the south, and King's County and Queen's County on the west. It is famous for Its antiquities. Area, 654 square miles. Popu .^.. „.. auspicious pedigree, her birth, chris- tenmg and chUdhood. her accident, her precious leg. her fancy ball, her marriage a la mode, followed in swift suc- cession by the Hogartliian pictures of her misery and death ■ E. C. Stedman, Vict. Poets, p. 80. KilTn amock (kil-mar'nok). A town in Ayr- shire, Scotland, situated on Kilmarnock Water 20 mOes southwest of Glasgow, it manufactures carpets, and was formerly noted for the manufacture of "Kilmarnock cowls." Thetown contains relics of Burns. The Kilmarnock district of burghs, returning 1 member to Parliament, comprises Kilmarnock, Dumbarton, Port-Glas- allusion to ^hakspere after that in Greene's " Groats» orth of W It '.■ "Because myselfe haue seene his demeanor no less ciuiU than he exclent in the qualite he professes • be. sides diuers of worship haue reported his vprightness of dealing, wliich argues his honesty, and his facetious grace m WTitting, that approues his art" Kind Keeper, The. See Limherham. King ( king). Charles, Bora at Xew York, March 16. 17S9 : died at Frascati, Italy, Sept. 27, 1867. An American journalist and educator, son of Ru- fus King: president of Columbia College 1849- 1864. " King, Edward. Bom at Cork. Xov. 16, 1795 : died at Dublin, Feb. 27, 1837. An Irish writer on Mexican antiquities. He was a son of the third Earl of Kingston, and by courtesy had the title of Viscount Kings- borough. Jlost of his active life was devoted to his illus- trated work "Antitiuitiesof Mexico" (9vols. andaportion of a 10th vol., imperial folio, London, 1830-48). In this he attempted to prove a Jewish migration to Mexico. King, Francis S. Born m Maine in 1850. An American engraver, principally noted for wood- engraving. He was one of the organizers of the Society of American Wood-Engravers. iatinn"7lSQVr"7n"nfi°' "o' °"^"'T'' ""'1*1 ^'>P^: ??>''. Kenfrew, and Kutherglen. Population (1891). 28;i4 „2!lL'.--'^t-°f.^?!!^yan Methodists- la^, :io mUes" noi^heast of -^^^r-^^Ci:: King; Rufus. " Bom at Scarboroi^h;-MaI^ March 24. Ii55: died at Jamaica, Long Island, -An American statesman ,-»r V. „ ,:X,\*,-., ^"""'^>-""". un « esieys death (March 2. 1,91), Kilham became a leader of the party op- lasi •-■ — posed to the estiblished church. He was eipeUed from ■R^ffi^oT. /l-l •^,^^ a n the "Connection, and m 1797, with three Methodist JiJirUsn (Kll-rush ). A small seaport and water- preachers and a few laymen, established at Leeds the ing-place in County Clare, Ireland, situated on Tri"^^=^lio"c,fi-i'?°''^'-i°?-' rru , the Shannon 36 miles west of Limerick. " v -r^.,. Kilwinning (kil-win'ing). A town in Ayrshire ^ii^n'^Ti"! •* .! tl'"^""^''^"!' .""".^l^Pia Scotland, situated on the Garnock 'Smiles Njaro. The highest known mountain of Africa, southwest of Gla^^^ow ^, i.„„t^A< , "T^ situated about lit 'io =i' S lr.r>r, ^7o ij:' r ,1 »o"iu"ebi or ijiasgow. It is noted for its ruined ab- wit„ ■; . ^ V ' o?"- ■*' -^^ ^- " bey, and as the earUest seat of Scottish freemasomv. Ponu- has two summits, connected by a saddle of lava. It was lation (1891), 3,835 ."-om.i. ropu ^r/s" f'elt.'"' ^'•'"' ^"^ i^«-h<^i'« i» i«s9 H'igh^ Kimball (kim'bal). Richard Burleigh. Bomat Kilkenny (kil-ken'i). 1. A county in Leinster, F.'^H^^^ld. ^': H,, Oct. 11, 1S16: died at New IPAlanrl l-innr^/1rt.-l V... /"\..^ ' /, *__ ... ,, 18^2 he surveyed and charted the greater part of the north, ncjrthwest, and west coasts of Australia- and a3 commander of the Adventure was .associated with Captain i itzroy in surve.ring the southern coasts of South America, 1826-30. (fiee Fitzroy, Robert.) King pubUshed a narra- tive of his Australian survey, various chaits and sailine directions of the regions surveved bv him, and contributed to\ oLI of thenarrativeof thevovageottheAdventnreand Beagle, During the latter part of his life he resided at Sydney. He became rear-admiral on the retired list in 1855. Ireland, bounded by Queen's Countv on the north, Carlow and Wexford on the eas't. Water- ford on the south, and Tipperaiy on the west. -Area, 796 square miles. Population (1891),' 8i,261.— 2. The capital of Countv KUkennv, situated on the Xore 63 miles southwest of York, Dec. 28, 1892. X. Y., April 29, 1827. „.„.^.,^„„ and diplomatist. He was a delegate to Congress in 1784 ; member of the Constitutional Convention in 1787.andof the Massachusetts ratifying convention 17S7-SS ; I'nited States senator from Xew York 1789-96 : United States minister to Great Britain 1796-1S03 ; Federalist candidate for the lice- Presidency in 1S04 and ISOS ; United States senator 1813-25 ; and United States minister to Great Britain 1825-26. He wrote, with Hamilton, the "Camillus Letters." King, Thomas Starr. Bom at Xew York, Dec. 16, 1S24: died at San Francisco, March 4, 1864. An American Unitarian clergynian,lecturer,an(i author. He wrote " The White HiUs : their Le- . . -. ;•- gends. Landscapes, and Poetry" (1859), etc. r^^ii'SZr^Lrof t?I ^-f^T^^^^^-j^^^j^^^S-^' founded the town of Kimball in Texas ; built part of the first railroad in that State, running from Galveston and was its president from lS.>4-60. He wrote "St. Leger, etc " (lS50),"Letters from Cuba " (18;*). ■ Undercurrents of Wall Street " (1861), "Was he Successful ? "(18631, "Stories of Ex- ceptional Life " (1887). etc. At the time of his death he had completed " Half a Century of Recollections." h, ?,!?■ .^ '^'l''^' buildings are the castle, founded in Kimberlev (kim'ber-li). fXamed from the Earl tne 12tn century by strongbow, some of whose towers still .^t' T.";^il,«..l«^ n ti .„_;>-i _i! /^_, . , , tt- remain (now a seat of the Marquis of Ormonde); and the cathedral, founded in IISO, a fine Early English huildin.. of medium size. It has a large, low, central tower. The western fagade presents a large window beneath which are inree qnatrefoUs, and a fine doorway of two trefoil-headed necteo uy railway witncape town. Population(] tTn^sepfrisfsln'^l'd^I^i'^h'S'Trower'^S^^ 16 in base diameter. The entrancr il' 8 feef aS the Kimbundu (kem-bon'd61. The native language ground. Population (ISSIX 11,04a of the Ambundu, or Angola nation, spoken l>e- Killaloe (kil-a-16'). A small town in Coimtv ty^,„:,i„-i:.„j ._j — .- "_ X. C., _4pril, 17S6: died in Dallas County, Ala., April, 1853. An American statesman. * Hewu member of Congress from Sorth Carolina 1811-16 ; United States senator from Alabama 1819-44 ; United States minis- ter to France 1844-46 : and United States senator from Ala- bama lS46-,=i3. He was elected, as Democratic candidate, \ ice- President in 1852, and took theoathof office at Hai-ana in 1853. northeast of Limerick, it contains a cathedral a handsome cruciform 12th-centurv structure with central tower, and a recessed Romanesque doorwav, elaborately sculptured. In the churchyard stands a curious Irish stone roofed church. Killarney (ki-lar'ni). AtowninCo. Kerry.Ire- laiiil,46miles west-northwest of Cork, inthenei-h- borhood are the Lakes of Killamev, a chain of three snTall lakes, celebrated for their beauty. Population (1891), 5,510 KllUecrankie (kil-i-krang'ki), A pass in Perth shire, Scotland, 26 miles northwest of Perth literary uov. ^.u^uiuei uimtrti^tuc na^tUUit. ljUlM.Ut', naKu. Songo, Umbangala or K.asanji, Mbondo, Sgola, and Ithamba^ See these names and Uiyihundu, . ^ .„, ,^., ^„....,.^.„ „i J. run Kimchi (kim'ke), or Kimhi (kim'he), David. Here, July 17, 1689. the Highlanders under Viscount Dun- *^'''' Somchi. dee (Claverhonse) defeated the government forces under KimmerianS. See CimmerMnx. Ki1Ww?vt'"''f''^" ''"''''"''« • T . Kimmeridge (kim'er-i.i). Alocalitv inthe Isle Jiimgrew (kil i-gro), Thomas. Bom m Loth- of Purbeek, England, which gives iame to the of Kimberlev.] ThecapitalofGriqualandWest, T^J^^-,,^ v ^ k , -u -n Cape Colony, about lat. 28° 53' S lono- 040 40' -I^Ulg and JMo King, A. A play by Beaumont and E Ithasbeendevelopedbythediamond-miningiu'dustn-. T^.'^Titivl'?"^ '^ ^"- ^°^^ ^""^ '^ST'^ '^A^^^' The diamond-fields were first worked in isn. It is con- '^^^^S ATtnur. An epic poem by Bulwer Lytton, nectedbyrailwaywithCapeTown. Population(1891).28,718. published in 1S49. pmberley, Earl of. See WodeUouse. King Arthur, or The British 'Worthy. A dra- matic opera by Diyden, music by Purcell, per- foi-med and printed in 1691. King Cole. -^ nursery rime : a legendary sat- ire on King Cole, who reigned m Britain, as the old chroniclers inform us. in the 3d century after CTirist. AccordingtoRobertof Gloucester, he was the father of St. Helena; and if so. Butler must be wrong in ascribing an obscure origin to the celebrated mother of Constantine. King Cole was a brave and popuLir man iu his day, and ascended the throne of Britain amidst the acclamations of the people, BaUiirell, Xnrsen- P.hvmes. nvers. West Africa. With the civilised and semi-civ- ilized -Angolans this language has extended as a trade lan- guage throughout Lunda and Luhuku, and accompanied Portuguese authorities and settlements to the Benguella, Mossamedes, andKongo districts of the provinceof Angola. In the islands of S. Thome and Principe, just north of the equator, it is the general language of the plantation hands, being also understood by the natives of these islands. The ",....5. .M,.-,^ u>iu,-iL,,wu tjy iiic iiait.csui nitric iMaiius. iije ■ipr.l-ini.jfii-.Tic ^f fl dialects of Loanda and .Mbaka prevail for intertribal and Tri„„-6"i~.°ll '."iT'Vi a """ -"X'T-' i^-'—T literaryuse. The other dialects are Klsama Lubolo, Baku -"^g Estmere. A ballad, preserved m Percy S Snntrn nmv,o„™..io „ ir„„„,i Ml — 1„ x" — 1 J , rt „ „. ,. ' " Keliqucs. " Tcla tlug thc story of Estmere. king of England, who slew the Soudan of Spain and gained a \\-ife. Kingfisher (king'fish'er). A city in Kingfisher County, Oklahoma. Population a900).''2,301. King George's Sound. An excellent harbor at the southwestern comer of West Australia. King George's War 571 Kiptchak, Khanate of Kine George's War. In Amerieau history, the ornate Perpendicular. It wasbuilt between 1446 and 1616. King William's Town. A town in Cape Colo- w.fwaged by Great Britain and its American ?:\': «^^'J^-''|;;rr'c'u'!^:tIu,'''i'r;e^^^ ">;-. "^ '"l^.T^'Z"'' "' ^"'^ ^°'^'^°"- ^''l'"" colonies against 1 ranee and its Indian allies, chapel mcasuies 290 by 85 feet. The other buUdings uf J.^'i°2-(f''"J-.'' ,''-^- being the American phase of the War of the the college are modern. King William S War. In Amerieau history, the Austrian Succession, 1741-18: so named from Bling's County. A county in Leinster, Ireland, "ar waged by Gnat Britain and its colonies George II. boundedby Westmeath and Meath on the north, against France and its Indian allies, being the King Horn. An English "geste" of the 13th Kildare on the east. Queen's County on the American phase of the contest between vari- ceiitury. it is probably a translation from the French south, Tipperary on the southwest, and Gahvay ous European powers and Louis XIV. of France of ■■ Horn and Rimenhild," written during the same cen- ami Eoscommon on the west. Al'ea, 772 square (1089-97). tury; but the original idea of the poem is much earlier. ^j,gg_ Population (1891), 65,563. Kinkel (kiuk'el), Johann Gottfried. Bom at T^na TnhT, or TCvn''^'' " fi^""^' . ''«'■ , E"^^!"^V^ "' .H'-ng-'T,: a and Fife on the south and east. The surface is spere. it is prooaoiy ny Peele, wan Lou„e, oieeiie, ana drama, appeared in 1S48, the historical novel "Hypatia" n-p„prallv level Avpn 7^ snunvp miloo Pnr, perhaps Marlowe. i„ iggg^ " vVestward Ho" in 1866, and " Hereward the ^f 5 '^ ,^ioi f 'r o^ ' '^ ^quaie miles. Pop- Kinglake (king'lak), Alexander William. Wake"inl866. in I859 he was made one of the Queen's "^ition (lBJi),b,_f' '^e Spaniards 1601 and theEast.' He went to Algiers in 1S45. In 1864 he followed ^ °''^'' ^ lays ami 1 uritans (18 W), etc. retaken by the English 1602, and was the place of landing the army to the Crimea, and stayed until the siege of .Se- KingSley, Elbridge. Born at Carthage, Ohio, o' James II. in 1689, and of his embarkation in 1690. bastopol. The "Invasion of the Crimea" appeared in 1842. An American wood-engi'aver. Hisprincinal Kinsayder.W. Apseudonym under which Mars- eigbt volumes between 1863 and 1887. He was member of „orks are engravings after Inness, the Barbizon painters, ton published his satires entitled "The Scourge fn^S™"? x]^'andVa™y °"™" '' "^ ^''."' °'^'''' ^'* >'"-™""g« directly from nature.*^ of Villanie." In the play "What you Will" he oddly ITiTurToar V tvim.ilvlw SlnVsnprp written in KlUgsley, Heniy. Boru at Barnack, Northamp- enough applies it to the antagonist he is abusing. In the i^ngljear. .imaoiaj uy ssnah-spere, wiuxeuin j j^: England Jan 2 1830- died in Sosspt "Return from Parnassus" he is apostrophized as "Mon- 1605andiinntedinlb08. "King Lear was probably on Mw ol Ss^rr a ' #i;l1^l, ,!1; r f ^^ ^^^^ sieurKinsayder." the stage when the old play of Leir on which it was founded May 24, 18/b. An Jinghsh novelist and jour- ti.„ .,<.„,1 ,. .. t„i,„„ f . , o h >.„ 1 „„.^t ti, „„ wasp^lished."Thelatterisnottra8ical,andendshappUy. nalist, brother of Charles Kingsley. He wrote of nnd Togs rcroonb.g Zeir ta^l" 'lt"r^^^^^^^ "Therecan be no doubt that Stafford, thepublisher, meant " Recollections of Geotfry Hamlyn " (1859), "Ravenshoe " pUnch caIn n m Eon 'a liUle doc^ aDnli^ also n to pass off this old play as Shakspere's." It was pub- (1862), "Austin Elliott ' (1863), "The Hillyars and the Bur- Sdv to ^o tiablvdXrued man ^' ^^ lished as "The true Chronicle History of King Leir and tons"(1865), "Leighton Court "(1866), ".SUcoteof Silcotes" '^'^'^"' '" " piuauiy ueio meu man. hisThreeDaughters,etc.,asithathbecndiveisandsundry (1867), "Stretton " (1869), etc. _. Jaoruii, tngiisn uriteis, a. 4U0. times lately acted," and was last acted in 1594. shak- Kinp-'c! T.vtiti Spp f mm Upnii Kiutyro (kin-tir'), or Cantire (kan-tir'). A spere's play was published as "llr. William Shaksperc, ^\^%,% ivf ", •t,?: /';„!,/;■„ V^-v P^„„f„ peninsula in the southern part of Argyllshire, HIS True Chronicle History, etc." The capital HIS is ^^g S Mountain. A height 111 York County, £„„-.|„,,,] ,,,;,,„ hetwpen the Firth of Clvde nn thought to be intended to distinguish it from the older South Carolina, 80 miles north-northwest of O'^otlana, l>iiig between tne l^irtb of U>de on play. (Kra;/.) Tate adapted Shakspere's play in 1681 and Columbia. Here, Oct. 7, 1780, the Americans under *^'"^'',?"'"'^.*r., 1, n ^..-w''^'^-*'". . .i"'^ .' Garrick produced "King Lear with restorations from sevier Shelbv Camnbell etc defeated the RHtisli .,nr.r Its southern point, the Hull of kiutyre, is situated m lat. Shakspere'^^'innse. Thfstory of Lear was originally told |t;^l'sot wh'o' waTiltl ^ "; iti'dfb";'? nfi^ef '^- I'^"8">, about 40 miles. Great- by Geotfrey of Monmouth, and IS to be found in Layamons and wounded, .and 648 prisoners. .^?"'™''''''.ll ™^''=^;„ . . ,,, "Brut and the" GestaRomanorum. Holinshed repeats .... . ,, • , j. > . ^ j ii • KinZlg (klllt SIG) I'aSS. A pass in the canton it, and Spenser gives it in the second book of the." Faerie Kmgston (king ston) A seaport and the capi- ^^ ^ri, Switzerland, which leads from Altdorf Queene. The old ballad of "King Leu- and his Three tal ot Jamaica, Situated on the southern coast *,, fi,„ Ar„,^ito Ti.oi ;,, «..i,,^,., t. ■ » ,• Daughters" is preserved by Percy! It is not certain ;,, lat. 17° 58' N., long. 76° 48' W. : the chief . ^ec to wfthS^varort^s retreat hS Height"^ 790 fTt; whether it was written earlier or la er than the p ay. eommorcial city of Jamaica. It was founded in kinzuan (Sn ztr 116) The iangu ge' of Vo- King-maker, The. A popular designation of 1693 after the destruction by earthquake of Port Royal ; Tj^tf" one of the Comoro Islands East Africa the Earl of Warwick (1420-71), on account of a,,d was severej^y inju^d 1^ a hurri^ in 1880, and by l^tiruai'ii'lsVlantu laruage,^a;ld"oexitis win/o'tht; bis influence m securing the accession ot Ed- flfi- "■ 188.. Population (I8JI), 46,o4.. , .,„ , Bantu dialects, and with .Malagasy and Arabic, which are ward IV. and tlie restoration of Henry VI. Kingston. A city and the capital of Ulster spoken by the motley crowds of immigrants. Also called King of Bath The. A nickname of Richard Comity, New York, situated on the Hudson 80 Umzuaui: Anjuane. Nash. ' miles north of New York. It is an important river Kioko (kyo'ko), or Makioko (ma-kyo'ko). A ICiTiir nfTJiiTicPQ A Tiame oiven to Collev Cib- port, and is noted for the manufacture of cement. It was Bantu tribe of the Upiier Kassai valley, also 1^-^in tlTe -Xncird" l.'l'!;"?" "^ ""= British Oct. 16,1777. Population ,190,.,, called Chibokwe or Kibokwe. From the hea'd waters TTinri f\f TfT^+rt-f ,.,i,n-,j both of which they are named the third and fourth books ,lon. It was the place of coromi.ion of the Anglo-Saxon ^.^Mf f , VJ i.''"^\'',,^,?^,trs[, • rfter , M,!?,! of Kings (the two hooka of .Samue being the Irst and ^- („ th„ ]oth century. Population (1891), 27,069. ^ "1"'. '," Y''^- , ^V"''"^, '' 'V J i Vo i h T. second); liencc,intbe EnglisbBible,thedoubletille"The Tr;»wro+/»», ,,«,..», TTi.ll « ., ;/„;; of John Loekwood Kiplmg, foiniorly head of Ihe Lahore first book of the Kings, commonly called the tbii-.llpo,,k of ^"SSJOn-UpOn-nUll. o< t //"". School of Industrial Art. He was educated in England, the Kings," etc. The period embraces tln^ nigiis ..f all the KingStOWU ( kjiig/, toun \. A seaport and water- »,„! returned Ui India in 1S«0 as 8Ubedit.)r ot the " LiUiore klngsoflsr.aelandJudab.exeeptSauraandmostof David's. iiig-])l.ice in Cipiiiit}' Dublin, Ireland, situated Civil and Militaiy Giizette." He returmil to England The wcjrk was probably composed subst^mtially before the ouDnlilin 111 V 7 miles southeast of Dublin ' for- about 1S89, and lived for several years in the Cn it ed .States, end of the captivity, the compiler being Kuppos.'d by some ^„,.i., ....n,,,.' i ),,,,|,,.,rv Tt istim tprminnso'f the "^' Published while in India stories, sketeh.s, and poems to have been a eonfemporary of .Icremiab. The author- ™011\ c .iiii ii Dunli .irv. itist^o terminus ot tlie ,|„s„,.i|,tjv,. ,,f Indian nn.l Angh). Indian militaiy and civil ship is nncLrtaiii. ])ack(!t line trom Uolyhoad. Population ^1891), life: "Departmental Ditties, etc." " Plain Tabs from the Kinp<5hnrniicrb 'VisrniiTit. Sen JTiim EtJmnr/J 17,352. Hills," " Mine Own IVopb.' " Soldiers Thiee," "BaiTaek- ^Sl'e rJ^lYf „^ Viscount. S>ee ill) <7, iajoarrt. ^. ' . ,j., e.mital of St Vincent British <'"om Ballads, etc..' and ,.|l,ers ; and, after leaving Imlia, King s College. A college of Cambridge Lni- mngsto-wn. luo capita ot ftt. Vincent, untisn ..xbeLightihatFailed, ibe Xanlahka"(^»Hli lialestier), versitv, founded in 1441 by Henry VI., and (in- West Indies, situiaod m lat. 13° 9 N., long. 61°^ 'Waiiylnventions, i'ho.TiingleHook,""TheSeeond.lun. ishedbvHenryVH. and Henry VIII. Thecharter '•''"• Poiiulation (1891), 4, .547. glo Book," "Tlie Seven .Sea»," "Captains Courageous," etc was granted July 10,1443; the buildings were begun .Inly King-te-chen (king'te-chen'). A city in the KiptCliak (ki)i-cliiik' ), or Kaptchak (.kap- 26,1440. The great court is open toward the street, from province of Kiangsi. China, .situated on tlie chiik' ),Khanateof,i>rKingdomof theGoldCn which It IS separated by a modern many-turreted giite and (;i,a,iir iu lat. 29° 10' X., long. 117° 30' E. : cele- Horde. A Mongol kingdom in lOurope and Asia, rerpendicniar screen. On the west side stand the llbrai-y , , ^ " .. , . p * „ xj c 1 11 1 , l^.Vtn „f T ... .l,;..Sri.,.., ;„ tt,. and the provost's lodge. On the north side is the chapel, brated lor its ])orcelain manufactures. Pop- founded by descendants ot Jengliiz Klian m the the boast of Cambridge, ranking as the Unest example of ulation, estimateil, about 500,000. 13th century. At its greatest extent it reached from Eiptchak, Khanate of the Dniester through southern Russia and western Siberia to central Asia. The capital was Sarai on the lower Vol- ga. Novgorod paid homage to it. It was overthrown by Ivan in. of Kossia in 14S0. " In the course of the fifteenth century the great power of the Golden Horde broke up into a number of smaller khanats. . . . The Golden Hoi-de it- self was represented by the khanat of Astrakhan." Free- vian. ^^ Blirby (ker'bi), William. Bom at Witnesham, Suffolk, England, Sept. 19, 1759 : died at Bav- ham, Suffolk, July 4. 1850. An English ento- mologist. His chief works are " Monographia Apum Angliie" (1802), ''History, Habits, and Instincts of .Ani- mals "ilSSo), "Introduction to Entomology "(with Spence, 1S15-2C.1. Eirchbach. (kirch'bach). Count Hugo Ewald von. Bom at Neumarkt, Silesia, Prussia, May 23, 1S09 : died Oct. 6, 1887. A Pms.sian general, distinguished at Weissenburg, Worth, Sedan (1S70), and Mont-Valerien (1S71). Eirchberg (Idrch'berG). A town in the govern- ment district of Zwickau, Saxony, 50 miles south bv east of Leipsic. Population (1890), 7,730. Kirchheimbolanden (kirch ■ him-bo'lan-den). A small town in the Rhine Palatinate, Bavaria, 16 miles west of Worms. Kirchlieiin-unter-Teck (kirch 'him -on' ter- tek'). A town in the Danube circle, Wtirtem- berg, situated on the Lauter 15 miles southeast of Stuttgart. It has an important wool-market. Population (1890), commune, 7.029. Kirchhoff (kirch'hof), Gustav Robert. Bom at Konigsberg. Prussia, ilaroh 12, 1824: died at Berlin, Oct. 17, 1887. A noted Genuan physi- cist. He was professor of physics at Heidelberg 1854-74, and at Berlin from 1874 until his death. He discovered (with Bunsenlthe method of spectrum analysis in 1860. He published " Cntersuchungen iiber das Sonnenspektrum" nS61), etc. Kirchlioflf, Johann Wilhelm Adolf. Bom at Berlin, Jan. 6, 1S26. A German philologist and archaeologist, professor at Berlin. He published "Die homerischeOdyssee"(lS59). "Die umbrischen Spnich- denkmaler " (in cooperation with Aufrecht, 1848-51), "Das Stadtrecht von Bantia" (1853), ''Corpus inscriptionumgrse- carum " fVol. 1, 1873X etc. Kirghiz (kir-gez'). A nomadic people of Mon- golian-Tatar race, dwelling in southeastern Russia, western Siberia, Russian central Asia, and the western part of the Chinese empire. The chief divisions are K.ira-Kirghiz and Kirgliiz-Kazaks (dwelling on the steppes, and comprising the Great. Mid-" die. Little, and Inner Hordes). Tlieir numbers are esti- mated at S.0OiJ,Oularion (1891), 10,951. Kirkintilloch (kerk-in-til'oeh). A town in l^um- bartonshire, Scotland, 7miles north of Glasgow. Population (1891), 10,312. Kirk-Kilisseh (kirk-ke-lis'se), or Kirk-Kilis- sia (kirk-ke-lis'e-a). A town in the vUayet of Adrianople, Turkey, 33 miles east of Adrian- Popularion. estimated, about 16,000 Kirkiand'(keVk"land),*Samuel" "Bom Klstna (kist'nii). or Krishna (krish'na) March 24, 1865. A German sculptor. Among his chief works is ".Amazon and Panther" (in Berlin). Kissingen (kis'sing-en). A town and watering- place in Lower Franconia, Bavaria, situated on the Franconian Saale 29 miles north by easi of Wtirzburg. it is noted for its iron and salt springs. Kear the town, .Tuly 10, 1866, the Prussians defeated the Bavarians ; and it was also the scene of the unsucct^^nl attempt on the life of Bismarck in 1874. Besident popu- lation, about 3.500. 1. wich. Conn., Dec. 1,1741: died at Clinton, N.Y., Feb. 28, 1808. An American Congregational clergyman, a missionary among the Oneidas, New York. Kirkup (ker'kup), SesTmour Stocker. Born at London, 1788 : died at Leghorn, Jan. 3, 1880. An English artist, in 1S16 he settled in Italy, and be- came a leader m the literary circle which included Landor, the Brownings, Trelawney, Seveme, and others. With the assistance of Bezzi and Henry Wilde, an American, he dis- covered Giotto's portrait of Dante in the chapel of the Palazzo del Podesta, and made the sketch which was repro- duced by the .Arundel Society. Kirkwall (kerk'wal). A seaport and the capi- tal of the Orkney Islands, Scotland, situated on the island of Pomona (the Mainland) in lat. 58° A river of the Decean, India, flowing into the Bay of Bengal about lat. 15° 50' N. Length, about 800 miles. — 2. A district in the governor- ship of Madras. British India, lying along the lower course of the river Kistna. Area. 8,397 square miles. Population (1891), 1,855,582. Kis-Ujszall4s ikish'oy'sal-lash). A town in the county of Szolnok. Hungary, 46 miles west- southwest of Debreczin. It is the seat of a dis- trict court and contains a gvmnasium. Popu- lation (1890). 12,527. Kitchai (ke'chi), or Keechie (ke'chi). A tribe of the Caddoan stock of North American Indi- ans. Their habitat in 1712 was northeastern Texas and the adjacent p.-irts of Louisiana. Now it is on the Wichita resen'ation, Oklahoma. See Caddoan. 58' N.. long. 2° 58' W. TheCathedral of St Slagnus, Bjt-Cat Club, The. ALondon club which flour founded in the 12th century, m the Romanesque and early- . , , ar-^nrH ncr fn the irpnprflllv accented ac Pointed styles, though not finished until I54ii, is well pro- ished, aceoimug to tne generauy acceptea ac iwrtioned, and has a central tower with good recessed Pointed windows, and roses in the transepts. This is one of the three old cathedrals in Scotland which have es- caped more or less complete ruin. Population (1891X 3,926. Kinnan(ker-man'),orKerman(ker-man'). 1. count, from 1703 to 1733. its meetings were held at the " Cat and Fiddle," kept by Christopher Cat, a noted mutton-pieman, near Temple Bar. It was founded by members of the Whig party, and among its frequenters were Steele. Addison, Lord Orford, and others. Its name is thought to be derived from the name of the landlord of the tavern, though the " Spectator," Xo. 9, says it was from A province of southern Persia, lying south of ^-^^ na„e of the pies, which were called "kit-cats." The Kherasan: the ancient Carmania. Area, about " " ' '"' "- ' t...,. 60 square miles. Population, estimated, 300,000. — 2. The capital of the province of Kirman, in lat. 30° 16' N., long. 57° 5' E., formerly of great commercial importance. Population, estimated, 30.000. Kirmanshahan (ker-mSn-sha-han'), or Ker- manshah (ker-man-sha'). A city and the capi- tal i.f the district Kirmanshahan of western Persia, situated in lat. 34° 18' N., long. 47° 12' E. It is a caravan center. Population, esti- mated, 30,000. Kim (kirn). A town in the Rhine Province, Prtissia, situated on the Nahe 40 miles south by west of Coblenz. Population (1890), com- mune, 5,166. Kirriemuir (kir-re-miir'). A burgh of barony in Forfarshire, Scotland, 15 mUes north of Dun- dee. The chief industrv is weaving. It is the " Thrums " Of J. M. Barrie. Population (1891), 2,782. Kirsanoff ikir'sa-nof). A town in the govern- ment of Tamboff, Russia, situated on the Vo- rona 60 miles east of Tamboff. Poptdation (1885-89), 7.193. Kisama (ke-sa'ma). A Bantu tribe of Angola, West Africa, between the Kuanza((^uanza) and Et's Coty House. club occasionally met in summer at the house of Jacob Tonson at Barn Elms, where a room was built for it. the walls of which were adorned with portraits of its members. As the ceiling was low. Sir Godfrey Kneller, who painted them, used a small canvas (36 by 28 inches), which has since gone by the name of kit-cat size. Kitchen Cabinet, The. In United States poli- tics, a gi'oup of politicians very influential with Andrew Jackson during his administration, its chief members were Major Lewis and Amos KendaU. They were "men with whom he could smoke and converse at random, without the constraint of a council and clashing minds" {Schotder, Hist, of U. S., m. 495). Kitchener ikich'e-nen, Horatio Herbert, Vis- :ut Kitchener of Khartum and AspiiU. Bom June 24, 1850. A British general. He served in surveys of Palestine and Cyprus : was major of Egyp- tian cavalry 1882-84 ; served'in the Nile expedition 18S4 ; was governor of Suakin 18S<>-8S : commanded the Dongola expedition in 1896 and the Khartum expedition in 1898, defeating the dervishes in the battle of Omdurman Sept. 2, 1898, and establishing the authority of Great Britain in the Sudan, of which he was made governor Jan. 21, 1S99. He was made adjutant-general iu the Egyptian army in 188S and sirdar in 1892 ; was promoted major-general in 1896, lieutenant-ijeneral in 1900, aud gtrneral in 1902 : was raised to the p.'erage in 1898, and aiqiointed chief of staff under Lord Rjjiierts in South .Africa in l>yy, and succeeded bini in comnKiiui there in Dec, 1900. A noted cromlech near Longa rivers as far east as Dondo. Kisfaludy (kish'fo-lo-di), Kiroly. Tet, County Raab. Hungary, Feb. 5, 1788 : died Nov. 21, 1830. A Hungarian dramatist and nov- elist, brother of Sandor Kisfaludy : the founder of the modem Hungarian drama. Among his plavs are "The Tatars in Hungary" (1812), "L"ene" (1820), etc. Kisfaludy, Sandor. Bom at Siimeg, county of Zala. Hungary. Sept. 27. 1772 : died Oct. 28, 1844. A Hunsarian Ivric poet, best known as the au- thor of the "Love Poems of Himfy" (1801-07). ELishangarh (kish-an-gur'), or Kishengarh (kish-en-gur'). A native state in Rajputana, India, intersected by lat. 26° 30' N., long. 75° E, Avlesford, Kent, England Bora at Kittatinny(kit'a-tin-i), or Blue Mountains. -i range of low moiintains in southern New York, New Jersey, and northeastern Pennsylvania, belonging to the Appalachian system. It is broken bv the Delaware Water Gap. Battery (kit'e-ri). A seaport in York County, Maine, situated at the mouth of the Piscataqua, opposite Portsmouth, New Hampshire. It con- tains a United States naw-yard. Population (1900), 2,872. Kittim (Mt'im), or Chittim. In the Old Testa- ment, a name generally assumed to designate the island of Cypms,'where the Phenicians founded the city of CStium ; in a wider sense, Kittim tbe inhabitants of the islands and coast of the western MediteiTanean. The isles of Cliittim are mentioned in Isa. xxiii. as a resort of the TjTian fleet. Kittistzu. See Gyjdestto. 573 Chinese: son of M. H. Klaproth. He was prof essor of Asiatiu lailKUagea at Paris 1816-35. He publisliid "Asia nolyglotta," a classiflcatioii of the peoples of Asia in ac- cordance with tlie aflinities of their languages, with a lan- guage-atlas (1823), and nuniei-ous philological and geo- graphical works anil accounts of his travels. mttlitz(kit'lits), Baron Friedrich von. Born Klaproth, Martin Heinrich. Born at Werni- HtBi"slau, Prussia, Feb. 10. 1709: .liedatMainz, gerode, Prussia, l>v>: 1, 1.4:!: died at Berlin Germany, April 10, 1874. A Gennau soldier Jan. 1, 1.S17. A Gernmn chemist, protessor at (oantain) oruitholoRist, and traveler. He wrot« the University of Berlin. ' Denk^rardigkeiten einer Keise nach dem russischen Klattau(kliLt'tou),Bohem.KlatOVy(kla to-ve). Amerika, nach Mikronesien und durch Kamtschatka ^ tovrn ill Bohemia, C8 miles southwest ot KittO (kit'6), John. Born at Plymouth, Eng- land, Dee. 4, 1804: died at Cannstatt, Nov. Zo, 1854.' An English compiler, author of the "Pic- torial Bible." He was the son ot a Cornish stone-mason. In his youth he fell from a ladder and became entirely deaf The Church Missionary Society sent him to Malta as a printer in 1827. In 1829 he went with a private mis- - '^ - '-S -* :....;« 1Q1.) He published Praguo. Population (1890),eommune, 10,811 Klausenburg, or Clausenburg (klou' zen-boro Knapp, Ludwig Friedrich Bituated partly in the canton of Schaffhausen, Switzerland, liartly in the adjoining portion of southern Baden. Kleve. See Clives. Klikitat (klik'c-tat). A tribe of North Ameri- can Indians. They wintered in ISO.'i on the Yakima and Klikitat rivers, Washiugt<:in, in the region conteiiuinous with the two counties named after thone rivers. At that time they numbered 700. There aie now about ll.l on the Yakima reservation, Washington. See Shahaplian. Klin (klen). A town in the government of Mos- cow, Russia, 56 miles nortiiwest of Moscow : the ancient seat of the Romanoffs. Population 1 1885-89), 5,415. Bion party to Bagdad, returning in 1832. He published ' The^L^st Senses ■• (1845), - The Pictorial Bible ■ (1835-38 . •• Pictorial History of Palestine and the Holy Land (1840), '•Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature" (1845), "Daily Bible It was fouudeil by the Germans in 1178, and was taken by the Hungarians 1848. It contains a Magyar university, a Roman Catholic cathedral, and a citadel. Population (1890), 36,S.'-..'i. . Klausen (klou'zen) Pass. An Alpine pass in Ji.lintSl.( KUut se^ Switzerland, leading from Altdorf, Uri, to Linththal, Glarus. Klausthal. See Clausthal 1799 ; and defeated Ilfu8tra*tians " (1849- 64). Although a layman, he was made D. D. by the University of Giessen in 1844. Kitty CUve. See CUve. „ ^ . -o- Kitunahan (ki-to-na'han), or Cootenai, orKoo- tenay. A linguistic stock of North American Indians, first known as occupying the mountain- ous tract between the two upper forks of the Columbia River, British Columbia, and the ad- jacent parts of the United States. Earlier tJiey u -d t tij- irobably inhabited the territory east of the mountains, Klein (kliii), JullUS Leopold. Bom at Mis Cut were driven across by the Blackfeet. Their chief tribes jj^ig^ Hungary, 1804: died at Berlin, Aug. 2, are Cootenai or Upper Cootenai, and Akoklako or Lower g^g ^ Gerinan dramatist and historian of ^^^:^^y:Z^Z:^:t^^^^^^^. Uteraturo. msehiefworkisa-'Geschichtedes British Coluiubia. Dramas" (12 vols. 18().)-(b). Kitzbiihl (kits'biil). A town and summer resort Kleist (klist), Ewald Christian Von. Born at in northeastern Tyrol, 47 miles east-northeast Zeblin, near Kosliii, Prussia, March 3, 1715 : and novelist. He wrote the play ".sturm und Drang" (".storm and Stress." 1775), which gave its name to the so. called " Sturm und Drang period of Gcriuaii literature. tV manufacturing town in the overument of Tcheruigoff, Russia, situated in hit. 52° 44' N., long. 32° 16' E. Population (188.5-89). 11,635. Kl^hPr (kH-bar') Jean Baotiste Born at Klissow(klis'6v). A plaice in the government of StT-n Sim, ,t 753 ( 754 ?^° afsM^sfnuTod at Cairo Kalisz, Russian Poland, near the Prussian f ron- t^C^U^^'^-^or::i^r':X^^l tier. Here J,dyl9,1702,CharlesXlI.ofSweden He 'served in the Vendean war in 1798; in the eastern defeated the Poles and ba.xons. armies 1794-90 ; and at Mount Tabor in 1799; succeeded KlisSUTa (klis-so'ra). A gorge made^ by tne Napoleon as commander in Egypt in 17"" the Turks at Heliopolis in 1800. of Innsbruck. . ,. . . Kitzbiihler (kits'bU-ler) Alps. A division of the eastern Alps, on the confines of TjtoI, Ba- varia, and Salzburg. Its highest points are over 8,000 feet Kitzingen(kit'sing-eu). Atowum conia, Bavaria, situated on the Main 10 miles southeast of Wiirzburg. It is noted for its boer. Population (1890), 7,507. Kiukiang. See Kew-KUmg. Kiung-chau(ke-ong'ehou'). Tbe capital of the ishuid of Hainan, China, situated near the coast, HI Int. 20° N., long. 110° 25' E. Population, about ti 1,(100. Kiuprili. See KdprilL Kiusiu (kyo'syo ). The southernmost of the four principal islands of Japan, southwest of tlie main island and of Shikoku. Chief city, Nagasaki. The surface is mountainous. Area, ]r,,,S40 square miles. Population (1891), 0,228,- 419. Kizil-Irmak (kiz'il-ir-miik'). [Turk., 'red liver.'] The largest river of Asia Minor, Tur- key : the ancient Halvs. Its course is first southwest and then northerly. It flows into the lilack Sea about lat. 41 40 N , long. 36 E. Length, about (iiJO miles. Kizil-Kum (kiz'il-kom). A desert in central Asia, southeast of the Sea of Aral, between the Aniu-Daria and Sir-Daria. Kizil-Uzen (kiz'il-o'zen). A chief head stream of lh(^ river Sefid, in Persia. Kizliar. See Ki.-iUar. Kjobenhavn. The Danish name of Copenhagen. Kladno (kliid'no). A town in Bohemia, 15 miles west-northwest of Prague. It has iiii]iortaiit coal and iron-mines. Populatioii(lS90), 17.215. Klagenfurt (klii'gen-fort). The capihil of Ca- riiilhia, Austria-Hungary, situated in lat. 46° 37' N., long. 14° 19' E. Ithasmanufaduresof white leail, etc Its most noted building is the House of the Estates Population (1890), 19,750 , , . Klamath (klii'mat). A tribe of North Ameri- can iMiliaiis, inhabiting mainly the shores of upper Klamath Lake and Sprague Rivcr,oii Kla- math Indian reservation, Oregon. Tliey number about (mil, distributed in 11 settlements. Also Chimrt, Kla- vut. Tliniiiith, Tlnviatl Klamath (khl'mat). A river in soiilheni (Jre- died at Frankfort-on-the-Oder, Prussia, Aug 24, 1759. A German poet and officer (first in the Danish and then in the Prussian serWce). He was mortally wounded at Kunersdorf (Aug. 12, 17.W). His best-known poem is " Der Fnihling " (" .Spring," 1740). Lower Fran- Kleist (klist), Heinrich Bemt Wilhelm von. Born at Frankfort-oii-the-Oder, Oct. 18, 177/ : died at Wannensee, near Potsdam, Nov.21, 1811. A German dramatist. He entered the army in 1795, but in 1799 left it to study at Frankfort and Berlin. In 1801 he went to Paris, and afterw:ird to Switzerlan -ir. secretary and later librarian of the royal libriiry same year lie went as tutor to Langcnsalzil. In 1750 he ac- cepted the invitation of the poet and historian Bodmer to Zurich, but the succeeding year was summoned by the King of Denmark to Copcnliatriii, that he might there And the leisure to complete his jioenl. He remained thereuntil 1771 ; went then to Uamljurg ; in 1776 was for a year in Kailsruhe ; and then returned to Hamburg, where he sub- sequently lived. Tlie "Messiius," a poem consisting of twenty cantos written in hexameters, did not appear in it8 complete form until 1773. "Geistliche Lieder" ("Keli- gious Songs") appeared in 1758, and "Oden " ("Odes") in 1771 He also wrote three dramas on biblical subjects: " DcrTod Adams "("The Death of Adam," 1767)," Salonio" ("Solomon "), and " David "(1772). Three others werewrit- ten on subjects from early national history : " Herniaiins- schlaeht" ("The Battle ..t II. rriiann,"l. c Arminius. 1769), "Hermann und die Fui>tcn"( ' Hermann and the lYlnces," 1784). " Hermanns Tod ' (" Ueiinaim's Death," 1787). The last throe dramas were in prose Interspersed with bardic choruses, so called, and were consequently niuned by him " Bardlet e." Minor poems are the ode "An meine Freumle " (" To My Wends," 1747), laler changed to " Wingolf," ad- ilrcssed to the poets of the .Saxon .school ; the "Kriegslled " (" War Song '), written in 1749 in honor of l-"rederiek tlie Great ■ and the ode " Hennann und Tliiisnelda," written in 1762. His principal prose work Is " Die Oelehrtenrepublik " ("The .Scholars' Kepublic," 1744), an art of poetry from his own standpoint. His cunipleto works appeared (Leipsic, 1844--15) in 11 vols. at DlM'sdell. He wrote "Die Oeschlehto von Bayern (1828) "Allgemeinc Knllnrgesehichtc der Mensclihelt^ (1843-62)," Handbuch der gernuinlschen Altertumskunde (183f>), "Die Frauen'(!85ll-r.8), etc. Klengel(kleng'el), Johann Christian. Bom at Kessels.li.rl', near Divsd.'n. May 5, 1751 : died at Dresden, Dec. ]'.», 1824. A German landscape- painter M and California, traversing t he two Klamath Klenze (klent'se), LeO VOn. Born near Hildos- go:. Lakes in southern Oregon siid on the ( 'alifornian border, and flowing into iIk^ I'a, associated with Sir William Hamil- ton, British ambassadorat Naples, and began hiscollection of bronzes with Fox. He wrote "An Account of the Re- mains of the Worship of Priapus lately existing in Iser- nia"(1786), "An Analytical Essay on the Greek Alphabet." "An Inquiry into the Symbolical Language of Ancient Art and Mythology," etc. He bequeathed to the British Mu- seam his collection of bronzes, coins/gems, marbles, and dra^vings. Knight, Thomas Andrew. Bom near Ludlow, Herefordshire, Aug. 12. 1759 : died at London, May 11, 1838. An English horticulturist and botanist, brother of Richard Payne Knight. 574 Knight of La Mancha. Don Quixote de la Mane ha. Knight of Malta, The. A play by Fletcher, Massiufjcr. ami another, produced before 1019, and printed in l(i47. Knight of the Burning Pestle, The. A mock- heroic drama by Beaumont and Fletcher, pub- lished anonymously in 1613. it was intended to satirize such plays as Heywood's "Four Prentices of Lon- don," in which extravagantly chivalric and knightly lan- guage was put into the mouths of the middle class. It was doubtless suggested by "Don Quixote." Knight of the Rueful Countenance. Don <^ui.\ote: so called by Sancho Panza. Knight of the Swan. See Sira)i and Lohengrin, Knights (nits), The. A comedy of Aristopha- nes, exhibited in 4:^4 b. c. The play ["Knights "] personifies the Athenian Demos as an easy-going, dull-witted old man, with Nikias, Demos- thenes, and Cleon among his slaves, among whom the lat- terhasattained atyrannical ascendancy byaltemate bully- ing his fellows and flattering his master. By the advice of oracles, which play a great part all through the play, and which imply an earnest faith in religion among the Athenian people of that day, the former two persuade a low sausage-seller (Agoracritus) to undertake the task of supplanting Cleon. He is assisted by the chorus of Knights, who are deteniiined enemies of Cleon, and who come in to defend their friends, and attack the demagogue, in their famous parabasis. The greater part of the remainder is occupied with the brazen attempts of both demagogues to out-bully one another, and to devise bribes and promises to gain Demos' favour. At last Agoracritus prevails and retires with Demos, whom he presently reproduces, appa- rently by eccyclema, sitting crowned, and in his right mind, heartily ashamed of his former follies. Mahaffn, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., I. 442. Knights, The. A comedy by Foote, produced in 1749, printed in 1754, in -which he played Hart op. Knightsbridge (nits'brij). 1. In old London, the bridge across the Tyburn, by ■which the old Reading road passed: so called from the manor of Neyte, near Kensington, W. J. LoJ'fic, West- minster Abbey. — 2. In modem London, the street which forms the southern boundary of Hyde Park. Tlie cavalry barracks are here, near Rutland Gate. Knights of the Golden Circle. A former secret order in the United States, in sympathy with the Secessionists. Knights of the Round Table. See Round Table. Knight's Tale of Palamon and Arcite, The. One of Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales.*' itisare- casting by Chaucer of his version of Boccaccio's ' ' Teseide," which he made before he wrote the "Legend of Good Women." The "Knight's Tale," in particular, naturally attracted the attention of the dramatists of the Elizabethan age, who were always on the lookout for suitable material. Upon it was founded an early play called " Paleiuon and Arcite" that has not come down. It was the work of Richard Edwards, and was produced in 1566 at O.rford Uni- versity before Queen Elizabeth. A play with this title is also recorded by Henslowe under the year 15.!i4 as having been acted four times. From the same tale also was avow- edly taken the drama called " The Two Noble Kinsmen," which, when first printed in 1634. had on its title-page as authors the names of Shakspeare and Fletcher. Whether either had anything to do with it is still a debated ques- tion. Loitnsbiiri/, Chaucer, III. 68. Knight^S Vision, The. An allegorical painting by Raphael, in the National Gallery, London. In the foreground a youth sleeps, resting on his shield. Beside him stand two girls: one, personifying fame, hold- ing out a sword and a book ; and the other, representing pleasure, extending a m>Ttle-blossom. The background is occupied with rocks, hills, and towers. The work is of Eaphael's youth, admirable in conception and execution. Knin (knen). A town in Dalmatia, Austria- Hungary, on the Kerka 26 miles northeast of Sebenico. Population (1S90). commime, 21,077. Knipp (nip), or Knep (nep), Mrs. Flourished about 1670. An English actress. She probably first appeared as Epiccene in Ben Jonson's "Silent Woman "in 1664, and what is known of her is principally from the en- tries in Pepvs's "Diary." She disappears from the bills in 167S. ilrs. Knipp (or Knep) . . . was a pretty creature, with a sweet voice, a mad humour, and an ill-looking, moody, jealous husband, "who vexed the soul and bruised the body of his sprightly, sweet-toned, and wayward wife. Excel- lent company she was found by Pepys and his friends, whatever her horse-jockey of a husband may have thought of her, or Mrs. Pepys of the philandering of her own hus- band with the minx, whom she did not hesitate to pro- nounce a "wench," and whom Pepyshiraself speaksof af- fectionately as a "jade " he was always glad to see. Doran, Eng. Stage, I. 59. Knipp er dolling (knip ' per - dol - ling) , Bern- hard. Beheaded at Miinster, Prussia, Jan. 23. 153G. A German Anabaptist, stadtholder of Miinster 1534-35, and supporter of the revolu- tionary acts of John of Leyden. Knistineaux. See Cree. Knobel (kno'bel), August Wilhelm. Bom at Tscheeheln, near Sorau, Prussia, 1807: died at Knox, John (riessen, Hesse, May 25, 1863. A German Prot- estant exegete, professor at Breslau and after- ward at Giessen. Knobelsdorff (kno'bels-dorf). Baron Hans Georg Wenzeslaus von. Born near Krossen, Prussia, Feb. 1/, 1099: died at Berlin. Sept, 16, 1753. A German architect. He planned the castle of Sans Souci, Potsdam ; the opera-house, Berlin; etc. Knobnoses. See Giramha. Knolles (nolz), Richard. Born probably at Cold Ashby, Northamptonshire, about 1*550: died at Sandwich. Kent, IGIO. An English his- torian of tlie Turks. He graduated at Oxford in 1565, and became master of the ^^andwich grammar-school. His chief work is a "Generall Historieof the Turkesfrom the first beginning of that Nation " (1603). Knollys (nolz), Sir Francis. Born about 1514: died July 19, 1596. An English statesman, in 1542 he entered Pailiament for Horsham. In Dec, 1558, he was admitted to the privy council by Elizabeth ; Ir.ter was made vice-chamberlain of the household ; and in May, 1568, with Henry Scrope, was charged with the care of the fugitive ilarj' Stuart at Carhsle Castle. In July he re- moved her to Bolton Castle, Lord Scrope's seat. Ejiolljrs, or Knolles, Sir Robert. Born in Cheshire abotit 1317 : died at Sculthorpe, Aug. 15, 1407. An English soldier. He was one of the principal leaders of the companies of free lances, and in 1358 commanded the " Great Company " in N'ormandy. In 1359 he made a raid into Auvergne and threatened Avi- gnon and the Pope (Innocent VI.). He continued his devastations in France uiitiliyoT, when he joined the Black Prince's Spanish t-xpedition with his "Great Company." In 1369 he again joined the Black Prince in Aquitaine, In 1370 he commanded Edward III. 's expedition to Calais, ravaged Artois, Picardy. and Vermandois, and on Sept. 24 drew up in oider of battle between Villejuif and Paris. Chai'les V. refused to tight, and Knollys retired into Nor- mandy, where he lost a part of his army and was obliged to return to England. In Wat Tyler's insurrection, June, 1381, Knollys was placed in command of the forces of the city of London, and rode out with Richard II. to the in- terview at Smithfield. Knosus. See Cnosus. Knowell (no'^el). The Elder. In Jensen's comedy '* Every Man in his Humour," a senten- tious old gentleman. His humor is a strained solici- tude for his son's morals. This character is said to have been played by Shakspere. Knowles (nolz). James. Born 1831. AnEng- lish architect and editor. He edited the ** Con- temporary Review" 1870-77, and the "Nine- teenth Century ■ ' fi'om 1877. Knowles, Janies Sheridan. Bom at Cork, Ire- land, May 12, 1(S4: died at Torquay, England, Nov. 30, 1862. A British playwright. His father, James Knowles, and Kichard Erinsley Sheridan were first cousins. He served in the militia, studied medicine, went on the stage, and taught school at Glasgow before his fii-st play ("Caius Gracchus") was produced in 1815. In 1830 he left Glasgow and settled near Edinbiu-gh. In 1834 he visited the United States. Until 1S43 he continued to act at intervals both in his own plays and others. He also lectured, and in 1S44 became a Baptist and preached at Exeter Hall and in other places sermons against Roman Catholicism, Cardinal Wiseman, etc. Among his chief plavs are "Caius Gracchus" (1S15), "Virginius" (1820), "William Tell" (1825), "Alfred the Great " (1S31), "The Hunchback" (1832), "The Wife, etc." (1833), " The Beg- gar of Eethnal Green " (1834 : abridged from " The Beggar's Daughter of Bethnal Green," 1828), "The Love Chase" (1837), " Love " (1829). "John of Prucida, etc."(lS40), etc. He also wiote a number of poems and tales, and adapted several plays, besides publishing his lectures on various subjects. Know-nothinff Party. See American Party. Knox (nr)ks). Henry. Bom at Boston, Julv25, 1750: dit-d at Thomaston. Maine, Oet. 25, 1806. An American general, distin^iished as an ar- tillery general in the Revolution: secretary of ■war 178;>-95. Knox, John, Bom at Haddington, 1505: died at Edinburgh, Nov, 24, 1572. A celebrated Scot- tish reformer, statesman, and "writer, in 1522 he entered Glasgow University, but does not appeal' to have graduated. He studied law and acted as notarj- at Had- dington. In 1544 he became tutor to Francis and John, sons of Hugh Douglas of Longniddry, and Alexander Cock- bum, eldest son of the Laird of Onniston. At this time George Wishart, a Lutheran, sought asylum in the houses of Douglas, Cockburn, and Crichton, and exercised a pow- erful influence on Knox. On March 12, 1546, Wishart was burned at St. Andrews for heresy. His death was avenged by the murder of Cardinal Beaton May 29. Knox took ref- uge in April, 1547, with his pupils, in the castle of St. An- drews ; was urged to l»ecome a preacher ; and accepted a " call " from the congregation there. On July 31, 1547, St. Andrews capitulated to the French, and Knox was impris- oned in the galleys until Feb., 1.M9, when he was released and went to England. For two years he preached at Ber- wick. In 1550 he removed to Newcastle, and in 1551 was made one of the six royal chaplains. As such he assisted in the revision of the second prayer-book of Edward VI., issued Nov. 1, 1552. On the accession of Mary Tudor. Knox tied to Dieppe, and in 1554 visited Calvin at Geneva and Eiil- linger at Zurich. In Nov.. 1554, he became pastor of the English congregation at Frankfort-on-the-^Main, but soon was forced to return to Geneva. In 1555 he returned to Ber- wick, and in the winter traveled about Scotland preaching and writing. On May 15, 1556, he was summoned by the bishops to appear at the Blackfriars Kirk in Edinburgh* Knox, John He came with so powerful a following that the prosecution was abandoned. He returned to Geneva in the summer of 1566. In 15.'i8 he published the first and second "Blasts of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Wo- men, " which, originall.v directed against .Maiy of Guise, regent of Scotland, Mary, queen of England, and Catharine de' Medici, were destined to complicate his dealings with Elizabeth and Mary Stuart. Knox returned to Edinburgh in 1568. The regent Mary had at this time renewed her " ■ ~ " tion ; a riot occurred at Perth, where Knox was pre:iching ; and the struggle began which ended in the deposition of the regent by the Convention in I ilinburgh, Oct. 21, 1S59, and her death June 10, 1.6liu. On xa". 17, 15«0, his " Confession of Faith " was adopted with 575 Koltzof tave, ou le mauvais sujet" (1821), "Men voisin Raymond " Kolbe, Karl Wilhelm. Bora at Berlin, March (ISiii), "Andre leSavoyard"n826),"Let)arbierdc Paris" ■; _ lYg^. aied at Berliu. April 8, 1853. A Ger- 'i^^n;^V^yr"^'^^^::i^\^'b^'ll man historical paLtter and phUologlst. famine Gogo' (1844), "La mare dauteuil" fl861), "Les Kolberg, or Colberg (kol berG). A seaport and enfantsduboulevard"(1863), etc., and many other stories, waterinf^-plaoe in the province of Pomerania, vaudevilles, etc. He wrote, with Carmouchc, "Lachouette et la colombe." His collected works tilled 50 volumes in 1844-10. persecution of the Reformation ; a riot occurred at Perth, Kock, Henri dc. Born at Paris, 1819 : died at ' ' "■"' "-=»-"'"'i-i-"'---bi.i. i^imay, Seiue-et-Oise, April 14, 1892. A French novelist and dramatist, son of Paul de Kock whoso style he imitated, change, and Roman Catholicism was abolished by the Kodungalur. Same as Cranfjanore people Knox had frequent dramatic encounters with her. He was, however, maiidy occupied with the organization ,if the Presbyterian Church in Scotland. His works, of which the chief is his" Historic of the Reformation of Re- fr^-y.-^. ,^.p^\.K^>\ -i a fliatrlpt in tho Pflninh ligioun within the Realrae of Scotland,' collected and ed- Konat (ko-liat ). 1. A OlstTicMn me ranjap, I's.. — ,,T_,_^ u,:....j .-.. o.._, :., ,o«. British India, intersected by lat. 33° 30 J«. scape-painter. He was a member of the Rotterdam and St. Petersburg academies (lS4ii), and founded an academy of design at Cleves in 1841. ited by David Laing, were published in 6 volumes in 1864. Knox, Mrs. (Isa Craig). Born at Edinburgh in 1S31. A Scottish writer. She was employed on the statf of the "Scotsman" for some time, removed to Lon- don in 1857, and was secretary to the National .\ssociaUon Prussia, at the mouth of the Persante, in the Baltic. (JG miles northeast of Stettin. TheMarien- kii'che and llathaus are of interest. It was formerly a strong fortress, and is noted for its sieges. It was taken by the Russians in 1701, and was successfully defended against the French iu 1807. Population (1890), commone, 10,999. Kolcsey(kel'ehe-i).FerenCZ.BomatSz6-Deme- ter, Middle Szoluok, Hungary, Aug. 8, 1790: died at Szathmdr, Hungary, Aug. 24. 1838. A Hungarian critic, orator, and poet, best known as joint editor of the periodical "Life and Lit- erature" (182()-29). Koldaji (kol-da'je). An African tribe of Kor- ilofan, west of the Upper Nile. Related to the Nulla, it is both ethnically and linguistically of a mixed ^Tf 'K^Lloil^-iC^'o "^r' '"J ' nrtTe" KO tog koi'dhrgr A seaport in the province ulation (1891) 203,175._2 The capital of the -^^'^eile Jutland Denmark, situated*^ on the f'"*"fio''Q,??^'**V>' T r 'nSQlS o? ono ' Kolding Fjord in lat. 55° 30' N., long. 9° 29' E. - — ., - . ^, long. 71° 31' E. Population (1891), 27.003. „ Amil 2S 1849 the troons of Schleswig-Holstein for the Promotion of Social Science tiU her marriage^ She Rohath (kcj'hath). The second son of Levi. under Bon n defeated the Danes under Bulow: Popula- wrote"TheBurnsFestlval,"theprizepoemattheCryBtal ib"""'""^ , , ' ,, -, , -, T„w;„>, l,;i,tnrv linn/l^l fi6S Palace celebration .Ian. 2.6, 1S59, and has since published KohatlllteS (ko hatl>lts). In Jewish history, tion (1890) .1.658. „^ •i7-„l„„;„* ^V;M rrK'vofI - - -■ ■ - «.,.... the descendants of Kohath, the second son of Kolguef(kol-go'yef). or Kolgujef(kol-go yef). Le^-i. The Kohathites were one of the tlu-ee great fami- An island in the Arctic Ocean, belonging to the lies of the Levites, and had charge of bearing the ark and government of -Al'changel, Kussia. Length, its furniture in the march through the wilderness. _ _ about 55 miles. several novels, "Tales on the Parables " (1872), "The Little Folks' History of England " (1872)," In Duty Bound " (1S81), poems, etc. KnOX'Ville (noks'vil). A city and the capital of Knox'Coimty, Tennessee, situated on the Hoi- Koh-i-nUT (ko'e-nor'). ['Mountain of light.'] KolhapUT (ko-la-por'). 1. A native state in ' ■" The largest diamond belonging to the British southern India, under British control, inter- ston in lat. 35° 58' N., long. 83° 56' W. It is the chief commercial and industrial center of East Tennessee, crown. It was acquired by Nadir Shah in 1739. and by nnd the seat of the University of Tennessee. It was set. Queen Victoria in 1850. It then weighed 180i>s carats, but lied in 1789. Abandoned by the Confederates in Sept., has been recut, and is now lOO,"], carats. Also Koh-(-noor. 180S. it was occupied by the Federals under Bumside, and ir„-hiqtan (ko-his-tan'). A wild region in een- V, us besiesed by Longsireet in November without success, "■viiiaucvu v , t., i„ . wn^t ^f VnoVimST. Population (1900), 32,6.'!7. tral Asia, near tlie Indus, west of Kashmir. Knutsford (nuts'ford). A small town in Che- Kohl (kol), Johann Georg. Born at Bremen, shire, England, 14 miles southwest of Manehes- April 28, 1808: died there, Oct. .8, 18(8, ter. German traveler and author. Alter visiting nearly untry in Europe, he traveled extensively in the sected bv lat. 16° 30' X., long. 74° E. Area. 2,816 square miles. Population (1891), 913,131.-2. The capital of the state of Kolhapur, situated in lat. 16° 42' N., long. 74° 14' E. Population, about 39,000. 'X Kolima, or Kolyma (ko-le-ma' or ko-le'ma). A river iu the government of Yakutsk, Siberia, flowing into the Arctic Ocean about lat. 69° 30' and exploration, the ones best known being "Geschichte der Entdeckung Amerikas" (1801), "Die beiden atesten Karten von Amerika" (1860), "A Ilistoi-y of the Discovery of the EastCoastof North Anierica"(in coUectionsof the Maine Historical Sucietv, l--i;:(). and "Geschichte der Ent- deckungsreisen uml Schilff ahrten zur Magellan's Strasse " 0377) Kohlrausch (kol'roush), Heinrich Friedrich Theodor. Bom at Landolfshausen, near Got- tingcn, Prussia, Nov. 15, 1780: died at Han See Creek. Kobad. See Quhad. Kobe (ko'be). A seaport on the southern coast of the main island of Japan, near Osaka. Popu- lation (1891), 136.968. Kobell (ko'bel), Franz von. Born at Munich, July 19, 1803 : died there, Nov. 11, 1882. A Ger- man mineralogist and poet, professor of min- eralogy at the Universitv of Munich. He wrote " Geschichte der Jlineralogie 1650-1860 " (1804), and other works on mineralogy, also poems in the Bavarian dialect and High German. Kobelyaki (ko-bel-yii'ke). A town in the gov- ernment of Pultowa, Russia, situated on the Vorskla 3S miles southwest of Pultowa. Popu- lation, 15,421. dianapolis. Population (1900), 1(1,609. Koberstein (ko'ber-stin), Karl August. Born Koko-nor(k6'k6-n6r'),orTsing-Hai(tsing-hi'). at Riigenwalde, Pi-ussiii, Jan. 10, 1797 : dio(i at i_ x lake in the Chinese empire, n_e_ar the_ bor- the Prussians (about 'M , The victory led to the raising^of the siege of Prague and der of Tibet and Kansu, about lat. 37° N., long. 100° E. Length, 66 miles. Height above sea- level, about 10,000 feet.— 2. A district near the lake, eu. oy uariscn 1SI2-H anu loin), eic. ■K■/^1o l'L-n'li^^ 1 A -npniTKiiiln in northern Rus Kobrln (ko-bren'). A town in the government Kola (ko la) 1. A pemnsula in norrnem jvus Pforta, PiTissia, March 8, 1870. A Gorman his- torian of literature, professor in the national school at Pforta. He published "Grundriss der Ge- schichte der deutschen Natinnalliteratur" (1827: revised ed. by Bartsch 1872-74 and 1884), etc. of Grodno, Russia, situated in lat. 52° 15' N., long. 24° 24' E. Population, 9,345. Koburg. See Vi>hHr(i. Koch (kocli), Joseph Allton. Born at Obcr- gi^Vieln, TjTol, July 27, 1 1 lis : died at Rome, Jan. 12, 1839. A Gei-man historical and landscape painter. Koch,KarlHeinrichEmil. Bomnear Weimar, Germany. June 6, 1S09: died at Berlin, May 25, 1879. A"Gornian botanist and Oriental traveler. He wrote "Wanderungen durch den Orient" (18.16-17), " Dendrologie " (1809-72), etc. Koch, Robert. Born at Kl:iusthal, Dec. 11, 1843 the evacuation of Bohemia. Population (I89(iX commune, 13,566. KoliS (ko'lis). [Hind.] An aboriginal tribe in the hills of central India, whither they were driven by the early Aryan settlers. They are scat- tered widely, as cultivators and laborers, throughout south- ern India, "but have preserved their original language, customs, and superstitions, nofer,' Prussia, Jan. 29-30, 1867. A German KoUar (kol'liir). Jan. Born at Mossocz, Thu- historian, teacher successively at Barmen, Diis- r<5ez, Hungary, July 29, 1/93 : died at \ lenna, seldorf.Miinster, and Hannover. Hischief work Jan. 29, 1852. A Bohemian poet, Slavic scholar, is "Deutsche Geschichte" (1816). "^'l^'^^'°'^?^?,?-',^''''J**^i^''j"\f aiv «.« Kokomo (ko'ko-mo). A city and the capital of KoUlker (k.l'le-ker), Rudolf Albert. Born at Howard Countv, Indiana, 52 miles north of In- Zurich, Switzerland, July 6. IM , . A celebrated Swiss anatomist and physiologist, especially noted asa liistologist. He became professor of physi- ology at Zurich in 184,6, and at Wurzliurg in 1847. Among his w.uks ;irc " MiUr.iskoiiisclu- Anatomic" (1850-64), "UaiHlliucli. lcrllcwel.il. In cdcsiUiifcbcn" (186'2X"Ent. wickelungs._'ifcliiclite des .Menschcn " (1801), etc. Kollin. J'^eo Koliit. Koln (keln). The German name of Cologne. Kolokol(koI-6-kol'). ['The Bell.'] A journal founded by Ale.xander Hertzen (or Herzen) in Lond.ui in 1857. It was pul^li^lu■d in Russian, and ilenumded llic emancipation. .ft he serfs and other reforms. It bad great inlluence, ami many cl.ies were smuggled into Kussia, lb. .ugh prohibiteil by Ihe government. It was publishc.l till 181'..^. In isos it reappeared in Geneva, sia, lying between the Arctic Ocean and th.- Wliite Sea.— 2. A small seaport in Lapland, governnient of Al'changel, Russia, about lat. 68° .53' N., long. 33° E. Kolaba (kol'a-ba). A district in the govenior- ship of Bombay! British India, intersected bv published in French, but without much succesa. lat. 18° 20' N., long. 73° 20' E. Area, 1,872 Kolokol (kol-()-kol'), Czar. The great bell in square miles. Population (1891). .509,.584. ' I hi' Kremlin at Moscow. Kolapur, "r Kolapoor. See Kolhapur. Kolar, or Colar t kf.-Uir' ). A district of Mysore, India, iutersecte.l bv lat. 13° N., long. 78° 15' E. Area, 3,0.59 squai-e miles. Population (1891), .5!)1,030 tin' Kremlin at Moscow. It was cast in its present fomi ill 1733, but fouryears later, owing cither to » Haw or to a fall, a large i)iece was broken from the si.ic. It now fltan.is on a circular base of stxtne. The rings on the sum- mit are snitii..untc.l by a large ball and eros-s. The totjil ileiglit is L'li' (.■.(. the base circumference 07 feet 11 inches, the great. si ihukn. Ks2feet. nnd the weight ab..nt 2(0 Ions. l-o-ko-trij'nis), Theodoros. A("^rnphys^;:^a:,;;^;:das.T,;;disc;,vJrerof£,lauza(ko-ia'z|v). [Of ', in 14S4, their allegiance to the King of Kongo had already become merely traditional. The Kongo ^'ation, in the strict sense, was and is composed of the tribes (called duchies and counties) of Mbamba, Sundi,Paiigu, Sonlio, Batta, and Pemba, which to this day recognize the sover- eignty of the King of Kongo, although they are practically independent of his control. At the time of the discover)-, the nation of Angola, ethnically and linguistically distinct from that of Kongo, though related, still acknowledged a dependence upon that of Kongo, The decadence of this great kingdom was temporarily stemmed by the friend- ship of the Portuguese and the nominal adoption of Chris- tianity, which gave a new luster and prestige to the court of Kongo. But the relapse into heathenism, constant civil wars, and the suicidal exportation of slaves to America undermined the kingdom so thoroughly that in 1847 one of the royal pretenders was installed by the help of Portu- guese arms, and virtually accepted a sort of protectorate. By the act of the Berlin Conference, 1S85, Portugal was allowed to occupy and hold most of the Kongo proper and Ngoio (Cabinda), whUe most of the tribes of Kongo stock dwelling north of the Kongo River were allotted to France, and the northern margin of the river to the Kongo State. TheKingof Kongo hasbecomeaPortuguese vassal, and his kingdom has been organized as a district of Angola. The capital of the district is Cabinda ; that of the native king- dom is San Salvador. The Kongo State, holding only a trifling portion of the old kingdom of Kongo, is in nowise its successor. The Kongo language, called Kishi-kongo in the court dialect, and Ki-kongo in the river dialect, is purely Bantu, and closely related to (though distinct from) Kimbundu, the language of .\ngola. Owing to the growing missionary literature, the use of Ki-kongo is extending far into the Kongo State, and it bids fair to become one of the great literary languages of Africa. The dialects corre- spond to the tribes enumerated above, to which might be added Hungu. Kongo State. See Kongo Free State. Kongsberg (kongs'bero). A town in the province of Buskerud, Norway, situated on the Laagen 45 miles southwest of Christiania. It contains government silver-mines, discovered about 1623. Population (1891), 6,297. Konieh (ko'ne-e), or Koniah. (ko'ne-a). 1. A vilayet in Asia Minor, Turkey. Area, 35,373 square miles. Population, 1,088,100.— 2. The capital of the vilayet of Konieh, situated in lat. 37° 56' N., long. 32° 20' E.: the ancient Iconium. It became the capital of a Seljuk sultanate in 1097 ; was taken by Frederick Barbai-ossa in 1190 ; was incorporated with the Turkish empire in the end of the 14th century. Here Ibrahim Pasha defeated the Turks under Reshid Pasha, Dec. 20, 1832. Population, estimated, 25,000. Konig (ke'niG), Friedlicll. Born at Eisleben, Prussia, April 17, 1774: died Jan. 17, 1833. A German printer, inventor of the steam-press. The first machine was patented in England in 1810. He patented a cylinder-press in 1811. Konig (ke'niG), Heinrich Josef. Bornat Fulda, Prussia, March 19, 1790: died atWiesbaden, Prus- sia, Sept. 23, 1869. A German novelist. Among his historical novels are "Die hohe Brant" (1833) and "Die Klubisten in Mainz" (1847). Koniggratz (ke'nig-grats). [Bohem. Hradec Krdhire.} A cathedral city in Bohemia, situated at the junction of the Adler vrith the Elbe, 62 miles east of Prague. The decisive battle of the Seven Weeks' War (often called the battle of Sadowa) was fought near Koniggratz, July 3, 1866. The Prussians (220,- 984) under William I., Crown Prince Frederick William, Prince Frederick Charles, and Herwarth von Bittenfeld defeated the Austrian array (about 205 ,000) under Benedek The loss of the Austrians was about 40,000, that of the Prus- sians about 10,000. A history of the battle by Jahns ap- peared in 1876. Population (1890), 7,816. Koniginhof (ke'nig-ui-hot). [Bohem. Dvitr Krdlorc.'] A town in Bohemia, situated on the Elbe 64 miles east-northeast of Prague. Here, June 29, 1866, the Prussians defeated the Aus- trians. Population (1890), eommtuie, 8.635. Koniginhof Manuscript. A manuscript con- taining old Bohemian poems (date about 1300), discovered by Hanka at Koniginhof in 1817. Konig Rother (ke'nio ro'ter). [G., 'King Ro- ther.'] A Middle High Gei-man epic poem, writ- ten, near the middle of the 12th century, by an unknown author in Bavaria. It receives its name from the legendary hero Eother. a king of the Roman Em- pire, who wins the daughter of King Constantino of Con- stantinople. Rother's historical prototype was Rothari, a king of the Longobardi in the 7th century. Konigsberg (kfe'nigs-berG), Pol. Krolewiec (kro-la'vyets). A seaport and fortress and the capital of the province of East Prussia, Prussia, situated on the Pregel, near the Frisehes HaS, Kopitar in lat. 54° 43' N., long. 20° 30' E. It consists ol the Altstadt, Kneiphof, LObenicht, and other quarters, and has important commerce in grain, timber, hemp, flax, etc. PiUau is its outer port. The palace and cathedral, the statues of Kant, Frederick I., and Frederick William III., and the city museum are noteworthy. The univer- sity, founded by Albert L, duke of Prussia, in 1544, haa an important observatory, and a library of 220,000 volumes. Konigsberg was founded by the Teutonic Order in 1255. It was the residence of the grand masters of the Teutonic Order 1457-1525, and of the dukes of Prussia l.")26-161S. Frederick I. took the title of king here in 1701. It is associ- ated with the life of Kant. Population (1900), conimtme, 187,S97. K6nigsberg-in-der-Neumark(ke'nigs-berG-iii. der-noi'miirk). A town in the province of Bran- denburg, Prussia, 52 miles northeast of Berlin, Population (1890), commime, 5,864. Konigshiitte (ke'nigs-hiit-te). A town in thel province of Silesia. Prussia, situated in lat. 50°1 IS' N., long. 18° 58' E. It was founded in 1797, and-] is noted for its iron, steel, and zinc works. Population (1890), commune, 86,502. K6nigslntter(ke'nigs-16t-ter). Atown in Bruns- wick, Germany, 13 miles east of Bninswick. It is the ancient seat of a Benedictine abbey, and is associated with Lothaire H. Konigsmark (ke'nigs-mark). Countess Maria Aurora von. Born at Worms, Esthonia, Rus- sia, 1669 : died at Quedlinburg, Prussia, Feb. 16, 1728. The mistress of Augustus H. of Po. land, and mother of Marshal Saxe. K5nigsmark, Count Philipp Christoph von. Born 1662 : assassinated at Hannover, July X, 1694. A Swedish officer, brother of the Coun- tess von Konigsmark. Konigssee (ke'nigs-za), or Bartholomaussee (bar-tol-6-ma'os-sa). A lake in the southeast- ern extremity of Upper Bavaria, 15 miles south of Salzburg, noted for its beautiful scenery. Length, 6 miles. Konigsstuhl (ke'nigs-stol), A stone structure on the left bank of the Rhine, 6 miles south of Coblenz. It was the meeting-place of the Rhen- ish electors in the 14th and 15th centuries. Konigstein (ke'nig-stin). A town in the king- dom of Saxony, situated oh the Elbe 18 miles southeast of Dresden. Its fortress (800 feet above the Elbe) is considered impregnable. Konigswinter (ke'nigs-vin-ter). A town in the Rhine Province, Prussia, on the Rhine 7 miles southeast of Bonn. It has stone-quarries, and is a center for excursions to the Siebengebirge, especially to the Drachenfels. Konitz (ko'nits). A town in the province of West Prussia, Prussia, 64 miles southwest of Dantzle. Population (1890), commune, 10,107. Konjara (kon-ja'ra). An African tribe of Dar- fur, connected ethnically with the Nubas. Lin- guists are not agreed as to the classification of the language. See Nnba-Fulah. Konkan (kon'kan) Coast. A region on the western coast of India, between the Ghats and the sea. Konotop (ko-no-top' ) . A town in the government of Tchernigoff, Russia, about lat. 51° 15' N., long. 33° 15' E. Population (1885-89), 18,420. Konrad (kon'rad), suruamed " The Priest." The date and place of his birth and death unknown. A Middle High German epic poet. He wrote at the court of the Guelph duke Henry the Proud, about 1130, the "Rolandslied" (Sliddle High German "Ruolantes liet," "The Song of Roland"), a free version of the French "Chanson de Roland," whose motive is Charlemagne's expedition against the Moors in Spain. It was published by Wilhelm Grimm (Gbttingen, 1838), and later by Kail Bartsch (Leipsic, 1874). Konrad von Wurzburg (kon'rad fon viirts'- borG). Born at Wilrzburg : died at Basel in 1287. A Middle High German poet. He was of the burgher class. He lived alternately on the Upper Rhine, at Stras- burg, and at Basel where he died. He was a prolific writer. His works are " Der Welt Lohn " ('* The Reward of the World "), written about 1250 ; the legendary poems '* Otto mit dem Bart" ("Otto with the Beard"), "Schwanritter" ('■ The Swan-Knight "), " Engelhard " ; the legends " Alex- ius," "Silvester," "Pantaleon"; an encomium on the Vir- gin Mary, called "Goldene Schmiede " ("The (Soldeo Smithy ") ; the F"rench legend " Herzmare " ; the romance " Partonopier und lleliur " ; a long poem left uncompleted and continued by a later poet, "Trojanerkrieg" ("The Trojan War"): and an allegory called "Klage derKunst" ("' The Complaint of Art "). Konza. ^eeKansa. K6penick,or CSpenick (ke'pe-nik),or Kopnick (kep'nik). A town in the p^o^•ince of Branden- burg. Prussia, situated on an island at the junc- tion of the Dahme and Spree, 8 miles southeast of Berlin. Population (1890), commune, 14,619. Kopemick. See Copernicus. Koping (che'ping). A small town in Sweden, near the western extremity of Lake Malar. Kopitar (ko'pe-tar), Bartholomaus. Bom* at Repnje, Camlola, Austria-Hungary, Aug. 23, Eopitar 17fW: died at Vienna, Aug. 11, 1844. A noted Slavic philologist, custodian of the Imperial Li- brary: editor of "Glagolita Clozianus" 1836. Eopp (kop), Joseph Eutych. Born at Bero- miinster, canton of Lucerne, Switzerland, 1793: died Oct. 25, 1866. A Swiss historian, author of "Geschiehte der eidgenossischen Biinde " (1845- 18G2), etc. Eopparberg (kop'par-bera). A laen in central Sweden, northwest of Stockholm: also called Falun. It is rich in minerals. Area. 11,421 square miles. Population (1891), 199,595. Eoppen (kep'pen), Peter von. Born at Khar- koflC Russia, Feb. 19, 1793: died at Karabagh, Crimea, June 4, 1864. A Russian archaeologist, statistician, andscbolar. He published an ''Eth- nographical Map of European Russia" (1851), and other works on Russia. Koppenberg (kop'en-bero). In the legend of the Pied Piper of Hameln (which see), the mountain into which the sorcerer and the chil- dren disappeared. Eopreinitz (ko'pn-nits). A royal free town in Croatia, Hungary, 49 miles northeast of Agi'am. Population (1890), 6,512. KSprili (ke-pre'le;. A town in the vilayet of Prisrend, Turkey, situated on the Vardar inlat. 41° 43' N., long. 21° 55' E. Population, about 15,000. Also Kuprili, KitipriU, KyiiprUUi, etc. Eorah (ko'ril). [Heb., 'ice.'] In Old Testa- ment history, a leader in a rebellion against Moses and Aaron. The "sons"ordeseendants "ofKorah" — the Korahites — were a gild of Temple musicians. Koran (kd'ran or ko-ran'). [Also rarely Coran, Quran, formerly also Core; with the Ar. article, Alkoran, Alcoran; = Turk. Pers. qurdn, from Ar. qnran, qoran, book, reading, from (idrd, read.] The sacred book of the Mohammedans. It is the most Important foundation oil which the Moham- medan religion rests, and it is held in the highest venera- tion by all sects in the Mohammedan Church. When being read it must lie kept on a stand elevated above the floor. No one may read it or touch it without first making a legal ablution. It is written in the Arabic language, and its style is considered a model. The substance of tlie Ko- ran is held to be uncreated and eternal. Mohammed was merely the person to whom the work was revealed. At first the Koran was not written, but entirely committed to memory. But when a great many of the best Koran reciters had been killed in battle, Omar suggested to Abu- Bekr(the8uccessorof Mohammed) that it should be written down. Abu-Bekr accordingly commanded Zeid, an amanu- ensis of the prophet, to commit it to writing. This was the authorized text until 23 years after the death of the prophet A number of variant readings had, however, crept into use. By order of the calif Osman in the year 50 of the Hejira, Zeid and three assistants made a careful revision which was adopted as the standard, and all the other copies were ordered to be burned. Tlie Koran con- sists of 114 suras or divisions. These are not numbered, tut each one has a separate name. They are not arranged in historical order. These suras purport to be the ad- dresses delivered by Mohammed during his career at ilecca and Medina. As a general rule the shorter suras, which contain the theology of Islam, belong to the Meccun period ; while the longer ones, relating to social duties and rela- tionships, to Medina. The Koran is largely drawn from Jewisli and christian sources, the former prevailing. Muses and Jesus are reckoned among the prophets. The bibliiul narratives are interwoven with rabbinical legends. The customs of the .Tews are made to conform t^) tliose of the Arabians. Mohammedan theology consists in tile studyof the Koran and its commentaries. A very flue collection of Korans, including one in Cutte( the old Arabic character), Is to be found in the Khedival Library at Cairo, Egypt. Eorana (ko-rii'na). See Khoikhoin. Korat (ko-raf). 1. A small state, tributary to Siam, about lat. 15° N., long. 102° E. Popula- tion, estimated, 60,000.-2. The chief town of Korat. Population, about 6,000. Kordofan(kor-d6-fiin'). A country in Sudan, Africa, about lat. 11° 30'-15° 20' N., long. 29°- 32°E. Capital, El-Obeid. The surface is a steppe. It was conquered liy Egypt in 1S21 , and passed into the posses- sion of the Mahdi in 1883. (iordon estimated tile area at 100,000 square miles, and the population at 300, (KK). Korea, or Corea (ko-re'ii), native Cho-sen and Eao-li, surnamed " The Hermit Nation." An empire of Asia, bounded by Manchuria on the north, Asiatic Russia on the northeast, the Si'a of Japan on the east, Korea Straiten the south- east, and the Yellow Sea and China on tlui west. Capital, Seoul. It is mainly a peninsula, and the sur- face is mountainous. It exports cowhides and beans. Tlio government is an alisolute monarchy. It became inde- pendentof China in ISU.'). (See China.) It has been noted for itsexclusiveness, but since ls7U Ikis cinuluded treaties with diti(Ment foreign nations. The religions are liud- dhism and Confucianism. Area, estimated, 82,000 square miles. Population, about IO,.'iOO,cxK). Eorea (ko-re'il). A small native state in India, under Britisli control, intersected by lat. 23° 30' N., long 82° 30' E. Korea Bay. An arm of the Yellow Sea, west of Korea. C— 37 B77 Eoreish (ko-rish). The most celebrated and iuHuential of the Arab tribes. Its position is due partly to the fact that its chiefs acquired as early as the Dth century the guardianship over the Kaaba in Mecca, and pai'tly to their kinship with Mohammed. Korkyra. See Corcyra. Eorner (k^r'ner). Earl Theodor. Bom at Dres- den, Sept. 23, 1791 : died on the battle-field at Gadebusch, near Schwerin, in Mecklenburg, Aug.26, 1813. A German lyric poet. Inhiseigh- teenth year he went to the mining school at Freiberg, and subsequently studied at Leipsic and Berlin. In 1811 in Vienna he devoted himself to literature, and in 1812 was made poet to the court theater. A number of dramas are from this period, among them the comedies "Der Nacht- wachter"("The Watchman "), "Dergrune Domino "("The Green Domino")," Der Vetter aus Bremen" ("The Cousin from Bremen"), and the two tragedies "Rosamnnde" and "Zriny." In 1813 came the call to arms by the Prus- sian king, and he left \ienna for Breslau, where he en. tered the Liitzow Volunteer Corps, and was afterward lieutenant and then adjutant. At Kitzen, near Leipsic, he was severely wounded, but recovered and returned to his corps, only to be killed shortly after at Gadebusch. Many of his poems were written in the field. His lyrics were published in 1814 uiider the title " Leier und Schwert " ^" Lyre and Sword "). His complete works were published in 1834. Eoros (ke'resh). A river in Hungary, formed by the union of the Swift, Black, aiid White Koriis, and flowing into the Theiss near Cson- gri'id. Total lengtli, over 300 miles. Koros, Nagy-. See Xatjij-Koros. Korotcha (ko'ro-eha). A town in the govern- ment of Kursk, Russia, 77 miles southeast of Kursk. Population, 9,726. Eorsor (kor'ser). A town on the western coast of Zealand, Denmark. Kortetz (kor'tets), or Cortitz (kor'tets). An island in the Dnieper, in the government of Y'ekaterinoslaff, Russia, about 40 miles south of Yekaterinoslaflf. Kortiim (kor'tiim). Johann Friedrich Chris- toph. Bom at Eichhorst, Mecklenburg-Stre- litz, Germany, Feb. 24, 1788: died at Heidel- berg, Baden, June 4, 1858. A German histo- rian, appointed professor of history at Bern in 1833, and at Heidelberg in 1840. He wrote " Geschiehte des Mittelalters" (1836-37), ".Ge- schiehte Grieehenlands" (1854), etc. Eortum (kor'tiim), Earl Arnold. Bom at Miihlheim-on-the-Ruhr, Prussia, July 5, 1745: died at Bochum, Prussia, Aug. 1(5, 1824. A Ger- man poet. Hisbest-kno^vn work is the burlesque epic " Jobsiade" (1784). Korvei. See Corvei. Eos. See Cos. Eoscinszko i kos-i-us ' ko ; Pol. pron . kos-chosh'- kO), TadeUSZ. Born at Mereczowszczyzna, Lithuania, Russia, Feb. 12, 1746: died at Solo- thum, Switzerland, Oct. 15, 1817. A famous Polish patriot and general. He served with the Americans in the Revolution ; fought against the Russians at Dubienka in 1792 ; was commander-in-chief and dicta- tor in the Polish insurrection of 1794; was flmally defeated and taken prisoner at Maciejowice Oct. 10, 1794 ; was re- leased in 1796; and resided in France, Switzerland, and elsewhere. Eoscinszko, Mount. The highest mountain of Australia, situated in the Australian Alps, New South Wales, about lat. 36° 27' 26' 8., long. 148° 20' E. Height, 7,336 feet. Eosegarten^ko'ze-giir-ten), Johann Gottfried Ludwig. Born at Altenkirchcn, Riigen, Prus- sia, Sept. 10, 1792: died at Greifswald, Prussia, Aug. 18, 1860. A German Orientalist, son of L. T. Kosegarten: especially noted for works on the Arabic language and literature. Eosegarten, Ludwig Theobul. Bom at Grevis- miihlen, Mecklenburg, Feb. 1, 17J58: died at Greifswald, Prussia, Oct. 26, 1818. A Gemiaii poet and novelist. Eosel, or Cosel (ko'zel). A town in the prov- ince of Silesia, Prussia, situated on the Oder 74 miles southeast of Breslau. Population (1890), commune, 5,761. E6sfeld,orEoesfeld(kes'feld). A town in tlie jiidvince of Westphalia, Prussia, situated on the I'.erkel 20 miles west of Miinster. Population (1890), 5,614. Eosheish (ko-shash'). See the extract. Very rarely arc they luiilt of hewn stone, like that groat dike of Kosheisli which was conslrncted liy .Mena in prluKO- val times, in order to divert the course of the Nile from llie spot on which ho founded Memphis. (The remains of this gigantic work may yet be seen about two hours' dis- tance to thesouthw ard of .Mcydoom. See Herodotus, book li., chap. i)9.— TninslnliM-'s note.) MuspiTii, Egyptian Archieology (trans), p. 34. Eoslin, or Coslin (kez'lin). A town in the province of I'omerania, Prussia, in lat. .'>4° 13' N., long. 16° 11' K. I'opulation (1.890), 17,810. Eosloff, or Eozloff (ko/.-lof). 1. A town in the government of Tamboff, Russia, situated Eotzebue on the Lesnol- Voronezh, 44 miles west of Tam- boff. It has important trade. Population (1890), 35,053.-2. See Eiipatorla. EosOVO (ko'so-vo). [' Plain of the blackbirds.'] A plain in the vicinity of Prishtina, European Turkey, near the Servian frontier. Here, .Tune 15. l:i89, the Turks under Amurath I. completely defeated the Servians and their allies under King Lazarus. Here also, Get. 18-19, 1448. the Hungarians under John Hunyady were defeated by the Turks. Also Eassoi'u, Kosova, Cot- *iy«, etc. Eossuth (kosh'ot), Lajos (Eng. Louis). Born at Monok, Zemplin, Himgarv, Sept. 19, 1S02: died at Turin, Italy, March 20, 1894. A cele- brated Hungarian patriot and orator, leader of the Hungarian insiiiTection of 1848-49. He was a member(asa proxy)of the Hungarian Diet 1832-36: was imprisoned liy the Austrian government for political rea- sons 1S37-40; was editor of the "Pest .Tournal " 1811-44; and was elected deputy to the Diet in 1847. In 1848 the emperor Ferdinand was forced to grant an independent Hungarian ministry, of which Kossuth, as minister of finance, was tile virtual head. In the same year the deal- ings of the Austrian court drove the Hungarians to insur- rection. On April 14, 1840, the Diet declared tlie inde- pendence of Hungary, aiul njipointed Kossuth governor. Gn .August 11, 18411. he lesignc'I liis powers into the hands of General Gorgey (see Uiin'jnrian Insurrection). He lived in exile in Turkey 1849-51 ; visited the I'nited .States 1851-52 ; and resided later in London and Turin. He puti- lislied his memoirs in 1881-82, under the name "Schriften aus der Emigration." His lettei-s to Bern in 1849 were pulilished by Makray at Pest in 1S72. Eostendil (kos-ten-del' ), Eiostendil (kyes-ten ■ der),Glliustendil(gycis-teii-del'), etc. Atoi\n in Bulgaria, situated on the Struma 42 miles southwest of Sofia. Population (1888), 10,689. Eoster. See Coster. Eostlin (kfest'lin), Julius. Born at Stuttgart, Wiirtemberg, May 17, 1826; died at Halle, May 12. 1902. A German Protestant the. h gian. pro- fessor successively at (iiittingen (1855), Bres- lau (1860), and Halle (1870). His works include "Luthers Theologie " (1863), a biogi-aphy of Luther (2 vols. 1875), etc. Eostomaroff (kos-to-mii'rof ), Nicholas Ivano- vich. Born in 1817: died at St. I'etersburg, April 19, 1885. A Russian historian. Hewasmade assistant professor at Kieif in 1840, imprisoned for his dem- ocratic sympathies at St. Petersburg for a year, and then banished to Saratotf, and forbidden to publish or teach. He was liberated from surveillance in 18.M, and published 40 volumes of historical writings. From 1858 he w;is profes- sor of history at the University of St. Petersburg. He wrote valuable monogmphs on*'Bogdan Khmielnitsky," "The False Demetrius," and "The Revolt of Stenka Razine," and "Studiesof the Nationalities of Northern Russia," etc. A dissertation on the Uniat schism was suppressed in 1842. Eostroma (kos-tro-ma'). 1. A government in Russia, surrounded by the governments of Vo- logda, Viatka, Niini-Xovgorod, Vladimir, and Y'aroslaff. Area, 32,702 square miles. Popu- lation (1897), 1,428,893.-2. The capital of the government of Kostroma, situated at the con- fluence of the rivers Kostroma and Volga, about lat. 57° 45' N., long. 40° 55' E. It has a cathedral. Population (1889), 31,981. Eoswig (kos'\-io). A small town in Anhalt, Germany, situated on the Elbe 39 miles north of Leipsic. Eotah(k6'tii). 1. A native state in Rajputana, India, under British control, intersected by lat. 2.5° N., long. 76° E. Area, 3,803 S(juare ruiles. Population (1891), 526,267.-2. The capital of the state of Kotah, on the Chauilial. about lat. 2.'i^ 9' N., long, 75° 49' E. Pop., about 40,0110. Eothen (k6'ten). A city in Anhalt, Germany, 35 miles northwest of Leipsic. It was formerly the capital of the duchy of Anhnlt-Kothen (definitely united to .Anhalt-Dessau in 1803). has a castle, and manufactures beet-root silgiu-. Populution (1890), 18.216. Eotrl (k6-tr5')- A town in Karachi district, Siiid, British India, situated on the Indus 8 miles west ot ll.vil.raluui. Pop,, about S,000, Eotthus, or Cottbus (Uut'bos). A town in the province of Bramlenburg, Prussi;i, on tlie Spreo 68 miles soulheastof Berlin. 11 isa railway cen- ter, and has cloth manufactures. Population (1890), 34,910. Eotzebue (kot'se-bii), Alexander von. Bom at Kiinigslierg, Prussia, Mnv 2S. lSl."i; died at Munich, Feb. 24, l.SMI. A Kussinii painter of historical and battle scenes, son of \. F. F, von Kotzebue. Ho won the great gold inedal in 1844, lived lu Paris till 1S48, and Anally settled In .Muni. Ii. Eotzebue, August Friedrich Ferdinand von. Bom a1 Weimar, (i.rinnny. May 3, 1,61: assas- sinated at Mninilu'iui, Baden, March 23, 1819- A German dramalist. lie filled several offlccs In the Russian public service, and besl.les liis jilays wrote many tale.s sketches, historical works, etc. Among his plays arc "Die dcutschen Klelnstildter." "Pagcnstreiche," "Die belden Klin*[8berg," " Menschenhass un.l Rene" (known In English as "The Stranger"), "Der arnic Poet, ' "Die Kreuzfahrer," etc. Ho wrote lu all more than 200 playa. Kotzebue Kotzebue, Moritz von. Born May 11, 1789: died at Warsaw, Feb. 6, 1861. A Russian mili- tary officer, and traveler in Persia, son of A. P. F. von Kotzebue. He was captured by the French in the campaign of 1812, and described his experiences in "Der russeische Kriegsgefangene unter den Franzosen" (1815). Kotzebue, Otto von. Bom at Reval, Russia, Dec. 30, 1787: died at Reval, Feb. 15, 1846. A Russian navigator, son of A. F. F. von Kotze- bue. He commanded exploring expeditions in the Pa- cific Ocean 1815-18 and 1823-2C, and wrote narratives of both voyages (published 1821 and 1830). He discovered numerous islands, and the sound near Bering Strait named from him. Kotzebue, Count Paul von. Born at Berlin, Aiig. 10, 1801: died at Reval, Russia, May 2, 1884. A Russian general, son of A. F. P. von Kotzebue. Kotzebue Sound. An inlet of Bering Strait, in the west of Alaska. Kovalevsky (ko'val-et'ski), Sonya (Krukov- 578 pelled with the other missionaries, he was able to labor in Shoa until 1S42. In 1S44 he founded the first mission sta- tion among the Wanyika in East Africa. During one of his exploring tours in the interior he discovered llounts Ke- nia and Amholoila, 1S49. He returned to Germany in IS.W, Knsnna government of Pultowa, Russia, situated on the Dnieper (>4 miles west-southwest of Pultowa • an important commercial center. Population (1891), 54,831. but revisited Africa as interpreter of Lord Napier on his Kremlin (krem'lin). [Prom F. Icremlin (with expedition to Abyssinia. Many valuable Abyssinian man uscripts have been secured through him, and African eth- nology and philology are indebted to him for important contributions. He published an account of some of his journeys in " Reisen in Ostafrika " (ISJS). His dictionary of Kisuahili appeared in 1882, shortly after his death. Krapotkin (krii-pot'kin). Prince Peter. Born at Moscow, 1842. A Russian socialist and an- archist. He is a member of the oldest Russian nobility; was brought up as a page at court ; studied geology and geography at St. Petersburg ; became secretary of the Geo- graphical Society ; and was appointed chamberlain to the czarina. He was arrested as an anarchist in 1873, but made his escape in 1876. He was imprisoned in France 1883-86 under a law directed against the International Working- men's Association, of which he was a member. He is the author of "Paroles d'un rivolt^" (1885), "In Russian and French Prisons " (18S7), etc. Also written Erapotkine, Kropotkin, etc. skv) Born at Moscow in 1850 : died at Stock- Krasicki (kra-set'ske), Ignatius. Bom at Du holm, Sweden, Feb. 10, 1891. A Russian mathe matician. She was professor of mathematics at the University of Stockholm. Kovno (kov'no). 1. A government of Russia, bounded by Prussia and the governments of biecko, Galicia, Austria-Hungary, Feb. 3. 1735 died at Berlin, March 14, 1801. A Polish poet and man of letters. His chief poems are ''Mys- zeis" ("Mousiad," 1790), and "Monomaehia" ("War of the Monks")- Courland, Wilna, and Suwalki. Area, 15,692 Krasinski (kra-sin'ske), Sigmund. Bom at square miles. Population (1887), 1,587,200.— Paris, Feb. 19, 1812 : died there, Feb. 24, 1859. 2 The capital of the govemment of Kovno, A Polish poet. Among his poems are "Nie- about lat. 54° 54' N., long. 23° 53' E., at the boska komedya" ( " Undmne Comedy,' 1835- iunction of the Vilia with the Niemen. It has 1848), '_' Ii-ydion" (1845) etc. _ a flourishing trade. Napoleon's army crossed the Niemen KrasnOl (kras-noi ), or KraSUyi, A town in here June 23-25, 1812. The Poles were defeated here by the Russians June 26, 1831. Population (1890), 68,768. .d^OVroff (kov-rof ' ). A town in the government of Vladimir, Russia, situated on the Kliazma 36 miles northeast of Vladimir. Population (1885-89), 6,547. Koweyt (ko-waf). A seaport in Arabia, situ- ated on the Persian Gulf in lat. 29° 23' N., long. 48° E. Also Kuweit, G-rane, etc. Koyukukhotana (k6-y6"kuk-eh6-ta'na). A tribe of the northern division of the Athapas- can stock of North American Indians, living in villages along the Koyukuk River and its tribu- taries in the interior of Alaska. See Athapas- ciin. Koyunjik. See EKi/uiijik. Koza (ko'za), orMakoza(ma-k6'za), or Kosa. A Bantu tribe in eastern Angola, West Africa, on the Chikapa River. They are of LUnda descent, but, having settled in Kiokoland, they have adopted Kioko customs. Kozelsk, or Koselsk (ko-zelsk'). A town in the govemment of Kaluga, Russia, situated on the Zhizdra 40 miles southwest of Kaluga. Pop- ulation (1885-89), 5,926. Kozloff. See Eosloff. Kra (kra). The isthmus which connects the Ma- lay peninsula with the rest of the Indo-Chinese peninsula. Krafft, or Kraft (kraft), Adam. Bom at Nurem- berg (?) about the middle of the 15th eentiu-y : died at Schwabach (f), near Nuremberg, 1507. A German sculptor of the Nuremberg school. His chief work is the tabernacle in St. Lau- rence's Church, Nuremberg. Krafft, Peter. Born at Hanau, Sept. 17, 1780 : died at Vienna, Oct. 28, 1856. An Austrian his- torical painter. He was a pupil of the Hanau Academy, afterward of Fiiger in Vienna. He went to Paris in 1802, and became a follower of the school of David. In 1806 he returned to Vienna, but did not become known till 1813. He was elected memb_er of the Vienna Academy in that year, and in 181.') of the rector at the Vienna A vedere Gallery in 1828 ; and in 1839 honorary the Copenhagen Academy. Krain. See CarnMa. Krajova, orKrayova, or Crajova (kra-yo'va). A town in Rumania, situated in lat. 44° 19' N., long. 23° 49' E. Population, 30,081. Krakatua (kra-ka-to'a), or Krakatoa (kra-ka- to'a). A small island in the Strait of Sunda, between Sumatra and Java : noted for a volcanic eruption which began Aug. 26, 1883. The accom- panying ocean wave destroyed over 30,00*) lives; and the eruption was followed by extraordinary atmospheric phe- nomena, visible over great portions of the globe, attributed to the presence of the volcanic dust. Kralingen (kra'ling-en). A small fishing-town in the province of South Holland, Netherlands, near Rotterdam. Kranach. See Cmimcli. the government of Smolensk, Russia, 30 miles soutliwest of Smolensk. Here, Aug. 14, 1812, the aecom. P. term, -in) = G. l-reml, from Russ. l-reiiiU, a citadel, fortress.] The citadel of Mos- cow, Russia. Itisahighlypicturesqueandinteresting triangular inclosure, about 1^ miles in circuit, fortified with battleniented walls from which project cylindrical and squaie towers, many of them terminating in spires behind which rise the multifonu domes and belfries of the churches, brilliant with gold and colors. The present walls date from 1492. The Kremlin contains the imperial palace, the cathedrals of the Assumption, the Archangel -Michael, and the Annunciation, the Miracle monastery, the Ascension convent, the arsenal, and the famous Great Bell. The Great Palace dates for the most part only from the middle of the present century, its predecessors having repeatedly been bunied, the last one by the soldiers of Napoleon. It is a lofty structure of little architectural quality without, except for its great size, but of unusual richness within. Among the state apartments are the hall of St. George, the Alexander hall, the hall of St. An- drew, and the throne-room, all splendidly adorned with paintings, sculptures, and other works of art, all OS feet wide, ranging from 100 to 200 feet long, and from 58 to 68 high. Several of the chapels also are noteworthy, as well as the Red Staircase, used only for grand functions ami recalling many historic scenes from Ivan the Terrible and Peter the Great to Napoleon. The Treasury is ex- tremely rich in ancient jewels and plate, including the old regalia: here also are the thrones of the last emperor of Constantinople and of the old Persian shahs, and the coro- nation-robes. Kremnitz (krem'nits), Hung. Kormocz b&nya (ker'mets ban'yo). A royal free city in the county of Bars, Hungarv, situated in lat. 48°' 43' N., long. 18° 55' E.: noted for its gold- and PopiUation (1890), 9,179. Population (1890), commune, , ___^. --,---, silver-mines French under Muratand Xey defeated the Russians under KremS (kremz). A town in Lower AlLstria, slt- Rajevsky; and here, Nov. 16-19, 1812, the Russians under ^^ted on the Danube 38 miles west-north- Kutusoff defeated the French under Jvapoleon. An obe- i „f vio-n-nn lisk was erected in 1843 in commemoration of the latter ,„ .„; *■ '*'""<' battle. 10.:i.'-;4. _^ ^ Krasnovodsk (kras-no-vodsk'). The capital of Kremsier (krem'zer), Slav. Kromeriz (kro'- the Transeaspian Territory, Asiatic Russia, sit- myer-zhizh). A town in Moravia, Austria-Hun- uated on the Caspian Sea about lat. 40° N., gary, situated on the March 22 miles south by long. 52° 45' E. east of Olmiitz. It was the seat of the Austrian Krasnoyarsk (kriis-no-yarsk'). The capital of Reichstag 1848-49. Population (1890), 12,480. the government of Yeniseisk, Siberia, situated Kreutzer (kroit'ser), Konradin. Born near o.n the Yenisei about lat. 56° N., long. 92° 30' E. Messkireh, Baden, Nov. 22. 1780 : died at Riga, Population (1889), 16,235. Krasnyi (or Krasnoi) Jar (kras-noi' yar). A town in the government of Astrakhan. Russia, situated on a mouth of the Volga 27 miles northeast of Astrakhan. Population, 6,230. Russia, Dec. 14, 1849. A German composer and conductor. He composed numerous operas, including "Conradin von Schwaben" (1812), "Das Nachtlager vor Granada" (1834), and '*Der Verschwender"; an oratorio, " Die Sendung Mosis"; a one-act drama, "Cordelia"; and part-songs. Kraszewski (krii-shev'ske). Jozef Ignacy. Kreutzer (kret-sar'),Rodolphe. BornatVer- Born at Warsaw, July 26. 1812: died at Ge- ' - "- .. - . ~ neva, March 19, 1887. A Polish novelist, poet, critic, historian, and general writer, author of many novels of Polish life. Kratim (kra-tem'), or Kratimer (krat'i-mer). The dog of the Seven Sleepers. See the extract. Mahomet has somewhat improved on the story. He has made the Sleepers prophesy his coming, and he has given sailles. Prance, Nov. 16, 1766: died at Geneva, Switzerland, June 6, 1831. A noted French vio- linist and composer. His chief work is forty " Etudes ou caprices pourle violon." He also wrote thirty or forty operas, violin concertos, sonatas, etc. He was the friend of Beethoven, and to him Beethoven dedicated the fa- mous " KreutzerSonata "' forpiano and violin, ftrstplayed by Beethoven and Bridgetower at Augarten in May, ^„„„ ..,^^^.„r--.r"— .. =, -■- -= ISf*- them a dog named Kratim, or Kratimer, which sleeps with KreUZburg (kroits'boro). A town in the prov- .,,„„ „.,.5 ,„v,.-„., ;. ^„A..„^A ,„;»>, fi,o ^if. r.{ r.,.„„h„nv ^^^^ ^f Sllcsla, Pmssla, situated on the Stober 52 miles east by south of Breslau. Population (1890), 7,550. Kreuznach, or Creuznach (kroits'naeh). A town and watering-place in the Rhine Prov- ince, Prussia, situated on the Nahe 21 miles west-southwest of Mainz. It is noted for its springs (iodine and bromine). Population (1890), commune, 18,143. Upper Nile in 1869, but returned before her murder About Kriemhild. or Chriemhild (krem'hild). [MHG, 1879 he visited Sokoto and the Ahaggar Tuaricks. When a j,-,.;, ,,,,:,, i Tlip IpcrPTidarvlieroineof the "Nibe- German expedition to the Niger and Binue was contem- hnmlli t.} liie legenclarj neromeot tne INlDe them, and which is endowed with the gift of prophecy As a special favor this dog is to be one of the ten animals to be admitted into his paradise, the others being Jonahs whale, Solomon's ant, Ishmael's ram, Abraham's calf, the Queen of Sheba's ass, the prophet Salech's camel, Moses' ox, Belkis' cuckoo, and Mahomet's ass. Barimj-Gould. Curious Myths of the Middle Ages, p. 102. Krause (krou'ze), Gottlob Adolf. BornatOck- rilla, near Meissen, German}', Jan, 5, 1850. An African traveler. He accompanied Miss Tinne to the expedition to the Mger plated in 1883, he was sent to Lagos in order to prepare the ground. He has written on the Fulah and Ghat languages. le Hanau Academy; professor and cor. Krause, Karl Christian Friodrich. Born at Academy in 1823 ; director of the Bel- Eisenberg, Saxe-Alteiiburg, May 6, 1781 : died >8 ; and in 1839 honorary member of ^^ Munich, Sept. 27, 1832. A German philoso- pher, and writer on freemasonry. Krauss (krous), Marie Gabrielle. Bom at Vi- enna, March 23, 1842. A noted German soprano opera-singer. .She made her debut at Vienna in 1860, and has sung with success in all the capitals of Europe. Krauth (krath), Charles Porterfield. Born at Martiiisl.urg, W. Va., March 17, 1823 at Philadelphia, Jan. 2, 1883. An American theologian of the Lutheran Church, professor of mental and moral science and vice-provost m the Universitv of Pennsvlvania The Conservative Reformation and its Theology " (1871), etc., and a " ■Vocabulary of the Philosophical Sciences," including William Fleming's "Vocabulary of Philosophy," in 1877. Krayova. See Krajova. Krapf(krapf),JohannLudwig.BomatDeren- ^^?^,-- ^a*Lf!^r5;.7/J dingen, near Tiibingen, Germany, 1810: died at Kornthal, Nov. 26, 1881. An African mission- ary, linguist, and explorer. After studying theology at Tiibingen and Basel.he entered the service of the Church IdlBBionary Society 1S37, and was sent to Abyssinia. £x- Kremenetz (kre'ine-nets). A town in the gov- ernment of Volhvnia, Russia, situated in lat. 50° 7' N., long, 25° 43' E. Population, 11,398. Krementchug (kra-men-chbg'). A town in the iungenlied." She was the daughter of King Gibich (whose seat was at Worms on the lower Rhine), the sister of the Burgundian princes Gunther, Gemot, and Giselher, and the wife of Siegfried. Afterward, as the wife of Etzel (Attila), king of the Huns, she encompassed tlie death of her brothers, and avenged Siegfried's murder at their hands, but was herself slain. In the Old Norse version of the legend in the " Volsunga Saga " and the " Edda," her counterpart is Gudrun. Krik. A pseudonym of Henry G. Crickmore, a writer on the turf and sporting matters. ^^^^ Kriloff. SeeKri/loff. "ULa Krimmitschau. See Crinimitscliau. Krimmler (krim'ler) Waterfalls. A series of cascades in the Austrian Alps, north of the Gross-Venediger. Total height, 1.300 feet. He ;;bh;h;d Krishna (krish'na). ['The black.'] A Hindu - ^ ■ deity. Originally the ethnic god of some powerful con- federation of Rajput clans, by fusion with the Vishnu of the older theology Krishna becomes one of the chief divini- ties of Hinduism. He is indeed an avatar of Vishnu, or Yishnu himself. In his physical character mingle myths of Are, lightning, and st«rm, of heaven and the sun. In the epic he is a hero invincible in war and love, brave, but above all crafty. Hewasthe sonofVasudeva and Devakl, and born at >Iathura,on the Yamuna, between Delhi and Agra, among the Yadavas. Like that of many solar heroes, his birth was beset with peril. On the night when it took place his parents had to remove him from the reach of his uncle' King Kansa, who sought his life because he had Krishna been warned by a voice from heaven that the eighth son of Devaki would kill him, and who had regularly made away with his nepliews at their birth. Conveyed across the Vamuna, Krishna was brought up as tlieir son by the gheplierd Nanda and his wile Yashoda, together with Ids brother Balararaa, 'Rama the strong,' who had been like- wise saved from massacre. The two brothers grew up among the shepherds, slaying monsters and demons and sporting with the Gopis, the female cowherds of Vrinda- Taiia. Their birth and infancy, their juvenile exploit-s, and their erotic gambols with the Gopis became in time the essential portion of the legend of Krishna, and their scenes are to-day the most celelirated centers of his worship. When grown, the brotliers put their uncle Kansa to death, and Krishna became knig of tlie Va> the final catastronhe. After seeing his brother slain, and the Yadavaskill each other to the last man, he himself pei-ished, wounded in the heel, like Achil- les, by the arrow of a hunter. The bible of the worship- ers of Vishnu in his most popular manifestation, that of Krishna, consists of the Bhagavatapurana and the Bha- (tav.idgita. See these words. Krishna. A river and district in India. See Ktstna Krishnagar (krish-na-gur'), or Kishmigur (kish-nu-f;ur'). The capital of Nadi_va district, Bengal, British India, situated on the Jalangi 60 miles north of Calcutta. Population, about 26,000. Kriss Kringle. See Criss Ki)igle. Kristineaux. See Cree. Kristinehamn, or Cristinehamn (kris-te'ne- hiimn). Atown in the laen of Karlstad, Sweden, situated on LakeWener 20 miles east by south of Karlstad. Population (1890), 5,933. Kroia (kroi'a), or Akhissar (ak-his-sar')- A town in the vilayet of Skutari, Turkey, 28 miles northeast of Durazzo: a stronghold of Scan- derbeg. Krolevetz, or KroUevetz (kro-lye'vets). A town in the government of Tchernigoflf, Russia, 88 miles east of Tchernigoff . Population ( 1892), 13,208. Kronach, or Cronach (kro'nach). A small town in tipper Franconia, Bavaria, on the Kro- nach 55 miles north by east of Nuremberg. It was the birthplace of Lucas Cranach. Kronenberg, or Cronenberg (kro'nen-bero). A manufacturing town in the Rhine Province, Prussia, 21 miles north-northeast of C61ogne. Population (1890), 8,702. Kronoberg (kro'no-berg), or Wesjo (veks'y^). A laen in southern Sweden. Area, 3,841 square miles. Population (1893), estimated, 158,304. Kronos (kron'os). See Cronus. Kronstadt, or Cronstadt (kron'stut). Hung. Brasso (brosh'sho), Rumanian Brasov (brii'- 80v). The capital of the county of Kronstadt, Transylvania, Hungary, situated in lat. 45° 37' N,, long. 25° 30' E. It is the commercial and nianu- tocturlng center of Transylvania. The chief building is the Protestant or "Black" church. It was founded at the beginning of the 13th centurj', and was the cenier of the Reformation in Transylvania. Population (189(J), 30,739. Kronstadt, or Cronstadt. A seaport in the government of St. Petersburg, Russia, situated on the island of Kotlin-Ostroff, near the head of theGulf of Finland, in lat. 60° N., long. 29° 46'E. it is the port of St. Petersburg, and the chief soajjort, na- val fortress, and naval station of Russia. It has regular communication (by steamer) with Stockholm, Stettin, Lu- beck, Havre, etc. It was founded by Peter the Great 1710. Population (IKU"), .'.9,539. Brook (kruk), Mr. A drunkard, in Dickens's "Bleak House," who perishes by spontaneous combustion. Krotoschin, Pol. Krotoszyn (kro'to-shen). A town in the proWnceof Posen, Prussia, 54 miles south-southeast of Posen. Population (1890), commune, 10,646. Erozet, or Crozet (kro-za'), Islands. A group of small uninliabitod islands in the Indian Ocean. Possession Island is situated in lat. 46° 22' S., long. 51° 30' E. Eru, or Croo (kro). A tribe in Liberia, West Africa, settleil on the seaboai'd between the Bassa and the Grebos, to whom tliey lire related. The Kni-men, often called Krit-hmja, arc famous as a people who never were slaves, as e.\ccllcnt sailors, and as thrifty, hiu'd-working laborers. They hire themselves out t*t all points of tile West Coast for a period rarely exceeding VI moons. They arc an athletic race, with strong chests and arms, but rather weak legs. Their tribal mark is a black stripe tattooed on the forehead from the hair to the nose. Since the advent of the American missionaries the Krii- men are beginning to abandon heathenism. In a,» „d. celebrated Gerinan philologist and mythologist. A German dramatist. In 1847 he became one of the ed. itorsofthe" Cidogne Gazette " ; in 1856 its editor-in-chief ; and in 1872 correspondent at Berlin. Among his plays arc "DieGriifln •■ (18tiS>, "Brutus" (1874), " Marino Faliero' (1876). "Witzlar von liogen " (1S.S2), "Alexis" (1882), "Arabella Stuart " (lt<8S), " Hans Waklnjann " (1890), etc. Eruseman van Elten (kro'se-miln van el'ten), H. D. Born at Alkmaar, Nov. 14, 1829. Aland- scape-painter. He studied in Haarlem and Brussels, and settled in Amsterdam, whence he removed to New York in ISii.'i. He is a member of the E..tterdam and Anister- ilamiu-.aikniies, aiidof the National Academy at Kew York. Erusenstern (kro'zen-steru), Adam Johann von. Born at Haggiid, Esthouia, Russia, Nov director of the KoUniscbes Gymnasium. Ue was one of the founders of the science of comparative mythol- ogy. Among his works are "Zur altesteii Geschichte der indogernianischen Volker" (184.U "Die Herabkunft des Feiiers lind des Gottertranks " (IS.'SO), etc. Eiihner (kU'ner). Rafael. Born at Gotha, Ger- many, March 22. 1802: died at Hannover, Prus- sia, April 16, 1878. A noted German philologist, teacher at the lyceum in Hannover. He pub- lished " Ausfuhrliche Granmiatik der griechischen Sprache" ("Complete Grammar of the Greek Language," 1834-3.''i), "Elementargraminatik der griechischen Spraihe" (1S37), and other Greek and Latin graminars- Culenborg (ko'- vincc of (iclder- 8 (O. S.), 1770: died at Ass, Esthonia, Aug. 12 Euilenburg (koi Icn-bora), or ( (O. S.), 1846. A Russian admiral and navi- fii-lJoi;<>)- A town in the pro gator. He circumnavigated the world 180.3-06, and pub- la'Hl. Netheria.uls, Situated on the Lek 32 miles liBhed"Reise urn die Welt "("Journey Round the World," south-soutlieast of Amsterdam. Population lSlO-12), "Atlas de I'oci^an paciflque" (1824-27), "Kccueil (1889), ('omiiiiine, 7,0.")3. de memoires hydrographhiues" (1824-27), etc. EuitC (kii-och'), or Lower UmpQUa (um'kwii). Eryloff, or Eriloff (kre-lof ), Ivan AndreyC; a tribe of Nortli American Indians. They fo vitch. Born at Moscow, Feb. 13, 176S: died at St. Petersburg, Nov. 21, 1844. A Russian fabu- list. His ill success as journalist and dramatist induced him in 1797 to become the Russian tutor of the children of Prince Galitzin. In 1812 he was .appointed one of the librarians in the Imperial Piitilic Lihrary — a position he retained for nearly twenty years. His fables are quoted inRussina8"Iliidlbra8"wa8iii England. Theywero pub- lished in 1809, 1811, and 1810 (English translation by Ral- stcm 1868). Etesias. See Ctcsias. Etesiphon. See Ctisiphon. Eua (Uii'ii), or Makua (mii-ko'ii) tribe of Portuguese East Africa. Euba (kii'bii). A town in the government of oq' E. it is mosilv built of mud houses, and was rebuilt Baku, Caucasus, Russia, 50 miles south-south- j„ j847_i8^ after an 'annvfrom Wndal had destroyed it. It east of Derbend. Poptdation (1891), 13,917. has an Important trade, being at the end of the great route Euba orBakuba(bii-k-3l. It surrendered to the French in 180«. Population (IS'M), commune, 16,072. EuSU (kci'so), or BakusU (bii-ko'so). A Bantu tribe of the Kongo State, on the left bank of the Lualaba River, north of Nyangwe. They are agriculturists, copper-smelters, and eannilKils. Kutabminar (ko'tabme-nar'). Alotty column of red sandstone erected by the Mussulmans at Delhi iu India, to commemorate their decisive victory over the Rajputs in 1193, which gained for them the sovereignty of the Panjab. It is 5ij feet in diameter at the base, and 13 at the top, and is con- sidered the highest column in the world. Its face is cov- ered with texts from the Koran. Named in honorof Kutab- uddin, the general of the conqueror. Kutahia, or Kutaya (ko-ti'ya). Atown in Asia Minor, Turkey, situated in lat. 39° 28' N., long. 29° 52' E. It is a trading center. A peace was nego- tiated here, May, 1838, whereby the sultan made over Syria and the province of Adana to Ibraliim Pasha. Pop- ulation, estimated, 40,000-60,000. Eatais (ko-tis'). l. A government in Transcau- casia, Asiatic Russia, bordering on the Black Sea and Asiatic Turkey. The territories of Sukhum and Batum were annexed to it in 1882. Area, 13,968 square miles. Population (1886-90), 998,620. 2. The capital of the government of Kutais, situated on the Kion in lat. 42° 16' N., long. 42° 40' K., acquired by Russia in 1810. Popu- lation (1892), 22,043. Kutchin (ku-chiu'). A general name given to many tribes of the northern division of the Atha- pascan stock of North American Indians, who live on and near the Yukon River and its tribu- taries in Alaska, and in the northwestern part of British North America, west of the Mac- kenzie River. Sometimes called Loiichcux nnd Qiiarrrlir.i. They number about 1,974. See Afltftpttscirii. Eutchuk-Kainardji (kot - chok ' ki - niird ' je). Treaty of. A treaty between Russia and Tur- key, concluded at Kutchuk-Kainardji (a place in Bulgaria 15 miles southeast of Silistria) July 21, 1774. Turkey renounced sovereignty over.the Tatars in southern Russia; Kiissia acquired territory and strate- (Tical points in the Crimea and on the Black .Sea. Eutno (kot'no). A town in the government of Warsaw. Russian Poland, 74 miles west of War- saw. Population (1890), 10,056. Kuttack. See Cutldck. Kuttenberg (k(it'ton-bero),Bohem.Hora Kut- nAdH/rii kiit'nii). A town in Bohemia, 39 miles cast by south of Prague. Its lead-mines were longnotc(l for their ]ircMluctiou of silver. Popu- lation (1890), coiuiuiini', ]:f,563. KutusoflF, or Kutvizoff (ko-to'zot), Mikhail, Prince of Smolensk. Born Sept. 16, 171.'): clii.l atBunzlau, Prussia, April 28, 1813. A Russian field-marshal. He served in tlie Turkisli and Napole- onic wars ; eommandtd at Austerlitz Dec. 2, Isori ; sue- ceeded IJarelay de Tolly as commander-in. chief in 1812 ; ciiniriiandcrt at Borodino In 1S12 ; and was victorious at Smolensk Nov., 1812. Kuty (ko'te). A town in Qalicia, Austria-Hun- 581 gary, situated on the Czeremosz in lat. 48° 16' N.. long. 2.5° 10' E. Population (1890), com- mune, 0,3.53. Kuvera (ko-va'ra). [Skt. : said to be from A«, what a (interrogative and depreciative), and li ru, body (in reference to his ugliness).] In Hindu my thology.originally, the cliief of the evil beings dwelling in darkness, a sort of Pluto; later, the god of riches and the regent of the norlliern (|Uarter. His city is Alaka in the Himalaya, and his Kurden (."haitraratha on Mount Man-i on the nc^rtll, I'uhkien on the northeast, lln' China Sea and (iult of Tongking on the soul!i. and Tongking aiul Kwangsi on the west. Chiif city, Cautuii. Area,7y,4.")(i scpiare nules. Popu- lal'i(ju (Willi Iliiinau). 29,700,249. Kwanlun(kwan-ldu'), orK'WUnlun(kwun-), or Kuenlun (kwen-). A mountain-ehaiii in the (Viiiu'se em]iin" which separates Tilict on tlie south from Kasleru Turkestan on the norlii. Highest peaks, about 25.000 feet. They were paitiuUy e.\jilored bv Pijeviilski about 18S0. Kwapa(kwil'liiii.iprQuapaW(kw!i']ia). .\ tribe of the Uhi'giha division of North .\iuerieiin In- dians. The name they give themselves is Vkaqjm, mean- ing 'those who went down stream'or 'with the current." the correlative of t'7/if7/jAnn. (See Omaha.) Some of them are In the Indian Terrltorv ; others are with the Osage in Oklahoma. Their t..tal munber is about .'JOO. The Kwapa werecalleil Akansaby the Illinois; hence the nanu- Arkati- Hat. See Uhe'jih42. An English poet and scholar, in lft!5 he fimnded the "JIusa-um Mi- nerva-," a college intended to give instruction to "'our gen- tlemen befnre their taking long journeys into foreign parts." It perished with its founder. He published a version of Chaucer's '"Troilus andCressida."and a romance in verse, " I.eoline and .Sydanis," and other poems. Kyoto. See Kioto. Kypros. See I'ijprm. Kyrene. See Ci/rene. Kyritz (ko'rits). A town in the pro\"ince of Brandenburg. I'rtissia, situated on the JiiglitzSl miles iiorlliwest of Berlin. Population (1890), coinniune. 5,(180. Kyrle (Uerl i. John. Born at Dymock. Glouces- lersliii'o. May 22, 1037: died at Ross, Hert- fordshire, Nov. 7, 1724. A benevolent and public-spirited man, a general mediator in the neighborhooil of the estates he inhi'rited from his father. He was known as "the Man of Koss." Pope has innnortallzed Ilim in his ".Moral Essays," iii. 2[iO. KyrOS. See Cl/nis. Kythul, or Kaithal (ki-thul'). A town in Kar- lull ilistrict, Paii,ial>. British India. 92 miles nortli-norlliwesl of Delhi. Population, about 14,(1011. Kyzikos. See Cycicus. aach (lach). A small lake in the EMne Province, Prussia, 16 miles -west-northwest of Coblenz. Laaland (la'land), or Lol- land (lol'and). An island of Denmark, south of Zealand. Itssurfaceislevel. ItforruswithFal- stertheprovinceof Maribo. Length, 37 miles. Area, 445 square miles. La Antigua (la an-te'gwa). 1. One of the names given to the old colony of Darien: in full, Santa Maria de la Antigua del Darien. — 2. Guatemala la Antigua. See Guatemala, Old. Laar, or Laer (lar), Pieter van. Bom in the Netherlands about 1613: died at Haarlem, Netherlands, about 1674. A Dutch genre paint- er, called Bambocclo ( ' cripple ' ) . He painted with much humor and naturalness, and his style was imitated so that "bambocciade "became a special artistic term ap- plied to scenes of low life. Labadie, or La Badie (la ba-de'), Jean de. Born at Bourg-en-Guienne, France, Feb. 13, 1610 : died at Altona, Prussia, Feb. 13, 167-1. A French mystic and separatist. Originally a Jesuit, he joined the Reformed Church in 1650, and founded a sect known as the Labadists. Labadists (lab'a-dists). The followers of Jean de Labadie. See Labadie. The Labadists were Chris- tian communists. Among their tenets were denial of the obligation of Sabbath observance, on the ground that life is a perpetual sabbath ; belief in the direct influence of the Holy Spirit ; and belief in marriage as a holy ordinance valid only among believers, the children of the regenerate being bom without original sin. The sect disappeared about the middle of the 18th centmy. Laban (la'bau). [Heb.,' white.'] A Syrian, fa- ther-in-law of the patriarch Jacob. Labanoff de Rostoff (la-bii'nof de ros'tof), Prince Alexander. Born 1788 : died at St. Pe- tersburg, Dec. 8, 1866. A Russian general and historian. He wrote "Lettres, instructions, et m^moires de Marie Stuart, reine d'ficosse" (1844), etc. La Barre, Antoine le Tbvie de. See Barre. LabastidayDavalos(l!i-bas-te'daeda'va-los), Pelagio Antonio de. Born at Zamora, llicho- acan. March 21. 1816: died at Mexico City, Feb. 5, 1891. A Mexican ecclesiastic, bishop of Pue- bla from July 8, 1855, and archbishop of Mexico from March 19. 1863. He was a leader of the conser- vatives and church party in the struggles of 1856 ; was exiled ; subsequently was active in the movement for an empire ; was one of the regents in 1863 ; and was again exiled by Juarez in 1867. Labat (la-bii' ), Jean Baptiste. Bom at Paris, 1663: died there, Jan. 6, 1738. A French Do- minican missionary and author. From 1694 to 1705 he was stationed in the French West Indies. Diuing this time he visited many French and English islands under government commission. Hepublished "Nonveau voyage auxlslesde r,\m^rique,etc."(lst ed., 2vols.,1724; 3d ed., with additions, 8 vols., 1742; Dutch and German transla- tions^, etc. Labe (la-ba'), Louise, sumamed La belle Cor- di^re ("the beautiful ropemaker'). Bom at Lyons, France, 1526: died at Lyons, March, 1566. The most important French female poet of the 16th century, in her youth she was a soldier, and was sometimes called Captain Loys. She was the au- thor of elegies, sonnets, and a prose work, "IMbat de la folic et de ramour." Labeatis Lacus (la-be-a'tis la'kus). The an- cient name of the Lake of Scutari. La Bella (la bel'la). [It., 'the beautiful.'] A portrait by Titian, in the Galleria Pitti, Flor- ence. It is a three-quarter length of Eleonora Gonzaga, duchess of Urbino, in a very rich damask robe of blue and gold, with white slashings. Labelye (liib-le'), Charles. Bom at Vevay, Switzerland, Aug. 12, 1705: died at Paris (f) about 1781. The architect of the first West- minster bridge. He came to England about 1725, and was appointed ' ' engineer " of the bridge in May. 1738. The bridge was opened to the public Nov. is 1750. Laberius (la-be'ri-us), Decimus. Born about 105 B. c. : died at Puteoli, Italy, Jan., 43 B. c. A Roman knight, author of mimes or popular farces, comic and satirical poems, an epic poem on CsBsar's Gallic war, and a prose work con- taining anecdotes, etc. Labes (la'bes). A town in the province of Po- merania. Prussia, situated on the Riga 45 miles east-northeast of Stettin. Population (1890), commune, 5,232. Labezares (la-Ba-tha'res), Guido de. Bom in Biscay about 1510: died in the Philippine Isl- ands "about 1580. A Spanish commander. He went to Mexico ; accompanied VUlalobos to the Spice Isl- ands in 1S42, returning in 1549 ; was engaged in an attempt to settle Florida 15.=)8-62 ; was royal factor of Legazpe's expedi- tion to the Philippines in 1564 ; and after Legazpe's death, Aug. 20, 1572, remained in command of tlie conquests un- til Aug. 24, 1575. His reports on the Florida expedition and on the conquest of the Philippines were published in the "Cartas de Indias," 1877. Also writter Labazares. Labiau (la'be-ou). A small town in the prov- ince of East Prussia, Prussia, 26 miles east- northeast of Koni.gsberg. By a treaty concluded here in 1656, between Charles Gustavus of Sweden and Frederick William the Great Elector, the sovereignty of Brandenburg over East Prussia was recognized, Labiche (la-besh'). Eugene Marie. Bom at Paris, May 5. 1815: died at Paris, Jan. 23, 1888. A French dramatist, author of numerous suc- cessful comedies, farces, and vaudevilles. He was elected a member of the Academy in 1880. A col- lected edition of his plays was issued in 1879. Labienus (la-bi-e'nus), Quintus. Killed in Cilicia about 39 B. c. A Roman general, son of Titus Labienus. As a republican and Parthian com- mander he invaded Syria and Asia Minor 40 and 39 B. c Labienus, Titus. Killedatthe battle of Munda, Spain, 45 B. c. A Roman general, distinguished as Caesar's legate in the Gallic war. He joined the Pompeians in 49 B. C. Labillardifere i^lii-be-yar-dyar'), Jacques Ju- lien. Born at Alen9on, France, Oct. 23, 1755: died at Paris, Jan. 8, 1834. A French naturalist and traveler. Hepublished "IconesplantarumSyrije" (1791-1S12), " XovEe HoUandiieplantarum specimen" (1S04- 1806). "iielation du voyage ?i la recherche de La P6rouse pendant les anuees 1791-1792 " (ItOO), etc. Lablache (IS-blash'), Luigi. Born at Naples. Dee. 6,1794: died there. Jan. 23,18.58. Anopera- singer of French-Irish descent (his mother was Irish), regarded as the chief basso of modem times. He made hi:? first appearance in opera at Xaples in 1812, and from this time till 1856, when his health began to fail, he sang with great success. His voice, "when he chose, easily exceeded the tones of the instruments that ac- companied it." Laborde (la-bord'). Alexandre Louis Joseph, Comte de. Bora at Paris. Sept. 17, 1773 : died there, Oct. 24, 1842, A French scholarandman of letters, son of J. J. Laborde. He wrote " Voy- age pittoresque et historique en Espagne" (1807-18). etc. Laborde, Leon Emmanuel Simon Joseph, Comte de. Born at Paris, June 15, 1807 : died there, March 25. 1869. A French archjeologist and traveler in Eg\-pt, Arabia, and Asia Minor, son of A. L. J. de Laborde. Hewrote " Vovage en Orient, etc." (1837-64), etc. Labouchere (la-bo-shar'), Henry, Lord Taun- ton. Bom Aug. 15, 1798 : died at London, July 13, 1869. An English politician, of Huguenot descent, created Baron Taunton of Taimton Aug. 18, 1859. The Labouchere family (of which Hen- ry's father was the tirst to live in England) left France at the revocation of the Edict of Nantes.and settled in Holland. In 1824 he traveled in Canada and the United States. He was elected (W*hig)member of Parliament in 1^26 ; was ap- pointed a lord of the admiralty in 1S32 ; became master of the mint in 1835, and a memberof the pri\-j- council and vice- president of the board of trade ; was under-8ecretar>- of war and the colonies and president of the board of trade in 1839 ; was made chief secretary to the lord lieutenant of Ireland in 1S46 ; and became secretary of state for the colonies in 1855, His title became extinct on his death. Labouchere, Henry. Bom 1831. An English journalist and advanced Liberal politician, nephew of Henry Labouchere, Lord Tarmton. He was engaged in the diplomatic service from 1854 to 1864, He represented Windsor in Parliament 1865-66, and Mid- dlesex 1867-68, and since 1880 has sat for Northampton. He is owner and editor of the London weekly journal ' Trutli." His "Diary of a Besieged Resident in Paris" appeared in 1871. Laboulaye (lii-bo-la ' ) , £douard RenlLefeb-Tre de. Burn at Paris. Jan. IS, 1811 : died at Paris, May 25, 1883. A French jurist, historian, and politician. He became professor of comparative legis- lation in the College de 1 ranee in 1849, and was made dep- uty in 1871 and life senator in 1875. His works include "Histoij-e politique des Etats-Vnis" ("Political History of the United States," 18.55-66), " Les Etats-Unis et la France " (1862), " Paris en Amerique "(1863), " Kecherches sur la condition civile et politique des feinmes"(1843X translations of Channing's works, etc. Labourdan(la-bor-don'),orLabourd(la-b6r'). A Basque district, situated mainly in the west- ern part of the department of Basses-Pyr^n^es, France. Labourdonnais, or Labourdonnaie (la-bor-do- na'), Bertrand Francois Mahe de. Bom at St.-Malo, France, Feb. 11, 1699 : died Sept. 9, 1753. A French admiral, governor-general of the Isle of France and Isle of Bourbon. He cap- tured Madras in 1746. Labra (la'bra), Eafael Maria de. Bom at Havana in 1841. A Cuban publicist, a resident of Madi'id, Spain, since 1851. He has represented Porto Kico in several legislatures ; was one of the leadere of the abolition party ; and has published many works on slaver)', emancipation, and kindred topics, besides histori- cal studies on Spanish America, etc, Labrador (lab-ra-dor'). In an extended sense, a peninsula comprised between the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the Atlantic, Hudson Strait, and Hudson Bay (the southern part of which is now included in Quebec, while the western part forms the Northeast Territory) ; in a restrict- ed sense, a dependency of Newfoundland, in- cluding the coast from Cape Chudleigh to the Strait of Belle-Isle. The surface is rugged, the cli- mate rigorous, Labrador has important fisheries. The inhabitants are mainly Eskimos, Indians, and French. The interior near the Grand Falls has been recently explored by American parties. It was discovered by the ^Torsemen : and in 1497 by the Cabots. It was n-omed by G. Cortert»*i? (1501) "Terra de Lavradores" (land of laborers or slaves). It was also called on some old maps Terra Corterealis (from Cortereal), and by H^idson Magna Britannia. Population, (19011, 3,947. Labrunie, Gerard. See Gerard de Xerial. La Bruyfere (la brti-Tar'), Jean de. Bom at Paris, Aug. . 1645 : died at Versailles, May 10, 1696. A French moralist. He was educated in Paris and studied law. He left the bar, however, to fill an ad- ministrative position in Normandy (1673-87), but resided in Paris, where he was appointed tutor to the young Duke of Bourbon in 16S4. His claim to literary recognition resla on his great work '* Les caracteres," which he undertook in imitation of Theophrastus. He had made a translation of the latter's work, and appended to it notes on the cus- toms of his own times. The first edition was entitled " Ca- racteres de Th^ophraste, traduits du grec, avec les carac- teres ou les mceurs de ce siecle " (16881. It contained 386 " caracteres " ; the fourth edition (1689) contained 340 ad- ditional ones ; the fifth added 141, the sixth 103, the sev- enth 110, and the eighth 40, The ninth edition, contain- ing over 1,100 " caractferes," was in press at the timeof La Bruyere's death, Labuan (la-bo-an'). An island in the East In- dies, situated about 6 miles northwest of Bor- neo, in lat. 5° 17' N., long. 115° 15' E. Capi- tal, Victoria. It belongs since 1846 to Great Britain, and has been administered since 1890 by the British North Borneo Company. Area, 30 square miles. Population (1891X 6,853, Labjrrinth (lab'i-rinth). [L. lahyrinthus, from Gr. >a,ii'piwoc.2 A maze; especially, a subter- ranean structure having many intricate pas- sages. Several such mazes were famous in antiquity. The greatest was that which lay near Lake Maris, in the FajTim, Eg\-pt, and was prob.-ibly built by Amenemhat III. (about 2300 B. c). According to Herodotus, it had 3,000 halls and chambers, half of them above ground and half below, and 12 covered courts. Only fragments of it remain. (See the extract below.) Another famous laby- rinth (that of Crete) was fabled to have been built for King Minos bv Da;dalus, on the model of the Egj-ptian. but very much smaller. Its real existence is doubted.^ There also was one on the island of Leninos and one on Samos. This platform, which measures one thousand feet in length by eight hundred in breadth, represents the site of the Labyrinth— that famous building of which it was said by Herodotus that it was "larger than all the temples of Greece put together, and more wonderful than the pyra- mids," The Labyrinth was utterly destroyed by order of the Roman Government some seventeen or eighteen cen- turies ago, and all that remains of its former magnificence is this platform, heaped six feet deep with thousands and Labyrintli tens of thousands of tons of limestone and granite chips. This tremendous destruction was undoubtedly wroupht by order of the Roman Government, and tlie people who smashed up and quarried out the most splendid ttulldin;^ of the ancient world lived in that little town on the south- west corner of the platform. As they went on clearirl^; the site they made use of it for a cemetery ; and so, in course of time, the last vestigres of the laljyrinth disap- peared, and the place thereof became a city of the dead. It was this cemetery which Mr. I'etrie explored during the seasons of 1887-SS and ls83-«9 ; and it was here that he dis- covered the e.\traordinary series of portrait.s,some of which are here reproduced from his original photographs. Edwards, Pharaohs, Fellahs, etc., p. 95. Lacaille (la-kiiy'), orLaCaille, Nicolas Louis de. Boi'uatKuiuignv, Ai'dL-imc'S, Frauoe, JIaivli 15, 1713 : died at Paris, March 21, 17G2. A noted French astronomer, professor of mathematics in Mazarin College. He wrote numerous scientific works, including " Astronomite fundamenlu, etc," (17.'>7), "Ccelum australe stelligerum, etc.'" (a catalogue of over 10,000 southern stars, 170:1), " Tabulie solares" (giving cor- rections for planetary perturbations, 17.'<8), etc. In 17;ii>- 1740 he was employed in remeasuring the French arc of the mericiian. fie conducted a successful astronomical expedition to the Cape of Good Hope 175o-.'i4. La Calle (la kill or lii kjil'la). A seaport in the province of Coustantine, Algeria, 40 miles east of Bona. Population (1891), 3,086. La Calpren^de (lii kal-pre-nad'), Gautier de Costes de. Born at the Chateau de Tolgon, near Sarlat, Dordogne, France, IGIO: died at Grand-Andely, Oct., 1663. A French novelist and dramatist. He wrote the historical romances "Cassandre" (1640), "La Cltopatre" (1047), and " Fara- mond, ou I'histoire de France " (lUOl); and several trage- dies, including "La mort de Slitliridato " (1637), *'Bra(la- mante " (1636), "Jeanne d'Angleterre " (lB;i7). "Lecomte d'Easex ' (1639), " Edouard, roi d'Angleterre " (1640), etc. Lacandones (la-kiin-do'nes). [F. Lacandoits.'] An Indian tribe of the Maya stock, in northern Guatemala and the adjacent parts of Mexico. Formerly they were numerous, and until 1750 were hos- tile to the whites. At present they are reduced to a few thousand. Those called Eastern Lacandones are friendly to stratigers, though living inastateof semi-indepenileiice and retaining most of their ancient customs. The Western Lacanilones, on the Passion River, have no intercourse with the whites, Laccadi'ves (lak'a-divz), or Laccadi'^e, 'ir Lakkadiv, Island's. A group of small coral islands, situated in the Indian Ocean, ■west of British India, about lat. 10°-12° N., long. 72'=- 74° E. They belong partly to Great Britain, partly to Kanara, The leading product is coir. The inhabitants are SI >plas ; the religion is Mohammedan. These islands were discovered by Vasco da Gama 1499. Population (1891X 14,440. Lacedaemon (las-e-de'mon). [Gr. AaKeSa!/iui'.'] A name anciently given to Laeonia, and some- times to Sparta. I^c6pMe (lii-sa-pad'), Bernard Germain Etienne de la Ville, Comte de. Born at Agon, France, Dec. 26, 1756: died at Epinay, near St. -Denis, France, Oct. 6, 18'25. A noted French naturalist. He continued Bulfon's "Histoirc Datorelle " under the titles " llistoire des quadrupfcdesovi- Sares et des serpents" (1788-810 and "Uistoire naturelle es reptiles " (1789). He also published " llistoire natu- relle oes poissons" (1798-1803), "llistoire des cc'tacfjs" (181)4). etc. His earliest works were an " Essai sur Ic-lec- tricltd naturelle et artiflcielle" (1781), an.l the " Po(;-ti(|ue de la musique " (1785). He was an amateur niusicia!) of ability. Lacerda e Almeida (lii-sar'da, 6 iil-ma'dii), Francisco Jos6 de. Bom at Sao Paulo about 1750: died near Tote, Mozambique, Africa, 1798. A Portuguosc-Brazilian engineer and traveler. From 1780 to 17fiO he was engaged in northern and west- em Bnizil on the commission employed to mark the boundaries of that country with the .Spanish coloides. In 1797 he was sent to explore the interior of Slozamblijue, where he died of malarial fever. Several of his reports have been published, Lacerta (la-scr'tiL). [L.,' the lizard.'] Asmiill constellation wliiVli iirst appears in llic ■' I'ro- droinus Astronomiio " of Ilcvclius, |)ublish(Ml in 1690. It is bonndeil by Cephcus, f'ygnlis Pegasus, and Andromeda. Its brightest star is of the fourth niagidtude. Lachaise, or La Chaise (lii slniz), Francois d'Aiz de. Born lit Aix, Loire, Francf. .Aug. 25, 162-t: iUvi\ at I'liHs. .Inn. '20, 170U. A French Jesuit, confi'ssor of I.niiis XIV. Lachaise, P6re, Cemetery of. See Pdre Tm- fhai.ic. La Chauss^e (la sho-sa'), Pierre Claude Ni- "Velle de. Bom at Paris, 10!I2 : diidiil I'liris, March 14, 1754. A Frendi dranialist, the in- troducer or popttlarizer of th1), various pajiers on inoculation, etc. It is said that lie carried the llrst knowledge of india-rubber to Europe, Laeonia (lij-k"'"'-!'*- !• In ancient geograjdiy, the soutlieastern division of the Fcloponnesus, Greece, lying south of Argolis and Arcadia and eastof Mossenia. Chietcity, Sparta. It was nearly surrounded by mountains and tiie sea, and was traversed by (he EurutiLS, 2. -V noinari-liy of modern (irei'ce. lying south- west of LaccdnMiion. .\ren, 457 sipiare miles. l^ipiilation (18!Mi), (i2,.S39, Laconicus Sinus (la-kon'i-kus si'nus). Gulf of Laeonia. Inancieiit gi'ograiihy, the arm of the Mcilitiiranciin south of Laconiii. Lacordaire ( lii-kor-dar' ). Jean Baptiste Henri. Born near Di.ron, May 12, 1S(I2: (fled at Son'ze (Tarn), Nov. '22. 1861." A cilcbrateil Frencli di- vine, lie entered the c.dlegeat IMJon In 1810, graduated with lumors In ISIH, studied ln>v, and finally entered an offlco In Paris. In 18'2I be gave up law for theology ; was admitted to the seminary of .Salnt-Sulpice ; and three years later was ordained iirlest. At the time of the revolution ((f .Inly, 18:«), (he Catholic element In France sought new means of strengthening Its Inthiencc, and thought to accomplish that end In preaching the ihwlrlnei of liberty, Ijicordalre eagerly followed the movement, and was active in editing a pai>er called " L'Avenlr." published for the first time Oct. 18, 1830. Ho retired from the staS. Lacy, Hugh de however, on account of the condemnation passed on the undertaking by the i>ontiHcal court at Rome. He attained a great reputation as a preacher at Notre Uauie, On April 6, 1840, he joined the Dominican orderof monks, and Feb. 2, 1860, he was elected to the French .\cademy. Some of La- cordaire's works are " Consid(;rations philosophiques sur le systeme de M.de Lamennais " (1S^34), " Vie de .Saint Do- niini(|ue " (l«4u), " Conf(;renccs de NotreDame de Paris " (1835-50)," Conft'rences k Lyon et h Grenoble ' (1845)," Ser- mons Isolds et oraisons funehres" (1M4-47), of which the finest was undoubtedly the funeral oration preached over the remains of General Drouot at Nancy on May *25, 1847 : and lastly a voluminous corrcepondence. A complete edi- tion of Lacordaire's works was publishea iu six volumes in 1858. Lacordaire, Jean Theodore. Bom at Recey- sur-Ource, Feb. 1, l.sOl : died at Liege, Belgium, July 18, 1870. A French entomologist, brother of J. B. H. Lacordaire. From 1825 to 1832 he made four journeys in South America ; from 1835 he was a professor at the University of Liege, His greatest„work is the "Gen- era des col^optt'res " (12 vols, 18,^(4-76 : the last three by Chapuis). He also published numerous works and papera on the Coleoptera, articles on South America, and an "In- troduction k I'entomologie " (2 vols. li>37-39). La Coruna. See ('unnina. La Coruna, Count of, fifth Viceroy of Mexico. Sec Mf ii(lii:ii. I.(tr(ii;u liunre: dc. La Cosa, Juan de. See Cosa. Lacressoniere ( lii-kres-so-nyar'), stage name of Louis Charles Adrien Lesot de la Penne- terie. Bern at Chiiimv, Haute-Marae, Dec. II, IS19 : died June 9, 1-S93. A noted French actor, lie first played in Paris at the Amidgu in 1842. In 1847, joining the Tht-atre Historique, he was for a long time the impersonator of the principal characters of Souli^ and Dumas, He was very successful in the double rOle in the " Courrier de Lyon." Lacretelle (la-krMel'), Jean Charles Domi- niQUe de. Bom at Metz. Sept. 3. 17()6: (lied at Macon, France, March 26, 18.55. A French his- torian and journalist. Among his works is "Histoire de France pendant le XVIII-^ siecle " (1808-12 : continued for the revolution, consulate and empire, and restoration). Lacroix dii-krwii'), Paul. Bom at Paris, Feb. 27, 1806 : died there. Oct. 16, 1884. A French novelist and historical and miscellaneous wri- ter under the pseiidonjTn " Bibliophile Jacob." Among his numerous works are "Contes du Bibliophile Jacob, etc. "(l&ll: reprinted in 1844 as "Ri^citshistoriques ala jeunessc"X "Ladance Macabre, etc. "(1832), "Convales- cence du vieux conteur" (1832-3(i-38). "Rtimans relatifs k I'histoire de France aux XV* et XVI'' siecles" (183S), " Le moyen .age et la renais-sance" (conjointly with S^r(^, 1847- 18.12). "Curiosit(5s de I'bistoire des arts, etc" (18.18). "Les arts au moyen .^(ge, etc." (IstiS), "Les nneurs, usages, et costumes au moyen Age, etc. " (1871), etc. He published many catdogues and edited a mmiber of works. He also wrote under the names of Pierre Dufour and Antony Dubourg. Lacroix, Sylvestre Frangois. Bom at Paris, 1765 : died there. May 25. l.'<43. A noted French mathematician. His chief work is '• Trnit*^ du calcul difft'rentiel etdu calcul integral" (1797). La Crosse (la kr(")s). A city and the capital of La Crosse County, Wisconsin, situated on the .Mississippi, at llie mouth of the La Crosse and Black rivers, in lat. 4:!° 48' N.. long. 91° 14' W. If has important lumber trade and sawmills. Poliulaliondliiini. 28. .895. Lactantius Firmianus (lak-tan'shi-us ftr-mi- a'nus). Lucius Cselius (or Caeciliusi. Lived at the licginnini; id' (he 4lh century. A Chris- tian ajiologisl. iu<'('('i)l(>r of Crispus in Gaul iiliout 313: calle(i " th(> Christian Cicero.'' His chief work is "Divinarum institutionuin libri soptem" ("Seven Books of the Di\Tne Institu- tions"). La Cuba (lii kii'bii). A castle at Palermo, Italy, built forrecreation by King Williiiin 11. in 1182. It is stpnire. Its loftv walls are "rnamented t*i their full height w ith alternately w ide and narrow Sarnceidc i»oin(ed wall arcades, heiieatli which open sevend tiers of iiidnted wiruhtws. the highest single, the others coupled. The castle is built aminid an Interior cotirt. The aeslgn poe- sesses nuich elegance. La Cue'Va. See Cucrn. Lacunza (lii-kiin'sii). Manuel. Born at Santi- ago, Chih', .Inly 19, 1731: died at Imola, Italy, June 17, 1801. A Jesuit author. After the expul- sion of his order from America (l"fl7). he lived a very so- I'ludi'd life in Italy. Ills commentary" La venbla del Me. slas" has had many edidons. Lacy, or Lascy (liis'("'\ Count Franz Moritz von. Born at St. Petersburg. Oct. 16, 1725: .lied at Vienna, Nov. 24, 1801. An Austrian liclil-marshal, distiiigiiislied in the Seven Years' War. Lacy (lii'si), Henry de. Born about 1249: died at London, Feb. 5, 1311. .\n English nobleman, third I'larl of Lincoln; an iiitluential counselor of Kdward I. and Kdwnril II. He took part in the slog* of llordeaui, I'JIHI, under (be Earl of Lancaster, and on the death of the latter (.Inne 5) was chosen general. Lacy, Hugh de. Murdered at Durrow, Ireland, Julv'25, 1 186. An English soldier and conqueror of Ireland, llfth Baron Lacy, and first Lord ot Lacy, Hugh de Meath. In Oct., 1171, he followed Henry IT. to Ireland. In 1172 he recei\ed the submission of Roderick, kiug of Connaught. and was granted Meath and Dublin Castle. He secured Meath by the erection of numerous castles. In 1173 he fought in France. His administration of Ire- land was chiu-acterized by peace and good order. He was recalled, temporarilj;, in 1181, returning the next winter. On July 2f; 1186. while inspecting the new castle at Dur- row, he w.as murdered. Lacy, Hugh de. Died at Carrickfergus about 1242. An English soldier, created earl of Ulster May 29, 1205: noted as a leader in the partizau wars in Ireland in the early part of the 13th century. Lacy, John. Born near Doncaster: died at Lon- don, Sept. 17, 1681. An English dramatist and actor, noted in his day as a comedian and mimic. He was the original Eaves in "The Rehearsal." Among his plays are •' The Old Troop, or Monsieur Raggou " (about 1665), and "Sir Hercules Buffoon, or the Poetic:U Squire" (1684). Lacy, John William or William. Born in the last part of the 18th century: died in Deyonshire about 1865. An English bass singer. He was a pupil at Bath of Rauzzini, and also studied in Italy. His wife was also a singer of some note. She died in March, 1S68. Lacy, Peter, Count Lacy. Bom at Killeedy, Limerick, Sept. 29, 1678 : died iu Livonia, May 11, 1751. A noted Irish soldier, made a field- marshal in the Russian army in 1736. He served with the Irish troops in France "and Italy and on the Rhine from 16L»- until the peace of Ryswick ; entered the Russian service as captain of infantry, and was employed by Peter the Great in training the Russian troops ; and served, with repeated promotions, in the various wars in which Russia was engaged until his retirement in 17t;:. At the battle of Pultowa he commanded a brigade of the right w ing. He was governor of Livonia and Esthonia. Ladak, or Ladakh (la-dak')- A province of Kashmir, southeast of Baltistan ai.d west of Tibet, traversed by the Upper Indus. It is the most elevated inhabited country in the world. It was con- quered by Kashmir in 1834-42. Poi.ulation (1891), 28,- 274. Ladd (lad), George Trumbull. Born at Paines- ville, Ohio, Jan. 19, 1842. An American theo- logian and psychologist, professor of philoso- phy at Bowdoin College, and later at Yale Uni- versity. He has published "Doctrine of Sacred Scrip- ture, etc." (1882), "Elements of Physiological Psychology, etc. " (1887), " What is the Bible ? etc. " (18S8), etc. He also translated Lotze's "Outhnes of Metaphysics, etc." (1834), " Outlines of Practical Philosophy, etc." (1885), "Outlines of the Philosophy of Religion" (1885), "Outlines of .-Es- thetics" (1886), "Outlines of Psycholog}-" (1886), "Outlines of Logic and of Encyclopsedia of Philosophy " (1887). Lade (la'de). In ancient geography, a small island in the ^gean Sea, near Miletus. Near it, about 495 or 494 B. c. , the Persian fleet defeated the Ionian Greeks. Ladies a la Mode. A play by Dryden, produced in Hi6s. Ladies' Battle, The. A comedy by Robertson, from the French of Scribe and LegouvS. It was produced in 1851. Ladies' Mile, The. A drive in Hyde Park, Lon- don, on the north side of the Serpentine. The Coaching and Four-in-Hand clubs meet there. Ladies' Peace. [F. Paix des dames.'] See Cani- hraij. Peace of. Ladikieh (la-de-ke'e), or Latakia (la-ta-ke'ii). A seaport in Syria, Asiatic Turkey, situated in lat. 35° .^^0' N., long. 35° 47' E. : the ancient Laodicea. it exports Ladikiyeh tobacco. Pop- ulation, 5,000-6,000. Ladislaus (lad'is-las), or Ladislas (lad'is-las), Saint. King of Hungai-j' 1077-95, sou of Bi51a I. He conquered Croatia and Slavonia in 1087. Ladislaus, or Lancelot. Died at Xaples, Aug. 6, 1414. Kiugof Naples 1386-1414, son of Charles HI., king of Naples and Himgary. His claim to the throne was disputed by Louis ll. of Anjou, who was supported by the popes I'rban ^^. and Clement VII. Boni- face IX. declared in his favor, however, and he was ena- bled to take possession of his capital in 1400. In 1403 he made an inetf ectual attempt to obtain the crown of Hun- gary. He attempted to unite all Italy under his sway, in which he was opposed by Boniface's successors. Innocent VII. and John XXm., the latter of whom he expelled from Rome in 1413. He died before he could consolidate his conquests. Ladislaus, King of Poland. See Wladislaio. Ladislaw, Will. One of the principal charac- ters in George Eliofs novel '•^liddlemarch": a yoimg artist who marries Dorothea Brooke after the death of her first husband, Mr. Casau- bon. Ladmirauit (liid-me-ro'), Louis Rene Paul de. Born at Montmorillon,nearVieniie, France, Feb. 17, 1808: ilied at Paris, Feb. 3, 1898. A French general. He commanded adivision at Solferinuin 1859, and an army-corps in the Franco-German war in 1*70. He served with distinction in the engagements before Metz, and was military governor of Paris Kn -78, when he retired 584 from active service. He published "Bases d'un projet pour le recrutement de I'armee de terre" (1871). Lado (.la'do). A town in central Africa, situ- ated on the White Nile, near Gondokoro, about lat. 5° N.: founded by Gordon in 1874. Ladoga (la'do-gS), Lake. The largest lake of Europe, situated in northwestern Russia be- tween the governments of Viborg, Olonetz, and St. Petersburg. It receives the waters of Lakes Saima, Ilmen, Onega, etc., and has forits outlet the Neva. Length. 130 miles. Average breadth, 68 miles. Area, 6,996 square miles. Ladon (ia'don). A name given to the northern head stream of the Ruphia ( Alpheus) in Greece. Ladron de Guevara (lad-ron' da gwa-vii'rii), Diego. Died in Mexico, 1718. A Spanish prel- ate who was successively bishop of Panama (1689), Guamauga (1699), and Quito (1703). From Aug. 30, 1710, to March 2, 1716, he was viceroy of Peru. He was superseded on the ground that he had shown too much favor to the colonists in his expenditures, and died while on his way to Spain. Ladrone (la-dron') Islands, or Mariana (mii- re-a'na) (or Marianne (ma-ri-au')) Islands. A chain of 15 islands in the North Pacific, situated in lat. 13°-21° N., long. 144°-146° E. They were discovered by Magellan 1521, and were occupied by Spain 1668. They formed a dependency of the Philip- pines- Guahan now belongs to the I'nited States, and the remainder of the group was purcha>ed liy Germany in 1899. Area, 4*20 square miles. Population, largely Olia- niorros and mixed races, 10,172. Lady Hideous (la'di hid'e-us). See the extract. On his [Perceval's] arrival he takes vengeance on the sen- eschal Kreux, and accompanies Arthur to Carlion, where that prince holds a full court. During his stay there, he one day sees Lady Hideous pass, who loads him with her maledictions. Her neckandhands. says the romance, were brown as iron, which was the least part of her ugliness; her eyes were blacker than a Moor's, and as little as those of a mouse ; she had the nose of a cat or an ape, and lips like an ox : her teeth were red, Mke the yolk of eggs ; she was bearded like a goat, was humped before and behind, and had both legs twisted, Dind'ip, Hist, of Prose Fiction, I. 177. Lady in Fashion, The. A play by Gibber. Lady Jane Grey, The. 1 . A play, in two parts, by Dekker, Heywood, Wentworth Smith, and Webster, and perhaps Chettle. It was produced in 1602. The parts written by Dekker and Webster were cob- bled into a plav called " The Famous History of Sir Thomaa Wyatt," published in 1607. Fleay. 2. A tragedy by Rowe, produced in 1715. Ma- dame de Stael, Brifaut, Soumet, and Tenny- son have also written tragedies on the subject, though not all with the same title. Lady of England, The. A title given to Ma- tilda, daughter of Henry I., wife of Geoffrey V. of Anjou, and mother of Henry H. Lady ot Lyons, The. A play by Bulwer Lytton, produced in 1838. It was originally written under the title of "The Adventurer," which was alteredat Macready's suggestion to "The Lady of Lyons." The chief incidents of the plot were suggested by a tale named "The Bellows Menders." i/oi^o;/. -Famous Plays. Lady of Shalott, The. A poem by Alfred Ten- nyson, published in 1832. It is substantially the same as the story of "Elaine." Lady of the Lake, F. Dame du Lac. A name given, in Arthurian romance, to Viyienue, Vi- viane, or Vivian, the mistress of the enchanter Merlin. She lived in a splendid palace in the midst of a delusive lake, which apparently prevented approach. In the romance of " Perceforet " the name is given to .-'ebile, whose castle was in the midst of a river covered by a thick fog. See Vivian, Merlin, and Perciforii. Lady of the Lake, The. 1 - A narrative poem by Sir Walter Scott, published in 1810. It is so called from the surname of its principal char- acter, Ellen Douglas.— 2. A cantata founded on Scott's poem, the music by G. A. Macfarren, produced in 1877.— 3. See Donna (hi Lar/o. tady of the Mercians. A name applied to ^thellia>d. dauditer of Alfred the Great, and wife of ^Ethelred, ealdorman of Mercia. Lady's Last Stake, The, or The Wife's Re- sentment. A comedy by Cibber, produced in 1707. It is a Idnd of p'endant to "The Careless Husband." Ladysmith (la'di-smith). A village in Natal, South Africa, aliout 80 miles north-northwest of Pietermaritzburg, at the junction of two railroads, one runnitig into the Transvaal and the other into the Orange Free State : an im- portant strategical point in the Boer war of 1899. General White, with about 10,000 troops, was be- sieged here by the Boers from Oct. 29, 1899, to Feb. 28, UlOii, w hen he was rescued by the British under General Bullci . Population, about 3,000. Laeken (la'ken). A tillage U miles north of Brussels, noted for its royal castle. Laelius (le'li-us). Caius. Lived about 200 B. c, A Roman general and consul, a friend of Seipiu Africanus, distinguished in the second Punic war. Lafayette Laelius, Caius, sumamed Sapiens ('the Wise'). Lived about 140 B. c. A Roman orator and philosopher, a friend of the younger Scipio Africanus. He is the chief character in the " De Amicitia" of Cicero. See lie Amicilia. Laennec (le-nek'), Ren6 Theophile Hya- Cinthe. BornatQuimper, France, Feb. 17, 1781; died near Douarnenez, Finist^re, France, Aug. 13, 1826. A French physician, professor at the College de France from 1822. He was the inventor of the stethoscope (described in his "Traits de I'ausculta- tion mediate et des maladies des poumons et du cceur," 1819). Laer, Pieter van. See Laar. Laerdal (lar'dal). A valley in western Nonvay, east of the Sogne Fjord, lat. 61° N., noted for its picturesque scenery. Laertes (la-er'tez). [Gr. Aacprric.'] In Greek legend, the father of tlysses. Laertes. In Shakspere's tragedy "Hamlet," the son of Polonius and brother of Ophelia : a manly and resolute person, a foil to the iiTesolute na- ture of Hamlet. Lsestrygones (les-trig'o-nez), or Laestrygoni- ans(les-tri-g6'ni-anz). In the Odyssey, am\-th- ieal race of cannibal giants visited by Ulysses in a northern country, where " the nights are so short that the shepherd di'i'ving his flock out meets the shepherd who is driving his flock in." They were placed by later writers in Sicily, south of Etna, and by the Romans near Formiae in Latium. Laet (lat), Jan van or Johannes de. Died at Antwerp, 1649. A Dutch author. His best-known work is *' De Xieuwe NVereld, of Beschrijving van West In- dien " (1626 : enlai^ed in ItiiO and edited in various lan- guages). It is a general description of America. He ed- ited Piso's "Historia Xaturalis Brasilise," and published various controversial and other works. Laetitia (le-tish'iji). An asteroid (No. 39) dis- covered by Chacornac at Paris, Feb. 8, 1856. Laetitia Ffampul. See Franqjul. Laetitia Hardy. See HarcJi/. LaFarge(lafSrj), John. Bom.at NewYorkin 1835. An Americanlandscape-andfigure-paint- er, decorator, glass-painter, and sculptor. He was a pupil of "William Hunt ; was elected national acade- mician in 1809 : and is a member of the Society of Americaa Artists. He painted an altarpiece for St, Peter's, New York, in 1863, and decorated Trinity Church, Boston, 1876, and the chancel of St. Thomas's Church, New York. 1877. His also are the battle window in the Harvard ilemorial Hall (1:>80), and the altarpiece in the Church of the Ascen- sion, New York. Latterly he has devoted himself to glasa- painting. His chief work in sculpture is the King famOy monument at Newport, Rhode Island. Lafaye, or Lafaist (la-fa'), Pierre Benjamin. Born at Mont-Saint-Sulpice, Yonne, France, 1S08 : died at Aix, June 5, 1867. A French phi- lologist, professor of philosophy in the faeiUty of letters at Aix. His chief work is a "Dic- tionnaire des synonvmes de la langue frangaise, etc." (1858-65)". Lafayette (la-fa-vef), Gilbert de. Bom about 1380: died Feb. 23. 1462. A marshal of France. He was made marshal in 1420, and afterward became one of the chief counselors of Charles VII. He contributed to the victory of Joan of Arc at Cirl^ans in 14:29. Lafayette, or La Fayette, Marquis de (Marie Jean Paul Eoch Yves Gilbert Motier). Born atthe Chateau deChavagniacAuvergne, France, Sept. 6. 1757: diedat Pal-is, May 20, 1834. Acele- br.ated French general and statesman. Leaving- France for America, he entered the Revolutionary armj- as a volunteer, with the rank of major-general, in 1777; served at Brandywine, Monmouth, and Y'orktown ; was sent on a mission to France 1779, and in 1781 was present at the surrender of Cornwallis. He became a member of the -Assembly of Notables in France in 1787, and of the States General in 1789 : was commander-in-chief of ^l'ti It is controlleil by the Presbyteriana, and had 28 instructors and over aOO students in 1896-97, with alibrary of 25,(HiO volumes. La F6re Champenoise. See Fdre Champenoise, III. Lafeu (liife')- A sagacious old lord in Shak- >l)ure's '-All's Well that Ends Well." Laffitte (lii-fet'), Jacques. Born at Bayonne, France, Oct. 24, 17ti7 : died at Paris, May 26, 1844. A French banker and statesman, pre- mier and minister of finance lS30-:il. Lafitau (lii-fe-to'), Joseph Francois, Bom at Bordeaux, 1670: died there, July 15, 1746. A French Jesuit author. From 1"12 to 1"17 he was a missionary among the Iroquois of Canada. He published "3Ia'ur8 dcs sauvsiges ani^riquains " (1st ed. 1724), "His- toire des d^couvertes et des conquestes des Portugais dans le nouveau nionde'(173a), and a memoir on ginseng. Lafltau argued for the Asiatic origin of the American race. Lafitte (lii-fet'), Jean. Born in France about 1780: died probably in 1826. A French privateer and smuggler. He was the commander of a band of adventurers at Barataria, Louisiana, 1813-14, and served witli the Americans at New Orleans in 1815. He was called "the Pirate of the Gulf." La Flfeche. See F/irhe, La. Lafond (lii-fou'), Gabriel, called Lafond de Lurcy. Born at Lurey-Lev}-, March '2o, 1802: died at Paris, April 11, 1876. A French sea- captain and author. He visited various parts of the world, and from 1849 was consul-general of Costa Rica at Paris. He published " Voyages autour du monde et nau- frages c^lebres " (8 vols. 1844), and various works on Span- ish America and on commerce. La Fontaine (lii fon-tan' ; F. pron. lii fon-tan'), Jean de. Born at Chateau-Thierry, Cham- pagne, July 8, 1621: died at Paris, April 13, 169.'). The most noted French fabulist. He left the Col- lege of Rheims at the age of nineteen to study for the min- istry, but he gave up that pursuit after two years. He is commonly said to have given the first evidence of his liter- ary genius when he was tweiity-six years olii. His name is chieHy associated with his fatiles. The first six books, pub- lished in 10f)8, were inscribed to the Dauphin of France. The next five books appeared in 167H and 1679, and were pref- aced with a eulogy of Madame de Montespaii. The twelfth book was dedicated to the young Duke of Bourgogne(1694). Besides these fables. La Fontaine wrote his "Contes" (18(56), "Amours de Psyche et de Cupidon" (1669), "Nnu- veaux contes" (1671), " La captivity de Saint Malo" (16:3), and "Le Quinquina "(1682). His comedies, "L'Eunuqu " (translated from Terence), "Le Floreiitin," "La coupe en- chantf^e,' '■ Je vousprendssans vert," "Rupil of Bordogni. .She nnule her debut In Italy, and has sung with success in all the great cities of Europe and the United States. In 184S she married Count Stankowitch. La Grange, Charles Varlet, Sieur de. Born at Amiens: died at Paris, March 1, 1092. A French actor. He ran away from his tutt)r and Joined the troupe of Moliere, from whom he received liistrnctiou. He after, ward became a public favorite. He edited, with Vinot, the llrst important edition of Moliere (1682). His wife wag also a popular acti'ess of comedy, Lagrange dii-groiizh'). Joseph Louis, Comte. Horn at Turin, Jan. 25, ]73(): died at Paris, April 10, 1H13. A celel|rated niathoinatician, of French dest-ent. Ho was appointed in-ofessor of mathematics at the ndlitary school In lurin in I7f>4.and succeeded Kuh-r as director of the Academy of Berlin in 1766. In 1787 he established himself In Paris. He jiub. lished " Mecanique analytique " (1788), "Tlu'orie des forn'- ticMis iinidyticiues " (1799), etc. La Granja (lii griln'iiii), or San Ildefonso fel- da-fon'so). A small town in the province of .Segovia, Spain, 37 inih'S north-norlhwcsl of Madrid. It contains a royal castle built by Philip V., surrounded by a splendid wooded jiark with elaborate fountains and waterwtirks. The castle wim the scene of the "revolution of Latiranja, ' Aug., 18:16, by which tjueen Mariadiristina was compelled to restore the Constitution of 1812. Lagthing (liig'ting). The njiper house of the Norwegian Slorlhing or luirlmment, consisting of one fourth of the members of the lutterelccted by the whole body. See Storthintj. La Guaira (lii gNvl'rii). A seaport of Vene- zuela, situated on the Caribbean Sea in lat. 10° Laihach, Congress of 37' N., long. 06° 57' W. : the port of Caracas. Population, about 8,000. Laguna (la-go'nii). [Pi., also Lagunas. Sp., ' lagoon.'] A tribe of North American Indians, inhaljiting a group of small pueblos on or near the Kio San jos^, a western affluent of the Bio Grande in New Mexico. The pueblo was established lu 1699, under the name Kawaiko, by ZuftI and Keresan natives. Since the advent of white settlers there have been formed several new villages ; Paguate, Punyeestye, Punyekia, Pusityitcho. .Seemiinah, \Vai)nehnseanmia. and Ziarama. These were formerly summer villages, but now are permanently occupied. Population, 1,143. See Kere- S'in. La Hague, See Hogue, La. La Halle (lii til). Adam de. Bom at Arras, France, about 1240: died in Italy about 1287. A French poet and tlramatist, surnamed " Le Bossu d' Arras " (though he ajipeais not to liave been a hunchback). He was at first a monk, but left his convent and manied ; later he abandoned his native town and his faTnily,and went first to Douai, and then with Robert of Art4X etc. Lahore, or Lahor (lii-h<5r'). 1. A division of tlie I'aniab, British India, .Area, 8,987 square miles, i'oiiulation (1881), 2.191,517. — 2. Adis- trict in the Lahore division, intersected by lat. 31° 30' N. . 1 ong. 74° E. Area, 3,678 square miles. Population (1891), 1,07:5,379.— 3. The capital of the Panjab, and of the district and division of Lahore, situated near (he Ravi in lat. 31° 34' X., long. 74° 19' E. it Is an Important seat of trade, ami contains various edncalional institutions, 'there are notable buildings herv and In the vicinity. Including the tied by the British In 1840; and was annexed by them in 184'J. Population (1891), In- cluding cantonment, 176,8.^4. Lahr (liir). A town in the circle of OfTenburg, liaden, situated on the Schtitter 17 miles south liv east of Utrasburg. It manufactures tobacco, cigars, etc. Population (1890), 10,805. Lalanas, Same as J.aijaiias. See Guanas. Laihach, or Laybach (U'bUiih). [Slovenian IJiililjaiia. It. I.iiliiaiKi.] Tlie capital of Carni- ola. Austria-IIungarv, situated on the Laibach in lat. 46° 3' N., loi'ig. 14° 31' E, : the ancient Eraona. It h.asa eastleand a ealludnil. It was sacked by the Huns in the r.lli century, and by the Magyam in tf(X); passed to the Hapsburgs in rJ76; and was the capital of the Illyrlan Piii\ine.s )-Mi«-l:i, and of Ihe kingdom of B- lyria lslfi-40. Population (1S90X .to,.''".''. Laihach, Congress of. A meeting, Jan.- May, 1821, of the emperors of Russia and Aus- tria, the King of the Two Sicilies, the Duke of Modetin.andrepresentativesfromFrance.Oreat Laibach, Congress of Britain, Prussia, Sardinia, etc., at which armed inteiTention was resolved on for the repression of the revolutions in Piedmont ami Naples. Laidley Worm of Spindlestonheugh, The. A ballad by Duncan Frasier of Cheviot, made in 1270. The story is of an enchanted lady who couhl only l)e released from the form of a " laidley worm " or " loath- some serpent "by a knight hrave enough to give her three kisses. The same story exists in other forms as "The Worme of Lambton," "The Lambton Worm of Durham," "Kempion," and other old ballads. " The name 'Kempion' is itself a monument of the relation of our bjillads to the 'Keempeviser.'" {Child.) The version preserved inChild"s '■ English and Scottish Ballads" is by Mr. Robert Lambe, vicar of Norham : some of the stanzas, however, are of older origin. Laigle (lagl). A manufacturing town in the de- partment of Onie, Normandy. France. 33 miles northeast of Alen^on. Population (1891), com- mune, 5,078. Laila (li'la) and Majnun (mej-non'). A hero- ine and hero of Ai'ab romance, whose story has been versified by several Persian poets, notably byNizami (1141-1202). Kais(c.alled Majnun, 'mad',' after his love cost him his reason) w;is the son of a proud chief ; Laila. a member of a humble tribe. Chancing to see Laila, Kais loved her and sought her in a search in which he became mad. His father at last discovered the strong- hold of Laila's father, and asked her hand for his son ; but the father refused to wed his daughter to a madman. Laila goes forth hoping to encounter ilajnun wt in the "^ew Model" Jan., lW(i; played a prominent part as leader of the discontented olUccr^ in the disputes between the army and Parliament in 1647; was made general of the northern army iu Aug,, 1647; served against the Scots in 1648 (at Preston Aug. 17-19); received the surrender of Pontefract March 22, H>49 : and served as second in command under (-'romwell in Scotland 1650, and at Worcester 165L He became influential on the api>ointment of Cromwell as Protector; was a member of his council of state ; advocated the making of the pro- tectorship hereditary ; and attuned great civil and military influence in the state. But he refused to assent to the pro- posed .assumption by Cromwell of the title of king; de- clined to take the oath of allegiance re«iuire,J02. Lambeth, Treaty of. A treaty concluded at Lambeth in 1217 between the Earl of Pem- broke and Prince Louis (Louis VIII. of France), whereby the latter agreed to leave England. Lambeth Articles. Nine articles drawn up at Lambeth in 1595, intended to embody the C'al- vinistie doctrine respecting predestinatitm, jus- tification, etc. They were never approved by thechiu'ch in any regular synod, and therefore possess no ecclesiasti- c;il antliniity, Lambeth Palace. The city residence of the Ai'chbishop of Canterbury, situated in Lambeth, near the Thames, H miles southwest of St. Paul's. It wnsaciinircd by the archl)i8hopBin 1197. The I»resent building was C'luunenced in the 13th century. It contains a valuable library. ^ Lambinet (ion-be-na').Emile Charles. Born at Versailles, .Ian. lil. Isl5: clioil at liougival, .Tan, 1, 1878. A noteil French lamlscape-painter. He was a pujjil of Boiselier, Drolling, and Hor- ace Vernet. Lambruschini (liim-bros-ke'nO), Luigi. Born at (ioncia. May l(i. 177(i: died at Konu', May 12, 1854. An Italian cardinal and politician, min- ister and stale councilor uniler Grcgorv XVI. ami Pius IX. Lambton (lam'(ou), John Oeor^e, first Earl of Durham. Born at Liunlun, .\]iril 12, 1792: died at Cowes, Isle of Wight, .hily 2S, 1S40. An Eng- lish Whig politician and diplomatist, created lia- ron Durham in 1M28. and earl of Durham in 18,'13. Ho sat in the House of Commons lsl;{-2S ; wiw ap|xiinted lonl privy seal Nov. 22, ls;io; took pari in the prejmnitlon of the Ili-st reform bill ; was ambassador extraordinary to St, Petersliurg July. 18:t2. and to Vienna and Berlin Sept., 1832; was niinister to St. Petcniburg ls:*5 ;t7 : nn) The son of Methu- selah, seventh iu deaceut from Setb, and father of Noah. Lamont Lamego (la-ma'gij). A town in the district of Vizeu, jjroviuce of Beira, Portugal, 46 miles east of (Jporto. It was the scene of the alleged con- stitutional cortes of 1143. It has a cathedral. Lame Lover, The. --V comedy by Foote. pro- durcil in 1770. Lamennais (lii-me-na'), F61icit6 Robert de. Born at St. Malo, June 19, 17.S2: died at Paris, Feb. 27, 18.54. A French writerand philosopher. FYom eai'liest infancy he was dwarfed in stature, nervous, and irritable. He studied under his uncle's guidance, and taught himself Greek, Latin, and several modem lan- guages. Iu time he became strongly attracted by the jdlilo- sophicalteachingsof the 18th century, especially tln»8eof J. J. Rousseau. Afterpnblishiugan essay. "Lesphilosophes," in 1802, he went to live for a while in the retirement of his native region. His "Inflexions sur I'etat de I'^glise en France pendant le XVIII"; sitcle, et sur sa situation actueUe' ' appeared in 18' '8, but was suppressed by the police until 1814. In Isll be taught mathematics iti the Seminar}- of St. Malo; the following year he took the first orders, and in 1816 became a priest. He published the first volume of his great work "Essai sur rimlitference en matiere de religion " in 1817 ; the seconil volume is 56. and likewise his transiiili f I)ante's " Ilivina Commedia.'" Lamentation of Mary Magdalen. A spurious poem introduced in the eaily editions of Chau- cer. It was inserted under the impression that it was the lost "Origeiies upon the Maudeleyne," which was prob- ably a translation from a piece attributed to Origen. This idea arose fi-om Chaucer's lines in the prologue to the "Le- gend of Got)d Women," "He made also, goone is a greatfe while, Origen^s upon the Maudelain." Lamentations (lam-en-ta'shonz). A book of the Old Testament of which the authorship is by tradition ascribed to the prophet Jeremiah. It comprises five dirges. Its date and author- ship are matters of (iisjiute. Lamettrie, or La Mettrie (la me-tre'). Julien Offray de. Born at St. -Malo, France. Dec. 25, 1709 : died at Berlin, Nov. 11, 1751. A French materialist. He wrote "Histoire naturelle de PAme" (1745 : ostensibly translated from the English)," La faculty vengee" (1747: a satirical comedy), " L'Houune machine" (174S), "L'Honime plante' (1748), "Reflexions philoso. phiqucs sur lorigine ties ainmaux " (17.1n), " Les aiumaux ldusquenuichines"(17.'H»). etc. He was the leader of French nntterialism in its most extreme form, and was persecuted for his opinions. He was driven fr()m France to Holland, and thence to Prnssiii, where he found an asylum with Frederick the Great. Lamia (lii'mi-a). [Gr. Xa/tla.] The capital of the iiiiinarchv of Vhthiotis, Greece, situated in lat. 38° r>4' N., long, 22° 27' E. it was an ancient city of Mali^. 'riie nindern name was mull re- cently Zittnd, but the old name has been restored. An' tipaterw-aa besieged here 323 B. c. Population (IbS9), 6,8SS Lamia. 1. In classical inythology: («) A ilaughter of Po.seidon, the mother of the sibyl Herophile. (i) The daughter of Belua. Shewas a Libyan queen, beloved by Zens, and transfonned tlirough Juno s jealousy into a hideous cbilil-devonring monster. Lilith, the nocturinU female vampire i»f the Hcbrew-s, mentioned In Isaiah, is rendered Lamia in the Vulgate. In the plural (l.amia'). they appear to have corresponded, very nearly, to the witches of the Midtlle Af;es, who, in- deed, were then fre^iuently called /.rtmi'vr. Keats's poem of " Landa " (1820), in which the bride, recognized by the keeneyetl sjige, returns to her original serpent-form, rep- resents another of the suiK-rstitions attache^l to the race, Ji. Tai/hrr, Notes to Faust, Pt, II. 2. A celebrated Athenian courtezan. Inthesea- fight oti Salamls 3110 II. c. she fell Into the hands of IVme- trius ami captivated him. Her sw-ay was uidiroken for nnuiy years, and she w-as noted for her exlnivagance. The Athrid;nis and Thelians consecrated temples in her honor under the nione of .Vphnulile. Lamian War. A war in which Athens and its allies weri> defeated by Macedonia tinder An- tipiiter, :t2.'i-322 B, c. : .so naineil from the siege of Lamia by the allies. Lammermuir(lam-nier-miir').orLammermoor (lam-mi'r-ni(>r'). Hills. A range of low moun- tains in I lie count iis of Edinburgh. Berwick, and Haddington, Scotlaiui, extending to the North Sea. Lammle vlam'l), Alfred. In Dickens's "Our Mutual Frii'tid, "a maluro young man, a swindler and fortune-hunler. He marries Sophrnnia AkerNhem, each of the pair l)elie\ing, mis- tnkcidv, tli.'it the othi-r was wealthy. Lammle, Mrs. Alfred. See l.ammk, Alfnd. Lamont (lii'monti. Johann 'Von. .Born at Itraeinar, .•\berdeenshire, Scotland, Dec. 13, 18U5 : died at Bogenhausen, uear Munich, Aug. Lamont 6, 1879. An astronomer and magnetician, direc- tor of the observatory at Bogenhausen. He wrote "HandbuehdesErdmaguetismus"(1849), " Haiidbueh des Magnetismus" (1867), etc. Lamoracke (Lamerocke, Lamorake, cu-.). Sir. A Kuight of the Round Table. HewaskilUd liy the sons of King Lot fur adultery with their niother, Lamorici6re(la-m6-re-syar'), Christophe Leon Louis Juchault de. Born at Nantes, France, Feb. 5, 1806 : died near Amiens, France, Sept. 11, 1865. A noted French general. He entered the army as an engineer ; served with distinction in Alge- ria against Abd-el-Kadir ; was military governor of Paris from Keb. 24 to June 28, 1848, and minister of war from June 28 to Dec. 28 of the same year ; and was deputy to the Legislative Assembly 1849-51. He opposed the schemes of Louis Napoleon, and was arrested Dec. 2, 1S.'>1, imprisoned, and then banished. Ascnmmanderof the pa- pal forces he was defeated at Castelfldardo, ,^ept. Is, IsGii. Lamothe (la-mot';, Pierre Alexandre Bessot de. Born at P^rigueux, Jan. 8, 1823: died at Villeneuve-l^s-Avignon, France, Oct., 1897. A French novelist. He is well known for his series of romances for the young, which have l)een translated into a number of languages. Among his other works are "Coutumes de Saint Gilles au XIVc siicle " (1873), " E.xfr cutions de Caniisards faltes h Ximes de 1702 a 1705" (1S75), "Histoire populaire de la Prusse" (1872), etc. LaMotte(la mot), Antoine Houdart de. Born at Paris, Jan.l7,167i! : died there, Dee. 26, 1731. A French poet and critic. He wrote " L'Europe ga- lante," a ballet (1697), *'Scanderbeg," a lyrical tragedy (173.5), "Ines de Castro," a tragedy in one act, in verse (1723), "Fables," etc. La Motte-Fouque. See Fouqm'. Lampadion (lam-pa'di-on). The conventional name of a lively, hot-tempered courtezan in later Greek comedy. Lampatho (lam-pa'tho). In Marston's play " What You Will." a cynical observer intended to represent Marston himself. Lampe (liim'pe), John Frederick. Bom at Helmstadt. Germany, about 1703 : died at Edin- burgh, July 25, 1751. A German musician resi- dent in Great Britain from about 1725, noted as a bassoonist and composer. He was the author of the music for several successful burlesque operas and masks, and for songs and hymns. Lampedusa (lam-pa-do'sa). A small island in the Mediterranean, east of Tunis, situated in lat. 35° 30' N., long, 12° 36' E.: the ancient Lopa- dussa. It belongs to the Italian province of Girgenti. This is one of the islands said to be the original of Shak- spere's "uninhabited island" in "The Tempest." Lampertheim (lam'pert-him). A small town in the province of Starkenburg, Hesse, 5 miles southeast of Worms. Lamprecht (l&m'precht), called " The Priest." The date and place of his birth and death un- known. A Middle High German epic poet. He wrote, about 1130, the "Alexanderlied"(''Song of Alexan- der "), a free version of a French poem by Aubrey de Besan- 5on, whose subject is the life and deeds of Alexander the Great. It was published at Vienna in 1860, and at Halle in 1884. Lampridius (lam-prid'i-us), .Slius. Lived in the first part of the 4th century. One of the writers of the "Augustan History" (which see). Lampsacus(lamp'sa-kus). [Gv. A.ainjiaKOQ.'] In ancient geography, a city of Mysia, Asia Minor, situated on the Hellespont in lat. 40° 20' N., long. 26° 39' E., colonized by Ionian Greeks. Lanai (la'ni). One of the Hawaiian Islands 9 miles west of Maui. Length, 20 miles. Lanark (lan'ark). 1. Aninlandcounty of Scot- land, Ij'ing between Dumbarton and Stirling on the north, Linlithgow, Edinburgh, Peebles, and Dumfries on the east, Dumfries on the south, and Dumfries, Ayr, Renfrew, and Dumbarton on the west. It is divided into the Upper, Middle, and Lower Wards. The city of Glasgow is in the Lower Ward. Lanark is mountainous in the south and east ; is traversed by the Clyde ; and has important manufactures. Area, 882 square miles. Population (1891), 1,105,899. 2. The county town of Lanarkshire, Scotland, on the Clyde 22 miles southeast of Glasgow. Near it are the Falls of the Clyde. William Wallace was in hiding near the town. Robert Owen had mills on the Clyde in its neighborhood. Population (1891), 4,579. La Navidad (la na-ve-THaTH' ). The name giv- en by Columbus to the fort built by him on the northern coast of Haiti, in Jan. , 1493. in it he left 43 (or 36 ?) men, constituting the fii'st Spanish settlement in the Xew World. Before his return, in Nov., the garrison had all been killed by Indians, and the fort destroyed. The site was then abandoned for the more favorable one of ^^abella. La Navidad w.as a short distance southeast of tbe lnL-M-tit town of Cap Haitien. Lancashire(lang'ka-shir). A maritime county of northwestern England. It comprises a main portion bounded by Westmoreland on the north, Yorkshire on the east, Cheshire on the south, and the Irish Sea on the west, and a detached portion (called Furness)we8t of Westmore- land. It is mountainous and picturesque in the north ; is celebrated for the production of coal, for commerce, and for manufactures of linen, silk, woolen, etc.; and is the chief 588 seat of the cotton manufacture in the world. It contains the cities of Liverpool and Matichester. It formed part of the ancient kingdom of .'Ten6es on the south, and the Bay of Biscay on the west, corresponding to parts of the ancient Guienne, Gascony, and B^iuTi. It comprises the sandy plains called landes, and in the southeast the district Chalosse. It is the leading forest department in France. Area, 3,699 square miles. Population (1891), 297,842. Landes, The. A plain in the department of Landes, France. It is largely composed of sands and marshes, and much of it is covered with pine forests. Length, about 120 miles. Landeshut (lan'des-hot). A town in the prov- ince of Silesia, Prussia, on the Bober 51 miles southwest of Breslau. it has flax manufactures. An intrenched camp here, held by the Prussians under Fouquet in the .Seven Y' ears' War. was stormed and takea by the Austrians under Laudon, June 23, 1760. Landi (liin'de), Gasparo. Born at Piacenza iu 1756: died at Rome, Feb. 24, 1830. An ItaUan historical and portrait painter, one of the foun- ders of the modem school of Italian painting, Landin (lan-din'). See Zuhi. Land League, Irish. A league formed in Oct., 1879, by the Irish Nationalist party, under which organized resistance was made to the pa^inent of rent. It was " proclaimed " by the Liberal government as " an illegal and criminal association" Oct. 20, 1881. Landnama B6k. See the extract. The " Landnama B6k " was a development from the work of the priest Aj-i Friithi, the son of Thorgil, and from another of the same kind. Its author was Sturia Thor- tharson, a judge in the Higher Court, who died in 1284, aged seventy. His work was edited by Hauk Erlendsen, who was himself a judge in the Higher Court from 1294 to 1334, and his " Landnama Biik" is Thortharson's with addition of facts from a history by StjTmer the Learned, wherever stjTmer had anything to add. This "Land- nama B(ik " (Book of the Taking of the Land), the fullest of the old Icelandic chronicles, is in five parts. The first t4-eats of the discovery and settlement of the island, and the other four are given to a description of its severai Landnama B6k 589 quarters, including detaU as to the famihes by wh'ch Sachwas settle,!. This record is of B«^' r'^'"" *f "l" verification of the Sagas. Marley, English Writers, I. 2,1. Land of Beulah. See Beulah. Land of Cakes. Scotland : so named (m jest) on account of the general use of oatmeal cakes as an article of diet. . Land of Cockaigne. A popular poem assigned to the latter part of the 13th century, bee Cockaigne. A satire upon corruptions in the Church, that painta a Fool's Paradise for monks, wherein aU the dellKhts are sensual, and spiritual life passes for nothinR. Ihe Para- dise of this satire, which spread through several countries was entilled " the Land of Cockaigne, . . or the land of animal delights painted by popu ar satire as 'e l.app> land of monks who had turned their backs upon tliehigher lUe to which they were devoted. .*n old Oermau poet de- scribed it as " Dat edele lant van Cock.engen. In what soirit this popular satire was written none can doubt when they tlnd at the close how such a Paradise as it paints is to be earned only by seven years' wading chm-deep in swinish fllth. ilorley. English VV riters, ni. 354. Land o' the Leal (land' o ine lei')- A mj-thical laud of hapinnesa. Lady Naime, in her poem of that name, uses it for heaven, and the use has now become an accepted one. Land of Steady Habits. A popular nickname of Connecticut. . -, . Land of Wisdom. [F. Pays de sapience.^ A name given by the French to >prniancly Landon (lan'don), Letitia Elizabeth (later Mrs. Maclean): pseudonj-mL E.L. Boi-n at London (Chelsea), Aug. U, 1802 : died at Cape Coast Castle, .Africa, Oct. 15, 1838 An English poet and novelist, wife (June, 1838) of George Maclean, governor of Cape Coast Castle. She was the aLtlior of poems (collected 1S38, la er editions 18.''0 1873\ the novels "Romance and Reality (18J1), "Ancesca Carrara" (1834), "Ethel ChurchUl" (1837), "Lady Granard" (1842), etc. Her death, probably acci- dental was due to a dose of a preparation of prussic acid. Lander (lan'dor), Walter Savage. Born at Warwick, Jani'SO, 1775 : died at Florence, Italy, Sept. 17, 18&1. A noted English poet and prose- writer. He entered Trinity College. Oxford, in 1793 ; be. came conspicuous for his advocacy of republican piinci- oles • and was rusticated in 1794 for firing a gun (without damage to any one) at the windows of an obnoxious 'loq. For ^me years he led an unsettled life, visiting Paiis In 1802, and joining the Spaniards at Corunna against the French in 1808. In 1809 ho purchased Llanthony Ab- bey, Monmouthshire, and in 1811 married Julia ThuiUler, daughter of a banker. A combination of troubles drove him in 1814 to Jersey, then to Tours, and in 1815 to Italy. In 1821 he settled in tlorence, where he resided until ls3S, when, separating from his wife, he went to England, lie returned to Florence in 1868. He published "Poems 0796), ■•aebir"(1798), " Simonidea '(18(16 : English and ■ latin poems). "Count Julian ' (1S12), " Idyllia Hfi-oica (1814, enlarged 1820), "Imaginary Conversations (lb.4- 1848) "Citation and Examination of WUliam Shakespeare touching Deer-stealing, etc." (18»t), "Pericles and JUp'asia" (1836), "The Pentameron " (ISi'T)," Andrea of Hungary and Giovanni of Naples" (1839) " Fra Rupert a840X " Hellenics " (1847, revised 1869), " Poemata ct In- Jcriptiones" (1847), "Italics" (1848), "The Last Fruit o an Old Tree" (1853), " IJry .Sticks Fagoted by W. S. Landor 0858X " Heroic Idylls" (1863), etc. Landrecies, or Landrecy (loii-dre-se'). Atown in the department of Nord, France, situated on ii_ - o \ IT .«:!.. a o/M,tb_GrMitlipnRt of \ alen- the Sambre 17 miles south-southeast of Valcu ciennes. It was taken from the French by Charles V In 1543 • passed several times from Spain to France am back agafn In the 17th cei.tnry ; and was besieged and taken by the Allies in 17!H and by the rra'W;-""* J" I*'"*- It was the birtliplace of Dupleii. Population (1891), com- mune, 3,867. . Landsberg (lands'bora). A to-mi m Upper Ba- varia, situated on the Lech 32 miles west by south of Munich. Population (18'JO), 4,300. Landsberg-an-der-Warthedands'beni-iin-der- viir'te). A town in tho province of Jii-aiidon- burg, Prussia, situated on tho Wartho 78 miks east by north of Berlin. Population (1890), 26,825. Landseer (land'ser), Charles. Bom at Lon- don ITllO: died there, .July 22, 1879. An Eng- lish historiial painter, elder brother of Sir Ed- win Laiiilscor. . , i Landseer, sir Edwin Henry. Bom at London , March 7 1S1)2: died there, Oct. 1, 187.J (buned in St. Paul's Calliedral). A celebrated English animal-painter, young.'st son of, Tohii Landseer He was elected an associate..! the It.iyal Aca.leiiiy in Is.! 1, and member 1831. and was knlghte.l In 18.',0^ Among his nu.re noted paintings are " Nghtmg Hogs (1819), (at a Paw" (182.1), "Chevy Chase" (1826), "Return fr.ini Deer, stalking'' (827), "Illicit Whiskey still" (1828). "High ir(c''ld "I.,nv\lfo''(!,s:n).;;J«ck in O.Ilee'',l&p "^^ Walter Scott an.l his Dogs" (18:13), Suspenso (Wll ), "Highland Sh.'plKr.l's I'hief M..nrner (1H.3,). 1; '«' « J" theOl.l l).>gVct"(ls3s), "Dignity and ImpiHli-nce (1H39) "Slag at liny" (isti;), "Monarch of tho Glen (1851), "ll.iod In the Highlands" (1860), and "Titanlaand Bot- tom" (ls.'".l). Landseer, John. Born at Lincoln, England, 1769: died at London, Feb. 29, 1852. An Eng- lish painter, engraver, and writer on art: father of Sir Eiiwin Landseer. Landseer, Thomas. Born at London, 17 J.-): died there, Jan. 20, 1880. An EngUsh engraver, eldest l.rotherof Sir Edwin Landseer. He exe- cuted many engravings and etchings after his brother's paintings. Land's End (laudz end). A granite promon- torv, the southwestemmost extremity of Eng- land, in Cornwall, situated in lat. 50° 4' N^ long. 5° 45' \V. : the ancient Bolerium. Height, 60- 100 feet. . , „ ^, Landshut (liinds'hot). 1. The capital of the province of Lower Bavaria, Bavaria, on the Isav 3.S miles northeast of Munich. The Church of St. Martin, Church of St, Jodocus, Holy Ghost Church, castle of Trausnitz, and new palace are of interest. It was tiie seat of a university from 1800 to 1826. Population (1890), 18,862. 2. Same as I.andeshut. Landskron (lands'kron). A town m Bohemia, 30 miles m^rthwest of Olmiitz. Population (ISOO), 5,843. . ^, Landskrona (Ulnds'kro-nii). A seaport in the laen of Malmiihus, Sweden, situated on the Sound in lat. 55° 52' N., long. 12° 50' E. It has a castle. Near this place, July 14, 1677, the Swedes de- feated the Danes. Population (1890), 12,253. Landsthing (liins'ting). The upper house of the Danish Rigsdag or parliament. It consists of 66 members, of whom 12 are appointed for life by the crown, and the others are elected for 8 years, not directly, hut by delegates in each of the 54 electoral districts, chosen by thosi; having the necessary property qualiflcatiou. Landstuhl (liint'stol). A town in the Palati- nate, Bavaria, 40 miles west of Spires. It is the seat of tho Sickingen family. Population (1890), 3 (542 Lancitag (lant'tiiG). In Germany, the legisla- ture of a countrv; a territorial Diet; now, spe- cifically, one of the Parliaments of the countries constituting the German Empire, as Prussia, Saxony, Bavaria, etc., and of some of the crown- lands of Austria-Hungary, as Moravia and Bo- hemia. Compare Ilcirhsfng. Lane (Ian), Edward William. Bom at Here- ford, England, Sept. 17, 1801: died at Worthing, England, Aug. 10. 1876. A noted English Ori- entalist and Egvptologist. His works include "Ac- count of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyp- tians" (1836 : best ed. 1860), a translation of the "Arabian Nights" (1834-40), an "Arabic-English Lexicon (lst.3-i4: Mid, underthe editorshipof S. Lane-Poole, 1877-92). Lane visited Egypt three times : 18'26-28, 18:13-35, and 1842-49. Lane, James Henry. Born at Lawrenceburg, Ind June 22, 1814: committed suicide at Leav- enworth, Kansas, Julv, 1866. An American politician, a leader of the Free-State party in Kansas. Lane, Joseph. Bom in North Carolina, 1801: died there, April 19, 1881. An American poli- tician and general, unsuccessful candidate for the vice-presidency on the Breckenridge ticket Lane, Sir Ralph. Bied at Dublin, Oct., 1603. An Eiif^lish adventurer, a companion of bir Kichard Grenvillo in his expedition to tho coast of North America in 1585, and the first governor of the colony of Virginia then founded. The set- tlers s.).>n removed to R..an..ke, and were all taken back to England by Drake, July, l.'.s6. Laneham (lan'ain), Robert. An English mer- ehant in tho service of the Eari of Leicester, and doorkeeper of the council-chamber, who left an account, in the form of a letter, of the entertainment given by Leicester to (Jueen Elizabeth at Kenihvoith July, 1.575. Copies of the letter are in the Ko.lleian Library and the library of the Itritish Museum. Laneham appears in Scott 8 Keiill- Langendijk of the Conoueror, he played an important part In English ecclesiastical and . ivil affairs. He wrote " De cort>ore et .^anguine Domini," etc. His works were collected by Luo dAcher>' in IMS ; reprinted by Giles 1844. Lanfrey ( loii-f ra ' ) , Pierre. Bom at Cham Mry, France, Oct. 20, 1828 : died at Pau, France, ^ov. 15 1877. A French historian and politician. He published "Histoire de Napol.5ou I." (1867-76), "L-EglUe ?t les philosophes au XVIIt slide " (1855), etc. Lang (laug), Andre-W. Born at Selkirk, March 31 1844 A Scottish miscellaneous writer. He was educated at th.- Edinburgh Aca.lemy, St. Andrews University, and Balliol College, iixfor.i. He was elected fellow of Slerton. Oxford, in 1868, and api»inted OlBora lecturer on natural religion at St. Andrew s in 1888. He is the author of 'Ballads and Lyrics of ()ld mnce, etc. (1872X "Oxford, etc." (1S80), "Xill Ballades in Blue l'liiiia"(18s0; with additions 1881), "Thccntus, Bion.aiid Moschus rendere.l into English ^rose'' (It^), '■Helen of Trov" fl*') "Ballades and Verses Vain "(1884), "Custom and Myth, "ec." (1884), "Letters to Dead Authors ' (1886X " ■The Politics of Aristotle" (18S6), "Myth, Kitua), and R^ ligion" (1887), "Crass of Parnassus " (isivs), ;' Aucassin and Nicolette" (1887: a translation), "Perraiill 8 fairy Tales (a translation), "The Blue Fairy Talc B....k," "The Red Kairy Tale Book," "The WorMs Desire" (1890: with R der Haggard), etc. He also iranslated the Odyssey with l"ro- fessor Butcher, and the Iliad with Walter Lea and Ernest Myers, and has published a series of critical articles on Shakspcre's plays. , o . Lang, John Dunmore. Born at Greenock, Scot- land An.'. 25 1799: died at Svdney. Australia, Aug. 8, 1878. ' An Australian Presbyterian cler- e>-man, iournalist, and politician. He was editor of "ihe Colonist" 1835-40 and "The Press" 1851-52, and author ..f •' An Historical and Statistical Account of New South Wales" (1834), "Historical Account of the Separa- tion of Victoria fr..ra New South Wales" (1870) and nu- merous other books and pamphlets on the Australian Langbaine (lang'ban), Gerard. Born at Bar- ton, Westmoreland, 1609 : died at Oxford, Feb. 10, 1058. AnEnglish scholar, provost of Queen s College, Oxford, 1646-58. He was an ardeiit Eoyalist during the ci%-il war, but retained his office. 3 T 1 -ic Langbaine-, Gerard. Bora at Oxford, July lo. lost: died there, June 23,1692. An English student of dramatic literature, and cntic: an in- veterate enemy of Dryden. Hewrote "MomusTri- umphans, or the Plagiaries of the English Stage Exposed etc" (1687: reissued as "A New Catalogue of English Plays" 1688). and "An Account of the English DramaUo Poets, etc." (1691). ^ , . , rr Langdale, Baron. See Bu-lerslcth. Henry. Lange (liing'ge), or Bashi-lange (bii she-lang-. go). See Luba. Lange (lang'e), Friedrich Albert. Bo™ »' Wald, near Solingen, Prussia, Sept. 28, 18-S. died at Marburg, Prussia, Nov. 21, 1875. A Ger- man writer on philosophy and economics, pro- fessor at Marburg 1873-75. His principal w-ork is his "Gcschichte des Materialismus " ( His- tory of Materialism," 1806). Lange, Helene. Bom at Oldenburg in 1848. The bead of a training college for teachers at Ber- lin. She is one of the foremost representatives of the movement for women's education in Ger- W'.rth. _ , .r, L T Lane-Poole (lan'pi.r), Stanley. Born at Lon- don l)ee.l8, 18.")4. AnEnglish numismatist. He wrote the olBcial "Catal.igue of the Oriental Coins' f..r the British Museum. It appeared In 8 voluniea In 18,..- 188:1, and was crowned by the I'lench Institute. He als.. wrotea "C«tal..gne..f IndlaiiColns" 1.11885 On "H'l J'"' of his great-uncle E. W. Lane, the Orientalist, 1" 18. '■•'" contlnned Ihc latter's Arabic lexicon, the last par In 1887. He was sent to Egypt in 1883 by the science and art de- partment of (he British Museum, and in 18s6 ho went to hnssia ami Turkey to stud/ numismatics Am.'ng his other works are '' ^■■KyPt'• (l*^')./' ?,'"''''\» '" " ^','^iy,'.';,f (1883), "Tb.. Art of Ihe ,Saracens In l-.jfypt 1886), L J."', the Itlght Hon. Stratford Canning, Viscount de llcdcllllo Lan?ranc (lan'frangk). Bom at Pavia, Italy, about 1005; died at Canteriniry, England. May 24 10S9. A celebrate. 1 ju'elale and scliohir, arch- bishop of Canlerburv. He emigrated from llaly and establLhcl a scln.ol at Avranches, France, about 10:i9 ; entered the monastery ..f Bee In 1042 ■ and became Its prior nhniit 1045 He ..ppose.l the marrlnge of WllllBin and Mat Idrbut r.galne,! .he friendship ,.f William about 1050; was Inslalle.l abbot of Caen In nxKi; and was ,n..do archbishop of Canterburj In 1070. As the chief counnolor many. „ Lange. Johann Peter. Bom at Sonubom.near Klberfel.i, I'russia. April 10, 1802 : died at Bonn. Prussia. .Julv 9, 1S84. A German Protestant theologian, pr.ifessor of theology at Zurich (1841) and later (]S,')4) at Bonn. Ho published the commentary " I'.ibelwerk " (1s:hI-7» : English translation by Schalt. etc.), " Das Lebeii .lesn" V' I.lfeof .lesns. 1^4 4,), "Chri»tllcheDogniatlk"(lS41>-62),"tieschichtederkirclie Lange! Ludwig. Bora at Hannover, Pri'ssia, March 4, 1825: died at Leipsic, .\ug. 18, 18i?;>. A tiernian archwologist. author.it "Handbuch der riimischcn Altertiinier" (18,5(i-71), etc. Langeland (liing'o-llind). An island of Den- mark, situated southeast of 1- linen and west of Laalaiid. It belongs to the luut of Svendborg. T.mn, Kudkl.d.i.ig. Lingth. :t2 miles. Area. 106 sciuare miles. Langenau (liing'en-ou). A small town in N\ ur- teiiiiierg, 11 miles northeast of nm. Langenbeck (liing'en-bek). Konrad Johann Martin. Boi" "t Homeburg. .l'"'«^"'' 'V^'r','' 1776; dieil at (uittingen, I'russia, Jan. -4, lh.)l. \ noted (ioriiuiii anatomist and surgeon, pro- fessor at Gi.tlingen ls()4, and surgeon-general III' the llaiKiVerian army. . Langenberg (liing'en-bero). A town m the Kliine I'rovince, Prussia, 29 m.Ios nor h-north- east of C.ilogne. Population (1890), (.,824. Langenbielau (lilng'en-bo-lou) A nyinufactur- ing town in the province of Silesia, Pmssia, 35 miles soiith-s.iiilhwest of Breslau. Popula- tiiin (1890), 15.768. ■Laneendiik (liing'en-dik), Pleter. Born at Ha:frie.n, 1683 ; die-l there, 17.56. A Dutch .irani- ntist an.l poet. Ills father, who was a maKin, died ariv an.l I.I ' .n.ilb.T then r.-m.iv.-.l to The Hagn.;, where sile .uppom.1 hrrsclf an.l him from the promts of a llttl. Langendijk shop. He worked at this time as a damask-weaver after patterns of his own designiTig. Subseciut-iitly he went to Amsterdam as a designer to a large factory. Here appeared the comedies " Don t^uichot " ("Don Quixote," 1711) ; "De Zwetser" ("The Braggart ") and "Het wederzijds Hu«e- lyks Bedrog ' ("The Mutual Marriage Deception "), both in 1712; "Krelis Louwen" and " De Wiskonstenaars " ("The Mathematicians"), bothin 1715: " De Windhande- laars"aiid " Arlequijn Actionist," both in 1720. In 1721 he published his poems in two quarto volumes,which were followed subsequently by three more. In 1722 he returned to Haarlem as a designer, and lived there until liis death. In this last period fall two other comedies, "Xantippe" and "Papirius," and. finally, the comedy not quite com- pleted at his death, '.^pieghel der vaderlandsche Koop- lieden" ("A Mirror of oiu* Merchants"). His collected works were published in 1760. Langensalza (ISng'en-zalt-sa). Amanufactiir- iufC town in the proWnce of Saxony, Prussia, situated on the Salza 19 miles northwest of Er- furt. Near this town, June 27, 1866, the Hanoverians (18,000) under Arendtschildt defeated the Prussians (8,700) under Von Flies, and the Prussian force (increased to 40,- 000, June 28) compelled the capitulation of the Hanoveri- ans June 29. Population (1890), 11,466. Langenschwalbach (lang'sn-shvaJ-baeh), or Schwalbach (shvUrbach). Asmalltovm and watering-place in the province of Hesse-Nas- sau, I'russia, 8 miles northwest of Wiesbaden : notedforitsmineral springs. Population (1890), 2,698. Langevin(lonzh-van'),SirHector Louis. Bom Aug. 26, 1820. A Canadian politician. Langey, Guillaume du Bellay, Seigneur de. Born at the Chat eaudeGlatigny, 1491: diednear Lyons, 1553. A noted French general and dip- lomat. He conducted a number of missions to the Pope, England, and Germany with great success, and in 1537 was made viceroy of Piedmont by Fran(;ois I. He wrote his " M^moires" under the name of "Ogdoades"("huitaines"), because he divided his work into eight Viooks ; they were not printed till 17.'i7. He also wrote "Epitome de I'anti- quite des Gaules " (1566X and "Instruction siu" le faict de la guerre" (1588). Langham (lang'am), Simon. Died July 22, 1376. An English prelate. He became abbot of "Westminster in 1349; treasurer of England in 1360; bish- op of Ely in 1362 ; chancellor of England 1363-66 ; arch- bishop of Canterbury in 1366 (enthroned March 25, 1367) ; and cjirdinal in 1368. He resigned his archbishopric Nov. 27, 1368, andwenttothe papal court at Arignon in 1369. He filled a number of important places in England and in the papal sen'ice;was made cardinal-bishop of Preneste in 1373 ; and in 1374 was again chosen archbishop of Canter- bur}', but the Pope refused to confirm the election. Langholm (lang'om). A towTi in Dumfries- shire, Scotland, situated on the Esk. Popula- tion (1891), 3,643. Langhorne (lang'hom), John. Bom at "Win- ton, in Westmoreland, March, 1735 : died at Blagdon, in Somersetshire, England, April 1, 1779. An English poet and prose-writer, rec- tor of Blagdon 1765 : best known by his trans- lation of Plutarch's "Lives" (conjointly with his brother William, 1770). His poetical" works were collected and published by his son in 1804. Langhorne, Sir William. Bom at London, 1629: diedatChariton.Kent. Feb.26, 1715. An English merchant, governor of Madras 1670-77. Langiewicz (liing-gye'vich), Maryan. Bom at Krotoschin, Prussia, Aug. 5, 1827: died at Constantinople, May 11, 1887. A Polish revolu- tionist, insurgent leader and dictator in 1863. Langland (lang'land), or Langley (lang'li). William. Bom, probably in South Shrop- shire, about 1330 : died about 1400. An Eng- lish poet, author of the " Vision of Piers Plow- man." and probal>ly of a poem entitled by Skeat " Richard the Redeless." Of his life very little is definitely known. From passages in his poems it appears that his early years were spent in the western midland counties of England (Worcestershire, Shropshire); that he received a considerable education, and probably took minor orders ; that he was married and had a daugh- ter ; that he lived as a mendicant singer ; and that most of his later life was spent in London, where he dwelt in Com- hill. See Vision of Piers Plonnnan. Langl6s don-glas'), Louis Matthieu. Born at Perenne. near St.-Didier, France, Aug. 23 1763 : died Jan. 28. 1824. A French Orientalist, author of " Instituts politiques et militaires de Tamerlan, Merits par lui-meme, en Mongol" (1787), ".Alphabet Tartare-Mandchou" (1787), etc. Langley (lang'li I.Edmund de. Bornat King's Langlev, Hertfordshire. June 5, 1341: died at Langley, Aug. 1, 1402. The fifth son of Edward III. by Philippa of Hainault, created first duke of York Aug. 6, 1385. He became a member of the council of regency on the accession of Richard II. ; went in July, 1381, at the head of an expedition to aid the Portu- guese against the King of Castile, returning 1382 ; and was regent Sept., 1394, and Sept., 1396, during the absence of the king. Through his second son Richard, earl of Cam- bridge, he was sn-eat-grandfather of Edward IV. Langley, Samuel Pierpont. Bom at Roxbury, Boston, Aug. 22, 1834. An American astronb- 090 mer. He became professor of astronomy in the Western University of Pennsylvania, Pittsburg, in 1867, and in 1887 was appointed secretarj' of the Smithsonian Institution. He has published " Researches on Solar Heat and its Absorption by the Earth's .Atmosphere " (1884), and " The New Astronomy " (1S87). Since then he has been engaged in experiments tending to demonstrate the possibility of mechanical flight ; and as a result of these has published •' experiments in Aerodynamics" (1S91), and "The Inter- nal Work of the Wind " (1894). Langlois (lon-glwa'), Jean Charles. Born at Beaumont-en-Auge, Calvados. July 22, 1789: died at Paris, March 24, 1870, A French painter of battle-scenes. He was a pupil of Horace Vemet, and in 1849 became a colonel in the army. He also painted several panoramas : "The Battle of Navarino," ' Burning of Moscow," "Captm-e of the Malakoff, etc." Lansdown beauty, she went on the stage in 1881. She has visit«d the I nited States sevei-al times. Languedoc (lang'gwf-dok). An ancient govern- ment of southern France. Capital, Toulouse, it was bounded by Guienne, .\uvergne, and Lyonnais on the north, the Rhone on the east, the Mediterranean and Rous- sillon on the south, and Foi.!;, Gasconv, and Guienne on the west, and was traversed by the Ceveunes Mountains. It was named from the lawjue d'oc, or Provencal, the lan- guage of the south of France. The departments of Haute- Loire, Lozire, Ardcche, Gard, Herault. Aude, Tarn, and Haute-Ciaronne correspond to it. Haut-Languedoc was in the west, Bas-Languedoc in the cast. Languedoc formed part of Gallia Narbonensis and of the West-Gothic king- dom. It was overrun by the Saracens in the 8th centurj- The chief powers were the marquisate of Septimanii (which became in the 10th century the county of Tou- louse) and Xarbonne. Narbonne was annexed to France Langnau (liing'nou). The chief town in the "' l'--^' ^"^ Toidouse in 1270 or 1271. Emmenthal, canton of Bem, Switzerland, situ- Languedoc, Canal du. See Midi, Canal du. ated on the Ilfis and Emme 16 miles east of Languet (loii-ga'). Hubert. Born at Viteaux, Bem. Population (1890), 7,643. Burgundy,1518: died at -Vutwerp. Sept. 30,1581. Langobardi(lan-g6-biir'di). [L. (Tacitus) i(7«- A French political writer and diplomatist, au- (jiihardi, Gr. (Strabo) .\.ayii6<}ap6oi, (Ptolemy) thor of "Vindiciae contra t.vrannos" (1579), etc. An;;o.fop(So;.] A people of northern Germany, Languish, Lydia. In Sheridan's comedy " The first mentioned by Strabo. At the time of Tacitus Rivals," a fantastical, romantic girl, unwilling they were situated south of the lower Elbe, adjoining the to marrv unless the affair is conducted on the Chauci. 1.1568-572 under Alboin, the.v conquered the most sentimental principles. B>ee Absolute &uiL part of northern Italy still called I/)mbardy, and founded Tlpifrlfii •^'-^ ^''owtui^ au\x the kingdom of that name, which was afterward extended -""'P'^^.v- -,,,,., ^i over a much larger territory, and was finally overthrown Lamer (la-ner ), Sidney. Bom at Macon, Ga., by Charlemagne in 774. Feb. 3, 1842; died at L^-nn, N. C, Sept. 7, 1881. Langon (lon-gon'). A town in the department An American poet, critic, and litterateur. In of Gironde. France, on the Garonne 24 miles J.^'^.^e was appointed lecturer^ on English Jiterature at southeast of Bordeaux. Population ( 1891), com- mune. 4,733. Langres (longr). A town in the department of Haute-Marne, France, situated on the Mame in lat. 47° 53' N., long. 5° 20' E. : the ancient Andematunnum, it was the capital of the ancient Lingones; is an important fortress, and a bishopric ; man- ufactures cutlery ; and has a museum and some antiquities. The cathedral is an important early-Pointed monument, still containing much that is Romanesque. The interior is imposing : the fluted pilasters and sculptured scroU- ornament are imitations from the Roman. The chevet is covered with a semi-dome. There is a Renaissance choir- screen and calvary. The flying buttresses are architectu- rally interesting as presenting the earliest type. Popula- tion (1891), commune, 10,719, - ... Langres, Plateau Of. A table-land lying around ^'^ '." ^T^Voo "Girondist deputy to the Con- Laiigres (which see). It lies on the watershed -'^''^"""""^ ^'^-•, rri, o , -. between the Meditenanean and the North Sea Lanka (lang ka)._ The Sanskrit nameof Cey the Johns Hopkins I'nivei-sity, Baltimore. His works in- clude the novel "Tiger Lilies" (1867). " Centennial Ode " (1876), "Science of English Verse" (1881), "The English Novel and its Development " (1883), and " Poems " (1884). He edited "Boys' Froissart" (1879), "Boys' King Arthur' (1S80), " Boys' Mabinogion " (1881), Lanigan (lan'i-gan), John. Born at Cashel, Ireland. 1758: died at Finglas (in an asylum), July 7, 1828. An Irish Roman Catholic clergy- man, author of an "Ecclesiastical History of Ii-eland" (1822), etc. Lanjuinais (lon-zhUe-na'), Jean Denis, Comte. Born at Rennes, France, March 12, 1753: died at Paris. Jan. 13. 1827. A French politician and political writer, deputy to the National Assem- and English Channel. Langside (lang-sid'). A village, now a suburb of Glasgow, where, May 13, 1568, the regent Murray defeated Mary Queen of Scots. Langson (lang-son'). A town in Tongking, about lat. 21° 40' N., long. 106° 45' E. in its neigh- borhood, Feb. 12, 1885, the French under De N^grier de- feated the Chinese, and March, 1885, the Chinese defeated the French. Langstaff (lang'staf). Es(i., Launcelot. The pseudonym of Washington Irving, William Ir- ving, and James Kirke Paulding in "Salma- gundi.'' Langtoft (lang'toft), Peter of. Born probably at Langtoft, in the East Riding of Yorkshire (the place from which he was named): died about 1307. An English chronicler, author of a his- tory of England to the death of Edward I., in barbarous French verse. The latter part of it was translated into English by Robert of Brunne. It has been published by Thorpe in the Rolls Series 1866 and 1868. Langton (lang'ton), Bennet. Born in Lincoln- shire, 1737: died'at Southampton, Dec. 18, 1801. An English Greek scholar, a graduate of Trinity College. Oxford. He was appointed professor of an- cient literatine at the Royal Academy in 178S; arid is now known only as the intimate friend ofDr. Johnson. Langton, Simon. Died 1248. An English eccle- siastic, archdeacon of Canterbury, brother of Stephen Langton. He was an active p.artizan of the barons against King John and the Pope, but under Henry III, possessed great mfluence both at the court and in ecclesiastical affairs. Ion or its capital, renowned as the habitation of Ravana and his demons, whose conquest by Ramachandra, after his wife Sita had been car- ried off by Ravana, forms the subject of the Ramayana. Lankester (langk'es-ter). Ed'Win. Born at Mel- ton. Suffolk, April 23, 1814: died Oct. 30, 1874. An English physician and man of science. He studied at London Vniversity 1831-37, graduated M. D, at Heidelberg in 1839, and settled in London as a physician and writer for the press in 1840. In 1850 he was appointed professor of natural history in New College, London, and in 18.'>9 was elected president of the London Microscopical Society. He edited the work on natural histor>- in the "Penny" and "English " encyclopedias, and published a "Natural History of Plants yielding Food " (1845), "Me- morials of John Ray "(1845), etc. Laiikester, Edwin Ray. Bom at London, May 15, 1847. An English anatomist and zoologist, the eldest son of E. Lankester. He was educated at St. Paul's School, London, and Christ Church, Oxford ; was professor of zoology in Tnivcrsity College, London. 1874- 1890 ; and has been Linacre professor of comparative anat- omy at Oxford since 1890. lie h.as published many scien- tific papers, and contributed numerous articles to current serials and to the "Encyclopajdia Britannica." Lannes (lan or Ian). Jean, Due de Montebello. Born at Lectoure, Gers, France, April 11. 1769: died at Vienna, May 31, 1809. A celebrated French marshal. He served with distinction in Italy 1796-97, and in the Egyptian ex])edition 1798-99 ; gained the victory of Montebello in 1800 ; served with distinction at Marengo in 18ixi, Austerlitz in 1805, Jena and Pultusk in 1806. and Friedland in 1807 ; gained the victory itf Tudela in 18'18 : captured Saragossa in 1809 ; and was mor- tally wounded at .Aspern, May. 1^09. Langton, Stephen. Died at Slindon, Sussex, Lannes, Napoleon Auguste, Due de Monte- July 9 (?), 1228. A celebrated English prelate bello. Bora Julv 30, 1801 : died Julv 19, 1874. and statesman, archbishop of Canterbury, and A French diplomatist and politician, son of leader of the confederated barons against John. Marshal Lannes. He was educated at the University of Paris, and lectured Lannion (lan-V(in') A town in the dennrtinent there on theology untU 1206 ; was made car.linal.priest in -^^^"^ V v^ i -k ?i J / aepartment that year; was elected archbishop of Canterbury (as a "* eotes-du--Nord, i ranee, situated on the Guer „„:.. i,„. .i._^...,,_..:... „„_=..-,,. -u v.. 34 miles west-northwest of St.-Brieuc. Popu- . .. . -. lation (1891), commune, 6,002. ;^hihS) fr^m adm?s'sioJ ^^ No^e (la no). Fran?0is de surnamed Bras m thereafter became the leader Q© Fei (' Iron Arm'. Born lo31:diedat Mon- eontour, France, Ang. 4. 1591. A noted Freneli Hu£:uenot ^eu eral. He was taken prisonerat Jarnac and Moncontour in 1.^69; lost his arm at Fontenay-le-Comteiu 157ii(and supplied its place with an iron one : whence his surname): commanded the forces of La Rochelle ; was im- prisoned by the Spaniards 158rt-85; and was mortally wounded at Lamballe in 1591. He wrote *• Discours poli- tiiiues et militaires " (lnS7). compromise between the subprior Reginald, chosen by the monks, and John de Grey, supported by the king), and consecrated by the Pope June 1" the king (in a long struggle w' to hissee until 1213; and soon of the contest with John. On April 17, 122'2, he opened a church council at Osney, the decreesof which (the "Con- stitutions of Stephen Langton") are the earliest provin- cial canons still recognized as binding in the English ec- clesiastical courts. He was a voluminous wTiter. and was distinguished as a theologian, biblical scholar, historian, and poet. Langtry (lang'tri), Mrs. (Lily Le Breton). Born at St. Heller's, Jersey, 1852. An English Lansdown (lanz'doun). A place near Bath, actress. After gaming celebrity in English society as a England, where the Koyalists under Sir R. Hop- Lansdown ton defeated the Parliamentarians under SirW. Waller, July S, 1643. Lansdowne, Marquis of. See Petty and I'etty- Fit^mtinrice. Lansing (lan'sing). The capital city of Michi- gan, situated in Ingham County, on the Grand River, in lat. 42° 46' N., long. 84° 33' W. it is the scat of the State AEricultural College. It became the cap- itiil ill 1M7. I'.ipulutioii (l'.10(l), 16,485. Lansingburg ilan'sing-birg). A village in Kenssi'liier Cciiuity, Xew V'ork, situated on tin- Hudson St miles north-northeast of Albany. It is noted for its brush nianufucturt'S. Population (1900), 1-J. .-.»->. Iiantfred(lant'fred),orLanfred(lan'fred). An English hagiographer of the 10th century, a monk of Winchester: author of " Do Miraculis Swithuni." Lanuvium (la-no'\'i-um). In ancient geography, a townofLatium, Italy, situated 20 miles south- east of Rome: the modern Civita Lavinia. It was noted for the worship of Jmio Sospita. Lanza (iJin'zii), Giovanni. Bom at Vignale, near Casale-Monteferrato, Italy. 1810: died at Rome. March 9, 1882. An Italian statesman, premier 1869-73. Lanzarote (ISn-tha-ro'ta). The easternmost of the Canary Islands, situated in lat. 28° 55' N., long. 13° 40' W. Capital, Puerto del AiTeeife. Length, 31 miles. Area, 311 square miles. Population, about 16,000 lianzi(lan'ze), Luigi. Born at Montolmo, near XIacerata, Italy, June 13, 1732 : died at Florence, March 31,1810. An Italian antiquary and writer on art. His chief works are " Sappio nt after those of the cathedrals of Rheims. Paris, and Amiens, The style IB early I*.iinte6t of which were completed : but the spires have all disap- peared, with some of the towers. The accessory buiblings are of unusual interest. Population(1891), commune, 14, 129. Laonnais (lii-na'). An ancient district of France, now comprised in the department of .Aisne. Laos ( lii'os). A race of Further India, northeast of Siam proper, allied to the Siamese, to whom t he V are tributary. Numbers, estimated, 1,500,- ooo! Lao-tsze (Iii'6-tsa'). Born about 604 b. c. A Chinese philosopher, founder of the system of Taoism, and the reputed author of the book "Tao-tehKing." La Falata, Duke of. See yai-arra y Rocafnll. La Paz (la jiiith; local pron. la piiz'). 1. A department of western Bolivia, on the Peru- vian frontier. Area, estimated, 171,098 square miles. Population (1888), 346,139, exclusive of wild Indians. — 2. A city of Boliria, capital of the department of La Paz, situated in a valley of the Andes, 12,226 feet above sea-level, in lat. 16° 30' S., long. 67° 59' W. It is an im- portant commercial place, and contains a cathedral and a university. Population (1893), about 65,000. La Paz. A seaport and the capital of Lower California, Mexico, situated on the Gulf of Cali- fornia in lat. 24° 10' N., long. 110° 21' W. Pop- ulation l'<95), 4,737. La P6rouse dii pa-roz'), Jean FranQois de Galaup, Conite de. Bom near Albi, France, Ang. 22, 1741 : lost at sea in 1788. A French navigator. He commanded an exploring expedition which set sail from France in 1785 and arrived on the northeastern coast of Asia in 1787. He discovered the Strait of F^rouse, Aug. 9, 1787, and in the following year suffered shipwreck and perished with his whole expedition off the island of Vanikoro. La P6rouse Strait. [Named for the Count de la Perouse.] A sea passage separating the islands of Saghalin and Yezo, and connecting the Sea of Japan with the Sea of Okhotsk. Lapham (lap'am). Increase Allen. Born at Palm_\Ta, N. Y., March 7, 1811 : died at Ocono- mowoc, Wis., Sejit. 14. 1875. An American geol- ogist, author of various works on Wisconsin. Lapithse (lap'i-the). [Gr. Xa-idai.'] In Greek legend, a Thessalian race, descendants of La- pithes, son of Apollo and Stilbe, and brother of Centaurus. They were governed by Pirithous, a half- brother of the Centaurs. On the occasion of his marriage to Hippodameia, a fierce struggle took place between the Centaurs (who had been invited to the wedding) and the Lapithie, which ended in the expulsion of the former from Pelion. The cause of the quarrel was the attempt of a drunken Centaur, Eurytion, to c;irry off the bride. Lapito (lii-pe-to'), Louis Auguste. Born at St.-Maur, near Paris, ]S05: died at Boulogne- sur-Seine, near Paris, April 7, 1874. A French landscape-painter. Laplace (lii-pUis'). .Marquis Pierre Simon de. iiiirii at Bcaumont-cn-Auge. Calvados. France, March 28. 1749: died at Paris, March 5, 1,S27. A celebrated French astronomer and luatlie- matieian. His father was a farmer. Laplace went to Paris and obtained, through the iTiIlileliceof h'Abiiibert, a position as professor of iiint hematics in the Krolc Militaire. In 1799 Napoleon made him minister of the iiilcrior, a post which he held only six weeks. In 18o:i he wa.s vice-presi. dent of tho Senate. He was made a peer by l.ouis .Will, anil marquis in 1817. Among his most noted researches arc those on the inc(inality of the motions of .lupiter aiul Saturn, on lunar motions, on probabilities, and on the titles. His most famous work is the " Meeanlqueci^'leste " (17;>9-1825: English translation by Nathaniel [towditeh). lie published also "Exposition (hi systeme du nuimie" (1T1»1). etc. Lapland, or Lappland (lap'land). The country ill till' La|i|is. silii.Mlid in the extreme north of Norway, Sweden. Kiiilanil, anil the north-west- ern part of the governincnt of .Archangel, Russia. The inhabllants are chielly Lapps (estlnuited at 28.000X comprising Mountain I ajips (chielly nomadic) anti Fisher Lapps. The religionsore l.ntherau'aud Creek Church. The Lapps were reduced by the Itussiana In the nth century, by the Norwegians In tho 14th, and by tin- Swedes in the l(.th. La Plata. See liii> ih- In I'latn. La Plata (lii ]dil'lii). One of the old names of Siicri' or ('hu(|iiisaca, BoliNia. La Plata (Hi plii'tii). \ port and the capital of the province of Buenos Ayres, Argentine Re- ])iiblic, situated at thi' month of the river San- tiago, an alllui'nt of thi' Rio de la Plata, 24 miles east-sontheast (d' Bucmios Ayres. It wasfoinided in Nov., 18.vi, and its growth hits been phenomemd. it is ikow the most IniiHirtant port of the ri'pnbllc, and has a cathe. dral. astronomical observatory, mnseuni, and many other Iinbilc institutions. The suburb of 'I'tdosn Is the central Iioint of the Argentine railway system. Population (1M>3), alHiiit 70.00II. La Plata, The United Provinces of. Tho of- liciul name of the Argentine Republic from Laramie Mountains 1813 to 1830. During this period a federal system pr*. vailed, but with many changes and much coufusiou. Iruguay was included during a part of the time. La Plata, Viceroyalty of. A di\-ision and vice- royalty of Spanish .South America, established in 1770 to inchule the colonies of Buenos Ayres, Tucuman, and Paraguay, the Banda Oriental (Uruguay), Charcas (now Boli\-ia), taken from Peru, and Cuyo (Mendoza, etc.), separated from Chile. It corresponded nearly to the present countries of the Arcentine Republic, Iruguay, Paraguay, and Bolivia. The victToyalty practically came to an end in 1810, and during the w.arfor independence the countries separated. Also called the Viceroyalty of Buetwtt Ayres, from the capital. Lapommeraye (lii-iiom-ra'), Pierre Henri Victor Berdalle de. Bom at Rouen, Oct. 20, 1839: died at Paris. Dec. 23, 1891. A French critic ami lecturer, i,, issi he took charge of the course of dramatic history and literature at the Conser- vatory. La Porte (la port'). A city and the capital of La Porte Countv, Indiana, 51 miles east-south- east of Chicago." Population (1900). 7,113. Lappenberg (liip'pen-bero), Johann Martin. Born at Hamburg, July 30, 1794 : died Nov. 28, 1865. A German historian, keeper of the ar- chives to the Hamburg senate 1823-63. He wrote "Geschichte von England " (" History of England," 1834- 1837: continued by I'auli, tnmslated by Thorpe), the history of Hamburg and of the Hanseatic League, etc. Lapps (laps). A race from which Lapland (which see) takes its name. The Lapps are an inferior branch of the Finnic race, physically dwarfish and weak, and low in the scale of civilization. Laputa (la-pii'til). A flying island in Swift's "Gulliver's Travels." In the voyage to Laputa the satire is directed against the vanity of human wisdom, and the folly of abandoning use- ful occupations for the empty schemes of visionaries. The philosophers of Lai>uta had allowed theirland to run waste, and their people to fall into poverty, in their attempts to "soften marble for pillows and pin-cushions," to " jietrify the hoofs of a living horse to prevent them from founder- ing," to "sow land with chaff." and to "extract sunbeams from cucumbers, which were to be put in phials hermeti- cally sealed, and let out to warm the air in raw, inclement summers." Tuckerman, Hist of Prose Fiction, p. 176. Lar. See Lares. Lar (liir). The capital of the province of Laris- tan, Persia, situated about lat. 27° 31' N.. long. 54° 10' E. Population, estimated, about 12,OO0. Lara (lii'ra). The name of a family belonging to the (^astilian aristocracy of the 10th century, whose adventures have been made the subject of many ballads. See the extract. The ballads which naturally fonn the next group are those on the Seven Ix)rds of Lara, who lived in the time of Garcia Fernandez, the son of Feman Gonzalez. Some of them are beautiful, and the story they contain is one of the most romantic in Sjjanish history. The Seven Ixirds of Lara, in consequence of a family (juarrel, are betrayed by tlifir unrle into the hands of the Moors, and put toileath": while tlieir father, with the basest treason, is confined in a Sloorish prison, where, by a noble MiMtrish lady, he liaa an eighth son, the famous Mudiura, who at last avenges all tlie wrongs of his race. On this story there are above thirty ballads; someveryoUl and exhibiting either inven- tions or traditions not elsewhere reeorde etc.." stories (1S59), and 4 or 5 volumes of poems, and compiled and edited "Eoadside Poems, etc."(lS76), "Hillside and Seaside in Poetry" (18TT), etc. Perhaps her best-known single poem is "Poor Lone Hannah." Lardner (lard'ner), Dionysius. Born at Dub- lin, April 3, 1793: died at Naples, April 29, 1859. An English clergjnnan and scientifie writer, a graduate of Trinity College, Dublin (1817). in 1>27 he was appointed professor of natural philosophy and astronomy in London fniversity. He eloped, 1840, with the wife of a cavalry offlcer (afterward marrying her) ; vis- ited the United States and Cuba; and in 1S46 established himself in Paris, .\niong his numerous publications are the 'Cabinet Cyclopedia" (1830-J9), to which he contrib- uted the articles on hydrostatics, pneumatics, arithmetic, and geometry (and collaborated in others), "The Great E.x- hibition and London in 1S51 " (1S52). and numerous works and papers on natural science and railway economics. He is notable chiefly as a popularizer of science. Lardner.Nathaniel. Born atHawkhurst,Kent, June 6, 1684 : died there, July 24, 1768. An Eng- lish nonconformist divine and biblical scholar, author of '' The Credibility of the Gospel His- tory" (1727-57: anoteddefenseof Christianity), sermons, etc. Laredo (la-ra'tho). A seaport in the province of Santander, Spain, on the Bay of Biscay. It has a large trade in fish. Population (1887), 4,850. Lares (la'rez). In Eoman antiquity, a class of infernal deities whose cult was primitive. They were looked upon as natural protectors of the state and family, and also as powerful for evil if not duly re- spected and propitiated. The-public Lares, originally two in number, were the guardians of the unity of the state, and were honored with temples and an elaborate ceremo- nial. Aiter the time of Augustus, at least, each division of the city had also its own public Lares {Lares compitalest . The private Lares differed for each family, and were wor- shiped daily in the house, being domiciled either on the family hearth or in a special shrine. They received also especial recognition upon every occasion of festivity, pub- lic or private, and on certain days devoted particularly to them, and claimed tribute alike from the bride upon en- tering the family and from the youth upon attaining his majority. The chief of the private Lares in each family, the domestic or household Lar (Lar /amiiiarift) in the fullest sense, was the spirit of the founder of the family. To the family spirits were often added in later times, among the household Liu-es, the shades of heroes, or other personal* ities who were looked upon with admiration or awe. In their character as malignant divinities, the Lares were commonly classed under the title of Lemures or Larva". Largs (largz). A town in Ayrshire, Scotland, situated on the Firth of Clyde. It was the scene of a victory of Alexander III. over Haco of Norway in 1263. Population (1891), 3,187, Larino (la-re'no). A town in the province of Campobasso, Italv, situated in lat. 41° 48' N., long. 14° 55' E._ Population, about 6,000. Larissa, or Larisa (H-res'a). 1. A nomarchy of northern Greece, ceded by Turkey in 1881. Area, since 1899, 1,622 square miles. Popula- rion (1896), 86,513.-2. The capital of the no- marchy of Larissa, situated on the Salambria (Peneius)inlat.39°37'N., long. 22° 22' E.: the ancient capital (under the name Laiissa) of the district Pelasgiotis, Population (1889), 13,610. Larissa Cremaste (la-ris'a kre-mas'te). In ancient geography, a town in Thessalv, Greece, situated in lat. 38° 56' N., long. 22° 50' E. Laristan (lar-is-tiin'). A province in southern Persia, bordering on the Persian Gulf south- east of Farsi.stan. Capital, Lar. The surface is largely mountainous. Area, about 20,000 square miles. Population, about 90,000. 592 Larins (la'ri-us) Lacns. [Gr. fi \apioc TufivT/.] The Roman name of the Lake of Como. La Rive (la rev'), Auguste de. Born at Ge- neva, Oct. 9, 1801 : died at Marseilles, Nov. 27, 1873. A Swiss physicist, son of Charles Gaspard de La Rive, physician and chemist (1770-1834). He was made professor of natural philosophy at the Acad- emy at Geneva in 1823; went to Paris in 1830; became corresponding member of the Institute; went to London, and w.as admitted to the Royal Society ; returned to Geneva in 1836, and conducted the "Biblioth^que Universelle de Geneve." He devoted himself to the investigation of the specific heat of gases and the conductibility of heat, but especially to researches in electricity. His name is asso- ciated with many original discoveries in magnetism, elec- tro-dynamics, etc. He invented the process of electro-gild- ing, and propounded a new theory of the aurora. Among his published works are "M^moire sur les caustiques" (1824), "Th^orie de la pile voltaique" (1S36), and a com- plete treatise on electricity, regarded as authoritative, en- titled "Archives de T^lectricit^ : Traits de I'^lectricit^ th^orique et appliqu^e " (1S54-,'SS). Larivey (la-re-va'), Pierre de. Bom at Troyes about 1550: died about 1612. A French drama- tist. He was of Italian birth, and translated his Italian name Giunti into Larivey. He may be considered one of the creators of French comedy. Both iloli^re and Regnard were indebted to him. His comedies were published togetlier by VioUet-le-Duc in lfi79, and several editions followed. He also translated and imitated Straparola's "Nights," etc. Larnaka, or Larnaca (lar'na-ka), or Larnica (lar'ne-ka). A town and the chief seaport in Cj^prus, with roadstead in lat. 34° 55' N., long. 33° 39' E. : the ancient Citium. Population (1891), 7,i593. Laroche (la-rosh'), Madame (Maria Sophie Gu- termann). Born atKaufbeuren, Bavaria, Dec. 6, 1731 : died at Offenbach, Hesse, Feb. 18, 1807. A German novelist. Her novels are somewhat after the manner of Richardson, .\mong them are "Fraulein Stemheira"(1771), "Ros.alien3 Briefe"(1779), "ilelusinens Sommerlieder" (1806), etc. La Rochefoucauld (lii rosh-fo-ko'), Francois, sixth Duke of. Prince of Marcillac. Born at Paris, Dec. 15, 1613 : died there, March 17, 1680. A French moralist. He is known in literature through his maxims, his memoirs, and his correspondence. The first edition of the "Maxims" was issued anonymously under the title " Reflexions ou sentences et maximes morales "(1665). The fifth edition (1678), published during the author s life- time, is considered definitive. A sixth edition (1693) con- tains 50 posthumous maxims. The best modern edition was made by Gilbert for the series of the " Grands ^cri- vains de ia France " (1868). La Rochefoucauld's memoirs were published in 1662 under the title " M^moires sur la r^gence d'.\nne d'Autriche." His correspondence was made public in 1818 through Belin's edition of the great moralist's works. La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt (lyon-k6r'),Duc Francjois Alexandre Frederic de. Born Jan. 11, 1747: died March 27, 1827. A French phi- lanthropist and politician. He founded on his estate, Liancourt, near Clermont, a model school for the education of .poor soldiers' children, which in 1788 received the name "Ecole des Enfants de la Patrie." He emigrated at the beginning of the Revolution, and was created a peer at the restoration of the Bourbons in 1814. He wrote "Voyage, dans les Etats-Unis d'Am^rique fait en 1795-97 "(1798), etc. La Rochejacciuelein (larosh-zhak-lan'), Henri du Vergier, Comte de. Born near datillon, Deux-Sevres. Aug., 1772: killed at Xouaill^. March 4, 1794. A French Vendean leader. He was made generalissimo in Oct., 1703 ; was victorious at Antrain and elsewhere ; and was defeated at Le 3Ians in 1793. La Rochejacquelein, Louis du Vergier, Mar- quis de. Born at St. Aubin, Deux-Sftvres, France, Nov., 1777: killed in battle at Pont- des-Mathis, near St.-GiUes, France, June 4, 1815. A French Vendean leader, brother of the Comte de la Roehejacfnielein. La Rochejacquelein, Marie Louise Victoir.e de Donnisson, Marquise de. Born at Ver- sailles, Prance, Oct. 25, 1772: died at Orleans, France, Feb. 15, 1857. A French royalist, sec- ond wife of the Marquis de la Rochejacquelein. She published "M^moires" (1815). La Rochelle (la ro-shel'). The capital of the department of Charente-Inf^rieure, France, sit- uated on an arm of the Bav of Biscay, in lat. 46° 9' N., long. 1° 9' W. : the medieval Rupella. It is a strong fortress and an important seaport. Its fisheries are flourishing, and its trade extensive in wine, brandy, coal, timber, salt, grain, etc. It has a good harbor, and contains a cathedral, several old towers, and an interest- ing h6tel de villc. It was the ancient capital of .Aunis. After various changes it was finally restored to France about 1372. After 1668 it was t(je Huguenot headquarters. It was besieged by Richelieu 1627 and taken 1628 (through the construction of a mole, and in spite of the relief expe- dition under the Duke of Buckingham in 1627>. The Eng- lish attempted to destroy the French fleet here in 1809. Population (1891'), 26.808. La Rochelle, Peace of. A peace signed at La Rochelle, July 6. 1573, whereby Charles IX. gi'anted the Protestants partial toleration. La-Roche-SUr-Yon (lii-rosh'sUr-yon'l. The Lasca, II capital of the department of Vendue, France, situated on the Yon in lat. 46° 41' N., long. 1° 27' W. The town was founded by Napoleon, and was named Napol^onville 1808-14, Bourbon- Vendue 1814-48, and Napoleon-Vendee 1848-70. The castle Roche-sur-Ton was formerly important in the English and religious wars. Napoleon erected a number of buildings in the town, which are not remarkable. Population (ls91), commune, 12,215. Laromiguifere (lii-ro-me-gySr'), Pierre. Bom at Li\'ignae-le-Haut, Aveyrou, France, Nov. 3, 1756 : died at Paris, Aug. 12, 1837. A French pliilosophical ■writer, author of " Lemons de philosophie " (1815-18), etc. La RothiSre (la-ro-tyar'), A village 23 miles east of Troyes, Aube, France. Here, Feb. l, 1314, the Allies (100,000) under Blucher defeated the Fi-ench (45,000) under Napoleon. Larousse (lii-ros'), Pierre Athanase. Bom at Toucy, Yonne, France, Oct. 23, 1817: died at Paris, Jan. 3, 1875. A French grammarian, lex- icographer, and author : editor of the " Grand diciionnaire uiiiversel" (1866-78). Larra (liir'rii), Mariano Jose de. Bom at Madrid. March, 1809 : committed suicide, Feb. 13. 1837. A Spanish satirist and dramatist. He first attracted notice by his "El duende Satirico" (1829) and "El pobrecito hablador " (1832). He became editor in chief of the " Spanish Review "in 1833, and WTOte for periodicals, under the pseudonym Figaro, a variety of humorous articles published in 5 volumes as "Figaro" after his death in 1837. Larrazabal(liir-rii-tha'biil), Felipe. Born about 1822: died 1873. A Venezuelan author. He l« best known for his " Vida del Libertador Simon Bolivar," first published in 1S63 (Caracas, 2 vols.), which has passed through several editions. Larrazabal collected a Ibrge amount of luanuscript material on the history of America, including over 8,000 letters of Bolivar. He was on his way to Europe to arrange for the publication of several works when he was drowned in the \vreck of the steamship Ville du Havre. Larrey (lii-ra'), Dominique Jean, Baron. Bom near Bagn&res-de-Bigorre, France, July, 1766: died at Lyons, July 25, 1842. A noted French surgeon. He served first in the navy, and then in the army, and became distinguished in the Napoleonic cam* paigns as the head of the medical and surgical department of the army. He introduced the ambulances volantes (fly- ing ambulances). He published "M6moires de m^decine et de chirurgie" (1812-18), etc. Larsa (liir'sa). See Ellasar. La Salle (la sal). A city of La Salle County, Illinois, situated on the Illinois, at the head ol na^-igation, 100 miles west-southwest of Chi- cago. Population ( 1900), 10,446. La Salle (la siil'), Antoine de. A French poet. See the extract. Critics have vied with each other in heaping unackn^w. ledged masterpieces on his head. His only acknowledgec work is the cliarming romance of " Petit Jean de Saintr6." The first thing added to this has been the admirable satire of the "Quinze Joyes du Mariage," the next the famous collection of the "Cent Nouvelles," and the last the still more famous farce of "Pathelin." There are for once few or no external reasons why these various attributions should not be admitted, while there are many internal ones why they should. Antoine de la Salle was bom in 1398, and spent his life in the employment of different kings and princes : — Louis III. of Anjon, king of Naples, his son the good King Een^, the count of Saint Pol, and Philip the Good of Burgundy, who was his natural sovereign. Nothing is known of him after 1461. Of the three prose works which have been attributed to him — there are othere of a didactic character in ntanuscript —- the " Quinze .Toyes du Mariage" is extremely brief, but it contains the quin. (essence of all the satire on that honourable estate which the middle ages had elaborated. Sainisbury, French Lit., p. 147. La Salle (la sal), Jean Baptiste. Bom at Rheims, France, April 30, 1651 : died at Rouen, France, April 7, 1719. A French priest, founder of the "Brethren of the Christian Schools." La Salle, Robert Cavelier, Sienr de. Bora at Rouen, Nov. 22, 1643: died in Texas, March 20, 1687. A French explorer. He was of burgher descent; was educated by the Jesuits, with whom he waa for a time connected ; and in 1666 went out to Canada. In 1669 he set out upon a tour of western exploration, in the course of which he discovered the Ohio River. In the course of another journey, a year or two later, he explored the upper part of the Illinois. He was granted a patent ot nobility in 1673. In 1679 he established Fort Crtveca-ur on the Illinois River, near the site of the present Peoria, which was intended as the starting-point of an expedition down the Mississippi. Returning in 1680 from a journey to Canada after supplies, he found the fort destroyed by the Iroquois. The garrison, under Heni-y de Tonti, had made good its escape, however, and afterward rejoined La Salle at Mackinaw. Organizing a new expedition, he set out from Fort Frontenac with Henry de Tonti, thirty Frenchmen, and a band of Indians in 1681, and, reaching the Mississippi by way of the Chicago portage and the Illi- nois River, descended to its mouth, which he reached April 9, 16S2. In 1684 hejled a band of colonists from France, intending to found a settlement at the mouth of the Mis- sissippi. He landed at Matagorda Bay, Texas, which he mistook tor a western outlet of the river, and was on his way to Canada to procure provisions for his colony when he was assassinated by some of his disaffected followers near a branch of the Trinity River, Texas. Lasca, II. See Gra.::iiii. Lascaris, Andreas Joannes Lascaris (liis'ku-ris), Andreas Joannes or JanOS or Janus. Boru at Kliymlac'us, in Phry- gia, about 1445: died at Ki)me, 1535. A noted Greek scholar, resident iu Italy and France after the fall of Constantinople. He fli-st sought the court of Lorenzo de ilediej, iind after his patron's deiitli went to Paris where he taught Greek, In 1503, uud afrain in 1505, he was French aniliassador at Venice, and after 150S went to Rome. His most notable work is an edition of the Greek anthologj- (1494). He also edited the Greek scholia on tlie Iliad, etc. Lascaris, Constantine. FlourisheO in the sec- ond half of the 15th centuiy. A Greek scholar, settled in Italy after 1453. He wrote a Greek grammar ( 1476 : the first book printed in Greek). Lascaris, Theodore, See Theodore I. Lascaris. Las Casas, Bartolome de. See Casas, Las Cases ( las kUz), Comte Emmanuel Augus- tin Dieudonne de. Born near Kevel, Haute- Garonue, France, 1706: died at Paris, May 15, 1842. A French historian, companixm of Na- poleon at St. Helena 1815-16. He served the royal- ist cause in the array of Cond6 in 1792, and then went to England, returning to France in 1799. In 180S N'apoleon made him a baron, and gave him a position in the t-ouncil of state. When the emperor was sent to St. Helena, Las Cases, with his eldest son, followed him. He was sent away from the island in Nov., 1816, for attempting to for- ward a letter to Lucien Bonaparte without the knowledge of the commacdant, and was confined at the Cape for 8 months. To him Napoleon dictated a part of his memoirs. He published "Memorial de Sainte-H^ltne" (182'2-23). Lascy, See Lacn. LaSerena(la sa-ra'na). The capital of the prov- ince of Coquimbo, situated at the mouth of the Coquimbo River, in lat. 29° 53' S. It was founded by Valdiviairil544, and was an important point in the early history of Chile. Coquimbo, its commercial port, is 7 miles soutliwest of it, but the two names are often used inter- changeably. Population (1885), 17,230. La Serna y Hinojosa (lasar'na e en-o-no'sa), Jos6 de. Born at Jerez de la Frontera, 1770 : died at Cadiz, 1832. A noted Spanish general. In 1816, with the rank of major-general, he was put in couimand of the army in Upper Peru. He was defeated by the patriots at Salta and Jujuy, and, owing to disagree- nieuts with tlie viceroy, resigned in 1819, and was made lieutenant-general and president of the council of war: soon after this he was made commander of the army against San Martin. On Jan. 29, 1S21, the viceroy Pezuela was de- posed by his officers, and La Serna was put in his place. La Serna was forced to evacuate Lima July 6. 1821, but he kept his ground in the interior with great skill and resolu- tion, making his capital atCuzco. During three years and 8 half he was practically cutotf from Spain. He was finally defeatea by .Sucre and captured with his whole army at the battle of Ayacucho, Dec. 9. 1824. Las Heras (las a'ras), Juan Gregorio de. Born at Buenos Ayres, July 11, 1780: tUed at Santi- ago de Chile, Feb. 6, 186G. A Spanish-Ameri- can general, in 1824 he was chosen governor of Buenos Ayres, and from May 9 of that year until Feb. 7, 1825, was acting president of the Argentine Confederation, Soon after he retired to Chile, where he resided until his death. Lask (Hisk). A town in the government of Piotrkow, Russian Poland, 92 miles southwest of Warsaw. Population (1890), 5,677. Lasker (las'ker), Eduard. Bom at Jaroein, Posen, Prussia, Oct. 14, 1829: died at New York, Jan. 5, 1884. A Gennan statesman, one of the founders and leaders of the National Liberal party. He entered the Prussian Landtag in 18<;r>, and the German Reichstag in 1SG7, and headed the secessionists from the National Liberal party in 1880. Lasker, Emanuel. Born at Berlinchen, near Berlin, Dec. 24, 1HG8. A noted (ierman chess- player. A match with W. Steinitz f'-r the chess cham- piunaliip of the world, played March l.T ti> May '2(i, 18U4. at New York, Philadelphia, and Montreal, resulted in lavnr of Lasker by 10 games to 0, with 4 drawe. He also wun the return match in 181*0. Laski (liis'ke), or a Lasco (ii liis'ko), John, Born at the castle of Lnsk. Poland, 14i>9: died atKalisch,Pol:Mid, Jan. 1:J. 1500. A Polish Prot- estant tiieolofjiaii, llio second soil of Jaroslaw, baron of Lask. lie studied at Bologna Ifilfi-IT; was ordained a priest and dean at <;nesen 1021 ; went to Hiisel In \Wl'A, and lived for a year with Krasn)us ; returned to Poland in Oct., l.VJC; and became bishop of Vesprim In 15iiit, and archduacon of Warsaw in \WMi. He became a re- fonncr of tin.- Swiss schfwd. In 1.540 he settled in Emden, East Fricsliutd; was appointed pastor of a connreuatlon there in 1&-I2 ; went to KuKland im the invitation o( Cr.inmer In AuK.,lf)-18, retumiuK to Ennlen in March, IMD; and re- turned to Entrland in May, 1,V>0. remaining there until Sept., 15&.3. While in rnelamt he wan t-nperintfiideiit of the Church ot Foreign I'roteslants in L<»nd<)n, and took an (niportant iiart iti the discussions of ecclesiastical atfairs. He was a vnlumini>U8 writer. La Sorbonne. See Sorhonne, La. Las Palmas. See Pahnas, Las. Las Pilas (liis po'liis). An extinct volcano in Nii'jirngua, Central America, oast-northeast of Leon. Lassa. Soo Lhasa. Las Salinas (liis aji-le'niia). A pUu'e about threo miles north of Cuzco, Peru : so called because salt had been obtained there. Here, on April 26, 593 1538. the forces of Diego de Almajrro (the elder), command- ed by his lieutenant, Orgonez. were defeated by tianeisi almve, angels with the emblems of Christ's Pa-ssion ; (2) upper middle. Christ, with a gesture of conrne uiiward.and the accursed diLsheddown by angels and hurled by devils into torment. 'I'lie painting has suffered from incensu and taper Km<)ke, and above all from the clothing, by overscrupiihKis ix>pes, of many of Michelangelo's undraped llgurca. (c) A fresco hi the Campo Santo, Pisa, formerly ascribed to Orcagnft» but now to the Lorcnzelti (1350). The blessed and the lost are rising from tlieir graves, and being conducted to one side or the other by angels or by devils. Many great eccluaiastical and civil dignitaries are represented as in the latter case. TIic subject is powerfully presented; the gesture t>t condemnation made by Christ toward the damned is famous. (aintiiig by Fra .\ngeIleo. in the Accademia, Florence. Christ f nrns toward the blesHnl, with a gesture of doom to the lost, who. as they rise from their graves, arc dragged off by dovIU to their fate. Among the lost Lateran Council appear monks and even popes. The angels and the blessed U[(on the tlowery meadows, and at the gates of paradise. are of the u'reatest beauty and charm. Last Judgment, The. The English version of Spohrs oratorio "Die letzteu Dinge,"produced in 18:30. Last of the Barons, The. A historical novel bv Bulwer, published in 1843, founded on the life of the K:.rl of Warwi(-k. Last of the Fathers, The, St. Bernard. Last of the Goths, The. Roderick, the last ni()narch of the West-Gothic kingdom of Spain. Last of the Greeks, The. Philopoemen. Last of the Knights, The. A surname of the emperor Maximilian I. Last of the Mohicans, The. One of the '* Lea- therstockiiig" series of novels by Cooper, pub- lished in 18L*ti. It is so called from the nickname of Uneas. one of its leading characters. Last of the Troubadours, The. Jasmin. Last Sigh of the Moor, The. See the extract. There, at Padul, on a spur of the Alpuxarras. Boabdil sUwd and gazed back upon the kingdom he had lost : the beautiful Vega, the towers of the Alhambra. and tlie gar- dens of theGeneralife; all the beauty and maguitlcence of his lost home. "Allahu Akbar," he said, "God is most great," as he burst into tears. His mother Ayesha stood beside him : "You may well weep like a woman," she said, "for what you could not defend like a man." The spot whence Boabdil took his sad farewell look at his city from which he was banished for ever, bears to this day the name of "el ultimo sospiro del Moro," 'the last sigh of the Moor." Poole, Story of the Moors, p. 267. Last Supper, The. Among the noted repre- sentations of this subject are the following, (a) A painting by Dieric Bouts(1467), in St. Pierre at Louvaiu, Belgium. This is the central panel of a large altarpiece. The side panels are in the Berlin Museum. (&) A paint- ing by Justus of Ghent, a pupil of Van Eyck, in the Isti- tuto di belle Arti at I'rbino. It is a beautiful early-Flem- ish picture, one of the oldest works in oils in Italy. Fede- rigo da Slontefeltro, with his family, and the Persian ambassador are introduced as spectators, (c) A painting by Luca Signorelli (1512), in the duomo of Cortona, Italy. It represents Christ as distributing bread to 3 Icneeling apostles, while the others wait grouped behind, (d) A famous wall-painting by Leonardo da Vinci, in the refec- . tory of Santa Maria delle Grazie at Milan. Christ is seated at the middle of the table, while the apostles are ranged on each side of him, full of excitement at the announce- ment of his impending betrayal. The painting has suf- fered greatly frtmi damp, abuse, and repainting. Last Token, The. A painting by Gabriel Max. in the Jletropolitan Museum of Art, New York. It shows a beautiful young girl in the Koman arena, ex- posed to wild beasts. Some spectator has thrown her downa rose. She stands over it, resting her hand against the wall, and, looking up, tries to distinguish the one who has pitied her. Last Tournament, The. One of the '^Idylls of the KiiiiT." by Trnnyson. Las Vegas (las va'j:iih). A city in San Miguel County, Nfw Mexico, east of Santa Fe: a rail- road and numufacturing center. Population (ii)00), '^,r)^'2. Laswari (las-wiir'e). A place in Kajputana, India, 78 miles south bv west of Delhi. Here, Nov. 1, 1803. the British (about 4,000) under Lake bc in 1034. I ley wood's part is evi- dently ftumded on "Tho Witches of Lancaster" by T. Potts, Hil;{. Fli-atf. Lateran (hit 'e-nin). The. A pnlaoe in the eastern ]t;u-t 111 IvniiH'. The present edillco ilates fr\nn the 10th Ui IHth centuries. The palace was origimilly named from the Kiiman fandly Lateranus to whieh, until the time of Nero, it belonged. Nero put the hint owner, Plautius Lateranus, toilealh, and appropriated the palace. It was given by Constantine (who also built a church In its pre- cincts) to the ilishop of Home. See ^'^ Jolin Latfran and Scala Santd. Till tho 11th century the Lateran wa^ the usual residence of the p^)pe ; this was once a very extensive building, cov- ering four limes its ]iresent area. The original house Ift said to have belonged to the senator riautius Latenuius til tlio reign of Nero ; but the existing part on the Hue of the Aurelian wall is of the ;ird centnry. 1 his house, which had become the property of tho emperors, was gi\cn by Con- stantine as a residence for S. Svlve.sier ; it wiia ver>' much etdarged at many periods during the next ten eentmios; in 131)8 a great part was burnt, ami in l.'VS'i the luieicnt palace was completely deslrouil by Sixtus V.. timl tho present palace built by Domeideo Knnlana. The Capella Saiicta Siuictorum is the only relie af the older palace. The present palace has nevppHp,l hv flip ri-pstnrp.n Rv^aritino orr, Worms (which see) and renewed the grant of indulgences '^?" ?"'^f.f/, "" "^ ''"'' (lestoreU) iJyzantme em- pronmlgated liy I'rhan II. in favor of the Crusaders, (i) pn'© HI ILol. The council of 1139, under Innocent H.. which condemned Latin! (la-ti'ni). In ancient historv, tlie Latins, the antipope Anacletus II. and Arnold of Brescia. (3) The council of 1179, under .Alexander 111,, which declared that the popes should be electecl exclusively Iiy theci-IIi ge of cjxrdinals, and that a two-thirds vote of the college should he necessaryto form avalid election. (4)'J'hecoun cilof 1215, under Innocent III., which condemned the Alhi genses. LeoX., Lauenburg alpinist, in 1S32-34 he traveled in North America, go- ing to Jlexico with Washington Irving, and in Ifoo was appointed superintendent of the Port Philip district of .Sew South Wales, and later(Jan. 27, 18fd) lieutenant gov- c' "f Victoria, a post which he resigned May 5, 1864. He imhlished several worlcs of travel. or people inhabiting Latitim. ^,^,*,!?^'-^'''wt'"^^',^,'^l^^®,**9- ,Bom „.r',,.^ j. ir i decorative work is in the Metropolitan iluseum and Trinity Church (New York), and the Bijou Theater (Boston), etc. Lathrop (lii'throp), George Parsons. Born at Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands, Aug. 25, 1851 : died at New York, April 19, 1898. " An Ameri 1823. A Spanish general who fought under Mo- rillo in Venezuela and New Granada 1815-20, and succeeded him in command at the end of the latter year. He was defeated by Bolivar at Cara- bolio (which see) June 24, 1821. can journalist and miscellaneous author, son- LatoUT (la-tiir'), Louis Antoine Tenant de. ■ ■ -" • Bornat St. -Y>iei.x,Haufe-Vienne,P>ance. Aug. 30, 1808: died at Sceau.x. Aug. 27, 1881. A French poet and miscellaneous author. Latour, Tomline. A pseudonym of W. S. Gil- bert. Latour d'Auvergne da-tor' do-varnv'), Th6- ophile Male Corret de. Born at Cariiaix, Fin- istere, France, Nov. 23. 1743: killed at Ober- liausen, near Neuburg, Bavaria, June 27, 1800. in-law of Hawthorne. He was assistant editorof the "Atlantic Monthly" 1875-77. He wrote "A Study of Hawthorne" (1876), "A Masque of Poets" (1878), "An Echo of Passion " (1882), " Spanish Vistas " (1883), " New- port " (18841. •■Behind Time " (188S), etc. Latimer, Darsie. See Redgauntlet (Sir Arthur Darsie). Latimer (lat'i-mer), Hugh. Born at Thurcas- ton, Leicestershire, about 1485: burned at Ox- ford, Oct. 16, 1555. A celebrated English prel- ate and reformer. He graduated B. A. at Cambridge in 1510 ; became a priest ; rose in favor at court, especially with Cromwell, and obtained the benefice of West King- ton (or Kineton), Wiltshire ; was cited to appear before the Bishop of London on a charge of heresy Jan. 29, 1532 ; recanted April 10; was made a royal chaplain 1534 ami bishop of Worcester 1535 : and resigned his bishopric July 1, 1539, on account of his opposition to the Act of the Six Articles (l)y his own account at the request of tlie 7, 1573: beheaded at London, Jan. 10, 1645. A celebrated English prelate, archbishop of Can- terbury. He was the son of a clothier. In 1594 he gradu- ated at St. John's College, Oxford : was made vicar of Stam. ford in Northamptonshire in 1G07, and of Caxton in Kent in 1610 ; and was elected president of St. John's College May 10, 1611. On Jan. 22, 1621, he became a prebendary of Westminster, and on June 29 bishop of St, David s, re- signing the presidency of St. John's in the same year. He was elected bishop of London in 1628, chancellor of the University of Oxford, and archbisliop of Canterbury in 1633. Througliout the reign of Cliarles I. he was one of the foremost supporters of the king and most influential men of the state. He was impeached by the Commons (Long Parliament) Dec. 18, 1640, and coiiimitted to the Tower March 1, 1841. His trial began March 12, 1644, and he was executed on Tower Hill Jan. 10, 1645. His com- plete works were published as a part of the "Library of Anglo-catholic Theology" (1847-60). Lauder ( hl'der), Robert Scott. Born at Silver- mills, Edinburgh, June 25, 1803 : died at Edin- burgh, Ajiril 21, 1869. A Scottish painter and teacher of art. His subjects were taken chiefly from Scott's novels, as " The Trial of Eftie Deans ' (1840), 'The Bride of Lainmermoor " (1831), etc. Lauder, William. Died in Barbados in 1771. A Scotti.sh literary impostor, a graduate of Edinbiu'gh University, wlio rendered himself notorious by charging Milton with plagiarism (1747), and supportingthe accusation by forged, garbled, and interpolated quotations from mod- ern Latin authors. The fraud was laid bare (1760) by John Douglas, and Dr. Johnson, wlio had countenanced Landers attack, forced him to confess his guilt. French .soldier, named by Napoleon "the first Lauderdale Earls and Diikp<5 nf See Mnit ee mmt- gi'enacUer of the republic" (he refused the rank of general). He was distinguished in the w.irs of 1792- 1800, and was commander of the "Infernal Coluinu." So great was the admiration with which he w.as regarded that from his death to 1814 liis name was retained on the roU- call of his company of grenadiers as a mark of honor, the color-sergeant answering, "Dead on the field of honor," , . . .-,,..„- „, ...^ when it was called. king). He was ordered into the custody of the Bishop of La Trappe (lii trap). X medieval Cistercian Chichester, but was soon released. During the rei"n of v.v,-ii j "»f;- -^ T^ ii v isceicidu Edward VI. he regained his influence a court and identi ^^^^^ ^° ^he department of Orne. France, near fled himself moreriosely with thrReforZuon On ?he Mortagne. It was founded in 1140, and gave /"^"""""-x '"".T- T ''■"'- ,^ -o ■ ^ . r. u accessi.m of Mary he was arrested and committed to the name to the Trappists. See Trappists. ljauaonm6re (lo-do-nyar ), Jiene de. A t rench 'Tower (Sept., 1653); was sent to Oxford with Ridley and LatrPllIp dii-trav') Piprrp A-nHri Rnrn nt Cranmer to defend their doctrines regarding the mass be- ^^vrc^^^U"! traj ). rierre AUare. -tsoin at laniL Laudon (lou'don), or Loudon, Baron Gideon Ernst '70n. Born at Tootzen, Livonia, Rus- sia, Feb. 2, 1717: died at Neutitschein, Mora- via, July, 1790. An Austrian field-marshal. He served at Prague and Kolin in 1757, and at Hochkirch in 1758; was Austrian commander at Kunersdorf in 1759: commanded at Landeshut and Liegnitz in 1760 ; stomied Schweidnitz in 1761 ; served in the War of the Bavarian Succession 1778-79; and captured Uelgrad in 1789. , ., ,. . , J regarding the mass be- fore tlie divines of the two universities, .March 1564 ■ was excommunicated April 20 ; and was burned with Ridley "at the ditch over against Balliol College," Oct. 10 1655 Latin America. A collective term for all the Bri%'es, Corrfeze, France, Nov. 29, 1762: died at Paris, Feb. 6, 1833. A noted French zoologist. Among his works are " Histoire des salamandres" (1800), "Histoire naturelledes singes "(1801), "Histoire desfour- mis " (1802), "Histoire naturelle des reptiles" (1802), "His- toire naturelle des crust^ac^s et des insectes " (180*2-0.5), " Families naturellesdurcgneanimar'(18'25), "Courad'en- tomol. .L'ie " (1831), etc. '), Charles Joseph. Born at countries and islands of America in which the Spanish, Portuguese, or French races are pre- dominant; broadly speaking, all of South ,. „, ■*f™^"w *^^"*'''^' America, Mexico, and most Latrobe (la-trob tIV-v,*!? -^ ^°!iv*' mu ■ . -u,. , London. March 20. 1,801: dTed there' Dee. 2, 187.5; LauenburgTlou'Vi7-b6rG)V" a' circle in the prov- Ijann empire, ine. l he empire established by An English traveler and politician, son of the ince of Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia, lying north tne l^rusailers ot western and southern Europe musical composer C. I. Latrobe: noted as an of the Elbe, bordering on Hamburg, Lubeck, Huguenot who was despatched by Coligny in 1564 to caiTy aid to the Huguenot colony sent out in 1562 under Ribault. Finding Kibaulfs set- tlement abandoned, he built Fort Carolina on the St. John's River in Florida, in June, 15G4. The fort was stormed and the garrison massacred by the Spaniards under Meuen- dez de Aviles, Sept. 21, 1.5*6.5. Landonnifere escaped with a number of other fugitives to England, and afterward returned to France. He wrote "L'Histoire notable de la Floride, contenant les trois voyages faits en icelle par des capitaines et pilotes francaiB"*(1586). Lauenburg S®5 Meeklonburg, and Hannover. It is fertile, and Laurel Ridge. A range of low mountains, of abounds in furests. The ancient inhabitants were Pulabs. t he .\j)ii:ilauhiau system, in southwestern I'eiin- It (ornied part of the old Saxon ducliy. On the fall of Hen- gylvaiiia, enst cif Chestnut Ridge, ry the Lion i,; 1180 itfcll t^o B.jn.^d^of Asea,da,j,ndjt Laurence (la're.is). Saint. [Also Lmcre>,ce ; L. Liiiiniitiii.i, luui-ol-erowned; F. Laurent, It. Li>- continued in that family (with the exception of a few years at the be;iinniny of the loth century, when it belonged to Uenncuk), under the name of Saxe-Lauenbmg. until the extinction of tlie Ascanian line in 1089. There were sev- eral claimants to the duchy. It finally passed to Hano- ver in 1705, and followed its fortunes; was ceded in 1^15 to Prussia, which immediately ceded it to Denmark in ex reiKo, Sp. Loie>i:art the boundary be- tween the Rhine Palatinate and Alsace. It joins the Rhine 9 miles southwest of Karlsruhe, Length, 51 miles. ). A valley land, Switzer- land, 33 miles southeast of Bern. It is noted for the Staubbach, Triimmelbach, and other falls. Lavagna (lii-viin'ya). A seaport in the prov- ince of Genoa, Ita'lv, 22 miles east by south of Genoa. Population (1881), 3,751. Laval (lii-val'). The capital of the department of Mayenne, France, on the Mayenne in lat. 48°5' N., long. 0°48' W. it is noted for the manufac- ture of ticking, and for its castle and cathedral. Formerly a barony, it was made a conntship in 1429. Near it the \'en- dcans u'niler La l;ocbej;i,-.|U. 1. in defeated the republicans Oct. LM-ir,, 179:i. I'opuhiti.in (is.U). commune, .111,374. La Valette, Jean Parisot de. See Vak tte. Juan. Born at Buenos assassinated at Jujuy. Oct. 9,1841. An Argeutinian general. He fought under San Miirtin in Chile and Peru, and against the I'.iazilians 1825-'.i8. In Dec, 1S2S. he deposed and shot Dorrego, the Federalist governor of Buenos A>Tes, and was himself governor for a year. Subseiiuenlly he was the leader of the opposition to Ito.sas. and in 1839, at the head of pro- vincial forces, m;u-ched on Buenos Ayres ; but after repeated defeats he waa forced tofiy to Ju}uy. range of inoinitains in the Dominion of Canada, forming the watershed between the Hudson Bay and St. Lawrence River systems. Often referred to as the " Height of Land." Laurentie (16-ron-te'), Pierre Sebastien. Born at Ilouga, Gers, France, Jan. 21. 1793: died at Paris, Feb 9, 1876. A French historian and To^-Ug (lii-viil'va) Legitimist iom-nalist, author of " Histoire de f ,>,f in itqt.' France' (1841-43), etc. Laurentius Valla, See Valla, Laurentius. Laurentum (la-ren turn). In ancient geogra- phy, a city of Latium. Italy, situated near the coast, 16 miles southwest of Rome: the ancient capital of Latium. Lauria (lou're-a). A town in the province of Potenza, Italy, situated in lat. 40° 2' N., long. LaVallifere (Uiv.a-lyar'),Fran(;oise Louise de Laura Matilda. A writer of sentimontal verse in Horace and James Smith's "Rejected Ad- dresses." See .Iniia Matilda. Lauraguais (U'l-rii-ga'). An ancient division of Languedoc, France, situated near Casteluau- darv. It now forms parts of the departments of Aude, Tarn, and Haute-Garonne. Laurel (la'r
  • .^ A mountain at the southeastern extremity of At- tica, Greece, It was celebrated in antiquity for its sil- ver-mines llccently its mines have been worked, and produce lead. zinc. etc. Laurvig (lour'vig), or Larvik (liir'vik). A soajiiirl m llic province of Jarlsberg-Laurvig, southern Norway, 03 miles south-southwest of C'hristiania. near the mouth of the Laagcn on the Laurvig Fjonl. Popuhitioii (1^91), 10.932. Lausanne (lo-ziin'). The cai>ital of the canton of Vainl, Switzcrlandi situated near Lake Ge- neva in lat. 46° 32' N., long. 6° 3.'^' E. : the Roman Lausonium. It is an educational and literary center, and has a museum and a T)ieture gallerj. The ca- thedral. dating from (he middle of the i:(lli century, is by far (heflncst meilievalnninument In .Switzerland Thetransepts have low.arcailt'd to^s■ers on the east siile, and the facades exhibit fine roses, Thci-e is a tower at the crossing witha slendersplre, ami a tine towerim the ft(aith slileof the west front, terminating in two tiers of arcades and angle.pinna- cles. The Bcnlptiirod portals also are tine. The Interltir is of great symnudry ami beauty, with a noteworthy trifo rinni, and contains nnuiy remarkable monnnients, among them that of Victor Amadeus VIII. of Savoy. The length oftheinllMdn\ll»;i.'i2 feet, length of transepts ir.iJ, height of vaulting lid. The adndrable restoration was plantieman In 1798, ami of t he canton idVauil inlHO.1, Olbbon was ft resident of tlio city. Population (ls:i4), :ill,121. Lausitz. See l.iiKatia. Lautaro (lou-tii'ro), or Latur (Ui-tOr')- Born about l;V/i5: died Feb. ('.), 1.5.57. An Arauca- ninn Indian of Chile, n,- was the son of a chief; was captured by the Spaidards ; and became a servant of the governor \'alillvla, I'.seauing in 1.^3, he Joined his conn. Irymen, tvok port In the battle of Tucapel, In which Val- La Baume Le Blanc, Duchesse de. Born at Tours, France, Aug. 7, 1644: died at Paris, June 6, 1710. A mistress of Louis XFV'., whose at- tention she attracted in 1661. She was created a duchess In KKW, and retired to a convent in 1074, after having been superseded in the king's atfeclions by the Manpiisc de Montespan. She is the reputed author of "Kellixions sur la niisericorde de Dieu "(ItiSfi), Laval-Montmorency ( lii-viir moh-mo-ron-se' ), Frantjois de. Bom at Laval, France, March 23, 1622: died at Ouebec, May, 1708. A Frencli prelate in Caiiaua. Lavater dii'vii-ter), Johann Caspar. Born at Zurich, Nov. 1.5, 1741 : died tlicre. .Ian. 2, 1801. A Swiss poet and theologian, the founder of Iho so-called sciei'.ce of physiognomy. He studied theology at Zurich, where he subsequently lived as a clergyman, and where he tiled from (he efieets of a wound received from a French soldier at the capture of the elly In 1799. As a poet he is chiefly known by his "Schxvel- zerlieder" ("Swiss .Songs," 17(i7). "Aussichten in die Ewigkdt " (" lAioka into EternKy ") appeared the follow ing year. His principal work, in which lie gives an account of his scicM, f pbysi.vgnomy and attempt-s its justlfica. tion. Is " l'lnsii>gnomische Fragmente zur Befordernng der Mensi-lu-nkennlniss und Menscheidiebe " (" I' hysh'g- nonilcal Fiaglnents for the Promotion of a Knowledge of .Man and of Love of Man." 1776-7S) Coeihe eonlrlbnted to it a chapter on the skulls of animals. Ills complete wiirka were published 183(1-38, In volnmea. Lavaur (lii-vor'). a cathedral town in the de- partment of Tarn, France, sitmtted on the Agout 20 miles east-nortlieast of Toulouse. It was llic leading town of the Albigenscs. Pop- ulalion (1891), cominune, 6,477. La Vaiuc, or Lavaux (lii-v6'), G. Ryffthal (ref'tiil). A district in the canton of Viiud. Switzerland, north of the Lake of Geneva and east of Lausanne. , Lavedan diiv-doi'.'), Henri L6on Emlle. Born at Orleans, April, 18.59. A French litterateur, elected to the Academy in 1898. Uewrllo«for"Ln Vie Parlilenne " under the mime o( llancheeourt, and !• the alllbor of comedle.'i, tales, etc, Laveleye (liiv-hV), Emile Louis Victor de. Biun at Bruges, Belgium, April 5, 1S'J2: died at Doyon, near LitV. Jan- 3. 1892. A Belgian politicaleconomist and jiolitical writer. Among Ills works arc " De It propi fete et dc sea formes priml- Laveleye lives"' (1S73), "Le parti cMncal en Belgique"(1874), "Le protestantisrae et le t-atholicisme " (1875), " Le socialisme contemporaiu " (1S81X etc. Lavello (la-vel'lo). A town in the province of Potenza, Italy, situated in lat. 41° 3' N., long. 15° 46' E. Population, about 6,000. La Vendee. See Vendee. Lavigerie(la-vezh-ie'), Charles Martial Alle- mand. Born at Bayonne, Oct. 31, 18125 : died at Algiers, Nov. 26, 1892. A French cardinal, chiefly known as an opponent of the slave-trade in Africa. He became bishop of Nancy in 1863, arch- 596 Layamon in its internal financial affairs. Meanwliile, in 1718, the Hornet he captured the Britisli ship Peacock. Feb., 1813. "BanqueG6nerale"ha(ibeeiitraiisforniedintothe"Banque He was defeated and ramtally wounded as commander o* Eoyale," with Law as director-general and its notes guar- the Chesapeake against tlie shannon, June 1, 1813. .See anteed by the king. On '.Jan. 5, 1720, Law was made con- Chempeakc. troller general of finance, and on Feb. 33 the company LaWrence, John Laird Mair, Lord Lawrence, and the bank were combined. For a while the '■ System " 3,-,,.^ gj Richmond, Yorkshire, England, March For a while the ' prospered, fortunes were made in speculation, and Law possessed great power ; but the overissue of paper money and the hostile action of the government brought on the catastrophe, and in May, 1720, the "System" collapsed. Law was driven from France and his estates were confis- cated. In Dec, 1730, however, he was invited by the czar Peter to take charge of the finances of Russia.but declined. Later (1721) he returned to England, remaining there until 172.S when he went to Italy. (Theodore CQaude Henri Hersart) Quimperle, Finist^re, France, 1815: died 1895. A French philologist, noted for works on the language and literature of Brittany. Lavinia (la-vin'i-a). 1. In Roman legend, the daughter of Latlnus and wife of -Sneas. — 2. The daughter of Titus Andronicus in Shak- spere's (?) "Titus Andronicus." Lavinium (la-vin'i-um). In ancient geography, a city of Latium, Italy, 15 miles south of Rome. Lavoisier (la-vwii-zya'), Antoine Laurent. Born at Paris, Aug. 16, 1743: guillotined at Paris, May 8, 1794. A celebrated French chem- ist, the chief founder of modern chemistry, and 4, 1811 : died June 26, 1879. An English states- man and administrator in India, yoimger brothel of Sir Henry M. Lawrence. He went to India in 1829 : became one of the administrators of the Panjab 1849, chief commissioner 1853, and governor-general of India 18C3-69. The services which he rendered as governor of the Panjab, during the Sepoy mutiny, earned for him the title of "savior of India.'" A pseudonym of George bishopof AlgiersandCarthageinlS67,andcardinalinlSS2. /-,,.! -r, , 1 La Villemaraue (la vel-mar-ka'), Vicomte de Law, Thomas. Born at, Cambridge, England, Lawrence, Slingsby, — - - ^ - "enri Hersart). Born at Oct. 2o^Lo9: died at Washmgton, D. C, Oct., Henrv Lewes. Hereford, March 10, 1775. An English soldier, distinguished by his services in India 1748-59, made major-general in the 1834. The seventh son of Edmund Law, bishop Lawrence, Stringer. Born at H( of Carlisle. He emigrated to America in 1793. became q 1697: died at London, Jan. a friend of Washington, and married, as his second wife, Eliza Parke Custis. granddaughter of Martha Washington. He wi'ote several works on financial topics. Law, William. Born at King's Cliffe, near Stam- ford, Northamptonshire, 1686: died there, April 9, 1761. An English controversial and devo- tional writer, a graduate of Emmanuel College, Camliridge, and for a time tutor of Edward Gib- bon, father of the historian : author of "A Se- rious etc. of the mysticism of Jakob Bohme. East Indies in 1759. He went to India as major to take command of the troops of the East India Company, and at once began the labors in military oiganization which e:irned for him the title of "father of the Indian army." He was chiefly occupied in fighting the French and check- ing the growth of theu' influence in India. His last service was the defense of Fort St. George during its famous siege by the French under Lally, 176S-69. •if 1 ^? ,l?^7'''''' ^""^ Holy Life" (1728), Lawrence, Sir Thomks. Bom at Bristol, May About 1740 he came under the influence •^4^^^6^9'^Vied at London, Jan. 7, 1830. A cele- the reformer of chemical nomenclature. He was Lawes (laz), Henry. Born at Dinton, Wiltshire, '" "— -' -^ A.....^^.. .,,„.,„„^„„ Dee. (f), 1.595: died at London, Oct. 21, 1662. An English musician (a memberof the king's band), composer of the music for Milton's "Comus" (1634), and of numerous songs and anthems. He was buried in Westminster Abbey. Lawes, William. Killed at the siege of Chester, the son of a tradestnan, and was educated at the Colle^ Mazarin. In 17t)9 he was appointed farmer-general of the revenue, and in 1776 director of the government powder- mills. In May, 1794, he was attacked in the Convention as an ex-farmer-general, and was sentenced to death by the Revolutionary tribunal. He overthrew the old "phlo- gistic " chemistry. His chief work is " Traits ^l^mentaire de chimie " (1789). Lavoro, Terra di. See Caserta. Law (la), Edmund. Born at Cartmel, Lanca- shire, June 6, 1703: died at Carlisle, Aug. 14, brated portrait-painter, son of an innkeeper of Bristol. He was knighted April 22, 1815, and elected president of the Royal Academy to succeed Benjamin West, March 20, 1820. He was patronized by George IIL, and among his sitters were a large number of notable per- sons. Lawrence, Sir William. Bom at Cirencester, England, July 16, 1783: died at London, July of Henry Lawes. He wrote the music for va- _,_.__. ^ , rious masks, instrumental pieces, etc. 1787. An English prelate (bishop of Carlisle) Lawfeld (law'feld). A village in the province and theological and philosophical writer. Hewaa of Liraburg, Netherlands, near Maastricht. Here, madearchdeaconof the diocese of Carlisle in 1743; master July 2,1747, the French under Marshal Saxe defeated the of Peterhouse in 1756 ; librarian of the University of Cam- allies under the Duke of Cumberland, bridge in 1760 ; Knightbridge professor of moral philoso- Lawgiver of FamaSSUS, The. A nickname of phyinl764; and bishop of Carlisl^e in 1768. ^ He ptiblished Nicholas Boileau. Lawrence. See Laurence. Lawrence (la'rens). A city and the capital of Douglas County, Kansas, situated on the Kan- Sept., 1645. An English composer, elder brother 5, 1867. A noted English surgeon and anato- " Enquiry into the Idea of Space and Time" (1734), " Considerations on the State of the World with Regard to the Theoi7 of Religion " (1745), etc. Law, Edward. Born at Great Salkeld, Cum- berland. Nov. 16, 1750: died at London, Dec. 13, 1818. A noted English jurist, son of Bishop Edmund Law made Baron EUenborough April 19, 1802. He graduated at Peterhouse, Cambridge, in 1771; was called to the b.ar June, 17S0; was leading coun- sel for Warren Hastings, and appeared in other famous Lawrence trials ; became attorney-general under Addington, Feb. 14. -.^ 1801 ; entered Parliament March. 1801 ; and became lord '^'' chief justice of England April 12, 1802. In 1806 he ac- cepted a seat in the cabinet, under Addington. without oflice. His most important attempt in legislation was the act which bears his name (now repealed), by which the number of capital felonies was largely increased. sas River 25 miles east by south of Topeka. It is a railway center, has flourishing manufactures and trade, and is the seat of the State University. It was founded by Free-Soil settlers in 1854, became an anti- slavery center, and was sacked and burned by < 'onfederate guerrillas under Quantrell in 1863. Pop. (190O), 10,862. mist. He was appointed professor of anatomy and surgery at the College of Surgeons in 1815, and in 1829 successor of Abernethy as lecturer on surgery at St. Bartholomew's Hospital. < If his works his " Lectures on the Physiology, Zoology, and Xatural History of Man " are noted from the fact that the courts (led by Lord Eldon) refused to protect their author's rights in them because they were held to contradict the Scriptures. La'wrence,WilliamBeach. Bom atNew York, Oct. '23, 1800 : died at New York, March 26, 1881. An American jurist and politician. Among his works are "Law of Charitable Uses" (1845), "Visitation and Search" (1858), "t'nmmentaire sur les elements du droit international " (1868-SO). He edited Wheaton's " Elements of International Law " (1855). Laws of Candy, The. A play by Massinger and Fletcher, printed in 1G47. It was probably written about 1G19. The plot is from one of Cinthio's novels. isse.x (jounty, Massachusetts, situated on the Merrimac 25 miles north of Boston. It was made a city in 1853, and is one of the leadingmanufacturing cities of New England. Cotton and woolen are the chief manu- factures (mills: Pacific, Atlantic Cotton, Washington, Everett, I'embcrton, etc.). Population (19U0), 62,559. Law, Edward. Bom Sept. 8, 1790: died Dec. La'wrence, Abbott. Born at Groton, Mass., 22,1871. An English statesman, earl of Ellen- Dec. 16, 1792: died at Boston, Aug. 18, 1855. borough, eldest son of Baron EUenborough, chief An American merchant and politician, brother justice of England. He graduated (M. A.)atSt. .Tohn's of Amos Lawrence. He w,is United States minister College, Cambridge, in 1809 ; was appointed lord privy seal to Great Britain 1849-52, and founded the Lawrence Scien- under Wellington in 1828; was transferred to the presi- tiflc School at Harv.ard. dency of the board of control in the same year, and became La'wrence, AmOS. Born at Groton, Mass., interested in Indian atf airs; went out of ofBce In 1830 ; and j^^pj.;! oo j^jgfj; cljed at Boston, Dee. 31, 1852. and was appointed governor-general of India (succeeding Lord Auckland) Oct. 20, 1841, a post which he held until 1814. During his administration he annexed Sind (which was conquered by Sir Chiirles Napier) and Invaded Gwalior, conquering the ilahrattas at Maharajpore, Dec- 28, 1843. He succeeded his father as Lord EUenborough in 1818, and was advanced to an earldom in 1844. Law (F, pron. la'6), Jacques Alexandre Ber- nard, Marquis of Lauriston. Born at Pondi- cherry, India, Feb. 1, 1768: died at Paris, June 10, 1828. A French marshal and diplomatist. He served with distinction at Ragusa, Wagram, Bautzen, Leipsic, etc. Law (la), John. Born at Edinburgh, April, 1671 : died at Venice, March 21, 1729. A celebrated financier and projector of commercial schemes, the son of a goldsmith and banker, in April, 1694, he killed "Beau" (Edward) Wilson in a duel in London and was condemned to death, but escaped to the Continent where for a time he led a roving life, largely that of a gam- bler: at the same time endeavoring to secure the adoption by various governments of his banking and other financial schemes,especiallyof his plans for the issUe of paper money, of which he was an earnest advocate. In May, 1716, he, with others, founded the Banque G6n6rale, and succeeded in carrying out with success his views with regard to paper currency, his notes being accepted in payment of taxes, and comraandingapremium over specie. Soon after this he acquired from the French government control of the territory then called " Louisiana " for colonization and trade, the "Compagnie d'Occident" being incorporated for this purpose in 1717 ; an enterprise which became fa- mous under the name of "The Mississippi Scheme" or "The System." This companysoou absorbed the East In- A city and one of the capitals of Lawson (la'son), Cecil Gordon. Born at Wel- lington, in Shropshire, Dec. 3, 1851 : died at Lon- don, June 10, 1882. An English landscape- painter, fifth son of the painter 'UHliam Lawson. Lawson, Sir John. Died at Greenwich, June 29, 1665, from a wound received in the action off Lowestoft June 3. An English sailor, com- mander in the service of Parliament 1642-56 and 1659, and then in that of theking. He served under Vice- Admiral Penn in the Mediterranean, and under Blake in the North Sea, and became vice-admiral in 1653 In 1659 he took, by order of Parliament, command of the fleet in the " Narrow Seas. • In 1601-(>4 he commanded a fleet in the Mediterranean, and succeeded temporarily in coercing the corsairs of Tunis and Algiers. He Lawson, John. Died 1712. A .Scotch surgeon An American merchant and philanthropist. gaveaboutS20,000 to the academy at Groton, which received the name of Lawrence Academy in 1843. La'wrence, Charles. Died at Halifax, Nova Scotia, Oct. 17, 1760. An English general (com- mander of a brigade at the siege of Louisburg), lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia 1754, and governor 1756. represented Carlisle in -.„.... — --„ T. . ,_ T> t i"'""" " „..„.„„,.-„„, „.id from 1880 to 1900 sat La'wrence, Sir George St. Patrick. Born at foradlvlsion of Cumberland. Hcisoneof themoststren- Trincomalee Cevlon March 17, 1804: died at uousadvocatescfthecauseof tempeiani-e, and was recog- London, Nov. 16, 18,84. An English general, nized as the leading lmn,„rist nftl elder brother of Sir Henrv M. Lawrence. He La'wton(la'ton), Henry W. served with distinction in India from 1822 to 1864, except Ohio, March 1 1 , 1843 : died at ban Mateo, neai who came to America as surveyor-general of North Carolina in 1700. He traveled extensively through the Carolinas in the prosecution of his business, writing down his experiences and observations as he went. He became an object of suspicion to the Indians, and in 1712 they waylaid and murdered him. His book "A New Voyage to Carolina, etc.," was published in London in 1709. Born in Cumberland, English baronet House of Commons. Born at Toledo, for a brief period, and was made major-geiier:U in 1861. He wrote "Forty-three Years in India " (1874). Lawrence, Sir Henry Montgomery. Born at Matura, Cevlon. .June 28, 1806: died at Luek- now, July 4, 1857. A noted English general and administrator in India. He was the fourth son of Colonel Alexander Lawrence (an Indian ofticer), and brother of Lord Lawrence and Sir George St. P. Lawrence. He served in India from 1822. and was appointed resident at Lahore Jan. 8, 1847; president of the board of adminis. tration in the Panjab April 14, 1849 ; governor-general' Manila, Philippine Islands, Dee, 18, 1899. An American general. He served as a volunteer on the Union side in theCivil Wai-.rising to the brevet rankof colo- nel ; entered the regular army in 1866 ; served in the Wtst against the Indians, and became famous for his successful operations against Geronimo ; was commissioned Iiriga- dier-general of volunteers iti 1898 ; commanded a division in the attack on Santiago ; captured El Caney .luly 1 ; wiis promoted major-general of vohniteers July 8; and was assigned to the command of a corps in the Philippines m the same year. dia and China companies (being thereafter known as the T n-^-v^TinQ Tqttioo ■Rnvn nt "Corapagnie des Iiides"), the African Company, the mint, ''^ 7^™*^,X'qT 7 i ? 5 t andthepowerof recfivers-generai. thusbecoraingsupreme Uct. 1, i*oi: uiea at sea, < bothin the American and Asiatic commerce of France and * * , «« - - igentinRajputana'lSSSfandchief'co'mmissionei^ofiiiidh Laxenburg (laks ' eu-b6rG), or Lachseuburg 1857. When the mutiny broke out. May, 1857, he was in (],^,ks'pn-borG). A village in Lower Austria, Lucknow, the defense of ''•"jVf r=Hi'',!-^iH,'» ."lithnr 9 miles south of Vienna, noted for its royal he died from a wound received July 2. He was the author .111 of several works on India. castle and park. ,-,-,, Burlin"-ton, N. J., Layamon (la'ya-mon), or Laweman (la m,in). June 5^1813 An [ME. irt^'omoH, also in a later te.xt of the poem American naval officer. While in command of the Laweman, in other places Lagemann (ML. L,m- Layamon mannus), from AS. *lii(jiiiiiiui, lahman (= Icel. Imidnmillir, logmadkr), 'law-man.' a judge or juror.] Lived about 1200. Axi EiiRlish priest, author of a semi-Sasou paraphrase of \Vaee"s "Roman de Brut." See Brut. All that is known of his life is contained in a few passages of his work which refer to himself. From these it appears tliat lie was a priest and lived at "Ernley"— that is, Areley Kegis in North Worcestershire. Layanas (li-ii'nas). An Indian tribe of Matto tirosso, Brazil, a branch of the Guanas (which see). Layard (la'Srd), Sir Austen Henry. Bom at Paris, llarc-ii 5, ISIT: died at London, July 5, 1894. An Eniilisli ar<-ha>ologist and diploma- tist, noted for his archieological discoveries in Asiatic Turkev. lie was a member of Parliament for Southwark 1860-70 ; under-secretar>- for foreign affairs 1861-fi6 ; commissioner of works 1S6S-69 ; minister to .Spain 1809-77 ; and ambassador to Constantinople ISTT-SD. He published "Nineveh and its Remains" (1848). "Fresh Discoveries at Nineveh, and Researches at Babylon " (185.?), "The Monuments of Nineveh" (1849-53). "In- scriptions in the Cuneiform Character from Assyrian Monuments " (18^1), etc. Laybacta. See Laibach. Laycock(la'kok), Thomas. BorninWetherbv, Yorkshire, 1812: died at Edinburgh, Sept. 2"l, 1876. An English phvsinlogist, professor of the practice of phj'sic in Hiliiilmr:.'li University. He wrote "A Treatise on the Nervous Diseases of Women" (ISMO), "Slind and Brain " (ls:,9), etc. Lay of the Last Minstrel. A narrative poem by Sir Walter Scott, published in 1S05. The scene is laid on the Scottish border, IGth century. Lays of Ancient Borne, The. A volume of poems by Macatday, published in 1842. Lazarillo(laz-ii-riri6). l. A character in Beau- mont and Fletcher's "The Woman-Hater," de- scribed as a voluptuous '"smell-feast" in the old dramatis personse. He is a poor and hungry cour- tier, whose whole soul is given to the subject of delicate eating, with a particular desire toward an urabrana's(flsh's) head, which he pin-snes through the play and finally ob- tains by marrying its possessor. 2. A character in Jliddleton's play " Blurt, Mas- ter Constable," a Spanish gentleman of exag- gerated etiquette. I^zarillo deTormes (la-tha-rel'yo da tor'mes). A work by Diego Hurtado de Meudoza (first known edition 1053), the autobiography of aboy, " Little Lazarus," who began life as the guide of a blind beggar. " With an inexhaustible fund of good- humor and great i|Uicknessof i)iuts. he learns, at once, the cunning and profligacy thatcpialify him torisetostill great- er frauds and a yet wider range of adventures and crimes in the service successively of a priest, agentleman starving on his own pride, a friar, a seller of indulgences, a chaplain, and an alguazil, until, at last, from the most disgraceful motives, he settles down as a married man ; and then the Btory terminates without reaching any proper conclusion, and without intimating that any is to follow," {Ticknor.) The book enjoyed great popularity. Starvation is raised to the dignity of an art. It was "the foundation for a class of Actions essentially national, which under the name of the git&to picare^co, or the style of the rogues, is as well known as any other department of Spanish literature, and one which the 'Gil Bias' of Le Sage has made famous throughout the world." Tu-knor. Lazarus (laz'a-rus). 1. In New Testament his- tory, the brother oi Mary and Martha, and friend of Jesus, who raised him from the dead. — 2. A character in one of the parables of Jesus, a beggar at the gate of Dives, a rich man. Lazarus (laz'a-rus), Emma. Born at Xew York, July 22, 1849: died there, Nov. 19, 1887. An American poet, of Hebrew origin, she wrote "Admetus" (1871), "Songs of a Semite" (1882), a prose work " Alide : an Episode of Goethe's I-ife " (1874), etc. Lazarus (lat'sa-r()s),MoritZ. Born at Filelme, Posen, Sept. 15, 1824: died at Meran, TjtoI, Ai)ril 13, 1903. A (iernnin philosopln-rof Her- liartian tendencies, professor of jisycliology at Hern (lS(i0-(>ti) and later (1873) at the Univer- sity of Berlin. He wrote " DasLeben derScele in Mo- nograpliien liber seine Erscheinungen utid Oesetze"(lH.■■^^,- I'^i7), ilc, unci edited, with Steinthal,the"Zeit8chritttur Vidkeijisycbitlo^'ie und Si)racluvissenschaft." Lea(le). A river in England wliich joitis the Tliarrii'stiear Ilii'Isleof Dogs, London. Lengtli, uttDut 45 nulcs. Lea, Henry Charles. Born at Pliiladelphia, Sept, 19, 1,S25. An American author and pub- lisher, son f)f Is:iac Ijea. He has iiublisbcd " Super- stition ami Force" (ISfld), "Sacerdotal Celibacy " (1887), '■studii-s in church History" (18011), " -V History of the In.inisilion of the .Middle Ages " (1887-88), etc. Lea, Isaac. Born at Wilmington. Del., Miirch 4, 1792: died at Philadelphia, Dec. 7, 1S8(). An American naturalist. Amcuig hia worksare "Contri- liution.stoi!coloRy"(ls:;:!), '■ Fossil Footmarks ' (18r.3), and munerous important papers on conchology. Leach (lech), William Elford. Horn at Ply- mouth, England, 179(1: ilied of (diolcra !it (he Palazzo San Sebastiaiio, near Tortona. Italy, Aug. 25, 1836. An English physician and natii- 597 ralist, assistant librarian, and later assistant keeper, of the natural-history department in the British Museum: noted especially for his work in eiitomologv and malacologv. He withdrew from the nuisenm in 1821. Hi- published'"Tbe Zocih.gical .Mis- cellany " (1814-17), " Malacostraca podophthalma Britan- niai, or a Monogi-aph on the British Crabs, etc." (18ir)-10), "Systematic Catalogue of the Specin)ens of the Indigenous Mammalia and Birds that are preserved in the British Museum, etc." (1816), " A Synopsis of the .Mollusca of Great Britain, etc." (ed. by J. E. (iray 1852 : but in part printed and circiUated as early as 1820). Leadheater (led'be "ter), Mrs. (Mary Shackle- ton). Born at Ballitore, County Kildare, Ire- land, Dec, 1758: died there, June 27, 1826. .\n English writer, of (Quaker birth, a friend and correspondent of Burke, she published "Poems ' (1808), "Cottage Dialogues among the Irish Peasantry" ( 1811), " Cottage Biography " (1S22), " Annals of Ballitore " (published 1862 as "The Leadbeater Papers" by R. D. Webb). Leadville (led'vil). A city and the capital of Lake County, Colorado, situated about 10,200 feet above sea-level, 78 miles southwest of Den- ver. It is noted for the mining of silver and lead (and formerly of gold). Settled 1877. Pop. (liXHI), 12,465. League (leg), The. [F, La Ligue.'] Specifically, in French historj", the Holy League, formed in the Roman Catholic interest in 157G. The Guise family was at its head, and it carried on for many years a contest against Henry of Navarre. See lloht Lea rival of Li'lio in Molierc's comedy "L'fttourdi," — 2. The son of GC'ronte in "L(5S fourberies de Scapin." — 3. The lover of Lucindo in "Le mddecin inalgr(^' lui." Leaning Tower. See I'i.in. Lear ( ler). tilso Leir, Lir, and Leyr. A mythi- cal king of Britain, See tko extracts, and Jiing I.ciir. Lebanon " Lir" was another Ocean god who was worshipped both in Ireland and Britain. He appears in the Irish romance on "the fate of the Children of Lir "as a king of the divine race whose children were turned into swans by enchant- ment : " and the men of Erin were grieved at their depar- ture, and they made a law aud proclaimed it throughout the land, that no one should kill a swan in Erin from that time forth." In the Welsh histories he appears as "Lear." According to the version in Geotfrey of Monmouth's his- tory, which Shakespeare adopted as the framewr): the second edition (;r2poeins). in 18,'iC; the third, including the first and second editions, in 1860. Lea'Titt (lev'it), Joshua. Born !it Heath, Mass., Sept. 8, 17i)4: died at Brooklyn, N. Y., Jan. 16, 1873. An American journalist, lecturer, and aniislaverv politician. He founded the New York " F.vangclist '" in I8:f]. and became imtnagiug editor of the New York "In.lcpcnderit " in 1818. Lebadeia, or Lebadea. See LUadia. Lebanon (Icb'a-npn), [Heb., 'the whil<'.'] The lofty inountaiVi-rango in the southern p.'irl of Syria, which runs on its western skirls from northeast by iioilh to southeast by soulh, and extends in one tmbrokeu dorsal ridge to a dis- tance of more tlian 1 00 miles: the classii'al Liba- nus,andthe el-1 oilman of the Arabs. It is bounded on the north by the Nahr cl-Keblr (the classical Eleuthe- rus) near 'niixilis ami lliiins. Its highest suunuit.s rise In the north, lieainning with the Jebel el-Akra (4.MK) feet). It rises till It attains near Beirut aud Triji'lis In the Jeliel cl-Machmal the height of lO.oKi feet, and in the Dahr el- Kodib 10,052 feet, which i.s overtowere.l by the I'innirun (10,.'i:i9 feet). At the lieieht of 7.r.0(> feet the French built In 1863 a post-road Icailing trcuu Itehut toI>ama8cus. From this pass the mountain gradually shipes down ti> the val- ley of the Litany. Lebanon consists mainly of limestone. It is ciit througli by many gorges, ravines, and gliuis. with here and there trcinendous chasms aud precipices that de. scend for nearly a thousand feet. The peaks of the Macb- Lebanon mal and Kodib are clothed with snow eight months In the year, while in the ravines the snow never melts. From these snow-peaks the nanie of the mountain is derived. Of the chief ornament of Lebanon in ancient time, the cedars, there still e.\ist small j^oupson many places in the mountain, the largest consisting of about 3o0 trees, at the foot of the Machmal. Lebanon is still covered with in- dustrious villages and monasteries, and adorned with gardens of olives, dates, llgs. mulberries, and other fruit- trees. It exhibits the greatest vaiiety in its climatic con- ditious and the character of its soil, so that an Arabian poet has said of it: "The winter is upon its head, the spring upon its shoulders, the autumn in its bosom, and at its feet slumbers the summer." Lebanon is inhabited by Mohammedans, Druses, and Maronite Christians. Op- posite Lebanon on the east side is Anti-Lebanon or .\nti. Libanus (which see). Between the two ranges is inclosed the great and fertile v.alley of Bik'ah, called by the Greeks and Romans Coele-SyriaC hollow Syria'), cut through by the rivers Asi and Litany (the classical Orontes and Leon- tes). and containing the city of Baalbec, with its magnifi- cent ruins. In the Assyrian inscriptions Lebanon is men- tioned by the name of Libmlnu as the chief source from wliicli the Assyrian kings procured costly woods for their buildings. Lebanon, A town in Grafton County, New Hampshire, situated on the Connecticut about 50 miles northwest of Concord. Population (1900). 4,965. Lebanon. A manufacturing city, the capital of Lebanon County, Pennsylvania, 25 miles east by north of Harrisbui'g. Population (1900), Lebanon Springs. See Xcw Lebanon. Lebas (le-ba'), Philippe. Born at Paris, 1794: died 1S61. A French archa?ologist and philolo- gist. He wrote ' ' Voyage arch^ologique en Grece et en Asie Jlineure," etc. Lebbseus (le-be'us). [Gr. AfJJaiof.] A sur- name (Mat. X. 3) of Jude, one of the apostles. Lebda (leb'dii). The modern name of Leptis Magna. Le Beau. A character in Shakspere's "As you Like it," a corn-tier in attendance on Frederick the usurping duke. Le Beau (le bo), Charles. Born at Paris, Oct. 15, liOl: died at Paris, March 13, 1778. A French historian, professor of eloquence at the College de France 1752: author of "Histoire du Bas- Empire" (1756-79), etc. Lebeau, Jean Louis Joseph. Born at Huy, Belgium, Jan. 2, 1794: died at Huy, March 19, 1865. A Belgian statesman, prominent at the time of the Belgian revolution (1830). He was minister of justice 1S32-34, and minister of foreign affairs 1840-41. Lebedin (leb-e-den')- A town in the govern- ment of Kharkoff, Russia, 85 miles northwest of Kharkoff. Population (1893), 16,419. Lebedos (leb'e-dos;. [Gr. Af^Jcdof .] In ancient geography, an Ionian seaport of Lydia, Asia Minor, 25 miles northwest of Ephesus. Lebedyan (leb-e-dyan'). A town in the gov- ernment of Tambofif, Russia, situated on the Don 106 miles west by north of Tamboff . Popu- lation (1893), 7,250. ■ Lebert (la'bert), Hermann. Born at Breslau, Prussia, June 9, 1813: died at Bex, Switzerland, Aug. 1, 1878. A German physician, noted as a pathologist. He practised medicine for a time in Paris, and was professor at Zurich in 1S53-59, and at Breslau 18.n9-'4. He wrote "Physiologic patliologique " (1845), " Anatomic pathologique " (1854-62), "AUgemeine Patho- logic" (18ti5), etc. Leblond (le-blon'), Jacques (Jacob) Chris- tophe. Born at Frankf ort-on-the-Maiii in 1070 : died at Paris in 1741. A German painter and engraver. He was noted for his miniatures, and in 1720 set on foot in London a process of printing engl-avings in coliir. which he explained in "II (.'oloretto" (1730). Leblond (le-bl6ii'), Jean Baptiste. Born near Autun, Dec. 2, 1747: died at Guzy, Aug. 15, 1815. A French naturalist and traveler. From 1767 to 1802 he resided in Guiana, part of the time engaged in government scientific work. He published "Voyage aux Antilles et \ I'Amerique lKridionale"(lS13), and works on Guiana, on applied botany, etc. Leboeuf (l^-bef), Edmond. Born at Paris, Dec. 6, 1809 : died near Argentan. Orne, June 7, 1888. A French marshal. He was chief of the artillery staff during the Crimean war; commanded the artillery of the French army in Italy in 18.59 ; was minister of war 1869- 1870 ; and was made a marshal of France in 1869. On be- ing .asked by the emperor, when war seemed imminent with Prussia, as to the condition of the army, he answered that it was perfectly equipped down to the buttons on the gaiters. He was compelled to resign when its actual condi- tion became manifest at the beginning of the w.ar. He lived in retirement after the restoration of peace. Le Bossu (le bos-sii'), Rene. Born at Paris in 1631: died in 1680. Subprior of the Abl)ey of St. Jean de Chartres. He published " Trait6 du poeme 4pique" (1675). Lebrija ( la-bre'na). A town in the province of Seville, Spain, 34 miles south by west of Seville. Population (1887), 11,933. 598 Lebrim(le-brun'), Charles. Born at Paris, Feb. 22. 1619 : died there, Feb. 12, 1690. A noted French historical painter. He was a pupil of Vouet, and studied at Rome 1642-46, where he met Poussin who instructed him in the antiquities of Rome. On his return to France he undertook notable works, and in 1648 became one of the founders of the Academic Royale de Peinture. In 1660 he was appointed director of the Gobelins, and was charged by Louis XIV. with the series of pictures from the life of Alexander the Great reproduced in tapestry. In 1679 he undertook the great works in the Galerie de Versailles. Lebrun exercised despotic power in art. After tne death of Colbert in 1683 he met with more oppositior.. Lebrun, Charles Francois, Due de Piacenza. Born at St.-Sauveur-Landeliii, Mancue, France, March 19, 1739 : died near Dourdan, France, June 16, 1824. A French politician. He was a member of the National Assembly ; was elected to the Council of Five Hundred in 1795 ; became third consul in 1799, archtreasurer of the empire in 1804, and duke of Piacenza about 1806 ; and was governor of Holland 1810-13. Lebrun, Mme. (Marie Anne Elisabeth Vigee). Born at Paris, April 16, 1755 : died there, Marcli 30, 1842. A French portrait, historical, and landscape painter. In 17S3 she was made a member of the French Academy. She was also an jxssociate mem- ber of the academies at Bologna, Parma, Berlin, St. Peters- burg, Copenhagen, and Geneva. She left over 650 por- traits, 200 landscapes, and 15 historical pictures. Lebrun, Pierre Antoine. Born at Paris, Nov. 29,1785: died at Paris, May 27, 1873. A French lyric and dramatic poet. Among his dramas is "Ma- rie Stuart" (1820). "Voyage en Gr^ce," a series of epic fragments, retiections, etc.. w,as published in 1827. He also wrote a number of occasional odes, etc. Lebrun, Ponce Denis Ilcouchard, surnamed Pindare. Bom at Paris, Aug. ll, 1729: died at Paris, Sept. 2, 1807. A French Ij-ric poet. His works were published (4 vols.) in 1811. It has been said that the glory of Delille as the greatest poet of the last quarter of the century was shared by a writer whom his contemporaries surnamed (absurdly enough) Pindar. Escouchard Lebrun hadastrange resem- blance to J. E. Rousseau, of whom, however, he was by no means a warm admirer. Like his forerunner, he divided his time between bombastic lyrics and epigrams of very considerable merit. Lebrun was not destitute of a certain force, but his time was too much for him. Saintsbury, French Lit., p. 393. Lecce (lech'e). 1. A province in the comparti- mentoof Apulia,Italy: formerly called TeiTa di Otranto. Area, 2,623 square miles. Population (1891), 620,265.-2. The capital of the pro\-ince of Lecce, situated in lat. 40° 23' N., long. 18° 11' E. It stands near the site of the ancient Lupire. hiis a cathedral, and numbers tobacco and Lecce oil among its products. Population (1891), estimated, about 29,000. LecCO (lek'ko). A town in the province of Como, Italy, at the southern end of the Lake of Lecco, 30 miles north-northeast of Milan, it has manu- factures of silk, cotton, etc., and is one of the scenes of Manzoni's "Promessi Sposi." Lecco, Lake of. The southeastern arm of the Lake of Como, Italy. Length, 12 miles. Lech (lech). A river in T>to1 and southern Ba- varia, joining the Danube 25 miles north of Augsbm-g: the ancient Liens. Length. 177 miles. Near the mouth of the Lech, Gustavus Adolphus defeated the Imperialists under Tilly (who was mortally wounded in the battle), April 16, 1632. Lechevalier (le-she-va-lya'), Jean Baptiste. Born nearGoutances, France, July 1, 1752: died at Paris, July 2, 1836. A French arehseologist. He wrote "Voyage de la Troade, etc." (3d ed. 1802), " Voyage de la Propontide et du Pont-Euxin " (1800), " I'lysse-Horaer," a work on the authorship of the Iliad and Odyssey (1829), etc. Lechfeld (leeh'felt). A large plain in Bavaria, soutli of Augsburg, between the Lech and the Wertach. Here, Aug. 10, 955, Otto I. defeated the Magyars. Lechhausen (lech'hou-zen). A town in Upper Bavaria, situated on the Lech opposite Augs- burg. Population (1890), 10.341. Lechthal (G. pron. lech'tal) Alps. A group of the Alps near the valley of the upper Lech, on the borders of Bavaria and Tyrol. Lecky (lek'i), William Edward Hartpole. Born near Dublin, March 26, 1838. A noted British historian, in 1886 he became an opponent of Home Rule, to which he had been supposed favorable. His works include "The Leaders of Public Opinion in Ireland " (1861), " History of the Rise and Influence of the Spirit of Rationalism in Europe " (1865). " History of Eu- ropean Morals fi'om Augustus to Charlemagne " (1869), " Ilistory of England in the Eighteenth Centun- " (1878- 1890). Leclerc, or Le Clerc (le klar), Jean. Born at Geneva, March 19, 1657 : died at Amsterdam, Jan. 8, 1736. A Swiss Protestant theologian. He published biblical commentaries, edited the "Biblio- theque nniverseUe et historique " (1686-93), etc. Leclerc, Victor Emmanuel. Born at Pontoise. near Paris, March 17, 1772: died at Cap Hai- tien, Santo Domingo, Dec. 2, 1802. A French general, in 1797 he married Pauline, sister of Napoleon Leda Bonaparte; accompanied his brother-in-law to Egypt- and was prominent in the overthrow of the Directory. In Dec, 1801, he was sent with 25,000 men and a large fleet under Admiral Villaret-Joyeuse to subdue the island of Santo Domingo. Toussaint Louverture made a desperata resistance, but finally capitulated and was subsequently arrested m June, 1802, and sent to France. New uprisinga of tlie blacks followed, and the French army was decimated by ytUow fever, of wliich Leclerc himself Anally died In the end the French were obliged to abandon the island having been beaten rather by disease than by the natives' Lecocq (le-kok'), Alexandre Charles. Bom at Pans, June 3, 1832. A French composer of comic operas. His works include " Fleur de iki " (1868). " Le beau Dunois " (1870), "Le b.arbier de Trouville " (1871)," La fllle de Madame Angot " (lS73),"Les Pres Sainf- Gervais ■ (1S74), "Girofle-Girofla" (1874), "Le pompon" (18i5l, "La petite mariee" (1S76), "Kosiki" (1877), "La Marjolaine " (1877), " La petite mademoiselle " (1879) " La princesse des Canaries " (1883), etc. Lecompton(le-komp'ton). AsmallcityinDoug- lasCoimty, Kansas, sit uatedon the KansasRiver 16 miles east of Topeka : formerly the capital of the Territory of Kansas. Pop". (1900), 408. Lecompton Constitution. A pro-slavery con- stitution framed during the agitation for the admission of Kansas to the Union by a consti- tutional convention at Lecompton, Sept. 5- Nov. 7, 1857, and rejected as a whole by the people, Jan. 4, 1858. The clause sanctioning slavery was separately submitted, Dec. 21, 1857, and adopted. Le Conte (lekont), John. Born in Liberty Coun- ty, Ga., Dec. 4, 1818: died at Berkeley, Cal., April 29, 1891. An American pliysicist. He was professor of physics, industrial mechanics, and physiology in the University of California from 1869 until his death, and president of the university 1876-81. He was the author of numerous papers printed in scientific journals both in the United States and abroad. Le Conte, John Lawrence. Born at New York, May 13, 1825 : diedatPhiladelphia,Nov. 15,1883. An American naturalist. Hemadescientificjourneys in various parts of the United States and elsewhere; wasa United States surgeon of volunteers during the Civil War; and was chief clerk of the United States mint at Philadel- phia from 187S until his death. He was the author of "Clas- sification of the Coleoptera of North America" (1862-73: later editions with Dr. G. E. Horn), "List of Coleoptera of North America " (1866), and many important entomological papers. His collections were bequeathed to the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Le Conte, Joseph. Born in Liberty County^ 6a., Feb. 26, 1823 : died in the Yosemite Valley, July 6, 1901. An American physicist. He was professor of geology and natural history in the Univereity of California 1869-1901. He published "Religion and Science" (1874), "Elements of Geology" (1878), "Sight: an Exposition of thePrinciplesof Monocularand Binocular Vision " (1881), " Compend of Geology " (1884), and " Evo- lution " (18.S8J. Leconte de Lisle (!e-k6nt' de lei) (Charles Marie Rene). Born on the He Bourbon, Oct. 25, 1818: died at Louveciennes, July 17, 1894. A French poet. After graduating with honors he spent some time in IndLa, then came to France and settled down permanently in Paris. His works bear ample testimony to his fondness for antiquity, whether Scandinavian, Hellenic, or Oriental. His first volume of Greek studies," Po^^mes antiques," appeai-ed in 1852, and was followed by "Poemes et poesies " (1854), " Le chemin de la croix." published in the "Revue Fran^aise " (1859), " Poemes barltares ' (1802), " Kain," published in " Le Parnasse contemporain " (1869), and " Poemes tragiques " (1884), Leconte de Lisle is widely known as a translator : in this capacity he published "L'lliade" (1866), "Hymnes nrphiques " (1869), and "L'Odyss^e" (18B7). He translated Ilesiod in 1869, Hor- ace in 1873. Sophocles in 1S77, and Euripides in 1885. He made two attempts to write for the stage: "Les Erinnyes" (1S72) is a study of .Eschylus and of the Greek tragic poets, and " L'Apollonide " is a lyric drama based on the *' Ion " of Euripides. A candidate for the French Academy in 1873 and 1877. he was defeated in spite of the support of Victor Hugo ; but ultimately, Feb. 11, 1886, he was elected to flU the vacancj caused by Hugo's death. Lecoci (le-kok'), Henri. Born at Avesnes, France, 1802 : died 1871. A French naturalist. His chief work is " Etude de la g^ographie bo- tanique de I'Europe" (18.54-58). Lecouvreur (le-kbv-rer') (originally CoU- vreur), Adrienne. Born at Damery, near Eper- nay, April 5, 1692: died at Paris, March 20, 1730. A noted French actress. She made her d«- but at the Com^die Frangaise May 14, 1717. and attained a high rank in both comedy and tragedy. She was one of the mistresses of Maujice of Saxony, and is said to have been poisoned, from jealousy, by another, the Duchesse de Bouillon. She was buried secretly. Voltaire ^vrote a poem upon her death and burial, and she has been made the subject of a drama by Scribe and Legouv^ (1849). Le Creusot, or Le Creuzot. See Crensot, Le. Lectoure (lek-tor'). A town in the department of Gers, France, situated on the Gers, lat. 43° 56' N., long. 0° 38' E. : the ancient Lactora. It was taken from the Armagnacs in 1473. The church was formerly a cathedral. Population (1891), 2,931. Leda(le'da). [Gr.Ar/da.J 1 . In Greek mythology, the wife of Tyndareus, and mother of Helen, Clytemnestra, Castor, and PoIIuxm According to the later legends, she was approached Dy Zeus in the Leda form of a swan, ami bruught f')rth two eggs, from one of whirli came Castor and Clj'temnestia, and from the other Pollux and Uelen. 2. All asteroid (No. 38) discovered by Clia- cornae at Paris, Jan. 12, 1856. tedebour (la'de-bor), Karl Friedrich von. Born at Stralsund, Prussia, July S, ITS."): died at Munich, July 4, 1851. A German botanist, professor of natural history at Dorjiat 1811-30. He wi-ote "Flora Altaiea" (1829-33), "Flora Rossiea" (1841-53), etc. Leddchowski (led-o-chov'ske), Count Mieczys- law. BornOet.29. 1822: died July 22, 1902. A Polish cardinal, made archbishop of Poscu and Gnesen 1865, and removed in 1874 for opposi- tion to the May laws. In 1892 he was made general prefect of the Propaganda. Ledru (le-drii' ). Andr6 Pierre. Born at Chan- tenay, Jan. 22, 1761 : died at Mans, July 11, 1825. A French priest and author. He was naturalist in Baudin's expedition to the Canaries and West Indies 179f}- 1798, and published an account of the voyage (2 vols. 1810), a *■ Histoire de la prise de Mans en 1562," an essay on the Guanclies, etc. Ledru-Eollin (l6-drii'ro-lan'), Alexandre Au- eiiste. Bom at Paris, Feb. 2, 1808: died at Fontenay-aux-Roses, near Paris, Dec. 31, 1874. A French Radical politician and advocate of universal suffrage. He w:\3 provisional minister of the interior in 1S18, and a candidate for the presidency in the same year. Ledyard (led 'yard). John. Born at Groton, Conn., 1751 : died at Cairo, Egj-jit, Nov. 17, 1789. An American traveler. He accompanied Captain Cool£ on his third voyage around the world 1776-^0. and in 1786 set on ton a journey tlirotighiiorthcru Europe and Asiii, hut was arrested at Irkutsk as a spy i\h. -24, 178H, and com- pelled to abandon his project. Ilesetoutunavoyageof dis- covery to central Africa, inidertlie patrouageof tlie African Association, in .lune, 1788, in the course of wljich he died. Ledyard, William. Bom at Groton, Conn., about 1750 : died Sept. 6, 1781. An American Revolutionary officer. He defended Fort Griswold, near New London. Connecticut, against a greatly superior force of British under Lieutenant-Colon el Eyre, Sept. c, 1781. The fort was eventually carried l)y ilajor Kr(unlleld, on whom the command had ilevolved by the death of his su- perior ofHcers. Ledyard is said to have been run through the body with his own sword Ijy Bromfleld after tlie surrender. Lee(le). A town in Berkshire County, Massachu- setts, situated ou the Housatonic 37 miles west- northwest of Springfield: a summer resort Population (1900), 3, .596. Lee, Alfred. Born at Cambridge, Mass., Sept. 9. 1807 : died at Wilmington, Del., April 12, 1887. An American bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church. He vn-ote a "Life of the Apostle Peter" (1852), etc. Lee, Alice. One of the principal characters in Scott's "Woodstock." Lee, Ann. Born at Manchester, England, Feb. L'!», 1736 : died at Watervliet, N. Y., Sept. 8. 17S4. The foundress of the American Society of Shak- ers. She was the daughter of a blacksmith: was era- r>loyed as a factoiy bany her followers "Mother Ann." Lee, Arthur. Born in Westmoidand Coimty, Va., Dee. 20, 1740: died in Middlesex County, Va., Dee. 12, 1792. An American ; w.as captured by the Hritish at liishead- i:irters at Baskhig Ridge, New .Jersey, 4 miles from his my, In 1770 ; and was exchanged in 1778. lie disobeyed tlic m-l'i Ml i;eneral Washingt^)n at the batthj of Mon- montli 111 1 , ,s, and waa sentenced by a court nnirtial to oiic .Ti :ir - -ii-jMiision from military service, llo waa after- ward diTUiisscd altogether by Congress. Lee, Fitzhugh. Horn iti Fairfax County, Va., Nov. 19, 18:j.'i. An -\iuerieaii soldier ;ind poli- ticiati, nepliew of General R. E. Lie. lie was graduated at West Point in 185(1 ; served as <'avalry eoni- uiatuleriuall the campaigns of the Army of Northern Vir- ginia (Conlederatt-). rising to the rank of major-general ill Aug., 18(W ; was governor "t Virginia 18sil-S!i; and was I'nitedStatescotisul-gencral in Havana, Cuba, .June, 1806,- A])ril, 18118. He was appointed major-general of volun- teers in 1898. Lee, Francis. Born at Cobham, in Surrey, Marcli 12, 1661 : died at Gravelines, Flanders, Aug. 23, 1719. An English physician and scholar, a grad- 599 uate of St. John's College, Oxford, especially noted for his knowledge of Oriental literature. He was a voluminous writer. Lee, Francis Lightfoot. Born at Stratford, Westmoreland County, Va., Oct. 14, 1734: died at Richmond, April 3, 1797. An American jjolitician, brother of R, H. Lee. He signed the Declaration of Independence as member of Congi-ess from Virginia, Lee, Harriet. Born at London, 1757: died at Clifton, near Bristol, England, Aug, 1, 1851. An English author, daughter of John Lee the actor, and sister of Sophia Lee, her collaborator in the "Canterbury Tales" (1797-1805). she .also pub- lished '*The Errors of Innocence," a novel (1786). *'The New Peerage, or our Eyes may Deceive us," a comedy (1787), "Clara Lennox," a novel (1797), etc. "Kruitzner," one of her "Canterbury Tales," was dramatized by Lord Byi'on as "Werner." Lee, Henry. Born in Westmoreland County, Va,, Jan. 29, 1756: died at Cumberland Island, Ga., March 25, 1818. An American general, sumamed "Light Horse Harr}-." He -was distin- guished in the Revolution as the commander of "Lee's Legion"; was governor of Virginia 1792-95; took part in the suppression of the whisky insurrection in 1794; and was member of Congress 1799-lbOL He wrote "Memoirs of the War in the Southern Department" (1809). Lee, Henry. Born iu Nottingham, Oct. 27, 1765: died at London, March 30, 1836. An English wi-iter and actor. He was the author of the farce " Caleb Quotem," first acted, under the title " Throw Physic to the Dogs," at the ilaymarket, July 6, 1798. Lee, Holme. The pseudonvm of Harriet Pan-. Lee, John Edward. Bom at Hull, Dec. 21, 1808 : died at Torquay, Aug. 18. 1887. An English anti- quarian and geologist. His works include "Isca Si- lurum, or an Illustrated Catalogue of the Sluseum of An- tiijuities at Caerleon" (1862), "Selections from an Anti- quarian's Sketch-book " (1850), " Note-book of an -\mateur Geologist " (18S1), etc., and translations of several .orchnio- logical works. Lee, Nathaniel. Born at Hatfield, 1653 (?): died at London, 1692. An English dramatist. He was a graduate of Westminster School and of Trinity Col- lege, Cambridge. He wrote "Nero" (1675), "Gloriana" (1676), "Sophonisbii, or Hannibal's Overthrow "(1676), " The Riv.-il Queens, or the Death of Alexander the Great " (1077 : in which appeared the line "When Greeks joined Greeks then was the tug of war "), "Mithridates, King of Pontus" (1678), "C!e8arBorgia"(1680), "Theodorus"(lC80), "Lucius Junius Brutu8"(1681, i)ublished 1685); witli Dryden, "The Duke of Guise"(l(!82) and "Constantine the Great "(1084). Lee became Insane in 16S4, and was confined in an asylum for 5 years. He died in a lit of intoxication. Lee, Patty. A jiseudonym of Alice Cary. Lee, Richard Henry. Bom at Stratford", West- moreland Count.y, Va., Jan. 20, 1732: died at Chantilly, Va., June 19, 1794. An American statesman and orator. He was a prominent member of tlie \'irgiiii:i bouse of burgesses: was a member of the Continental Congress in 1774 ; was the authorof the memo- rial to the people of British America, and probable author of the address to the king (1771) ; was a meuibcr of Congress 1775; wrote tlie atldn-ss to tlie jieople of <;reat Britain in 1775; introduced the resolutions for independence June 7, 1776; was several times reelected to Congress; and was United States senator from \"irginia 1789-92. Lee, Robert. Born at Tweedmouth, England, Nov. 11, 1804: died at Torqu.ay, England, March 14,1868. A clerg.\Tnau of the established church of Scotland, professor of biblical criticism iu the University of Edinburgh, and dean of the chapel royal (1847). He was conspicuous, and ulti- mately successful, as an a3; invaded Mainland and Pennsylvania, and was defeated at Gettysburg III lso;i ; was opposed to Grant. 1864-415, at the Wilderness. Spottsylvania, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, etc.; abandoned Petersburg April 2. 1865; and RUrremlerod to Grant at Appomattox April 9, 1805. He was president of Washington College (Lexington, Virginia) 1865-70. Lee, Samuel. Born at Longnor, near Shrews- bury, May 14. 1783: died at Bailey, Hertford- shire, Dec. 16, 1852. An English elergymnn an). "The Wyvem Myster5-"(1869), "Checkmate" (ISTOX "The Kose and the Kev" (1S71), "Chronicles of Golden Friars" (1S71X "In a Glass Darkly " (1872), etc. Lefebvre (le-favr'), Francois Joseph, Due de Dantzis;. Bom at Euffaeh, Alsace, Oct. 25, 175.5 : died at Paris, Sept. 14^ 1820. A French marshal. He fonght at Flenms in 1794, Altenkirchen in 1796, and Stockach in 1799; captured Dantzic in 1S07; and served thrv>ughout the Napoleonic campaigns. Lefebvre-Desnoaettes (le-fiivi-'da-no-et '), Comte Charles. Bom at Paris, Sept. 14, 1773: lost at sea, April 22, 1822. A French cavalry general. Leffebvre d'Etaples. See Faber, Jacques. Le Fevre (letavr). A poorlieutenant in Sterne's "Tristram Shandy," with reference to whose death Uncle Toby swore his famous oath which the recording angel dropped a tear upon "and blotted it out for ever." Lefkosia. See Xicosia. Le Flo (le flo), Adolphe Emmanuel Charles. Bom at Lesneven, Finistere, France, Xov. 2, 1804 : died at Xechoat, Nov. 16, 18.s7. A French general, politician, and diplomatist, minister of war 1870-71, and minister at St. Petersburg 1871-79. Lefroy (le-frol'). Sir John Henry. Bom at Ashe, Hampshire, Jan. 28, 1817: died at Le- warae, Cornwall, April 11, 1890. An English soldier, administrator, and man of science. He was occupied in taking magnetic observations at St. He- lena 1S40-42 ; was transferred to the observatory at Toronto in 1S42 ; journeyed to Hudson Bay, traveling by canoe and on snow-shoes about 5,500 miles, to obser^'e magnetic phenomena 1&43-44, and obtained very valuable results; returned to England in IS^-S ; was made inspector-general of army schools in 1857, colonel in 1865, and director-gen- eral of ordnance in 1868 ; and was appointed governor and commander-in-chief of the Bermudas in 1S71, and governor of Tasmania in 1S80, returning to England in 1S82- He published works on military aifairs, and numerous scien- tific books and papers. Legate (la-gre'), Hugh Swinton. Bom at Charleston, S. C, Jan. 2, 1789: died at Boston, June, 1843. AnAmericanpoliticianand lawyer. He w,is member of Congiess from South Carolina 1837-39, attorney-general ls41-4o, and secretary of state 1843. Legaspi, Miguel Lopez de. See I^pnspc. LIgataire Universe!, Le. A comedy by Eeg- nard, produced in 1708. Legate (leg'at). Bartholomew. Born in Essex about 1575: bvimed at Smithtield, March 18. 1612. An English preacher of the Seekers, a sect of Mennonite Baptists: the last person burned for heresy at Smithfield. Legations, Siege of the. See Siege. Legazpe (la-gath'pa), or Legaspl (la-gas'peX Imguel Lopez de. Born at Zumarraga, Gui- puzcoa, about 1510: died at Manilla, Aug. 20, 1572. The Spanish conqueror of the Philip- pines. For some years he was chief secretary of the city government of Mexico. In 1564 he was made general of the forces destined to conquer and settle the Philippine Islands. He founded San Miguel in Zebii, May, 1565 ; took possession of various other islands ; began the conquest of Luzon in 1571 ; and founded Manila in May of that year. Legend, Sir Sampson. In Congreve's "Love for Love," an overbearing old man with a per- verse and ill-natured wit. Lege'nda Aurea. See Golden Legend. Legende des Si^cles, La. [F., 'the legend of the centuries.'] A collection of short epic poems by Victor Hugo, published in 1859-77. Legend of Good Women. An unfinished poem by Chaucer, based on stories from Ovid, Li\"y, and others. Nearly all are in Boccaccio's "De Claris mulieribns, " but Chaucer follows the original authorities. He also borrowed from Dante, Vergil, and Guido da Co- lonna. Legend of Jubal, and other Poems. Poems liy George Eliot, published iu 1S74. Legend of Mon'trose. A historical novel by Sir Walter Scott, published in 1819. The scene is laid in Scotland in the middle of the 17th century. Legendre (le-zhondr'). Adrien Marie. Bom at Toulouse, Sept. 18, 1752: died at Paris, Jan. 10, 1833. A celebrated French mathematician. He became professor, of mathematics at the Ecole Militaire and then at the Ecole Xormale in Paris ; was elected a member of the .\cademy in 1783 ; and in 1787 took part in measuring a degree of latitude be.tween Dunkirk and P.ou- logne. His chief works are "Elements de geumetrie" 0794), "Essai snr la theorie des nombres " (1798), " Traite des fouctions elliptiques " (1S27-32X Leges Begise (le'jez re'ji-e). [L., 'laws of the kijQgs.'] Ancient laws which are "supposed to 600 be decrees and decisions of the Roman kings, but which in reality represent traditional laws of a very high age, which were not, however, written down till a later time, and were then arbitrarily assigned to single kings " {Teitffel and Schicabe (trans.)). Legge (leg), George, Baron Dartmouth. Bom 1648 : died in the Tower, Oct. 25, 1691. An Eng- lish admiral, grandnephew of the first Diike of Buckingham. He was created Baron Dartmouth Dec. 2, 1682, and appointed admiral and commander-in-chief by James IL, Oct., 16SS, for the purpose of attacking and repelling the Dutch fleet. This he failed to do. remaining inactive, and after the flight of the king submitted to the Prince of Orange and was relieved of his command, Jan. 10, 16S9. He was accused of treason (conspiracy to betray the country to the French in the interest of James) and was committed to the Tower 1691. Legge (Bilson-Legge after 1754). Henry. Bom May 29, 1708: died at Tunbridge Wells, Aug. 23, 1764. An English politician, fourth son of the first Earl of Dartmouth. He was private secre- tary to Sir Robert Walpole ; was appointed secretarj" for Ireland under the Duke of Devonshire Oct., 1739 ; entered Parliament in 1740 ; became a lord of the admiralty April, 1745 : was appointed envoy extraordinary to the King of Prussia Jan,, 174S ; became chancellor of the exchequer April 6, 1754, in Newcastle's administration, retiring Nov. 20, 1755 ; resumed this office under the Duke of Devonshire Nov. 15, 1756, retiring in April. 1757 : and was appointed to it a third time Juiy 2, 1757. He assumed the name Bilson- Legge to secure an inheritance left him, on this condition, by a cousin, Leonard Bilson. Legge, James. Bom at Huntlv, Aberdeenshire, Dec. 20, 1815 : died at Oxford,'Nov. 29, 1897. A Scottish sinologist. He labored as missionary at Ma- lacca and Hongkong from 1839 to 1S73. and in 1876 was ap- pointed professor of Chinese at Oxford University. He published a noteworthy edition of the Chinese classics, with translation, prolegomena, and notes, in 28 volumes (1861-86), for which he received the Julien prize of the French Institute in 1S75. Legge, Thomas. Bom at Norwich, 1535 : died at Cambridge. July 12, 1607. An English scholar and Latin dramatist. He was a graduate and feUow of Trinity College, and later fellow of Jesus College, Cam- bridge, and was appointed master of Caius College Jtme 27, 1573, He was vice-chancellor of the university in loSS and 1593. His best-known work is a Latin tragedy "Kich- ardus Tertius" ("Eichard IIL"). Legge, William. Bom Oct. 14, 1672: died at Blackheath, Dee. 15, 1750. An English noble- man, son of the first Baron Dartmouth, created Yiseotmt Lewisham and Earl of Dartmouth Sept. 5, 1(11. He was appointed secretary of state for the southern department June 15, 1710. Legge,William,secondEarl of Dartmouth. Bom June 20, 1731 : died at Blackheath, Kent, July . 15, 1801. An English politician who was sec- retary of state for the colonies 1772-75. He became presid'ent of the trustees of a ftmd collected in England for the benefit of the Indian charity school fotmded by Eleazar Wheelock at Lebanon, Connecticut. Wheelock afterward removed to Hanover. New Hampshire, where he founded a college to which he gave the name of Dartmouth in 1769. See Dartmouth CoUege. Leggett (leg'et), William. Bom at Xew York, 1802: diedatNewEoehelle,X.Y.,May29,1839. An American author. He was connected with the New York " Evening Post " 1829-36. Among his works are " Leisure Hours at Sea " (1825)," "Tales of a Countrj' School- master'' (18-55), and "Naval Stories" (1835). Leghorn (leg'hom or leg-hom'). A province iu Tuseanv. Italv. Area, 133 square mUes. Pop- ulation (1891). 124.603. Leghorn, It. Livomo (le-v6r'no), F. Livoume (le-vom'). [F.Liiotirne, Sp. Liorna.lt. Lirorno, ML. Liburnum. Liburni PorfK*.] The capital of the province of Leghorn, Italv, situated on the Mediterranean inlat. 43° 33' N., long. 10° 17' E. Next to Genoa it is the most important seaport in Italy. It has a large trade ^vith the Levant and Black Sea, and is engaged in iron sbii>-l>uilding and other manufacturing industries. The trade is iu grain, cotton, wot-l, silk, etc It is a frequented watering-place, and is the seat of the Royal Naval Academy. It was acquired by Florence in 1421; rose to importance under the Medici; and ceased to be a free port in 1S67. Fop. (ISKIl), commune, 98,321. Legion of Honor. In i"rance, an order of dis- tinction and reward for civil and military ser- ■vices, instituted in May. 1802, during the consul- ate, by Xapoleon Bonaparte, but since modified from "time to time in important particulars. Under the first empire the distinctions conferred invested the person decorated with the rank of legionary, officer, commander, grand officer or grand cross. Theorderholds cousidei-able property, the proceeds of which are paid out in pensions, principally to wounded and disabled members. Legislative Assembly. 1- The collective title of the legislature in the State of Oregon and the Territories of the United States ; also, the title of the lower house or of the single legis- lative body in many of the British colonies. — 2. In French history, the legislative bodies of 1791-92 and 1849-.51." as distinguished from the Constituent Assemblies of 1789-91 and 1848-49. LegnagO (len-ya'go). A town in the province of Verona, northern Italy, situated on the Adige Leibnitz 22 miles southeast of Verona : one of the for- tresses of the " Quadrilateral." Legnano 0cn-ya'n6). Atown in the province of Milan, Italy. 18 miles northwest of Milan. Here, May 29, 1176, the Lombard League defeated Frederick Barbarossa. Legouve ile-go-va'). Gabriel Jean Baptiste Ernest Wilfrid. Bom at Paris. Feb. 15, 1807: died there, March 14, 1903. A French drama- tist, litterateur, and member of the Academy: son of G. M. J. B. Legouve. In I8sl he received tte appointment of director of studies at the Normal School at Sevres, with the title of inspector-general of public in- struction. Among his dramas \writteu alone or conjointly with Scribe) are " Adrienne Lecouvreur " (1849X " Conteft de la reine de Navarre" (18501, "Bataille des dames" (1851), •'Medee"(1855), " Les doigtsde fee" ("Fairy Fin- gers," 1858), "B#atri.v, " a comedy written to introduce Ristori in a French play (1861). "Miss Suzanne" (1867), " Les deux reinesde France" (produced in 1^72|, "I'ne Se- paration " (1877), etc. His plays were published 1887-Sa He also published !if-:trly20 volumes of p-.ems, dramatic essays, etc Elected uiember of the Atw'iemy in 1!^. Legouve, Gabriel Marie Jean Baptiste. Bom at Paris, June 23, 1 1 1>4 : died there, Aug. 30, 1812. A French poet and dramatist. Among his play* are "La mort d'Abel "(1792). "Epicharis "(1793), "iteocle" 0799), and "La mort de Henri IV." (IsOCJ. Legree (le-gre'), Simon. A brutal slave-dealer in "Uncle Tom's Cabin. "by Mrs. Stowe. Legros (le-gro'), Alphonse. Bom at Dijon, France. May 8. 1837. An historical, gem'e, and portrait painter. He was pupil of Lecoq de Boisban- dran and of the Beans -Arts. He went to reside in London in 1863. He became prof essi^r of etching at South Kensing- ton, and was Slade professor of fine :irts at Vniversity Col- lege, London, 1876-93. His portrait of his father (1857 ) :ind "The Angelus " (18c.9) first attracted attention. Amonip his other works are "Ex Voto" (1861\ "Amende honor- able"(lS6S), "Old Woodbumer" (1881), etc. He is also noted as an etcher, and for his drawings in sepia and chalL Legros, Pierre. Born at Paris, 1666 : died at Eome. 1719. .\ French sculptor. Among his works are the Vestal of the Tuileries garden and numerous rfr ligious groups in the churches of Rome and Paris. Leh, or Le (la). A chief town in Lauak. Kash- mir, near the upper Indus. It is H,500 feet above sea- level, and an important trading center for the route* between India, Turkestan, and Tibet. Population, about 5,000. Lehigh (le'hi). A riverin eastern Pennsylvania, which joins the Delaware at Easton. Length, about 120 miles. It is navigable to White Haven. It» valley is noted for anthracite coaL Lehigh University. An institution of learning- at South Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, founded in 1866 by Asa Packer, it is non-sectarian, and ha» about 40 instructors and 325 students. Lehmann (la'miin). Charles Ernest Eodolphe Henri. Bom at Kiel. Prussia, AprU 14, 1814: died at Paris, March 30, 1882. A noted German- French historical painter. He was the pupil of Us. father Leo Lehmann and of Ingres. In 1847 he was natnial- ized at Paris as a French citizen. He was a member of tbfr Institute (1S64) and of the superior council of the Beaux Arts (1875), and also a professor there. Lehmann, Lilli. Bom at "Wiirzburg in 1848. A (Jerman soprano singer. She was the pupil of her mother, also an opera-singer. She made her debut afc Prague, and first appeared in Berhn in 1870. She has snny in German opera for several seasons in the ITnited States and has been especially successful in her rendering of Wagner's music- She married Herr Kalisch, a tenor singer. Lehnin (la-nen'), A small town in the province of Brandenburg. Prussia, 30 miles southwest of Berlin, noted for its Cistercian monastery. Lehrte (ler'te). A town and important railway junction in the province of Hannover, Pmssil^ 12 miles east of Hannover. Leiah, or Leia (la'ya). A town in the district of Dera Ismail Khan, Panjab. British India, sit- uated in lat. 30° .59' X., long. 70° 59' E. Pop- tdation. about 17.000. Leibl (li'bl), Wilhelm. Bora Oct. 23, 1844; died Dec. 5. 1900. A portrait- and genre-painter, a pupU of Piloty in Munich. He went to Paris ia 1869, and returned' to Munich in 1S70. He studied th» manner of Holl>ein very cb'Sely. ^^ Leibnitz, or Leibniz (lib'nits). Baron Gottfried Wilhelm von. Born at Leipsic. July 6, 1646: lUed at Hannover, Nov. 14, 1716. A celebrated German philosopher and mathematician. His father was professor of law at Leipsic. He entered the university there in 1661. devoting himself to the study of jurisprudence and pliUosophv; studied mathematics at Jena in 1663 ; returned to Leipsic ; and in 1666 took the de- gree of doctor of law at Altdorf. In 1667 he entered the sen-ice of the elector of Mainz, where he remained, occu- pied with literary and political hibors, until about 1673. In 1676 he est.ablished similar relations with the Duke « Brunswick-Luneburg, »nd served him and his successut bouts, etc., are aJso nianufnetun-d The tli-y's novid "Westward IIo!" Leighton (la'ton), Alexander. Born in Scot- land, 1.")(>S: died 1049. A Scottish physician and divine. lie was a tierce op|,^»nt;nt of KomaTdsm, and was fined, mutilated, anil imprisoned (1630-40) for his at- tack upon the episcopacy anil the (jueeri, ami released and recompensed with a girt of .t:tI,tKH) by the Long Parliament. He wrote "Speculum Belli Sacri. or the I/toking Olass of War " (l(ri4), anil "An Appeal to the Parliament, or Slon's Plea against the I'relacle'' (102.'<). Leighton, Alexander. Born at Pundee in 1.800: died Dec. 24,1874, A Scottish writer and editor : wriirr, in p;irt, of the "Tales of the Borders."' Leighton, Frederick, Lord. Born Dec. 3, 1830 : died Jan. 2"), ]89(i. A noted English hislorieal and portrait painter. When II years old he slndleil drawing in Rome under Francesco Metl. llestuilied at the Berlin Academy, the Florence .Academy, at Frankfort, at Brussels, at the Lo'^vrc life school at Paris, and finally fin- three years at Rome. He exhibited at the Koyal Academy "The Procession ol Cimabne's Madonna*" (1855); It Is at Buckingham Palace, lie then ri'tnrmd to Paris to study under Ary SchelTer, and sent pictures nearly every year to the Uoyal Academy. He was elected royal ucadeiniclan In 601 1869, and president of the Royal Academy in 1878, when he was knighted. He was made a baronet in ls85. He traveled extensively in Kilrope, Egyi)t, and the East. He was also a fine sculptor and mnsiciaii. Among his paintings are "Romeo and Juliet" (IS.'iS), "Odalisque" and 'Star of Bethlehem "(1802), "Orpheus ami Euryilice"(lb04), " ller- ciUes wrestling with Death" (1871), "Industrial Arts of Peace" (1873), "Daphnephoria" (1S76), "Wedded" (l.s82'l, "Cymonanillphigem'a "(1S.S4). He also painted a triptych illustratill'.; Music for a ceiling in Mr. .Marquand's house in Ne«' \tnV. He was raised to the peerage Jan. 1, 18!t6. Perkiiiji, Cyclopedia of Painters and Paintings. Leighton (la'ton), Rohert. BornlGll: diedat Loiidoii. June" 25, 1684. A Scottish prelate, oritjinally a Presbyterian divine. He was made principal of the Uidvcrsity of Edinburgh and professor of divinity in 16.53 ; was bishop of Dunblane (on the restora- tion of the ci)iscopacy) lt)01-70 ; and was archbishop of Glasgow 1670-74. His "Rules and Instructions for a Holy Life " and other works were published posthumously. As saint, author, and peacemaker, Leighton presents a combination of qualities which has called forth almost um'ivalled tributes of admiration. i>tc(. yal. Bio;i, Leighton-Buzzard (lii'ton-buz'ard). A town in Bedfordshire. Englanii, situated on the Otise 38 miles northwest of London. I'opulation of parish (1891), 0,704. Leila, or the Siege of Granada. A novel by Bulwer Lytton, published iu 1838. Leine(li'ne). AriverinGermany,joininf;the Al- ler 25 miles north by west of Hannover. Length, about 120 miles. Leinlngen (li'ning-eu). A former county of Germany, situated in the modern Hesse and Rhine Palatinate. Itwasinadeaprincipalilyinl77!>; an exchange of territories was made iu 1803 ; and the princi- pality was mediatized ISOii. Leinster (len'ster or lin'st^r). One of the four pro\inces of Ireland, occupying the southeast- ern part of the island. It is made up of Leinster proper in the south and Meath in the north, and com- prises the following counties : Louth, Meath, Wcstmeath, Longford, King s County, Kildare, Dublin, Uicklow, Wex- ford. Callow, Kilkenny, and Queen's County. The king- dom of Leinster was under native rulers until the Anglo- Norman invasion in the 12th century. Area, 7,622 square miles. Population (1891), 1,187,760. Leipa. See Bolimiseli-Lfipa. Leipnik (lip'nik). A town in Moravia, Austria- Hungary, situated on the Betschwa 16 miles east-southeast of Olmiitz. Population (1890), commune, 5,389. Leipsic (lip'sik), 0. Leipzig (Hp'tsio). [Of Slav, origin, from liji, lijia, a linden ; L. Lii>sia.J Acity in the kingdom of Saxony, situated on the Li- ster. Pleisse, and Parthe iu lat. 51° 20' N., long. 12° 23' E. It is one of the principal commercial centers in tJermany, the first city in Saxony, the center of the Cerman book trade, and the leailing city in the world in bookselling and i>ublishing, and one of the leading musical centers. Its annual fairs at Jubilate, Michaelmas, and New Vcar are celebrated. The sales at the fairs include furs, cloth, leather, linen, glass, etc. There are manufac- tures of pianos, tobacco, cigars, etc. Among the objects of interest are the theater, museum (with picture-gallery), .\ugustenm(sfatof the university), ( Hd (iewandliaus. New Gewandtians, Katbaus. war mominieiit, Marktpl,it/„ Pleis- scnbnrg (f'>rmi i- citadel), bourse, 1:, foiniation inonunicnt, Ethnogiapbiiiil .MilsinMi.and Museum of the ll.iok Tni.le. The univi-rsil\, foniiiled in 1 109 on the secession of Ciinian stmlentsfrom the Inivrrsily of I'ragiie, ranks as the second or third in size of the Oerinan universities. It has about :i,00o students, and a library of over 500,000 volumes. The city is the seat of the supreme courts of the eniirtre. It was the birthplace of l.citmitz and of Richaid \N'agin'r. Leipsic was an ancient Slavic settlement. It received jirivi- leges from the Margrave of .Meissen in the I'Jth century, and developed into a great conunercial center in the later mid- dle ages; was besieged and taken in the Thirty Years' War; was the scene of riots in 1S48 49; and wasoccupieii by the Prussians IHl^tJ. (For battles fonglit here, see below.) Pojinlation (1900;, willi incorpoiati-d suburbs, 4.05,089. Leipsic, Battles of. 1. A victory gained Sept. 7(1). S.), 1631, by the Swedes and .Snxons un- der (iiistavus AdiilphuH over the Imjierialists under Tilly. Also called the first battle of Breitenfeld. — 2. A victorv gained Oct. 2.'! (O. S.). 1642, by the Swedes under Torslensiin over the Iiuperialisis under Leopold of .Vustria and I'iccolomini. j\lso called Ihe second buttle of Breitenfeld. — 3. A victory gained by the Prussians, Russians. Austrians, and Swedes (200,000 at first, 300,000 later) under Sdiwarz- enberg over the Fremdi (aliont 180,000) under Na))oleon,()cl. 16-19, 1813. Tln-lossof the Allies is estimated at 54, (MKi killed and « nded ; that of the Frencli at 40,iKMi killed and wounded and ,'lo,iilHi prisoners. The victoiT virtually secured the liberation of Cermanv. Also called "the I '.ail lent the Nations" (" Volkersehlacht "). Leipsic Collociuy. A conference between Lu- theran and Reformed theologians, held at Leip- sic ill 1(>31. Leipsic Disputation. A theological contro- versy belwei'ii Lulher ami Knrlstadt on one side and Ivk on the other, held nt Leipsic June 27-July 15, 1519. Leipsic Interim. A statement of belief dra«ni up uy Melauehthon and other German Protes- Lekain tant theologians, making important concessions to the Roman Catholics. It was formally adopt- ed in Dec, 1548. Leisewitz (li'/.e-vits), Johann Anton. Bom at Jlanuover, May 9, 17.'>2: died at Brunswick, (jermany, Sept. 10, 1806. A German drama- tist, author of the tragedy "Julius von Tarent" (1776), etc. Leisler (lis'liT), Jacob. Died at New York, May 16, 1691. An .\inerican patriot. He was a native of Frankfort-on-the-ilaiu, Germany ; came to Amer- ica in 1660 as a soldier in the service of the Dutch West India Company ; acquired a fortune by trade with the In- dians * and became a captain in the military force stationed at New York. He headed the movement which deposed the Jacobite lieutenant governor Francis Nicholson and Jiroclaimeil William and Mary in June, 11389. He assumed without fortnal authority the functions of a royal lieuten- ant-governor, but laid liown his power on the arrival of Henry Sloiighter as governor in Hiol. in spite of which he was tried and executed for treason. The sentence was so manifestly unjust that it is said Sloughter hesitated to sign the death-warrant until heated with wine. Leisnig (lis'niG). A to'wn in Sa.xony, situated on the Freiberger Mulde 28 mUes southeast of Leipsic. Leitch (lech), William Leighton. Born at Glasgow, Nov. 22. 1.S04 : died Aiiril 25. 1883. A Scotch ])aiuter, \nce-prcsi ilfian). Leitmeritz (lit'mer-its). A town in Bohemia, situated on the Elbe 34 miles north-northwest of Pr.ague. It is the center of a rich agricultunU region ("the Bohemian Paradise"), and has manufactures of beer. Poiiulation (18iK)). commune, 11, .342. Leitomischl (li'to-mishl). A town in Bohemia, sitiiatid on the Lautschna 46 miles north by west of Briiun. Population (1890), commime, 8,(112. Leitriin(le'trim). The northeastemmost coun- ty in Connaught, Ireland. It Is bounded by Donepd Bay on the northwest, Kennanagh and Cavan on the north- east. Longford on the si uit beast, and Roscommon and Sligo on the southwest- Area, 610 square miles. Population (1801), 78,618. Lei'7a(lay'vii). Ponciano. Born about 1828. A liolilician of llundiirtis. Aided by Guatemala and S.ilvador, he deposed Alias, Jan., 1874. talking the title of Ijrovisioiiiil president ; was elected president Feb. 1. 1875; j.ut down an insurrection in 1876; and resigned Jtine 8, 1H76, to prevent nnol her civil war. Subseouently he wasininls- t+T of war under Bogran, and succeeded him as president Nov. 10, ISOl, but resigned Aug. .s, 1893. Leiva y de la Cerda (lay'vU e da lii ther'Tiia), Juan de, Maniuis of Leiva and l.abrada and Count lit llanos. Born about 1610: died after 16(i7. A Spanish nubleinan, viceroy of Mexico Sept. 16. 16(i0, to .lune 28. 1664. He wasoneof the woi-st rulers I hat the country ever had, and. when finally de- imst li. he scheuied to retain bis jdaee until forced tiy the Audience to give It up. Returning to Spain in 16*16, he en- tered the Carmelite order. Lejean ( le-zhoii' ). Guillaume. Born nt Plou^-- gat-(;uer;iiiil. Finislere, Fiance, 1828: died at Pliiuegat-(iuei-iind. Feb. ], 1871. A French traveler in southeastern Europe, the Nile val- lev, and western Asia. Lejeune (le-/.hen'). Baron Louis Francois. Born at Strasburg. 1775: died nt Totilouse, France. 1848. A distinguished French general, and painlerof bailies. Le Jeune, Claude or Claudin. Born at Valen- ciennes aliiiut l.'i30 (fj: died about 1.598. A I''ren- before the great concourse of citizens and visitors in the spring, and consequentlv they were seprirately catalc^ned. Ma'hafy, Hist, of Classical Grsek Lit., L 247. Lenau 603 Leo X. Lenau na'nou), Nikolaus. The nseudonvm of Lennox Oon'oks). An old division of Seotlaiid. !?"'',?," °' paintings which she gave t« the art Ralleries of NiPUibsch von Sti-clilinau. ' It cnLspoiulodto D.imbartonshlre, a large pai-t of Stir- "I^ '' "lY!;:^]' 'n,'"" "'"^^^^ "''.'' ';!"„^^':'^"'"' "" Totihao-hrlfil/bS.-^h-) Prani'VOT, Porr, nt Sfhvo "ngshire, iin,l p.irts of I'erth and Kenfrevv. propo-e,! I, Men Library as the New \ork PuWic LilM-ary. \ M.ha^^iti Ba'^r f I w T' Ji" " A Ger^ I-ennox, Charles, livst Duke of Hichmond. B, .rn Lfns ( ons). A to^vn m the department o Pas- !;;.:„ P"aitpkinter. Hewasapupil o/the Mmd h July liS),' 107- died at O.,odwood,in Sussex, May tT^ftlrrTu^^^Iir"', T ' 'T' ^^ Academy a.id of Orafle and Piloty, wliuni in 1858 he accom- 27, 1723. A natural SOU of Charles II. ami tlie l^^t „„" r,",„ .n i S» V ^S." " ?' ""P"^}!'"\';o^- p:,„i..ltoRo,„e. I,n8« he J,ecu,,u. professor in the Wei- Du.-hess of Portsmouth. He went to Paris, at the ft\«l th^el^iiU nisf n.YeHhe ard^ mar .\Tt school, but resigned in lSh2 and went to Italyand Revolution, in the service of .lames, but later changed Popnlation IMU) commune j3"g\,","'"'' '''-"■""" ""*■»• Spain, where he studied and copied the old luastere for both his politics and his religion, becoming reconciled to Lpntpn Stiiffp A inmi.'lilpt Tiv Vnsbo „„K- Ilaron Schack's gal ery in Munich. After h,s return to King William and entering Ilie Church of England. He '^^'f'^^P. ^^™®- ^ pamplllet by ^a8he, pub- Municli he devoted himself exclusively to p.jreraiture. was an uiipiinciplcd adventurer. lisiioii iii i.j;i:). It is a lively description of Great Yar- J-i urn ly72 to 1879 he worked in Vienna, visited .Morocco, t ft*^^^™. nv l ti- i t» i p u* i i i numth, where he had found a safe shelter with a pane- :nui spent the winter of 1875-7Bin Egypt with .Makait and -LieanOX, Unarles, tliiid i)iike ot KichmoiKl and ^y,.^^ „„ the red herring, its staple commodity 1,01 ipold M idler. He became a member of the Berlin Acad- Lenuo.\. Born at London, Feb. 22, 173.J : died Lgnthall (lent 'al), William Born at Henlev- >->»ymim. ■ at Goodwood, Sus.sex, Deo. 29, 1800. An Eng- on-Thames, .Juiie.'l.591 : died .Sept. 3, 106'> A"u Lencas(lan kas). A race of Central- Amencan lish diplomatist and politician. Hewasministerat English lawyer and politician. He was a mem- Indians in central and southern Honduras and Paris 1785 ; secretary of state for the sontln rn department i,er of the Short Parliament and speaker of the Long Par- Dorthern Nicaratjua. At present they are semi-civ- ^''?'!- andma8ter-general<)f tlieordnanr,-,withas,-.t inthe Uanient (.\ov. 3, IMo,- April 20, 1«53), a position which he lllzed. Of their history and relations to the whites little <^^ "n?t, VS>3-i;>- He defended the action of the American nlled with ability and success. He became famous from IB known. Their language, divided into several dialects colonies m resisting theg.)vernnient,advoc,itcd the redress his refusal to tell I'harles whether or not any one of the shows no relation with those of the surrounding tribes. It , Brievances in Ireland, and pronounced in favor of uni- "flye members " was present when the king attempted to Is known as Chontal, a term also applied to the languages ^'"'^^ suttrage. arrest them in the House of Commons. He was also speaker of various other tribes. See C/iu//Mfe. LennOX, Mrs. (Charlotte RamsaV). Born at of the first P.arlianipnt summoned by Cromwell, and was Lenclos (loti^klo'), orL'EnclOsAime called New York. 1720 : died in England, Jan. 4, 1804. i:^::,^lJ!::^^^ri:^^^i^^Ji^:^ '^'^Z Ninon de. Born at Pans, May 15, 1010: died An hnglish novelist and poet, daughter ot Colo- later contributed to bring about the Restoration, there, Oct. 17, 1700. A noted French woman of ne] James Ramsay, lieutenant-governor of New Lentienses (len-ti-en'sez). [L. (Ainmianus) pleasure. Although she gave herself up to a free life, she York. .She published "The Female Qui.xote" (1762), Lenticiixrit.] AGermaiitiibe, a southern branch was never a public courtezan. .She reUiined her beauty and "Shakespeare Illustrated ■■ (17.53^^^^^ "The Sister," a com- ^f j^^ Alamanni, dwelling ii the 3d centurv in charm tovui-j-oliiage. SlaaemoisellebciuWrydrewherpoi- edy (actea liO!»), etc. • i_ ^i iu x-^i -n j c- i" trait in " Clelie " under the n.une i.f Chuisse. .she receiVed LennOX, Lord WilliamPitt. Born at Wiaestead ]^^ ''^8"^" *° f'f, "°'''^,?i*'"; ^"^""^ ^'"'' T-^?'*" the highest society in her salon, which has been compared .\>>h„,. v.ivL-cli;,-<. tJcit oa i7no- rHort nt 1 r,,, Constanttus ChloniS (298) led an expeaition for its tone with the Hotel Kambouillet. Madame Scar- , iV , Vc ''--i '^PP"^ •-'•'•/',-'•'• '"'''^ '^"^ V""" against them. ron (afterw.ard de Maintenon). Madame de Lafayette, and "on. }■ eb. 18, 18.S1. Au English soldier, writer, t jl^.-,,- ,,„„ ^ -,., = ^ a .„,_ .•„ .y,^ Tirovinne of Christina o( Sweden were her friends. St. Evrenlond, and journalist, fourth son of the fourth Duke of ^entmi ( len-te ne). A town m the province of La Rochefoucauld, D'Estr^es, the great Con.le, and three Richmond. He wi'Ote several novels, books on ^^racuse, bicily. 21 miles northwest ot SjTa- generations of tlie family of S6vign6 were among her lov- o-norts etc cuse : the ancient Leontiui. It was founded by coin- ers. .\ccording to Voltaire, Richelieu was the first of T • fn' ■• /» ai j a ii. j. t. nists from Naxos in 729 b. c, became subject to Syracuse, these. iienoir (le-nwar ), Alexandre Albert. Born and wasa prosperous Greek city. Population(lSS11, 12,7«. Lendinara (leu-de-na'rii). A small town in the ^ P'^V'S' 1,^?1= *^^'^'] there, Feb. 17, 1891. A Lentulus (len'tu-lus), Publius Cornelius, stir- province of Rovigo, northern Italy, situated on French architect and archaeologist, son of M. A. „ai,,ed Sura. Executed at K..nic, Dee., 03 B. c. t lie Adigetto 20 miles southwest of Padua. Lenoir. He wrote a number of works on archi- a Roman jiolitician, pretor and conspirator Le Neve (le nev), John. Born at Bloomsbury, tet'tu™ ancient and nio.lern. „.ith Catiline in 03 B. c. London, Dec. 27 1079 : died 1741. An English ^^°9ir <'''-"%'J.'' \^^^^^^ Alexandre. Bom at Lenz (lents). A town in the canton of Grisons, antiquary, author of "Fasti Eeclesiro AngHca- ^^^^''' P^' "'^\ ^'^V' ^'f'^.'V' ^''"^' -^"""^ "' Switzerland, 13 miles south of Coire. It was na?" (1710^ "Monumenta Ansrlicana" fl717) ^°^^- A French arcliiBologist. His works include fonnerlv a strategic point. nas (KM), Monumenta Angiicana (liU), "Musee des monuments frames" (iSM). "Uistoire des t g-jiv o^VoV Born at Leipsic AnrU etc. arts en France, prouvee par les monuments " (ISIO). etc. , .,"?tfj®' . . . "SKar. i3oru ai l^eipsic, Apru Le Neve, Peter. Bo™ at London, 1001 : died Le Noir, M,s. (Elizabeth Anne Smart). Born ^1 ''^t,, "^ 'V""'"! K™ °g'f ^f African trav- m Nortolk, Sept. 24, 1729. An English antl- about liT)- died at C-ivevslmm Alnv fi 1841 '"'^'' After a few geological explorations in Austria, he nnarv He left extensive manuscrint collee a ^ ^■ I' *"'' ,.1^ Ua\eisliam, -May t>, IfvU. accompanied the expedition of (iussfeldt to West Africa quarj. rie leii exieusno manuscript eouec- An English novelist and poet, daughter of the (1874), and explored Morocco. Timbuktu, and Senegal(is79). tions, but printed nothing. poet Christopher Smart : author of ' ' Village An- Foiled in his attempt to determine the watershed of the Lenfant (lon-foii'), Jacques. Born at Ba- nals"(1803), "VlllageAnecdotes"(1804) "Mis- Nile and Kongo basins (188.'.), he crossed (he continent by zoches, France, April 13,1001: died at Ber- eellaneous Poems" (1825) etc w.ay of Tanganyika and Nyassa lakes, returning t« Vienna lin, Aug. 7, 1728. A noted French Protestant Leaore (le-nor') AbilhidbyBiirger: so called Sig^.e. ^V^^^^i^:::^:X^!^^;!'^S^n!: theologian and church historian, author of from the name of its heroine. buktu: Reise durch M.irokko, .Sahara, und .Sudan ■•(!6»4). " Histoire du concile de Constance " (1714), etc. Lenormand (h'-nor-moii'), Marie Anne Ade- Lenz, Jakob Michael Reinhold. Born at Sess- LengUas,orLengoas(lan'g^vaz).[Sp., 'tongues': laide. Born at Alenvou, France, Mav 27, 1772: wegiii. Liv.min. Jan. 12 (.\. S. 23), 1751: died 80 called from their custom of inserting in the died at Paris. June 25, 1.843. A celebrated near Moscow, May 23-24, 1792. A German poet lower lip a piece of wood which, at a distance, French fortune-teller. She wrote a number of the "Sturm mid Drang'' period. His works made them appear as if their tongues were pro- of books on subjects connected with her pro- were edited by Tieck (1828). traded.] A trihe of South American Indians, fession. Lenzburg (lents'boro), A small town in the formerly numerous and formidable in the (Jran Lenormant (le-nor-moii'), Charles. Bom at canton of Aargau, Switzerland, situated on the Chaco region, west of the river Paniguav. Paris, Juno 1, 1802: died at Athens, Nov. 24, Aa east of Aarau. They appear to have been an offshoot of the ( ■hi.|nit.,s of I859. A French archajologist and numisma- Lenzen (leiit'sen ). A small town in the prov- «em"nt*randVere^nea^rt'^x^^^^^^^^ tist. His chief works (with cidlabm-ators^ are "Trdsor de iuee of Brand.Miburg Prussia 00 miles north of 800 remained near Corrientes. The reran.ints are merged ""niisinatuiueet .1. gljpthiue (1838-6o),"Llitode8monu- Magdeburg. Here, Sept. 4, 929, the Germans in other tribes. mo.it8cenunoKiaplii.ii.es (1844-67). defeated the Slavs. Lenk (longk). A town and watering-idaco in Lenormant, FranQOis. Born at Pans, Jan. 17, Leo(le'6). [L.. 'the lion.'] .iVn ancient zodiacal the canton of Bern, Switzerland, situated on (ho ''''■'"■ ^I'ed at Paris, Doc. 10, 1883. A noted constellatioti, the Lion, containing Hegulus, a Simiiie 35 miles south of Bern. 1- roneli an-hioologist a tid historian, son of sfarof magnitude U, and two stars of the second Lenkoran Cleng-ko-ran'). A town inthe govern- '■ '■'! ■'' l"','i"'i"'|"t,- ."';'„'':"''''f ';;?'"'|'' "Manuel magnitude. It Is easily f.nind. for the pointers of the ment of Baku Transcnucnsia Hiissin situated i"'!"*'""'^ ancienne de lOrient^^ (IbuS), Lettres assyno. ,5 . ( „ „j t 8„utiK.||y to its brightest star, distant ^ tb > r' tr^,,: «rr W *r«o'ir" M '1 ^ao '"'•''I'"''* et epigraphniues" (1871-72), 'Les sciences oc „bout 45 decrees from the southernmost of them. Four on the Caspian Sea, lat. 38° 40 N., long. 48° cultes en Asie (is71-7r,), "Les origlnes de llilstolrc stars in the body of Leo form a characteristic trapezium, 50' E. : Stormed and annexed by the Ru.SSians d aprts la liible (ISsO-S-i), etc. and th.>Be about the neck and inane make a sickle. It la 1813. Len6tre(U')-n6tr'), Andr6. Born at Paris, March the llftli sign of the zodiac, its symbol as such (li) showing Lennep (len'nep). A manufacturing town in 12, 1013: died at Ver.saiUes, Sept. 15, 1700. \ the lion's mane, the Rhine Province, Pnissia, 22 miie.s northeast notedFrencharehitc.-t audlainlscape-gardener. Leo I., Saint, surnained "The Great." Born of Cologne Population (1890) 6 4.')5 In 1076 I/niis .\IV. a. rdi.l to him letters of ennoble- prnbnlilval Kmne:diedat Home 401. Pope Lennep, David Jakob van. Born at Amstor- "',"='','• "'"v"''"' T'\^- "'"* l''" ':■;■'',""•' «■"'''■"»"' ""^ 44ll-40l." Ile extended the authority of the Roman see, .?n,i V il V 1 -) im ■ died a Aumterdnm Feb •^^'""™'','''^ Vaux- e-\ icoinptc. He also deslgnejl thegn,-. „,„, ,„ .,f,., induced Attila to leave Italy without attacking ',;'•-'-■ 1 t\ . . ■ ' AV«te".blI'b -l eb. dens and parks wh.dly or in part, at Versailles, Ran,b,>ull. r,,,,,^ m^ „,„rk„ including sermons and letters, have 10, IS.i.i. A Diiteb classical philologist. let, Saint-Cloud, chantllly, Meudon, Fontaliieldeau, the i,,.,,,, ,,,i|tid bv liallcrlnl (17'>»-57) Lennep, Jacob van. Bom at Anisterdam, March !;;';t"Kensmg\mUirdens''st™J,m',cs'8 PaVk'a'^ Leo IL I'oVc 4. Pope 1049-54. O'Tho Village on tlio Frontier") and "Het Dom over do isiiil; ,li,.,| there. Fob. IS, 1H80. An American Ho was .iifcated and .■n|>tured bv (he Normans cdSSUU^l^a^aro'S^isiriorV^^^^^ bil.li.M.hilist a,i,i pbilaiitliropist, founder of the at .\stag,,,nu, ne.uM'jvilolla, June 18, Itm^^^^^^ ot Sir Waltcr.Scott. The iirineipidof themare "De Plceg- Leiio.x Library iu New ^ oik oily. LeO X. (GlOVanm de MedlCl). Born at 1' lor- zoon" ("The Foster-son,'' ISM), "lie Roos van Dekama" LejjoX Library. A imblic nd'erence library ence, Dec. H, 1475: diid at Koine, Dec. 1, 1.521. ("The Rose of DekanuC' 18,111). the series of iiarrativea f,,,,,,,],,,! i„ X,.w York in 1S70 bv James Lenox. Pope 1513-21, second s.in ot Lorenzo de' Medici, orl'' isBTl"'"Urd^^^^^^^^^ The building Is on Fifth Avenue bet;vecn 7iul. and 71»l He Upelledthepettylyranis from theeccle.laatlcal st.ate^ Museh" mnn "n„ I I, vali, -J,.,, ^iTJlh 7,.vn,^^ «r •• «»''•'"'". '"'InK "'<-'"t'-"' '■'"■''■ " '"nlains a museum, art added.PerugIa, Slnlgaglla, ami Fernio to tho .lomalns of (■•The Ai t ure?of Obu.7Censta^ Ills n^H galleries, library (containing about 110,000 volumes), and the church, and restored Parma an.l Placenra to the holy enl worW ,., .„ ^,,w^^^^^^^ 1^ 2' l„„ ? il ' lecture-room Its principal aim Is In the direction of see. Iluring his pontincale the Keformallon began with rn nrneesliV- 79'^/,,"^,, o.?^^^^ " Volumes; his American history an.l hlstorbal study of the English HI- Luther's protest against the sale of Indulgences In 1.M7 romances IS.",,.-?., In .3 volumes. ble. An annex has b, i n built In 7otli street, thnuigh n (See l.uthcr, Mnrlin, and Rr,<„rmation, The.) He was a Lenm-Lenape. See Delaware. bequestfroniMrs. Robert L. Stewart, tucontaiji a flue col- liberal patron of art and literature. Leo XI. Leo XI. (Alessandro de' Medici). Bom 1535: died April 27. KiOS. Pope 1605. Leo XII. (Annibale della Genga). Bom 1760: died FeV). 10. 18L'il. Pope 1823-29. Leo XIII. (Giacchino Pecci). Born at Carpi- iieto, near Anagni, Italy, March 2, 1810 : died at Eome, July 20, 1903. Pope 1878-1903. He was sent as nuncio to Brussels in ly43 ; was created arch- bishop ol Perugia in lS4fj, and cardinal in 185a; and was elected succcBsor of Pius IX. Feb. 2U, 1S78. Leo I., .surnamed "The Thraeian" and "The Great." Bom in Thrace about 400: died Feb. 3, 474. Byzantine emperor 457-474. His anny under Anthemius defeated the Huns at Sardica ahout 466. He afterward concerted with Anthemius, who had in^the meantime been elected emperor of Rome, a joint attack on Genseric in Africa, which failed through the treachery of the Byzantine gener.al Aspar. Leo II. Byzantine emperor 474, grandson of Leo I. Leo III., surnamed "The Isaurian." Born at txermanicia, Armenia Minor: died. June 18, 741. Byzantine emperor 718-741. He successfully de- fended Constantinople against the Arabs who besieged the city 717-7'20. He prohibited the worship of images in 72B. Leo v., surnamed "The Armenian." Killed at Constantinople, 820. Byzantine emperor 813- 820. Defeated the Bulgarians in 814 and 815. Leo VI., surnamed " The Wise" and "The Phi- losopher." Died 911. Byzantine emperor 886- 911, sou of Basil I. L6o (la-6'), Andre. A pseudonym of Madame Champseix. Leo (la'6), Heinricll. Born at Eudolstadt, Ger- many, March 19, 1799 : died April 24, 1878. A German historian, from 1828 professor of history at Halle. His works include "Geschichtederitalienischen Staateu" (1S29-30), "Zwolf BUcher nie.lerlandischcr Gu- schichten' (1832-35), "Lehrbuch derUniversalgeschichte" (1835-14), works on German philosophy, etc. Leo, Leonardo. Bom at San Vito dejjli Sehiavi, Italy, 1694: died 1746. A noted Neapolitan composer and professor of music. He was the author of nearly 5'1 operas (among them " Sofonisbe,"1719), dramatic cantatas, about 100 sacred compositions, etc. Among his sacred works is a celebrated " Miserere " com- posed in 1743. For this he received a pension from the Duke of Savoy. Leo Africanus (le'6 af-ri-ka'nus) (Hasan ibn Mohammed). Died after 1526. A Moorish geographer, author of a description of Africa (published in Italian in 1588). Leoben (la-6'ben). A town in Styria, Austria- Hungary, 28 miles northwest of Gratz. Here, April 18, 1797, Bonap.arte signed a provisional treaty with the Austrians, secretly .agreeing to give them the greater part of the mainland territory of Venice in return for the Netherlands. It was modified by the peace of Campo- Formio (which see). Population (1890), 6,S13. Leobschiitz (la'op-shiits). A town in the prov- ince of Silesia, Prussia, on the Zinna 73 miles south-southeast of Breslau. Population ( 1890), 12,559. Leocadie (la-6-ka-de'). A lyrical drama by Scribe and Melesville, music by Auber. It was produced at the Op^ra Comiqiie Nov. 4, 1824. Leochares(le-ok'a-rez). [Gr. Xtux^pli-i Lived about the middle of the 4th centiuy B. c. An Athenian sculptor, a pupil of Scopas and asso- ciated with him on the mausoleum of Haliear- nassus. He is probably represented liy the Ganymede and eagle of the Vatican, supposed to be a copy of his celebrated work. Leofric (le-of'rik). Died at Bromley, Stafford- shire, Aug. 31, 1057. An earl of Mereia, son of Leofwine, ealdorman of the Hwiecas, a power- ful nobleman who shared with Godwin and Siward the chief influence in the kingdom dur- ing the reigns of Harilicanute and Edward the Confessor. His wife was Godiva (Godgifu), the subject of a well-known legend. See Godira. Leofric. Died Feb. 10, 1072. An English prel- ate, appointed bishop of Devonshire and Corn- wall in 1046. The seat of the bishopric was, at his re- quest, renuived from Crediton to Exeter in 1050. Leof^srine (le-of 'wi-ne). Killed at the battle of Hastings, Oct. 14, 1066. A younger son of Rarl (Todwin. He was governor after 1057 of a p.art of the kingdom comprising Kent, Surrey, Essex, Middlesex (except London), Hertfordshire, and Buckinghamshire. He fell fighting under the standard. His death is repre- sented in the Bayeux tapestry. Leoline(le'6-lin),Sir. A character in Coleridge's "Christabel." Leo Minor (le'omi'npr). [L..' the lesser lion.'] A constellation between Leo and the Great Bear, first introduced in 1690 by Hevelius. Leominster (lem'ster). A town in Hejeford- shire, England, situated on the Lug 12 miles north of Hereford. It had formerly a priorv. Population (1891), 5.675. Leominster (lem'in-ster). A town in Worees- 604 ter County, Massachusetts, situated on the Nashua River 38 miles west-northwest of Bos- ton. Population (1900), 12,392. Leon (la-on'). 1. A former kingdom in Spain, bounded by Asturias on the north. Old Castile on the east, Estremadura ou the south, and Por- tugal and (jalicia on the west. The surface is gen- erally mountainous. It comprised the modern provinces of Leon, Zamora, and Salamanca. The name of Kingdom of Leon was given to the Asturian dominions (see Astii- 7"i«u) early in the loth century. Leon was united with Cas- tile in 1037, separated in 1157, ami finally reunited in 1230. 2. A province of Spain, bounded by Oviedo on the north, Paleneia on the east, Valladolid on the southeast, Zamora on the south, and Orense and Lugo on the west. Area, 6,167 square miles. Population (1887), 380,229.-3. The capital of the province of Leon, situated on the Torio and Bernesga in lat. 42° 37' N., long. 5° 38' W. : the Roman Legio Gemina. The cathedral, one of the finest in Spain, is of the 13th century, and evidently by a French architect. There are three great roses, and the vaulting is bold and lofty. The triple recessed and sculp- tured western doors are the best in .Spain. The chapel of Santiago has Flemish windows. Leon was a Roman fron- tier town, and was very early reconquered from the Moors. Population (1887), 13,446. Leon. The capital of the department of Leon, Nicaragua, situated about lat. 12° 25' N., long. 86° 53' W. It contains a cathedral. Founded on Lake Managua in 152% it was removed to its present site in 1610. Population, estimated, 25,000. Leon (in Mexico). See Leon de los Aldamas. Leon(la-6n'). InBeaumarchais's"Lamerecou- pable," the supposed son of Count Almaviva: really the son of the countess and Ch^rubin her page. Leon (le'on). A character in Fletcher's "Rulo a Wife and Have a Wife." Leon, Juan Ponce de. See Ponce de Leon. Leon (la-6n'), Luis Ponce de. Born in Belmonte in 1528 : died in 1591. A distinguished Spanish scholar, theologian, and poet. He was a monk of the order of St. Augustine, and professor of theology and sacred literature at the t'nirersity of Salamanca. He was persecuted by the Inquisition and imprisoned, but finally was set at liberty. Leon, New. See Nuevo Leon. Leon, Nuevo Reino de. See Nuevo Leon. Leon, Pedro de Cieza de. See Cieza de Leon. Leon, Ponce de. See Ponce de Leon. Leonais. See Lt/onesse. Leonardo Aretino. See Bruni. Leonardo da Pisa. Bom at Pisa, 1175 : date of death unknown. An Italian mathematician. He studied mathematics in the Orient, and was the first to apply algebraical fonnulfe to geometrical demonstra- tions in his treatise '* Algebra et Almuchabala." His real name was Leonardo I'.onacci, more frequently known as Fibonacci itilius IJ.macci). Leonardo da Vinci. See Vinci. Leonato(le-o-nii't6). AcharacterinShakspere's ■• JItu-h Ado about Nothing," the governor of Messina and the uncle of Beatrice. Leon de los Aldamas (la-6n' da 16s al-da'mas), or Leon. A citv in the state of Guanajuato, Mexico, situated on the Torbio about 190 miles northwest of Mexico. Population (1894), 47,739. Leonforte (la-on-for'te). A town in the prov- ince of Catania, Sicily, Italy, 40 miles west- northwest of Catania. Population (1881), 15,(>45. Leonhard (la'on-hiirt), Gustav. Born at Mu- nich, Nov. 22, 1816: died Dee. 27, 1878. A Ger- man geologist and mineralogist, son of K. C. von Leonhard. Ue was professor at Heidelberg. His chief work is " Handworterbuch der topographischen Mineralogie"(IS43). Leonhard, Karl Casar von. Born at Rumpen- heim,near Hanau, Prussia, Sept. 12, 1779: died at Heidelberg, Baden, Jan. 23, 1862. A German geologist and mineralogist, professor of miner- alogy and geognosy at Heidelberg 1818-62. Leoni (la-6'ne), Leone. Born, probablj- in the neighborhood of Arezzo, about 1509t died at Milan, July 22, 1590. An Italian sculptor and medallist. He fh-st appears in Venice associated with Titian and Pietro Aretino. In 1537 he met Benvenuto Cellini at Padua in competition for the medal of Bembo. Through the good will of Ferrante Gonzaga he entered the service of Charles V., and remained attached to the impe- rial household during the remainder of his life. Many of his works are in the Mus6e de Prado at Madrid. Statues of Charles V. and the Queen of Hungary are at Madrid. Medallions of Charles V. are at the Louvre and at Vienna. Leonidas(le-on'i-das) I. [Gr. AEww'Jaf .] Killed at Thermopylte, Greece, 480 B.C. A Greek hero, king of Sparta, f.amous for his defense of the pass of Thermopyla; against the Persian army. He was slain in company witli 300 Spartans and 700 Thespians. See Tliermopi/lx. Leonidas. An epic jjoem by Glover, published iu 1737. Leopold I. Leonidas of Modern Greece, The. A name given to Markos Bozzaris. Leonine (le'o-nin). In Shakspere's "Pericles," the attendant of Dionysia, employed to murder Marina: he, however, sells her for a slave. Leonine City. That part of the city of Rome which is west of the Tiber and north of Tras- tevere. It contains the Vatican, the Castle of St. Angelo, and the district between (known as the Borgo), and is in- closed within a separate line of walls. It was first forti- fied by Pope I.eo IV. (whence the name). Leonists (le'o-nists). A name sometimes used for the members of the religious body known as the Waldenses. LeonnatUS (le-o-na'tus). [Gr. -Vforvarng.] Died 322 B. c. A general of Alexander the Great, one of the ablest of his officers. On Alexander's death, LeonnatUS received the satrapy of Hellespontine Phrygia. Hefell in battleagainstthe Athcniansand theirailieswhile seeking to relieve Antipater who was blockaded in Lamia. Leonnoys. See Lyoncsse. Leonore (la-6-uor'). In Moliere's "ficole des maris,'' the sister of Isalielle. She has been brought up by Ariste, the brother of Sganarelle, on a system the reverse of that pursued by the latter witli Isahelle. Leonora d'Este. The daughter of the Duke of Ferrani, with whom Tasso fell in love. Forthis her father imprisoned him in a madhouse for seven years. Leonore da-o-nor'), ou L'Amour Conjugal. An opera by Bouillj^, music by Gaveaux, pro- duced at the Op^ra Comique Feb. 19. 1798. The book was translated into Italian, composed by Paer, and produced at Dresden Oct. 3, 1804. It was also trans- lated into German by Jos. Sonnleithner Oate in 1804) and composed by Beethoven. (See Fidelia.) The dates of Beethoven's overtures are as follows: Leonore I*;o. 2, in C, for the production of the opera. Nov. 20, 1805 ; Leo- nore No. 3, in C, for the production of the modified opera, March 29, 1806 ; Leonore No. 1, in C. for a performance of the opera at Prague, May, 1807, which did not take place ; Fidelio, in E, for the second and final revision of the opera. May, 1814. Grove. Leontes (le-on'tez). A prominent character in Shakspere's "Winter's Tale," the King of Si- cily. His jealoJisy, unlike that of Othello, is wilful and ty- rannical. He is the Egistus of Greene's " Pandosto," from which the play was taken. Leontes. See Litany. Leon'tini. See Lentini. Leopardi ( la-6-piir'de), Alessandrcj. Born in the second half of the 15th century : died some tims before 1545. A Venetian sculptor and architect. In 1487 he was banished from Venice for forgery, but was recalled about 1490 to finish the Colleoni statue begun by Verocchio : this he did in 1496. He signed his name on the girth of the saddle, and was called ever after "del Ca- ballo." He also made the pedestal of the statue. Leopardi, Count Giacomo. Born at Recanati, Italy, June 29, 1798: died at Naples, June 14,, 1837. An Italian poet and philologist. Hewasfrom his youth sickly and deformed, was educated at home, and devoted himself to the study of the Greek and Latin clas- sics. He published in 1818 an ode to Italy, in which he lamented the political and intellectual degeneracy of his country, and which created a profound impression. Other odes in the same vein, notably one occasioned by Cardi- nal Mai's discovei-y of part of Cicero's " De republica," shortly secured for him a place among the first lyric poets of Itaiv. His writin^^ are marked by a tone of despair which has placed him among the leaders of modern pes- simism. He went in 1822 to Rome, where he prosecuted the study of philology. He afterward resided during short periods at Recanati, Bologna, Florence, Rome, and Naples. The first collective edition of his poems was pub- lished in 1824. A collection of miscellaneous prose essays, which are hardly inferior to his poems in point of style, was published in 1827 under the title of "Operetta mo- rali." His works have been edited by Ranieri ("Opere,"^ 1846-80) and (.'ugnoni ("Opere inedite^' 187S-8U). Leopold (le'o-iiold) I. [G. Leopold, Lenpold, F. Leopold, 'Sp. Pg. It. Lcopoldo, from OHG. Liutpald, Liulbahl (G. LnitpoM). bold for the people.] Born at Coburg, Germany, Dec. 16, 1790: died at Laeken. near Brussels, Dec. 10, 1865. King of the Belgians 1831-65, youngest, son of Francis, duke of Saxe-Coburg. He married Princess Chai-lotte, daughter of George W. of England, in 1816; refused the crown of Greece in 1830; was elccte'it, Wiir tif). which was . .ntinued under his successors Joseph I. anil Charles VI. Leopold II. Born May a, 1747: died ilai-eli 1, 1792. Emperor of the Holy Roman Emi)ire 1790-92, tliiid son of Francis I. and Maria Theresa. He was grand duke of Tuscany 1765-90, and ^ticceeded his brother Joseph II. as eiuperur in 1790. lie rmed an alliance with Prussia. Feb. 7, 1792, against \i>lutionar>' France, and died just as hostilities were ..l...ut to begin. Leopold, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau, caUed ''Der Alte Dessaner" ('The Old Dessauer'). Bom at Dessau, Germany, July 3, 1676: died at Des- sau, April. 1747. A Prussian field-marshal. He was distinguished at Hdchstadt in 17U3, Blenheim in 17IM, Cassano in J705. Turin in 1706, etc.; was made field- marshal in 1712 : captured Rugen in 1715 ; and gained the Tictories of Neustadt, Jagerndorf, and Kesselsdorf iu 1745. Leopold I., Grand Duke of Tuscany. See Leo- pold II., Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. Leopold II. Born Oct. 3, 1797: diedatBrandeis, Bohemia. Jan. 29, 1870. GrandDuke of Tuscany 1S24-.59, second son of the grand duke Ferdi- nand III. He granted in 1847 a liberal constitution, which, however, he abolished in 18.52. He was expelled by l!i'-ib-Tnncraticparty in 1859, and Tuscany was united with > u liiiiia. Leopold George Duncan Albert. Born at liuckingham Palaci'. A])ril 7,1853: died March -S. 1.SS4. Duke of Albany, youngest son of Miieen Victoria, noted for his patronage of lit- erature and education. LeopoldvlUe (le'o-p61d-vil). A station in the Kongo Free State, situated on the Kongo, at Stanley Pool, in lat. 4° 22' S.. long. 15° 16' E. It as founded by Stanley in 1882. A railway has been con- uucted between this place and MatadL Leosthenes (le-os'the-nez). [Gr. Xcuadevric.] liii'd 323 B. c. An Athenian general, command- er of the combined Greek armies in the Lamian war, 323 B. c. Leotychides (le-o-tik'i-dez). [Gr. Aeurvxi&i'.-'i I lied at Tegea, Greece, about 469 B. c. A Spar- I Mil kipg, victor at Mycale iu 479 B.C. Leovigild. King of the Visigoths in Spain 569- •'iSO. See the extract. LeIending speaks of : "The golden pome, the proud array Of ermine, aureate vests, and jewelrj', With all which Leovigild for after kings Left, ostentatious of his power." The name of Leovigild, however, is best known on account • of the tragic story of the rebellion of his eldest son Ermene- ^lld, honoured in later ages as a saint and martyr of the •Catholic Church. The cause of trouble was, in this in- etance as in many others in Visigoth history, a Frankish marriage. The bride whom leovigild nbtahicd for his son was Ingiinthis. the young daughter of sigcb.i t and Itrun- hlld, and the wedding was celebrated in Tolc^lo with the splendid ostentation of which the king was so fond. Er- mencgiM bad already reccivfil from his father a share in the kingly dignity, ami Leovigild hoped that the marriage with a Frankish princess would help to ensure his son's succession tothetrown. But t lie young ' gained Oct. 7, 1571, by tlio Italian and .S|innisli flrols, under Don John of Austria, over the Turks, west of Lepanto. Lepanto, Bay of. An arm of the Mediterranean Sea, with which it is connected by the Gulf of 605 Patras : the ancient Corinthiaeus Sinus (Gulf of Corinth). It separates Middle Greece from the Peloponnesus. Lepe (la'pa), Diego de. Born in Spain about 1460: died, probably iu Portugal, before 1515. A Spanish navigator. In Dec, 1499, he sailed from Palos with two vessels, following nearly in the track of Pinzon and reaching the coast of South America south of Cape St. Augustine : thence he followed the shore to Venezuela, returuiug to Spain in June, 1500. Lepidus (lep'i-dus), Marcus .Slmilius. A Ro- man consul (137 b. C.) and orator. He was sent into Spain during his consulship, and conducted an unsuccess- ful war against the Vacca^i. Lepidus, Marcus .^mllius. Died about 77 b. c. Father of Lepidus the triumvir. He was consul in 78 B. c, and was defeated by Pompey and Catulus at Rome 77 B. c. Lepidus, Marcus .SmiUus. Died 13 b. c. a Roman politician, a member of the triumvirate with Uctavian and Antony in 43 B. c. He was deposed in 36. Lepontil (le-pon'sU-i). In ancient geography, an .Upine people in Rhietia, chiefly in what is now the canton of Ticino, Switzerland. Lepontine (le-pon'tin) Alps. [Named from the Lcpontii.] That part of the Alps which ex- tends from the Simplon Pass eastward to the Spliigen Pass. It comprises the St. Gotthard, Ticino, and Adula Alps. Monte Leone is 11,660 feet in height. Leporello (le-p6-rel'16). The valet of Don Gio- vanni in Mozart's opera of that name. lie exe- cutes the perfidious orders of his master, sympathizes with his success, helps him out of scrapes, and is a physical and moral coward. Compai-e Mascarille and S'janareUe. Lepsius (lep'se-6s), Karl Richard. Born at Naumburg, Prussia, Dec. 23, 1810: died at Ber- lin, July 10, 1884. A celebrated German Egyj)- tologist and philologist. He conducted the Prussian expedition to Egypt 1842-46:. Among his works are " Denk- maler aus Agypten und Athiopien " ("ilonuments of Egypt and Ethiopia," 1840-59), " Chronologic der Agj-pter " (1848-10), "Briefe aus Agypten, etc." (1862), "Ubcrden ersten agyptischen Gotterkreis " (1851), etc. He also pub- lished "A Standard Alphabet for reducing Unwritten Languages and Foreign Graphic Systems to a Uniforai Orthography in European Letters" (1855). Leptis Magna (lep'tis mag'nii), or Neapolis (ue-ap'6-lis). [Gr. AtVT(f.] In ancient gcogra- ph}', a seaport in northern Africa, situated in hit. 32° 38' N., long. 14° 13' E. : the modern Lebda. It was a Phenician colony. Lepus (le'pus). [L.,' the Hare.'] An ancient southern constellation, situated south of Orion and east of Canis Ma.jor. Its brightest stiir, of 2.7 magnitude, is in a line from the middle star of Orion's belt through the sword of Orion. Le Puy. See Vuii. LerdoaeTejada(lar'do da ta-Hii'THa), Miguel. Born at Vera Cruz, 1814 : died in Mexico City. Mareh22, 1861. A Mexican liberal politician and author. In 1S56 he was Comonfort's minister of the treasury ; held other important ollices ; was a judge of the Supreme Court from 1860 ; and was twice a presidential candidate. His best-known book is " Apuntes hist<»rico8 de la heroica cjudad de Vera Cruz " (5 parts, 18.^)0-5.5). Lerdo de Tejada y Correal (e kor-rii-iir), Se- bastian. Born in Jahipa, April 25, 1825 : diccl at New York, April 21, 1889. A Mexican slates- niaii, brother of Miguel Lerdo de Teiada. Hewaa the leading minister of Juarez 18(^-71. Elected presi- dent of the Supreme Court, he became, by virtue of that office, president of Mexico on the death of Juarez (July 18, 1872). He was contirmed in the position by an election, and claimed to have been reelected in 1870 ; but In Nov. of that year he was driven from Mexico by the revolu- tionary army of Diaz. Lerici (ler'e-ehG). A small town in the prov- ince of (lenoa, Italy, situated on the (iulf of S^)ezia35 miles northwest of Pisa. Lerida (ler'e-thii). 1. A province in Catalonia, Spain, which borders on France. Area, 4,775 s(|iinic miles. Population (1KM7), 285,417. — 2. Tlic capital of the province of LCirida, sitiiiiled on the Segre in lat. 41° 33' N.. long. 0° 39' E.: the ancient Ilcrda. It is strongly forlillcd ; has n ca- thedral, one of the best existing examples of early-Pointed architecture ; and formerly had a university. The place was the scene of Cicsar's victory over tin- PompelanR( Afra- nius and Pelrelus) in 49 H. 0. It surrendered to the French In 1707 anil 1810. Popuhll ion (1887), 21.88.1. L^rins (la-raiV), lies de. .\ group of small isl- ands in the Mediterranean, opjiositi* Cannes, southeastern France. The chief islands are St.-IIoH'irat and Slc-Marguerilr. Lermontoff (ler'mon-tofK Mikhail Yurie- ■rttch. Horn at Moscow, Oct. 15, 1H14: kill.'ii in llie Caiieasiis, July 27, 1841. .\ Russian jioet and novelist, surnamecl "the poet of lh(> Cau- casus," whither he was twice exileil (1837, 1840), and whore he was killeil in a duel, ills best-known works are the novel "Hero of our Time," and the pi>eins '* Song of (he Tsar Ivan Vasslllevltch." '" Ismail-Bey," and "The Demim. " Lerna (ler'nii). [Cit. \tpva.'[ In ancient geog- Lesina raphy. a marshy region in Argolis, Greece, south of j\j-gos. It is notable in ( Jreek mythology for the Lernean hydra. See Nereides. Lero (la'ro). A small island of the Sporades. ^Egeau Sea, belonging to Turkey, situated 32 miles south of Samos : the ancient Leros. Leroux (le-ri)'), Pierre. Bom at Paris, April 17, 1797 : died there, April 12. 1871. A French philosophical writer, journalist, and socialist, leader of the Humanitarians. His chief work is "De rhunianite" (1840). Leroy-Beaulieu (le-rwii'bo-lyfe'), Pierre Paul. BornatSaumur, France, Dec. 9, 1843. A French political economist. He became professorof political economy at the Ecole Libre des Sciences PoUtiqiies at Paris in 1872, and in the same year founded "' L Econo- mistefran^ais." Among his works arc "De I'dtat social et intellectuel des populati). Among his other works are the novel" Lediable boiteux" (1707); the plays " Le point d'honneur" (from the Spanish of Rojas, 1702), " Crispin rival de son maitre " ^1707), "Tur- caret "(1708), etc. ; the short works "La valise trouvii-e " and "Une journ^e des Parques"; and "Guzman d'.AIfa- rache," " Estevanille Gonzales, " "Le bachelierde Salaman- que," and "Vie et aventures de M. do Beauchene," ro- mances all more or less borrowed from Spanish originals. He also translated Boianlo'a " Orlando innamorato,"and wrote for the theatre de la foire (see the extract). Lesage is said to have written no less than twenty-four farce-operettas, as they may perhaps best be termed, for these bo.ards [the thi^'atrc de la foire), and thetot;U number which he wrote for them as whole or piu-t author is stime- times put at sixty-four and sometimes at a hundred and one. Sainlsburi/, FYench Novelists, p. 73. Lesath (le-sath'). [.\r. les'ah. the sting.] The tliinl-iiiagnitude star i' Seorpii, at the end of the creature's tail. Lesbia (lez'bi-ii). The name by which Clodia, the favorite of Catullus, is referred to in his poems. Lesbian Adventures, The, or Lesbiaca (les- bi'a-kji). A Greek romance, attributed to Lou- giis. See Vdjiliiiis and Cliloc. Lesbos (loz'bos). [Gr. Aio.Jof.] An island in the .I'^gean Sea, intersected by lat. 39° N., long. 20° 20' E., west of Mysia, Asia Minor : the niod- eri\ Metelino. Chief town, Mytiiene. Thesurface is mountainous ; soilfertilc. It was colonized by.Eolians; was celebrated as a seat of literature ; anil was acquired by the Turks in U02. (See further under Miililenf.) Length, about 4:) miles. Po|>ulation, estimated, about .'lO.fHio (mainly Greeks). Lesches (les'kcz), or Lescheus (les'kus). [Gr. .\((T)'/'.'> -^'"Vf-] Born at Pyrrha, near Myti- iene, about 700 B. c. One of the so-called cyclic poets, author of an cjiic entitled "The Little li'md'' ('lAia^ /iiKiiii). in four books. It was designed to he a supplement to the Iliad of Homer, and related the events which followed the ileath of Hect(»r^ namely, the fate of Ajax, the exploits of llysscs, the fall of Tri»y, etc. LeSCOt (hs-ko'), Pierre. Born at Paris about 1510 : died Se])t. 10, 1578. Anoted French archi- tect. About all that is known of his personal histor)' is de- rived from a poem by Ronsiird, and the ace»uints of the royal buildings. He wasimictieally the first arehiteclof Franco to employ the classic forms in a truly classic way, jirevious attciii)>ts being largely inllllenced by Gothic feeling. His work Isconsldercd the best that the Kenalssance produced in Fnuice. He was made architect of the lAUivre Aug. S, 1540, and retiiined the oHlce as huig as he Ilvetl. Thai i»art of the LoUvro which was built by I.escot consists of tlio western side Boulh of the Tour d'ofloge, which stands upon the foundations of the great hall of Philippe Auguste, and, with a Kiwer ritof, remains Just as Lescot left it ; the Pa- vilion du Itoi, renn>delcil ; and the westeni half of the south side, also remodeled. It Is the oldest p'hoIogistswithMoralReflections"(i692)k flSQO) fi ''''i IheWorksof FlavmsJosephus compared with the Origi- T\.^^iJ.Ln-'- \ r. iiv 1.1 T. 1. ■ T, nalGreek"(1702Xatranslationof the "Vision of Queve- Lessmg (les smg), Gotthold Ephraun. Bom do," etc. ^ at Camenz, Upjper Lusatia, Jan. 22. 1729: died LesueUT (le-sii-er'), Eustache. Bom at Paris, at Brims%vick, Feb. 15, 1781. A celebrated Ger- man dramatist and critic. His father was a clergy- man. He attended school at Camenz and Meissen, and in 1746 went to Leipsic to study theology. Instead, how- ever, of pursuing his studies in this direction, he soon gave his principal attention to the theater. In 1748. in his thii-d semester at the university, was produced his first comedy, " Der j unge Gelehrte " (" The Young Scholar "). His asso- ciation with the theater having given offense to his parents, he was summoned home. Hesoon, nevertheless, returned Nov. 19, 1617: died there, April 30, 1655. A French historical painter. His chief work is "Life of St. Bruno" (Louvre). Lesneur, Hubert. Born at Paris about 1595; died at London about 1652. A French sculp- tor, resident in England after 1628. He completed, in 1634, bronze statues of the king and queen, now in St. John's College, O.xford, and executed many works for the king. to Leipsic, where he matriculated as a student of medi- Lesueur Jean Francnis Bom nt ■Dnipnt Ploa. cine. This same year (1748) he went to Berli.i, where he J^ "p",,,. a 1,1 ..t-ilTi v„„ r i f , -lo supported himself by making translations aiid writing 5'*^; \"^"' • -)l^^'i^*^'o ^^^nce. Jan. 15, 1y63: criticisms, reviews, and original work. In I7.il he went "led at Pans, Oct. 6, 1837. A French composer, to Wittenberg to complete his studies at the university, author of the opera "Les bardes" (1804) etc After taking the degree of master, he returned to Berlin LeszCZVIllajiSl.es..C..ynsl, I Lethe (le'the). [Gr. .V//0(?.] InGreekmythology: (fl) The personification of oblivion, "a daugh- ter of Eris. (6) The river of oblivion, one of the streams of Hades, the waters of which pos-> sessed the property of causing those who drank --,,---- , ___ of them to forget their former existence. Ari- Freethinker"), "Der Schatz" ("The Treasure"). He had osto places it in the moon, and Dante in Durea- also written a numberof Anacreontic poems, poetic fables, tnrv to iu puigo poems under the title "Kleinigkeiten" ("Trifles"). In 1753 he began the publication of his collected works, two volumes of which were issued that ytur, two in 1754. and two more in 175.",, in which year he also wrote his first tragedy, "Miss Sara Sampson." Several comedies fall in this eaily period, n.imely, "Der Misogyn"("The Misogy- nist"), "Die Juden" ("The Jews"), "Der Freigeist" ("The Frppt^l^nt.-..,-"^ "t^o,- c>>,ot„"/,m 1767 to 1769 under the title " Hamburgische Dramaturgic "(" Ham- burg Dramaturgy"). In 1768 appeared "Briefe antiqua- and mother by Zeus of ApoUo and Artemis. Ac- cording to the earlier form of the myth, she was the wif& of Zeus before he married Hera; according to the later form, his mistress after his marriage with Hera. Her name became Latona in Roman raythologj- a call as librarian to the ducal library in Wolfenbuttel, a position which he held from the spring of 1770 until his death. In 1772 appeared the tragedy "Emilia Galotti." Fi'om 1773 to 1781 were published a series of "Contribu- tions to History and Literature from the Treasures of the Wolfenbuttel Library "(" Beitriige zur Ges teratur aus den Schatzen der Wolfenbiitti "Fragmente eines Wolfenbiittelscheu Ungen , theological criticisms purporting to be extracts from the writings of "an anonymous Wolf enbutteler, " but really ... printer, living in the second half of the 15th century, who was "the first printer who set up a printing-press in the city of London. ... He probablv died or ,.„ „__ ^ ceased printing about 1483" (Diet. Xa'f. Biog ). zMGeschiWeundLit: Lcttres f difiantes: in full "Lettres fidifiantes tcC'\^^':::^.:^e.^^- etCurieuses,ecritesdesmissionsetrangeres£ar quelques missionaires de la compagnie de J^- Rus." A collection of letters from Jesuit mis- R Lettres £difiantes gionaries, principally in America and Asia, first ?ublished at Paris, in 34 vols. 12mo, 1702-76. here are many other editions, that of 1780-S3 in 2(J vols, being generally preferred ; later ones have various addi- tions ; and there is a second collection entitled " Nouvelles Lettrts Ediliantes des missions de la Chine et des Indt-s Orientales"(Svols. 181S-23). .Spanish and Italian editions have lieen published, and an abridged one in En^;li^ll, Many of these letters are of great historical and etlino- graijliical interest. Letts (lets). A branch of the Lithuanian or Lettie race, inhabiting chiefly the Russian prov- inces of Courlaud, Livonia, and Vitebsk. The Letts call themselves Latvis. Letzten Dinge, Die. [G., ' The Last Things.'] An oratorio by Spohr, produced at Cassel on Good Fridav, iS26. It is known in English as " Tbe Last Judgment." Leucadia, or Leucas. See Santa Mama. Leuchtenberg (loich'ten-bero). Formerly, a small princely laudgraviate in the Upper Palati- nate. It came into the possession of the Bavarian dynasty in the middle of the 17th century. Eugene de Beauhar- nais was made duke of Leuchtenberg in 1S17. Leucippe and Cleitophon (lu-sip'e and kli'to- fou). A Greek romance by Achilles Tatius, written in the 5th century. The story [by Achilles Tatius] is entitled '*the adven- tures of Leucippe and Cleitophon," in eight books. Its chief merit consists in the desci-iptions in which it ;ibounf religious guides and teach, ers. Later they were also tbe learned class, and became scribes. Judges, etc. They were allowed no territorial pos, sessions, except thirty-live cities in which they lived, sup. ported by tithes on Ihe produce of tbe lands of tlie tribes. The Levites wore divided into three families, which bort the names of the sons of Levi —the Gcrslioultes, tbe Ko hatbites, and the Mentrites. Leviticus Leviticus (Ic-vit'i-kus). [' The book of the Le- vites.'] A canonical book of the Old Testa- ment, the third book of Moses or of the Pen- tateuch, containing principally the laws and regulations relating to the priests and Levites and to religious ceremonies, or the body of the cereraouial law. Levkas (lev'kas), Amaxiki, Amazichi (a- miiks-e'ke), Santa Maura (siin'tli mou'rii), Hamaxiki (hii-maks-e'ke), etc. Asea[)ortand the chief place in the island of Santa Maura, Ionian Islands, Greece, situated at the north- eastern extremity of the island. Population (1889), 5,539. , Levkosia. See Xieosia. Levroux (le-vro'). A town in the department of Inilre, central France, 13 miles north by west of Chateauroux. Population (1891), commune, 4,203. Levuka (la-v6'ka). A town in the Fiji Islands : formerly the capital. Levy (le'vi). Amy. Born at Clapham, Nov. 10, 1861: committed suicide Sept. 10, 1889. An English poet and novelist, of Hebrew descent. She MTote several voluiues of poems (" Xantippe and other Poems" (1881), "A Minor Poet" (1884), "A London Plane-tree " (1&S9)) and the novel " Eeuben Sachs " (1889). Levy (la-ve'), Calmann. Born at Phalsbourg. Lorraine, Oct. 19, 1819: tlied June 18, 1891. A French bookseller and editor, brother of Michel L6vy, with whom and a third brother he formed the firm of Michel Levy freres. Levy (la-ve'), ^inile. Born at Paris, Aug. 29, 1826: died there, April 4, 1890. AFretichgenre- and portrait-painter. Hewasapupilof theEcoledes Beaux Arts, of De Pujol, and of Picot, and won the grand prix de Rome in 1854. Among his works are *' Lerepaslibredes martyrs" (1859),'*V'erciiigetoris serendanthC^sar"(1863), "Venus ceignant sa ceinture"(lSH3), *' La mortd'Orphee" (1866)," Le jugement de Midas" (1S70)," Le saule" (1876), "Jeune mere " (1881), "Cu-ce" (l,s.v.i), "Sil^ne" (1890), etc. He decorated tlie mairie of the 16th arroudissement 1S85- 1887, and had much success in pasteL L6vy, Michel. Born at Phalsbourg, Lorraine, Dee. 20, 1821 : died at Paris, May 6, 1875. A French bookseller and publisher. Lewald 1 15' vald), Fanny, later Madame Stahr. Born at Konigsberg, Prussia, March 24, 1811 : died at Dresden, Aug. 5, 1889. A German nov- elist and Wl'iter of travels. Among her novels are "Prinz Louis Ferdinand" (1849), "Von Geschlecht zu Geschlecht " (1863-65). Lew-chew Islands. See Loochoo IsIaixJs. Lewes (lii'es). The capital of- Sussex, England, situated on the Ouse 45 miles south of London. Here, May 14, 1264, Henry III. was defeated by the baronc under Simon de Montfort. Henry and his son gave them- selves up to the barons after the battle. Population (1891). 10,997. Lewes, or Lewis (lii'is), Charles Lee. Bom at London, Nov. 29, 1740 : died July 23 (June 26?), 1803. A noted English comedian. Lewes (lu'es), George Henry. Born at London, April 18, 1817: died at Londou, Nov. 28, 1878. An English phUosophieal and miscellaneous writer, largely influenced by the philosophy of August Comte. Lewes was married in 1840, but in 18f>4 left his wife, living thereafter with Miss Mary Anne Evans (George Eliot). He wrote a "'Biographical History of Philosophy " (1845-46), "The Spanish Drama " (1847), "The Life of Goethe " (1865), "Seaside Studies" (1858), " Physiology of Common Life " (1869-tiO), "Studies in Animal Life" (1862), "Aristotle" (1864), "Problems of Life and Mind" (1874-79), "Actors and the Art of Acting" (1875), " Physical Basis of Mind " (1877). He was the flist editor of the " Fortnightly Review " (1865-66). Lewes, Mise of. [From OF. wise, a settling, a judgment.] An agreement between the English defeated party under Henry IH. and the barons under Simon de Montfort, in V2(yi. directly after the battle of Lewes. It provided for native councilors and the reorganization of Parlia- ment. Lewin (lu'iu), Thomas. Born April 19, 1805: died Jan. 5. 1877. An English lawyer, antiquary, and miscellaneous writer. He wrote "A Practical Treatise on the Law of Trusts and Trustees " (1837), " The Life and Epistles of St. Paul" (lS51X"An Essay on the Chronology of the New Testament"(I854), etc. Lewis (lu'is), or The Lews (liiz). The north- ern and larger portion of the main island of the Hebrides, Ross-shire, Scotland, situated 27 miles west of the mainland, from which it is separated by the Minch. Chief town, Storno- way. Area, 575 square miles. Lewis. See Louis. Lewis, Andrew. Born in Donegal, Ireland, about 1720: died in Bedford County, Va., Sept. 26,1781. An American soldier. He was major in Washington's regiment in Bi-addock's expedition in 1755, and commander of an expedition against the Shawnesse Indians in 1756 ; served in the attack on Fort Duquesne in 1758, and was captured and taken to iloatreal ; gained the 608 victory of Point Pleasant over the Indians, Oct. 10, 1774 (as major-general); and served as brigadier-general in the Continental army March 1, 1776, to April 5, 1777. Lewis, Charles. Born at Gloucester, England, 17.53 : died at Edinburgh, Jul}' 12, 1795. An English painter of still life. Lewis, Charles George. Born at Enfield, Mid- dlesex, June 13, 1808 : died June 16. 1880. An English engraver, best known for his engrav- ings of Landseer's works. Lewis, David. Born in Wales about 1G83 : died at Low Leyton, Essex. April, 1760. A British poet, author of " Philip of Macedon," a tragedy (1727). Lewis, Die. Born at Auburn, N. T., March 3, 1823 : died at Yonkers, N. Y., May 21, 1886. An American homeopathic physician, well known as a lecturer on hygiene and an advocate of various methods of physical culture. He wrote "New Gymnastics" (1802),' "Weak Lungs" (1863), "Our Girls ' (1871), etc. Lewis, Edmonia. Bom near Albany, N. Y., 1845. An American sculptor, of African and Indian descent. Her first known work was a bust of Colonel Shaw who commanded the first colored regiment in the Civil War. .She went to Rome in 1867. Anmng her works are "The Death of Cleopatra" (1876), "The Old Arrow-maker and his Daughters," "The Marriage of Hia- watha," etc. Lewis, Mrs. (Estelle Anna Robinson^. Bom near Baltimore about 1824 : died at London, Nov. 24, 1880. An American poet and miscel- laneous writer. Among her works is the tragedy "Sappho of Lesbos " (1866), which was translated into Greek and played at Athens. Lewis, Francis. Bom at Llandaff, Wales, March, 1713: diedatNewYork,Dec.l9. 1803. An Amer- ican patriot, signer of the Declaration of Inde- pendence as member of Congress from New York. Lewis, Frederick Christian. Bom at London, March 14. 1779 : died at Enfield, Dec. 18, 1856. An English engraver and landscape-painter. He engraved works of Raphael, ilichelangelo, Claude, Poussiu. Flaxman, Turner, Landseer, etc. Lewis, Sir George Cornewall. Born at London, April 21, 1806: died at Harpton Com-t. Radnor- shire, April 13, 1863. An English statesman, scholar, and author. He was poor-law commissioner for England and Wales 1839-47: under-secretary for the home department 1848 ; financial secretary to the treasury 1850-52 ; chancellor of the exchequer 18.'i5-58 ; home sec- retary 1859-61 ; and secretary for war 1861-63. His chief work is an "Enquiry into the Credibility of the Early Ro- man History " (18r>5). Lewis, Ida. Boi-n at Newport, R. I., in 1841. The daughter of the keeper of the Lime Rock lighthouse. She is noted for her courage in sav- ing life. She married William H. Wilson in 1870. Lewis, John. Born at Bristol, England, Aug. 29, 1675: died Jan. 16, 1747. An English biog- rapher, antiquarian, and bibliograjiber, author of biographies of Wyclif, Caxton, Pecoek, and Fisher, and of numerous other works on various topics. Lewis, John Frederick. Born at London, 1805 : died at Walton on the Thames, Aug. 15, 1876. An English etcher and painter, at first of ani- mals, but later of Highland, Italian. Spanish (for which he was called "Spanish Lewis"), and Oriental subjects. His latest (Oriental) pictures are the best-known. Lewis, Matthew Gregory. Bom at London. July 9, 1775 : diecl at sea (of yellow fever). May 14, 1818. An English poet, dramatist, and ro- mance-writer, best known as the author of " Am- brosio, or the Monk " ( 1795), from which he was commonly known as "Monk" Lewis. Hevisited Weiniarl792-93; became an attach^ of the British legation at The Hngue 1794 ; sat in the Houseof Commons 1796-1802 ; and went to Jamaica (where he owned property) Nov., 1815, and again toward the end of 1817. He also wrote'* Village Virtues," a satire (1796), "The Castle Spectre" (acted at Drury Lane Dec. 14, 1797), "Talcs of Horror" (1799), " Al- phonso, King of Castile," a tragedy (1801). "Adelgitha," a tragedy (acted at Drury Lane April 30, 1807), etc, Lewis, Meriwether. Born near Charlottesville, Va., Aug. 18, 1774: committed suicide near Nashville, Tenn,, Oct. 8, 1809. An American explorer, joint commander with Clark of an ex- ploring expedition in the northwestern part of the United States 1.S04-06. Lewis, Morgan. Born at New York, Oct. 16, 1754 : died at New York, April 7, 1844. An American general, jurist, and politician, son of Francis Lewis: governor of New York 180.5-06. Lewis, Tayler. Born at Northtimberland. N. Y. , March 27, 1802: died at Schenectady, N. Y., May 11, 1877. An American scholar and author. He became professor of Greek at the University of New York in 1838. and at Union College in 1849. Aniong his works are "Six Days of Creation " (1855), '"The Bible and Science " (1856), "The Divine Human in the Scripture" (1860). Leyden, John Lewis, William Thomas. Born at Ormskirk, Lancashire, about 1748: died at London, Jan. 13,1811. A noted English comedian. Amongthe parts which he created are Falkland in the " Rivals " Wyndham in the "Man of Reason," Sir Charles Racket in "Three Weeks after Marriage," CounseUor Witmore in Kenrick's "Duellist," Beverly in Colmau's " Man of Busi- ness," Arviragus in Mason's "Caractacus," Millamour in Murphy's "Know your own Mind," Doricourt in the "Belle's Stratagem," and Egerton in the "Man of the M'orld." Diet. Aat. Bioff. Lewis River. See Snal-e Hirer. Lewiston (lu'is-ton). A city in Androscoggin County. Maine, situated on the Androscoggin, opposite Auburn. 31 miles north of Portland, Its leading manufactures are woolen and cotton. Itisthe sea^t of Bates College (FreewillBaptist). Population (1900), Lexington (lek'sing-ton). A city and the capi- tal of Fayette County, Kentucky ,"22miles south- east of Frankfort, it is a commercial and manufac- turing center ; has a famous horse- market ; and is the seat of Kentucky University. It was settled in 1775. Popula- tion (19O0), 26,369. Lexington. A small town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, 11 miles northwest of Boston. It is noted as the scene of the first iiloodshed of the Amer- ican Revolution, April 19, 1775. The British(800 mem un- der Colonel Smith left Boston on the night of April 18, tu take the military stores in Concord. The advance under Major Pitcau-n was confronted at Lexington Green by about 60 minute-men under Captain Parker, and this force was dispersed with the loss of 7 Americans killed. The British proceeded to Concord, and a part of the force was repulsed at theConcord bridge by the minute-men. Colonel Smith ordered a retreat, and maintained a running fight back to Charlestown with the constantly increasing Americans. At Lexington he was reinforced by 1,200 men under Lord Percy. The British loss was 273; the American loss, 88. The fighting at Concord is often called the battle of Con- cord, while the entire day's fighting is called the battle of Lexington. Population (1900), 3,831. Lexington. A city and the capital of Lafayette Coimty, Missouri, situated on the Missouri 40 miles east by north of Kansas City. The Federals under Mulligan surrendered here to the Cojifederates un- der Price, Sept. 21, 1861. Popnhition (18(»), 4,190. Lexington. The capital of Rockbridge County, Virginia, situated on North River 108 miles west by north of Richmond. Itistheseatof the Virginia Military Institute and of Washington and Lee University (which see). Population (1900), 3,203. Lexington. A famous American bay race-horse, foaleii in 1851. Lexintbn.orLessington (les'ing-ton), Stephen de. Lived about the middle of the ISth century. An English ecclesiastic, abbot of Stanley in Wiltshire, later abbot of Savigny in Normandy (1229) and ,(1243) of Clairvaux. . Lexovii (lel<»'c Lucas ran Leyden. Leys (li^ or la), Baioii Hendrik. Bom at Aut- werp, Feb. 18, 1815: .licl there, Aug. 26, 1869. A Belgian historical and genre painter. Leyte(la'e-taor la'ta). Au Lslaml of the Philip- pines, about lat. 11° N., long. 124° 50' E. Length, about 115 miles. Population, about 270,000. LhameOS. See Llameos. Lhasa (Ihii'sil), or Lassa (liis'sa). The capi- tal of Tibet, situateil in lat. 29° 39'X., long. 90° .')7' K., about 11,900 feet above sea-level, it is an importanttrading center ; iscelebrated as the residence of the ^raiid tama and as a place of pilgrimage ; and is re- markable fur the nuinberof its convents. The chief build- ing is the grand tenijde. It became the residence of the dalai lama in the middle of the 17th century. It has been visited by very few Europeans (as by Hue in 1S4C). Pupula- tion, about 26,0^10. L'Hopital, or L'Hospital (lo-pe-tiil'), Michel de. Born at Aigueperse, Puy-de-D6me, France, about 1505 : died March, 1573. A noted French statesman. He was in 1547 sent on a mission to the Council of Trent, which was at that time sitting at Bo- logna. He was made superintendent of the royal flnanres In 1554, and in 1560 became chancellor of France. He caused the States-General to be assembled at Orleans in 1560. and procured the passage in 1562 of the Edict of Jan., which granted toleratinn to the Huirnenots. His liberal policy was, however, distasteful to the Guises, and civil war broke out in 1562 in spite of his efforts to main- tain peace. He was dismissed from office in 1568. His complete works were edited by Dufey (1824-25). Lhuyd (loid), Edward. Born 1G60: died June 30. 1709. A British scholar and naturalist, best known from his researches in Celtic. He was the author of "Lithophjlacii Britannici ichnographia, etc." (16'.f9), a catalogue of the figured fossils of tin- Ashmolcan Museum. " Arclwologia Britannica" (17>-l7), etc. He be- came a fellow of the Koyal .Society in 1708. Liais {lyai. Emmanuel. Bom at Cherbourg, Feb. 15, 1820: (.lied there, March 5. 1900. A Frencli astronomer. Hc was attached to the Bureau of Longitudes from 1H52 ; was sent to Brazil on a scientific niisBiou in 1858; and bad c-liar^'e of the .Astronomical o)i- eervat^iry at Rio de Janeiro for several years. Hi- jnib- llahed several works on Brazilian geography, etc., and on a-.trononiy, Liakhoff (le'aeh-of ). An island in the New Sibe- ria grouji, in the Arctic Ocean. Liancourt-sous-Clermont ( 1 von - kor 'so - Icler- mon'). A manutacturing to\vn in the depart- ment of Oise, France, 30 miles north of P.nris. It cmtainsaruinedcastleof its dukes. Pop. (IHOl), .'),617. Liao-yang (lyou-yiitig'). A town in the prov- ince of ^Sheng-killg, Manchuria, southwest of Miikdo,,. Liar, The. -Vn adaptation by Foote of Cor- m-illc's •■ 1,1' menteur." He himself played the p.irl iif VmiTig Wilding tlic liar. liibaniUS (li-bS'ni-us). Bom at Antioch, Syria, about 314 A. D. A Greek sophist. His ora- tions and declamations were edited bv Keisko (1791-97). From his autobiography and letters, as well as from the numerous works which he has left us, Libanius is lictter known to modern scliolaj-s than any sophist of the fourth century. He was born alMUlt a. 1>. 314 at Antioch on the Orontes. of a distinguished family, ami after receiving there some part of his early training, to which, however, he does not revert with in-jch respect or gratitude, he be- took himself to Athens, at the age of twenty, in the ardent hope of tlnding there all the teaching which ho re(iulrcd. The account which he gives of his adventures in that uni- versity furnishes us with a curious picture of the stati? of learning In the fourth century. The rival profcsstus had press gangs of st iidents w ho had sworn allegiance to them, and who forcibly seized on all fre.'ihmen and canied lliem otf to their own leclure-rooni. Although Libaniils had determined beforehand which of the sophists he wished to attend, he was kidnai>ped, as soon as he entered the city, by the adherents of another teacher, from whom he was again seized by an opposition gang and obliged lo take the u|
  • . It was afterward lakendown, carried to Chi- cago, and there set iiji as a war museum. Libelt (16'belt ). Kar(51. Born at Po.sen, Prus- sia, April 8, 1807 : died near Gollautseh, Prussia, c— :w 609 June 9, 1875. A Polish politician and philo- sophical writer. Liber (li'ber). In Italian mythology, a god of wine, afterward identified with the Greek Di- onysus (Bacclius). Libera (lib'e-rii). In Italian mj'thology, a god- dess, wife of the wine-god Liber, afterward identified with the Greek Persephone. Liberal Party. In British politics, the name by which tlie Whig jiarty has been known since about the time of the livst Keform Bill. It hiui generally advocated reforms in govermnent and extension of power to the people, has favored free trade, and in the last few ye:u-8 has advocated Home Rule for Ireland. It has held olllce under Grey, ilelbourne. Kiissell, Aberdeen, l'alnur.stoii, Gladstone, and Kosebery as prime ministers. Liberal Unionists. In British politics, a party formed in 188(3 by the secession from the Lib- eral party of those who objected to Gladstone's Home Rule proposals. They act generally with the Conservatives, their recognized leader being the M:u"quis of Hartington (now Duke of DevonshireX Liberation, War of. IG. BcJ'reiKnyfilriefi.'] A name given by the Germans to tlie war of the jVllies against tile French in 1813-14. A leading re- sult w.as the freeing of various German states from French occupation and influence. Liberator, The. An autislavery paper pub- lished at Boston 1831-65, edited bv Garrison. Liberator, The. 1. [Sp. i7X(itrV«rfw.] The title of Simon Bolivar. The municipality of Caracas, after he had taken that city from the Spaniards, proclaimed hira Oct. 13. Isl3, '•.SiUvador de la I'atiia, Libertador de Venezuela " (■ Savior of the Country, and Liberator of Vene- znela "). The title of Liberator of New Granada was con- ferred on him after the battle of BoyacA, Aug., ISl'J ; and that of Liberator of Peru after the victory of Ayacucho in 1824. 2. A suriiuiiie of O'Counell. Liber de Hyda (li'ber de hi'dii). See the e.x- tract. .* circumstantial account of the foundation of the schools of I Ixford in theyear 886 is to be found in the Liber de fli/ila, a mona.stic record which seems to liai e been compileildur- ing the second half of the fourteenth century. It professes to give a list of the original staff of teachers. St, Neot and St. Grimbald are stated to have given lectures on tb.ology, Asseron grammar and rhetoric,.iohn,a monk of St. I (avid "s, on logic, music, and arithmetic, and another monk of tlie same name, on geometry and .xstrononiy. The absence of any allusion to lectures on medi'ine or law may be due to the fact that the compiler of the Liber tie Uijda was a monk who. as such, had no interest in cilherof these branches of study. He shows himself singularly inaccurate as to the history of Oxford in bis own century, for he states po>i- tively that the University had its aliode outside the .Voith Gate until the year 1354, and used the church of St. Giles as its formal place of assembly. Li/'e, Oxford, p. 241. Liberia (li-be'ri-ii). A negro republic on the Western coast of Africa. exten popes from .St. Peter to Stephen VI. It has been attributed to Anastasius Bibliothecarius, but wilboiit ancient authority. Liber Studiormn (li'ber stfi-di-6'rum). [L., • liook of studies.'] .\ volume of studies by Turner, the English lamlsi-api'-painter. He i>iib lisbe.l it I.sois-Kj with a desire to rival Claude's " Liber Veritatis." Libertad(le-ber-tiiTll'). A maritime department in northwestern Peru. Capital, Trujillo. The old department of Llbertad, formed In 1825 from tbo colo- nial intendency of Trujillo, embraced also the present de- partments of Alnaziuias, Cajaniarea, Lambayeijiie, and I'i- ura, which have been si-parated from it at diUerent times. Area, IS 765 soiiare miles. i'o|iulation (ls7li), 147,541. Libertine. The. \ tragedy by Thomas Sliad- well, iirodiKiil ill 1117(1. It Is professedly derived from "II .\tlieisIo I'liliiiiiiato," but apparently from Mollbre's "Doll Jnaii." Liberty Bell, The. A famtms tx II cast in Lon- don ill ]7.'i2. It bore the motto " l"roclalm liberty tluoiigbont the land unto all file inhabitants thereof" It was afterward recast at I'hlladelphia, will) the same In. scriptlon, and It was rung when the lieelanilionof Irnlepeu- dence was adopted by Congress. It is now in Indepentlence Hall in rliilaiblpliia. Liberty Enlightening the World. A colo.s.sul ligiire formed (d plates of luoiize on nil iron framework, suiiported on a high granite pedes- lal, on Bedloe s Island in New York Bay. Tho lluure reiiresents a robustly formed woman, fully draped in (ireck tunic ami mantle, and diademed, holding a torch In her uplifted right hand. The height of the statue Is 151 feet ; of the peileslal, l.Vi. It Is by the sculplor Bar- tlloldl. and is a gift made to tho Cnlted States by ponnlar subscription by the people of l-'rance. The pedestal was designed by Richard M. Iluiit, ami paid for by iMtpular sub- script ion in the I'liited States. Thestatuewaslnaugurated in 188R. Liberty Party. Lichfield antislavery party, founded 1839-4Q, it opposed the annexation of Texas, and nominated James G. Bimey for President of the luited States in 1840, and again in 1844, when he polled 02,263 votes. This vote incidentally caused the defeat of Henry Clay and the election of James Liberty Tree, The. An elm-tree formerly stand- ing on Washington street, Boston. ElBgies of ob- jectionable persons were hung upon it during the Stamp Act excitement, A building now covers its site. Liber Veritatis (ver-i-ta'tis;. [L., 'book of truth.'] A collection of original drawings by Claude Lorrain. There are six copies in existence: one is at Chatsworth, England. Libitina (lib-i-ti'ua). An ancient Italian god- dess of gardens, vineyards, and voluptuous pleasures, identilied with Venus as ' 'Venus Libi- tina." She was also goddess of death and of the dead, and ui this aspect was later identified with Proserpine. A piece of money was deposited in her temple for every one who died in Rome. Libius Severus (lib'i-us se-ve'rus). A Roman emperor, a Lucanian by birth, proclaimed em- peror at Ravenna Nov. 19, 461. He died at Rome. Aug. 15. 4C5. Libollo. See Lnhnlo. Libourne (le-l)oru'). A town in the department of Giroude, France, situated at the confluence of the Isle and Dordogne, 18 miles east-north- east of Bordeaux. It exports mne, brandy, etc. Population (1891), commune, 17,807. Libra (U'brii). [L., 'the balance.'] An ancient zodiacal constellation, representing au ordi- nary pair of scales. This constellation was not com- monly used among the Greeks, its place being occupied by the Chelse, or Scorpion's Claws. It is found, however, in all tlie Egyptian zodiacs gidng back to 600 h. c. ; but there is reason to believe that it is not so old as the rest of the zodiac (that is. 2,iXio years or more a. c). Its principal stai-8. Kitfa borealis and Kifla australis, 2.7 and 3.0 mag- nitudes respectively, are at the base of an isosceles triangle of which .Antiir'S forms the Vertex- Libre-fille (lebr-vel'). The capital of French Kongo, about 32 miles north of the equator, on the Bay of Gaboon, it consists of the French town, where the government buildings, the hospit.al, and the Catholic mission attract attention, and of the suburbs Glasstown and Baraka, where foreign traders reside and American Presbyterians have their mission station. The nucleus of the native population was formed by a settle- ment of liberated slaves. Libro deTasas(le'bro da tii'sas). [Sp., 'book of rules' or 'laws.'] A code of laws and regu- lations compiled under the direction of the vice- roy Toledo for the government of Peru. I'luy were promulgated af dilferent times, the llrsl instalment being dated Oct. 18. 1672. 1 he l.ibrodeTasas was founded partly on the un written Inca laws, parll) on ancient Spanish legislat ion, and partly on rules establisheil by the Council of the Indies. The country w-as divided intoV"rr#v/ii/iie/itoj< (abolLshed in 1781^; the duties of olhcers were defined ; and it was liiiected that the Indians should be governed hy their own chiefs, subject to the viceroj. The niitta, or forced labor of the Indians, was contlrnied and regnlateth These rules were the basis ttf the Peruvian colonial laws, and to .some extent of those of the republic. Libro d'Oro(le'br6d6'r6). [It..' book of gold.'] 1. A roll or register of the noble families of a state (ir proviiiee, with the list of their estates; an institution of the Italian republies of the middle ages, the most famous being that of Ven- ice. Ileiico — 2. By extension and in the way of :illiision, any list "or imaginary list of titles of honor, or the like. Libumia(li-ber'ni-ii). [Gr. .\( ?oipi7n.] In an- cient geogrii]ihy, a country in Illyria. along the Ailrialic, corresjionding to the western part of moilern Croatia and northern Dalmatia, and neighboring islanils. The inlialiitaiits were celebrated as navigators and pirates. Libya (lib'iii). IUt. \i,iit/.] lu ancient geog- raphy, a name of varying signification, denoting .\frica. or Al'iica (•.\elu(iingKgypt, or Africa ex- eluding Kgypt and Ethiopia. Libyan Desert. In ancient times, the Sahara : now reslrieleil toils eastern portion. Libyan languages. See lUrhrr.i ami IlnniUrs. Libyan Seai lili iim so). Innncient geographv. that ]iart of the .\lediterraiiean which exieiiilit from .Africa proper eastward to Egypt : tho Ro- man Lihycmu JIaro. Licata (le-kii'tii), or Alicata (U-lf'-ka'tu). A seaport ill the ))roviiice it i iir,'enli. Sicily, situ- ated on llie southern coast 1.'7 miles southeast of (iirgenti, ill the nioulli of the Salso. It ex- ports sulphur. I'opuhilion ( ISSI ). 17.478. Lichfield iMcli'fOldi. I'Thelield of thedeiul.'] A I'ily in SlafTiu'dsliire. England. 14 miles norlli by east of Hiniiitigliam. Tbo cnihedral Is a largo and impressive ebiircb, mostly <»f the l:tlh nnil 14th cm. tiiries. The exterior is inarked by its three lofty spires, the central one built b\' Wren. Thevvest front iscovercd, except the space taken by the great central window, with ,. . arcades forming niches (or alaiulloustjituca. the detail* In United States politics, au of the orDament are of great beauty. The nave has a lire Lichfield 610 trUorium; the choirhas none. The Lady chapel termiiiates Lidkopinff (lid'che-pill*') in a polygonal chevet, said to be the only example of this of Sk-n-jlTovcr >;"" ""'S. "" f '^"; situated on Lake Wener some 16th-centurj- windows were brought from a convent '" nines northeast ot (jotnenburg. Population ne:ir Liege. The cathedral measures403liy6S feet ; length (1890), 5,180. spi;e?->^.'"'The?e isl^f !nte"/esH"^'ob'?o\,^^o'ctgoL° cC ^'^ ^^'2- J*"^^^ %'^*== Edemil. Bom at Eger, ter-house. Lichfield was the birthplace of Sarauel John- son. It was made a bishopric about 656, and was an arch- bishopric for a few years at the close of the 8th century It was besieged by the Parliament in 1643. It manufac- tures ale. Population (1891X 7,8«. Lichtenberg (lich'ten-berG). A former jjrinci- pality of Germany, lying between the Rhine Palatinate and Birkenfeld. It was granted to the Duke of Saxe-Coburg in 1816; was made a principality in 1SI9; was ceded to Prussia in 1834 ; and is now the circle of Sankt-Wendel, Rliine Province. Lichtenberg, Georg Christoph. Born at Ober- ramstadt, near Darmstadt, Germanv, July 1, 1742: died at Gottingen, Feb. 24, 1799. A Ger- man physicist and satirist, professor at the Uni- versity of Gottingen. He is best known as the dis- coverer of the electrical figures named from him. His w.irks wi-re published ISOO-Oo. Lichtenstein (lieh'ten-stiu). A town in the kiiiixdom of Saxonv, 14 miles west-southwest of Clu-iniiitz. Poi>uhition (1890), 8,804. Lichtenstein, Martin Heinrich Karl. Bom at Hambui'g, Jan. 10. 1780: died at sea. Sept. 3, 18.57. A German African traveler and zoolo- gist, appointed professor of zoology at Berlin in 1811. He lived at the Cape of Good Hope 1802-06. near Drammen, Norway. XoT. 6, 1833. A Nor- wegian novelist. He entered the naval academy at FrederiksvKrn, but a year later was forced to give up this career because of near-sightedness. Subsequently he stud- ied jurisprudence at Christiania, and ultimately settled at Kongsviuger in the practice of his profession. Here he also found time for journalistic work, and made frequent contributions to journals and periodicals. In 1864 ap- peared a first collection of poems. In ISG."* he removed to Christiania in order to devote himself wholly to literature. His first novel, "Den fYemsynte" (!'The Foreseer"), ap- peared in 1870. With government assistance he now spent a summer in travel in the north, the fruit of which was " Fortallijiger og .Skildringer fra >'orze" (" Tales and De- scriptions of Norway "), and then was enabled to undertake a journey to Rome. His next novel, " lYemasteren Frem- tiden eller Liv nordpaa" ("The Bark Future, or Life up North," 1872), was a description of Norse life at sea, the direction in which he has made his particular fame. This was followed in 1874 by his most widely known novel, "Lodsen og hans Hustru" ("The Pilot and his Wife"). Results of his Italian journey were " Fanfulla," "Antonio Banniera," and the lyrical drama "Faustina Strozzi " (all from 1875). " Thomas Ross " (1878) and " Adam .Schrader " (1879) are novels of city life. "Rutland " (ISSl) is a sea story. A three-act comedy. " Grabows Kat," was success- fully produced in Christiania and Stockholm. Of late years he h;is lived much abroad (alternately in Stuttgart, Berch- tesgailen, and Dresden), but has recently again taken up his residence in Norway. Light Brigade, Charge of the Limburg and the Netherlands on the north, Rhenish Prussia on the east, Luxemburg on the south, Namur on the southwest, and Brabant on the west. The inhabitants are chiefly Walloons. Area, 1,117 square miles. Population (1893). 789,151.-2. lU Leodiuni.] The capital of the pro\inee of Liege, situated at the junction of the Ourthe and Meuse, in lat. 50° 39' N.. long. 5° 33' E. It is tlie center of an important minin'.- region of coal, iron, etc. ; is famous for the manufacture of firearms ; and haa also manufactures of engines, zinc, etc. The cathedral is of very early foundation, but the e.visting nave was rebuilt in 1528, and the choir in 1280. The dunensions are 276 by 111 feet : height of vaulting, 80. St. Jacques is a late- Pomted church with polygonal chevet and radiating chap- els, and a Bne Romanesque west tower. On the north is a notable r.enaissance portal of the 16th centurv. The inte- rior is very rich, with intricately carded moldings around the arches, color-decorationon the vaulting.ieth-century glass and a sculptured stone choir-screen. The dimensions are 260 by 100 feet ; height of vaulting. 75. The state univer- sity, founded in 1S17, has about 1,600 students. The Palais de Justice was formerly the episcopal palace. Liege was sacked by Charles the Bold in 1467 and 1468, and was often besieged and taken. It belonged to France from 1794 to 1814. Population (1900), 173,70a Liege, Bishopric of. A former bishopric extend- ing northward and southwestward of the city of Liege, it belonged to the Westphalian circle of the em- pire ; was acquired by France in 1794 ; passed by the Con- gress of Vienna to the Netherlands ; and in 1831 was ceded to Belgium. Liegnitz (leg'nits). The capital of the govern- ment district of Liegnitz, Silesia, Prussia, situ- ated at the junction of the Sehwarzwasser and Katzbaoh, in lat. 51° 13' N., long. 16° 9' E. its manufactures are extensive and varied, and it has a flour- ishing trade. It was the capital of the principality of Liegnitz down to 1675, wheTi it was acquired by Austria. I' ''■■'s ceded to Prussia in 1742. Near it was fought the ent Rome. The first member of the gens who ob- tj-i,-- /io'i,„.\ •pi-QT./.ic, R^..>, ofR„,ii„ T\r„»„i, ''attle of Katzbach lsi3. Population (1890), 46,874. i the consulship was C.LiciniusCalvusStolo, 364 B.C. i| i|y,y%- ^'^^V ■^?^^?-^^ ?v^ o Yo-o'''^?;'^'^^ Lieenitz Battles of 1 A battle fmitrht pt icinu almost constantly occupied high offices of state 18, 1800: died at New \ork, Oct. 2, 1872. AGer- -iJj^&lU^Z. -Daines 01. 1. A battle^ touglit at ;„,.,. „.,„„..».,„..K„„-„,,.„;,.„.,.u.: j:-..=... man-American publicist. He was imprisoned by the ^''^'^'statt. near Liemi Prussian authorities in 1819 and 1S24 ; removed to the He wTote " Reisen im siidlichen Afrika' ("Travels in LiebaU (le'bou). A manufacturing town in the Southern Africa ■•1810-11). province of Silesia, Prussia, 54 miles southwest Iiichterfelae(heh ter-fel-de). A village 6miles of Breslau. Population (1890), 5,036 rf.'il'^r'''^™! ^r '"°- ' •"•''•' ^ V^°2^ ^°y T'^f '; Liebenstein (le'be,.-stin). A watering-place in Licinia gens (li-sm i-a jenz). A celebrated .Saxe-Meinin^en, in the Thuringian Forest 12 plebeian clan or house, of uncertain origin, m ,aiios south of Eisenach. ancient Rome. — ■■ ■ • - ■ - - I'nited states in 1327 ; edited the "Encyclopaedia Ameri- cana " (1829-33) : and was professor of history and political economy in SouthCarolina College 1835- 56,andinColunibia College 1857-72. His works include " Manual of Political Ethics" (1838), "Legal and Political Hermeneutics" (1839), "Civil Liberty and SelfGovernment" (1853), "Guerrilla Parties" (1S62). "Instructions for the Government of the -Armies of the United States in the Field " (1883), etc. antf Sextius 376'b' c" and Lieber, Oscar Montgomery. Born at Boston, g obstructive contest! 'They fSP}- ^\'^^^p '■ ^'"^<^ at Richmond. Va., June 27, , .. . . .. . lSb2. An American geologist and chemist, son of Francis Lieber. Lieberkiilm (le'ber-kiin), Johann Nathanael. Born 1711: died at Berlin, 1765. A noted Ger- man anatomist. The Lieberkiihnian glands were named from him. Liebig (le'bio), Baron Justus von. Born at tained The Licinii until in the 4th century they obtained the imperial dignity. Their family names are Calvus (with the agnomens Esqui- liiius and Stolo); Crassus (with the agnomen Dives), Geta, LuLuUus, Macer, Murena, Nerva, Sacerdos, Varus, The following cognomens are more in the nature of personal surnames than family names : Archias, Ciecina, Damasip- pus. Imbrex, Lartius. Lenticulus. Nepos, Proculus, Regu- lus, Rafinus, Squillus, and Tegula. Licinian (li-sin'i-an) Laws or Rogations. A collection of laws proposed by the Roman trib unes Lieinius Stolo passed 367 after a long provided that one of the consuls must be a plebeian ; tha"t no person could occupy more than 500 jugera of the pub- lic land ; that interest on debts should be deducted from the principal and the balance paid in three years; and that plebeians should be admitted to the College of the .Sibylline Books. There were provisions limiting the cattle on the public lands and limiting the slave labor on large estates. Lieinius (li-sin'i-us) (Caius Lieinius Calvus Stolo). A Roman tribune who proposed the Licinian Laws (which see). Lieinius (Caius Flavins Valerius Licinia- nus). BomiuDacia: kiUedatThessalonica,324 A. K. A Roman emperor. He was made Augustus .by Galerius in 307. In 313 he married Constantia. sister of Constantine the Great. He defeated Maximinusin the same year, whereby he became sole ruler of the East. In 314 he became involved in war with Constantine, who had made himself sole ruler of the West. Peace was shortly concluded, but a new war begun in 323 ended in his defeat and death- Licking (lik'ing). A river in Kentucky, join- ing the Ohio at Newport, opposite Cincinnati. Length, about 200 miles. Lick (lik) Observatory. An observatory found- ed and endowed by James Lick, a wealthv CaU- fornian (1796-1876), and transferred to the re- gents of the University of California in 1888. It is situated on the sanunit of Mount Hamilton in Santa Clara County, California, east of San JosS. It is in lat 3T 21' 3 " N., long. 121* 21' 40" W. It contains a refracting tele- scope of 36-inch aperture, made by Alvan Clark and Sons. Liddell (lia'el). Henry George. Born 1811: died at Ascot, Berks, Jan. 18, 1898. An English clergyman and classical scholar, dean of Christ Church, Oxford, 185.5-92. HepublishedwithE. Scott a Greek lexicon (1843 : 7th ed. 1883), and wrote a " His- tory of Rome " (185.t(, etc. Liddesdale (lid'ez-dal). The valley of the Lid- del, a small tributary of the Esk, in Roxburgh- shire. Scotland. Liddon ( lid'on ), Henry Parry. Bom at North Stoneham, Hampshire, Aug. 20, 1829 : died at Weston-super-Mare, Sept. 9, 1890. An English High-church clergyman, celebrated as a preach- er. He graduated at Oxford (Christ Church) 1850, where he identified himself with the Oxford (High-church) move- Ti«J«. «l,.,„ tit-_i.« /i-' i -/ /j. \ ment. In 1554 he became vice-principal of the theological Lieoer OhnC Worte (le der O ne vor te) college at Cuddesdon (resigning in 1859), and in 1859 vice- principal of St. Edmunds Hall, Oxford. In 1863 he was appointed select preacher to the university (reappointed 1870, 1877, 1884) ; in 1870 a canon of St. Paul's, where he preached with great effect ; and in 1886 chancellor of St. - -i /i - i-\ ,-. r ■■^^- m. ,i-^, ■ s ■,-. - Paul's. He published several series of sermons and other Liege (lyazh), (j. LuttlCh (lut tich), D. Luik religious works. • (loik). 1. A province of Belgium, bounded by Wahlstatt, near Liegnitz, April 9. 1241. it was a victory for the Mongols under Batu over the Germans and Poles; but the Mongol advance into central Europe was checked, and the contest is hence regarded as one of the decisive battles of the world. 2. A ^-ietory gained near Liegnitz, Aug. 15, 1760, Ijy Frederick the Great over the Austrians under Laudon. It prevented the junction of the Austrians and Russians. Lierre (le-ar'), Flem. Lier (le'er). A town in the province of Antwerp, Belgium, situated at the junction of the Great and Little Neethe, 10 miles southeast of Antwerp, it has sUk factories, and the Church of St. Gomarius is noteworthy. Popula- tion (1890), 20,133. Liestal (les'tiil). The capital of the half-can- ^ ton of Basel-Land, Switzerland, situated on th» rT Ergolz 8 miles southeast of Basel. Population (18.88), 4.927. Darmstadt, May 12, 1803: died at Munich, April Lievens, or Livens (le' vens), or Lievenz, Jan. 18,18(3. A celeln-ated German chemist, ap- Born at Levden,Oet. 24, 1607: died at Antwerp pointed professor of chemistry at Giesseu in about 1663.' A Dutch painter and engraver. 1824, and at Munich in 1852. He established at Lievin(lya-vah'). A town in the department of Giessen a noted laboratory for researches in organic chem- Pas-de-Calais northern Frnncp situatprl Ticar istry and the appUcation of chemistry to agriculture, food, j „* ,"^ Vf' ais, noniicrn 1- raiiee, Sltuatea near etc. With Poggendorlf he wrote the "Handworterbuch , -^ t' ^°P'^'^ti_on (1891), 12,417. der Chemie ' ('Dictionary of Chemistry." 1837-64). His Life Let US Cherish. [G . Fieut euch des Lehenfl.'\ works include "Handbuch der organischcn Chemie " (in A favorite German song, written by Martin Us- Geigers "Handbuch der Pharmacie," 1839), " Die orga- teri of Zurich niihlislipil in 17qfi Themnoio woa nische Chemie in ihrer Anwendung auf Agrikultur " (" Or- ^'^^}°^ /-uricn, puDlisUeU m 1 (9b. 1 be musiC was ganic Chemistry in its Application to Agriculture, " 1840), Written by Hans Georg Nageh m 1(93. G-rove. •• Die Tierchemie oder organische Chemie in ihrer Anweu- Life of Christ, The. A remarkable series of six dungaufPhysiologieundPathologie"("AnmialChemistry paintings by Rembrandt, executed about 1640 for the Stadholderof the Netherlands, and now in the Old Pinakothek, Munich. The finest of the series is the "Entombment," whose chief group is thrown into vigorous relief by a ray of strong light amid the som- ber surroundings. In the " Nativity," the Virgin sits be- side the infant Jesus, who lies on a bed of straw before the wondering shepherds. St. Joseph holds a lamp, from which all the light of the picture proceeds. or Organic Chemistry in its Application to Physiology and Pathology, " 184'2), " Chemische Brief e"(translated into Eng- lish .as "Familiar Letters on Chemistry," 1844), "Grund- satze der Agrikulturchemie " (1855), "Theorie und Praxis der Landwirthschaft " (1856), "Naturwissenschaftliche Briefe uber die modeme Landivirthschaft " (1859), etc. Liebknecht (lep'kneciht), Wilhelm. Born at Giessen, Hesse, March 29, 1826: died at Char- lottenburg, Aug. 6, 1900. A German politician Liffey (lif 'i). A river in eastern Ireland which anil journalist. He took part in the revolutionary movement in Baden in 1848, and lived in exile in Swit^r flows into Dublin Bay at Dublin. Length, about 50 miles. land and England from 1H49 to 1862, when he returned to t":'„^^^Z' n- -i ■ , ai • x_ t- , ■ xt He joined the Internation.al in 1864, became LlganUS (ll-ga ri-us), QuiUtUS. Lived in the Germany. the leader of the Verband deutscher Arbeitervereine in 1868, and was elected a member of the Reichstag by the Social Democrats in 1874. middle of the 1st century B. c. A Roman com mander, an adherent of Pompey, defended be fore Ca;sar by Cicero. Liechtenstein (litih'ten-stin). An independent Liger (li'jer), or Ligeris (-is). [Gr. Aay^p.J principality of Europe, bounded by Vorarlberg The Latin name of the Loire, on the east, the canton of Grisons( Switzerland) Light Brigade, Charge of the. A celebrated on the south, and the canton of St. -Gall on the charge made by the Light Brigade of 670 men, •west. Capital, Vaduz. The surface is generally moun- under Lord Cardigan, on a Russian battery at tainous. The government is vested in the Prince of Liech- Balaklava Oct 25 18,54 Thp mmmanH tn ,-hor«» '^e\tZnfJiSl^C-li'V''i?^"^''':l"'"'"^^^^^^^ XtS there has^e^JrmuchVspXrw^^^^^^^^^ 1? 17l1 "and b5r4d^,f thj CerL,rn'%™"f ?P'I"'''P'^J-'; Lord Cardigan by Lord Lucan. in pursuance of orders is- 1866 \rea 6°, sonire mil. Sfn,?l ^°"'7^,':?''°" """' sued by Lord Raglan. There was a battery in front, a bat- 1866. Area, 6., square miles. Population (1891), 9,434. ,ery oh each flank, and Russian riflemen on both sides. According to Cardigan's account (Kmglake),"the time oc- cupied from the movement of the brigade to the attack to the time of re-forming on the same ground did not exceed twenty minutes— the distance passed over was one mile and a quarter, at the lowest calculation — and in that space of time 300 men who had gone into action were killed, wounded, or missing, and 396 horses were put horsde com- bat. Of the 670 men who had gone into action, only 195 were mounted when the brigade re-formed on the ground . [G., ' songs without words.'] A series of pianoforte pieces by Mendelssohn. Six books, containing six songs each, were published before his death, and two others after it. Light Brigade, Charge of the Gil from which tliey had iiu.ved off, umi during the engage- cientgeofn*aphy, thatpartof the Mediterranean raeiit 24nrticerswerekiIlL'durwounded." Ten iiysou's lyric ^yliich lies near I iiruria on thf charge is well known. t ■ tt ntt. ''i-i- ' i- \ t^ \ Ll Hung Chang do hong cliang). Horn about lH*J3iuthe pruvitu'eof Anliwci : died at Peking. Lightf oot 1 lit ' flit ) . John. Bom at Stoke-upon Treiif, England, March 2i). 1602: died at Ely, Dee. (), 1075. An eminent Hebraist and rabbini- cal sciiolar. Ue was rector successively of Stone (Staf- ford), St, Biirtliuloniew's (London), anl). He was appointed tna inclntidat Ely inHitiS. His chief works are "Horie llebraira- i_i liilmudica?' (I(>:»8-7;) aud a ''Har- mony of the Fi)ur Lvanirtlists, etc." (1G4-1). Lightf oot, Joseph Barber. Horn at Liverpool, April 13, 18liS: dieil at Bournemouth. Dee. 21, 1889. An English prelate and scholar, made bishop of Durham in 1879. He graduated at the University of Catnbridgc (Trinity College) in 1851. became a fellow of Trinity in 18'i'J, and ilulscan professor of divin- ity in 1861. In 1871 he wasappotiili'dacanon of St. Panl's. He was an intlueiitial number of the connnittee for the revision of the >'ew Testament. He pui'lished commen- taries on St. Pauls Epistles to the (iahitians (ISOfi), the Philipplans(18(>8), and the Colussians and rhiIfn)on(ls7r'), "A J^'resh Revision of the New Testament" (1871), an edi- tion of Ignatius and I'ulycarp (1&8;»), sermons, addresses, etc. Light-Horse Harry. A surname of the Ameri- can cavalry commander Henry Lee. Lighthouse of San Salvador, The. The Izalco volcano, in the republic of Salvador: so called because the light of its almost constant erup- tions is visible far at sea. Nov. 7, 1901. A noted Chinese statesman, known as "the Bismarck of Asia." He joined General Gordon in opposing theT'ai-p'inKrcbel]if the army with Prince Kung.thceinperor'suncle. Later stillheand Prince Knng were sujiersetied in conunaad of the army bjW.iu-knii-yi. an enemy of Li. Kutatthe close of the war, after ineffec- tual efforts by others;, Li Hung rhang was made the hitdi eoniraissionerforClihia.with absolute poweis,jindbr(ing!it about an ayreeiiunt for i>race between his country mid Jai>an. He was the oru'anizer of the only Ixidy of modern sohiJersChina employed, the founder of hernavy of modern ships, the builder of her first railway. The faults of the Chinese armyforwhich he was degraded early in the war were due to the weakness and ignorance of the Tsuiig-li- yanien, the board which condu ctcd the war, and to w hich Viceroy Li was subordinated. He was prime minister of China 1895-98. He visited Eurojie and the I'niteil Stab s in ls'.t(i. In July. 1900. he was appointed governor of Chi-li. and i>Iayed an important part in the negotiations which accompanied and followed the sie^e of the legations. He was one of the Chinese peace commissioners. Light of Asia, The. A poem by Sir Edwin Ar- IJ;lbTime (lil'I^eni) Jolm. Born at Greenwioli. uolil, piiblisliccl in 1S78. Light of the World, The. 1. An oratorio in two parts by Sir Artliur Sullivan, ])r lianil. It waa pres-eutetl tu Kettlet-'olIi-K- ' '\I"rd li\ Mi > riidTiiasComlie. Ligne (leny), Prinri- Charles Joseph de. Born at Brussels, May 12, 1733 : died at Vienna, Dee. 13. 1K14. An Austrian field-marshal. He wrote *'il*!-langesniilitaires, littdraires,etseiitilnentaires"(l79'>- 1811). " tKuvres poBthunies" (1817), etc. LignitZ. See Liciinit:. Eniilaud, about 16U: died at Eltham, Auk- iiH, l&'w. An English political agitator and Puri- tan ijamphletcer. He was arrested Dec. 11, 1637, on the cIlarKe of ijrintiiigunlictMised books (Pryniie'a and otliers). whipped and pilloried, and imprisoned until released at the opening of the Lung Parliament. At the battle of Brent- ford he w;i9 taken prisoner, and was subsecjuently tried for treason, but was exehanRed in IMS, and beeame (1644 ) lieu- tenant-eolonel of dragoons. He was several times im- prisoned and fined for seandalous attacks on persons of authority, and Ihially tried for sedition. Notwithstanding liis aeciuittal, he was transferred to the Tower, thence U> Elizabeth Castle, Guernsey, and from there to Dover Castle (Oct., 165.^). He became a l^uaker, aud sliortly after that Cromwell released him. Ue wrote a large number of controversial pamphlets. Ligny (len-ye'). A village in the province (,f Lilburne, Robert. Born in Durham, 1613 : died at St. Nicholas Island, 1665. An English " regi- cide," brother of .John Lilburne. He was an officer (colonel of infantry) in the I'arliamentarv armv and in Dec.. 1648, w.asappointedoneof Charles's jmfges, and signed his dealli-warrajit. In the Scottish campaigns (lu."-,!) he serve. 1 with ilisdnction, and was rewarded by I'arliauient. At tlie Ite^toralion he was tried and condemned to ileath, but the sentenee was not executed. He died a prisoner. Lili. See Schiinemann. Namur, Belgium, 25 miles sotith-southcast of Brussels, a victory was gained here by Napoleon t»vcr the PrussiansunderBlucherJuneie, 1815. Lossofthe I'l-us. eians, 1-2,000; of the French, 8,000. Ligny-en-Barrois (len-ye'oii-ba-rwii'). A town in the (lci)artinent of Meuse, Franco, sit- uated 11 miles soutlieast of Bar-le-Due, on the Ornain. Po|,uhiti..n (1891), 5,101. Llgon (lig'on), Richard. An English royalist Lilienstein (loryen-stln). One of the chief who, having lost his fortune, emigrated to Bar- _ heights of t he Saxon Switzerland, southeast of bados in 1647. Soon after his return in 1«.'.0, his credi- Dresden. Height, 1,325 feet, tors cast him into prison, where he dieii. He published y ..... /i-i/.,, , rrr i x i ^ , . - , "A True anil Exact Hist.ory of Barba.l..es'(I.(>nd.,n,l(i.-,o),-""ltn (111 illi). [Ueb., translated 'night mon- which is the best of the early works on that islarjd. ster': usually referred to the Semitic word for Ligonier (lig-o-ner'), John (Jean Louis), Earl 'night.'] A demon that dwells in deserted Ligonier. Born at Castres, France, Ncjv. 7, 16H0: places, mentioned in Isa. .\xxiv. 14: in rabbin- died April 2S, 1770. A distinguished English ical literature depicted as a female roaming in soldier, of Huguenot descent, made field-mar- the night, and especially dangerons to children shalandEarlLigonierof Kipley. Surrev, inlTGC. and to women in childbirlh. 'l-hodemon isproba- He came toEngland in 16117; entered the army under Marl- bly of Babyl.niian origin: its name occurs frequently in borough in 17"2, and took part ir\ all the ndllt.ary events '»" Incantations. 'Ihe Talinudists say that the name of Mil 1710; was apj.ointed gMV.rnor of Kort St. I'hilip, Mi- Adam's llrst wife was Lilith. norca; became In iK;idiri.g,i,eral and imijor-genend in Liliuokalani (le-le-wo-ka-lii'nCi). Born Sept. 2, 1H3.K. The e.x-(|ueen of the Hawaiian Islamis: 1739; commandt-d the I'jiglihh infantry at the battle of Fontenoy, May 11, 174;',; and was commander-in-chief of the British forces at the battle ot Kaueoux, Oct. 11, 1746. He was made prisoner at the battle of La^vfeld, July i, 1717. Liguoii (le-gw6're), Alfonso Maria de". Bum at llarianella, near Nayjles, Sept. 2(i, 11)96: died at Nocera ilei Pagani, Italy, Aug. 1, 1787. An sister of King Kalakaua. she married an American, .John O. Doniinis, who was governor of Oahu. He died in 1801, and in the same year, on the death of the king, she ascended the throne. In I80;i she waa deposed. (See Hawaiian Ixlaiulti.) Her heiress presumptive was her niece, tiaughter of her yMie fr-ini altout 200 H. C. tu about 12U II. C. ; anil was tlnally subjugated 14 II r. (ris'sel). The eajjilal of the department t4-^l, yearlyX of many prophetic piuiiphlets, of the "Christian Astrology" (1647). lung ;ui aiHhnj ity on the art (reprintcii as an "Intro- duetinn to Astiolui;), 'is.vj), ,ii the "True Histoiyof King James I. and King Charles 1." {16.^»1), and of "The History of Lilly's Life and Times" (171.'')). an autobiography He resided in London 1620-66, and after that at Hersliam. Lily (lil'i 1, William. Born at Odiham, Hamp- .shire, England, about 1468: died at London, 1522. A noted English grammarian, a friend of Colet, Erasmus, and Jlore, and one of the tirst teachers ofGreek in England. He studied the class- ics in Italy under Sulpicius and Vompiuiius I.a;tu8, and in 1512 was appointed high master of Colet's school in St. Paul's Churchyard. He contributed a Latin syntax("Gr«m- maticesRudimeut;i")tothe".Iiditio"of Colet (l.^>01>?). and, with the aid of Erasmus, wrote a syntax ("Absolutissimus de octo oratioiiis partium constructione"), published in 1.M3. The two (''.t:ditio" and "Absolutissimus") were revised and combined as a Latin gi-aniiuar (l.MO), entitled "Institutio conipendiaria totiusgrammatica', etc.," which was again issued, in altered form, in l.W, under the title "A Short Introduction of t^i-ammar, etc." In this form it was used and (piotA'd t>y Shakspere. It was the Dational Latin grammar, and continued in popular use in various editions for many years. Lilybaeum (lil-i-be'um). In ancient geography, a city near the promontory ot Lilybivuni (at the western extremity of Sicily: now Cape Boto), founded by Carthage: the modern Marsala (which see). It was besieged aud tiually taken liv thi' i;.>mans 250-241 B. C. Lily Maid of Astolat. The name given to Khiiiie in the stiiry of Sir Lancelot. Lily of the Valley, The. See Lys dans la Val- Irr. I.e. Lima (le'mil). The caiiital of Peru and of the department of Lima, situated ill lat. 12° 2' S., long. 77° 7' W., 7 miles east of its seaport Cal- lao. It is tlie leading comnieivial center of Peru. Tho cathedral is a large building in a style baseil on the Keliaia* sauce. The university, cluu-tered by Charles V. In l.'iBl, is the oiliest In America. Lima was founded by I'iuirro in lf»;lf,; has been often visited by earthiiuakes, most disas- tltiusly Oct. 2s, 1740; has been tile scene of fie<(iieiit In- surrections ; waa entered t>y the army of San ilartln 1821 ; and was ocellpleil by the Chileans from Jan. 17, 1881, to Oct. '.il, lss;t. I'opulallon (l.Mil), 103,;..'.6. Lima (li'mij). -\ city and the capital of Allen County, western Dhio, 84 miles northwest of Columbus: noted as the center of a petroleum region. Poiiuliilioii (19001,21,723. Lima ( le'inii ), Audience of. The supreme court of I'eru during the colonial jieriod. It was estab- lished in 1.^44, and originally there was no a|)i>eal from its deelHlons exceiit 111 civil cases Invidvliig more than 10,(NlO pesos de oi-o : later Its powers were somewhat restrlcttMl. Tho audiences of Chile, Cliarcas, ete. were siilKmlliinte to it. The viceroy was ex oltielo |iresidenl ot the audience; lircase of a viieiiney In his olllee one of tlli' auditors tuH'aine pri-!*i"lent. and acted (ul inliTim as vlc«li>y. Lima e Silva (le'mii e sel'vii), Francisco de. Born at Hio de .Innciro, .Tiily 5, 1785 : died there, Pee. 2, 18.53. A Hrazilinn general and states- man. Ill 1H24 he suppressed the revolt at Pernanibuco. After Ihe abdii alion ,,t Pedro I. (April II. 18.111 he was a member of the teinporar>- regency, and, by the death of one of his colleagues and the retirement of the other, renialneil the sole ruler iiiilll Oct. 12, 18:16. Soon after this he was elected senator. Lima e Silva, Luiz Alves de, Baron, Count, Muripiis, and, from March 23, 1869, Duko of Lima e Silva, Luiz Alves de Caxias. Born at Rio de Janeiro, Aug. 25, 1803: died nearthat city. May 7, ISSO. ABraziliau sol- dier and statesman, son of Francisco de Lima e Silva. As president of Maranhao(Feb., 1*40, toMay. 1»»1), Sao Paulo (May, 1842, to Dec, 1M2), aud Rio Gramle do .Sill (Dec, 1S42, to Oct., l*4rces in Paraguay, and during a portion of the time commanded the Argentine forees also. This period was marked by the great successes of the war, including ilie oc- cupation of Hnmait^. July, 186S, and of Asuncion, Jan. 5, 1869. He was for a third time premier June 25, 1S75, to Jan. 1, 1878; attained the military rank of marshal Dfec, ISta; and was the only duke created during the empire. Limagne (le-many'). A fertile district in the basin of the Allier. Auvergtie, France, forming part of the department of PiiT-de-D6me. Limasol, or Limassol (le-ma-sol'). A seaport on the southern coast of Cyprus, situated in lat. 34°40'X.,long.33=3'E. It exports wine. Pop- ulation (1891). 7.388. Limbach (lim'bach). A town in the kingdom of Saxony, 8 mUes west-northn-est of Chemnitz. It manufactures stockings, etc. Population {1890). 11.834. Limberham, or The Kind Keeper. A play by Dryden, produced in IGiS. The character of Lim- berham is said to be a satire of the Duke of L;\uderdale, but there were also features of Shaftesburj' in it. Limborch (lim'borch;, Philippus van. Bom at Amsterdam. June 19. 1633: died there, April 30. 1712. A Dutch Arminiau theologian, pastor and later (1668) professor in the College of the Eemonstrants in Amsterdam. He was a friend of Locke, who addressed to him his ''Epistola de tolerantia." Limburg (lau-bor'). A province of Belgium, bounded by the Netherlands on the north and east. Capital. Hasselt. Area, 931 square miles. Population (1893). 226.997. Limburg (lim'bore). A province of the Nether- lauds, bordering en Prussia and Belgium. Cap- ital. Maestricht. Area, 850square miles. Popu- lation (1891), 259.593. Limburg. A former duchy, corresponding to till- two provinces defined above. It passed m Bra- bant in 1283 ; was divided between Spain and the Nether- lands in 1648 ; was under French rule from 171H to 1814 ; was allotted to the Netherlands in 1814-15 ; joined Belgium i II 1S30 ; and in 1839 was divided between Belgium and the Neiht-rlands. Limburg. A town in the province of Liege, Bel- gium, on the Vesdre 17 miles east of Liege. It was the former capital of the duchy of Limburg. Near it, at Herve, the Limburger cheese is manufactured. Limburg-on-the-Lahn (Um'bbro-on-THe-lan'). A town in the pro\ince of Hesse-Nassau, Prus- sia, situated on the Lahn 21 miles east of Co- blenz: noted for its cathedral (13th century), andforthe " Limburg Chronicle," which records its history. Limburg-"on-tlie-Leiine (Jen'). See Sohenlim- biii-'j. Limerick (lim'e-rik). 1. A county in Mvmster, Ireland, it is bounded by Clare (separated by the Shan- non) and Tipperary on the north, Tipperary on the east, Cork on the south, and Kerry on the west ITie soil is fertile, especially near the Shannon and in the "Golden Vale." Area. 1.064 square miles. Population (1891), 158,912, 2. The capital of Countv Limerick, situated on the Shannon in lat. 52° '40' N.. long. 8° 37' W. It consists of English Town (on an island), Irish Town, and Newtown Perr>-, and is an important river port. The cathe- dral wasfoundedin the 12th centurj-, but modified through the latermiddle ages. It has no transepts, and possesses a fine tower over the west end- The exterior is battlemented. The nave has Early English arches, but round arches in the triforium , the choir has a stpiare chevet with a win- dowof early- Pointed type. Theaisleshavebeen encroached upon to form an extensive series of chapels. Limerick was a Danish town in the 9th, loth, and llth centuries : w.as con- quered by the English in 1174 ; was taken by the English under Ireton in 1651 ; was unsuccessfully besieged by Wil- liam III. 1691) ; and was the last Jacobite stronghold, sur- rendering to the English Oct. 3. 1691. It was known as " the City of the Violated Treaty " (see below). Population (1S91), 37,072. Limerick, Treaty of, or Pacification of. A treaty concluded between the English com- mander Ginkel and the Irish commander Sars- field. Oct., 1691, granting amnesty, liberty, and other privileges to the Irish Catholics, and per- mission to vnlunteer in the French serrice. The Irish Parliament, however, insisted on its being virtually ignored Linifjord(lim'fy6rd). A sea passage cutting off the northern portion of Jutland. Denmark, from the main division. Length, about 100 miles. Linunat (lim'mat). A river ifi northern Swit- zerland which flows through the Lake of Zurich 612 and joins the Aar near Bragg (Aargau). It is called the Linth in its upper course. Total length, about SO miles. Limnse Uim'ne). [L., from Gr.,'the marshes.'] A region in ancient Athens, important as the seat of the earliest cult of Bacchus and the tirst rudimentary dramatic performances in Athens, and also important from the standpoint of to- pography. It has long been placed on the maps to the south of the Acropolis and the Dionysiac theater ; but Dorp- feld has adduced reasons which may be accepted as con- clusive for shifting it far to the northwest, so that it em- braces the neighborhood of the Dipylon gate. Limoges ( le-mozh' ). The capital of the depart- ment of Haute- Vienne, France, situated on the Vienne in lat. 45° 50' N.. long. 1° 16' E. : the Roman (jtugustoritum. its porcelain manufactures are celebrated, and there are also manufactures of textiles and shoes. £aolin is exported. The cathedral was begun in the 13th century, but the nave was only partly com- pleted by the 16th : the remainder has lately been added. The interior is high and imposing. It possesses, though displaced, a remarkable rood-loft of 1533, covered with sctUptures. Limoges was the capital of the LemoWces, and was a flourishing Roman city. It consisted of *wo towns in the middle ages. It suffered in the £[)glish and Hugue- not wars ; was sacked by the Black Prince in 1370 ; was the former capital of Limousin ; and suffered from plague and fires. It was a center of the enameling industry from the 12th to the 16th century. Population (19nl). S:i..=^69. Limousin (le-mo-zan'). An ancient government of France. Capital. Limoges. It was bounded by Marche on the north. Auvergne on the east, and Guienne on the south and west, corresponding generally to the department of Correze and a large part of Haute-Vienne. The ancient inhabitants were the LemoWces. It passed with Eleanor of .\quitaine to Henry II. (of England), a cen- tury later to Brittany, and in the 15th century to the house of Albret- Henrj- IV. united it with the French crown. Limousin, Leonard. Bom at Limoges about 1505: died before Feb. 10, 1577. A French painter, enameler. and engraver, the greatest of the enamelers of Limoges. His portraits are es- pecially celebrated. At the commencement of his work Leonard copied the engravers very closely. His oldest known work (1532) is a copy of .an engraving from Albrecht Durer. The latest date given for his enamels is 1574. Limoux (le-mo'). A town in the department of Aiide. southern France, situated on the Aude 13 miles south-southwest of Carcassonne. Pop- ulation (1891). commune, 6,371. Limp, Sir Luke. The principal character in Foote's play of " The Lame Lover," played by himself. Limpopo (Iim-p6'p6). A river in southern Af- rica, forming part of the northern boundary of the Transvaal Colony, and flowing into the Indian Ocean near lat. 25° S. LengtD, esti- mated, about 900 miles. .4180 called Bempe, Crocodile Eii-er, Ou>i. Inhampura, etc. Linacre (lin'a-ker). Thomas. Born probably at Canterbury, England, about 1460 : died at London, Oct. 20, 1524. A noted English physi- cian and classical scholar, the projector and one of the founders of the College of Physicians in London, and the founder of lectureships at Oxford and Cambridge. He was elected fellow of All Souls College, Oxford, in 14S4, and traveled and studied in Italy, taking the degree of M. D. at Padua. He returned to Oxford, and had among his pupils in Greek More and Eras- mus. 8oon alter Henry VIII. came to the throne, Linacre was appointed one of his physicians, and thereafter lived chiefly in London. He received priest's orders in 1520. He published grammatical works and translations, espe- cially of (jalen, from Greek into Latin. Linares (le-na'res). 1. An interior province of Chile. Area, 3,488 sotiare miles. Population (1891), estimated. 116.656.— 2. The capital of the province of Linares, situated 90 miles north- east of Concepcion. Population (1885). 7.711. Linares. A town in the prorince of Jaen, southern Spain, 29 miles north-northeast of Jaen : probably the ancient Silpia. It is the center of a copper- and lead-mining region. Population (1887). 29.t".(i2. Linares (le-na'res), Jose Maria. Bom at Po- tosi, July 10. 1810 : died at Valparaiso, Chile, 1861. a" Bolivian statesman. He was minister of the interior under Santa Cmz ; president of the senate and acting president of the republic 1848 ; and in 1857 was elected president. His rule was progressive, but he was deposed by a revolution Jan., 1861. Lincei(lin-cha'e),The. ['L^-nxes.'] An Italian academy, founded in the latter part of the 16th century by Frederic Cesi, the son of the Duke of Acqua Sparta. Its special object was the study of physical science, and its members called themselves the Lynxes from their desire to pierce into the dejdhs of truth. Porta, Galileo, Colonna, and others were members. Lincoln (ling'kon). A maritime county of Eng- land, next to Yorkshire the largest in the coun- try. It is bounded by Yorkshire (separated by the Hum- her) on the north, the North Sea on the e.ist, Norfolk on the southeast. Cambridge and Northampton on the south, Rutland on the southwest, Leicester and Notts on thewest. and Yorkshire on the northwest. The surface is gen- erally leveL It is partly occapied by the Fens (drained Lincoln, Fair of in the 17th and 18th centuries) ; is an important agricul- tural county ; and is noted for the beauty of its parish churches. It formed part of ancient Mercia, later of the Danelagh. Area, 2,646 square miles. Population (]S91>, 472.878. Lincoln. The capital of Lincolnshire, Eng- land, situated on the Witham in lat. 53° 14' N., long. 0° 33' W.: the Roman Lindum Colo- nia, or simply Lindum. The cathedral is a grand building, founded in the llth century, but rebuilt in the end of the 12th and the first hall of the 13th. The exte- rior is characterized by its 3 square towers — the central t.jwer 262 feet high, and the 2 of the west front 200 feet high. The west front has 3 great arches corresponding to the nave and aisles, around which and in front of the towers is built a wide arcaded screen flanked by turrets. The gable between the towers is very richly ornamented. The portals are Norman. The square east eiid and the lat- eral elevations, with their double transepts, are of beau- tiful Early English. The imposing interior is for the most part Early English. The choir, inclosed by a Decorated screen, is Early English except the 5 easternmost bays (fin- ished 1280), which constitute the celebrated Angel Choir, so called from its sculptured figures of angels. The stalls are of the 14th century. The dimensions of the cathedral are 480 by 80 feet ; length of western transepts, 220 feet ; height of vaulting, 82. The cloister and chapter-house are of the 13th century. The city contains many medieval buildings of interest. It has some trade and manufac- tures agricultural implemeuts. It was important in the Roman and Saxon periods, and was a chief town of the Danelagh. Stephen captured its castle, and was defeated near it by partizans of MatUda in 114L The castle was taken by the barons in 1216, and by the Parliamentarians in 1C44. Population (1891X 41,49L Lincoln. A city and the capital of Logan Coun- ty, central Illinois, 28 miles northeast of Spring- field. It is the seat of Lincoln Universitv (Cum- berland Presbyterian). Pop. (1900), 8,962. Lincoln. The capital of Nebraska and of Lan- caster County, situated on Salt Creek, lat. 40° 49' N., long. 96° 46' W. it is the seat of the State university ; is a railroad center ; and has a trade in grain and .attle. It was settled in 1867. Population (1900), 40,169. Lincoln, Abraham. Bom in Har-lin County, Ky., Feb. 12, 1809 : died at Washington, D. C, April 15, 1865. The sixteenth President of the L'nited States. He was descended from a Quaker family, of English origin, residing in the middle of the ISth century in Berks County, Pennsylvania. His grand- father emigrated from Virginia to Kentucky about 1780. His father, Thomas Lincoln, settled with his family in Indiana in l,■^16, and in Illinois in 1830. His mother was Nancy Hanks, Thomas Lincoln's first Avife. He left his father's home soon after settling in Illinois, and after fol- lowing various occupations, including those of a farm la- borer, a salesman, a merchant, and a surveyor, was admit- ted to the bar in 1S36, and began the practice of law at Springfield in 1837. He served first as a captain and after- ward as a private in the Black Hawk war in 1832 : was a Whig member of the Illinois State legislature 1834—42 : and was a Whig member of Congress from Illinois 1847- 1849. In 1858, as Republican candidate for United States senator, he held a series of joint discussions throughout Illinois with the Democratic caudidate, Stephen .\. Doug- las, in which he took a pronounced stand against the in- stitution of slavery. This debate attracted the attention of the country, and in 186<.t he was nominated as candidate for President by the Republican party. The disunion of the Democratic party secured for him an easy victory. He received 18'-' electoral votes against 72 for John C. Breckenridge, candidate of the Southern Democrats: 39 for John Bell, candidate of the Constitutional Union party; and 12 for Stephen A. Dougl.as, candidate of the Northern Democrats ; and was inaugurated on March 4, 1861. His election was the signal for the secession, one after ano- ther, of the slave States of the South, and for the organiza- tion of the Confederate States (which see). Hostilities be- gan with an attack by the Secessionists of South Carolina on the Federal troops at Fort Sumter. April 12, 1861. 'The fort surrendered on the 13th. On the 15th a call was is- sued by the President for 75.000 volunteers, and the con- trol of events passed from the cabinet to the camp. (See CivU War,) He proclaimed a blockade of the Sontheni ports April 19, 1861 : and Sept. 22. 1862, issued a procla- mation emancipating all slaves in States or parts of States which should be in rebellion on Jan. 1, 1863. He was re- elected president by the Republican party in 1864, receiv- ing 212 electoral votes against 21 for George B. McClellan, candidate of the Democratic party. He hegan his second term of office March 4. 1865. He entered Richmond with the Federal army .April 4, lS6o. two days after the flight of the Confederate government ; and was occupied with plans for the reconstruction of the Soutn when he was shot by John Wilkes Booth at Ford's Theater, Washington, April 14, 1865, and died on the following day. Numerous biog- raphies of Lincoln have been published, the most compre- hensive of which is that by J. G. Nicolay and John Ilay (159')). Lincoln, Benjamin. Bom at Hingham, Mass., Jan. 24. 1733 : died there. May 9,1810. An Ameri- can general. He served through the Revolution: un- successfully besieged Savannah in 1779 ; and surrendered Charleston'to the British in 1780. He was secretaiy of war 1781-84, and suppressed Shays's rebellion in 1787. Lincoln, Earls of. See Laoj and Clinton. Lincoln, Enoch. Bora at Worcester. Mass. . Dec. 2^, 17s?: died at Augusta, Maine, Oct. 8. 1829_. An American polirieian and author, son of Levi Lincoln. He was governor of Maine 1827-29. Lincoln, Fair of. A battle fought at Lin- coln, England. 1217. in which the Earl of Pem- broke defeated the French under Louis, son of Philip n. Lincoln, Hugh of Lincoln, Hugh of. See //«;//<. Lincoln, Levi. Bom at Hiugham, Mass., May 15, 1741): dieil at Worcester, Mass., April 14, 1820. An American politician, attoruey-t^eneral 1801-0.5, and acting governor of Massachusetts 1808-09. Lincoln, Levi. Born at Worcester, Mass., Oct. 2.i, 1782- died there, May29,1868. An Anierieau politician, son of Levi Lincoln ( 1749-1820). He was governor of Massachusetts 182.>-34, and member of Congress from Massachusetts 1835- 1841. Lincoln, Mount. A peak of the Koeky Moun- tains, in Colorado, northeast of Leadville. On its summit is a meteorological station. Height, 14,L'97 feet. Lincoln, Robert Todd. Born at Springfield, 111., Aug. 1, 1843. An American politician, son of Abraham Lincoln, seeretarv of war 1881-85 and minister to England 1889-93. Lincoln College. A college of the University of 0.\"ford. It was founded by Richard Fleming, Mshop of Lincoln, in 1427, as a defense of tlieCatliolic faitli:ii;aitist heretical opinions; and refounded in 147s l)y Thomas Kutherani, hishopof Lincoln, later lord chancellor of Eng- land and archbishop of Yorlt. Lincoln's Inn. One of the London Inns of Court. It takes its name from the Earl of Lincoln who built his town house here in the 14th century, on property originally Itelonging to the Black Friars. See Inns o/ Court. Lincoln's Inn Fields. The largest square in London. It is near the junction of High Holborn and Chancei-y Lane, and is surrounded by lawyers' cilflces, I.in- colti's Inn, the Royal College of Surgeons, and the .soane Museum, It was laid out by Inigo .tones. The spot for- merly bore an evil reputation. Babington and other con- spirators for MaryQueen of Scots were "hanged, bowtlled, and quartered" here in 1680, and William, Lord Russell, unjustly suffered for high treason here in 1683. See JWn- coin's Inn, Lincoln's Inn Fields Theatre. A theater for- merly standiuff on the south side of Lincoln's Inn Fields. ItwasbuiltbyChristopherRichandopened by John Rich in 1714 In 1734 Italian operas were given here In 1756 it was converted into barracks and used for other purposes till 1848, when it was demolished to make room for an addition to the College of Surgeons. Two other theaters near its site, the Duke's Theatre (16G2-71) and the theater in Little Lincoln's Inn Fields (lti!>.>-1705), are sometimes confounded with it. Lind (lind), Jenny (Madame Goldschmidt). Born at Stockholm, Oct. 6, 1820 : died at Wvnd's Point, Malvern, Nov. 2, 1887. A famousSwe- dish singer. She first appeared at the royal theater, Stockholm, as Agatha in "l)cr Freisirhutz," March 7, lii'M; studied in Paris 1WIM2 ; returned to Stockholm 1S42-14; studied and sang in Germany 1844^7 ; and sang in England 1847-48, and in America 18riO-52. She was married Ut Otto Goldschmidt, a musical conductor and composer, in Boston, Feb. 5, 18.'»2. From 18S;{-86 she was professor of singing at the Royal College of ilusic. Lindabrides (liu'da-biidz). A character in the " Mirror of Knighttood." she is often mentioned by old writers. ^From her celebrity Lindabrides became with them a corinnon name for a mistress or a courtezan. Linda diChamouni(len'da do sha-mo'ni). An opera by Donizetti, first produced at Vienna 184.2. Lindau (liu'dou). A town in Swabia, Bavaria, situated on two islands in Lake Constance, in hit. 47° 33' N., long. 9° 42' E. Formerly a free im- penal city, it passed to Bavaria in 1805. It is a favorite summer resort. Population (1890), 5,349. Lindau, Paul. Born at Magdeburg, Prussia, .luiio 3. 1K39. A German critic, dramatist, and novelist. Lindau, Rudolf. Born at Gardelcgon, Prussia, Oct. 10, 1830. AGerman novelist, journalist, and miscellaneous writer, brother of I'aid Lindau. Linde (lin'de), Samuel Bogumil. Born at Thorn, Prussia, 1771: died at Warsiiw, .\ug. 8, 1847. A Polish ic.xicoKrapher. He pnldished a dictionary of the Polish language (6 vols. 1807- 1814) Linden (lin'den). A manufacturing suburb of Ilaimovor, Prussia. Population (1890), 28,035. Lindesey. See Linihi/i. Lindesnas. Seo Aa,-( , Tlic. Lindisfarne. See lloh/ l-.i/ind. Lindley (lind'li), John. Horn at Catton, near Norwich, Feb 5, 1799: died Nov. 1, 1865. A noted English botanist and horticulturist, jiro- fessor of botany in the University of London (Universitv College) 1829-CO. He wrote "Synopsis 01 the British Flora (182ii), "Key to Structural and .Sys- tematic Botany "(18:15 : enlaigi-il as the "Klementsof Hot- any' 1841), "The I'heory of Horticulture" (184(1: enlarged *r "The Theory and Practice of Horticulture" 1842), "Tlio VeRetnble Kingdom" (1846). etc. He was the eilitor of the • llolanical Kiglster" (1826). of the ".lournal of the UorlicMltnial Society" (184U-.V)), and of the "(iardeners' Chronicle' (IMI-ll.',). LindO(len'd(>). Juan. .\ Contrat-Aincricanpoli- tii'inn, president ol Salvador fur a short time (1.H41-42), and prosidont of Honduras. I an.. 1847, 613 to March, 1852. He subdued a revolt attempted by IJuardiola in 1850. Lindor (lin'dor). A poetical name for a lover, usinilly a slicphenl lover. Lindpaintner (lint ' pint-ner), Peter Joseph von. Born at Coblenz, Prussia, Dec. 8, 1791: died at Nonnenhorn, Lake Constance, Aug. 21, IH.'iO. A German <'omposer. Lindsay (liu'za). The capital ofVictoriaCounty, Ontario,Cana(ia. situated onthe Scugog 56 miles northcastof Toroiilo. Population(l'901), 7.0t)3. Lindsay, Alexander. Died 1454. A Scottish noble, fourth earl of Crawford, surnamed "the Tiger Earl" and "Earl Beardie," made heredi- tary sheriff of Aberdeen in 1446, and warden of the Marches in 1451. Hcraisedaforceagainst James II., after the murder of his ally the Earl of I)ougla8 (Feb. 21, H.-.2), but was defeated at Brechin May 18, 1462. Lindsay, Alexander. Died Juno 5, 1607._ A Scottish noble, created Lord Spynie in 1590, second son of the tenth earl of Crawford, and vico-chamberlai n to .lames VI. He was accidentally slain while endeavoring to stop a quarrel between two kinsmen. Uis death is the subject of an old ballad. Lindsay, Alexander. Bom Jan. is. 17:52: died near Wigan. Laucasliire, May 27, 1S25. A Scot- tish noble, sixth earl of Balcarrcs from 17G8 and twenty-third earl of Crawford from 1808, made general of the British army in 1803. He served as commander of an infantry battalion atTiconderoga, .luly 7, 1777, and was involved in Burgoyne's surrender, remaining a prisoner until 1779. In 1793 (then major-general) he was appointed commander of the forces iti .U-isey, and in lT'.t4 governor of Jamaica, where he remained till I-oi. He en- gaged in adnel with Benedict Anmld, l>nt refused to .^hoot in his turn, preferring, as he said, to leave Arnold "to the executioner." Lindsay, or Lyndsay, Sir David. Bom 1490: died before April 18, 15.55. A Scottish poet, appointed Lyon king at aiTusabotit 1529. He was the son of David Lyndsay of the Mount in Moiumail, Fife, and of Garmylton, near iladdington. He was the author of "The Dreme,""The Compl.aynt to the King" (I.wn), "The Complaynt of Bagache, the Kingis auld Uuund, to Eawtie, the Kingis best Itelovit Dog "(a satire on the court), *' AneSatjTC of tlie Three Estaits "(1540 : a dramatic i,oem satirizing abuses in church and state, acted again in lf>.'i5), "The Monarchie" (154:1 : his last and longest poem), "The Register of the Arms of the Scottish Nobility and Gentry " (first published in 1821), "Kattie's Confession "(a satire on the confessional), etc. He was a reformer before the Reformation, and an advo- cate for the "common well" before the word common- wealth had a place in English speech. itackaif, in Diet. Nat. Biog. Lindsay, Patrick. Died Dee. ll, 1589. A Scot- tish noble. si.xthLordLinds.ayof the Byres, said to have been the first of the nobles to give open support to the cause of the Ket'ormers. He played a prominent part in the affairs of Scotland during M;u-y's reign and the regencies of MuiTay and Morton, lie sup- ported the plot for the murder of Rizzio; wasguardian with Lord Ruthven of Queen Mary in Lochleven Ciistle ; was deputed to obtain the signature to the deed of abdication: anri decided by his skill the result of the battle of Lang- side, in whicli she was defeated. Lindsay, Robert. Bom at Pitscottie, Fifeshiro, about 15110: died about 1.565. AScottish writer, author of a history of Scotland, first published in 1728. Lindsey (lin'zi), Parts of. A district (riding) in the norlhern anil central parts of Lincoln- shire, Eiif^liiiid. Lindum (lin'dum). [Gr. Alvdov."] Tbe Roman name of Lincoln (England). Lindus (lin'diis). |(ir. Ai'iiSof.] In ancient geog- rajihy, a town on the eastern coast of Rhodes: the modern Liiido. Line (lin), Francis(alias Hall). Bom probably at London. 1:595: died at Liefji-. Nov. 25, 1675. An English .lesuit, ]irofesscir of Hebrew and mathematics in the .Tesuit colle(;e of Liege, lie wrote "Refutation of the Attempt to Square the Circle" (16(10). "TrnctatuH dc cor^)orutn iriMeparabilitati' " (Hl(ll), "An Fi.xjdication of the lllall set up in the King's (larden at I/)Mdon, an. l(l(i», etc." (1U73), " A Treatise on the Ba- ronu'ter," etc. Linet (li-nef). In Arthurian romance, the sister of Liones of Castle Perilous. In tbe "Morte d'Ar- thur" she engages (lareth to rescue Liones. He docs so, and marries her; but Tennyson in "Oaroth and Lynetto" makes him tnarry Lynetle. Ling (ling). Peter Henrik. Boi-i^ at Ljunga, STiiahiiid, Sweden, Nov. 15, 1776 ; died at SloeUholiM, May 3, 1H39. A Swedish poet, and founder of the so-calleil "movement cure." LingaPurana (ling'gii in'i-ril'na). ThePurana in which Shiva exphiins the objects of life : vir- tue, wealth, jileasure, and final liberation. It contains U.llOO stanzas, ami is not earlier than the Sill or 91h cenlurv. Lingard(liiig'giir'n. John. BomatWinehester, Knt;land, Feb. ;5, 1771: died at Hornbv, IkhaU. near Durham (later St, Cuthberl's College, I'shaw). untii 1811. From that time until bis death he lived in retire- ment at Hornby. He wrote a "History of England" (8 vols. 1819-30 : last edition, revised by the author, 10 vols. 1&I9-51), "Antiuuities of the Anglo-Saxon Church " (1806 . eidarged as "The History and Antiquities of the Anglo- Sa.xon Church," 1845)^ etc. Lingen (ling'en). A town in the province of Hannover, Prussia, situated on the Ems 36 miles northwest of Osnabriick. Population (1890), 6,304. Lingo (liug'go). A character in Foote's"Agree- abli' Surjirise." There are in this (play) some of the most felicitous blun- ders in situation and character that can be conceived ; and in Lingo's superb replication, " A scholar ! 1 was a master of scholars," he has hit the height at the ridiculous. Ilaziitt, Eng. Poets, p. 230. Lingoa Geral (leng'gwii zha-ral'). [Pg., 'com- mon language,'] The Indian language fonner- ly universal in the settlements of the interior of Brazil, and still spoken on the upper Amazon. At the time of the conquest various dialects of the Tupi tongue were spoken over the greater part of Bi-azil, and the Jesuits adopted them as the medium for their teach- ings. These dialects became amalgamated through in- tercourse between the niLssions ; Indians of other tribes bniught into tlie missions readily learned the Tupi, and niodilled it by words from their own languages; other words were introduceralor (1775), "The Camp" (1778), "Tile Carnival of Venice" (1781), "The Stranger* at Home, " etc. In 1776 he left Bath, where he had lived, for Ix)ndoii, and with Ills soii.in-law, Sheridan, and Itich* ard Ford Istught liarrlck's share in Drurj' Lane Theatre, where b e w: ta illrcctor of music for a numner of years. Linley, William. Born at Bath. 1771: dieii at Loinlon. .May 6, 1835. An English writer and composer, voungest son verclgn» of Scotland, and the birthplace ot Mary Queen of Scots, was built between the Mill and the 17th century, and fonns a square mass w lib low !<,» ers at. the angles. I'opulstinn (ISDIX 4,156. Linnaeus 61-1 Lismore IiinnaeUS(li-ne'us),CaroluS(KarlvonLinn8). I" issa he mamed Elizabeth, daughter of William de Lippstadt Oip'stat). A townintheDrovincpnf Born at Rashult. Smalaud Sweden, Mav 13. ^"P"^'' lord of Connaught ;md earl of rister. and Maud Westphalia Pnis-*ia situated on the Linnp ?7 ]7n7- .l,arl Qt T-Tiaol.i Ji T„., in 'i "Q oi Lancaster. By her he had a daughter, Philippa, who in ".^ 'F"'^iid. J^i"»»i^. simaie^ on tue Jjippe i}^ iiO(. died at Lpsala, t<^euen, Jan. 10. 1,, 8. ises married Edmund Mortimer, thtrd earl of March, and miles southeast of Muuster. Population (1890), A celebrated Swedisn botanist and naturalist, who thus transmitted to the Vorkist house her claim to 10.183. founder of the "Linnean system" in botanv. the throne. Froiuisei to 1366 lie «as the kings lieuten- Lipsia (lip'si-a). The Latin name of Leinsie He made a journey to tipland in 1732: resided in the ant mire and, Elizabeth having died (1362). he was again Linsius ( lip'se-^s) Jll-jt^vsTlnpS T in« rI™ Ketherlands 17S5-3S : and became professor of medicine married to ^ lolante, daughter oi Galeazzo Visconti of '^V-'^'^ uip se-os), tTUStUS (JOeSt liips '. Born Oater of botany) at rpsala in 1741. Among his works are -MUan, June 5, 1363. at OveiTSSClie, near Brussels. Oct. IS. 1547: died "S.Tstemanatar,e"(l73J), "Fundamenta bot.-inica' (17361, LioneS See Li net. at Louvain, Belgium, March 23. 1606. AFlemish -'ph!f,^nh!XY,T/,-n--',\.'.*"°'^ '''?P°"''^^'"..(;i?I)' Lionesse. See Li/onesse. philologist and critic His chief work is an T,-r,fr?r -7 rv' Sr ''t ™ ^n LionHunt. Alarge painting by Rubens, in the edition of Tacitus (157.5). ^i^^ectetn^hemrn '""'•^ "^ "^'^1 Pinakothek at Munich" a number of men! ^^PSi^S, Richard Adelbert. Bom at Gera, Ger- lai^e iidtei^m me moon. ^^ ^ ^ mounted and on foot, are fighting two lions, which have many, Feb. 14, l,s30: died at Jena. Au". 19. 1892. ■'',"l°?ii, ^^'^ ^}>' J?™-.„ Bom at London. June wounded or killed three of their assailants. A Gei-man Protestant theolo ^^°''- He is best k-nown for his "JornaldeTimon," issued Yorke) : author of ' ' Tales of the Xorth Riding" 1:!°^ ' I ■ ^^^'Z;,*^- t. '^ °?ted por- in 12 numbers f,-pm 1852 to ISSS, and consisting of satlS (1871^ "aeveden" (1876) "The HnveTi iiTirfer \^- ^"" genre-painter of the French school, cai poutical, and historical essays. His -Vlda do Padre it TI■^^'>!^aar\ t '' -^"6 iiaven under His portraits in p.astel stiU preserve their color. Among Antonio V letai " was published in 1871. tneiliil US*")! etc. _ hisworksare "La belie Liseuse"(lT46)."LabelleChoco- Lisbon (Iiz'bon),Pg. andSp. Lisboa(lez-bo'ii) lanth (Imt). The name given to the liimmat in latiere" (1746), etc, and portraits of the Pope and many of F. Lisbonne (lez^bon') G Lisoitti American Indians, in 1799 the lipanoc- its mouth in lat ^8° 4^^' X Inna 0° ii' -n- ■ ti,<. the Linth 10 miles south of Glarus. '^"P'^'J «!'« central part^ot T«as, extending from the Co- ancient Oli^ipo and Felicitari di* t, i. • ' Tin+nn Clin't«„^ "Vf,.^ i-PMr,„ T^™\ T) .i. manche country about Eed River south to the Rio Grande, f^^ent uiiMpo ana r elieitab Julia. Ithasimpor- Ijinton (lin ton), i\lrb. (tliza Lynn). Bom at More recenth they have moved southward into Mexico '*"' commerce, especially with Great Britain and Brazil, Ke.swiek, Feb. 10. 1822: died at London, July where they extend as far .as Durango. See Apaches ' ?i"> is the terminus of various steamer lines. The cele- ot^JLtn"to^„"^"'''°°"''"*'"*'^"*^°^'""^fjP"^,-?^^^r'•V rr. ... 1 cr-ritr^lS^eUIS^ciS^^Tb^dretfl-p-oilA*^ T- tlUiiTMS- T) <.T- 1 . -, „„ lapan (le pa-re). 1. The chief island of the arches, the largest 204 feet high with a span of 95 feet. The Ximton, WlUiajn. liom at Liverpool, April 22, Lipari group: the ancient Lipara. it was colo- cathedral was originally a fine Romanesque building, but li91: died at London, Aug. 18, 1876. An Eng- nized by the Greeks, and was held later by Carthage and "^ been disfigured by earthquakes and modernization. lish landscape-painter and writer author of Rome.' The royal palace of Ajuda is a large buUding in a com- '^clf::r¥''i'''''T?,^'''^^''''%'['^''% fo^iriTJonf''''^''^^''''^''''-*^''''''' ^^t.^'SnSii^^^'isf;;^^,'^^^^ "Colossal Vestiges of the Older Nations" town _ot the CTOUp. man city: wa« captured by the Saracens about 716: was (1862), etc. • iiipan Islands. A group of volcanic islands taken from them by Alfonso Lin lU"; was made the capi- Linton, William James. Bom at London north of SieUy : the ancient ^olia?. Vulcanise, '-"^ '" ^*-'-:- Yl^ 't "° "°.^' fiourishius state about 1520; 1812 : died at New Haven. Conn., Dec.i9, 1897. t^P'^^^^^% ,^« P^P.iP^ i?}ands are Lipari, Strom'- ITo^^'lflt ^JM^r^'^'t^^i^t^^^^^l^^ An Engb-sh-American engraver. Radical politi- ^'^u^'S"AUcS'■ '^^''' IJSCOW(hs ko) Christian Ludwig. Born at Feb.3,1736. An English bookseller, noted as the lappa (Up'po). Atown in thecountyof Temes, 3;J^FlS,.^pt '"A 1 ?n i4o ^ 'a n"^ publisher of the translations of the Iliad and ifiSgarv situated on the Maros 30 iLiles northl °?i^ Eilenburg, (Germany. Oct. 30, 1, 60. A Ger- Odyssy and other works of Pope : a prominent east of Temesvar. Population (1890). 7.000. t?<,1=,w li ,,-jr V* ,™ ■ n. a „. , , figure in the Uterary anecdotes of the period. Lippe (lip'pe). A river in Germany which rises r^u-^"' wJl^k A town m the department of Linus (li'nns)^ [Gr.A,Vor.J An exclamation of in the Teutoburgerwald and joins the Rhine nitit Id'TnT !' V i^'^ ? ?V^^ ^^''k" grief or lamentation, of Eastem origin, per- at Wesel. Len^h, 158 miles. J"^* and Touques. 26 miles east of Caen : the nnrltt o"?- f "'"^ ^^"'^ ^""^"^ *'^°''^^ ^- I^PPS. ,«0>?etimes called Lippe-Detmold (lip'- Z'nelf ^^^^^^X one"o?°Si='m'osUnTe°Sttag*"„1 norance ot its meaning. pe-det'molt ). Apnneipalityot theUei-man Em- Xorman churches, exhibiting the long, sharp Xormanlan- The words were carried across the western sea to men Pife, surrounded bythe provinces of Westphalia, cets, the central lantern, and other characteristic local 01 an alien race and language. " Cit aUinon, ailinon ' Hesse-Nassau, Hannover (Pmssia), and Wal- '»rc'?'te<:'"ral jnd sculptural forms. It was the ancient SonUI?; ^' '^''h "!? ^'^"^ n^'?K* -t*";™"' """^ 'J^-^dyin deck, and comprising also three small enclaves. LT^^ard^lislaPdM Tto^^^t^'^omSl Fncr Homeric d.iys the dirge was attributed to a mythic Linos rQT>itQl r>otm7.1,l t. ■ . j,, ..,. m ^ ,. J-dSKSara (US-Kara ). A townin (.^omwall. ±.ng- whose tragic fate was commemorated in its opening words: „?,?! vVJ^T- f I« >s traversed by the Teutoburger- land. 16 miles northwest of Plymouth. Popu- -Oimoj, Unos!- Unos, however, had no existence ex- }T=»1'^. ana "bounds in forests. Its government is a constitu- lation (ISO! ) 3 9,84 ceptina^pulaietvmol(5y- theGreekai«n^sinrealin- 5™»1 hereditjurj- monarchy, and it sends 1 member to the /=l"o° 'J;?;;^^^' cVh». ., t,t i a., thePhcenicianfliVfn., 'Ta^ for ns ' "Irith whVch the ^ Bundesrat and 1 member to the Reichstag. ITie prevailing L Isle-Adam. See VtUiers de L'Isle-Adam, Phi- mentations for the death of the divine Adonis were wont '"«''S?'^° '.^ Protestant. The ancient inhabitants were Che- lippe de. Sayce. Anc. Babylonians. p.22a S^iSo^^n^^^^th'^G^^an^rnf^edeSVon'^in^^T I^,l|« Cia)'^!^?^-!.^"™ ^^<^"* ^f^^i ff f^P*" Linz (lints). The capital of Upper Austria situ- »'«' '^e North German Confederation in 1866. Area, 469 -• ^^^- . .^ Englishwoman, wife of John Lisle ated on the Danube in lat 4S°17'X lon<' 14° ^^''^re miles. Population (isooi, i3S,95j. the regicide, executed on the charge of harbor- 17' E. It has flourishins mauufactures'an'd trad°e and 1"^^^?' SchaiUnbUTg-. See Sclmumhurg-Lippe. ing a dissenting minister, John Hickes, who was contains a cathedral and a museum. It was unsucces«- Lippi (lep pe), FllippmO or Lippino. Bom accused ot treason. She was tried before Jeffreys .and fully besieged by insurgent peas-ants in 1626, and was about 1460: ilied about l-iO.i. An Italian paint- ter death w.is a judicial munler. Her second daughter, taken by the Bavarians in 1741. Here, Mav 17, 1809, the er illeoitimate son of Filiimo T.irmi • worVs Bridget, was the wife of Leonard Hoar, president of Har- troops of Saxony and Wiirtemberg defeated the Austrian^ T- a ^/t^ r uippo l^ippi . worKS vard CoUege. Population a890X 47,685. ^ '==««<' '"e Austnans. ehieflv at Florence. Lisle, Leconte de. See Leconte de lAsle. Linz. A small town in the Rhine Province. Prus- Lippi, i ra Fllippo. Born at Florence, 1402 (?) : L'Isle, Rouget de. See Souget. sia. on the Rhine 15 mUes southeast of Bonn. ^^^. ^^ Spoleto, Italy, Oct. 9, 1469. A noted Lisle, or L'lsle (lel). William. Born at Tand- Lion (le-6n), Golfe du. [F., 'gulf of the lion.'] I^uan pamter. His chief works are frescos in ridge, Surrey, about 1579 : died at Wilbraham, An arm of the Mediterranean Sea, south of ,■ '^^-'''t t. t-. Sept., 1637. An English scholar and poet, noteci France: erroneously caUed the Gulf of Lyons LiPpi, Lorenzo. Born at Florence, 1606: died especially for his studies in Anglo-Saxon. He Lionarte (li-o-nart')" In the romance of Ama- -.^"'-'''f- 1*^"^- ^^ Italian poet and i.ainter. publishcdinl623.with3nEnglishtranslatiTO. the treatise dis de Gaul:- («) A k^g of England father of ^^flrTeV Viud^on^mGracetoeenwood ifom '^^^^^t^^'^:;^^^^^^^^!:^ of^tmadi '^ ^ sonof Esplandian and grandson ^/^^^^^pV^r'-SnoXg^'co^m^^ LismahagO (Us-ma-ha'go. Capt^^ Aproud^ OI .-iniaais. , „ iQoq An" An^o^ino., o„fb„,. " . V *^V disputatious, but honorable Scottish ofiicer, in Lionel Lmcoln. A novel by Cooper, published ^^;%,e^^^Ztt^f,^':.^:^^'^^'^^lf^, Smollett's -Himiphrey Clinker.'.' He marries m io_j. _ ,. . , . Years ■■ (1S67), "Xew Life in New Lands "(1873). etc. Tabitha Bramble after romantic adventures V^^ o^o it^°s l,°^;f°**T,l^-T?°,™ ?^* ^°-^oS- LiPPSpringe (lip'spring-e). A to wn in the prov- among the Indians. ^°V •■ f ■ ^>,<'datAlba. Italy, Oct. 7.1368 inee of wlst^ihalia P^ssia, 6 miles northeast Lismore (liz-mor'). An island in Loch Linnhe, n^reuTe thi^^o^'^f FH ^^^ ^^i^^v^ °^ "^ Paderbom. I, is at the source of the Lippe, and has -Argyllshire. Scotland. 6 miles north of Oban. • Clarence, third son of Ldward III. and Philippa. warm springs of Glaubers salt Population (1890), 2,431. Length, nearly 10 miles. Lismore Lismore. A small town ill the counties of Wa- terfonl andCork, Ireland, situated on the Blaek- water 28 miles northeast of Cork. It has a castle and cathedral. Lissa (lis'sii). 1. Aji island of Dalmatia, Aus- tria-Hungary, about lat. 43° 3' N., long. 1(5° 10' E. : the ancient Issa. It is famous for its wine. In a naval battle fought near the islaud, July 20, imti, the Austriaus uuder Tegettholf defeated the Italians luider Persano. Length, 11 miles. I'opulation (1830), 7,S71. 3. A t'ortitied town oil the island of Lissa. Pop- ulation (1890), commune, 4,822. Lissa, Pol. Leszno (lyesh'no). A town in the province of Poseu, Prussia, 40 miles south by west of Posen. it was founded by the Moravian Bi-etli- ren in the middle of the IBth cintury. and beeaiue their chief seat in Poland. Population (l^uu), 13,040. IiiSSardO (li-siir'do). A coiioeited man-servant in Mrs. CentlivTe's comedy "The Wonder." His voluble love-affair with Flora forms the under- plot of thei)lay. List (list), Friedrich. Bom at Reutlingen,Wili'- temberg, Aug. 6, 1789 : committed suicide at Kufstein, Tyrol, Nov. 30, 1846. A noted Ger- 615 Little Venice A popular stimame of Ste- much enthusiasm, and Beethoven kissed hlmafterhe had Little Giant, The, finished playing. He went to Paris to study, and became pbell A l)(]Uglas intimate with Victor Hugo. Lamartine, George Sand, and t ;i+i„>,™_4.n_ /lit 1 ^l•.Tr>T.'tnn^ A witprin, and at Covent Garden Oct. 15, ISOtJ, and was connected with these thea- ters for many years. He acted later at Drury Lane and the OIyin]jic, retiring in 18S7. He acted a large number of comic parts, of which the most successful was his "Paul Pry. ' His wife (died 1854) was a successful comic actress and singer. Liston . . . belonged rather to farce than comedy. Like Suett, he excited more laughter than he ever enjoyed him- ■ self, lie BUtfcred from attacks of the nerves, and, in his most humorous reiiresentatiuns, was the more humorous from his humor always partaking of a melancholy tone. Domii, Eng. Stage, II. 351. Liston, Sir Robert. Born at (Jvertoun, jiarish of Kirkliston, Scotland, Oct. 8, 1742: died near Edinburgh, July 15, 1.S30. A British diplomatist. He was secretary of emba.S8y at Madrid March, 17s:l ; niin- Iflter plcnipotcntiiiry there .May, 1783, to Aug., 1788; envoy extraordinar/ at Constantinople 1793-96; and amlmssador at Washingt2U). Liszt (list), Franz. Born at Raiding, Hungary, more than of places, . . .'probably the earliest authority for cotl'ee-drinking in Europe, Turkish batlis, etc." (Diet. Sat. Bid'/.), • - - - - '■ G. Li- to Brussels. Little Parliament. The Parliament convened by Cromwell Jidy 4, 1053: so called from the small number — about 140 — of its members. It constituted Cromwell Lord I'rotector. It is also called, from one of its members,"Barebone'a Parliament." See Burbon. and iiiterest for its descriptions ot men and manners even Little Phil. A nickname of General Philip H. Sheridan. Little Popo. [G. Klein-Popo, native name Ane- //y.] The capital of Togoland (which see), a seaport on the Slave Coast, western Africa, situ- ated in lat. 6° 12' N.,long. 1° 46' E. Little Red Riding-hood, P- Le Chaperon Rouge, G. Rothkappchen. A nursery tale of a little girl who forgets her mother's eoniniand "to speak to no one whom she meets." She tells a wolf that she is going to her grandmother's cottage with some wine and bread. He reaches the cottage before her, eats her grandmother, and. when Little Ited Kiding-hooil arrives, devours her. lii the German at this point a hun- ter comes who rijia open the wolf, and Red Kiiliiig-hood and her grandmother are restored to life. This legend ia found in many countries, but conies to us from Pcrraulfa French version, whicli lie probably derived from the Italian stories of Straparola and the ' I'entamerone." Little Rock. The capital of Arkansas and of Pulaski ( 'ounty, situated on the Arkansas Kiver ab.oit hit. 34°" 44' N., long. 92° 16' W. It Imsa lloMri^biiii; trade in c.itton. Pii|illlation (1900), 38,307. ormer unit- ed with Poland. It comprised what are now the gov- ernments of Kovno, Grodno, Vilna, Minsk, Mohilelf, Vi- tebsk, and Suwalki of Russia. The siU'face is level. It is noteii for its horses, cattle, and game. Lithuania proper was the region about Vilna, which waa its capital, 'the in- habitants are principally Lithuanians and Wliile Kns^iaus. Lithuania became consolidated in the beuiiiiiing of the 13tii century. tJedimin (1315-10) was tlie n al foiimicrof its power. It made various eomiuests at the expense of the Kussians, including Kietf ; cleared the lower Dnieper of the Mongols in 1308; was united with Poland under .fagello in 1386; and was also Christianized iiiiibr Jagrllo. Under Vifov, its grand prince (13n2-lJ.'io), it i.;:iiiie.l Smo- lensk and acijuired great power. It was dcllnilcly united with Poland in 1501, and the union was made closer by the Diet of Lublin in 1.^09. After that it followed the fortunes of Poland. Litorale. See Ku.-iiiiilainl. Litta (let'tii), Count Pompeo. Born at Milan, Little Russia. A name given to the division of Sept. 27, 1781: died at Milan, Aug. 17, 1852. Kussia comprising the governments of Khar- An Italian historian, author of "Fainiglie cide- kolT, KielT, Pultowa. and Tehernigoff. lu soma bri d'ltalia" ("Celebrated Families of Italy," cl.assin.ations Volhynia and Podoliaare hicluded. 1819-83), etc. Little Tibet. Same as Jlaltiatan. Littell(li-tel'),Eliakim. Bom at Burlington, Littleton (lit'l-ton), Adam. Born at Hales- N. J., Jan. 2, 1797: died at Brookline, Mass., oweii, Worcestershire, Nov. 2, 1027: died Juno May 17, 1870. An iVmerican publisher. He oslablished the periodical "Littell's Living Age" (Boston, 1844). Little (lit' I ), Thomas. A psemlonym of Thomas Moore. He published a volume of amatory poems in isns under tlii Little.' Little Bear. See Ursa Minor. Little Belt. The strait between Fiinen and the pen insula of Jutland. The Swedish army under CharlesX. marched across it on the ice to Fiinen ill I(i5s. Little Corporal, The. See Corporal. Little Dog. See Ciniis Minor. Little Dorrit. An. lished serially from Dec, 18.55, to June, 18!)7 Little-endians. Soo Biu-indians. Little Falls. A eitv in Herkimer County, New York, silinited at falls of the Moh;iwk, 64 miles west-northwest of Albany II has man- ufactures and a cheese-market. Population (1900), 1(),3,S1. Oct. 22, 1811: died at Bavreuth, Bavaria. July Little French Lawyer, The. A comedy by 31, 18,86. A celebrated Hungari;ui comiioser, Fletcher and Massinger. written about 1620, and one of the greatest of pianists. Ho made liis first public appearance when only 9 years old at (iden- burg. In 1823 at a concert in Vienna ho was received with "Ouzman 30, 1694. All Englisli scholar. He was rector of Chelsi'a ItX'iB, chaplain of Charles II. 1670, rectr'' Brockholst. Born nized as the head of the positivist school. Hisgreatwork atJNew lork, JNov. 25, l/fx: died at Washington, is unquestionably the -'Dictionnaire de la langue fran- D. C, March, 1823. An American iurist son of 9aise" (1863-72). He made a French translation of the William Livingston. He was a iud^e of the works of Hippocrates (10 vols. 1839-61 , and .ilso published Tnited States Siitit-pitip rm^t IRdftJoT translations of Strauss's "Life of Jesus" (1839-40) and S ."'^'^*-'^''=^f Supreme tourt 180(>-23. Pliny's" Natural Histoiy" (1848). He edited the works of IjlVingSton (liv mg-ston), Edward. Born at Armand Carre! (18.')7), and a new "Dictionnaire de mede- Clermont, Columbia Countv, N. Y Mav 26 £L"i.fe?*J^',.^°\".A'=*','??^.'''!"™'^«'"°'.''°»H!.a''dpapers^on 1764 : died at Rhinebeck, N. Y., May 23, 'l836[ An American jurist and statesman, brother of Lizard, The. See Lacerta R. R. Livingston. He was member of Congress from Lizard Head, or Lizard Point, or Lizard (liz'- New York 1795-1801 ; mayor of New York 1801-03 ; mem- afD- The southenimost point of England her of Congress from Louisiana 1823-29; United States -■■^--^- ' --- '-' ., , . -, - '^ -? senator 1829-31 ; secretary of state 1831-33 ; and United States minister to France 1833-35. He prepared a code of criminal law and procedure (1833). His complete works (2 Vols.) were published in 1873. positivism, he wrote "Le cholera oriental" (1832)^ "His- toire de la langue frani;aise" (1862), "Etudes sur les bar- bares et le moyen-age " (1S67), "MSdecine et midecins" (1872),"Restauration delalcjgitimitc; etdesesalli(5s"(1873), "La science au point de vue philosophique " (1873), " Lit- tSrature et histoire ' (1S76), "De I'fStablissement et la troi- sieme republique " (1»80), etc. Littre was one of the finest linguists and scientists of his century. He was elected to the French Academy, Dec. 30, 1871. Littrow (lit'trou), Joseph Johann von (Padua),, 59 B.C.: died there, 17 a. D. The great- est of Roman historians, and the most impor- tant prose-writer of the Augustan age. He wrote a comprehensive history of Rome, from the founding of the city to the death of Drusus, in 142 books, of which onlv 35 are extant (l-IO and 21-46). and also several philosophi- cal dialogues and a work on rhetorical training. He spent the greater part of his life (over 40 years of which were given to his historj-) at Rome. Lixouri (liks-6're). A town in Cephalonia, Greece. Population (1889), 5,740. . T3- 1, «m • i T. ,- ; Jhannvon. Bom Livingston, John Henry. Bom at Poughkeep- at Bischof-Teimtz, Bohemia, March 13, 1781: sie, N. Y., May 30, 1746: died at New Bruns- died Nov. 30, 1840. An Austrian astronomer, director of the observatory at Vienna, author of "Die Wunder des Himme'ls "(" The Wonders of the Heavens," 1836), etc. Littrow, Karl von. Born at Kazan, Russia. July 18, 1811 : died at Venice, Nov. 16, 1877. An Austrian astronomer, son of J. J. von Littrow. Liukiu Islands. See Loochno Islands. wick, N. J., Jan. 20, 182,5. An American clergy- situated in Cornwall, lat. 49° .58' N., long. S* 12' W. The name is sometimes applied to the whole peninsula. Lizars (li-zarz'), John. Bom at Edinburgh about 17S7: died May 21, 1860. A Scottish sur- geon, professor of surgery in the Royal College of Surgeons. Edinburgh : noted for the intro- New York, 1776. i-!^'"'^*i!Pr''^'*'' '"■ Luitprand (16'it- Livingston, Robert R. Born at prajid). King of the Lombards from about 712 Nov. 27, 1746: died Feb. 26, 1813. A An Ital man of the Dutch Refoi-med Church, president duction of the operation for the removal of the of Rutgers College, New Brunsvriek. upper jaw. He published "A System of An- Livingston, Philip. Bom at Albany, N.Y., Jan. atomical Plates of the Human Body" (1822) 1.5, 1716 : died at York, Pa., June 12, 1778. An etc. American politician, a signer of the Declaration Llameos (lya-ma'os). A race of Indians of of Independence as member of Congress from northern Peru, on the river Marafion near Nau- TvT„„T7„„i. iTra ta, the lowerHuallaga, and the Javary: formerly An American statesman and jurist. He was a member of the Con- tinental Congress; chancellor of the State of New York 1777-1801; secretary of foreign affairs 1781-83 ; and United States minister to France 1801-06. He negotiated the Loui- siana Purchase in 1803, and was associated with Fulton in TriaTihpri'«"finn bp^',•s^ furthering steamboat navigation. •" ,°;""°il° Ual-Der is) to 744. Liutprand, or Luitprand. Died 972. ian chronicler. He wrote "Antapodosis " and other histories of his time (ed. by Pertz in "Monumenta Ger- man iie " 1839, and by Dummler 1877). Livadia (li-va'de-ii). An estate and summer resort of the Russian imperial family, situated on the southern coast of the Crimea, about 32 miles east-southeast of Sebastopol. Livadia (liv-a-de'a), or Levadia (lev-a-de'a). 1. A town in Bceotia, Greece, 57 miles north- t • • west of Athens: the ancient Lebadeia (Greek -Ijl^ngStone (liv'ing-ston). Af,3d(Jfm). • It was noted for its oracle of Tro- y7 p^^^^<^J for the Kongo, phonius.— 2. A name formerly given to Middle Livingstone, Alexander. Died April 2, 1622 Greece. . A Scottish noble, created iii-st earl of Linlith- Live-Oak State. The State of Florida. t^-'"'' "' ^*'**^'' i*^""' Liverpool (liv'er-pol). A seaportin Lancashire, Livingstone,^ Charles. Born at Blantyre, Lan England, situated on the Mersey, 3 miles froru " ' ^"'' found between the Tigi-e and Napo. The Llameos are rather undersized, but were formerly very warlike They are agriculturistsand industrious. The remnants are mostly merged in the general country population. Their language appears to have no relation to those of other tribes. Also Yame«s, Lamas, or Lamistas, and, in Portu- guese. Lliameos. Livingston, William. Born 1723 : died at Eliza- bethtown, N. J., July 25, 1790. An American politician, brother of Philip Livingston. He was governor of New Jersey 1776-90, and a member of the Constitutional Convention in 1787. A name proposed A town in Carnarvon- shire, Wales, at the base of Snowdon, 10 miles south of Bangor: a tourist center. LlandaflF (lan-daf). The smallest British city, situated on the Taff in Glamorgan, South Wales : a mere suburb of Cardiff. Llandafl is said to be the oldest episcopal see in Great Britain. The cathedral is a small building, representing in its construction all the stages of medieval .architecture. It has been thoroughly restored m the present century. The fine west front has more of a French character than is usual in Great Britain There are no transepts. The interior is imposing- the Norman arch of the Lady chapel is notable ; and thert is a square chapter-house with central pillar. the Irish Sea, in lat. 53° 24' N., long. 3° 4' W. It is the principal seaport in England and in the world, and in respect of population the second city of England'; is the terminus of many steamship lines, especially trans- atlantic (Cunard, White Star, International, etc.) to New York ; has large trade with the United States, Canada, In- dia, China, Australia, South America, Ireland, etc. ; exports cotton goods and other manufactured articles, coal etc ■ imports cotton, provisions, cattle, grain, timber, sugar, to^ bacco, etc.; and has extensive shipbuilding, and manufac- tures of ro]ies, sugar, iron, chemicals, etc. St.George's Hall opened in 18.54, a modern classical building, formsthe chief architectural ornament. Other objects of interest are the town hall, exchange, revenue buildings, Liverpool Univer- sity College, Museum of Japanese Art, Walker and other art galleries, and the very extensive docks. Liverpool re- ceived a charter from King John in 1207 ; was incorporated HI 1 229 ; and was taken by Prince Rupert in 1644. The com- mencement of its prosperity dates from the last half of the 17th centuiy. It was largely engaged in the African slave- trade and in smuggling. It developed greatly in the 18th and still more in the 19th century. It w.as the birthplace of \\ . E. Gladstone and Ills. Ileiuans. P.jpulation (1901); Liverpool. A seaport and the capital of Queen's County, Nova Scotia, situated at the mouth of the Mersey, 70 miles southwest of Halifax. Pon- uiation (1901), 1,937. ^ Liverpool, Earls of. See Jenl-hison. arkshire, Feb. 28, 1821: died near Lagos, Oct. Llandudno (lan-diid'no). A watering-place in 28, 1873. A clergyman and missionary, brother Carnarvonshire, North Wales, situated at the of David Livingstone. He emigrated to" the United ™outh of the Conway, on the Irish Sea, 38 miles states in 1840 ; gr.adu.ated at the Union Theological .Semi- west of Liverpool. There is a fine nary, New York city, in 1850 ; returned to England in 1857; round Great Orme's Head and went with his brother to Africa, remaining with him T.lanpllir Ha r,othn;\ A co„^„, <■ ■ n ' V, until 1863. In 1864 he was appointed British consul at -Hi^^^^Jy M?"2S*, ")• .A seaport m Carmarthen "marine drive" Population (1891). 7.333. Fernando Po. Livingstone, David. Born at Blantyre, near Glasgow, Scotland, March 19, 1813 : died at Chi- tambo, central Africa, April 30, 1873. A cele- brated African explorer and missionarv. From 1840-49 he was medical missionarj' among the Bechuana of .South Africa. He discovered Lake Ngami in 1849 ; ex- plored the Zambesi and Kuanza basins to Loanda 1861-54 • recrossed the continent from Loanda to Kilimaiie, discov- shire. South Wales, situated on an inlet of Car- marthen Bay, 11 miles west-northwest of Swan- sea. There are manufactures of iron, copper, tin etc. and coal is exported. Population (1891), 23.937. Llanero (lya-na'ro), corrupted into Yanero lya-na'ro). ['People of the plains.'] A tribe of the Apache group of North American Indians. In 1799 the Llanero were on the great plains between the Eio Pecos and the left bank of the Rio Grande. See Apaches. ley in Unyanyembe in 1872. and returned to Lake Bang- weolo ; and died at Chitambn from dysentery in 1873. His body was carried to the coast, and was buried in West- minster Abbey April 18, 1874. He wrote "Missionary Travels in South Africa " (1857), and a "Narrative of an Expedition to the Zambesi " (1805). "The Last Journals of . , D.avid Livingstone " were published in 1874. Livia (liv'i-ii). In Middleton's play "Women Livius (liv'i-us). Saint. Died 656 (?). An eo- beware Women," an artful and malicious court fl<^siastie, called "the Apostleof Brabant," con- lady who, with consummate knowledge of the ("efiiin? whose life (if indeed he existed at all) world, betrays Bianca (hence the title of the I'^tle is recorded, play). Livius Andronicus. See Andronicus. Livia Drusilla (Hv'i-a dro-sil'la). Bora about I'i''''ny (liv'ne). A town in the govemment of 56 B. c. : died 29 A. D. The wife of Augustus and *^''''''- f'^ntral Russia, situated on the Sosna 75 motherof Tiberius and Drusus. She was the daugh- miles. southeast of Orel. Population, 20,3.58. ter of Livius Drusus Claudianus. and was married to Ti- LlVOnia (li v6'ni-a), G. Livland or Liefland berms Claudius Nero (the father of her sons Tiberius and (lef 'lant), F. Livo'nie (le-v6-ne'). A govern- ering Victoria Ftdls, in 1855 ; led a government expedition LlanffollpTi (Isn-o-ot)i'lPTi'i 4 ir,,^-^U^Tt^,'^ul^\l up the Zambesi and Shire rivers, and discivcrcd Lakes i^!:° at SM w^, ieu). A town m Deilblgh- .Shirwa and Nyassa. 1868-69 ; explored the Eovuma val- '■'^'re. North Wales, situated on the Dee 31 ley in 1866, the Chambezi in 1867, and Lakes Tanganvika, miles sonth-southwest of Liverpool. Popula- Jloero, and Bangweolo 1867-«8 ; was atUjiji in 1869 ; ii.iTi- tion ( 1891 ), 3,225. gatedTangan5ika,and was driven back by the Manyema; LlaT10<5 (Sn nron lvn'Tins> r«,i f^,^rv, 77...„„ was relieved by Stanley at Tjiji in 1871; parted with Stan- „ «„? « i J n ^ ? ^^ ^°^'- .'-''P-' "°™ "'""'• ,._.-_„.. , . . . •-. _ _ a Mat tield.J A name given m manv parts of Spanish America to large tracts of open land: in a special manner, and in a geographical sense. to the Llanos del Orinoco or de Venezuela, ly- ing principally in Venezuela, with extensions into Colombia. They comprise nearly all the space be- tween the Orinoco and its delta, the coast-r.ange of Vene- zuela, and the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia as far as the Vichada branch of the Orinoco (about lat. 5° It.). The total area is probably 150,000 square miles, and most of it is quite flat and near the sea-level ; but some parts are varied with table-topped hills a few hundred feet high. During the rainy season large areas are overflowed. The llanos are thinly inhabited, and the only industryis grazing, immense herds of cattle being kept iii a nearly wild state. Llanos de Chiquitos, or Llanos de los Chi- quitos (da 16s che-ke'tos). An extensive plain in eastern Bolivia, in the departments of Santa Llanos de CMquitos Cruz andChuquisaca, extending from the moun- tains of Santa Cruz de la Sierra nearly to the river Paraguay. It ia continuous with the Gran Chaco on the south, consists of grass-lands varied with woods or with scattered trees, has occasional isolated hills, and contains few inhabitants except Indians. Portions in the east are atniualh i-vertlowed. Llanos de Guarayos (gwa-ra'yos). A northern extension of the Llanos de Chiquitos, near the river San Miguel. Llanos de Manso (man'so) or de Manzo (raan'- tho). A portion of the Chaco region of South America, in the extreme southeastern part of Bolivia, between the rivers Piloomayo and Paraguay. In the 16th eentiirj' this region was conceded to Andres Manso for colonization. LlanQUihue (lyan-ke'wa). A province of Chile, about lat. 41° "S. Capital, Puerto Montt. Area, 7.823 square miles. Population (1891), esti- mated, 74,818. Llerena (lya-ra'na). A town in the province of Badajoz, southwestern Spain, 55 miles north of Seville. Population (1887), 6,179. Llewel3m, or Llywelyn (in full Llywelyn ab Gruffydd (lo-el'in ab grii'feTH)). Died 1282. Prince of Wales 1246-82, nephew of DaWd II. whom he succeeded. He supported the English barons under Simon de ilontfort against Henry III., and was defeated witli them at Evesham in 126.5, He refused to do homage to Edward I., whereupon the latter subdued Wales in 1277. He subsequently revolted, and fell in battle. LloqneYupanqui(ly6'kayo-piin'ke). [Quichua: llnqiie, left-handed; yupanqid, you will count. i. e. great.] Third sovereign of the Inca line of Peru. According to the best chronologies, he ruled in the last quarter of the 14th century. He made few conquests. Acosta calls him Jaguarhuarque. Also written Loque Yu- panqui, etc. Llorente (lyo-ran'ta), Juan Antonio. Born near Calahorra, Aragon, March 30, 1756: died at Madrid, Feb. 5, 1823. A Spanish historian. He was a priest, though holding rationalistic views, and fmra 1789 to 1801 was general secretary of the Inquisition. Under .Joseph Bonapaite he received charge of the con- fiscated property of the Inquisition and the religiousorders, and in 18'i9 was ordered to examine the archives of the Inquisition and write its history. When the French were driven out of Spain he retired with them to Paris, where his history of the Inquisition was published 1817-18. It was strongly condemned by the Koman Catholic authori- ties, and he was interdicted from performing priestly func- tions. In 1822 he published a French edition of the prin- cipal works of Las C'asas, with a biography . and the same year a work on the popes, which was condemned t>y the government : he was ordered to leave Paris, He pub- lished various other works, principally on Spanish history Lloyd (loidl, Charles. Born at Birmingham, Feb. 12, 1775 : died at Chaillot, near Versailles, Jan.' 16, 1839. An English poet, a friend (and pupil) of Coleridge ( with whom he lived for some time) and of Lamb. He became insane about 1815, and died in a madhouse. Lloyd, Edward. Flourished about the begin- ning of the 18th century. The keeper of a eof- fee^iouse in Tower street, London, and later (1692) of "Lloyd's Coffee House" in Lombard street. His coffee house became thecenterof ship brok- ing and marine insurance. He published a paper, " Lloyd's News" (Sept., 360C,-Feb,, 1697), which was revived as "Lloyd's List" (1720), containing shipping and commer- cial news. From him the association and the corporation ni.w kiutwn as "Lloyd's" were named. LloydjEdward. BomatThorntonHeath, Sur- rey, Feb. 16, 1815 : died at Westminster, April 8, 1890. A London publisher, founder (1842) of " Lloyd'sIUustratedLondon Newspaper,"aiid after 1876 proprietor of the "Daily Chronicle." Lloyd, Edward. Born March 7, 1845. An Eng- lish tenor singer. Ho made his first great success in 1!<71, at the rjloucester festival, singing in Bach's "St. Mat- thew " passion music. He has since been successful in oratorio and concert music. Lloyd, Henry. Born in Merionethshire about 1720: died at Huy, Belgium, June 19, 1783. A Welsh soldier of fortune, for a time lay brother in a religious house, and successively iu the service of the Pretender, of Franco, of Austria, and of Prussia. He wrote a "History of the War be- tween the King of Prussia and the Empress of Oerinanv and her Allies" (London, 1766-S2), "A Political and Mili- t.ary Rhapsody cm the Defense tit (treat I'.ritain " (177'.i), etc, Lloyd, Humphrey. Horn tit Dublin, A|iril 16, 1800: died there, .lau. 17, ISSl. A Britisli man of science, provost of Trinity College, Dublin, 1867-81. He is noted for his researches in optics and magnetism, and particularly ft >i- iiis experimental discovery of conical refraction in biaxial iT>stals, the existotice of which had been theoretically ileteitnined by Sir W. K. Hamilton, His works include ",\ Treatise on Light ami ■Vision " (1830. "Elementary Treatise on the Wave Tlieory of Light ' (18.57), "Treatise on Magnetism, General and Terrestrial" (ls74), etc. Lloyd, Robert. Born at Westminster, 17.33: died in the Fleet Prison, Dec. 15, 1764. A Brit- ish poet. He was a graduate of Westminster School and 617 of Trinity College, Cambridge, and later was usher at 'West- minster School. He wrote " The .Actor : a Poetical Epistle" (1700), "The Tears and Triumphs of Parnassus," etc. He was imprisoned for debt in 1763. Lloyd, William. Bom at Tilehnrst, Aug. 18, 1627: died at Hartlebury Castle, Worcester- shire, Aug. 30, 1717. An English prelate, bishop successively of St. Asaph (1680), Lichfield and Coventry (1692), and Worcester (1700). He was one of the' sLx bishops tried on the charge of publishing a seditious libel, and acquitted June 29, 1688, and was an earnest supporter of the Revolution. Lloyd's (loidz). An association at the Royal Exchange, London, comprising underwriters, merchants, shipowners, and brokers, for the furtherance of commerce, especially for marine insurance and the publication of shipping news. It originated in meetings at Lloyd's Coffee House about 16S8. The present rooms include a restaurant accessible only to members of Lloyd's and theirfriends. See Lloyd, Edward (18th century), above. Lloyd's, Austrian. \lt. Lloyd Attstro-ungarico, G. Ostemichisch-Vnfiarischer Lloyd.} A mer- cantile company in Triest, founded iu 1833 for the furtherance of Austrian commerce, it com- prises 3 sections : (a) insurance ; (b) steamship lines in the Mediterranean, Black, and Red seas, etc, ; (c) publication of periodicals, Lloyd's, North German. [Gr. Norddeutsclwr Lloyd.} A company in Bremen, founded in 1857, for maintaining regular steamship lines between Bremen and New York, Baltimore, and other ports: also between New York and va- rious Mediterranean ports. Lloyd's List. Aperiodical containing shipping intelligence, issued by Lloyd's (London) since 1716, as a daily since 1800. LljTWarch Hen. A Cymric poet, living in the last part of the 6th century. Llywelyn ab Gruflfydd. See Llewelyn. Loadstone, Lady. The '■magnetic lady," a char- ai-tir in Ben .Jonson's play of that name, she is rna^rnetic in the sense of making her house attractive, and 80 drawing to it a variety of guests. Loaisa, or Loaysa (16-i'sii), Garcia Jofre de. Born at Placencia, Caceres, about 1485: died July 30, 1.526. A Spanish captain, eommenda- dor of the order of St. John, who, in 1525, was put in command of a fleet destined to follow up the discoveries of Magalhaes. He left Spain with 7 ships, July 24, 1,525: reached the Strait of JIagellan iu Jan., 1526- lost there one of his ships: passed the strait safely with the rest ; but died during the voyage across the Pacific, One ship only reached the Moluccas, Loanda (16-iin'dii), properly Sao Paulo de Loanda (san pou'lo de lo-an'dii). A seaport and the capital of the Portuguese pro'vince of Angola, Africa, in lat. 8° 48' S., long. 13° 13' E. Population, estimated, about 14,000. LoangO (16-iing'g6). A region on the western coast of Africa, extending from the mouth of the Kongo to about lat. 4° S. it is now divided be- tween the Kongo Free State, Portugal, and France. Loano (16-a'n6). A small town iu Italy, situ- ated on the coast 39 miles southwest of Genoa. Here, Nov. 23-24, 1795, the French under Sch^- rer defeated the Austrians. The victory was mainly due to Massena, Loayza(16-i'tha),orLoaysa(16-i'sii),Geronymo de. Born at Truxillo.Estremadura, Spain, about 1500 : died at Lima, Peru, Oct. 25, 1575. A Span- ish Dominican ecclesiastic. He was a missionary at Cartagena, New Granada, 1.526-31, and in 1537 was ap- pointed bishop of that diocese : became bishop of Lima in 1543 ; and was the first archbishop in 1548, During t lie rebellions of Goriziilo I'iziirro and Ginm he adhered to the king, but did his best tci jinv. Tit hi Ishcd, In 15.52 and 1507 he presided over prnvineial cnuncils, Lobau (16'bou). An island in the Danube, near Vienna. It was occupied by the French after the battle of Aspern in 1809. Lobau (le'l)ou). A town in the kingdom of Sax- ony, 41 miles east of Dresden : one of the prin- cipal toivns of ancient Lusatia. Population (1890), 8,378. Lobau. A town in the province of West Prus- sia, Prussia, sil tutted on the Sandelle 75 miles southeast of Dantzic, I'opulatioii (1890). 4, .593. Lobeira (lO-biTe-rU), or Loveira (lo-vu'e-iii), VasCO de. Born at t)p(irto, IVu-tugal, about the middle of the 14th century: died at Elvas, I'ortugal, about 1403. A Portnguoso romanee- wriler and soldier (in the service of John I. of Portugal, bv whom lie was knighted in 1385): reputed author of the famous romance "Ainadis of Gaul" (which see), Lobengula (lo-bcng-gii'lii). ['The defender,'] Horn about 1833 : died 1894. Kin^ of the Mata- liclo (see Miit(difle), a son of Mosilikatso. He woa lorn; feared as a powerful warrior and persistent oppo- nent "f rliristianity and civilization in his kingdom : but lln;dlythe liritish "Suntli African Conipany succeeded in otdaining from him. in exchange for imjuTived firearms and annnunition, permission to settle in ilashonaland and Locke, John to exploit its gold-mines. As soon as the company had built Fort Salisbury and supplied it well with men, artil- lery, ammunition, and provisions, it provoked the ilata- bele with a view to seizing their territory. In the war which ensued, in 1893, the brave Matabele re^ments were mowed down by Slaxim guns and dispersed by cavalry iu several engagements, A decisive battle, in which 600 Matabele and only one white man fell, was fought on Oct, 23, some thirty miles from Buluwayo, Lobengula's capital. The latter was taken without further resistance and the king pursued as a fugitive. In his flight he managed to entrap and kill Major Wilson and his detachment, Lobenstein (16'ben-stin). A to-wn and health- resort in Eeuss (younger line), Germany. 39 miles south-southeast of Weimar. Population (1890), 2,603. Lob-Nor (lob'nor'), A lake in Eastern Tur- kestan, about lat, 39° N., long. 89° E. It re- ceives the Tarim, and has no outlet. Lobo (16'bo). Jeronimo. Born at Lisbon about 1.593 : died at Lisbon, Jan. 29, 1678, A Portu- guese Jesuit, missionary in Abyssinia, Lobos (lo'bos) or Seal Islands. A group of small islands west of Peru, situated (Lobos de Tierra) in lat. 6° 27' S,, long. 80° 49' W. They are noted for guano deposits. Lobositz (lo'bo-zits). A town in Bohemia, sit^ uated on the Elbe 35 miles north-northwest of Prague. Here, Oct, 1, 1766, Frederick the Great de- feated flie Austrians under Browne, Population (1890), commune, 4,269. Locarno (16-kar'n6). A to'wn in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland, situated on Lago Mag- giore 11 miles west of Bellinzona. It was an- nexed to. Switzeriand in 1513. Pop. (1888), 2,556. Locatelli (lo-ka-tel'le), Pietro. ' Born at Ber- gamo, 1693: diedat Amsterdam, 17(i4, A noted violinist. He was a pupil of Corelli at Rome. Lochaber(Ioeh-a'ber). Amountainous district in the southern part of Inverness-shire, Scot^ land, Lochaber No More. An air claimed for both Scotland and Ireland, of which some two or three versions are extant. The source of these is in Scot- tish minstrelsy called "Lord Ronald (or, according to Sir W, Scott, RandaU my son." The air in Ireland is known as "Limerick's lamentation," , , , The verses "Farewell to Lochaber, " ending "And then I '11 leave thee and Lochaber no more," were wi-itten by ADan Ramsay. Grove. Loches (losh). A town in the department of In- dre-et-Loire, France, situated on the Indre 22 miles southeast of Tours. The chateau, a residence of the old counts of Anjou, of the Plantagenet kings, and of the kings of France as late as the 16th century, is a great pile of massive walls and square and cylindrical towers, several of which are occupied by the grim dungeons of Louis XI, It was the place of imprisotinient of La Bahie, Commines, and Sforza. The palace, of the 16th and 16th centuries, with flue Renaissance front, is now the sous-pre- fecture. Tlie interesting Chapel of St. Ours displays rich Romanesque ornament. Population (1891), commune, 5 132, Lochiel's (loch-elz') Warning. A»poem by Thomas Campbell: so called from its subject, Donald Cameron of Lochiel. LocMn'Var (loch-in-viir'). A ballad in the poem of "Marmion," by Sir Walter Scott: so called from the name of its liero. the young Lochinvar. Lochleven(loeh-le'vn). A lake in Kinross-shire, Scotland, 18 miles north-northwest of Edin- burgh. On an island in it are the remains of a castle which was the scene in 1.567-68 of the imprisonment of Mary Queen of Scots, The Leven carries its waters to the Firth of Forth. Length, 'S\ miles, Lochnagar (loch-na-giir'). A mountain in the southwest part of Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Heiglit, 3,780 feet. Locke (Ink), Da'sdd Ross: pseudonym Petro- leum V.Nasby. Born at Vestal, BromeCotiiitv, N. v., Sejit. 20, 1833 : died in ]8,S8. An Ameri- can l"ilit ical satirist , lie commenced in IStiO the pub- lication of the " Nasliy Letters," contributed chiefly to the "Toledo Blade." Locke, John. Born at Wrington, Somerset. Aug. 29. Iti32 : died at dates. High Lavcr. Essex. Oct. '28, 17lM. A celebrateil English philosopher, one of the most influential ( hiidsers of modem times. His father was a lawyer, ami a captain in the Parliamen- tary army. Locke was educated at Westminster School (of which Hushy was head-master), and at Christ church, Ox- ford, where he graduated in Feb., 10.56. He contiiuied to reside at Oxford, and was for brief jieriods lecturer on Greek, lecturer on rhetoric, ami censor of moral philoso- phy. In Dec, 1(W5, and Jan., 1600, he accompanied Sir Walter \'ane as secretary on a mission to the Elector of Brandenburg. On his return he again went to Oxford to study medicine, lint did not lake a degree. In 1007 he he- came a member of the f.imily of tlie (later) Fjirl of Shaftes- bury, at first as physician and afterward as confldcntlal ageiit. In 1660 he drew ni> a constitution for the colonists of Carolina, of which Sliattcsbnry (then Ashley) was one of the lorils propriitors, I'hrongh his patron Locke was ap- pointed secretitr>' of presentations in 1672. and secretary of ihe council of trade 1073-76. He visiteil France in 1072, and again 1675-79, After the fall of Shaftesburv, l,y Locke, appeared 1694, 1(395, 1700, 1708). Among his other writings are several letters "Concerning Toleration" (1689 (Latin and English), 1090), "Two Trea- tises on Government" (1690), " Some Thoughts concern- ing Education " (1693), etc. Various collective editions of his works have been published. Locke was the founder of the English and French "sensational" philosophy and psycliology, and the skeptical application of his principles by David Hume led Kant to the development of the " crit- ical " philosophy. Locker (lok'er), Frederick. Born 1821: died May 30, 1895. Au English poet, writer of 'vers de soei^t^." He niaiTied as his second wife 618 159.5, probably written by Peele and Tilney about 1585. it has been ascribed to Shakspere (from the initials W. S. on the title-page) and to Marlowe. The plot was taken from Holinshed, based on Geoffrey of Mon- mouth. Locri Opuntii (6-pun'shi-i). In ancient geogra- phy, a Greek people living north of Boeotia and opposite Euboea: so named from Opus, their Logistilla ous. The chief islands are Hindo, Langb, Andb, Ost-VaagO, and Vest-Vaagd. The chief industry is the cod and her^ ring lishery. Population, about 20,000. Loftus (lof'tus), Lord Augustus William Frederick Spencer. Bom Oct. 4, 1817. An Englisli diplomatist, fourth son of the second JIarquis of Ely: ambassador to Kussia 1871- 1879. country of the Locri Epienemidii. Locri Ozolse (6'zo-le). In ancient geography, a Greek people living along the Corinthian Gulf, west of Phocis. The origin of the name is __ doubtful. the daughter of Sir Curtis Lampson, anil assumed the LocriS (lo'kris). In ancient geography, a divi- name of Locker- Lampson. Among his poems are '■ Lon. don Lyrics" (1867 and 1S70), "ratchwork" (1S79). He edited " Lyra Elegantiarum ' in 1869, and contributed to various periodicals. LockerlDie (lok'er-bi). A town in Dumfries- shire, Scotland, 11 miles east-northeast of Dum- fries. Population (1891), 2,391. Lockhart (lok'iirt), John Gibson. Born at Cambusnethan," Lanarkshire, July 14, 1794 : died at Abbotsford, Nov. 25, 1854. A Scottish author Scott. He became an advocate in 1816 ; joined the staff of "Blackwood's Magazine" in 1818; married Sophia, the eldest daughter of Sir Walter Scott, in 1820 : and edited the "Quarterly Review" lS2i>-63. His principal work is the " Memoirs of the Life of Sir Walter Scott" (7 vols. 1836- 1838). Among his other publications are "Peter's Letters chief town. The name sometimes includes the Loftus, William Kennett. Bom at Eye, Eng- " ■ "" ' '"" laud, ;ibouf 1820: died at sea, Nov., 1858. An English arehieologist. He published "Travels and Researches in Chaldsea and Susiana " ( 1857), etc. Log (log) , King. In ^sop's " Fables," a worth- less and heavy log sent by Jove to the frogs who prayed for a king. They complained to him of this inert monarch, and be sent them a stork who ate them up. sion of middle Greece, occupied by the Locri Epienemidii and Locri Opuntii, or eastern Lo- crians, and the Locri Ozolse, orwestern Locrians. Locusta (lo-kus'tii). A professional poisoner Logajl (16'gan), George. Born at Stentou, near li\-ing at Eome about 54 A. D. Juvenal speaks of Philadelphia, Sept. 9, 1753: died there, April her as the agent for ridding many a wife of her husband, g ;^goi_ j^ American poUtieian, gl'andson of and Tacitus as "long reckoned as among the uistrumcnts ' it in „„ ;„ itoo „i(.i, of government." Shewas employed by Agrippina to pre- James Logan. He went to France m 1798 with pare a poison for the emperor Claudius. She was exe- the design of averting a war with that country, ._., i,,^,. _„, ^— -. cuted in the reign of Galba. and was United States senator from Pennsyl- noted as the biographer of Sir Walter Lodfeve (16-dav'). A town m the department of ^^nia 1801-07. H^rault, southern France, situated on the Lrgue Logan, James. Born at Lurgan, County Ar- 29 miles west-northwest of MontpelUer: the magh, Ireland, Oct. 20, 1674: died near Ger- Eoman Luteva. it has important manufactures, par- mantown. Pa., Oct. 31, 1751. An American ticularlj of woolen (military cloth), and contains a cathe- colonial politician. He was a member of the Society of Friends, and accompanied William Penn to America as drai. It was formerly ruled by viscounts. Population to his Kinsfoik"(i8i9):-;'Adam B'^'-ir.^'ifKj^and^^.^her Lodge aoj)_, Henry ;Cabpt.^B_ornat_Bo_ston,Ma^^ f^^;^';} and "The BalTantyne Humbug Handled" (1839), ^<> -^ ^ . . - - - -^ novels; translations of "Ancient Spanish ] (1891), commune, 9,060. 12, 1850. An American historian and politician. He graduated at Harvard in 1871; was admitted to the bar in 1876 ; was university lecturer on American history at Harvard 1874-79 ; was editor of the " North American Re- view " 1873-76, and of the " International Review " 1879-81 ; and was a Republican member of Congress from Massa- chusetts 1886-93 when he was tr.ansferred to the United Lggan (16'gan), John, assumed name of Tah- States Senate. Hehas pubUshed"A Short Histoi-yof the -"^s^'.'..^. '^•'- - ' - English Colonies in America" (ISSl), "Alexander Hamil- ton" (1882), " Daniel Webster " (1883), " Studies in History " (1884), etc. Population Lodge, Thomas. Bom at West Ham, near Lon- don, about 1556 : died 1625. An English nov- elist, dramatist, lyric poet, and miscellaneous writer. Among his works are the novel "Rosalynde theBattleof theSenses" ^_._ ,, War " a tragedy (1594), poems (1689), "Phillis" and "Life and Death of William Longbeard, etc." (1693), " A Fig for Momus," satires (1.696). He also wrote, with Greene, an- other play, "A Looking-glass for London and England" (1594), wliich was very popular. t i_ a i Lodi (16'de). A citv in the province of Milan, Logan, John Alexander. Lock Haven (lok ha'vn). A city, the capital of Clinton County, Pennsj'lvania, situated on the West Branch 'of the Susquehanna, 69 miles northwest of Harrisburg. It has a flourishing lum- ber trade. Population (190U), 7,210. Lockport (lok'port) . A city and the capital of Niagara County, New York, situated on the Erie Canal 22 miles north-northeast of Buffalo It has flourishing manufactures. (1900), 16.581. Lockrpy (lok-rwa') (properly Simon), Edou- ard Etienne Antoine. Born at Paris, July 18, 1838. A French journalist and Eadical poli- tician, son of J. P. Lockroy. He was minister of commerce and industry 1886-87; minister of public in- struction 1888 ; minister of marine 1898- June, 1899. Lockroy, Joseph Philippe Simon, called. Born at Turin, Feb. 17, 1803: died at Paris, Jan. 19, 1891. A French dramatist and comedian. Locksley (loks'li). The name assumed by Eobin Hood at the tournament at Ashby de la Zouche, in Scott's " Ivanhoc." Locksley Hall. A poem by Tennyson, pub- lished in 1842. Lockyer(lok'yer), Sir (Joseph) Norman. Bom at Eugby, flngland. May 17, 1836. A noted Eng- lish astronomer. He has published "Elementary Les- sons in Astronomy " (1868), " Contributions to Solar Phys- ics" (1873), "The Spectroscope" (1873), "Studies in .Spec- trum An.alysis " (1878), "The Dawn of Astronomy "(1894), etc. Locle (lok'l), Le. A town in the canton of Neu- chatel, Switzerland. 10 miles northwest of Neu- ehatel. It is celebrated for the manufacture of watches (established in 1680) and of lace. Pop- ulation (1888), 11,312. ^^^^__ ^_^ ^^^ ,„,,„„„. Locmariaquer (lok-ma-ryii-kar'). A seaport in LQ^'onieriaVl*^-'l^-°i^''ri-^)- ' The Latin name the department of Morbihan, France, 11 miles ^^^ medieval principality of "Vladimir in Vol- west-southwest of Vannes, celebrated for me- jjy^ja ^Ueh became part of the kingdom ol galithic monuments. ,.,,.,, ^, , , . Poland. The Emperor of Austria-Hungary Locofocos (lo-ko-fo koz;. In United States his- ^,gj^j.g ^^^ ^^je of King of Galicia and Lodo- tory, the equal-rights or radical section of the meria Democratic party about 1835; by extension, in Lo^gj-g (16-d6r'). A cascade in Cumberland, disparagement, any of the members of that E„„i.i„d, near Keswick. party. The name was given in allusion to an incident LoHovico (16-d6-ve'k6). A kinsman of Braban- whichoccurredatatumultuousmeetingof the Democratic ""V r ,j. , , t./v, party in Tammany Hall, New York, in 18:»,when the radi- J\0_ in .'snaKSpeie S his secretary in 1699. He was chief justice of the Supreme Pennsylvania 1731-39, and as president of the coun- cil was for two years acting governor of the colony after the death of Governor Gordon in 1736. He bequeathed over two thousand volumes to the city of Philadelphia, which now form part of the Philadelphia Library under the title of the Loganian Library. Hewrote " Experimenta et Meletemata de Plantarum Generatione " (1739), etc. gah-jute. Sorn about 1725: killed near De- troit, 1780. An Indian chief. He -was a Cayuga by birth; lived many years near Eeedsville, Pennsylvania, in friendly intercourse with the whites; and became a chief among the Mingoes. His family was murdered by the whites on the Ohio in 1774, whereupon he instigated a war against them. He was killed in a skirmish with a party of Indians, Euphues Golden Legacie, etc. " (1690), "Euphues Shadow : Logan, John. Born in Scotland in 1748 : djed ■ - ••• - " - (lfi9-2), "The Wounds of the Civil -""o^"',""-^ --.„„ . ~ . . _ . ■*» oems 1.689). "Phillis" and "Life at London, Dec, 1(88. _ A Scottish lyric poet. He published his poems, with those of Michael Bruce, in 1770. The much-debated question whether the "Ode to the Cuckoo "is the production of Bruce or of Logan is still matter of dispute. Born in Jackson italy,' situated on the Addaln lat. 45° 18' N., County, 111., Feb. 9, 1826: died at Washington, long.9°30'E. It contains a cathedral, and the church D. C, Dec. 26, 1886. An American general and Incoronata, begun in 1476 from a design by Briimante. statesman, unsuccessful Eepublican candidate It is especially noted for the mamifacture of Parmesan foj. tj^g -^ice-presidency in 1884. Heser%'ed in the cheese and of uiajolic-u It was founded by Frederick Bar- Mexican war; was member of Congress from Hlinois 186»- barossa, in place of the neighboring Lodi \ ecchio (the ^ggj ^^^^g^ „i,h distinction in the Civil War under Grant Roman Laus Pompeia), destroyed m 1158. Population ^ jggj^ j,, t,,g Vicksburg campaign of 1863, and in north- (1891), 18,689. gj.,1 Georgia under Sherman in 1864 ; was member of Con- T.nHi Battle of A A-ictory gained May 10, 1796, gress from Illinois 1867-71 ; and was I'nited States sena- by thfprench undcT Napofeon over the Anstri: t°y,«;iT^; -f l^'^^- He published "The Great Con- ^fTe"gSfe?stroo6) ^^^^'Z^Zf^e'lfZT^il IjOgau Mount AmountainsituatedinYulfcn, The Austrians posted behind the bridge, numbered, ac- Canada, 2o miles northeast of Mount St. Llias, cording to Thiers, 16,000 (probably less). Lannes was the jn lat. 60° 34' N., long. 140° 24' W. Height, first man across the bridge Napoleon (who won this day jg 5^4 f^gj jj j probably the highest moun- the enithet" Little Corporal ) the second. The Austrian . ' ■ t-t »t, \ ■ loss wS 2,500 -the French loss, probably 2,000. The tam m North America battle is known as "the terrible passage of the bridge of Logan, Oll'Ve. See bykes. Lodi." It was foUowed by the capture of^MUan. Logan's CrOSS Eoads, or Mill Springs. A locality in Wayne (bounty, Kentucky, on the cal faction, after their opponents had turned otf the gas, relighted the room with candles by the aid of locofoco matches. The Locofoco faction soon disappeared, but the name was long used for the Democratic party in general by its opponents. Often abbreviated Locos. Locri Epienemidii (16'kri e-pik-ne-mid'i-i). In ancient geography, a Greek people dwelling along the Maliac Gulf, north of Phocis : so named from Mount Cnemis. Locri Epizephyrii (ep'''i-ze-fir'i-i), or Locri. In ancient geogi-aphy, a citvin southern Italy, situ- ated on the coast in lat."38° 15' N., long. 16° 15' E. Its site is near the modem Gerace. It was founded by the Locrians of Greece ; was closely allied with Syracuse in the 4th century n. c; and vacillated between Rome, Pyr- rhus, and Carthage in the 3d century B. 0. A Greek Ionic temple of Persephone, of the Bth century B. 0., has been recovered by excavation here. Locrine (16'krin). Amythioal Mng of England. He was the eldest son of Briite or Brutus, and the father of Sabrina, celebrated in Milton's "Conius." His story is told in Geoffrey of Monmouth. Locrine. A tragedy published anonymously in Cumberland Eiver, where, Jan. 19, 1862, the Federals under Thomas defeated the Confed- erates imder Crittenden. See Mill S^niiigs. Logansport (lo'ganz-port). Acity and the capi- tal of Cass County, Indiana, situated at the junction of the Bel and Wabash rivers, 70 miles north by west of Indianapolis. It has flourish- ing trade and car-works. Population (1900), :;^^l;^S3^^^r: iS^aa^goti) Frie^ichvon,B..inSilga. 1604: died at Liegnitz, July 2y, Ibao. A "Pr- man poet. He was councilor to the Duke of Brieg and Liegnitz. He belonged to the first Silesian school of poets, and was the principal epigrammatist of the period, and one of the most celebrated in German literature. In 1654 he published, under the title "Sinngedichte" ('Epi- grams "), a collection of more than 3,600 poems, many of which are, however, but rimed couplets. A complete edition was published at Tubingen in 1872. Loggia dei Lanzi (loj'jii da'e land'ze). A me- dieval vaulted portico, one of the characteristic buildings of Florence, begun 1374. The front tiM three great round arches with molded columns, a ncn bracketed cornice and balustrade, and medallions of the Theclogical Virtues in the spandrels. In the portico are placed Cellini's "Perseus," Donatello's" Judith,' and other important Renaissance and antique statues. Othello. L6dz(16dz). A ci kow,EussianPoland saw. It is the center of the Polish textile manufacture, the leading manufacture being cotton. Population (1897), 314,780. Loegres, Logres. The name by which Geoffrey of Monmouth calls England, from Logris or Locrine, son of the legendary King Brute. Lofting (lef 'ling), Peter. Born at Tollforsbruch, near Walbo, Sweden, Jan. 31, 1729 : died m Ven- ezuela, Feb. 22, 1756. A Swedish botanist, a pupil and friend of Linnseus. In 1761 he accom- panied a Spanish scientific expedition to Venezuela, and, after traveling extensively in the province of CunianA,went to the missions of Guayana, where he died of a fever. An account of his travels was published in Swedish, under the direction of Linnseus, in 1758. Lofoten (16-f6'ten) (less correctly Lofoden or Loffoden (lof-fo'den)) Islands. A group of Logic, Bob. ^ee Tow fl"rf Jcn.v. islands belongingto the province of Nordland, Logistilla (lo-jis-til'la). In " Orlando Furioso^ Norway, situated west of the mainland about tlie sister of Alcina and Morgana. She repre- lat. 67° 30' to 69° 20' N. The surface is mountain- sents reason or virtue. Logone Logone (16-gd'ne). A tribe of the central Sudan, soutlieast of Lake Cliad, between Boruu and Bagfiii'Uii. They number about 250, OiX). They are vassals of lioiiiu, but ;u'e self-governing ; they are related alike to the Makaris and the Musgu ; and their language is said to have affinity with Hausa and Galla. Logrono (16-gron'y6). A pro\'iuee in Old Cas- tili-', Sjtain. It is bounded by Alava and Navarreon the nurth, Navarre and Saragussa on the east, Soria on the soutii, and Burgos on the west. It beloTigs to the Ebro val- ley. Area, 1,945 square miles. Population (1887), 181,465. Logrono. The capital of the province of Lo- jTronn, situated on the Ebro about lat. 42*^ 26' N.. Ion?;. 2° 36' W.: the Roman Julia Bnga. Population (1887), 15,667. Logrono, Pedro. Bom at Guadalajara, Spain : died, probably in Mexico, after 1567. A Span- ish priest. His "Manual de los adultos para bautizar"- (known only in a fragment) is probably the oldest existing hook published in America. It was printed at Mexico in 1540. Lohardaga (16-har-da'ga), or Lohardugga (16- hiir-dut;'ga). A district in Beiif^al, British In- dia, intersected by lat. 23° 30' N., long. 85° E. Area, 7,140 square miles. Population (1891) 1,128,885. Loheia, or Loheyyah (16-ha'ya). A seaport in Yeiiu'u, Ai'abia, situated on the Red Sea in lat. lo^ 42' N., long. 42° 39' E. Population, 5,000- 6,000. Lohengrin (16'en-grin). [MHG. Loherangriiu LohctKjrin.^ lu German legend, the mythical knight of the swan, the son of Parzival, and a knight of the Holy Grail. He is carried in a boat drawn by a swan to Antwerp, where he becomes the hus- band of the Princess of Brabant, on the condition that she ehalt never ask his name. She nevertheless breaks the agreement, and the swan comes with the boat and bears him away to the Grail. Allusion is made to his history at the end of the poem "Parzival," written by Wolfram von E8chenbach between 1205 and 1215. He is also mentioned in the "Titurel," written by one Albrecht between 1260 and 1270 ; and the same legend is the subject of the poem "Schwanritter" ("The Swan Knighf'X by Konrad von Wurzburg (died 1287), who does not, however, connect his hero with the Grail. A poem," Lohengrin," later re- modeled under the name " Lorengel," written by an un- known author in Bavaria before 1290, gives a detailed history of the mythical knight. The legend has been localized on the lower Rhine as well as on the 8chelde. Lohengrin. A romautie drama, composed( words and iiiii.sie) by Ki<-Uard Wagner in 1847,founded on the poem of "Lohengrin." It was first produced at Weimar under the direction of Liszt in 1850, and was produced at London May S, 1875. Lohenstein (lo'en-stin), Daniel Kaspar von. Born at Niraptseh, Silesia, Jan. 2^i, 1635: died at Breslau, April 28, 1683. A German poet of the second Silesian school. Lohr (lor). A town in Lower Franconia, Bava- ria, situated on the Main 40 miles east by south of Frankfort. Population (1890), 4,207.* Loi (loi), or Baloi (bii-loi'). A Bantu tribe set- tled on the lower Mobangi River in the Kongo State and French Kongo. Loigny'(lwii^i-ye'). A village in the department of Kure-et-Loir, France, south of Chartres. it gives name to the battle of Loigny-Poupry, Dec. 2, 1870, gahicd by the Germans under the Grand Uuke of Met-klen- biirg over the French under Aurelle de Paladines, and forming part of the battle bi-foie Orleans. Loir (Iwiir). A river of nortliwestem France, joining the Sarthe 5 mile.s north of Anf^crs. the Roman Liderieus. Length, about 190 miles. Loire (Iwar). The largest river of Franco: the Koman Liger. it rises in the Gerbier-des-.Toncs, de- partmentof Ardeche, flows tirst toward the north anOTue on the west, and formed imrl of the an- cient Lyonnais. The snrfne.e is largely mountainous. It is traversed by the river Loire, and has important indus- tries, especially coal-mining and dependent mainifactures. Area, 1,828 square miles. Population (1801), 010,227. Loire_, Army of the. 1. A French army im- provised after tlu* battle of Sedan (Sept. 1, 1870) for the relief of Paris. It was eommanded by Aurelle do Pahulines.— 2. After the begin- ning of Dec, 1H70, the part of the first army commanded })y ( 'haiizy (the remaining part be- ing connniunled by Pourbaki). Loire, Haute-. See Ihiute-Loirc Loire-Inf^rieure (Iwjlr'au-fa-ryt^r')- A depart- ment of western France, (.'apital, Nantes. It is bounded by Morbihan and Illc-et-Vilaine on tlie north, Maine-et-Loire on the oast, Vendt^e on the smith, and the Bay of Biscay on the west, and formed part of the ancient Brittany. The surface is Hat. It has llourisliing agricul- 619 tural industries, commerce, and manufactures. Area, 2,«53 square miles. Population (1891), &i5,2(i3. Loiret (Iwii-ra'). A department of eentral France. Capital, Orleans. It is bounded by Eure- et-Loiron the northwest, Seine-et-Oise and Seine-et-Marne on the north, Vonne on the east, Nievre, Cher, and Luii-et- Cher on the south, and Loir-et-Cher on tlu- west, being formed principally from part nf th-- anei._nt Orleanais. It has flourishing agricultural iinhistries and manufactures. Area, 2,t)14 squai-e miles. Population (Ifc^ltl), ;J77,718. Loir-et-Cher (Iwiir'a-shar'). A department of central France. Capital, Blois. It is bounded by Eure-et-Loir on the north, Loiret on the northeast, Cher on the southeast, Indre on the south, Indre-et- Ix)ire on the southwest, and Sarthe on the northwest, being formed from parts of (irleanais and a small part of Touraine. It is a rich agricultural department. Area, 2,451 square miles. Population US91), 28U,358. Loja, or Loxa (lo'Ha). A town in the province of Granada, Spain, situated on the Jenil 29 miles west of Granada, it was formerly a strong fortress. It was taken from the Moors in I486. Population (1887), 19,120. Loja, or Loxa (lo'Ha). A town in Ecuador, about lat. 3° 55' S., long. 79° 25' W. : noted for cinchona. Population, about 10,000. Loka(16'ka). [Skt./ world.'] A world, in Hin- du works, the triloka, or three worlds, are generally heaven, earth, and hell. Another division gives seven, exclusive of seven hells (patalas). The upper worlds are (1) the earth ; (2) the space Ijetween earth and sun, the region of the saints ; (3) Indra's heaven, between the sun and the pole-star ; (4) Maharloka, the usual abode of Bhrigu and other saints; (5) the abode of Brahma's sons, Sanaka, Sananda, and Sa- natknmaia ; (6) the abode of the Vairagins ; (7) the abode of Bralima. The first three are destroyed at the end of each kalpa, orday of Brahma; the last four at the end of his life. The Sanlvhya and Vedanta schools recognize eight lokas: (1) that of the superior deities ; (2) that of the Pitris, Rishis, and Prajapatis; (3) that of the moon and planets; (4) that of the inferior deities; (5) that of theGandharvas; (6) that of the Rakshasas ; (7) that of the Yakshas ; (S) that of the Pishachas. See these words. Lokapalas (lo-ka-pii'laz). [Skt,/ guardians of the world.'] In Hindu mythology, the deities who preside over the eight points of the com- pass: f. e.j the four cardinal and four interme- diate, Theyarelndra, E. ; Agni, S.E. ; Yama, R. ; Surya, S.W. ; Varuna, \V.; Vayu, N.W.; Kuvera, N.; Soma, N. E. Each of these has an elephant who helps to protect the region : these ai'e also known as Lokapalas. Lokeren (lo'ker-en). A town in the province of East Flanders, Belgium, situated on the Durme 23 miles northwest of Brussels. It has flourishing manufactures and trade. Popula- tion (1887), 19,667. Loki (lo'ke). [ON.: lok, end; IJiikOy liika, to close, end.] In Old Norse mythology, the god of destruction. His father'was the giant Farbauti ({_)X. Fdrbanti), Iiis mother Laufey or Nal (ON. Ndl). By the giantess Angurboda (ON. Awjrbodha) he had 3 children: the Midgard-serpent, the Fenris-wolf, and Hel. Loki had throughout a twofold nature. He was of handsome appearance but of evil dispositiim, and was at the same time the friend and the enemy of the gods. For his evil deeds he was finally seized by tlie gods and hound. Over Jiim was set a serpent whose poison would have fallen in drops upon his face IkkI not his w ifo, Sigyn, caught them in a bowl. He was freed at Ragnaruk, when he and Heim- dall slew each other. Lokman (lok-man')- [Ar. Luqmdn, called *' The Wise.''] The reputed author of a collection of faliles in Arabic. Luqman is the title of the 3lst su- rah of the Koran, in the 11th verse of which are found the words *' We gave to Lucjman wisilom." To this shadowy character have been ascribed the circumstances and say- ings of a number of nK-n : lienee Lokman has been rep- resented as a nephew of Job or Abraham, a councilor of David or Solomon, Balaam, an ugly Ethiopian slave, a king of Yaman. a tailor, a carpenter, a shepherd. The fables arevery likr ilin^f .,i i;>up, jnid still more like those of Syn- tipas. M;iii\ ;ir. •>] (itctk oiJLiiTi, and a immber of them go back, ;is dn Uii> iiililcs of I'ilpay, to Indian originals. They were llrstput into their intsent form by an F-u'yptian Christian named Bai.snuKi, j tubal dy toward tin- end of the 13th century. They wvn- tlrst I'ditcd (with a Latin tians- lation) by i^rpeniua (Leydcn, Hilf>). liecent editions are by Rodiger(--id ed. 1839) and DcreidKuirg (1850). Lola Montez. See GUhcrt, Marie 1). E. 11. Lollards (lol'ardz). [From MD. LoUacrd, one who mumbles prayers or hymns.] 1. A semi- monastic society foi" Ihecart^ of tlu^ sick and I lie burial of the dead, which originated at Antwerp aboutiaOO. AlsoeaIh'iUV7//7r.s-.— 2. TheKnglish followers of Wyolif. Mdlicrcnts of a wide-spread movoment,i)artly])olitieal and socialistic, 'and in some respects anticipating Protestantism and Puritanism, in tlie 14th and 15th centuries. They were also called Bible men, from their reverence for the Bible. They dittered on some judnts both nnntng them- selves and fiom Wyclif, but in the nntln condemned the use of inuiges in Lhurehes, pilgrimages to the tombs of saints, the temporal loidwliip of the clergy, the hierarchi- cal organization, pajial aiUhorily. rdigluus orders, ecclesi- astical flccoratioiis, tin- cirrinony of the muss, the tloc- trine of transubstantiatjon, \vai:ing of wars, and capital punishment-. ^>onieot lluni engagi'd in seditious proceed- ings, and they were severely i)ersecuted for more than a hundred years, especially after the adoption of a special statute (" De hroretico e(unburendo ") against them in 1401. Lolhirds were very numemn.H at the close of the 14th centin-y.and perhai>s fiirrnearty in the Wars of the Hoses. Lombard street Lolli(lol'le), Antonio. Born at Bergamo, Italy, about 1730 : died in Sicily, 1802. A noted Ital- ian violinist. He played with success in Stuttgart, St. Petersburg, Paris, and infrequently at London, "Owing to the eccentricity of his styleof composition and execution, he was regarded as a madman by most of the audience." liurnen. Hist, ilusic, IV. 680. Lollius (lol'i-us). An imknown author from wliom Chaucer professed to have derived various thinp^s in his poems. He seems to stand for Petiarch, Boccaccio, and others, and '"occupies in English pot-try very much the same position as .lunius in English i>olitics"' {Lounnbury, Studies in Chatn-er, 11, 411). Lolo (lo'lo), or Balolo (ba-16'16). A great Bantu nation of the Kon^o State, occupying the basins of the Lulongo, Tshuapa, and Lomami rivers in the horseshoe bend of the Kongo Kiver, between Lake Leopold and Stanley Falls. L'Olonnois (16-lo-n\va'), FranQois. Died in Costa Rica about 1668. A French bucaneer and pirate, noted for his ferocity. He was trans- ported to the West Indies for crimes,* joined the buca- neers as a common sailor, rose to high command among them, ami from 166(3 ravaged the coasts of Central Ameri- ca. He waseventually wrecked, and was killed by Indians. His real name is supposed to have been Jacques Jean David Nan. Lolos (lo'loz). A race of aborigines in west- ern China, on the Tibetan frontier, Lom (lorn). A river in Bulgaria, joining the Qanube atRustchuk. It was the scene of Turk- ish victories over the Russians, Aug.-8ept., 1877. Lomami (16-ma'me). One of the great afflu- ents of the Kongo River, which it joins on the left bank midway between Stanley Falls and the Aruwimi, it has its source near lat. 10° S., and its mouth near lat. I'N., running parallel witli the Lu:Uaba from south to noi-th. It was discovered by Cameron, and is also called Boloko. Lomami is also the name of an affluent of the Saukuru. Lombard (lom'bard), Peter, L. Petrus Lom- bardus (pe'trus lom-bar'dus). Born at No- vara, Italy, about 1100 : died at Paris, 1160. An Italian theologian, appointed bishop of Paris in 1159. He was surnamed " Master of Sentences," from his work "Sententiarum libri IVC'l-'our Books of Sen- tences "). See Book of Sentences. Lombard!, I. An opera by Verdi, produced at La Scala, Milan, in 1843. Much of the music was afterward used by him in the opera " Gerusa- lemme." LombardLeague. An association betweenBres- cia, Bergamo, Mantua, Verona, Cremona, Tre- viso, and other cities of Lombardy and north- ' ern Italy, founded in 1167 for protection against Frederick Barbarossa. it rebuilt Milan, dtfeated Frederick at Legnaiio in 1176, and secured liberties by the peace of Constance in 1183. It was renewed against Fred- erick II. in 1226. Lombardo (lom-bar'do), Pietro. Died in 1515. A Venetian architect. The name Lombardo was the patronymic of many north Italian artists who ttourished in Venice from the middle of the 15tli to the begimungof the ICth century. It is associated with a large class of wnrks peculiar to tlie early Renaissance in Venice. The most definite personality of the school is Tietro the architect, to whom are attributed two altars in the clioir of San Marco (1462, 1471), the Church of Santa Maria dci Mira- coli (begun in 1480), the monument to Dante (1482) at Ka- venna, the Vendramini palace, the tomb of Doge Tietro Mocenigo in San Giovanni e Paolo, ami the Moro chapel in San Giobbe. He was nnnlo director of public works aiai'ch 15, 1400. The anonymous marbles which have been classed as belonging to the school of the Lombardi coni- preliend nearly all the Renaissance work produced about 1475-1550. Martino Lombardo is also noted as liaving built the Rcuola di San Marco and (he San Zaecaria in Venice. It is not known whether or not he was the son of Pietro. To the Lombanli family also belong Tullio, An- tonio, and <;inlio (sons of I'ietro), Santi, and .Moro. The last i>robaldy came from Bergannt. Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom. A kiiifrdom const ilutud by Austria, in ISl'iout of the Italiiin territories assigned to her by the Conjjrcss of Vienna, it comprises Lombardy. Venetia, and Mantua.- Lombardy was ceded to Victor Krnnmnuel in ISfi!'. ami Vcuetiii ittid Mantua were surriiuU-rid to him in IxitV Lombards (loni'biird/,. ]\>riiicrly Inni'bjiiNlz). [Appar. 'long-beards. 'J Tlu- natives or inhab- itants of Lombardy in Italy. The name is used more specillcally for the memlicrs' of the Germanic liibu (Longobards) whoaliout 5(i8, under Alboin, cominered the part of muthern Italy still called Lond>jirdy, and fv>unded the kingdom of that name, which was afterward extended over a much larger territory, ami wns tlnally overthrown by Charlemagne in 7M. In old London the name I.om- biu'ds was generic, and was applied to foreiut merchanta from southern Kurope, but more esiu'ciallj-^o represen- tatives of the great houses of Die northern Italian cities. They also i-stablisbed lhemselvef> in France, chielly at Nim'es iind Moutpellier. i^ee Ltnuhard strct'f. Lombard street. A street in the City, London, where the Ijombard merchants of the middlo ages established themselves before the n^gn ot' Kdwnrd II. with theGermansof the Steelyard tliey engrossed the more pnilltable branches of English lr:ide. The goMsmiths weem to have had the most re:id> moTuy. On occasion they lent money on interest, and gradually Lombard street took up the business of banking, as it was then understood. Tliey did not call themselves bankers, bat kept 'Tiiuaing cashes" or current accounts. In 1077 there were no lees than thirty-seven goldsmiths keeping "running cashes" in Lombard street. The seizure by Charles I. of £200,000 stored in the Tower forced them tu keep their money in circulation, and was practically the origin of modern sys- tematic banking. (Compare Lombards.) Lombard street is now a great banking center. Lombardy (lom'bar-di). A Teutonic kingdom, founded in 568 by Alboin, which comprised at its height a large part of northern and central Italy. Its capital was P.avia. Various Lombard duchies (as Benevenfco) were founded further south in Italy. See Lombards. Lombardy. [It. Xombardia.'] A eompartimento in northern Italy. It includes the provinces Como, Milan. Pavia, Bergamo, Sondrio, Brescia, Cremona, and Mantua, comprising the alpine and subalpine regions in the north and the Lombard plain of the Po. Lombardy. A theme (province) of the Byzan- tine empire, in the early part of the middle ages, situated in southeastern Italy. Lombok, or Lomboc (lom-bok')- -Aji island of the Lesser Sunda group. East Indies: the native Tauah Sasak. it is separated from Bali on the west by the Strait of Lombok, and from Sumbawa on the east by the Strait of Alias. The surface is gt-nerally niountainous. It is under native rulers, and the inhabitants are chietlySassaks (Mohammedan). Area, about 2,000 square miles. Lombroso (lom-br6'z6), Cesar. Born at Ven- ice, Nov., 1836. A noted Italian criminologist and alienist. Among his works are "TheCriminal: an Anthropological and Medico-legal Study," "The Man of Genius,""Epileptic Insanity," " Political" Crime and Revo- lutions," "The Physiognomy of the Anarchist," and "The Female Offender ' with William Ferreri (I8K4). Lombroso, Jacob or John. A Jewish physician who lived in the colony of Maryland 1656-65. He practised his profession and acquired land ; was ar- rested on the charge of blasphemy ; but escaped through the general amnesty proclaimed by Kichard CromweU. Lome (lo'ma). The principal port of Togoland, Slave Coast, western Africa. Lome Arme. See Momme Jrme, L'. Lomenie (lo-ma-ne'), Louis Leonard de. Bom at St.-Yrieix, Haute-Vienne, France, Dec. 3, 1815 : died at Menton, France, April 2, 1878. A French man of letters, author of "Galerie des contemporains" (1840-47), " Beaumarehais et son temps" (1855), etc. 620 Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth "wrds'w!.rtt'wel?Ham'r2;: Londonderry, Marquises of. Woolwich. The Univeisity ' ""'-J« '"/'*«'->'<- «")■?. liamentary purposes London is divided into f8 coustitu- encit-s with 1 member eacii, except the City, which returns 2 members (West Ham is sometimes included in parlia- mentary London, making 60 divisions): Battersea, Ber- niondsey, Bethnal Green (2), Bow and Bromley. Brixtnn, Camberwell North, Chelsea, City of London," Clapham, Deptford, Dulwidi, Finsbury (2). Fulhani, Greenwich, Hackney (3), Haggerston, Hammei-smith, Hampstead, Holbiirn, Hoxton, Islington (il, Kensington (2), Lambeth (2), Lewisham, Liniehouse, Marj'lebone (2), jlile End, Nenington West, Norwood, Paddington (2), Peckham, Poplar, Kotherhithe, St. George (Hanover Square), St. George s-in-the-East, St. Pancras ■-■"■• ■ Stepney, Strand, Walworth, Westminster, Whitechapel of London is also represented, London was prohablv LoudoU ProtOCOl an ancient British town. It appears to have been reset, tied by the Romans about 43 A. u.. and Londinium ^called also Augusta) was the capital of Britannia in the last part of the Roman period, .\fter the departure of the Romans (about 410)aud in the early Saxon period its history is ob- scure, though there were bishops of London from the 7th century. It was plundered by the Danes, and rebuilt by Alfred and Athelstan. It received a charter from Wil- liam I., and many privileges from Henry I. By the 14th century its commerce had greatly developed. The insur- rection of Wat Tyler occurred in 13S1. London sided with the Yorkists in the T.'ars of the Roses, and with the Par- liamentarians in the civil war. It was scourged by the plague in 1C6.5, and was almost entirely destroyed by the great fire of 1666. A financial panic happened in 1720, and the " No- Popery " riots in 1780. The "Great E-thibition " of 1851 was the first of the international expositions ; it was followed by another in 1862. (Forvariousobjects of inter- est (the British Museum, the GuiHhall, the Monument, the National Caller;-, the Houses of Parliament, Eoyal Academy, St, Paul's Cathedral, the Tower, Westminster Abbey, ete.X and for very many local details, see the spe- cial headings.) The London Government Act of 1899 di lanticon the north, Antrim and Lough Neagh on the east, Tyrone on the south, Tyrone and Donegal on the west, and Lough Foyle on the northwest. Its chief manufacture is linen. Area, 816 square miles. Population (1891), 152.009. 2. The capital of the county of Londonderry, situated on the Foyle in lat. '55° N., long. 7° 19' W. : formerly called Derry. its chief manufacture is linen. It contains a cathedral. A monastery was founded here by Columba in 546. The city is celebrated tor its buc- cessf ul defense by the Irish Protectants against James II (April-Aug., 16S9). Population (1891), 32,893. See Stewart a.ti vided the administrative county of London (with the ex- ception of the City)into 28 municipal boroughs : Battersea, Bermondsey, Bethnal Green, Camberwell, Chelsea, Dept^ ford, Finsbury, Fulham, Greenwich. Hacknev, Hammer- smith, Hampstead, Holbom, Ishnirtnn, Kensiiigton. Lam- beth, Lewisham, Marylebone, Paddington, Poplar, .St. Pancras, Shorcditch, Southwark, Stepnev, Stoke Newlng- tou, Wandsworth, Westminster, Woolwich. London. A city and the capital of Middle- sex County, Ontario, Canada, situated on the Thames in lat. 43° N. It is a manufacturing and commercial center. Population (1901) 37,983. '' London, Convention of. A convention con- cluded between England and France, Oct. 22, 1832, for the purpose of coercing Holland into withdrawing its troops from Belgium. Lpm^nie de Brienne (16-ma-ne' de bre-eu'), London, Treaty of. The name of a number of Etienne Charles de. Born at Paris, 1727: died in prison, Feb. 15-16, 1794. A French politician and prelate. Hebecame archbishop of Toulouse in 1763 ; was a member of the Assembly of Notables in 1787 ; and succeeded Calonne as comptroller-general of finances in 1787. He was made premier and archbishop of Sens in 178S, but was forced to resign the premiership in the same year, after having convoked the States-Geneml for May 1, 1789, He was succeeded by Necker. Lomond (16'mond;, Loch. A lake in Scotland, the largest in Great Britain, it lies between Dum- bartonshire on the west and Stirlingshire on the east, and is famous for its beauty. Length, 25 miles. Greatest width, 7 miles. Its outlet is the Leven. Lomwe (lo'mwe). See Kua. Lomza (lom'zha). 1. A government of Russian Poland, bordering on East Prussia. Area. 4,667 square miles. Population (1887-89), 608.683.— 2. The capital of the government of Lomza, situated on the Narew 78 miles northeast of "n'arsaw. Population (1890). 18,405. treaties concluded at London between England and other powers, chief among which are the following, (o) The treaty of July 6, 1S27, between Eng- land, France, and Russia, whereby those powers agreed to compel Turkey and Greece to accept their mediation with a view to restoring peace in the East. Greece was to be made autonomous under the sovereignty of the sul- tan, the Mohammedan population wag to be removed, and the Greeks were to receive possession of all Turkish prop- erty in Greece on the payment of an indemnity. The of- fer of mediation was rejected by Turkey, which resulteti in armed intervention, (b) The treatyof Nov. 15, lb31, between Great Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, and Rus- sia, for the settlement of the Belgian question. It pre- scribed, among other things, that Belgium and Holland should bear separately the debts which they had contracted before the union, and that they should share the liabili- ties contracted since. The treaty was eventually carried out. (c) The treaty of 1832 between England, France, Russia, and Bavaria, by which the crown of Greece was given to Frederick Otho. second son of the king of Bava- ria, (d) The treaty of ilarch 13. 1871, by which the signa- 1. The protocol of May 8. 1852, Ijy which the gi-eat powers recognized Prince Christian of (jliicksburg and his male descendants as heirs to Denmark, includinir Schleswig and Holstein. It was not ratified by ' the German Diet or the estates of Schleswig and Holstein.— 2. The protocol of March 31, 1877. by which the great powers called upon Turkey to make peace with Montenegro and to carry "out certain reforms affecting the Christian popula- tions in the sultan's dominions. It was rejected by the Porte, and Russia alone took up arms against Turkey. London "Wall. A Roman wall built between 3."<0 and 369 around London. It inclosed 380 acres. There were two gates in it — the western gate, now Newgate, for the Pretorian way or Watling street; and the northern gate, for the road to York, or Ermine street, now Bishops- gate. Therewasalso-agateat thebridgeat Dowgate, ai;d possiblyone at Billingsgate, During the Danish invasion the wall was broken down, but was restored by Alfred in 886. Posterns were then opened at Ludgate, at Cripple- gate, and probably at what was later iloorgate. The wall was kept up till compiiratively modern times, and frag, ments of it are stUl discernible. The most notable portion is in the street now called London Wall, between Wood street and Aldermanbury. Long (long), Charles Chaille-. Bom at Prin- cess Anne, Somerset County, Md. , July 2, 1842. An American soldier. He served as a volunteer in the American Civil "War, attaining the rank of captain ; and in 1869 received an appointment as lieutenant-colonel in the Egyptian army. He was made chief of staff to General Gordon in 1874, and in the same year was employed on a diplomatic and geographical mission to the interior of Africa. He resigned his commission in the Egyptian ser- vice in 1877, and in 1887 was appointed United States con- sul-general and secretarV' of legation in (^orea- He has published "Central Africa " (1876) and "The Three Pr.>- phets — Chinese Gordon, the Mahdi, and Arabi Pasha" (1SS4). Long, George. Bom at Poulton, Lancashire. England, Nov. 4, 1800 : died at Chichester. Aug. 10, 1879. An English classical scholar, historian, geographer, and misceUaneous author. Long, George "Washington de. See De Long. Long, John Davis. Bom at Buckfield, Maine, Oct. 27, 1838. An American statesman. He»»s a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives 1875-78, and three times speaker of the House; lieutenant- governor 1879 ; governor l.^B0-S2; United States congress- man 1883-«9; and secretary of the navy 1897-1902. He pulilished a translation of Vergil's " -Eneid in 1879. Long, Loch. An arm of .the Firth of Clyde, be- tween Dumbartonshire and Argyllshire, Scot- land. Length, 17 miles. Long Acre. A street in London, near Covent Garden, running into Drury Lane. It is or was the headquarters of caiTiage-builders. _ w.a x^,.,.,..^. ,. ^....-lut,. tory powers of the treaty of Paris (which see) of lSiS6 aC' , - . - LonatO (16-na to). A town in the province of ceded to the demand of Russia to strike out the clauses Lougaville (long'ga-vU). A lord attending on Brescia, northern Italy, 14 miles east-southeast T°™'it'if'"-ft"jt.™h.!^'^f a„ „.q,.„„*: i ;„„^: l^''. ^'"? 2^ Navarre in Shakspere's "Love's of Brescia. Here, Aug. 3, 1796, the French un der Bonaparte defeated the Austrians under Wurmser. Londinium (lon-din'i-um). The Roman name of London. London (hm'don). [L. Londinium, origin un- certain ; F. Londres. It. Londra, Sp. Londres.'] The capital of England and seat of the govern- ment of the British empire, the largest and most important city in the world, and its principal business and financial center, it is situated in the counties of Middlesex, Surrey, and Kent, on both sides of the Thames, about 50 miles from its mouth, in lat 61° 30' 48" N., long. 0"5' 48" W. (St. Pauls Cathedral). In its wid- est extent (the Metropolitan Police District with the City of London Police District, which together form "Greater London ") it occupies an area of 690 square miles and con- tains (1901), 6,581,372 inhabitants. Of tliese, according to the census of 1901, 4,536.541 reside within the "Inner Ring" (see County of London, below) or Registration District and 2,044,831 within the " Outer Ring " or subur- ban district. For administrative purposes this vast cen- ter of population is variously subdivided. The City of London proper (generally called "The City ") is little over a square mile in extent, and had in 1901 a population of only 26,923. It extends along the north bank of the Thames from the Temple to the Tower, and northward as far as Holborn and Finsbury Circus, and is the business center, its " day " population exceeding 300,000 in 1901. It has a distinct administration under the lord mayor, ■with 26 other aldermen and a court of common council. The rest of "Inner" London forms an administrative county, which since 1888 has been under the control of the London County Council of 118 members. For par- London, "frniversity of. An educational insti- tution, founded at London in 1836, which con- fers degrees after examination, but, until 1900, proWded no courses of instruction. London Bridge. The first of the bridges across the Thames at London, situated at the head of navigation, half a mile above the Tower. The earliest structure of which there is historical record was destroyed Nov. 16, 1091. by a storm and high tide. The first st^>ne bridge was built"ll76-1209 on a wooden founda- tion. It consisted of 20 arches. The roadway was 926 feet long, 60 feet above water, and 40 feet wide. Houses were built upon it, and in course of time it became a continuous street with 3 openings on each side to the river. A chapel of St. Thomas Becket stood upon the east side. The super- structures were repeatedly devastated by fire, most notably the great fire of 1666. Tlie eleventh span from the South- wark end formed a drawbridge flanked by a tower built in 1426, on the top of which were stuck the heads of persons executed for treason- moved in 175! Kennies, was begun March 15, 1S24, and opened 1831. It stands about ISO feet above the site of the old structure, which was pulled down in 1832. It is 920 feet long, 56 feet wide, and 55 feet high, and the central span is 150 feet. London Company. A company of merchants and others dwelling in and near London, formed for the purpose of planting colonies in Ameri- ca. It was chartered in 1606, founded a colony at Jamestown in 1607. and was dissolved in 1624. Londonderry (lun'don-der-i). 1. A maritime county in Ulster, Ireland, it Is bounded by the At- Labour 's Lost." Long Branch. A town iu Monmouth County, New Jersey, situated on the Atlantic coast 29 miles south of New York. It is a fashionable seaside resort. Population (1900). 8,872. Long Bridge. A bridge about a mile long, built across the Potomac at Washington. District of Columbia. It was the main avenue of communication with the .\rmy of the Potomac during the Civil War, and was strongly fortified. Longchamp, or Longchamps (16u-shon'). A race-course at the end of the Bois de Boulogne, west of Paris. It was long noted for its prom- enade. An abbey formerly stood here. Longchamp (16n-shon'). "William of. Died at Poitiers. Jan. 31, 1197. An EnsUsh prelate, bishop of Ely and chancellor of Richard I. Th^ ^Mi:nZl%%7X!ir^7^^^e Longfellow aong'fel-o,, Henpr Wadsworth. :un March 15, 1824, and opened Aug. 1, Born at Portland, Maine, 1 eb. -'. j^O, ._ (l;ed at Cambridge, Mass., March 24, 1882, A dis- tinguished American poet. He graduated at Bow- doin College in 1826; traveled in Europe 1826-29; was professor of modem languages at Bowdoin 1S29-;J5 ; again visited Europe 1835-36 : and was professor of modern lan- guages and belles-lettres at Harvard College 1836-54. He continued to reside at C:imbridge. His poetical works in- clude "Voices of the Night" (1)n-9i, 'Ballads and other Poems' (1841), " Poems on Slaven" (1842), " Spanish .--tu- dent"(1843). "Poets of Europe" (1845: trans,), "Belfry of Bruges and other Poems " (1S45), "Evangeline : a Tale ol Acadie " (1847), " Seaside and Fireside " (1849). " The Gold- en Legend " (1851). " The Song . if Hiawatha " (1S55X "The Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth Courtship of Miles Standisli "(1858), "Birds of Passage" /1858-(i;i), "Tales of a Wayside Inn" (1*S6j), "Flower-de- Luce " (1867), a translation of the " Divine Comedy " (1867- 1870), "New England Traaedies "(1868), " The Divine lYa- gedy " (1871), " Tluee Books of Song " (1872), ■ ' Aftermath " (1873), "Hanging of the Crane" (1874), " Slorituri Salu- tamus" (1875), "ilask of Pandora (187.'i). "Keramos and other Poems" (1878), "Ultima Thule" (1880), "Hermes Trismegistus"(1882), "In the Harhor " (1882). His prose works are "Ontre-Mer" (1835), and the novels "Hypeiion" (1839) and " Kavauagh " (1849). He also edited " Poems of Places" (:;l vols. 1876-79). Longfellow, Samuel. Bom at Portland, Maine, June 18, 1819: died there, Oct. 3, 1892. An American Unitarian clergyman and hymn-wri- ter, brother of H. W. Longfellow. He graduated at Harvard in 1839, and at the Divinity School in 1846. He was pastor of a church in Fall River, Massachusetts, 1848- 1853; in Brooklyn 1853-60; and in Germantowii, Pennsyl- vania, 1878-82. He then returned to Cambridge. He edited a"Lifeof Henry Wadsworth Longffllow " (1S86) and "Final Memorials." etc. (1887), and published a number of books of hymns, and " Thalatta : a Book for the Seaside " (with T. W. Higginson, 1853). Longford (long'ford). 1 . A county in Leinster. Ireland, it is bounded by Leitrim on the northwest, Cavan on tli^ northeast, Westmeath on the east and south, and Lough Ree and Roscommon on the west. The sur- face is generally level. Area, 421 square miles. Pop- ulation (1891), 52,617. 2. The capital of the county of Longford, situ- ated on the Camlin 68 miles west-northwest of Dublin, Population (1891), 3,827. Longhi (long'ge), Giuseppe. Bom at Monza, near Milan, Oct. 13, 1706: died at Milan, Jan. 2, 1831. A noted Italian engraver. His best- known works are engravings after Correggioand Raphael. LonglmanUS. See Artarcrxes I. Longinus (lon-ji'nus).Dionysius Cassius. Born about 210 A. D. : executed 273. A celebrated Greek critic and philosopher, chief counselor of Zenobia, and the instructor of her children. "To him is ascribed, though doubtfully, the essay 'On Sublimity,' one of the best pieces of literary criticism in the language.'' (Jebb.) On the fall of Zenobia, Longinus was beheaded as a traitor by the command of the emperor Aurelian. Longis (lon'jis), or Longius (lon'ji-us). The name given in the middle ages to the soldier who pierced the side of Jesus with his lance. Long Island, An island forming part of the State of New York. It is separated from Connecti- cut on the north by Long Island Sound, and from the mainland of New York on the northwest, and Manhattan Island on the west, by Long Island Sound and the East Ki\er; it is also bordered on the west by New York Bay and the Narrows. The surface is diversifled, and the coast-line is much indented. It is divided into 3 counties — Suffolk, Queens, and Kings /containing Brooklyn) — and contain.s many seaside resorts. It was discovered by the Dutch in 1609, and was first settled by them about 1632-36. Length, 118 miles. Greatest width, 23 miles. Area, 1,682 square miles. Long Island, Battle of. A battle fought at the western extremity of Long Island, Aug. 27, 1776, in which the British under Howe defeated the Americans under the immediate command of Sullivan. Stirling, and Putnam. Long Island City. A former city of Queens County, Long Island, New York, separated from Brooklyn on the south bj' Newtown Creek : in- corporated in New York city (act of 1896). it com- prises Hunter's Point, Astoria, Ravenswnod, etc., and has extensive manufactures. Population (1897), about 45,000. Long Island Sound. -An arm of the Atlantic Ocean which separates Connecticut and the mainland of New York on the north from Long Island on the south, it is connect,ed with the ocean on the east by the Race, and with New York Bay by the East Kiver on the southwest. Length, about 110 miles. Greatest width, about 20 miles. Longjumeau (lon-zhu-mo')- A town in the de- partmentof Seine-et-Oise, France, on theYvette 12 miles south of Paris. A treaty of peace between the Catholics and Protestants was signed here March 23, 1.^68, but war broke out again si.v months later. Popula- tion (1891), 2,651. Longland. See Langhnid. Longman (long'man). Thomas. Born at Bris- tol, England, 1609 : died at London, June 18, 17.5.5. An English publisher. He was apprenticed to his uncle, John (tsborn, a London bookseller, \vith whom he later entered into partnership, and to whose business he ultimately succeeded al)out 1734. He was part owner of "Chambers's Cyclop.Tdia" and of Johnson's "Dictionary." Longman, Thomas. Born at London, 1730: died near London, 1797. An English publisher, uepliew,partner,and successor of Thomas Long- man (1699-17.5,5). Longman, Thomas Norton. Born at London, 1771 : died at llampstead, Aug. 29, 1842. An English publisher, son and successor of Thomas Longman (1730-97). He published, with Rees, Lard- ner's and Rees's cyclopedias, Lindley Alurray's "Englisli Grammar," and works of Scott, Moore, Macaiilay, Words- worth, Southey, and others. After 1826 they were sole proprietors of the " Edinburgh Review." Long Meg of Westminster. A name given to a noted scold and procuress in the time of Henry 621 VIII. A play with this name was performed at the For- tune Theatre in 15'c>4. The name "Long Meg" has since been gi\en to a number of things of unusual length, par- ticularly to a column of red freestone near Penrith, Eng- land. It is 15 feet in circumference and 18 feet high, and is supposed to be part of a Draidical temple. Longobardi, Longobards. See Langobardi. Long Parliament. The Parliament which as- sembled on Nov. 3, 1640, and carried ou the civil war. On its showing a disposition to come to terms with the party of Charles I., it was "purged," Dec. 6, 1(>48, by the e.\puIsion of a large number of its members. It then abolished the House of Lords, and apjiointed the High Court of Justice which tried and condemned the king. The Parliament was forcibly dissolved by Cromwell on April 20, 1653, but was twice restored in 1659, and was finally dissolved in March, 1660, after providing for the summoning of a free Parliament. In its lator history it was known as the Kump Parliament. Long's Peak (longz pek). A peak in the Rocky Mountains, Colorado, about 45 miles northwest of Denver. Height, 14,270 feet. Longstreet (long'stret), Augustus Bald-win. Born at Augusta, Ga., Sejit. 22, 1790: died at Oxford, Miss., Sept. 9, 1870. An American cler- gyman of the Methodist Episcopal Church, edu- cator, and humorous -vvriter. He is best known from his "Georgia Scenes" (1840). He also wrote "Master William Mitten " (1S58), etc. » Longstreet, James. Bom in Edgefield district, S. C Jan. 8, 1821. An American general in the Confederate sei'vice. He graduated at West Point in 1842 ; served in the Mexican war ; entered the Confederate service with the rank of brigadier-general in 1861; waspromotedmajor-generalinthesame year; com- manded a corps at the second battle of Bull Kun ; commanded the right wing of Lee's army at Antietam ; commanded a corps with the rank of lieutenant-general at Gettysburg ; led the left wing at Chickamauga ; unsuccess- fully attacked BurnsideatKnoxville in 1863; andserved with distinction in the Wilderness in 1864, and before Richmond 1864-65. He was United States mmister to Turkey 1880-81. Longsword (loug'sord), Richard. A son of Henry II. Rosamond Clifford has long been said to be his mother. The evidence of Longsword being Rosamund's son is equally untrustworthy, and the fact is discredited by all sound recent historical writers. The name of his "true mother is unknown even in early tradition. The argu- ment, drawn from the grant made to Longsword by his father, shortly before his death, in 1188. of the manor of Appleijy in Lincolnshire, rests on a confusion between that manor and the manor of Appleby in Westmoreland, which was held by Rosamund's family, the Cliffords. Notes and Queries, 8th ser., III. 293. Long Tom. A 42-pound gun, originally part of the armament of the French line-of -battle ship Hoche, captured by the English 1798, and sold to the Americans. It was used during the French at- tack on Haiti in 1804 . was dismounted till 1812 ; and was placed on the Gener.al Armstrong, which ran the blockade of the British at New Orleans, .■^ept. 9, 1814. This vessel ran into the bay near Horta, Fayal, for water after an en- counter with a British squadron, in which she was rendered helpless. Long Tom was dismantled, and lay at Fayal till it was brought back to New York on the steamship Vega April 18, 1893, through the efforts of Colonel Reid, the son of the commander of the General Armstrong. Long Tom Coffin. See Cofiin. Long Tom Indians. See Chelamela. Longton (long'ton). A town in Staffordshire, England, 34 miles south of Manchester. It has manufactures of pottery, etc. Population (1891), 34,327. Longueville (16hg-vel'), Duchesse de (Anne Gene'sdfeve de Bourbon-Conde ) . Born at Vin- ceunes, near Paris, Aug. 28, 1619 : died at Paris, April 15, 1679. Sister of the gi'eat Cond6, and one of the chief leaders of the Fronde. She was aftei-ward a leading Jansenist. LongUS (long'gus). [Gr. AdjQ'of.] A Greek ro- mancer and sophist, probably of the 5th centmy A. D. : author of the pastoral romance " Daphni's and Chloe" (which see). Nothing is known of his life, and it is doubtful whether the name " Longua " has been rightly assigned to him. LongUS (the grammarian). See Vcliiis Longiis. Longuyon (16n-gy6h'). A town in the depart- ment of Meurthe-et-Moselle, France, situated at the .iimetion of the Ci'usne atid Chiers, 35 miles northwest of Metz. It has important hardware manufactures. Population (1891), commune, 2,618. Long Walk, The. A straight avenue, about 3 miles long, in "VVindsor Park near London. Longwood (long'wi'iil). A farm-house in the interior of the island of St. Helena: the resi- dence of Napoleon in his exile. Long'Wy (16u-we'). A fortified town in the de- partment of Meurthe-et-Moselle, nortlioastom France, situated on the Chiers 34 miles north- west of Metz. It was besieged and taken by the Prus- sians in Aug., 1792, and .Sept., 1815, and by the German forces in 1871. Population (1891), commune, 6,978. LonigO (16-ne'g6). A small town in the prov- ince of Vicenza, northeastern Italy, situated on the Gua 19 miles east b.y south of Verona. Lopez, Carlos Antonio Lonnrot (len'rot), Elias. Born at Sammatti, Nyhmd, Finland, April 9, 1802: died there, March 19, 1884. A Finnish scholar, one of the founders of modern Finnish literature. He ed- ited the "Kalevala" (1835-49), and collections of Finnish poems, proverbs, and riddles, and published a Finnish- Swedish lexicon (1874-80). Lons-le-Saunier (16h'le-s6-nya'). The capital of the dejiartment of Jm-a, France, situated on the Valliere in lat. 46° 41' N., long. 5° 33' E. : the Roman Ledo Salinarius. it contains noted salt- springs, and has a museum. It was an ancient Gallic and Roman town. Rouget de I'lsle was born here. Popula- tion (1891), commune, 12,610. Loochoo (16-cho'), or Liu-kiu (lyo'kyo'), or Riu-kiu (ryo kyo) Islands. A gi oup of islands southwest of Japan, to which they belong. The chief islands are Okinawa and ( Mhinia. The chief port is Nafa They were annexed to .liipan in 1874. Area, 950 square miles. Population (l^M;ii. 41o,sSl. Looking Backward: 2000-1887. A story by Ed\v:iril Hcllamy, published in 1S8S. Inithesets lortli his views of the "next stage in the industrial and so- cial development of humanity." His idea is a pure so- cialism. Looking-Grlass for London and England, A. A play by Lodge and Greene, ])ul>lished in 1-594. The plot is the story of Jonah and the Ninevites, with ap- plication to London and England. It was probably written about 1590. Lookout (luk'out), Cape. A cape in North Car- olina, projecting into the Atlantic Ocean in lat. 34° 37' N., long. 76° 31' W. Lookout Mountain. A ridge in northwestern (ieorgia and adjacent parts of Tennessee and Alabama. It is 1,600 feet above the Tennessee River. Lookout Mountain, Battle of. A part of the battle of Chattanooga, a Federal ■victory won by General Grant over the Confederates tinder Bragg. In the storming of Lookout Mountain, Nov. 24, 1863, the Federals were under the immediate command of Hooker, and advanced up the northern face. Owing to the heavy mist on the mountain-side, the battle is often called "the battle above the clouds." Loomis (16'mis), Elias. Born at Willington, Conn., Aug. 7, 1811: died at New Haven, Aug. 15, 1889. An .American mathematician and physicist. He graduated at Yale in 1830. and was pro- fessor of mathematics at Western Reserve College 1837-44, of natural philosophy at the I^niversity of the City of New Y'ork 1844-00, and of natural philosophy and astronomy at Yale 1860-89. He published a series of mathematical text- books, including '*Plane and Spherical Trigonometry" (1848), "Elements of Algebra "(1851), " Elements of Geom- etry and Conic Sections " (1851). Loos (los). A town in the department of Nord, France, immediatelv west of Lille. Population (1891), commune, 7,924. Loosjes (los'yes), Adriaan. Born on the island of Texel in 1761 : died at Haarlem in 1818. A Dutch novelist and poet. He was intended, at the outset, for the church, but became a bookseller, a calling which he foUoweil until his death. He wrote the volume of poems "Minnezangen " ("Love Songs," 1783), the epic "De Ruyter" (1784), and a number of dramas. His prin- cipal work is, however, his romances. These are the his- torical novels "Frank van Borselen en Jacoba Min Bei- jeren " (1790-91). " Charlotte van Bourbon " (1792), " Hugo de Groot en Maria van Reigersbergen " (1794), "Louise de Colligny " (1803), " Johan de Witt " (1805). They were fol- lowed by a series of contemporary character sketches in three parts, undetthe title"Zcdcrijke Vertalen"("Moral Tales," 1804-05). *l"he novel "Historie van Mejnfvrouw Susanna Bronkhor3t"("The History of Miss Susanna Bronk- horst," 1806-07) was in epistolary form. His principal historical novel, " Maurits Lijnslager," was the next to ap- pear (1808). This was followed. Anally, by four others : "HillegondaBuisman"(1808). "Lotgevallen vanden Heere R. J. van Golstein" ("The Adventures of Mr. R. J. van Golstein," 1809-10), "Robert Hellcmans" (ISlfi), and "Johan Wouter Blommestein " (1816). Lopamudra (lo-pii-ino'drii). In Hindu mythol- ogy, a girl whom the sage Agastya formed from the most graceful parts of different animals and introduced into the palace of the King of Vidiirbha, who believed her to be his daugliter. Wlicn she was gi'own, Agastya, who had formed her that he might have a wife after his own heart, asked Inr in marriage. Her name is explained as meaning that the animals sufTcred loss (lopa) by lur engrossing of tlicir dis- tinctive beauties (niudrii), such as the eyes of the deer. Lope de Rueda. See liimia. Lope de Vega. See Vriin. Lopez (16'patli), Cape. A cape on the western coast of Africa, situaledinlal,0°,'i(!'S.,long. 8° 44' K. Lopez (lo'piith, locally Ifi'paz), Carlos Anto- nio. Born near Asuncion aboul 1795: died there, Sept. In, 1862. Prcsideiil of Paraguay. He was made llrst consul March 12, 1811, and from that time was practically dictator Klected president for 10 years in 1844, he was reelected for 3 years in 1854, and for 7 years in 1857 : but these elections were merely nominal, since (\>ngrcss simply obeyed his orders. His arbitrary acts caused r. 'iisi ant (luarrels with foreign nations, and in 18.S9 the I'liited states sent a squadron to the I'lata to enforce demands against him : in this case he offered to submit the iiuestion of damages to arbitration, but subsequently evaded the claim. Lopez, Francisco Solano Lopez, Francisco Solano. Bom at Asuncion, July 24, 1826 or 1827 : died near the Aquidaban, JIarch 1, 1870. A Pai-aguayan soldierand states- man, son of Carlos Antonio Lopez. On the death of the elder Lopez, Sept. 10, 1862, he assumed the eiecu- tive by virtue of his father's will, and convoked a congress which eletfted him president for 10 years. Having pre- viously made secret prepai-ations for war, he interfered In the quarrel of Brazil and Uruguay, and finally, without previous declaration of hostilities, seized a Brazilian mail steamer which was ascending the river (Nov., ISGl). Soon after tliis he sent a large force to invade Matto Grosso, a Brazilian province, and made war on the Argentine. This led to the alliance of Brazil, Uruguay, and .\rgentina against Paraguay, and a long and bloody struggle. (See Triple Alliance. War of the.) .As the events of the war turned against him. his despotism and cruelty bordered on insanity. In many of his worst acts he appears to have been influenced by his Irish mistress, kno^m as ^ladam Lynch. In 186S several hundred natives and foreigners were arrested, tortured, and executed on an entirely un- proved charge of conspiracy : they included generals, ministers, judges, bishops, priests, merchants, foreign con- suls, andhisown brothersandbrothers-in-law. The Amer- ican minister, Mr. Washburn, was only saved by the timely arrival of a United States gunboat, and two members of the legation were tortured. Driven at length from Asun- cion, he retreated to the interior with a small force, was surprised near the river Aquidaban by a Brazilian force, and was killed with bis eldest son. Lopez, Hermogenes. A Venezuelan politician, president of the republic Feb. 20, 1886, to Feb. 20. 1888. Lopez, Jos§ Hilario. Bom at Popayan, Feb. IS, 1798: died at Xeiva, Nov. 27, 1869. A New Granadan (Colombian) general and politician. From March 7, 1S49, to March 7, 1S52, he was president of New Granada. Under him slavery was abolished (Jan.. 1852), and various changes were made in the direction of a federal form of government. In 1854, and again from 1859 to 1862, he fought on the side of the federalists, part of the time as commander-in-chief; and on the triumph of his party was made a member of the provisional govern- ment 1862-63 Later he was president of Tolima, and in 1S67 was named commander.in-chief of the array, but soon retired. Lopez, Narciso. Born in Venezuela. 1798 or 1799: died at Havana. Cuba, Sept. 1, 1851. A Spanish-American general and filibuster. He fought against the patriots in Venezuela, and subsequently against the Carlists in Spain, where he was governor of Valencia 1839, and became general in 1840. In 1841 he went to Cuba, became involved in revolutionary plots, and in 1849 fled to the United States. Thence he organized three filibustering expeditions. The first(lS49) wasstopped by the United States authorities; the others (May, 1850. and .\ug., 1351) left Xew Orleans and reached Cub.a, but resulted disastrously, and Lopez was finally captured and shot with many of his followers. Lopez, Vicente Fidel. Bom at Buenos Ayres, 1814. An Argentine author, son of Vicente Lopez y Planes. In 1874 he was made rector of the Universityof Buenos Ayres. .\raong his works are "Razas del Peru anteriores a la conquista," "Tratado de derecho Romano," and "Historia de la Kepublica Argentina." He edited the " Revista del Rjo de la Plata." Lopez de Gomara, Francisco. See Gomara. Lopez de Villalobos (da vel-ya-16'b6s), Rui. Died at Amboyna, East Indies, 1546. A Span- ish navigator, a relative of Antonio de Mendoza, viceroy of Mexico. In Nov., 1.542. he sailed from the west coast of Mexico with a small fleet destined to form a coloiiy in the Philippine Islands ; but his ships were scat- tered by storms, he quan'eled with the Portuguese of the Moluccas, and in the end the enterprise was given up. ilost of the members of the expedition returned to Europe by the Cape of Good Hope, Villalobos dying on the way. Lopez de Ziifiiga (thon'ye-gii), Diego de, Count of Nieva. Bom in Spain about 1520: died at Lima, Peru, Feb. 20, 1-564. Viceroy of Peru from April 17, 1561. He led a loose life, and, as was supposed, was assassinated by a jealous husband. Lopez Pacheco Cabrera yBobadilla (pa-cha'- ko ka-bra'rS e bo-bii-THerya). Diego, Duke of Escalona and Marquis of Villena. Died after 1643. A Spanish administrator. He became vice- roy of Mexico Aug. 28, 1640. Owing to his being related to the royal house of Portugal, which at this period sepa- rated from Spain, he was au object of suspicion, and this was increased by his quarrels with the visitador Palafox. On June 9, 1642. he was arrested, and soon after sent to Spain. There he cleared himself of all charges, and was appointed viceroy of Sicily. Lorbrulgrud (lor'brul-gmd), The. The capital of Brobdingnag in Swift's " Gulliver's Travels." Lorca (lor'ka). A city in the pro\Tnce of Mur- eia. southeastern Spain, situated on the San- gonera 35 miles southwest of Murcia. It has a castle. Poptilation (1887), 58,327. Lord (lord), John. Born at Portsmouth, N. H., Dee. 27, 1810: died at Stamford, Conn., Dee. 15, 1894. An American historian. He was pastor of Congregational churches in New Marlborough, Massa. ehusetts, and U tica. New York ; lecturer un history at Dart- mouth College 1866-76 ; and public lecturt-r from 1843. He wrote " Modem History' (1850), " The Old Roman World " (1867), " Ancient States and Empires " (1869), " Ancient History "(1876), " Beacon Lights of History "(1883-94), etc. Lord (lord). Nathan. Bom at Berwick, Maine, Nov. 28, 1793 : died at Hanover, N. H., Sept. 9, 622 1870. An American Congregational clergyman, president of Dartmouth College 1828-63." Lord Cromwell. A play once attributed to Shakspere on account of the initials W. S. on the title-page of the edition of 1602. Lord Fanny. See Faymtj. Lord of Burleigh. -A. poem by Alfred Tenny- son, showing the disadvantages of an unequal marriage. Lord of the Age. A title of Solimau the Mag- nificent. Lord of the Isles. See Isles, Lord of the. Lord of the Isles. A narrative poem by Sir Walter Scott, published in 1814. The scene is laid in Scotland early in the 14th centurv. Lorel (16'rel). InBen Jonson's " Sad Shepherd," a swineherd, a rustic lover of Earine. There is very beautiful rustic imagery in his part, taken from Ovid's song of Polyphemus to Galatea. Lorelei, or Loreley (16're-li), or Lurlei Gor'li). A dangerous clifif on the Ehine, between St. Goar and Oberwesel, the traditional abode of a river siren, it is the subject of poems by Heine and others, and of operas by Mendelssohn (fragmentary) and Lachner. Height above the Ehine, 430 feet Lorelei, Die. 1 . An opera begun by Mendelssohn in 1847. "The words are by Geibel. It has since been composed by Max Bruch (1864). — 2. An opera by Lachner, with words by Molitor, pro- duced at Munich in 1846. Lorencez (lo-ron-sa' \ Comte de (Charles Fer- dinand Latrille >. Bom at Paris. May 23. 1814 : died in Beam, AprU 25. 1892. A French gen- eral. He distinguished himself in the Crimean war, and from April to Nov., 1862, commanded the French army of invasion in Mexico. On May 5 he was repulsed at Puebla. Lorente (lo-ren'te). Sebastian. Born about 1820 : died at Lima, Nov.. 1884. A Peruvian his- torian . From 1845 he was professor of history at the Uni- versity of San Marcos. His most important works are "His- toria del Peru " (5 vols. 1860) and " Historia de la Conquista del Peru "(1861). He contributed various Important arti- cles to the "Revista Peruana." Lorenz (16'rents), Ottokar. Bora at Iglau. Moravia. Sept. 17, 1832. An Austrian historian, professor of history in Vienna from 1862. His works include " Deutsche Geschichte im 13. und 14. Jahr- hundert ' (1j63-«7), with Scherer "Geschichte des Elsass" (18711 etc. Lorenzana y Butron 1 16-ren-tha'na e bo-tron'), Francisco Antonio. Born in Leon. Spain, Sept. 22, 1722 : died at Eome, April 17. 1804. A Spanish prelate and historian. He was bishop of Plasencia 1765 : archbishop of Mexico 1766-72 ; and arch, bishop of Toledo and primate of Spain 1772-1800. In 1789 he became a cardinal. During the French Revolution he protected many banished priests, and by direction of » Charles IV. he accompanied and aided the Pope during his French captivity. .-Vfter ISOOhe resided at Rome. His most important works are '* Historia de Nueva-Espaiia" (1770 : founded on the letters of Cortes), and several books (in Latin) on the Mexican ecclesiastical councilsr Lorenzo (lo-ren'z6). See Laurence. Lorenzo. 1. A Venetian gentleman in love with Jessica, in Shakspere's "Merchant of Venice." — 2. The principal character in Shirley's tragedy " The Traitor," the kinsman and favorite of the duke : a subtle and traitorous schemer for the duke's death. Lorenzo de' Medici. See Medici, Lorenzo de'. Lorenzo Marques (16-rau'so mar'kes). A sea- port iu Portuguese East Africa, situated on Del- agoa Bay in lat. 25° 58' S. ; also, the province of which this is the capital. Loreto(lo-ra't6),orlioretto(lo-ret't6). A small town in the province of Ancona, eastern Italy, situated on the Musone 13 miles south by east of Ancona. The Chiesa della Santa Casa here is a beau- tiful late-Pointed building of 1465, with a Renaissance marble facade and three celebrated bronze doors bearing Old and New Testament reliefs. The three-aisled interior incloses beneath the central dome the Santa Casa, a famous pilgrimage shrine, reputed t4) be the veritable house of the Virgin, transported by angels from Nazareth and miracu- lously set down in Italy on Dec. 10. 1294. The Santa Casa is 44 feet long, 29i wide, and 36 high ; it is incased in marble, with columns and niches, and panels sculptured by Sansovino with scenes from the life of the Virgin ; and in its present form is one of the most beautiful productions of the Renaissance. The interior is disposed as a chapel, and displays the r<.'Ugh masonry of the original structure. Loreto. An inland department of Peru. Ai-ea, about 17,000 square miles. Pop. (1876), 61,125. Lorient, or L'Orient ( 16-ryon'). A town in the department of Morbihan. France, situated at the entrance of the Scorff and Blavet into the ocean, in lat. 47° 45' N.. long. 3° 22' W. it is an important seaport, is strongly fortified, and has a noted dockyard and arsenal. It was developed in the 17th cen- tury when the French East India Company founded their ship-building yards there. It was unsuccessfully attacked by the British in 1746 Population (1S91). 42,116. Loring dor'ing), William Wing, called Lor- ing Pasha. Bom in North Carolina, 1818: died Dee. 30, 1886. An American soldier. He Lorraine, Henri n. de served in the Mexican war, and during the Civil War wa; first a brigadier-general and afterward a major-general h the Confederate army. He ser\'ed in the Egyptian arm} 1869-79, attaining the rank of a general of division. H't published " X Confederate Soldier in Egypt " (1884). Lorinser (lo'rin-ser), Karl Ignaz. Bom at Niemes. Bohemia, Jtily 24. 1796 : died at Patsch- kau, Silesia, Oct. 2, 18o3. A German physician, known from his studies of contagious diseases. He wrote "Untersuchungen iiber die Rinderpest " (1831), '■ Die Pest des Orients " (1837), etc. Loris-Melikoff (lo'ris-mel'i-kof). Mikhail Ta- rielO'witch Tainoff, Count. Born at Tiflis, Russia, .Jan. 1, 1826 : died at Nice. Dee. 22, 1888. A Russian general and statesman, of Armenian descent. He was appointed commander-in-chief of the Russian army in Armenia in 1877 ; was defeated by Mukh- tar Pasha at Zewin and at Guediklar in the game year; stormed Ears in 1877 ; was created a count in 1878 ; was appointed governor-general of Xharkofi in 1879 ; and was minister of the interior 1880-81. 1 Lorme, Marion de. See Delorme. \ Lormes (lorm). A town in the department of ' Nievre, France, 39 miles northeast of Nevers. Population (1891), commune, 2,979. Loma Doone (lor'na don\ a Roma&ce of Ex- moor. A novel bv R. D. Blackmore. published in 1869. Lome (lorn). Marquis of (John George Ed- ward Henry Douglas Sutherland Camp- bell). Bom at London. Aug. 6, 1845. A British statesman, eldest son of the eighth Duke of Ar- gyll : succeeded to the dukedom April, 1900. He married the Princess Louise, fourth daughter of Queen Vic- toria, in 1S71. He represented Argyllshire in ParUament 1868-78, and was governor-general of Canada 1878-83. Lorrach (ler'raeh). A town in the district of Freiburg, Baden, situated on the Wiese 6 miles northeast of Basel. It has considerable manu- factures. Population (1890), 9,147. Lorrain, Claude. See Claude Lorrain. Lorraine i lo-ran' ),G. Lothringen ( I6t'ring-en), L. Lotharingia (lo-tha-rin'jia). Aregion which as a lordship has varied greatly in medieval and modern times, but has always been on the border between France and Germany, it was originally the realm of Lothaire(son of Lothaire I., empe- ror of the Romans), who inherited it in 855. This king- dom, which existed but for a few years, was included mainly between the Rhine, Scheldei Meuse, Saone, and the Alps. Lorraine appears as a duchy about 911, and be- came an imperial fief under Henry the Fowler, About 959 the division was made of Lower Lorraine (which de- veloped into the separate duchies of Brabant, Limburg, etc.) and Upper Lorraine. The latter continued an im- perial fief. The bishoprics of Metz, Tool, and Verdun were annexed to France 1552. Lorraine was several times conquered by France in the 17th century. It was giveo to Stanislaus of Poland in 1737, and on his death in 1766 reverted to France. The region thus annexed constituted a grand government with its capital at Nancy, and was bounded by Luxemburg and Prussia on the north, the Palatinate on the northeast, .-llsace on the east, Franche- Comte on the south, and Champagne on the west It was afterward transformed into the departments of Meuse, Moselle, Meurthe, and Vosges. In 1S71 part of it (Ger- man Lorraine) was ceded to Germany. This forms the district (Bezirk) of Lothringen in Elsass-Lothringen (Al- sace-Lorraine), with Metz as capital, having an area of 2,431 square miles, and a population (1890)of 510,392. The remaining part (fYench Lorraine) comprises the depart- ments of Meuse, of Meurthe-et-Moselle, and also that of Vosges. • Lorraine, Cardinal of I Charles deGuise). Bom Feb. 17, 1524: died Dec. 26. 1574. A French prelate, diplomatist, and politician, brother of the second Duke of Guise. He became archbishop of Rheims in 1538, and cardinal in 1547, and was minister of finance under Francis II. and Charles IX. He was. with his brother, the leader of the Roman Catholic party against the Huguenots. Lorraine, Charles de, fourth Duke of Guise. Bom Aug. 20. 1571: died near Siena, Italy, 1640. A French noble, son of the third Duke of" Guise. Lorraine, Claude de, first Duke of Guise. Bom Oct. 20, 1496: died at Joinville, France, April 12, 1550. A French general and politician, son of Rene 11.. duke of Lorraine. Lorraine, Frangois de, sumamed '■ Le Balafr^." second Duke of Guise. Bom Feb. 17. 1519: died Feb. 24. 1563. A French general and states- man, son of the first Duke of Guise. He defended Metz against Charles V. , 1552-53 ; captured Calais in 1558 : gained the victory of Dreux over the Huguenots in 1562 ; and was mortally wounded at Orleans, Feb. IS, 1563. Lorraine, Henri I. de, sumamed "Le Balafr^." thii'd Duke of Guise. Bom Dee. 31, 1.550: died at Blois, France, Dec. 23, 1588. A French gen- eral and politician, son of the second Duke of Guise. He became head of the Catholic League in 1576; and in 1588 entered Paris with an army, with a view to de- posing the king, Henry ILL, at whose instigation he wan assassinated at Blois. Lorraine, Henri U. de, fifth Duke of Guise. Born at Blois. France, April 4, 1614 : died at Paris, June. 1664. A French general and ad- venturer, son of the fourth Duke of (Tuise. He took part in the insurrection at Naples 1647-48. Lorraine, Louis de Lorraine, Louis de, second Cardinal of Guise. Lot. Born at Dumiiierre, Jura, France, July 6, 1555 : way assassinated at Blois, France, Dec. 24, 1588. A French ecclesiastic and politician, sou of the second Duke of Guise. Lorraine, Louis de, third Cardinal of Guise. Born about 15S0 : died at Saiutes, France, June 21, 1621. A French ecclesiastic, son of the third Duke of Guise. Lorraine, or Hapsburg-Lorraine, House of. A royal house descended from Frani.-is of Lor- raine, who became grand duke of Tu.scauy in 1T37, married Maria Theresa (the last Haps- burg), and was Holy Roman emperor 1745-65. It f ui'nished thenceforth the emperors, Austrian sovereigns, and rulers of Tuscany. Lorrls (lo-res'), Guillaume de. Died about 1240 (or 1260). A French trouv&re, author of the beginning (4,670 lines) of the " Roman de la Rose," which was continued by Jean de Meun. Of hi« life nothing is known. Lorsch (lorsh). A town in the province of Star- kenburg, Hesse, on the Wesehnitz 9 miles east of Worms. It is a very ancient town. The Mi- chaelskapelle dates from the 9th century. Pop- ulation (1890), 3,683. Lortzing (lort'sing), G-ustav Albert. Born at Berlin, Oct. 23, 1803 : died at Berlin, Jan. 21, 1851. A German composer of comic opera. Among his opei'as are " Zarund Zimmermann " (1837), "Wildsehiitz" (1842), "Undine" (1845). Losada (16-sii'THa), Diego de. Born in San Luear de Barrameda, Spain, about 1520: died at Tocuyo, Venezuela, 1569. A Spanish soldier. He served for several years in Venezuela, and in 1567 was sent to conquer the country of the Caracas Indians; found- ed Caracas 1567 or 1568 ; and carried on a bloody war with the Indians, wlio submitted only after the death of their chief, Guaicaipuro. Quarrels about the distribution of en- cmniendas led to Losada's deposition from command in 1569. Also written Lozada. Losada, or Lozada, Manuel. Born near Tepic about 1825 : died there, July 19, 1873. A Mexi- can bandit. He was of mixed blood, but always lived among the Tepic Indians, becoming their acknowledged chief. Though often engaged in cattle-thieving and high. 623 In Geoffrey of Monmouth, a king of Nor- in Malory's "Morto d'Arthur/' a king of Orkney, in the first he marries Anne, sister of Arthur; in the s'ecoiid he marries ilargawse, the sister of Arthur. Tennyson makes him the husband of Bellicent and king of Orkney. Lot (16). A river in southern France, joining Louis II. France, Dec. 31, 1838. A French statesman. He was elected in 1876 to the chamber as a Republican, and was reelected in 1877 and 1881; elected to tlie senate in 1886 ; minister of public works Dec, 1887,-April, 1888 ; president of the council and niini.sler nf the interior 1892 ; minister of tlie interior (vmdcr M. Kibot) Dee. &-10, 1892 ; president of the senate 1896-99 ; president of France Feb. 18, 1899-. the Garonne at AiguiUon. Length, 300 miles ; Jjoucheux See Kiitdiin. navigable from Entraygues (194 miles). Lot. A department of southern France, capi- tal Cahors, formed chiefly from the ancient Quercy in Guienne. it is bounded by Corrbze on the north, Cantal and Aveyron on the east, Tani-et-Garonne on the south, and Lot-et-Garonne and Dordogne on the west. The chief occupation is agriculture. Area, 2,012 square miles. Population (1891), 253,88.5. Lot (lot), Parson. A pseudonym of the Rev. Charles Kingsley 1848-56. Lot-et-Garonne (lo-ta-gii-ron'). A department of France, capital Agen, formed from parts of the ancient Guienne and Gascony. it is bounded Loudon.Baron Gideon Ernst von. See Laudon. Loudon (lou'doii), John Claudius. Bom at C'ambuslang, near Glasgow, April 8, 1783 : died at London, Dee. 14, 1843. An English land- scape gardener and horticulturist. He published "Encyclopjedia of Cottage, Farm, and Villa Architecture" (lS;t2), "Arboretum et Frtiticetum Britannicum" (1838), and other encyclopedic works. Loudun (lo-diui'). A town in the department of Vienne, France. 39 miles southwest of Tours. An edict or treaty was published here 1616, favoring Cond6 and the malcontent nobles and the Protestants. Popula- tion (1891), connnune, 4,052. by Dordogne on the north. Lot and Tam-et-Garonne on » x, /i .♦•» T«*u« n^n'hn-m 'R/^T.n of Cl-waa-r, the east, Gers on the south, and Landes and Gironde on the LoUgh (hit , John Graham. Bom at Green- west. It is mainly an agricultural department Area, head, Northumberland, Lngland, about 1804: 2,067 square miles. Population (1891), 296,360. died at London, April 8, 1876. An English Lothair (16-thar') I., G. Lothar (lo'tiir). F. scidptor. Lothaire (I6-tar'). Born about 795: died at Loughborough (luf'bur'o). A town in Leices- Priim, Prussia, Sept., 855. Emperorof the Holy tershire, llngland, 10 miles north by west of Roman Empire 840-855, eldest son of Louis le Leicester. It manufactures hosiery, etc. Popu- D(5bonnaire. On the death of his father a war broke lation (1891), 18,196. out between him and his brothers Louis the German and LouhanS (lo-oil'). A town in the department of Saone-et-Loire. France, 23 miles southeast Charles the Bald over the division of the empire. He was defeated by them at Fontenay 841, and consented to the treaty of Verdun in 843, by which he was left in possession of the imperial title and of the territory included between the .\lps, the Rhine, the Meuse, the Saone, and the Rhone. Lothair II., called "The Saxon." Died near Trent, Tyrol, Dee. 3, 1137. Emperorof the Holy Roman Empire 1125-37. He was made duke of Sax- ony in 1106 ; was elected king of Germany in 1125 ; and was crowned by the Pope in 1133. Lothair. Born 941 : died 986. King of France 954-986, son of Louis IV. Lothair (16-thar'). 1. A Norman knight in M. G. Lewis's tragedy "Adelgitha." He proves to be Adelgitha's son. The part was played by Macready. — 2. The principal character in Dis- raeli's novel of that name, published in 1870. way robbery, his power made him feared, and he wasflat- LothariUgia. See Lorvciine. tered by the various governments: Maximilian even ac- Lothario (16-tha're-6). 1. The principal male knowledgedhis rank as general. Early in 1873 beheaded ^jjaracter in Rowe's play " The Fair Penitent." an uprising in which, it is said, 20,000 Indians were engaged Defeated by General Corona near Guadalajara, Jan. 28, 1873, he was soon after captured and shot. Los Altos (16s al'tos). The name given to a por- tion of western Guatemala which, on Feb. 2, 1838, seceded to form a si.xth state of the Cen- tral American Confederacy. It embraced the de- partments of Solobi, Totonicapan, and Quezaltenango, cor- of Chalon-sur-Saone. Population (1891), com- mune, 4, .548. Louis (16'is or 16'e) I., siu-named "Le Pieux" and " Le D6bonnai're." [E. Letois, F. Louis, It. Liiifji or Lodovico, Sp. Luis, Pg. Lui:, L. Ludo- vicus, G. Ludwig.'] Bom 778: died on an island in the Rhine, near Mainz, June 20. 840. Em- peror of the Holy Roman Empire 814-840, son of Charles the Great whom he succeeded. He es- tablished in 817 an order of succession in accordance with which Ids eldest son Ix)thair was to inherit the iinix-rial title with Austrasia and the greater part of Gennany. while the rest of the empire was to be divided among his yminger sons Pepin and Louis. He married a second wife in 819, and in S29 modified the order of succession adopted in 817 in such a manner as to give Charles, a child of his second marriage, Alamannia, with the title of king. The three elder sons re- volted in consequence, and he was compelled to surrender by the defection of his troops on the Field of Lies, near Cobnar, in Alsace, in 833. He was liberated by Louis and restored to the throne in 834. He is a libertine ("that haughty gallant, gay Lothario"), the seducer of Calista, the fair penitent. His name h.is . ,.,rr.L r> ii -n i. » become the synonym for a fashionable and unscrupulous LOUIS, surnained "the German. liorn about rake. He was the original of Richardson's Lovelace. 2. A German gentleman and aristocrat in Goethe's "Wilhelm Meister's Lehrjahre." He bears an undoubted resemblance to Karl August, and is worshiped by Wilhelm Meister responding nearly to the present departments of those Lothian (lo'THi-an). A former division of Scot- names, together with Huehuetenango, San Marcos, Ketal- land, reaching at One time from the English bor- huleu, and Suchitepequez. A constitution was adopted, , .' (.),„ -ci^^tv, „ t. t t n,- M;.ii„fi,!„„ o„rl and Marcelo M.,lina was elected president, Dec, 1838. The "er to the Forth. For East Lothian Midlothian, and state was recognized by Salvador, and at first by (Juatemala, .,West Lothian,seoffaddin<7to«, £rf»nM,ryA, and LiMhgow. but was destroyed by Carrera in Jan., 1840, and reincorpo- Lothnngen. See Lorraine. rated with Guatemala. Loti (lo-te'), Pierre. See Viaud, Louis Marie Los Angeles (los an'je-les; Sp. pron. 16s ang'- Julien. He-les). A city and the capital of Los Angeles Lotophagi (15-tof'a-ji). [Gr. AuToipdyot, lotus- County, Califomia, situated on the river Los eaters.] The lotus-eaters; in Greek legend, Angeles in lat. 34° 5' N., long. 118° 13' W. It is the center of an orange- and grape-growing district, and is a winter health-resort. It was founded by the Spaniards in 1781, and was taken from the Mexicans in 1846. Popula- tion (1900), 102,479. Los Angeles, or Anjeles. The capital of the province of Biobio, Chile. Population, about 10,000. Losecoat Field. The battle of Stamford ( 1470) : especially as given in the Odyssey, the name of a people who ate the fruit of a plant called IVIIUVVII UIIVIV^J nil- IIIIIIIU -.,i ■• l/,tl.IV VU i I coast of Africa in Tripoli, and on the island of Meninx LQ^iiig ^^ (Lotophagttia, modern Jerba) in Tunis. (J; , 'V-. !if.^"^L'!!!;.''"'f„*l;iffl:!t*'''^ '■''^'' L6tSChenthal(16t'shen-tiU). Tlie valley of the Lonza, a riglit-hand tributary of the Rhone, canton of Valais, Switzerland, about 13 miles west-northwest of Brieg. AteMson, Topeka, and Santa Fi5 Railroad, 23 j'^n' ^aifir!i Thf^'^'Spp Lotonhani miles south of Albuquerque. The name is de- i'^J^^t^t 'to^' B,,Hnlf HprmaC Ti'. .■.„r.A t — „ ♦!,„ s,,„„L.i, fir^iiiao ^f i.nnn Lotze/iot sc)._Ku(lolt Uermanii. n; away their coats in their flight. Los Herreros. See Mcrrcros, Manuel Breton de los. Los Lunas (16s 16'niis). A settlement on the rived from tlie Spanish families of Luna. Los Reyes, Ciudad de. See Ciudad de los Reyes and Limn. Lossing (los'ing), Benson John. Bom at Beek- maii, N. Y., Feb. 12, 1813: ilied near Dover Plains, N. Y., June 3, 1891. An American his- torian and journalist. Among his works are "Pic- torial Field-Book of the Rcvoluti.in " (18BO-.52), "History of the United States " (1 S54-f>C,), " History of the Civil War in tlie United States" (18(il!-e9), "Pictorial I'"leld-Book of the War of 1812" (1869), etc. Lossnitz (les'nits). A town in the kingdom of Sa.xoiiy, 17 miles southwest of Chemnitz. Pop- ulation (1890). 5,886. Lost Leader, The. A poem by Robert Browning, referring to Wordsworth. Lost Tales of Miletus, The. A volume of poems by Biilwor Ijytton, published in 1806. Lot (lot). In Old Testament liistory, the son of Haran and nephew of Abraham. 804: died at Frankfort, Aug. 28, 876. King of Germany 843-876, son of the emperor Louis I. (whom see). On the death of his father he united with his brother Charles against Lothair, whom they defeated at the battle of Fontenay in 841. By the treaty of Verdun in 843, which tinally settled the dispute as to the division between the lirotliers, he received the whole of Germany east of the Rliine, and ilainz. Spires, and Worms on the west. He is commonly regarded as tlie founder of the German kingdom. Louis II. Born about 822 : died 87.'5. Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire 855-875, son of the emperor Lothair I. whom ho succeeded in Italy. He was crowned king of Lorraine by the Pope in 872, in opposition to his uncles Charles the Bahl and Louis the German, the throne of Ixirraine having been vacated by _ _ the death of his brother Lotliair in 809. the lotus, coi/jecturaiiyTdentiiied withVarious LouisIII. Died929(917?). Emperorof the Holy plants which have borne that name. Those of the Roman Empire 901-905, son of Boso, king of followers of Odysseus or Ulysses who ate of it are described Provence. He acceded to the throne of Provence in 890 ; as being rendered forgetful of their friends and unwilling was crowned emperor in WU ; and was deposed In 905 by to return to their own land. In historical times a people Berengarius I. of Italy, by whom ho was blinded and sent known under the name of Lotophagi lived on the northern back to Provence. suriiamed "The Child." Born 893: died 111. King of Germany 900-911, son of the em- ])0ror Arnult". He acceded at the age of six, and the government wa.s conducted chlelly by Hatto, archbishop of Mainz. During his reign Gennany was devastated by the Magyars or liungariaua. He was the last of the Caro- lingians in Germany. Louis IV., surnamcd "The Bavarian." Bom 12S(): .liiMl iH'nr Munich, Oct. 11. i;!47. Emperor of the Holy Roman F.inpire 1314-47. sou of the Dulse of Bavaria. Hewas opposedby lYederick, duke of Austria, whom he made prisoner at the battle of Miihl- dorf in 1322. He was crowned emperor In 1328. In 1338 the electoral princes met at Rhcnse, where they adopted resolutions to the etTcct that the emperor derived his right to the German and imperial crowns by virtue of his elec- tion liy the electoral princes. Independent of any corona- tion by the Pope. 86: died 1825-48, son of Maximilian I. Josejili. He was a patron of art and literature. On the outbreak of the revolution 111 184.S he abdicated In favor of his son Maxinilliuli II. Louis II. Born at Nvmphenbiirg. near Munich, Aug. 2.'), 184.'i: died .tune 13, 1,8.86. King of Ba- varia 1864-.86, sou of Maxiinilian 11. He supported Austria against Prussia in ISM, and Pnissin against France in 1870-71. He Jidned the North Gennan Zollverein In 1807 and became a member of the German Kmplrc In 1871. Ho la chlcllyjtnown aa the patron of Hlchard Wagner. oni at Baut- zen, Saxony, May 21,1817: died III Berlin, July 1, 1881. A noted German iiliilosdiihc'r, psycholo- gist, and physiologist, professor of iiliiloso]>hy atGiitlingen 1844-81. in 1881 be was appointed pro. fessor of philosophy at Berlin, lie opposed, as a physi- ologist, tlie theory of a "vital fi>rce"; was one of the founders of iihysiologlcal psyilndogy ; and, a« a metaphy- sician, elaborated a system of idcal-reallsm or teleologl cal ideali "Ilandw " Allgcni., . — - „-- Naturwissenschaften" (1842), "System der Philosophic (" Loglk." 1843, revised 1874 ; " Metaphyslk," 1878), " All- gemeine Physiologie des korjterlichen LebeiiB " (1861), "Medizlni8cheP8ycholo«l.e"(1862),"Mikrokc.8mus"(185B- 18U4), "Oeschlchte dor AsthetlklnDeutscblaud" (1808), etc. Lotzen (let'son). A town in the proWnce of East Prussia, Prussia, 68 miles southeast of Kiiiiigsberg. Population (1890), 5,272. Loubet (I6-ba'), Emile. Bom at Marsanne, Jlaborated a system ol Kicai-reansm or leieoiogi- ,|q„ ^y the Pope. disnl. He puldisbed notable articles In Wagner s ,. „.,:„ t ■»„.., ..f «t..ool,„,.o. .\,i,r n'\ 17 ivortelbncll der Physiologie," " Mctapbysik " (184(1). LOUIS I. „" " ", '1* 2*™**'l'." f^' ')" f ' -'' } ' iieine Pathologic und Tlicrapie als mecbaiiisclie nt Nic(>. Feb. 29, 186h. King of Havana Louis n. Having become insane, he was confined in the palace of Berg on Lalie Starnberg, near Munich, in IS86, and com- mitted suicide by drowning in the lake. Louis I., King of France. See Louis I., Empe- ror of the Holy Roman Empire. 624 vm. of England. Henrj- and the emperor defeated Longueville at Guinegate in the '• battle of the spurs " Aug. 16, 1513, and the French were in the same year ex- pelled from Italy ; but Louis succeeded in brealdng up the league by diplomacy, and was preparing to reconquer ililan when he died. Louisiana Louis IL,surnamed''LeBegue"(F.,' the Stam- t'1'!!;"Vt^ r * -p . • v, merer'). Bom84C: diedatCompieme.Frauoe. ^S^f ?jLn^,^<\™ ,^t f°°t^°ebleau, France, merer').' Bom8-tC: died at Compiegne, France. April 10, 879. King of France 877-879, son of Charles the Bald. Louis in. Bom about 863 : died 882. King of France (conjointly ivith his brother Carloman) 879-882 . son of Louis II, Sept. 27, 1601: died at St. Grermaia-en-Lave' France, May 14, 1643. King of France 1610-^ 1643, son of Henry IV. He succeeded under the regency of his mother Marie de Medicis ; was declared of age in 1614 ; and married Anne of Austria in 1615. In 1614 , „„„ „^ ^^^^^ ii. he summoned the States-General, wtiich were not snm- Louis IV., sumamed "' D'Outre-Mer" CF . 'from """^d agy"" before the Kevolution of 17S9. In 1624 he bevond seas'1. Rom »^^ ■ Hi^H o=u ?r;„„ ^f chose, as his pnm ^ ■ - beyond seas'). Bom 921: died 954.' King of France 936-954, son of Charles the Simple. Dur- ing his reign the kingdom was practicaUv governed bv Hugh the Great and other powerful vassals.' He received his surname from the fact that he was. on the death of his father, carried to England bv his mother, Eaiiffiiu, sister of Athelstan, king of Englaiid, to avoid falling into the ue minister Richelieu, whom he maiu- ^ ecker resigned, owing to the faUure of the court to sup- port his financial reforms, and falonne became minister ol nuance in ITSa He gratifled the court bv securingiiew loans, but the increasing deficit compelled' him to resign in l.t-,. He was foUowcd by De Brieune. who advised the lang to convoke the States-General, which had not met since 1614. The States-General convened at \ersaiUes in May. 1,^9, and enabled the nation to give expression to the revolutionary tendencies which had been fostered by generations of misrule. (See French Keviiutinn.) The weak and vacillating king, acting on the advice of his gueen, refused, until too late, to grant the demands of the popular party, but could not be induced to adopt energetic measures to resist them. France was declared a republic in 1, ;i-2. and Louis w.is executed Jan. 21, 1793, after a mock trial by the Convention. ,,uuoc iu uis piime luiniMer Kicueiieu, whom he main- '"'" ■"' 'ne uonvention. tained in office until Eichelieus death in 1642. The chief T.nnig VU II R>,.„ „*T-„.„„-ii i:- ■.. results of his reign, due to the policy of I^chelien ^rl r.°"^?--?--.V^.- ^om at^ ersaiUes.France.March results of his reign, due to the policy of Richelieu were the destruction of the political power of the Huguenots which was completed hy the siege and capture of Eochelle 1627 K : the central ization of the government in the hands of. the king, who was made independent of the nobles and the parliament ; and the abatement of the power of the house of AnsPria whose T»r*ir,rtnH.ir-iTi/>.i in IT,,...^.. : 2i^. _1,S3: (Ued in the Temple, Paris, June 8, li95. Titular king of France, second son of Louis XVI. and ilai-ie Antoinette. He became dauphin in 1789, was imprisoned in the Temple in 179-' and was proclaimed king by the emigres on the execution titvLcki nail© Ol xiiiiice uv tne noDies. £ England on the death of "Rudolph in 936. Louis v., surnamed '-'Le Faineant" (F., 'the LouiS XIV., sumamed "Le Grand" (F.. 'the Slus-s-arci '^. Rnrii flfifi. dicl Viutr QS7 ttit,™ Great'). Born at St -r}prTnQiT>_c.T._T «.,-„ i^^ Sluggard'). Born 966: died May, 987. King of France 986-987, sou of Lothair." He was the last of the Carolingians in France. Louis 'Vl., sxuTiamed ' ' Le Gros" (F. , ' the Fat '). Born about 107S: died 1137. King of France 110>i-37, son of Philip I. He made Suger, abbot of St. Denis, his chief minister. Louis "Vn., sumamed "Le Jeune" and "Le PieiLs" (F., 'the Young' and 'the Pious')- Born about ^'"" " ' J-lo*— oUj son ^t A..V-IUO , i. -ne io._»ii parnit-l'— *yj in the second Crusade, and in ll,i2 divorced his wife, Eleanor - — — ■- •, .....s «. ^.,5i«.,.,a, to avoid falling into the the parliament ; and the abatement of the power of the and was nriv-Himert t.^Tirh;- fhl^™ ™; "'^i>^>: m J'.w-^ hands of his rival, Rudolj.h of Burgundy, who had been house of Ausrri;^ whose preponderance ii^ EuroM wiS in-<^ of his ff tK'n ™ hnf W^f emigres on the executiMi elected king pi France by the nobles. He returned from trievably lost by the interrention of F^nce^^we^en t!!^^ 4-wim !'ox ^ f S?^"-' ''"* "^U/u,,™, E. xxhixxaix ,•„.!,„ tk;>^ -I- — . T,-._ o _ „. , ,. " ^"™^° Louis Xvni. (Stanislas Xavier). Bom ai ■^'ersailles. France, Xov. 17, 1755: died at Paris Sept. 16. 1824. King of France 1814-24, Young- er brother of Louis XVI. He emigrated in 1791, and assumed the royal title on the death of Louis XVII. (whom see) in 1793. He .ascended the throne on the fall of >'apo- leon in 1^14. and promulcated a constitution based on the Lnghsh model. He was expelled bv Napoleon in March, islo (see Hundred Day/), and was restored by the allied armies in June. 1815. Louis XI. A melodrama bv Casimir Delavigne produced in 1832. Boucicault wrote an English ver- sion m 1S46. Henry Irving is identified with the character. Ureal ). Born at St. -Germain-en-Lave. France Sept. 5 (16 ?), 1638 : died at Versailles, France' Sept. 1, 1715. King of France 1643-1715, son of Louis Xm. and Anne of Austria. Heascended the throneunderthegnardianshipof his mother, whochose Cardinal M.izarin as her chief minister. He was declared of age at fourteen, but retained Mazarin in office until the cardinal s death in 16«1, when he assumed personal con- trol of the government. He assumed the direction of af- fairs at a time when the poUcy inaugurated bv RicheUea 'the ioung' and 'the Pious') '^P^' "."me when the poUcy inaugurated bv RicheUea i:'"S"'>^5'^' '" ^^o-- "ouc'cault wrote an English rer- 1120 : died 1180 Kino- of Franne ?", continued by Mazarin had made the Bourbons abso- /'on."" l5«- Hemy Imng is identified with the character, of Tm.iivT ^' . 1 ° w .^°*^.'' lat? at home and paramount abroad. The reforms of Col- I^UIS, Pierre Charles Alexandre. Bom at oti^ouib Nl. He took part (114. -49) m bert, his comptioUer-general of the finances 0661-83), AI. Mame. France 1787- died at Paris 187" sade, and in 11,^2 divorced his wife, Eleanor swelled his treasury while promotino- industn- and e^ A T?ro„ „i, Vt ?• ■ in' ^'^"[^'^ „^",^' -^ , - m seel who mnrrieH ITpnrv„f l„i^, /^„ft„ oniv- an.) fh„«= „f f „....„.•, 'i,.-- _,.'"/?. _.._"^ ™?-?*0'l- A ± rCUCh pfavSlCiaU. He WTOte • ■ Rppbevflioa ofPoitou(whomse\whora^ar^"ekSeS;yof AnTou StT^^ om>T^T?hosToTL"u™i;'i;ri^;n"SerorwS U^flTx" ^ ^i''^??'' physician. He wrote -R wardHenryU of England)inthesameyear. Heretained transformedhlsarmvintothemost perfectmilitarvo^nf' ,^^ ^^ *"'^P typhoide" (1828), etc. rtnr,n..fh»»,r1.„,>,,f„fHi....„„..=....v,.. .„,^. gtiou ui EuTopc. His desire of conquest and dr^mfof a" Louis NapoleOU. See Xapoleon III. French universal monarchy embroiled him in numerous Louis Philinne ilo'e A-Ipti'I cv^or ^ ^^^..xj x^, XXX ^xxx^xaixxif lu iiic aduic J c^T. jiereiaineu during the earlier part of his reign his father's great min- ister, Suger. Louis vm., surnamed "Le Lion." Born 1187: di.-d at Montpensier, Anvergne, France, Xov. 8, — . — ^~xxxx^.^ ^x.xx, «,.3iic ,^1 Luiique^i ai iYench umversal monarchy embroiled him in n wars, in which his anus were sustained by Turenn 122ii. King of France 1223-26, sou oFphilip s^I Augustus. He married Blanche of Castile, grand- daughter of Henry II. of England, In 1200, and in 1216 was offered the English crown by the barons in opposition to John. He landed in England in 1216 ; but after the death of John the barons graduallv went over to the court party which recognized John's son, Henry III.; and he returned to lYance in 1217. IiOuis IX. {St. Louis). Bora at Poissv, France, April 25, 1215 : died near Tunis, Aug*. 2-5. 1270. in numerous Louis Philippe (16'e fi-lep'), sumamed "Eol Luxemlx>uSrc7tinirVmi^l-eniTm%"';ndVauba:^°"^^^ 9!'°T^--''F-'A-^\''i^^''^'^- 5°™ ^' ^''"'- first war (1667-6?) was fought with Spain on account of the ^' "• '^"^' died at Claremont, England, Aug. Spanish Xetherlands. which he claimed through his wife 26, 18-50. King of the French 1830-48. son of i-i^- _-,„.--^. ^„^ x^ ...iivaiio. iie lavorea me devolution, and served under Dumouriez against the Aus- triaus, but became involved in the conspiracy of his chief against the republic, and found himself compelled to join the emigres. He returned to France on the restoration of the Bourbons in 1S14. and was restored to his herediiaiy estates. On the deposition of Charles X. in 1830. he was elected by the deputies and peers to the vacant throne chiefly at the instance of lafayette. He wts deposed bv the revolution of Feb., 1S4S. --- . "xxxx^xxxx-x vx AlliU^ X . . Ul OUaill. It WOS ended by the treaty of .\ix-la-Chapelle, and resulted in the acquisition of a number of fortified towns on the BelHan frontier. His second war (1672-7S) was directed ag^nst Holland supported by the Empire. Spain, Brandenburg and Sweden, and resulted in the acquisition of territo^ from ^pal^ and Austria at the peace of Xiniwegen. I5 lt)81 he annexed Str;ishurg (see iit-uiiimi.CAf Ra.lor. t, . v •-..-... '. ■ -">"S'«<>e '"'^- concerned the succession in Spain, whoseTlm>neLcato^ ?4.^q, »^h ? ^^''l'"^'"' .ui.>. ill i,.ii iA'uis joinea tne coaution against Maria "&""• "v.-^.^^.^^ axxxx l^uvcu uj mc j^iiiisu uuuer .-imnersi lughta drawn bat- Theresa of Austria (see ^lu^n'an Si«ces«-o,Cn-oroa and t'''^>; -"' V=^ ,, , r, i.> A'f'°^^''5' ?'35»PaJ'tytothepeaceof Aix-la-Chapelleinl748. "lnl7.>J LoUlSe (lo-ez') of SaVOV. Bom at Pont-d'Ain, roved' his^L?fn/ ^n''1n!'riL'"'.2^,^'"'I between the French and the EngUsh France, 1476: died about 1531. The mother of royed his less for.- in Araenca without any declaration of war .see Frenxh Francis I. of France. She was twice re^nt! .m^.v.^v/1 .Tusui.!, "iiu MaMii ui>i extremely popular, aftenvard incurred the dislike of the people, and whose influence was exerted for the maintenance of the system of favoritism which obtained at court. On ascending the throne in 1774, he appointed Tnrgot minister of finance. The finances were in extreme disorder, dating from the (Closing .years of the reign of Louis XIV., and the temper of the nation had been roused bv the waste and incompe- tence under Louis XV. Tureotbegan a series of reforms which were opposed by the nobility and the clergy, with theresult that he was superseded by Necker in 1777' Lonis recognized the independence of the United States in 1778 and sent an army and a fleet to their support, which ma- terially assisted in securing the peace of Paris between the I nited States and Great Britain in 1783. France con- cluded a separate treaty with Great Britain in the same je^- On the conclusion of peace, the French troops which had been employed in .-Vmerica returned enthusiastic for Ireedom and a republican form of government. In 1781 xxxx. i..aivyu i,vi*^^, vuici ciL_i, *^ e « v.'iieaiis. it IS bounded by .Arkansas and Mississippi on the north, Mis- sissippi and the Gulf of Mexico on the east, the Gulf of Mexico on the south, and Texas on the west. Its north- ern boundary is lat. 33° N. It is separated partly from Texas by the Sabine, and from Mississippi by the Missis- sippi and Pearl. The surface is generally leveL in part oc- cupied by swamps and alluvial lands. It abounds in for- ests. The chief industry is agriculture. The leading pro- ducts are cotton, sugar, rice, and Indian com. It is the leading State in the production of sUL^ar. It has 59 par- ishes (corresponding to the counties of the other StatesX sends 2 senators and 7 representatives to Congress, and has 9 electoral votes. It was explored by De Soto in 1541, by Marquette in 1673. and by La Salle in ieS2 : was settled by the French under Iber\-iile and Bienville about 1700 : was granted to Law's company in 1717. but in 1732 reverted to the crown ; was ceded by France to Spain in 1763; wu Louisiana ^^Ketroceded to France in 1800 ; was purchased by the United ^^^ptates in 1803 (see Louisiana Purchase) ; was made a sep- ^^"irate Territory (the Territory of Orleans) in 1S04 ; had the portion east of the Mississippi annexed in 1810 ; was admit- ted to the Union in 1812 ; seceded Jan. 26, 1861 ; was large- ly occupied by the Federals 1862-63 : and was readmitted in June, 1S68. There were rival State governments under Kellogg (Republican) and McEnery (Democrat) in 1872- 1874. The disputed electoral vote for President in 1876 was given to Hayes by the Electoral Commission in 1877. Area, 48,720 square miles. Population (1000). 1,381,625. Louisiana Purchase. The territory which the V nited States in 1803, uuiler Jefferson's admin- istration, acquired by purchase from France, then under the govemiuent of Bonaparte as first consul. The price was $15,000,000. The purchase consisted of New Orleans and a vast tract extending west- ward frniii tlie Mississippi River to the llocky Mountains, and U•o^^l tlie Gulf of Mexico to British America. Louisiana Territory. That part of the Louisi- ana Purchase which is not included in the pres- ent State of Louisiana. It was formed in 1804. The name was changed to Missouri Territory in 1812. Louisville (lo'is-vil or 16'i-vil). The capital of Jefferson County, Kentucky, situated at the falls of the Ohio River in lat. 38° 15' N., long. 85° 45' W. It is the largest city of Kentucky, and has im- portant trade in tobacco, provisions, and whisky. The other leading industries are pork-packing and the manu- facture of agricultural implements, leather, wagons, ce- ment, wnod-work, etc. It was founded in 1778. and is often called Falls City. Population H900), 204,731. Louie (16-la'). A town in the province of Al- garve, Portugal, situated in lat. 37° 4' N., long. 7° 54' W. Population (1890), 18,872. LoupgarOU (16-ga-ro'). [F., 'a werwolf.'] A leader of the giants in Rabelais's "Gargantua and Pautagruel." Pantagruel, becoming angry with him; picked him up by the ankles and used him like a quar- ter-staff. Loups. See Delaware and Mahican. Lourdes (lord). A town in the department of Hautes-Pyr^nees, France, on the Gave de Pau 13 miles south-southwest of Tarbes. It contains an ancient castle, and is famous as a place of pilgiimage. The basilica and the subterranean Church of the Kosary are noteworthy, but interest centers in the grotto in which the Virgin is said to have appeared to a peasant girl. Ber- nadette Soubirous, in 1S58, and disclosed to her the mirac- ulous properties of the spring which the pilgrims visit. Population (1B91). commune, 6,976. Louren(;o Marques. See Lorenzo Marques. Louth (louTH or louth). A maritime county in Leinster, Ireland, it is bounded by Armagh on the north, the Irish Sea on the east, Meath on the south, and Meath and Jlonaghan on the west. The surface is undu- lating ami in tlie norttieast mountainous. Tlie chief towns ai-e Difiglu'da aiidDuudalk. Area, 316 squaremiles. Popu- lation (1S91). 71,038. Louth. A town in Lincolnshire, England, sit- uated on the Lud 24 miles east-northeast of Lincoln. Population (1891), 10,040. Louvain (lo-van'), flem. Leuven (le'ven or lii'ven) or Loven (lo'veu), G. Lowen (le'ven), L. Lovania (16-va'ni-a). A city in the prov- ince of Brabant, Belgium, situated on the Dyle 16 miles east of Brussels. The chief manufacture is beer. The hdtel de ville, or town hall, is one of the most elegant of the characteristic late-Pointed Flemish civic edihces. St. Pierre is a liandsome 15th-centuiy church containing many fine paintings, especially the "St. Eras- mus"and the "Last Suj»per"of Dieric Bouts, anda sculp- tured tabernacle f>0 feet higli. The pulpit, in the peculiar Flemish style (1742), rei)reseiit8 "St. Peter's Denial" and the " Conversion of St. Paul," with life-size figures beneath palm-trees. The university, founded in 1426, is attended by about 1,300 students. In tlie middle ages Liaivain was the capital of Brabant, and a leading center of cloth manu- facture. An unsuccessful insurrection of the weavers against the nobility in 1378 was followed soon afterw.ard by tlie emigration of many citizens. Population (1893), 41,003. Louverture, or L'Ouverture, Toussaint. See Toussaiii t Lonrirliire. Louvet de Couvray (lo-va' de ko-vra'), Jean Baptiste. Born at Paris, .June 11, 17(30: died at Paris, Aug. 25, 1707. A French revolution- ist and novelist, a deputy to the Convention in 1792. Ho wrote the novel ''Les amours du chevalier do Faublas" (1787-89). Louviers (!o-vya'). A town in the deiJiirtmont of Euro, northern Prance, situated on the Eiire 14 miles south by east of Kouen. It has flour- ishing raanufacturos, especiallv of cloth. Pojiu- latiou (1891), communo, 9,979) Louvois ( 1 c ■)- vwii' ) , Fran(?ois Michel Letellier, Marquis de. Born ut Paris, .Jan. 18, 1041: dicMl July 16, 1691. A noted French statesman, min- ister of war under Louis XIV. 1600-91 . He or- ganized the French standing army. Louvre (liivr). A castle (in Paris) of the kings of Franco ^rom or b(;fori' tin' Kith centin'y. and the chief royal palace nntil Louis XIV. built Versailles. The existing palace was begun by Francis I. In imi, and was extended by his successors down to Louis XIV., who added much, including the imposing east front ■C— 40 625 with its celebrated Corinthian colonnade, 670 feet long, Willi 28 pairs of coupled columns. Napoleon I. made some additions, to which Napoleon III. added very largely : and the present republic has rebuilt a large section of the north wing which was burned by the Commune. The whole forms one of the most extensive and historically in- teresting buildings in the world. Thefagade on the west side of the court ranks as the most perfect example of the early French Renaissance; the additions of Catharine de Medicis are also architecturally important. Those of Napo- leon III., while less pure in style, are of great richness, with profuse use of sculpture. In the interior the splen- did Galeiie d'Apollon. rebuilt by Louis XIV., is one of the few apartments which retain their original aspect. A great part of the interior has been occupied since 1793 by the famous museum, and successive governments have employed the best artists at their command for its deco- ration. Lovania. The Latin name of Louvain. Lovat (16'viit). A river in Russia, flowing into Lake Ilmen opposite Novgorod. Length, about 300 miles. Lovat (16'vat), Lord. See Frnser. Simon. Lovatz (lo'viits), Turk. Loftcha (lof'cha). A small town in Bulgaria, situated on the Osma about lat. 43° 10' N., long. 24° 42' E. It was stormed by the Russians Sept. 3, 1877. Love. A plav by J. Sheridan Knowles, pro- duced in 1839". Love k la Mode. A farce by Macklin, printed in 1793: written in 17.59. Love and a Bottle. A comedy by George Far- quliiir, ]iroduced in 1699. Love and Business. A miscellany by George Farquliiir, printed in 1702. Love and Death, and Love and Life. Com- panion paintings by George Frederick Watts. of London, in the former Death, a white-draped figure, crushes Love back among garlands of roses, and forces his way tlirough a portal. In the latter Love guides and aids Life, a fair young girl, undraped, up a rough ascent, while flowers spring up in his footsteps. Love and Honour. A play by Davenant, li- censed 1034, printed 1(349, and revived with great success after the Restoration. Love at a Venture. A comedy by Mrs. Cent- livi-e, printed in 1706. It is founded on T. Cor- neille's "Le galant double." See Double Gal- lant. The. Loveby (luv'bi). The vrild gallant in Dryden's play of that name. Love Chase, The. A comedy by J. Sheridan Knowles, produced in 1837. Love for Love. A comedy by Congreve, printed in 1095. Those who will take the pains to read this tedious drama [Otway's "Friendship in Fashion "] will perceive tliat Con- greve deigned to remember it in the conip(jsition of his exquisite masterpiece, " Love for Love." The llero in each case is named Valentine, and Malagene, Otway's tiresome button-holer and secret-monger, is a clumsy prototype of tlie inimitable Tattle. Gosse. Love in a Forest. A play adapted from Shak- spere's "As you Like it" by Charles Johnson in 1723. Love in a Maze. A comedy by Shirley, licensed in 1631. The title was borrowed by Dion Bouei- cault for a comedy in 1844. Love in a Riddle. A pastoral by Cibber, printed in 1729. This was written in imitation of the " Beggar's Opera," and played at Drury Lane on Jan. 7, 1729. It was hissed by Cibber's enemies, and converted into "Damon and Phillida." Diet. Nat. Bioij. Love in a Tub. See Comical Ecvcnpe, The. Love in a Village. A comic opera by Isaac Bickerstaffe, produced in 1762, printed in 1763. The music is by Arne. Love in a Wood, or St. James's Park. A play by Wycherley, produced in 1672. Loveira. See Lobeira. Lovejoy (luv'joi), Elijah Parish. Born at Al- bion, Maine, Nov. 9, 1S1I2 : killed at Alton, 111., Nov. 7, 1837. An American clorgyraan and journalist, an opponent of slavery, killed by a pro-slavery mob at Alton. Lovejoy, Owen. Born at Albion, Maine, Jan. 6, 1811 : died at Brooklyn, N. Y., March 25, 1864. An American clergyman and antislavery poli- tician, brother of E. P. Lovejoy. Ho was a member of Congress from Illinois ]857-()4. Lovel (Inv'el). In Ben .Tunscin's comedy " The New Inn," a soldier and scholar, and a cliivalric lover. This part contains some of Jonson's most beautiful poetrj'. Lovel. The name under whidi Charles Lamb ill'scribes his- father, John Ijumb, in "Old Benchers of tlie Inner Temple." Lovelace (luv'las). The ])rincipal male char- aclcr in Richardson's novel "t'lnrissa Har- lowo": an unscrujuilous libertine whose name has become a synonym for characters of that nature. Ileisanextiansidii nf Kowe's Lcillinrio. Lovelace (luv'las). Countessof (Augusta Ada Love's Cure Byron) . Bom Dee . 10, 1815 : died Nov. 29, 1852. Tlie daughter of Lord Byron. Lovelace, Richard. Born in Kent, 1618 : died at Loncion, 1(358. An English Cavalier poet. He was educated at the Charterhouse and at Gloucester Hall, Oxford. He was imprisoned by the Parliament in 1642 ; took part in the siege of Dunkirk in 1646; and was im- prisoned on his return to England in 1648. He was released after tlie king's execution, but his estate was spent, and he died in poverty in the jiurlieus of London. In 1049 lie pub- lished " Lucasta " (from Lux Casta, his name for Lucy Sacheverell) : this was revised while lie was in prison. After his death his brother collected and published his poems as "Lucasta: Posthume Poems "(1659). His name survives chiefly on account of his IjTics " To Althea from Prison " and " To Lucasta on going to the Wars." Loveless (luv'les). A character in Cibber's comedy " Love's Last Shift," and in its continu- ation, Vanbrugh's ' ' The Relapse ": a debauched libertine. He grows weary of his wife, Amanda, in six months; leaves the country and his debts behind him; and returns penniless to England to reform and be for- given (after a " Relapse " with lierinthia) by Amanda whom he really loves. Loveless, Elder. The principal male charac- ter in Beaumont and Fletcher's play " The Scornful Lady." He is a suitor of the lady, who scorns and flouts him ; init in tin; end he wins her by a trick. Loveless, Young. The brother of the elder Loveless: a lieartless, callous prodigal. Love Lies a Bleeding. See Philaster. Lovell (luv'el), George William. Bom in 1804 : died at Hampstead, May 13, 1878. An English dramatic writer. Among his plays are "The Provost of Bruges " (1836), " Loves Sacrifice " (1842), " Look before you Leap "(1846), "The Wife's Secret " (1846), "The Trial of Love"(lSS2). Lovell, Mansfield. Bom at Washington, D. C, Oct. 20, 1822: died at New York, June 1, 1884. An American general in the Confederate service. Lovel the WidO'Wer. A novel by Thackeray, published in 1861. Lovely (luv'li) , Ann. A character in Mrs. Cent- livre's comedy "A Bold Stroke for a Lover": an heiress to win whom Colonel Fainwell, her lover, disguises himself as the real Simon Ptu-e whom she was intended by her guardian to marry. Love makes the Man, or the Fop's Fortune. A comedy by (^'ibber, made from Fletcher and Massinger's " Custom of the Country" and " Ei- der Brother." It was acted and printed in 1701. Lover (luv'i^r), Samuel. Born at Dublin, Feb. 24, 1797 : died at St. Heliers, July 6, 1868. An Irish novelist, song-'svi-iter, and painter. His chief novels are "Rory O'More " (1837 : it was dramatized and had arun of 108 nights) and "Handy Andy "(1842). His "Songs and Ballads" were published in 1839, including "The Angel's Whisper," "The Low-backed Car," "The Four, leaved Shamrock,'' " Molly Bawn," "Father Molloy," etc. Lovere (16-va're). A town in northern Italy, on the Lake of Iseo 21 miles north-northwest of Brescia. Lover's Complaint, A. A poem by Shak- spere, written probably in 1593-94, but pub- lished with the sonnets in 1609. Fleay. Lover's Leap. A promontory robably refers to the ' Lovers' Pro- gress.'" liullnv. Lovers' Quarrels. A play by King, altered frnm Vnnliriigirs "The Mistake ''in 1790. Lover's Vows. A comedy by Mrs. Inchbald, pro.luced at Covent Garden" Oct. 11, 1798. It is i'roiii Kotzidiue. Love's Contrivance, or Le M^decin Malgr6 lui. A cimicily liy ^Irs. Cciitlivre, aetcil nnd printed in 1703. K wa?* taken from "Lo mi^decin nial- gre Ini " and " I.e niariage forcc^ " by MoliiTc. Love's Cure, or the Martial Maid. A play. probnlily by Massinger iiiid Middleton accord ing to Bulleii. Fleay thinks it was by Beaumont and Fletcher, altered by Miiaainger. It waa produced about 1623, printed 1647. Love's Labour 's Lost love's Labour 's Lost. A comedy by Shakspere, produeed in 1589, printed in 1598. Various changes were made in it in 1597, when it was retouched for a court performance. The title is "A pleasant conceited Comedy as it was presented before her Highness this last Chi-ist- mas. Newly corrected and augmented by W. Shakespeare. Imprinted 1698." This is the first appearance of .shak- speres name on a play title-page. There is no doubt that an earlier version existed. Mvrley ; Fleay. Love's Labour 's Won. A lost plav by Shak- spere, printed in 1600, and entered in tlie "Sta- tioners' Register " Aug. 23. 1600. it is probably the original of "Much Ado tibout Nothing," as it was called "Benedict and Bettris " when acted before King .lames in 1612-13, although presented that same Christmas to Prince Charles, the Palatine, and Lady Elizabeth under its proper name. Fleay. Love's comedy brugh's "Relapse ""is a sequel pington. Lord. Love's Metamorphosis. A comedy by Jobn Lyly, published in 1601. Loves of the Angels, The. A poem by Thomas Moore, publisheil in 1822. 626 Lubbock, Sir John matist, son of Charles Lowell. He graduated at bishop of London. He nuWished "Pr»i„.H^„„ > Harvard College in 1838. In Jan., 1855, on the resigna- sacra p^esi Hebraoru^ "r L?ctu efj^^ the^ac?ed Poetr? tion of Longfellow, Lowell was elected to his professor- of the Hebrews," 1753) a translation of TsnishVi™ 1,^ ship at Harvard. He did not assume it at once, but went Loxa See T mn "^''°^'*"°° °' '^""^ (1' '8'. «'<;. abroad and spent two years in the study of modern Ian- t X„ni n • / 1 1 "^/r guages, and in perfecting himself in Old French and Pro- -HV-y^f ^'°^ ?■"> MonsieUT. A catchpoll in Mo- venijal poetry. On his return he took the chair of belles- "ere s "Tartufe": a very small part made fa- lettres. He was editor of the "Atlantic Monthly" 1867- mous by Coquelin 1862, and of the "North American Review" 1863-72. HeT.nxT-al f.oirinn /..ffi^.iol ♦;fi„ . -M-.-Ti /^ i was sent as United States minister to .Spain 1877-«0 and ^°Jf'-i. •Region (oflbcial tjtle : Military Order t„ r:v„„ R,.;toi„ iQoo o= ir„ j„,=..„.„..' . of the Loyal Legion of the United States). to Great Britain 1880-85. He delivered many public ad- dresses both in England and in the United States, a-d a course of lectures on the English dramatists at the Lowell Institute in 1887. These were published after his death. Among his poetical works are "A Year's Life" (1841) "Poems" (1844, 1848, 1849, 1854), "Complete Poetical Works" (1850, 1858, 1880), "The Vision of .Sir Launfal" (1845), "A Fable for Critics" (1848), "The Biglow Papers " (two series, 1848 and 1867), "Mason .and Slidell etc " Loves of the Plants, The. The second part Lowell, John. Born at Boston, May 11, 1799 of the " Rntnnic rjflTiS^Ti " n. Tr*.Tcifio/] +i.Qo+;c.^ «« died r.t Rnmhnv MiiT/iVi 4 le^R A.. A.«^«^ prose works and essays are collected in "Conversations on Some of the Old Poets"(1846), " Fireside Travels " (1864) "Among ray Books" (1870 and 1876), "My Study Win- dows"(1871), "Democracy"(1886),and "PoliticalEssays" Caledonia. ' " • " 1^?' H.s"Letters"wereedited by Professor Nortoniu Loyola (lo-yo'la), IgnatiuS dO (InigO LopeZ A society organized at Philadelphia, April 15. 1865, to commemorate the services audperpetu- ate the memory of those who served in the Union ai-my, and to afford relief to soldiers who sur- vived the war. Memliership descends to the eldest male lineal descendant according to the rules of primo- gemture. ' group of small situated in the -, Caledonia, in lat. 21° S. , long. 167° E. The chief islands are Litu, Uea, and Mare (or Nengone). The group is a dependency of New Caledonia. died at Bombay, March 4, 1836. An American mercliant, son of F. C. Lowell: founder of the Lowell Institute at Boston. am nor appear till IV yi'. Lowell, Mary. See PiitiHim, Mrs. Loves of the Triangles, The. A satirical poem Lowell, Robert Traill Spence. Bom at Bos- by Canning and Frere, jiublished in the " Anti- ton, Oct. 8, 1810: died at Schenectady, N. Y., Jacobin." It was in ridicule of Erasmus Dar- Sent. 12. 1891 An AmoT-^noi, T?T^ic„«,,„i „i^ — win and his " Loves of the Plants." of the "Botanic Garden," a versified treatise on botany, by Erasmus Darwin, published in 1789 The first part, " The Economy of Vegetation,' did not appear till 1792 Love_ Spell, The. See Elisire d'Amore. Love's Pilgrimage. A romantic comedy by Fletcher and another, probablv written bv 1612. It was printed in 1647. The plot is "from a novefof Cer- vantes, and a part of Jonson's " New Inn " is incorporated in it. Fleay identifies it with "The Hi8toi7 of Cardenio " Low.do), Seth. Born at Brooklyn, N. Y., Jan. 18,18,50. An American educator. He was elected mayor of Brooklyn in 1881 and again in 1883, and president Sept. 12, 1891. An American Episcopal cler- gyman, instructor, poet, and novelist: son of Charles Lowell and elder brother of James Russell Lowell. He published the liovel "The New Priest in Conception Bay "(1858), "Fresh Hearts that Failed Tlu-ee Thousand Years Ago, and Other Poems " (1860) "An- tony Erode, " a story (1874), etc. Lowenberg (le'ven-bero). A town in the prov- ince of Silesia, Prussia, situated on the Sober 64 miles west of Breslau. Population (1890), -_-.. -- _. . J .^...^i «..« t.,it.ii, II, iooo, iiiiu piebiueni. 4 78'^ of Columbia University, New Vork, in 1890. In 1901 he T s.r^„«l /t > i ■■ ^ . , - , „. resignedthepresidency of the university and was elected -"OWenDurg (le ven-borG). Apeak of the Sie- mayor of New York. bengebirge, m the Rhineland. Height, 1,505 Low, Will H. Born at Albany, N.Y., May 31, feet. 1853. An American figure-painter, noted'also Lower Bavaria, G. Niederbayem (ne"der- for his decorative work and designs for staine.d bi'ern). A government district in the south- glass, and as an illustrator. He was a pupil of east of Bavaria, lying on both sides of the Dan- Carol us liuran, ube. Area, 4,152 square miles. Population Low (lo) Archipelago, or Paumota (pou-mo'- (1890), 664,798. ta),oiPaumotu(-to), orTuamotu(twa-m6'to) Lower California. See Califorma, Lower. i-.....""=. i.. -..cseue.aiiimiau uprising wnich followed Islands. An extensive gi'oup of small islands, Lower Canada. See Ontario Quebec the .Spaniards were driven beyond the Biobio. chiefly coral, situated in the South Pacific, east Lower Chinook. One of the' two divisions of ^'OyfOn (Iwa-zoii'), Charles, called Pere Hya- of the Society Islands and south of the Marque- the Chiuookan stock of North American Indi- ?W*"®-, tT*^™ '^^ Orleans, France, March 10, sas Islands. They are a French protectorate, ans. Its chief tribes are the Ai-tsmilsh (col- a w.,„„,.i !.,....._.-_ _. LowCountnes. A name given (a ) to the Neth- Iective),Chinook proper, and Clatsop. SeeChi- erlands; (0) to the low region near the North nonkan. Sea comprised in the modern Netherlands and Lower CoquiUe. See Kusan. Flanders (Belgmm). Lower Empire. [P. Bas-Ewpire.1 A name ijOWe (lo), bir Hudson. Born at Galway, Ire- given to the Byzantine emph-e. Under the names of the "Greek Empire." the ■i.ower Empire "— whatever may be the exact meaning of that last strange formula— not a few readers and writers are con- tent to conceal their ignoranceof athousand years of event- ful history. Freeman, Hist. Essays, IIL 232. de Recalde). Born at the castle of Loyola Guipuzcoa, Spain, 1491: died at Rome, July 3l' 1556. A Spanish soldier and prelate, founder of the Society of Jesus. He was educated as a page at the court of Ferdinand the Catholic, and afterward joined the army. While recovering from a severe wound received at the siege of Pamplona by the French in 1621 he was converted, and dedicated himself to the service of the Virgin. He entered in 1628 the University of Paris, where, with a number of fellow-students, among whom were Laynez, Bobadilla, Rodriguez, and Pierre Lefewe, he projected in 1634 a religious order, which received the name of the Society or Company of Jesus, for the conver- sion of the infidels, and to counteract the Pi-otcstant Ref- ormation. The order was confli-med by Pope Paul III in 1640, and Loyola became its first general in 1541, although Laynez was from its inception really the controlling spirit of the org.anization. He remained in office until his death He wrote in Spanish "Constitution of the Order" and "Spiritual Exercises " (1548). His life has been written by Ribadeneira, Maffei, Bouhours, and SpuUer. Loyola, Martin Garcia Onez de. Born in Gui- puzcoa about 1548: died between Imperial and Angol, Chile, Nov. 22, 1598. A Spanish cava- lier, nephew of Ignatius Loyola. He went to Peru in 1568, distinguished himself in the campaign against the Inca Tupac Amaru, and finally captured him in 1671. Sub- sequently he married the Inca's niece. In 1692 he was appointed captain-general of Chile. There he prosecuted the Araucanian war with vigor, but was eventually sur- prised by the Indians at a camp and killed with 60 com- panions. In the general Indian uprising which followed the .Spaniards were driven beyond the Biobio. --»..w x--/, ...... **«iAi3wij. ±jKmA ciL \jaiway, Are- laud, July 28, 1769: died at London, Jan. 10, 1844. A British general, governor of St. He- lena during the captivitv of Napoleon, 181.5-21 Lowe (le've), Johann Karl Gottfried. Boni at Ldbejun, near Halle, Prussia, Nov. 30, 1796 : died at Kiel, Prussia, April 20, 1869. A Ger- Lower Rhine Circle, man composer of ballads, songs, and oratorios. " ' " ' " ' ' ' L5we, Johanna Sophie. Born at Oldenburg Germany, March 24, 1815: died at Budapest, Nov. 29, 1866. A German opera-singer. Lowe (16), Robert, Viscount Sherbrooke. Born at Bingham, Nottinghamshire, Dee. 4, 181 1 : died at London, July 27, 1892. An EngUsh politician. He was vice-president of the board of trade and paymas- iSJ' 1827. A French pulpit orator. He became a priest m 1851, and afterward entered the order of the Carmelites About 1866 he removed to Paris, where he acquired a repiil tatioii for eloquence in the pulpit, and for boldness in de- nouncing abuses in the Roman Catholic Church. He mar- ried in 1872 ; was chosen curate of a congregation of Liberal Catholics at Geneva in 1873; and founded a "Galilean" congregation at Paris in 1879. Lower Lozfere (16-zar'). A department in southern France, capital Mende, formed chiefly from the ancient G^vaudan in Languedoc. it is bounded Ijy Cautal on the northwest, Haute-Loire on the northeast, Ardeche on the east, Gard on the southeast and south and Aveyrononthewest. The surf ace is mountainous nate, etc. Lower Saxon Circle, G. Niedersachsischer Kreis (ne-der-zek'sish-er kris). One of the ten circles of the Holy Roman Empire, com- prising Magdeburg, Liineburg, Wolfenbilttel, Ltibeck, Bremen, Hamburg, Hildesheim, Hal- berstadt, Mecklenburg, Holstein, etc. Lower Spokane. See Siiolcune. icac A r. " '.■;^.-"."'"'"> j^j-iui, xxuv. .i, Lower Umpqua. See Kuite. ivo^Vfi^f^ '^'"' ^''.''.^ic'fo^' member of the Lowerzer See (lo'vert-ser za). A lake in the Frankfort Parliament (1848), president of the canton of Schwyz, Switzeriand, northeast of Stuttgart Pariiament (1849). and, later, liberal the Lake of Lucerne. Length, 24 miles. r^^}lu 'n -*?e K'^'^l'stag and Prussian Landtag. Lowestoft (16'stoft or lo'e-stoft). A seaport and Lowell (lo el). One of the capitals of MidcUe- seaside resort in Suffolk, England, situated on se.\- County, Massachusetts, situated at the falls -■■----"" — - '- ''.^- • of the Men-imac and its junction with the Con- cord, 24 miles north-northwest of Boston it is n. led for manufactures, especially of cotton and woolen goods, and was long the chief seat of cotton manufacture in America (established 1823). It is sometimes called the " Manchester of America " and the "Spindle Citv ' It became a town in 1826; a city iin836. Pop. (WOO), 9'4,96;i. _„„„, G. Niederrheinischer fYJironontnewest.rhe surface is mountainous. Area Kreis (ne-dei-ri'nish-er kris), or Electoral TS,Twf'^''i-^i??r'''T ('*">■ "=^'?''- Rhine Circle G KurrheiniqehPr KVpi« ah> ^^^^laba (lo-a-la'ba). A name given to the riS-er krisr ■ &f Tefei I'ciJd 'fo['the' 7^11^' "' ''"' ^°"^° '"'' *° °°^ "' "^ ^^^^^ Luba (lo'bii), or Baluba (bii-lo'ba). A great Bantu nation of the Kongo State, it extends from flip .'OnflllPll.'P nf tllP U'.ico'ii .in.-l T„1,.., *.. T..,.., ri.„. ..... — -- — ^. .^.^v^.., .^ ,^nii,^.u, j_.u^ia.iavA, oiLHrttcii UU the North Sea 10 miles south of Yarmouth. Ne.ar , . " *-.-"^w .....uiv. xt e.\Leiius HOOT the confluence of the Kassai and Lulua to Lake Tangan- yika and to Katanga, and includes the Basliilange, Ba- songe, W.arua (of Cameron), Moluas (of the Portuguese authors), and the BaUilia of Katanga. All these tribes are independent, and speak dialects of the one Luba language. In physical appearance the Baluba are tall, well formed, bronze-colored, and intelligent. I'he tribe of the Bashi- lange, forming the western wing of the nation, is said to be mixed with the first occupants of its territory. This is called Lubuku— i e. 'friendship'— by the people of An- gola. Liibben (liib'ben). A town in the province of Brandenburg, Pi-ussia, situated on the Spree 45 miles south-southeast of Berlin. Population (1890), " the Dutch. Population (1891), 23,347.' ' Lowicz (16'vich). A town in the government of AVarsaw, Russian Poland, situated on the Bziu-a 47 miles west by south of Warsaw. Pop- .. — ....... .t.-.j, ,1 tiij 11, loou. xop. 1I"JUUJ, y4 'IG'I T /f 0,C±V. Lowell, Francis Cabot. Bom at Newburvport' ■^P'^S (^° '"'™)' John. Bom 1576: died 1659. Mass., April7,1775:diedatBoston, Sept. 2,1817! ^° English actor, contemporary with Shak- An American merchant, one of the pioneers of ?P^11^' He played some of the greater characters, includ- the cotton manufacture at Waltham and Lowell, a'teve™ at Rrel.Hn'lfi'' *"' ''•■'^'' '""'^'"^ ""^ '^^'"^ ^'^^^™'' Csf 'Fero''&!ft. ^°™ ^^^"J^nilt' ^^^ houth Robert. Bom at Winchester, mv iiuiiu .jra iv min-o suuiuoL iarmourn. Near (inyu), 6, 198. itinl665the British HeetundertheDukeofYorkdefeated Lubbprland See Cnfl-nimip the Dutch- Pnnnintinn nsnii ■nii7 iiuuoeridna. nee vochdujiie. Lubbock (lub'ok). Sir John William. Born at London, March 26. 1803: died near Farnbor- ough, Kent, June 20, 1865. An English astron- omer and mathematician, treasurer and vice- president of the Royal Society 1830-35. He wrote "On the Theory of theMoon and on the Perturbations of the Planets " (1833), etc Lubbock, Sir John, Baron Avebury. Born April 30, 1834. A noted English naturalist and politician: son of Sir John William Lub- bock ; raised to the peerage Jan.. 1, 1900. He represented the University of London 1880-19011. He is president of the Linnean Society and of the Institute of Lubbock, Sir John Bankers, a trustee of tlie British M useum, a vice-president of tlie Royal Sot-iety, etc. liis works include " Prehistoric Times" (1865), "Orij;in of Civilization and the Primitive Condition of Man" (1870), "(tri^nti aiul Metamorphoses of Insects " (187:t), " On British Wild Flowers, etc." (1876), "Relations between Plants and Insects " (187S), "Scienti- fic Lectures" and " Addresses Political and Educational" (1879), " Ants, Bees, and Wasps, etc." (1^82), ' Fifty Years of Science" (1881), "(i'haptersin Popular Natural History" (1883), and " On the Senses, Instincts, and Intelligence of Animals, etc. ' (1888). Liibeck (lU'bek). A state of the German Em- pire, comprising the city of Liibeck and a small adjoining territory, inclosed by the Baltic, Mecklenburg. Holstein, and the principality of Liibeck (belonging to Oldenburg), it is a repub- lic, government being administered by a senate of 14 mem- bers and a Burjrerschaft. or house of burgesses (120 mem- bers). It has 1 member in the Bundesrat, and 1 in the Reiclistag. The prevailing religion is Protestant. Area, 115 square miles. Population (WOO), 90,775. Liibeck. A free city of Germany, forming with its teiTitory a state of the German Empire. The city is situated on the Trave and Wakenitz in lat. 53' 52' N., long. lli° 41' E. It is among the leading German sea- ports, and has a large trade in timber, tar, wine, grain, etc., with Russia, Sweden, and Denmark, and regular steam communication with the Baltic ports. The cathedral was built between the 12th and the 14th century. The nave and transepts are Romanesque, the aisles and choir Point- ed. The spires are .•!94 feet high. The Rathaus, completed in 1442, is a characteristic example of the style of medieval brick building developed here. It consists of two wings at right angles, with large gables and picturesque spires. A fine Renaissance entrance-hall and stair were afterward added. The interior, late-Pointed in character, contains much that is of artistic interest. The Holsten Thor is a picturesque medieval gateway, built in 1477. Liibeck was founded in 1143 ; was ceded to Henry the Lion; became a free imperial city in 1226; took the lead among the cities of the Hanseatic League : sided with the Reformation in 1531: was incorporated with France in 1810; became in- dependent in 1813; and has been successively a member of the Germanic Confederation, the North German Con- federation, and the German Empire. Population (1890), 63, .590. Liibeck, Principality of. A district forming a part of the dominions of Oldenburg, situated north of the free city of Liibeck. Chief city, Eutin. Under the old German Empire it was ruled by prince-bishops, and in 1803 was annexed to Oldenburg. Population (1890), 34,718. Liiben (lii'ben). A town in the province of Si- lesia, Prussia, 14 miles north of Liegnitz. Pop- ulation (1890), 6,131. Liibke (liib'ke), Wilhelm. Born at Dortmund, Pmssia, Jan. 17, 1826: died at Karlsruhe, April 5, 1893. A noted German historian of art. He was professor of the history of art and of archaeology at the polytechnic scliool at Zurich l&61-(>0, at the similar school in Stuttgart 1866-85, and at the technical high school atKarlsruhe 1885-93. Among his works are "Geschichte derATchitektur"(1855), ''GrundrissderKunstgeschichte " ("Outlines of the History of Art," 1860), "Geschichte der Plastik" ("History of the Plastic Art," 1863), etc. Lublin (16'blin). 1. A government of Russian Poland, bordering on Galicia and the govern- ments of Volhynia, Siedlce, and Radom. Area, 6,499 square miles. Population (1891), 1,0.59,- 959. — 2. The capital of the government of Lu- blin, situated on the Bistrzyca 92 miles south- east of Warsaw, it is the chief town of Russian Po- land after Warsaw and Lridge ; the iimer side of its roof is painted with an elaborate Dance of Death. Other objects of in- terest are the Lion of Lucerne (see below), Hofkirche, Gletscher-Garten, and Rathaus (with antiquarian mu- seum). Near the city are the Eigi, Pilatus, etc. It was founded on the site of a monastery. It was occupied by the federal troops in the Sonderbund war (1847). Popula- tion (188S), 20,.571. Lucerne, Lake of, or Lake of the Four Forest Cantons, G. Vierwaldstattersee (fer-viilt'- stet-ter-za). A lake in Switzerland, border- ing on the four cantons Lucerne, Schwyz, Uri, and Unterwalden. it is irregular in shape. Lo- cally it is divided into tlie Luzernersee, Alpnachersee, KUssnachtersee, Uniersee or Bay of Uri. Gersauersee, and Weggisersee. It is traversed by the Reuss, which has its outlet at Lucerne. Violent winds prevail on it. It is bor- dered by lofty mountains (Rigi, etc.), and is famous for its magnificent scenery and for the legendary history of Wil- liam Tell. Length, 23 miles. Height above sea-level, 1,436 feet. Lucerne, Lion of. A famous piece of sculpture, by Thorwaldsen, commemorating the heroism and devotion of nearly 800 Swiss guards who died to save Louis XVI. in the attack on the Tuileries, Aug. 10. 1792. The colossal figure of the crouching lion, transfixed and dying but still faithfully defending the lilied shield of France, is carved in tlie round in a recess in the face of an upright, vine-draped rock, in a littlepark, at Lucerne. A conmiemorativeinscription.with the names of the officers killed, is cut in the rock. Lucetta (16-set'ta). A waiting-woman in Shak- spere's "Two Gentlemen of Verona." Luchaze (16-cha'ze), orBaluchaze (ba-lo-cha'- ze). A Bantu tribe of Angola, West Africa. They live between the head streams of the Kuito River, southeast of Bihe, in a beautiful wooded country. They are related to the Ambuela and Ngangela tribes, file their fore teeth, wear skins and baobab cloth, and are clever iron- and copper-smiths. They obtain their pottery by bar- ter. Their granaries are large, and their villages clean and well built. Luchon. See Bagnercs-de-Lnclion. Lucia (lli'shia). Saint. [L., fem. of Lticixis; E. Lucy.'] A martyr of the primitive church in Syracuse, who perished during the persecution of Diocletian. According to the legend, she rejected a pagan suitor whom her mother desired her to marry, was denounced as a Christian, and was condemned to be out- raged, but escaped this fate and died in prison. She is the patroness especially of those who suffer from distemper of the eyes. Lucia. In Southerne's "Sir Antony Love, or The Rambling Lady," a young girl who disguises herself as a man (Sir Antony) and follows her lover to win him. She is the " rambling lady." Lucia di Lammermoor (lo-che'ii de liim-mer- mor'). An opera by Donizetti, produced at Naples in 1835, at Paris in 1839, at London in 1838 in Italian and in English in 1843. Tlie plot is from Scott's " Bride of Lammermoor." Lucian (lii'shian). [(ir. \ovKiav6c. L. Liieioiiii.s.'i Born at Samosata, Syria, about 120 a. d. : died about 200. A celebrated Greek satirist and humorist. He was a free-thinker, attacking with pun- gent satire the religious beliefs of his time : for this, ac- cording to Suidas, he was called "the Blasphemer," and . was torn to pieces by dogs — doubtless a pious invention. He wrote rhetorical, critical, and biographical works, ro- mances, dialogues, poems, etc. Lucian (160 A. P.), a native of ,Samosata on the Euphrates, lived to write Attic prose which, though by no means fault, less, was the best that had been written for4iH)years. His "Dialogues of the Gods, "almost Homeric in their freshness and almost Aristophanic in their fun, bring out the ludi- crous side of tile pojiular Greek faith ; the " I)iidi>gnes of the Dead" are brilliant satires on the living. Inhis".\iie- tion of Philosophers" the g(tds knock down each of the great thinkers to the highest biddi-r ; Socrates goes for about £600; Arist.)tle for a fifth of that sum. . . . Much historical interest brlnn-rs to bis skfteh of " Peregrinus," a mainvhoin heicprescntsasbaving been aChristian. . . His "Timon, ■ tlie misanthrope, is interesting in connec- tion with Shakspere's play. The " N'eracions History," a mock narrative of travel, is the original of such books as "Gulliver's Travels." Lucian has much in eomnion with Swift, and more, perhaps, witli \'olt!iire. Jebb, Greek Lit, p. LW. Lucian. Born at Samosata, Syria, about 240a.1).: martyred at Nicomedia, Bithynia, about 312. A theologian and biblical critic, presbyter of An- t iocb, who was jmt to death as a Christian under ^laximin. Little is known of his career. He was the reputed author of a creed which was submitted to the Synod of Antioch(S41) as a substitute for the Niecno Creed, and which is said to have been adopted by a Semi-Ariun synod in Caria in 367. Luciana (16-si-a'n|i). In Shakspere's "Comedy of Errors," tbe sister of Adriana. Lucianists 628 Lucianists (lu-shian-ists)v The followers of was condemned and put to death by the ECTolntlonarytri- Lucian or Lucau,"a Mareionite leader in the bunalouachaigeof treusoii. 9,1 .«.t,„rv. who'tant^ht that the aeti.al soul LucknOW or Lakhnau (luk nou) 1 • A divi- siou in Oudh, Britisu Jndia. Area, 4,o04 square 2d century, who taught that the actual soul and body of a man would not come forth in the resurrection, but some representative of them. Lucifer (lu'si-fer). [L., 'light-bringing.'] The morning star ; the planet Venus when it appears in the morning before sunrise : when it follows the sun, or appears in the evening, it is called Hespenis, or the evening star. The name " day-star " is applied by Isaiali figuratively to a king of Biibylon : this was rendered in the .authorized version by *' Lutrifer." From this passage (Isa. xiv. 12) the name was, by mistake, also given to Satan. Panda?monium, city and proud seat Of Lucifer ; so by allusion call'd Of that bright star to Satan paragon 'd, Milton, P. L., X. 426. Lucifer. Died 371 a. d. A bishop of Caliris (Cagliari) in Sardinia, a fierce controversialist, and founder of a sect of Luciferians named from him, whose chief tenet was that no bishop who had conformed in any measm-e to Arianism could retain his rank if he rejoined the orthodox party. miles. Population(lS81), 2,622,681.— 2. Adis- trict in the division of Lucknow, intersected by lat. 27° N., long. 81° E. Area, 967 square miles. Population (1891), 774.163.— 3. The capital of Oudh and of the district of Lucknow, situated on the Gumti about lat. 26° 52' N., long. 80° 55' E. It manufactiu-es gold and silver brocade, muslin, etc. Among the chief buildings is the mausoleum imani- bara, a great hall dating from the middle of the last cen- tuiy, and one of the most interesting productions of the later Indian-.Saracenic style. The plan is rectangular, 263 by 145 feet. The flue central hall, 162 by 63* feet, is ar- caded on both sides and flanked in front by a porch and at thebackbyagaller)-. Each end presents an octagonal room and two closed side chambers. The vaults are formed in thick, solid masses of concrete, precisely according to the ancient Roman system. The general effect is picturesque and impressive, though the ornamental details show de- cadence. Lucknow was defended (at first under Sir Henry Lawrence) against the Indian mutineers July-Sept, 1857 ; relieved by Havelock Sept. 25 ; again relieved by Campbell Xov. 17 ; and finally captured by Campbell JIarch, 1858. Population (1S91), witli cantonment, 273,028. %'=i^.^i^"-^,?^i- ^.'^^'^^rr.T^I.'}.^^:} L^ck of Eden Hall The. A drinking-cup long of Lytton (Owen Meredith), published in 1860 Luciiius (lii-siri-us), Caius, Born at Suessa Aurunea, Campania, about 180 B. c. : died at Naples, 103 B.C. A Latin satirical poet, author of " Saturro," miscellaneous poems containing a very free criticism of contemporary life. Lucina (lii-si'na). In Roman mythology, the ]ireserved at Eden Hall in Cumberland. Accord ing to "^otes and Queries," Feb. 18. 1893, it is still in ex- istence. It is a chalice of enameled glass, and is of 10th- century workmanship, presumably Venetian. There is a legend that the luck of the Musgrave family depends on its preservation : " If this cup either break or fall, Farewell the luck of Eden Hall." goddess who presided over childbirth, consid- ^ (la-soh'). A town in the department of ered as a daughter of Jupiter and Jmio, but fre- ^. ^ ^ -^ > p ^ .^ ^ j^ ^ La quently contused with Juno or «ath D ana bhe r^,,,,!,'^. ^^^ ^^^^^ repnblicans defeated corresponded more or less closely to the (jreek ,he Vendeans. It h.as a cathedraL Popolatiou (1891), goddess Ihthyia. commune, 6,636. Lucinde (lii-sand'). 1. The daughter of Sgana- LuQOn. See Luzon. relle in MoliSre's "L' Amour m^decin." — 2. The Lucrece (lii-kres'). {Jj. Lncretia.'] A poem by daughter of G^ronte in Moli^re's "Le m^decin Sliakspere, published in 1594. malgre lui." It is to cure her that Sganarelle is Lucretia (lii-kre'shiii). In Roman legend, the obliged to pretend to be a doctor. wife of Tarquinius Collatinus. HerrapebySextus LuciO (lii'shio). A fantastic and profligate char- Tai-(iuin[us led to the overthrow of the Tarquins and the acter in Shakspere's " Measure for Measure." establishment of the rejiublic. See Se.it "J- Lucius (lu'shius). [L., 'pertaining to the light or Lucretia, or the Children of Night. A novel daybreak ' ; Gr. Aoi-»of, It. i«nV), Sp. Lucit, Pg. !'>' K>il"-"- ^^-^"0".' l'".l^lf .^^^ " ^^^\ „ LucM, F. Luce.-\ Bishop of Adrianople in the Lucretia gens (lu-kre sliia jenz). A Roman 4th century. He w.is expelled from his see by the patrieian, and later also plebeian, elan. Its sur- Arians about 340 ; appealed to the Roman Council under names were (patrician) Xnciptmus, (plebeian) Julius, which ordered his restoration — a decree which was Gallus, Ofella, Vespillo, and Cams, resisted by the Eusebians in his diocese; and was finally LucretiuS (lu-ki-e'shius) (TituS LucretiUS Ca- reestablished in liis see by Constant ius, in accordance with ^ g ^ jj probably about 96 B. C. : the decision of the Council of Sardica. i- i .-> i i- c- „ a i i %. i t> vi T . -r -a- \, c -D o-o o-< died Oct. 1.3, 5.5 B. c. A celebrated Roman phil- LuciUS I. Bishop of Rome 2a3-2o4. . ^ . . . > i" Lucius II. (Gterhard da Caccianamichi). Died Feb. 25, 1145. Pope 1144-45. He was killed by a stone thrown during the insui'rection against the papal government. Lucius III. (ITbaldo Allucingoli). Died Nov. 24, 1185. Pope 1181-85. osophical poet. He was the author of "De rerum na- tura" (" On the Nature of Things "), a didactic and philo- sophical poem in six books, treating of physics, of psy- chology, and (briefly) of ethics from the Epicurean point of view. He committed suicide probably in a fit of insan- ity. According to a popular but doubtless erroneous tra- dition, hia madness was due to a love-phUter adukiuistered to him by his wife. Lucius. 1. In Shakspere's tragedy "Julius Lucrezia Borgia. See Borgia. Csesar," a boy, a servant of Brutus. — 2. In LucreziaBorgia(16-krat'se-abor'ia). Anopera Shakspere's "Cymbeline," a general of the Ro- man forces. — 3. In Shakspere's (?) " Titus An- dronicus," the son of Titus. He has a son who is also namedLucius. — 4. In Shakspere's " Timoo of Athens," a flattering lord ; also, in the same by Donizetti, first produced at Milan in 1834. The words were adapted from Victor Hugos play of the same name, produced at Paris in 1S33. The ojiera was produced at the Italiens in 1840, and was at once stopped by Victor Hugo. The words were rewritten and called La Rinegata." Grove. play, a servant who waits on Timou's creditors. Lucrezia Floriani (flo-re-a'ne). A novel by lucius Junius Brutus. A tragedy by Andrieux produced at the Com^die Fran(;aise in 1830. Lucius Junius Brutus.Father of his Country. A tragedy by Nathaniel Lee, produced in 1681. IiUCka(lok'a"). Asmalltown in Saxe-Altenburg, Germany, situated on the Schnauder 18 miles south of Leipsic. Here, May 31, 1307, the Thu- ringians defeated the Imperialists under Philip -^ Nassau George Sand, published in 1846. Lucrine (lii'krin) Lake. In ancient geography, a small salt-water lake in Campania, Italy, 9 miles west-northwest of Naples: the Roman Lacus Lucrinus, modern Lago Luarino. It was famous for its oysters.' Luc-SUr-Mer (liik'siir-mar'). A watering-place in the department of Calvados. France, on the English Channel 10 miles north of Caen. ll^kau (ISk'ou). A small town in the province Lucullus (lu-kurus), Lucius Licinius, sur- of Brandenburg, Prussia, situated on the Berste 47 miles south by east of Berlin. Here, June 4, 1813 the Prussians and Russians under Von Billow defeated the French under Oudinot. Liicke (Ui'ke), Gottfried Christian Friedrich. Born at Egeln, near Magdeburg, Prussia, Aug. 23, 1791 • died at Gottlngen, Feb. 14, 1855. A German theologian, professor successively at Berlin, Bonn, and Gottingen. He wrote "Kom- mentar iiber die Schriften des Evangelisten Johannes " ("Commentary on the Writings of the Evangelist John," 1820-32), etc. Luckenwalde (lo'ken-val-de). A town in the province of Brandenburg, Prussia, situated on named Ponticus. Born probably about 110 B. c: died about 57 B. c. A Roman general. He served under Sulla in the East ; was curule edile in 79, and consul in 74 ; defeated llithvidates in Asia Minor 74- 71 ; defeated Tigranes near Tigranocerta in 69 ; and was re- called to Rome in 66. He was afterward famous for his wealth and his luxury. His villas at Tusculum and near Neapolis were famous for their splendor, and he is said to have expended fabulous sums on his table. He was the first to introduce cherries into Italy. He was also a col- lector of books and a patron of learning. Lucy (IG'si). [FromL. Lucia (which see).] 1. In Sheridan's comedy " The Rivals," a clever waiting-maid of great apparent simplicity. — The rival of Polly in Gay's "Beggar's Opera." „ 2 .... the Nuthe 29 miles south by west of Berlin. It Lud (hid). In Gen. x., the fom'th in the list of manufactures cloth, etc. Population (1890), the children of Shem. 18,008. Luckner (lok'ner). Count Nikolaus. Bom at Cham, Bavaria, Jan., 1722: guillotined at Paris, Jan. 4, 1794. A general in the Dutch and Ger- man and (after the Seven Years' War) in the French service. He became a marshal in 1791. and Tlie name Lud, which follows that of Arphaxad. cannot be correct. The reading must be corrupt, though it is impossible to conjecture what it could originally have been. Lud or Lydia belongs to a different zone from that of the children of Shem, and, as we have seen, is already referred to under the name of Magog. Sauce. Races of the 0. T., p. 64. Ludovisi Ares Lud (lud). A mythical king of Britain. The association of LlOd, or "King Lud " as he has come to be called in English, with London, is apparently found- ed on a certain amount of fact : one of the Welsh names for London is Caer Lud, or Lud's Foil, and if this is open to the suspicion of having Vieen suggested first by Geof- frey, that can hardly be supposed possible in the case of the English name of Ludgate Hill. The probability is that, as a temple on a hill near the Severn associated him with that river in the west, so a stiU more ambitious temple on a hill connected him with the 'Ihames in the east ; and as an aggressive creed can hardly signalize its conquests more effectually than by appropriating the fanes of the retreating faith, no site could be guessed with more probability to have been sacred to the Celtic Zeus than the eminence on which the dome of St. Pauls now rears its magnificent form. Bhys, Celtic Heathendom, p. 129. Luddites (lud'lts). A name given to the riot- ers who attempted to destroy machinery at Not- tingham and elsewhere in England, 1811-12 and 1816 : so called from a man named Lud. Luden (16'den), Heinrich. Born at Loxstedt, near Bremen, April 10, 1780 : died at Jena, Ger- many, May 23, 1847. A German historian, pro- fessor of history at Jena. His chief work is a •'Gesehichte des deutschen Volks" (1825-37: " Hi.story of the German People " to 1237). Liidenscheid (lii'den-shid). A town in the prov- ince of Westphalia. Prussia, 34 miles northeast of Cologne. Population (1890), 16,169. Liideritzland (lii'dev-its-land). The region around Augra Pequeiia, annexed by Germany 1884. It is now included in German Southwest Africa. Liiders(lii'ders), Count Alexander. Bora Jan. 26, 1790 : died at St. Petersburg, Feb. 13, 1874. A Russian general. He served in the Turkish war 1828-29, in the Polish insurrection 1831, and in the Cauca- sus ; defeated the Hungarians at Schassburg July 31, 1849 ; was commander-in-chief in the Crimea 1866 ; and was gov- ernor of Poland 1861-62. Ludewig (lo'de-vio), Hermann Ernst. Bom at Dresden, Oct. 14, 1809: died at Brooklj-n, Dec. 12, 1856. A German-American bibliogra- pher. He published " Literature of American Local Hi.story" (1846-48), etc. Ludgate (lud'gat). [Possibly from the legen- dary British king Lud.] An old gate of the City of London. In the earlier history of the city, all the re- gion between the city and W estminster was a marsh or fen, and the only western egress was by Watling street at New- gate. Laterthe fen was filled up, the " Straunde "road was made, and Ludgate was built some time in the 12th cen- tury. The gate itself was for a long time used as a prison, but was abandoned when Newgate was built. Ludgate ■was destntyed in 1760, except the statue of Elizabeth, which still stands I)v St. Dunstan's Church. Ludgate Hill. A London street running di- rectly west from St. Paul's. Ludhiana (lo-de-a'na). 1. A district in the Pan jab, British India, intersected by lat. 30° 50' N., long. 76° E. Ai'ea, 1,453 square miles. Pop- ulation (1891), 648,722.-2. The capital of the district of Ludhiana, about lat. 30° 53' N., long. 75° 54' E. Population, about 40,000. Ludington (lud'ing-tou). A city in Mason County, Michigan, situated on Lake Michigan, at the mouth of Pfere Marquette River, in lat. 43° 56' N., long. 86° 26' W. Population (1900), 7,166. Ludlow (lud'16). A town in Shropshire, Eng- land, situated at the junction of the Teme and Corve, 25 miles south of Shrewsbury. The castle is a magnificent ruin, chiefly of the 12th century, with many huge Sijuare towers on its outer walls, a great keep with angle-turrets, and ruins of a circular Norman chapel- It was the residence of the lords president of Wales, and for a time a royal abode. Ludlow was taken by the Par- liament in 1616. Population (1S91X 4.460. Ludlow, Edmund. Born at Maiden Bradley, Wilts, England, 1617 (if) : died at Vevay, Swit- zerland, 1692. An English general and repub- lican politician. He was one of King Charles's judges in 1649, and signed his death-waixant ; was deputy of Ire- land 1651-62; and lived in exile after 1660. His "Me- moirs " were published 1698-99. Ludlow, Johnny. The pseudonjou of Mrs. Henry Wood. Ludlow's Code. See Code of 1650. Ludolf (lo'dolf ). Hiob. Born" at Erfurt, Prussia, 1624: died at Frankfort-on-the-Main, April 8, 1704. A German Orientalist, noted especially for his works on the language and history of Abyssinia. Ludovisi Ares (lo-do-ve ' ze a'rez ) or Mars. -Aji antique marble statue in the Villa Ludovisi, Rome, discovered .in the Renaissance period near the Piazza Campitelli. The figure is of colossal size. The god is represented seated in an easy position, as if resting from effort, on a rock, against which lean his greaves and circular shield. The right leg is extended ; the left is raised and supported on the helmet, which rests on the ground. The hands are crossed on the left knee, the left holding a sword. The face bears a calm expressionn, the glance being directed fonvard, as in reflection. The chlamys, the only garment, has slid down from the shoul- Ludovisi Ares ders, and its foliia lie loosely about the hips nnd over the thighs. An Eros, with quiver heside hiiu, sits on the ground behind the god's right leg. From nmrkson the left shoulder and below, a tlgure completing the group appears to be missing : this may have tieen another Eros, a Nike, or au Aphrodite. The w(u-k is held by mo.st authorities to be a good copy of an original of the school of Lysippus. Ludovisi Juno. A colossal head in the V^illa Luflc>visi, Rome, it is one of the most impressive con- ceptions of the Gieek Hera, ascribed by the best critics to an .\ttic artist of the early 4th century B. c. The calm oval face is crowned with an ornamented stephane. Ludovisi Palace. See Villa Ludovisi. Ludwig. The German form of the name Louis. Ludwig (lod'vio;, Karl Friedrich Wilhelm. Born Dee. 29, 1.S16: died April i;:i, l.S!).'.. A noted 629 Lundy's Lane important papers. Ludwig, Otto. Born at Eisfeld, Saxe-JIeinin- gen,Feb. 11, 1813: died at Dresden, Feb. 2.5, 18(w. A German poet and novelist. His chief works are the tragedies "Der Erhforster"'(1853) and "Die Makkabaer"(1854), and the tale "Zwischen Hinimel und Erde (ISnU). Ludwigsburg (lod'vaos-boro). Xeekar circle, Wiii-temberg, situated 8 miles north of Stuttgart, it was founded at the beginning of the 18th century ; contains the second royal residence and a noted royal palace ; manufactures organs, etc.; and is an important militsiry station. Population (1800), 17,332. Lndwig's Canal. A canal in Bavaria which joins the Danube and Main. It connects Bamberg on the Regnitz with Dietfurt on the Altraiihl. Length, 110 miles. Ludwigshafen (lod'viGs-ha-fen). Atowninthe Rhine Palatinate, 2. on the ancient LiicusAugusti. The cathedral is a large church of the 12th and l;ith centuries. From time im- memorial the consecrated host has here been permanently exposed day and night. The circuit of the city walls, of Roman foundation, and still in great part Roman, is com- plete. There are sulphur baths in the vicinity. Popula- tion (ISS"), 19,9;,i Lugo. -V small town in the province of Ra- venna, Italy, 14 miles west of Ravenna. LugOS (lii'gosh). The capital of the county of Krass6-Szor6uy, Hungary, situated on the Temes 32 miles east by south of Temesvir. It was the last place of resort of the Hungarian revolu- tionists in 1849. PopiUation (1890), 12,489. [According red or bay name of the fourteenth Iranian king, successor of Kaikhus- rau, and a descendant of Kaipishin, third son of Kaiqubad. He is said U^ have etdargcd and beautified Baikh, and to have there built a flre-temple called Adar Burzin. He had two sons, Gushtasp and Zarir. To the former, represented as the patron of Zoroaster, he left his kingdom, retiring to his flre-temple at Balkh. A town in the Luimbe (Iwem'be), orOvaluimbe (6-vil-lwem'- be ). A Bantu tribe of Angola, West Africa, east of Bihe. They are a good-looking and peaceful people, given to Ashing and herding, and are frequently harassed by their neighbors of Bihe. Luini (lo-e'ne), or Luvini (lo-ve'ne), Bernar- dino. Bom at Luiuo, Italy, about 147.'): died about 153.5. An Italian painter of the Lombard school. Many of his works are in Milan. Luino (lo-e'no), or Luvino (lU-ve'no). A small ine falatinate Bavaria, situated on the on Lago Magmore 43 miles nortl Rhine opposite Mannheim: formerly called Luitpold (loTt-polt), Prince. I tovni in tlie proWnee of Como, Italy, situated ,, , . „ , ,, , on LagoMaggiore 43 miles northwest of Milan. „, . ,-- ^l=i"nheim: formerly called Luitpolddo^it-polt), Prince. Born March 12, Khemschanze. It is the chief commercial place of 1S21. Third son of Louis I. of Bavaria, and the Palatinate. Population (1890), 28.768. ,,„,i„ *t ■ tt i r>4» t i c ^ t„j™,-™„v„j /i-i' „ i-i\ r o <• T J undo of Louis II. and Otto I. : regent of Bava- Ludwigslied (lodVios- ed). ['Song of Lud- ^a since .June, 1886. wig.'] A poem m Old High Gerinan, on the Luitprand. Use Liutprand. victory of Kmg Louis HI. over the Normans in Lujg. See Louis. 881. Ludwigslust (lod'viGs-lost). [G., 'Lud wig's delight.'] A town in Mecklenbiu-g-Sehwerin, Germany, 22 miles south of Schwerin. it is the second grand-ducal residence. Population (1890), G,500. Lugano (lo-gii'no). A town in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland, situated on the Lake of Lugano 13 miles south by west of Bellinzona. It is the chief commercial place of the canton, and is a central point for tourists. It was annexed to Switzerland aliout 1512. Population (ISS.'i), 5,244. T V r" Lugano, Lake of, it. Lagodi Lugano (lii'go de ,'^,®.!..^:lPv. t : lo-gii'no) or Lago Ceresio (che-ra'ze-6). A lake situated partly in northern Italy, partl.v in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland, its outlet is theTresa (into Lago Ma'.'giore). It is noted for its lieauty. Length. 20 miles. Greatest breadth, 2 miles. Heightabovo sea-level, 890 feet. The capital of the province of Lugo, situated LulongO (lo-long'go)^ An affluent of the Kongo the Minho in lat. 42° .59' N., long. 7° 32' W. : River which drains the couiitrv between the equator and the bend of the Ko'ngo. The Lo- pori and the Maringa are its principal arms. I iiiiai. iiiv, ueic u,;cu pciiiiiiiieniiy y . , ,_ ~^ , * * The circuit of the city walls, of iiUmmi (lum e). A tnbe of North American Indians, now on tin- Lumini reservation, on Bellingham Bay, Whatcom County, Washing- ton. They number about 300. See Halishan. Lumpkin (lump'kin), Tony. In Goldsmith's comedy " She Stoops to C,"onquer,"an ignorant, noisy, conceited countrj' squire, both loutish and vicious. Liston was noted for his perform- ance of this part. The widow Blackacre and her son are like her lawsuit — everlasting. A more lively, palpable, bustling, ridicu- lous picture cannot be drawn. Jern" is a hopeful lad, though undutiful. and gets out of had hands into worse. Goldsmith evidently had an eye to these two precious char- acters in "She Stoops to Conquer." Tony Lumpkin and his mother are of the s:\me family, and the incident of the theft of the casket of jewels and tlie bag of parchments ia nearly the same in both authors. Uadilt, Eng. Poets, p. IDS. Luna (Ifi'nii). [L., 'the moon.'] The Italian goddess of the moon. She had at Rome an ancient sanctuary on the Aventine and a temple on the Palatine. The latter was illuminated at night Luna. In ancient geography, a city in Italy, near the site of the modern Spezia. Luna (lo'nii), Alvaro de. Born 1388: died 14.53. A Spanish -courtier an.l poet. He became a p.'ige at the courtof John II. of Castile 1408. rising quickly to the position of favorite an;apuleon over the allied Russians and 11-ussians (about 70,000) under Wittgenstein. Napoleon was unable to follow up his vict«ry. The battle ia frequently called the battle of Grossgorschcn. Lutzk (lotsk), or Luck (lotsk). A town in the government of Volhyuia, Russia, situated on the Styr about lat. 50° 45' N., long. 25° 20' E. Population (1885-89), 14,165. Liitzow (liit'so). Baron Ludwig Adolf Wil- lielni von. Born at Berlin, Prussia, May IS, 1782: died at Berlin, Dec. 5-0, 1834. A Prussian general, commander of the Liitzow '•free corps" or "black troop" in 1813. Lux (loks), Adam. Bom at Obernburg, Bava- ria, 17G(3: guillotined at Paris, Nov. 4, 1793. A Girondist deputy to the Convention from Mainz iu 1793. Luxembourg (Uik-soii-bor'). Due de (FranQois Henri de Montmorency-Bouteville). Born at Paris, Jan. 8, 1628 : died at Versailles, France, Jan. 4, 1695. A French marshal, a rclati%-e and a companion of Cond^. He served in the wars against Spain and Holland ; defeated the Prince of Waldeck at Fleurus in 1690 ; and defeated William of Orange at Steen- kcrke in 1692, and at Ncerwinden in 1693. Luxembourg, Palace of the. A palace in Pa- ris, built by Debrosse (1615-20) for Maria de' Metlici. There are 3 stories, the lowest arcaded, with entablatures and coupled pilasters between the windows. The well-proportioned fronts are marked by projecting, high-roofed pavilions. The smaller diameter of the rec- tangle is about 300 feet. The large court is now colonnaded. Many of the interior apartments are splendidly painted and adorned with sculpture. Since the Revolution this former royal palace has ser^'ed as the House of Peers or of the Senate, and has long contained a museum of art. The Museum of Slodern Art is now removed to anew building on the west of the Petit^Luxenibourg, Rue Vaugirard. Luxemburg (luk'sem-berg; F. pron. liik-son- bor'). A province of Belgium. Capital, Arlon. It is bounded by Namur and Liege on the north, Rhenish Prussia ami the grand duchy of LuxemVnirg on the east, France on the south, and France and Namur on the west. The surface is Iiilly. It has important minerals, including iron and slate. Annexed to Belgium 1839. Area, 1,706 square niilt-s. Population (1893), 213,155. Luxemburg (luk'sem-berg; D. pron. lok'sem- boro), F. Luxembourg (llik-soii-bor'), old form Lutzelburg. Agrandducby of Europe. Cap- ital, Luxemburg. It is bounded by the Rhine Prov- ince of Prussia on the northeast and east, Lorraine on the south, France on the southwest, and Belgium on the west. The surface is a low table-land. It lies maiidy in the basin of the Moselle, which is on its eastern border. The lead- ing occupation is agriculture. Iron ore occurs in abun- dance. The government is a constitutional monarchy, ad- ministered by a grand duke and a chamber of 45 deputies. It belongs to the German ZoUverein. The religion is Ro- man Catholic. The prevailing language is German. Lux- emburg formed part of the Holy Roman Empire. It was a coimtship in the middle ages. It furnished the empe- rors Henry VII. (1308), Charles IV. (1347), Wenceslaus (1378), atid Sigismund (1411). It was united in personal union with Bohemia in 1310'; became a duchy in 1354 ; and passed to Burgundy in 1443. It passed with the Neth- erlands to the house of Hapsburg, and to Spain. Part of it was ceded t() France in 1650. It was ceded to Austria in 1713, and was conquered by France 1794-95. By the Con- gress of Vienna (1815) it was made a grand duchy under the rule of the King of the Netherlands, and became a member of the Germanic Confederation. It joined the liclgian revolt against the Netherlands, and continued provisionally in Belgian hands until 1839, when part of it was ceded to Belgium, the King of the Netherlands ruliT]g as grand duke over the remainder. It entered the ZoU- verein in 1842, and ceased to beapartof Germany in ISro. Its neutrality was guai-anteed by the treaty of London in 1867. In ikiH) the crown passed to Adolf of Nassau. Area, 998 sijuare miles. Population (189ii), 211,088. Luxemburg, formerly Liitzelburg. The capi- tal of the grand duchvof Luxemburg, situated on the Potrusse and Alzette in lat. 49° 37' N., long. 6° 7' E. It haw a remarkably picturesque situa- tion, and cfnisists of the oberstadt and I'nterstadt. For- merly it was ■cbhrated for its fortitlcations, strengthened by Van ban and utliers; and it has often been besieged. It was garrisoned by the Prussians 1815-67. The fortitlca- tions were in great part demolished after the treaty of 1S07. Population (1890), 18,187. Luxeuil fliik-s(\y'). [1j. I.nxovium.'] A town in the department of llaute-SaAne, situated 37 miles northeast of Vesoul. It has noted mineral Bj)rings. It had an abbey in the middle ages. Population (1891), commune, 4,811. Luxor (luk'sor or liik'sor). A village in Upper Egypt, situated on the Nile, in lat. 25° 39' N., on part of the site of tlio ancient Tliebcs. It is celebrated for its imticpiities, which inilnd'- a vrry large and complex temple built by AnicTdioI.p III. and Itame- ses II. The buildings of Uanieses form tin- j>resrnt front of the temple, and wen- preci-dcd, at tin- cinl of a great dromoR of H[phinxes leaers and an isolated sanctuary, all pro- fusely sculptured and colored. Luynes (lii-eu'), Due de (Charles d' Albert). Born at Pont-St. -Esprit, Gard, France, Aug. 5, 1578: died Dec. 1.5, 1621. A French courtier, ,1 favorite of JjOuis XIIT. Luynes, Due de (Honore Theodoric Paul Jo- seph d Albert). Born at I'aris, Dec. 15, 1802: died at Rome, Dee., 1867. A French archseolo- gist. Luz (loz). A district in southeastern Balu- chistan. Luz (liiz). A town in the department of Hautes- PjT^nees, France, 26 miles south of Tarbes. It is'noted for its springs and for its fortified church. Pop- ulation (1891), commune, 1,507. Luzern. The German name of Lucerne. Luzon, or Lu^on (16-zon'; Sp. pron. 16-thon'). The largest island of the Philippines. The sur- face is largely mountainous. It contains Slanila, the capi- tal of the group. Area, 40,875 square miles. Population (1887), 3,442,941. Luzzara (lot-sa'ra). A village in the province of Reggio nell' Emilia, Italy, situated on the Po 14 miles south-southwest of Mantua. It was the scene of a drawn battle between the Imperialists under Prince Eugene and the French and Spanish forces under VendOme, Aug. 16, 1702. Lvoff (l-vof), Alexei. Bom at Reval, Russia, May 25 (N. S. June 5), 1799: died near Kovno, Russia, Dec. 16 (N. S. 28), 1870. A Russian composer, author of the Russian national hymn (1833). Lyaeus(li-e'us). [Gr. Aira?oc.l In Greek mythol- ogy, the god who frees from care: a surname of Bacchus. Lyall (li'al), Edna. The pseudonym of Ada Ellen Bayiy. LycabettUS (lik-a-bet'us). [Gr. Ai«a/5vT-of.] A red rocky hill rising amid the northeastern outskirts of Athens to a height of 910 feet above the sea, or 670 above the city, it is a very con- spicuous object in the landscape, presenting from most points of the city the general form of an .abrupt, slightly concave cone; there is, however, beyond a slight depres- sion, a long ridge behind it. Upon the top stands a small chapel of St. George. The view is very extensive. On the southern slope is the Large reservoir built by Hadrian and Antoninus Pius, which still supplies the city. LycaeUS (li-se'us). [Gr. Avmlog, the Lycsean; from Mount Lycseum in Arcadia.] Iu Greek mythology, a surname of Zeus. Lyeaon (li-ka'on). [Gr. M'Kaui'.'] In Greek le- gend, a king of Arcadia, for his impiety changed into a wolf (or killed by lightning). Lycaonia (lik-a-6'ni-ii). IGr. XvKaovla.'] In ancient geography, a province of Asia Minor. Chief city, Iconium. it was bounded by Galatia on the north, Cappadocia on the east, Cilicia on the south, and Pisidia and Phrygia on the west. Sometimes it in- cluded Isauria, and sometimes it was included in Cappa- diicia. Surface elevated. LyceiUS, LyceuS (li-se'us). [Gr. Al'Keiog, per- haps (from/(i'Kof, wolf) 'wolf-slayer.'] In Greek mythology, an epithet of Apollo. Lyceum (U-sc'nm). [Gr. AiVnor.] A gymnasium and exercise-ground of ancient Athens, lying on the right bank of the Ilissus, at the place now called llissia, a short distance east of the palace garden, it was dedicated to Aptdlo Lyceius, and was already the chief gymmisinm of Athens in the time of Pisistratus. It was noted fnr its tine groves of plane-trees. Aristotle and his disciples formed the habit of discussing their pbilnsophy while following the shady walks of this gymnasium, and hence received the name of Peripatetics. Lyeia (lis'i-ii). [Gr.AvKin.l 111 ancient geog- raphy, a division of Asia Minor. iKirdering on the Mediterranean and on Caria, Phrygia, Pi- sidia, and Pamphylia. The surface is mountainous. The Lycians aided the Khita against Rameses II. Its 23 cities formed the Lycian League. It was comiuered by Persia in the 6th centuiy n. c, and afterward passed to llaccdcm, F.gyiit, Syria, and llnally to Rome. Lyeians (lis'i-anz). The inhabitants of Lycia; especially, a riice inhabiting iincient Lycia, Ar- yan or Indo-European in langnage, as is shown by important inscriptions in a peculiar char- acter recently recovered and elucidated. The Lyeians seem to have exerted considerable intluenco in early days on the Greeks, especially through their worship
  • 8: died at Bern, Nov. 7, 1814. A Swiss painter, especially remarkable for his pictures of cats. Mindanao (men-da-na'o), or Maguindanao (m;i-gen-da-na'6). One of the southern islands of the Philippines. Next to Luzon, it is the largest of the group. The surface is mountainous. It came into the possession of the United States in 1898. Area, SifiHi square miles. Population, 600,000. Mindelheim (min'del-him). A town in Swabia and Neuburg, Bavaria, on the Mindel 29 miles southwestof Augsburg. Population (1890), 3,771. Minden (min'den). A city in the province of Westphalia, Prussia, situated on the Weser 35 miles west by south of Hannover, it has a cathe- dral. It was under the rule of bishops till 1648; then as a secular principality it passed to Brandenburg. Near it, .\ug. L 17.59, the English and German forces under Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick defeated the JYench under Con- tades. Population (1S90), 19,345. Mindoro (men-do'ro). An island in the Philip- pines, south of Luzon, from which it is sepa- rated by San Bernardino Strait. Area, 3,934 square miles. Mmeo (me-na'd). A town in the pro-vince of Catania, Sicilv, 25 miles southwest of Catania. Population (1881), 9,519. Mineptah (mi-nep'ta) n., or Menephthes (me- nef'thez). An Egyptian king of the 19th dy- nasty, the thirteenth (or fourteenth [SayeeJ) son of Rameses II., and his successor (about 1300 B. c). It is supposed that the Exodus took place during Ms reign. Also Menephtah, Am- menephthes. Miner (mi'ner), Alonzo Ames. Bom at Lemp- ster, N, H., Aug, 17, 1814: died June 14, 1895. An American Universalist clerg\Tnan and anti- slaverv and total-abstinence lecturer: president of Tufts College, Massachusetts, 1862-74. Mineral Point (miu'e-rsil point). A eity in Iowa Countv, Wisconsin, northeast of Dubuque. Population"(1900), 2,991. Minersville(mi'nerz-vil). AboroughinSchuyl- kill County, Pennsylvania, situated on the west branch of the Schuylkill, 81 miles northwest of Philadelphia. Population (1900), 4,815. Minerva Minerva (mi-ncr'vii). In Roman mythology, one of the three cliief divinities, the other two Ijeing Jupiter and Juno. The cliief seat of the cult of all Oiree was the great temple on the Ciipitoline Hill, ili- nerva was a virfjin, the dail^ihter uf .Uipiter, the supreme goU, and hence was identitied, !is the Komans came more uid more under the intluence of Hellenic culture, with the Greek Athene (or Athena) or I'allas, the goddess o( wisdom, of war, and of the liberal arts. Like .\thene, Mi- nerva was represented in art with a grave and majestic OOttntenance, armed with helmet, shield, and spear, and wearing long full drapery, and on her breast the legis. Minerva. An antique statue in marble, in the Gljl'tothekat Munich. The goddess wears the scaled regis, with tunic and himation. The helmeted head, though aiitique, does not belong to this statue, and the right arm IS incurrectly restored as raised to hold a spear ; it w;i£ probably extended, supporting a Victory. .See Farni-ge. Minerva Medica, [So called fromthe contorted serpent at the goddess's feet.] An impressive luitifjiie statue in Parian marble, in the Vatican, Kome. It is a copy from a fine Greek original, and is ' iilieved to have been the cult-statue of the temple re- I laced by Santa llaria sopra Minerva. The goddess stands tjjectas guardian, holding her spear. She is clad in along diploidion-tunic, with the wgis aud himation, and wears a Corinthian helmet. Minerva Pacifera. [' The peace-bringer.'] A fine statue found at Velletri, now in the Capi' toline Museum, Rome. The god■— 44 6S9 Minnehaha (min-o-ha'hii). Falls of. [Amer. hii\. Miiiiithalia, said to mean •laughingwater.'] A cascade in the Minnehaha River, near Minne- apolis, Minnesota. Height, 60 feet. Longfellow gave the name Minnehaha to the principal female char- acter of " Hiawatha." Minnesingers (min'e-sing-6rz). [G., 'love- singers.'J -\ class of German IjTic poets and singers of the 12th and 13th centuries, so called because love was their chief theme. They were chiefly or exclusively men of noble descent — knlght.=, nobles, princes, and even emperors. They sang tlu-ir pieces to their own accompaniment on the viol, and often engageil in poetical contests for the gratification of princes and ladies of the court. Among the chief seats of the minnesingers were Swabia and Austria, and the leading dialect used was the Swabian. The minnesingers were succeeded by the master.^ingers. Minnesota (min-e-so'tii). A river in Minne- sota, rising in lakes on tlie South Dakotaborder, and joiniugthe Mississippi about Tmiles south- west of St. Paul. Length, about 450 miles. Minnesota. One of the North Central States of the United States, extending from lat. 43° 30' to 49° 2.1' N., and from long. 89° 29' to 97° 5' W. Capital, St. Paid, it is boundeil by British America on the north. Lake superior and Wisconsin on the east, Iowa on the south, and the llakotas on the west. The surface is generally an undulating plain. The "lleight of Land " in the north forms the walerslied be- tween the ilississippi, St. Lawrence, ami Hudson liay sys- tems. The chief rivers are the ilississippi and the Red River of the Korth. The leading industry is agriculture, this being one of the leading States in the production of wheat. The chief cvports are wheat, flour, and lumber. It has 84 counties, sends 2 senators and 9 represeiitativt-s to Congress, anil bus 11 electoral votes. Tlie region was llrst explored by the French in the end of the 17th century. VheTerritory of Minnesota.formedfrom part of thcNortii- .vi'st Territory (acquired 1783), and from part of the Loui- siana I'lU'Lliase of iso:!, wits or;:anized in 1H49. 'i'he State nas ailmitted to the Union in 18.58. It was the scene of the Sioux massacre and war in 18fi*2-(J3. The name is from that of the river. Area, 83, :i(i6 square miles. Population I'llilll. l,7rd,304. Minnesota, University of. Mx institution of lea rning for bothse.xes, situated at Minneapolis. It was chartered in 186S, is attended by about 3,tK)0 stu- dents, and has a library of about ."jSjI-MX) volumes. IVEinnetonka (min-e-tong'ka). Lake. A small lake about 12 miles west of Minneapolis. Minni (min'i). In Jer. li. 27, the name of a tribe inhabiting ancient jVi-meuia, mentioned in the cuneiform inscriptions. Minor, The. A comedy by Foote, produced in DuliLiu in 1760, in which he played Shift. In the "Minor, "the author pilloried Longford, the plau- sible auctioneer ; Mother Douglas, a woman of very evil life ; and, In Shift, the Rev. George VVhiteficld, who w.a3 nobly, and with much self-abnegation, endeavoring to amend life wherever ho found it of an evil quality. Doran, English Stage, II. 122. Minorca (mi-nor'kii), or Menorca (Sp. pron. ma-nor'kii). The largest of the Balearic Isl- ands next to Majorca, situated 27 miles north- east of that island. Capital, Port Mahon. it was held by the British 1708-66, 1763-82, and 1798-18U2. Area, '293 square miles. Minories (mi'nor-iz). The. A parish in London, on the left baiik of the Thames, not far from the Tower. In old Ivondon, the house of the sisters of the Franciscan order without the walls at Oldgate was called the Abbey of St. Glare. The nuns were called Poor Clares or Minoresses, whence the name Minories. This la now part of the Jewish iiuarter. Minors (nii'norz). The Franciscan friars; the Minorites : so called from a name of the Fran- ciscan order, Fratres Minorcs, or Lesser Breth- ren. Minos (mi'nos). [(Jr. Mj'i'ur.] In Greek legend, a king of Crete, and lawgiver of that island: aflcr his doiith a .judge in the lower world. Minot (nii'not), George Richards. Born at Boston, Deo. 28, 17.^8: died jit Boston, Jan. 2, 1802. An American .jurist and historian, lie wrote a "History of Shays's Rebellion" (1788), and coii- tinueil Hutchinson's "liiatory of Massacliusetta Bay" (17ii8-18ii;i). Minotaur (min'i)-tiir). [Gr. Mn'i.'jrniyKir, the bull 111' .Minos.] 1. In Greek niytliology, a mon- ster represi^nted as having a liuinan body and tlio head of a bull, and as the otTspring of Pasi- )ihae (wife of Jlinos) and a bull sent by Posei- don. HewascoiillMrd in the Cretan labyrinth and fed with human lli'sh ; devound the seven youths and seven maid- ens whom Mlnoscoiiipclledthe A then fans to send him jierf- oiitcally as a tribute ; iiiiil waa killed by the hero Theseus, a member of the last coiniiany so sent, who escaped from the labyrinth by the aid of .Vrladne, daughter of Minos. 2. One of three tive-masted iron-chul British ships built from tlio same designs (Minotaur, Northumberland, iind Agiiicourt), hiuiiched in 1863. The dimensions are: length, 40I feet; breadlh, r>9; displacement, lil.UlKI tons. She has an all-round belt of armor, protecting water-line and guns, of fj^-lnch plate over I) Inch wooden backing. Minot's Ledge (mi'nots lej). A reef near the Minutoli, Heinrich entrance of Massachusetts Bay, 15 miles south- east of Boston. It has a lighthouse. Minsheu(niin'slm), John. Flourished early in the 17th century. An English lexicoKrapher. He lived cbielly In London in great poverty, visiting Ox- ford and Camiiridire to collect material. He wrote a "Dic- tionary in Spanish and English "(1599 and 1623), "A Span- ish Grammar "(1,^119) (I'oth founded on the works of Richard Percival), and a large English dictionary, "Ductor in Lin- giias, or the Guide into Tongues " (1617, 1625, 1627). contain- ing eciuivalent words in eleven languages, of great value In the study of English. Minsk (minsk). 1. A government in western Russia which formed part of the ancient Lithua- nia. It is surrounded by the governments of Vilua, Vi- tebsk, Mohiletf, Tchemigoff , Kielf . Vollijniia, and Grodno. It has a generally flat surface, and abounds In marshes. Area, 35,293 s<)uaro miles. Population (1892), 1,830,44.''>. 2. "The capital of the government of Minsk, situated on the S^-islotch about lat. 53° .")3' N., long. 27° 33' E. Popidatiou (1897), 91.113. Minstrel, The. A poem by James Beattie, published in 1771-74. Mintaka (min'ta-kii). [Ar. mintnqalt al-jauzd, the belt of the giaiit.] The bright third-mag- nitude star 6 Orionis, the westernmost in the ffiant's belt. Minto (min'to). First Earl of (Gilbert Elliot). Born at Edinburgh, April 23, 17.')1 ; died Juno 21, 1814. A British politician and diplomatist. He was governor-general of British India 1807- 1813. Minto, Second Earl of (Gilbert Elliot-Mur- ray-Kynynmound). Bom at Lyons, Nov. 16, 17S2 : died July 31, 1S.')9. ,V British politician, son of the first Karl of Minto. He was lord privy seal 1846-.'i2. Minto, William. Born in Alford parish, Aber- deenshire, Oct. 10, 1845 : died at Aberdeen, March 1, 1893. A Scottish man of letters, editor of the London "Examiner" 1874-78, and professor of logic and English literattire in the University of Aberdeen from 1880. Ue wrote "English Prose"Wi iters "(1872). "English Poets " (1874), several novels, many of the articles on English authors in the '• Encyclop.'cdia Britannica,"aud numerous contribu- tions to magazines and reviews. Minturnae (min-ter'ne^. In ancient geography, a town in Latium, Italy, situated near the mouth of the Liris (the modern Garigliano). Minuanes (me-nii-ii'naz). An extinct Indian tribe of the La Plata region in South America. They occupied a district between the rivers ParanA and t'rngiiay, and were closely allied to if not identical with the <'iiaiTiius (which see). Minuchihr (mod. Pers. pron. rai-no'eheh'r). [' Heavenly-faced.'] In the Shahnamah, an Iranian king, the son of Iraj and father of Naudar. For his life before his accession to the throne of his great-grandfather Karidllli, see Faridun, Before Ills death Faridun intrusted the care of ^linuchihr to his trusty warrior Sam, the son of \iu-imaii. The stor>' of Mi- nuchihr's reign is essentially that of the birth and adven- tures of ZaI, the son of Sam, including the birth of Zal's son Hustam, and his first two adventuics, the Rla> iiig of the while elephant and tin- taking of SipaniL MinuciusFelix(mi-nu'slu-usfe'liks), Marcus. A Roman advocate and Christian apologist, grobably a contemporary of Marcus Aurelitis. is dialogue " Octavius" is the earliest extant work of Latin Christian literature. The sceueof the conversation Is laid at Gstia, and tlie speakers are t^iecilius N'atalls, tto tavins Januarius, and the author. Cicciliiis attacks Chris- tianity on various grounds, and Octavius defends it : at the conclusion Ciecilius admits that be is beaten In the argu- ment, and the author, who acts as umpire, declares that a decision is unnecessary. Minuit (niiii'tt-it), or Minne'wit (min'e-wit), Peter. Born tit Wesel, Rhenish I'russia, about l:'i80: died at Fort Christina, New Sweden (Dola- Wiire), 1641. A colonial orticial inllic Dufchand afterward in the Swedish service in .America. He was apiiointed governor of .New Netherlands by the Iiiitch West India Company Dee. 19, 16'2r>, and landeil on .Manhat- tan Island May 4, 1026. He purchased the Island from tho Indians for trinkets valued at about twenty-four dollars, and erected Fort Amsterdam. He was recalled In .-Vug., ltJ31. Having been commissioned by the Swedish \> est India Company to found a colony tm the west side i»f Del- aware Itav. he left Gothenburg with a band of llfly colo- nists late (n 10.'J7, and, after having toiicheii at .lamestown, reached Delaware Bay in April, 11U8. He iiuirhased from tho Indians the region between Caiic Heiilopen and the falls of the Delaware at Trenton (lo which was given the name of New Sweden), and erected I'orl Christina, lie icinained governor of New Sweden until his death. MinungO (me-niing'gol. A Bantu tribe of ,\ii- gola. \\ esf .\lfica, between the Sougo tribe and file Kiiangti River. Minusinsk (me-nii-sinsk'). A town in tho goviriinieiit of Yeniseisk, Siberia, sitmiled on the Yenisei about lat. .'■i3°4.')' N.. long. 91°30' E. I'ii]iiilalion (1889), .5,53".. Minutoli (me-no'io-le). Heinrich (Baron Menu von Minutoli). Bom at (ieneva. May 12, 1772' died at l.niisnnne, Se|it. 16, 1846. A German archieologist iiud travelci. His chief work is 'Uel»e Minutoli, Heinrich 690 rom Tempel des Jupiter Amnion und nach Oberagypten " ("Journey to the Temple of Jupiter Amnion and to Upper Egypt," 1S24). Minutoli, Baron Julius von. Born at Berlin, Aug. 30, 1804 : tiled near Shiraz, Persia, Nov. 5, 1860. A Prussian administrator, diplomatist. World." a brilliant and witty fine gentleman, said to be like Congi-eve himself. Mirabel, Old. In Farquhar's comedy "The In- constant," a peevish old man with a fondness for his sou. and author, son of Heinrich MinutoU. He Mirabel Tommy The son of Old Mirabel :'' the wrote works on Spain and Portugal Minyse(min'i-e). [Gr. iUviai.^ In Greek legend, a semi-mythical heroic race, descendants of Miuj'as, who founded Orchomenus and there established his family. Host of the Argonauts ^^arquhar's play of that name. lie is a gay and generous tine gentlenian, but unstable in his affections. The first four acts of this play are taken from "The Wild Goose Chase"; and, though somewhat modified, the characters are the same. All these parts have been general favorites both with actors and with ^ audiences. were his descendants. For the so-called "trea- Mirabella (mir-a-bel'la). A fair maiden, in snry of Mmyas," see Orchomenus. Spenser's ''Faerie Queeue." who had scorned Minyas (mm'l-as). [Gr. Wvlag.'] See Miiu/a;. many lovers. She was sentenced in Cupid's court to Miolan-Carvalho (mvo-loh'kar-va-Iyo'), Ma- ride on a Avretched jade, "accompanied bv a fool, till she dame Marie Caroline F61ix. Born Deo. 31, ^Jl^"! s='\fl> the time in the field against Juarez and his adherents. TJp-'-f" ',./. \ no ir -, a tt -u He was eventually defeated at the battb- of Calpuhilpam, -Miriam (mir i-am). [bee Mari;.] A Hebre-W ijear Mexico, Dec. 22, 1860. and fled from the country, proplietess, sister of Jloses and Aaron. She is represented as giving a response to the song of Moses sung Ijy the Israelites at the Red Sea, Miriam. In Hawthorne's "Marble Faun," a wo- man of warm andpassionate nature and myste- rious origin and powers. She sanctions the crime which Donatello commits, and in so doing binds herself to him. See Donatello. of Prospero : she is loved by Ferdinand. The character of Miranda resolves itself into the very Mirim (me-ren'). Lake. A lake on the boun- elements of womanhood. She is beautiful, m.idest, and darv of Uruguay and the province of RioOrande tender, and she is these only; they comprise her whole j c.,,i -R,,,,,;! T.PTiPth flhoiit 115 miles Also being, external and internal. She is so perfectly unsophis- ao »ul, iiiazu. IjCngtn, aDOUt 110 miles. AISO ticated, so delicately refined, that she is all but ethereal. -U"'. Mrs. Jameson, Characteristics of Women. Miropolie (me-ro-pol'ye). A town in the gov- 2.InMrs.Centli..e:scomedy"TheBusybody," ^'Ze^tl^^J^t^ft^^l'^'^^^^ lation, 3,289. an Heiress, Mrs. Abingdon made her d^but in tills character in 1755. Mirabeau:called "The Friend of Man" ("L'ami Miranda (me-ran'dii). A northern state of ^j"""^ ^""^ ^^Sistrates, The. A compilation des hommes "), from the title of one of his works. Mirabeau-Tonneau (-to-no'). [F., 'Mirabeau the ban-el.']. Andre Boniface Louis Riquetti, Vicomte de Mirabeau: so nicknamed on account of his size. Mirabel, or Mirabell (mir'a-bel). 1 . The prin- cipal character in Fletcher's plav "The Wild Venezuela, between Bermudez and Carabobo, and extending from the Caribbean Sea to the Orinoco. Capital, Ciudad de Cura. It incloses the Federal District and Caracas. The southern part lies in the llanos and is a grazing country; the northern section is mountainous and agricultunl. Miranda corresponds near- ly to the extinct state of Guzman Blanco. Area, 33.963 s_quare miles. Population (1889), 626,6;a. Goose Chase." He is a libertine and fashionable rake, Miranda, CounteSS of. See Xilsson, Christine. gaining his title of "wild goose" from his successful era- Miranda (me-riin'da), FrancisCO Antonio Ga- sion of the marriage noose. brigl. Bom at Caracas, Venezuela, June 9, 3. In Congreve's comedy "The "Way of the 1756: died at Cadiz, Spain, July 14, 1816. A of poems undertaken bv William Baldwin with aid from George Ferrers and others, it was begun and partly printed in 1555, but was stopped by the lord chancellor, Stephen Gardiner. In 1559it waslicensedand first issued. It then contained 19 metrical tr.agedics, or biographies, of men in high place who had come to violent ends, and was an English sequel to Lydgate's " Falls of Princes" from Boccaccio. It has been justly said to con- nect the work of Lydgate with that of Spenser. It was re- published in lies, 1674, 1578, and 1687, each time with addi- tions. The "Induction "and "Complaint of Buckingham, ■* which were contributed by Thomas Sackville, Lord Buck- hurst, to the edition of 1559, not published till 1563, out- weigh aU the rest in value. Mirror for Magistrates, The Aldee published in October, lo7\t, wbat [Anthony] Mun- day may "ell have regarded as his tirst pi_ce of substjin- ciaJ work, a religious curupaiiiup U> "'The Mirror for Magis- trates," called '' The Mirrour of Mutabilitie ; or, principal part of the Mirrour of Magistrates, selected out of the sa- cred scriptures.'" Mii-rors were in fashion. There was a ••Theatre or Mirror of the World." in loti9 ; a " Mirror of Madness," in 1576; a "MiiTur of Modestie " (by Thomas Colter] had been licensed to Edwjird White in April, 1679; there was afterwards a "Minor of Mirth, "in 15»3 (a "Mir ror ol Modestie " was published by Robert Greene, 1.'>S4] : a ' Mirror of Man's -Miseries," in 1584 ; u *' Mirror of Mag- nanimity," in 16i»9 ; a"iIirror of Martyrs," in 1001; with more of the kind. Mathematics, Politics, and the l.aliu Tongue were shown also in "Mirrors." " The MiiTourof Mu- tabilitie "was a series of metiical tragedies in two parts, J/or(<;/, English Writers, IX. 155. Mirror of Knighthood, The. A translation of the Spanish romance " Cavallero del Febo or Phebo"(" the Knight of the Snn"), containing the adventures of the Donzel del Phebo, the fair Lindabrides, etc. It belongs to the Amadiscyele of romances. Mirror of Modesty, The. A pamphlet by Robert Greene, publi.shcd in l.'>84. It tells the storv of Susanna and tlie elders. Mirror of the World, The. See the e.\tract. There was also, upon a hundred leaves of folio, "Tffe Mirrour of the World." translated and printed in the year 1481. with wood-engravings. It was a book translatt'd from a Latin "Speculum vel Imago Mundi " in 124.'», for the Duke of Berry, into French verse, which was afterwards turned by a Maistre Gossouin — unless that be only the name of a copyist — into tVench prose. From that prose Caxton made his translation in 1481 at the request of Hugh Brice, of the Mercers' Company, eilizen and alderman of London, and, like Caxton, a Kentish man, who wished for the book as a present to Lord Hastings, Morten, English Writers, \X 314. Mirs Bay (merz ba). A bay on the southeast- ern coast of China, now included in the British colony of Hong-Kong. Mirza. See Vision uf Mir:a. Mirzam (mfer-zilm'). [Ar. aJ-)«(r.ia»i, the roar- er.] The third-magnitude star fi Canis Jla- joris, in the paw of the animal. The Arabs gave the same name to throe other stars: /3 Canis Xfiiioris and a and y Orionis. Mirzapur (mer-zii-por'). 1. A district in the Northwest Provinces, British India, intersected by lat. 25° N., long. 82° 40' E. Area, 5,223 square miles. Population (1891), 1,161,.508.— 2. The capital of the district of llirzapur, sit- uated on the Ganges 31 miles west-southwet^t of Benares. It was long noted for its cotton trade Population (1891), 84,130. Mirza-Schaffy (mer'za-shiif-fe'). An Oriental poet who was the teacher and friend of Friedrieh Bodenstedt during his residence in Tiflis. The "Songs of Mirza-Schatfy, "published by Bodenst^^dt in 1851, are (with one or two exceptions) his own, but aie Oriental In spiirit and imagery. 'I'hey became, and still are, extraor- dinarily popular. See Dodcimtedt. Hisanthrope, Le (le me-zan-trop'). A com- edy by Moliere, produced in lOGG. This play is an almost inexhaustible source of allll^io!l3. qiiotationV, \m>. vcrbialsaying.s. etc. Its princiimUiitcrfst lies in thiMlevel- opment of various pairs of ojjposing characters in even their lightest shades. It is the ideal of classic comedy. Here Molitre'a special vein of satire was worked most deeply and to most profit, though the reproach that the luuidltnKls somewhat too serious for comedy is not un- deserred. Alcesto the impatient but not cynical hero, Wllmtne the coquette, Oronte the fop, Eliant« the rea- •onable woman, Arsinoe the mischief-maker, are all im- mortal types. SaiiilKburii, French Lit., p. 310. Mischabelhomer (me-8ha-bel-lu''r'ner). Spurs of Monte Kosa, in the Swiss Alps. They are the Dom (14,940 feet) and the Taschhom (14,- 757 feet). lliseno (me-sa'no), Cape. A promontory at the northwestern entrance to the Bay of Naples, it was the ancient Misennm, or Promontorium Misenum; and near it there was u city .Misenum. MisenUS (ni ic'nus). In Koman legend, a com- panion of -■Eneas. Miser, The. l . A comedy bv Thomas Shad- well (1G71), founded on Molicre's "L'Avare." — 2. A comedy by Fielding (1733), fiom the same source. Mis^rables, Les (la me-za-riibl'). [F., 'The Unfortunates.' 1 A novel by Vieior Hugo, in five parts: "Fantine." "Cosctte," "Marius," "L'Idylle rue Plninet," and "Jean Valjean." It was published in ]8()2. Misfortunes of Arthur, The. A tragedy writ- ten i)rincipally by Tlinni.'is Hughes, jtroduced in iri87 1)efore Queen Eliziibet h. Eight members of the Society of Gray's Inn cooperated wUli him, and the ''tritimphs" and dumb-show wore devised principally by Bacon. Mishnah (mish'nil). A collection of rabbini- cal discussions on'the law of Moses, the object of which was to apply and adapt it to the varj-- tng circumstances of life and of the times, and 691 to extend it by logical conclusions and analo- gies. The word Minhnah properly means •repetition,' then 'instruction,' 'Iciu-ning. It was not at first allowable that these discourses should be reduced to writing : they had to be learned liy heart, and are called the oral law as opposed to the written law, or the Pentateuch. The be- ginning of the Mishnah goes back to the time of the .Mac- cabees. It was delivered in the schools orally from gen- eration to generation. At the end of the '2<1 cenluiy A. I>. thepatri;u"ch Jndah I. collected, arranged, and codiflcd the accumulated materiid in its present shape. The numer- ous rules and decisions are lU-ranged according to subject in 6 orilers (.svt/ari'ni) : (1) seeds {zeraim), on agriculture; (2) festivals (moetl) ; (3) women {luuihim), on' connubial alTairs ; (I) damages (iic^tArKi), civil and criminal laws; <6) sacrifices (kodiishim); (B) purifications {tahornlli). Tlie 6 orders are divided into 03 tracts, and these again into chap- ters. The explanations of or comments on the 31ishnah are called Genmra, and both together constitute the Tal- mud (which See). Misiones, Pg.Missiones(me-se-o'nes). A terri- tory forming the extieme noi;tlK"asteni part of the Argentine Hepublic, between the Parand and Uruguay rivers. An easterly extension, called Up- per or Brazilian .Misiones, held by Brazil, was claimed by the Argentine government. In 18iH the claim wa-s sub- mitted to the arbitration of the l*resident of the United States, anil was decided in favor of Bl-azil. Misiones was included in the region called Guayra (which see); was oc- cupied by flourishing Jesuit missions from l(i-'i3 to 1707; and is said to have had a population of l."i'i). A name given in l>arf iif its eciiirse to the Churchill Kiver. Missionary Ridge (ini.sh'on-a-ri rij). A moun- tain on the lioriler of Georgia and Tennessee, southeast of Chattanooga. Jt was the scene of the final struggle in the battle of Chattnnooga, Nov. 25, 180;i. The ridge wius occupieil by the Confederatos in u strongly Intrenched position. The Fetieralsattaekeil them in tliree divitiions under Hooker. Thomas, and Shernnin, and after a long hand. to-hainl light succeeded in put ting them to tllght. Missiones. See MiMourx. Mississippi (mis-i-sip'i). [lud., 'the great riviM'" i>i- 'the father of waters.'] The largest river of Xorlli Anii'rica. It rises In or near Ijikc Itasca, northern ^llnnesota, alwut lat. 47° 13' N., 1,467 feet above sea-level ; traverses part of Mlmiesota ; f(,rniK the boundary between MinneNiita, Iowa, .Missouri, Arkansas, and Louisiana on the west ami Wisconsin, Illinois, Ken- tucky, Tennessee, ami MissiNsippi on the east ; Itowsgener- ally south ; and empties in I>ouisiana Into the (.'ulf of Mex- teo by 5 nmuths aliout lat. *2ir-'21>* lu' N. It is navigable for HteamhoatR to the l-'alls of St. Anthonv, Minnesota (about 2,I)(K) ndlcs). The banks below the river-level In MIs- sisslppi and Louisiana have to be prot4-et<-d by levees. The chief tributaries are the Mlmiesota, Pes Moines, Missouri, St. Francis, White River, Arkansas, and Red River from the west, and the Wlsoonsln, Rock, llllnots, Ohio, and '^'nrjio from the east. It was discovered by Me S^oe above.] A river in the United Slates, Die largest tributary of the Mississippi. It is formed by the junction near Gallatin, Montana, of the Madison (which rises In the National Park) with the Jelferson; Hows through Montjuia and the Dakotas ; forms in part the boundm-y between .Nebraska and Kansas on the rigtit and South Dakota, Iowa, and .Missouri on the left ; traverses .Missouri; and unites wit h( he Mississinpi 17 in ilea north of St. lAUiis. It passes in .^lontalla (hroituli the goi-go "iJates of the Rocky Mountains," below which are the Great Falls. lUsinarek. Yankton, SioiixCity, Omaha. Council Blitlfs, St. Joseph, Ateldson, Leavenxvorth, and Kansas City are on its banks. LengtlMluelutiing the Madison), 3,047 miles; navlgalile to Fort Kenton (over 2,400 miles). For the total length of the stream to the sea. see MintHMtppi. Missouri. Acenlral Stiite of the United Slates of .America, exti'nding fioni about lat. 3G° to 40° 30' N., and from long. 89° 2' to 9.')° 44' W. Capital, .Tefrersoii City ; chief oifv, St. Louis, u Is bounded by Iowa on the north, Illinois, Kentucky, and Tennessee on the east (separated from all tliree by the Mlssissipid), Arkansas on I lie south, and Indian Territory, Kansas, and Nebraska on the west (separated In part from Kansas and Neliraska by the Missoiirl). The surface Is lltlly, iindulallng. and partly priirle ; tlie(.)zark &!ounljiiiis (low) are in the southwest. The Stiite is rich in mineral wealth, especially iron fat Inin Mountain, Pilot Knob, Shepherd Moiintatn, all in the soullleast), coal, and lead. The leading agricultural products arc com, wheat, tobaccuv Missouri 692 MTote "Planetary and Stellar Worlds " (1848), "Orbs ot Heaven" (1851). etc. Mitchell, Donald Grant : pseudou\^u Ik Mar- vel. Born at Norwich, Conn., April, 1822. An American essayist and novelist. He graduated at Yale in 1841 ; studied law in Xew York ; was consul at Venice 1853-55 ; and has since lived on his farm Ed^-e- wood, near New Haven, Connecticut. He has written " Reveries of a Bachelor " (1851))," Dream Lite " (1851 ), ' ' My Farm of Kdgewood " (1863), " Seven Stories with Basement and Attic ' (1864), "Wet Days at Edgewood, etc." (1864), "Rural Studies, etc." (1867), a novel "Uoctor Johns, etc." (1866), "Bound Together, etc." (1884), "Out-of-Town Places," a reprint of "Rural Studies ' (1884), "English Lands, etc." (1SS9-90), etc. Mitchell, IJlisha, Born at Washington, Conn., Aug. 19, 1793 : died in the Black Mountains, N. C, June 27, 1857. An American chemist, suTTeyor, and elerg\Tnau, noted for exploration ,., ,, , . ., of the mountains of Xortli Carolina. ?'±. -'tt'" It Mitchell, Mrs (Lucy Myers Wright) Born at Urumian, Persia, lb4o: died at Berlin » (Ter- many, March 10, 1888. An Amoaiean areha?- ologist. She married Samuel S. Mitchell, an artist, in 1867, and passed most of her life ahroad. She wrote *A History of Ancient Sculpture " (1883). oats. The State is one of the first in the raising of live stock and in the production of wine and corn, anii has important meat-packing industries, nianufacture.s of Uuur, irun, etc., and flourishing liomestic and foreign cunimerce. It has ll''^ counties, sends 2 senators and 10 representatives to Con- gress, and has 18 eleetoral votes. The Territory was claimed by France in virtue of exploration ; was first settled at St. Genevieve by the French about 1755 ; w.as ceded to Spain in 1763 ; was ceded back to France in 1800 ; formed part of the Louisiana Purchase of 1S03 ; and was included in Loui- siana Territory in 1S05. Missuuri Territory was formed in 1S12, and Missouri was admitted to the Union as a slave State in 1821. Martial law was proclaimed there in IStil. It was the scene of several battles in the Civil War. Area, 69,415 square miles. Population tlWO), 3,l<»ti,0ti5. Missouri, Great Falls of the. A cataract in the Missom-i River, in Moutana. above Fort Ben- toil. Width, i mile. Height, 92 feet. Missouri Comproinise. An agreement relative to the extension of slavery, embodied in a V>ill passed by Congress March act of Congress admitting Missouri into the Union, passed in 1821. it was enacted that in all the territory ceded by France, known as Louisiana, north of 36° 30' north lat., excepting Missouri, slaveiy should he forever prohibited ; and on this concession by the pro- slavery party in Congress, Missouri was admitted as a slave State. It was abrogated by the passage of the Kan- Mltchell, Maria. Born at Naiitncket, Mass., sas-Nt-braska T'.ill in IbM. Miss Sara Sampson. A play by Lessing, pro- duced in 1755. Missunde(mis-s6n'de). A small village 6 miles east of Sehleswig, Prussia, situated on the Schlei. It was the scene of engagements between the Danes and troops of Sehleswig- Hoi stein Sept. 12, 1850, and between the Danes and Prussians Feb. 2, 1S64. Aug. 1, 1818: died at 'Lxrm, Mass., June 28. 1889. An American astronomer, daughter of William Mitchell (1791-1868): professor of as- tronomy at Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York, from 1865. She received the degree of LL.D. from Dartinouth in 1852 and Columbia in 1><87 ; was the tirst wo- man elected to the American AcademyofArtsand Sciences; and was a member of vai'ious scientific associations. Canada, an expansion of the river Rupert, which ailed the Black Dome. It is named from Professor Elisha Mitchell, who perished while exploring the moimtain 165' ^ ; ' .~ rr 3 Tt T i.1 1 iiAA MitcneiLwnoperisned wnue exploring tnemoimtam ISO,. empties into Hudson Bay. Length, about 100 jjitchell, Silas Weir. Born at Philadelphia, miles ( . ). , _ ^ 1. - " /I -X * T, Feb. 15, 1829. Aji American phvsician and au- Misterbianco (mes-ter-be-ang'ko). A small town in Sicily, west of Catania. Mr. F's Aunt. A noted character in Dickens's "Little Dorrit." She is characterized by "extreme severity and grim taciturnity ; sometimes by a propensity to offer remarks . . . totally uncalled for by anything said by anybody, and traceable to no association of ideas." Mr. H. A play by Charles Lamb. This farce (in two acts) was performed at Drury Lane Theatre, London, in Dec, 1806, hut did not survive the first night of its ap- pearance. In America, however, it was performed with some success. The point of the play is the anxiety of the hero to conceal his name (Hogsflesh)and tlieway in which all his devices to this end are frustrated by his unhappy Mr Midshipman Easy (e'zi). A sea story by Mitchell, Sir Thomas Livingstone. Frederick MaiTvat, published in 1836. Stirlingshire, Scothiud. .June 16. 1792: thor, noted for researches in toxicology, the nervous system, etc. He has edited "Five Essays: On the Cryptogamous Origin of ilalarious Fevers, etc. ' (1858), and has written "Researches upon the Venom of the Rattlesnake " (I860), "Researches upon the Venoms of Poisonous Serpents " withE. T. Keichert (1886), "Wear and Tear, or Hints for the Overworked " (1871), *' Injuries of the Nerves, etc." (1873). " Fat and Blood " (1877), "Heph- zibah Guinness, and Other Stories " (1S80), "Lectures on Diseases of the Nervous System, etc." (1881), "In War Time.'a novel (18S5), Poems (1882 and 1^87). "Doctor and Patient "(1887), " Characteristics" (seriallv, 1891), "When all the Woods are Green " (1894"). " A Madeira Party " (1895), "Collected Puems" (1S96), "Hugh Wynne " (1S97), "The Adventures of Francois " (serially, 189S). Born in died at Carthona, Barling Point, Australia, Oct. 5, 1855. A British explorer in Australia. At sixteen years of age he entered the Peninsular army, and was promoted lieutenant Sept. 16, 1813. and major Aug. 29, 1826. In 18-23 he was appointed surveyor-general to the colony of New South Wales. He is best known from his four expe- ditions into the Interior of Australia, 1S31-35 and 1836-45. He was appointed lieutenant-colonel in 1841. He pub- lished ''Three Expeditions" (1838), " .Tournal ' of his fourth expedition (1S4S), "The Lusiad of Camoens closely translated " (1S54), etc. lane, Bouches-du-Rhoue, France, Sept. 8. 1S30. Mitchelstown (mich ' elz-toun). A town in A Provencal poet, belonging to the brotherhood County Cork, Ireland, it was the scene of a riot be- ef modern Proven(?al poets known as * ' Les F^li- tween the Home Rulers and police. Sept. 9, 1887. briges." Among his works (in Provenc^al, with French Mitchill (mich'il), Samucl Latham. Born at translations)are"Mireio"("Mireille,"1859), "Calendau" North Hempstead, X. 1., Aug. 20, 1764: died (1867), "Lis isclo d'or" ("Les lies d'or,'" 1S75). *■ Lou Tre- at New York, Sept. 7, 1831. An American phv- sor dou felibrige ' (1879-86: a Provengal-French diction- cipinn Tintnralieit noliti^iaTi nnrl Tni^eellaiipni"i^*«u"i^ Elihu H. Smith, the "New \ork Medical itepository,' and Cowle> published m 164 . ^^^ its chief editor. Mistretta (mes-tret ta). Atown in the province Mite, Sir Matthew. The " nabob" in Foote's of Messina, Sicily, 50 miles northwest of Ca- plav of that name. He returns from a profitable resi- Mistra (mes'tra), or Misitra (mes'e-tra). A fortress and town near Sparta, Greece, built in 1248. The fortress, founded in the 13th century by the prince of Achaia, is one of the most curious and complete memorials of medieval life now existing. Oh the slopes re- main churches, escutcheoned palaces, andfortified streets, and the hill is crowned by a great castle with imposing groups of battlemented and machicolated towers and every defensive device of the middle ages. Mistral (mes-tral'), Frederic, Bom at Mail- tania. Population (1881), 12,535. Mita. See JVeitspekan. Mitau (me'ton), Lett. Jelgava (yerga-va)", Russ. Mitava (me-ta'vii). The capital of the government of Courland, Russia, on the Aa 25 miles southwest of Riga. It was the residence of the dukes of Courland from the middle of the 16th centurv. Population (1892), 30,528. dence in India with ill-gotten gains, which he uses to an- noy and ruin his neighbors. Foote brought on the stage an Anglo-Indian chief, dis- solute, ungeneious, and tyrannical, ashamed of the hum- ble friends of his youth, hating the aristocracy, yet child- ishly eagertobe numbered amongthem. squandering his wealth on pandars and flatterers, tricking out his chair- man with the most costly hot-house flowers, and astound- ing the ignorant with jargon about rupees, lacs, and ja- ghires. MacmUay, Essays, I. 282. Mitchel (mich'el). John. Bom at Dungiven, Mitford (mit'ford), John. Born at Richmond County Deny. Ireland. Nov. 3. 1815: died March 20, 1875. An Irish revolutionist, a leader in the *' Young Ireland" movement. He was convicted as editor of the " United Irishman " and sentenced to 14 years" banishment in ls48; escaped from Yan Dieinen's Land and came to New York in ls54 ; and lived in the United States until 1874. when he returned to Ireland and in 1875 was elected to Parliament for Tipperary. but was declared ineligible. He wrote " JailJournal " (1854), "The Last Conquest of Ireland —Perhaps" (1861), etc. Mitchel, Ormsby McKnight. Born in Union County, Ky., Aug. 28, 1810: died at Beaufort, S. C, Oct. 30, 1862. An American astronomer and general. He became director of the Cincinnati Observatory in 1845, and of the Dudley Observatory (Al- bany) in 1859, and sei-ved in the Civil War 1861-62. He SuiTey, Aug. 13,1781: died at Benhall vicarage, April 27, 1859. An English writer aud elergj-- man. He wasthe eldest son of John Mitford, commander of a China merchantman. He entered Oriel College, Ox- ford, in 1801, graduating in 1804. He was licensed cu- rate of Kelsale, Suffolk, in 1809. From 1S34 until 1850 he edited the "Gentleman's Magazine." He assisted in ed- iting the Aldine edition of British poets, and wrote " Ag- nes, the Indian Captive," a poem (1811). Mitford, Mary Russell. Bom at Alresford, Hampshire, Dec. 16, 1787: died at Swallow- field, Jan. 10. 1855. An English author. Her father, George Mitford, was a physician who squandered a fortune and finally became dependent upon his daugh- ter's earnings. At ten years of age she drew a lottery prize of £20,000. In 1810 her " Miscellaneous Poems " appeared, Mitre and in 1812 "Blanche of Castile." In 1820 her father's irregularities oliliged her to support herself by literature. "Julian," a tragedy, was accepted by Macready and per- formed at Covent Garden, March 15,1823. "Th^roscari"waa produced by Charles Kemble, Nov. 4. 1826, and "Rienzi," her best tragedy, was produced at Drury Lane, Oct. 9, 1S28. The sketches entitled "Our Village "began in the "Lady'o Magazine " in 1S19, and gained great popnhirity. " Belford Regis, etc.," a novel, was published in 1835, aud "Recol- lections of a Literary Life, etc.." in 1852. She also pub- lished a number of poems, sonnets, stories of American life, stories for children, etc. Mitford, William, Bora at London, Feb. 10, 1744; died at Exbiiry, Feb. 10, 1827. An Eng- lish historian. He matriculated at Qneen's College, Oxford, in 1761, but left without a degree. He entered the Middle Temple in 1763, but never practised. The first volume of his "History of Greece," suggt-sted by Gibbon, appeared in 17S4 : the work was completed in ISIO. He was a member of Parliament 1785-90, 1796-1806, and 1812- 1?1S. Mithra (mith'ra), or Mithras (mith'ras). In ancient Persian mythology, the god of light, later of the sun. His worship was introduced into Rome. After Pontus in Asia Minor, previously held by Persia, had been conquered by Pompey, the worship of Mithras superseded the Dionysia, and extended over the Roman Empire. The Emperor Commodus was initiated into these Mysteries ; and they have been mauitained by a constant tradition, with their penances and tests of the courage of the candidate for admission, through the Secret Societies of the Middle Ages and the Rosicrucians, down to the modern faint reflex of the latter, the Freemasons. The Mithraic rites supplied the model of the initiatory cere- monies observed in those societies, and are described by Justin Martyr and TertuUiau as resembling the Christian Sacraments. The believers were admitted by the rite of baptism ; they had a species of Eucharist ; while the cour- age and endurance of the neophyte were tested by twelve consecutive tri:ils denominated Tortures, undergone with- in a cave constructed for the purpose, and lasted forty days before he was admitted to a participation in the Mys- teries. The peculiar symbol of these rites have been fou nd all over Europe ; and the burial-place of the Tliree Kings of Cologne Caspar, Balthasar. and Melchior, was shown as the tombs of the Magians that visited Bethlehem. Knii/ht, Symbolical Language, p. sxiv. Mithridate (met-re-daf). A tragedy by Ra- cine, produced Jan. 13, 1673. Mithridates (mith-ri-da'tez) (more correctly Mithradates (mith-ra-da'tez)) VI. Eupator. surnaraed '' The Great." Born about 132 B. c. • died 63 b. c. King of Pontus 120-63. He subju- gated the peoples on the eastern shore of the Black Sea, and conquered the Crimea and southern Russia. He tiext attacked Paphlagunia. Cappadocia, and Bithynia, client states of Rome, which caused the interference of that power. War broke out inconsequence in 88. He rapidly made himself master of all the Roman possessions in Asia Minor, except Magnesia on the M:eander. and caused a general massacre of the Italian inhabitants, said to have numbered 80,000, or, according to others, 150.000. He also instigated a rising of the European Greeks, to whose aid he sent a formidable land and naval force under his gen- eral Archelaus. Archelaus was defeated by Sulla at Chje- ronea in 86 and at Orchomenus in 85. Sulla crossed the Hellespont to Asia, and dictated a peace at Dardanus m S4. Mithridates surrendered his fieet, paid a hea^■y war indemnity, and restored all his conquests, retaining Pon- tus only. In S3 a second war broke out, owing to hi.s fail- ure completely to evacuate Cappadocia. The propretor Murena invaded Pontus, but was defeated and forced to withdraw Peace was restored in 81 on the basis of the treaty of Dardanus. In 74 a third wai' broke out, occa- sioned by an attempt on the part of Mithrid,ates to lake possession of Bithynia, which had been bequeathed to the Romans by his son-in-law Xicomedes III. . late king of Bi- thynia. Mithridates defeated M. Aurelius Cotta at Clial- cedon in 74, but was expelled from his own kingdum by Lucullus, and took refuge with his son-in-law Tigranes. king of Armenia. Lucullus defeated the latter at Tigrn- nocerta in 69, but was unable to prevent Mithridates from reconquering Pontus and ravaging Bithynia and Cappa- docia. He was superseded by Cn. Pompeius, who defeat- ed Mithridates on the Lycos in 66. and cnrnpelled the sur- render of Tigranes at Artaxata. Mithridates fled to Pan- tacapteum, and was planning a new campaign when his troops revolted. He was at his own bidding put to death by a Celtic soldier in 63, after havii.g vainly sought to kill himself by poison. Mithridates, King of Pontus. A tragedy by Nathaniel Lee, produced in 1678. Mithridatic'W"ars(niitn-ri-dat'ikwarz). Three wars between Rome and Mithridates, king of Pontus. The Romans were commanded in the first (88- S4 B. c.) by Sulla and his lieutenant Fimbria; in the sec- ond (S3-S1) by Murena: and in the third (74-63) by Lucul- lus, later by Pompey. In the last Mithridates and his ally Tigranes were defeated, and Pontus was annexed to Rome in 63. Mitla (met'la). or Mictlan (mek-tlan'). [Na- huatl. ' place of the dead ': called by the Zapotecs LifO-Baa, entrance to the grave.] A group of large ruined buildings in the state of Oa,iaca, Mexico, about 20 miles southeast of Oajaca City. They are built of adobe and stone, and some of them are elaborately ornamented with a kind of mosaic work pro- duced by stones set in cement. There are also mural paintings. The origin and purpose of the Mitla buildings are unknown. At the time of the conquest they appear to have been occupied by Zapotec Indians. There is a mod- ern village on the site. Mitre (me'tra). Bartolome. Born at Buenos Ayres, Jime 26. 1S21. A celebrated Argentine i Mitre general, statesman, journalist, and author. Kaiii?hed by Rosas, he lived successively in rmcuuy, Bo- livia. Peru, and Chile, and was a noted jnurnalist in all those countries. He ser%'ed in the I'ruguayan army IHSS- lS4tI, and in the Bolivian army 1847 ; as colonel of artillery, took part in the overthrow of Rosa.^. Iti.^:; ; opposed I'r- (juiza ; led the niovemeiit by which Buenos Ayres declared itself independent. Sept. 17, 1852; was made minister of the interior and later niinister of war of the Buenos ..\yres government ; and in the latter capacity connnanded the army whicli was defeated by I'rquiza at Cepeda Oct, 2y, lso9, tiie result being the reunion of Buenos Ayres with the Argentine Confederation. Mitre was then elected gov- ernorof Buenos AyTes. ilay, IStiO ; and. new ilirticulties hav- ing arisen witii the federal government, he defeated I'r- qiiiai's anuy at I'avon, Sept. 11, 1861. S<->on after .Mitre »;is made president ad interim^ and in Oct., 18ii2, was elected president of the new .\rgentine Rei)ublic for si.v years. With his term opened an era of great prosperity. Puring two years he commanded the allied army against Puiaguay. (See Triple Allianre.) At the end of his tenn Uttre was made minister to Brazil, lie was a prcsiilential candidate in 1874, anil, bein^ defeated, headed an abortive rebellion. In 1891 he was again a candidate, but subse- quently withdrew his name. In 1852 General Slitre founded *'La Nacion," which became the most important journal of the Platine region, and remained under his direction. Besides poems, essays, speeches, etc., he publisheti two historical woi-ks. the *'Historia de Belgrano " (18.'>7 ft tteq.) and the " Historia de San Martin " (1884 : English abridged translation 1893). Mitre (mi'ttr). The. A noted London tavern, formerly standing in Mitre Court, off Fleet street. It was Dr. Samuel Johnson's favorite resort. There were other taverns of the name in London. Mitrowitz (mit'ro-vits). A town in Croatia- Slavonia, Austria-Hungary, situated on the .s ive in lat. 44° 58' N., loi'ig. 19° 37' E. it oc- ■ 1 1 pies the site of the ancient Sirmium. Population (1890), .-,41. Mitscherlich (mitsb'er-lich), Eilhard. Born at NVuc-nde, near Jever, Germany, Jan. 7, 1794: died at Berlin, Aug. 28, 1SG3. A noted Germau t'hemist, professor at Berlin from 1821. He dis- covered isomorphism in 1818. He wrote " Lehrbuch der Chemie " (lS2'.>-40), etc. Mittelmark (mit'tel-mark). A region in the I)ro\'ince of Brandenburg, Prussia, extemiing from the Havel eastward to the Oder, it com- luised the districts around Brandenburg, Berlin, and Pots- !am, fonniug part of the old possessions of Brandenburg, md of the original holding of the house of HohenzoUern in 1415. Mittennaier (mit'ter-mi-er), Karl Joseph Anton. Born at Munich, Aug. 5, 1787: died lit Heidelberg, Aug. 28, 1867. A German jurist and politician, professor at Heidelberg from \s2]. He wrote woi'ks on criminal law, etc. Mittu (met'to). An independent Nigritio tribe of the eastern Sudan, between the Dinka and the Nyam-Nyara. TheMadi, Abaka, and Lubaaresulv tribes. The northern dialects dilfer from tlie southern, la customs the Mittu are much like the Soft and the Bongo, but are not so hardy. They are agriculturists in a fertile ■ ountry, and are good bowmen and nnisicians. Mittweidaduit'vi-dii). A manufaeturing town in the kingdom of Saxony, situated on the Zscho- |ian :J4 miles west bv south of Dresden. Popu- lation (1890), 11,298". Mituas (me-to'ilz). A horde of Indians of the upper (Jrinoco valley, on the llanos bordering till' (iuaviare affluent (Colombia K Mitylene. See Mi/tUmi-. Mivart (miv'iirt), St. George Jackson. Horn at l>oiidori, Nov. 30, 1827: died there, .\pril 1, 1900, An Knglish naturalist, lie was called loilie l-arat Lincoln's Inn in 1851; became a lecturer in St, M;u> s Ho^Iiital .M.'dical School in 1862; was appointed iirofi-ssor I'f Itiology in University College, London, in 1874, and pro. f'*s8or of the pidlosojiby of natural history in the t^niver. ityof Limvain in ISIH). He published "On the Genesis of '|iecie>i"(1871), "Lessons in Elementary Anatomy ' (1873), ' The Cat " (1880), ■' Nature ami Thought " (1882), etc. Miwok, or Meewoc (me 'wok). The .southern division of the Jloqucdumnan stock of North Aineriean Indians, comprising 23 small tribes whose pristine habitat e.xtended from t lie Co- sumnes to the Kresno, and from the snow-lino of the Sierra Nevada to San .Joaquin Kivor, ex- cept a strip along the lalter occupied by the Cholovone. The name sigidllea 'men 'or 'people 'In the dialect former ly spoken north of the Stanislaus. See Mf»iiit^lumiiaji. Mixco (mes'ko). A city and stronghold of the ancientCakchiqnel Indians of Guatemala, about 25 miles north of the modern Guatemala City. It was on a nearly inaccessible liill, and was fortlllcd with S real skill. Inl525theSpaniard»,under(ioii7.alo Alvarado, csicgcd it lor a month, and llnally took It by assault after a terrible light. The town was burned, and only its ruins riiuain ; the surviving inhabitants were removed to the niodcnc village of MIxco, .'', miles east of Guati'mahu Mixes ( me' Haz). .\ii Indian race of southeastern Mexico, in the mountains of the istlimus of Teliuantepoc (states of Oajaca and Chiapas). By laiiguage they are related to the /oipies. Historians describe them as very savage, and cannibals ; but they early submitted to the whiles, and are now a degraded but peaceful part of the country population. 693 Mixtecs(mes-taks'),orMixtecas(mes-ta'kiiz). An Indian race of southern Mexico, in themoiui- tains of western Oajaca and the adjacent parts of Guerrero and Puebla. At theperiod of the Span- ish conquest they also occupied the corresponding parts of the Pacific coast, and at one lime had extended east- ward to the isthnuis of Tehuantepec, from which they were driven by the Zapotecs, They were fretiuenlly at war with the Aztecs of .Mexico. They were considerably ad- vanced in civiliz^ition, built atlobe or stone houses, were agriculturists but brave warriors, and had a form of picture- writing. The .Mixtecs readily submitted to the Si>aniards, and :u-e now useful citizens. They number not liss than 200,000. By their htnguage they are iillied to the Zapotecs (which see). Mizar (mi'zar or rae'zjir). [Ar. mf^rfr, a waist- doth or apron.] The familiar name of the bright seeond-magiiituile double star C Ursa' Majoris. Smyth says the name was unknown to the .\raljs, but was introduced in coTisequence of a conjecture of Scaliger's. The appropriateness is not evident, llie same name is also, rarely, applied to e Bootis, Mizen (miz'en). A character in Charles Shad- well's play "The Fair (Quaker of Deal." In this character-piece Flip, the sea-brute, is contrasted with Beau -Mizen, the sea-fop: but the latter is, in some degree, a copy of Baker's .Maiden, the progenitor of the family of Dundreai-y, Jhtrnn, English Stage, 1. 213, Mizpah (miz'pil), or Mizpeh (miz'pe). [Heb., ' watch-tower. 'j The name of several places mentionedin Old Testament history, (a) a place in Gilcad : sometimes identitied with Tel es-Saflyeh (about lat. 32' 5' N,). ib) A place in Benjamin, Palestine ; prtili- ablyon thesiteof Nebi-Samwil, Smiles nortliwestof Jeru- salem. Mispeh, the cnlminating pointof the tribe of Benjamin, became the meeting-place of the tribes, the Wasliington of the Israelite federation. This mountain, wliich rises nearly 4,000 feet above the level of the sea, on the horizon of Jerusalem, was not made to serve as the site of a great city. On the contrary, it was an excellent spot for those fetian, the Pathrosof the Old Testament (Isaiah xi. U). 'The division of Egypt into two provinces dated from prchistoiic times, and has been remembered through all the vicissitudes of Egyptian his- tory down to the present day. It was essentially ' the double land.' and its rulers wore a double crown. Hence the use of the dual form, "the two .Mazors," in Hebrew. Here and there, where Lower Eg.\ pt is alone alluded to, the singular Mazor is eniployeil, lurl ittherwise the dual "Mizraim" only is found thrmighout the old Testaruent, Saijce, Races of the O. T,, p. f>2. Mjollnir (myel'nir). [ON.] In Old Norse my- thology, Thor's hammer, "tlio crusher," made liy tlii^ dwarfs. It wits the trusty weapon of 'I'hor in his constant warfare against the giants. Mjosen (myt'sen). Lake. The largest lake in Norway, about 3.') miles nortlieastof Christismia at the nearest point. Length, 62 miles. Great- est deptlr, 1,500 feet. Mlawa (mlii'va). .\ town in the goverirmeirt • >l' Flock, Kussian Polanil, (>7 miles nortli-norlh- west of Warsaw. I'ojinlntioii (1893), 10..'t87. Mnemosyne (ne-mos'i-no). [Gr. Hvri/ioffl'vri, the mother of the Muses.] In Greek mythology, the goddess of memory, daughter of Uranus ( lle;iveii ) and Go (Earth), and mother, by Zeus, Id' tlie Muses. Mnesicles(ne'sik-lez). [Gr. Mi'V(T/K>,;/f.] Archi- tect of the Piopyla'um (begun 437 n.c. ). it wm 5 years in building, 'and cost abolU ^2,0o0,0O4i, An inscrip- tion with his name, but later in time, has been fouird among the ruins of tlie Propyheum, Mne'Tis (ne'vis). The ancient Egyptian sacred bull of Heliopolis. .\pls of Memphis, IMnivla of Heliopolis, and Pakls of Hermonthis, are all links that bind together the Egypt of the Pharaohs mid the Egypt of the stone age. They were the sacred aniinats of the clans which first settled In these localities, ami their Identification with the deities of the olficial religion must have bi'eri a slow process, never fully carried out, in fact, in the minds of the lower chiAses. 5(i.t/ modern district of Kirak), In Oen, xix. M.>abaiid Amnion are represented as descelidaiita of Lot, and their names are explained from their inceatuoua origin. The Moabites ap- Mocarabians pear to have been a warlike tiibe, and the Israelites dur- ing their wanderings through the desert tried to avoid an encounter with them, Uuring the period of the Judges they opimsed the Israelites until they were routed by Ehud (Judges 111.). Saul and David, whose ancestrcssKutb was a Moabitess, subjugateil them. After Solomon's death Moab fell to the northern kingdom. After Ahab's de-ath Meslia refused to pay tribute. They were afterward, ac- cording to the cuneiform inscriptions, subjected to Assyria, Siialman, Cainoshnadab, and Mussari being mentioned as- kings of Moab paying tribute. They participated in the fall of Jerusalem through the Babylonians, and Nebuchad- nezziu- subjected lliern on his expedition against Egj-pt. They appear after the exile as seeking to maintaia friendly relations with the Judeans. Later they were subjected Vr the XabaLtaiis. the Maccabees, and the Komaiis. Chemosh was their principal divinity ; another was Baal Peor. The only authentic monument of the Moablte civilization thus far known is the so-called Moabite Stone. See below. Moabite Stone. A slabof blackbasalt bearing an inscription of 34 lines in Hebrcw-Phenician characters: the oldest monument of the Semitic alphabet, it was found in lStl8 at the ancient Dibon of Moab. Before it could be removed it was broken in many pieces, through the jeiUousies of Arab tribes, but asqueeze of the inscription had been previously taken, and the cliief fragments are now in the Lou\Te Museum. The stone is the most iraportttnt surviving relic of Moabite civilization, and is believed to date from about S.tO b. c. The inscriptioD records the victories of King Mesha over the Israelites. See Mesha. Moadoc. See Modoc. Moallakat (mo-iil-lii-kiit'). A collection of siveu -Vrabic poems, composed by different au- thors in the Gtn and 7th centuries. Moaria (mo-a'ri-ii). [NL.] A hypothetical South Pacific continent of which only New Zealand and other Oceanian or Polynesian isl- ands remain : so named from the supposed former range of the moa. its assumed existence accounts for many features of the present geographical distr-ibiition of animals and plants. The name was pro- posed by Dr. Mantell. Moatcaht (mo'ach-iit), or Mowachaht. The people to whom the name Xuotku was lirst ap- plied, a tribe of North ^Vmericau Indians linng near Nootka Sound, Vancouver Island, BritisE Columbia. They numbered 254 in 1884. See Aht. Moa'Wiyah (mo-ii-we'ya) (?ovcrnor of Syria, ;iiid, at ler his victory over All, calif GG1-6S0 a. D. He founded the dynasty of the Ommiads, which held the calif ate for SO years (tifil -7r,0) with Damascus as capitaL Mobangi. Same as llxingi. Moberly (mo'ber-li). The capital of Randolph Countv, central Missoiu-i. Population (1900), 8.012," Mobile (mo-bel'). A river in Alabama which is formed by the union of the Alabama and Tombigbee, and falls into Mobile Bay. Length, aljout 45 miles. Mobile. A city, capital of Mobile Countv, Ala- bama, situated ou Mobile River in lat. 30° 41' N., long. 88° 2' W. it is the only seajiort and the lar- gest city of the State, It has a large trade in timber, na\*al stores, coal, etc., and is one of the leading ports in the country for the exjhirt of cotton. It was founded by De Bienville in 1702 ; wius the capital of Louisiana until 1723 ; passed to (Jreat Britain in 17(;;!, and to Sjiaiii in 1783; was taken by the Americans under Wilkinxm in ISi:*; and became a city in isin. It was occupied by the Federala April 12. 18(15. It has now steamer lines to Liverjiool and New York. Population (I'.lOOi. :)s, Kill. Mobile Bay. An inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, in tho snuihwistern part of Alabama. Length, nbmit 3(1 miles. Mobile Bay, Battle of. A naval victory gained -Aug. 5, 18(i4, by I he Federals (with 7 sloojis of war and 4 iron-elad monitors), under Farriigut, over the Confederates (with I he ram Tennessee, which had to surrender, and 3 gunboats), under Huchaiian. Mobile Point. A sandy point at the eastern eiitiMiue of .Mobile Bay: the site of Fort Mor- gan (previously Fort Bowyer). Mobilian. See CncA-. Mobimas. See Marimiix. Mobius (me'iie-iis). August Ferdinand. Born nl Seliulpfoiia, Prussia, Nov. 17, 1790: died at Leipsic, Sept. 20. 18G8. A German mnthemali- cian and astriinomer, professor at Leipsic from 1S1G, His eliiif work is " Der barvccntrische Knikul" (|.'<27l, Mobius, Paul Heinrich Angust. Bom at Leip- sic, May ill, l.'<2.'i: died at !• nedriehroda, .Tune !<, I.S.S!). .\ Gcriiian iiiiseell;iiieiiiis writer, son of -A.F.Miibiiis. He wnitelales, "Bar-Cochelia"(a tragedy), si catechism of German literature, etc, Mobius, Theodor. Born at Leipsie. .lune "22, 1S21: ili.d lliiie, .\piil 25, 1,>*90. .V GernuiD philologist- son of A. F. Mdliius, apjioiiited pro- fessor at Leipsic in 1H,59, and at Kiel in 18(J5. Ho publislu'd nuineroiis works on S(*aiidina- vinii pliili>lo;.'y and literaliire. Mocarabians (nio-kii-ra'bi-anz). See the e.\- Iniel and Mi>:iiriilis. Mocarabians A complete toleration had been granted by the first con- querors to the Christian Goths, who, under the name of Mocarabians (mixed Arabians), lived in the midst of the ilusulmans. Si^nwndi, Lit. of South of Europe, I. SI. Mocetenas. See Mosetenas. Mocha (mo'ka; Arab. pron. mo'cha). A sea- port in Yemen, Ai-abia, situated on the Red Sea in lat. 13° 20' N., long. 43° 13' E. : long famous for its export of coffee. Population, about .5,000. Mochica. See Chimu. Mock Astrologer, The. See Evening's Love, An. Mock Doctor, The. 1. Afarce by Henry Field- ing, slightly altered from iloliere's comedy " Le medecin malgr^ lui," and produced with Gar- rick in the cast about 1736. — 2. An English li- bretto of Gounod's ' ' Le m^deein malgre lui," by Charles Kenny. The opera was produced under this name at London in 1865. Mockem (mek'em). A smaU town in Prussian Saxony, situated on the Ehle 1-1 miles east of Magdeburg. Here, April 5, 1813, the Prussians under York defeated the French under Eugene de Beauharnais. Mockem. A village 2 miles northwest of Leip- sic. Here, Oct. 16, 1S13, Bliieher defeated the French under Marmont (part of the battle of Leipsic). Mocoas (mo-ko'az). A tribe of Indians in south- em Colombia, about the upper Caqueta or Ja- purA and its branches. They arean agricultural and peaceable race, and are noted for their skill in weaving and dyeing cotton fabrics, and in other small industries. At present they are p;irtiaUy civilized, and speak a corrupt dialect of the Quichua. Their own language, with that of the Mesayas and other neighboring tribes, appears to con- stitute a distinct stock. The Engafios or Ingaiios, on the £nga£io River, a branch of the Caqueta, are either identi- cal with the Mocoas or closely allied to them. Mocobis (mo-ko-bez' ), or Mbocobis. An Indian tribe or group of tribes in the northern part of the Ai'gentine EepubUc (Gran Chaeo region), about fhe river Vei-mejo. They are still numerous, subsist mainly by hunting and rapine, but have cattle and horses derived from Spanish stock. Their villages are composed of slight huts, and are frequently moved in search of fresh pasture. The Mocobis belong "to the Guaycui-u linguistic stock, and are closely allied to the extinct Abi- poiies and to the modern Tobas, with whom, however, they are almost constantly at war. Mocochies, or Mucuchies. See Timotes. Moctezuma. See iIo>iic:uma. Moctezuma. See Oposura. Moctoby. See Biloxi. Modena (mo'de-na). A province in the com- partimento of Emilia, Italy. Area, 987 square miles. Population (1891), 286,716. Modena. The capital of the province of JIo- dena, Italv, situated between the Secchia and the Panafo, in lat 44° 39' X., long. 10° 56' E. : the ancient ilutina. The cathedral, consecrated in 1184, is a well-designed Romanesque structure. The west facade is one of the best of its date in Italy : it has three round-arched portals, a gallery of graceful triple arcades which is continued around the church, a large wheel-win- dow, and much interesting sculpture. There are two sculptured porches on the south side. The three-aisled interior contains interesting sculpture and tombs. The Ghirlandina Tower, the campanile of the cathedral, fin- ished to the spire in 1315. is one of the best of its kind. The height is 315 feet. The massive square lower stage, about 2u0 feet high, bears the slender spire, which springs from an octagon of two arcaded tiers and is pierced with flower-likeopenings (whence the name of the tower). Other objects of interest are the art academy, university, pic- ture-gallerv'. library, and ducal palace, Modena became a Roman colony aijout 1S3 B, c. It was situated on the -Emilian Way, and was a nourishing Roman city. It be- came the capital of the duchy of Modena, ruU-d by the Este family, and was famous in the 16th century for the sculpture of terra-cottas. (See Mutineiman War, and Modena, Duchy of.) Population (1S92X commune, 61,500. Modena, Duchy of. -\ former duchy of north- ern Italy, comprising the modern provinces of Modena, Massa-e-Carrara, and Reggio (in Emi- lia). The family of Este became rulers of Modena about 1290 : It was made a duchy in 14.=)2 ; was annexed to the Cis- padane Republic in 179ti ; and passed to an Austrian line in 1814. Theie was an unsuccessful insurrection in 1M3-49 ; the duke was deposed in 1859 ; and the ducliy was united to the doniinioiis of Victor Emmanuel in IStM. Modem Athens, The. Boston or Edinburgh. Modern Babylon, The. London. Modem Messalina, The. Catharine n. of Rus- sia. Modem Painters. A work on art, bv John Rus- kin (published 1S43, 1846, 18.56, and 1860). Modica (mod'e-ka). A town in the province of Syracuse, Sicily, 30 miles southwest of Syra- cuse : the ancient Motyca. There are remarkable prehistoric caves in the vicinity. Population (ISSl), 38,390, Modigliana (mo-del-ya'na). A small town in the province of Florence, Italy, 37 miles north- east of Florence. Modish (mo'dish). Lady Betty. In Cibber's 694 comedy "The Careless Husband," a brilliant coquettish woman of quality, wa^Tvard and sel- fish, but not heartless: one of the principal charactei's in the play. Mrs. Oldlield was cele- brated in the part. Modjeska (mod-jes'ka), Helena. Bom at Cra- Low, Poland, Oct. 12, 1844. A noted PoUsh ac- tress. Her maiden name was Opido. She married her guardian Modjeska when about 17 years of age, and with him joined a company of strolling players. In IStJS she married the Count Bozenta Chlapowski, and about that time became very successful in her profession. Shemade her first appearance in America in 1S77 as Adrienne Le- couvTeur, in an English version of the plaj-, at San Francis- co, after a very short study of the language. She has been well received in America, and has made a number of tours throughout the country. Her roles are numerous, inclad- Ing Beatrice, Ophelia, Imogen, Juliet, Rosalind, etc Modlin. See Xovogeorgievsk. Modling (med'ling). A town in Lower Austria. 9 miles south-southwest of Vienna. Population (1S91), commune, 11,120. Modoc, or Modock (md'dok). [PL, also Mo- docs.'} A tribe of North American Indians which formerly occupied the shores of Little Klamath, Modoc, and (Sear lakes, Oregon, and the valleys of Lost River and its tributaries. It also had tran- sitory settlements eastward to Goose and Warner lakes, on the California border, Aftertheir conflict with the United States government in 1872-73, through which they became well known, about 80 of the Modoc were removed to Indian Territory. The remainder, about 140, have resided since 1869 near Yaneks, on Sprague River, Klamath reservation. Oregon. The name is adapted from iloatokni. signifying 'southerners.*' (See Lutuamian.') Written by some authori- ties iloadoc and Jlodook. Modoc War. A war between the United States government and the Modoc Indians led by Cap- tain Jack. The Modocs refused in 1872 to go to the Klamath reservation in southern Oregon, and went to the Lava Beds. At a conference between General Canby and the Indians, April, 1S73, the former was treacherously killed. War followed ; the band had to surrender ; and Captain Jack was executed. Modred (mo'dred), or Mordred (mor'dred). The treacherous nephew of King Arthur: a knight of the Round Table. Modugno (mo-don'yo). A towninthe province of "Bari, Apulia, Italy, 6 miles west-southwest of Ban. Population (1881), 8,525 ; commune, 9,880. Moe (mo'e), Jorgen Ingebrektsen. Bom on the estate Moe, Eingerige, Norway, 1813: died at Christiansand, 1880. A Norwegian poet and theologian. Hisfatherwasapeasant. Hestudiedtheology in Christiania after 1830. His iirst literary venture was the little'^Samlingaf Sange,FolkeviserogStevinorske Almue- dialecter"(" Collection of Songs, Ballads, and Staves in the Norwegian Popular Dialects '0, published in 1840. With public assistance he now set about the collecting, in vari- ous parts of Norway, of popular literature of the same char- acter; and in 1^1, in collaboration with Peter Christian Asbjomsen (bom 1S12). published " Norske Folke Eventyr " ("Norwegian Folk-Tales '*). X collection of his later poems appeared in 1S45 under the title "At hsenge paa Juletneet *' (" To Hang on the Christmas Tree "). His earlier poems were collected and published as "Digte" ("Poems") in 1849. In 1853 he became a clergyroan, and ultimately was made bishop of Christiansand. His collected works," Sam- lede Skrif ter," were published at Christiania in 1S77 in 2 vols. Mden (me'en). An island in the Baltic, belong- ing to Denmark, situated southeast of Zealand. CMef town. Stege. Area. 81 square miles. Pop- tilation, about 13,000. Moenus (me'nus). The Latin name of the Main. Mcerse (me're). [Gr. ^oipau'\ The Greek god- desses of fate: the Fates. Homer uses the name in the singular, as of a single divinity, and also in the plural. He also calls them the " spinners of the thread of life, " By Hesiod they are spoken of bothasdaughtersof Night and as daughters of Zeus and Themis, They were represented as three in number : Clotho (the spinnerX Lachesis (disposer of lots), and Atropos (the inevitable). The first spins the thread of life, the second fixes its length, and the third sev- ers it. Also iloirai. Moeris (me'ris). Lake. [Gr. ij yioipio^ ^-j,"»7/-] According to Herodotus, an artificial lake in Middle Egypt, west of the Xile, 50 miles south- west of Cairo, near the modern Lake Birket el- Kurun. Its existence has been doubted. See the extract. A king, named Mceris, desired to create a reservoir in the Fayoom which should neutTBlise the evil effects of insuf- ficient or superabundant inundations. This reservoirwas named, after him. Lake Moeris. If the supply fell below the average, then the stored waters were let loose, and Lower Egypt and the Western Delta were flooded to the needful height If next year the inundation came down in too great force. Lake Mceris received and stored the surplus tUl such time as the waters began to subside. Two pyramids, each surmounted by a sitting colossus, one rep- resenting the king and the other his queen, were erected in the midst of the lake. Such is the tale told by Herodo- tus, and it is a tale which has considerably embarrassed our modem engineers and topographers. How, in fact, was it possible~to find in the Fayoom a site which could have contained a basin measuring at least ninety miles in circumference? The most reasonable theory is that of Linant, who supposes Lake Moeris to have extended over Moguls, Empire of the the whole of the lowlying land which skirts the Libyan cliffs between Dlahoun and Medinet el-1-ayoom; liut re- cent explorations have proved that the dikes by which this pretended reservoir was bounded are modei-n w orks, erect- ed probably within the last two huniired years. I no longer believe that Lake Mueris ever existed. If Herodotus did actually visit the Fayoom, it was probablv in summer, at the time of the High Nile, when the whole district pre- sents the appearance of an inland se,l. What he took for the shores of this lake were the embankments which di- vided it into basins and acted as highways between the various towns. Maqpero, Egypt. Arcliseol. (trans-X p. 35. Moero (mwa'ro). or Mem (ma'ro). Lake. A lake in central Africa, about lat. 9° 30' S. It is traversed by the upper Kongo. Moesia (me'shia). [(Jr. Mwia.] In ancient geography, a province of the Roman Empire, lying north of the Balkans, south of the Danube, and west of the Black Sea, corresponding nearly to modem Bulgaria and Servia. It was made a Ro- man province about 16 B. c. ; was divided later into Morsim Superior (ia the west) and Mccsia Inferior (in the east); and W.1S overrun by Goths in the 3d and 4th centuries. Moesogoths (me'so-goths). Those Goths who, after their conversion to Christianity by Ulfilas about the middle of the 4th century, settled in Moesia. and there, under the protection of the Roman emperors, devoted themselves to agri- cultural purstiits. See Goths and Vljilas. Mofadhdhal (mo-fiid'dal), Abul Abbas A1-. Died 7S4 A. D. An Arabian poet, philologist, and genealogist. His principal work was a coUectioa of the most celebrated longer poems of the Arabs, 128 in number, called after him the "Mofadhdhaliat," which is the oldest anthology of Arabian poets. His other works were a book of proverbs, a treatise on prosody, and a vo- cabulary. Moflfat (mof 'at). A watering-place in Dmnfries- shire, Scotland, 43 miles south by west of Ed- inburgh. It has mineral springs. Popujatiou (1891), 2.290. Moffat, Robert. Bom at Ormiston, East Lo- thian, Dee. 21, 1795: died at Leigh, Aug. 8^ 1883. A celebrated Scottish missionary. F* a while he was occupied as under-gardener, but after a course of study he was accepted by the London Mift> sionary Society in 1816, arrived at Cape Town Jan. 13, 1817, and labored among the Bechuana until 1S70. By 1826 hs had prepared a spelling-book of the Bechuana language^ Parts of the Scriptures were translated into Bechuana The New Testament was completed and carried by him to London in 1839. In London he met David Livingstone^ who married his daughter in 1844. The translation of tin Old Testament into Bechuana was finished in 1857. He retiUTied to England finally in June, 1870, He published "Missionary Labours in South Africa^ (1842). Mogador (mog-a-dor'), or Suera (swa'ra). A seaport in Morocco, situated on the Atlantic in lat. 31° 30' N., long. 9° 43' W. it has important commerce. The French bombarded it in 1844. Popula- tion, about 19,000. Moghileff. See Mohileff. Mogllas (mo-ge'Uis). or Mogila /mo-ge'lSk). Peter. Born about 1.596: died 164<. A Rus-' sian prelate and theologian. He drew np the •' Orthodox Confession," the leading symbol of the Eastern CTmrch. Mogollon (mo-go-lyon'. corrupted into mo-go- yon'). A subtribe of the Gileiio ti'ibe of North American Indians, living in the Mogollon Motm- tains, Arizona. See GileSio. Mogollons (mo-go-yonz'). [Sp. MogoUotte*; probably from mogote, lump.] The name of several ranges of mountains in Arizona and New Mexico. Mogontiacum (mo-gon-ti'a-kmn). A Bonuui;i. name of Mainz. Mogridge (mog'rij), (Jeorge. Bom at Ash- ted, near Birmingham. Feb. 17. 1787 : died at Hastings, Nov. 2, 18.54. An English writer, chiefly of juveniles. He entered into partnership witk his bro'ther in the japan trade in Birmingham, and, failing in business, took to literature. Hepublished the *■ Juvenile Culprits " (1S29). " Juvenile Moralists " (1S29), the " Church- yard Lyrist "(1S32), "A Ramble in the Woods" (^SM\ "Sol- diers and Sailors "(1S42), etc. He used various pseudo- nyms, including "Old Humphrey," *'Peter Parley (first used by .S. G. Goodrich), etc. Mogrovejo (mo-gro-va'no), Toribio de. Bora in 153S: died at Saiia, Peru, March 23, 1606. A Spanish prelate, archbishop of Lima from 1581. He was canonized in 1680 as St. Toribio. Mogul (mo-gul'). Great. An Indian diamond, said to have been seen at the court of Aumng- Zeb in 1665, and to have weighed iSO carats. Moguls (mo-gulz' ) . The Mongols or Mongolians; specifically, in historj', the subjects of the Mo- gul empire (see belofr). Moguls (mo-gulz'), orMughals (mo'galz). Em- pire of the. A Mohammedan "Tatar empire in India. It began with Baber, conqueror of Hindustan, 1526; and was at its height under .\kbar, Jahangir, ."^hah Jehan, and Aurung-Zeb. .\fter the death of the last-named (1707), the empire split up and the power passed to the Mahrattas and British. The last (nominal) emperor waa deposed in 1857 (died 1382). Moh4cs Moh4cs (mo'hai'h). A town in the county of Barima lIunKary. -situated ou the Danube Si lat. 45° 58' N., loiiK. 1«° 37' E. llere, Aug. 29, M26. the Turks uixier Suliumn II. rtefeated the Huuga- rians under Louis II. ; ami Aug. 12, 108,-, the In.peimhsts ^der Charles of Lorraine iuthcted a crushing defeat ou S^B Turks. Population (IStlu), 14,403. I Mohammed (mo-ham'ed), or Mahomet (ma- hom'i-'tj. ['The praised one': the name is also ■BTilten Mahomed, Muhammud (the ^Viable form), J/«''»">i«', .VcAemc'.etc.] BornatMeeca, Arabia, about ilTO: died at Medina, Arabia, June 8,632. Tliefounderof Mohammedanism, or Islam ('surrender,' namely, to God), lie was the rostliuinous son ..f Ahdallah by his wife Anuna, of the lani ly of Hashiin, the M.ihlest among the Koreish and wis hrought up in the desert among the Banu Saad hy a Bedouin woman named llalima. At the age of six he lost tomother and at eight his grandfather, when he was cared for by his uncle Abu- 1 alib. \N hen about twelve viars old C»i) he accoinpaiiicd a caravan to Syria, and Iwy on this occasion have come for the flrst time in con- fact with Jews and Christians. A few years later he took part In the ■•sacrilegious war" (so called because carried S„ during the sacred months when flghtmg was f..r- bidden) w-hich raged between the Koreisli and the Banu Hawazin 580-51)0. Ue attende.l sundry preaclimgs and reciUitions at okatz, wliich may have awakened his poeti- cal and rhetorical powers and his religious feelings ; and for some time was occupied as a shepherd, to wlueh lie later refers as being in accordance with his career .is a orouhct, even asit was with tliatof Mosesand David. W lu-.i twenty, ive vears okl he entered the service of the widow Khadi' ,.h, a.Vl ma.le a second journey to Syria, on wliich he again l,ad an npportunity to come lu fmiueiit contact with .lews and christians, and to acqune some know edge of their religious teacliings. He soon married Klla. i all, who was Ufteen years his senior. Of the six clilldien which she hore him, Fatima became the most famous In 005 he attained some influence in Mecca by settlini, » dispute about the rebuilding .,f the Kiiab;u The im- pressions which he had gathered from his contact wit Judaism and Christianity, and from .\iabic lore, began now strongly to engage his raiud. He fieqnently retired WiUry places, especiallytotheeaveofJIouutHira, nor. of Mecci He passed at that time flie was then ai^iout forty vears old) tlirough great mental straggles, and re- peatedly meditated suicide. It must have been during these h'nely contemplations that the yearnings for a ines- Banger froni Cod for his people, and the thought that he himself might be destined for this mission, were Ijorn in his ardent mind. Durh.g one of his reveries, m the month of Kamadhan, eiO, he beheld in sleep the angel Gabriel, who onlered him to read from a scroll whicli he held before hi.n the words which begin the »«th sura (chapter) of the Koran. After the lapse of some time, a iecolid vision came. ..nd then the revch.tions b.-gan to f„l- low one another frequently. His own belief ii. li.s mis- sion as apostle and prophet of Cud w.is now In ;" .v^f ;"; llshcd. The llrst convert was his wife Khadij.ih, tlien followed his cousin and adopted son All, his ..Ihei adopted ton Zehl, and Abn-Bekr, alterwaid li.s lalheiMo-law and flrst successor (calif), lii-aduidly about 50 adherents : I- lied about him. But after three- years preaching tin mass of the Meecans rose against him, so th.it part ol hi- lollowers had to resort to Ahys-sinia for f.f>! y "' '; , This is termed the llrst hejira. Jlohammed in the men- while continued his meetings in the house of one of hi» disciples, Aniaan, in front of the kaaba, which later be- came known as the "House of Islam. At one time h. offered the Konish a compromise, admitting their goOs Into his system i.s intercessors with the supreme lieme, but, becoming consrieiiee.strh:ken, took back his words. The conversion of Hamza and Omar and :« others^m 81..- 616 strengtheneil his cause. The Koreish excommuni- cated Mohammed ami his followers, who were forced t.. live in relin-ment. In 6-'0, atthe pilgrimage, he >vol. over to his teachings a small p.irty froin M<- a. In M.dil . , whither a teacher w.is deputed, the new religion sp.ead rapidly. To this perio.l belongs the vision or dream .t the miraculous ride, on the winged horse ISorak. to Jcru- ■aleui, where he was received by tlie prophets, and thenco ascended to heaven. In 022 more than 70 persons from Medina bound themselves to stanil by .Mohammed, the Meceans proposed to kill him, and he lied on th.5 aitli of June 022, t.1 .Meilina. This is kn.iwn as the hejira ( the flight'), and maiks the beginning of the M.diainnndan era. This event formed a turning-point in tin- ailivily "f .Mo- hammed. He was thus far a religions ]ireailur and p.r- suader ; he became ill his Mediniaii pe. ...d a legislaloi am warrior, lie hi. lit there in U2:i the llrst iiiusqm.aml inani.d Ayesha. In 021 the llrst battle for the faith look ;. a.-e -le- tween Mohammed and the .Meceans in the plain of Uedr in which the latter were defeated. At this time, also, Mo- hammed began hitteily to inveigh against the -lews, who did not reeiignize his claims to be the "greater prophet prmi.iscl hv Moses. He changed the attitude of prayer (klbla)from thedlreetion of Jerusalem tothatof the Kaaba In Mecca, a >inted Krld.iyas the day for piihlle worship, and liistltuteil the fast of Kamadhan ami the tilheor poor- rate. The Jewish tribe of the Banu Kainuka. settled at Medina, wiLs drivel, out; whileof another Jewish tribe, the Banu Kurai/.a, all the men, 7(HI In number, were massacred. In 026 Mohammed and his followers were defeated hy the Meceans In the battle of Ohud. The t..llowii.g years were lined out with expedlthms One Irilie alter another sub- mitted to Mohammed, until In lai wanelhlng like a dell- nite Mohaiiimedan empire was established. Ill oa2 the prophet made his last pilgrlmaKe to Jleecm known lui the "farewell pilgrimage, or the pilgrimage of the "an- nouncement" or of "Islam." In the same year he died while planning an expedition against tin- liontier of the Byzantine empire. Mohammed was a little above the middle height.of acomn.aildlng llgnre, and Is described as being of a modest, tender, and generous disposition. Ills manner of life was V017 simple and frugal. He mended his own clothes, and his common diet was barley-bread and water. But he enjoyed perfumes and the charms of women. His character appears composed of the strongest inconsistencies. He could he tender, kind, and liberal, 695 but on occasions Indulged in cruel and perfidious a-ssassl- nations. With regard to his prophetic claims, it is as difflcult to assume that he was sincere throughout, or self-deceived, as that he was throughout an iinpostor. In his doctrines there is practically nothing original. lie legends of the Koran are chlelly drawn from the Old Testament and the rabbinical literature, which il..- ha.i.med must have learned from a Jew "«»■■»«';';»■ thciugh he presents them as original revelations by the 1 tiabriel. See Kuran Moivre don and Oxford: and was appointed professor of Persian in the College de iYimce in 1845. He edited the "Shana- mah" (IS:)8-C8). etc. Mohl, Eobert von. Bom at Stuttgart, Wur- lemberK, Axifi. 17, 1799: died at Berlin, Nov. 5, 1.S7."). A German .jurist. He published works on con- stitutional law, pol'itieid science, etc., including "(Je- sehlchte und I.itteratiirderStaatswissenschaft "(1855-58), ..-...._. 1.. \-..11.....,....-l,t .,,,.1 l>-.litiV " /lRilO->«))- ai.gel i-faoriei. .-^i.-c ^i^-'u-. Mohammed I., or Mahomet. Sultan of the Turks Ui:i-'-il, a younger brother of Bajazet I. Mohammed II., surnamed "The Co^.q^erpj, and "Thu Great-" Born about 1430 : died 1481- Sultan of Turkey 1451-81, son of Amurath 11. wliom he succeeded. He besieged and captured Con- stantinople in 145a ; and conquered the -Morea, Servia, Bos- nia and Albanhl, and made the Crimea a dependency of Turkey (147.0). He was defeated by Hi.nyadl at Belgrad in ur.O, and unsuccessfully besieged Rhodes in 14Sii. Mohammed III. Diedl(ill3. Sultan of Turkey I.')y5-1G03, sou of Amurath III- whom he suc- ceeded. His army defeated the Imperialists at Keresztes in 1-^96. , ,„„, Mohammed IV. Bom about 1641 : died 1691. Sultan of Turkey 164.S-87, son of Hmhim whom lie succeeded. He was deposed as a result of the re- verses sustained by his arms at Vienna (1683) and Mohiies Mohammed Ali. See Mchemet Jli. Mohammedan Empire, ^ee Cahj anAMoham- Mohammerah (mo-hiim'me-ra). A small town ill the pruviuce of Khuzistan, Persia, ou the Kaniu near the Turkish frontier. Moharram. See Muharram. Mohave (mo-ha' va). [P1-, also Ko/inre?. The name means 'three mountains.'] A tribe ot North American Indians. They number (1900) about 600 livin- upon the lower Colorado Kiver in Arizona, a'boi.t 0.1c fourth being on the Colorado River reservation, Arizona. See i'umiin. Mohave (mo-hil'va) Desert. A low-lymg basin in Sail Bernardino County, southeastern Cali- Mohawk (mo'hak). [_P\., also Mohatoks. The word is derived from the Algonquin maqua, bears! AtribcofNorth American Indians. The llurons called them Auniehronnon, abbreviated by the French tu AunU. Their villages were along the valley of tl e Mohawk River, New York, but they claimed the terri- rv lu.rth to the St. Lawrence and south to the Delaware Kiver watershed and the CatskiU Mountains. They were the llrst tribe of the region to obtain firearms, and then- front i.r posit ioinnade them so conspicuous that their name was often used In tb.- English and the New England tribes nut!', whole lioqu..i, r..iifederacy- They number over 2 l)0O- See Iruijiwis. Mohawk (mo'hak). AriverinNewYorkwhieli joins tlie Hudson 9 miles north of Albany. It forms the Cohoes Falls (70 feet high) near its mouth. Length, about 175 miles. ^ Mohegan(m6-he'gan), orMonhegan(mon-he - .'■111) Atribeof North American Indiaus. They once lived chiefly on Thames River, Connecticut, and claimed a large territory extending eastward into Mass^l- ehuittsaiid Rhode Ishind and west along the coast to Guilford. After the destruction of the Pequots 11. lOJ, they claimed their country. They had once formed one tribe with those Indians under Sassacus agaiust whom Vncas rebelled and led the Thames River band. (Ill the fall of Sassacus in 16:i7, most of the survivors of the 1 e- qiiots came u.ider the ilohegan chief. After the death of King fhilip in 1070, the Mohegan were the only Im- portant body ill the region. They became scatteriHl, some joining the Brotherton Indians in New \ork. Seejfa/nca.i and M(javoiit defeated the Kusshuis under Ba- gralion. ropi.lalloii (Isiia). 4.-.,430. Mohileff- (or Moghileff-) on-the-Dniester. A l.iun it. tlie (.'ov.rnnioiil of I'.Mlolia, Hnssm, sit- iinted on Ihe Dnirslor about hit. 4S° L.- N., long. 27^ 511' K. l'..i,..latiou (1H93), •-'9,310. MohKinol), Hugo von. Born at Sttit;Kari,\yar- teiuberg April 8, 1805: diedat Ttlbingen,\\ iir- temberg, April 1, 1872. A Oenni.i. bolauist, brotherof Robert von Mohl : professor of botany at Tubingen from 1835. H<^ was an authority (in vcgrl.nble nniitoiny and physiology. Mohl, Julius von. Born at Stullgarl.Wiirtem- berg, Del. 2S, ISOl): died at Pans, .lau. 4, IKiO. AGe'rinan-French Orientalist, brother of Uobert von Mohl. He became professor of Oriental lllcrature at Tubingen In 1826 ; resided 1826-27 and 1830-31 at Lon- sel.icnie unu i.iiiL-iaiiti n^-i .^i-i-tio.. ..jo,.,,.,^..".- y.— .- — ,, " Staatsrecht, Volkerrecht und I'olitik " (1884. An Englisli actor. Before the civil war he performed under Beestoii at the Cockpits Drurv Lane. He fought as captain In the arinv of Charica I. an.1 in Fla.idere. He returned with Charles tl., and was with Kllligrews company ItlCO-ia. I'epys calls hlni the "best actor In the worhl, ami he wa-s saiil to "spiak as Sl.akspere wrote." He played at the Tlu.itre Royal after April 8, 10(B, and In the theater of I.ine.dn » Inn Holds after 1072. lie was very versatile, anil played with equal e.ise a succession of classical heroes, ..lod.rn rakes, sl.n- plelons, etc. . ., , . tut. Moignp (mwiin-vo'). Francois Napoleon Ma- rie Bornat(5u6m^Mi6. Morbilian, I lance, April 20, 1804: dieil at St. Denis, July 13. 1884. A French mathemnticiaii and scientist. He wrote "I'-V Moir li.'COiiH ou ea.i-iii v^'^' -..,...-. Moir (moir), David Macbeth: pseudonym Delta. HorniitMnss..lbnrgh,Jaii.5. 1<98: died al Duinlries. Julv 0, 1851. A Scot I is. author. Among his works are ,H.ei.is. the *•■■">';; ^"^'''.''"'r/'it'j;,^ M..nBle Wimeh"n8J8\ "Skcteh.-s of Ihe Poetle.d Litera- ture ot the Past HiUf-Ceiitury " (1861), etc , Moira, Earl of. See Hastings, Francis Raadon. Moirai. See Mwrir. . j„„.,t Moissac (inwiis-sllk'). A town in he depart- iiieiil .if Tarn-.'t-Gnriuine. soiill.ein ]• ranee, sit- nali'.l on Die Taru 15 iiiiU's northwest of Mou- lanbaii. The abbey church, St-Picm- ot 8t,.|'aul, la ro. ...arkable lor ll.i' porch of Its narthei and for lt« cloister. P..pulatlo..(lMll), eoinnilllie 8,707. ..,-■.„ Moivre (mwiivr), Abraham de. Bom at Vitry, fhampagne, France, May 26, 1067: died at Lon- Moivre don, Nov. 27. 17.54. A noted French mathema- tician. He published "Doctrine of Chances" (1718). etc., and invented the niathematic^il formula named from him '■ De iloivre's theorem." Moja. See Majos. Mojd.car (mo-Ha'kar). A town in the province of Almeria, southern Spain, situated near the coast 100 miles east of Granada. Population (1887), 4,404. Mojaisk. See Mo;:haisk. Mojaye. See Mohave. Mojos (mo'hoz). An Indian tribe of northern Boli's'ia, li\'ing about the great head streams of the Madeira River, especially on the Ma- mor«^. Before the conquest they probably uumbereti at least 250.000. They were a mijd, agricultunil race, read- ily received the Jesuit nmsionaries in the 17th centur>, and have ever since remamed devout Catholics. Fifteen large missions were established in their territory, and still exist as villages : the largest, Trinidad (founded 1687), is now the capital of lieni. The Mojos are much soughtafter as canoemen and rubber-gatherers. They are industrious, and excel in artistic work. The tribe has been greatly re- duced, principally by epidemics, but is stitl said to num- ber 3Ll,000(perhaps ti.'0 high an estimate, as all the mission Indians are classed with them). They belong to the great Arawak or Maypure stock. Also written Sloxog. Their language is sometimes c;illed Moja or Moxa. Mokanna (mo-kUn'na) (surname of Atha ben Hakem). [Ar.,* veiled.'] Killed about 780. A Mohammedan impostor in Khorasan. He is the hero of the "Veiled Troithet of Kborassan " in the first part of Jloore's " Lalla R.okh." Mokattam (mo-kat'am) Hills. A loTV range near Cairo in Egypt, noted for its quarries. Moki. See Tusayan. Moko (mo'ko). [PL, also J/oJ:os.] An African tribe inland ft'om Old Calabar, between the Kamerim Mountains and the Cross River. In America all slaves shipped from Old Calabar used to be called Mokos. Mokshan (mok-shan'). A town in the gov- ernment of Penza, Russia, about 27 miles north-northwest of Penza. Populationil893>, 13,659. Mola (mo'la). A.seaportinthe province of Bari, Apulia, Italv, situated on the Adriatic 12 miles southeast o"f Bari. Population (1881). 12,435. Mola, Pietro Francesco, caUed Mola di Roma. Born about 1621: died at Rome about 1665. An Italian landscape-painter. Mola di Gaeta. See Formia. Molale (nio-lii'la), or Molele (mo-la'la). The western tribe of the Waulatpuan stock of North American Indians: originally an offshoot of the Cayuse. They are essentially mountain Indians, dwell- ing in the Cascade Mountains, Oregon, at various points between Mount Hood (in Clackamas County) and ilount Scott (in Klamath County). Ther-e are 31 on the Grande Ronde reservation, Oregon, and there are some in the mountains west of Klamath Lake. See WaiUatpuan. Molay, or Molai (mo-lii'), Jacques de. Born in Burgundy: burned at Paris, March 18, 1314. The last grand master of the Templars, 1298- 1314. See Templars. Molbech (mol'beeh). Christian. Bornat Soroe, Denmark, Oct. 8, 1783: died at Copenhagen. June 23, 1857. A noted Danish philologist and historian. Among his philological works are a "Danish Dictionarj'" (1833), a "Danish Dialect-Lexicon" (1833-41), etc. Molbech, Christian Knud Frederik. Bom at Copenhagen, July 20, 1821: died at Kiel, May 20, 1888. A Danish poet and dramatist. He studied at the Copenhagen Tniversity after 183!). In 1840 appeared a tirst volume of poems, "Billeder af Jesu Liv " (" Pictures fronr the Life of .Tesus "). The romantic drama "Klintekongens Brud"("The Bride of the Moun- tain King ") appeared in 1845, in which year also was produced the di-ama " Venusbjerget "("The Venusberg "). A collection of poems with the title "DEemring"(" Twi- light") appeared in 1851. "Dante," a tr.ageily, is from 18o2. In 1853 he was made professor of the Danish lan- ■guage and literature at Kiel, which position he held until 1864, when he returned to Copenhagen and began work as a journalist. In 1803 had appeared "Digte IjTiske'og dramatiske " (" Poems Lyric and Dramatic "). Afterw.'u-d, as censor at the royal tlieater, he again turned his atteu- tiu I to the drama, aTul wr'»te the comedy " Renteskrive- reii" ("The Financier"), and the dramas "Ambrosius" and "Faraos Ring" ("Pharaoh's Ring"). He was also the translator of Dante's "Divine Comedy" ("Guddomlige Komedie," the first part of which appeared in 1851). Mold (mold). A town in Flintshire, North Wales, situated on the Alyn 18 miles south- southwest of Liverpool. Population (1891), 4,457. See SaUcIiijnh Victori/. Moldau (mol'dou). The principal river in Bo- hemia. It risf-s in the Bdhmerwald, flows past Prague, and joins the Elbe 18 miles north of Prague. Length, '260 miles. Molda'via(mol-da'vi-a), G. Molda'U (mol'dou), F. Molda'Tie (mol-da-ve'). A former princi- pality, now a part of Rumania. Chief city, Jassy. It is bounded by Bukowina on the north, Russia 696 (separated by the Pnith) on the east, 'W.illachia on the south, and Transylvania (separated by the Carpathians) on the west. It is mountainous in the west, and is traversed by the Sereth. It was founded early in the 14th century (see the extract); became tributary to Turkey early in the 16th century : was ruled for more than a century (until lg-21) by Fanariot families ; and was frequently under Russian in- fluence. Alexander JolinCusawaselectedprincein 1859. It was formally united with Wallachiain 1861. See Bumania. Another Rouman migration, passing from the land of Marinaros north of Transsilvania, founded the principality of Moldavia between the Carpathians and the Dniester. This too stood to the Hung.arian crown in the same shift- ing relation as Great Wallachia, and sometimes trans- ferred its vassalage to Lithuania and Poland. Freeman, Hist. Geog., p. 452. Mole (mo-la'), Comte Louis Matthieu. Born at Paris, Jan. 24, 1781: died at his Chateau Champlatreux, Nov. 25, 1855. A French poli- tician, minister of foreign affairs 1830, and pre- mier 1836-39. Mole, Matthieu. Bom 1584: died 1656. A French politician. He was appointed president of the Parliament of Paris by Richelieu in 1641, a post which lie retained untU 1653. He became keeper of the great seal in 165L Molech(m6'lek), or Moloch (mo'lok). ['King.' In 1 Ki. xi. 7, he is mentioned as an idol of the Ammonites, but the worship of Molech was spread among all the Canaanitish and Semitic tribes.] A form of Baal, the sim-god, or the personification of the male generative principle in nature. Molech represents the sun in his fierce de- structive aspect The worship of Molech consisted in of- fering human sacrifices. The god was represented with a bull's head and long arms to receive the victims, which were lifted up to an opening in the breast of the brass statue and rolled into the furnace blazing inside. AVhe- ther the victims were first killed, or were burned alive, is a disputed question. The worship of ilolech was at dif- ferent periods introduced into Israel, with its princip.al place in the valley of Uinnom : so under Ahaz (king of Judah 734-72S B. c.\ Manasseh (697-642), and Amon (642- 640). In the cuneiform inscriptions m.X Molele. See MolaJe. Molenbeek-Saint- Jean (mo - ion - bak ' sau - zhon'% A northwestei'n suburb of Brussels. Population (1890), 48,723. Moleschott (mo'lc-shot), Jacob. Born at Bois- le-Due , Netherlands, Aug. 9, 1822 : died at Rome, May 20, 1893. A noted Dutch-Italian physiolo- gist, professor of phvsiologv successivelv at Zurich (1856), Turin (1861), and Rome (1879). He was made a senator of the kingdom of Italy in 1876. Among his works are "Physiologic der Nahrungsmittel " ("Physiology of Food," 1850), ''LehrederNahrungsmittel " (1850 : Eng. trans, as "Chemistry of Food and Diet,"lS50), " Der Kreisl.auf des Lebens " (1852), etc. Moleson (m6-la-z6n'). A noted peak and point of 'view in the canton of Fribourg. Switzerland, 18 miles east of Lausanne. Height, 6,578 feet. Moles'worth (molz'werlh), Richard, third Vis- cotmt Molesworth. Bom in IGSO: died Oct. 12, 1758. An English field-marshal, second son of Robert, first Viscount Molesworth. He was en- tered at the Tempi e, but abandoned the law and joined the army in Holland. He was present at Blenheim, and was one of Marlborough's aides-de-camp at Ramillies on !May 23, 1706. when he saved the duke's life. In 1735 he was raaoe major-general ; in 1739 lieutenant-general in Irelanrt; in 1751 commander-in-chief in Ireland; and in 1757 field- marshal. Moles'worth, Sir William. Born at Loudon, May 23, 1810: died there, Oct. 22, 18.55. An English baronet and politician, son of Sir Ars- eott-Ourry Molesworth. He entered Cambridge, but finished bis education at Edinburgh University. He lived in southern ElU"ope until 1S31, when he took part in the reform movement andw.'isreturnedraemberof Parliament for East Cornwall in 1832. He associated himself with Grote and J. S. Mill, and was disliked for his infidel opin- ions. In April, 1S.'15, he started the "London Review." His special work was in colonial policy. His edition of Hobbes's works was published in 16 voUimes from 1S39 to 184.^. In July, 1S55, he was appointed colonial secretary. Molesworth, WilUam Nassau. Bom at Mill- brook, near Southampton, Nov. 8, 1816: died at Rochdale, Dee. 19, 1890. An English historian. He graduated at Cambridge in 1830, and in 1844 was ap- pointed ^■ica^ of Spotland, near Rochdale. He was a friend of John Bright, His chief works are a "Histon' of Eng- land from 1S30" (1871-73), a " History of the Refomi Bill of 1832 " (1864), a " History of the Church of England from 1660 "(1882). Molfetta (mol-fet'ta). A seaport in the prov- ince of Bari, Apulia, Italy, situated on the Adri- atic 16 miles northwest of Bari. Population (1881), 30,056. Moli^re (mo-lyar'): the stage name of Jean Baptiste Poqiielin (p6k-lan'). Born at Paris, Jan. 1.5, 1G22 : died there, Feb. 17, 1673. A cele- Molique brated French dramatist and actor, the great- est French writer of comedies. He graduated frojn the Jesuits' College in Paris, after spending five years in the companionship of Chapelle, Bernicr, and Cyraiio de Bergerae (163i>-41). Even before graduation Moliire was promised the office of tapissier valet de chambre to the king, a distinction already held by his family for two gen- erations. He w.as not yet twenty when he followed the court to Nai-bonne on the memorable trip that w itne&scd the execution of Cinq- Mars and the last lictory of Ricbe- lieu. At twenty-three he began to de^ ote liis entire time to acting and play-writing. At the head of a troop of ac- tors he performed in Paris andtheprovinces(1643-5S). He settled down finally at Paris, where he was very successful until 1666. From that time on, the enmities conti-acted ir bis public career and the troubles in his own house embit- tered his life, told on his work, and probably hastened his death. He was seized with illness while acting the " Ma- lade imaginaire" for the first time, and died a few hours later, at his own house, from hemorrhage. His comedies include " Les pr^cieuses ridicules "(165m., "Ecole des ma- ris "(1661), "Ecole des femmes "(1662), "Lemariageforc*" (1664), "Le misanthrope " (1666), "Le medecin malgre lui " (l666),"Tartufe"(1667), " Amphitryon " (1165), "L'Avare" (1668), "Le bourgeois gentilhomme " (1670), " Les fourbe- riesde8capin"(1671), "Les femmes savantes " (1672), "Le malade imaginaire "(1673), etc. His works were published for the first time as "(Euvres de M. Molitre" (1674). I'he first complete set, edited by 'Vinot and La Grange, was en- titled "(Eu\Tes de M. Moliere, revues, corrigees et aug- mentiSes " (1682). The best modem edition of Moliirc's complete plays was made by Despois (finished by Paul Mes- nard) in the " Collection des grands ecrivains " (1873-89). Independently of the characters which Moliere shares with all the great names of literature, his fertility and justness of thought, the felicity of the expression in which he clothes it, and his accurate observation of human life, there are two points in his drama which belong, in the highest degree, to him alone. One is the extraordinary marmer in which he manages to imbue farce and burlesque with the true spirit of refined comedy. This maimer has been spoken of by unfriendly critics as " exirggerated," but the reproach argues a deficiency of perception. Even the most roaring farces of Moliere, even such pieces as " M. de Pourceaugnac " and the "Bourgeois Gentilhomme." de- mand rank as legitimate comed,v, owing to his unmatched faculty of intimating a general purpose under the cloak of the merely ludicrous incidents which are made to surround the fortunes of a p.articular person. This general pur- pose (and here we come to the second point) is invariably a moral one. Of all dramatists, ancient and modern, ilo- liere is perhaps that one who has borne most constantly in mind the theory that the stage is a lay puliut, and that its end is not merely amusement, but the reformation of mannei-s by means of amusing spectacles, ... In liril* liancy of wit he is, among dramatists, inferior only to Aris- tophanes and Congreve. Saint^bury, French Lit., p. 311. Molina (mo-le'na;. Alonso de. Bom in Esca- lona about 1510: died at Mexico, 1585 (?). A Spanish Franeiscanmissionary. He went to Mexico when a child, early learned the Nahuatl tongue, and acted as interpreter to the first Franciscan missionaries, subse- quently joining the order. His books on the KahuatI language were among the earliest printed in America, and are greatly prized by bibliophilists. Molina, Juan Ignacio. Bom in Talca, Chile, Jtme 23, 1737 : died at Bologna, Italy. Sept. 12, 1829. A Jesuit historian. After the expulsion of his order (1767) he lived in Italy, and in 1774 settled at Bologna. His principal works are "Saggio snlla storia naturale di ChUe " (1782) and " .Saggio della storia civile di Chile " (1787). They were widely read, and there are many editions in various languages. Molina, Luis. Bom at Cuenea, New Castile, 1535 : died at Madrid, Oct. 12, 1600. A Spanish Jesuit theologian. He propounded in 15SS the doc- trine that the efficacy of divine grace depends simply on the will which accepts it — that grace is a free gift to all, but that the consent of the will is requisite in order that grace may be efficacious. His chief work is "Liberi arbi- trii. etc., Concordia" (1588). Molinara (mo-le-na'ra). La. [It., ' The Miller- ess or Mill Girl.'] An opera by Paisiello. pro- duced at Naples in 1788, in London in 1803. Moline (mo-len'). A city in Rock Island County, Illinois, situated on the Mississippi near Bock Island. Popidation (1900). 17,348. Molinella (mo-le-nel'la). A town in the prov- ince of Bologna, Italy. 19 miles northeast of Bologna. Population (1881). commune, 11,336. Molinists(m6'li-nists). 1. Those who hold the opinions of Luis Molina in respect to grace, free 'will , and predestination . — 2. The Quietists, or followers of Miguel Molinos, who taught the direct relationship between the soul and God. MolinodelReyfmo-le'nodelra'). [Sp.,' king's mill.'] A place about 4 miles west of the city of Mexico, and ■} mile from Chapultepec Castle, which commands it. Here, in 1847, were several massive stone buildings used as mills and foun- dries. These buildings, defended by 4,000 Mexicans under Leon and Perez, were stormed by about the same number of Tnited States troops under Worth, Sept. 8. The battle was one of the hardest fought of the war, and the loss on lioth sides was heavy. Molinos (mo-le'nos), Miguel. Born at or near .Saragossa, Spain, Dec. 21. 1640: died at Rome. Dee. 29, 1696. A Spanish mystic, founder of the Quietists. He was condemned by the Inquisition in 1687. Hismost noted workis"Guidaspiritiiale "("Spiri- tual Guide," 1676), Molique (mo-lek'). Wilhelm Berahard. Born at Nuremberg. Bavaria, Oct. 7, 1802: died at MolicLue Caiiiistatt, Wiii'temberg, May 10, 1S69. A Ger- man violinist, and composer espeeially for the violin, iipohr gave him a few lessons, and he studied at Munich with Kuvelli. He was leader cif tiie royal band at Stuttgiu't 1820—49. In the latter yeai" he went to England, wliere he taught and passed the rest of Ms professional life. In 186t> he retired to Cannstatt. Molise (mo-le'se). A former province of the liingdom of Naples, now the province of Campo- basso, in the eompartimento of Abriizzi ami Mclise, Italy. Molitemo uu6-le-ter'n6). A small town in the |iriiviuce of BasiUcata, southern Italy. Molitor (mo-le-tor'), Comte GabrielJean Jo- seph. Born at Hayauge, Lorraine, Mandi 7, 1770: died at Paris, July 28, 1849. A French marshal, distinguished tliroughout the Napole- oide wars, especially at Essliug and Wagram in ]H)'.). Moll (niol), Herman. Died Sept. 22, 1732. A Dutch-English geoj^raplicr. He established himself in London in ItjitS. Aninng jiis works are "A System of tieography" (17ul), "A History of the English Wars in France, Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands, Germany, etc." (1705), a *' New Map of the Earth and Water according to Wright's, alias Mercator's, Projection," '* Nieuwe Kaart von noord-.Amerika " (1720), and many other maps (of Europe, Asia, Africa, and America) and charts. Moll Cutpnrse. See CkIjuo-sc. Mollendorf (mel'len-dorf), Richard Joachim Heinrich von. Born in Priegnitz, .Jan. 7. 17l'4 : (lied at Havel berg, Prussia, Jan. 28, ISIG. A Prussian field-marshal, distinguished in the Seven Years' War. He was victorious over the French at Kaiserslatitern, May 23, 1794. He did not command in the second battle. Moller (mol'ler). Georg. Born at Diepholz, Hannover, Jan. 21, 1784: died March 13, 1852. A noted (iermau architect. Moll Flanders (mol ilan'derz), The Life of. A tale by Defoe, published in 1722. " Moll Flanders " is a sort of English version of "Manon Lescaut," but there is no comparison between them as works of art and passion ; from this point of view Defoe is as crude as Provost on this one occasion was subtle and exquisite. Gosse, Eng. Lit. in IStli Century, p. 181. Mollhausen (mel'hou-zen), Baldnin. Born at Bonn, Prussia, Jan. 27, 182.3. A German trav- eler in the United States, and wi'iter of novels and works of travel. He has published "T.igebuch einer Reise vom Mississippi nach der Sndsee "(1858 : repub- lished as " Wanderungen durch die Prairien und Wusten des westlichen Nordamerika," 1860), "Reisen in die Fel- sengebirge Nordanierikas bis.zum Hochplateau voa Neu- me.viko" (1861), etc. Mollinedo y Saravia (m6l-ye-na'Tii6 e sa-rii- vo'ii), Antonio G-onzalez, often called Anto- nio Gonzalez de Saravia. Born about 174.') : died nearOajaca, Mexico, Dec. 2, 1812. A Span- ish general. He was captain-general of Guatemala .luly 28, ISOl, to March 14, 1811 ; and subsequently served against tlic revolutionists in Slexico. He was captured when they took Oiyaca, and shot. Molln (mclu). A town in Laueuburg, province of Sehleswig-Holstein, Prussia, 24 miles east of Hamburg. Eulenspiegel is alleged to have been buried there. Population (1890), 3,834. MoUwitz (mol' vits). A village south of Brieg, in Silesia. Here, April 10, 1741, was gained the first Prussian victory in the .Silesian wars. Frederick the Great was in nominal command, but left the baltle-Ileld, and Schwerinand Leopold of Dessau wei-e the rral cliiefs. Tlie Austrianswerecummandedby Neipjierg. E;uli army num- beivd about 22,00(], and lost about J.r.mi. Al.sn Mclintz. Molly Maguires (mcjl'i lua-guirz'). [A name assumed (from MnUy, a familiar form of the name M), und "Geschichte des deutsch-franzosisehen Krieges von 1870-71 " (1891). The appendix to the Last contains a fuller version of tlie article on the battle of Koniggmtz and the war of 1866 which ajj- peared in 1881. His ' Biiefe ' (18!)2) cover a peiiod of 65 ye:U"8, including, besides those from Turkey, letters from Home 184.^-46. and Paris and liussia I8.18-6L His collected works, including numerous letters, essays, speeches, auto- hiou'raphical notes, and a novel, appeared 1891-93. His military works were published separately 1892-93. Moluas (mo-lo'as). See Luba. Molucca (mo-lu'k'S) Passage. A sea passage lying between Gilolo on the east and the riorth- ■rn jiart of Celebes on the west. Moluccas (mo-luk'iiz), or Spice Islands. A collection of islands belonging to the Dutch, situated in the Malay Ai-chipelago east of Cel- ebes and west of Papua. The chief islands are Gilolo, Ternate, Amboyna, Ceram. Buiu, and the Banda Islands. The surface is generally raountaiimus, Tlie group is noted for the production of cloves and nutmegs. The inhabitants are genei-ally Alfurcs, Malays, and Papu- ans. The islands were discovered and taken possession of by the Portuguese about 1512, but have been under Dutch suzerainty since the beginning of the 17th centuiy. Area, about 20,000 square miles. Population, 375,000. Molwitz. See Molliiit-. Molyneux (mol'i-noks), William. Bom at Dublin, April 17, lliJO: died there, Oct. 11, 1698. An Irish philosojiher. He entered Trinity College, Dublin, in 1671, and the Middle Temple in l(>7ri. He devoted himself especially to pliilosoiihy and mathe- matics. His version of Desem-tes's "Meditations" was published in 1680. In 1686 he published his " Sciotlicri- cuiu Telescopuin,"and the "Dioptrica Ntiva "in 1692. lie enjoyed the intimate friendship uf .John Locke. His best- known work," The Case of Ireland's being Bound by Acta of Parliament in England Stated," was published in lilOS. Mombasa (mom-bii'sii), or Mombaz (mom- biis'). A seaport in British Kast Africa, situ- ated in lat. 4° 4' S., long. 39° 43' E. : the capital of the British East Africa Protei'torate. it was taken by the I'ortngmse in 1605, and toward the close of the century they bnill a fort there. Tiny were e\pelled in 1698. Mombasa was acquired byZanzi'liar in 1834, and ill 1890 passeil to the British East Africa Company. It is the terniiniiB of a railway to the interior, and a naval coaling-.station. Population, about 2o,i:00. Mombuttu I niom-bot'to). An import ant tribe of riiilr;il .\frii-n, densely settled in a fertile li-act on the river Welle l)etween the Nyam-Nyamaiid the .\l:iliode. Tlie Mombuttu are not so black as the N yam- Nyam.and have long noses, which give them aSemitic expression. They paint tlioir boilies, wear liark cloth, use iron and copper as currency, are in a higher state of culture than other negroes, and yet they are the worst cannibals of Ilie Hark c.inlinenl. Nuinber olimaled at 1,000,000. Mommsen(inom'zen),Theodor. Born at Guid- ing, Schleswig, Nov. .'50, 1817. A celebrated German historian. He studied philology and juris- prudence at Kiel. From 1844 to ls47 he traveled in Fi-ance and Italy, engaged in arehicologlcal studies. In 1848 he was inaile professor of law at Leipsle, a position which he was obliged to reiiouneo In 1850 in conseqm-nco of his jiarticipation in the political movenienls of 1S4S- 1840. In 1852 he became professor of Roman law at Zurich. In 1854 he accepted a similar profes.sorship at Ilreslau. and in 1857 was made jirofessor of ancient history at the rni- versity of Berlin. Ills principal work is his " KomlHche Geschichte" (" Roman llistory," 1854-56). Other works lU'O "Die roniischc Chronologie bis auf Casar " (" Roman Chl-onology down to Civsar." 1868), "Geschichte des l-o- niischen Mlinzwcseiis" ("History of Roman Coinage," I860), " Ronilsche Foi-schuiigen " ("Roman Investiga- tions," 1864-79), " Romisehes Slanlsrecht ' (1871-76), and numerous minor articles and nionograjihs on arcliieo- logh-al snbjectsand Koniaii law. As secretary, after I87;[, of the Berlin A^sideniy. he was the eilltor of the great **CurpUH inscriplionuni latlnarum" published by that Moncey body. He has taken, at various times, an active part in politics, and has been a member of the Prussiau House ot delegates, wlieie his iioUtical views were those of -the National liberal party. Mompos (mom-pos'), orMompOX (mom-poH'). A town in Colombia, department of Bolivar, situated on the Magdalena about lat. 9° 15' N. I'optUation (1886), about 10,000. Momus(mo'mus). [('jr. Mu/ior.] In Greek my- thology, a god personifying censme and mock- ery : according to Hesiod, the son of Night. Mona (mo'nii). The Latin name of Anglesea: used also for the Isle of Man. Monaco (mon'a-ko). 1. A principality situ- ated on the Mediterranean and inclosed by the department of Alpes-Maritimes, France. It pro- duces fruits, olive-oil, perfumes, liqueurs, etc. The gov- ernment is an absolute monaichy. It has been successively under Spanish. Sardinian, and French proteetion, and was united to France 1793-1814. Area, 8 square miles. Popula- tion (1890), 13,374. 2. The capital of Monaco, situated on a prom- ontory projecting into the Mediterranean 9 miles east-northeast of Nice : the ancient Her- cidis Monoeci Portus. Near it is the gambling resort Monte Carlo. Population (1890(1,3.292. Monadnock (mo-nad'nok), or Grand Monad- nock. -Vn isolated mountain in Cheshire County, southwestern New Hampshire, 37 miles southwest of Concord. Height, 3,180 feet. Monagas(m6-nii'giis), Jos6 Gregorio. Born at Mfttiirin, 1795: died at Maracaibo, 18.58. A Venezuelan soldier and politician, brother of Jos6 Tadeo Monagas. He was an unsuccessful pres- idential candidate in 1846, and was elected for the term 1851-55 ; during this period slavery was abolished (.March, 1854). After his brother's downfall he was arrested, and died in captivity. Monagas, Jos6 Tadeo. Bom near Maturin, Oct. 28. 1784: died at El Valle, near La Guaira, Nov. 18, 1868. A Venezuelan general and poli- tician. He served under Bolivar 1813-21 ; headed an unsuccessful rebellion 1835 ; was elected president for the term 1847-51 ; and in 1848 assumed dictatorial powers, im- prisoning Paezwho had declared against him. Succeeded by his brother in 1851, he took conimand of the army, and was reelected president (1855), but was deposeil in 1858 and banished. In March. 1868, he declared against Fal- con, drove him from the country, and was elected presi- dent by Congress, but died before he could assume uHice. Monaghan (mon'a-ehan). 1. A county in Ul- ster, Ireland. It is bounded by Tyrone on the north, Al'niagh on the east, Louth on the southeast, Mealh on the south, and Cavan and Fermanagh on the west. The sur- face is hilly. Area, f,00 square miles. Population (1891), 86,206. 2. The capital of the county of Monaghan, 48 miles west-southwest of Belfast. Population (1891), 2.838. Monaldeschi (mo-niil-des'ke), Marchese Gio- vanni. Died at Fontainetileau. France, Nov. 10, l(i'i7. An Italian, favorite of t^lueen Chris- lino of Sweden, murdered by her orders. Mona (Madonna) Lisa. Afamous portrait by Leonardo da Vinci, in the Louvre, Paris, it rep- resents "La Gioconda." the wife of the Florentine Fr. del Giocontlo. The painter worked at it for 4 years, and then prnclainied it nntlnislied. Monarcho (mo-niir'ko). A half-witted Italian wlio lived in London in the Kith century. He jirofessed to be the king of all the world. Armado, inShak- ^pel'e's "Love's Labour "s Lost." is supposed to be intended l.ir liim, ami iinleed is once called by Ills name. Monastery, The. A mivel by Sir Walter Scott., imlilished ill 1820. Tito scene is laid in Scotland in tlie lOtli century. " The Abbott' is a sequel or continuation of it. Monastir (mo-niis-ter'). A vilayet in European 'riirkey. Area, 7,643 square miles. Popula- tion, 1)64,379. Monastir, or Bitolia (be-to'li-il), or Toli-Mo- nastir(to'le-nio-iiiis-tor'). Atowniutho vilayet of Monastir, European Turkey, .situated in lat. 41° 1' N., long. 21° 17' E. It is an important strategic and commercial point. Population, 4.'), 000. Monastir, or Mistir (mes-ter'). A seaport in Tunis, situated on the Gulf of Ilniniiiumet in lat. 3."i° W,' N., long. 10° 51' E. Population, ;il«illt 8,0110. Monboddo, Lord. See Burnett, James. MonbuttU. See Mombuttu. Moncada (moH-kii'-fnii). Francisco de. Born at Valencia, Spain, Dec. 29,1.')86: killed at Goch, I'russia, 1()3.'). A Spanish historian and gen- eral, lie wrote a "History of I he F.xpedltion of theCata- talis and Ariigoncse against (he Turks and ti'reek8"(162:t). Moncalieri (mon-kii-le-il're). A town in the province of Turin, Italy, situaled on the Po S miles south of Turin. Population (1881), com- mune. 1 1,379. Moncey (moii-sa'), Bon Adrien Jeannot de, Hue do Conegliauo. Born .luly 31, I7.'i4 ; died • Moncey 698 April 20, 1842. A French marshal, distin- Monferrato. See ilmitferrat. gnished in the Napoleonic campaigns in Italy Monge (mohzh), Gaspard. Born at Beaune and Spain. ' " " ---- - Moncll (meneh), orWeiss-Monch (vis'mench). [G.,_^the monk,' or 'white monk.'] A peak of the Bernese Alps, situated on the border of the cantons of Bern and Valais, Switzerland. 38 miles southeast of Bern. It was ascended tiist in 1857. Height, 13,465 feet. Monck. See Monk. Monckton (mungk'ton), Robert. Born June L'4, 172(3 : died May 3, 1782. An English gen- eral, the second son of John Monckton, Vis- count Galway. He served in Germany in 1743, and in Flanders in 1745; was member of Parliament for Ponte- fract in 1751 ; in 1752 was sent to Xova Scotia ; and in 1755 assisted in carrying out Bniddock's scheme of driving the French army out of Xova Scotia. On il;irch 11, 1759, he was appointed second in command in Wolfe's espedition against Quebec, and was wounded in the assault of Sept. 13. In Feb., 1761, he was made major-general, and in 5Iarch governor of New York and commander-in-chief of the province. In the same year he engaged in the reduc- tion of Martinique. On June 2S, 1763, he'returned to Eng- land, and was appointed lieutenant-general April 30, 1770, i'runce, May 10, 1746 : died at Paris, July 18, 1818. A celebrated French mathematician, founder of the science of descriptive geometry. HeH;»s minister of marine 1792-93 ; and the chief founder of the Polytechnic School in Paris. His best-known work is '■ Geometrie descriptive" (1799). Monghjnr, or Monghir (mon-ger'), or Mungir (muu-ger'), or Mongarh(mon-gar'). 1. A dis- trictin Bengal, Britishlndia, intersected by lat. 25° N., long. 86° E. Area, 3.921 square miles. Population (1891), 2,036,021.-2. The capital of Monomotapa S'""."?' P'«'''™<'nt by Lambert Oct. 13, 165D, secured the Scottish fortresses, advanced into England, scattered Lam bert s army, and entered London Feb. 3, 1660. On Feb la he ordered the guards to a 1.S21), and the "Spectre Bridegroom "(July 2. 1S21). "IYpuI i*i°°?^San. J>ee Jlolictjaii. _ and Jerry, or Life in London "was produced at the Adelphi ■'"Onier- Williams, birMonier. See William.S. it. t. , Nov. 26, 1821, and ran continuously for two seasons; "The MonikinS, The. A novel by Cooper, published Monmouth, Duke 01 (JameS FitZTOy). Born „ See Tii.f(ii/(i». Monk's Tale, The. One of Chaucer's " Canter- bury Tales." It is unfinished, being stopped by the knight. It contains the story of Ugolino from Dante, and follows Boccaccio's "De casibus illustrium virorum" in a general way. Monkwearmouth (mungk-wer'muth). A sub- urb of Sunderland, England, situated north of the Wear. Monmouth (mon'muth). 1. A county of west- ern England. It is bounded by Brecknock on the north- west, Hereford on the northe;ist, Gloucester on the east the estuaiy of the Severn and Bristol Channel on the south| and Glamorgan on the west. The surface is hilly, except in the south. The county has important iron-works. It was included in Wales till, in 1635, it was made an Englisb county. Welsh is very generally spoken, and the counts ^ has more affinities with Wales than with England. 634 square mUes. Population (1891), 262,416. 2. The capital of Monmouthshire, situated at! the junction of the Monnow and Wve, 25 miles north of Bristol. Population (1891 "), 5.470. Monmouth. A city and the capital of Warren County, western Dlinois, 94 miles northwest of Springfield. It is the seat of Monmouth Col- lege ( United Presbyterian). Population (1900), 7,460. A %-ict.ory gained June ourt House, Freehold, Jersey, by the Ameri- cans under Washington over the British under Clinton. The Americans under Charles Lee were at flrrt repulsed. The loss of the Americans was about 230; that of the British, over 400, besides many deserters. A consid- erable number of men on both sides succumbed to the in- tense heat. Cataract of the Ganges" at Drury Lane in 1823 : it intro- in 1S35 duced a real waterfaU, which was then an innovation. For TVrrmiTTip rmo-iiem') Tlienrinr-iTinl fprnnlo r^boi- Charles Mathews the elder he wrote the "Bashful Man " ■"■'•OIll™^ (mo-nem ;. _ 1 ne prmcipal temale ehai (1826); for the Surrey Theatre, "Old Heads and Voung Shoulders " (1828); and for W. J. Hammond of the Strand, " Sam Weller "(.Inly, 1837). In 1S43 he became blind, and was admitted as a brother at the Charterhouse in 1844. He wrote more than 170 pLiys in all, besides other works. Moncton (mungk'ton). A river port in West- moreland County, New Branswick, Canada, sit- uated on the Petitcodiac 82 miles northeast of St. John. Population (1901), 9,026. Monday (mun'da). [Lit. 'moon's day.' The day was so called from its name in L., dies hiiu-e.'] The second dav of the week. tut^^h-^ / - - ^- ,^ rru <.: • i • Mondonedo (mon-don-va'THo). A town in the Moniteur (mo-ne-ter ) -The official journal province of LU..O northwestern Soain Similes tlieFrenchgovemmentl/99-1868. Itflrstappea n A^tl, riLf bloit A? T D 1?"!™' ''^™oi.';^ ■" 1"89 undcf the name "Gazette Nationale," and from 1799 north-northeast of Lugo. Population (1887), was known as the " Moniteur UniverseL actcr in Racine's " Mithridate." Monimia (mo-nim'i-il). The chief female char- acter in Otway's play ""The Orphan": an orphan left in charge of oltl Acasto, and loved by both his sons, Castalio and Polydore. Though married to the former, she became the innocent victim ?-«cutive officer Lieutenant S. D. Greene. She was Monnier, MarC. Born at Florence, 1829: died ' launched at Greenpoint, New lork, Jan. 30, 1862, and ar- at licnp-r', AniHlT^TJM \ V^a,,^\, * _J rivedat FortMonroe in theeveningof March 8,1862. On ^tneva, Apnl IS, lS>h.x A t rench poet and Maich 9 occurred the battle between the Monitor and the P^'ose-wnter. Mis works include poems, liter- Merrimac (see Merrimae), which resulted in a draw that ary criticisms, volumes on Italy, etc. was equivalent to a victory for the Monitor. Sheafterward Monnpaev f ino-nnU-'q si) A omoll tT;v,.,to», «» joined the unsuccessful expedition commanded by Captain -^-Onocacy (mo noK .i-si;. A small tributary Of JohnRodgersagainstFortDarling,nearRichmond,andw.as ,, ' f^otomae. N"e,ir it, in sunk off Cape Hatteras on her way to Beaufort. South Caro- lina, Dec. '29, 1862. SLxty vessels were built or projected on her plan during the war. The modern improved battle- ship is a combination of the Monitor and Merrimac tv-pes. Her dimensions were : length of hull, 124 feet ; beam of hull, 34 feet ; length of deck, 172 feet ; width of deck, 41 feet ; draught, llfeet; insidediameter of turret, 20feet; height of turret, 9 feet ; thickness of turret armor, 8 inches ; thickness of side armor, 6 inches ; thickness of deck armor, 1 inch; thickness of pilot-house armor, 9 inches. Arma- ment, 2 11-inch Dahlgren guns, throwing 180-pound shot. Monk, or Monck (mungk), George, first Duke of Albemarle. Born at Potheridge, Devonshire, Dec. 6. 1608 : died Jan. 3, 1670 An English gen- eral. He served as lieutenant-colonel in the Scottish war in 1640, and in the Irish rebellion of 1642. In the civil war he entered the king's service, was captured at Nantwich, and was committed to the Tower for two years. In Itur. he was released, and 1647-49 served Parliament in Ireland. In 1651 he wasleft in Scotland by Cromwell asconimander- inchief. He was associated with Blake and Deane in com- mand of thefleet in the Dutch war in 1653. In 1654 he sup- pressed the Royalist insurrection in Scotland, and was made governor of that country. He was faithful to both the I'romwells. After the death of Richard Cromwell, he took the part of Parliament and the army, and on the expul- , in the vicinity of Frederick in JIarj'land, on July 9, 1864, the Confederates (20.0\- terian iiiinistersettledat Lisburn. Heentered the linen business about 1788, and in 1795 joined the I'liited Irishmen. In the rebellion of 17i>8 he succeeded Dickson in command ; was captured on June 15; and was hung at Lisburn. Monroe (mun-ro'). A city, the capital of Mon- roe County, Michigan, situated on the Raisin 35 miles south-southwest of Detroit. Popula- tion (lUDO), 5,043. Monroe, James. Born in Westmoreland County, Va., Ajiril 28, 17.58: died at New York, July 4, 1831. The tiflh President of the United States (1817-25). neservedin theRevolutionary War; entered the Vliginia assembly In 1782; was a mcniber of Congress from Virginia 178^J-8« : wasa member of the Virginia rati- fying convention in 1788; was United States senator from Virginia 1790-94 ; was United States minister to France 1794-98; was governor of Virginia 1799-1802 ; was one of the negotiators of the Louisiatia Purchase in 1803; was United States minister to Great liritain 1803-07; was gov- ernor of Virginia in 1811 ; was secretary of state 1811-17. and secretary of war 1814-15; and was elected Presiilent as candidate of the nemocratic-Kepnblican party in 18111, and was reelected in 1820. The period of his administration is known as the "era of good feeling." Among its chief events were the acquisition of Florida (lsl9) ; the ilissouri Compromise (ls20) ; and the promulgation of the Monroe D<)ctiine(182;i). Monroe Doctrine. In American politics, the doctrine of the non-intervention of European powers in matters relating to the American con- tinents. Itrecelved its name from statements conLilned in President Monroe's annual message to fongress in Dec, 1823. at the ]>erlod of a suspected conceit of the powers in the Holy .\lliance to interfere in Spanish America in behalf of Spain. The following are the most signillrant p&ssages in the message ; *' We could not view an Inter- position for oppressing them Ithe Spanish. American re- publics] or cuntrolling in any other nninner their destiny, )>y any FiUropean power, in any other light than as a mani- festation of an unfrieiully disposition toward the Uniteti .States. . . . The American continents should no longer he Htitijccts for any new F.iiropean colonial settlement." Monrovia(mun-r6'vi-a). Thecai>italof Liliiria, Africa, sitinitcd on the coast, at the month of the Mesnrado, in lat. 0° 19' N., long. 10° 40' W. Population (1891), estimated, 5,000. Mons (mohs), Flera. Bergen (bcr'oen). The capital of the provint^e of Ilainaut, Belgitim, situated on the Trouillo in lat. 50° 27' N., lotig. 3° 50' E. It is the center of a large and rich ctMil region. The cathedral, in the late-Poitited style, was foutiiled in the middle of the 15th century. The ext4Tlor Is rich, the Interior iHiId ami graceful, ami there is stiperb ItJth.een. tury glass. The hotel de ville Is a picturewine late- I'lilnted ballding, begun In 14.W. Thefe are several hattle-tlelds In the neighborhood. A fortress was founded on the alto of the 699 city byCicsar. Mons was taken by Louis of Nassau In May, and by the Spaniards in ."^ept., 1572; was taken by the French 1691, and restored 1U97; was held by the French in the War of the Spanish Succession ; was ceded to Aus- tria in 1714 ; and was taken by the French in 1746 and in 1792. Population (1893), 2.''),114. Mons Badonicus. See Badon. Monselice (mou-sa-le'che). A town in the prov- ince of Padua, Italy. 14 miles southwest of Padua. Population (1881), commune, 10,479. Mons-en-P6v§le (mous'oii-pa-val'). or Mons- en-Puelle (moiis'ou-pU-er). A village in the department of Nord, France. 13 miles south of LUle. Here, Aug. 18, 1304, PhUip IV. defeated the Flemings. Monserrat. See iloniserrat. Monserrat (inon-se-riit'), Joaquin de. A Span- ish general, marquis of Cruillas. and viceroy of Mexico from Jan. 25, 1761, to Aug., 1766. He was the first to organize the militia of thecountr.v, araea- sure which had an important bearing on auhsequent events. Monsieur (me-sye'). [P., 'my lord,' 'sir.'] A title 11)rmerly applied to the eldest brother of the King of France. Monsieur, Peace of. See Peace of Monsieur. Monsieur, Theatre de. A theater existing in Paris, in tlie I'oire St.-Germain, in the latter ))art of the 18th century, it w.as founded by a coiffeur of Marie .\ntoitielte nami-tl Leonard Autre, and was named from ■'Monsieur," the king's brother, who backed it ("au credit duqiiel il devaitson privilege "^ Italiatiopeiaand French comedy were played there, and it had a brilliant existence from 1789 to 1791, when a new house was built for it in the Rue Feydeau and it received the name of Theatre Feydeau. Monsieur de Pourceaugnac (me-sy6' d6 piir- son-yiik'). Acomedy byMolitre, playedinl6G0: "an ingenious satire, pushed to the verge of btirlesque and farce, on the country squires of France" (l^aiiilsburi/). Monsigny (m6n-sen-yo'), Pierre Alexandre. Born near St.-Omer, France, Oct. 17, 1729: died Jan. 14, 1817. A French composer. His most successful opera was ' ' Felix, ou I'enf ant trouvd " (1777). Mons Meg (monz meg). An old cannon in the east h' at Edinburgh. It was made at Mons in l-'hitulers. Monson (mun'son). Sir William. Born 1569: died at Kinnersley, Feb., 1643. An EngUsli adtniral. In 1585 he ran away to sea, and in 1588 was made lieuteiuint of the Charles. In 1591 he was captured and detained in the castle of Lisbon. In 1594 ho took his M. A. degree at Oxford. In 10'arrow Seas ; and in 1014 was en- gaged in suppressing piracy on the coast of Ireland. He was imprisoned in the Tower Jan. 12, 1015-10, and did not serve again until the Dutch campaign of 10.'i5. Monstrelet (moiis-tre-la'), Enguerrand de. liied 1453. A French chronicler, author of a chronicle of contemporary French history (ed- ited 18.57). Monsummano (mon-som-mii'no). A town in the jirovince of Lucca, Italy, 22 miles west- iiortiiwesl of Florence. Nearit isawiu-mstalactitic grotto noted as a health-resort. Population (ISal), com- mune, 6,931. Montal)aur(mon't!i-bour). A town inlheprov- itice of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, 12 miles east- northeast of Cohlenz. Population (1S90), 3,377. Montacute 'inon'ta-kiit), or Montagu (mon'- t;i-gu), John de, tiiinl Earl ot Salisbury. Bom about 1350: beheaded at Cirencester, .Tan. 7, 1400. An English soldier, nephew of William lie Montitcute,seci)ti(l earl of Salisbury, A promi- nent Lollarpointed constable of the kings army in France, and served until the peace of 1360. In 1369 he served under John of Oaunt in the north of France. He assisted at the coronation of Richard II. in 1377, and in 1381 went with the king to meet Wat Tyler's rebels at Smithlleld. Montagnais (m6n-tan-ya'). [F., 'mountain- eers.'] 1. Acollective name given by the French (and adopted by the Engli.sh) to the group of North American Indian tribes in Quebec prov- . ince, extending along the north .shore of the St. Lawrence from near the city of Quebec to the Strait of Belle Isle, and inland northwest and northeast. They are divided into several tribes, among which are the lierseamite, Chisedec, and Tadousac. The name Montagnais is from the elevated land on which they dwelt, and they are sometimes confounded with the tribe of the Slime name of an Athapascan stock in the Rocky Mountains. They number about 2,000. Sec Atf/ouquiait, 2. A collective name given to four tribes of the northern division of the Athapascan stock of North American Indians, oecujiying the interior of British North America. These tribes are the Thilan ottine or Chippewayan jiroper. the Athapascan proper, the Ethen eldeli or Caribou eaters, anil the 1 'atsan ottine or Yellow Knives. They should not be confounded with the other Montagnais, who belong to the Algonquian stock, ^cc Athtipascaii. Montagnana fmofi-tan-ya'na). A town in the iirovince of Padua, Italy, 24 miles southwest of ^adua. Population (1881), commune, 9,941. Montagnards (mon-tiiu-yiir'). [F.,' mountain- eers. 'J A collective name given to six tribes of the northern di\ision of the Athapascan stock of North American Indians, occupying the in- terior of British North America. These tribes are the I'sa ottine or Beaver, .Sarci, Altatin or Thekeiuieh, Nehaunee, Ettcha ottine or ilauvais Monde, and Espato- tina. They number about 1.016. See Athapateaii. Montagnards. See Mountain. Montagu. See Monlitcute. Montagu (mon'ta-gfi). Basil. Born at London, April 21. 1770: died at Boulogne-sur-Mer, Nov. 27, I.Sol. An English legal and miscellaneous miter, son of John Montagu, fourth earl of Sandwich, by his mistress Martha Kay. Ac. knowiedged by his father, he was educated at the Charter- house and at Christ's College, t'ambiidge, where he gradu- ated in 1790. He was admjtted to tiray's Inn, and came to London in 1795. He w-as intimate with Coleridge and Wordsworth. He was called to the bar in 1798, and pub- lished in 1801 ''A Sunnnary of the Ijiw of .'■et t»tl," and from 1805 to 18811 he was returned to the Convention P:\rliament for Maldon. In .March. 1692, he was appointed a lord of the treasury, and indnceil I'ai'liatnent ti> niisc a loan of a millioti in atimiities baseil on new excise duties. This loan wasthehegiindng of the English national dehL Adopting Patteison's scheme for a national bank, he carried through a bill to raise a loan of i: 1,200,000 based on a toniiiige bill, the subscribers to fonn a corpoi-ation known as the (lovernor and Company of the Bank of England. On April 30, 1694, ho was made chan- cellor of the exchequer. With the aid of Soiners. Locke, Newton, and Ilalley he reformed the currency in 169.5, and for the first time Issued the exchequer bills bv which the British goveniment gets its first credit from the House I'f Commons. In UJlMi he carried his "general mortgage" scheme, by which a consolidated fund was formed. In 1098 he established the society to which a monopoly of the Indian trade was given. On Dec. l;i, 1700, he was created Baron Halifax. He was Impeached in 17ol and acquitted, btlt was not in ortleo during Aime's reign. On *k*t. 19, 1714, he was crcattnl earl of ll.-dlfax. He served as presi- dent of the Royal Society from 1096 to lia>8. He was the collaborator of Prior in the "City Mouse and Connlr>* .Mouse" (1C*17). Montagu, Edward, second Earl of Mnnclies- tcr. Ji.ini 16(12: dieilMay 5, 1C71. An English statesman, eldest son of Henry Motilagu, first earl of Manchester. Ue entered Cambridge (Sidney Sussex College) In 1018, and was elected miinberof Parlia- ment for Huntingdon In lOil. In lli'JO be was created Baron Montagu, while holding the courtesy title of Vis- count Mandevllle. In H^O he was one of twelve necnl to putlliiMi the king to call the l..ing Parliament, and was In aixord with Pyin, Ilainp.len, Fiennes, and St. John. In Jan., UI42, he was Imi|i> iiehed liy the king for high trea- son ; In Sept. commanded a n giment of fimt in Essex's anny ; and In Nov. became earl of .Manchester. In Aug., l(H:t, he was made majorgemral In the easteni counties. At Marston MoorO'uly 2, 1IH4) he was gem nd Held oltlcer with CriMnwell as commander of his horse. On Nov. '2.5, ltM4, Cromwell charged Manchester before the l^ommons witli neglect and Incompeteiu'y, and on April 2, 1645. he reslgni^l Ids conunission In the army. On Jan. 2, lt"v49, bo optHised the onllnance for the king s trial In the lioUM Mctatagu, Edward of Lords, and retired from public life before the formation of the Commonwealth. On March 15, 1649, he was uiatie chancellor of the University of Cambridge. He assisted in the restoration of Chai-les II., and in ItHiO regained many of his offices. Montagu, or Mountagu, Edward, first Earl of Sandwich Bom July L!7, W2^i : killed in a na- val action, May 28, 1G72. An EiirHsIi admiral. He followed Parliament, and in 1643 raised a regiment of foot in Cambridgeshire ; fought at Naseby June 14, and at Bristol Sept. 10, 1645 ; but had no share in the king's trial and execution. In 1656 he was appointed Blake's colleague in command of the fleet. He supported Rich- ard Cromwell, and was actively engaged in the restoration of Charles II. In 1660 he was appointed general of the fleet with Monli, and with Pepys (author of the "Diai-y") as his secretary. On M?4y '23, 1660, the king embarked on his flagship, and on May "26 landed at Dover. He was cre- ated earl of .Sandwich July 12. In 1661-62 he was engaged In Morocco and Portugal. He was blown up in his ship, the Koyal James, May 2S. in a battle with the Dutch. Montagu, Edward Wortley. Born in 1713: died in Italy, 1776. An English author, son of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu : reputed author of " Reflections on the Rise and Fall of Ancient Rfriublics''(1759). Montagu, Mrs. (Elizabeth Robinson). Bom at York, Oct. 2, 1720 : died at Montagu House, Loudon, Aug. 25, 1800. An English author and social leader. On Aug. 5, 1742, she mai-ried Edward Montagu, grandson of the first E:u-I of Sandwich. After 17.^0 she held her salon in Hill street, Mayfair. The epi- thet " blue-stocking " was first applied to her assemblies. Among her visitors were Lord Lyttelton, Burke, G-arrick, and Sir Joshua Reynolds. Her younger associates in- cluded Hannah More and Fanny Burney. In 1760 she con- tributed three dialogues to Lyttelton 's *' Dialogues of the Dead.' She visited Paris after the peace of 1763. In 1769 she wrote an essay on the "Genius of Shakspere"in an- swer to Voltaire. In 1776 she built Montagu House, now >'o. 22 Portman Square, where she died. (This w.as not the Montagu House upon the site of which the British Museum was built.) Montagu, George. Bom at Laekham, Wilt- shire, 1751: diedat Kno'svle House, Kingsbridge, Devonshire, Aug. 28, 1815. An English natu- ralist. He served as captain in the American Revolu- tion. He was aii eaiiy member of the Linnean Society (established 1788). Among his works are "The Sports- man's Directory " (1792), the '• Ornithological Dictionary, etc. " (1802), •' Testacea Britannica " (1803), etc. Montagu, John, fourth Earl of Sandwich. Bom Nov. 3, 1718: died at London, April 30, 1792. An English diplomatist, eldest son of Edward Richard Montagu, Viscount Hinchinbroke. He was educated at Eton and Cambridge, but left the univer- sity in 1738 without a degree, and traveled in Europe and the East. In Dec, 1744, he was appointed a lord com- missioner of the admu-alty by the Duke of Bedford. In 1743 he was plenlpotentiai-y at the conclusion of the treaty of Ais-la-Chapelle. In Feb., 174S, he was made first lord of the admiralty, and svas dismissed from office June 1'2, 1751. He disgraced himself at the notorious prosecution of John Wilkes. In Dec, 1770, he was appointed a secre- tary of state under Lord North, and was first lord of the admiralty during the American war, when the lowest depths of corruption were reached by the British navy. He retired from public life on the fall of the North ad- ministration, March, 1782. Basil Mont.agu was his son by his mistress. Miss Ray, who was murdered April 7, 1779. MontagU,Lady Mary Wortley. Baptized at Co- vent Garden, May 26, 1689: died in England. Aug. 21, 1762. An English writer, eldest daughter of Evelyn Pierrepont, fifth earl (later duke) of Kingston, she privately married Edward 'Wortley Mon- tagu, grandson of Edward Montagu, first earl of Sandwich, on Aug. 12. 1712. Her son Edward Wortley Montjigu was born in 1713. She was a favorite of the Princess of Wales (after^va^d Queen Caroline). Inl716ilontaguwasappointed ambassador to the Porte. He was recalled in Oct., 1717, but resided in Constantinople until June, 1718. An inter- esting account of the visit appears in her " Letters. " "While at Adrianople she observed the practice of inoculation, and assisted in introducing it into England. She wjis very intimate with Pope, but quarreled with him finiillj, and be- came an object of his mahgnity. In 1739 she again went abroad, and in 1758 settled at Venice, returning to England in 1762. Her dauahter Mary (born in 1718) became Ladv Kute. She wrote " Town Eclogues," published as "Court Poems " (1716). Her " Letters " appeared in 1763 and 1767. Montagu House. A mansion erected by Hooko tor Ralph Montagu, first duke of Montagu, "after the French manner," in the suburb of Bloomsbury, London, it was tninied down in 1686. It was rebuilt, but only partially inhabited, and was sold to the nation for £10,000 in 1753, for the reception of the Sloane collection. The last remnants of the old house were removed in 1845 and replaced by the present British Museum. Montague (mon'fa-gu). 1. In Shakspere's tragedy "Romeo and Juliet,"the father of Ro- meo. — 2. The "honest man" in Fletcher and Massinger'splay "The Honest Man's Fortune." Montague, Henry James (the stage name of Henry J. Mann). Born in Staffordshire, Eng- land, 1643: diedat San Francisco, Aug. 11, 1S78. A.T1 English-American actor. He played in London till 1874, when he made his first appearance in New York. He went to .San Francisco in 1875. He was a graceful and refined comedian. Montague, Lady. In Shakspere's "Romeo and Juliet," the mother of Romeo. 700 Montaigne (mon-tan'; F. pron. mon-timy '), Michel Eyquem de. Born at the Chatcaii Mon- taigne, Uordogne, France, Feb. 28, 1533: died Sept. 13 (?), 1592. A celebrated French essayist. His early education was carried on at home under Kis fa- ther's guiiiance. After graduating from college at Bor- deaux, he studied law. In 1559 he was at the court of Fran- cis II., and in 1571 became attached to the person of Henry III. In this year Montaigne published his friend La Bot- tle's translations from the Greek, and in 1572 edited the latter's French verses. In 15S0 he traveled in Germany, Switzerland, and Italy. He left Rome in 1581 to become mayor of Bordeaux. Montaigne is chiefly known from his "Essais" (Bordeaux, 1580: the edition of 1588 was the last to bepublishedduringtheauthor'slifetiuie. Mademoiselle de Gournay, a warm admirer of Montaigne, did not have access to a copy of this Last edition with the author's own corrections when she edited the " Essais ' in 1595, together with some posthumous writings and notes). An English translation was made in 1601 by the Italian GiovanniFlorio. based on Mademoiselle de GoiuTiay's work. The best classi- cal edition of Montaigne's "Essais "is due to J. V. Leclerc : a reprint of it was made in 1866-66. InhisessaysMontaigne studies the men of the society of his day. He examines everything in a skeptical spirit, is inclined to doubt, and his motto is Qne saisje ? Montaigne's ideas and influence are to be traced in many of the best French authorsof the 17th and 18th centuries, while outside of France his essays were diligently read by Bacon and Shakspere. Montalba(mont-al'ba), Clara. BornatLondon. A contemporary English landscape- and marine- painter. She is the eldest of the four daughtersof Antony and Emiline Montalba ; was a pupil of Isabey in Paris ; and was made associate of the London Society of Painters \n Water Colors in 1874, and of the Belgian Society in 1876. -Among her works are several Venetian scenes, one of the port of -Amsterdam, etc. Her sisters Ellen and Hilda are portrait- and figure-painters. Montalba, Henrietta Skerrett. Born at Lon- don, 1856: died at Venice, Sept. 14, 1893. An English sculptor, sister of Clara Montalba. She studied at South Kensington, at the Belle Arti in Venice, and with Jules Dalou in London. She e.vhibited first at the Royal Academy in 1876. Among her portrait-busts is one of Browning in terra-cotta (1883). Among her other works are "A Dalecarlian Peasant Woman," "The Raven," and a " Venetian Boy catching a Crab "(1893 : exhibited in Lon- don and at the International Exhibition at Chicago). Montalcino (mon-tal-che'no). A to-wn in the province of Siena, Italy, 52 miles south b.y east of Florence. Population (1881), commune, 7,851. Montalembert (mon-tii-loii-bar'), Comte de (Charles Forbes de Montalembert). Born at London, May 29, 1810 : died at Paris, March 13, 1870. A French historian, orator, publicist, and politician (representing the Roman Catho- lic and clerical interest). His chief works are " Vie de Sainte-Elisabeth de Hongrie " (" Life of St. Elizabeth of Hungary," 1836), "Les Moines d'Occident" ("The Monks of the West," 1860-68). Montalembert, Marquis Marc Rene de. Bom at Angouleme, France, Jul}" 16, 1714: died March 29, 1800. A French military engineer. His chief work is "La fortification perpendicu- laire," etc. (1776-96). Montalvan (mon-tal-vau'), Juan Perez de. Born at Madrid, 1602 : died June 25, 1638. A noted Spanish dramatist, novelist, and ecclesi- astic, apostolic notary of the luquisition. Montalvo (mon-tal'vo), Francisco. Bom at Havana. Cuba, 1754: died at Madrid, Oct., 1822. A Spanish general. He was acting viceroy of New Granada and V^enezuela, with the title of captain-general, from May, 1S13, to Dec, 1817. During this period the rev- olution was temporarily subdued, mainly by the opera- tions of MurUlo (whom see). Montana (mon-tan'yii). [Sp., 'mountain land.'] A name given in Spanish America, especially in Peru and Bolivia, to the forest-covered re- gion which forms the lower portion of the east- ern slope of the Andes, and includes the numer- ous valleys of the Amazonian tributaries. By extension the term is often used for all forest land in con- tradistinction to the open sierra, thus including portions of the plain. Montana (mon-ta'na). "One of the Western States of the United States of America. Capi- tal, Helena. It is bounded by Canada on the north. North Dakota and South Dakota on the east, Wyoming and Idaho on the south, and Idaho on the west. It is traversed by the Rockj' Mountains in the west. The eastern portion consists of plateaus and plains, and there are fertile val- leys in the west. The cliicf metals are copper and silver. The leading industries are mining and stock-raising. Mon- taua formed part of the Louisiana Purchase, and the greater part of it was included in Nebraska Territory. Gold was discovered there in 1861. Montana Territory was organ- ized inl864. It was admitted as a State in 1889. It has 24 counties, sends 2 senators and 1 representative to Con- gress, and has 3 electoral votes. Area, 146,080 square miles. PopulatioE (1900), •243,'329 Montanelli (mon-ta-nel'le), Giuseppe. Born at Fucecchio, Tuscany, about 1813: died June 17, 1803. A Tuscan revolutionist, triumvir in 1849. Montanists (mon'ta-nists). A sect of the Chris- tian church, now extinct, founded duriug the 2d century "by Montanus of Phrygia. The Mon- tanists believed in' the divine and prophetic inspiration of Montanus, the continuance of the miraculous gifts of the apostolic church, the immediate approach of the second Mont Cenis advent of Christ, and the establishment of the heavenly Jerusalem at Pepuza in Phi-ygia. They practised rigor- ous asceticism. Montanus (mon-ta'nus). Born in Phrygia, Asia Minor. Lived in the 2d centurj-. A scbis^ matic, founder of the Montauist sect probably about 157. See Montanists. Montanus, Arias. See Arids Montanus. Montan'vert (mou-ton-var'), or Monten'vers. A height in the Mont Blanc group of tiie Alps' east of Chamonix, near the Mer de Glace. It commands a fine prospect. Height, 6.303 feet. Montargis (mou-tar-zhe'). A town in the de- partment of Loiret, France, situated at the union of the Loing and Vernisson, 63 miles south by east of Paris. It contains ruins of a castle. (For the dog of Montarsis, saeAubry de Montdidier.) Pop- ulation (1S91), commune, 11,600. Montataire (m6h-ta-tar'). A manufacturing town in the department of Oiso, France, 30 miles north of Paris. Montauban (mou-to-bon')- [L. J/o«sJ?6««ks.] The capital of the department of Tarn-et-Ga- ronne, France, situated on the Tarn in lat. 44° 1' N., long. 1° 21' E. It has consider.ahletr.ide and man- ufactures ; contains a faculty of Protestant theology; and was the birthplace of Ingres. Itwasfounded in 1144 on the site of the Roman Mons Albanus. It was a stronghold of the Albigenses and theHuguenots, and successfully resisted Louis XIII. in 1621. Population (1891), .30,388. Montauban, Renaud de. See Minaldo (F. lirnuud). Montauk (mon-tak'). A tribe of North Amer- ican Indians, formerly occupying the eastern end of Long Island, New York. Those remaining about 17SS joined the Brotherton Indians in New York. One translation of their name is ' lookout ' or ' place of see- ing. See Al^onquian. Montauk Point. The easternmost point of Long Island, New York, situated in the to'wn- ship of East Hampton, in lat. 41° 4' N., long. 71° 51' W. Montbard (mon-bar'). A town in the depart- ment of Cote-d'Or, France, 40 miles northwest of Dijon. Popidation (1891), commtme, 2.509. Montbars (mon-bar'). Born in Languedoc about 1645. A French bucaneer, called "the Exterminator " from his ferocitj'. He was of good family, and accompanied his uncle, a naval officer, to the West Indies in 1663. His uncle having been killed by the Spaniards, he joined the bucaneers, rose to high command, and for several years ravaged the Spanish colonies altout the Caribbean Sea, There is no record of his subsequent life or of his death. Montbeliard (mon-ba-lyar'). [G. Mompelfjnnl.] A town in the department of Doubs, France, situated near the junction of the Allaiue and Lisaine, 36 miles northeast of Besan<;on. it h.i8 manufacturesof watches, etc., containsa chateau, and was the birthplace of Cuvier. It was the capital of a medieval countship ; passed to Wiirtemberg; and belonged to it un- til 1793. Near it was fought the battle of Belfort, Jan. 15- 17, 1871. Population (1891), conmiune, 9,561. Mont Blanc(m6h blon). [F., ' white mountain.'] The highest mountain of the Alps, situated on the frontier of France (department of Haute- Savoie) and Italy (Piedmont). The summit is crossed by the French-Italian boundary line. The Mont Blanc massif is sometimes classed with the Pennine Alps, but more generally as a group by itstlf. The mountain was first ascended in 1786. A French observatory was erected on its summit in 1893. Its largest glacier is the Mer de Glace, and the valley of Chamonix is at its foot. Height, l.-.,7Sl feet. Montbrison (mon-bre-zoii'). A town in the de- jiartment of Loire, France, situated on the Vi- zezy 38 miles west-southwest of Lyons. It was formerly the capital of the department. Popu- lation (1891), commune, 7,086. Montcalm Gozon de Saint- Veran (mont-kam' ; F. pron. mon-kiilm' go-zoh' de san-%''a-rou'), Louis Joseph, Marquis de. Bom at the Cha- teau de Candiae, near Nimes, France, Feb. 29, 1712 : died at Quebec. Sept. 14, 1759. A French general. He was appointed commander of the forces in Canada in 1756; captured Fort Ontario at Oswego in 1756^ and Fort William Hem-yinl757; repulsed the British under Abercrombie at Ticonderoga in 175S ; repelled Wolfe's at- tack on Quebec, July 31. 1759 ; and was defeated and mor- tally wounded in the battle of Quebec, Sept. 13. Montceau-les-Mines (mon-so'la-men'). A town in the department of Saone-et-Loire, France, 34 miles north-west of Macon. It is noted for coal-mines and manufactures. Pop- ulation (1891), commune, 19,612. Mont Cenis (mon se-ne'). A mountain pass of the Graiau Alps, between France and Italy, situated in lat. 45° 17' N., long. 6° .50' E. The present Mont Cenis road was made by Napoleon I. (1803- ISIO) to connect the valley of the Is^re in France with Susa in Italy : it reaches the height of 6,881 feet. The Mont Cenis tunnel, in the Mont Cenis railway route be- tween France and Italy, built 1861-70, passes under the Col de Fr^jus, 14 miles from the -Mont Cenis road. Its length is 7:i miles (the second longest in the world), and it reaches the height of 4,245 feet. Montchanin Uontchanin ^moii-sha-nau'). A mining anok to conunerce. But after the death of Henry IV. he joined a Huguenot rising, and was killed in October, 1021. Montchrestien wrote a treatise on political economy (he is even said to have been thetlrst to introduce the term into French), some p<>em8, and six tragedies, *' Sophonisbe " or " Lii c.artaginoise,". " Les La- cines,' "David," " Aman," "Hector," and "L'Ecossaise." Saintebury, French Lit., p. 289. Montclair (moiit-klar'). A township in Essex County, New Jersey, 13 miles northwest of New York." Poptdation (lilOiM, i:!,9()2.' Mont-de-Marsan (mon'de-mar-son'). The capi- tal of the department of Landes, France, sit- uated at the .iiiuction of the Dotize and Midou, in lat. 43° 54' N., Ions;. 0° 29' W. Population (18911. commune, 12.031. Montdidier (mou-de-dya'). A town in the de- partment of Somme, France, situated on the Don 20 miles southeast of Amiens. Population(1891), commune, 4,617. Mont Dore, or Monts Dore (moii dor) . A moun- tain mass in Auvcrgne, in the department of Pnv-de-Dome. Highest peak, Puy-de-Sancy (6.185 feet). Mont-Dore-les-Bains (mon-dor' la-bait'), or Bains-du-Mont-Dore. A village in the de- ])artmeut of Puy-de-D6me, France, situated oti the Dordogne about 20 miles southwest of Cler- mont-FeiTand : noted for its mineral springs. Monteagudo (mon-ta-a-gd'do), Bernardo. Born at Tuctmian (now in the Argentine Kepiib- lic), 1787: assassinated at Lima, Peru, Jan. 28, 1825. A Spanish-American republican. He«:is one ol the most intluential advocates of independence ; was sccretai7 of San ilartin ; atul was the leading sj)irit <'l ttie (Irst repui)lican government of Peru, 1S21-22, aa minister of war and marine. Montealegre (mon-ta-ii-la'gra), Jose Maria. Born at Shu Jose, March 19, 1815 : died at Mis- sion San Jose, Cal., Sept. 2G, 1887. A Costa- Riean sttitesman. .After the deposition of Jlora, he was made provisional president Aug. 14, IK.vj, and was regularly elected president May 8, 18110, holding office until May 7, 1863. Monte Alegre, Baron, Viscount, atid Marquis of. See i'listii Carrdlliii. Jusr da. Monte Amaro (mon'te ii-mil'ro). [It., 'bitter rnnuutaiii.'] The highest summit of t he Maiella grou]) of the Apennines, central Italy. Height, 9.170 feet. Monte Argentario(iir-jen-tii're-o). [It., 'silver mountain.'] Apromontory on the coast of Tus- cany, Italy, near Orbetello. Height, 2,090 feet. Monte Baldo (biil'do). A chain of the Tridcn- tine Alps, on the l)orJer of T\rol and nortiu-rii Italy, separating the Lake of Garda from the Adige. Length, 25 miles. Height of Cinna Val Dritta, 7,275 feet. Montebello (mon-te-bel'lo), Battle of. 1. A victory g-ained at the village of Moiitrbello (32 I miles south of Milan) by tlie FriMich under Lannes over tlie Austrians under Ott, .June 9, l] 1800. It was speedily followed by the l)al i Ic of Marengo. — 2. A victory gained at Montebello May 20, 18.59, by the French under Forey over the Austrians under Stadion. It was the open- ing battle of tlie Italian oara))aign of 1859. Monte Carlo (kiir'16). A place in the princi- pality of Monaco, northeast of the town ot Mo- naco. It is noted as a gambling resort, and also as a sca-bnl liiiig place and winter heallh-resort. Monte-Oaseros (mon'ta-kii-sil'ros). A village of tlie province of Buenos Ayroa, Argentine Kepublic, 25 miles west of Buenos Ayres. Here, Feb. :l, IH.vj, 111.' fMr.-.-s of Hrqulza ami his BiWlllan alllcH d< (I'litrd tb'' dli tjdor Rosas, (oning Idm from the country. Monte Cassino (kii.s-se'no). A monastery on a hill near (,'as.sino, Italy, about 45 miles nortli- West of Naples, it was founded In Ui9 hy St. Benedict, and Is the rraille of the famous Heucdictlnc order. The existing buildings, archltectundly plain, are Imposing from their enormous size. The arcadi-d courts and cloister are handsome. The great church, rebuilt in the 17(h century. Is not pure In style, but la almost inconceivably ricth In Its profusion of precious mnriiles mosaic, scnlpture.aitd paint- inc. I'lie walnut cholr-sUdts are exiiulsltely carved. It is 701 a national monument, with a renowned school, library, and archives. Montecatini di Val di Cecina (mon-te-kii-te'- iie de viil de cha-che'niij. A small town inthe province of Pisa. Italy. Montecatini di Val "di Nievole (ne-a'v6-le). A small town in tlie province of Lucca-, Italy, 24 miles west-northwest of Florence. It has wann baths. Monte Cavo (mon'te ka'vo), or Mount Albano (iil-bii'iio). The highest summit of the Alban Mountains, situated 15 miles southeast of Rome. On it are the ruins of the temple of Jupiter La- tiaris. Heiglit, 3,145 feet. Montecchio (mon-tek'ke-6). A town in north- ern Italy, 20 miles east of Verona. Monte Ceneri (mon'te cha'ne-re). Amountain southwest of Bellinzona, in Switzerland. It is penetrated by a railway tunnel. Montecerboli (mon-te-cher'bo-le). A place in the province of Pisa, Italy, 42 miles southwest of Florence. It is noted for boraeic springs or lagoons. Monte Como. See Gran Sasso d'ltalia. Monte Cristo (kres'to). A small uninhabited island in the Mediterranean, belonging to Italy, situated 27 miles south of Elba. Monte Cristo. The principal character in Du- mas's novel "'Le Oomte de Jlonte Cristo." He is originally Edmond Danti'S, an innocent youth, unjust iy imprisoned. He escapes, becomes immensely wealthy, and carries out an elalxn-ate system of revenge in the various disguises of the Count of Monte Cristo, Lord Wilmore, the Abbi Faria. and the Abb6 Busoni. Montecuculi (mon-te-ko'ko-le), or Montecuc- coli (mon-te-kok'ko-le). Count Raimondo, Duke of Melfi. Born at the castle of Montecu- culi, in the territory of Modena, Italy, 1608: died at Linz, Austria, Oct. 16, 1680. A noted Austrian general. He served with distinction in the Thirt> Years' War : eolniiiaiided tlie Austrian army sen- to the assistance of Poland against the Swedes and Transyl- vanians 1657-60; gained the victory of St. (lotthard over the Tui'ks Aug. 1, 1664 : and opposed Turcnne and Conde on the Rhine 1672-76, without lighting any decisive battle. His works include "Commentarii bellicicum punctoartis belliesQ systemate " (171S). Monte dellaDisgrazia(mon'te del'Uidis-griit'- se-ii). A peak of the Alps, on the borderof Italy and the canton of Orisons, Switzei-land, north- west of SomWo. Height, 12,050 feet. Montefiascone (mon-te-fe-iis-ko'ne). A town in the province of Rome, Italy, 50 miles north- northwest of Rome. It produces muscat wine. Pripulotion (1890), 3,092. Montefiore (mon-te-fo-o're), Sir Moses Haim. Born at Leghorn, Oct. 24, 1784: died at Rams- gate, July 28, 1885. An English-Jewish philan- thropist. He was the son of an Italian- Jewish merchant of London. He amassed a fortune as a stockbroker in London, and retired in 1S24, devoting himself tlicrt after to improving the condititpu of the .lews. In Nov., IsHi, he obtained a tirman securing the rights of Jews throngbout the Ottoman empire. In 1846 he secured the abrogation of the ukase of the czar Nicholas, removing the Jews o:i the German and Austrian frontier into the interior of It ns- si.i. On June 10, 1812, he married Judith, second dauglitir of Levi Cohen, brother-in-law of liarcm Xathaii Mayer de Itotbschibl. Ileiiublisbed a " Narrative ot a Forty Days' N,j 11 in the Holy Land " (187:'i). Monte Generoso (mon to je-no-ro'.s6). A mountain southeast of the Lake of Lugano, on the border of Switzerland and Italy. It com- mands a line prosjiect, and is ascended by a rack-and-pinion railway. Height, 5,.500 feet. Monte Gennaro (.ien-nii'ro). One of the chief peaks of tlie Sabine Mountains, Italy, 7 miles iiorlli of Tivoli. Height, 4,100 feet. MontegO Bay (mon-to'go ba). Aseajiort on I he northern coast of Jamaica. Population (1891), 4,.sil3. Mont6gut (mSn-ta-gil'), Jean Baptiste Joseph fimile. Born June 24. 1825: died Dec. 11, 1895. A French litterateur and translator from Ihe English. About 1847 he introduced the doctrines of Emerson, then unknown in Frnncc, in an article in the '■ Bevue des Deux Mondes." In lsf>ll he publishid a trans- lation of Emerson's |ibllosophieal essays ; In 1862 he became literary critic of "Le .Moniti ur Inivereel. " He also pub- lished volumes of literary criticisms anil tinimliitlons. Montejo (nion-la'llo), FranclsCO. Dorn in Sal- aiiiaiica alioiit 1484: died in Spain about 1,5.50. A Spanish soldier. In ItiU he went to Darlen and soon after to Cuba; was one of Orljalva's captains in I.MS; and followed Cort<58. and was his agent in Snnin l.Mll-22 and 1!)26. In the latter year ho was autborUeil to eonquer andgovern Yucatan, and sailed In ir>2"«ith three slilpsaud live hundred men. After much lighting with Ihe Indians ho wasdrlven frmn the peninsula In l,^:tr>, but comiuered part of lampeche. From l.'.37lo l.MH he wiia governor of Hon- duras. In ir>40 he delegated his alllhorlly in Vuealan to his son (of the same name) while he made an expcdillou Into Chiapas. Ills b(hi having founded Merlda, l.'>4'2, and sulidiieil most of the peninsula. Montejo returned to Yu- catan, but was deposed on charges In 1&4S. Montero, Lizawlo Monte Leone (mon'te la-6'ne). A peak of the V'alais Alps, netir the Simplon Pass, on the bor- der of Switzerland and Italy. Height, 11, 660 feet. Monteleone di Calabria (de kii-la'bre-a). A town in the province of Catanzaro, Italy, in lat. 38° 44' N., long. 16° 8' E. : the aucicnt Hippo- iiium, later Vibo Valentia. It has an ancient castle. Popidation (1881), 9,811. Monte Lettere (mon'te let'te-re). Amountain in the neighborhood of Castellamare, Naples: the ancient Mens Lactarius. Here, March, 553, a battle was fought between Xarses and Xelas, the last king of the Goths in Italy, lu which the latter wad defeated and slain. Montelimar (m6n-ta-le-miir'). A tovm in the department of Drome. France, situated near tlie .piiictioii of the Roubion and Jabrou, 25 miles south of \'ali'iice. Pop. (1891), commune, 13,764. Monte Massico. See Massicus. Montemayor (mon-ta-mii-yor'), Jorge de. Bom at Montemayor, Portugal, about 1520: died at Turin, Feb. 26, 1561. A Spanish romancer and poet, author of the pastoral romance "Diana Enamorada " (which see). " In his youth he was a soldier ; but later, from his skill in music, he became at- tached to the travelling chapel of the piince of Spain, afterwards Philip the .Second, and thus enjoyed an oppor- tunity of visiting foreign countries, especially Italy and Handers." Tichwr, Montemolin (mon-ta-mo-len'). Count of. A iiaiiK- assumed by Don Carlos (1818-(;i). Montemorelos. " See Jforelo.i. Monte Motterone (mot-te-ro'ne). A mountain in norllicru Italy, west of Stresa on Lago Mag- giore : famous for its view. Height, 4,890 feet. Monten (mon'ten), Dietrich. Born at Diissel- dorf, Prussia, Sept., 1799: diedat Munich, Dec. 13, 1843. A German painter of battle-scenes. Montenegro (mon-te-na'gro). Serv. Cma Gora (clier'na go'ra), Turk. Kara Daeh (kii'rii diig) (all metiuing 'black mountain ). A princi- pality of Europe, surrounded by Dalmatia, Herzegovina, Raseia (Novi-Bazar), Albania, and the Adriatic Sea. Capital. Cettin.ie. The surface is mountainous. The chief occujiation is tii% raising of cattle. The government is practically an ab- solute hereditary monarchy. The i>revailing reiigiiui is orthodox (iieek. The Montenegrins are of .Servian race, and speak a dialect of that language. Montenegro be- came independent of Servia in 13S9; came under the rule of prince-bisliopsin 1516 ; has been under the present dynasty since 1C97; became a secular state under Danilo I.(lS.'',l-60) ; and has been at war with the Turks for over 400 years (re- cently in 1852-53. lS61-ii2. JS70-7S). It acquired territory in 1878and in 18S0(inelnding iiuleigno). Area, estimated, 3,6;i0 scjuare miles. Population, estimated, 22s.ooo. Montenotte(mon-te-not'te). A village 26 miles west of Genoa, Italy. Here, April 12, 1796. Napoleon began his first Italian campaign by defeatiugthe Austrians under D'^Vrgcnteau. Monte Pellegrino (mon'te pel-le-gre'no). [It., "pilgrim mountain.'] An isolated mountain near Palermo, in Sicil.v. on the coast. It was occupied by Hamilcar in tlie first Punie war, and then calleil Heircte or Ercto. Formerly it was au island. Height. 1,900 feet. Mont^pin (mon-ta-pau'), Xa'Tier Aymon de. Born at Ajiremont.Haute-Saone, France, March 18, 1824: died at Passy. Paris. May 1, 1902. A French novelist and plavwriglit. He wrote nearly 100 novels aod about HO plays, and collaborated in 1848 on anti revidutionary f<)iirnals. His works have been trans- lated into nearly all languages. Montepulciano (mon-le-piil-chii'no). A cathe- dral city in tlie province of Siena, Italy, 35 miles south-southeast of Florence: famous for its wine. It was the birthplace of Poliziano. Poimlatioih, 2,952. Montereau (mout-ro'). A town in tlie de])art- nunt of Scine-et-Marne, France, situated at the junction ot the Yonno and Seine, 51 miles southeast of Paris. It has a lino church. John the Fearless, duke of llurgunily, was assassinatetl here at the instigation of the dauphin (afterward Charles \'ll.). Sent, 10, 1411). Here, Feb. 18, 1814, Napoleon defeated the Allies under the Crown Prince of wurteiuberg. rt>pulatiou (Is'.il), commune, 7,072. Monterey (mon-ta-rii'). [Sp.,' king mountain.'] A city, the capital of (he state of Nuevo Leon, Mexico, sitiiati'd near lat. 2.5° -10' N., long. 100'^ 25' W. It was taken bythe fnitcd .States tnmps (6,500) under Taylor from the Mexicans (about 10,000) under Am- pudla, after :i days' lighting, Sept. 21, 1846. Population nsw), 5n,8.'i.'>. Monterey (mon-le-ni'). A city in Monterey Coiinlv. California, silnafedonthe Bnvof Mon- lercv 111 lat. 36° 35' N.. long. 121° .53' \V. It Is a n'.ded winter and health resort. A Spanish mission WHS. siabllshi'.l h.rein n"((. It wiw the capital of Califor- nia uiilil 1MI7. l'..|.ulallon (llHXl). l,-4». Monterey, Count of, Vici'roy of Peru and Me.\- ioo. .See /iiiiiiin ji .i:riiilii. (Inspar dr. Montero (moii'-la'ro). LizardO. Bom in the inovincc of I'iura, May 27, 1832. A Peruvian Montero, Lizardo naval officer and politician. He joined the rebellion of Vivanco (1856-58) ; was prominent in the defense of Cal- lao ill 1866 and in the war against Pierola in 1874, and in the latter year was a presidential candidate ; was made admiral, but fought with the land forces against the Chil- eans 1879-Sl ; and after the fall of Lima was vice-presi- dent in the provisional government, and soon after presi- dent. Calderon being imprisoned by the Chileans, Mon- tero assumed the executive power at .\requipa. In Oct., 1883, he was driven into Bolivia by the Chileans ; but soon after returned and submitted to Iglesias. Montero, Luis. Died in 1868. A Perurian painter. His principal work is the "Funeral of Atahualpa" (which see). Monte Rosa (mon'te ro'sa). [It., 'rosy moun- tain.'] The highest mountain of the A'lps next to Mont Blanc, it is situated on the border of north- ern Italy and the canton of Valais, Switzerland, 60 miles north of Turin. It was first ascended in 185S. Height, 1,1,217 feet (Dufour Spitze). Monte Rotondo (ro-ton'do). [It., ' round moun- tain.'] One of the principal summits of Cor- sica, in the central part. Height, 8,775 feet. Montes, Lola. See Gilbert, Marie D. E. B. Monte San Giuliano (san jo-le-a'no). [It., ' mount of St. Julian.'] A mountain near Tra- pani and near the western extremity of Sicily : the ancient Eryx. it was the ancient shrine of Venus Erycina, and figured in the first Punic war. Height, 2,465 feet. Monte San Salvatore (sal-va-t6're). [It., 702 houses which lined the neighboring quay. The potters' stamps on the fragments show that this rubbish-heap was still used in the 4tli centuiy, and it is believed to have been begun about tile inception of the empire. The view from the summit is celebrated. Montevarchi (mon-te-var'ke). A smaU town in the province of Arezzo, Italy, 24 miles south- east of Florence. Monte Velino (mon'te ve-le'no). One of the principal summits of the Apennines, about 50 miles east-northeast of Rome. It was the scene of the defeat of Conradiu by Charles of Anion in 1268. Height, 8,160 feet. Monteverde (mon-te-ver'de), Claudio. Born at Cremona, Italy, 1568 (?): died 1643 (?). An Italian composer. Among his works are the operas "Arianna" (1607) and "Orfeo" (1608). Monteverde (mon-ta-ver'da), Juan Domingo. Born in Teneriffe. Canary Islands, about 1772 : died in Spain, 1823. A Spanish general. From 1811 to the end of 1813 He was the most prominent royalist commander in Venezuela, though without legitimate au- thority. He received the submission of SJiranda in July, 1812, and in violation of his treaty sent him a prisoner to Spain. His cruelty to the subjugated provinces led to fresh rebellions. He was repeatedly defeated by Bolivar and at length besieged in Puerto Cabello, where he was deposed by his own followers in Dec., 1813. He returned to Spain in 1816. Monteverde, Jules. Bom at Bistagno, Italy, Oct. 8, 1837. An Italian sculptor. ' mount of the holy Saviom-.'] A noted pbint Montevideo (m"ou-7e-"fid'g-6 ; Sp.'pron. mon-ta- of view near Lugano in Switzerland. Height, 2,980 feet. Monte Sant-Angelo (sant-an'je-16). [It., ' mount of the holyaugel.'] Atown and place of pilgrimage in the province of Foggia, Apulia, Italy, 28 miles northeast of Foggia. Mon'tes-Claros, Marquis of, Viceroy of Mexico and Peru. _ See Hiirtudo de Mendo;:a y Luna. Montesino' (mon-ta-se'no), or Montesinos (mon-ta-se'nos), Antonio. Died after 1526. A Spanish Dominican missionary. He went to Espanola in 1510 ; was the first to preach against Indian slavery; and in 1511 was sent to Spain to appeal against the evil. His representations resulted in the promulga- tion of the "laws of Burgos." Later he was a friend of Las ^asas, and was constantly engaged in helping the Indians. From 1521 he preached in Porto Eico, and he is known as the apostle of that island. He accompanied Ayllon's ex- pedition to Florida in 1526. Montesinos(m6n-ta-se'n6s'). Acharaeterinme ve-THa'6). The capital of Uruguav, situated on the estuary of the Rio de la Plata in lat. 34° 54' 33" S., long. 56° 12' 18" W. it has important foreign commerce ; exports hides, wool, tallow, horns, etc. ; is the tenninus of various steamship lines ; and has a uni- versity and a cathedral. It was colonized by Spanish set- tlers in 1726 ; taken by the British in 1807, but recovered the same year ; and since 1828 has been the capital of Uruguay. Until 1834, when the walls were removed, it was little more than a fortress. Population (1892), with suburbs, 238,080. Monte Viso (mon'te ve'so). A peak of the Cot- tian Alps, in Italy, near the French border, 42 miles southwest of Turin, it contains the source of the Po, and is one of the most conspicuous peaks of the western Alps. Height. 12,616 feet. Monte Vulture (v61-to're). [It., 'Mount Vul- ture.'] An extinct volcano in southern Italy, near Melfi : the ancient Vultur Mons. It was on the boundary of the ancient Apulia and Lueania. Height, 4,365 feet. dieval romance. Don Quixote's visit to the cave of Montez, Lola. See Gilbert, Marie D. E. R. Montesinos(bookii., chap. 23) is an important part of tliat Montezuma (mon-te-zo'ma), or MotecZUma (mo-tak-zo'mii): calledMontezumaL.and sui- named Ilhuicamina (el-we-ka-me'uil) ('arch- er of the heavens'). [Nahuatl, 'angi'y chief.'] Born about 1390 : died 1464. A war-chief or " emperor" of ancient Mexico. He was the son of Huitzilihuitl, and succeeded his brother Izcohuatl in 1436 (formally inaugurated 1440). He had wars with the Mix- tecs and TlasciUans, and is said to have carried his arms to the Gulf of Mexico. Also written Muttczxima (Cortes), Montezuma (Bernal Diaz and Oviedo), Motezmna (Acosta), Moctczmiw, Moiecuhzoma, etc. Montgomery Casale. Its marquises from the 10th century ruled not only in Italy but for some time in Greece. A branch of the Piilieologi ruled from 1306. The marquisate was made a duchy and united to Mantua in 1536. Its possession was later a matter of dispute between Mantua and Savoy It passed to Savoy in 1703. Montfleury (m6h-fle-re'), Antoine Jacob, called. Born at Paris, 1640: died at Aix, 1685. A French dramatist, son of Zacharie Jacob, also called Montfleury, an actor. His comedy "La f emme j uge et p.irtie " (1669) is still played, though reduced to three acts. It was almost as successful as " Tartufe. " He wrote sixteen comedies, partly on contemporary sub- jects and partly adaptations of Spanish originals. The two best are "La Femme Juge et Partie" and "La Fille Capi. taine." They belong to an older style of comedy than Moli^re's, being both extravagant and coarse, but there is considerable vis cmnica in them. Saintsbury, French Lit., p. 313. Montfort (moh-for'), Comte Simon de. Killed near Toulouse, France. June 25, 1218. A French, commander and crusader, leader of the crusade against the Albigenses in 1208. He was the father of the following. Montfort(mont'fort; F.prou. m6n-for'), Simon of, Earl of Leicester. Born about 1208: killed at Evesham, Aug. 4, 1205. A celebrated Eug. lish general and statesman. He was the son of Si- mon de Montfort (see preceding name). The earldom of Leicester came into the family through his grandmother, Amicia, daughter of Robert of Beaumont, third earl of Leicester. In 1238 Montfort m,arried Eleanor, widow of ■VVilliam Marshal, earl of Pembroke, and sister of Henry III. In 1240 he went on a crusade. In 1243 he was ap- pointed governor of Gascony. His vigorous administration resulted in an open quarrel with the king, and he resigned his office Sept. 29, 1252. The ill feeling between the earl and king forced Simon more and more into the popular party, and he was openly recognized as leader of the " bar- ons' war " in 1263. On May 14, 1264, he captured the king, and became virtually governor of the kingdom. By writa in the king's name (Dec. 14 and 24, 1264) he summoned to a parliament, which met in London Jan. 30. 1266, 120 churchmen, 23 lay barons, and 2 knights from every shire, and .also 2 citizens from every borough in England — the first appearance of the Commons. At this piu-liament the qu.arrel between Simon and Gilbert, earl of Gloucester, began, which ended in the death of Simon .at Evesham. Montfort, Simon of. Born near Brindisi, 1240 : died near Siena, Italy, 1271. The second child of Simon of Montfort, earl of Leicester, in the "barons'war "of 1264 hedefended Northampton against the king, and was captured April. After his father s victory at Lewes, May 14, 1264, he was made constable of Porches- ter. He reached Evesham after the death of his father, Aug. 4, 1265, and was obliged to surrender to Edward at Christmas. He was banished, and was still in France March 26, 1268. On March 13, 1271, he assisted in the murder of Henry of Cornwall. Montfort-l'Amaury (moh-for'la-mo-re'). A small town in the department of Seiue-et-Oise, France, 20 miles west by south of Paris. It con- tains the ruined castle of tlie counts of Montfort. romance. Montesinos, Fernando. Born at Osuna, Se- ville, about 1600: died, probably in Seville, about 1655. A Spanish lawyer and historian. From 16'29 to about 1650 he was in Peru, where he held important oflfices and made special studies of mines and of early Indian history. His princip;U works are "Memo- ,, ,, ■ ■ , -- «». ^ .^ , - rias antiguas historiales del Peru" and "Anales nuevas (lormally inaugurated 1440). He had wars with the Mix- Mont Geue'Vre (moil zhe-uavr'). A pass in del Peru," first published in French (1840) and in Spanish *-'= -""i •^'-='->'"— —■'=■■"■■■•'*" •—• ~~^ '.: ■. - ,. „ . (1882). Montesinos gives a long list of the pre-Incarial monarchs of Peru, which he professes to have received from the natives. Montespan (muu-tes-pou'). Marquise de Montezuma, or Moteczuma: called Montezu- (^Frangoise Athenais de Rochechouart). man.,orXocoyotzin(H6-k6-y6t-zen'). Born Born 1641: died at Bourbon-l'Arehambauit, France, May 27, 1707. Amistress of Louis XIV. She w.as a daughter of the Due de Mortemart, and married the Marquis de Montespan in 1663. She succeeded Made- moiselle dela Valliere asmistress of Louis XIV. about 1667. and was in turn supplanted by Madame de Maintenon three years later, although she was not wholly discarded before 1686. She eventually entered a convent. She had eight children by the king, including the Due de Maine, Louis C^sar, the Comte de Vesin, and the Comte de Toulouse. The Marquis d'Antin was her son by her husband. Montesquieu (mou-tes-kye', Anglicized mon- tes-kii'), Baron de la Br4de et de (Charles de Secondat). Born at the Chateau de la Brede, near Bordeaux, Jan. 18, 1689: died at Paris, Feb. 10, 1755. A celebrated French writer. He ■was brought up at the College of Juilly, near Meaux, and retmned to his native province to study law. In 1714 he was made councilor, and in 1716 president, of the Bor. deauxparliament. He was not in sympathy, however, with the duties of his position, and he gradually withdrew from them and devoted his attention to the study of literature and jurisprudence. In 1721 he won fame in the world of letters with his " Lettres persanes," in which he criticizes cleverly the French society of his time. For this work he was elected to the French Academy in 1728. The follow- ing years were spent in travel, and he visited successively Austria, Italy, Germany. Switzerland, Holland, and Eng- land. On his return to France he gave up the remainder of his life to literary work. Among his many productions, the two which have contributed most to his renown are the "Considerations sur les causes de la grandeur et de la decadence des Romains"(1734), and "L'Esprit des lois" 0748) (which see). Montes Rauraci. See Abmba. Monte Testaccio (mon'te tes-ta'cho). [It., 'potsherd hiU.'] A hill in the extreme south- em part of Rome, southwest of the Aventine, on the left bank of the Tiber, it is about lis feet in height above the surrounding area, and 2.500 in cir- cumference, and is formed entu-ely of the fragments of pot- tery vases, chiefly amphorse, from the extensive ware- in 1477 (according to Bernal Diaz in 1479): died at Tenochtitlan, June 30, 1520. An Az- tec war-chief or " emperor" of Mexico at the time of the Spanish conquest. He was the son of Axayacatl, and succeeded his uncle Ahuizotl in 1503. Be- sides his almost continuous wars with the Tlascalans and Tarascans, he carried his arms far southward, and is said to have invaded Honduras : thousands of captives were brought back for sacrifice in the temples. Tlie tidings of ships and white men on the coast excited his superstitious fears. W\\ev. Cortis landed he sent him presents, but tried to dissuade him from coming to Tenochtitlan. Cortes in- sisted, and reached the city with his army in Nov., 1519. He w.as well received and given rich presents, but, fearing violence from the natives, seized Montezuma in his own house and confined him in the Spanish quarters as a hos- tage. The Aztecs at length rose in arms and attacked the quarters: Montezuma, at the request of Cortes, appeared on the wall and attempted to expostulate with them, Ijut was received with a shower of stones, and died of his wounds four days later. Descendants of one of liis daugh- the Cottiau Alps, department of Hautes-Alpes. France, 7 miles northeast of Brian9on, on the Italian border. It has frequently been crossed by armies. Height, 6, 100 feet. Montgolfier (mont-gol'fi-er; F. pron. mou-gol- fya'), Jacques £tienne. Born at Vidalon-lez- Annonay,Ardeche. France, Jan. 7, 1745: died at Servieres, Aug. 2, 1799. A French mechanician and inventor. Like his elder brother, Joseph Michel, he studied mathematics, mechanics, and physics. He was for a time an architect, but gave up that profession in order to take charge with his brother of his father's paper-manu- factory at Annonay. Together with his brotherhe invented the form of air-balloon known as the montgolfier, a pub- lie experiment with which was made at Annonay in 1782. The experiment was repeated by .Toseph Montgolfier before the court at Versailles, Sept. 19, 1783, and both brothers were subsequently elected corresponding members of the Academy. Montgolfier, Joseph Michel. Born at Vidalon- lez-Annonay, Ardeche, France, 1740 : died at Balaruc, France, June 26, 1810. A French mechanician, brother of Jacques fitienne Mont- golfier, with whom he was associated in the in- vention of the air-balloon. ters are still living in Mexico. After the Spanish conqueft Mnnf (rnmpnV (mont iriiTn'p ril AloTpnHor Montezuma became a mvtliical nersonane amone the Tn. •"i°'l''6°'"^Jl?-i,™5"t -gum e-ri;, Alexancler. Born about loo6 : died before 1615. A Scottish poet, a relative of the earls of Eglinton. His Montezuma became a mythical personage among the In dians; this hero or hero-god they mention to strangers as their principal deity, although they do not pay him the slightest worship. In New Mexico modern travelers and tourists have thought that they have discovered a Monte- zuma worship, which, however, does not exist. Montezuma, Baths of. See Te^cot-inco. Montfa,ucon (m6u-f6-k6h'), Bernard de. Bom at tlie Chateau Soulage, in Languedoc, France, Jan. 18, 1655: died at Paris, Dec. 21, 1741. A French critic and classical scholar, .\niong his works are "Palreographia Grajca " (1708), " L'Antiquit^ ex- pliqu6e et representee en figures "(1719-24), "Les monu- ments de la monarchic fran(;aise " (1729-33), an edition of Athanasius, etc. Montferrat (mon-fer-ra'). It. Monferrato (mon-fer-ra'to). [It., 'iron mountain.'] A former marquisate, later a duchy, in north- western Italy, lying south of the Po and north of the Ligurian Apennines and Alps. Capital, chief work is the allegorical poem "The Cherry and the Slae" (1597). He also wrote "The Flyting betwixt Mont- gomery and Polwart," etc. Montgomerie, AJchibald William, thirteenth Earl of Eglinton. Born at Palermo, Sicily, Sept. 29, 1812: died at St. Andrews, Scotland, Oct. 4, 1861. A British politician, lord lieutenant of Ireland in 1852 and 1858-59. Montgomery (mont-gum'e-ri). 1. A county in Wales. It is bounded by Merioneth and Denbigh on the north, Slu'opshire on the east, Radnor on the south, and Cardigan and Merioneth on the west. It is hillyand moun- tainous, and has lead-mines and flannel manufactures. Area, 797 square miles. Population (1891), 58,003. 2. 'The capital of the county of Montgomery, situated near the Severn 21 mUes southwest of Shrevvsbiu'v. Population (1891), 1,098. Montgomery Montgomery. jV district ul' the Panjab, British India, intersected by lat. 30° 40' N., long. 73° E. ^Vrea. 5,754 square miles. Population (1891), 4y!l..'>21. Montgomery. The capital of Alabama and of Montgomery County, situated on the Alabama in lat. 32° 21" N., long. 86° 25' W. it has a Hour- ishin? trade, especiiilly in cottun. It became the Siaie capital ill 1S47, atid was the capital of the Confederate States Feb.-May, 1861. Popillaticm <190lJ), 30,346. Montgomery(m6u-gom-r6'),Gabriel,Comtede. Born aliout 1.530: e.xeeutedat Paris, May 25,1574. A Frenr'li eommiinderwho, by accident, mortal- ly wounded Henry II. in a tournament June 30, 1559. He retiretl to Normandy aiul thence escaped to England, where he became a Protestant. Returning to France on the death of his father, he took part in the reli- gious wars of the period ; estatilisht-d himself about 1.^7 1 in the islands of Jersey and Guernsey, whence he directed an expedition against France ; and was finally captnredand put to tleath. Montgomery Cniont-gum'e-ri), James. Bom vt Irvine, Ayrshire, Nov. 4, 1770: died April 30. 1854. A Scottish poet, son of .lohn Montgom- ery, a Moravian clergyman, in 1702 he entered the office of the "Sheffield Hegister," and in 1705 the pai)L'r became his property : the name had been changed to the "Sheftield Iris." In 1S06 his poems "The Wanderer of Switzerland" and "The Grave" won him recognition. The numerous hymns on which his reputation chietly rests were cbllected in 1853. His lectures on poetry liefore the Royallnstitutionwerepublishod in 1833. His other worl:s are" "The West Indies" (1810), "The World before the Hood " (1812), " Greenland (1819). ' ' Pelican Island " ( 1826). Montgomery, Richard. Born at Swords, Coun- ty Dublin, Ireland, Deo. 2, 1736: killed before Quebec, Dee. 31, 1775. An American Revolu- tionary general. He commanded an expedition for the invasion of Canada in 177f>, during which he captured Fort I'hambly and Montreal. He was killed while leading an :itt:ick on Quebec. Montgomery, Robert. Born at Bath, England, 1807: died at Brighton, England, Dec. 3, 1855. All English poet. Among his poems are "The Stage- coach" (1827), "Omnipresence of the Deity " (1858). "Sa- tan, etc." (1830), "The Pufflad " (1830), etc. "With an unfortunate facility in ilorid versilication Montgomery combined no genuinely poetic gift, filacaulay, in trying to anticipate the office of time, oidy succeeded in rescuing him from theoblivion to whichhe was properly destined." Did. Xal. Bu/'i. Montgomery Charter.The. A charter granted to the city of New York by John Montgomery (" Captain General and Governor in chief of the Province of New York and the Province of New Jersey and territories depending thereon in America, and Vice Admiral of the same") mi- der George II., dated Jan. 15,1730. ItexteBded the Dongan Charter, and was in force until 1830. Montherme (mon-ter-ma' ). A town in the de- partment of Ardennes, France, situated on the Meiise 8 miles north of M^zi^res. Population flSOl I, commune, 3,870. Montholon (m6h-to-16n' ), Comte Charles Tris- tan de. Born at Paris, July 21, 1783 : died Aug. 21, 1853. A French general, companion of Na- poleon at St. Helena, and one of his executors. He published, with Gourgaud, "M^moires pour servir h I'histoire de France sous Napolt^on, Merits h Sainte-II616ne sous sa dicti^e " (1823), etc. Monthyon. See Monti/on. Monti (raon'te),Vincen20. Bornat Fusiguano, near Ravenna, Italy, Feb. 19. 1754: died at Milan, Oct. 13. 1828. A noted Italian poet. Cardinal Borghese was so much pleased with his "Vision of Ezckiul" (1776) tliat he took him to Rome, where, after winning praise as a poet, he essayed tragedy in imitation of his friend Altlcri. At this time he wa,'. the secretary of Cardinal Braschi, the Pope's nephew. His"Bassevilliana" (1793) was inspired l)y the ma.ssacre by the populace of the French envoy .Basseville. He was professor of eloquence at Pavia, and was made histtiriocraplicr to the courtuiider Ny the Germans Nov.- Dec, 1870). Population (1891). commune, 2,782. Montmirail (moii-me-riiy'). A town in the department of Marne, France, situated on the Petit-Morin 55 miles east of Paris. Here, Feb. 11, 1814, the French under Napoleon defeated the Allies. Pop- ulation (1801), commune, 2,373. Montmorency (m6n-m6-ron-se' ). A town in the department of Seiue-et-Oise, France, 9 miles north of Paris. It was the residence of Rousseau. Its castle was the seat of the Montmorency family. Popu- liitioii (1S9I), commune, 4,577. Montmorency, or Montmorenci (mont-mo- ren'.si; F. pron. mou-mo-ron-se'). Asmall river in the province of Quebec, Canada, which joins the St. Lawrence 8 miles below Quebec. It is noted for the cataract (2.50 feet high) situated near its mouth Montmorency, or Montmorenci (mon-mo-rou- so'), Anne de. Born at Chant illy, France, March 15, 1492 : died at Paris, Nov. 12, 1567. A French marshal and constable, distinguished in the wars in Italy and against Charles V. He was defeated at St.-Quentin in 1557, and commanded iit Dreux in 1562, and at St. -Denis in 1567. Montmorency, Henri II., Due de. Born at Chantilly, France, .April 30, 1,595: executed at Toulouse, France, Oct. 30, 1632. A French mar- shiil, grandson of Anno de Montmorency. He joined the rebellion of Gaston of Orleans in 'l632. Montmorillon (mon-mo-re-yoh'). A town in tlio department of Vicnue, France, situated on the (iarlempe 28 miles oast-southeast of Poi- tiers. Po|ndntion (1891), commime, 5,268. Montoro (mon-to'ro). A town in the province of Cordova, Spain, situated on the Guadalqui- vir 27 miles east-northeast of Cordova. Popu- lation (1887), 12,563. Montorsoli (mon-tor'so-le), Giovanni Angelo. Hiirri at Monlorsoli, near Florence, iibniit I5llii ; died at Florence, 1563. An Italian sculptor and jirchitect, a (Uipil of .\ndrcil Ferucci of Fiesole. lie restored the left arm of the Apollo Belvedere and the right arm of the Laot^ioii. He assistctl Michelangelo in lliilshing the statues of Giuliano and Lorenzo de' .Medici, and made the statue of .San Cosimo in the sacristy of San Lorenzo in Florence. His most famous work is the great fountain of Messina (1547). Montoya (mon-to'vii). Antonio Ruiz de. Born at l.inia,l'eru,1.5,S3(l'):dieiltliei-e..\i.ril 11,1652. A .lesuil missionary and author. He spent many yeara in the Ouarany missions of Paraguay, ami published a history of them, "Coniiuisla espiritual heclia por los religiusos de la Compania do .lesus en las provlnclas del Montrond Paraguay, etc."(Madrid, li;39). His " Te8oro"(1639), "Arte y Vocabulai-io"(l(}40), and "Catecismo "(1640) are the best authorities on the Guaiuny language. 'There are modern editions. Montpelier (mout-pe'lyer). The capital of Ver- mont and of Washington County, situated on the Onion River in lat. 44° 17' N., long. 72° 36' W. Population (1900), 6,266. Montpellier (mdn-pel-lya'). The capital of the tlepartmentof Ilerault. France, situated on the Lez, near the Mediten-anean, in lat. 43° 37' N., long. 3° .53' E. Its trade is largely in w ine and brandy ; and it has manufactures of verdigris, soap, cream of tartar, etc. The cathedral, jardin dcs plantes. university, acad- emy, andMust;'e Fabre (onct)f the liest in France) are n4)te- worthy. It contains a noted siiiiau, the Place du Peyroa. Its school of medicine was founded in the 12th century. It came info the possession of Aragon and Majorca, and was acquij'ed by France about l.'i,'>o. It was a Protestant stronghold, and was besieged and taken by Louis XIII. in 1622. Comte was born there. Population (1901) 76,364. Montpellier-le-Vieux (mon-pel-lya'le-vye'). A noted group of huge fantastic rocks, discovered in 1883 near Millau, Aveyron, southern France. Montpensier (m6u-pon-sya'), Duchesse de (Anne Marie Louise d'Orleans). Born at Pa- ris, May 29, 1027: died there, March 5, 1693. The only daughter of Gaston of Orleans and the Duchesse de Montpensier: commonly called La Grande Mademoiselle, she was a cousin of Louis XIV. Her 'Memoires" were published in 1729. Personal and literary interest Ixith appear in a very high degree in the Memoirs of Anne Mat ie Louise de Montpen- sier. commonly caUed La Grande ^ladLiooiselle. The only daughter of Gaston of Orleans and of the Duchesse de Mont- pensier, she inherited enormous wealth and a position which made it difficult for her to marry any one but a crowned head. In her youth she was self-wUled and by no means inclined to marriage, and prince after prince was proposed to her in vain. During the Fronde she took an extraordinary part — heatliiig armies, mounting the walls of Orleans by ascaling-laitUr. and saving the routed troops of Cond^, after the liattle of the Faubourg Saint Antoine, by opening tlie gates of Paris to them, and causing the cannon of the Bastille to cover their flight. Sainlxhuril, Fretich Lit., p. 339. Montpensier, Due de (Antoine Marie Phi- lippe Louis d'Orleans). Born at Paris, July 31, 1824: (lied at San Lucar, near SeWUe, Feb., 4,1.890. The fifth son of Louis Philippe. Hemar- ried the infanta Maria Luisa (sister of Queen Isabella) in 1846 ; became infante in 1859 ; and was an unsuccessful candidate for the Spanish throne in 1870. In 1871 lie was crileil to the Balearic Isles, hut soon returned. His daughter Mercedes became the wife of King Alphonso XII. of Spain in 1878. Montpensier, Duchesse de (Catherine Marie de Lorraine). Born 15.52 : died about 1.594. The dauglitcr of Francis, duke of Guise : one of the leaders of the League. Mont Perdu (mon per-dti'i, Sp. Monte Per- dido (mon'taper-de'THo). [' Lost mountain.'] One of the highest peaks of the Pyrenees, situ- ated in the province of Huesca, Spain, about long. 0°. Height, 10.995 feet. Montreal (mont-re-al'). ['Mount Royal.'] A city in theprovinceof Quebec, Dominion of Can- ada, sitmited on Montreal Island in lat. 4.5° 30' N., long. 73° 33' W. It is the largest city and the chief connneicial center of Canaila, being at the heiui of ocean steamship navigation. 'The St. Lawrence is crossed here by the Victoria . I iibilee Bridge. The city has iini'i>i taut nninu- faitures. The McG ill University, the Koiiian Catholic cathe. dr:',t and Church of Notre Dame, the KiiKliah catiu dral, and the Roman Catholic institutions are iiotewiuthy. The re- gion was visited byCarthTiiil535; asettlemeii t called Ville Marie was made by the French inlt»42, Montreal was taken by the British in 1760, taken by the Americans in 1775, and irlaken by till' liritish in 1776. Population (1901), '^67,730. Montreal Island. An island in the St . La wrence, ;it tlie nicnitli of tlie Ottawa. Length, about 32 miles. Montr6jeau (mon-tra-zho'). A town in the dr|i:irtmeiit of lliiute-tJaronne, France, situ- atiil on the (jaronne 27 miles east-southeast of 'Parlies. l'o]iuliition (1.891), commune, 3,068. MontretOUt (moii-ti-tii'). A height west of Pa- ris, near St, -(/'loud. I( was the scene of an un- successful sortie of the French, .Ian. 19, 1871. Montreuil-SOUS-Bois (m6n-trcy'si>-l>wii'). A Inwii in the deparliiient of Seine, Franco, east of I'iiris, netir Vincennes. Population (1891), •-':!. 986. Montreuil-SUr-Mer(-siir-niar'). A town in the de|i!irtiiieiil of I';is-di'-('alais, Franci'. 20 miles south-southeast of Boulogne. Population (1891), :!.5i;5. MontreUX(m6n-tr(^'). Ahealth-resortin the can- ton of Vaud, Switzerland, near the eastern end of the Lake of Geneva, 16 miles southeast of I.iltisanne. It comprises Montnux-Vernex, Clarcna. iMioii, etc. Near it is the castle of Chlllon. It Is a noted ]ilaci' of residence for foreigners, l'o|iuIatlon, about 8,000. Montrond (mon-ron"). A small town in the de- leiilmeiit of Loire, IVti nee, situated on the Loire 30 miles west -southwest of Lyons. Montrose Montrose (mon-troz'). A seaport in Forfarshire, Scotland, situated onthe North Sea, at themouth of the South Esk, 26 miles northeast of Dundee. It has important flax and linen manufactures, and flourish- ing trade and fisheries. Population (1891), 13,079. Montrose, Marquises of. See Graham. Montrouge (mon-rozh'). A suburb of Paris, hing directly to the south. Population (1891), ll,99i;. 704 province of Milan, Italy, situated on the Lam- bro 9 miles north-northeast of Milan : the an- cient Modieia. It was the residence of the Gothic and Lombard kings. The cathedral was founded by Queen Theodolinda in 590, but reconstructed in the 14th centur>-. The treasury is extremely rich in Lombard and medieval goldsmiths' work, its most prized treasui-e being the fa- mous iron crown of Lombardy, so called from the thin rib- bon of iron within it, said to be forged from a nail of the crucifixion. Mont-Saint-Jean (mon-saii-zhoii'). A hamlet Moodkee. See Mudki. near Waterloo, which sometimes gives name to Moody (mo'di). 1. The guardian of Peggy, the the battle. Mont-Saint-Michel (mon-san-me-shel'). A vil- lage in the ilepartment of Manehe, northwestern France, situated on an island in the Bay of St.- Miehel, 6 miles west of Avranches. The mount is in its entirety one of the most curious of medieval monu- coimtry girl, in Garrick's adaptation of AVych- erley's" " Country Wife." — 2. In Dryden's play "Sir Martin Mar-all," a swashbuckler — that is, one who retained the boisterous manners of the period when sword and buckler were in common use and brawls were frequent. rnents. Itisasmallpyramidal island, now connected with Moody, Dwigllt Lyman. Born at Northfield the shore by a causeway. It is defended on the seadevel ht„^„ ■o„-u c ido-t_ t.i x%._ n.-, , or^n . by towered ramparts, within which nestles the village. Above rise, tier over tier, the huge fortified walls and towers and the extensive buildings of the monastery, long a fortress and afterward used as a prison. The rock is crowned by the great granite church, with Romanesque nave. The cloister is of great beauty. It has a double range of overlapping lancet arches, and beautifully sculp- tured foliage-rosettes in the spandrels. Monts Dore. See Mont Dore. Mass., Feb. 5, 1837 : died Dee. 22, 1899. An American evangelist. He was engaged in missionary work in Chicago about 1856; conilucted,with Ira D. Sankey", various revival meetings in the United States, and 1873-75 and 1881-83 in Great Britain ; and established a school for Oliristian workers in Xorthfield and a Bible Institute in Chicago. Mooker (mok'er), or Mook (mok), Heath." A place in the Netherlands, near the Meuse, Montserrat (mont-ser-raf), or Monserrat south of Nimwegen. Here (1574) the Spaniards (mon-ser-raf). [' Toothed' or ' seiTate moun- defeated the Dutch under Louis of Nassau. tain.'] A jagged mountain about 30 mUes Mooltan. See Multan. northwest of Barcelona, Spain, famous for its Moon (mon). A heavenly body which revolves monastery (founded 880), noted for an image of around the earth monthly, accompanying the the Vir>,'in. Height, about 4,000 feet, Montserrat (mont-se-raf). An island of the British West Indies, situated southwest of An- tigua in lat. 16° 42' N., long. 62° 13' W. Chief town, Plymouth. The most important products are sugar and fruits. It was discovered by Columbus in 1493 ; settled by the British in 1632 ; and occupied temporarily by the French in 1064 and in 17S2. Area, 32 square miles. Population (1^91), 11,762. Montt (mont), Jorge. Bom at Santiago, 1847. A Chilean naval officer and politician, son of Manuel Montt. in Jan., 1891, he sided with Congress against President Balraaceda ; was given temporary com- mand of the congressional forces: and was a member of the governing junta. After the fall of Balmaceda he was elected president, assuming office Nov. 6, 1891. He was -ncceeded in 1896 by Sefior Errazuriz. earth as a satellite in its annual revolution, and shining by the sun's reflected light. Next to the sun, the moon is the most conspicuous and interesting of celestial objects. The rapidity of its motion, the variety of its phases, and especially the striking phenomena of its eclipses, compelled the attention of the earliest observ- ers; and the fact that the longitude can be determined from lunar observations has given the theory of the moon 's motion economic importance. Of all the heavenly bodies (meteors excepted), the moon is nearest to us. Its mean distance is a little more than sixty times the radius of the earth, or 238,800 miles. Its diameter is 2,162 miles (about 0.273 of the earth's equatorial diameter), and its volume is about ,'5 of that of the earth. It revolves around the earth in 27d. 7h. 43m. 11.5s. ; the time from new moon to new moon is 29d. 12h. 44m. 2.7s. The moon always pre- sents nearly the same face to the earth. It has no clouds, and shows no indications of an atmosphere or of the Montt, Manuei. Bom at Petorca, Sept. 5, ^'"'"''"l^^ ""'f '. , ,^ , 1809: died at Santiago, Sept. 20,1880. A Chilean ■'*''°.0°' J*?^0^*3,ins of the. A range of moun- statesman. As a leader of the conservatives, he was ^^^^ V^^<^1^, ^J Ptolemy m the interior of president of the House of Deputies, minister of foreign Atlica, containing the sources of the A lie. They affairs 1840, minister of justice and education 1841-45, "^''^ conceived afterward as traversing .ifrica from east and minister of the interior 1S45-50. In 1S61 he became '° west._ They have disappeared from modern maps, president of Chile, and was reelected in 1S56, serving un- Moonlight Sonata. A name given to Beetho- til Sept., 1861. During this period the country was very yen's •' Sonata quasi una fantasia" in C sharp prosperous; but the extreme conservative policy of the rninnr nnp nf tlio twr, n-bioli fr>,.r,i 1,;= n„„o 07 government led to revolts of the liberals in 1851 and ?,• ', ^ 1 eno ^hlcU torm his Upus 27, 1858, and to a bloody civil war in 1859. President Montt pnonshed m 1802. The romantic stories about the resigned his office peacefully to his successor, and was name and dedication appear to be without foundation, subsequently president of the supreme court untU bis Moonstone(m6n'st6n), The. Anovelby WiLkie iJ'"'"* ■ Of Sisera" and "Elijah running before Ahabs Chariot" He showed great skUl in decorative painting. In 1864 he exhibited at the Royal Academy a Iresco oT " The Seasons, " and in 1865 " The Marble Seat " Moore, Alfred. Born in Brunswick County N. C. May 21, 1755: died at Belfont, N. C, Oct! 15, 1810. An American jurist, associate justice of the United States Supreme Court 1799-1805 Moore, Clement Clarke. Born at New York July 15, 1779 : died at Newport, R. L, July lo! 1863. An American scholar and poet. He gave in 1818 a large gift to the General Theological Seininarj- in Jiew York, on condition tliot its buildings should lie erected on a part of his i,rn]nTty in Chelsea Village(.Ninth and Tenth avenues and 2ntli and Slst streets), where they now stand. He was professor of biblical learning there and afterward of Oriental and Greek literature, 18'^l-.5o' He published a " Hebrew and Greek Lexicon " (1809) "I'oems" (1844), "George Castriot, etc." (1852), etc. and was the author of the verses "'Twas the night before Christmas." Moore, Edward. Born at Abingdon, England, March 22, 1712: died at South Lambeth, Lou- don, March 1, 1757. An English dramatist and fabulist, third son of Thomas Moore, a dissent- ing clergyman. He failed in businessas a linen-draper in London, and began as a writer with his " Fables for t he Female Sex" in 1744. "The Foundling," a comedy, was produced at Drury Lane on Feb. 13, 1748 ; " Gil Bias," a com- edy, in 1751 ; and " The Gamester," in which GaiTick ap- peared (and which he partly wrote), at Drury Lane on Feb 7, 1753. In 1763 he was made editor of "The World," a popular paper, which had Lord Lj-ttelton, Lord Bath, Lord Chesterfield, Soanie .Tenyns, Horace Walpole. and Edward Lovibond as contributors. His only son, Edward, was educated and pensioned by Lord Chesterfield. Moore, George Henry. Born at Concord, N. H., April 20, 1823: died at New York, May 5, 1892. An American historical writer, sou of J. B. Moore. He became superintendent of the Lenox Library in Xew York in 1872. .Among his works are " Notes on the History of Slavery in Massachusetts " (1866), "His- tory of the .Turisprudence of New Y'ork " (1872), etc. Moore, Jacob Bailey. Born at Andover, N. H., Oct. 31, 1797 : died at Bellows Falls, Vt., Sept. 1, 18.53. AnAmerieanhistorian. Hewrots especially on the history of New Hampshire. Moore, John. Bom at Stirling, Scotland, 1729 died at Richmond, Surrey, Jan. 21, 1802. i Scottish physician, novelist, and writer of trav- els. His best-known work is the novel " Ze- luco" (1786). Moore, Sir John. Born at Glasgow, Nov. 13, 1761 : died at Corunna, Spain, Jan. 16, 1809. A British general. He was the eldest surviving son of Dr. John Moore, author of "Zeluco." In 1776 he became ensign of the 51st foot, and served as captaindieutenant ii Xova Scotia during the American Revolutionary War. Hi became member of Parliament for Linlithgow in 17S4 and served in Corsica 1793-94, but displeased Nelson am Elliot and was ordered home. In Nov., 1797, he joine .Aberciomby in Ireland. He was made major-general ii 1798. In July, 1S08, he sailed for Portugal as second ii command to Sir Henry Burrard, and by Sept. the entiri command was left to him. He entered Spain Nov. Ill 1S08 ; but, abandoned by the Spaniards and threatened bfl the actual presence of Napoleon, was obliged to retreal 2,^0 miles to Corunna. While the troops were embarking the I'rench attacked them, and Moore was killed anl buried in the citailel during the night of Jan. 16-17. Hal received a monument in St. Paul's Cathedral. The "Bu ial of Sir John Moore," by Rev. Charles Wolfe, is one ofl the most popular English poems. T Moore, Thomas. Born at Dublin, May 28, 1779i died at Bromham, near Devizes, Feb" 25, 18.52.1 An Irish poet, son of John Moore, a grocer ofl Kerry. He entered Trinity College, Dublin, in 1794,J where he was intimate with Itobert Emmet. In 1799 h^ entered the Middle Temple, London, and in ISOOpublishe^ his translation of " Anacreon." In 1S03 and 1804 lie trav-1 eled in America. In lSo6 he published his "Odes and Epistles," and his " Irish Melodies " from 1807 to 1834, r& ceiving from them about ic500 a year. His lampoons on the regent and his favorites w-ere extremely successful, and were collected in 1813 in " The Twopenny Post Bag. " Onl March 2.5, ISll, he married Bessie Dyke, an actress, andl in the same year his friendship for Byron began. " Lallai Eookh," for which Longmans agreed to pay £3,000 withouti having seen it, was published in 1817 ; "National Airs" inl 1815; and " Sacred Songs "in 1816. His prose works, besides I the political squibs, are " Life of .Sheridan " (1S25), " I'hei Epicurean" (1827), "Life of Byron" (1830), "History ofl Ireland,"etc., besides a number of collections of hnmoroual short papers like " The Fudge Family in Pai-is," all under 1 the pseudonym Thomas Brown the Younger. "Moore's Memoirs, Journals, and Correspondence " were published 1853-56 by Earl Russell. Moorfields (mor'feldz). A district of old Lon- don, outside the wall, once used as a place of recreation, it received its name from the moor which lay on the north side of the city. Finsbury .Square and adjacent streets now cover it. Moorgate (mor'gat). A postern gate in the old London city wall, built on the moor side of the city in the time of Henry V. (about 1415). It was rebuilt in 1472, and was pulled down about 1750. Moor ofVenice, The, or the Tragedy of Othel- , lo. See Othello. Moors (morz). [L. Mauri, Gr. Moi'po/.dark men.] A dark race dwelling in Barbarv, in northern Moors Afrioa. Theyderive their name from the ancient Mauri, or Mauretanians ; but the present Moors are a mixed race, chiefly of Ara>» and Maurelaniaii origin. The name is ap- plied especially to the dwellers in the cities. T^ie Arab conquerors of Spain were called Moors. Moorshedabad. See MursliUlnhad. Uoosehead (mos'hed) Lake. Tlie largest lake in Maine, situated about lat. 4.")° 40' N. it ia the soui-ce of the Kennebec lliver. Length, about 35 miles. Greatest breadth, about 10 miles. Moosilauke (m<5-si-la'ke). A mountain in Ben- ton, New Hampshire, 30 miles southwest of Mount Washington. Height, 4,810 feet. liopsa (mop'sa). 1. A shepherdess in Shak- spere's "Winter's Tale." — 2. In Sidney's ro- mance "Arcadia," a deformed country girl, the daughter of Dametas. MopsUS (mop'sus) [Gr. Miii/wf.] A seer in Greek legend, son of Apollo by Himautis. MoQUegua (mo-ka'gwii). 1. A southern mari- time province of Peru, adjoining Chile on the south. It consists of the sinjile province of Moquegna. .\rea, .'i,.547 square miles. Population (IHQfi), 42,094. I'levinus t>i lH7r> it intdntied also the provinces of Arica :uid Tacria, now held provisionally by Chile (see these names). 2. A town, the capital of this department, near lat. 17° 15' S., long. 70° 50' W. It has been re- peatedly destroyed by earthquakes, the last time in 1868. Population, about 6,000. Moquelamnan (mo-kel-tim'nan), or Mutsun. [From ff'akaluitiiloh, the Jliwok name of a river and hill, J A linguistic stock of North American Indians, comprising the Miwok and Olamentke groups of tribes. The habitat of the former wn^! (he portion of California between Cosumnes and Fresno rivers nn the north and south respectively, and from the Sierra Nevada on the east to San Juaiiuin Elver on tlie \>est, ex- cept a strip on the east liniik occupied by the rhult.vnne. The Olamentke fn"oup occupied a tenitniy liouinUd mi the south by San P'rancisco Bay and the western half nf San Pablo Bay, on the west by the Pacific from the Gtdden «'Jate to Bodega Head, on the north by a line running from Bodega Head to a point a few miles northeast of Santa Rosa, and thence, on the west, to the northernmrtst point ot San Pablo Bay. Few of the once populous Miwok tiibes survive, and these are scattered ; while scan ely any repre- sentatives of the Olamentke division remain. Mora (rao'iii), Jose Maria Luis. Born at Cha- luaeuero, Michoacau, Oct., 1794: died at Paris, .luly 14, 1850. A Mexican historian. He studied tlieoln'^y; was ordained presbyter in 1810; and was admitted t" tli'- bar in 1827, but never practised. Itui-bide impris- n?i.-() liini, and later he was a prominent member of the ilscMcez party. After 1834 he resided in Paris. His prin- cipal work is " M^jicoysus Revoluciones "(Vols. I, III, and I V only published , 1836). His " Obras sueltas " (2 vols. l!-37) are mainly political essays. Mora, Juan. Born at San Jos6, July 12, 1784: died there, Sept., 1854. A Costa Rican states- man, Jc/e or president during two terras (]8i")- 1833). Subsequently ho held other offices, and from 1850 was president of the supi-eme court. Mora, Juan Rafael. Born at San Jos6, Feb. 8, 1814. died at Puntareuas, Sept. 30, 1860. A Costa Rican politician. He was vice-president and acting president in 1848, and president Nov., 1849, to An;.;. 14, 1859, when he was deposed and banished. Attempting a counter-revolution in 1800, ho was captured and shot. Moradabad. See Muradahad. Moraes (mij-ns'), Prudente. Bom at Itii, !Sa.. I'auin, alj(Mil 1844: died Dec. 3, 1901!. A Urazilian politician. He was a prominent advocate of republican principles from 1871 ; was one of the three repnhlieaiis elected ti the imperial iiarlianient IHH.'i ; ami after' tile revtdutiou uf 1«80 was gnvernor of San I'aulo 1889-90. In 1891 he Wiis a candidate lor the presiilency. In lS9;t he was i)resident of the national seiuite. and on l'"et». 2s, 1H94, was elected president of Brazil. His term of 4 years began Nov, 15, 1894. Moraes Silva (mnicii\, ' i'eti- metra"("The Female Fiibldc), jiriiitcd 1702. Iii 1770 he produced on the stage a ttagcdy, "Hormcsinda," on the canonsof Racine and t'orneille. He wrote the epics " De las navesde Cortes destruidas" ("Destruction of Cort^s's Ships," 178."i), "Diana," etc. Morava (mo-rii'vii). 1. The principal river of Servia. It is formed by the union of the Western and Southern Morava, and joins the Danube by two mouths about 30 miles east-southeast of Beigrad. Total length, about 240 miles. 2. The Slavic name of the river March. Moravia (mo-ra'vi-a). [F. Moriivie, Sp. Pg. It. 2[(iriiriSviitojiliii( in the end of the nth century Moravia was the center of a short-lived great Slavic power, (Jreat Moravia, wdiich "as overthrown by the Jlagyars in 9ii0. Moravia was perma- nently united with Bohemia in 1021», and alter that gener- ally shared the fm-tunes of that kingdom. It became a margravlato in 1197 ; passed to the bouse of Ilapsburg in 1520; and became a crowiiland separate frotii B Christ iandenoniinat ion entitled the Unitasl''ratrum, or Unileil Brethren, which traces its origin to .loliii Huss. Its members were expelled from liohemia and Mmavia In 1027, but in 1722 a remnant settled in Herrnbuf, Saxony thence the brethren are sometimes, in Germany, called llt-rrnhHter). The or- ganization at present has three home provinces (German. British, and American — each of which has ita own gov- ernment by synod) and several mission provinces. All Mordure these are represented by a general synod which meets every 10 yeai-s in Herrnhut. The ministers are bisliops (not diocesan), presbyters, and deacons. The worship is liturgical. The members of the denomination believe in the Scriptures as the only rule of faith and practice, and maintain the doctrines of the total depravity of human nature, the love of God the Father, the actual humanity and godhead of Jesus Christ, the atonement, the work al the Holy Spirit, good works as the fruit of the Spirit, the secontl coming of Christ, and the resurrection of the dead. The Moravians are especially noted for their energy and success in missionary work. Moray, or Morayshire. See Elgin. Moray, Earl of. See sumrt. Moray Firth (mur'a ferth). A large indenta- tion of the North Sea, inclosed by the coast of Scotland from Kinnaird's Head in the north- east of Aberdeenshire to Duneansby Head in the northeast of Caithness; sometimes, in a more restricted sense, the branch of this between J^lgin and Ross. Morazan(m6-rii-thau' ), Francisco. Bom at Te- gucigalpa, Honduras, Oct., 1792 : died at San Jos^. Costa Rica, Sept. 15, 1842. A Central American statesnianand politician. Hewasleader of the liberal-federalists in the revolt against the conser- vatives ; defeated them in 1827, and becamex/e of Hondu- ras ; by successive victories routed the conservatives in Salvador, 1828, and Guatemala, April, 1829 ; and in Sept., 1830, was elected president of the Central American Con- federation. He governed with wisdom and liberality, and was reelected in 1834 : but opposition to the union led to numerous revolts, and when his second term expired (Feb. 1, 1S39) there had been no reelection. Morazan made a vain attempt to keep the luiion together by force, and was supported by Salvador; but he was Itnally defeated by Cairera at Guatemala. March 19, 1840, and fled to Peru. In April, 1842, he invaded Costa Rica with a view to mak- ing it the basis of federal reorganization : he was at lirst successful, and assumed the executive of Costa Rica in .Inly, but was deposed by a counter-revolution (Sept. 11), captured, and shot. Morbegno (mor-ben'yo). A town in northern Italy, on the Adda 15 miles west of Sondrio. Morbihan(mor-be-on'). Adepartment of west- crn France, capital Vamies, formed from part of the ancient Brittany, it is bounded by cotes-du- Nord on the north, Ille-et-Vilainc on the east, Loire Inf^- rieure and the Bay of Biscay on the south, and Finislere oil the west. The surface is hilly and marshy. Area, 2,(i2ri sijuare miles. Population (1891), 544,470. Morcillo Rubio de Aunon (mor-seryo ro-be'o dii ii-on-yon'), Diego. Died at Liina,"March 12, 17:i0. A Spanisli prelate, bishop of Chareas, and archbishop of Lima from 1723. In 1716, and again Jan. 26, 1720, to May 14, 1724, he was act- ing viceroy of Peru. Mordaunt (mor'dant), Charles, third Earl of Peterborough. Born Ki.'iS: died at Lisbon. Oct. 25, 1735. An English general and admiral, son of John, Viscount Monlitunt. He matriculated at Oxford (Christ Church), April 11. 1074, anil in lt57.''> went to the Mediterranean in the Cambridge. In 1075 he suc- ceeded his father as Viscotnit Mordaunt. He intrigued actively in Holland and I'.ngland against .lames II.. and in the former coiuitry was intineilrly associated witli .lohn Locke. In 11189 he was ap[)ointed councilor to William III. and first lord of the trcasiwy, and was <-reated earl of Monmouth. Later he incurred the displeasure of the court, eventually losing all his places, anil in 1697 was iniprisoiicd 3 months in the Tower. On .lunc 19. 1697, he succeeded his uncle as earl of Peterborough, and on llie accession of Anne was again in favor at court. In 170.'> lie was appointed admiral and eomnnmder-iu-chief of the fleet jointly with .Sir Cloudesley Shovel, and was hugely responsible for the capture of Barcelona Sept. 28. In .laii., 17ir8, his condtict in .Spain was investigated by the Hiuise of Lordii, and he was acquitted. In 1710 lie was ambassa. dor extraordinary to Vienna, and in 1711 to Frankfort. He was very eccentric, and was devoted to the society of lit- erary men, especially Swift, Pope, Arbiithnot, and Gay. Mordecai (mor'de-ki). [From the name of tjio Babylonian god Mardiil; or Minuinch (which see).] According to the liook of Esther, a. lew of the tribe of Benjamin, who lived in captivity in the time of Xerxes. He accepted a post at tho court in order to be near his adt>pted daughter, Esther, wdio had been elevaled to the rank of '|ueeii, and with In-r help Irilstrated the niaehinations of lliiuiaii w hieli tended to the extermination of the .lews in the Persian emjtire. In re- niruiliranee of this deliverance llu' feast of riirlni is still celebrated by the .lews in tho month of Adar (March- April). Mordecai. In George Eliot's novel '•Daniel Deroiiila," a.Iewwho believes himself inspired xvitli a mission to elevate and reunite the Jew- ish people. It might be said, in answer to soiiii' of these questions, that as a fact Moideeai is an ide:il study from a veritablo .lew, Colin or Kohn, one of the club of students who met some forty years since at Red Lion Siiuare, Holborn ; nnd that recently a schetue fortlie leilempllon of PaleBtlnefor Israel was actually in contemplation annuig members of thc.lewish race. But (•» criticise " Daub 1 Deronda" from the literal, jtrosaic point of view, would be as much a crit- ical stupidity as t,i undertake the defence of ShakHpero's " King Lear ' from the charge of historical improbability. Dnwden, Studies in Literature, p. 298. Mordred. See Mmhcd. Mordure (mor-dilr'). Prineo Arthur's enchaut- cd sword: also calletl E.xcaliVmr or Caliburn. Mordvinians Mordvinians (mord-vin'i-anz), or Mordvins (mord'viuz). A people of Fiuuie origin, living in Kussia, chiefly in the governments of Nijui- Novgorod, Penza, Samara, Saratoff, Simbirsk, and Tamboff. They are largely Russianized, and com- prise two main divisions, tlie Moksha and the Erzya. Their niuuber is estimated at about 8UO,oa). More (mor), Hannah. Born at Stapleton, Glou- cestershire, Feb. 2, 1745 : died at Clifton, Sept. 7, 1833. AJn English religious writer, she was educated by her father, and in 1757 joined her other sis- ters in establishing a school in Bristol. In 1762 she pub- lished "The Search for Happiness," a pastoral drama. In 1773 and 1774 she visited London, and became intimate with Garrick and his wife : she also met Reynolds, Burke, Dr. Johnson, and Mrs. Montagu. In 17S2 she published ".Sacred Dramas." After the death of Garrick, .Tan. 20, 1779, her religious tendencies became stronger. In 1787 she was attracted by Wilberforce's agitation against the slave-trade, and was much interested in establishingschools among the poor as an antidote to the prevailing atheism. She wrote in 1792 "Village Politics, by Will Chip," fol- lowed by "Cheap Repositorj' Tracts" (1795-98), one of which was *'The Shepherd of Salisbury Plain." Some of them were illustrated by John Bewick. The organization which circulated them developed into the Religious Tract Depository in 1799. Her other works are "Thoughts on the Importance of the Manners of the Great to General So- ciety "(178S)," Strictures on the Modern System "f Female Education "(1799), " Coelebs in Search of a Wife " (1809), "Practical Piety, etc." (1811), 'Christian Morals "(1813), etc. More, Henry. Born at Grantham, England, Oct. 12, 1(J14 : died at Cambridge, England, Sept. 1, 1687. An English philosophical writer. His philosophical works (largely mystical and Pla- tonic) were published in 1678. His chief work in verse is " The Song of the Soul." More, Sir Thomas. Bom at London, Feb. 7, 1-178: executed on Tower Hill, July 6, 1535. An English statesman and author. He was the son of Sir John More, a London barrister. At thirteen years of age he entered the service of Thomas Morton, archbishop of Canterbury. In 1492 he entered Canterbury Hall (later merged in Christ Church), Oxford. He entered the New Inn, London, in 1494, and Lincoln's Inn in 1496. In 1497 he met Erasmus in England, and corresponded with him through life. For several years he was absorbed in reli- gious studies and exercises, and thought of becoming a monk : but after 1503 he devoted himself mainly to poli- tics. He entered Parliament in 1504. In 1508 he went to France. After his second marriage in 1511 he moved to Crosby Place. Bishopsgate Street Without. In May, 1515, he was sent as ambassador to Flanders to settle disputes with the merchants of the Steelyard. "Utopia " was pub- lished in 1516. In 1518 he was made master of bequests by Henry VIII. and privy councilor. In June, 1520, he was with Henry at the Field of the Cloth of Gold, and met Budfeus. In 1521 he was knighted and made subtrea- surer to the king ; in .April, 1523, speaker of the House of Commons ; and in 1525 high steward of Cambridge Uni- versity. He defended the papacy against Luther, sug- gested the "Defensio Septem Sacramentorum " of Henry VIII., 1521, and opposed Tyndale. On Oct. '25, 1529, he succeeded Wolsey as chancellor. He opposed the reforms passed by Parliament of Nov. 3, 15-29, and the projected di- vorce of theking from Catharine, and resigned May 16, 1532. By act of Parliament in March, 15S4, an oath of adherence to the act which vested the succession in the issue of Aune Boleyn, and of renunciation of the Pope, was imposed. This oath More refused to take, and he was committed to the Tower April 17, 1535. On July 1, 153.% he was indicted for high treason, and was executed July 6, 1535. More was beatified by Pope Leo XIII. Dec. 9, 1886. Among his Eng- lish works are '■ Life of John Picus. Earl of Mirandula, etc.," printed in 1510 by Wynkyn de Worde (it w;is a trans- lation from the Latin of Giovanni Francesco Pico, 14!)8), " History of Richard III." (1513), a number of controver- sial works, meditations, etc. Rastell, the nephew of Sir Thomas More, collected most of his English works and printed them in 1557. .\mong his Latin works are the ''Utopia "(1516: which see), "Luciani Dialogi, etc." (1506), " Epigrammata, etc." (1518), a number of volumes of letters to Erasmus and others, dissertations, etc. His Latin works were first collected at Basel in 1563. The most complete edition was that published at Frankfort-on-the-Main and Leipsic, 1689. More of More Hall. An English legendary hero wlio slew the Dragon of Wantley. Morea (mo-re'a). The name given in modem geography to tlie Peloponnesus. Called Morea by the modern post-Hellenic or Romaic Greeks, from more, the name for the sea in the Slavonic vernacular of its Inhabitants during the heart of the mid- dle ages. 31. Arnold, Study of Celtic Lit., p. 79, note. Moreau (mo-ro'), H6g6sippe. Born at Paris, April 9,1810: died at Paris, Dee. 10,1838. A French poet. His poems were published under tlie name "Myosotis" in 1838. Moreau, Jean Victor. Born at Morlaix, France, Aug. 11. 1761: died at Laun, Bohemia, Sept. 2, 1813. A French general. He commanded the right wing of Pichegru's army in Holland in 1795, and super- seded Pichcgru as commander of the army of the Rhine and the Moselle in 1796. He crossed the Rhine at Kehl June 24, defeated the archduke Charles at Ettlingen July 9. and drove the Austrians back to the Danube, wht-n the defeat of the army of the Meuse and the Sambre un- der Jourdan compelled him to retreat. He commanded in Italy in 1799, being defeated by the Russians under Su- varoff at Cassano, April 7. In 1801) he was appointed to the command of the army of the Rhine by the first consul, Bonaparte; and in the same year gained a decisive vict.ory over the .Austrians at Hohcnlinden(Dec. .s). Having placed himself at the head of a party of republicans and royalists 706 opposed to Xapoleon, he was in 1804 sentenced to two years' imprisonment on the chiu-ge of complicity in Ca- doudal and Pichegru's conspiracy against the first con- sul. The sentence was commuted to exile. He lived in the United states (near Trenton, New Jersey) from 1805 to 1813. when he entered the Russian service. He was mor- tally wounded at the battle of Dresden, Aug. 27, and died Sept. 2, 181;;. Moreau de Saint-M^ry (mo-ro' de san'ma-re'). M6deric Louis Elie. Born at Fort Koyal, Martinique, Jan. 13, 1750: died at Paris, Jan. 28, 1819. A French jurist and author, a dis- tant relative of the empress Josephine. He was judge of the Supreme Court of French Santo Domingo, 178i.l : deputy for Martinique at Paris, 1790 ; was impris- oned by the Revolutionary tribunal, but escaped and lived in the United States until 1>00. From 1800 to 1S06 he was councilor of state. He published " Lois et constitutions des colonies francaises de I'Amerique sous le vent" (Piu-is, 5 vols., 1784-ft5), and important works on Santo Domingo, etc. Morecambe (mor'kam). A watering-place in Lancashire, England, on Morecambe Bay three miles west of Lancaster. Morecambe Bay. An arm of the Irish Sea, separating the northwestern detached part of Lancashire, England, from the main division. More Dissemblers besides Women. A com- edy by Thomas Middleton, licensed as " an old play" in 1623, printed in 16.57 -n-ith "Women beware Women," but certainly acted before 1623. Morelia (nio-ra'le-a), formerly Valladolid (val- yii-THo-leTH'). The capital of the state of Michoaean, Mexico, situated about 125 miles west by north of Me.xico : so named in 1828 in honor of the patriot Morelos. It was fotmded in 1541. Population (1895), 32,287. Morell (mo-rel'), Sir Charles. The pseudonym of the Rev. James Ridle v, imder which he wrote " The Tales of the Genii " (1764). Morelia (mo-ral'ya). A town in the prov-ince of Castellon, eastern Spain, 78 miles southwest of Tarragona : the Roman Castra iElia. It has an old castle. Population (1887), 6,812. Morellet (mo-rel-la'), Andr6. Born at Lvons, March 7, 1727 : died at Paris, Jan. 12, 1819. A French litterateur and philosophical writer. He wrote "Melanges de litterature et de phi- losophie au XVIIIe siecle " (1818), etc. Morelos (mo-rii'los). A state of Mexico, situ- ated south of the state of Mexico. Capital, Cuernavaca. The largest town is Cuautla (14,000 inhabitants). Area, about 2,000 square miles. Population (1895), 1:59,800. Morelos, orMontemorelos (m6n-ta-mo-ra'16s !. A town in the state of Nuevo Leon, Mexico, situated about 55 miles southeast of Monterey. Population (1894), 15,279. Morelos y Pavon (m6-ra'16s e pS-vdn'), Jos§ Maria. Born near Apatzingan. Michoaean, Sept. 30, 1765 : died near Mexico, Dec. 22, 1815. A Mexican patriot. He was a priest; joined the re- volt of Hidalgo in 1810 ; held separate commands ; and at first was very successful, but after Nov.. 1813, was re- peatedly defeated. He was finally captiu-ed. Kov. 5, 1815, taken to Mexico, and shot. The last notable auto de Ji fNovember 26, 1815) was that at which the accused was the patriot Morelos. The find- ing agidnst him was a foregone conclusion. "The Pxes- bitero Jos6 Maria Morelos," declared the inquisitors," is an unconfessed heretic (hcreje formal ncjativo), an abet- tor of heretics, and a disturber of the ecclesiastical hier- archy ; a profauer of the holy sacraments ; a traitor to God, to the King, and to the Pope." For which sins he was "condemned to do penance in a penitent's dress "(after the usual form), and was surrendered to the tender mer- cies of the secular arm. Janvier, Mexican Guide, p. 29. Morelove (mor'luv), Lord. The lover of Lady Betty Modish in Gibber's "Careless Husband." In Lord Morelove we have the first lover in English comedy, since licentiousness possessed it, who is atonce a gentleman and an honest man. Doran, Eng. Stage, p. 200. Moreno (mo-ra'no). FranclscO. Born at Bue- nos A.^Tes, Oct. 7, 1827. An Argentine explorf^r and ethnologist. Since 1872 he has made numerous expeditions to the wilder parts of the countrj-, with the special object of studying the Indian tribes. In 1880 he was captured by the Pehuelches and condemned to death, but escaped, Moreno, Gabriel Garcia. See Garcia Moreno. Moresnet (mo-ra-na'), or Kelmis (kel'mis). A small neutral strip of land southwest of Aix- la-Chapelle, between Prussia and Belgium, it is ruled conjointly by officials of these two countries. Pop- ulation, about, 3,000. Moret (mo-ra'). A town in the department of Seine-et-Marne, France, situated ou the Loing 40 mUes southeast of Paris. Population (1891), commune, 2,068. Moreto (mo-ra'to), AgUStin. Bom at Madrid about 1618: died 1669. A noted Spanish dram- atist. He wrote "El valiente justiciero" ("The Brave Justiciary"), "El lindo Don Diego"("The Handsome Don Morgan, Lady (Sydney Owensonj Diego"), "El desden con el desden" ("Disdain with Dis- daiu"), etc. Of those that divided the favor of the public with theii great m»ster [Calderon], none stood so near to him aa Augustin Moreto, of whom we know much less than would be important to the history of the Spanish drama. He was born at Madrid, and was baptized on the 9th of April, 1018. His best studies were no doubt those he made at .Alcala between 1634 and 1639. Later he removed to Toledo, and entered the household of the Cardinal Archbishop, taking holy orders, and joining a brother- hood as early as 1659. Ten ye;irs later, in 1669, he died, only fifty-one years old, leaving whatever of property he possessed to the poor. Ticknor, Span. Lit., U. 413. Moreton Bay (mor'ton ba). An inlet of the Pa- cific, on the coast of Queensland, Australia, about lat. 27° 15' S. It is 40 miles long and 17 miles wide. Morey (mo'ri) Letter, The. A letter forged in the name of J. A. Garfield, favoring Chinese cheap labor. It was published at New York in Oct., 1880 (shortly before the presidential election), addressed to a fictitious H. L. Morey. Morez (mo-ra'). A town in the department of Jura, France, 23milesnorth by west of (reneva. Population (1891), commune," 15,124. Morgagni (mor-gan'ye), Giovanni Battista. Born at Forli, Italy, Feb. 25, 1682: died at Padua, Italj', Nov. 5, 1771. An Italian anato- mist, the founder of pathological anatomy. He was professor of anatomy in Padua from 1711. His chief work is "De sedibus et causis morborum per anatomen indagatis " ("On the Seat and Causes of Diseases investi- gated by .Anatomy," 1761). He also wrote "Adversaria anatomica"(1706-l'.)), etc. Morgaine. See Morgana. Morgan (mor'g.an). [Originally Morgant or Morcant; Cymric, 'sea-brink,' or 'one born on the sea-shore.'] The earliest British ecclesias- tical writer. See Pclagiiis. Morgan. 1. SecBctoWi/s.— 2. A Welsh surgeon in Smollett's "Roderick Random" and "Pere- grine Pickle." Morgan (mor'gan), Daniel. Bom in New Jer- sey, 1736: died at Winchester, Va., July 6, 1802. An American general. He served with dis. tinction in the expedition under Arnold against Quebec 1775-76; commanded the riflemen at Saratoga in 1777; and defeated T:irleton at Cowpens in 1781. He attained the rank of major-general. Morgan, Edwin Dennison. Born at Washing- ton, Mass., Feb. 8, 1811: died at New York, Feb. 14, 1883. An Amerieanmerchant and poli- tician. He was governor of New York 1859-62, and United States senator from New York 1863-69. Morgan, Sir Henry. Bom in Wales, 1635 (f) : died in Jamaica, 1688. The most celebrated commander of the bucaneers. He ran away to sea, went to Barbados, and thence to Jamaica, where he joined the bucaneers, and soon became a leader. His ravages extended over the Spanish coasts of the Carib- bean Sea. He pillaged parts of Cuba, and took and ran- somed Puerto Bello 16t)S, and Maracaibo 16i, 1^43. An Euijlisli author, tiit* Imsbiind ot Lady Morgan. He was educated at Eton and at St Peter's, I'amltridKe. His works iticlude "Skctthes of the Philosophy of Life" n»lS) ;nul '• Sk. riches of the Philosophy of M..ralB "(ISJ'J). Morgan, William. i>ifd IHliO. A mechaiiic of Batavia, New York, alleged to have been ab- ducted and killed by Freemasons for revealing secrets of the order. Morgana (tuor-ga'nii), or Morgaine(mor-gan'). [Mor(fa)ia is the Breton equivalent of * sea-wo- man,* from tnor, sea, and i/iaii, sploudens fo?- mina.] In Celtic legend and Arthurian ro- mance, a fairv, sister of Kin;; Arthur, in the romanco of "Ogier the Dane" she receives Ogier in the Iitie of Avalon when ho is over one hundred years of age, and restores him to eternal youth. She is also known as Uurgan or Morgue le Fay, aad in the Italian romances as Fata ('fairy") Morgana. The fairy Morgana [Morgaine, sister of Arthurl, who is a principal character in this I omaiioe ["Morto d'Arthur") ami discovered to Arthur the intrij^ue of Geneura with Lance- lot, is a leading personage not only in other talus of c'liv- alry, but also in the Italian poi n»^. Intlie OrlaniioFurioso she convinces her brother of the intlik-lity of his^ug, Swit- zerland, 17 miles cast by north of Lucerne. Here, Nov. 15. ISlS, the Swiss confederates of the Forest Can- tons UrI, Schwyz, and Unterwalden (1,400) defeated the Auatrians (l-SOOO), creating a panic by rushing down on them from the heights. Morgenstern (mor ' gen - stern), Christian. Born at Hamburg, Sept. 29, 1805: died at Mu- nich, Feb. 26, 1867. A noted German landscape- painter. Morges (morzh). A town in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland, on the Lakn of Geneva 7 miles west of Lausanne. Pojjulatifm (1888), 4,088. Morghen (mor'gen), Raffaello Sanzio. Born June 19, 1758: died at Fhrn-m-c, April S, ISlCi. An Italian enj^aver. He was a pupil of his f;ilher Fllippo and his uncle Oiovanni Elia Morghen. llin llrst important plate, "Masks of the Carnival," was made in 1778. He continued his education under Volpato in Home. In 1781 ho engraved iCaphacl's "Poetry "and "Theology"; in 1787Guldo Reni's "Aurora"; and, later, Leonardo's "Last Supper" and Raphael's "Transfiguration." He became ftrofesflor of engraving In the Academy of Arts in Florence n 179:{. Morgiana (m6r-gi-a'nji). A character in the story of ** AH Baba and the Forty Tliieves," in "The Arabian NiKlit.sKut<-rtainmt'nts": a slave of Cassim and AH Baba. she aids in the conceal- ment of Cassim'a murder, and dtBcovera the rolibers, who are brought by their captain, concealeil In oil-Jars, U> All Baba's house. She kills them by pouring boiling oil Into the Jars. She recognizes thrir captain when, as ('«igla Houssatn, he dines with AH Ilaba, and stabs him as Mho dances the "dagger dance." AU Itaba shows his gratltutlo by marrying her to his aon, Morglay (mdr'gla). [Same as chii/morc.'] The sword of Sir Be vis of Hampton. Morhault(m6r'halt),Sir. A celebrated charac- ter in the romanecs of chivalry. Also written Marhouft, MontiDit, Mnriiolf, <'f<'. Morhof (mor Miof), Daniel Gteorg. Born at Wismar, Germany, Feb. 6, lOiil): diol at Tjiiliock, June 30, 1691. A German scholar, appointed professor of oratory and poetry at JCiel in 1065, 707 professor also of history in 1673, and librarian in 1680. He wroti? a work on universal litera- ture, entitled "Polyhist or" (1688: best edition 1747), etc. Moria (mo'ri-ii). A character in Ben Jonson's *' (Cynthia's Kevels." Tis Madam Moria (folly), guardian of the nymphs ; one that is not now to be persuaded of her wit ; she will think herself wise against :dl tlie judgments that coma .\ lady made all of voice and air, t:Uks anything of anything. Act it Moriah (mo-ri'ii). A hill in Jerusalem, the site of Solomon's ttMajde. Tradition has often identified this, but on insulllcient^grounds, with the hill of Isaac's sacrifice lu the " land of Moriah " (Gen. xxii.). Morier (mO'ri-cr), James. liom 1780: died at Brighton, England, March 19, 1849, An Eng- lish novelist and writer of travels. He entered the diplomatic service as secretary of Lt>rd Klgin. In^812 he published "A Journey through Persia, Armenia, and Asia Minor to Constatitinople 18iJ8~9." l-Yom 1810 to 1S14 he was secretary of embassy at the court of Persia. He published his "Second Journey" in 1818; a romance, 'The Adventures of Hajji Baba of Ispahan, ' in 1824; ami "Zohrab the Hostage" in 18;>2. Morike (m^'ri-ke), Eduard. Bom at Ludwigs- burg, Wiirtemb(»rg, Sept. 8, 1804: died at Stutt- gart, Wiii'temberg, June 4, 1875. A German poet of the *'Swabian school," and novelist. Among his works are the novel "MaierXolten" (1832), the poem "IdyllevomBodensco" (1846), etc, Morillo (mo-rel'yo), Pablo. Bom at Fuente de Malva, 1777: died at Rochefort, France, July 27, 1838. A Spanish general. As field-marshal he commanded lo.ooo men sent early in 1815 to reduce the revolted provinces of Venezuela and Xew Ciranada. At first he swept all opposition before hira ; occupied Caracas May, 1815 ; took Cartagena, after a siege of 4 months, Dec. 6 ; and on May 20, 1810, entered Uogota, where he executed 125 prominentcitizena. la 1817 he met with many reverses in Venezuela, and in 1819 was outwitted by Bolivar, who during his absence gained the battle of BoyacA (Aug. 7), and recovered liogotA. In 1820 he signed a truce with Bolivar, and was recalled at his own request. In 1822 he sided with the constitutionalists, and later submitted to French intervention. In Aug., 1823, he was degraded by the king, and retired to France. He published an ac- count of his American campaigns in 1820. Morini (mor'i-ui). A Celtic people of Gallia Belgica, living in the vicinity of the modem Boulogne. Moriscos (mo-ris'koz). In Spanish history, per- sons of the Moorish race; the Moors. The name was applied to the Moors after their c(mquest by the Span- iards. They were expelled from Spain in lOOlt. Morison (mor'i-soix), James Augustus Cotter. Born at London, 1832: died Feb. 20, 1.SS8. An English autlnn'. He was educated at Oxford (Lincoln College). He was a positivist In philosophy. He was a contributor to the '"Saturday Keview," and published "Life and Times of St. Bernard, etc.," in 1803, and "The Service of Man : an Essay towards the Religion of the Fu- ture." in ISaT, etc. Morison, Robert. Born at Aberdeen, 1620: died Nov. 10, 1683. A Scottish botanist. He served the king in the civil war, and took his doctor's degree at Angers in ltM8. In 1050 he became superintendent of the garden formed at Blois by G:istoii, duke of Orleans. After the Restoration ho was n»ado boUmist royal, court physi- cian, and prcjfessor of botany at Oxford. He publislied " Plaiitarum Historia Universalis Oxoniensis '* (1080). Morlacca (mor-liik'kii). The country of the Morhiks. Morlaix (mor-la'). A town in the department of l'"inist^re, France, situated near tlie English Channel 42 miles north-nortlieast of Quimpor. It has a harbor on a tidal river. Population (181)1). commune. 10,300. Morlaks (mor'laks). A Slavic people dwelling near the Adriatic in Islria, Croatm, and Dal- niatia: closely allied to the Serbs. Morland (mor'land), Catherine. The princi- pal chiiracter in Miss Austen's novel "North- anpnr Abbey." Morland, George. Born at London, June 2fi, 1703: dird tlicri', Oct. 27, 1S(I4. An English painter, son of a painter and picture-deah'r. In 1780 he married a sister of James Ward the animal- painter. He painted moralities in themainiiTof lIogiU"th, also genre and animals, and was noted equally fur the bril- liancy of his work and the extreme recklcHsness of his life. His picture ** Tnsldeof a Statile "Is In the NatlonaKiallery. Morland, Henry. In Colman the yinuiger's *' IIrir-:it-L:i\v," the missing and iinally r<*;i|i- iM'ju'ing heir to the title and estates of Loni Duberiy. lie is in love with Caroline Dormer. Morley (in6r'li). A munirinal Intrough in the West Kidinjr of Yorkshire, England, southwest of Leeds, i'opulalinn (1801). 1S,725. Morley, Henry, liornat London. Sept. if). 1822: dietl May 14, lsi)4. An Kn^dish autlntr. He was educated lit the Moravian Hchmd at N en wled-on-the- Rhino, and at King's College, l^>ndon. He prarf iHed medieinefrnni 1M44 to 18-18. He wrote for "IloiiMuhold Words'* and the "Kxumlner"fit>ni lSf.oto lHtV4, and was editor of the latter during part of that t hue; was prufoftsor of the Eugllsh tan- Moro guage and literature from is o to 1SS9 at Tni versify College, Lfudon ; heldthes;inieiKisitioM atCJueen sCollege. London, from 1878 ; and beeiune principal of University Hall in ls*2. He wrote "A Defence of Ignorance "(18;'.l), lives of Pali&sy (ltt6'2), Cardan (1854), Cornelius Agrippa (IS, 6), " Memoirsof Bartholomew Fair"' (l&o7 , *' English Writers before Chau- cer"n804-ti7)." First Sketch of English Literature "(Is73), and '^Librar)' of Englieh Literature"; and edite\* : and was called to the bar in IK.^9. l-Vora 18f.7 to 18s2 he t*dit^-d the "Fortnightly Rwiew," from 1880 to 1883 the "Vail Mall Gazette, ' and from 18S3 tolHS.'. •* .Maoiiiillan s Mayaziiie." He has been meml>erof Parliament for Xeweastle-on-Tyne 1883-95, and for Mon- tr 'Se Burghs 1890-. He has been a 8upi>orter of Gladstone's Irish and general policy; was chief secretarv for Ireland in 1S8«; and was reappointed in ls02. Ht has written " Kdnnind Burke" (18r.7), " Voltaire" (1872), " Rousseau '" {187G),"L>iderotandtheEiievcIopajdi8ts" (187H),*Kiehard rol)den" (1881). "The Struggle tor National Education" (2d ed. 187:H. " Ralph W:ddo Emerson "■ (1S.^4(. etc. Morley, "Mis, The name under which Oueen Anne conducted her correspondence with the Duchess of Marlborough, who signed herself Mrs. Freeman. Morley, Thomas. Bom in England about ir»57 : died at London. 1004. An Knglish musician. He studied at Oxford, and was a pupil iii music of William Bird. He wrote 6 books of canzonets or madrigals n5!*3- 1000). "A Plaine and Easie Introduction to Practicali Mu- 8icke'*(1597), and edited *|The I'riumphsof Oriana " (1601 : a collection of madrigals in honor of (jueen Elizabeth), and other books of canzonets, madrigals, etc. Mormon (mor'mpn), Book of. One of the au- thoritative writings of the Mormon Church. Ac- cording to the Mormons, it is the record of certain ancient peoples in America, abridged by the prophet Monuon. writ- ten on golden plates, and discovered by Joseph Smith at Cumorah (western New V<>rk), and translated by him. By anti-Mormons it is generally regarded as taken from a ro- mance written about 1811 by Solomon Spaulding, whose manuscript was used l)y Smith and liigdon. Mormons (mor'monz). The adherents of a re- ligious body in tlie United States, which calls itself *'The Church of .Jesus Christ of Latter- day Saints." This denomination was founded in 1830 by Joseph Smith, a native* oi Sharon, \'ermont. The gov- ernment of tlie church is a liierarchy consisting of two or- ders of priesthood, an order of ilelehizedek ^the higherX and an Aaronic or lesser order. The former is pre.sidea over by a president and two counselors whose authority extends over the entire church, and it includes the twelve apostles, the seventies, the patriarch, the high priests, and the elders. The twelve apostles constitute a traveling high council, which ordains other olflcers and is intrusted with general ecclesiastical authority ; the seventies are the missionaries and the propagandists of the body ; the pa- triarch pronounces the blessing of the church ; the high priests officiate in the offices of the church in the absence of any higlier authorities ; and the elders conduct meet- ingsand superintend the priests. The Aaronic priesthood includes the bishops, the priests, the teachei-s, and the deacons: the two last named are the subordinate orders in the church. The dutieaof the bishops are largely secu- liu*. The entire t^^rritory governed by the church is di- vided and subdivided Into districts, for the more efficient collection of tithes and the admlidi^tnilion of the govern- ment. The Mormons accept the Bible, the Book of Mor- mon, and the Book of l>octiine and t'ovenants as authori- tative, and regard the headof their church as invested with divine authority, receiving his revelations as the word of God. the Lord. They maintain tlie doctrines of repentance and faith, a literal resurrection of the dead, the second coming of Christ and his reign upon the earth 0>:ivlng the seat of his power in their territory), bajitism by hnmerslon, baptism for the dead, ami polygamy as a sacred duty for those who arc capable of entering into such marriage. The Mormons settletl first at Kirtland, Ohio, then In Mi^ souri, anil, after their expulsion from these places. In "San- VIM, Illinois. In 1847—18 they removed to Utjih, and have since spread into Idaho. Arizona, Wyoming, etc. They have irequently delled the United States government- There is also a comparatively snuill branch of the Monuon ciiurch, entitled "The Keoivi»"iz:ed rhur<-hof Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints." whlcli Is oi>posed io polygamy and is ecclesiastically intlepeiulent of the original orgaidznl ion. Also Mi>rinoniM.<, Munnonirfs. Mornay (mor-na'), Philippe de, Seigneur du IMessis-Marly, known as Duplessls-Mornay, Born at tlie ChAtean Bidiy, Nttrniinuly. Nov. 5, 154!!: died at La 3'^>r("'t-sMr-Si^vr(',Fr;in('e,Nov. II, l()'j:i. AFren^*m. A Fren«-li judi- tieian, illeptimate snii o( the Conit«Mle riaiiatit and (^ueen Ilortense: lialf-brother of Najioleon III. He was a lending consplrfltor In the coup dVtnt of Dcc.,18r>l; mini«terof the Interior 18fil-v'«2: pivsldent »tf the Corps lA^glf*latif l^.>l <'0; and ambassador to KuMia ls:.(V-67. MorO (nio'ro>. Attoni »»r Antonis: called Sir Anthony More. H(»rn at Utrecht, Netli(»rlands, about ir>!J: ilied at Antwerp about ir»78. A Dutch porlrait-paiuter. Moro Castle Moro Castle. See Morro Castle. Morocco (mo-rok'6), or Marocco (ma-rok'6), r. Marco (mii-rok'). A country in uorthwest- ern Africa. Capitals, Fez and Morocco, it is bounded by the Mediterranean on the north, Algeria ou the east, the Sahara on the south, and the Atlantic on the northwest and west : its soiitliem boundaries are undefined. It is traversed from west to east by the At- las Mountains. Government is administered by a sultan with despotic powers. The leading races are the Moors, Berbers, and Jews. The religion is largely Mohammedan. Morocco corresponds to the ancient Mauretania Tingitana. It was conquered by the Arabs about 700; was under the Almoraviiles in the 11th and l*2th centuries, and undet the Alraohades in the 12th and 13th ; was flourishing in the 16th centurj* and part of the i:th; and was defeated in war with France in 1S44, and in war with Sp;un in 1859- 1860. The Ritfian tribes of the north came into collision with Spain in 1893. and were defeated, Morocco being forced to pay a large indemnity-. .A re;i, exclusive of the Saharan tract and Tuat, about 219,000 square miles. The population is variously estimated ; it is probably about 8,000,000. Morocco, or Marocco. One of the capitals of the sultanate of Morocco, situated about lat. 31° 40' N., long. 7° 3.5' W. It was founded about 1072. and has manufactures of morocco leather. Population, about 50,000. Morocco. See Banl-s's hnrsfi. Morochucos (mo-ro-cho'kos). A branch of the yuichua Indians of Peru, in the department of Ayacucho. southeast of Lima. They have retained a form of tribal or^nization under Spanish and Peruvian rule, and are noted for their attachment to republican free- dom. During the Chilean war of 1S81 they fought for the Peruvians under their own chiefs. Moron, or Moron de ia Frontera (mo-ron' da la fron-ta'ra). A town in the province of Se- ville, Spain, 35 miles southeast of Se\ille. Pop- ulation (1887). 16.103. Morone (mo-ro'n >), Giovanni di. Bom at Mi- lan. May 25, 151)9 : died at Home, Dec. 1, 15S0. \n Italian cardinal and diplomatist. Moroni (mo-ro'ne), orMorone, Giambattista. Bom at Albino, near Bergamo. Italy, about 1510 : died about 1578. An Italian portrait- painter. Moro (mo'ro) Pass. A pass leading from Ma- cuffnaga. in northern Italv. northward over the Valais .A.lps. Height, 9.390 feet. Morose (mo-ros'). In Ben Jonson's comedy "Epieoene, or the Sil?nt Woman," a melan- choly recluse who can bear no sound except that of his own voice. His melancholy degenerates into vice and cruelty ; to disinherit his nephew he marries, as he supposes, a silent woman, who turns out to be not only a loud-voiced scold, but— a boy. (^ee Da up/tine and Epicceiie.) Not only the name and characterof Morose, but several of his shorter speeches, are copied or imitated from Libanius. Morosini (mo-ro-se'ne), Andrea. Bom at Ven- ice, Feb. 13, 15.58 : died June 29, 1618. A Vene- tian historian. He studied belles-lettres at Padua, and held various public offices at Venice, eventually obtaining a seat in the Council of Ten. He was appointed histo- riographer of the republic in 1d9S. He wrote "Historia Veneta ab anno 1521 ad annum ltil5 " (1623), etc. Morosini, Francesco. Born 1618: died 1694. .\ Venetian general. He surrendered Candia to the Turks in 1669. but was distinguished later for his victories over them, especially for his conquest of the Morea. MorotocOS (mo-ro-to'kos). An Indian tribe of eastern Bolivia, between Santa Cruz de la Sierra and the Paraguay. They are now nearly or quite ex tinct. The Morotocos were closely allied to the Samucus (which see). The early missionaries describe the tribe as ruled by women, the men acting as sen'ants. Morpeth (mor'peth). A town in Xorthumber- land, England, situated on the Wansbeck 14 miles north of Newcastle. Population (1891), 5.219. Morpeth, Viscoimt. See Howard, George W. F. Morpheus (mor'fus). [Gr. .Mop'ew Magdalen," Kenee, :iiid Cora in "L'.\rticle 47." Morris, Dinah. The principal female character iu George Eliot's " Adam Bede." She is a factory girl and Wesleyan preacher, with a spiritual clear-sighted nature, and delicate sensitiveness to the condition and wants of others. She is said to be in some particulars a sketch from an aunt of the author, Elizabeth Evans. Morris, George Pope. Bom at Philadelphia, Oct. 10, 1802 : died at New York, July 6. 1864. -\u American journalist and poet. With Samuel Woodworth he established the "New York Mirror" in 18-23 (discontinued in 1842), with X. P. Willis the '• Sew Mirror" in 1843, and shortly after the "Evening Mirror." In 1845 he founded the "National Press." Its name was changed in a few months to ''The Home Journal." This he edited with Willis till shortly before his death. He wrote "Briarcliff "(18-25X etc., and edited "American Melo- dies" and, with X. P. Willis, "The Prose and Poetry of America" (1&45). Among his best-known poems are " Woodman, Spare that Tree " and "My Mother's Bible." Morris, Gouvemeur. BornatMon-isania.X.T.. Jan. 31, li52: died at MoiTisania. Xov. 6. 1816. An American statesman. He was a member of the Continental Congress : one of the committee on drafting the Constitntion in 17S7 : Tnited States minister to France 1792-94 ; and United States senator from Sew York ISOO- 1803. Morris, Lewis. Bora at Morrisania. X. Y., 1726: died there, Jan. 22, 1798. -\n American patriot, brother of Gouvemeur Morris: a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Morris, Sir Lewis. Born at Carmarthen, 1832. An English poet . He was educated at Oxford (Jesus Col- lege), graduating iu IS^.5. He has written the "Songs of Two Worlds '(1S71X the "Epic of Hades" (his best-known work, 1S76'). "A Vision of Saints" (1890), etc. Morris, Richard. Born at London. Sept. 8, 1833 : died there. May 12. 1894. An English philologist. He was educated" at St. John's College, Battersea : was a member of the Chaucer. Early English Text, and Philo- logical societies, and was president of the latter in 1874. He published "The Etymology of Local Sames" (1S57), "Specimens of Early English" (1867), " Historical (Outlines of Eni:lish .Accidence" (1S72), and edited some of Chaucer's "(;anti.riniry T;des"with i^otes. Morris, Robert. Born in England. Jan. 20, 1734: died at Philadelphia. May 8, 1806. An Ameri- can financier and statesman, a signer of the Dec- laration of Independence as delegate to the Con- tinental Congress. He established the Bank of Sorth -\merica in 1781 : was superintendent of finance 17S1-84; was a member of the Constitutional Convention in 1787; and was United States senatorfrom Pennsylvania 1789-95. Morris.Williani. Born near London, 1834 : died at London, Oct. 3, 1896. An English poet and artistic decorator. He was educated at .Marlborough College and at Oxford (Exeter College), where his intimacy with Burne-Jones began.. In 1863 he estaldished the busi- ness iu stained glass and decorations which i leairs his name. In his later years he devoted much time to propagating the doctrines of S' 'Cialisni. Author of " Defense of Guine- vere, and Other Poems" (1858). "'The Life and De;ith of Jason" (1867), "The Earthly Paradise" (1868-71), "Li.ve is Enough ■■ (1873), " Hopes and Fears for kn " (1SS2). In 1S90 he bvgan publishing English versionsof the Icelandic sagas. Morrisania (mor-i-sa'ni-a). A former -village of Westchester County, Xew York, situated north of the Harlem River: now a part of Xew York city. Morris Island. -A. sand island at the southern entrance of Charleston harbor. South Carolina: the site of Fort Waguer and other fortifications during the Ci^nl War. Morrison (mor'i-son), Robert. Born at Mor- geth, Xorthumberiand, .Jan. 5, 1782: died at anton, China. Aug. 1, 1834. An English mis- sionary. He studied at the Independent Academy at Hoxton, and in 1SU7 was sent by the London Missionary Society to Canton. In 1815 he published a Chinese gram'- mar and Sew Testament; in ISIS he founded the Anglo- Chinese College at Malacca; and in 1S23 his Chinese dic- tionar>' was published by the East India Company. Morristcwn (mor'is-toun). A to-wn, capital of .Morris County. Xew Jersey, situated on the Whippany River 26 miles west by north of Xew York : a summer resort. It was the headqnarters of the armv under Washington in the winters of 1776-ji and 1779-80.' Porulatinn iiomi. 11.267. Morro' (mor'ro). El. [Sp., 'the promontory.'] .\ picturesque rock and plateauin western Xew Mexico, 30 miles east of Zuni. on the vertical walls of which numerous inscriptions, some of them belonging to the very early years of Span- ish occupation, still exist, it is a very important historic monument. Many of the older inscriptions have, however, disappeared to make room for less important modern ones. On the top of the plateau or mesa are the ruins of two ancient %-illages. Also called tiucriptiun Rock. Mortimer, Roger Morro Castle. [Sp. CasteUo del Morro, castle of the promontory.] A fort at the entrance of the harbor of Havana, Cuba, celebrated in the history of the island. The dungeons beneath it have frequently been used for political prisoners. Also a castle at Santiago de Cuba, similarly situated. Mors (mors). An island in the Limf jord, north- ern Jutland, Denmark. Morse (mors). Edward Sylvester. Bom at Portland, Maine, June 18, 1838. An American zoologist. His early work attracted the attention of Louis .\gassiz, who induced him to study at the Lawrence Scientific School, Har\-ard, where he was assistant till 1862. With othei-s he established the "jVraerican Natu- ralist" at Salem about 1866, and founded the Peabody Academy of Sciences there, of which he was curator and president in 1881. He was professor of comparative anat- omy and zoology at Bowdoin 1871-74. visited Japan in 1877, and became professor of zoolc^y in the Imperial Univer- sity of Tokio. He returned later to the United States. In 18S5 he was made president of the -\merican Association for the Advancement of Science. Among his works are "First Book in Zoology " (1875). "Japanese Homes, etc." (1885). etc., besides numerous scientific and popular papers. Morse, Jedidiah. Born at Woodstock, Conn., -lug. 23, 1701: died at X'ew Haven, Conn., June 9, 1826. An American geogi'apherand Congre- gational diWne. author of a series of geogra- phies and gazetteers. Morse, Samuel Finley Breese. Born at Charles- town. Mass.. April 27, 1791 : died at Xew York, -■Ipril 2, 1872. An American artist and invent- or, son of Jedidiah Morse. He graduated at Tale College in 1810 ; studied art under Benjamin West in Eng- land ; and, after having tried with indifferent success to establish himself as a portrait-painter in various Ameri- can cities, opened a studio at New Y'ork in 1823. He was the first president of the National Academy of Design at S'ew York (1826-12). He designed in 1832 an electric tele- graph, a working model of which was exhibited in 1S35 He applied for a patent in 1837, and in 1843 Congress granted an appropriation for a line between Baltimore and Wash- ington, which was completed in 184-1. Morse, Sidney Edwards. Born at Chariest own, Mass., Feb. 7, 1794 : died at Xew York. Dec. 23, 1871. An American journalist, geographer, and inventor, son of .ledidiah Morse. He founded (con- jointly with his brother R. C. Morse) the "Sew York Ob- server " in 1S23. Mortagne (mor-tany'). A town in the depart- ment of Orne, France. 23 miles east by north of Alen^on. Population (1891), commune. 4,435. Mortara (mor-ta'ra). A town in the province of Paria. Italy. 26 miles southwest of Milan. Here. March 21, 1849. the Austrians under Archduke Al- bert defeated the Sardinians under the Duke of Genoa. MorteArthure (mort ar'ther). A compilation of prose romances on the life and death of King Arthur and the knights of the Round Table, translated from the French prose romances ■which had grown from the early poems, by Sir Thomas Malory and printed by Caxton in 1485. Itwas origiii ally called the " History "*or " Book of Arthur. " There is a metrical English romance with the title "Morte .\rthure," said to have been written at the end of the 14th centun;' by Huchowne (Hutchin). a Scotch ballad-writer: his authorship has been denied by Richard Morris. ilr Ritson imagines that the English metrical romance of Morte Arthur was versified from the prose one of the same title; but, as it differs essentially from Malory's prose work, and agrees exactly with the last part of the Fivnch romance of Lancelot, it is more probable that it has been versified from this composition. DuiUop, Hist, of Prose Fiction, L 185. Morte d' Arthur (mort diir'ther). An idyl by -llfi-ed Tennyson, included later in the ''Idylls of the King" under the title " The Passing of Arthwc." Morte d' Artus. An early French romance which properly completes the French Arthurian cycle. It is probably by Walter Map. Morte de Poinpee, La. [F.. ■ The Death of Pom- pey.'] A tragedy by Corneille.producedin 1642. Morteira (mor-tVrii), Saul Le'vi. Died I60n. A rabbi in Amsterdam, Holland. He was one of the teachers of Spinoza- A collection of his sermons w;ta published under the title of "Hill of Satil" ("Gibath Shaul "). Mortier (mor-tya'), Edouard Adolphe Casi- mir Joseph, Due de Tre\-ise. Born at (Tateau- Camtjiesis. France. Feb. 13, 1768: killed at Paris, July 28, 1835. A French marshal, distinguished throughout the Xapoleonie wars, especially at Friedlandin 1807, in Spain, and iu the campaigns of 1813-14. He was premier 18.34-35. and was mortally wounded by Fieschi's infernal ma- chine. Mortimer, Sir Edward. A character in Col- man the younger's '• Iron Chest." He labors under a secret sorrow, finally confesses himself a murderer, and dies. He differs from Falkland in "Caleb Williams," on which the play is founded, in that his remorse proceeds from the assassination of his victim, while Falkland's ifl fr,3m letting others suffer for him. Mortimer (m6r'ti-mer), Roger, Earl of March. Bom about 1287 : hanged at London, Nov. S% Mortimer, Roger 1330. An EriKlisli politician. Having been thrown Into prison for c plicity in the conspiracy of the Karl of Lancaster, he escaped to l*:iri8, where in la25he intriKUetl with Isabella of France for the dejiosition of her husharul Edward II. of England. He commanded the queen's forces In the descent on England in 132(i, and after the deposi- tion and death of the king in 1327 became with his para- 709 Mor7an fmor-von'). Le. A region in the de- Iiartmonts of Yi>iiiie and Nievre, France. It is traversed by a chain of mountains from Avallou to Luzy 5 miles). Uighest point, "2,970 feet, Morven (mor'ven). A mythical Scottish king- lidin MtVrrcd to in the poems of Ossiau. jnour, the queen, virtual ruler of the kingdom during the MorvCm (nior'vem). ApeninHula in thenorth- minority of Edward III. He was overthrown by the young king, who caused him to be condemned as a traitor by I'ar- liament. Mortimer his Fall, tirii ]iait of Argyllsliire, Scotland. Mosa (ino'.'^ii). The'Latin name of the Mouse. A tragedy by Ben Jonson Mosbach (nios'biich). A town in Baden, 21 miles east by south of Heidelberg. Population (is'.ili), 3,4.'i9. Mosca{mos'kii). [L., 'a fly.'] In Ben Jonson's j)lay " Volpoiie, or the Fox," a parasite, in the sense of the classic drama. His pliancy and presence of mind render him itivaluable to his master, Volpone, upon whom he llnally turns. (1640), "The argument and part of i. 1 were alone flU' ished. It was *conipleted* by \V. Mountfort ]7;U, with satirical intentions, it was supposed. to*rards\Valpoie and Queen Caroline X new detlication was subsequently writ- ten by Wilkes in derision of iiutei" I>u:f. Xat. Biog. Mortimeriados. See Barnnii' (Oov, Thr. Mortimer's Cross. A place in Herefordshire, England, lij miles north bv west of Hereford. Here, Feb. 2, 14G1, Edward", earl of March (Ed- ward IV.). defeated the Lancastrians. Mortlake (mort'liik). Apavish in Surrey, Eng- 1,1111 1, oil the Thames above London. The "univer- sity boat-race isrowed from Piitm-y toMnrtlake. Morton, Fourth Earl of (James Douglas). I'-om at Dalkeith, 1530 : Ixdicadeil at Kdiiiburgh, .June 2, ISSl. Regent of Scotland, sieond son of Sir George Douglas of Pittciidriocli His inimitable parasite, or (as the Greek and Roman authors e.xpresseu it) his /■Vi/, his Mosea ; and in this tln- ished portrait, Jonson may thnjw the gauntlet to the great- est m.'isters of anti(]uity ; the character is of classic origin ; it is found with thecontemporariesof Aristophanes, though not in any comedy of his now existing ; the Middle Llrania- tists seem to have handleil it very frequently, and in the New Comedy it rarely failed to find a place ; I'lautus h.as It again and again, but the aggregate merit of all his para- sites will not weigh in the scale against this single l-'ly of our poet. Gifford, Notes to Jonson's "Fox," p. 399. . . , , In 1553 he sue. ceeded to the earldom of Morton through marriage with MoSCheles(ni6sh'e-les),IgnaZ. Born at Prague, Elizabeth, daughter of the third e.irl. On the return of ii.,^. ij,,^ ]7<,4. ^(gj j,t Leipsic, March 10, 1870. : third earl. On tlr Queen Mary in 1561 he was made privy councilor, and in IStiS lord high chancellor. He was a prime mover in the Msassination of Rizzio, and in securing the abdication of Mary at Lochleven. In Oct., 1572, he became regent on the death of the Earl of Mar. He resigned when James VI. assumed the government, and was condemned on the A noted Oci'iuan pianist, composer for the piano, and teaclior. .\niong his pupils was Mendelssohn, works include 24 etudes, "Hommage ii Hi certo in a Minor," "Concerto path^tique, ' lancolique," *' Characteristische ,Studien," etc. accusation of James Stuart (afterward earl of Anan) for jyjoggjjgjoggjj (mosh'e-rosli), Johann Michael complicity lu the death of Darnley, the king s father. ^■.'"ov-^v/iv/o^yii /, uv/uouu xf.i^v,uci><5i. Morton, John. Born at Milborne St. Andrew, Dorset, about 1420: died Oct. 12. 1.500. An Eng- lish cardinal. He was educated at lialliol College, Ox- ford, and practised in the Court of Arches. He was master of the rolls and i)ishopof Ely in the reign of Edward IV.; ([iriiiifrly Mosenrosh). Born at Wilstadl. Ba- den, March .J, KiOl : died at Worms, April 4, 1669. A German author. He wrote an allegor- ico-satirical work, ''Philander von Sittewald" (_1643), etc. [Gr. MiSffjfof.] In ancient ge- was imprisoned byKichard III.; ami was made archbishop Moschi (mos'ki) of Canter' "■"•* "' - n— i— " *-tt w..-_.iii. — More beg Morton Jan. 3, • playwright, son of Thomas Morton (1764-1838). He was educated in Paris and Germany, and by Dr. Rich- - ardson at Clapham. He wrote " Box and Cox "(1847), and MoBChUS about 100 other farces. OQQ jj, q^ Morton, Le-Ti Parsons. Born at Shoreham,Vt., Moscoso (mos-ko'so), Luis de, or Moscoso de Moses of the most fantastic architectural creations in existence, though it was built by an Itidiau architect, who applied in it. in new conibinations. the principles of the old Rusfto- hyzantine builders. The general outline Is pyramidal ; there are II bullions domes raised on high drums, all dif- ferent In surfaceornainent and in color. The brilliant group of domes and spires is completed by several pro- jecting porches, ditlering in form and with high pyramidal roofs. One of these is elaborately arcaded, and forms a belfry. The Temple of the Saviour, a national moniimenl in commemoration of the evacuation of iloscow by Napo- leon, was built between 1831) and 1(SS3. The church has the form of a Greek cross, with a domed turret at every angle. The monument is crowned by a pointed gilded dome 98 feet in diameter, raised on a high arcaded drum ; the cross is 340 feet above the ground. The low er of Ivan Veliki (the Great), within the Krendin. flnished Ifioo, and architecturally a unique structure, consists of 6 stages, 5 of them octagonal and 2 of them recessed, and the high- est cylinilrical and crowned by a bulbous, met:d-sheathed dome. The third and fourth stages are arcaded, and in every arch a bell is suspended. One of the bells weighs *J4 tons. Theheightis325feet tothetopof thccross. Other buildings of interest are the theater, riding-hall, Hall of the Nithility, and foundling hospital. The university, founded in 1755, has a lil»rar> of 217.001) volumes, antl the museum has a library of 500,000 volumes. The city was founded in the middle of the 12th century. The principal- ity of Moscow was united w ith that of Vladimir, and ilos- cow became the capital of the grand principality of Mos- cow (see below) and seat of the metropolitan in the tlrst Iiart of the 14th century. It was taken and burned by Lithu- anians and Tatars in the 14th century, nearly destn^yed by tire in 1547, and burned by the khaii in 1571. The cap- ital was removed to St. Petersburg by I'eter the Great. Moscow was burned by its inhabitants during its occupa- tion by the Kreiich in Sept.. 1B12. Population (1897), 988,010 ?ifiiiei"" "Con- Moscow, Grand Principality of, or Muscovy '' "So'nate m^- (mus'ko-vi). A grand principality which grew up around Moscow, and developed into the Kus- sian em|)ire. It was founded by Daniel, son of Alexan- der Nevski, about 1295, and was united with the grand principality of Vladimir (or SUKdal) in 1319. Ivan I., ruler of Vladimir and Moscow, made the city of Moscow the seat of government. His successor Simeon took the title of "grand prince of all the Ilussias." The work of con- solidation was greatly advanced under Ivan 111., who an- ncMcd Perm (1472), Novgorod (1478). Tver (1482), Vyatka (1489), etc. He freed Moscow from tribute to the Mongols, and by conquests from Lithuania carried the western bor- der to the Desna and then to the Soya. For further his- tory, see Riuma. May 16, 1824. A banker and Repuljlican poli- tician, minister to Franco 1881-85, Vice-Presi- dent of the United States 1889-93, governor of the State of New York 1895-96. Morton, Nathaniel. Born about 1613: died at Plymouth, Mass., June 29, 1685. An American historian, compiler of "New England's Memo- rial" (1669). Morton, Oli'ver Perry. Bom in Wayne County, Ind., Aug. 4, 1823: died at Indianapolis, Ind., Nov. 1, 1877. An American statesman. He was governor of Indiana 1801-67 ; I'nited States senator (Ke- publican) from Indiana 1807-77 ; and a member of the Electoral Commission (1877). Morton, Thomas. Born at York, England, March 20, i.")!)-!: died at Easton, Northamptonshire, Sept. 22, l(i")9. An English clergvmaii, bishop of Chester (1615), of Lichiicld ("Uil8), and of Durham (1632). Ue was a graduate of Cambridge Uni- versity and professor of logic there. Ue was im]>risoncd in the Tower in 1641. He was a friend of Isiuic Casaubon. Morton, Thomas. Bom in England aliout l.")9fl : died at Agameiiticus, Maine, aliout 1645. An English colonist at MountWollaston(Braintre Al'Varado (mos-ko'so da iil-vii-rJi'THo), Luis, Bum at Bada,ioz about 1505 : died about 1.560. A Spanish soldier. He followed his kinsman. Pedro Moseley (moz'li). Henry. de Alvarailo, to Guatemala (l:.3o) and Peru (^.^34). Sub- sequently he united with Hernando de Soto in his expedi- tion to Florida (1639), and, after the death of that leader near the Mississijipi Eiver (May 21, 1B42), succeeded him in command. In July, 1543, he descended the Mississippi, arriving safely at Mexico. He was well received by the viceroy Mendoza, and in 1551 accompanied him to Peru. .-Vlso written Moscoso or Mtutax;o. Mosco-w (mos'kou). [P. Moscou, G. .l/osA-ni/, Moseley, Henry Nottidge, M Massachusetts). Hewasalawyerof Cliffo!d'8lnn,and (in the cenUT), Kilai-Qorod (trading (|uarU'r), Byeloi.Go ' rod,and Zemlyanoi-liorod. Among the bilildingstbesiiles those of the Kremlin, which see) are many churches. The Cathedral of the Annunciation, within the Kremlin, has been several tlmi-s rebuilt, the last time after a lire in 1547. The plan Is rectangular, with 3 shallow apses, pro- tecting angle-pavilions, and a Byzantine arched porch. The Interior Is frescoed, and Is paved wilh Jasjier aiuj agate anil princely tlsm and mat -.-.,- -- sumption, within the Kremlin, the church In which the czar Is crowned, was founded in l.S'211, and rebuilt In the next century. The size Is small, but as an example of the ohl Russian style, and for the gorgeous magnlllcence of the Interior, there is no more Interesting building In Rus- siii. The plan is rectiingular, with a deep triple apse con- taining the bema and |iarabemala, and Hanked by chapels. The domes are suiiported by 4 great cylinilrical pillars whli-h are covereil with bands of frescos on a gold ground : the walls also are resplemlent wllli gold The ornaments on the iciuioHtiiKls. together with Ihi' church plate, amount to 100 pounds of gohl. The icons of the iconoBlasis an' many of the shrines and off. •rings in the treasurj' are mit onlvold. but Inherently of high artistic value, TlleCathe- dnii of the Archangel Michael, within the Kremlin, was founded VXa, but rebnill In l.MW. It Is recliingnlar. with (gilded dcunea, the central one, which Is much the largest. a leader of Weston's Massachusetts cdony in 1(;22. For unpurltanical conduct he was sent back to England, but returned in 1029, and was again sent back in Itlllo. He jiub- llshed "The New English Canaan " {1032). He returned to Massachusetts in 1043, and was imprisoned for his "scan- dalous bo<,k." Morton, Thomas. Bom in the eountv of Dur- ham, 1764 : died at London, March 2K, 18:18. An English drainatist. He entereil Lincln's Inn but abandoned law for play-writing. He wrote "Speeii the Plough " (1798) (Introducing the Invisible Mrs. Grundy), the "niind Girl" II801), "Tciwn and Country " (I807X "School (or Gniwn I'hlblrcn " (1827), etc. Morton, "William Thomas Green. Born at Charlton, Mass., Aug. 9, 1H|9: died at New York, July 15, 1.868. An Aniericaii doiitist. He llrst ad- ministered HUlphiiric ether as an ani-sIlM-tic to a patient of his own in 1840; obtained a patent for its use under the name of '■letlieon" in tlic same year; and on Oct. 10. 1840, administered ether to a patient in tUi .Massachusetts General Hospital at Kosto iid I>r. John C. Warren pain- lessly removed a vascular tumor from the niim's neck. Several claimants opposed his right of discuvery. notably Dr. Charles Thomas Jackson and Dr. Horace \\ ells. The French Academy of Sciences invi-stigated the matter In 1852, and decreed one of the Montyon prizes of 2,f>oo francs t*> l>r. Jackson for the discovery of etherization, anil a slm- llaraward to Dr. Morton for the application of the discov- ery to BurgiciU operations. Morus. See More, Sir Thomas. w.ut ccdeil in large part to Germany (a.s part of Alsaci'- I^»iraine)in 1871. The remainder fonns part of the French department of Menrthc-et-Moselle. Mosen (mo'zin), Julius. Born at Marieney, Sa.xony, July 8,1803: died in Oldenburg, Oct. Ill, 1867. A German poet, dramatist, and novel- ist. Ills works include the poems "Lied vom Rltler \Valin"(l'<:il),"Ahasver"(ls;l8), "Poems "(including "An- dreas llo(er,"ls;)0). the dramas "Cola Rlenzl,"" Die Hraute 111 florence," "Hernhanl von Weimar "(I8r»5y etc. Salomon Hermann III. Jan. 14. \S-2l: diedat Vienna, Feb. 17, 1877. .•\ticrmaii drama- tist. Among bls|ilavs are " Deborah" (18.'.n : I he original of "I..-ali. the Kiusaken "). " Mer Sonnenwendll..! " (186fl), "lliiweke "(1800). " l'letni"(lSO:.l, elc. Moser(mo'/.er), Johann Jakob. Born at Stutt- gart, Wiirtciiilicrg, Jan. IS, 171)1 : died at Stiitt- garl.Scpt. 31), 17.85. A noted German jurist and IMiblicist, author of "Deutsches Staatsreeht" (1737-54), etc. d MSser (nu'-'zer), Justus. Bom at ORimbrllck, Prussia, Dec. 14, 17'20: diid there, Jan. 8. 1,94. A German historian, critic, and misi'ellaneoiis aulhor. He wrote "Palriotisdie Pliantasien" (177.5-86), a historv of Osiiabriick (1768), etc. of bulbous form. In this church are the tombs of the MoSCS (ino'zez). [ME. .l/(i.n<^,.r r,f thn Cathedral of St, Basil the Beallflcd, begun In 1556, la one giver of the Israebtcs and orgnnizi-r of the Motley opposite the site of ancient Nineveh, it is tha seat of a pasha, and is famous for the manufactnre of the delicate cotton tissue called muslin or mousseline, to which it gave its name. 710 of Moscow. Russia. It Joins the Oka near Eolomna. Length, about 275 miles; navigable to Moscow. For the battle on it, Sept. 7, 1812, see Borodino. Moslems (mos'lemz). [Turk, and Ar. miisli- miii, professors of submission (islam) to the Motagua(m6-ta'gwa), or Eio Grande. Arirer faith.] The followers of Mohammed; the or- ot' Guatemala. It flows into the Bay of Hon- thodox Mohammedans, duras. Length, about 250 miles, the Kenites. Here he married Zippon,h; the'Siu^hter of JJoSQUe Of Omar. See 0;«or, ^Iosgue of. Motala (mo-ta'la). A smaU town in southern est of Midian, and tended the flocks of his •M-OSquera (mos-ka ra), Tomas Cipriano, Born ^weden, on the eastern shore of Lake A ettem. at Popayan, Sept. 20, 179S: died at Coeonueo, Motanebbi(m6-ta-neb'be), orMotenebbiCmo- Oct. 7, 1878. A Colombian general and poUti- te-neb'be). Bom at Cufa about 915 : killed eian. He held high civil and militarA- offices under Boli- near Shiraz by robbers, 965. An Arabian poet, var and his successors, and was president of New Granada Mota Padilla {mo'ta na-del'ya). Matiaq de la_ d„r.„. ., ..„....„„. ,„™, n^._.o, „„ V. ,..., ... .„. ,- 2^^^.^ ^^ Guadalajara, Oct. 6, 1688 rdied in Jul?; 17G6. A Mexican historian. He was a lawyer and Moses Israelitish nation. After his birth his mother kept him concealed three months to evade the command of the king of Egypt that all male Hebrew children be drowned in the ■Nile. He was then exposed in a box among the rushes on the banks of the Nile, and was found by an Egj-ptiau prin- cess who adopted and reared him. .\iter he had grown up, he one day struck an Egyptian whom he saw cruelly heating a Hebrew slave. Fearing punishment, hefled from Egypt into the desert, and halted at an o.asis inhabited by the Kenites. He — * -.^^ fy: ^ ... Reuel, the priest father-in-law. It was here that the prophetic spirit came upon him. and he decided to return to Eg>-pt for the pur- pose of delivering his brethren from slavery. On his re- turn his brother Aaron joined in his phins. His first eflons in theii behalf only resulted in the infliction of more se- vere burdens and greater cruelty. Presently, however, a series of most disastrous and terrifying alBictions visited Egypti ana the king Anally concluded that these had been brought upon the land by the unknown God whose name Moses had invoked. He accordingly ordered the Israel- ites to leave at once, and they began their departure on the 15th of Sisan (Starch- April), an event n hich is known as the Exodus. Moses was the leader of the Israelites during their 40 years' joumeyings in the wilderness, which period he utilized for perfecting a ci\-il organization and for the preparation of a code of laws of a high ethical, re- ligious, sanitaiy, and political character. Jewish tradition ascribes to him the authorship of the Pentateuch with the exception of the verses describing his death. This tradi- tion has been generally accepted by the Christian and Mohammedan world. Of late biblical critics have denied the Mosaic authorship of the Pentateuch. With few ex- ceptions however, they consider Moses as a historical charactei and as the organizer of the Hebrew nation. Amongst all lawgivers, founders of states, and teachers of mankind, none has equalled Moses. Xot only did he, under the most inauspicious circumstances, transfoi-m a horde of slaves into a nation, but he imprinted on it the seal of everlasting existence : he breathed into the national body an immortal souL He held before his people ideals the acceptance of which was indispensable, since all their weal and woe depended upon the realisation or non- realisation of those ideals. Moses could well declare that he had carried the people as a father carries his child. His patience and his courage had rarely deserted him ; his unselfishness and his meekness of disposition were two prominent qualities which, together with his clear, He was a lawyer, and during his last years a priest. His ' Historia de la con- quista de la Xueva Galicia," printed at Mexico 1S70-71, is a work of great value. during a prosperous term (1S45-49). He headed the feder- alist-democratic revolt of 1859-61; assumed the supreme power July, 1861 ; and called a constituent assembly, which created the United States of Colombia and made him dic- tator. Continued civil wars forced him to resign his power into the hands of a new assembly, which limited the presi- dential term to 2 years and forbade reelection. Inder MotecZmna. See Montezuma. '^i:i^'^°''llZ'^-:^:f:^^L'^:^ii^^Z^^.ifT Moth (moth) l^ fai,y in Shakspere's "Mid- summer ^lght s Dream.' This character was very early excised from the text of the play, though retained in the dramatis personse. Fleay. 2. A page in Shakspere's "Love's Labour 's Lost."— 3. In Cartwright's play "The Ordi- elected in 1866. Assuming dictatorial powers, he was de- posed by a revolution, M.ay, 1867, and banished for 3 years. Subsequently he was governor of Cauca and a member of Congress. He published in 1853 a biography of Bolivar and a work on the geography of New Granada. Mosquitia (mos-ke-te'a), or Mosquito (mos- ke'to) Coast. The region occupied by the Mos- quitos. At present the name is restricted to a strip on the east coast of Nicaragua, from lat. 11° 30" N. northward, comprising probably less than 7.000 square miles. The Mothe Cadillac nary," a shallow-brained antiquary, whose conversation is mostly disjointed scraps from Chaucer. English settled here about 1660, and their rights were rec ognized by Spain in 1670. Gre.it Britain recognized the ■««■ 4.1, -d 'v Mosquito king and established a protectorate over the ^lOtHer ISUnCll. country; but endless quarrels with Spain resulted in the Mother GrOOSe. cession of the British rights iu exchange for Balize, to which the colonists were transferred (1786). The Span- iards were driven out by the natives ; later Great Britain resumed a nominal protectorate, which led to quarrels with Nicaragua a840-48X By the Bulwer-Clarton treatv, signed at W ashington AprU 19, l»5u, and bv a "subsequent treaty with Honduras, Great Britain resig'ned all claim to Mos- quitia. The countrj' is now a department of Nicaragua, but tlie Mosquitos obey their own king. They are essen- tially in a savage condition. See Cadillac. propheticvision, eminentlyflttedhimtobetheinstrument Mosnnito nnast. Spp Vninnitin Of the Deity, ^ J.ee from jealousy, he wished that all Is- ^oS> Reservation ^ raelites might be prophets like himself, and that God would endue them with his spirit. Moses became at a subsequent epoch the unattainable ideal of a prophet. GraeU, Historj- of the Jews (.\mer. ed.X I. 30. Moses. 1. A Jew money-lender in Sheridan's ■■School for .Scandal."— 2. See Primrose. Moses. An oratorio by A. B. Marx (both words and music), performed at Breslau in 1841. The book was originally compiled by Mendelssohn at Marx's request, though afterward rejected. Grove. Moses. -A. famous statue by Michelangelo, in San Pietro in Vincoli, Rome. The figure is gigan- tic and imposing. The right hand npholds'the Tables of the Law and clutches the long beard ; the left arm, pressed close to the body, marks the effort with which the right- eous outbreak against the idolatrous is restrained. Moses ben Nachman (mo'zez ben niieh'man) : called, after the initials of his name, Ramban. Bom 1200: died 1272. A Jewish scholar and wri- ter of Gerona, northern Spain, He wrote a commen- tary on the Pentateuch, and many Talmudical treatises, and also several poems. His writings exhibit the clear and erudite thinker, but also his inclination to mysticism. In 1263 King James I. of Aragon, at the instigation of the Dominican superior Kaimundo de Fenaforte, ordered Moses to engage in a religious disputation with the Do- minican Era Pablo. Soon afterward Moses emigrated to Palestine, where he remained until the end of his life. Moses of Khomi. Lived in the 5th centnrv. An Armenian scholar, the reputed author ofa " History of Armenia" (probably written in the 7th century). Moses Striking the Rock. A painting b v Nico- las Poussin (1()4'9), in the Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg. Moses, toward one side, smites the rock, from which an abimdant stream gushes, Aaron and his priests, giving thanks, complete the group. From the other side suffering men and women rush toward the wel- come water. Mosetenas (m6-.sa-ta'nas). An Indian tribe of Bolivia, on the upper Beni, and between that river and the Mamor^ -. The major part of the Mosquito Coast, reserved for the Mosqui- tos, and belonging to Nicaragua. Mosqnitos (mos-ke'tos). The name given by the Spaniards to a race of mixed AJfrican anS Indian blood, on the eastern coast of Nicaragua and Houdtiras. They call themselves Misskitos, and are probablydescended from Cimarrones, orf ugitive slaves, and native women : their language is said to bepartlymade up of African words. The Mosquitos iirst became promi- nent in the latter part of the 17th century, when their co.ist was visited by bucaneers. At that time they were a savage and warlike race, using bows, lances, and clubs in battle, and capable, it is said, of mustering 40.000 warriors. They were governed by hereditary chiefs or kings. At present (1895) the Mosquitos probably number less than 10,000. See Mosquitia. Moss (mos). A town in the province of Smaale Mother Ann, or Mother Lee. See Lee, A»». .See Biindi, Mother. A name famous in nursery literature through the familiar jingles ealleS " Mother Goose's Melodies." It is said that there was a Mrs. Goose, mother-jnlaw of Thomas Fleet, an early Boston (Mass.) publisher, and that he issued the collection under this title to avenge himself for her persistent and un- melodious chanting of these ditties to his iufant son. The earliest known edition bears the title " Songs for the Nor- sery, or Mother Goose's Melodies for Children : printed by T. Fleet at his printing house, Pudding Lane, 1719. Price, two coppers." This, however, has been discredited by Mr. ' W. Wells Newell, who says PeiTault published " Contes de ma mere I'oye " in 1697 ; but the name was quoted by the satirist Eegnier more than a century before. Queen Goose- foot(Eeine PedanceX or Bertha with the great foot or goose- foot, appears as synonymous with Mother (Joose in French tales. The second day of the year is her festival, and is kept as a children's holiday. (See Bertha or Berlhrada.) The " Contes de ma mere loye," by Charles Perraul t, were publisheil under the name of his infant son, Perrault d'Ar- mancourt. They consist of ten stories, seven of which ;ire evidently derived from the " Pentamerone," an earlier Italian collection. Charles Dibdin wrote a pantomime called "Mother Goose." Mother Hubberd's Tale. A poem by Spenser, published in 1591 in a volimie known as ''Com- plaints," but written much earlier. It is an in- tentional imitation of Chaucer^s manner. It was also entitled "Prosopopoia." Mother of Cities. The ancient city of Balkh, • , , - ., , ■ ^ . central Asia. ?lnfM»^=^tY'/p>''''- f*^ °^ Chnstiania Fjord Mother of Diets. Aa epithet of the city of do miles south of Chnstiama, The Convention Worms in Germany. Mother of Presidents. A name sometimes given to Virginia, the native State of Wash- ington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, W. H. Har- rison, Tyler, and Taylor. Mother of States. A name occasionally ap- plied to Virginia, fi^om whose territory several other States were formed. ... _ , Mother of the Gods, The. Cvbele. D 1 ,^ ™'^?!n^'^'V?'^'?i"'^^* '''^' Mother Shipton (ship 'ton)." A comedy by Population (1891), 14. Ib2 T. T. ^Thomas Thompson): This play was acted Uorn in 1(_9 : died nineteen times with great applause: it is -nith AnIiish actor, sonof ■ ' ■ ' - - -~~- • — . - - the rector of Tuam. He made his first appearance on of Moss, Aug. 14, 1814, ended the war between Sweden andDenmark. Population (1891), 8,030. Mosses from an Old Manse. A collection of stories by Nathaniel Hawthorne, published in 1846, after having appeared separately else- where. M5sskirch. See Messkirch. Mossley (mos'li). A manufacturing town in Lancashire, England " Manchester, the stage Nov. 28, 1749, as Zanger iu Dr. Youiig s tragedv 1l/rni),"o_ "lllia™' Born at Glasgow, Oct. Mediterranean 43 miles east-northeast of Oran ^^' ^'^''- "lied there, Nov. 1, 1835. A Scottish Population (1891), 13,895 ease (found also in other tribes) which causes the skin to turn' white it; patches, but is otherwise harmless. 'The Mosetenas are a mild race, and have been partly Chris- tianized ; they are reduced to a few thousands. Their lan- guage, with that of some small allied tribes, appears to Mostar(mos-tar'). The capital of Herzegovina, indicate a distinct stock. This is one of the tribes im- -- — ' ■' " ■ • properly called Chunchos by the Bolivians. Also written ^Io^•etena?. Moshaisk. See Mozhaisk. Mosheim (mos 'him), Johann Lorenz von. Born at Liibeck, Oct. 9. 1694: died at Gottin- gen, Sept. 9, 175.5. A distinguished German Prot- He wrote ''Minstrelsy Ancient Poems Narrative and Lyrical " situated on the Narenta about lat. 43° 22' N. long. 17° 52' E. it is the seat of a Greek and of a Ro- man Catholic bishopric. A Roman bridge across the Na- renta, ascribed to Trajan, is a single splendid arch, 89 feet in span and 06 above the water. Population (ISSS), 12,665. Most Christian Doctor. A sm-name given to Gerson. and also to Cusanus. estant ecclesiastical historian, theologian, and Most Christian King. A title conferred on jralpit orator. He becaine professor of theology at ,_vaviou:i French kings, partieularlv Louis XI. VaiTO. .\siatic Tnr- sqnare poet and antiquary, and Modem " (1S27) and ns:i-2). Motilones (mo-te-lo'nes). A tribe of Indians of northwestern Venezuela, to the southwest and west of Lake Maracaibo, and extending into Colombia . They are of Carib stock, remain practically independent, and have frequent confiicts with the whites. They number several thousands. Motilones, Province of. A region in northern Peru, on the Huallaga River : so called by the Spaniards who entered it, in 1540. under Alonso de Alvarado. The first, Spanishsettlements were formeil in 1541. It corresponds nearly to the present province of Hualla: Motley 711 Moyen de Parvenir AnAraericanhistoriananildiplnmatist Hesradu- "' ^^^ ""<• Cambridge (Trinity Collceel, and was rector was governor-general of Brazil. During this period the first atcd at Uiirvard in 1831, and, atter completing'hisgenei-al <>' ^}'^^y f™'" 1»2<-- , Ho published 'llj Brothers lirave, nutcli invasion was repelled and Bahia recovered (I»i26). education at Guttingen and Berlin and spending some time >''«■ JlSS'P^n'J " 1 he Dream of Life. etc. (lW.i), Ser- MoumC (luoni) MOVintamS. A short range of in travel, returned to America in 18.i4, took up the study of mens (l!iu.i), etc. mountains in County Down, Ulster, Ireland, law, and was admitted to the bar. lie eventually devoted MoUltlie (mo'tri or mBl'tri), William. Born 2.000 to 2, SOO feet in height himseU to the study of lustory and lived niostly abroad, -jj yguth Carolina. 1731: ilied at Charleston, Moumine Bride The A traeedv bv William residing m England after IstiS. He was L rjited .States o p a„„f 97 isn--, A., Amn,.i^nn Rnvnln .. ^ i ' i • i^- ^ ' ^ minister to .\ustria 18(;i-«7, and to creat Britain lsu»-70. O-C, bept. ^i, IbOJ. An American Ke\ olu- Coiigrcve. produced in 169/. His chief woi ka are " Kise of the Dutch Hepuhlic " (3 vols, tionarv general. He repulsed an attack on Sullivan's Mouming Garment. A novel bv Robert Greene, is;*), "HistoiT of the United Netherlands" (4 vols. Island(whereFort Moultrie now stands) in 1770 , defended vi'Uii.rpii in 1 "iill1 Tt i« ■> iinvnT>lirnso ti' flio 18(»-4;s), and "Life and Death of John of Baiuevcld" Charleston in 1779; and was governor of South Carolina '„*?',, ;„;. .J' ,."i-„ i 1 paiapnras,e oi lue (1S74). 178;^S7 and i7W-9«. paral.lo ot the prodigal son. MotoUnia (mo-to-le-ne'a), Toribio de. Born MotmdCity. St. Louis. Mouxts Relation. A historical work relating at Beuavente, Zamora, about 15U0: died at Moundsvllle (moundz'vil). The capital of Mar- to the sett lenuiit of Plymouth Coloiiy.Massa- Mexico, Aug. 9, loCS. A Spanish Franciscan .shaU County, West Virginia, situated on the chusetts, edited by Oeorge Morton lu 1622. intssionary and author. His real name appeiu-s to Ohio 13 miles south of Wheeling. It is so called ^"'^'^^O'lK. bee J/urrufc, f tv, a have been Paredes. and he was known as Toribio de from anotable prehistoric mound in its vicinity. Popula JU.OUSe (mous; xClVer. A tributary Ot trie As- Benavente- he adopted the name Mntoliiiia from an Imlian tion (lnoui, .=i,;j62. siuiboine, in North Dakota and British North word mean iiig -poor.' He went with the tlrst Fraiiciseans jyiomjet-SuUv (mo-na ' SU-16 '), Jean SuUv America. Length, about 500 mOcs. ri:,nl"er^\'js\'ofh?s:;re?o7/^lUX'r:^^^^^^^^^ Mounet, ealf^d'. Bo™ at Ber^erac, Feb. -J, Mouse Tower. A medieval watch-tower on a important remaining is the "Historia de los Indios de la 1H41. A noted French tragedian. Ue entered the rock in the middle of the Khine near Bingen, .\uevaEspana,"publishedintheKingsborough collection, Conservatolrein 1881; made hisdehutatthcOd^on in 1808, notable from its legendary connection with snd later (lS.)»)by Icazbalceta. It is reported that the and at the Th^Atre Frangais in 1872; and was elected a Archbishoi) Hatto's fate. See Untto II. provincial library at Toledo has a copy of his "Doetrina "soci(5taire" in 1874. He has since remained one of the iiir„„_i_i_ /. >•„ i,-„'\ Dv/iinnA ■R.^.-r, ot r'l.^T,* (Tistiana en lingua Mexicana" (Mexico. 1.5.')9), but this is ablest representatives of classic French tragedy. He J»pil8^f ? V"OS-kas ;, rmuppe. eoni aj unem probably a mistake: it would be the oldest known book visited the United States in 1894. about 121o: died at Touruay, 1283. A i lemisli pulilished in America. See LogrolUj, Pedro. Mounler (mo-nvT) Jean JoSCph BornatGre- ]irelate and historian. Hischroniclesextend from the Motril (mo-trel'). A town in the province of noble, Fraiice,"l7.^)S : died IKOG: A French poli- ^i'-*?" »' Troy to 1243, in 30,ooo verses. He drew on the Granada, Spain, situated near the Mediter- tician and political wi-itcr member of the Con- T,i''^™"''' '1^^*'''^ °^,^Km^ • i. .». i ra,„x-iT, qamilp« smith hv past of (ivnnnriT Tt i-I ■'"'^i P""i'Y • , r-o,' Mousqueton mosk-toii'). The vain, boastful rauoan d4 miles soutu oy east ot manaaa. it stitueut Assemblv lu 1(89. l.,,.l-,.v i.f I'nvtbna in "Tbn Three Atnskefpers " has an increasing commerce. Its seaport is Mountain, The. i^. La Montague.-] A name X^t^,^,} S^°^ ' The Three Musketeers, Calahonda. Population (1887), 17,122. given to theextrcme Revolutionarvpartyintho twLoL^ ToV,, A,,t«,-,,«» ViVtr-vTUrar+i,, .1a cJpp Mott (mot), Mrs. (Lucretia Coffin). Bom at legislatures of the first French KeColution. the Moussy, Jean iUtoine Vict^^ See Xautucket, Mass., .Ian. 3, 1793: died Nov. 11, name \vas derived from the fact that they occupied the .-''"'''" '7 -r"/'"':V'," „ ,,.. . , ■■ , t \ a 18>50 An American social reformer and higher part of the hall. Among the chief Mont.agnard.s MOUtier (mo-tya ),(<. Munster (mun ster). A nreneher in the Societv of Friends <5be wn« nc «''"''' Kobespierre and Dantoii. The name was tempo, small tonTl in the cautou ot Bern. Switzerland, rive'lfbeLuof atoimc^?,\^o"LTsiil™ge; and unlversS "rily revived in the legislatures following the revolufon situated on tlie Birs 23 miles north of Bern. peace. ■,«• ; . mi. A , ^i * «r. Moutlers, or Moutluers (mo-tva') A small Mott, Valentine. Born at Glen Cove, Long Isl- Mountaineers, The. Acomedy taken from Don ,„^.„ ;„ the department of Savoie, France 32 and, Aug. 20, 1785: died at New York, April Quixote" by George Colman the younger, pro- ^jjies east of Chamb^ry. It was the ancient 26, 186.5. An American surgeon, known as a ,,'^^'i . §:, ' J' P™'^'^ ■^'•^^- capital of Tareniaisc, and has a cathedi-al. su.'cessful operator. He translated "Veipean's Op- Mountain Meadows Massacre. A massacre at Moutier, Val, G. Miinsterthal (mun'ster-tiil). erativo Surgery," and wrote "Travels" (1842), "Motfa Mountain Meadows, southern Utali, otabout 120 A v.Ulev iu the Jui-a, in the canton of Bern, fliniiiues" (1800), etc. tnon-Mormou emigrants, Sept. 11, 1857. It was Switzerland, 23 miles north of Bern. Motte Cadillac. See Cadilhw. belieje.l to have beLMirnstigated by Mormons; and JolmD. MoutoU (mo-t6n'). GoorgeS, Conite de Lobau. Motteux (mot-te'), Peter Anthony. Born in Mo,,n+=;ri'nf+hpMnr 's^^^^^ Il°™ atPfalzburg, Lorraine Fell. 21,1770: died Normandy: died at London, 1718.' A French Mountains of the Moon. h>,c Moon, Mountau,, ^^ Pa,is, Nov. 27ris38. A French marshal. Ho Huguenot merchant in London after 1685. He nV "l a v /■ n ■ \ \ * 1 t • entered the army in 1792, became aide-de-camp to Xapo- wenttoEnglandontherevocationof the Edict of Nantes. MOUnt AUDUrn (a Oern;. A noted cemetery in le,,,, jn iso.';, ami in lSf)9 rendered important service at Ue was also a dranmtist and translator. One of his dramas, t'ambndgo and Watertown, Massachusetts. Lobau, for which he received Ihe title of Comte de Lobau. .idled "Novelty," gives a di.stinct play in each act. He Mniitit 'npnert. Cdp-7^rt' or dpy'i'.rfl An island "" tookpaitin the Russian campaign in 1812, and fought is better known as the translator, with Drquhart and Ozell, ■ "VC t'n^f.tr > 1,^1^,,„,S, Jt^ ITo!, V^^ at Lutzen and Bautzen in 1813, and at Waterloo in 1815. of Kabelaiss works ; and he also, with others, translated ^^ t°6 Atlantic, belonging to Hancock County, During the .luly revolution in 1830 he favored the caus« "Don (juixute." Maine, situated 30 miles east of Belfast, about of Louis Philippe, who made him a marshal of hYance in Motteville (mot-vor), Madame Langlois de 1 mile from the mainland. It is celebrated for its '*:»■ „ , „ .■FranroitiP Bprtaildl Born about 1(521 • died picturesque scenery and as a summer resort. It was Movers(nio vers), Franz Karl. Bom at Koes- conU.lante of Anne of Austria, and a noted "priScieuse." Length, 14 miles. Highest point, about 1,600 feet above bl-P'- -''. i^^"- A Liermau Urientalist, protessor Her"Mi'moirespourservirkrhistoired'Anned'Autriclie" sea-level. of Old Testament theologyiu the Roman Cath- weren.M^inintedtilli7'23. Mouutfort, Susanua. See. rn-hnmen. olic faculty at Breslau from 1839. His chief Mott Haven (mot ba vn). A former village Mountfort (mount'tort), William." Born iu work is "Die Phonizier" (lS<10-.56). ot \\ estchest_er County, New ^ork, situated tstaironlshir.^: died at'Lond(m,Dee.lO,1692. An Movimas (mo-ve'miis), or Mobimas (mo-be'- iiOTth of the Harlem River: now part of New E„j,iij,|, .^.tor and dramatic writer. Ue was an "li's)- A tribe of Bolivian Indians, on and near York city. excellent representative of nellbrod fops. He was killed 1 lie river Mamor6 about lat. 14" S. TheyhavelonB Mottley (mot'li), John. Bomatljondon, 1692: at the door of Mrs. Bracegirdle by an adventurer, Uaiitain been Christianized, and are associated with the ilojos at diod there Oct 3 1750 An English writer Hill, apparently with the complicity of Lord Mohun, who, the mission villages. They are described as tall and liand- auUior of -'Joe Alillcr's Jests, or The Wit's Vad.. ,"» ll"">'tfo't "as aware, ha,l designs on the lady. some yen' cleanly, and exceU.ut workmen. Their Imi- M.rum" (1739) live drimas "The Lives of Mount Holyoke (hol'yok) College. An msti- K"»S" li-^notbeeii classifled. ii, ,,„<.He Aiitl/or<.i8 Au Auierieanligure- IUlv mnZwest of TariT^^^^ southern ]^^^jjtLgT,anon S,,,, ^,,,„„„„ ^^aXarLc'hano,,. P-i^H"''. He studied at Paris with Leon Bonnat. Moi don iS^d6.V) A towli in the canton of Mount of Olives. Seo onm. Mowbray (.iiO'bni), Thomas. Died at Venice, Vaud Sw it.e H^^^ 13 ,ni?^northe!ist of Lau Mount of OliveS. The English title of Beetho- 1399. Earl of Nottingham and Duke of Norfolk. \aud, S\vit/eiland, 13 miles northeast ot bau- xxuuuu ui wii ''Christusam Olber" "produced "ewascreatedeiu-l of Nottingham in 1:M1, earl marshal in sanne: the Roman Minodunum. It was once yn s oiaiouo v^misius am vini i^, piociuctu j^s*, and was one of the lord appellants of i;is-. but after- the capital of the Pays de Vaud. Population m r-ngland in 1814. The title was changed to "F.n- ward joined the king. He was created duke of Norfolk in I 1S8S1 ■• (U7 •'"^'^' "'"' ""■ pnniipal ebunieter to David in 1812, owmg 1397. Having been accuswi of treason bv Henry BollnR. J, ' , 'i "'a ,, , , tothestrongfeelhigag.iinstthenppearanceof IheSavioiir broke, eiul of Hereford (afterward Henry'lV.). in i:ni8, he MOUKaen. beo il/MArtPK. „, . , as a personage in an orat<.no. Ihe original version, how- challenged the latter to single combat, and the lists were Mould (mold), Jacob Wrey. Born at Chisel- ever, is ikiw given. fJroce. set at fovenlry in presence of Riclmnl II., who banished , England, Aug. 7, 182.5. hurst, England, Aug. 7, 1 82.5. An Anglo-Amer- Moimt Pleasant Tplez'ant). A city, the capital both ilisputants on the eve of Ihe contest, Norfolk for life lean architect. lie studied and worked with Owen of ilenrv County, lowai' 26 miles north-north- j""',.'I,7'S'"':,'J I'l"".,'"" 5'®""- »*'"''<«P«''" Introduces him in Jones and Vulliamy ill Lond..n, and in 1S.V2 re'moved to west of IJurlingl on. It is the seat of German College ■iv/i-j'„„v'!l" ,, , / i a \ lurj i t.- 1 Amenca, In 1870 ho was architect m chief of the deiiart- „,„) Iowa Wesleyan University (both Methodist). IVpu- •■"O^C^fr (inou chfr), MIS8. In DiCkens 8 Mouldy Onol'«li). A recruit in the second part Mount Vemon (ver'nou) The capital of Posey ^^'^■■'^;^^- ^^^ „ . , of Sliiksi,ere's"KinL' Ilenrv IV" ('iiniity. soul Investern Indiana, situated on the ™:0Xa,m0X0S. ^eo .l/g^..,s. Moil n«,,in1u-.'l lie cmital'of the denart- <""" l" ■"■''« "'^'^t "'' I'^vansville. Population Moya (mo ya), Pedro de. Born ui Granada. MOUlins ( iw>-lan ). llu capital Of tneaepart- h,,,,,, - ,.)., JOIO: died there, ICtili. An artist of Ihe Span- ment ot Al her, r ranee, situated on the Allier ,' I',. . ..^ ■ n- . 1 . ^ » iuli .lolmnl Kur.il „f Imh,, .1., <<„...t;ii.^ n in lit 46° 34' N Ioiil' 3° ''O' E Its e ,il,e,l,„l Mount Vernon. A city in West Chester County, is 1 si liool, pupil ot .li an de < astlUo. He was n in bit. -m .H i^.. long, .s _o l.. its ulliedlal, ,i:,.„,.tl,, „r„.il, „f Now Vnvk oilv Soldier in the anny of Fliiiiders where he was So einirmoil h.-iteldeville (with valuable library), and ruined chateau >»eu \ i>l 1^, dllectiv no ill ot JNlW lOIK ( Ity. „|,h the works ot Vandyek that liowent to Iximlon In 1H41 of the dukes of Bourbon are noteworthy. Itwasthean- I 'o|.iiliil 1011 (19011), J(l,.14(). to study under him. Vaiidyck died soon after, and Mova cient cajiital of Bourboiinais. Population (IWil), 22,005. Mount Vemon. A city, capital of Knox County, roturneil home, and executed numerous works, ihi' best of Moulmein. Hep Mnntmain. ( llii,,. 41 miles northeast of Columbus. Popii- wbi, h .ne In iiianada. Moulton (mol'ton), Mrs. (Ellen Louise Chan- ii,ii„ii (Uioo), (),():!3. Moya yContrera8(in6'yiieU6n-tra'riis). Pedro dler). Born at Pomfiet, Conn., April 111, |s:i.-i. ]yio,mt Vemon. An estate in Fairfax Countv, de. Boni in Ihe diocese"of Cordova about 1.520: An American novelist and poet, she married Wll- Yi,.,,i||i,i .silimlVd on the Potomac 15 miles died at .Madrid, Dec, 1591. A .Spanish pridato rrdaJX'lither-nv'lJl'^'T^^^^^^ soullnveit of Washington. It is notable a. the rosl- and adminislralor. In 1671 he established the Inqui. Hile's? i7e " (iS'i) "tune '^^^^ne"r learU" (W^^^^ deuce and place of bunal of (leorge Washington. In 1859 sHIon In .New .Snaln, and In Dec, ir,74. was eonsecratod "swallow KlighVsn^^^^^ ilwaspurclnisedbythe Mount VemonLadles' Association, archbishop of .^le^ico He was acting viceroy Sep , 26. swallow riignis anil iitiRri-oeiiis ^isibi, tie. 1 j l.'.M. to (let. 17. l.'.sri. Later he returned to Spain, and w.i» Moultrie (mol'lii), Fort. See /oii .WoHi^nf, Mount Zion. See/i..H. _ ,. , ,, ,,ie,ldent ..ftliecumllot the indies. Often cali.il Jfoya and eomimro ,l/- beautiful east win- dow. The quadrangular cloister is almost perfect, about ."O feet to a side, and of great beauty. On two sides the arches are semicircular. Of the secular buildings the dor. mitory, refectory, and kitchen are noteworthy. Many battles took place between these Danaans and the Mntn'oTr'^^lIf " T^^l^i'^B* ™i • earlier Firbolgic setUers - the native owners, as no doubt •"?;" :„®?_ *™°^ ^U ''.^'DeS BOWlmg. they felt themselves, of the country. One of the best sub- stantiated of these, not, indeed, by history or even tradi- tion, but by a more solid testimony, that of the stone remains left on the spot, prove, at any rate, that some long-sustained battle was at some remote period fought on thespot [sic]. This is the famous pre-hisforicbattleof Moy- tur^ rather the Southern Moytura, for there were two; the other, situated not far from the retaining "the largest collection miles west of Moscow. For the battle here, Mucuchies. See Tiniotes. see Borodino. Mudania (mo-da'ne-a), A town in the vilayet Mozier (mo'zber), Joseph. Born at Burlington, of Kliodavendikyai-, Asia Minor, Turkev, si'tu- Vt., Aug. 22, 1812: died in Switzerland, Oct., ^ted on the Sea of Marmora 50 miles south of lOTo A_ . ; , . Constantinople. Population, estimated, 10,000. „. Bom at Mudie (mii'di), Charles Edward. Bom at Uainsborough, Sept. 15, 1813: died at Shore- Chelsea, Oct. 18. 1818: died at Hampstead. Oct. ham, Jan. 4. 1878. An English divine and -^- 1^90. An EngUsh bookseller. In 1842 he theologian. He was a gradaat* of Oxford (Magdalen f""""*!".', ^"die's Librafy, which is now the largest . ircu- College), and became vicar of Old Shoreham asseXcanon '^'ingubrary m London. He wrote " Stray Leaves"aS72). of Worcester, and (1871) regius professor of divinity at Mudki, or Moodkee (miid'ke). A place in the u..^ .u. .„e.. ,e.e ...u; d^u'nttion " rT^" ^? '^=?he";5i-*"f"'*i?'7 ^",'i^ "!■ '^"; Panjab, British India, 67 miles south-southeast iie present town of sUgo l?^rrati„i' a^.^-^^in'^S^s" a^u ° e^'"""'"^ ot Lahore. Here, Dec, 1845, the British under ?[S'J±!}^Z'J^'?^l''h. MDOnffwetmpong'gwe). A BaSm tribe of the Gough defeated the Sikhs. o, settled around the Gabun estu- Mndrarakshasa (mo-dra-rak'sha-sa). [Skt., IS traders and middlemen between -^akshasa and the Signet-rmg.'] A celebrated Sanskrit political drama, in seven acts, by Yi- shakhadatta : ascribed by Wilson to the 11th or 12th century, by Pisehel to the beginning of the 11th. andbyKashinath TrimbakTelangand Hillebrandt to the 7th or 8th. it introduces Clian- dragupta or Sandrocottus, the great founder of the Mauiya dynasty, and his minister Chanakya, an Indian 3Iachi^ velli. The latter is represented as having slain King Nanda and assisted Chandragupta to the thrrme. The design is to show how Chanak>-a by all possible means elfectsarec- onciliation between Rakshasa, the minister of the mui^ dered >"anda, and the persons on whose behalf he wa» killed. It has been translated into English by Wilson. says Dr. Petrie, "in any region of the world with the ex- MpOngWe (mpon ception of Camac" This second battle of Moytura was ireneh KoUj fought upon the plain of Cong, which is washed by the waters of Lough Mask and Lough Corrib, close to where the long monotonous midland plain of Ireland becomes broken, changes into that region of high mountains and low-lying valleys now called Connemara, but which in earlier days was always known as lar Connaught. Lawless, Story of Ireland, p. 7. Mozambique (mo-zam-bek'). [F. iIo:ambiqiie, Sp. Pg. ilosamhique, so called from a small coral island of this name near the coast.] 1. The former name for the Portuguese posses- sions alongthe eastern coast of Africa. See East Africa, Portuguese. — 2. A town in Portuguese East Africa, situated on an island near the coast, about lat. 15° S. Population, about 7.000. Mozambiciue Channel. A sea passage separat- ing Madagascar from the mainland of Africa. Width, 250-550 miles. Mozarabs (mo-zar'abz). or Mozarabians (mo- za-ra'bi-anz). Those Christians in Spain who lived among and measurably assimilated them- selves to the Moslems, but continued in the ex- ercise of their own religion. Mozart (mo'zart; G.pron.mo'tsart), Leopold. Born at Augsburg, Bavaria, Xov. 14, 1719 : died at Salzburg, May 28, 1787. A German violinist and musical writer. Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus. Born at Salz- biu-g,_ Austria, Jan. 27, 1756: died at Vienna, Dec. 5, 1791. A celebrated Austrian composer, son of Leopold Mozart. He showed a precocious knowledge of music when only three years old. and first ary, famous as the whites and the interior natives. Semi-civilized and corrupted by prolonged contact with the whites, they are dying out, but their language will remain, since it is adopted bythe inland nativeswho press to the coast. The Mpongwe are divided into four social classes: (n) the Mpongive of pure blood ; (6) those descended from an alien mother; (0 those bom of slave women; and (d) slaves. Mrichchhakatika (mrch-ch-ha-ka'ti-ka). [Skt. mrid, clay, and shakatihd, a small cart.] " The Little Clay Cart," a Sanskrit drama. It is a work of remarkable power, comparable to the best modem com- edies in plot, incident, character delineation, and felicity w . of diction, and extraordinary in its minute directions to Muerto(mo-ar'to), Jornada del. TSp., ' ioumev the actors and its various scenic artiflces. It has befti of the dend '1 A vprr avinTlotoo,, al^„t fi'^ supposed to have been written in the 1st or 2d centmv, ^;,„ ^i^'^^**' K t ^'^oh * oo P'^*^,^"' ^^°^^ ® but Von Schroder puts it in the 5th or 6th. Its authorship '^es long and from 20 to 30 broad, on the east is ascribed in flatten,- to a king Shudraka, who is praised side of the Eio Grande, and separated from that in the prologue. Pischel.afterassigningitearliertoBhasa, river by a series of arid mountains, the Siena believes Its real author to have been Dandin. The hero r— /-■-.:, ..-i--. c- j , ^ ..auo, luc u.cjj» is Charudatta, a virtuous Brahman, reduced to poverty by his generosity; the heroine, Vasantasena. a beautiful and wealthy hetaira, who loves him and repulses the king's brother-in-law, Samsthanaka. Vasantasena is purified and ennobled by her aflection, and at last weds Charudatta. "The little clay cart" or "toy cart," from which the name comes, isaplajthing of the little sonof Chanidatt.-u ^ isiting Charudatta at his house, Vasantasena finds his child crying because his toy cart is of clay while the cart Fra Cristobal, Sierra del Caballo. and Sierra del Perrillo. There is permanent water in one locality only. Previous to the construction of the Atchison, To- peka, and Santa 'Ei Railroad, the Jornada del Muerto was a much dreaded portion of the road between Zl Paso del >'orte and Santa Fe, both on account of its aridit\- and oo account of the .\paches who almost constantly infested the region. Artesian wells have lately been sunk in variooa places, and cattle are being henied on some portions. ofaneighhor-schildisofETOld. Vasantasena aiL= the boys MuettC dC Portici, La. An opera bv Auber. cart with her jewels, and teUs him to have a cold cart .,t-„,.^o t,„ o„~t,„ '.j t\„i : ^ -. • . ! jewels, and tells him to have a gold cart made from these. The Mrichchhakatika has be~en trans- lated into English by Wilson, into German by both Boht- lingk and Fritze, into French by Regnaud, into Danish bv Brandos, and into Russian by Kossowitsch. X full accouTi't of the play is given in Von Schroder's "Indien'a Literatur und Cultur: Yorlesung 43. words by Senbe and Delavigne, It was produced at Paris in 1S28, and in England as "MasanieUo " in English in 1S29 and as 'La Muta di Portici" in Italian in 185L Mug (mugj, Matthe'W. A character in Foote'S "Mayor of GaiTatt," said to be a satirical por- trait of the Duke of Xewcastle. appeared in public in a performance a't the TJniversity of Msidi (mse'de), or Mushidi (mo-she'de). See Miieee fmiio-'e'e) ThpnHnr Rom nt Rpt'iti Salzburg, in 1761, when between five and six years of age. Garenqanze. \nv fi ISOfi- rtit^l at R»,1^; t;vS^ In 1762 his father took him with his sister Marianne on a IWc-HcTo-n-l i^^t^ =lb,-i/^ A *„,™ ;_ ti, ;>o\ . h, IbOb. died at Berlin, Feb. 18, 1861. A concert tour to Munich, Vienna, and other places aiid^in Mstislavl (mste-slavl'). A_town in the govern- the nest year to Paris, where they, especially Wolfgang, ™ent ot Mohiletf, Kussia, 0/ miles east of Mohi- racited great enthusiasm. At London in the ne.vt year they J-eS.. Population (1893), 8,799. German novelist and writer of travels. Among his works are "Die Schweiz" ("Switzerland," 1-47), the novel "Toussaint" (1840), etc. were equally successful, and remained in England tm Mtesa(mta'sU) Diedl885 Alcino-nf t>ioa!iTirl!i TUT^^i^j.-c/ ■• ,^""-?"^^ ,^^™'' '\'^*-- Aug., 1765. Mozart during this time composed a number Tritp pT^t if. <>» ^.iltll" ,t7i?£/i;r^ f,° „^ Muggendorf (mog^gen-dorfj. AvillagemUpper uposed of symphonies, sonatas, and the overtures for two of his concerts ; they also played at their lodgings for such as chose to t«st their genius in private. They finiilly arrived at Salzburg again in Nov.. 1766, and in 176S were receivej tribe, East Africa, made famous by the visits at Franeonia, Bavana, situated on the Wiesent n!ft.^"^i?i °!w?*^ 1^' H- ™°*; .?°i"?: a"d Stanley. 25 miles north-northeast of Nuremberg. There .. ^..... ..».„ .„ _, anu in .,0. were receivea ^n^"^^' ^i^tr.^t^X^i!^^.^^^.'^^, ^''^ ^^^^^^f stalactitic^ottoes.inthevicinity. at court in Vienna, where Mozart was urged by the emperor between paganlsm.Islam.andChristianityuntilhasdeath. JXlUggietOn (mng l-ton), LOdOWICk or LnflO- to compose an opera and conduct it. Hetookthestorvof Mtsensk(mtsensk). A town in the government Wlck. Born 1609: died 1697 or 1698. An English 'i^ ^i^^TI^^^^Lf^^i^l!!-, °P"» ("'"•'sh opposed by of Orel, Russia, situated on the Zusha 34miles fanatic, founder, conjointlv with John Reeve, ^^h^S °kr^ZreZT%:ZS^,^ds^-'^^::L^^ northeast of Orel. Popularion (1893). 16.318. of theMuggletonians.-' His doctrines were pub: Bastienne" in a private theater at Vienna, and he also Muata-Yamvo (mwa'ta-yam'vo). The title of "shea in •• ihe Divme Looking-Glass'' (1656). composed and conducted the music at the ceremonies of the king of the Lunda nation in central Africa • Muggletoniaais(mug-l-to'ni-anz). A sectfoiind- nS.ri^"trvt,4vliTin'i"S??,1iLTw'!rnfngi7^ oncethegTcatestpotentateof Africa, now great: ed^ in^England by_Lodowick Muggleton and laurels. In 1777 he went to Paris with his mother, where J,^ reduced by Civil wars and the raids of the he found that the admiration accorded to a precocious iiakioko. child was not so easily obtained by a mature musician. MucedomS (mii-se-do'rus). A plav probablv After the death of his mother he returned to Salzburg, and bv 1 T^oiicp aotpii in 1(y.i^ -nrintoH it, i =;oa ff in 17S1 to Vienna, where he lived with the archbShop. I'L v ^°^^: ^'^^%'{ '° i*^^' Pnnted m lo98. It He reaped but little pecuniary benefit from his composi- "^® "^^"^ assigned to bhakspere wathout reasou- tions, and his health began to fail. In 1791 he wrote his able ground. three greatest symphonies and the " Magic nute," and in Much (much). A miller's son, one of Robin this year received the famous commission from a mysteri- Hood's hqnd siiil in havo 'boon a i-ool -t^.^..^,,,,, ous stranger (afterward known to be :he steward of Count iJr v a j u ^^}^!ij°^?^ <> "feu a real person. Walsegg)to write a re.iuiem mass to be finished within a JM-UCnAQOabOUtKOthing. Acomedyby bhak- month. His enfeebled health and various circumstances Spere, produced in 1597-98. It was first printed connected with the commission produced a serious efiect in 1600, The play was known as "Benedict and Bettris" in 1613, and is probably the same as "Love's Labour 's Won " (which see). The story of Hero is taken with some variations from one of BandeUo's tales, which probably was borrowed from the story of Geneura and Ariodantes in the " Orlando Forioso " ot Ariosto. This part of the plav, how- ever, is subordinated by Shakspere to the loves of Bene- 'ii;k and Beatrice. on his already troubled brain, and he im.agined it to be a summons from the other world. He began the mass, how- ever, and said that it was for his own funeral. As he was already dying, he was not able to supen-ise the rehearsal of the finished part He died of malignant typhus fever. There were no ceremonies at his grave, and even his friends followed him no farther than the city gates, owing to a violent stoma. He was buried in the common ground of Muciliq SrfPVnia See Rr:fn-nln St. Marx, and the exact position of his grave is not known. tJ?- Jr / .^Ti 7"tt • • ,flr \ . Many years after a monument was erected to him by the JuUCKe (muk ke), HeinriCh Karl Anton. Bom city of Vienna. He left over six hundred compositions, at Breslau, Prussia, April 9, 1806 : died at Diis- whlch include more than fortv symphonies, a number ot seldorf Jan. 17 IfiOl A (iemian lilcrnvSnal masses (mostly composed in h s Vouth). sonatas, quartets, „„•" t",: , ^,^7 ' J^ ti" tT .V^^'^an histoi cal "The Requieiii-etc Among hisoperasare-Idomeneo" Painter, a pupil of the Berhn and Dusseldorf (1781), "Mitridate,''"LaFintaGiardiniera,' "Zaide,*"Die academies, andprofessorat the latterfrom 1844. Kntiulirung aua dem SeraU "(iTsaX "I« Soize di Figaro" Mucklewrath (muk'l-riith), Habakkvik, In John Reeve about 16ol. The members of the sect believed in the prophetic inspiration of its founders, as being the two witnesses mentioned in Rev. li. 3-6. and held that there is no real distinction between the persona of the Trinity, that God has a human body, and that Elijah was his representative in heaven when he descended to die on the cross. The last member of the sect is said to have died in 1S68. Mughals. See Moguls. Mugheir. See Tr. Mug-house Club. A club which met at Long- acre in London in the early part of the ISth cen- tury. Its name came from the fact that each member drank his ale out of his own mug. After this a number of mug-hooses were established by the partizans of the Hanover succession, in order that the Protestants might rally in them against the Jacobite mobs. It was at one of these, in Salisbury Court, Fleet street, that the mo5t serious of the '■ Mug-house riots ^ took place (July 23, 1716). The mob attacked the Hanoverians assembled there, the fight- ing continued all night, and the ringleader of the mob was kUled. Mugwumps (mug'wumps). [From Algonquian w«(/5i«)m;<. aehief or leader.] In United States political history, the independent members of the Republican party who in 1884 openly re- fused to support the nominee (BlaineJ of that Mugwumps narty for the presidency of tlie United States, and either voted for the Uemocratic or the Prohibitionist candidate or abstained from voting. The word wna not genenUly known in any sense before this time, hut it took the popular tiincy, and was at once accepted by the Independents themselves as an hon- orahle title. Muharram(rapi', I'a., Oct. 1, 1746: died near Philadel- pliin, t)et. 1, 1807. An American Revolutionary t;en,ral and politician, son of H. M. Miihlen- Muhlenberg, WilUam Augustus. Bom at Philadelphia, Sept. 16, 1796: died at New York, April 8, 1877. An American Episcopalian cler- ^'jTnan, hyinn-writer, and hymnologist: great- grandson of H. M. Miihlenberg. He was first su- mrintendent and pastor of St. Luke's Hospital, New Voik. One of his best-known hynms is "I would not live al- 713 Auk. L.'i, but was in turn defeated at Aladja Oct. 15, and at Deve-Boyun Nov. 4, 1877. Mula (mu'lii). A town in the provnnce of Mur- cia, Spain. 19 miles west of Murcia. Population (1887), 10,7(i8. Mulahacen(nid of Covent Oardeli, with Shakspeare as their common idol : and it waa a regulation of this club that some paper, .... .. c.,.„,, ........... =>iould be Miihlhausen (in Alsace). See Midhausen. Miihlhausen (miil'hou-zen). A town m the province of Saxony, Prussia, situated on the Unstrut 21 miles northwest of Gotha. It has Im- iwrtant manufactures of cotton, woolen, etc. ; was for- merly a free imperial city ; and was the headquarters of Thomas Munzer lli24-25. Population (18911), 27,427. Miihlheim. See Miilhcim. ^^ „ , - Muiopotmos (m6i-6-pot'mos), or the laie ot the Butterfly. [Gr. /nw, fly, and TTur/wr, lot, destiny.] A ])oem by Spenser, in octave rime, published in 1591 in the volume known as ' ' Com- plaints." ^ , r Muir (miir), John. Bora at Glasgow, Feb. 5, 1810: died at Edinburgh, Afarch 7, 1882. A Scottish Sanskrit scholar. He was educated at Olas- ROW University and at the East India Company's CoUcbo at Haileyhury. From 1.S29 to 18.^S he held various civil and judicial positions in India. In 1802 he founded the chair of Hanskrit at Edinburgh University. His "OriEinal San- fkrlt 'lexts, etc.," appeared 18S8-70. He published a vol- ume of metrical translations from Sanskrit writers. Muir, John. Born at Dunbar, Scotland, in 1830. All Amerieaii naturalist, explorer, and writer. For a number of yeals hi- made his headquarters In the Yosemito region, diinonHlniting the theory ot Its glacial formation, and niiikiiig a c"iniirelien»lve study of the gco logical and boUmical features of the Siena .Nevada, In 1»78 ho went to Alaska and explored the region north of Fort Wrangcl, discovering (Uacier Bay and the glacier bearing his name ; and in 1881 accompanied one of the expeditions to the Arctic in search of the lost Jeanctte He has published in magazines a number of illiistratiMl articles concerning the natural features ot most of thisc regions. He has also edited " I'iclnresiiue I 'iililnrnla, and published " rin- Mcunlaiiis ot Callforniii ' (bSlll). Muir, Sir William. Bom iai9. A Scottish Arabic scholar, brother of .lohn Sluir. Ho en- tered the Bengal civil siTvice at 18 years of age. He wna lleutenant-gov,rnorof the Northwest Provinces l8(»-"4 ; was llnancial minister to Iho Indian government l»;4-7(l; and wan pini. ii.al of tin- t iiiveisltv ot Edinburgh ISW,- lIKin. Ill' has written ii •• Life of Mahoinel" (1858-fil), " Ainiala •■! the I'.urly lalipbale " (1883), etc. Mukden, or Moukden (miik-den'), or Shing- king (shiiig'kiiig'). The eajiital of Maneliiinn, situated on a branch of the Mao about Int. 41" 45' N., long. 123° 40' E. Niu-eliuaiigis itH8eit- port. Population (18S7), 2.')0.(llHI. Mukhtar (miikh-liir') Pasha. Achmed. Born at Briisa, Asia Minor, Sept., 1S32. A Tufkish fieneral. Ha was appointed govornor-gincral of llosnia n 187B, and commanderln-cblcf In Armenia In l>-77 Ho defeated the Russians at Zevin June 25, anil at klzll-Tepe moi , WIIU IV ,, u*j n 1 vp, ........... ..■• » ' or poem, or conceit bearing upon Shakspeare sh contributed by each. Hither came Douglas Jerrold, and he was soon joined bv Lainan Blanchard I'pon Jerr.ild s suggestion the club was called the Mulberries and their contributions Mulberry leaves. . . . Tlie club did not, however, die easily; it was changed and grafted in times nearer the present, when it was called the Shakspeare Club Charles Dickens, Jlr. Justice Talfourd, Daniel Mac- Use Mr Macready, Mr. Frank Stone, etc., belonged to it. liespectaliility killed it. Timbi. Mulberry Garden. A place of refreshment in London, much frequented by persons of quality in the 17th centiirv. .'!lr Charles Sedley produced a comedy with this title In 1668. It is partly taken (rom Molii res " Bcole des maris." Mulcaster (nuil'kas-ter), Richard. Born at Carlisle : ilied .\pril 15. 1611. An English philol- ogist. He was a scholar in King's College, Cambridge, In 1648, and a student of Christ t'hurch, llxford, in 1566. He was made master of Merchant Taylors' School in 1661, and of St. Paul's School in l.'i96, and taught Spenser. He wrote "Positions, etc., neccssarie for the Training up ot Children, etc." (1581), "The First Part of the Elementarie . . . of the Right Writing of our English Tung "(1..S2), etc Mulciber(raul'si-ber). [L., 'the softener.'] In Roman invthologv, a surname of Vulcan. Mulde (mol'de). A river in Saxony, Prussia, and Anhalt. It is formed by thcunionoftheZwickauer Mulde and the Freiberger ilulde, and joins the Elbe 3 miles north of Dessau. Length (including the Zwickauer •Mulde), about 200 miles. Mulder (nuil'dcr), Gerardus Johannes. Born at Utrecht, Netherlands, Dec. 27, 1S02: died at Utrecht, April, 1S80. A Dutch physician and chemist, professor of chemistry at Utrecht ]S40-68: especially noted for his researches on protein. Mule sans Frein (miil son fran),La. [F., The jMulo without a Bridle.'] A French romance which hiis by some been attributed to Payans Maiziferes, and by others to Chrestien deTroyes. The tale has been versified by Sir. Way and by the Ger man poet Wieland 1" Des Maulthiers Zaum"). Dunlvp, Hist, ot I'rose Fiction, L 2l>8. Mulets (mu-la'),Grands-, and Mulcts, Petits-. Noted points on the slope of Mont Blanc. Mulford(mul'ford), Elisha. Born atMontrose, Pa., Nov. 19, 1833: died at Cambridge, Mass., Dec. 9, 1885. An American Episcopal clergy- man and philosophical writer. His works include "The Nation" (1870) and "The Republic of Ood"(I.8^1). Mulgrave, Earls of. See Sheffield and riui'iis. Mulgrave (murgrav) Archipelago. A nanie given sometimes to the MarshaUIshinds.Paeihe Ocean, sometimes collectively to the Marshall and Gilbert groups. Mulgrave Islands. A small group of islands ill tlie southeastern part of the Marshall group, I'aeilic < )eeaii. Mulhacen. S.'e Miilnhneeu. , ,„ Miilhausen, or Miihlhausen (mul hon-zen), l'\Mulh0Use(miil-oz')- AcityinUpperAlsaee, Alsaei'-Lorraine, situated on the III 61 miles south-southwest of Strasburg. It Is the chief man- ufacturing center of Alsace-Lorraine, being especUUly acted for its manufactures of cotton goods (including mus. Uns, calicoes, etc.), and has also manufactures of iron wares, macliinery, chemicals, and paper. It contains an artisans' colony (Arbeiterstadt). Fonnerly It was a free imperial city It was In close alliance with the Swiss I on- foderatioii 1615-17118; was annexed to France In 1798: was occuided by the Hermans in 1870; and was annexed to ticr- lnanvinlS71. Population (ISIto). 71h«72. _ _ Miilheim-on-the-Rhine( miirhim-on-Tiie-nn ). A town in the Kliiiie Province. Prussia, situ- ated on the HhiiK' nearly oiiposite Cologne. It has tlourlshlng niannfactures and river coinmerco. Pop- ulation (IslRi). :io.«ii'.. ,_ . , . . Mulheim-on-the-Ruhr(-ri)r').Amanufaetiiriiig town ill the Khiiie I'rovince, Prussia, situated on the Kiihr 34 miles north of Cologne. Popu- lation (1S90), 32,416. MulhOUSe. See .]tiilli(nil>e>i „ , . , Mull (null). An island of the Inner TTelirides, Argyllslilre.Seollniid. Cliief place, Tobermory. It Is separated from the msinland of Argyllshire by the Round of Moll and till' Kirlln.tl/.rn. Thesurface Ismoun- tainouH and rnnL'i-d, Area, :I17 square miles. Mull, Sound of. A sea imssnge separu iiig Mull from the mainland of Argyllshire on the north- east. Width, about 2 miles. Muller, Karl Otfried Miillenhoff (miil'leu-hof ), Karl Victor. Born at .\Iarne, Holstein, Sept. 8, 1818: died at Ber- lin, Feb. 19, 1884. A German philologist, pro- fessor at Berlin from 1858. He published various works on Germanic philology and antiquities. Mullens (raul'enz), or Mullins(mul'inz),Pris- cilla. The wife of John -Vldeu. and the heroine of Longfellow's poem "The Courtship of Miles Standish." Miiller fmii-lar'), Charles Louis, called Miil- ler de Paris. Born at Paris, De,-. 22. 1815 : died there, Jan. 11, 1892. A French historical painter. Amonghis works are the "Roll Call of the Last Victims of the Reign of Terror, " "Marie Antoinette at the Trianon," "Charlotte Corday in Prisou," 'Galileo before (.'ardinal Barberini," etc. Mliller(mUl'ler),Eduard. [TheG.surnameJ/i/V- /(•)=-E. Miller.] Born at Brieg. Prussia, Nov. 12, 1804: died at Liegnitz. Prussia. Nov. 30. 1875. .\ Cerniaii author, brother of K. < I. Miiller. Miiller, Frederick iFriedrich) Maximilian, generally called Max Miiller. Born at Dt ssau, Oermanv, Dec. 6. 1823 : died at Oxford, Oct. 28, 1900. A German-English Sanskrit scholar and eonijiarative philoliigisl, son of Wilhelni Miiller. He was educated at Leijisic. Berlin, and Paris, and in 1846 went to Englan.l, and in 1850 settled at Oxfc >rd. He became professor of modern languages and literature there in 1854, and was professor of comparative philology ISilS-liXK). In 18.'>6 he became connected with the Bodleian Library, and lsr.5-67 was curatorof Oriental works. He edited and trans- lated the " Hitopadesa " (1844), and edited the Rig- Veda (6 vols 1K4H 74), ,-tc. His chief works are "A History of An- cient .Sanskrit Literature "(18.-,aX" Lectures on the Science of Langua;;e ■ (lsi;l-l>41. '• Handbooks for the .Study of .San- skrit " (1M,.V70: comprising grammar, dictionary, eta), "Chips from a Cerman Workshop " (1868-75). "Lectures on the Science of Religion" (ls7o). "On the Origin and lirowthof Religion as illustrated by the Religions of India (1S7S), and translations of various Oriental works. Miiller, Friedrich, called Miiller the Painter, or Maler Miiller. Born at Kreuznadi, Prussia, Jan. 13. 1749: died at Eorae, April 23, 1825. A Germaiijioet, painter, and engraver. Miiller, Friedrich. Born at Jenmik, Bohemia, -March 5, 1834 : died at Vienna, May 25, 1898. A German comparative philologist and ethnolo- gist, professor at Vienna from 1866. Miiller, George. Bom near Halberstadt. Prus- sia, Sept. 27, 1805; died at Bristol. March 10, 1898. A German-English philanthropist. He studied divinity at Halle, and went to London in 18-29. In ISau he establisheii tlie Orphan House of Bristol, Ui be sup- ported by unsolicited contributions. In 18,16 it contained 297 chUdren, and had received £84,441 as the result of uraver alone. In 1876 it contained ■2,1100 children, lie wrote "A Narrative of Some of the Lord's Dealings with George Mulkr' (18^7). Miiller Johann. See Ucniomnninnus. Miiller, Johann Friedrich Wilhelm. Bora at Stuttgart. Wiii-temberg, Dec. 11. 1782 : dicdnear Dresden, May 3, 1816. A German engraver, son of J. (v. von Miiller. Ilis chief work is the ' • Sis- tiiie Madonna" (after Raphael). Miiller, Johann Gotthard von. Born at Bern- haiLsen, near Stuttgart, Wurtemberg, Mav 4, 1747 : died at Stuttgart, March 14, 1830. A Ger- man engraver. „..,,., „ » Miiller, Johann Heinnch Jakob. Born at I 'assel.I'nissia.Ainil 30. 1MI9: died at Freiburg, Baden, Oct. 3, 1875. A (iennan physicist, pro- fessor at Freiburg from 1844. His chief work i» " Lchrbuch der Physik und Metcorologic " (1842). Miiller, Johannes or Johann von. Born at SclialTliausen.Swit/.erland, Jan.3. 1752; diedat Vassel, Prussia. May '29. 1S09. A not.'d Swiss historian. He held various offices in the service of Mainz Austria, and Prussia, and at the time of his death was di'rcctoi.general of education in the kingdom of W est- phalia His chief works are "Geschichte der Schweiier (" History of the Swiss," 4 vols. 1780-1805), and "24 Bucher allgemeiiier Gcschlchto " (" 24 Books of Universal History, isll). Miiller, Johannes. Born at Coblenz. I'mssia, July 14, ISOI : died at Berlin. April 2.-28. 18;j8. A celebrated tiernian physiologist and compar- ative anatomist, professor at Bonn 1826-33, and at Berlin from 1833. He was one of the t,.iinder« of modern physiology, and exerted also a powerful liilluence upon other departments of science. Ills ■dilef work i> " Handbuch der Pliysiologio des Menscheii. MUUer, Julius. Born at Brieg, Prussia. April 111 ISdl; , lied Sept. 27, 1878. A noted (.ernian Protestant theologian, professor successive y at (iiittingeu (1S.'!4). Marburg (ls:!5),nnd Hallo ( is:iin His chief work is "Pie christllcho Udirc von il.r siiiiile'T' I'lie rbrlsllan Doctrine of .sin," 183l». Miiller, Karl Otfried Born at Brieg Pni»- sia, Aug. '28, 1797: died at Athens, Aug. I. 184(1. A celebrated Gennan Hellenist ami archii'olo- gisl, professor of nrclin'ology at Giittingen from 1S14),"Etni«kcr''(18-.Sl." Hand, buoh dor Archuologlo dor Kunst " tlSSO), " i>rolegomennii Miiller, Karl Otfried an ciner wissenschaftlichen Mythologie" (1825), "Ge- schichte der griechischen Litteratur" ("History of Greek Literature, ' 1841), maps of ancient Greece, etc. Miiller, Max. See Miilkr. Fredericl: ^aximiliait. Miiller, Otto. Born at Schotten, Hesse, June 1, 181G: died at Stuttgart, Aug. 6, 1894. A German novelist. His works include "Biiiger" 1 1^4.3) an.l " Tliarlotte Aokermann" (1854). Miiller, Otto Frederik. Bom 1730 : died 1784. A Danish naturalist. Miiller, Peder Erasmus. Bom at Copenha- gen. May :i9,177G: died Sept. 4, 1834. A Danish theologian and arehceologist, appointed profes- sor of theologyat Copenhagen in 1801 , and bishop of Zealand in 1830. He wrote " Library of the Sasas'' (1S1(>-18), etc. Miiller .Wilhelm. Born at Dessau, Oct. 7, 1794 : died there, Sept. 30, 1827. A German lyi-ie poet. He was a student at Berlin in 1812. and, after having fought in the war of liberation against France 1813-14, resumed there his studies. From 1817 to 1619 he traveled in Italy. In the latter year he returned to Dessau, where he be- came teacher of the classical languages at the gymnasium, and librarian of the ducal library. His "lieder der Grie- chen " ("Songs of the Greeks," 1821-24) were m-itten dur- ing the Greek struggles for independence. "Gedichteaus den hinterlassenen tapieren eines reisenden Waldhomis- ten"(" Poems from the Posthumous Papers of a Travel- ing Bugler ") date from 1821-27, " Lyrische Spaziergange " (" Lyric Walks '■) from 1827. Some of his lyrics, especially those set to music by Schubert ("llullerlieder"). enjoy great ijopularity. His '* Vermischte Schrif ten "(" Mis- cellaneous Writings") were published at Leipsic in 1830 in 5 vols. A new edition of his poems, with an introduction by his son Max Sluller, appeared at Leip- sic in IM^. Miiller von KonigswinterCmiil'lerfon ke'nigs- vin-ter), Wolfgang. Bom at Konigsninter, Prussia, Marib l.'i.lSlC: died at Xeuenahr, Prus- sia, June 29, 1873. A German lyric and epic poet and novelist. He wrote the idyl "Mai- konigin" (1852). Miillbeiia (miil'him). A town in Baden, situ- ated 16 miles southwest of Freiburg. Popula- tion 1 1890), 3.817. Mulligan Letters. A series of business letters written by James G. Blaine to Warren Fisher of Boston, whieh fell into the hands of Fisher's bookkeeper, Mulligan. They played an important part in the political discussions which preceded the presi- dential nominations in 1876, and especially in the presiden- tial canvass of 1S81, in which Blaine was the Republican candidate, as it was alleged by his opponents that they con- firmed charges of corruption brought against him in con- nection with certain railroads (the Union Pacific and the Little Rock and Fort Smith). Mullingar (mul-in-gar'). The capital of the county of Wcstmeath, Ireland, situated near the Brosna 46 mUes west-northwest of Dublin. Population (1891), 5.323. Milliner (miil'ner), Amadeus Gottfried Adolf. Bom at Langendorf, noar Weissenfels, Prussia, Oct. 18, 1774 : died at Weissenf els, June 11, 1829. A German dramatist. Among his plays are "DerneunundzwanzigsteFebmar"(1812),"Die Sehuld" (1816). Mulluk (mul'ilk), or Lower Coquille. Atribe of the Kusan stock of North American Indians. It formerly had a village on the north side of Coquille River, Oregon, at its moutii. The survivors are on the .Siletz reservation, Oregon. See Kusan. Mulock, Dinah Maria. See C'rail; Mrs. Mulready (mul'red-i), William. Bom at En- nis, County Clare, Ireland, April 1, 1786: died at London, July 7, 1863. An Irish landseape- aud figure-painter. He was made royal academician in 1816. He painted " The Carpenter's Shop" (ISOU), "The Barber's Shop " (1811X " Interior of an English Cottage " (1828), " Choosing the Wedding Gown " 084t)), etc. In 1840 he furnished the ornamental design for the outside of Rowland Hill's postal envelop, known as the Mul- ready envelop, which resembled a folded half-sheet of letter-paper. Multan, orMooltan (mol-tan'). 1. A division in the Panjab. British India. Area, 20, 295 square miles. Population(1881), 1,712,394.— 2. Adis- trict in the Panjab, British India, intersected by lat. 30° N., long. 72° E. Area, 6,079 square mUes. Population (1891), 631.434.— 3. The capital of the district of Multan, situated near the Chenab, about lat. 30° 12' X., long. 71° 28' E. It has an extensive trade. It was stormed by the Sikhs in 1S18, and by the British In 1849. Population, in- cluding cantonment (1891), 74,5(52. Multnoma (mtdt-no'ma). A probably extinct tribe of the Upper Chinook division of North American Indians. Its former habitat was near Mult- nomah River and Falls, in Multnomah County, Oregon, south of the C .lumhia River. See CAinooitan. Muluya (mo-lo'yii). A river in Morocco which flows into the Mediterranean near the border of Algeria. Length, over 300 miles. llumbo Jumbo (mum'bo jum'bo). Originally a bugbear common to MamUngo towns, used by the natives to keep their women in subjection. Uango Park describes it. The words are now nsed to de- 714 note various idols or fetishes fantastically clothed, wor- shiped by certain negro tribes. Mummius (mum 'i -us), Lucius, sumamed Achaicus. Lived in the middle of the 2d cen- turv B. C. A Roman consul 146 B. C. He defeated theAch.-ean League and captured Corinth, completing the Roman conquest of Greece (146 B. e.). Muncaczy. See Minihdcsij. Munch (moneh), Andreas. BornatCHmstiania, Uet. 19, 1811: died June 30, 1884. ANorwegian poet and dramatist. His father was the poet Johan Storm Munch, bishop of Christiansand. In 1830 he went to Christiania to study jurisprudence, but returned home the following year and remained there until the death of his father in 1832, when the family removed to Christiania. He was now obliged to support himself by his own labors, and soon gave up the idea of a legal career. His first book was the collection of poems '*Ephemerer"("Ephemer:\"), which appeared in 1S37. This was followed in the succeed- ing year by a long poem "Sangerinden " ("The Singer"), andby his first drama, "Kong Sverres TJngdom " ("King Sverre's Youth "), which was awarded the tirst prize and the honor of production at the opening of the new Nor- wegian theater. In 1S46 he gave up the editorship of the political journal " Constitutionelle," which he had in the meantime assumed, to travel in FYance, Italy, and Ger- many, w-here he was absent a year. After his return he published "Digte gamle og nye " (" Poems Old and Xew") and the prose " BiUeder fra Nord og Syd " ("Pictures from Xorth and South "), both in 1S4S, followed by " Nye Digte " ("New Poems ") in 1850. The death of his >vif e this last year gave rise to the collection of poems published in 1852 with the title " Sorg og Trost " (" Grief and Consolation "). He now turned his attention again to the drama, and wTote, between the year^ 1854 and 1856, " Solomon de Cans," the historical drama "En Aften paa Giske" ("An Evening at Giske "), and the tragedy " Lord William Russel." Subse- quent worlds are "Samlede Digte" ("Collected Poems," 1858), "Nyere Digte" ("Recent Poems," 1S61), the cycle "Jesu Billeder" ("Pictures of Jesus," 1865X "Eftersom- mer " (" Autumn." 1867). He was the author also of other poems and dramas, besides translations from Sir Walter Scott aud a version of Tennyson's " Enoch Arden." Miinch (miinch), Ernst Hermann Joseph von. Born at Rheinfelden, Switzerland, Oct. 25, 1798: died at Kheinf elden, June 9, 1841. A Swiss his- torian. Munch (moneh) , Peder Andreas. Bom at Chris- tiania, Norway, Dec. 15, 1810 : died at Rome, May 25, 1863. ANorwegian historian, philolo- gist, andantiquary: cousin of Andreas Munch. Ilis chief work is "Det Norske Folks Historic "("History of the Norwegian People," 18;.2-63). Munchausen, Baron, See Miinchhausen. Miinch-Bellinghausen (miinch'bel'ling-hou- zen), Barou Eligius Franz Joseph von: pseu- don\'ni Friedrich Halm. Bom at Cracow, April 2, 1806 : died at Vienna, May 21, 1871. Ai Aus- triandramatist. Hischiefwork5are"Griseldis"(1834),_ "Der Sohn der Wildnis" ("The Son of the Wilderness,'" 1843, played in English as " Ingomar the Barbarian "), " Der Fechter von Ravenna" ("The Fencer of Ravenna,' 1S54), and "Wildfeuer" (1864). Miinchen (miin'chen). German for Munich. Miinchengratz (miineh'en-grats). A town in Bohemia, situated on the Iser 39 miles northeast of Prague. Here, June 28, 1S66, the Prussians under PrinceFrederickCharlesdef eat ed the Austriansand Saxons under Clam-Gallas. Population (1S9ire>paliiti>i^. lit IHtvj he made a name with liis " La^t Day of aOtunleiiuied Mail." He went to Paris in 1872, ami a few years later began t»i paint Parisian seenes. Here hi- took the medal of honor in 1878, and later medals at \'ieiiiia, Munich, Berlin, etc. He was ennuhled by the Austrian government. He was elected to the ^Innieh Aeaiieniy in 1881, and visitseall public and private archives were pl.aeed at his disposal. He collected a vast amount of material, but only the first volume of his "His- toria del Nuevo Mundo" was puldished (.Madrid, 1793). Munro (mun-ro'), Hugh Andrew Johnstone. Burn at Elgin, Oct. 19, 1819: died at Kome, March 30, 188."). A Scottisli classical scliolar. He was educated at Shrewsbury and Trinity College, Cani- bi idge : was a fellow of Trinity IM:; ; and became profes- sor of Latin in 1S69. lie edited Lucretius in 1S64 and Horace In 1'>G9, and wrote excellent (Jreek and Latin verse. Munsee (mim'se), or Minsiu (min'si-o). A tribe of S^orth American Indians, belonging to tlie Delaware Confederacy, but commonly re- garded as distinct. They formerly lived about the head waters of tile Delaware River in New York, New ,Tersey, and Pennsylvania. They early became scattered and incorporated with other tribes. .See Ahjonqaian. Munster (muu'ster). An ancient province of Ireland, occupying the southwestern part of the islan23. Ex- pelled in 1524 through the intlucnce of Luther, of whom lie was now a determined opponent, he became in the fttl- lowing year a preacher in the free city of Miihlliausen in Thuringia. He made himself master of the city, deposed the city council, and introduced a democratic communistic government. The peasant insurrection which broke out in Swabia and Franconia (l.V2ri) having reached Thuringia, he placed himself at the head of a band of 8,000 Anabap- tists and insurgent peasants, and inaugurated a war of ex- termination against the nobility and the clergy. He was defeated b,\ I'liilip, laiidgraveof Uesse, and George, dukeof Saxony, at Frankenhauscn, May l.^», 152.^» ; was captured in the tli'^ht; and was tried and executed. Munzinger(inont'sing-er), Werner. BornatOl- ten, Switzerland, April 21, 1832 : died in Africa, Nov. 1(5, 1875. An African explorer and linguist. He lived in Egypt 1852-.'3, occupied with mercantile af- fairs ; conducted a trading expedition to theKed Seals.'')4- 1S55; lived among the Bogos IS5»-5t;, and published "sit- ten und Itecht der Bogos " 1859 ; was with Hetigljn's ex- pedition in lytil ; explored the land of Bazen and arrived in Khartum 18ti2 ; as chief, in Hcuglin's place, explored Kordofan; and returned to Europe. He publLshcd "Ost- afrikanische Studien " (181,14), "Die dcutsche Expedition in C)stafrika" (I8tj5), "Vocabulaire de la langue Tigr6 " (186;"i). He became British consul at Ma-ssowah in 186;) and assistant of Lord Napier ; French consul in 1808 : Egyptian governor in 1870; and governor-general of Eastern Sudan in 1372. He was fatally wounded in an expedition against, Abyssinia, and died at Aussa. Muottathal, orMuotathal (mo-ot'ii-tal). 1. A valley in the canton of Schwyz, Switzerland. — 2. A town in that valley. Muphrid (mii'frid). [Ar. al-miifrid aUramih. the solitary star of the lancer.] The third- magnitude star Tj Bobtis, in the right leg of the giant. Mux (inor.). A river which, rising in Salzburg, flows through Styria anil part of western Hun- gary and joins the Drave 27 miles east of Wa- rasilin. Length, about 250 miles. Murad. See Amurath. Murad Effendi (mo'riid e-fen'di). Assumed name of Franz von Werner. See Wrriur. Muradabad (mo-rii-dil-biid'), or Moradabad (mo-ra-dii-biid'). 1. A district in the North- west Provinces, British India, intersected by lat. 28° 45' N., long. 78° 30' R. Area, 2,282 square miles. Population (1891 ), 1,179.398.-2. The capital of the district of Muradabad, situ- ated on the Ramganga 97 miles east of Delhi. It is a trading center. Population, including cantonment (1891), 72,921. Muralto (mo-riil'to), Onuphrio. The fictitious canon of St. Nicholas at Otranto, from whom Walpole, as William Marshall, professed to translate "The Castle of Olranto." Murano (mii-rii'no). An island and town in the lagoon of Venice, Italy, 1 mile north of Vvn- ice. Ithiwbeen famous since the 14th century for its glass nianufaetiires, and is noted for its cathedrid and Mu- sco Civico (with Venetian glass products). Muras (mb'riis). A horde of P.razilian Indians on the middle Amazon. I'omierly they were mimei-- ous and powerful in the rt-gion between the lower Tapa- Jds and Sladeira. According to vague ti-aditlou they came from the upper Amazon, driven out by the Iiicas of Peru. They were long at war with the Mundurucus, by whom they worellnally comiuored about 17.S.S: sfucothen they have led a wandering life in the network of lakes and channels about the mouth of the Madeira, living in miser, able Inits or in canoes, and subsisting by hunlliig and ilsh. lug. A few hundreds remain, in a very ilegraded state, and much crossed with negro blood from fugit Ivo slaves. They are noted thieves. Their language Is doubtfully classed with the Tupi. Murat (mii-rii'), Joachim. Born at Bastide, Lot, Fiance, March 2.'i, 1771 : exoculed at Pizzo, Calabria, Italy, Oct. 13, 1815. A French mar- shal, and king of Naples, brother-in-law of Na- l)oleon I.: famous as a cavnln* commander, no was the son of an innki-eper : stinlled theology at Ton. loUHO : entered the army us a volunteer ; and served with distinction In Italy 17ninl7, and in Egypt I7i)S-li», becom- ing a general of division. He aided the coup d'l^tat of Nov., 17U0; married Caroline Bonaparte Jan. 20, 18i)ii : and wai Mure, Sir William made governor of Paris and marshal in 1804, and prince and high admiral in ISiJS. Ue commanded the cavalrj- at Marengo in 1800, at Austerlitz in 1805, at Jena in 1806, and at Eylau and Priedland In l8o7. In 180Hhe wasmailegraud duke of Berg and Cleves ; commanded in Spain in 1808 ; be- came kiilg of Naples as Joachim I. Napoleon in 1808 ; coin- mantled the French cavalry in 1812 ; w as leagued with Aus- tria in 1814 ; went over to Na|R.leoii March, 1815 ; wot de- feated by the ,\iistiian8 at T<'leiitino May 2-3, lel5; and was captured in making a landing in Calabria in Oct., 1815. Murat.Prince Napoleon Lucien Charles. Born at Milan, May 16, 1803 : di...l at Paris, April 10. 1878. Son of Joachim Murat. He lived in the United States until 1848, and was later a poli- tician and prince in France. Muratori (mo-rii-to're), Ludovico Antonio. Born at Vignola, near Modcna, Italy, Oct. 21, 1672: died at Modena, Jan. 23, 1750. A cele- brated Italian antiquary, director of the Ambro- sian College and Library at Milan, and later librarian to the Duke of Modena. His chief works are''RerumItalicariimscriptores"(172;t-51X'*.\ntiquitatefl Italieie medii Mvi " (17:i8-42). " Ann:di d'llalia " (1744-19). Muratorian (mu-ra-to'ri-an) Fragment or Canon, The. A summary of the canonical books of the New Testament, in popular and illiterate language, probably dating from the period of Marcus Aurelius. It was first pub- lislied by L. A, Muratoii in 1740. Muravieff (mci-rii-ve-ef ' ), Nikolai. Bom 1793: died Nov. 4, 1866. A Russian general. He served with distinction against the Poles in 1831, and captured Kars in 185.^. Muravieff (mii-ra-ve-ef'), Nikolai, Coimt Mu- ravieff-Amurski. Born at St. Petersburg, 1803 (1810 f) : died at Paris, Nov. 19, 1881. -A Russian general. Hcwasappointedlieutenant-governorof Eastern Siberia in 1848. and took possession of the Amur territory, which was ceded by China in lHr>8. As a reward for this ser- vice he wascreatedacotuit and promotedgeneral of infantry. Murchison (mer'ki-son), Sir Roderick Impey. Born at Tarradalo, Ross-shire. Feb. 19, 1792: died Oct. 22, 1871. A Scottish geologist. He was educated at the grammar.school at Durham and the military college. Great Marlow. In 18i)S he went t» Gali- cia with Wellesley, and was with Sir John Moore in there- treat to Corunna, After eight years' service he left the army and tmveled in Europe. He took up the study of geology at the suggestion of Sir Humphry Davy, and in 1825 read his iirst paper before t he C.cologieal Society. He was associated with Lyell and later with .Sedgwick in Xw- vei-gne and the Alps. His especial work was the estal>- iishment of the Silurian System in 1831 (" The Silurian Sys- tem," 1838), and later the Devonian. In 184.') he published "Russia and the Ural Mountains." In 1856 he was ap- pointed director-general of the Geological Survey, and di- rector of the Koyal School of Mines and Geological Mu- seum in Jermyn street, Murcia (nn-r'shi-ii; Sp. ])ron. miir'the-a). A province of Spain, bordering on the Mediter- ranean. It is rich in metals. Area, 4,478 square miles. Population (1887), 491,438. Murcia. A fonner Moorish kingdom in Spain, comprising the provinces of Murcia and Alba- cete. It was conquered by Castile 1243-53. Murcia. The cai)ital of the province of Mnr- ciii, Spain, situated on the Segura in lat. 37° 59' N., long. 1° 11' W. It has silk manufactures. Thecathedral, of thel4thcentury.hasabroad Renaissance west front and tower. The wahiutchoir.stalls are delicately carved with saints and Bible scenes. The family chai>el of Los W'les, w ith its tombs, is a remarkable example of the tlorid-I'ointeii style. Murcia was taken by Castilians about 1240, and was plundered by the lYench in the Peninsular war. Population (1887), 98,538. Murdoch (mer'dok), James Edward. Bom at Philadeljiliia, Juno 25, ISH: died at Cincinnati, May 19, 1.893. An American actor, and j)ro- fessor of elocution at the Cincinnati College of Music. He made his llrtit appearance at Philadelphia in 1S29. He was versatile, and played a variety of leading characters. In 1840, while he was stage manager of the National Theater, Bt>stoii, he left the stage and devoted live years to study, reap]>caring as Hamlet In New York. He was considered thereafter as a leading actor. When the Civil War broke out, lie devote.l his energies to the sujiport of the I'nlon as nurse while his two sons were hi the army, and gave readings for the benellt of the I'niled Slates simltnry Commission. Murdock (mer'dok), JameS. Born at West- brook, Conn., Fell. 16, 1776: died at Columbus, Miss., Aug. 10, 1856. An American Congregsi- tional divine and scholar. He translated works of Mosheim, and tho New Testament from tbo I'eshilo version. Murdock, William. Born at Ani'hinleck, AjT- shirc, Aug. 21. 1754: died nt Biriningliam, Nov. 1."), 1.S39. A Scottish inventor. He entered tho works of lloiiltoll and Watts. Birtiilngham, in 1777. and in 17115 made the Iirst jiractleal iiseo( illiimiiiating giul. Ue also Invented the osclllallug steam. eugiiia Murdstone(nit'iirsi on). Edward. In Dickens's " David Copperliild," a black-haired, violent^ tem]iered, vindictive, cruel man: David Co})- perlield's stepfather. Mure (iniir). Sir William. Bom at Bowallan, Avrshiro, l.'i94: died 1657. A Scottish poot. Ue Mnre, Sir Williain was wounded at MarstoD Moor. He wrote the " True Cruci- fix for True Catholics " (l(i29), and a version of the Psalms 0639). Mure (mur), 'William. Bom near Caldwell, Ayrshire, July 9, 1799 : died at London, April 1, 18(i0. A Scottish historian of Greek litera- ture. He was educated at Westminster School and at Edinburgh and Boun universities. He was member of Par- liament for Renfrew ls46-5.'i. His "Critical History of the Language and Literature of .\ncient Greece " (5 vols. 1850-57) was undnished at the time of his death. He was a colonel in the Renfrewshire militia. Murena(mu-re'na),LuciusLicinius. 1. A Ro- man commander aijainst Mithridates 83-82 B. c. — 2. A son of tlie |ireeedin-man, pastor of the Park Street Congregational Church 1868-74, He pub- lished "Camp Life in the Adirondack Mountains " (186SX " The Perfect Horse " (1873), sermons (1874), and " Tales" (1877 and 1887). Murray Hill. A district in New York citv. It la on high ground, beginning at about 34th street and Fifth Avenue, and extending north to about 40th street. It was named from a Quaker family who owned an estate on tho site. Murree, or Marri (mnr-re'). A health-resort in tho Panjab, British India, about lat. 33° 53' N., long. 73° 20' E. Miirren (mur'ren). A summer resort in the Bernese Oberlanil. Switzerland, in the upper Lauterbrunnen valley, south of Interlaken. Mursa (mer'sa). In ancient geography, a Ro- man town of Pannonia:themodernEssek (which see). Here. Sept. 28, 351, Constantius gained a notable victory over the usurper Magnentius : 54,000 are said to have been slain. Murshidabad (mor-s"ne-da-bad'), or Moorshe- dabad(m(ii'-she-da-bad'). 1. Adistrict in Ben- gal, British India, intersected by lat. 24° 15' N., long. 88° 15' E. Area, 2,144 square miles. Pop- ulation (1891), 1,250,946.-2. The capital of the district of Murshidabad, situated on the Bhagi- rathi 112 miles north of Calcutta. It is a trading and tuanufacturing center, and was the capital of Beogu in the 18th century. Populatiou (1891), 36,576. Murten. See Morat. Mur'Viedro(mor-ve-a'THr6). AsmaU towninthe province of Valencia, Spain, situated on the Palaneia 15 miles north-northeast of Valencia: the ancient Saguntum (which see). Here, Oct. 25, 1811, the French imder Suehet defeated the Spaniards under Blake. Murzuk, or Mourzouk (mor-zok'). The capi- tal of Fezzan. situated about lat. 25° 50' N., long. 14° 10' E. Population, estimated, 6,500. Mus. See Dcciiis, 2Ius. Musa (mii'sil). Born at Mecca about 660 : died about 718. A Saracen viceroy of Egj'pt. He con- quered northern Africa, and conquered Spain (with the aid of Tarik) 711-713. Musaeus(mi;i-se'ns). [Gr. JIowQiof, (servant) 'of the Muses."] A legendary" Greek poet of Attica, son of Eumolpus and Selene. To him were at- tributed various poems connected with the mysteries of Demeter at Eleusis, over which he was said to have pre- sided. Musaeus. Lived about the 5th century A. D. A Greek grammarian, author of a celebrated poem on Hero and Leander. Of this poem 340 verses have been preserved. It was imitated by Mar- lowe. Musagetes (mii-saj'e-tez). [Gr. MmcayirTK, leader of tho Muses.] An epithet of Apollo. Musaus (mo-sa'os), Johann Karl Aupist. Born at Jena, Germany, 1735 : died at AVeiniar. Germany, Oct. 28, 1787. A German author. His chief woi'k is '' Volksmarcheu der Deutschen" (" Folk-Tales of the Germans," 1782-86). Musca (mus'kii). [L.,' the fly.'] A name given to the constellation also called Apis, the Bee. It is situated south of the Southern Cross, and east of the Clianielei>n, and contains one star of the third and three of the fourth magnitude. The name was also formerly given to a constellation situated north of Aries, Muscat, or Muskat (mus-kaf). 1. A name sometimes given to Oman (which see). — 2. The capital of Oman, Arabia, situated on the Gulf of Oman in lat. 23° 30' N., long. 58° 30' E.: one of the chief commercial centers of Arabia. It was taken by the Portuguese under Albuquerque about 1508, and was recovered from them in the middle of the 17lh century. Population, estimated, 40.000 to 50,000. Muscatine (mus-ka-ten'). A city, capital of JIuscatiue Count}', Iowa, situated on the Missis- sippi, 26 miles west by south of Davenport. It has meat -packing and lumber trade. Popula.- tion (1900;, 14,073. Muscle Shoals Muscle Shoals (mus'l sholz). A suceession of rapids in the Tennessee River, in noi-tbern Ala- bmna, east of Florence. Muscovy (mus'kO-vi). [From ML. iTusenru, Russia, from Buss. Moskva : see Moscow.} A name often Riven formerly to Russia. Mus6e des Antiquites Nationales (mii-za da zon-te-ke-ta ua-se-o-nal')- A museum estab- lished in the chateau of St.-Germain-en-Laye. near Paris. It contains objects of the prehistoric Hint or bone perioJ, collections of sculptures, bas-reliefs w:ir chariot.^ armor, coins, and relics from the earliest civiliza- tion "t Kranci- to the Carolingian period. Mus6e du Louvre. See iomre. Mu8§e du Luxembourg. See Luxemhourg, I'uUiir (if tilt. . , T ^ 1 Muses (mfi'zez). [Gr. Moraai.] In Greek my- tholocv, the daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne, who according to the earliest writers were god- desses of meiuorv, then inspiring goddesses ot song, and according to later ideas divinities presiding over the different kinds of poctrj-, and over the sciences and arts, while at the same time having as their especial province springs and limpid streams. Their number appears in the Homeric poems not to be fixed ; later it seems to havebeen out at three, but afterward they were spoken ot_ as niiu: : hio, the Muse of heii.ic exi.loit,. or of histoi-j- : buterpr u( liiH.ivsiac music ami the duul.It- llute ; rAohn, of gaiety, I , I life and cimiedv; M.l /I'mieiu, of song and bar- .iid (]f tragedy ; ffr/isi.iiuri; of choral dance and Iriitd of eniti'.- ].uetrv and the lyre ; I'uh/mmn or l:.lnh>imi,in'.o! theinsiiLied and stately hymn ; irrniua.uf •i^troiioinicalandother celestial phenomena; amXCiMiopc. I lie chief of the Muses, of i.uetie inspiration, of eloquence, ■,d of heroic or epic puetiy. The Muses were intimately -s.K-iated in legend and in art with Apollo, who, as the Idcf guardian and leader of their company, was called Muses' Looking-Glass, The. A pjay by r !;ando!ph, originally acted under the title ot ■■ The Pjiiterfainraent." It was printed in 1638. Of the.late of the present play there can be no doubt, for the I device of draining the Fens by Dutch windmills, in lfaJ2, Is alluded to as contemporary. F/eay. ' Museum (mu-ze'um). [Gr. ilovcelov, from \lo, TO, Muse.] 1. A hill almost directly south of the Acropolis at Athens, the furthest east ot the group of hills on the southwestern side of the city : nanie. MusgU (inoa'gb). See Maso. Musidora (niii-si-do'ra). The coy sweetheart cjf Daiiinu in Thomsori's" Seasons." His delicacy on the occnsl.m of seeing her bathing won her alfeclions. She Is the subject of a painting by Oainsborough. iii the National Oallei y. London. The maid, lightly dn.ped sits on the bank of a woodland stream: one foot is a ready in the water, :nid she is removing the sandal from the othei Muskegon (mus-ke'gon). A city, capital oi Muskegon County,Michigaii, situated on AlMSke- gon Lake, near tiuke Michigan, in lat. 4:!° 1.) X long Hfion'W. The leading industry Is the lum- ber manufacture and trade. Population (iyi»i), 'io.slH. Muskhogean ( musk-hri'ge-an). An important linguistic, stock of North American Indians, named from the chief tribe of the Creek Confed- eracv. Its divisions occupied nearly the whole State of Mississippi, the western half of Tennessee, a small area in eastern Kentucky, all of Alabama most of (Jeorgla. and. In laU-r times, nearly all of I'Tonda. 'I he fid ..wing is a linguistic elassllleation of the tribes: (n) I he western group (the main people, the Choctaw, branched out into the Chicasa, the Choctaw Olllf tribes (,•. ;;. I'ascagoula) In the State of Mississippi, and a few In lower Louisiana ami Alabama) (li) The Aliliamu group(Alibaniu vilhiges, Muk- lasa Odshiap..fa, Koassatl.oktchoyi: all near the junction of Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers, Alabama), (c) The cen- tral or Creek group (Upper Creeks, on the Coosa and 1 alla- poosa rivers and in the central district between the two; the Creek portion of the Semlnoles, Yamasl. am Vama- craw ■ Lower Creeks, on middle Chattahoochee River and east of It), (d) The llitcbill group (the tribes speak ng Illtchltl dialects on lower Cbal taho.ichec Klver and east ,>f It, as Hltchltl, Hawokli, Ddsblsi, Tnlalosi, and the Illtcbitl portion of the Semlnoles and of the Vamasi and V ama- craw). («) Tho ApalachI group (formerly near St. Mark s 717 River llorida). The principal tribes are the Alibamu, Apala'chi, Chicasa, Choctaw, Creek or Maskoki proper HItchiti, Koasati, Pcnsacola. Seminole, "i amacraw, Va- masi andVazoo. Of these tribes the Choctawon the west were short and heavy, the Creeks taller and more active. The Chicasa were the most warlike and the best hunters, the Choctaw the most agricultural and, together with the Creeks, the most a.lvanced in culture. All the tribes bad fixed villages, the larger fortitled by palisades anil em banktnents. Several contcdcracieswcreestablished within the stock, of which the Creek was the most widely known. The present number of the stock is over 30,000. MuskKmiis'ke). Apeopleoften mentionediuthe cuneiform inscriptions, settled somewherenorth of Cappadocia. Thev are identifled with the Moschi of the Creek writers, and the Meshech of the Old Testa- ment In the liible Meshech is usually combined with Tub.al, and similarly in the itiscriiitions the .Mnskl with Tabal The Muski lame in hostile contact with the As- syrians under TIglath-Pileser I. (lliO-llOO), A^urnazirpal (SS4 si'.n), and .Sargoii (722-70.'.). . /m • Muskingum (mus-king'gum). A nver in Ohio. It is f..rmeil by the union of thcTuscaraw.-isand S\ alhonrt- iiig at Coshocton, and joins the Ohio at Marietta. Length, including the Tuscarawas, about 2J0 mUes; navigable about or. miles. Muskoki. See Creel: Muso (mo'zo). A village m the western part ot the department of Boyaca, Colombia, on the river Carare, nearly north of Bogota. Its emerald- mines were long the richest in the world, and are sliU worked. During the colonial period Muso was a wealthy city. Also written Muzo. Musonius (mii-so'ni-us), Caius Rufus. Lived in the 1st century A. D. A IJomau Stoic philoso- pher. . « -. *i MUSOS (mii'zos). An extinct tribe of bouth .\merican Indians who, at the time of the con- quest, were found on the eastern side of the Mag- daleiia Kiver, about 100 miles north and north- west of tho present citv of Bogota. They were much less civilized than the Chibchas, with whom they were at war, and thev made a long and valorous resistance to the Spaniards, flnall» committing suicide in great iiuin- bers rather than submit to them. The Muso emerald- mines were in their district. Muspellsheim ( mos'pels-him). [ON. Mtispelh- l.iiiiir.] In the Old Norse cosmogony, the realm of fire and warmth in the south. At Ragnarok, Suit (Old Norse Stirtr), the ruler of Muspellsheim conies with his flaming sword at the head of the Muspells-sons and destroys the world with fire. Also .W«spi'( or Mim- Muspilli [OHG. Muspim. OS. Mudspelh, Mu ts- nclli, the end of the world, Icel. MuspeU, an abode of firo (see Muspielhhcim); of uncertain origin, but usually explained as from OHG molUi, AS. moUU; etc, earth (E. moul.l), ami *sniltian, OS. .•■•pililidii, AS. xpiHan, destroy (h. .s7)iH).] A fragmeiitarv Old High German ])oem on the end of tho world", of unknown authorship, written in alliterative verse. It exists in a single manuscript, from about the year 900, in the liavarian dci- lect. "MuspiUi" belongs to a time when myths of tho old heathen mythology blended with the faith of the new con- verts to Christianity. Muspel, in Scandinavian inytholo.,.-y was a great world of fire that at the end would break ...t, and devour the earth and all that was upon it. ' Mns|.illl therefore served to express the final conllagratlon of the world ; and that is the subject of tins fragment which shows also an adaptation of pre-Christian to ( Inlstian ideas in the fight of inias with Antichrist, which may an- swer to tho contest between Thor and Snitur. ilorUij, English Writers, II 9,. Muspratt (mus'iirat ), James Sheridan. Born at Dublin, March .'^, bS'-'l : died at West Derby, April3, 1H71. A British chemist. Uewascducated at Liverpool, and studied with Liebig 1543-40, He founded the Liverpool Collcg.^d Chemistry, and becaliie professor there Ilis works include! •'(milines of Qualitative Analy- sis " (1849), " IHclioiiary ot Chemistry " (18,54), etc. MusquitOS. Same as .Uo«/»'7i«. Musschenbroek (miis'chen-bri.k). Pieter van. Born at Levdeii, Netherlands, March H. \U.).: died there," Sept, I!), I'dl. A Dutch natural iihilosnpher ;ini\ mathematician. Musselburgh {mus'1-bur-o). A burgh in the emiiitv of Ivlinlnirgh, Scotland, situated on the Firth of I'ortli and the Ksk (> miles east ot Edinburgh. It is a notable golling resort. Pop- ulati.m (1K!M), S,SS.^, »,, j j Musset (mii-sa'), Louis Charles Alfred de. liorn at I'aris, N..v. 11, ISIO: died there. May 1 1H.")7, A celeliraled French poet. Ills father, Musset-Pathay, was a man of letters, and encouraged in his children the love of Ictlcrs. A fred de >"»-•''',''■ alcd with high h..no,-s (ton, the College Henri \ . In 1 i«, and had just eo eled his twentieth year when he pub. lisheil his lll-st volume of poetry, ■■Contes d hspag iie e ... .. .<, ....ii...,,l..„ui,r ,,iii»,iHi>Hlalil s led lisneil nis limi voniiiiv Ol j„.^,,j, ■- . - ,rilalle"(182»). Twomorecollccthinsot poems CBlabllalied his fan.e--(!o,-sie» dlverscs'- (1*31) and "I'" "P^"'";/.'^; dans nn failteuil • (1«1J). In IKW he *""<"'•' » George sand ; but, after an extended trip, 1. 11 out »; '' b ' at Venice, and returned to France alone. 1 is morbid s ale of mind finds expression in the ■•'■''''f7»'",'' l' " 'i'.,".'''mu« du slide- (is:i(l). During these years (l»-3-»7) ' ^ " »■ set contributed a number of short plays to the Revue des Deux Mondes '; they have appeared «'"ci' l'";" "» "Conieidles et proverbes '(JS^)- »l'ofl »'°''"* '™™ "'" Muzaffarpur same magazine (1837 3',)) were also reprinted in hook form (IHIO). In the same year (1840) appeared the first edition of the " Poesies nouvclles." One of his last publications is a volume of "Contes" (1854). He was received in the French Academy in 1852. Irregular and dissolute living sapped his intellectual and physical strength, and he di.d at the ag.. of turty-seveii. His complete works were pub lished in isoii. _ Musset, Paul Edme de. Born at Pans. Nov. 7, 1H04: died there. May 17, 1880. A French novelist and litterateur, brother ot Alfred de Musset. He wrote "Lui et elle" (1*59;, etc. Mussulmans (mus'ul-manz). [From Turk. Miisiiliiiaii : see Moslems.'\ Mohammedans, or followers of Mohammed ; true believers, in the Mohammedan sense; Moslems. Mustagh (mos'tiigh)Pass. A pass near Mount (biihvin-.Vusten, in the western Himalaya, It i-oiiiieits the upper Indus and Yarkand valleys. Mustagh Range, or Karakorum Range. A range of loftv mountains in Kashmir, north of, and^parallelwith. the main Himalaya. Mount Godwin-Austen (K2) belongs to it. See K'^. Mustapha (mos'tii-fii) I. Hied 1(>39 Turkish sultan li;i7-lHand 1022-123, brother of Achniet 1. Mustapha II. Ui^d Dec. 31, 1703 Tmkish sultan U'iD.VlTOS, son of Mohammed 1\ . He was defeated in person by the Imperialists under Prince Eu- gene at Zenta in 1697, and signed the peace of C-arlowitz in 1009 Ue was deposed shortly before his death. Mustapha IH. Died Jan. 21, 1774. Turkish sultan 1757-73, son of Aehmet III. He waged war uiisnceessfullv with Russia 1768-74. Mustapha IV. Kilb'd Nov 15 18()8. Turkish -iilt;in I,sii7-l»sl, son of Abdul-Hamiil. Mustard-Seed (mus'tiird-sed). A fairy in Shak- spere's •• Midsummer Night's Dream. Mut ( nii'it ). In Egvptian mvthology. -the mother. t lie Tlieban consort of Amun-Ka, the othermem- ber of the triad being their son Khuns. She was a personification of the female principle. Muta (mo'lii), A locality in Syria where in o2!», the Mol'iammedans fought and won their lirst battle against the Christians. Mutanabbi (m.i-tii-nab'be), Al-. [Ar., the iireteniied ijrophet.'l Died at Kiifa, %o A. D. .\n Arabian poet. His -'Divan" (collection of ,,ni-nis) has been translated into German. Muta Nzige. The native name of the lake now ,-:illed the Albert Edward Nyanza (which see). Mutina. See Miidcna. _ - x mu Mutinensian War (mu-ti-nen'si-an war). 1 he name given to tho military operations in and near Mutina (now Modena). Italy. 44-43 B. C. Decimiis Brutus was blockaded at Mutina by Antony in 44, and was relieved by Hirtius, Pansis and Octaviiis, who de- feated Antony. Mutiny, The Indian. See Juduin MuUmj. Mutiny Act. -\n act passed annually by the 15riti'sh Parliament from 1689 to 1S79. It pro- vided for the punishment of cases of mutiny and desertion, and for the maintenance of a standing army(without vio- lation of the lull of r.ights). Mutiny of the Bounty. St' f Bounty. Mutis (mii'tes), Jos6 Celestino. Bom at Cadiz, April 6, 1732 : died at Bogota, New Granada, Sent 1" ISdS. A Spanish botanist. From 17i» ho resided in New Granada, where, under government auspices, he traveled extensively. Uis • Flora de Nueva Gninada," on which he worked 40 years, was unfinished at the time ot his death, and has never been published M litis Is known especially for his publications on cinchona MutsuhitO (inot'so-shto). Born Nov 3, 1&52. The Emperor of Japan. Ho is the 123d of tho Muttra (mut'tra). 1 . A district in the North- west Provinces', British India, intersected by I'xt "T^ 30' N,, long. 77° 45' E. Area. 1.4o3 siiuire miles. Population (1881), 671,690.-2. The caiiital of the district of Miittra, situated on tlie.lumna30inilesnorth-northwestor.\gra. It contains a Hindu shrine, and has been often plundered by Mohammedans, Population (189P, Including canton- ment, 01,19... Muzaffargarh (muz-af-ar-gar'). A district in ih" raiiiab. British India, inlersecled by Int. •!0° X li'uig. 71° E. Area. 3,422 square miles. Piiiiuh'itiim (1S91), 381,09:5, , , „ , Muzaffarnagar (muz-af-ai-nag ar) or Mozuf- feniugger (moz-uf-er-nug'ger). 1. A.listnct i„ ,1,,. Northwest Provinces, Bntish Luia in- tersoeted by lat. 29° 30' N.. long. , .° . E. Area, l,6-'>8 siiuare miles. Population (1891). 770 H74 —2 Tho capital of the district of Muz- ntT'i'rnagar, 65 miles north-northeast of Delhi. Pi.i.iihition (1891), 18,166. Muzaffarpur ( muz-af-ar-por ). or Mozuffer- pore inioz-uf-ei-p6r'). 1. A district olBeng;il, British India, intersected by hit. 26° N.. long. 85° 'iO' E Area, 3,003 square miles. Pollina- tion (1891). 2,711,445.-2. The capital of the Muzaffarpur district of Muzaffarpur, situated on the Little Gandak 37miles north-northeast of Patna. Pop- Illation (1891), 49,192. Muziano (mot-se-a'no), Girolamo. Bom near Brescia, Italy, 1528: died about 1590. An Ital- ian painter of historical pieces and landscapes, and worker in mosaics. Mtizo. See Muso. Mwanga (mwang'ga). The successor of Mtesa as king of Uganda. He persecuted the Christians and ordered the murder of Bishop Hannington. Driven from his kinfrdom, he hecame a Catholic, and regained his throne by the aid of Catholics and Protestants ; was conquered by British arms, and became a Protestant; and is now a va.ss^ of the British crown. Mycale (mik'a-le). [Gr. JU/cdA;/.] In ancient geography, a mountain in Lydia, Asia Minor, north of Miletus. Xear it, in Sept, 479 B. c, on the same day as the battle of Plattea. the Greeks under Leoty- ehides and Xantippus defeated the Persian naval forces. Mycenae (mi-se'ne). [6r. Mi-Mji'af.] In ancient geography, a city of Argolis, Greece, 1-4 miles south-southwest of Corinth. It is a very ancient settlement, conspicaous in Greek mytliology, and supply- ing some of the oldest materials for the study of Greek architecture and art. It consisted of the acropolis, occu- pying the apes of a hill, and the lower town, whose con- fused ruins are spread over its slopes. The acropolis is triangular, and is surrounded bj- a massive wall of huge stones, partly shaped. It is entered by the Gate of the Lions. This gate is at the end of a w.illed passage. The opening is about 10 feet wide and high, tapermg toward the top, with monolithic jambs and a huge lintel. Above the lintel a large triangular opening is formed by corbel- ing, and the great slab, 2 feet thick, which fills this bears the remarkable relief of two affronted ram pant lions sepa- rated by a column. Close inside of this gate, in a double circle of upright stones 80 feet in diameter, were found the tombs containing golden ornaments and miisks, iidaid sword-blades, and other objects whose discovery aston- ished the scientific world, ilore recent excaTations have disclosed on the acropolis a prehistoric palace resem- bling that at Tiryns. The most important monuments of the lower town are the great "beehive" tombs com- monly called treasuries. Of these the so-called treasury of .^treus is a typical example. The interior is a circle about 50 feet in diameter and the same in height, r overed with a pseudo-dome formed by corbeling in the horizont-al coursesof thewall. Adooropensintoasquaresidecham- ber. The entrance to the tomb is by an inclined pas.sage or dromos, over 30 feet long, leading to a door 19J feet high, which is spanned by an enormous lintel. Over the lintel there is a large triangular opening, which was originally filled with a sculptured slab. The original fruitful excava- tions were made by Schliemann in 1876-77, and much work has since been done on the site by the .Irchxological Society of Athens. The discoveries at Mycena; threw a flood of light upon the earliest Greek art, particularly in the depart- ment of potteiy. They were the first important finds of their class, which has since been recognized in a large pro- portion of Greek settlements of sufficient age, and is every- where distinguished as llycensean. llvcensean ornament includes geometric decoration, foliage, marine and anim,al forms, and the human figure. It may be dated back to the 12th century B. c, and follows in time the .art of the "Homeric city" at Hissarlik, which is without painted decoration, and that of Thera. Mycenaean art was prac- tised and developed through several centuries, and existed contemporaneously vdih the succeeding dipvlon style of decoration, which began about 1000 B. c. The chief ob- jects found at ilycenae are in a museum at Athens. Mycerinus (mis-e-ri'nus), or Mecherimis (me- ke-ri'nus). King of Egypt. According to Herodo- tus and Diodorus, he was the son of Cheops who reigned about 3700 B. c. He succeeded his uncle Chephren. Hav- ing been warned by an oracle that he had but six yeiu^ to live, because, being a gentle ruler, he had not wreaked the vengeance of the gods on Egj-pt, he gave himself up to pleasure and sought to double his allotted time by turning night into day. Mydas. See Midas. Myddleton (mid'1-ton). Sir Hugh. Bom about 1555 : died Dee. 10, 1631. A goldsmith, capital- ist, and projector of the " New Kiver" water- 718 supply of London. In 1605 an act was passed per- mitting him to bring water into London from Hew River at Ware, Hants. Myer(mi'tT). Albert James. Bom at Newburg, ^. Y., Sept. 20, 1S27 : died at Buffalo, X. Y., Aug. 24, 1880. An -\merican meteorologist. He became chief signal-officer in the United States army in 1860, and was in charge of the Weather Bureau in 1870. He published "Manual of Signals" (1868). Mylae (mi'le). [Gr. Md/.c/.] The ancient name of Milazzo (which see). Mylasa(nii-la'sa),orMylassa(mi-las'sa). [6r. ra yiv'/.aaa or ili/.aaaa.'] In ancient geography, an inland town of Caria: the modern Melasso. It was the capital of the later Carian kingdom. Mylau (me'lou). Atowu in the kingdom of Sax- ony, situated on the Goltzsch 12 miles south- west of Zwickau. Population (1890), 6.353. Mylitta (mi-lit'ta). ['Generatrix.'] A by-name of Belit. Mymensing, orMymensingh. SeeMaiman'sinh. My Novel, or Varieties of English Life. A novel by Bulwer Lytton, published in 1853. Mynpuri, or Mynpooree. See Mainpuri. MyoiUiesilS(mi-o-ne'sus). [Gr. Mi'diTr/aof.] In ancient geogi-apiiy, a promontory on the coast of Ionia, Asia Minor, 27 miles northwest of Eph- csus. Kear it, 190 B. c, the "Romans under L. Emilius gained a naval victory over the SjTians under Antiochus the Great. Myra(mi'ra). [Gr. Mi'pa or Miptn'.] Li ancient geography, a city in Lycia, Asia Minor, situ- ated near the coast in iat. 30° 17' N., long. 30° 3' E. An ancient theater here is among the finest in -\sia Minor. The masotu-y is admirable ; the back wall of the stage is ornamented with Composite columns, having sh.afts of polished granite and capitals of white marble. Myrina (mi-ri'na). A very extensive Greek necropolis, near Smyrna, Asia Minor, discov- ered about 1870, and systenjaticaUy excavated by the French School "at Athens between 1880 and 1882. It is of importance for the very abundant and beautiful terra-cotta figurines found, which'make it the richest site for art objects of this nature after Tanagra. The Myrina figurines are for the most part of the Hellen- istic epoch, and in treatment and composition are akin to those of Tanagra. though in genend less severe in style. Many examples show remarkable grace, and the average size is larger than that of the Tanagra figurines. Groups and combinations of figures are frequent. The most im- portant collections are in the Louvi-e and in the museiuu at Constantinople. Myrmidon (mer'mi-don). [Gr. 'Hlvpiudav.'] In Greek mythology, a son of Zeus, reputed ances- tor of the Myrmidons. Myrmidons (mer'mi-donz). In Greek legen- dary history, a race in Phtluotis, Thessaly. They were led by Achilles in the Trojan war. According to one legend, they came originally from -Egina. Myron (mi 'ron). [Gr. Jli'pui'.] Lived about 500- 440 B. c. A celebrated Greek sculptor, a native of Eleutherse in Boeotia : a pupil of Ageladas of Argos. Polycletus and Phidias were his fellow-pnpOs. Like the sculptors of the Boric or Argive school, his main interest was centered in the athlete. He considered the subject, however, more from the standpoint of action than of proportion. He represents the attitudes of the active rather than the beauty of the passive athlete. In this he was considered supreme throughout antiquity. His most representative work was probably the Discobolus described by Quintilian and Lucian. Of this statue the most per- fect replica is in the possession of Prince Lancelotti in Rome ; another is in the Vatican, and another in the Brit- ish Museum. His group of Athene and Marsyas is repre- sented by the Marsyas of the Lateran. MjTon's bronze cow on the Pnyx at Athens was one of the favorites of the Greek and Roman world. Myrrha (mir'a). [Gr. Mr/i/ia.] In Greek le- gend, the mother of Adonis. Mzensk In the Kyprian myth the name of Theias is transformed into Kinyras ; but, like ITieias, he is the father of Adonis by his daughter Myrrha. Myrrha is the inventiou of a popular etymology : the true form of the name was Smyrna or Myrina, a name famous in the legendary annals of Asia Minor, Myrijia or SmjTna, it was s:ud, was an Amazonian queen, and her name is connected with the four cities of the western coast — Smyrna, Kym6, Myrina, and Ephesos — whose foundation was ascribed to .•Vmazo- nian heroines. Suyce, Anc. Babylonians, p. 235. Myrtilus (mer'ti-lus). [Gr. Mipn'/of .] In Greek legend, the charioteer of CEnomaus, king of Elis, thrown by Pelops into the ^gean Sea (whence the name Myrtoan for that part of the ^gean). while drowning he cursed the home of Pelops, a curse which brought many woes upon the de. scendants of his enemy. He was placed among the con- stellations as .\uriga (the Charioteer). Myrtoan Sea (mer-to'an se). [L. Mare ilyrto- um: see Myrtilus.'] In'ancient geography, that part of the ^gean Sea which lies southof Ar- golis, Attica, and Euboea. Mysia(mish'ia). [Gr. MwTi'a.] In ancient geog- raphy, a district in the northwestern part of Asia Minor, it was bounded by the Propontis on the north, Bithynia and Phrygia on the east, Lydia on the south, the .£gean on the west, and the Hellespont on the north- west, the Troad being sometimes excluded. It is traversed by mountain-rjinges. There were many Greek cities ott the coasts. It belonged successively to Lydia, Persia, Macedon, Syria, Pergamum, and Rome. The Mysians were probably allied to the Lydians. They assisted the Khita against Rameses II. Myslowitz (mis'16-vits). A town in the prov- ince of Silesia, Prussia, situated on the Przemsa 34 miles west-northwest of Cracow. Population (1890), 9,392. Mysore (mi-sor'). or Maisur (mi-sor'). 1. A native state in the Deccan, India, surrounded by British territory. It is mountainous and hilly in the west. It became an important state in the 17th cen- tury; under Hyder All and Tippu Saib was a formidable opponent of the British in the last part of the 18th century; was ceded in part to the British in 1792 and 1799 ; was taken under British management in 1^31; was restored to native rule in 1S81 ; and is governed by a maharaja tributarv to Great Britain. Area, 27,936 6qu;ire miles. Population (1891), 4,943,604. 2. The capital of the state of Mvsore, situated about Iat. 12° 18' N., long. 76° 40' E. It is the residence of the maharaja. Population (1891), 74.048. Mysteries of Udolpho, The. A romance bv Mrs. Eadoliffe. published in 1794. Mystery of Edwin Drood, The. An unfinished novel by Dickens, the first number of which was issued in April. 1870. it was to have been completed in twelve monthly parts, but only about six were written when he died. Mythen (me'ten). The. Two peaks in the can- ton of Schwyz, Switzerland, 20 miles east of Lucerne. Height of the Great Mvthen, 6,245 feet. Mytilene, orMitylene (mit-i-le'ne). [Gr. 'Hvi-t- '/.ifr/ OT MiTv'/.r/i'Ti.] 1. A name sometimes given to the island of Lesbos (which see). — 2. In an- cient geography, the chief city of Lesbos, sit- uated on the coast. It was an important maritime power of the ^lolian Greeks. It revolted from Athens in 428 B. c, and was subjected in 427. Present population, about 20,000. Myns (mi'us). [Gr. Miwif.] In ancient geog- raphy, an Ionian city in Caria, Asia Minor, sit- uated on the Mieander 11 miles northeast of Miletus. Mzab (mziib). A district in Algeria, about Iat. 33° N., long. 4° E. There is a river of the same name. The chief place is Gardaia. Mzensk. See Mtseitsk. aab, or Nab (niib). A river in Bavaria which joins the Danube 4 miles west of Ratisbon. Length, 94 miles. Naaman (na'a-man). In Old Testament' history, a Syrian general v\-ho was miraculously cured of lep- rosy on bathing in the Jordan at the command of the prophet Elisha. Naarden (nar'den). A town in the province of North Holland, Netherlands, 13 miles southeast of Amsterdam. It was destroyed by the Span- iards in 1571'. Naas (nas or na'as). A town in County Kil- dare, Ireland, southwest of Dublin. It was the former capital of Leinster. Naas. See Nasna. Nabataeans, or Nabateans (nab-a-te'anz). An Arab people dwelling in ancient times on the east and southeast of Palestine : often identi- fied with the people mentioned in the Old Tes- tament under the name of Nebaioth (Isa. Ix. 7), and (1 Mae. v. 25) as Kahnthites. Their ancestor Ne- bajoth is spoken of ns the flrst-boin of Ishiuael (Gen. xxv. 18). They are referred to in Assyrian inscriptions of the 7tn century B. c, but the period of their greatest histori- cal importance was the two centuries immediately i)re- ceding and succeedinu the Christian era. Tliey seem to have been for a lonK time the chief traders between Egypt aad the valley of the Euphrates. Important Nabatroun inscriptions have been recovered, and the rock-inscriptions in the valleys arottid Mount Sinai have been attributed to them. Nabha. See Narhn. Nabi (na-be'). A Turkish poet of the 17th een- tiu'y. See the e.\tract. The next notable poet is Nabi, in the tinieof Sultans Ibrii- hlm (1&40-1048) and Jfohammed IV. (1048-1CS7). About this time the Persian Saib was introducing in his own conn- try a new style of Ghazcl-writiiig, marked by a philoso- phizing, or rather a moralizing, tendency. Nabi copied him, and consequently brought this new style into Turkish literature. Poale, Story of Turkey, p. 318. Nabis (na'bis). Killed 192 B. c. Tji-ant of Sparta 207-192 B. c. He was conquered by the Romans under Flamininus 195 B.C. Nablus (nilb-los'), or Nabulus (na-bo-los'). A city in Palestine, 32 miles north of Jerusalem. It is noted for manufactures, particularly of soap. It oc- cupies the site of Khecheiu (which see), later called Neap- oUs (ot which NaUus is a corruption). Population, 20,00u. Nabob (na'liob), The. A play by Foote, pro- duced in 1772. Nabonassar (nab-o-nas'ar). King of Babylonia 747-733 B. c. Nabonassar, Era of. An era sometimes used in ancient chronology, reckoned from tlie ac- cession of Nabonassar (747 B. C). Nabonidus (nal)-6-ni'dus). [Babylonian Ndliu- na'id, Ncbi) clcva'ted.] The last king of Baby- lonia (5.")(i-5:iS I!, c. ). Ho seems to have belonged to the priestly cbiss, a?id was zealous in the repairing of sanc- tuaries, but neglected Meiodach and Nabu, on account of which he estranged from himself the prieslbood : this to some extent facilitated the coiKiuest of the .-niplre by Cy- rus In 538. According to Euseltius, Nabonidus after the fall of Babylon fortified himself in Borslppa, and when this was taken by Cyrus, the eoiKiueror generously gave him a region in Camiania as his residence. But from a cylinder of Cyrua it seems that Nabonidus was treacher- ously delivered into the hands of Gobryas, the general of Cyrus, and died In a mysterious manner. It appears, frcjin Inscriptions of bis which have been recovered, that he had a strong historical interest; and several historical state- ments o( great ii]i|>ortancefi>r the chronology of the ISaby- Ionian empire are recorded by him. For the relation of the cuneiform .accounts of the hist Babylonian king and tlint ot the Hook of Uanii'l, see Ililfhiizzar and Vjirm. iia-bo-po-las'.siir). [liaby Ionian \'elii) j]rotects the son.] The founder of Oio now Babylonian empire ((i25-G04 B. c). nc rulcil, it seems, tirst over liabyloida as viceroy of Assyria, lie Ibcn entered into an alliance with the Me- dian king Cyaxan^, who gave his daughter In marriage to his son Ncbniliiidnczzar; and by their united elforts the destruction ot the Assyrian empire was brought about In lloi; B. c. Besides this little is known about Mabopolassar's person or reign, Naboth (ua'both). In Old Testament history. Nabopolassar (na- yabii-lxil-iiriir, Ne a Jezreelite put to death by Ahab, who coveted his property. Nabu. See Xebo. Nabulus. See Xabhi.^. Nachen, The. A ship of 200 tons burden, com- manded by Edwarde Brawnde, which sailed from Dartmouth, England, March 8, 1G15, to make "further tryall" of the New England coast. Brawnde also went to Cape Cod to search for pearls. Nachi (na'che), or Nadch^s, or Nahy, or Naguatez. A tribe or coiili'derae.v of North American Indians, which dwelt on St. Cathar- ine's Creek, east and south of the present city of Natchez, Mississippi. The name belonged to a single town, but was used to include a confederacy of towns some of which were those of alien peoples who had been suliju- gated by the Nachi or had taken refuge among them. D'Iberville visited them in lt>90, and gave a list of 8 of these towns. They had conflicts with the French, the last of which in 1729 broke up the confederacy, Imtdid not ex- terminate the people, as has been generally stated. They scattered, however, and the laiger part were received by the Chicasa. A few still live among the Creek and Cher- okee in the Indian Territory. See Natchcsau. Nachiketas (na-cbi-kii'tas), or Nachiketa. In the Taittiriyabrahmana and the Katha Upani- shad, thesou of Vajashravasa. Desirous of attaining blessedness, the latter performed great sacritlces. The son told him that he had not given .all, for he, his son, was left, and said, " To whom shall 1 be given ? " When he repeated the question tlie father angrily replied. "Todeath," and so the son went to the abode of Varna, who was constrained to olfer him three boons. Nachiketas prayed to see Ids father again and be reconciled. This boon granted, he sought a knowledge of the sacriflcial Are that t^kes one surely to immortality, and then asked that Yama should solve the doubt that tliere is in regard to the existence of a man that is departed, whereupon Yama instructed him as to the duties, nature, and destiny of the soul. Nachmanl. See Abayi. Nachod (na'chod). A town in northeastern B.ihemia, situated on the Mettau 78 miles east- northeast of Prague. Here, June 27, 1866, the Prus- sians under Von Steinmetz defeated the Auslrians. Pop- ulation (ISSK)), commune, 6,364. Nachtigal (niich'te-giil), Gustav. Bom at Eichstedt, Germany, Feb. 23. 1834: died off Cape Palmas, Liberia, April 20, 1885. An Af- rican explorer. Seeking a warm climate for his dis- eased lungs, he visited Alg'.-ria and Tunis in 1863, where he became physician to the bey. In isite he was intrusted with tlie delivei-y of presents from the Prussian king to the Sultan of Bornu. Successively he explored Fezzan and Tibesti (1870), Kuka, Kaneni, Borku, and again Kuka (1872), Baghirmi .and Wadai (1873), and Darfur (1874), and in 187.') returned over Egypt to Germany. " Sahara und Sudan " appeared in 1S79-81. I'ntil 1882 he was presi- dent of the Gesellschaft flir Erdkunilc ami of the Afrika- nischeGesellschaft ; then he went as consul to Tun is, and in 1884 as German imperial commissioner to West Africa. Hero ho annexed Togoland, Angra Peqncna, and Kame- run. He succumbed to fever on board ship, and wjis buried at Cape I'almas, Liberia, Nacidoc (na-sluVdosli), or Natchitoches. A tribe of the (.'addo (Confederacy of North Anieri- cnii Indians. See Cndilo. Nacionales (uii-tlie-6-nil'Uiz). A political party ot Chile, formed by a union of conservatives and liberals, uncier'the leadeiship of Francisco Ignacio,Ossa about 18.57. At timesit hasbcenvery lirumincnt, but it has never carried a national election. Nacoleia(nak-ole'yii), orNacoliadia-ko'li-ji). Ill ancient geography, a place in tlie northern jiart of Phrygia, Asia Minor. Hero, 306 A. D., I lie emperor Valens defeated Procopius. Nacosari (niL-ko-sa're). A town in eastern So- nera, in the neighborhood of whicli are very extensive copiier-niines. The high peak in its noigliborhood bears the name of Ccrro dc 2\'ii- fiixiiri. NaQU. See Xdiumi. Nadaaku (nii-dirii-kd), or Anadarco, or Ana- darko. A tribe of (lie Caddo Confederacy of N'orlli .Vmericnn Indians. See CiiihUi. Nadab (na'dab). King of Israel 927-92.5 B. c. (Duiieker), son of Jeroboam I. Nadaillac (nii-dii-yiik'), Jean Fran(;ois Albert du Pouget, Marcjuis de. Born at I'aris, July 10, ISIS. A French arelui'ologist. Ue was jirefecl of the department of Bawies-PyriuAos 1871-76, and of 719 Indre-et-Loire 1876-77. He has published " L'Ancieunetd de riloninie"(1868), *'Le piemier homme et les t«mps pr6- historiques" (1S80), "L'Ameriqiie priihistorique" (1882), "L'Homme tertiajre " (1883), " Nouvelles dt^couvertes pr6- historiques aux Etats-Unis " (l.*^8.3), "De la periode gla- ciaire " (1884), " Les anciennes poj. illations de la Colombie" (1885)," D^couvertes dans la grotte de Spy "(IS-^W," McEurs et monuments des peuples pr^historiques" (1888), "La scieuce et la politique " (ISsO), " Le mouvement democra- tique en Angleterre " (18S1), and " L'Alfaiblis&ement de la natalittl' en France " (lb86). Nadaud (na-d6'),Gustave. Bom Feb. 20, 1820: died April 28. 1893. A popular French song- writer, musician, and singer. His songs (ironical, equivocal, and political, etc.) have been collected and pub- lished a number of times. He also wrote operettas " Le doctenr Vienx-temps,'" " Porte et fenetre,"elc., and " Cue idylle, ' ".SolfCgepcietiMUe et musical" (1880), " Nouvelles chansons ii dire on k ch:inter " (1889), etc. Nadch6s. See Nachi. Nadintu-Bel (nii-den'tS-bel). See the extract. The death of Kambyses inspired the Babylonians with the hope of recovering their independence. In B. c. 521 they revolted under Nadintu-Bcl, the son of Aniru, who called himself Nebuchadrezzar, the son of Nabonidos. A portrait of him, in the Greek style and with a Greek hel- met, is carved on a cameo in the Berlin Museum. liut Darius overthrew the pretender in two battles at Zazan. and pursued him into Babylon, which he closely besieged (November, B. C. 521). Sayce, Anc. Empires, p. 145. Nadir Shah (nii'der shiih), or Kuli Khan (ko'- le khiin). Born about 1688: assassinated June 19-20, 1747. Shah of Persia 1736-47. He was a robber chieftain, and later Persian commander against the .\fghaiis and Turks ; was crowned shah in 1736 ; cap- tured Kandahar and Kabul in 1738; invaded India and sacked Delhi in 1739 ; and subjugated Bokhai-a, etc. Ue was at war with the Turks 1743-46. Nadiya (nud'e-yii), or Nuddea (nud'e-ii). A district in Bengal, British India, intersected by lat. 23° 30' N., long. 89° E. Area, 2,794 square miles. Population (1891), 1.644,108. Naevius (ne'vi-us), Cnseus. I>ied at Utiea,' Africa, 204 B. c. A Roman dramatic and epic poet. He wrote comedies, tragedies, and an epic on the first Punic wiu". (Fragment^ edited by Klussmaun,Vahlen, and Ribbeck.) Cn. NsDvius (269 ?-204 B. c), a Cainpauian of Latin ex- traction, and probably not a Roman citizen, had in his early manhood fought in the tirst Punic war. .\l its conclusion lie came to Rome, and applied himself to literary work. He seems to have brought out his first play as early as 235 B. c. Ilis work mainly consisted of translations from the (;ireek ; he essayed both tnigedy and comedy, hut his genius inclined him to prefer the latter. Crulliirll, Hist, of Koman Lit, p. S8. Nafels (na'fels). A village in the canton of (Hams, Switzerland, situated on the Linth 31 miles southeast of Znrich. Near it, April 9, 1388, the forces of Glarus defeated a superior force of .\U8trians. Naga Hills (nii'gii hilz). A district in Assam, British India, intersected by lat. 26° N., long. 93° 30' K. Area. 5,710 square miles. Popula- tion (1891), 122,867. Nagasaki (nii-gii-sii'ke), or Nangasaki (niin- gii-sii'ke). .V seaport situated on tlie western coast of the island of Kiusiu, Japan, in lat. 32° 44' N., long. 129° 51' K. It is one of the chief com- mercial cities of Japan, exporting coal, rice, tea, camphor, tobacco, etc. Near it is the island Desima, a seat of Dutch traders from about 1840 to 18.59. Nagasaki was opened to foreign tnidc In 18.59. Population (1S91), .18,142. Nageli (mi'ge-le), Karl Wilhelm von. Born al Kilchberg, Slarcli 27, lsl7: ])earing in " Punch" 1861-65, who are alwavs (luarreliiig over trifles. Nagina, or Nuginah (niig-e'nS). A town in Hijnaur district, Northwest PrDvinces, British India, 94 miles noiiheust of Delhi. Po|)ulation (18!)1). 22.150. Naglee (nag'ie).Henry Morris. Born nt Phila- delphia. Jan. 15, 1815: died at San Francisco, Marcli .5, 1886. A Union general in the Ci\-il War. He took part In the Peninsular camnalKu in 1862, and commanded the 7lh army corps and the district ol Virginia in ISi'iS. lie was ninsleicd out ot service in 1S(14. He afterward inllivaled a vineyard at San Jo«*, California. The Nagleo brandy is iiaiiicd from him. Naglfar Naglfax (na'gl-far). In Scandinavian mythol- ogy, the ship of the giants in Ragnarok. Kagold (uii'golt). A town in Wiirtemberg, 26 miles southwest of Stuttgart. Population (1890), 3,540. Nagore (na-gor'), or NagUT (nii-gor'). A town in Jodhpur, Rajputana, ludia, 75 miles north- east of Jodhpur. Nagore, or Naglir. A town in Tanjore district, Madras, British India, situated on the eastern coast 50 miles east of Tanjore. Nagoya (na-go'ya). A city in the main island 720 to obtain vjctims for theirgods. After thefaUof Tenoch- titlan or Mexico (1521), they made little resistance to the Spaniards, and soon sank into a condition of aerui-slavei'y. About 3,000,000 Indians of the Mexican plateau are now classed as >'ahuas. The name Aztecs is sometimes used for all the ^ahua tribes ; more commonly it is restricted to those which formed the above-njentioned league, or to that of Tenochtitlan alone. See Aitecas, Mexico, and yahuaUecan stock. Nahuatl (ua'watl), or Nahua (na'wa). The language of the Nahuas, commonly called Az- tec. It was divided into various dialects differing but slightly from each other. The Nahuatl tongue is still spoken by several hundred thousand Mexican Indians, but is gradually dying out. of Japan, situated in the pVovinee of Owari, on J." gralu^Hy dying out. See NalnmtUcan stock. Owari Bay, 165 miles west bv south of Tokio. Nahuatlecan stock (na-wat-la'kau stok) A It is noted for its pottery trade, for various manufactures, imguistic stock orsubstoek of Mexican and Ceii- Many modern ethnologists regard this as a branch of a much larger stock extending as far north aa Idaho and Oregon, and called by Brinton the Uto-Aztecan stock. compassionate.'] The seventh in order of the minor ]ir|;^^(C^^aOUphant). Born at the house ot Gask, Perthshire, Aug. 16, Csaniid, Hungary, situated on the Maros 29 miles east by south of Szegedin. Population (1890), 12,800. ' Nagy-Szent-Miklos (nody-sent-mik'losh). A town in the county of Torontil, Hungary, 26 miles southeast of Szegedin. Population (1890), 12,311. ' Nagy-Varad. See Grosswardein. Nanant (na-hanf). Asmall town in Essex Coun- ty, Massaeliusetts, situated on Massachusetts Bay 8 miles northeast of Boston. It is a noted summer resort. Nahe (nii'e). A river in Germany which joins the Rhine near Bingen in Hesse. Length, 69 miles. Nahr-el-Kelb (nar-el-kelb'). [Ar.,' river of the dog.'] A river near Beirut. On a rock near the mouth of this river there are engraved the portrait and an inscription of Esarhaddon, kingot Assyria (ti80-,^„j,„u» Navarretean.lof Logroto. dians. Itsformer habitat was on the Pacific coast south mountainous region, and Cholula, Cuernavaca, and other Nakel (na kel), or Naklo (na'klo). A to-wn in °' Rogue Rivei-, Oregon : it is now on the Siletz reserva- pueblos were scattered over the plateau. The Nahuatl the province of Poseu, Prussia, situated on the "™" 0''«='°n- ^^^e Athapascan. ^S^'Z.^^&Z^r'S.^^^^f^J'ISk^ NetL60milesnorth-northeastofPos:l°Vo7-Namagan(na-m (na- l,sthcentiu-ies-renochtitlan,Tezcuco, .and TLacopL became "lation (1890), 6,766. man-gau ). A town in Ferghana. Turkestan, allies: the dominant member of the Icigue was at first Nakhitchevan (na-che-che-van'). 1 A town Asiatic Russia, situated on the Sir-Daria 50 I^^^^^'S^:.^^^^^^^ J^.s^;i:C™'i.^^^TlS^5°'!^'E: ^^r''"'';'''"^'"'''''''- P«'P"l-tion(1885), It is an ancient Armenian city, and has often been taken NamaC[Ua (na-ma'kwa). See Khoikhoin. andsacked. Population (1S91), 6,939. Namaqualand (nii-ma' kwii-land). Great A , S" *T?^™ ™ * government of Tekaterino- region in the southern part of German Soiith- slaff, Russia, situated on the Don 6 miles west Africa (which see). northeast of Rostoff. it was founded by Armenian Namaqualan(i, Little. A region in the west- Pacific, and Guatemala : but within thisregion many trbes were unconquered, and some conquests were only tem. porary. Opinions differ as to the true status of tlie con- quered regions, but the tendency is to reject the idea of an Aztec " empire."" It appears that most of the pueblos and tribes acknowledged in some sort the power of Jlexico, and paid tribute to it, but without being in absolute subjection. All the Nahuas built large towns, cultivated the ground, were skilful in gold- and feather-work, etc.. and used bier- oglyphic writing in books and accounts ; they were also enterpnsmg traders: but they were no more advanced in civilization than the Maya races to the southeast, and their civil polity was far inferior to that of the Peruvians. Their religion was degraded by revolting human sacrifices, and It appears that most of their numerous wars were waged em part of Cape Colony, south of the Orange River. emigiants in 1780, and has a flourishing trade Ponula- tion. about 18,000. Nakhon Wat (na-khon'wat). A temple sit- tJ1''V- -D.^v^ o „, .,. . ^ uated about 5 miles south of Nakhon or Ank- ^^mby Pamhy. See Philips, Ambrose. hor, the ancient capital of Cambodia. It is the a?'™°'^^ '"''."< m? 'J"-^V. ^A,.*'"^^^'^*^*;^ ™ finest architectural creation of Cambodia, dating from the -^1"'"'>? ** Poem "The Light of the Harem." 13th century. The plan presents three concentric rectan- NamOUna ( na-mo-na'). A narrative poem by gular inclosores, the exterior one measuring 570 by 650 Alfred de Musset, published in 1833. Namslau Namslau (nSras'lou). A town iu the province (if Siilesia, Prussia, situateil on the Wcide 29 miles cast of Breslau. Population (1890), 6,167. Namuchi (na'mo-ehe). [Skt.: accordingtoPa- iiiiii, }ia and iiiuclii : "not loosing;' the heavenly waters, confining the clouds and preventius rain.] In the Vedas, a demon overcome by In- dra and the Asvins. Namur (na'miir ; F. pron. na-miii''). [F. Xaniur, Flem. Xaiiutr, ML. yamiirra, yamurcum ; also Flem. Xamr, now Samen, ML. Namia.'] 1. A provnnce of Belgium. Tt is bounded by Brabant on the north, Lie^e on the northeast, Luxemburg on the east, i'ranceon tlie south, and Ilainaut on I lie west. The surface is liilly or level, ami the soil is fertile. Area, 1,414 square nriles. Population (lS9;ii, 341,ir»5. 2. The cajiital of the province of Namur, sit- uiited at the junction of the Sambre and ileuse, in lat. 50° 28' N., long. 4° 52' E. It is a strategic point of great importance, supposed to occupy the site of a stronghold of the Aduatuci ; has a flourishing trade, and noted maiuifactures of cutlei^; and contains a citadel ;J3. and restored in 1661 ; was emlieilished hy Leopold and .Stanislaus of Poland; passed to France in 1760: was the scene of an unsuccessful military sedition in 17:'0 ; and was occupied by the Germans in lb7U. Popu. latioil (I'.Mlll. eoinrunne. 102, 163. Nancy Hanks (nan'si hangks). A fast Ameri- can trotting mare. In 1802 she broke the trotting record of Siiiiol (2 1081) by a mile in 2:0.')!. This she herself loweild to 2:0Hii Oct., 1802. She is liy Happy Medium by Haiiibletoni:in (lo), dam by Dictator, lirotlier to Dexter. Nanda(niin'da). [Skt., 'happiness.'] 1. InSan- skrit mythology, the nnino of a eowhcrd who was the I'oster-fatlicr of Krishna. — 2. In Indian history, a liingor dynasty that reigned at I'alali- jv.it ra, overthrown by Chandragupta the Maurya about 315 B. c. .Nanda Devi. Apeakof tlie llimnlaya, in British India, near the sources of the Gauges. Height, 25,()56 feet. V.— M 721 Nanga-Parbat. A peak of the Himalaya in KasTimir. Height, 26,629 feet. Nangis (noii-zhe'). A small town in the depart- ment of Seine-et-Marne, France, 36 miles south- east of Paris. Here, Feb. 17, 1814, Napoleon I. defeated the Allies. Nanine (nii-nen'), ou le prejuge vaincu. [F., 'Nanine, or Prejmlice Conquered.'] A comedy by Voltaire, played iu 1749. It is taken from Richardson's "Pamela." Nanking ( niin-king') (Chin., 'southern capital'), ollicially Keangning-fu. The capital of the province of Kiangsii, China, situated on the Yangtse about lat. 32° 5' N., long. 118° 50' E. : formerly called Kinling. It contains an arsenal ; was formerly a manufacturing and literaiy center; was long noted for its porcelain tower (built in the 15th century, destroyed in 1853); was a royal residence I:j68- 1411 ; was invested by the British 1842 ; was taken by the I'aipings 1853 ; and was retaken lstt4. Pop., (ISOU), est., 130,600. Nanking, Treaty of. A treaty between Great Britain and China, concluded at Nanking in 1842. Hong-Kong was ceded to Great Britain ; Canton, Amoy, Shanghai, Fuhchow, and Ningpo were opened to British commerce; and China paid an indemnity. Nanna (niin'nil). [ON.] In Old Norse mythol- ogy, the daughter of Nep (ON. Xcpr), and the wife of Baldur. After Baldur's death she died of gi ief, and was burned together with his horse and the magic ring Draupnir, placed ou the funeral pyre by Odin. Nansa (niin'sii), or Manansa (mii-nan'sii). A tribe of Bushmen who wander about in the arid district south of the Victoria Falls of the Zam- besi River. See Bushmen. Nansen (niin'sen), Fridtjof. Born near Chris- tiauia, Oct. 10, 1861. A Norwegian arctic ex- plorer. He entered, in 1880, the University of Christian i a, where he devoted himself to the study of zoology. He was appointed curat0 furihei ti-an Li-rk- Kood's furthest. He has_« ritten " Fartliest North " (lsii7). Nansouty (non-so-te'), Comte Etienne Marie Antoiue Champion de. Born at Bordeaux, France, May 30, 1768: died at Paris, Feb. 6, 1815. A French cavalry general, distinguished in the Napoleonic wars. Nantasket Beach (nan-tas'ketbeeh). Apenin- sula in Pljnnonth County, Massachusetts, pro- jecting into Massachusetts Bay 8-10 miles east- southeast of Boston. It is a noted summer resort. Nanterre (noii-tar'). A town iu the deptirtinent of Seine, France, 3 miles west-northwest of the fortifications of Paris. Population (1891), com- luime, 10,430. Nantes fnants; F. pron. noiit). The capital of tlio department of Loire-lnferieure, France, on the Loire, at the junction of the Erdre and theS6vre-Nantaise,inIat.47°13'N.,long.]°33' W.: the ancient Condivicnum. It is one of the lead- ing cities of France ; has a trade in sugar, ship-building in- dustries, anil manufactures of sugar, tobacco, etc. ; and contains a castle (where De Ketz ami Fonquet were impris- oned), cathedral, museum of natural history, picture-gal- lery, and several striking squares and buildings. It was the ancient capital of the Namnetes; resisted the Vende- alls in 17!t3 ; and was the scene of the notorious NoyadeB (wllich see) ill 1793-94. Population (1901), 128,349. Nantes, Edict of. An edict issued by Henry IV. of Franco, April 13, 1598. Itcnded thereligious wars of the country. The Huguenots were put ou an eiiuality with the Catholics^in political rights. Certain nobles and citizens of certain towns were allowed freedom of worshiji, altliutigh this w:is prohibited in Paris and its neighborhood ;iiid in ejiiscopal cities. Military and judi- cial concessions were made to the Huguenots. See i»Vi?o- cativn of the Kdii-l of Nuittetf. Nanticoke(nan'ti-kok). [PI., also Xaiilicolis.'] A large tribe of North American Indians, for- merly on the river of the same name on the east- (■rn shore of Maryland. They were eonquereil iiy the Iroquois about 16So,aft'T which tlii'y<"eased tobe important and became scattered among several tribes. They called tlieniselvca Kf-uleijo, from which the form }ianiicttke is corrupted. Itmeans 'tide-water people.' HceAlfjoii'iuian. Nantua (noii-tii-ii'). A town in the department of Ain, France, 29 miles west of Geneva. It has a remarkable old church. Popidatiou (1891), <'oinniune, 2,973. Nantucket (nan-tuk'et"i 1. An island in the Alliintic, 88 miles southeast of Boston, and aliout 20-25 miles south of the mainland of Massachusetts. Thesurlaeelsgonerallylevel. Itwas discovered by Gosnold iu 1002. Length, 18 miles. Area, about 45 square miles. Napier, John 2. A town and comttj- of Massachusetts, com- prising the islandofNantucketandsome smaller neighboring islands: a summer resort, it was settled in 1659 ; was ceded to MassaclHlsetts in 16.93 : was famous as a seat of the wliale-tlshery in the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th ; ami was ne;irly destroyed by lire in 1S46. Population of town (1900), 3,006. Nantucket Shoals. A group of dangerous shoals iu the Atlantic, southeast of Nantucket. Nantucket Sound. That part of the ocean which lies between Nantucket on the south and Barnstable County, Massachusetts, on the north. Nantwich (nanf wich or nan'tich). A town in Cheshire, England, situated on the Weaver 30 miles southeast of Liverjiool. Here, Jan. », 1644, Sir Thomas Fairfax defeated the Koyalists under Lord Byron. Population (1S91), 7,412. Naomi (nii'o-mi or nii-6'mi). [Heb., ' my pleas- antness.'] The widow of Elimelech, a "cer- tain man of Bethlehem-judah," whose story is told in the Book of Ruth. She was the mother- in-law of Ruth. Naos (na'os). [Gr. Naoc = Xaic, the ship (Argo Navis).] The 2i-magnitude star C Argus. Napa (nil'pii). A tribe of North American In- dians, formerly in upper Napa vaUey, Califor- nia. See Tuliaii. Napa. The capital of Napa County, California, situated on the Napa River 36 miles north-north- east of San Francisco. Pop. (1900). 4,o:!i:. Napata (na-pa'ta). In ancient geography, a city in Ethiopia, situated on the Nile about lat. 19° N. : the modern Jebel Barkal. It contains a temple of Amenhotep HI. Napeanos. See Xrqws. Naphtali j;naf'ta-li). 1. One of the Hebrew- patriarchs, a son of Jacob and Bilhah. — 2. One of the tribes of Israel. Its territory was situated in Galilee, between the Jordan and Sea of Galilee ou the east and Asher on the west. Zebulon and Naphtali took what was afterwards called the "circle of the Gentiles," Galilee. But their occupa- tion was in reality merely a cohabitation with the pre- viously established races. The towns of Kitron and Xaha- lol remained Canaanite. Laish or Leseni, until the pos- terior invasion of the Danites, was an industrial and trading town living after the manner of Sidon. lienaii, Hist, of the People of Israel (trans.), I. 21L Napier (nil'pi-er). A seaport in the North Isl- and, New Zealand, situated on Hawke Bay 165 miles northeast of Wellington. Population (1891), 8,876. Napier, Sir Charles. Born at Merchiston Hall, near FalkLfk, March 6, 1786: died Nov. 6, 1860. A British iulmiral. He was the second son of Captain Charles Napier, and cousin of /Sir Cluules James Napier. He entered the navy in 1799, became lieutenant in 1805, and commander in 18U7. In 1814 he sen'ed in the Potomac expedition in Aiuericx In 1833 he took comniand of the Portuguese fleet. He defended Lisbon in 1834, and was created Count Cape St. Vincent in the peerage of Portugal. He was elected memlier of Parliament for Maiylebone in 1842, and made rear-admiral iu 1846. vice-admiral in 1853, ailmiral in 1858. He commanded the Paltic fleet during the Crimean war, and has been much censured for reiusing to storm Cronstadt. Uo wrote the "War iu Syria** (1842). Napier, Sir Charles James. Bom at Wliite- liall, London, Aug. 10, 1782: died at Portsmouth, Aug. 29, IS.^i. AdisI iiiguished British general. In 1803 he was aide-de camp to General Fox in Ireland; served under Lord Catheart in Denmark in 1.^07; and ou his return was ordered to Poitugal. w here he served under Sir John Moore in the retn-at to Coiiiiiiia, where he was captured. He fought in Welliiigtcn's Peninsular cam- paigns, and was jiresent at Canitiray but not at Waterloo. In 1814, being on half pay, be entered the military college at Faruham. From 1822 to isio be was niilitiu'v resident and governor of Cephaloiiia. He was made major-general in l,s;i7 and K. C. B. in 1838. In 1842 he undertook the con- quest of Sind, which was completed by the ^ictoij' of Hy- (iei-abad, 31ai'ch 24, 1843. He was governor of Siiiil until 1847. He superseded Lord Gough as commander-in-chief after the battle of Gujrat, and in ISM returned llnally to Kngland. lie wrote various works ou military and colo- nial alfaii-s. Napier, Sir Francis, ninth Baron Napier. Bom Sept. 15, 1819: died Dec. 18, 189S. An English statesman. He was British minister at Washington 1867-58, and governoi- of Madras 1866-72. Napier, Henry Edward. Born March 5, 1789: died Oct. 13, ISoit. A Britisli author, brother of Sir Charles James Napier. Uo wrote a "Florentine Hi.stovy" (1846-47), etc. Napier, John. Bom at Merchiston, near Edin- burgh, l.ViO: died there, A])ril 4. 1617. A Scot- tish mat hematiciun, faiiunis as the inventor of logarithms, lie was the eldest son of Archibald, the seventh Napier of Merchiston, heieditiiry justice- general of Scollanil. He iiiatiieulated at .St. .Salvator's College, .St, Andrews, in 1.563, and jirobalily completed his education at the Cniversity of Paris. I!is " Miriflci logarithniorum eauoiii3deseriptio,"fn which his discovery was aiinonnced, appeared in 1614. Napier's bones or rods, constructed to simplify multiplication and division, were Introduced In Napier, Joiin '22 the "Rabdologia (161.). The "Constructio," or method cording to some, at Corte, Jan. 7, 17682 • died by which the canon was constructed, was published in nt T nntnvnnrl c;t TTolo,,-. Afo,- % i«oi t-^^ 1619 l.y his son Robert, edited bv Henrv Brigcs. ^^ L,ongwooa, t>t. ±leleiia, .\la\ .}, 18J1. i^mpe- - • — - •— -•- -"-" ror of the French 1>04-14. He was the son of Charles Marie Bonaparte and Lajtitia Ramolino; studied at themU- icune lT7a-S4, and at tliat of Paris 17S4-«o Napier, Macvey. Born at Kirkiutilloeh. Dum- bartonshire, April 11, 1776 : lUed at Edinburgh, 'ii^^^"of^B,^e Feb. 11, 1847. A Scottish author and editor. audVeceivedalieu In 1S29 he succeeded Jefffej; as editor of the " Edinburgh '" 1"S5. Ency- Review," and was editor of the 7th edition of the clopjcdia Britannica" (1*30-42). Napier, Robert Cornelis, Lord Xapier of Jlag- dala. Born at Ceylou, Dec. 6, 1810: died at Lon- don. Jan. 14, 1890. A British general. He was educated at the military college at Addiscombe, and en- tered the Bengal Engineers in 1820. In the mutiny (1867) he was chief engineer of Sir Colin Campbell's army, and for bravery at Lucknow was made K. C. B. He sen'ed in the Chinese war in 1S60. He commanded the expedition to Abyssinia and stormed the heights at ilapdala {April 13, IStiSi. He was commander-in-chief in India lS7('-76, governor of Gibraltar 1876-S3, and field-marshal 1^^3. Napier, Sir William Francis Patrick. Born near Dublin, Dee. 17. 1785: died at Clapharu Park, London, Feb. 10 1860. ABritishmiUtary historian and general, son of Colonel George Xapier, and brother of Sir Charles James Napier. He was with Sir John iloore in the retreat to Corunna, and served in the Peninsular campaigns. He entered the military college at F,irnham with his brother Charles, and commanded a regiment in the occupation of France until 1S19. Eetiring on half-pay, he began his lit- erary career in 1S21. In 1823 his " Historj- of the War in the Peninsula " was begun : it was published 1828-40. In 18 tl^ehe published "A History of the Conquest of Scinde," in 1851 " A History of the Administration of Scinde," and in 1S57 the "Life and Opinions" of his brother. Sir C. J. Xapier. Naples (na'plz). A province of Italy. Area, 3.i0 square miles. Population (1891), 1,104,665. Naples, It. Napoli (nii'p6-le). [L. Xeapolis. Gr. Xfu-o/./f, the new city; F. Xaples, G. Sea- pd.'] The capital of the province of Naples. Italy, situated on the north side of the Bay of Naples, in lat. 40° 52' N., long. 14° 15' E. it has one of the most beautiful situations in Europe, and is the largest city and one of the principal seaports in Italy. The Castel del Ovo, a landmark of Naples, so named from its oval plan, founded in 1154 on a small island connected with the shore by a causeway, was considered a mar- vel of strength in the 13th centurj-. It now serves as a military prison. The cathedral was begun by Charles of Anjou in 1272, and retains many 13th-century fea- tures despite repeated restorations made necessary by earthquakes. It contains many granite columns and marbles from the Roman temples of Xeptune and .ApoUo, besides tine paintings and historic tombs. The chapels are of great richness, particularly that of St Januarius (1608), where the miraculous blood is preserved. The Pointed canopy of the episcopal tlirone, with spiral col- umns, has high artistic value. The votive church of San Francesco di Paola, begun in 1817 by Ferdinand I., is a partial imitation of the Pantheon at Rome. Its interior is incrusted with precious marbles, and the dome is 175 feet high. S,an JIartino, the Certosa, or Carthusian Mon- astery, is remarkableaspossessingoueof the most lavishly ornamented interiors in existence: the piers and walls are incrusted with precious marbles forming panels and patterns, and the vault is frescoed by Lanfranco. Spagno- letto, and others. The floor is a mosaic of polished wood, and was made by one of the monks. Other objects of in- terest .are the university, royal palace, San Carlo theater, t astel Xuovo, triumphal arch, Pal.azzo di Capodimonte, ob- servatory, national museum (picture-gallery and collection of antiquities), ViUa Sazionale, aquarium, Castel Sant' Elmo, library, conservatory of music, and the churches (besides those noticed above) of Santa Maria del Carmine, "■"" Gennaro (catacombs). Incoronat,i, Monte Oliveto, San tenant's commission in the French army He opposed the patriot movement under Paoli in Corsica in 1793 ; commanded the artillery in the attack on Toulon in the same year ; served in the army in Italy in 17IM ; and, as second in command to Barras, subdued the revolt of the sections at Paris in Oct., 1795. He married Josephine de Beauhamais March 9, 1796. Toward the close of this month (March 27) he assumed command at Nice of the army in Italy, which he found opposed hy the Austrians and the .Sardinians. He began his campaigri April 10, .and, after defeating the Austrians at Montenotte (April 12) MUlesimo (April 14), and Dego (April 15), turned (April 15) against the Sardinians, whom he defeated at Ceva(April 20) and Mondovi (April -22). forcing them to sign the separate convention of Cherasco(April29). In the following month he began an invasion of Lombardv, and by a brilliant series of victories, including those of Lodi (May 10) and Arcole (N ov. 15-17), expelled the .\ustrians from their possessions in the north of Italy, receiving the capitulation of Mant ua, their last stronghold, Feb. 2, 1797. Crossing the Alps, he penetrated Styria as far as teoben, where he dictated pre- liminaries of peace April 18. The definitive peace of Cam. po-Formio followed (OcU 17). By the treaty of Campo-For- mio northern Italy was reconstructed in the interest of France, which furthermore acquu-ed the Austrian Nether- lands, and received a guarantee of the left bank of the Rhine. Campo-Formio destroyed the co.alition against France, and put an end to the Revolutionar)- war on the Continent. The only enemy that remained to France was England. At the instance of Bonaparte the Directory adopted the plan of attacking the English in India which involved the conquest of Egypt. Placed at the head of an expedition of about 35,000 men, he set sail from Toulon May 19, 1798 ; occupied Malta June 12 ; disembarkedat Alex- andria July 2 ; and defeated the Mamelukes in the decisive battle of the PjTamids July 21. He was master of Egypt but the destruction of his fleet by Nelson in the battle of the Nile (Aug. 1) cut him oU from France and doomed his expedition to failure. Nevertheless he undertook the sub- jugation of Syii.i, and stormed Jaffa March 7, 1799. Re- pulsed at Acre, the defense of which was supported by the English, he commenced a retreat to Egypt ilay 21. He in- flicted a final defeat on the Tm-ks at Abukir July 25; trans- ferred the command in Egypt to Kleber Aug. 22; and. set- ting sail with two frigates, arrived in the harbor of Frejus Oct. 9. During his absence a new coalition had been foi-med against France, and the Directory saw its annies defeated both on the Rhine and in Italy. \Yith the assistance of his brother Lucien and of Sieves and Roger Diicos he e.K- ecuted the coup d'etat of Brumalre, whereby he abolished the Director}- and virtually made himself ruonarch under the title of first consul, holding office for a term of 10 years. He crossed the Great St. Beraard in ifav, ISno, and restored the French ascendancy in Italy by the victory of Marengo (June 14), which, with that won by Moreaii at Hohenlinden (Dec. 3), brought about the peace of Uxni- vUle (Feb. 9, 18011. The treaty of LunfSviUe, which was based on that of Campo-Formio, destroyed the coalition, and restored peace on the Continent. He concluded the peace of Amiens with England March 27, 1802. After the peace of Luneville he commenced the legislati\e recon- struction of France, the public institutions of which had been either destroyed or thrown into confusion during the Revolution. To this period belong the restoration of the Roman Catholic Church by the Concordat (concluded July 15, 1801), the restoration of higher education by the erec- tion of the new university (May 1, 1802). and the establish- ment of the Legion of Honor (Jlay 19, 1802) : preparation had been previously made for the codification of the laws. Hewasmadeconsulforlife Aug. '2,1802; executed the Due d'Enghien March 21, 1804 ; was proclaimed hereditary em- peror of the French May IS, 1804 (thecoronation ceremony took place Dec. 2, 1804) ; and was crowned king of Italy May 20, 1805. In the meantime England had been provoked into declaring war (May IS, 1803X and a coalition consist- mg of England, Russia, Austria, and Sweden was formed nT ,_ tt ,ti ■ n-^ -, -^ , „ against France in 1805 : Spain was allied with France. The JMapOIeon 11. (Jt rangOlS CharleS Joseph Na- Napoleonic Wars bered Prussia. He directed the policy of Europe Eng- land alone, mistress of the seas, appeared to stand between him and universal dominion. England was safe from in- vasion, but she was vuhaerable through her commerce Napoleon undertook to starve her by closing the ports of the Continent against her commerce. This policy, known as " the Continental system," w as inaugurated by the Ber- lin decree in 1800, and was extended bv the Milan decree in 1807. To further this policy he 'resolved to seize the maritime stales of Portugal and Spain. His armies expelled the house of Braganza from Portugal, .and Nov. 30, 1807, the French entered Lisbon. Vnder pretense of guarding the co,ast against the English, he quartered 80,000 troops in Spain, then in 1808 enticed Ferdinand VII. and his father Charles IV. (who had recently abdicated) to Bayonne, extorted from both a renunciation of their claims and placed his brother Joseph on the Spanish tluone. An uprising of the Spaniards took place, followed by a popu. lar insurrection in Portugal, movements which found re- sponse in Germany. The seizure of Spain and Portugal proved in the end a fatal error. The war which it kindled, known as the Peninsular war, drained him of his resources and placed an enemy in his re.ar when northern Europe rose against huu in 1813. The English in 1808 landed an army in Portugal, whence they expelleil the French, and penetrated into.Spain. Napoleon, securingliimselfagiunst Austria by a closer alliance with the czar -Uexander at Er- furt (concluded Oct. 12, ISOS), hastened in person to Spain with 250.000 men, drove out the English, and entered Ma- drid (Dec. 4, 1808). He was recalled bv the threatening attitude of Austria, against which he precipitated war in April, 1609. He occupied Vienna (May 13), was defeated by the archduke Charles at Aspem and Essling (May 21- 2-2), defeated the archduke at 'Wagiam (July 5-6), and' con- cluded the peace of Schonbrunn Oct. 14, ISo'g. He divorced Josephine Dec. 16, 1809, and married JIaria Louisa of Aus- tria March 11 (April 2), 1810. He annexed the Papal States m 1809 (the Pope being carried prisoner to France), and Holland in 1810. The refusal of Alexander to caiTj- out strictly the Continental systam, which Napoleon himself e\aded by the s.ale of licenses, brought on war with Russia. He crossedtheNiemen June 24, 1812; gained the victoiy of Borodino Sept. 7; and occupied Moscow Sept. 14. His prof- ter of truce was rejected by the Russians, and he was forced by the approach of winter to begin a retreat (Oct. 19). He was overtaken by the winter, and his amiy dwin- dled before the cold, hunger, and the enemy. He left the army in command of Murat Dec. 4, and hastened to Paris Murat recrossed the Niemen Dec. 13, with 100,000 men, the remnant of the Grand Army of 600,000 veterans. The loss sustained by Napoleon in this campaign encouraged the defection of Prussia, which formed an alliance with Eus- sia at Kalisch Feb. -28, 1813. Napoleon defeated the Rus- sians and Prussians at Liitzen May 2. and at Bautzen May 20-21. Austria declared war Aug. 12, and Napoleon pres- ently found himself opposed by a coalition of Russia, Eng- land, Sweden, Prussia, and Austria, of which the first three had been united since the previous year. He won his last great victory at Dresden Aug. 26-27', and lost the decisive battles of Leipsic (Oct. 16, 18, and 19), Laon Olarch 9-10, 1814), and Arcissur-Aube (March 20-21). On March 31 the Allies entered Paris. He was compelled to abdicate at Fon- tainebleau April 11, but was allowed to retain the title of emperor, and received the island of Elba as a sovereign prin- cipality, and an annual income of 2,000,000 francs. He ar- rived in Elba May 4. The Congress of Vienna convened in Sept., 1814, for the purpose of restoring and regulating the relations between the powers disturbed by Napoleon. Encouraged by the quarrels which arose at t'he Congress between the Allies, .Napoleon left Elba Feb. 26, 1815; landed at Cannes March 1 ; and entered Paris March 20, the troops sent against him, including Ney with his corps, having joined his standard. At the return of Napoleon, the Allies again took the field. He was finally overthrown at Wa- terloo June 18. 1815. and the Allies entered Paris a second time July 7. After futile attempts to escape to .\merica. he surrendered himself to the British admiral Hotham at Rochefort July 15. By a un.aninious resolve of the .allies he was transported as prisoner of war to St. Helena, where he arrived on Oct. 10, 1815, and where he was detained the rest of his life. Roman rule ; suffered in the barbarian invasions • was taken by Belisarius in 530, and by Totila in 643 ; became the capital of a duchy; was taken by the Normans in 1150 ; was the capital of the kingdom of Naples and of the Two Sicilies ; was the scene of a revolt under Mas.iniello in 1647 ; and has been the scene of various revolutionary outbreaks, as in 1848. Pop. (1901), commune, 503,540. Naples, Bay of. .\n arm of the Mediterranean, . - r-- .....„„,... on the coast of Campania, Italy, celebrated for 'no'>il'ze it* army in .A.ug., and Napoleon presently foum the beauty of its shores. ill,"lf°.l'.i°?'!.?5'L''''.* ™;''''jl" withj'russia, Russia, an Naples, Duchy of. A duchy founded in the 6tli * " ' ' " " " century, dependent on theBvzantine empire. It became independent in the beginning of the Sth cen- tury, and was conquered by the Normans in the 11th and 12Eh centuries. tired from the contest under a military convention ; the He was created duke of Reichstadt in 1818 by his grand- Austrianssignedthepeaceof Presburg(Dec.26.1805); and father, Francis I. of Austria, at whose court he resided the coalition was destroyed. Hisintervention in Germany *"*'' ''■^ father s overthrow. Rhin?T^,i'??"M?if Thf'"" °' t''^^'"^''?"v"°" °f ^^% Napoleon III. (Charles Louis Napoleon Bo- ?.^i';! J^Jy Hvl«??-_ 11;!? confederation, which was placed naparte). Bom at Paris, April So" 18087 tUed Naples, Kingdom of. A former kingdom in Sinithern Italy, it was separated from the kingdom of Sicily und.r Charles of Anjou in 1282; was united with Aragon 1442-58; was conquered temporarily by Charles VIII. of France in 1496 ; and was under the rule of Spain 1503-1707, and of Austria 1707-35. See Txoo Sicilies. Napo (na'po). A river in Ecuador, a northern tributary of the Amazon. Length, estimated, about 700 miles. under his protection, ultimately embraced nearly all the states of Germany except .\ustria and Prussia. Its erec- tion, together with other provocation, caused Prussia to d „ , , .. - , — -™..., and tngland as its principal members. He crushed the Prus- sian army at Jena and Auerstadt Oct, 14 ; entered Berlin Oct. 27; fought the Russians and Prussians in the drawn battleof Eylau Feb. 7-8. 1807 ; defeated the Russians at the battle of Friedland June 14;and compelled both Russia and Prussia to conclude peace at Tfisit July 7 and 9, 1807, re- spectively. Russia became the ally of France : Prussia was deprived of nearly half her territory. Napoleon was now, perhaps, at the height of his power. The imperial title was no empty form. He was the head of a great con- federacy of states. He had surrounded the imperial throne with subordinate thrones occupied by members of his own family. His stepson Eugfene de Beauhamais was viceroy of the kingdom of Italy in northern and central Italy; 'his brother Joseph was king of Naples in southern Italy; his brother Louis was king of Holland ; his brother Jerome was king of ■\Vestphalia ; his brother-in-law Murat was grand TCT.„^ 1 , -,,_ _-, .. - , ^'''^i oi ,, caipuaiia ; uis uroiner-in-iaw jiurat was grand JJiapoleon (na-po le-on ; F. pron. na-po-la-6n') duke of Berg. The Confederation of the Rhine existed by I. (Napoleon Bonaparte or Buonaparte^)! Born at .\jaccio, Corsica, Aug. V>, 1769. or, ac- > The spelling Bumaparu WM used by li^apalean's father, and by Mapqleon hims'.lf down to 1T96, although the spellinff BanavarU oc- auB in early Italian documenta. virtue of his protection, and his troops occupied dismem- at Chiselhurst, near London. Jan. 9. 1873. Em- peror of the French 1852-70. He was the son of Louis Bonaparte, king of Holland, and Hortense de IJeauhar- nais, and the nephew of Napoleon I. He lived in exile at Arenenberg and Augsburg 1815-30 ; joined in an unsuc- cessful revolt against the Pope in the Romagna 1830-31 ; made an unsuccessful attempt to organize a revolution among the French soldiers stationed at Strasburg in 1836 ; made a descent on France near Bimlogne in 1840 ; was Ctti>- tured and imprisoned at Ham until 1846, when he escaped ; was made a member of the National Assemlilv after the fall of Louis Philippe in 1848 ; was elected president of the re- public Dec, 1S48 ; executed the coup d'etat of Dec. 2, 1861 ; was chosen president for 10 years in Dec. 1851 ; and aftei a plebiscite in Nov. . isr.2. wa's proclaimed emperor Dec. 2, 1862. He married Eugenie de Montijo Jan. 30, 1863 ; took part in the CYimean war 1854-56; fought with Sardinia against .\ustria in 1859, and was present at the battles of M.igenta and .Solf erino ; waged war in Mexico 1862-67; declared war against Germany in July., 1870 ; was taken prisoner at Sedan Sept, 2 ; was imprisoned at 'O'ilhelms- hohe, near Cassel, 1870-71; and lived at Chiselhurst 1871-73. He was the author of various political and military works, including "wjctn.vo ao i„i.,c nABr.w." (1865-66). "Histoire de Jules C^sar" 2A>ig. 15. 1760, is thp rommonly accepted date of Ifapoleon'fl birth. XT i_t»- -.^t ,« ti v .•■ andjan.-.ir6s,that.,fthebirtbof ■uubrothir.i,»i,irithLb"n Napoleou, PriHce ( NapolSou Eug^ne'Louis said, liut without good ri.a,on. tliat these date..; wer,; interchanged at Jean .ToSPnh Roia Tini-t.P 'St"""' "f ^"Jioleon's adniU^ioi, to the rollitar\ K-hool of Brienne in »V , ""."^l"! J50-ld.parte 1779, uo candidate being eUgible after 10 years of age. H apOleOIllC WarS. --i gene See lifiiiiparte. 1 general name for the wars Napoleonic Wars in which Napoleon Bonaparte was the leading figure, 1796-lSir). France was opposed to Great Britain, and at different times to Austria, Prussia, Russia. Spain, etc. The principal seats of the wars were Italy, Si)aiii, Por- tugal, Switzerland, (Jermany, Austria, Russia, Egypt, Syria, and the ocean. Ihe wars at the bei^innitig of the period form part of those growing out of the trench Kevolu- tion (which see). The following are the leading events after 17:15: Napoleon took command of the anny of Italy, springof 1790 ; battle of Lodi, May 10 ; campaign of Jloreau on the Upper Uhine (retreat through the lilack Forest), 1796: campaign of Jourdan on the Main, 17if6: battle of Castiglione, Aug. 5 ; Ijattle of Arcole, Nov. 15-17 ; siege of Mantu:^ 171N>-w7 ; battle of Kivoli, Jan., 1797 ; preliminary treaty of Leoben, April 18; treaty of Campo-Forndo, Oct. 17 ; French expedition to Egypt, 1708 ; battle oi the Pyra- mids, July 21 ; battle of the .Vile, Aiil-. 1 ; battle of Mount Tabor, April, 179!) ; French defeats in Italy (Trebbic, June, and -Novi, Aug.); battle of Abukir, Jiilv ili ; SuvaroHs re- treat in the Alps, 1790 ; battles of Zurich, 1799 ; piuisage of Great St. Bernard by Napole.ui, Ma.v, 1800 ; battle of ila- rengo, June 14 ; battle of Ihdienlinden, Dec. 3 ; treaty of luniSvUle, Feb. 9, 1801 ; battle of the Baltic, April 2 ; treaty of Amiens, March 27, 1802 ; renewal of the war with Great Britain, 1803 ; new coalition against France, 1S05 ; siurender of Llm, Oct. 17 ; battle of Trafalgar, Oct, 21 ; battle of Aus- terlitz, Dec. 2 ; treaty of Preaburg, Dec. 2(J ; battles of Jena and AucrsUidt, (let. 14, 1806; battle of Eyiau, Feb. 7, 8, 1807 ; battle of Friedlaiid, June 14 ; treaties of Tilsit, July ; Peninsular war (which see), 1808-14; battle of Aspern, ilay 21, 22, 18>j9 ; battle of Wagram, July 5, 6 ; treaty of \'ietiiia, Oct 14: invasion of Russia, 1812; battle of Borodino, Sept. 7; bundng of Moscow, Sept,; retreat from Russia, Ocl.- Dee.: battleof Lutzen, May2,1813; battle of Bautzen, .May 20, 21 ; battle of the Katzbach, Aug. 26 ; battle of Dresden, Aug. 26, 27; battle of Dennewitz, Sept. (1; battle ot Leipsic, Oct, 16, 18, 19; Napoleon's victories at Montmirail. etc., Feb., 1S14; battleof Bar-sur-Aube, Fell. 27 : battleof Laon, Uarch 9, 10: battleof Arcis-sur-Anbc,Marcb2iJ,21; treaty of Paris, May 30 ; Napoleon landed at Cannes, March 1, 1S15 ; battlesof Ligiiy and Quatre-Bras, June Iti ; battleof Water- loo, June 18 ; treaty of Paris, Nov. 20. Napoleon le Petit (na-po-la-6ii le pe-te'). [P., •Napoleon the Little.'] A satire by Victor Hugo, directed against Napoleon HI., published in l^2. Napoleon-Vendee. See La-Eoche-sur-Yon. Napoli di Romania. See Nauplia. NapOS (na'pos), or Napeanos (ua-pa-ii'nos). A name given to various semi-civiUzed Indians of easteru Ecuador and Peru, on the river Napo. They are apparently derived from various stocks which have become amalgamated in the mission villages. At present most of them speak dialects of the Quichua. Naquet (na-ka'), Alfred Joseph. Born at Car- pentras, France, Oct. 6, 1834. A French chem- ist and radical politician. He was professor of chem- Utry at the technical institute of Palermo 18U3-65, and was a member ot the French Senate 1882-89. His chief work la " Principes de chimie" (18G5). Nara (nii'rii). A city in the main island of Japan, about 25 miles south of Kioto. It was the capiMl in the 8th century. A colossal statue of Buddha, seated in the Daibouts temple here, is an exceedingly re- markable work, and the largest existing bronze casting. It datea from 73'J, aiul is formed of several pieces skilfully soldered together. The god sit:: on the syndmlic lotus- flower, with the right hand open and raised, :iud the ex- tended left resting on his knee. The drapery lias almost Greek breadth and lightness, and the anatomy and expres- sinn are admiralile, as is the technical finish. The height, without the pedest4d, is 85 feet. Naram-Sin (nii-riiin'sin). ['Beloved ot the moon-god Sin.'] King of Babylou, son of Sar- gon I. (jf Ag:ide. Following a notice of the annals of Na- bonidiis, ill wliich this Babylonian king states, in the year e.'JO u. (\, that while repairing the sun-tcniple at sippar ho discovered the foiuidation cylinders of tli:it cdilice laid by Naram Sin, the son of Sargon, :!,2i:hj y.ai s before, Assyri- ologists assume 37,'>0 it. c. as the date uf N:iram-Siii. Narasinha (ua-ra-sin'ha). [Skt., Mho man- lion.'] The fourth avatar or incarnation of Vishnu. He assumed the shape of a creature half man half lion to delivir tlio world from the tyrant lliraiiyaka- shipu, wiio had obtained it as ft boon from Brahma tieit he should be slain neither by god, nor man, nor animal, and BO waa able to usurp the dominion of the three worlds, even appropriating the sacrillces of the gods. When his pious son Pralil:id:i i»nilsed Vishnu, the father tried tode- stroy theboy, wbcreuifon Vishnu appeared sudileiily outof a pillar In a* shape neither god, nor man, nor animal, and tore Hiraiiyakasiiipu to pieces, Narba (niir'ljil), orNabha (niL'bil). A native state in the Panjab, India, under Brilisli pro- tection, intersected by lat. 30° 30' X., long. 76° E. Area, 936 square miles. Population (IhOI), i;s-.',7.'i(i. Narbada. See Xcrliiilda. Narbonensis, out the same time. Narbonne (niii-lmn'). .\n ancient district near the city of Xarbonnc, in southern France. It was governed by viscounts in the middle ages, and was 723 united with the crown of France in 1507-08. It formed part of I.angue<1oe. The name Niu'bonne is sometime.^ given to the ancient Septimania or Oothia. Narbonne. A city in the department of Audo, France, on the Canal de la Kobiuc, situated 5 miles from the Mediterranean, in lat. 43° 11' N., long. 3° E.: the Latin Narbo. it has some trade and manufactures ; is celebrated for its honey; and has a museum, a former cathedral (now a church of St. Just), and remains of an archieiiiscopal palace. It was an early Gaulish center : was colonized by Rome IIU or 118 u. C. ; and became the c:ipital of Narbonensis- It was an im- portant city of the West Goths ; was taken by the Sara- cens in 719, and taken from them by the Franks in 759; and was the seat of the viscouuts of Narbonne. Popula- tion (lb91), commune, 211,560, Narbonne-Lara (niir-bon'la-rii'), Comte Louis de. Born at Colorno, near Parma. Italy, 17.5.5: died at Torgau, Prussia, 1.S13. A French gen- er;il and diplomatist. Narborougn (nilr'bur-6), Sir John. Died 1688. An Englisii naval officer. He fought against the Dutch olf the Downs in June, 1(S«6, and in 1669 sailed on a voyage of discovery to the Strait of Magellan. In 1672 he fought in the battle of Southwold Bay, and iu 1675 sup- pressed the pirates of Tripoli, Narcissa (niir-sis'a). 1. A beautiful woman whose early death is commemorated in the third night of Young's ' ' Night Thoughts." she is iden- tified with Miss Lee who married Henry Temple, son of Lord I'alriierston. and was the daughter of Yonne s wife by her llrst husband. According to the " Night Thoughts," on dying in France, she was denied sepulture as a Protestant: but this was not the fact. The book was translated into French, and the belief grew up that she was buried at midnight in the Botanic Garden at Montpellier, Her suppo.scd grave was discovered, was visited by strangers, and became one of the sights of the town. There was no truth in the story, as Mrs. Temple died at Lyons, and was buried in the Protestant cemetery there. 2. The name given to Mrs. Oldfield, the actress, by Pope in his "Moral Essays." Narcissus (niir-sis'us). [Gr. NdpKicaoc.'] In Greek mytliology, a beautiful youth, a son of Cephissus and the nymph Liriope, metamor- phosed into a flower. For his insensibility to love he was caused by Nemesis to fall in love with his own image rellected in water. Unable tograsp this shadow, he pined away and became the Ilower which bears his name. The nymph Echo, who vainly loved him, died from grief. Narcissus. An admirable Greek original statu- ette, found at Pompeii, and now in the Museo Nazionale, Naples. The figure stands gracefully, un- draped, with the head bent toward the right, and the right hand raised, as if listening. It is also called a Faun and a Sat)T. Narcissus. Killed 54 a. d. A freedman of the Roman emperor Claudius, over whom he ac- quired a complote ascendancy. He assisted the em- press Messalina in iirnenriug the death of C. Appius Sila- nus and numenius other victims. Afterward he was the chief instrument in bringing about the execution of Mes- salina herself. He was put to death on the accession of Nero. Narcissus. A Koman athlete who strangled Commodus 192 A. D. Nardini (nar-de'ne), Pietro, Born at Fibiana, Tuscany, 1722 : died at Florence, 1793. An Ital- ian violinist, and composer for the violin. He was a pupil of Tartiiii at Padua, and was solo violinist at the court at Stuttgart 1753-67; returned to Italy in 1767; and was made director of music at the court of the Duke of Tuscany in 1770. Nard6 (niir-do'). A town in the province of Lecee, Apulia, Italv, 34 miles south of Brindisi. Population (1881),"8,662. Narenta (nii-ren'tii). A river in Herzegovina and l);ibiiatia, which flows into the Adriatic aliout Int. 43° N. Length, about 150 miles. Nares (narz). Edward. Bom at Loiulon, 1762: died at Biildeiiden, Aug. 20, 1841. An English clergTOiiin and miscellaneous writer. Howased- ncnted at Oxford (Christ Church), and took orders in 1792. He married a daughter of the Duke of Marlborough in 1707. He was regius piofesBor of moiUrn history at Oxford 1813- 18-11. He wrote "The Plurality of Worids" (1801), "Me- moirs of William Cecil, Ixird BurMgh" (1828-31), etc. Nares, Sir George Strong. Born at Danestown, near Aberdeen, Scotland, ls31. A British arc- tic explorer. He commanded the Challenger expedi- tion 1872-74, and the arctic exploring expedition of the Alert and Discovery 1875-70 (sledge expedition reached lat. 83' 20' N.). He wiis made K. C. B, In 1870. He Is the author of "The Naval Cadet's (iulde " (ISOOX " Iteiiorls on Ocean Soundings and Temperature " (In the Challenger: 1874-76), "TheOniclal Report of the Arctic Expedition" (1870). Nares, James. Bom at Stanwell, near London, 1715: died 1 7H3, An English composer of church Inusie. From 1757-80 he was master of the Children of the Chapel Koyal. Me pnbllHhed sevend series of hlU*p8l- chord lessons, morning and evening services, etc. Nares, Robert. Horn at York. Lnghind, Juno 9, 175:i: (lied at London, March 23, 1829. An English clergyman and author, son of .lames Nares. He was educated at Oxford (Christ church), and took orders in 1778. He was assistant librarian at the Britlsli Museum 17l)&-1807 ; founded the *' British Critic " Naseby and edited it (1793-181,3) ; and published a " Glossary, ora Collection of Words, Phrases, etc." (l!>22X etc. Narew (nii'rev;. A river in western Kussiaaud Poland, joining the Bug 19 miles north of War- saw. Length, over 200 miles. Nariman (ne-re man'). In the Shabnamah, a wtiriior of Fariduu, killeil in his attack upon Sipand. and avenged by liustam, his great- grandson. Narlno (nii-ren'yo), Antonio. Bom at Bogoti, 1765 : died at Villa de Leiva, Dec. 13. 1823. A New Granadan patriot. He was a noted orator «nd writer, and held important offices under the viceroys, but in 1795 was imprisoned for publishing a Spanii^h tninslation of the "Droits des homines," and liid not finally obtain his freedom until the revolution of 181o. Heal once joined the revolutionists, and, as presidentof Cundinaniarea,was leader of the centralist republicans in the civil wars of 1811-13. In the latter year he gained several victories over the Spaniards in the south, but was finally defeated at Pasto, captured, and sent to Spain, where he remained a prisoner Is 16-20. He was vice-president and senator iU Narni (niir'ne). A town in the pro\ince of Pe- rugia, Italy, situated on the Nera 43 miles north of Rome : the ancient Narnia. Population (1881), 2,850. Naro (uii'ro). A town in the province of Gir- genti, Sicilv, 13 miles east of Girgenti. Popu- lation (1881), 10,395. Narraganset (nar-a-gan'set). [PI., also Xar- rtif/aiisettn.] Atribe of North American Indians which occupied the part of Rhode Island west of Narragansett Bay, and claimed all; and settled In that island, I'ortcis having thrown oil the authority of Velasquez, governor of Cuba, the latter ap- pointed Narvaez lieutenant-governor of the newly dis- covered lands In Mexico, with onlcrs to Imprison Cortes (1620). Narvaez landed at Vera Cruz in April, but on May 28 was defeated by Cortes atCempoala, wounded, and caji- tured. lie was soon released, went to Spain, and in 1526 obtained a grant to cinuiuer and govern Florida. Sailing from Cuba March, 1528, with 5 vessels and 400 men, he iantied, apparently, at Appalachee Bay, maicheil Inland, lost half his men, and'llnally, reluming to the coast, omld not find his ships. Building Ixials, he made his way for some distance along tlieeoaat, and was shipwrecked anil drowned with nearly all his men. Cabeza de Vaea (see Calwjn) and three others of the exiuditlon made their way overland, reaching Slexico in IWA\ the only snri Ivors "i Narvaei's party. Narvaez, Ramon Maria. Born at Lo.ia, Spam, Aug. 5. l.MHl: died at .M:idrid, April 23, 1808. A Spanisli statesman and general. He served against the brigands and Cartlsis; landed at Valencia In the liiler- cslsof .Maria Christina In ist.i; and was premier 1841-40, 1847, 184'.»-.'il, lWIV-.''7, IMll-H.'!, and |vl'0-iHi. The batlle was decided by Cr.iin- wells cavalry, AlKiut,.,lHl(l l!oyiill»ls were taken pHsoii.rs. and the army was nearly destroyed. It was the decisive action of the civil war. Nash, Beau 724 of two divisions of the Chimmesyan stock of Nortll Amerioan luilians. It embraces the Naaja and Gyitksan tribes, which comprise numerous subtribes, each inhabiting a single village, on the Nass and upper Skeena rivers. British Columbia. See Chimmesyan. Nasr-ed-Bin. See Nassr-ed-Din. National Convention the Indian Ocean on the southeast, the dependencies of Cape Colony on the southwest, and Orange River Colunv on the west. The surface is mostlyhilh , with the Drakenberge Monntamsmthewest. Thegovernmeutisadministeredbv a governor, alegislative cnnucil, and a legislative assembly The raaj. .rity of .he inhabitants are Zulus. Natal was dis- covered by Vasco da Gama in 141)7. Settlement was beL'Un by the Boers in 1837. It became a British cob.nv in 1843 and was made independent of Cape Colouv in 1S60. (For recent hi.story, see Zulus arid South African lifpuHie) Area, 16,.570 square miles. Population '(1891), 543,913. Nash, Beau. See Xash, Richard. Nash Miaslii, John. Born at London, 1752: died May 13, 1835. An English arebiteet. In Loudon he designed Kegeut street, the Hay- market, the terraces in Regent's Park, etc Nash, Joseph. Born about I812: died 1S78. An S^^^'^'^of ''i^,,^^ English water-color painter, particularly noted Nas«n,i rn^; ' I- . for aivhiteetural subjects. JNassau (nab a, Nash, Richard. Born at Swansea, Wales, Oct. IS, 1674 : died at Bath, England, Feb. 8, 1761. An English leader of fashion: called "Beau Nash," and sometimes the "King of Bath" (from the watering-place of that name, where he was master of ceremonies). He was educated at O.vford (Jesus College), and studied law at the Inner Temple. He conducted the pageant at an entertainment given by the Inns of Coiut to William III. Much of the success of Bath was due to his efforts. He was a profes- sional gambler. Goldsmith wrote his life in 1762. Nashe (nash), or Nash, Thomas. Bom at Lowestoft, England, in l.'J67: died about iTrTcau 1601. An English satirical pamphleteer, poet, w„jl„„ t>„„„,;, „•» i o ■ .. t ^^ \n '■^~ •■■"--"— "-—j- -.^^j "ci,,uii< and dramatist. He took the degree of E. .A., kt Cam' ^^f a"- Prussia situated on the Lahn 10 mi es Natchesan (na-che'san). A linguistic stock of bridge (St. Johns College) in 1585. His earliest work is a east-southeast ot t obleuz. It has ruined castles Xorth American Indians, formerly dwellino- in preface to Greene's " Menaphon " (1587) ; the -Anatomy of Nassau and of Stem. Pop. 1 1890), 1,824. Louisiana and Mississippi. They comprised^wo of Absurdity appeared m 1589. He edited Surreys poems NaSSau. A seaport, capital of New Prortdenee tribes or confederacies, known as Nachi and Taensa each in loQl, and^ pubbshed Pierce Penndesse, his bupphca- an j of tjjg Bahama Islands, situated in lat 25° »' "'hich was composed of a number ot subtribes ir vU. Nassau (nas'a; G. pron. nas'sou; F. pron. na-so' ). A former duchy and state of Gei-many. It now forms the chief pai't of the government district of Wiesbaden, province of Hesse- Nassau, Prussia. ThefamUy Natal (na-tal'). A seaport, capital of the statp of .Nassau hrst appears at the end of the 11th century, of Rio Graiulp do Nnrfp Rvn^il oit„Qto,l „,", t\ lu 1255 a division was made between the Ottonian line ri vb, T?in P.^t^o ^^ M ' T ' ^itjiated oil tl e (see Nassau, House o.f) and the line of Walram(the recent P^ ^' "'° ^'laiide ^O I^orte, near its mouth, m ducal Hue). The latter has been variously subdivided, lat. .^° 47' S., long. 35°12' W. Population, about The count of the subline Nassau-Usingen became duke 10,000. in 1803, and joined the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806, Natalie fnat'a-le ■ F nron nii fn l^'^ R-^-r, \ro„ the AlUesin 1S13, and the Germanic Confederation in ISls! i i v"a^ r>.,l J L?;?' V /?; '■■ ^^'^^ '"^^ On the extinction of the Xassau-Usingen line in ISIO, the prince of Nassau- Weilburg became duke of the consoli dated territories. Exchanges of territorj' were made with Prussia in 1815 and 1816. N'iissau sided with Austria in 1866, and was annexed by Prussia. A town in the province of Hesse- 14, 18o9. Queen ot Milan I. of Servia. .She is the daughter of Pierre Ivanovitch Kechko, and married Milan (then prince of Servia) Oct. 17, 1875. In Oct., 18'^8 her husband procured from the metropolitan Theodosius a divorce which has been pronounced illegal by the Holy Synod, inasmuch as it was granted without consultation with that body. They became reconciled Jan., 1893. 6' N., long. 77° 22' W. :a health-resort, tiou (1891), 11,000. lages. Popula- Uatchez. An Indian tribe. tion to the Devill " in 1592. In this year began his "paper war" with Gabriel Harvey, (^ee Harvey.) In 1589 he be- - - ■-, -■^— ,.,- - - — - - . . « «^^.,.^-i^owi„. j. wpL»icL- -iH-o-trti,-™ A .^ T,..^:«.^ fr,.:i c ^ a- i- gan his Pasquil pamphlets, entering into the Marprelate tiou (1891), 11,000. CtJv " ^.11 Indian tnbe. See JNacfti. controversy under this pseudonym in "A Countercuffe to Nassau, HouSC Of . A princelyEuTopean family, ■'''atchez (nat ehez). [From the Indian tribe SO Martin Junior, "Martins Month s Mrnde, ' and "Pas- it is the reigning house in the Netherlands descend'ed ?,amed.] A city and the capital of Adams qttU s Apologie (lo90). Among his other works are "The * ■• •■ " ■ -" -■ - -- i<»in.o, ucoccuucu ^ ^ >r:-._-__! - . -, . -, ^.. Tragedy of Dido, etc.," with Marlowe (probably acted in 1591, printed in 1594), "Strange News" (1593), "Chi-isfs Tears over Jerusalem " (1593), " The Terrors of the Night, County, Mississippi, situated on the Mississippi in lat. 31° 34' N., long. 91° 23' W. The chief in- dustry is the cotton trade. Fort Eosalie was built here by the French in 1716, destroyed by Natchez Indians in 1729, but soon rebuilt. It passed to the British m 1763, to Spain in 1779, and to the Uniteii States in 1798. It was the cap- ital of the Territory (later the state) of Mississippi until 1520. Population (1900), 12,210. from theUne of Count Otto of Nassau (13th century). The first prominent member was WiUiam the Silent, of (jrange. Members of the house succeeded as stadholders, and from etc." (1594), "The Cnfortuiiate Traveller, or the Life of TO'aoaolPTiTo^ii^'i'jQ /^f do v„c.c„.. q-„„„ Jack WUton" (1594 : a novel), "Summer's Last Will and :£'assau, MaUTlce Ot. bee ^assaii-SiCffen. Test.iment" (1596), "Haue with you to Saffron Walden, ■" asSaU-UllleU DUrg (uas SOU-dil ' len-borG), etc." (1596), "The Isle of Dogs " (1597 : for this he was im- Count Louisof. Born Jan. 20,1538 : killed at the prisoned), '■ Lenten Stuffe" (1599: in praise of Yarmouth battle of MookerHeide Anril 14 1574 Brother .i'-"' '^"l"""""' and the red herring,, eto. of WilHam ofomnge : a parUzan o the Du^^^^ ^*f .f • ^^%.'^ IVTT'^* Y Chateaubriand. Nashua, bee Pe)»mcoaJ-. against the Spaniards. ^'^'^ p. hshed n 1826 It belonp to th^ Nashua tnash'u-a). [From the Indian tnbal Nassau Hall. See Xeio Jersey, College of. Kol^y^H^^-t. """q v*""^^ name.] A city and one of the capitals of Hills- IJoccan fnas'al Tslanrls or Pntriro- i-nna-'JMM Natchitoches. See ^ac^doc. borough County, New Hampshire situated at "^^ndT ^TwV^mllMstands^e!fo ''rumllt ^.f^^^^^T^j^^ \-'^r"^'K\- f^-°°^."° ^""T the junction of the Nashua and Mernmac riv- about lat 3° S ■j^ujaLia, name.] Thechief town of Natchitoches parish, ers,31milessouthofConcordand40milesnorth- Naq-saiilsipfTp'-n" (nn^'^n.. 7p'* ^atehez Population (1890). 1,820. factures,,but is particularly noted for.cotton good. The Ma^c^Of NaSSarBorLe "rDeSuf.^^^ June 17, 1604 (O. S.) : died at Cleves, Germany ^Uude sta^' i rJ^ tlhJ tin nf tlf' °°'^r^"' Dec. 20, 1679(0. S.). A Dutch general and adl horn of the bu^l ^ northern "ZSshi Braztjr, !SrtoMfyriSi.°'D*1ng"t^'s Nathan (ua'than). [He^.,'a gift.'] AHebrew period the Dutch power was greatly strengthened and Prophet m the time of David, a counselor and extended, and a brilliant rtctorj' wasgained over the Span- reprover of the Mug. He was the instructor of Solo- ish-Portuguese fleet (Jan., 1640). After his return he was mon, and Is said to have been his, as well as David's his- governor of Cleves from 1647 (appointed by the Elector of t<:iriographer. Nashua Manufacturing Company was formed in 1823. The city was incorporated in 1853. Population (1900), 23,898. Nashua River. A tributary of the Merrimac in Massachusetts and New Hampshire. Length, about SO miles. Nash-vllle (nash'vil). The capital of the State of Tennessee and of Da\-idson Cotmty, situated on the Cumberland in lat. 36° 10' N., long. 86° 49' W. It is the second city in the State, and a railway cen- ter ; has important commerce, particularly in cotton and tobacco, and lumber manufactui-es. The chief building is the Capitol. It is the seat of many educational institutions. ™';?"int''t''h'i'5'' ™™"V'?^'' 'he Netherlands army 1665, re- Nathauael (na-tban'a-el). [Heb., 'gift of God.'] pulsing the Bishop of Munster; and was prom nent in the rir,,^ ^f n, , ^i;,„;„i 'ct ,, .j r.-" campaignsof 1672-74. He was ipriuceof the GermanEm: V"? °? tlie disciples of Jesus, generally identl- pu-e from 1652. tied with Bartholomew. including Nashville University, Vanderbilt University^ NassaU-SlegeU, Prince Karl Helnrich Niko- Nathan ben Jechiel (na'than ben yek'i-el). A risk University, Tennessee Central College, and Roger Williams Uiriversity. It was settled in 1780 ; has been the capital since 1826 (legally since 1843) ; and was evacu- ated by the Confederates under A. S. Johnston and occu- pied by theFederalsiuFeb., 1862. Pop. ll'JOO), 8U,865. Nashville, ~ " Na; laus Otto von. Born Jan. 5. 1745: died at Tynna in Podolia, April 22, 1808. An adven- turer and naval commander in the French and Spanish service, and later a Russian admiral. shville. Battle of. A victory gained near Nassr-ed-Din, orNasr-ed-Din(nas'r-ed-den'). Nathan der Weise ( ishville, Dee. 15 and 16, 1864, by the Federals Born April 24. 1831 : killed near Teheran, Mav 'Nathan the '^^ise.'] der Thomas over the Confederates under 1- 1S96- Shah of Persia, eldest son of the shah smg, pubbshedm 1779 un Hood. The result of the battle and the pursuit was the breaking up of Hoods army as a fighting force. Federal loss, 400 killed, 1,740 wounded ; Confederate total loss 15,000. Nasik, or Nassick (na'sik). l. A district in the governorship of Bombay, British India, in- tersected by lat. 20° N., long. 74° E. Area, 5,940 square miles. Population (1891), 843,582. —2. The capital of the district of Nasik, sit- uated on the Godavari 95 miles northeast of Bombay. It is a sacred Hindu city. Popula- tion (1891), 24,429. Nasmyth (na ' smith), Alexander. [The sm-- name ytL^mtitli (also yi-smitli) is a contraction of nailsmith.'} Born at Edinburgh, Sept. 9. 1758 : died there, April 10, 1840. A Scottish portrait- painter. He became AUan P.amsay's assistant, and went with hira to London. He returneS'(r Hiif/li. Natick (na'tik). A town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, 16 miles west-southwest of Bos- ton. It has manufactures of boots and shoes. Population (1900), 9,488. National Academy of Design. An organiza- tion in New York city, instituted in 1826 and incorporated in 1828. "its object is the cultivation of the fine arts. Professional artists only are admitted to regular membership. In French history, the first of the Revolutionary assemblies, existing from 1789 to 1791. The States-General, elected in 1789, were opened May 5, 1789. and in June the third es- tate assumed the title of National Assembly and absorbed the two remaining estates. Its chief work was the forma- tion of the constitution, whence it is also called the Con- .^ituent Assembly. The legislatures organized in France in 1848 (after the February revolution) and in 1871 (aft«r the overthrow of the second empire) are also known as National Assemblies. Nasmyth, Patrick. Bora at Edinburgh, Jan. Sfn"to the ^r-"''""^ '"HLj^'ior'Jf Mt^^o'^^^ National Cemetery. A cemetery at Arlington, 7, 1787: lUed at London, Aug. 17, 1831. A Brit- ,." . , T.. „ „ '-„ !. ,!' , Virginia. 3 miles from Washington. District of ish landscape-painter. He was a pupil of his father, Alexander Nasmyth, and a student of Claude and Richard Wilson. He was brother to James Nasmyth, the inven- tor of the stenm-hanimer. Naso. See (h-id. Nas(ia(n!is-cha'),orNaas,orNass. The smaller Natal (na-tal'). [Pg. Xotal. NL. Terra Xatali.s, Columbia. It confadns the graves ot many thousand Christmas Land : so called by Vasco da Gama, Union soldiers who died in the Civil War (1861-65). who discovered it on Christmas day.] A British National Convention. In French history, the colonj' in South Africa. Capital, Pietermaritz- sovereign assembly which sat from Sept. 21, burg; seaport, Durban. It is bounded by the Trans- 1792, to Oct. 26, 179o, and governed France after vaal on the north, Portuguese East Africa on the northeast, abolishing royalty. National Covenant National Covenant. In Scottish history, the bond or eugagoment. subscribed in 1638, based upon the covenant or oath for the observance of the Confession of Faith drawn up in 1581 (preceded by a similar one in I'l")"), which was signed and enjoined upon all his subjects by James VI. (afterward James I. of pjughmd), and renewed in liiOO and 1596. its object was the maintenance of the P^es^yte^ia^ or Keformed relipioii against Romanism .and its i rn mediate cause was the attempt ot Charles I. to force a litursry upon Scotland. At the res- toration of the episcopacy in' 1002, the National Covenant and the .Solemn League and Covenant were proscrihed, and liberty of conscience was not regained untQ after the revolution of 1688. National Gallery. A picture-gallery on the north side of Trafalgar Square, Loudon, found- ed in 18:14 1)V the purchase for the government of the Anirfr.^fi'iii collection. The present bniUliiio: was opened in 18:tt. It wasilesigned by Wilkina, and is in the Grecian style: its facade is about 4C0 feet in lenfjth. The buildings were alteretl and eidarged in l>fiO, 1870, and 18i7. ilany important collections have been added, among ttem the Vernon (IS4T). Turner (1850), and Peel (1871 U-ol- lections. The Royal Academy of Arts occupied part of the baildin? for a lon^ time previous to its removal to Bur- linffton House in ls*i;». National Institute. See Institute of France. Nationalist Party. In British politics, the Irish party formefl for the advocacy of Home Rule. See Pitniellite Party. National Liberals. In German politics, a i^arty which, before the creation of the German Em- pire in 1871, advocated, along with progressive measures of reform, the completion of govern- mental unity in Germany. After that time until 1879 it embraced tliose persons wlio, though of liberal antecedents, contiimed in support of the later policy of Bismarck. Since the separation of the anti-protectionist members (Secessionists) in 1S80, the strent'tli of the party iu the Reichstag has been greatly dimiuished. National Party. In United States history, a name of the (ircenback-Labor party. Nations, Battle of the. A name given to the tiattle of Leipsic, Oct. 16, 18, and 19, 1813. where '- French, Prussians, Austrians, Russians. c.lcs, Saxons, etc., were represented. See Nativity, Convent of the. See l!tian fleet. Navarino, Bay of. A small bay west of Mes- senia, (ireece. Navarra y RocafuU (uii-viir'rii e ro-kii-fol'), Melchor de, Duke of La Palata. Born in Ara- gon : died at Porto Bello, Isthmus of Panama, April 13, 1691. A Spanish administrator. He was vice-chancellor of Aragon and president of the royal council during the minority of Charles II. From Nov. 20, W81, to Aug. 15, 1(389, he was viceroy of Peru. Navarre (na-viir'; F. pron. na-viir'), Sp. Na- varra (nii-viir'rji). 1. An ancient kingdom which comprised the modem province of Na- varre in Spain and part of the department of Basses-Pyri'n^es in France. It arose about 900, and under Saneho the Great (1000-1035) comprised also Aragon and Castile. On his death his dominions — Navarre, Castile, etc. — were separated. Navarre was later united to Ara- gon, and later still to France, from which it was separated in l:i28. The part south of tlie P.^Tenees was accl,»fl. and r»»volle x -u a, , a Venetian i,, 1207. It comprised Nax-osand other isl- ^:^,¥}''^^ \il^fJ''^^■ °M "^^^ f'°?l^f \^^^^ ands in the .Egean Sea. It was formally annexed by Tur- '" ^ ',** '^^- -Ireland, 13 miles west of Belfast. It key in 1579. is the largest lake in the British Isles. Its outlet is by the "Kt^-^^^:*. /..•: -i -4./\ * i. • • c Bann into the North Channel Length, 16 miles. Area Kayant (na-ya-ret ). A mountainous region of 153 square miles. " luuco. ^^o., western Mexico, long forming the northern part Neal (neli, Daniel. Born at Loudon, Dec. 14, of the state of Jalisco, but now included in the 167S : died at Bath, April 4, 1743. Aji English m classical Latin pa.storal poetry. Miltou uses the name in "Lycidas, 1. 69, — To sport with .Amaryllis in the shade, Or with the tangles of Nejera's hair, — ' it is thought with reference to a woman loved by the Scot- tish poet Buchanan, to whose golden hair the latter makes frequent reference in his poems. territory of Tepie. Nayarits (na-yii-rets'), or Coras (ko'ras). A tribe of Mexican Indians in the mountainous region of the territory of Tepic, between Zaca- tecas and the Pacitie. They belong to the Sonoran stock, are agriculturists and intelligent and bold warriors, and are p.issionately attached to independence. They were conquered by the Spaniards only in 1722, after a wai- of 20 years ; and, though they subsequently received missionaries and government officers, they remained practically free. In 1S73 they rebelled under Manuel Losada. They still number at least 30,000. historian. He was educated at the Jlerchant Taylors' School and at the universities of Utrecht and Leyden. In 1706 he settled as an independent clerg>-man in London. He wrote a"Historj- of New England" (1720), and (his chief -work) the " History of the Puritans" (1732-38). Neal, David Dolloff. Born at Lowell, Mass., Oct. 20, 1837. An American figure-painter. Necho 2. A place in Palestine, near the village of Hal- hul, which is also supposed to be the site of the tomb of Jonah. Nebo (ne'bo). [Assyro-BabylonianJNoiii.] One of the principal gods of the Babylonians and Assyrians, son of Merodach (Marduk) and hus- band of Tashmet, the goddess who answers prayer. He was piirticularly the god of learning, and therefore the patron of the priests and scribes, as lie is called the "creator of tablet-writing," the "wise g..d" the "god of open eai-s and wide mind." His priiicipil sanctuaiT was Kzida, 'the eternal house,' at Borsipnarthe temple described by Herodotus as that of Bel); but he had also in the temple of Merodach at Babvlon (Esagila) a magnificently adorned chamber. Like Merodach, he was carried in procession through Babylon at the beginning of the year. He is mentioned with Bel (i. e. Bel.Merodachl in Isa. xlvL 1. Nebo, Mount, modern Jebel Neba (jeb'el na'- bii ). In Bible geogi'aphy, a summit of Abarim, Moab (2,043 feet), 7 miles northeast of the Dead Sea. It was the place of the death of Moses. He studied with Ainmiiller and at the Royal Academy at Nebraska (river). See Platte l■"L"S.^l='.^^_.l=''/L^T"'l^;^»^•'",<''^^■^•''gn«r .=>»<> P"»«y- Nebraska (uf-bras'ka). One of the Westeni States of the United States of America, extend. He resides principally at Munich. Among his works are "The First Meetingof Mary Stuart and Rizzio ' (lS76),"01i ver 1 'romwell visits John Milton " (1883). Nayler (na'ler), or Naylor (na'lgr), James. Neal, Jolin. Born at Portland, Maine, Aug. 25, " - . .. . — " 1793: died there, June 21, 1876. An American novelist, poet, journ.alist. and miscellaneous writer. Among his novels are " Seventv-Sis" (1823), "Logan" (1828), and " Do wn-Easters " (1833). Born at Ardsley, Yorkshire, 1618 : died in Hunt- ingdonshire, 1660. A Puritan fanatic. He served as "quartermaster in the Parliamentary army in 1642, and in 1651 became a Quaker. Under the delusion that he was a reincarnation of Christ, he entered Bristol Oct., 1(;*5, on horseback, naked, in imitation of Christ's entry into'.Ierus.alem. On Dec. 16, 1656, he was convicted of Neal, Joseph Clay. Born at Greenland, N. H. blasphemy by Parliament. The punishment to which he was subjected brought about a recantation May 26, 1657. Nazarene (naz-a-ren'). An inhabitant of Naz- aretli, a town in Galilee, Palestine : a name given (in contempt) to Jesus (with the definite article), and to the early converts to Christian- ity (Acts xxiv. .5) ; hence, a Christian. Nazarenes (naz-a-renz'). A sect of Jewish Christians which continued to the 4tli century. They obser\'ed the Mosaic ritual, and looked for a millen- nium on earth. Unlike the Ebionites, they believed in the divinity of Christ. See Ebfonit^s. A\so Sazareaiis. Nazareth (naz'a-reth), modern En-Nasira (en- na-se'r;i). In ancient geography, a town in Galilee, Palestine, in lat. 32° 42' N., long. 35°20' E. It is celebrated as the dwelling-place of Jesus during his childhood and early manhood. The Church of the .\n- nunciation was founded by the empress Helena, but ruined in the middle ages, and rebuilt later. It is well propor- tioned, and, while much of the architecture is new, it pre- serves interesting memorials of the past. In the crypt is the traditional place of the Annunciation. Population, 6,IX>15 to 10.000. Nazareth. A borough in Northampton County, Feb. 3, 1807: died at Philadelphia, July 18, 1847 An American humorist. He edited the "Pennsyl- vanian " at Philadelphial831-44. His works were collected in "Charcoal Sketches "(1837 and 1849), and '■ Peter Ploddy and other Oddities" (1S44). Neale (nel), John Mason. Born at London, Jan. 24, 1818: died at East Grinstead, England, ing from lat. 40° to 43° N., and from long. 930 25' to 104° W. Capital, Lincoln; chief city, Omaha, it is bounded by South Dakota (partly eep^ rated by the Missoiu-i) on the north, Iowa and Missouri (separated from both by the Missouri) on the east, Kansu and Colorado on the south, and Colorado and Wyoming on the vi-est. It is traversed by the Platte. The surface ia rolling. The State is especially fertile in the east. The chief industries are agriculture and grazing. It is one of the leading States in the production of com. It has QO counties, sends 2 senators and 6 representatives to Con- gress, and has 8 electoral votes. It formed part of the Louisiana Purchase and of Missouri Territorj- : was settled at Bellevue in 1847 ; was made a Territory in 1S64 (iiiclud. ing portions of the present North and South Dakotas. Mon- tana, Wyoming, and Colorado) ; and was admitted to the Union in 1867. The name is from that of the river. Arei^ "" -10 s.inare uilks. I'opulatloii U'.iOO), 1,066,""" Aug 6, 186b AnEnglishh>Tnnologistandeccle- Nebraska City. The capital of Otoe County, Siastical historian. HewaseducatedatTrinityCollege, Cambridge, and became warden of Sackville College. East Grinstead, in 1846. He belonged to the extreme High- church party ; was inhibited by his bishop for 14 years ; and was burned In effigy in 1S67. He founded the sister- hood of St. Margaret. His contributions to modern hym- nology are notable. He wrote "An Introduction to the History of the Holy Eastern Church " (1847-61), "Media;- val Hymns and Sequences" (18S1). "Essays on Liturgiol- ogy " (18(33), '• Mediaival Preachers " (18S7), "Hymns of the Eastern Church " (1863), etc. He also translated the me- dieval hymn " De contemptu mundi," by Bernard of Cluny, in several parts, beginning "Brief life is here our portion," "Jerusalem the Golden, ' etc. Neander (ne-an'der; G. pron. na-an'der), Joachim. Born at Bremen about 1650: died there, 1680. A German hjnnn-writer. Pennsylvania. .56 miles north of Philadelphia. Neander, Johann August Wilhelm (original- It is noted for it3 Moravian academj-. Popu- lation (1900), 2,304. Nazarites (naz'a-rits). [From Heb. »a:ar, sep- arate oneself, vow. abstain ] Among the an- cient Hebrews, religious devotees, set apart to the Lord by a special vow the terms of "which are carefully prescribed in Num. vi. They in- cluded entire abstinence from wine and other intoxicating liquors, from all cutting of the hair, and from all approach to a dead body. The vow might betaken either for a lim- ited period or for life. They tirst appear in thetimeof the Philistine oppression. Naze (uaz). The. A cape at the eastern extrem- ity of Essex. England, projecting into the North Sea (H miles east-northeast of London. Naze (nii'ze). The, or Lindesnas(lin'des-nas). A cape at the southern extremity of Norway, projecting into the North Sea in lat. (of light- house) 57= .59' N., long. 7° 3' E. Ndombe (ndom'be), or Bandombe (ban-dom'- l)e). A Bantu tribe of Angola, West Africa, living in a low state of culture along the coast Neapolis (ne-ap'o-lis). [Gr. XfdiroA;f,newcitv.] between Benguella and Mossamedes. They In ancient geography, the name of various cities. (a) The modern Naples, (b) In Palestine, Shec- hem or Nablus. (c) In Macedonia, the seaport of Philippi. Nearchus (ne-iir'kus) Crete: livedintheseeondhalf of the 4fh century B. c. A Macedonian officer, a friend of Alex- Iv David Mendel). Born at Giittingen, Jan. 16, 1789: died at Berlin, July 14, 1850. A noted German Protestant church historian and theo- logian, of Hebrew descent: professor at Berlin from 1813- His chief work is " AUgemeine Geschichte der christlichen Religion and Kirche " ("General Histoiy of the Christian Religion and Church." 6 vols. 1825-52). Among his other works are "Geschichte der Ptlanzung und Leitung der Kirche durch die Apostel "(1832-33), and "Das Leben Jesu" ("Life of Jesus," 1837). Neanderthal (na-iin'der-tiil). A valley between Elberfeld andDiisseldorf, in Prussia. It is noted for the prehistoric skeleton discovered there in 1857. The celebrated Neanderthal skull (index 72X found near Diisseldorf in 1857, is less human and more simian in chai'- acter tlian any other known skull, but is, nevertheless, classed by Hamy and De Quatrefages as belonging to tlieir Canstadt type. Its precise age is doubtful, and it would be unsafe to regard it as the type of a special race, since its characteristics . . , have been occasionally reproduced in modern times. Taylor, Aryans, p. 106. are pastoral, and speak a dialect of their own in addition to Umbundu. Ndonga (ndong'ga), or Ondonga (on-dong'ga). A country between Hereroland and the Ku- nene and Kubango rivers : a fertile and healthy plateau, called Cirabebasia by the Catholic mis- sionaries. The inhabitants, of the Bantu race, have no national name. By the Hereros they are called Ovarabo, and their language Otyambo, because they are ngricul'- turists. Ndonga is the principal tribe, arid its dialect. Nebraska, situated on the Missouri 40 miles south of (:)maha. Population (1900), 7,380. Nebuchadnezzar (neb'u-kad-nez'ar), or Neb- uchadrezzar (-rez'ar). [Babylonian ynbH- l-i(diiii-ii<;ui; Nebo protect the boundary.] King of Babylonia 605-562 B. c, the chief niler of the Neo-Baliylonian empu'e, and one of the great- est monarchs of the ancient world. He distin- guished himself as a general, while still crown prince, in the battle of Carchemish (which see) against the Egyptian king Jfecho in 605. On his return flt)m this campaign hia father, Nabopolassar, died, and he was proclaimed king. His conquest of Jerusalem and .Tudea is described under Bahyluaian Captivity. Tyre he took after a siege of 18 years(.585-.572). He invaded Egypt in 572. defeated Hophm (Apries), and set .Amasis on the thnme in his place : an inscription of Nebuchadnezzar informs us that four yean afterward he had to subdue a rebellion of Amasis. Un- like most of the Assyrian conquerors. Nebuchadnezzar devoted his energies to the consolidation of his empire. The mighty canals and walls with which he suiTounded Babylon, his magnificent p.alace (now represented by the ruins of al.Kasr, 'the castle'), the so-called "haiiging gardens of Semiramis" which he had constructed for liJ8 Median wife ..Vniytis (Amitu), his restoration of many tem- ples, especially Esagila in Babylon and Ezida in Borsippa, are described in the article Babyion. A full description of the buildings he carried out'is given by himself in a long inscription comprising 620 lines. There is no men- tion in the cuneiform inscriptions of Nebuchadnezzar's in- sanity as related in the Book of Daniel (iv. 26{r->, but ithasa certain parallel in the narrative of .Abydenus (preserved by Eusebius), according to which the king once ascended the citadel of his pi7Ti^th^ A fcvnt in aiamnrtrnTmliirP ftnntli as a general language. The other tribes are I'nkuanibi, w.ffl^^TL-r Atowninuiainorgansnire, ftoutli Ongindyela, Unkualuze, Ombalantu. Ondombozora, T'n^ kuanyanift, Evale, Ekanda, Okazima, and Ombandya. The Ovashimba and Ovarondo are kindred tribes. Total pop- ulation, about iriO.OOO, divided between the German and PortuLiiese protectorates. Finnish Protestant and Krencli Catholic missions are successful among them. NdongO (ndong'iro). See Xtfola. Ndulu(iido'lo), orOndulu (on-d6'l6). A Bantu tribe of Angola. West Africa, settled northeast of Bailundo : ethuically, linguistieally, and polit- ically allied with'the'Ovimbiindu. Wales, situated on the Neath, near its mouth, 7 miles east-northeast of Swansea. It is a manu- faeturingandminingcenter. Population (1891), 11,157. Nebaioth, See Xahnt^ans. Nebi YunUS (ne-be' yo'nus). 1. A mound on the site of ancient Nineveh, particularly of the palace of Asurbanipal (668-626 B. c.).' It de- rives its name from the belief of the Mohammedans that the prophet Jonah is buried there, the supposed site of his tomb being now occupied by a mosque. tian king of the 26th dynasty (about 610-595 or 599 b. c), son of Psammetichusl. He defeated Jo- siah at ilegiddo about Oi.iti, and was defeated by Nebuchad- nezzar at Carchemish about 605. He sent a Phenician ex- pedition to circumnavigate Africa. In B. c. 609 or 60S Neco, the son of Psamatik I., having recently ascended the Egyptian throne, made an expedi tion into Syria with the object of re-attaching to Egypt the entire tract between the "ToiTens -Egypti" and the Euphrates. At first success crowned his efforts: Josiah, king of Jud;di, who had ventured to oppose him, was de- feated and slain at Megiddo; Palestine was conquered and placed under a tribiitar}'king(Jehoiakim) ; Syria was oveiTUn, and t!ie Egyptian dominion established over the entire region extending northward from Egypt to Araanus, and eastward to the Euphrates and Carchemish. This Necho tract remained under the government of Xeco for three years (B. c. eos-iio'o). Phuenicia must have suliinitted her geif. Jiauiiitiufi^ Pha-iiicia, p. 105. Nechtansmere (nech'tanz-mer). A place near Duiniiehen. Foi-farshiie, Si-otland. Here, in 685, the Picts totally defeated tlie Northumbrians under Eg- frith. Keckar (nek'kar). A river iii \\ urtem1)orK and Baiien: the Koman Nicer. It is one uf the chief tributaries of the Khlne, which it joins at Mannheim, and is noted for its Mraantic scenery and for the i)roiiuction of wines in its valley. Heidelberg aTid TuliinKen are on it. Length, 222 miles ; navigable for hu^e craft to Ileillironn. Neckar. One of tlie four circles of Wiirtemberf;, situiiteil in the northwestern part. Area, 1,284 si|Uiire miles. Population {IS'M). 665.040. Necker (nek'er; F. pron. nti-kar'), Jacques. Born at Geneva, Sept. 30, 1732: dieil at Coj)- pet, Switzerland, April 9, 1804. A French statesman and linancier. He was for a time a banker at Paris : became director of tlie treasury in 177t>, and di- rector-general of the finances in 1777 : resigned in 17S1 ; wasr-'callfd tontflce in 17hk; cnvened tlie8tate8-(.feneral in l"ft:t ; "as dismissed July li, 17S9: was recalled in 17S*) ; and finally resigned in Sept., 1790. He publLshed "Compte rendu" (1781), " L'Adndnistration de Ni-tker " (17;'l). "Du pouvoir e.xecutif ■ tl7'.fj), " De la revolution fran- Caise ' (17961, etc. Necker, Madame (Susanne Curcliod). Born at Grassier, Switzerland, 1739: died at Coppet, Switzerland, May, 1794. The wife of J. Neeker, and a leader in literary circles. She was at one time engaged to the historian Gibbon. Neckham i,nek'.am), Alexander. Born at St. Albans, Herts, Sept., ll.'>7: died at Kenipsey, Worcestershire, 1217. An Eugli.■^h scholar, fos- ter-brother of Richard I. He was educated at St Albans. In 118) he was distinguished as a professor at Paris : in 11^ he Iiecame an .-\ugustinian canon at Ciren- cester; and in 1213 he was elected abbot. He wrote sci- entific and grammatical treatises, Latin poems, theological worlis, connneiitaries on Aristotle, etc. His name was punned upon as yrrjaani. Necklace, Diamond. See Diamond XeckJace Aip'ii: Neco. See Xech.o. Nedenas, or Nedenes (na'de-nas). A i)rovince i;i sciutheru Norway. Area, 3,608 square miles. Population (1891), '81,043. Nedim (ne-dem'). See the extract. During the reign of Ahmed III. (170:i-i7301 flourished Nediin, tile greatest of all the poets of the old ottoman schoi.l. Nedim lias a style that is entirely liis own : it is altogether unlike tliat of any of his predecessors, whether Persian or Turkish, and no one has ever atteinjited to copy it. Through his gliazels, which are written with the most finished elegance in words of the truest liarmony, sings a tone of sprightly gaiety and joyous liglithe.irteil- ness, such as is not to be found in any other poet of his nation. His numerous kasidas, wliile they are more graceful, are hardly less bi-illiant than those of Nef'i, and are at tlie same time in truer taste and less burdened with obscure and far-fetched conceits. Little is known re- garding Ills life, save that he resided at Constantinople, where the Grand V'ezir, Ibrahim Pasha, appointed liim custodian of the library which he had founded, and that he was still alive in 1727. Fool^, Stoiy of Turkey, p. 318. Nedjed (ned'.iod), or Nejd (nejd). A lar;li'. Neefe (n.a'fe). Christian Gottlieb. Born at Cljcnmitz, Feb. o, 174S: died .Inn. 2i;. 1798. A Gerinan musician. His princli.al claim t.j notice Is tliat lit- was the instruct^u- ot Beethoven id Honn. Neenah (ne'nji). A city in Winnebago ("oiinty, Wisconsin, situated on Fox Hiver 12 miles north of OshUosh. l'o|)ulation (1900), .'5,954. Neer (nar). Aart van der. Born about 1619: ilied after 16112. A Diiti'h laiirlscape-))aiiiter. Neer, Eglon Hendrik van der. Born at Am- sterdnrn. 1641): died at ])iiss<'ldorf, Prussia, May 3. 1703. A Dutch painter, son of Aart van der Nci-r. Neerwinden (nar'vin-don). A village in the province of l>i6go, Belgium, 31 miles east by south of Brussels, it Is noted for two bailies: her-. .Inly 20. 169.3. the French under I.mcnibourg defeated tbi' Allies under William I y. of I'.nglntid ( this is also called t lie battle of Landcn); and here, Marcli 18, 17IP3, the Aiis- triaiia nnder the Prince of Coburg defeated tlie French under Dinnnuri"-z. Nees von Esenbeck (niis fon a'zen-hek). Chris- tian Gottfried. Bom in the Odenwald, Hesse, Feb. 14, 1776- died at lli'cslau. Prussia, March 16, 1858. .\ German botanist and zoologist. Se became professor of ootany at Erlangon In 1818, at 727 Bonn in 1819. and at Breslau in 1831. For political rea- Bijns he was deprived of his office in 1852. Among his works are "Handluich der Botanik" (1820-21). and works on entomology, pliilosophy, etc. Nefert (ne'lert). [Egypt., 'good' or 'beauti- ful.'] An Egyjitiaii queen, wife of Ameuem- hat II. A life-size statue of her, in black gran- ite, was found in the ruinsofTanis, Lower Egypt. Nefert and Ra-Hotep dii-ho'tep). Two re- markable statues of early Egyptian art, in the niuseuni at Gizeh, Egyjit. The figures are seated, carved in limestone, paint«d, and witll inlaid eyes of gla.ss and euainel, the etfect being strangely lifelike. Tile prince wears a simple loin-clotli, I lie princess a close-fltting white ganuent with an elatjorate necklace and a diadem. 'I'he statues came from the vestiliule of a toml) at Jleidum. Nefertari (ne-fer-tii'ri) Aahmes. [Egypt., 'beautiful wife of Aahmes.'J An Egyptian queen, wife of Aahmes I. Her mummy-case, "one of the largest and most magniflcent ever discovered," is in the museum at tiizeli. Not only in the rock-caves of Trtrah and ifassaarah, oppo- site to Xlemiiliis, but also on a numiier of public monuments in tlie interior of tlie sepulchral cliambers of tile Tbelian Necropolis, luis the name of this queen been preserved, surrouniled by laudatiuy inscriptions. Long after lier de- cease, this great amestrcss of tlie New Empire w:is ven- erated as a divine being, and her image was iilaced beside those of the eternal inhabitants of the Egyptian lieaven. Briujach, Egypt under the I'haraohs, p. 131. NeH (nef'e). See the extract. During the reign of Ahmed I. (1603-1607), arose the sec- ond great light of olil Turkish poetry. This was Ncfi of Erzeriim, wiio is as iiincll esteemed for the brilliancy of ills kasidas, or eulogies, as Eilzuli is for the tenderness of his ghazels. Like liim. lie elaborated a style for Iiimself, which found many imitators, tlie most successful of whom was Saliri. I'nfortunately for himself, Nef'i was an able satirist : his scathing jien drew down upon him the enmity of certain great men, who prevailed upon Sultan Murad IV. to sanction his execution (1635). Poole, Story of Turkey, p. 316. Negapatam (neg-a-p,a-tiim'). A seaport in the district of Tan.iore, Madras, British India, situ- iited in hit. 10° 4.')' N., long. 79° 51' E. Popu- lation (1891), 59.221. Negaunee (ue-ga'neK A city in Marquette County, Upper Michigan, 11 miles west-south- west of Marquette. It is the centerof an iron- mining district. Population 19001, 0,935. Negley (ueg'li), James Scott. Born Dec 22, IsiiO: died Aug. 7, 1901. An American general in the Ci\il War. He defeated the confederates at Lavergne. Tennessee, Oct. 7, 1862. and took part in the battle of I'hickainanga. N^grier (ua-gre-a'), Francjois Oscar de. Born at Belforf, ']s:j9. A French general, distin- g.iished in the operations in Tougking and Annara 1885. Negritos (ne-gre'toz). A diminutive dark- skinned negro-like race found in the Philippine Islands (of which they seem to have beeu the original inhabitants), and in New Caledonia, etc.. according to some anttiorities. The average licight of the Negritos of the l'liilipi>ine Islands is about 4 feet 8 inclies. Also Xe^friUos, Negro, Rio. See lln> Xcijio. Negro race. A race of which the physical cliar- actcii-it ics are a large and strong skeleton, long and thick skull, lU'ognathic jaws, skin from dark broivn to black, woolly hair, thick lips, and a broad and flattened nose. It occupies in a compact mass the African continent soutll of the Sahar.i. The brown races of .South Africa, tlie pygmies of central Africa, and the reddirown races of Smlan, who live in the same aiea. are comparatively few in number, or are Intimately mixed with tile neyro race. There is no racial dittcrence between the Bantu, speaking languages derived from one nmtber tongue, and the negroes of Ipper Guinea and the Sudan, who speak unconnected languages; nor istliere niucbdit- ferenco in customs, Tlie non-l!alitu languages of the I p- per (•uineaand Sudan negroes are called, in this work, the Nigritiebrancli, and this word is also applied to the tribes. Tile negroes of Nortll, Central, and ,Houtli America liave been deported from Africa. The Papuans and Nigritos .d Australasia, liaving allor inostof the characteristics of tlie African negroes, are classed by some with these, liy some apart. See African rUinmjraphu ami lantfiut'jc» (under Afriea), Bantu, and U"ttfntt>t-tlmhitn'n. Negropont. The moilern name of Eulioon. Negrosdiil'gros). one of the Philippine Islands, situated north of Minilanno. Length, about 130 miles. Population, over 200,000. Neha.vend (lui-hii-vend'). A idaco in Persia, 50 miles south of Ilamadan, noted for the bat- tle of till (642 .'), in which tlie Saracens totally defeated the Persians and overthrow the Per- sian kingdom. Nehemiah (ne-he-ml'ij). [Heb., 'comforted by Ynhveli.' I .\ llilnew enii-bearer of Artnxerxes l^oiigiirniiius of I'ersin, npiioiiited governor of •Tudea 444 n. f. HerclMilII the walla of .lernsnlem, and restored the natlornd worslilp. Tlie aullioisliip of a part of llie Book of Nebi-mlab Is ascrll)ed t.. him. Nehemiah, Book of. A !«nik..f the <1ld Testa- ment, written probably in part by Nehemiah. See the extract. Neleus The book of Nehemiah, or, as we have now learned to call it in accordance with the Hebrew us:ige. the joint book of Ezra and Nehemiah, which in all probabilit> was also one book witli Ctironicles, carries down the list o( high priests as far as Jaddua. who was in otfice at the time of Alexander (Neh. xii. 11). Tile book, therefore, was written, at the earliest at the very end of the Persian period, though it incorporates earlier documents, such as the autobiography of Ki^ra and the memoir of Nebemiati. a: n. smith, o. T. in the Jewlsll Oh., p. I-IO. Neher (na'lier), Bemhaid von. Born at Bibe- 1-ach, Wiirtemberg, .Jan. 16, 1806: died at Stutt- gart, Jan. 17, 1886. A German historical painter. Neidhart von Reuenthal (nit'luirt fon roi'en- tiil). Place and date of birth unknown: died at Vienna, date unknown. A Middle High Ger- man lyric poet of the 13th century. He was a Ba- varian kiiiglit, took part in the crusade of Leopold II. of Austria 1217-1'.>, and subsequently lived at ^'ienlla at the court of Duke Frederick. His principal iioenis are dance- songs. He is the founder of tlie popuhu- lyric poetry of tlie coui-ts — poetr>-, namely, that feund its inateriid in the rude life and mani'iers of tlie peasants, who were held up to the ridicule of the nobles. His {loems were published at I.eipsic in 18.'>8. Neilgherry Hills. See yiii/iri Hills. Neill ( nel ). Edward Duffield. Bom at Phila- delphia. Aug. 9, 1823: died at St. Paul, Minn., Sept. 26, 1893. An American historian. Hiswoiks include "English Colonization cd America " (1871) and otlier works on American colonial llistory, "Concise His- tory of Jlinnesota" (1887), etc. Neilson (nel'son), Adelaide. Born at Leeds, Yorkshire, March 3,1848: died at Paris, France, Aug. 15,1880. A noted English actress. Hcrreal name was Elizabetli Ann Brown, and, her mother having subseijuently married a Mr. Bland, she was known as Lizzie Bland. At the age of 17 she made her iXihut as Juliet In 1*70 she made a conspicutnis success as Amy Rob- sart in London, and liy 1878 she was the acknowledged queen of the English stage. In 1872 she was equally suc- cessful at Booth's 'theater in New Yorlc She made four visits to .America, her last appearance tliere lieing on May 24, 1880. Neilson (nel'son), James Branmont. Born near Glasgow, June 22, 1792: died at Queen's Hill, Kirkcudbrightshire, Jan. IS, 1865. A Brit- ish engineer and inventor. He invented the use of the hot blast in smeltiiig-furnaces. Neipperg (nip'pero). Count Adam Adalbert von. Born April 8,1775: died Feb. 22,1829. An Austrian general anil diplomatist. He married Maria Louisa after t he dea th of Napoleon ( 1821). Neisse (nis'se). The name of three rivers of (lermaiiy, principallyin Silesia. ((i)01at2erNeisse, joining tli'e (Ider ;i.') miles southeast of Breslau. Length, 120 miles, (h) Wuthende ('Furious ') Neisse, joining the Kat ztiach below Liegnitz. (c)Ij»usitzer or Corlitzer Neisse, joining tlie tider 'M miles soutli of Fraukfort-on-the-Oder. Length, 140 miles. Neisse. A fortified city in the province of Si- lesia, Prussia, situated at the junction of the Biela and Glatzer Neisse, 46 miles south by east of Breslau. It was formerly the capital - lished In (1 volumes Anmng them arc " Red-nosed Fmst " (IMW), "To Wlnuu is Life in Itnssla Worth Livlngf " (the last rantoof which, owliigt.. Ilncensor, was not published till 1>8U and "Kussian Women." He was essentially n in let t>t tile people. N61aton(na-lii-ton'). AugUSte. Bom at Paris, .luue 17, 1807: died at Paris, Sept, 21. 1873. A noted French surgeon, jirofessorin tln> medical taciiltv of the University of Paris l.'<51-67. His chief work is ' Kh^menlsde pathologic chirurglcale "(" Eltt hienlsof Suigleal Pathology," IM4-"<,-.] In Greek my- thology, a sun of Poseidon and T)to, founder and king of Pylus in Messenia. He was the father of Nestor. ■* Nellore Nellore (ne-lor'), or NellUT (ne-lor'). 1. A district in Madras, British India, intersected by lat. 14° 30' N., long. 80° E. Area, 8,765 square miles. Population (1891), 1,403,736.-2. The capital of the district of Nellore, situated on the Pennair 95 miles north by west of Madras. Pop- ulation (1891), 29,330. Nelson (nel'son). A name given to the river Saskatchewan in the lower part of its course. Nelson. A seaport at the northern end of South Islaud, New Zealand, situated in lat. 41° 15' S., long. 173° 17'E. (lighthouse). Population (1889), 7,733. Nelson, Horatio, first Viscount Nelson. Born at Burnham-Thorpe, Norfolk, England, Sept. 29, 1758: died on board the Victory at Tra- falgar, Oct. 21, 1805. A celebrated English ad- miral. He entered the na\'y in 1770. and w.as made post- captain at the age of twenty-one, serving in the American war. At the declaration of war with Trance in 17!>3, he was made captain of tlie Agamemnon in tlie Mediter- ranean, serving first under Lord Hood and afterward under Admiral Hotham. On Feb. 1-1, 1797, under Admiral Jervis (later Lord St. Vincent), he fought in the battle oft Cape St. Vincent. In May, 179S, he was sent by Lord St. Vincent to intercept Napoleon's expedition to Egypt. In this he failed, but destroyed the French fleet at anchor I in the harbor of Abuliir, Aug. 1-2. This engagement is called "the battle of the Kile." He retired to Naples, where he became involved in political complications and in an intrigue with the wife of Sir William Hamilton, British envoy to Naples. In 1800 he returned to England and was made vice-admiral and a peer. The battle of Copenhagen was fought April 2, 1801, in order to destroy the coalition of the northern powers known as the (second) Armed Neutrality. Nelson was made a viscount after Copenhagen. The French fleet under Admiral Villeneuve left Toulon in March, 1805, and sailed to the West Indies with the intention of drawing off the English fleet and returning to support Napoleon's projected invasion of Eng- land. Nelson followed, and, after Napoleon's plan had been thwarted by the hesitancy of Villeneuve, fought the French-Spanish fleet off Cape Trafalgar, Oct. 21, 1805. He hoisted the signal ' ' England expects that every man will do his duty " at the beginning of this fight. Nelson, Samuel. Born at Hebron, N. Y., Nov. 10, 1792 : died at Cooperstown, N. Y., Dee. 13, 1873. An American jm-ist. He was a-ssociate jus- tice of the Supreme Court of the State of New York 1831-37, and chief justice 1837-45; associate justice of the United State.^ Supreme Court 1845-72; and a member of the joint high coiniiiissinn to settle the Alabama claims in 1871. Nelson, Thomas. Born at Yorkto wn, Va., Dec. 26, 1738: died in Hanover County, Jan. 4, 1789. I An American patriot, signer of the Declaration of Independence in 1776 as delegate to Congress from Virginia. He served in the Revolutionaiw War, and became governor of Virginia in 1781. Nelson.William. Born at Maysville, Kv., 1825 : killed at Louisville, Ky.. Sept. 29, 1862. Au American general in the Civil War. He entered the navy in 1840, and was promoted lieutenant-commanderin 1861. At the beginning of the Civil War he organized camps in Kentucky for mustering Union soldiers. He was made brigadier-general in 1861 ; commanded the second division of Buell's army at the battle of Shiloh ; and after- ward took command of Louisville. He was made major- general of volunteers in .luly, 1862. He was shot and killed in an altLTcation with General Jefferson C. Davis. Nelson Monument. A Corintliian column of grauite, 145 feet high, on a square pedestal, standing in Trafalgar Square, liOndon. it bears a statue of the admiral, 17 feet high, and on the sides of the pedestal are bronze reliefs portraying hischief exploits. Around the column are placed four colossal reposing lions in bronze, by Landseer. Nemausus (ne-ma'sus). The Roman name of Nimes. Nemea (ne'mf-a), [Gr. Nf//fa.] In ancient geography, a valley in Argolis, Greece, 11 miles .soutliwest of Corinth. It is noted as the scene of the Nemean games, and in legend as the haunt of the Nemean lion. Nemean games (ne'me-an or nf-me'an gamz). One of the four great national ifestivals of the ancient Greeks (the others being the Olympian, Pythian, and Isthmian games). These games were celebrated at Nemea in the second and fourth years of each Olympiad, near the temple of the Nemean Zens, some (Doric) columns of which .are still standing. According to the mythological story, the games were iTistituted in memory of the death of the young hero Archemorus or Opheltes by the bite of a serpent, as the expedition of " the Seven against Thebes " was passing through tlie place. The victor's garland at the Nemean games was made of parsley. Nemesianus (ne"me-si-a'nus), Marcus Aure- Uus Olympius. Born probably at Carthage: lived at the close of the 3d century. A Roman poet. Fragments of his "Cynegetiea" have been edited by Haupt (1838). In the time of Cants and his sons, M. Aurelius Olympius Nemesianus of Caithage wrote his didactic poem on the cnase (Cynegetiea). the tirst 325 lines of which have come down to us. They exhibit fluency, ease, and commaml of language in the traditional style, the technique being in the main the same as in the four wordy eclogues by this anther, in which he has" taken as his pattern Calpurnius's 728 bucolic essay, but proves considerably inferior even to this very mediocre model. Tcufel and Schicabe, Hist, of KomanLit. (tr. by Warr), [II. 2S9. Nemesis (nem'e-sis). [Gr. Ne/iraif.] In Greek mythology, a goddess personifying allotment, or the divine distribution to every man of his precise share of fortuue. good and bad. it was her especial function to see that the proper proportion of individu.ol prosperity was preserved, and that anyone who became too prosperous, or was too much uplifted by his prosperity, should be reduced or punished : she thus came to be regarded as the goddess of divine retribution. Some- times Nemesis was represented as winged and with the wheel of fortune, or borne in a chariot drawn by griffins, and confounded with Adrasteia, the goddess of the inevi- table. Nemesius (ne-me'si-us). [Gr. Nf/itmof.] Lived in the last part of the 4th century. A theo- logian, bishop of Emesa: author of a Greek treatise "On the Nature of Man." Nemetes (ne-me'tez). [L. (Ctesar) Xniwtes, Gr. (Ptolerciy) Nc/z^/roi: of Gallic origin.] A German tribe, first mentioned by CiBsar as in the army of Ariovistus. They were situated at the left side of the middle Khine, east of the Vosges, in the region about Spires, where they still remained after the defeat of Ariovistus (B. 0. 68). They were probably merged ultimately in the Alamanni. Nemi (na'me). Lake of. A small lake 17 miles southeast of Rome, noted for its beauty: the ancient Lacus Nemorensis. It is an extinct crater in the Alban Mountains. Nemo(iie'm6). [L., 'no one.'] The signature of Hablot Knight Browne to the first two plates illustrating the "Pickwick Papers," which he afterward changed to "Phiz." Nemours (ne-mor'). A town in the department of Seine-et-Marne, France, on the Loiug 45 miles south-southeast of Paris. Pop. (1891), 4,507. Nemours, Due de (Gaston de Foix). Born in 1489: died April 11, 1512. A celebrated French general. He was the son of .lean de Foix, vicomte de Narhunne, and Marie d'Orleans, sister of Louis Xll. He was created duo de Nemours in 1505. In 1512 he con- ducted a brilliant campaign against the Spaniards in Italy, and was killed in the pursuit after a great victory won by him at Ravenna, April 11, 1512. Nemours, Due de (Prince Louis Charles Phi- lippe Baphaeld'Orleans). Born at Paris, Oct. 25, 1814 : died at Versailles, June 25, 1896. The second son of LOuis Philippe. He served as gen- eral in the French array, and took part in the expedi- tions against Constantine (.\lgeria) 1S3&-37. i*"rom 1848 to 1870 he lived in England, and from 1870 to 1886 in France. He was expelled from the army in 1886. He lived subsequently in Belgium. Nemours, Edict of. A treaty concluded in 1 585 at Nemom-s, between Henry HI. and the chiefs of the League. Nen(nen), orNene(neu). Ariverin the eastern counties of England. It flows into the 'Wash 9 miles west-northwest of King's Lynn. Length, 90-100 miles. Nena Sahib. See y((na Hahih. Nenagh (ne'nil; local pron. ne'nach). A town in County Tipperary, Ireland, situated 22 miles nortlieas't of Limerick. Population (1891), 4,722. Nennius (nen'i-us). The reputed author of the "Historia Britonum," written probably in the 9th century. Neoplatonists (ne-o-pla'to-nists). ['New Pla- tonists.'] The believers in a system of phil- osophical and religious doctrines and principles which originated in Alexandria with Ammonius Saccas in the 3d century, and was developed by Plotinus, Porphyry, lambliehus, Hj-patia, Pro- clus, and others in the 3d, 4th, aiid 5th cen- turies. The system was composed of elements of Plato- nism and Oriental beliefs, and in its later development was influenced by the philosophy of Pliilo, by Gnosticism, and by Christianity. Its leading representative was I'lotinus. His views were popularized by Porphyry and modified in the direction of mysticism by lambliehus. Considerable sympathy with Neoplatonism in its earlier stages was shown by several eminent Christian writers, especially in Alexandria, such as St. Clement, Origen, etc. The last Neoplatonic schools were suppressed in the 6th century. Neoptolemus (ne-op-tol'e-mus), or Pyrrhus (pir'us). [Gr. NeonriiAc/ior.] In Greek legend, a son of Achilles and Deidameia (or, according to some, Iphigenia) : one of the heroes of the Trojan war. He was one of the band which was con- cealed in the wooden horse by means of which the city was captured, slew Priam, and married Andromache, the wife of Hector. He was later in Epirus. where he carried off Lan.assa, a granddaughter of Hercules, and plundered the temple of Apollo at Delphi. He married Hermione. -At Belplii he was worshiped as a liero, and was said to have protected that shrine from the Goths. Neoptolemus. Killed about 321 B. c. A Mace- donian general in the serviceof Alexander the Great. Neosho (ne-o'sho). A river in southeastern Kansas and Indian Territory, which joins the Arkansas near Fort Gibson. Length, 300^00 miles. Nerac Neot (ne'ot or net). Saint. A hermit of the 9th century, whose life, wi-itten bv a monk of th& abbey of St. Neot, is thought to have furnished material for the history of Alfred. The St. Neot mentioned in this argument was a kinsman of King Alfred's who, first bred to arms, renounced the the world, taught at Glastonbury, visited Ktime. and desir. ing pious solitude became a hermit in the W(.ods of Corn- wall. After seven years he visited the Pope again, returned to his hermitage, converted it mto a small monastic house of which he was the first abbot, where also he is said to have been sometimes visited by Alfred, and died in 877. In 974 his bones were carried to the newlv-founded mon- astery of St. Neot's, Huntingdonshire, and after that date his life was written. Murley, English Writers, II. 295. Nepal(ne-pal'), or Nipal (ne-pal'), or Nepaul (ne-pal'). A country in Asia, situated mainly on the southern slope of the Himalaya system. Capital, Khatmandu. it is hounded by' Tibet on the. north, Sikhim on the east, and British India on the south and west. It is governed by a maharaja and prime minis- ter. The ruling people are the Ghurkas. The religion is- Buddhism (Mended with Hinduism) and Hinduism. Ne- pal was coniiuered by the Hindus in the 14th century, and by the Ghurkas in the 18th century, and was at war with- the British in 1814-15. Area, about 54,000 square miles. Population, estimated, 2,000,000-3,000,000. Nephele (nef'e-le). [Gr. Zfeijiiln, a cloud.] Itt Greek legend, the -wife of Athamas and mothe: of Phrixiis and Helle. Nephelococcygia (nef"e-16-kok-sij'i-a). [Gr iiKJ>e?MKOKKvyia, Cuckootowu-in-the-clouds.] A, fictitious city, refeiTCd to in the '• Birds "by Aristophanes. Nepomuk (na'po-mok). Saint John of. Born at Pomuk, Bohemia : thro\'ni into the Moldau in 1393 (in legend 1383). A Bohemian ecclesiastic, patron saint of Bohemia. Nepos (ne'pos), Cornelius. Born probably at Verona, Italy : lived in the 1st century B. c. A Roman historian, a friend of Cicero. See the- extract. His life may be said to fall between 655 '99 and 730 24. Besides erotic poems, three books of Chronica were his- earliest work, but he seems also to have written a geo- graphical treatise. His other writings show that he was influenced by Varro, for they were directed to the history of manners and customs and had a biographical and moral tendency. In this way he wrote five books of Esempla, and the elaborate biographies of Cato the Elder and Ci- cero, and especially his last and most comprehensive work, " De viris illustribus," in at least sixteen books, in w hich the lives of Romans and foreigners were placed in parallel juxtaposition. The parts of it which we possess, the work "De excellentibusducibus exterarum gentium,"and thebi- ographies of Cato and of At ticus (being an extract from his work "De historicis latinis "), ai'e often more valuable for theirlucidityof arrangement, unpretentious tone, and fair and sympathetic judgments ; but tlicy Iianlly attain even a moderate level of accuracy and tru-^twortiiiness as his- torical essays, ami are equally inferior in style, owing to- the frequency of popular and colloquial idioms. Teiiffd and Scfnmbe, Hist, of P.om. Lit. (tr. by Warr)u [I. 341. Nepos, Julius. Killed at Salona, Dalmatia, 480. Emperor of the West 474-475. He was appointed emperor by Leo I., emperor of the East. He was defeated and deposed by Orestes, who raised his own son Komulus Augustulus to the throne. Neptune (nep'tun). [FromL. Xeptiinns, a sea- god.] 1. In Roman mythology, the god of the sea, who came to be identified by the Romans themselves with the Greek Poseidon, whose attributes were transferred by the poets to the ancient Latin deity, in art Neptune is usuallyrepre- sented as a bearded man of stately presence, with the tri- dent as his chief attribute, and the horse and the dolphin as symbols. 2. The outermost known planet of the solar system, and the third in volume and mass, but invisible to the naked eye. It was discovered in the autumn of 1846. Uranus, the planet next to NeiJtune, re- volving about the sun in 84 years, was discoveied in 1781, but observations of it as a fixed star were scattered through the 18th century. In 1821 Bouvard found tliat the ob- servations could not be satisfied by any tlieory based on the gravitation of known bodies, and hinted at an undis- covered planet. During the following 20 years further ob- servations satisfied astronomers that such a planet nuist exist. To find its position was the problem which two mathematicians, J. C. Adams in England and U. J. J. Le- verrier in France, set themselves to solve Ijymatheraatics- The calculations of Leverrier assigned to it a position within the boundaries of a not very large region. In con- sequence of the indications of Adams, the astronomer Cliallis oliseivcd the star Aug. 4 and 12, i.S40, but. neglect- ing to work up his observations, failed to recognize it as a planet ; while, in consequence of the indications of Le- verrier, Galle of Berlin discovered Neptune ,Sept. 23, 1S46. A satellite to Neptune was detected in Oct., 1846, by Las- sell: its period of revolution is 5d. 21h. Sra., and its maxi- mum elongation IS". The name Neptune was conferred by Encke. The diameter of the planet is3","00 miles ; its distance from the sun is about 2,800,000,000 miles ; and its period of revolution is about 164 years. NeCLUam. See Xeclham. Nera (na'ra). A small river in Italy, a tributary of tlie Tiber. Terni is situated on it. Nerac (na-rak'). A town in the department of Lot-et-Garonne, France, situated on the Baise I N6rac 65 miles soiitheast of Bordeaux. Before its capture by Lcmis XIII. it was important as a Huguenot center. Population (1891), comnmiie, 0,909. Nerbudda {ner-bua'dii), better Narbada (niir- ba'(lii), or Narmada (nar-mil'da). A river of Indiii which flows into the Gulf of Cambay about lat. 21° 35'N. It is one of the most sacred rivers of India. Length, about 800 miles ; navigable about 90 miles. Nerbudda. A di\-ision of the Central Provinces, British India. jVrea, 17,513 square miles. Pop- ulation (1881), 1,763,105. Nereids (no'rf-idz). In Greek mythology, sea- nymphs, the daughters of Nereus (whence the name) and Doris, generally spoken of as fifty in number. The most famous among tliera were Am- phitrite, Tlietis, anil Galatea. TIiu Xt-reids were beautiful maidens helpful to voyagers, ami constituted the uiaiu l)ody of the feniiUe, as the Tritons did of the male, followers of Poseidon or Neptune. They were imagined as dancing, sinking, playing musical instruments, wooed by the Tri- tons, and passing in long processions over the sea seated on hippocamps and other sea-monsters. Monuments of ancient art represent them lightly draped or nude, in poses characterized by undulating lines hai-monizing with those of the ocean, and often riding on sea-monsters of fantastic forms. Nereid Friezes. Four friezes from the Xereid monument at Xanthus in Lycia, now in the British Museum. The widest frieze represents a battle between Greeks and Asiatics ; the others represent epi- sodes of war, the chase, banquet, and sacritlce. Nereus (ne'riis). [Gr. y!r/p£i(:.'] In Greek my- thology, a sea-god, son of Pontus and Ga^a, hus- band of Doris, and father of the fifty Nereids. Nergal (ner'giil). One of the twelve great gods of the BabyloniansandAssjTians, mentioned in 2 Ki. xvii. 30 as the deity of "Cuthah, a statement fully confirmed by the cuneiform inscriptions. See Cuthah. ne is primitively, like Adar. the sun-god in his destructive aspect. This is supposed to be expressed In his name, Nergal(.\kkadian.V(?-wrw .'/«/), 'lord of the great city,' i'. e. the grave. Both were, however, chiefly consid- ered as the divinities of war and the chase. Xergal was represented under the symbol of colossal lions, whicli guarded the entrance of the Assjto. Babylonian temples and ])alaces. Nergalsharezer (n^r'gill-sha-re'zfer). [Babylo- nian Xfr(7rt/-s/)«r-Hfi(r,Nergal protect the king.] 1 . The name of a Babylonian general (Jer. x.wix. 3) and of a chief of the Magi (.Jer. x.xxix. 3, 13). — 2. A Babylonian king wlio rided .'560-556 B. c, between Evil Merodncli and Nabonidus. He was son-in-law of Nebuchadnezzar. Neri (na're), Filippo de' (Saint Philip Neri). Born at Florence, July 22, 1515: died at Rome, May 2.5, 1595. Au Italian ecclesiastic, noted as the founder of the Co:igrcgation of the Oratory. He was canonized in 1622. Neri (na're). The. [It., 'the Blacks.'] See liiaiichi. Nerissa (ne-ris'sii). A character in Shakspere's play "The Merchant of Venice": the clever companion and attendant of Portia, who mimics her mistress with a good ileal of adniitiiess. Nero (ne'ro) (originally Lucius Domitius Ahe- nobarbus, later Nero Claudius Caesar Dru- SUS Germanicus). Born at Antiuin, Italy, Dec. l."),37.\. D.: committed suicide near K'ume,.Jime 9, 68. Koman emiieror .54-<)S, son of Domitius Ahenobarbus and Agrippina (daughter of Ger- manicus). lie was adopted by his stepfather, the em- X)eror Claudius, in.^.O, and in .'i.'J married Octavia. the daugh- t'T of Claudius by Mcssalina. In 54 Claudius was poi- ' itied by Agrippina, who caused ber son to be proclaimed t'> the exclusion of Britannlcus, theson of Claudius. His I'Tiner tutors, the philosopher .Seneca and Hurrus, com- III indcr of the pretorian guards, were placed at the bead ' f the government, and tlie early years of Ids reign were marked, on the whole, by clemency and justice, lie caused Ills rival Britanidcus to be removed by poison in O.*!. In ^'U he procured the :issassination of his mother, of whose control he had become impatient. Burrus died In 02, whereupon Seneca retired front public life. Kiecd from the restraint of his former advisers, he gave free rein to anaturally tyraimical and cruel disposition. He divoreeil Octavia in order t(t marry I'oppn-a, and shortly afterward put Octavia to death (»i:i). Poppiea ultimately dieil from the clfccts of a kick admini^'tercd by her brutal husbanc). Having l)eon accused of kindling the lire whieli in (14 de- stroyed alarge part of Home, besought todivert attcniion from himself by ordering a persecution of the Christians, whom he accused of Iniving canseil the c'nillagration. He Eut Seneca to death in (1.1, and r,tWW visited Greece, where e competed for the prizes as a musician a?id charioteer in the religious festivals. He was overthrown by a revolt under Galtux, and stabbed himself to death withtbe assis- tance of his secretarj'. But the imperial Reign of Terror was limited to a com- ftaratively small number of families in Rome. The pi-ov- ncos were nndniilric.illy better governed than In the later days of the lleniililir. and even in Ronie Itself the common people strewed llowers on the grave of Nero. llmhikhi, Italy and ber Invaders, I. (1. Nero, Gaius Claudius. A Homan consul 207 B. c. He miircbed against Hastlrubal, and (with 729 Livius) defeated him in the battle of the Metau- rus in 207. Nero, Emperor of Rome. A tragedy by Na- thaniel Lee, produced in 1675. Nero of the North. A name given, on account of his cruelty, to Christian II., king of Denmark and Norway (and in his early years of Sweden). N6ron (na-roii'). An opera by Rubinstein, pro- duced at Hamburg in 1879. Nero's Persecution of Christians. Ajiainting by W. von Kaulbaeli. The emperor stands with a company of kindred spirits on a terrace in his gardens, re- ceiving homage as a god, while a group of elderly men and another of German soldiers look on with sorrow. In the foreground a body of Christians is uiulergoing martjT- dom, among them St. Pet^r, erueifled head down, and St. Paul, who lireaks from his executioner and makes a pas- sionate protest against the outrages being enacted. Nertchinsk (ner-chinsk'). A town in Trans- Ijaikalia. Russia, situated on the Ncrtcha about lat. 52° N. The treaty of Nertchinsk, regulating the boundary between China and Russia, was signed here in Its;). Poiinlaticiii, 1,:'.3.'.. Nertchinskii-Zavod(ner-ehin'skiy-za^vod'). A town in Transbaikalia, Siberia, situated near the Argun about 140 miles east-southeast of Nertchinsk. It is the center of a silver- and gold-milling region. Nerthus (nOr'thus). According to Tacitus, a German goddess of fertility and growth: also called Hcrthn. The seat of her worsliip was au island which has not been identilied. Nerva (ner'vii), Marcus Coccelus. Born 32 A. D. : died .Ian. 27, 98. Kouuiu omperor 96-98. He w.ia consul with Vespasian in 71 and with Domitian in 90, and was raised to the throne by the murderers of the latter. He was a mild and just ruler. He adopted Trajan as his successor. Nerval, Gerard de. See Gerard de Xcrval. Nervi (ner've). A town in the province of Genoa, Italy, situated on the Gulf of Genoa 6 miles east of Genoa. It is a sea-bathing and winter health- resort. Nervii (ner'vi-i). An ancient people of the Bel- gic Gauls, dwelling in the neighborhood of the Sambre. They were defeated by Julius CKsar 57 B. c. Nesle (nal). A town in the department of iSomme, France, 28 miles east-southeast of Amiens. It was important in former times under the sieurs of Nesle. Population (1891), coumiune, 2.a93. Ness (ncs), Loch. A lake in Inverness-shire, Scotland, 6 miles southwest of Inverness. Its outlet is by the Ness into Moray Firth. Length, 22i miles. Nesselrode(ne8'sel-ro-de), Count Karl Robert. Horn at Lisbon, Dee. 14, 1780 : died at St. Peters- btu'g, March 23, 1802. A Rus.sian statesman and diplomatist. He directed the foreign policy of Riissia i nearly all the time as minister of foreign alfairs) 1813-:i6. le conducted thenegotiationsof lS13-ir> ; signed tlie]>eace of Paris in 1S14 ; was at the congresses of Vienna 1S14-15, Aix-Ia-Chapelle 1818. Laibacb, 1S21, etc. ; w.as made ehan. cellor in 1S14 ; and concluded the peace of Paris in isr-ti. Nessler("es'ler). Victor. Boi-natBaldenheim, Alsace, Jan. 28, 1841: died at Strasburg, May 28, 1890. A German composer aiul conductor. Among his operas are " Dornroschens Brautfahrt '* (18(58), " Irmin^-ard '* (187(1), "Der Uattenfiinger von Uameln" (1879). "Der wilde Jiigcr " (188Ij, "Her Tronipeter von siiikingeiL ' (1884), "Ottu der Schutz" (1880), etc. Nessus (ues'us). [(ir. Nf'offof.] In Greek legend, a centaur slain by Hercules. He carried Dejanira. Uercules's wife, across the Evenus; but when heattempteti t^run away with ber, Hercules shot him with a poisoned arrow. He declared to bejanira that his blood would pre- serve ber husbatidr, love, and she took sonie of it with licr. Later she steeped in itagannent in which Ilerculesotli-red sacrifice, and l»y which lie was jioisoiii'd from the virus of bis own arrow ; the g;n-inent eliing to histlesh, which was torn off with it. Lii-Iias, who brought the shirt, was east by the raging hero into the sea, and l>ejanira hung herself. Hercules erected and ascended a pile of wood, had it set on lire, and was carried otf from It to Olympus. Nest of Nobles, A. A novel by TurgeniefT, jiulilislieiliii F.iigla lid under the name of "]jiza." Nestor (ues'tor). [Gr. N/Tr<.v>.l In Greek le- gend. a kingof I'ylus, and son of Neleiis, famous list lie oldest councilor of thoGreeks before Troy. Nestorians (nes-tiVri-iinz). 1. The followers of Xeslorius. They denied the hyiioslatleuniiui of two natures in otio person in Christ, holding that he possesses two distinct personalities, the union between which Is merely moral. After the Connidl of Knhesim the Nestossessliui of the theological schools of Kdessa, Nisibis, and Sidcncla, and were driven by Imperial edicts into Persia, where thcv llrinly established them- selves. Later they sjiread to fndia, liactrla, and as far as Chliru About 1 -loll t lie greater partitf thi-lr rhurebesjjiT- isbed under the persecutions of 'I'linur, and in the Kith century a large part of the remainder Joined (he Roman Catholics. These are called Cluitilfaiui. See def. 2. 2. A modern Christian body in Persia and Tur- key, the remnant of the ouce powerful Nesto- Nettleship, Richard Lewis rian denomination. They number about 140,000, are subject to a patriarch (the patriarch of rruuiiah) and 18 bishops, recognize 7 sacraments, administer communioD in both kinds, and have many fasts. Anotlier community of Xestorian origin still exists on the Malabar coast of lu- di.i, but since the middle of the 17th ccnturj- these are said tn have become Monophysites. Nestorius (nes-tO'ri-us). Died after 439. Pa- triarch of Constantinople 428-431. He was de- posed by the Council of Ephesus on account of heresy. See Xfittlland, Zealand, and other duchies countships. etc. It was united with Burgundy in the 14th and 15th centuries, pas^sed to the Hapsiuirg family in 1477, and thence later to Spain. The following are tlie leading later incidents and events : Reformation introduced under Charles V. ; outbreak of the revolution (under William of (Grange ; Spanish leader, tlie Duke of Alva), 10(17 1 paeitication of Ghent, i.',76 ; nortliem provinces united in the union of Utrecht, 1579 : war con- cluded, ItWfl : war renewed. 1(121 ; independence of the Dutcli republic acknowledged, 1(M8 ; country at its great- est prosperity, luiiidle of 17th century; united with Eng- land under William III., lti>9-1702 ; conquered by France, 1794-!»r. ; erected into the Batavian Republic. 171*5 ; made a kingdom under Louis Bonaparte, IStXi ; annexed liy France, 1810 ; union with Belgium in the kingdom of the Netiier- lands, 1815; revolution in Bilgium. 18;i0 ; end of the war, 183.5; settlement with Belgium, 1839. The constitution was revised in 18S7. Area, l'2,i',48 square miles. Population (I8;19), 5,104,137. .\r<-a <»f eohuiial possessions. &;<3,(MK> 8(juare mdes ; approximate population, 33,000,(XIO. Netherlands, Austrian. The name given to the Siianish Netherlands after their cession to Aus- tria in 1713-14. There was an unsuccessful revolt In 1789 -90. The provinces w ere conquereii by France in 1794, and ceded to F'rance in 1797. See Betifimiu Netherlands, Spanish. The name given to the ]u'oviiiees (neiii'ly corresponding to the present lielgimii) retained by Spain in the Duteli war of lilieiation. They were ceded to Austria in 1713-14. N6thou (na-te'). Pic de. The highest peak of the I'vreiiees. It is in the Maladetta group in Spain. Height, 11,170 feet. Netley (net'li). A village 3 miles southeast of Southanipton, Kngland: noted for its military hospital and ruined abbey. Netscher (nets'i^'her), KasparorGaspar. Born at Heidelberg, 1639: died at The Hague, Jan. 15, ](i,S4. A Dutch genre- and portrait-painter, apujiil of Koster and Gerard Tei-biirg. He lived at The Hague from the time of his marriage in lii.'iil. Nettement (net-moiV ), Alfred Francois. Byaut^ de.luillef(18..4). etc. Nettleship (net '1-shi])), Henry. Born in Norlh- :nii)iliiiisliire. May 5, ls:i!l: tiled at Oxlord, July 1(1, l.'^93. An Kliijlisli educator iind writer. Uq was educated at Durlitim, Charterhouse SeluMd, and Corpus Cbrlstl College. Oxford ; was as..i|slant master (d llarixiw fnun 18(18 to 187;t, and classical ledun-r at Christ cbtireh,* tlxford, 187;i; and was elected profes.sorof Latin literature III the I'nlverslty of Oxford In 1878. He edited and pub- lislieil a iinmber of works on elassleiU subjects. Nettleship, Richard Lewis. l?orn about 1.8.50: died on tlie I ioiiie dii (ioiiler, Switzerland, .'\ug, 25, 1892. An lOiiglisli eilucatiir, a fellow and classical tutor of Halliol College, O.\ford. He was well known as an athlete, and died from ex|K>fiuro to a Btorin while climbing .Mont Blanc Nettleton Nettleton (net'l-ton), Asahel. Born at North KiUiugworth,Conn., April 21,1783: died at East Windsor, Conn., May 16, 1844. An American Congi'pgatioual clergyman and rex^ivalist. He published "Village Hymns" (1824), etc. Netzahualcoyotl (nat-za-wal-ko-yot'l). Born about 1403: died about 1470 An Indian chief of Tezeueo, Mexico, son of Ixtlilxoebitl. In his youth the chieftainship was overthrown and his fatlier killed by the Tecpanecs. Alter many remarliable ad- ventures NetzahualcoyotI, aided by the Mexicans and others, recovered his place in 1-130. killing Mastla, the usurping chief. Thereafter he ruled with great wisdom. He is said to have established a body of wise men, or le:irued society, and to have built a temple to the invisi- ble supreme deity, forbidding human sacrifices in iL He was known as a sage and poet, and writings, said to be his, are preserved in Spanish translations. The accounts of ^■et^ahualcoyotl rest mainly on the authority of the Tez- cucan historian LitlilxochiJ, and should be received with caution. Also written SezahiiatcuyriU, etc. Netze (net'se). A river in Posen and Branden- biu-g. Prussia, -n-hich joins the TVarthe near Landsberg. Length, about 200 miles. Neubrandenburg (noi-brau'den-boro). [G., 'New Brandenburg.'] A town in Meeklenburg- Strelitz, Germany, situated on the ToUensesee 72 miles north of Berlin. It has considerable trade in wool. Population (1890), 9,323. Neuburg (noi'boro). A town in the government district of Swabia and Neuburg, Bavaria, situ- ated on the Danube 28 miles north-northeast of Augsburg. It was the capital of the former princi- pality of Pf alz-Xeuburg. The church is a Cistercian foun- dation of 1471, with beautiful details. Part of the abbey buildings serves as a hunting-box for the emperor. Popu- lation (1890), 7,5U7. Neuchatel, formerly Neilfchatel (ne-sha-tel'), G. Neuenburg (noi'en-bbra). ['Newcastle.'] 1. A canton of Switzerland. It is bounded by Bern on the northeast, France on the northwest, Vaud on the south, and the Lake of Xeuchatel (separating it from Fribourg and Vaud) on the southeast, and is traversed by the Jura. It is noted for the manufacture of watches, lace, etc. It has 5 members in the National Council. The pre- vailing language is French : the prevailing religion Pi-otes- Umt. Neuchatel was ceded to Prussia in 1713 ; was given to Berthier as a principality in 1S06 ; became in 1S15 a can- ton of the .Swiss Confederation, and a principality under the suzerainty of Prussia; and revolted from Prussia in 1*4S. The King of Prussia renounced his rights in 1857. Area, 312 square miles. Population (iSSS), 108,153. 2. The capital of the canton of Neuchatel, sit- uated on the Lake of Neuchatel in lat. 46° 59' N., long. 6° 55' E. It has a flourishing trade. Its abbey church (Temple du Haut) was founded in the 12th century. It has a castle, a college (with valuable collec- tions), a picture-gallerj', and various charitable institu- tions. Population (1894), ir,.S49. Neuchatel, Lake of. [F. Lac de Xeuchdtel, G. Xeuenburgersce.l A lake in western Switzer- land, bordering on the cantons of Neuchatel, Bern, Fribourg, and Vaud : the Roman Lacus Eburodunensis. It receives the Orbe, and has its out- let by the Thiele (Zihl) into the Aare (and Khine). Height above seadevel, 1,427 feet. Length, 25 miles. Greatest breadth, G miles. Keudek (noi'dek). A town in north-western Bo- hemia, 24 miles northeast of Eger. Population (1890), commune, 3,574. Neuenahr (noi'en-ar). A watering-place in the Rhine Province, Prussia, situated on the Ahr near the Rhine. Neuendorf (noi'en-dorf), Adolf. Born at Ham- burg, June 13, 1843: died at New York, May 12, 1898. A German-American composer. Neufchateau (ne-slia-td'). A town in the de- partment of Vosges, France, at the junction of the Mouzon and Mouse, 25 miles southwest of Nancy. Population (1891), 4,048. Neufchatel. See yeuchdtel. Neufchatel-en-Bray (ne-sha-tel'on-bra'). A town in the department of Seine-Inferiem-e, France, situated on the B^thune 25 miles northeast of Rouen. It is famous for its cheese. Population (1891), commune, 4.006. Neuhaldensleben (noi-hal' dens-la-ben). A town in the province of Saxony, Prussia, situ- ated oj the Ohre 14 miles northwest of Magde- burg. Population (1890), 8,657. Neuhaus (noi'hous). A town of Bohemia, 69 miles south-southeast of Prague. Population (1890), 8,502. Keuhausel (noi'hoi-zel), Hung. Ersekujvar (ar shek-oy'var). A town in the county of Neutra, Hungary, situated on the Neutra 51 miles northwest of Budapest: formerlv a for- tress. Population (1890). 11.299. Neuhof (noi'hof ), Baron Theodor von. Born at Metz about 1686: died at London, Dee. 11, 17.56. A German adventurer. He aided the Corsi- cans in 1735-36 with money and weapons obtained from the Porte and the Bey of Tunis ; was crowned king of Corsica (as Theodore 1. 1 in 1736 ; and was driven out by the Genoese in 1738. An attempt to reestablish his power in 1743 failed. 730 Neuilly-SUr-Marne (ne-ye'siir-mam'). A vil- lage in the department of Seine-et-Oise, France, situated on the Mame 6 miles east of the for- tilicatious of Paris. Population (1891), eom- niime, 6,374. Neuilly-Sur-Seine (-san). A -western suburb of Paris, situated immediately beyond the forti- fications and east of the Seine. It was a fa- vorite i-esidence of the Orleans family. Popu- lation (1891), 29,444. Neukomni(noi'kom),Sigismund. Bom at Salz- burg, Austria, July 10, 1778 : died at Paris, April 3, 1858. An Austrian composer. He was a pupil of Michael and Joseph Haydn, and almost an adopt- ed son of the latter. After the death of Haydn he went to Paris, and became one of a brilliant set of musicians there. He was intimate with TallejTand, and accompanied him later to the Congress of Vienna. In 1816 he went to South America, and was maitre de chapelle to Dom Pedro at Kio de Janeiro till 1S21. w-hen he returned with Dom Pedro to Europe and rejoined Talleyrand. He went to Eng- land in 1S"29, and lived partly there and partly in France until his death. He is said to have left over 1,000 compo- sitions, mostly church music. Neum. See Comanche. Neumann (noi'man), Karl Friedrich. Born at Keiehmanusdorf, near Bamlierg, Bavaria, Dec. 28, 179S: died at Berlin, March 17, 1870. A German Orientalist and historian, of Hebrew descent. He traveled in the Orient and in China, and made an extensive collection of Chinese books (now at Munich). From 1833 to lso2 he was professor at Munich. He translated from .Armenian and Chinese, and published a history of the British empire in Asia (1857), of the United States (1863-66), etc. Neumark (noi'miirk). [G., 'new boundary.'] A district east of the Oder, extending south below the Warthe, and mostly included in the province of Brandenburg, Prussia. It was ac- quired by Brandenburg about 1450. Neumarkt(noi'markt). [G.,' new market.'] A town in the Upper Palatinate, Bavaria, situated on the Sulz 21 miles southeast of Nuremberg. Population (1890), 5,703. Neumarkt. A town in the province of Silesia, Pinissia, 19 miles west of Breslau. Population (1890). 5.860. Neu-Mecklenburg. See Xeic Ireland. Neumiinster (noi'miin-ster). [G., 'new min- ster.'] A town in the province of Sehles-wig- Holstein, Prussia, on the Sehwale 36 miles north of Hamburg. It has cloth manufactures. Pop- ulation (1890), 13,195. Neunkirchen (noin'kirch-en), or Neuenkirch- en (noi'en-kireh-en). [G., ' new ehiu'ch.'] A manufacturing town in Lower Austria, 36 miles south-south-west of Vienna. Population (1890), 8,795. Neunkirchen. A manufacturing town in the Rhine Province, Prussia, situated on the Blies 40 miles southeast of Treves. Population (1890), 19,090. Neu-Pommem. See Nete Britain. Neureuther (noi'roi-ter), Eugen Napoleon. Born at Munich, Jan. 15, 1806: died at Munich, March 23, 1882. AGennan historical painter and illustrator. He assisted in the decorations of the Gl>-pto- thek and the Konigsbau, but is specially noted as an il- lustrator of German ballads, legends, and romances, par- ticularly those of Goethe. NeuTOde (noi'ro-de). A town in the pro-vince of Silesia, Prussia, 43 miles south-west of Bres- lau. Population (1890), 5,860. NeuTuppin (noi-rbp-pen'). A townin the prov- ince of Brandenburg, Prussia, situated on a small lake 38 miles northwest of Berlin. It was the birthplace of Schinkel. Population (1890), 14,584. Neusalz (noi'zalts). A town in the province of Silesia, Prussia, situated on the Oder 75 miles northwest of Breslau. Population (1890), 9,073. Neu-Sandec (noi-siin'dets). AtowninGalicia. Austria-Hungary, situated on the Dunajee 45 miles southeast of Cracow. Population (1890), 8,744. Neusatz (noi'zats). Hung. Uj-vid6k (by've- dak). A royal free city in the count}' of Bacs- Bodrog, Hungary, situated on the Danube op- posite Peterwardein. it is a commercial and literary center. In 1S49 it was taken by the -Austrians under Jel- lachich, and nearly destroyed. Population (18'.»0), 24,717. Neuse (nus). A river of North Carolina -n-hich flows to Pamlico Sound by a broad estuary 30 miles east of New Berne. Length, about 300 miles ; navigable about 100 miles. Neusiedlersee (noi'zed-ler-za), Hung. Ferto (fer-te' ). A lake in western Hungary, between the counties of Odenburg and Wieselburg, 30 miles southeast of Vienna. It communicates with the Raab by the swamp Hansiig. Its depth has vaiied from time to time : it was dry in 1865, and h.as recently Neuve-ville ' f been disappearing. It has been proposed to drain it by a canal. Lengtli, 19 miles. Neusohl (noi'zol), Hung. Besztercze-Banya (lies' tort -se ban'yo). A free to-wn, capital of the county of Sohl, Hungary, situated at the junction of the Gran and Bistritz, 86 miles north of Budapest. The chief occupations are mining and metal-working. Population (1890), 7,485. Neuss (nois). A town in the Rhine Pro-vince, Prussia, situated near the Rhine 4 miles west- southwest of Diisseldorf: the ancient Novesium. It is noted for its grain-market, its manufactures of meal and oil, and its church of .St. t)uirinus. It was unsuccess- fully besieged by Charles the Bold of Burgundy in 1474- 14,0. and w.as taken by Alexander Famese in 1586. Popu. lation (l.->90), 2-2,635. Neustadt (noi'stat). [G., 'new city.'] 1. A town in the Black Forest, Baden, 18 miles east by south of Freiburg. Population (1890), 2,591, — 2. A town in middle Franconia, Bavaria, on the Aisch 23 miles west-northwest of Nurem-4 berg. Population (1890), 3,748.— 3. A suburb of Leipsic. Saxony, lying to the northeast. Pop Illation (1885), 7,656. — 4. A suburb of Magde biu'g, Saxony, Prussia, hing directly north.- 5. A seaport in the pro-vince of Schles-wig-Hol-l stein, Prussia, situated on the Baltic 18 mileg north-northeast of Liibeck. Population (1890), 3.789. — 6. Atowninthe province of West Prua-^ sia. Pnissia, 24 miles northwest of Dantzio) Population (1890), 6,.598. Neustadt, Pol. Prudnik (prod'nik). A to-wn in the province of Silesia, Prussia, situated on the Prudnik 59 miles south-southeast of Bres- lau. It was the scene of engagements between the Pma- sians and .\ustrians in 1745, 1760, and 1779. Population (IS'JOl, 17.677. Neustadt, Wiener-. See Wiener-yeu.Hladt. Neustadt-Ebers-walde (-ii' bers - viil-de). See KbersudJdc. Neustadt-on-the-Hardt (-hart'). Atowninthe Rhine Palatinate, Bavaria, 14 miles west of Spires. It has some manufactures and an important trade in wine. I'opulation (1890), 15,016. Neustadt-on-the-Orla (-or'la). A to-wn in the grand diichy of Saxe-Weimar, Germany, situ- ated on the "Orla 26 miles southeast of Weimar. Population (1890), 5,49L Neustettin (noi-stet-ten'). A town in the prov- ince of Pomerania, Prussia, 90 miles east-north- east of Stettin. Population (1890), 8,695. Neustrelitz (noi-stra'lits). The capital of the grand duchy of Jlecklenburg-Strelitz, Germany, 59 miles north by west of Berlin. Near it'is . Altstrelitz, the "fonner capital. Population (1890), 9,481. Neustria (nus'tri-a). 1. In the times of the Merovingians and Carolingians (6th-9th cen- turies), the western kingdom of the Franks, as opposed to Austrasia, the eastern kingdom, it extended from the mouth of the Schelde to the Loire : later it was restrictt'ii to the region between the Seine and the Loire. The inhabitants were mainly Romanic. It developed after the treaty of Verdun (S43) into the kingdom of France. 2. The western di-vision of the Carolingian kingdom of Italy, corresponding to the later Lombardy. Neuter (liu'ter). A tribe of North American Indians, called by the early French -writers J rti- uendaronlc (corrupted from an Iroquois term meaning ' the stammerers'). They were called the Neuter Nation because they held aloof from the w-ars of the Hurons and Algonquins against the Iroquois. They were first met with in 1626, when they were on Lake On- tario. In 1647 they were conquered by the Senecas, with whom they afterward lived. See Iroquoian. Neutitschein (noi-tit'shin). A town in Mora- via, Austria-Hungary, situated on the Titsch 72 miles east-northeast of Brunn. Population (1890), commune, 11,562. Neutra (noi'trii). Hung. Nyitra (nye'tro). The capital of the county of Neutra, Hungary, sit- uated on the Neutra 71 miles northwest of Buda- pest. It has a cathedral. Population (1890), 13,538. Neutral Ground. 1. During the Revolutionary War, that part of New York (in Westchester County) which lay between the British lines (at Ne-w York city and elsewhere) on the south and the American lines on the north. The scene of Cooper's novel "The Spy"islaidhere. — 2. A small tract of ground near Gibraltar, lying be- tween the English and the Spanish lines. Neu-Ulm (noi'olm'). A town in the govern- ment district of Swabia and Neuburg, Bavaria, situated on the Danube opposite Ulm. Popu- lation (1890), 7,921. Neuveville (nev-vel'), G. Neuenstadt (noi'en- stjit). A town in the canton of Bern, Switzer- land, situated on the Lake of Bienne. Popu- lation (1888), 2,181. Neuville 781 Neuville(ne-vel'),Alphonse Marie de. Born "She Stoops to Conquer." at St.-Omer, France, Mav 31, ls:W: di.'.l at Pa- Hastings. ris, May 19. 1885. A Frenoli battle-painter. Neville, George. Born about 1433 : died June He was a pupil of Picot. Uis best-kiioH-u works are ■-■-■• — scenes in the Franco-(ierinan war of laTO-Tl : " Lust Car- tridges (1873), " Defence of I.e Bourget " ^1S79), In tlie Trenehes," 'Allien, • Panorama of tlie Baltle of Cluunpi- guy ■■ witli Uetaille (tSsl), ete. Neuwied (noi'ved). A town in tlie Kliine Prov- ince, Prussia, situated on the Rhine 7 miles Newburyport She is in love with New Beme (bern), or Newbem. A city and seaport, capital of Craven County, North Caro- lina, situated at the junction of the Trent and Neuse, in lat. 35° 6' 5s'.. long. 77° 2' E. It has a large coasting tradt in vegetal)leBand naval stores. !i wa£ the capital of Nortli Carolina in the 18lh century. Here. Marcli 14, lsti2, the federals under Bumside defeated the {'onfefleratcs. Tile Confederate l'l^8 wjis 578. Population d'JdO), 9,090. .S, ]47t>. An English archbishop, younger brother of the E.irl of Warwick. He became archbishop of Vciik ii] 14* dieil at Kpw northwest ot C.d.l.nz. It was the capit.i of the jj ^^ (nev'in). John WilUamson. Born in ^^'"'^s'"' '^"""•- ^^''- — i"- • ^'^d at JNew now mediatized countsliip of W led. and IS noted tor lU p ,.,■ p,,,,,,.,- P., Keli 'Ml lhU3-diedat schools and its L-5t:.h1isliiuents of the Moravian Brethren, riankiiu L0UUt\, I .1., t c U. _u, lOUJ . lutu dl Lancaster, Pa., June 6, 1880. An American cler- gyman of the German Koforined Church, presi- dent of Marshall College 1841-53, and of Frank- lin and Marshall College 1SC(>-7C. He was the founder of the " Mercersburg Theology." Among his works Population (ISiiii), 11,002. Neuwied, Maximilian Alexander Philipp, Prince of. Born at Neuwied, Sept. 23, 17s2: died there, Feb. 3, 1867. A Prussian traveler and naturalist. He attained the rank of major-general In the Pnissian army, but after ISlo devoted his time maiuly to scientitlc pursuits. He traveled in Bray.il 1815- Haven, Conn., Dee. 7, 1892. An American ge- ologist. He was secretary of the western department of the United States Sanitary Commission in the Civil War; was prof essor of geology at the school of mines, Columbia College. 18G*>-92 ; and was appointed .State geologist of Oliio ISOO. He published numerous Ijooks and papers relating to geology, paleontology, botany, and zoology. I ienius of the Heidelberg Catechism " (1847), etc. mailllv to scleniinc purauiis. iie ii.iveieii in i>ni/.ii 1013- »t - / /• \ * • i i *• *i i „ A«*:n^.. Sl7Vand in the western part of North America in 1833. His NCVlS (nev'ls) All island ot the Lesser Antilles {mbiications include "Reise nach Brasilien " (1820), "Bei rage zur Xaturgeschicht« lirasiliens" (1824-33), "Reise durch Sord-.-lmeiika" (1838-13), etc. His collection of Mammalia is now in the American Museum of JJatural History, ,New York. Neva (ne'va; Russ. pron. ne-vii'). A river of northern Russia. It issues from Lake Ladoga, flows NeviS, Ben. See Ben Xm>is, 'The Mystical Presence" (1810), "The History and Newberyjnu ber-l), John. Bom 1(13: died Dec. 22. 1 1()7. An English publislier, the friend of Dr. Johnson, Goldsmith, and Smollett. He settled in London in 1744, and was the first publisher of small storv-books for children. In 1758 he started the " Universal Chronicle or Weekly Gazette," in which the " Idler " appeared. The " Public Ledger " was commenced in 1700. New Brighton (bri'ton). A \-illage in Richmond Count V, New York, situated on the northern side British West Indies, situated in lat. 17° 18' N long. 62° 37' W. Capital, Charlestown. The sur- face is mountainous. Sugar is exported. The island forms part of the government of St. Christopher. It was colon- ized by the English in 1628. Area, 50 square miles. I'op- ulatioh nsai), 13,087 past St. Peterebnrg, and empties near it Ijy several mouths Nevome (na-v6 niS) Into the Gulf of Finland. It receives the drainage of Lakes -• ■ ■ • - ■ Onega, Ilmen, etc. Length, 40 miles; navigable except in winter. The Neva and Volga systems are connected by the Ladoga Canal. Nevada i ue-va'dii). [Named from the Sierra Nevada range in the western part of the State, An agricultural tril>e of of Stati jf -New York citv. Island, now ;i part North American Indians, in "south central Me.x- Population 1 IS'.iO), 10,424, ico. Its subdivisions or viUages are Aivino, Basiroas, NoW Brighton. A borough in BeaverjCounty. Pennsylvania, situated on the Beaver River 25 miles northwestof Pittsburg. Population (1900), 0.S20. which range is named from the Sierra Nevada, Nevskii Prospekt (nef 'skiy pros-pekt') 'Snowy Range,' of Spain.] One of the Western finest and most important street in St. Peters- States'of the United States of America, extend- burg, noted for its fine buildings. Length, ing from lat, 35° to 42° N., and from long. 114° about 3i miles. to 120° W. Capital, Carson City. It is bounded by New Albany (al'ba-ui). A city, capital of Floyd Oregon and Idaho on the north, Utah and Arizona on the Countv, Indiana, situated on the Ohio, 2 miles east,andCalifoiniaonthewe8tandsouthwest. Thesurface from jts falls, nearly oiiposite Louisville. Ithas Uaplateautraversedljymountain-ranges.tornungmgreat fl„uj,isiiing manufaotuies and trade. Its glass-works are part an interior basin, without outlet to the sea. The.State thelarg.-st in the United states. Pop. (19001, 20,028. U rich in mineral wealth: the chief occupation is mining, tij-.— Alvjnn c.il'himil ~ and the chief proilucts sUver and gold. It has 14 counties, •",? ^^ AlDlon^(.u jJi on; sends 2 seuat<)i-s and 1 representative to Congress, and has Coiuuripa, liios, Huvagnere, ilovas, Nuri.Onaba, Sibubapa, Sisibotari, Tecoripa, Teliata, and Teluiizo. Number esti- mated at 8,000. Also called Sebome and Lower fima or (^\).) Pima liaja. t^er Piman. __ t% .^ . /-t -^z- -l -^y \ i* ti'— — - - -- ^ •■•■ The New Britain (brit'an or bnt'n). native Birara (be-rii'rii). 1. An island of the Bismarck Archi- pelago, in the Pacific Ocean, situated 55 miles 8 electoral votes. Part of the territory was ceded by Mexico in 1818; the first settlements were made in 1S48 and IS.SO; silver was discovered in 18.^i0 ; Nevada Territory was or- franizcd in 1^61; and the State was admitted to the Union n 1864. Area, 110,700 square miles. Population (lUOo). 42,335. Nevada, or Nevada City. The cai)ital of Ne- vada County. California, 55 miles north-north- east of Sacramento. It exports gold. Popula- tion (190(1 1, 3.250. Nevada, Emma. See Wixom. Nevada Fall. A cataract in the Merced River, Yosemite Vallov, California, Height, about 600 feet. Nevers (ne-vSr'). The capital of the depart- ment of Ni6vre, France, situated at the ,iunc- tion of the Nifevre with the Loire, in lat. 47° N east of New Guinea: called by the Germans since 1885 Neu-Pommern. The inhabitants are Papuans. It was made a German possession in 18):Ji. Length, about 340 miles. — 2. A name sometimes given to the group of islands called (since 1885) Bismarck Aj'chipelago. The name given by New Britain. Acity in Hartford County, Con- ' ' '' " necticut, "J miles southwest of Hartford. Ithas mauufacturesof builders' hardware, etc. Popu- ward, ^ latiou (I'JOO), 25,998. NewAlmaden(iil-m!i-den'). A village in Santa NewBrunswick(bruuz'wik). A maritime prov- Clara County, California, 57 miles southeast of i„ce of the Dominion ot Canada. Capital, Fred I irake to the Pacific coast now included innorth- eru (.'alifornia, Oregon, and the region north- San Francisco, long noted for its quicksilver- iiiine. New Amsterdam. See Amsterdam, New. New Andalusia. See Nuera AndaUicia. New Archangel. See .sVMvf. Newark, or Newark-upon-Trent (nii'lirk-u- pon-trent'). A town in Noltiughamahire, Eng- land, situated on the Devon, near the Trent, 17 miles northeast of Nottingham, it has manu- factures of malt. Its noted buildings are the parish church and a ruined castle. King John dicil at Newark in 1210. It was besieged three times in the Civil War, and finally „ ,, . , surrendered to the Scots in 1646. Population (1891X 14,4.'j7. long. 3° 9' E.: the Roman No-inodunum. ithas Newark. The capital of Essex Countv, New important trade, and manufactures of faience, iiorcelain, t„,.„„„ aitinted nn the Pns«nie 4 miles from etc,andwasformerlynotedforitscannon.fouudries. The •' «' se.V, Situated on tlie rassaic, 4 miies Iiom Newark Bay and 9 miles west of Now lork, in lat. 40° 45' "N., long, 74° 10' W. It is the largest etc., and was formerly cathedral has an apse at each end, that on the west opei ing on a spaciou-s lltli-centm-y transept. The triforium of the nave is remarkable : it has a trefoilcd arcade, the shafts of which are supported by human figures, with angels in the spandrels. The ducal palace(now palais de justice) is a late-Pointed building begun in 147.'i, flanked by cime- roofed towers, and having square mnllioued windows and high roof with dormers. The interesting museum of ex ericton ; largest city, St. .John. It is boundeil by Quebec andchaliur Bm> en tlie Ih, the Gulf of St. Law- rence and KortliuiiilH? l:iiid strait on the east. Nova Scotia on the southeast, the U;iy of Iiuidyon the south, and Que- bec and the Stale of Maiiic on the west. Tile snrtnce is un- dulating and hilly (particularly hilly in the northwest and north). The chief rivers are the St. John. Miramichi, and Restigouche. The province has deposits of coal, iron, and otlier minerals. Its leading industries are fisheries and lumbering. It has 15 counties. Government is admin- istered by a lieutenant-governor, an advisory council, and a legislative assembly (of 40 members); and it is rejire* sented in the Dominion Parliament by 10 senators and 14 meinbei-8 of the House of Commons. It was settled by the French in 1(>04 ; formed part of Acadia ; was ceded to the British in 1713 and 1703 ; was colonized by Scottish settlers in 1764 and by Tories from the thiited states in 17SS; was separated from Nova Scotia in 1784 ; and formed one of the original provinces of the Dominion in 1867. Area. 2H,)0<) square miles. Population (19011, :l.ll. 120. city ill the State, and an important railway center and port jf ew BrunSWick. A citv, capital of Middlesex of foreign and coasting trade. It has manufactures of Jewelry, saddlery, haUs. beer, thread, carriages, leather, rub- l)er, flour, etc. It was settled by Puritan colonists from C.innecticut in lOflC, and sutfered ill the Revolutionary War. It became a city in ],S30. Population (1900), 246,070. cellent local majolica is in the palace. Nevers was a town jfewark. A city, capital of Licking Countv of the .asdui; plaved an import,ant tiart in ( ojsars cam- ""v"* .*. . j -^ .i r • i ■ •>, ■, , „„A paigns; and was made a Roman military station. It was Ohio, situated on the Licking 31 miles east- the capital of the old Niveniais. pi>pulation (ISOIX com- northeast of Columbus. Population (1900), mune, 26,4:16. IS, 157. Nevers, County of. A medieval county and Newark, Lord. See Leslie, Dariil. later duchy in France, in Nivernais, near the New Atalantis, The. A work by Mrs. Manley, city of Nevers. It was purchased by Mazarin published in 1709. in 1659, and granted to the Mancini family. Neversmk. See Xuvisink. Neveu de Rameau (ne.v6' d6 ra-mo'), Le. [1\, 'The Nejihew of Rameau.'] A work by Diderot, written about 1760, liut not published till much later. It was translated into (iennan by Goethe in 1805 ; and in 18110 Jules Janin wrote a secjuel In which he explains the somewhat enigmatical hero, a bril- liant Bohemian hanger-on. Mrs. Mauley's most prominent work was the ".Secret County, New Jersey, situated at the head of navigation of the Raritan, 28 miles southwest of New York. It has various manufactures, and is the scat of Rutgers College (which see) and of a Dutch Re- formed theological seminary. Population (1900), 20,006. Newburg, or Newburgh (nii'berg). A city in Orange (.^uiiity, .New York, situated on the west bank of the Hudson, 55 miles north of New York, It has manufactures and river trade, being a shijiping port for coal. It w.a.s the headquarter* of Wasbinu'ton dnrini; part of the Revolutionary War. The .American army ilisbanded hero in 17ti3. Population (19001, 24.94;l. The strangest of all Diderot's attempts in prose fiction — it it is to 1)0 called a fiction and not a dramatic study — is the 8i>called 'Neveu de Kalneau, " in which, in the guise ^g^ Bath GuidO of a dialogue between himself ami a haugir-on of s.icicly (or rather a morudogneof tlie latter), the lollies ami vices, not merely of the time, but of human nature Itself, are e-xjiosed with a masterly haml, ami in a manner wonder- fuilv original ami piquant. Siiiiilflnirii. French Lit., p. 422. Nevianskii- ( "i- Neivinskii- ) Zavod f nev-yii n '- skiy-zii-.voil'). A town in tlie government of Perm, Russia, situated in the Ural Mountains, on the Neivn, 45 miles iiorlli of Yekaterinburg. Il is the center of :iii iron mid gohl region. Neville (nev'il), Constance, one of \\\i- prin- cipal female characters in Goldsmith's comedy Memoirs andManners of Several Personsof Quality' of both Newburg AddreSSOS. Two anoinTUOUS letters Id Ihe .XiMcruMii tinny, written from Newburg. New York, liy .lohn .Armstrong in 178,3, setting forth the grievances of the soldiers, chief among which was the arrears of ]iay. Newburn (un'bern). A place near Newcasfle- on-Tyiie, England, Here, August 28, 1640, the Scots defeated the English. Newbury (iiu'bur-i). \ ti>wiiin Berkshire, Eng- land, sitnaled on the Keiinet 55 miles west of London, Two battles were fought here during the civil war: on Sept. '20, ltV4;i. an Indecisive cimtest between the Royalists under Charles 1. and the Parliamciitarians under the Karl of Kssex ; and on (let. '27. 1644, a vicl.iry of the ParliainiTilarlaiis under Mam besler and Waller over the Uoyallsls uii.ler Charles I. Population (1891), 11.004, Newburyport (nu"bur-i-port'), A seaport, one of the ciipitals of Essex County, Massncliusetts, situale4, but has since greatly declined. II was sepanited from Darluiuiitli In 1787, and became a city In 1847, Population (lU(IO), 62,442. New Calabar New Calabar (kal-a-bar', more correctly ka-la- bar'). A town ou an island in the Bight of Biafra, West Africa, east of the mouth of the Niger. New Caledonia (kal-e-do'ni-a), F. Nouvelle Caledonie (nii-ver kii-la-do-ne'). An islauil in the Pacific Ocean, east of Australia, intersected by lat. 21° S., long. 165° E. : a French colonial possession. Capital, Noumea. The surface is moun. tninous. The island was discovered by Cook in 1774, and was taken possession of by the Frencli in 1853, and njade a penal colony. Lenjrth, about 240 miles. Area, t:,S)iO square miles. Population (1SS9), 62,752 (natives, convicts, and ctdonists. etc.). Dependencies are the Isle of Tines. Loyalty .\rchipelago, Huou Islands, Chesterfield Islands, and W'allis Archipelago. New Caledonia. A name given to the Scottish Darien Colony, formed in 1698. See Darien, Colon ji of, and PtiUrsoii, WWiam. New Castile (in Spain). See Castile. New Castile (kas-tel'), Sp. Castilla Nueva (kiis-tel'ya no-a'va). The official name given in 1.^29 to that portion of Peru which was gi'anted to Pizarro for conquest and government. By the terms of the prnnt it extended from the river Santiafro (probably the Mira) southward for 200 leagues. The name was soon supplanted by Peru. Later (15^8-45) the name New Castile was applied to a province immediately north of Peru, corresponding to what is now the southwestern coast region of Colombia, and sometimes including apart of the Isthmus of Darien. See Ca$tiUa del Oro. Newcastle, or Newcastle-upon-Tjme (nu'kas- 1-u-pon-tm'). A city and seaport, the chief t0T\Ti of Northumberland, England, and a county in itself, situated on the T\-ne, near its mouth, in lat. 54° 59' N.. long. 1°"37' W. : the Roman Pons ^-Elii. it is the largest coal-market in the world, and exports also coke, lead, manufactured goods, etc. : is the termiims of various steamer lines ; builds iron and steel ships ; and has manufactures of machinery, engines, ordnance, chemicals, glass, hardware, etc. The Tyne is crossed here by the High-level Bridge and other bridges. The Church of St. Nicholas is now the cathedral. The >"orinan castle, built in lOSO and rebuilt by Henry II., was long a noted stronghold. It was a Roman a'nd Sa.\on town ; was taken by the Scots in 1&40 and 1644 ; and long held an impoitani place in border warfare. Population (1901), ■214,so:f, New Castle. The capital of Lawrence County, Pennsylvania, situated on the Shenango 45 miles north-northwest of Pittsburg. It is a manufacturing and mining town. Population (1900), 28,339. Newcastle. A seaport in New South Wales, Australia, situated on the coast, at the mouth of the Hunter. 75 miles north-northeast of Syd- ney. It exports coal.. Population (1891), 12,914. Newcastle, Dukes of. See Carcndish, inninm : rclliiiiii, Tliumii.i : and Pclltam-Clinton, Henry Ptllxnn. Newcastle-under-Lyme(-lim')or-Lyne(-lin'). A town in Staffordshu'e, England, 41 miles southeast of Liverpool. It has manufactiu'es of hats, etc. Population (1890), 18,4.52. New-Chwang (nu-chwang'), or Niu-cbuang (nii-chwaug'). A treaty port in the province of Shingking, Manchuria, Chinese empire, situated on a branch of the river Liau 75 miles south- west of Mukden. Its port is Yingtsze. Popu- lation, estimated, 60,000. New College, or College of St. Mary Winton. A college of Oxford University, founded by William of Wykeham, bishop of Winchester, iii 1379. The buildings were begun in 1380. iluch of the quaint and picturesque buildings dates from the time of the foundati.,.n. The chapel is among the earliest of the complete buildings in the Perpendicular style. Newcomb (nu'kom), Simon. Born at Wallace, Nova Scotia, March 12, 1835. A noted Ameri- can astronomer, and writer on political econ- omy. He became professor of mathematics in the United States nai-y in 1861, being assigned to duty at the naval observatory at Washington, District of Columbia: and 1884-93 also held a professorship of mathematics and astronomy in Johns Hopkins l"niver«itv. Among his works are "Popular Astn.noiny " (1S7T) and "Principles of Political Economy " (Issi;). Retired fiom the navy 1897. Newcome (nu'kom). William. Bom at Abing- don, Berkshire, April 10, 1729 : died at Dublin, Jan. 11, 1800. A British archbishop, noted as a biblical scholar. He wrote a '•Harmony of the Gospels" (1778), etc. Newcomen (nii-kom'en), Thomas. Born 1663: died Aug., 1729. An English inventor. With CawleyandSaveryhe invented the atmospheric steam-engine, patented in 1705, Newcomes ( nu'kumz). The, A novel by Tliack- eray, published in 1855. The character of Colonel Newcome is one of touching simplicity. Thcold colonelis ruined by speculation, and in his ruin is brought to accept the alms of the brotherhood of the tirey Friars. . . . The ffescription is perhaps as fine as any- thing that Thackeray ever did. The i-'entleman is still tlie gentleman, with all the priile of gentry ; hut not the less is he the humble bedesman, aware that he is living upon 732 charity, not made to grovel by any sense of shame, hut knowing that, though his norntal pride may be left to him, an outward demeanour of himiility is befitting. And then he dies. " At the usual evening hour the ch:i]iel bell began to toll, and Thomas Kewcome's hamls outside the bed feebly beat time — and just as the last bell struck, a peculiar sweet smile shone over bis face, and he lifted up hisheatl alittle.andtiuicklysaid, 'Adsum' — and fell back. It was the word we used at school when names were called; and, lo, he whose heart was as that of a little child had answered to his name, and stood in the presence of The Master! " Trolkipe, Thackeray. Newdigate (nu'di-gat). Sir Roger. Born at Arbury. Warwickshire, England, May 30, 1719: died there. Nov. 23, 1803. An English scholar, the founder of the annual Newdigate prize (for English verse) at Oxford. He was member of Parliament for Middlesex (1751-80). Newell (nu'el). Robert Henry: pseudonym Orpheus C. Kerr. Born at New York, Dec. 13, lS3(j: ili"d at Brooklyn in July. 1901. An American journalist and humorist. He wrote "The Orpheus C. Kerr Papers" (1SC2-68), "There was once a man " (1884), etc. New England (iug'gland). Aname given col- lectively to the northeastern section of the United States, comprising the States of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Con- necticut, and Rhode Island. It formed part of " North Virginia," granted to the Plymouth Company by James I. in 16(^. The name was given to it by Captain John Smith. New England Confederation. The union ef- fected by the colonies of Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven in 1643, suggested by the need of a common defense against the Dutch and the Indians. It was dis- continued in 1684. New England Primer. A small elementary book of instruction, containing various verses, the Westminster Shorter Catechism, etc. (2d ed. at Boston about 1691). New Forest (f or'est ) . A royal forest in the south- western part of Hampshire. England. The tract was forcibly afforested by William the Conqueror, and used as a hunting demesne. It still contains about 144 square miles, in part belongintr to the ci-own. It was the scene of the death of \Mlli;im IL Newfoundland (oftenest m)- found 'land; on the island itself generally nu-fund-larid'; also nu' fund -land), [Orig. Xcw-foii»d land ; NL. Terra Xorei, F. Tcrre Xeure, new land.] An island forming a British colonial possession, situated east of British North America. Capital, St. John's. It is bounded on the north by the Strait of Belle Isle (separating it from Labrador), on the east and south by the Atlantic, and on the west by the Gulf of St. Lawrence. It contains the peninsulas of Avalon in the southeast and Petit Nord in the north. The coast isgreatly indented, thesurfaceisgenerally hilly, and there .are many lakes. The chief occupation is the fisheries : the island has thelargestcod-fisheries in the world, and has also seal, her- ring-, salmon-, and lobster-fisheries. It contains productive copper-mines. It forms with eastern Labrador (Depart- ment of Labrador) a crown colony, the government being vested in a governor, executive council, legislative council, and house of assembly. It was discovered by John Cabot in 1497; the cod-fishery commenced in the beginning of the 16th centmy ; and the first important settlement was made by the English under Calvert in 1621. There were feuds between English and French fishermen, and by the treaty of 1713 Newfoundland was confirmed to England. Repre- sentative government was granted in 1S;J2, and the pres- ent form of government was established in 1855. The French rights on the coast, granted in 1713 and 17S3. have been a frequent subject of dispute. Area, 42,200 square miles. Population (1901), 217,037. New France (frans). The regioninNorth Amer- ica claimed and in part settled by France. By 1650 it included the basins of the St. Lawrence and of the Great Lakes, with Labrador and the present Nova Scotia and New Brunswick and part of Maine. Contests with England arose, and four wars ensued — King William's, Queen Anne's, King George's, and the French and Indian. Quebec and Montreal were the chief settlements. By 1750 New France, with Louisiana added, comprised the St. Law- rence and Great L:ikes Vtasins. with the Mississippi basin, though settlements were confined to a few points on the lakes and rivers. Acadia (which see) had been ceded to England in 1713. The result of the treaty of 1763 was the cession of all the region east of the Mississippi to England, and that west of the Mississippi to Spain. New Galicia. See ynera Gaticia. Newgate (nxi' sat). The westera gate of London wall bv which the WatUng street left the city. It was at "first called Westgate, but later Chancellor's gate. In the reign of Henry I. Chancellor's gate wtis rebuilt and called Newgate. At about the same time the county of Middlese.\ was given to the citizens of London, and New- gate was used for prisoners from that county. The use of this locality for a prison continues until the present day, although now only a house of detention is located here. Newgate always had an nnsavorj- reputation, and resisted all ctforts at reform. These began as early as the time of Richard Whittington, who left a large sum for its improve- ment. The prison was burned during the Gordon riots in 17S0, and was rebuilt in 1782. Archer; Loftie. Newgate Calendar. A biographical record of the most notorious criminals confined in New- gate. New Hebrides New Georgia (.ior'jiii). The former name for Vancouver Island and the Pacific coast opposite it. New Granada (gra-na'da), Sp. Nueva Grana- da (uci-a'va gi'a-nii'THii). An earlier name of the South American country now called Colom- bia ( which see), it was given by the conqueror Que- sada (1538), in remembi-auce of his native province of Gra- nada : at that time the term included only the highlands about Bogota, Vnder the colonial presidents (1564-17ig) and viceroys (1719-1810) it embraced nearly the present tei^ ritory of Colombia, except from 1710 to 1722, when Quito (the present Ecuador) was annexed to it. The official title- under the viceroys was Nuevo Eeino de Granada (Ne\r Kingdom of Granada). After the revolution New Granads. was retained as a collective name for the pro\inces com- posing the old viceroyalty, though they were merged in the republic of Colombia (including also Venezuela and Quito) from 1819 to 1830. In the latter year Venezuela and Quito separated, and the Eepublic of New Granada was- formed in 18:31. In 1861, on the adoption of a federal con- stitution, the name was chatiged to I'nited States of Co- lombia (mow Republic of Colombia). New Guinea (gin'i), or Papua (pap'6-ii or pa'- po-ii). The largest island in the world, belong- ing to Melanesia, and situated north of Austra- lia (fi-om which it is separated by Torres Strait). It is bounded on the north, east, and s*outh by the Pacific, and on the southwest by Arafura Sea. The' interior has been little explored. There are peninsulas in the north- west and southeast. The mountains (Arfak Hills. Finis- terre. Kratke, etc.) reach in the Charles Louis range the height of about 16,000 feet. The largest river is the Fly. The island is divided between the Dutch in the west (as- far east as long. 141°). the Germans in the northeast, and the British in the south. It was first visited by the Por- tuguese Menezes about 1526, and was chiefly surveyed by the Dutch. The Dutch claim was made in iS4$. in 1884 and 1S.S6 the English and German possessions were defined. British New Guinea, under a governor (the cost of admin- istratii>n being borne by the Australian Commonwealth),, has an area of about fl6,00i> square miles, and a popula. tion of about 49O,0t-H). Kaiser Wilhelm's Land, governed by the German ^few Guinea Company, has an area of 72.000 square miles, and a population of about 110,(J00. Dutch New Guinea, attached to the residency of Ternate in the; Moluccas, with an area of 150,7.55 square miles, has a pop- ulation of about 2(ifi.OOO. Total area, about 313,000 square miles. Total population, about 800,(X»0. New Hampshire (hamp'shir). One of the New- England States of the United States of Amer- ica, extendingfrom lat. 42° 40' to45° 18'N..and from long. 70° 43' to 72° 33' W. Capital, Con- cord; largest city, Manchester. It is bounded by the province of Quebec, Canada, on the north, Maine and the .Atlantic on the east, Massachusettson the south, and Vermont (separated by the Connecticut) and Quebec ott the west. Its surface is mountainous in the north and west, and elsewhere hilly. It contains the White Moun- tains in the north. It is often called '' the Granite State "and "the Switzerland of America." It is largely a manufac- turing State, ranking among the leading States in its chief manufactures — cotton, woolen, and worsted. It has 10 counties, sends 2 senators and 2 representatives to Con- gress, and has 4 electoral votes. It was visited by Pring- in 1603, and by Captain .Tohn Smith in 1014 ; formed pai^ of the territory granted to Mason and Gorges in 1622 : wajl '. settled by the English at Portsmouth and Dover in 1623 ; was united to Massachusetts in 1641; was separated and made a royal province in 1679; was at times again united, and finally separated in 1741 ; was often distm-bed by Indian wars ; and claimed Vermont until 17t>4. It was one of the 13 original States, being the ninth to ratify the Constitu- tion (1788). Area, 9,305 square miles. Population (1900), 411,.588. New Hampshire Grants. A name given to Vermont in its earlier history. New Hanover ihan'o-ver). An island of the Bismarck Archipelago. New Harmony (hiir'mo-ni). A town in Posey Coimty, southwestern Indiana, situated on the Wabash 22 miles northwest of Evansville. See narmiiniats. Population (1900), 1,341. Newha'ven (nu-ha'^-n). A seaport in Sussex, England, situated on the English Channel, at the month of the Ouse, 50 miles south of Lon- don. It is the terminus of a steam-packet line to Dieppe, France, Population (1.891), 4,9.55. New Ha'ven. A Puritan colony in New Eng- land, established in 1638, and united with Con- necticut in 1662. Its government was remarkably theocratic. It comprised a few adjoining towns besides New Haven. NewHa'Ven. A city, capital of New Haven Cotin- ty, Connecticut, situated on New Haven harbor, near Long Island Sound, in lat. 41° 18' N., long. 72°56'W. It is the largest city in the State. It m.anu- factures carriages, Winchester arms, etc., and exports manufactured goods. It is the seat of Yale t'niversity (w-hich see). It was settled by English colonists under Davenport and Eaton in 1638: became a city in 1784; and was the State capital altemately with Hartford from 1701 to 1873. when Hartford was made sole capital. Often called "the Elm Citv" from the number and lieauty of its elms. Population (19001, 108,027. New Hebrides (heb'ri-dez). A group of islands in Melanesia. Pacific Ocean, northeast of New Caledonia and west of the Fiji Islands. They are mostlv of volcanic formation. The largest island is Es- piritu' Santo. The inhabitants belong lo Papuan and Poly- nesian races, and are cannibals. The islands were dl* New Hebrides covered in IWfi, and explored by Cook in 1773. In 1^ they were seized l)y tlic Krencll against Australian protest. p„BUl;i!ion, al)ont 80,000. New Holland (Uol'and). A former name of \ustralia. New Hope Church. A locality m PauUhng Comitv, (jeorgia, 4 miles northeast of Dallas. It was tlie scene of a series of skirmislies May -jr-SS ISiH, between tlie Federals under Sherman and the <'onfeder- atcs under Johnston, the former losing 2,400 men, the lat- Newington (nu'ing-ton). A quarter of Loiuloii, on thi' soutLern side of the Thames near Lam- beth New inn, The, or the Light Heart. A comedy bv Ben .lonson, first played by the Kings Servants in KVJ!), entered on the "Stationers' Beeister " in 1031. and publishedtlie same year. Apart of this play was transferred to "Love's Pilgnm- aee" hv Fletcher and another. New Ireland lir'land), native Tombara (tom- bii'rii). AnislandoftheBismarekAi-chipelafTO, Paci'tif Ocean, 20 miles northeastof New Britain, which it geuerallyresembles: called by the Oer- maus since 1885 Neu-Mecklenburg. Itwas raa watch over them, ami provision was imide f.ir their religious Inst ruction. At the same time wiiue. if the oM audiences were wipiiresse.l an.l others were created. The new laws were vehenieiillv op- posed bv the cidonlsts, who declared that they would lie inilwverisb. .1. The viceroy of .Mexico was f.uv.d t.i sus- pend tliem, but later(15r.l)lliey were ent.ir.'cd by \ elasco, and ir.11,11111 male slaves ahme were freed. In Peru an ntleiunt t.. enforce the l.ws ivsulled In the rebellion of Oonzalo I'izarro (see I'Unrru). They were suspen.led as to that country ill I'll?, and by l.'.oo ha.l become practically New Lebanon (,leb'a-non). A town in Colum- 733 bia County, New York, 22 miles southeast of Albany. It contains the village of Mount Le-haiion, noted for its shaker community, and the village of Lebanon Springs, noicd for hot springs. I'opulation (l-Wi ), l,....c. New Leinster (leu'ster or Im ster). A name formerly given to what is now Stewart island, New Zealand. New Leon. See Suero Leon. New London (Inn'don). A seaport, and one of the capitals of New London County, Connecti- cut, situated on the Thames, 3 miles from Long Island Sound, in lat. 41° 21' N., long. 72° 5 W^ It has considerable commerce, is a summer resort, has fisheries of seal, cod, and mackerel, and was formerly noted fm- its whale-nsheries (next to -^.e"' ''«'''''';)•„" was captured by the British under Benedict Arnold in 1,81. Population (1900), 17,548. .,,-,,, New Madrid (mad'rid). The capital of New JIadri.l C.iunty, Missouri, situated on the Mis- sissippi 46 miles southwest of Cairo, Illinois. The Federals under Pope captured it March 14, 1862. Population (I'JOO), 1,489. Newman (uu'man), Francis William. Born a1 London, Jun("27. 1S05 : ilte.t at VVeston-super- M-ire Oct 4, 1807. An English scholar and mis- cellai'ieous writer, brother of Cardinal Nevvinan. In 1826 he graduated at Oxford (Worcester College), aii.i was inade fellow of Balliol IV'^V^InsT.!!^ classi.'al professor in Manchester NewColleg.-, and 184t>-63 w.af,il.ifo™or of Latin in Iniversity College, London Ue wote ''Ses of Faith,'' ■• History ..t the Hebrew Mon- archy- (1817). "The .Soul" (1849 , -'Regal Rone (1»2), "Tieism' (1858), "Handbook of Modern Arabf (1860), " LibTan vLabulary ■(1882), "'■"""'^'^ P^'t 7","'' " ica"(lSiX)), trauslati.ins from Horace and Homei.ttu Newman, John Henry. Born at London, I- eb. 21,1801: died at Edgbaston, Aug. 11, 1890. An English Roman Catholic prelate. He was the son of John Newman, banker. He took '"^'^'^nw „"f O i,d in (Trinitv CoUcKc) ill 1820, and was elected f cUow ol Ui itl in S'2 where h? was ass.i.;-iate,l with Dr. Pusey. „I" lS33lie pubiishcd"ThoAriansoftheFourthCenturj-., »l;;»y « his smaller poems, including " Lead, Kindly Light » .re written during a Mediterranean voyage in 1832-J3 In 18.i3 he joined the dxfor.i mcfvement, ami "'-o'f "If'^ °' the "Tracts for the Times." For a time he held to the pos- sibility of a middle ground between the llomaii Catholic Chnreh and Protestantism: but in ^^^ ^'^^Tf^^'^'X livin- in the Ai.gluan 1 ■liuich, and on Oct. ". l/HS foi m. y entere,! the Koman Catholic Church In 1849 he es - lished an English branch of the brotherlKKx of ^t- ' '" ' Neri,the "Oratorv." His lectures on "Aii'.;hcan l>ilhLnl- ties" were publishe.l in 1850. His sermons were publislie.l in 184'.1 and 18B7 ; the " Apologia pro vita sua, or a Ui3t"'y, of my Religions Opini.ms " in 1804 ; •■ Grammar of Assent in 1870- "Verses on Various Occasions in 18.4. lie .11.1 not attend the Vati.an Ciuiieil, but he accepted its results. On May 12, 1879, he was nia.le cardinal. ,, , Newmartet(nu-milr'ket). AtowninSuiTolkand Cambridgeshire, England, 55 milesnorth-norlh- east of London. Horse-races have been run aiinu:illy on Newmarket Heath since the reign of James I. 1 he principal races are the Two Thousand Guineas and the Ccsarewitch. Popnl:ition (1891), 0,213 New Mexico (mek'si-ko). A Territory of the United States. Capital, banta 16. It is bounded by Colorado on the north, Oklahoma and Texas on the east Texas and ilexico on the south, and Arizona on the west. The surface is elevated, and is traversed b> mountain-ranges and by the Rio Grande from north to south Mineral wealth is abundant. The chief occupa- tions are the raising of live sto.k ami mining. Ihe ler- rit.iry has 26 counties, an.l sends 1 delegate to Congress. The inhabitants are largely of Mexican descent. There are also Pueblos, uncivilized Indians, etc. It was vis- ited by Nlza in l.'i39, an.l by Coronado aliout 1641. Set- tlements were made bv Spiinisb missionaries in the eii.l of the IDth century. The Spanish were temporarily ex- pelled by the Indians in lOHO. The region was eoiKiut-reil by the Amerieans under Kearny in 1846; ceded hy Mex- ico to the United States in 1848; an.l organized nsa lerri- toryinlSoO. Itwasenlarged by the •'Ondsden Purchase in 18.i3. Area, 122,5S0 Bipiare miles. Population (1900), 196.310. . . T .. 1 c 1 J New Milford (inil'fnr.l). A town in Litchnpld C.iuiily, CoiiiiectiiMit, situated on the Housa- t.inic 32 inilcs northwest of New Haven. Pop- iilal ion (I'JOO), 4,804. New Mills (mil/.). A town in Derbyshire, Eng- land, situated at the .iiinction of the Kinder and Goyt 12 miles southeast of Manchester. Pop- ulation (189]). 6,601. New Model, The. The name given to the 1 ar- liameiitary ariiiv from the lime of Us reorgani- zation in 1045. It was commanded by Sir 1 homas Fairfax, and later by Cromwell. New Munster (mun'sler). A name formerly t;iven to what is now the South Island of New New Netherlands ( neTll 'er-landz) . 'P he eiirly nnine of the colony (later tbo State) of New Yolk. Newnham (nun'am) College. A college in the suburbs of Ciin'ibriilge, Lii«laniana, the largest and chief commercial city of the Gulf States, and the chief seaport of the Missis- sippi valley. It borders on Lake P.mtchartrain on the uoith, and is protected by levees. From its shape it is called "the Crescent Citv. ' It has the largest cotton-mar- ket in the United States, and, besides otton, exports sugar, molasses, corn, flour, tobacco, rice, wheat, pork, etc. The most prominent buildings are the custoin-h.iusc, city hall, ami St. Charles and St. Louis hotels. The inhabitants are lar"ely Creoles and nigroes. N ew Orleans was founded by the" French under Bienville in 1718; passed to Spain in 1763 to France in 1800, and U> the United States in 1803 ; has often been ravaged by yellow fever ; was seized by the Confederates in 1801, and w:is reoccupied by the federals under Butler from May 1, 1802. F~rom 1868 to 1880 it was the State capital. It was the scene of political riots in 1877, and of the Ivnehing of 11 Italians in 1391 sus[iected ol c.implieity in the murder of the chief of police. Popu- lation (I'.iou), 2ST, 104. ... ,,T New Orleans, Battle of. A victory near New Orleans, Jan. 8, 1815, gained by the Americans (about 6,000) under Andrew Jackson over the British (about 12.000) under Pakenham (killed in the battle). The loss of the British was over 2,000; that of the Americans, who were sheltered by breastworka, 8 killed and 13 ivoun.led. New Philippines (fil'i-pinz). A name some- times given to the Caroline Islands. New Place. The house of Shakspere's resi- dence and death at Stratford-upon-Avon, Eng- land. The foundations stUl remain. It was built about 1540. Shakspere bought it in 1.W7, paying £60 for it in that year and a second £00 in 1602. At that time the house was thought to be the best in the town, and there were two barns and two gardens belonging to it. Shakspere after- ward enlarged the gardens. It is not known in what year he retired there permanently from London, but it was his lionie in 1598, ^ • ii. New Plymouth (plim'uth). A seaport in the North Island of New Zeiiland. situat.^.l in lat. 39° 4' S., long. 174° 6' E. Population (1896), about 8,000. ^ ^^ , , Newport (mi'port). The chief town of the Isle of Wight, Hampshire, England, situated on the Medina 11 miles southwest of Portsmouth. Near it is Carisbrooke Castle. Population .(1891), 10,216. , ,. „ Newport A seaport in Monmouthshire, Eng- hmd, situated on the U.sk 20 miles west-north- wost of Bristol. It has iron-works and other manu- factures an.l commerce in coal, iron, etc. There are ruins of an old castle. Population (liKil*, 07.29O. Newport. A city in Campbell County. Ken- tucky, situated on the Ohio opposite Cincin- nati, and at the mouth of the Licking oppo- site Covington. It has various manufactures. Population (1900), 28,301. . , ^, , , Newport. -\ I'onner capital ol the Stale ol Khodc Isian.l. an.l the c;ipital of Newport Coun- ty situated in the island of Khode Island, on Narragansctt Bay, in lat. 41° 29' N., long. 71° "0' W. It has a fine harbor, and is one of the most fashionable watering-places in the United States. There is a United States torpedo station on an island in the har- bor Among tho objects of interest are the round stone ton'er or mill. Fort Adams, an.l tho beaches. It was founded about 1638, and was an important commercial phice in tho 18th century. Its tra.le was ruined during Its occupation by the British 1776-79. Population (liKK)), Newport, Christopher. Born about 1565: died at Bantam, E. I., 1617. An English navigator. He eonimanded the expe.lltl.m which foun.led .Tnmestowiv Virginia, in 16ii7, and led expeditions to V irgiula In 1608 and li;lo'-ll. Newport, Treaty of. The name given to nego- tiations at Newport, Monmouthshire, between diaries I. and the English Parliament, Sept. lo Nov., 164S. Th.- king made great concessions, but iipiiarenlly ..niv ("r th.' jiurpose of gaining time. Newport News l mVport nii/.). A city on the north side of Ilumiilon Koads, \ irginia, 11 miles northwest of N.u-lolk. Pop. ( 191101,19.1)35. New Providence. Oneof the principal islands ,,llh.. Hulianms, containing the capital. Nassau. New River. .\ name given to the Great Ka- nawloi in tlie iijiper part of its course. New Rochelle tro shel'). A city 111 \\ estches- ter County, New York, situated on Long Island Sound 17 miles northeast of New \ ork. i opu- lalion (1900), 14,720. New Roof, The. .V ni.'kname of the Federal Con- sliluli.m ;ilHiul the lime of lis adoption, lisle. tsTfi-ar Roiq ( ros). A t own in the count les of \\ ex- fo^l and Kiirnuv, Ireland, sittn.ted on Ihe Bar- row 72 miles south-sonthwest of Dub in. It »^ K^^^Xtt:4:s^n!ie:.i:;h,!^:n-ri]^r:;'i;;::;v^J«t , '^IIU,0 "ie r, bels wer.. s,ic...«sfnl ;>< "T"'; ■"7^- uUlniately roule.l with a hiss "'"';;'' 'v'"^.- '^'i "' "■" l.ivillsls being about 2:iii. I'opulatlmi (ISIIIX 6,84i. New Russia (nish'ii). A collective name fortlie tfm. Kns^^an governments Kherson, Taurida. and Yekaterinoslttff. Newry 734 Newry (im'ri). A seaport in the counties of Newton, Sir Charles Thomas. Bom 1816 Down and Armagh, Ireland, situated at the head '' ' ^' " '^"^ ^'^"* '" t-...k^i. -.--.i ^i.. of Carlingford Lough, 33 miles southwest of Bel- fast, It is one of the chief ports of Ulster. Popu- lation (1S91), 12,961. New Saanim. See Salisbwif. New Shoreham. See Shoreham. New Siberia (si-be'ri-[i). The easternmost of the Xew Siberia Islands. New Siberia Islands, or Liakhoff (le-Ueh'of) Islands. A group of islands in the Arctic Ocean, north of Siberia and northeast of the Lena Delta. New South Shetland. See South SlietUmd. New South Wales i walz). [Named b\' Cook in 1770 from a fancied resemblance to the north- ern shores of the Bristol Channel.] A state of the Commonwealth of Australia. Capital, Sydney. It is boumled by Queensland on the north, the Pacific Oceau on the east, Victoria on the south, and South Australia on the west. It is traversed from north to south near the coast by a range of mountains, beyond which are vast plains in the interior. The great river- system is that of the Murray. The chief industry is stock- raisin*:, and especially sheep-farming. There are mines of gold, silver, coal, copper, and tin. The exports include wool, tallow, leather, tin, copper, and silver. The execu- tive is vested in a governor, with a cabinet of 10 minis- ters. The legislative power is vested in a legislative council and a legislative assembly. A penal settlement was established at Botany Bay in 1788. The development of the wool industry commenced under Governor Mac- quarie about 1810-20. Gold, though knowu in 1823, was not worked till ISol. The transportation of convicts ceased in 18n3. Area, 310,700 square miles. Population a893). estimated, 1/223.370. New Spain (span), Sp. Nueva Espaiia (no-a'- vU es-pan'ya). The colonial name of the coun- try now called Mexico, it was first applied by On- Jalva (151S) to Yucatan and Tabasco, and was extended by Cort6s to all his conquests. Under the viceroys the name was also used for a much larger territory (see New Spaiii, Viceroyalty of), but New Spain proper, or the kingdom of New Spain, corresponded to the district under the juris- diction of the audience of Mexico, the present southern Mexico, embracing (nearly) the modern states of Yuca- tan, C'ampeche. Tabasco, Vera Cruz, Hidalgo. Guanajuato, Michoacan, Colima, Mexico, ilorelos, Tlaxcala, Puebla, Guerrero, and Oajaca. ' « New Spain, Viceroyalty of. The region e:ov- erned by the ^'iceroys of Mexico. The first viceroy, Meudoza, took possession in 1535. Vnder him, and for some time after, the viceroyalty. in its broadest sense, em- braced all the Spanish possessions in Central and North America, from the southern boundary of Costa Rica, be- sides the West Indies and the Spanish Eastlndies — that lied Nov. 2S, 1S94. An English archaeolo- gist. Ue graduated at Oxford (Christ Church) in 1S37; was appointed assistant curator of antiquities in the Brit- ish Sluseum in 1S40, and vice-consul at ilytilene in Asia Minor in 1852; discovered the site of the ilausoleuni at Halicarnassus in 1S56; and later excavated at Cnidua and Branchidae. In 18tiO he was appointed British consul at Kome, and from 18t>l to li>S5 was keeper of Greek and Eoman antiquities at the British Museum. In ISSO he was appointed professor of archtuolosry at I'hiversity Col- lege, London. He wrote " A Historj- of Discoveries at Ha- licai'nassus, Cnidus, and Branchidse"(lS62), "Travels and Discoveries in the Levant" (1S65). essays on art and archae- ology (1680), et<;., and translated Panofka's "Maimers and Customs of the Greeks ' from the German in Hi49. Newton, Sir Isaac, Born at Woolsthorpe, near Grantham, Lincolnshire, Dec. 25, 1642 (O. S.): died at Kensington, March 20, 1727. A famous English mathematician and natural philoso- pher. His father, Isaac Newton, was a small freehold far- mer. He matriculated at Cambridge (Trinity College) July 8, 1661 ; was elected to a scholarship April liS, 16t>l ; and graduated in Jan., 1665. At the university he was espe- cially attracted by the study of Descartes'sgeumetry. The method of fluxions is supposed to have first occurred tu him in 1605. He was made afellow of Trinity in 1067, and Lucasian professor atCambridgeinOct., 1669. Hebecamea fellow of theKoyalSocietyinJan., 1672. Xewton's attention was probably drawn to the subject of gravitation as early as 1065. The story of the fall of the apple was first told by Voltaire, who had it from ilrs. Conduitt, Is'ewtun's niece. Kepler had established the laws of the planetaiy orbits, and from these laws ^"ewtun proved that the attraction of the sun upon the planets varies inversely as the squares of their distances. Measuring the actual deflection of the moon's orbit from its tangent, he found it to be identical with the deflection which would be created l)y the attrac- tion of the earth, diminishing in the ratio of the inverse square of the distance. The hj-pothesis that the same force acted in each case was thus confirmed. The success of Newton's work really depended on the determination of the length of a degree on the earth's surface by Picard in 1071. The universal law of gravitation was completely elaborated by 16S5. The first book of the "Principia" or "Philosophise Naturalis Principia Mathematica " was pre- sented t6 the Royal Society, April 28, 1686, and the entire work was published in 1687. In 1680 he satin Parliament for the University of Cambridge, and at this time was as- sociated with John Ix)cke; in 1701 he was reelected. AVhen his fritnd Charles Montagu (afterward earl of Halifax) was appointed chancellor of the exchequer, Newton was made warden of the mint, and in 16i>9 master of the mint. The reformation of English coinage was largely his work. The method of fluxions, which he had discovered, wasemployed in the calculations for the ''Principia," but did not appear until 1693, when it was published by Wallis. It also ap- peared in 1704 in the first edition of the ''Optics." On Feb. 21, 1699, he was elected foreign associate of the French Academy of Sciences. In 1703 he was elected president of the Royal Society, and held the office till his death. is. the five audiences of Mexico, Guadalajara, Confines, NewtOn, Joh.n, Born at London, July 24, 172-5: fl-„*. r^ r A >r„--:,„ „.., *^ : , .^ ^.^^ thd'e, Dcc. 21, 1807. An English clergy- man and religious poet. His father was governorof York Fort in Hudson Bay. Newton served in liis father's ship before 1742, and was afterward in the navy and in the slave-trade until 1755, when he was made tide-suneyor at Liverpool. Taking up the study of Greek and Hebrew, he was ordained priest June, 1764, and became curate of Olney, where Cowper settled about 1767. They published the "Olney Hymns" together in 1779. In 1780 he was made rector of St. Mary Woolnoth, London. Besides many well- known hymns, he wrote "Cardiphonia" (1781). etc., and an " Authentic Narrative " of his early life (1764). Santo Domingo, and Manila, and the captaincy-general of Florida. But, except in the first two, the viceroy's powers were very limited, and were soon practically restricted to military defense and a few other matters of general im- portance. During the ISth century the East Indies and Guatemala or Central America were completely separated. The region generally called New Spain, in which the vice- roy had complete authority, consisted for a long time of the three kingdoms of New Spain, New Galicia, and New Leon, corresponding to modern Mexico and the undefined territories of New Mexico, Texas, and California, now in- cluded in the United States. In 1793 the northern prov- inces were separated (see Provincial Interiias), and there- after the viceroyalty corresponded nearly to the Mexico of Newton, John. Born Aug. 24, 1S23 : died May 1 to-day, excluding southern Coahuila, Durango, Sinaloa, Chihuahua, and Sonora, but including Upper and Lower California. The name Mexico finally supplanted that of New Spain in 1S22. Newstead Abbey (nu'"sted ab'i). A building in Nottinghamshire, England, 9miles north of Not- tingham: anciently an abbey, it was founded by Henry II. as an atonement for Becket's murder in 1170, and was the home of the family of Lord Byron, ol)tained by Sir John Byron, his ancestor, at the dissolution of thi monasteries in 1540. preservi 18' 19, wi to sell it in 1S18. 1S95. An American engineer and general. He graduated at West Point in 1842 ; served throughout the Civil War, attaining the rank of major-general of volun- teers in 1803 ; was made brigadier- general and chief of engineers in the regular army in 1SS4 ; was placed on the retired list in 1886; and was appointed commissioner of public works at New York in 1SS7, a position which he re- signed in 1S88 to accept the presidency of th e Panama Kail- road Company. His chief engineering feat was the im- provement of Hell Gate channel by the blasting of Hal- letfs Beef Sept. 24, 1876, and Flood Bock, Oct. 10, 1SS5. )nasteries m lo40. >umerous relics of Lord Byron are vr l t» mi j ^ i • i t-> j ^served in the house. He undertook to keep it up in Newton, R. Ihe psendonjin under which Ed 19, with what remained of his fortune, but was obliged ward Cave began printing ** The Gentleman's began printing Magazine " in 1731. New Sweden (swe'dn). A Swedish colony in Newton, Thomas. Bom at Butley, Cheshire, Delaware, founded in 1638. It was conquered about 1542: died at Little Ilford, Essex, May, by the Dutch in 1655, New Testament. See Testament. New Timon, The. A satire by Bulwer Lytton, publishfil in 1847. New Toledo. See Xueva Toledo, Newton (nii'ton). A city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, situated on the Charles 7 miles west of Boston, it contains the villages of Newton, Auburndale, West Newton, >'ewton Upper Falls, Newton Lower tails, Newton Centre, etc., and i^ the seat of New- Newton-Abbot (uii'ton-ab'ot). A s: ton Theological Institution (BaptistX and Lasell Female -^ Dpvoimhirp ETio-lai'ul sitiiited on Seminary lat Auburndale). Population (1900), 33,587. 1^ ^^^ onSUire, t^ngianu, slTuatea OU Newton, Alfred. Born at Geneva, Jtme 11, 1829. A noted English zoologist, professor of zoology and comparative anatomy in the Uni- versity of Cambridge. He has published "The Zo- ology of Ancient Europe " (1802) , an edition of " Yarrell s British Birds," etc.; has written many papers on zoologi- cal, and especially on ornithological, subjects; and his ** Dictionary of Birds," an expansion of his articles in the ninth edition of the '"Encycli'ptedia Britaimiua," was published lp!93~96. He was president of the British Association in 1838. 1607. An English divine and poet. He translated Seneca's "Thebais," and in 1581 collected the ten English translations of Seneca's tragedies. In 1575 he published a history and chronicle of the Saracens and Turks, etc. He was regarded as one of the best writers of Latin verse. Newton, Thomas. Born at Lichfield, England, Jan. 1,1704: died at London, Feb. 14, 1782. An English bishop and author. He wrote "Disserta- tions on the Prophecies" (1754-53) and annotations on Milton's "Paradise Lost "and "Paradise Regained." small town the Teigii 14 miles south by west of Exeter. William of Orange was here proclaimed king of England in 16S8. Newton-in-Maker field ( -mak' er-f eld ) , or Ne w- ton-le-Willows (-le-wiroz). A town in Lan- cashire, England. 15 miles east of Liverpool. Population (1891 \ 12.861. Newton- (or Newtown-) Stewart C-sta'art). A town in Wigtonshire, Scotland, on the Cree 7 miles north of Wigtown- Pop. (1891), 2,738. New York Newtown (nu'toun). A town in Montgomery* | shire, Wales, situated on the Severn S miles I southwest of Montgomery. It is the center of the Welsh flannel manufacttire. Population (1891), 6.010. Newtown. The name given, during its earliest history, to what is now Cambridge, Massachu- setts. Newtown. A suburb of Sydnev, New South- 1 Wales. ' '^ Newtownards (nu-tn-ardz'). A town in Coim-ii ty Down, Ireland, situated near Strangford* Lough 9i miles east of Belfast. Population (1891), 9,197. Newtown-Barry (nu'toun-bar'i), A village in J County Wexford. Ireland, where, June 1, 1798, J a force of about 3;")0 repulsed an attack madei by upward of 10,000 rebels. 1 Newtown-Butler (-but'ler). A place in County! Fermanagh, Ireland. 73 miles northwest of Dub- J lin. Here, in 1689, the Irish Protestants defeated! the Irish Catholics. New Ulster (ul'ster). A name formerly givenl to what is now the North Island of New Zealand. 1 New Way to Pay Old Debts, A. A play by] Philip Massinger, printed in 1632, but acted be- j fore that date, and since repeatedly revived upJ to the present time. I have no doubt in calling: his [Massinger's] real master- piece by far the tine tragic-comedy of '* A Xew "Way to Pay 2 Old Belits." The revengeful trick by which a satellite of i the great extortioner, Sir Giles Oveixeach, brings about I his employer's discomfiture, regardless of his own ruin, is . very like the denouement of the Brass and Quilp part of the "Old Curiosity Shop." may have suggested it (for "X Xew Way to Pay Old Debts "lasted as an acting play wtrll into Dickens's time), and, like it, is a little improbable. But the play is an admirable one, and Overreach (who, as is well known, was supposed to be a kind of study of his half-namesake, Mompesson, the notorious monnpolist) is by far the best single character that Massinger ever drew. Saiatsbunj, Hist, of Elizabethan Lit., p. 399, New Westminster (west'min-ster). A town in British Columbia, situated on Fraser River in lat. 49^^ 13' N., long;. 122° 54' W. It was for- merly the capital. Population (1901). 6.499. New Wonder, A: A Woman Never Vext, A comedy by Chapman, printed in 1632. New World, The. North and South America? the western hemisphere. , • New York (york). One of the Middle States^ of the United States of America, extendincj from lat. 40° 30' to 45° 1' X., and from long. 71° 51' to 79° 46' W. Capital, Albany ; chief city, New ^ ork. It is bounded by the province of Ontario, Canada (mostly separated by Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence) on the north, Vermont (partly separated by Lake Cliam- plain). Massachusetts, and Connecticut on" the east, the Atlantic Ocean, Xew York Bay, New.lersey, and Pennsyl- vania (partly separated by the Delaware) on the south, and Pennsylvania and Ontario (separated by Lake Erie and the Niagara River) on the west. Long Island and Staten Island are included in it. The surface is greatly diversi- fied. The Adirondack Mountains are in the northeast, and the Catskill ilountains, Shawangunk itountains, Bigh- lands, and laconic Mountains in the east. The State be- longs chielly to the Hudson and St. Lawrence river-systems, but in part also to those of the Mississippi, Susquehanna, and Delaware. It contains many lakes, including Lakes George, Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca, Chautauqua, Owasco, Ot- sego, and Canandaigua, and is noted for picturesque scen- erj-. It is called "the Empire State." It is the lirst State in the Union in commerce, manufactures, population, and estimated value of property ; and the second State in value of farms. The agiicultural products include buckwheat, barley, oats, rye, Indian corn, wheat, hay, potatoes, milk, butter, and cheese. The chief mineral products are salt, iron, and building-stone. It has 61 counties, sends 2 sen- ators and 37 representatives to Congress, and has 3i» elec- toral votes. The principal early Indian inhabititnts were Iroquois (Five Nations^ The bay of Xew York was entered by Verrazano in 1524. Explorations were made in the north by (haniplain in 160^i, and in the south by Hudson in 1609. The first settlements were made by the Dutch on Manliattan Island in 1014 (or 1613). The region (called New Netherlands) was ruled by the I>utch governors Min- uit, WoutervanTuiller, Kieft,andStuyvesant: devastated by an Indian war about 1641 ; and conquered by the Eng- lish under Nicolls in 1664. New York, New Jei-sey, and ^Sew England were consolidated under Andros in leSiJ-i'Q. New Y'ork was the scene of many events in the French and Indian war. It was one of the thirteen oriirinal States, and was the scene of Burgoyne's surrender (1777) and other events in the Revolutionary War and in the War of isrj. Tlie western part of the State was rapidly developed in the beginning of the lyth centuiy. A new constitution was adopted in 1S46. Area, 49,170 square miles. Popu- lation (190., and of the seventh in 787; and was taken by the Crusaders in 1097, and by the Turks in 1330. Nicaea (jji France). [Gr. N/kafa.] See Kice. liain, and Hempstead. In 1894 the question of consol- Ngola (ngo'lii). A Bantu tribii of Angola, West Nicaea, Empire of. A Greek empire (120()-01), '" 1...-. .....■*> ■ , . , ,. . . . , founded by Theodore Lascaris, which had its center at NicK'a, Asia Minor, during the period of the Latin Empire at Constantinople. It was merged in the restored Byzantine empire in k- are'siend'rl'dark- Nicander (m-kan'd6r). [Gr. NiKOvdpoc.] Lived and extremities, probably in the 2d century B. C. A Greek poet, grammarian, and physician, authorof two extant poems on venomous animals and poisons. Nicander (^ne-kjin'der). Karl August. Bom at Strengnas, Sweden, March 20, 1799: died Feb. 7, 1839. A Swedish Jioet. The death of his father while he was a child left nini without means, and in early life he w.a.s a tutcu-. His first important work was the dra- matic poem " Runesviuxlet " (1821), whose motive is the con- flict between heathenism and Christianity. Two jiocniB, i.t.tion was siibniitted to the vote of these places, and they .b'l:ired in its favor. A bill for that purpose was introduced i n Ihe legislature in 1896, and became a law on Jlay 11 of that ■ :\r. The charter was adopted in 1897. See -Vra' Vorl.-. ropulalion (1900). :l,437.'-'02. [ Ne'W York Bay. The bay at the mouth of the I Hudson on which Now York city is situated. It iiiiliidea New York Upper Bay, the harbor formed by till iiinnn ot the North and East rivers, jiartly inclosed by .Mitiiliattan Island, New Jersey, Staten Island, and Lom; Island (Irnglh .about miles), and New York Lower Bay. an arm of tlie Atlaiitir 1 ast ol Staten Island. NewYork Public Library. A library, founded ly consolidation of the Astor, Lenox, and Til- Africa, whoso adapted name (Angola) is also applied to the native Augida nation and to the Portuguese province of Angola. Thekingof Ngola, whose residence used to be at Luanda, was driven by the Portuguese first to Pungo Amlontro, and then to the ICam- bu and Hamba valleys, where bis people still dwell in com- plete independence. The Ngola jiloii" colored, oval-faced, with fine fcatiii shrewd and warlike, agricultural and pastoral. Their hair is plaited and shaped into various patterns. Theirdialeet in its purity is the base of Kimbundii. Ndongo, Matam- ba, and Ndanji are the three provineesof the Ngola king- dom. Jinga is the name generally used by the Portu- guese for Ngola or Ndongo. Ion foundations, in May, 1895. itcontains about Ngornu. See Anijoriiii. 4')0,000voliiiiiesand 160,000 pamphlets, and is, at presiMt, NgUrU (ngo'rii). A mountainous ;ind fertile dis- piirely a rctemice library. _ tlict west of Zanzibar, drained by the Luseru NewYork University. Aninstltutionoflearn- jjjj,, 1^,,.^,^ j.j^,p^^ ^^__ p„,,ulation is dense, and iiig at New \ork, founded in 1831. It contains fac- consists of the Wanguru, Wahuniba. and Wachambala uUiesot art, science, law, and medicine, and has about 1)0 t|.|i,„g^ whose villages are fortified by stockades, .see also instructors and 1,600 students. Kaiinri. Ne'W Zealand (zo'land). A group of islands, a Niagara (ni-ag'a-rii). A river in North Amer- British colonial possession, m the Pacific Ocean, j^..^ ^^.j^j^.j^ ,i„vvs 'fvu'ra Lake Erie northward into -situated southeast of Australia, and included L;ike Ontario. It separates New York on the eiustfrom mostly between lat. 34° 20 and 4/° 30 b.. and the province of Ontario, Canada, on the west. Length, :i2 long. 166° 30' and 178° 30' E. Cajiital, Welling- miles. It descends about 326 feet in rapids and cataract. ton. ItlncludesNorthlsland, South Island, and Stewart See iVmi/nro /■'a«K. . „. /1 .. 1-land. The North Island is somewhat mountainous, the Niagara. A town in Niagara County, New n .nth Island largely bo (the .Southern Alps culminate in York, situated on theriver Niagara, andcontain- Mount Cook, 12,:t49 feet). The chief industry is agricul- j, , j, ^,j|,, ,,. „,• l., Salle. Population (190(1), lure; the leading exports are gold, wool, sheep, agricul- ,7,.. " 1 > ' tiiral products, etc. Covernment is vested in a governor, J ."""• . o . ,, , appointed hy the irown, and a general assembly consisting Niagara, Battle 01. See LundlfS LuilC. "Tassosilod "("The Death of Tasso' land "KonungEnzio ('* King Enzio"), the former of which won the iirize of the Swedish Aeaiiemy, were on Italian subjects, lie was now (1827)eiiabled to undertake a Journey t .1 Rome, which, how- ever, ended disastrously in that he was left, without means, to make his way home as best he could, Subsei|Uently he was given a subordinate position in the public service, and made some translations for the royal theater. "Minneii fr(lnSudern"("Kcminisceneesof the South "), a description of his travels, appeared in 18.'11. This was followed by '* nesperiilen ' ("The llesperides "), a vidume of poems and tales. His last work was the poem "Lejonet i <»knen("The Lion in the Wilderness"), a eulogy of Napoleon, His life to within a few years of his death, when his literary work at last yielded him an Income sufilcient for his needs. \vas a|. most a (constant struggle with want. His collected works appeared at Stockholm in 1877, in 2 vols. of a legislative council (appointed by the crown, now for? jjiagara Falls. The largest cataract in the Nicaragua (nik-a-rii'gwii orue-kii-rii'gwii). One years)ai,dahous,-oliepresci,lativcs(electcd) Theg^^^ ^, situated in the Niagara Kivcr 17 miles ' '• " - ^ '''''- "' '-■-*-•' ■* :.... .-•„..: wasdiscoveredbyTasnian m UH2,andwaBvisitedby <-ii"k. , ' ,, , ,, t, „„, " I by '1 A nilsaioiiary settlement was made in 1814. The settlers have been often at war with the natives (Maoris), espe- cially In l.Hfio-61 and 1863-66, Area, 104,471 »<|iinre miles. Population (estimated, 1893), 072,206. Ney (na), Michel, Due d'Elchingen, Prince de lit Moskowa. Born at Saarlouis (now in Prus- sia), Jan. 10, n&J: shot at Paris, Dec. 7, 1815. A celebrated French marshal. Heentered thoarmy In 1787 ; became a general of brigade In 1796 , olitained (Com- mand on the Rhine In 1799; gained the victory of El- cliingen Oct. 14, laOIJ (for which he was created duke ot El.hlngen); took part in the battles of .lenn Oct. 14, I8O1;, Eylau Keb. 7-8, I807, and Krlcdland .lime 14, 180"; served In Spain 1808-11 ; rendered Important service at Boroilino Kept. 7, 1812 (for which he was created prince of the Moskva) : commanded the rear.guard in the retreat from Eussia in 1812 ; served at Liilzen .May 2, lialllzen .May 20-21, ind l.elpsic Oct. 16-19, 1813 ; was deli'aled by Von liulow at Dennewitz Sept. 6, 1813 ; served in the campaign ot 1811; was made a peer after the restoration in l,sl4 by Louis XVIII. ; deserted to Napoleon in 1815; was defeated by Wellington at Quatre-Bras June 10, 1816 , and comiuonded north-norlhwest of Buffalo. It is divided hyGoat Island into the American Kail (164 feet high) and the Ca- nadian (or Horseshoe) Fall (100 feet high). The width of the river at the brink of th.- fall Is 4,7.'.0 feet. The water, jiowerof the falls (Ihe total amount of which Is believed to be several mill ions of horse-power— much more than all thesteam-powerandwaler-powcrnow-nlillzeillnthel'nlted States) Is now, in small jiart, utilized by means of turbine water-wheels set at the bottom of shafts 140 feet dee|i and connectid with alunnel for the escape of the water, which empties below the town of Niagara, Niagara Falls, from the Canadian side. A paint ingbvF.E. Church (1857), in the Corcoran gallcrv, W'ashington. Niagara, from the American side, Is'in the National (ialleiy, Eiliiiburgh. Niagara Falls. A city in Niagara County, New ^cll•l^, situated opposite Niagara Falls. I'opiihilioii ( llHIlli 19,4.57. Niagara of Brazil. The cataract of Paulo Af- fonso on the river Siio Francisco. of the five republics of Central America. Capi- tal, Managua; chief city. Leon. It is bounded by Honduras on the northwest and north, the Caribbean Sea on the east, Costa Rica on the south, and the Pacific on the west, and is traversed from southeast to northwest by a de. presslon including the river San .luan and bakes Nicaragua and.Managua(tlleriniteof the proposed ship canal). .Much of Ihe eastern coast included in the Mosi|llilo Reservation is low (see Monqmiitt). There are numerous volcanoes ; earthquakes are fn-iiuent and sometimes vicdent. The most important exports are collee, hlde^ cabinet woods, rnblur, frultn, and gidd ; silver mining, fniinerly n very important industry, has been abandoned. The inhabltnnta are Spanish creides, Indiana, a few negnies, and mixed races. Spanish is the common language, and the slate re- ligion Is Roman Cathcdic. The chief executive Is a presi- dent, chosen for 4 vears ; and c ongress cnivl-ls ol a sin- gle house of 40 members. Columbus 1 ..aste.l the iMistern side of Nicaragua In IfiOa, but It was first ex|>loreied temtory near a large lake, subsequently called Lake Nicaragua (Nicarao-agua, 'water of Nicarao') by the Spaniards, from his name. The tribe was powerful and rich. Gil Gonzalez Davila first visited them in 1522, and obtained much gold by trad- ing. See yicaraos. Nicaraos (ne-ka-ra'6s), or Nicaraguas (ne-ka- rii'gwaz), or Niquirans (ne-ke-riiuz'). [From the name of their chief.] A tribe of Indians which, at the time of the conquest, inhabited western Nicaragua, between Lake Nicaragua and the Pacific. The Nicaraos appear to have been a distant offshoot of the Nahuatlecan stock. They were early subdued by the Spaniards, and their descendants form part of the peasant population of the same district. Nicaria (ne-kil-re'a). An island in the ^gean Sea. lielonging to the Sporades, 13 miles west of Samos : the ancient Icaria. It is a Turkish Ijossession. Length, 2.5 miles. Nicastro (ne-kas'tro). A town in the province of Catanzaro, Calabria, Italv, situated in lat. 39° N., long. 16° 22' E. PopiUation (1881), 10,- 239; commune, 14,076. Niccola Pisano. See Pisano. Niccolini (nek-ko-le'ne). Giovanni Battista. Born at San Giuliano, near Pisa, Italv, Oct. 29, 1782 : tiled at Florence, Sept. 20, 1861." An Ital- ian poet, an imitator of Alfieri. Among his dramas are " Poly.vena " (1811), " N.abucco " (1819), "Antonio Fos- cariiii " (1827), '* .\rnaldo da Brescia " (lb3.'>). Nice (nes). A former countship, later a prov- ince, of Sardiaia. The western part was ceded to France in 1860, and comprised in the department oJ Alpes- Maritimes. .Nice, It. Nizza (net'sa). A seaport and the cap- ital of the department of Aipes-Maritimes, France, situated on the Mediterranean in lat. 43° 42' N.. long. 7° 17' E.: the ancient Nica>a. It is one of the largest winter health-resortsof theliiviera, picturesquely situated at the foot of the Alps. It exports fruit, and has manufactures of oil and perfumes. The principal places of resort are the Promenade ties .Anglais and the Jardin Public. Nice was founded by Massil- ians in the 6th century B. c. In the middle ages it be- 736 longed to the county of Provence. It was sacked by the Saracens: passed to Savoy in 1388: was captured by Bar- bai-ossa ; passed to France in 1792, and again to Sardinia in 1814; and was ceded to France in 1800. It was severely damaged by earthquake in 1887. It was the birthplace of Massena and GaiibaldL Population (1901), 12.'>,099. Nice (in Bithyuia). See A'icau. Nice, Councils of. See Nicene Councils. Nice, Truce of. A truce concluded at Nice, in 1538, between Francis I. of France and the emperor Charles V. Nicene Councils. Two general councils which met at Nicwa in Asia Minor. The first Nicene Council, which was also the first general council, met in 325, condemned Arianism, and promulgated the Nicene Creed in its earlier form. The second Nicene Council, ac- counted also the seventh general council, was held in 787, and condemned the Iconoclasts. The recognition of the first Nicene Council as ecumenical has been almost uni- versal among Chi'istians of all confessions. It is acknow- ledged to the present day not only by the Roman Catholic and Greek churches, and by many Protestant churches, but by Nestorians, Jacobites, and Copts. The Anglican Church does not accept the second Nicene Council as ecumeaical. Nicene Creed or Symbol. A summary of the chief tenets of the Christian faith, first set forth as of ecumenical authority by the first Nicene Council (32.5), but closely similar in wording to ancient creeds of Oriental churches, and spe- cially founded upon the baptismal creed of the Church of Cffisarea in Palestine. NicephoruS (ni-sef'o-rus) I. [6r. N(/i?755opoc.] Born at Seleueia, Pisidia : killed 811. Byzantine emperor 802-811. He was at war with Harun- al-Kashid and with the Bulgarians. Nicephorus II. Phocas. Born about 912: assas- sinated 969. Byzantine emperor 963-969. He was distinguished, both before and after his accession, as a general in wars with the Saracens. Nicephorus III. Byzantine emperor 1078-81. Nicephorus Bryennius (bri-en'i-us). Born at Orestias, Macedonia: died after 1137. AByzan- tine historian, husband of Anna Comnena. He wrote a Byzantine history which was completed by his wife. Nicephorus Callistus (ka-lis'tus). Died in the middle of the 14th century. A Byzantine ec- clesiastical historian. Nicephorus Gregoras(greg'o-ras). Born in Asia Minor, 1295 : died about 1359. A IByzantine his- torian. He wrote a Byzantine history. Nicephorus Patriarcha (pa-tri-ar'kii). Born 758 : died 828. A Byzantine historian, patriarch of Constantinople 806-815. He wrote a Byzantine his- tory, "Breviarium" (ed. by J. Bekker), and a chronology. Nicetas Acominatus (nl-se'tas a-kom-i-na'tus) or Choniates (ko-ni'a-tez). Born in Phrygia, Asia Minor: died at Nictea, Bithyuia, about 1216. A Byzantine historian. He wrote a By- zantine history (ed. by J. Bekker). Nice Valour, The, or the Passionate Mad- man, Aeomedy by Fletcher and another (Mid- dleton, according to Fleay ), printed in 1047, but produced much earlier (before 1624). In this play is "Hence, all you vain delights," a song which formed the basis of Milton's "II Penseroso." Nichol (nik'ol). John. Born Sept. 8, 1833: died Oct. 11, ■'1894. A Scottish writer and lec- turer, son of J. P. Nichol: professor of English literature in Glasgow University from 1861 to 1889. He published "Fra;;ments of Criticism ' (IHIjO), " English Composition " (1879), " The Death of Themisto- cles, and Other Poems" (1881), "American Literature : an Historical Review " (1882), etc. Nichol (nik'ol), John Pringle. BornatBreehin, Scotland, Jan. 13, 1804: die(i near Rothesay, Scotland, Sept. 19, 1859. A Scottish astronomer. He wrote "Views of the Architecture of the Heavens" (1838), "The Stellar Universe" (1817), "The Planetary System " (1848-60), etc. Nicholas (nik'o-las), Saint. [Prop, spelled Xic- ohis: F. Xicolas (also Xicole, whence E. JSlcol, XicoU, Xichol, Xichols, etc.), Sp. Xicolds, Pg. Xicohio, It. Xicola, Xicolo. T). Xiklaas, Khiss, G. XiMoKS, Xiklas, Klaus, Kuss. Xikolai, Xilola, L. Xicola us, also Xicolas, from Gr. 'SiK6?.aoc, later forms of which are Ni/cti/'.af and N«olan^) to the legend that he wished to piesei-ve the three daughters of a poor nobleman from dishonor when the father, having no money for marriirltb Lothair, king of Lonaine. He recognized the Pseudo-M- dorian Decretals. Nicholas II. (Gerard). Pope 105S-61. under the influence of Hildebrand. Nicholas III. (Giovanni Gaetano). Pope 1277-.S0. He belonged to the house of Orsiui. Nicholas IV. (Girolamo d'Ascoli). Pope 1288-92. Nicholas V. (Tommaso Parentucelli). Born at Sarzana. Italy: died March 24, 1455. Pope 1447-55. He is noted for his encouragement of learning and art. Nicholas V. Antipope, elected in opposition to John XXH. in 1328 : deposed in 1330. • Nicholas I. Bom near St. Petersburg, June 25 lO. S.), 1796: died at St. Petersbui'g, Feb. 18 (O. S.), 1855. Czar of Eussia, third son of Paul I. He succeeded his brother Alexander I. in 1825 ; carried on a war with Persia 1S26-28, and with Turkey 1S27-29; suppressed the insurrection of Poland 1830-31 ; aided Aus- tria in suppressing the Hungarian insurrection in 1S49; and commenced war against Turkey in 1853, which in 1S64 involved him in war also with Great Britain and France (the Crimean war). Nicholas II. Born at St. Petersburg, May 18, 1868. Czar of Russia, son of Alexander III. whom he succeeded Nov. 1, 1894. He married Princess Alix of Hesse, granddaughter of Queen Victoria, Nov. 26, 1894. Nicholas, Grand Duke. Bom July 27 (O. S.), 1831: died at Alupka, Crimea, April 13, 1891. Third son of the czar Nicholas. He commanded the army of the Danube in the war against Turkey in 1877. Nicholas Nickleby (nik'l-bi). A novel by Charles Dickens, first published serially during Nicholas of Damascus. Bom at Damascns: lived in the 1st centiu'y B. c. A Greek historian. Nicholas of Damascus, the friend of Augustus and Hero4 the Great, was a ver>- eminent and influential person, and many anecdotes are tild about him, some of them bein^ derived from his autobiography, a portion of which hM been preserved. Muller, Hist, of the Lit of Anc. Greece, IIL lit UDoiialdsun.) Nicholas of Strasburg. Lived in the first half of the 14th century. A (rennan mystic preacher at Strasburg. Freiburg, and elsewhere. He was appointed by Pope John XXII. nuncio and superintendent of the Dominican monasteries in Germany. Nichols (nik'olz), John. Born at Islington, near London, "Feb. 2, 1(45: died Nov. 26, 1826, An English printer and antiquary. He was aa apprentice of Bowyer. He was editor of and contributor to the " Gentleman's Magazine " from 1778 until his death. His " Memoirs of Bowyer," begun in 1778, were expanded into the "Anecdotes and Illustrations." an anecdotioid literary history of the 18th century. He also wrote 6to1< umes on the "Festivities of the Keigns of Elizabeth and James 1." Nichols, Sir Richard. See Xicolh, Sir EicJiard, Nichols, Thomas. Born in Pembrokeshirei Wales, 1820 : died at London, May 14, 1879. An English writer. He was professor of biblical literature at Carmarthen College (1866), and was one of the foundexe of the L'niversity of Wales. He published " The Pedigree of the English People" (1868), etc. Nicholson (nik'gl-sgu). Sir Francis. Died at London, March 5, 172S. A British colonial of- ficial. He was lieutenant-governor, under Andros, of the province composed of the colonies north of Chesapeake Bay 1686-89, and represented him at New York ; wasUea- teiiant-governor of Virginia 1090-94 ; and was governor^ Maryland 16 14-98, of Virginia 1698-170."), of Acadia 171S-11 and of South Carolina 1721-25. He returned to Englana in 1725. Nicholson, James William Augustus. Bom at Dedham, Mass., March 10, 1821 : died at New York, Oct. 28, 1887. An American admiral. He entered the navv in 1S3S : was promoted commander in 1S62 ; and served with distinction during the Civil War, having charge of the monitor Manhattan under Earragut at the battle of Mobile Bay in 1864. He was commissioned re.ar-admiral in 1881. Nicholson, John. Born at Dublin, Dec. 11, 1822: died Sept. 23, 1857. An English soldier. He en- tered the service of the East India Company in 1839, and in 1840 was ordered to Aighanist.on, where he was im- prisoned two years later. He served in the Sikh wars in 1845 and 1S4S, and in the mutiny of 1857. Nicholson, William. Born at London, 1753: died ]S15. An English physicist and chemist^. He published an "Introduction to Natural Philosophy" (1781) and a translation of Voltaire's "Elements of the Newtonian Philosophy." He was connected with the so- ciety for the encouragement of naval architecture, estab- lished about 1791, and in 1800 discovered the decomposition I Nicholson, William of water by galvanism. "Nicholson's Journal," the earli- est Enslish journal of natural philosophy and chemistry, waabeRun iu 17i)7. mcholson, William. Born at Ovingbam, Dee. 2a, 1781: tlied at Ediuljurgh, Aim. 16, 1S44. A Scottish portrait-painter, one of tne founders aud the first secretary of the Scottish Academy. He L'tL-hed portraits of distinguished Scotchmen, iucluding Scott, J eltrey, Burns, aud Wilson. Nicias (nisli'i-a.s). [Gr. N(K(af.] Put to death in Sicily, 413 b. c. An Athenian general and politician, chief leader of the aristocratic fac- tion in Athens in the Peloponuesian War. He commanded the unsuccessful expedition against Syracuse 416^13. Nicias, Peace of. A truce between Athens and Sparta in the Peloponuesian War, concluded 421 B. c. It was negotiated mainly by Nicias. Nicias (nish'i-as) of Athens. A Greek painter, a contemporary of Praxiteles. When Pi-a-xitelcs w.as mked which of his works in marble he valued most, he is Ba'.d to have answered, "Those on which Nicias has set his mark"; and I'liny explains this expression by the comment, ••So much importance did Praxiteles attach to the circum- lltion (covering of color) applied by Nicias." This passage was for a long time the principal foundation for the theory that the Greeks painted their statues, which is now eon- flrmed by the works themselves: the hair of the Hermes of Praxiteles had a red color when discovered. Nick, Old. See Old Mel:. Nicobars (_uik-o-barz' ), or Nicobar (nik-o-biir') Islands. A group of small islands situated in le Bay of Bengal, south of the Andaman Isl- ■• nds, about lat. 7° to 9° X. it is a British posses- ."ion, a dependency of the Andaman Islands, annexed in IMiiJ. Thelargestisland is Great Nicobar. Are.a, 434 square miles. Population, about 7,000. Nicodemus(nik-o-de'mus). [Gr. N'/;(i(!;/«of.] Iu New Testament history, a member of the San- hedrim, a disciple who visited Jesus by night as an inquirer. After the death of Jesus ho contributed a mixture of aloes and myrrh for anointing the dead body. Nicol(uik'ol),Erskine. Bom at Leith, Scotland, I ulv, 1825." A British genre-painter. He studied it the Tnistees Academy, Edinburgh; lived in Dublin il.out 1845-49 ; and removed from Edinburgh to Lond()n iu i -0:1. ilany of h is w orks have been engraved. Nlcol (nik'ol), William. Bom about 1768: died : t Edinbiu'gh, 1851 (?). A British inventor and . xperitnenter in natural philosophy. In 1828 he iiivented the prism for polarizing light, named from him the Nicol prism, or nieol. Uis life was almost entirely spent in his laboratory at Edinburgh. Kicolai (iiik'6-li ). Christoph Friedrich. Bom at Berlin, March IS, 1733: died Jan. 6, 1811. A German author and bookseller. He edited the periodical ".Allgt-nieine deutsehe Bibliothek," aiMl wrote " Anekdoten voii Friedriehll. "(1788-92), the novel " Leben u iid MeiiMingen des Herru Slagisters Sebaldus Nothauker " (1773-70), etc. He was the literary associate of Lessing and Moses Men- dclsiiohn in the "Letters eoncerning Recent (Jcrman Lit- erature"and the "Universal German Lihr;uy," putilislied between 17-"i9 and 1792. . . . Soon after tlic api)i*aiiuice itf Goethe's "Sorrows of Werther," Nicolai published a mali- cious and rather sttipid parody entitled "I he .loys of Wer- ther." . . . He has been called the Krz-1'liilister- the arch-reprcseiitative of thecommonplaee, conveiitioiiid ele- ment intiermanliteratnre. . . . (Joethewas provoked into using the only weapon which he considered llttin;,' — riili- cule; and he was assisted by Niccdai's own indiscretion. The latter, whose literary materialism was his prominent ■ luality,— who fought the spiritual element as Luther fiiught the devil, -was visited in 1701 with an avenging malady. He was troubled by appaiitions of persons living ;uid dt'iid. who filled his room, and for several weeks con- tinued to haunt and titrment him although he knew them to be phantasms. He was finally relieved by the application of leeches about the end of the spine, whence Goethe's term i'roktophantasmist |in "Faust"], which may be delicately Manslated as "Rump-visionary." . . . He died in l.sll, liter having seen himself pilloried in the " Walpurgis- Night." B. Taylor, Notes to Kaust. Kicolai, Otto. Bom at Konigsberg, Prussia, .hine !», ISIO: died at Berlin. May 11, 1849. A (ii-rm;iii compo.sor and coinluctor. He founded tile I'hilharmoide concerts at \'ieTHia (181'J) during the period (1811-17) when he wjus kapillmeister of the court opera there. His chief work, a comic operji, "I*le lustigen Wciber von Windsor" ("The Alerry Wives of Windsor"), was produced in 1819. Nicolas. See Niclmlds. Nicolas (nik'o-las'). Sir Nicholas Harris: usu- allykiuiwnas Sir Harris Nicolas. Born March 10, 17'.l!l; diet! near Boulogne, Prance, Aug. 3, 1S4S. ,\n Knglish antiqnai'y and hisloriiin. Ho was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 18:;.^. Ho piil'lif^hel), "Synoi>8lsof the Peerage of England" (ISjr.), the "History of the (Irders of Kidglit- hoodof the British Empire "(1841-2),andthe"De8patcheB and Letters of Admiral Lord Viscount Nelson " (1844^0). NiCOlay (nik'6-la), John George. Born in Oer- niiiny. 1M3'_': (iicl Sept. 2(i, UlOl. An Aiiiericnn author, jtrivato secretary of Abraham Lincoln 18()l)-fi5, joint author with John Hay of it " Life ol' ,'\braliam Lincoln'' (1890), and editor willi liny of Lincoln's " ('oinplete Works " (|8!M;. c.— 17 737 Nicolini, Madame. See Patti. Nicolls (nik'olz). Sir Richard. Born at Ampt- hill, Bedfordshire, England, 1624: died May 28, 1672. The first English colonial governor of New York. He served under the royal standard in the English civil war, and was appointed gentleman of tlie bedchamber to the Duke of York at the Restoration. Ue was chief of the commission sent to New England to or- ganize an attack on New Netherland in 1604 ; and on the surrender of the Dutch in that year became governor of the conquered province, which he renamed New York from his patron, the Duke of York. He returned to Eng- land in lotw, and resumed his former ijnsitinn in the duke's household. He fell in the naval battle with De Kuyter, Jlay '28, 1072. Nicol6 de' Lapi (ne-k6-16' da la'pe). A novel by Azeglio, published in 1841. Nicolosi (ne-ko-lo'se). A town in Sicily, at the southern foot of Sfount Etna. It is the usual starting-point of ascents of Etiui. Nicomachean Ethics. An ethical treatise by Aristotle. Nicom^de (ue-ko-mad'). A play by Coraeille, produced in 1651. Nicomedia(nik-o-me'di-a). [Gr. N(Kop;(5f(a.] In ancient geography, the capital of Bithynia, Asia Minor, situated on an arm of the Propontis {Sea of Marmora), in l.at. 40^48' X.,long. 29° 58' E. It was built by Niet>medea I., king of Bithynia, and was the residence of Diocletian, Consfantine, and other Ro- man emperors. The modern Ismid is on its site. Nicomedia, Gulf of. The eastern ])rolongatiou of theaSea of Marmora : also called the Gulf of Ismid. Nicopoli. See NikopoU. Nicopolis (ni-kop'o-lis). [Gr. N/zttiTo?.;?, city of victory.] 1. In ancient geography, a city iu Epirus, Greece, situated on the Gulf of Arta iu lat. 39° N., long. 20° 43' E. It was founded by Oct.a- vian in commemoration of his victory at Actium :il li. o. The site contains many Roman antiquities. 2. An ancient city in Cappadocia, founded by Pompcy on accoimt of his defeat of Mithridtites 66 B. c. — 3. An ancient city near Alexandria, founded by Augustus on account of his defeat of Antony. — 4. An ancient city north of Tir- nova, Bulgaria, founded by Trajan on account of his defeat of the Dacians. Nicosia (ne-ko-se'ii), orLefkosia, orLevkosia (lef-ko-se'ii). The capital of Cyprus, situated on the river Pedias in the interior of the island. The Cathedral of St. Sophia is a three-aisled church in the best French Pointed style (now a mosque). It contains several tombs of the Liisiguan kings who were crowned here. Population (1891), 1'2,51G. Nicosia. A town in the province of Catania, Sicilv, 40 miles west-northwest of Catania. Popiilatiou (1881), 14,941; commune, 15.4()(). NiCOt (ne-ko'), Jean, SieurdeVillemain. Born at Nimes, France, 1530: died at Paris, May 5, 1600. AFrenchdiplomatist and scholar. Hein- troduced the use of t^jbacco from Portugal into France. The genus Nict>tiatm and the substance nicotine were named from him. Nicotera (ne-ko'te-rii). A seaport in the prov- ince of Catanz.aro, Calabria, Italy, 34 miles north-northeast of Reggio. PoptUatiou (1881), 4,941. Nicotera, Baron Gio'vanni. Bom at San-Biase, Calabria, Sept. 9, 182S: died at Vico Eciuense, near Naples, Juno 13, 1894. An Italian poli- tici:ltl. He became In his youth a member of "Young Italy," partit:ipatcd in the rising iu t'alabria in 184.S, and afterward served under Mazzini and (iaribaldl. He wjis minister of the interior 1870-77 and lsi)l-:i2. Nicoya (ne-ko'yii). A peninsula on the western coast of Costa Rica, Central America. Nicoya, Gulf of. An arm of the I'acific Ocean, sotitheast of the peninsnhi of Nicoya. Nictheroy (ne-ta-ro'e)- orNitherohi. Thecapi- tal until 1894 of the state of b'io do Janeiro, situated on Iho Bay of Kio de Jtiiieiro o|iposite Rio de Janeiro, it figured promincnilv in the civil war of 1883-04. (See ilcth.) Population, abiiut 10,wi0. Nicudje. Hco Missfiia-i. Nicuesa(ne-ko-a'Hii), Diego de. Bom at Bai-za about 1465: died Marcli (f), 1511. A Spanish commnnilor. He went to Espailolaln l.'.O'J, was subse- quently agent of the coloidsts in Spain, aiul in lf>08 was em- powered to contpler and govern t'astillii del 4)ro, corre- sponding to the coast of the Isthmus of Panama and Cen- tral .America from the (Jtdf of Darlen to Capo Oraelas a Dies: at file same time OJcda reeelveil the aoo miles ; nnvigablo from Qrodno, and for steamers from Koriiu. See J/rinW. Niemeyer Niemever (ne 'mi-er ), August Hermann. Bom at Hafle, Prussia, Sept. 1, 1754 : died at Mag- deburg, Prussia, July 7, 182S. A Germau theo- logian, sacred poet, and writer on. pedagogies. He became chancellor and rector perpetuus at the Uni- versity of Halle in 180S, and was made a member of the consistory at Magdeburg in 181C. Among his works are "Charakteristik der Bibel" (1775-82), "Grundsatze der Erzieliung und des Unterrlchts" (1796), "Eeligibse Ge- dichte"(1814). Nienburg-on-the-'Weser (nen ' boro - on - tho - vii'zer). A town in the province of Hanno- ver, Prussia, situated on the Weser 28 miles northwest of Hannover. Population (1890). 7,808. Niepce (ne-eps'), Joseph Nicephore._ Born at Chalon-sur-Saone, France, March 7, 1765: died at Gras, near Chalon, July, 18o3. A French in- ventor, associated with Daguen'e in the inven- tion of photography. Nierstein (ner'stin). A small town in the prov- ince of Rhine Hesse, Hesse, on the Rliine 9 miles south-southeast of Mainz. It is noted for its wines. Niesen (ne'zen). A noted summit in tlie Ber- nese Oberland, Switzerland, 15 miles west by south of Interlaken. Height, 7,763 feet. Nietzsche (netz'she), Friedrich Wilhelm. Born near Liitzen, Saxony, Oct. 15, 1844: died Aug. '25, 1900. A noted German philosopher, prof essor of classical philology at Basel 1869-80. Among his works are "Morgenrbte" (1881), "Die froh- liclie Wissenschaft " (1882), "Also sprach Zarathustra " (1883-85), ".Tenseits vonGut und Bose" (1886), etc. M'ieuhof(noi'h6f),Johan Jacob. Bom in West- phalia about 1610: died on the coast of Malabar, Sept. 29 (?), 1672. A German in the service of the Dutch West India Company, and later in that of the East India Company. He tr.2 and I31t5. Sultan liajazet I. defeated here the Kr:inco-Hunpariananiiyundersi*;isinnnd8ept. i!8, 13iKi, It was unsuccessfully attacked by Ladislaus of Huncary in 1444. The Turks were defeated here by B:lthi>ri Sept. 6, 15115. and l»y the Wallachians in l.^liS. It was coiuiuered by the Eussians in 1811). The Turkish fleet was destroyed near itand their camp stormed by the Russians in 1829. It was taken by the Russians in 1877. Population, 4,652. Nikosia. See Xieosia. Niksar (nik-siir'), or Niksara (nik-sii'rii). A town in the vilaj-et of Trcbiznnd, Asiatic Tui'- kcy, situated near the Kelkit-Tehai 145 miles west by south of Trebizond: the ancient Neo- ciBsarea, and probably the ancient Cabira. Pop- ulation, 9,000. Niksic (nek'sieh). A fortified town in Montene- gro, 26 miles north of Ccttinje. It was besiesed antl taken from the Turks by the Montenegrins in 1877. t'"pulation, about 3,000. Nile (nil). [F. yn, Sp. Pg. It. Nilo, G. Nil, L. Xiliis, from Gr. Net/.or.'] The longest river of Africa, and one of the longest rivers in the world: the ancient Nilus. it is formed by several head streams which flow into Lake Victoi-ia Nyanza. Of these the Kagera, Shimiyu, and Isanga are the chief. From Victoria Nyanza the Nile Hows northwest, forming tile Kipon and Murchison falls, into the Albert Nyanza. Tluiiie it flows generally north (as the Bahr-el-Jebel, later as the Bahr-el-Abiad or White Nile) to the junction with the Blue Nile at Khartum ; traverses the Nubian desert ; passes by five cataracts into the valley of Egypt ; and emp- ties by a wide delta into the Jlediterranean Sea. Its prin- cipal mouths arc the Rosetta and Uaniietta branches. It fertilizes the valley of Egypt by its anrmal overflow fcaused by the melting of the snows in the elevated regions drained by its head waters), which is at its height in September and October. It has been famous in ancient and modern times for the kingdoms on its hanks, and for the attempts to discover its sources. Its chief tributaries arc the Bahr- el-Ghazal, Sobat, Blue Nile, anil Athara. It receives no tributaries below Berber. The chief places on its banks are Lado, Gondokoro, Khartum, Berber. New Dongola, Derr, Assuaii, .Slut; and f'airo. The course of the upper Nile was a mystery until recent times. Bruce in 1770 found the source of the Blue Nile. In IS.'SS the Victoria Nyanza was discovered by Speke, in 1S(^4 the Albert Nyanza by Baker, and in 1S77 the Albert Kilwanl Nyanz.:! by Stanley. The upper basin falls mainly within the British sphere of Influence, partly within the (lennan, and perhaps the Ital- ian. The middle valley was retaken from the dervi.shes in 1898. Length, about 3,40u miles. On the rocks of Semneh and KOnnnch the highest point of the inundation was always noted for coniiiarison, and the mark was accompanied by a corresponding ibscription. Thus we read at one place on the roek : "Height of the Nile in the year 14, under the reign of his Majesty King Amen-cm-hat HI., the ever-living." From observations made by Lepsinsoii the spot, we gather that in the times of theTwelftli Ilynasty — that is. forty-three centuries before our days — the hi'.:hest rise was nearly twenty-seven feet above the greatest height of the inundation in these days; and that the avemge height of the Nile when Amen-cm- hat III. was king siirpa-sses that of our times by about twelve feet. lirujsch, F.gypt under the Pharaohs, p. 75. Nile, Battle of the. A name often given to the Bril ish naval victoryof Aug. 1-2, 1798. See Abu- kir, 11(11/ iif. Nilea (nil/,). A city in Berrien County, south- western Michigan, situated on the St. Joseph Uiver 75 miles east of Chicago. Population - 19110), t,'js7. Niles, Hezekiah. Bom in Chester County, Pa., Del. 10, 1777 : died at Wiliiiinglon, Del , April 2,1839. An American joiirnalisl. lie roundeil at 739 Baltimore the weekly Journal "Niles's Register" in 1811, and edited it until 1836. Nilgiri (nil-ge're). A state in Orissa, Bengal, India, intersected by lat. 21° 30' N., long. 86° 40' E. Nilgiri Hills, or Neilgherry (nel-ger'e) Hills. 1. A range uf Mnniiitaiiis in Madras, British In- dia, about Int. 1 1° 30' N., long. 76° 45' E. High- est peak, Dodabetta (8,760 feet).— 2. A district in Madras, British India, chiefly comprised in the mountain region of Nilgiri Ilills. Nilsson (uil'son), Christine. Bom nearWexio, Sweden, Aug! 3, 1843. A noted Swedish so- prano singer, she first sang in public at Stockholm in 1860, and appeared in opera at Paris in 1H64 as VioletUu She appi-ared with great success at different times from 1867 to 1870 in England, and in 1870-72 in America. In the latter year she returned to England, and married M. Au- guste Kouzaud, who died in 1SS2. From 1872-7" she sang in England, coming lo America in 1873-74. In 1870 she made a successful tour thrnu^h .Scandinavia. In 1880-81 she again sang in opera in Ijiiilaml, from which time she sang only in concerts till l^^7, when she married Count Ca.'^a di Miranda, ami retired altogether to private life in 1888. ((?rope.) She was eminently successful in such parts as Mignon, Marguerite, Ophelia, Elsa, etc. Nilsson, Sven. Bom near Landskrona, Swe- den, March 8. 1 787 : died at Lund, Sweden, Nov. 30, 1883. A Swedish naturalist and antiquary, professorat Lund 1831-56. He published works on the fauna and antiquities of Scandinavia. Nilus (ni'lus). Tlie Roman name of the Nile. Nimapu, See Chopunnish. Nimar (ue-miir'). Adistrictin the Central Prov- inces, British India, iuter.sected by lat. 21° 45' N., long. 76° 30' E. Area, 3,357 square miles. Population (1891), 253,486. Nimburg (nim'bora). A town in Bohemia, on the Elbe 27 miles east by north of Prague. Population (1890), commune, 6,659. Nimeguen.' See Xiimrei/cn. Nimes, or Nismes (iiem). The capital of the department of Gard, France, situated in lat. 43° 51' N., long. 4° 21' E. : the Roman Nemau- SUS. It has important mamifacfures of silk goods, and an extensive trade, especially in wine and spirits. It is noted for it.s Roman antiquities, among which are the amphitheater (in excellent preservation), the liaison Car- rie (which see), the so-called temple of Diana, the Tour Magne (Turris Magna), and gates. It contains a cathe- dral, lyceum, picture-gallery, fountain garden, etc. In the vicinity is the Pont du Gard. Nimes was conquered by the Romans in 121 B. C, and became one of the chief provincial cities ; was plundered by the Vandals in 407, and suffered from the West Goths and Saracens; was united to France in 1258 ; suffered in the Huguenot wars ; and was the scene of reactionary atrocities against the Protestants in 1815. It was the birthplace of Guizot. Population I I'lni 1.811,355. Nimrod (nim'rod). According to Gen. x., son of Cush, grandson of Ham, famous for his ex- ploits as a hunter, at first ruler of Shiuar (Shu- mir, i. e. South Babylonia), then founder of the Assyrian Tetrapolis (Asshur, Nineveh, Rehobo- thir, and Calah). Some Assyriologists identify Nim- rod with Izdubar or fiilgamesb, the principal hero of the Babylonian Izdubar legends, or "Nimrod Epic." See Izdu- bar. Outsidethepagesof the Old Testament nothing is known of Nimrod. The nionunients of Assyria and B;ibyloiiia h.ave hitherto refused todi\ulge the name, t'ertaiii siliol- ars indeed imagined licit it might bethcpronnneiation of the name of tlie hero of the great t'halda'an Etiie, but wo now know that such is not the case. .Nimrod still remains to be discovered in the cuneiform texts. Sayce, Races of the 0. T., p. 66. Nimrod. A pseudonym of C. J. Appcrley, a writer on liuuting, etc., in the "Quarterly Re- view." Nimrud (nitu'riid). An important archroo- iogieal sill' in .\ssyria, on tin' left luiiik of the Tigris about 19 miles belowNincvoli: the ancient Calah (which sec). It was excavated by Layard be. tween 18-15 and 1S51, and yielded the remarkable aeries of reliefs constituting the Nimrud Gallery in the British Mu- seum. Tlic site was occupied by several palaces In succes- sion, according lo the oriental custom which reiiuired cvcrymonareh to build his own. The long series of changes and reconstructions makes the architect uriil history of the site dilllcult to unravel ; however, except Khorsabad, this has been the most carefully explored and the most instruc- tive site in A8s.vria. It is particularly Interesting for its abundant remains of vaults built of crude brick in courses iiieliiied diagonally against each other, so as to nbviatctho iiMi- nt centering. Nimwegen (tiiin'wa-geu), or Nymegen, or Nimeguen (iiiiu'a-geii). I), also Nijmegen (iii'ma-cheii ), F. Nim6gUe (ue-nuig'). .\cily in the jirovini nicldirliind, Netherlands, sitinit- ed on Ihe Wtiiil in lat. 51° 51' N., long. 5° .52' E. : the Honian Noviomagus. Ii has a ftne situation, and contains the rhurchof St. Steiihcn. Htiidlinis, and nilnsof the Carol ingianiialace. 1 1 was t lie residence of Charles the Great and other monarcha. Later it was a tree Impeiial city and Ilanscatlctown. It joined Ihe Inionof I Ireclit In 15711; was taken by the Spaniards In 1.85; retaken by the Dutch In 1501; and taken bv the French in 1672 and in 1704. Population (ISHl), ;i2,ui90. Nine Worthies, The Nimwegen, Peace of. A series of treaties con- cluded at Nimwegen in 107S and 1679. With those of West minster bet ween Holland and England (Feb. 9,1074), of Fontiiinebleuu between France and Denmark (Sept. 2, 1671*), of Lund between Denmark and Sweden (Sept. 26, 107!)), and of St.-Germain-en-Laye between Sweden and Brandenburg (I'oO), they put an end to the hostilities be- tween France and Holland and their allies originating witll the attack on Holland by Louis XIV. in 1672. The treaty between France and Holland was concluded Aug. 10, 1078 : that between France and Spain Sept, 17, 1678 ; that between the emperor on the one hand and i'rance and Sweden on the other Feb. 5, 1679 ; and that between Holland and Sweden Oct. 12, 1679. Holland received all its territory back on condition of preserving neutrality ; .Spain ceded Franehe-Comte, Valenciennes. I'ambray, St,- Omer, Ypres.CoiukS Bouchain.Manbeuge, and other places to France; France restored Charleroi, Gudenarde, Cour- tray, Liiuburg, Ghent, Puycerda, etc., to Spain ; the em- peror ceded Freiburg- iin-Breisgail lo France; and Duke Charles IV. of Lorraine was restored to his duchy, hut on conditions which he refused to accept. Nina (nen'yii), La. [Sp., 'little girl.'] One of the smaller caravels of Columbus in his voyage of 1492. It was an undecked vessel, probably not over 45 feet long, and was commanded at first by Vicent* Yafiez Pinzon. After the ftreck of the Santa .Maria (Dec. 24, 1492) Columbus returned in the Nifia to Kurope. Nina Gordon, See Drcd. Ninetta. See G(i-:a Ladra, La. Ninety-Six (nin'ti-siks'). A village in Abbe- ville Ciiuiity. South Carolina. 75 miles west by north of Columbia. It was unsuccessfully besieged by the Americans under Greene in 1781. Ninety-Three (nin'ti-thre'). [F. Quatre-vingt- trci:c.'\ AhistoricalnovelliyVii-torllugo, pub- lished in 1874. The scene is laid in tUo north- west of France in 1793. Nineveh (nin ' e - ve). [Heb. Xlneve, Assyr. Xi- niia, Gr. 'Sivevi't) NiVof.] In ancient geography, an important city and for a long time the capi- tal of the Assvrian empire, situated on the east- ern bank of the upper Tigris opposite the mod- ern Mosul, and surrounded in ancient times by a shallow river (Khosr). The site.now marked by thetwo mounds of Kuyunjik and Nebi Yunils, was first identified in 1820 by J. C. Rich, political resident of the East India Company at Bagdad. X'^e first attempts at excavation were made in 1842 by Paul Emile Botta, who, however, met with slight success: these were followed on a more extended scale by Sir Austen Henry Lajard (1845-17, 1849-51), by Hormuzd Rassarn (1854), and by George Smith (1873-76), the work being again taken up by R.as-sam on the death of Smith. As a result of these excavations, the general out- line of the city, the remains of four palaces and nunicrous sculptures, and thousands of tabUtstpriiicipally from the so-culled library of .Asurbanipal) weie discovered. The greater part of these is now in the Biitish Museum. The city liad a circumference of from 7 to 8 miles, the ruinsof the walls sliowing a height in some parts of r>0 feet. It was in existence as early as the time of Samsi-raniman (1816 B. c), who rebuilt a temple there. Shalmaneser I. (l.'i:lO B. C.) built a palace at Nineveh and made it the city of his residence. Samsi-ramman III. (824-81 1) decorated and re- stored the temple of Ishtar, famous for a special phase of the cult of the goddess. (See Itibtar.) Rnmman-nirari III. (811-782) built a new palace on the site of the mound Ne. hi Ytinus. For a time Nineveh was neglected, Sargon(722- 705 n. C), the founder of the new dynasty, ahandoniiig it as the capital for a new town, DupSariukin (Khorsabad), which he built and made his residence. His son, Sen- nacherib (70.5-^181 B. c.), was, however, a special natron of Nineveh, lie surrounded it with a wall, replaced (695) the small palace at the northeast wall by a large one. built an- other palace which he filled wiili cedar wood and adorned with colossal bulls and lions, and beautitled the city with a park. The Old Testament (2 Ki. xix. :i6, Is.a. xxxvii. 37) mentions Nineveh as the n-si.lriiceof Sennueherib. 1-lsar- haddon(680-ti0SB.C.)fiiiished a teiii|ilc. widened thoslrcetR, and beautified the city, forcing the kings whom he con- (luered to furnish materials for adorning the city and pal- aces. Nineveh succumbed to the combined attack of the Medes under Cyaxares and the Babylonians under .N'aho. polassar in 608 (606?) H. c. Sec also Asgi/ria, Ci/aiares, A'«- yutijiti, and .Vcm' Vujiuji. Nine Worthies. The. Nine heroes of romance .iiid chivalry wliose story is tidd in Arlhuriau legends. In one of these, the "Triuniphes dcs iieufs Preiix," "the author feigns that there appeared to him in a vision nine heroes, and in a second vision a tenth hero, viz., .Toshuit, David, Judas Maccabicns, Hector. Alexander the Great. Julius Ca'sar, and then Arthur, chaileniagne, Ootl- frey of Bouillon, and finally Bertraiid du Guesclin ; they charizc Ilim to undertake the description of their lives and feat.s, in order that Lady rriumphe, who appears with tlicm, may be enabled todecide w lilcli of llleiu has deserved her crown. . . . The nine heroes of this romance are not Infrequently mentioned in the earlier Knglish litera- ture. Shakespeare alludes in ' l.ovcs Lah.iur 's Lost '(act v. sc. 2) to the Nine Worthies. Further, they appear hi the verses which precede the l,ow-i;ernian lilslmy of Alexiin. der the Great (llrun's ■ Altplattdculschc (icdichle.' p. 336, etc. Sec also Wurton, vol. iv. p l.'.l. note ii, l/iiid. 1S24). They llgurcalso in tapestry and palnlings(Wiirton, II. p. 44, nolo 9). This selection of tbrlee three hiToes may very likely have originated in Ihe ■Welsh Priads,' where the Ihree Pagan, Jewish, and Cbrisdan Irlnilles are enumer- ated as follows: llictor, Alexander, and .lullils Cteaar ; Joshua, David, and Jndius .Maccabirus; Arthur. Charle- magne, mill Godfrey de Bouillon. For Godfrey is miinc- tlmessubstlluled Guy of \> arwick." Diinlo/i, Hlsl. of Prose Fiction, I. 269, 270. The " Pageant of the Nino Worthle*," out of which «o much fun is uuide In Siinkspcrc't " Lovo'a Labour '» Lost, Nine Worthies, The was represented in Queen Mary's time. "Each of the "Worthies," says Strype, " made his speech," no doubt com- mencing, as in the comedy, with *' I Pompey am," " 1 .Tudas am," etc. Wttrd. Nine Years' Siege (of Montevadeo). See Oribc, Manuel. Ningpo (ning'po'). orNingpo-fu (ning'po'fo'). A seaport in the province of Cheliiang, China, situated on the river Ningpo in lat. 29° 51' N., long. 121° 32' E. It is one of the treaty ports; has flourishing commerce ; is an educational and religious center ; and is noted for its tall tower and temple. It was taken by the British in 1841. Population, 250,001). Ninian(uin'i-an), Saint. Lived about 400 A. D. A British missionary among the southern Piets. He built a church at Withern, or Whithorn, Galloway, in 397, and in 420, when driven to Ireland, is said to have founded a monastery at Clonconnor. Nino (nen'yo), Pedro Alonso. Born in Moguer about 1455 : died about 1505. A Spanish navi- gator. He was connected with several Portuguese expe- ditions to the West African coast ; commanded a supply fleet which sailed for .Santo Domingo in 1496 : and was with Columbus on his third voyage in 1498. Later he was as- sociated with Cristobal Guerra in a trading expedition to the pearl coast (Venezuela). They left Spain about June, 1499, with a single small vessel, and returned richly laden with pearls and gold in April, 1500. This was the first financially profitable voyage to the American coa,st. Ninon de Lenclos or L'Enclos. See Lendos. Ninove (ne-nov'). A town in the province of East Flanders, Belgium, situated on tlie Deiider 15 miles west of Brussels. Population (1S90), 6,870. Ninus(ni'nus). In Greek narratives, the founder of Nineveh (which he named after himself) and of the AssjTiau empire, husband of Semiramis and father of Ninyas. Ninus. An ancient name of Nineveh; also, a Roman town (of short duration) on the site of Nineveh. Nio (ne'6). An island in the nomarehy of the Oyclades, Greece. 12 miles south-southwest of Naxos: the ancient los. Length. 11 miles. Niobe (ni'o-be). [6r. Nio;3?/.] In Greek mythol- ogy, the daughter of Tantalus and wife of Am- phion, king of Thebes. Proud of her numerous pro- geny, she provoked the anger of Apollo and Artemis by boasting over their mother Leto, who had but those two children. She was punished by seeing all her children die by the arrows of the two light-deities. She herself was met- amorphosed by Zeus into a stone which it is still sought to identify on the slope of iluunt Sipylus, near Smyrna. This legend has afforded a fruitful subject forart, and was nota- bly represented in a group attributed to Scopas. now best known from copies in the Ufiizi at Florence. See Niobe group. Niobe group. A celebrated collection of 18 an- tique statues, 12 of which were found in Rome in 1583, now in the Uffizi, Florence. They are good Roman copies of Greek originals ascribed with probability to Scopas, though by some to Praxiteles, representing Niobe horror-stricken in the midst of her children, who are being struck to death by the unseen shafts of Apollo and Artemis. The central figure, Niobe, seeks to shelter, with her arm and her mantle, her youngest daughter, who kneels terrified at her feet. The other children, youths and maidens, are dead, dying, or fleeing, seeking to ward off the inevitable blow, or awaiting it with resignation. The ex- isting group is incomplete : the original was probably ar- ranged pyramidally for the decoration of a pediment. Niobites (ni'o-bits). A branch of the Monophy- sites, founded by Stephanus Niobes in the 6th century, who opposed the views of the Severi- ans. See Sereria)is. Niobes taught that, according to strict Monophysite doctrine, the qualities of Christ's human nature were lost by its absorption into his divine nature. The Niobites gradually modified their views and returned to the orthodox church. Niobrara (ni-o-bra'rii). A river in northern Nebraska which joins the Missouri 34 miles west of Yankton. Length, about 450 miles. Niort (nyor). The capital of the department of Deux-Sfevres, France, situated on the S^vre- Niortaise in lat. 46° 19' N., long. 0° 28' "W. it has large manufactures of gloves, and is noted for its onions. It has a museum of paintings, town hall, ruined castle, and Church of Notre Dame. It was often taken and retaken in the English and religious wars. Population (1891), •23,2?5. Niphon. See Nippon. Nipigon ("nip'i-gon), or Nepigon (nep'i-gon), or Neepigon (ne'pi-gon). Lake. A lake in British North America, 25 miles north of Lake Supe- rior, into which it discharges by Nipigon Biver. Length, about 70 miles. Nipissing (nip'i-sing). Lake. A lake in the province of Ontario, Canada, northeast of Geor- gian Bay (in Lake Huron), into which it dis- charges through French River. Length, about 50 miles. Nipmuc (nip'muk). [PI., also-iV//)«i«cA-s. The name means 'fresh-water fishiug-place.'] A general name for the North American Indian tribes of central Massachusetts, extending into Connecticut and Rhode Island. In 1675 their sur- vivors of the King Philip war fled to Canada and to the 740 Hudson River. Eliot's translation of the Bible was in the Natic dialect of the language spoken by the Nipmuc tribes. See Ahjonquian. Nipmucks. Hee Xipmuc. Nipper (mp'er), Susan. In Dickens's "Dom- bey and Son," a young maid in charge of Flor- ence Dombey, noted tor her sharp tongue. She marries Toots. Nipple Top (nip'l top). An isolated peak of the Adirondaeks, south of Mount Marev. Height, 4.684 feet. Nippon (nip-on'), or Niphon (nif-on'), orNipon (nip-on'). ['Origin of the sun.'] A name wrongly used by foreigners for the main island of Japan. The Japanese call the entire empire Dai-Nippon or Nippon. Nippur (nip-por'). In ancient geography, a city of Babylonia, south of Babylon, midway be- tween that place andErech: the modern Niffer, situated on the Shatt en-Nil. The city existed in the earliest Babylonian period, an inscription of Naram-Sin (3750 B. c.) having been found there. Bel and Beltis were its special divinities. Nippur was visited l-iy .Sir Austen Henry Layard, who made some slight excavations and found several enameled coffins and other objects. It was exca- vated by an American expedition sent out by the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania 1889-91 under the leadership of Dr. Joiln P. Peters, and many inscriptions and other objects were found there. A portion of these are now in the Im- perial Museum at Constantinople, and the remainderin the museum of the University of Pennsylvania. Excavations were resumed in 1893. Nipur. See yippnr. Niquirans. See Nicanms. Niris (ne'ris). Lake. A large salt lake in Far- sistan, southern Persia, east of Shiraz. Nirukta (ni-rok'ta). [Skt.: nis, out, and vl-ta, spoken, spoken out, loud, clear: and, as noun, explanation, etymological interpretation of a ■word.] In Sanskrit, the name of the fourth of six Vedangas (which see), or works or classes of works auxiliary to the Veda. It consists of the ex- planation of difficult Vedic words. As Yaska's Nirukti or 'explanation' of the Nighantu or Nighantavas is almost the only survivor of the class, the name is also used of that work. See Kiijhantu and Nirukti. Nirukti (ni-rtik'ti). [Skt.,' interpretation.'] In Sanskrit literature, an exposition in 12books, by Yaska, of the Nighantu or Nighantavas. See Xiqhantu. "it is in Yaska's work, the Nirukti, that we fin^ the first general notions of grammar. Starting from tlie phonetic rules, advance was made first to a general view of phonetics, and thence to the remaining portionsof the domain of language. Inflection, derivation, and com- position were recognized and distinguished, and manifold reflections were made upon the modifications thereby oc- casioned in the meaning of a root." (Weber.) As to Yas- ka's date, it can only be said that he belonged to the last stages of the Vedic period. His Nirukti has been edited by Roth. Nirvana (nir-v.a'nii). [Skt., ' blowing out' (as of a light), 'extinction.'] In Buddhism, the condition of a Buddha; the state to which tlie Buddhist saint aspires as the liighest aim and highest good. Originally, doubtless, this was the ex- tinction of existence, liuditiia'sattempt being to show the way of escape from the mist-riLS inseparably attached to life, and especially to life everlastingly renewed by trans- migration, as held in India. But in later times this nega- tion has naturally taken on other forms, ajid is explained ns extinction of desire, passion, unrest, etc. Nisaea (nl-se'a). In ancient geography, a re- gion in Media (perhaps near the Caspian Gates), famous for its breed of horses. The Nissean breed of horses continued in repute down to the times of Ammianus Marcellinus (xxiii. 6). They excelled all others in size and speed, and were generally the property of the Persian kings or nobles of the highest rank. The situation of the Nisa-an plain from which they were said to derive their name is uncertain. According to Strabo, some placed it in Armenia ; others, according to Suidas, in Persia. The general consent, however, of the best writers assigns it to Media, where we know from the Behistun Inscription that there was a district Nisa?a or N isaya. Rawlimon, Herod., I\'. 39, note. Nisami. See Ni.raiiii. Nisan(ni'san). [Heb. »?«(■(■«, Babylonian )(/.«>()«».] The name of the first month of the Hebrew year, corresponding to March-April: after the exile (Esther iii. 7, Neh. ii. 1) corresponding to the preexilic Abib. Like the other names of the Hebrew months, it was derived from the Babylonians. The fact that it was the month in which the vernal equinox fell is attested by the cuneiform tablets and by Joseidius. Nisard (ne-zilr'), Jean Marie Napoleon De- sire. Born March 20, 1806: died at Paris, March 26, 1888. A French historian of literature. He became a member of the French Academy in 1S50. His chief work is " Uistoire, de la litt(-rature franjaise" (1844-61). He also wrote ',' Etudes d'bistoire et de litt^ra- ture " (1S59), " Nouvelles Etudes " (1864), etc. Niscemi (nish-a'me). A town in thepro\nnce of Caltanissetta, Sicily, 43 miles southwest of Catania. Population (ISSl), 12,110. Nish, or Nisch (nesh), or Nissa (nes'sii). Tlie second largest city of Servia, situated on tlie Nishava in lat. 43° 18' N., long. 21° 55' E. : the Nitria ancient Naissus (6r. Naiiroir) . Itwas the birthplace of Coiistantine the Great. It was held by the Servians from the 12th to the 14th century, and then by the Turks until 1878. Here, in 269, the emperor Claudius II. defeated the (ioths, 50,01 K) of whom ai'e said to have jjerished ; and here, in 1689, tile Austrians under Louis of Baden defeated the Turks. The place was unsuccessfully besieged by the Ser- vians in 1809. Population (1891), 19,877. Nishadha (ui'sha-d-ha). In the Mahabharata, tlie couiitrj' of Nala, inferred to be in the val- ley of the Siud, which traverses Gwalior state, Central India. On the Sind is Narwar, and local tra- dition connects this place with King Nala in a story bearing a striking resemblance to the poem of Nala. Nishapur (nish-sl-por'). A city in Khorasan, Persia, 48 miles west of Meshhed: an important medieval city. Population, about 11,000. Nishinam (nish'i-nam). The southern di\ision of the Pujunan stock of North American In- dians, comprising a number of tribes which for- merly occupied the part of northern California between Y'uba and Cosumne rivers. The name signifies ' people ' or ' om' people.' See Pujunan. Nisib. See Ni;:ib. Nisibis (nis'i-bis). [Gr. N/m/Si'c.] lu ancient geography, a town in Mesopotamia, situated in lat. 37° N.. long. 41° 15' E. : the modern Nisi- bin or Nesibin. it was an Armenian, Parthian, Romati, and Persian stronghold ; and was taken by Lucullus ;ii C8 R. c, and afterward by "Trajan. Nismes. See Nimes. Nisqualli (niz'kwa-le). Atribe of North Ameri- can Indians which formerly lived on and about Nisqualli River, Washington: now numbering 94 persons, on the Puyallup reservation, Wasli- iugton. See SaUsIian. Nisroch (nis'rok). In Bible history, an Assyriaa deity in whose temple at Nineveh Sennacherib was murdered (2 Ki. xix. 37, Isa. xxx\ii. 38). The name was formerly derived from Heb. n^^(T(' eagle'), and the deity was supposed to have been one of the eagle, headed genii frequently represented on Assyrian scul^ tures. The name has, however, not been found in cunei- form literature, and the conjecture of .Tuseph HaMvy that it is an error for Nushit (which see) has been gener- ally accepted. Nissa. See Xish. Nisus (ni'sus). [Gr. Nitrof.] In Greek legend, a king of Megara, father of Scylla: changed to an eagle. Nisyro (ne'se-ro). A small volcanic island off the southwestern coast of Asia Minor, south of Cos and northwest of Rhodes : the ancient Nisyi'us (Gr. TXiavpog). Nitii (nith). A river in southwestern Scotland which falls into Solway Firth 8 miles south of Dumfries. Length, 71 miles. Nithard (ne-tar'). Lived in the first half of the 9tli century. A Prankish historian, son of Bertlia and gi'andson of Charles the Great. Nitherohi. See Nicthcroi/. Nithsdale (niths'dal). The valley of the Nith, princiiially in Dumfriesshire, Scotland. Niti-Ghaut (ne'te-gaf). One of the chief passes over the Himalaya from India to Tibet, situ- ated about lat. 30° 50' N. , long. 79° 45' E. Height, 16,570 feet. Nitinaht (ne'tin-iit). A tribe of North Ameri- can Indians, on Nitinaht Lake or .Sound, Van- couver Island, British Columbia. Number, 269. See Jht. Nitishastra (ne-ti-shiis'tra). [Skt., 'conduct- treatise': iiiti, conduct, and shustra, instruc- tion, treatise.] In Sanskrit, doctrine of politi- cal and social ethics, and then the name of a class of ethico-didactic treatises. These consist eitluT of maxims in verse, or of fables and stories in prose with inleriiiingled verse. See Bhartrihari, Hitopadesha, Panetialanlra. Nitocris (ni-to'kris), or Nit-aker (net-ii'ker). ['The perfect.'] An Egyptian queen of the 6th dynasty (about 3000 B. C. ). According to Maiietho she was the noblest and most beautiful woman of her time, and the builder of the third p}Tamid at Gizeh. This pyramid, which was built by Alenkaura of the 4th dynasty, she doubtless renovated and enlarged. Herodotus also relates certain fables about her. Nitocris. A queen of Babylon. Babylon was made impregnable ; the river was paved with brick, and lined with hiigc walls ; and those woude> fill works of defence were constructed which Hferodotoa ascrilies to Queen Nitilkris. This queen may have been the mother of Nabonidos, who died on the 6th of Nisan or March, B. c. 546, in the camp near Sippara. Sayce, Anc. Empires, p. 144. Nitria (nit'ri-il). The region of the Natron Lakes in Egyjit, situated southwest of the delta of the Nile. The district Nitria is frequently mentioned by ancient authors : as bv Strabo (xvii.) and by Pliny (xxxi. 46), and again by the Church writers of the fourth and following centuries, especially by those of them who speak of the monastic institutions of their own times. Around these dreary waters the monks of that time established them- Nitria selves in great nunibers — so many, indeed, that the em- peror VaJens, thinkin;^ that tie could ftnd il mure useful employment for tbeni than that of reciting the- i'salter, eollsted as many as live thousand of them in his legions. Taylor, Hist. Anc. Books, p. 217. Nitzsch (nitsb), Gregor Wilhelm. Bom at Wittenberg, Prussia. Nov. lij, \1'M: dieJ at Leipsic, July 22. IHtil. A GiTii^ui pliilologist, gonof K. L. Nitzsi'li : professor at Kiel 1827-5L', and at Leipsie 18.3--(il. He wrote works on the Homeric poems, and defended the Homeric atuhorshij) of the Iliad and Odyssey. Nitzsch, Karl Immanuel. Born at Borua, Saxony, Sept. L'l. 17S7: died at Berlin, Aug. 21, J 868. A Gorman Protestant theologian, son of K. L. Nitzseh : professor at Berlin 1.847-08. He was one of the founders of the "mediation theidogy." His chief works are "System der christlichen U'hre" ("System of Christian Doctrine," 1829), " Praktische Theologie" (1847-48). Nitzsch, Karl Ludwig. Bom at Wittenberg, Prussia. Aug. G, 17."il : died there, Dec. 5, l.S:!l. A Gefriian Protestant theologian, professor at Wittenberg. Nitzsch, Karl Wilhelm. Boni at Zerbst, An- halt, Dec. 22, 1818 : died at Berlin, Juuo 120, 1880. A German historian, sou of G.W. Nitzseh: pro- fessor at Berlin 1872-80. He published works on Koman and medieval German history, etc. Niut'atci. See Mis.soidi. Nivardus (ni-var'dus) of Ghent. Lived in the rjth century. A Flemish priest, the author of the Latin poem ' ' Ysengrimus," original ly ca Ih d "Reinardus Vulpes" (1148). Seo Hei/iiard tlic Fiix. Here we have the names that afterwards entered so com- {iletcly into the speech of Europu that the old French word or a fox, Ouupil, was replacL-d liy Renard. Reinaert, Key- nard, or ReKinhard, means 'absolutely hard,' a hardened evil-doer whom there is no turning from his way. It is al- together out of this old story that the Fox has come liy that name. Isegrim, the Wolf's name, is also Flemish — Isengrin meaning 'the iron helm.' The bear they named Bruno, Bruin, for the colour of his coat. Morley, English Writers, VI. 310. Nivelles (ne-vel'), Flem. Nyvel (ni'vel). A manufacturing town in the province of Brabant. Belgium, on the Thines, 17 miles south of Brus- sels. It contains the church of an ancient con- vent. Population (1890), 10,642. Nivernais (ne-ver-na'). An ancient govern- iiiont of France, corresponding nearly to the i'jmrtment of Ni^'vre. It was bounded by Burgutuly :i the northeast, east, and southeast, Bourbonnais on the nth and southwest, Berry on the west, arid cirldanais on ■lie northwest. The most important portion of il was the liichy of Nevers. Niv6se(ne-voz'). [F.,' the snowy.'] The name adopted in 1793 by the National Convention of the lirst Frencli republic for the fourth inonlh of the year. It consisted of 3» days, beginning in the vears 1, 2, 3, 5, 0, 7 with Dec. 21 ; in 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14 with Oic. 22 : and in 12 with Dec. 23. The Gregorian calendar . iune again into use after 10th Xivose, year 14 (Dec. 31, I soli). Niza (net'sii), Marcos de. Born at Nice, Italy, about 149.'5 : diiid in Mexico, l.')42 (?). A Fran- ■iscan missionary, discoverer of Arizoiui. lie is lid to have labored successively in Peru, Nieai-igua. and Mclico, and in thclast-named country was provincial of his nriler. By order of the viceroy he penetrat.'il northwald from Unliacan in la3!l, and in May of that yiai reached the !• glon called Cibola (perhaps tile Zuui puelilos); but, some f his company being attacked by the Indians, ho tin-ned ii.-k, reaching f'ompostella about .Uily. His exaggerated Mcountsdlerivccl only from reports) of the riches of Cibola iiid itssevcn cil iis led to the cxpiditiiin of C(iruimdo(l.vln), Ahich he !ici:ompanied as giude : the sup]iii-(Pd wealthy itieswere then shown to be ordinary puelilos. anil the liar was sent back in disgust. Mza's report, which his men frequently puhlishi'd, is full of impinbahililies; but Iherc can be no doubt thai lie ciossed Soiioia and pint of Aii/ona into New Mexico. Nizami(ni-za-m6') (Abu Mohammed ben Yu- suf Sheikh Nizam eddin). Born in IMI at Tafrisli, ncarKuni : livcil I lie greater jiiirl of his life at Genje ( Yi-lisavcl|iol), and dii^d in 12(12. One of the seven cliiif poets of Persia. lie wrote a divan of 28,()tHl disticlis. and five other gn-at poirms ; "The Storchouao of Mysteries," "The Book of Alexaniler," "Khosrau and Shiriii," " .Majnun and I.aila"(see Ijuilaund Majnun), and " The .Seven l''air Faces," the last consisting of seven 8ti>rlcs t4ihi by the seven wives of llahrani Gor to amuse him. These tlve works are known as the "Five Treasures of Mzaini." Thethinl has been transhded iiitti Oerniim by Uammer-I'llrgslall I1H12), tin' fourth Into F.ng- Ush by Atkinsim (18:«i), the llftli lntlay licensed in Ki'JO, printed in 1(>47. It has been attributed t.i Fletclier, but bis share in it is 0 of their small force, besides 4,000 In- dian allies. .Much of the plunder they had acquired was sunk in the lake, and was never recovered. Noctes AmbrOSianse (nok'tezam-bro-si-a'ne). rL.,'Ambiosian nights.'] A series of papers in the form of dialogues on popular topics, con- tributed to "Blackwood's Magazine" 1822-3.5, cliieilyby .lohn Wilson ("Christopher North"). Noctes Atticae (at'i-se). [L., "Attic nights.'] A miscellaneous work by Aulus Gellius. Nod (nod). The unknown Ian ^^ . Cappldocia, Asia JUnor, rmoutier (nwar-mo-tya ). An island west ^.^i^^-^;^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^ jW^^ ,j,^^^^^ ^^^^ Ly- eaonia. Eumenes was besieged here by the forces of Antigonus in 320-319 B. C. Norba (nor'bil). [Gr. Nup,?o.] In ancient geog- raphy, a city of Latium, Italy, 35 miles south ment district of Swabia and Neuburg, Bavaria, situated on the Eger 38 miles north-northwest of Augsburg. It has nianufactiu-es of carpets, etc. For- merly it was an imperial city. Here, Aug. 27 (0. S.), 1634, the Imperialists under Ferdinand III. and Gallas defeated the Swedish army under Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar and Horn. (See also 4">'''''*"'') Population (IbW), 8,004. Nordmark (nord'miirk). The northern march founded by the German king Henry I. in 928 to preserve the territories conquered from the Wends. It lay southwest of the Elbe, round the towns of Stendal and Sal2vvedel, and is now in the province of Saxony, Prussia. It was extended by Otto the Great to the Oder, but was reduced by the Wendish rising of 9S3to the region west of the Elbe. Albert the Bear was made margrave of the ?» ordmark in 1134. It is known now as the Altmark. See Brandenbunj. Nordre Bergenhus (uor'dre ber'gen-hos). A ■|irovince in the western part of Norway. Area, 7.14.^ square miles. Population (1891), 87,552. east Of Rome: the modem Norma. It contains jjordsjo (nor'she). A lake near the southern remains of Cyclopean architecture coast of Norway. Length, 28 miles. defta'ted'"''^'' ^ '''"^ f^oMg^ the German lines was Norbert_^(n6r'Mrtj F. pron. noir-bar'j, Sa^t. Nordstrand(no"rd'strant). ' A smalijsland in Noje. See Tanan. Nokes(n6ks),Jack,andTomStiles(stilz). Fic- titious names formerly used in actions of eject- ment as John Doe and Richard Roe were used. Nokes, James. Died about 1692. An English Died 1134. An ecclesiastic, founder at Pre- montr^, near Laon, France, of the order of the Premonstrants. Norcia (uor'cha). A town in the province of Perugia, Italy, 42 miles southeast of Perugia : the ancient Nursia. It was a Sabine city. actor, one of the most celebrated comedians of jjord (nor). [F., ' north.'] The northernmost his time. Before he H»nt on the stage he kept a "knick- department of France, formed chiefly from the knackatory " or "toy-shop —a shop where trinkets and - r_ . — , ..,,.,. fancy .articles were sold. He was successful in Sir Martin Mar-all, Barnaby Brittle, Sosia, etc., and his XuTse in Ot- way's '"Cains Marius." a curious amalgamation of Shak- spere's "Romeo and .luliet" and another play, was so ad- mirable that he was called " Nurse Xokes ' to the end of his life. He is not to be confounded with Robert Sokes, also an actor, who died in 1673. Nola (no'la). A city in the province of Caserta, Italy, 16 miles east-northeast of Naples. It was an ancient city of Campania, under the same name, noted for its vases. It was taken by the Romans in 313 B. c. ; re- sisted Hannibal 21t>-214 ; and was a Saninite stronghold in tlie Social War, 90-59. Augustus died here in 14 A. P. It was the birthplace of Bruno. Population (18811, 10,062. Noli Me Tangere (no'li me tau'je-re). [L., • Do not touch me ' : alluding to the words of Christ after his resurrection.] 1. Apaintingby Rembrandt, in Buekingliam Palace, London. — 2. Apaintingby Titian, in the National Gallery, London. It is an early work, with markedly slender figures. The composition is diguilied. Noll (nol), or OldNoU. [Nickname for Oliver.'] A nickuame of Oliver Cromwell. Nollekens (nol'e-kenz). Joseph. Born at Lon- don. Aug. 11, 1737 : died there, April 23, 1823. An English sculptor. His father was a painter of Ant- werp wlio had settled in England. Joseph studied in P^ome between 1760 and 1770. He was in.-ide royal academician in 1772. He modeled busts of George III., Pitt, Canning, and Lords Castiereagh and Livei-pool. NoUendorf (nol'len-dorf ). A village in northern Bohemia, 50 miles north-northwest of Prague. Here, Aug. 30, 1813, the French under Vandamme were defeated by the Prussians under Kleist. Nomansland(n6'manz-land). A name formerly given to a district in South Africa, now com- prised within Griqualaiid East. No Man's Land, or Noman's Land. A small the North Sea, belonging to North Friesland, situated west of Schleswig. Before 1634 it was connected with the neighboring Pellworm and other islands. Nore (nor). A name given to a sand-bank in the estuary of the Thames 4 miles northeast of Sheeriiess, or to the neighboring part of the es- , ■ T-, , T-.1 3 /> -i 1 T '11 - tuarv itself. old French Flanders. Capita ,Lile. Itisbounded Nore', Mutiny at the. A mutinv of the British by the North Sea on the northwest, Belgium on the east L V' Z . i v -it , t i -n=- t* „„„ f„ • and northeast, Aisne on the south, Somme on the south- Heet at the ^ore, ilay-June, 1/9,. It wasforci- west, and Pas-de-Calais on the southwest and west. The bly suppressed. surface is generally flat. Next to Seine it is the most pop- Norfolk (nor 'f ok). [-'i.S. yorthfolc, northern ulous department, and has the most flourishing industries, ppopig.] An eastern county of England. It is It has coal-mines, and flax, cotton, woolen, hemp, iron, and other manufactures. Agriculture is in a flourishing condition: the products include beets, flax, hemp, grain, potatoes, etc. The language in the northern p.art is Flem- ish. Area, 2,193 square miles. Population (1891), 1,736,341. Nordalbingi (n6rd-al-bin'ji). A branch of the Saxons living in Nordalbingia. Nordalbingia (n6rd-al-bin' ji-il). In the middle ages, a name given to the part of Germany north of the Elbe, now comprised principally in Holstein. Also called Saxonia Transalbina. Nordau(nor'dou), Max Simon. Bom at Pest, Hungary, July 29, 1849. A German writer, of Hebrew descent. He studied medicine, traveled, was connected with the press, and practised medicine at Pest tm 1880, when he went to Paris. Among his works are "Paris unter der dritten Republik" (1S81), "Bie kon- ventionellen Liigen der Kulturmeiischeit " (1^83), "Para- doxe"{ls8Ul, "Die Kranklieit des Jalirhunderts,"a novel Norfolk DukCS Of. (is^i'i), '" Entartung" (1893: English as "Degeneration "). Norfolk is earl marshal i>ounded by the North Sea on the north and east, Suffolk on the south, and Cambridge and Lincoln on the west. Its surface is generally flat, and it contains many marshes and fens. It is largely an agricultural county, producing bar- ley, wheat, turnips, etc., and has woolen and other man- ufactures, and herring-fisheries. The early inhabitauts (Iceni) were subdued by the Romans in 62 A. n. It was colonized by the Angles ; formed part of East Anglia ; was conquered by the Danes in 870; and sided with the Par- liament in the civil war. The chief town is Norwich. Area, 2,044 square miles. Population (1891), 454,516. Norfolk. A seaport in Norfolk County, Vir- ginia, situated on the Elizabeth River in lat. 36° 51' N., long. 76° 17' W. it is one of the largest cities in the State, and a naval station ; and is an importani center of trade, and the terminus of several steamer lines. It was founded in 1705 ; was burned by the British in 1776; and was seized by the Confederates in 1861, but regainetl by the Federals in 1862^ Population (1900), 46,624. See Hiiu-itrd. The Duke of and hereditar>' marshal of Eng- Nordenskjold (uor'den-sbeld). Baron Nils land, and premier duke of England, ranking next after the Adolf Erik. Boru at Helsingfors. Finland, princes of the blood. The dukedom was created in 148a Nov. 18, 1832 : died at Stockholm^ Aug. 12. Norfolk, Earls of. See Bigod. 1901. A Swedish arctic explorer and geologist. Norfolk Broads. A group of lagoons in Nor- He took part in expeditions in 1858. 18G1, and 1864: ex- folk, Eiiirland. Avest of Yarmouth, plored Spitzbergen in 1SB8 ; visited Greenl.ind in 1870. and Norfolk Island. An island in the South Pacific, Spitzbergen and vieinitv 1872-7;j ; explored the Kara Sea ^V"-'-"-^ •'•'■'"'""; tj .:t„:„ „;t.,„t„.i „„„* „« 1875-76; traversed in the Vega the Ar'tic Ocean .along the belonging to Great Br^ta n, sitnated east of Siberian coast through Bering strait 1878-79 (accomplish Austraba m lat. 29° 4 S., long. lb,° o8 t. It ingthent.trtheast passacre) ; was created barouin 1880; and was discovered by Cook in 1774; was formerly a penal set- explored the interior of Gieeidand in 1883. He was the an- tlement; and was colonized by the Pitcairn Islanders in th.u- of numer.ius scientiflr works. 1856. Area, 13i square miles. Population (1896), 868. Nordenskjold Sea. The Arctic Ocean north of Noric Alps (nor'ik alps). [L. AlpesJS'orics.'] In . .,- , . ,T. J Siberia and east of the Taimvi- peninsula. ancient geography, the mountainous region be- islaiid 3 miles southwest ot Martha s V meyard, Nordemey (nor'der-ni). A small island in the tween the vallev of the Drave on the south and Massachusetts, to which it_belon^s. _ North Sea, on the coast of East Friesland, prov- that of the Danube on the north. No Man's Land, or Public Land Strip. Adis- jnee of Hannover, Prussia. It is a favorite place for Noricum(nor'i-kuin). In ancient geography, a trict ceded by Texas to the Ijmted States m sea-bathing, and airinterhealth-resort. It is 8 miles long. 1850. It lies between longitude 100' and 103° west, north Nordhausen(nord'hou-zen). Atownintheprov- ofTexas.Itwasnotincludedunderanygovertiment, though j^gg ^j Saxony, Prussia, situated at the base of the Harz, at the western end of the GoUlene Aue, 56 miles southwest of Magdeburg, it has important manufactures of chemicals, etc., brandy distil- leries, breweries, and a trade in grain. It was formerly a free imperial city, and w.as finally annexed by Prussia in 1813. Its cathedr.al. Church of St. Blasius, and museum of antiquities are noteworthy. Population (1890), 26,847. It often wrongly represented as in the Indian Territory, now constitutes Beaver County in Oklahoma, Nombre de Dios (nom'bra da de'os). [Sp., ' name of God.'] A Spanish port and settlement on the (Caribbean coast of the Isthmus of Pa- nama. The name was originally given to the settlement of Nicuesa, made in 1510 and soon abandoned : this seems fo have been near the modern Porto Bello. .4 second town Nordhoff (nord'hof), CharlCS, Bom at Er- of the same name was founded in 1519, probably on the Bay of San Bias : it became the northern emporium of the rich commerce across the Isthmus, but owing to its un- healthful situation the merchants generally resided at Pa- nama, and the town consisted of huts. It was abandoned in 1597, on the foundation of Porto Bello. Nome (nom). A mining town in Alaska situ- ated near Cape Nome. Gold was discovered there in 1898. Population (1900), 12,486. Nome, Cape. A point on the northern shore of' Norton Sound, Alaska, about long. 165° W., lat. 64° 30' N. Nomentack (no-men 'tak). An Indian chief brought to Loudon from Virginia in the time of Ben Jonsou. There are allusions to him in the plavs of the period. Non- Juror, The. A play by Colley Gibber, pro- duced in 1717 : an adaptation of Moliere's " Tar- tufe," written in favor of the Hanoverian suc- cession. Thisplav still survivesiii Bickerstaffe"s '•The Hypocrite"' (1768) witte, Westphalia. Prussia, Aug. 31, 1830: died July 14, 1901. All American journalist and au- thor. Among his works are "Secession is Rebellion" (1860), "Cape Cod and All Along Shore" (1868), "Cali- fornia for Health. Pleasure, and Residence, etc." (1872), " Northern California, Oregon, and the Sandwich Islands" (1874), "Politics for Young Americans" (1875), "The Communistic Societies of the United States, etc." (1875), "The Cotton States, etc." (1.976), "God and the Future Life" (1881), "Peninsular California, etc," (1888), etc. Nordica (nor'di-kji), Madame Lillian. Born at Fiirmington, Maiiie, about 18.58. An American soprano singer. Her maiden n.ame was Norton. She married ailr. Gower about 1882, who died shortly af ter.and in 1896 HerrDoehmo. She studied at tlie Boston Conserva- tory of Music, and in 1879 finished her studies in Italy, and has since sung with success in England, on the Continent, and in the United States. She is particulaily successful in • iratorio and in the partot Marguerite in Gotmod's "Faust," Nordland(nor'lan). A province in the northern part of Norway. Ai'ea. 14,655 square miles. Population (1891), 131,957. country of Europe, bounded by Germany (sepa- rated by the Danube) on the north, Pannonia on the east, Pannonia and the land of the Carni on the south, and Vindelicia and Rhaetia (separated partly by the Inn) on the west. It corresponded mainly to Lower and Upper Austria south of the Danube, Salzburg. Styria, Carinthia, and parts of Tyrol and Bavaria. It was conquered by the Romans about 15 B. C, and made a Roman province. Norma (nor'ma). [L., 'the square.'] A small southern constellation, introduced by Lacaille in the middle of the 18th eentm-y. between Vul- pes and Ara. It was at first called Norma et Regula, but the name is now abridged. Norma (nor'ma). An opera by Bellini, pro- duced at Milan" in 1831, at Paris in 1835. The li- bretto was taken by Romani from a tragedy by Belmontet and Soumet, produced at Paris about 1830. "Tlie main sit- uation is copied from the ' Medea,' though compassion pre- vails over the fire of jealousy, and the children's lives are spared." Makafii, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit.. I. 333. Norman (nor'man), Alfred Merle. Born Aug. 29, 1831. An English naturalist, honorary canon of Durham cathedral, and late rector ot Hough- ton-le-Spring. ' He received the medal of the French Institute for his services in the exploration of the depths of the Bay of Biscav in Le Travailleur in 18B(l. A cata- logue of his collections of the fauna of the North Atlantic is in course of publication under the title "Museum >or- manianum." He is the author of a nundier of papers and memoirs, mostly on marine zoology, and is the editor and I>art author of Bowerbanks " Monograph of Biitish ftpon- giadie," Vol. IV. Normanby Normanby (nor'man-bi). Atown in the North Biding of Yorksliivo. England, adjoining Mid- (llesborougli. I'dpulatiou (1891), 9,218. Normanby, Marquis of. See Phipps, Constau- Norman s Urn- Jlriini. reef near Norman Conquest, or the Conquest. ,J" Eng- Massachusett lishhistorv.tliet-oiiquest of England by ^\llllam. duke of Novniandv (William the Cou(|uer(>r). It was beirui) bv and is usually dated from his victory at Renlac (HaslinKs) in 106«. The leading results were the downfall of the native English dymisly, the union of Eng- land Normandy, etc. , for a time under one sovereign, aiul the i'ntiuductiuu into Englandof Normau- French customs, language, etc. „ ,., i » Norman Conquest in Italy. See the extract. In lOin a hand ..( ad venturous Normans settled at Aversa, near Naples. About tH enty .\ ears later the elder sons of the Norman T.mcred de llautville eanie and joined their countrymen. The Norman knights fought as adventurers 743 Northanger Abbey Longfello>y has celebrated it in the poem "The Wreck of the Hesperus." Normantoninm-'maii-ton). Atowuinthe^\est IJi.liiifot Vorksliire.En'!'land,situateduearthe chancellor of the e.\chequer. He succeeded the Imke Cald"? 8 miles south^ast^of Leeds. Population of Grafton as m-st lord of the , till his father's death in 1790. He was educated at Eton and Oiford (Trinity College) ; was member of Parlia- ment for Banbury when 2-1 years of age ; was a lord of the treasui-y from 1759 to 17tif> ; and in Oct., 1707. was made their proper share of to take Messina eiiig angered at denial of lied the G Syraeuse from the Saracens, they (1891), 10,234. , , Norn(norn). [ON.] In Old Norse mythology, one of the Fates, whose decrees were irrevo- cable. Tliey were represented as three maiden goddesses (Urd (ON. TrdAr), Verdandi (ON. ycrdhamlC), and Sknld) who dwelt at the sacred well Irdharbrunn (ON. L/''/""'- brunitr) the judgment-place of the gods, at the foot of the tree YggJiasil. There were numerousinferior Noms, every individual having one who determined his fate. '^'^'^''''''l''"''^'^:^^"^^SZM:^i^^O^^ N^"(i.^'n|).""'A kin.l of sibyl, a character in Scott's novel turiTed'on' the Greeks themselves, an.l beat them out of q-roil called Noma of the Fitful Head ■lt;y;;mdeMljhNorrbotten(nor'_bot-te..) tiearlv all .Apulia, which they then divided into t parts' for twelve of tiieir own eou-' their capital, and chose William Ir of Tancred, tor their chief. Pope L^ The Pirate." She was UUa itl The northernmost might tlleSnnbians against these Nonnan eomiueiors. Tiny luat the Suabi.ms and seized the Pope, who yielded them then his investment wilh all lands they might acquire: an investment which they religiously interpretedas Heaven's owneiicouragement to future comiuests. Kobert Guiseard, fourth son of Tan- cred when it was his turn to rule, conquered his way as far south as Keggio, and became Duke of Apulia and Cala- bria In 1059 he had that title ratified, when he acknow- ledged himself the Pope's vassal, and was made the slan- An rd%Vare;of\hrch,Xh: Th;sUmla,d-bearer.he„to.k Norris, JohU. Bom at Co Capua- besieged and took Salerno and Amalfl ; held his f^j,, -Wrltsliire, England, lot own against all menace: and, in aid of the Pope Ililde- England, 1711. An En ^.. ._. .„_..!. ...1 w, — .^ Tl.o Voi-miin Robert Ginscard. who toil, XJiJ^iaii «, and' largest laen of Sweden. Ai-ea, 40,503 square miles. Population (ISOn, 106,642. Norris (nor'is), Henry. Hied about 1733. English actor, an e.\eellent comedian. He was tlu-'original Don T.<.pezCin "The Wonder") and Scrub lie had an odd squeaking voice, and was called Jubilee DicKy from his successful impersonation of Dicky in ' Ilie Con- stant Couple." His sons announeecl themselves later as "the sons of Jubilee Dicky," appearing todenve proBt from the name. ., — ^ " Born at Collingboui-ne-Kings- 7: died at Bemer- glish Platouist. He was edii'cated'at'winchcster and Oxford (Exeter College), ert by right of the strong, and be died, at the age of seventy, Creat Countof Calabi ia and .Sicilj . His son, another Roger, when he had reached man's estate, became, by failure of Guiscard's line, undisputed master of Apulia. ThisBogt-r, having taken, after a few years, Capua and Naples, thought himself entitled to rank as a king. He was invested tluie. lore, by the Pope as "King by the Grace of l,od of Sieil.v, Apulia and Calabria, the helper and shield of ( hnstians, sou and heir of Roger, the Great Count." Palermo w;ns this Roger's capital. The new kingdom kept Its boundaries for move thau seven ecnturies, and it was the biithplace of that earlier Italian poetry which afterwards exercised so manifest an inlliieiue upon our literature, hiiig Roger of Sicily died in lir,4. His son and successor \> illiain the sition, and in the " Cursory „. „,-■■. • , first pnblishedcritiqucofthecssay. In 1092 Norris received the c'harge of Bemerton, formerly held by George Herbert. In 1697 he WTOte "An Aeconntof Reason and Faith, and in 1701 appeare ; and it niay It has some manufactures. 22.20."). . Norrkoping (nor'che-ping). A eity in the laen of Einkoping. Sweden, situated on the Jlotaia, ^^ __ at its junction with the Bravik, in lat. .'58° 3.) C/.if.i/ ««(.>, .Wcjict, etc N long. 16° 11' E. It is one of the leailing manu- Northampton (north-amp'ton) «a8t to northwest by tnc _, ,-. i- , „ tricte Caux, Vexin, fevrenx, Bessin, Coteutin, etc. Ciidcr the Romans it was part of Lugdunensis Later it was partot Neustria, and was then granted to the> counts of Paris. It was the scene of early rai.ls by the Northmen. Rollo, leader of the Northmen, received fi.un tlie king the grant of the district between the .Seine and Epte 911 <912'0 and became IliBt duke. This under Rollo and his suc- cessors was ex|)anded by addition of Bessin, Cotentin, etc. facturing cities in Sweden, and has Hourisliiiig trade. On ii'ceouut of its manufaclnres of cotton goods it is sometinics called " the Swedish .Manchester." It was buined by the Unssiaus in IrW. Population (1891), 33,431. ost of the Sweden, com- botton, .org. have"been"visitcd by isolated bands at various times be- fore the redisrovery by Columbus in 1492. See Amenta, A south niid- iand couiitv of England, it is bounded by Leicester, Rutland, and' Lincoln lliamiiloii,Xiirlianipton, is, of Norway. Iceland, etc. Speciflcall}'— _(n) old ^VS. Acrf/i/(»w?»H, North Hampton. J The c-api' Norwegian, praclieallv identilb-d with Old Icelandic, an. called especiallv 0'.' .V..r«-. old Icelandic, generally called simply Uclamin- except when .lislinguisbed from modern Icelandic, represents the ancient .Scandinavian toiigne. (b) Old Norwegian, as dislinguished ill some imrticnlais from the language as developed in Iceland, (e) Modern Norwegian. ■ The natives of ancient of the it was Christianized in the loth century, and became one of the chief llefs of Kiance. Its duke William conijuered _ „ , . , England loeO-09. and .Maine in 10«:i. Anjou, Aqiiitame, Norsemen (nors men). and Normandy were nnlteil 1162-54. Philip Auguslns con- Scandinavia; the Northmen. quered Normandy (except the Channel Islands) in ILJo-tr^ jj ^ (iiOr'tfl). RiO del. [^V-. ' '''Ver i^;;='^Xa::;;:;;;L.^ri;rHe^:^v^ ';''''^^"r''\""'r' ':"aken anally by the French in 14.50.' _ flclXorle.] A name of the KlO Orande, espe- Norman Isles (nor'man ilz), F. Iles Nor- fiallv in Mexico, mandesfelnoi-moiid'). The Channellslands. North (n6rth), Christopher. Pseudonym or Norman Kings. The line of Enollsh kmgs he- ginning witli William, dnke of Normandy ascended t lie English tliriine in lOtiO), and cudili witli Stephen, wlio died in lir>4. tal of the countv of Nortliaiii|itoii. England, situated on the Nen in lat. 02° lo' N., long. 0° ,')4' W. It is the center of the hoot and shoe manufacture in Englaml. Its church of St. Sepnlcbre is notable. It is one of the oldest English towns. Several medieval par- liaiiunts met there. It returns 2 members to Parliament. . Po]. Illation 119011, 87.021. Northampton. A city, tlie capital of Hamp- shire I'ountv, Massachusetts, situated on llie ronnecticutl.') miles north of Springtield. It Is noted for Its picturesque hication; Is the sent of Smith College (female), the State lunatic asylum, and a deaf- ninte Institute; and near It is the manufacturing village of Horence. Population (I'NiOV lH,M:t. il in 't;8i-e- .loin, Wilson. „■ „ui Northampton, Battle of. A victory pained i ■ ("■''" North (nOrth), Sir Dudley. Horn May 1(>, IWl . ,^,j,| „,,,„. x„rtliaiiiplon, England, by the \ork mdiiig ,ii,.,l l),.c.31, KiOl. .\n English political econo- ;.;,,. over the Eancastriuiis. Henry VI. was Normanri-Nerudadior'iniin-iier'ii-diii.'Wilhel- mine. l-omat liriinn, Moravia, Man-h 21, Isld. A noted violinist, .she married Ludwig Nomiann, n Swedish musician, in 1804. In 18ss»heinairiedSii Charles Halle. She has played much in Englaml. Normans (nor'mauz). [1.1. ynniiaiiiii ; from Ol'. .\iiniia)i, yoriiiaiid, AS. Sortlimaii, icel. Aortlimaillir, Northman.] The descendants of the Northmen or Scandinavians who settled in France under lioUo 911. See .\oimaiiilii. 'ihey commenced the conquest of i-oulhcrn Italj- about 1041, Robert Gnisciu'd being recognized as duke of Aimlia and Calabria by the Pope in 1059; they conquered Si. Ily under Roger Guiseard liKll-llii. The Italian and Sicilian con- ijuests were in 1127 united under Roger, second count of mist, third son of Dudley North', fourtli Baron North. He entered foreign trade, and spent several years in the Levant. He was forced upoji_ the 111 i.iv ..u le was forced upon the clly of Lon- don as sheriir in the iclgii of Charles II., and after tbe revolution of Uk'^.'^ was called toaccouiit fi.r alleged uncon- stitutional proc.clings in this olllcc. Ills inost Impor- tant wmk, a tract entitled "Discourses upon Trade, etc. (published 1091, reiiubliBhed I8.%l, anticipated many fea- tures of modern pollticiil economy, North, Francis, Huron Cuilford. Born Oct. 22 10;',7- die.l Sept, ^K 108."., Au English slates man. second son of Dudley North, fourth Haroi North. He was cdueated at Cambridge (.St. John's Col lege), and was calbd to the bar In 1055. In lib 6 he wa made chief jiisll. f the Comimin Picas; In 111.M2 lor. kl-eper of thi great seal ; and liaron Guilford in 1083. bliucd in coiise.in.qi.'e of it to acknowledge the link.' i<( Yi.rk as his li.ir. Northampton, Earl of ; Henry Howard). Horn about l.">;i9; died 101!. .\n English slatesnuiu. seeoiiil son of (he Earl of Surrey (Ihe poel). He came Into fav.u- ..n Ihe accession of .lainej 1. In 1004 he was ma.le carl of N..rlhan.pl..n, and ill lOiW lord privy seal. He snpporled the Catholic i.lliance. Northampton, Earl of t Spencer Oompton). North and South. .\ nov.l by Mrs. Gnskell. i.iil.lish.d ill 18.'>.'>. . .,, . , Northanger ( north'an-ji^r) Abbey. _An"v. bv .lane Austen, wTitteu during li9(-98, nnU Northanger Abbey published in 1818, after the author's death. It is a parody on the " Mysteries of Udolpho " school of novels. North Anna (an'a). One of the head streams of the Pamunkey River, Virginia, north of Kieh- mond. Xear it was fought the battle of North Anna in the end of Maj', lS<>t, between the Federals under Grant and ihe Confederates under Lee. It was followed by a Fed- eral advance. North Australia (as-tra'liii), or Northern Ter- ritory. That part of the colony of South Aus- tralia which lies north of lat. 26° S. North Berwick (ber'ik). A watering-place and golfing resort in Haddingtonshire, Scot- land, situated on the Firth of Forth about 25 miles east-northeast of Edinburgh. North Bierley (bi'er-li). A town in the West Riding of Yorkshire, 9 miles west of Leeds. Population (1S91), 22,178. North Bridgewater. See Brockton. North Britain (brit'n). A name sometimes given to Scotland. North Briton. A periodical published at Lon- don 1762-63, conducted by John Wilkes, and noted for its attacks on the government. Northbrook, Baron. See Baring, Francis Thorn- hiJI. Northbrook (north'bnik), first Earl of (Tho- mas George Baring). Bom Jan. 22, 1826. An English politician, son of Baron Northbrook. He wa5 viceroy of Indi:^S72-76. and first lord of the ad- miralty 18SQ-85. He wK created earl of Northbrook in 1876. North Cape. The northernmost promontory of Europe, situated on the island of Mageroe, near the northern coast of Norway, in lat. 71° 11' N., long. 25° 40' E. It is often visited by tourists for the view of the midnight sun. Height, about 970 feet. North Carolina (kar-o-U'nS). One of the South Atlantic States of the United States of America, extending from lat. 33° 50' to 36° 33' N., and from long. 75° 27' to 84° 20' W. Capital, Ra- leigh ; chief city, Wilmington, it is bounded by Virginia on the north, the Atlantic on the east and south- east, South Carolina and Georgia on the south, and Ten- nessee (separated by the Smokyand other ranges or moun- tains) on the west. The surface is mountainous and table- land in the west (traversed by the Blue Ridge and other ranges of the .Appalachian system); hilly and undulating in the center (the Piedmont region) ; and gene'^Uy level in the east, where it is bordered by Albemarle, Pamlico, and other .Sounds. The leadin;: occupation is agriculture ; the chief products, Indian corn, cotton, tobacco^ rice, tim- ber, etc. There are mines of gold, mica, iron, and copper. It has 97 counties, sends 2 senators and 10 representatives to Congress, and has 12 electoral votes. Unsuccessful at- tempts were made to colonize the Carolina region under the auspices of Sir Walter Kaleigh in 15S4-S7 : it was set- tled probably before liitiS, and was granted to proprietors in 1663 and 1665. A futile attempt waa made to introduce a constitution framed by Shaftesbury and Locke in 1669. A royal province was formed in 1723, when North and South Carolina were separated. The "Mecklenburg Dec- laration of Independence" was passed in 1775. North Carolina was one of the thirteen original States (1776) : was the scene of sevei-al battles in the Revolution (1780-Sl) ; re- jected the United States Constitution in 17SS, but adopted it in 17S9 ; seceded May 20, 1861 ; was the scene of various en- gagements and military operations in the Civil ^Yar, par- ticularly in connection with Burnside's expedition in 18G2, the capture of Wilmington and other ports, and Sheiman's march in 1865 : and was readmitted to the Union in July, 186(^. .\rea, 52,250 square miles. Population (19o0», 1,89.3,810. North Conway (kon'wa). A summer resort in Conway, Carroll County, New Hampshire, situ- ated on the Saeo 20 miles south-southeast of Mount Washington. Northcote (north'kot). James. Born at Ply- mouth, England. Oct. 22, 1746: died at Loudon, July 13, 1831. An English historical and por- trait painter and author, in 1771 he entered the studio of Reynolds, and in 1777 went to Italy. He executed pictures for the Boydell Shakspere Gallery, and painted "The Death of Wat Tyler "for the city of London, now in the Guildhall. He wrote a life of Revnolds(1813), and a life of Titian (1830). Northcote, Sir Stafford Henry, first Earl of Id- desleigh. Born at Loudon, Oct. 27, 1818: died there, Jan. 12, 1887. An English Conservative statesman. HegraduatedatOxford(BalliolCollege),and was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 18H1. He entered Parliament in 1855 ; was president ul theboard of trade 1866-67, and secretary of state for India 1867-68; served on the joint high commission which drew up the treaty of Washington in 1871 ; and was chancellor of the exchequer 1874-^0, first lord of the trejisury 1SS5-86, and foreign secretary 1SS6-87. He succeeded his father as baronet in 1851, and was created earl of Iddesleigh in 1SS5. He wrote ■■ Twenty Years of Financial Policy " (1862). North Dakota (da-ko'tii). One of the North Central States of the United States of America. Capital, Bismarck, it is bounded by the Dominion of Canada on the north, Minnesota on the east. South Da- kota on the south, and ^Montana on the west Its surface is generally level and undulating. It is noted for the production of wheat. It has 39 counties, sends 2 senators and 2 representative to Congress, and has 4 electoral votes. 744 In 1889 it was separated from South Dakota, and was ad- mitted to the Unfon. Area, 70,795 square miles. Popula- tion aStiO). 319,116. North Downs (dounz). A hilly region in Hamp- shire, .Surrey, and Kent, England, fonning natural pastures, and largely given over to sheep-raising. Northeast Cape. See Tcheliusl-in. Northeast Passage. A passage for ships along the northern coast of Europe and Asia to the Pacific Ocean. The first to make the complete voyage by this passage was the .Swedish explorer Nordeiiskjold in 1878-79, after it had been from time to time attempted in vain for upward of three centuries. Northeim (nort'him). A town in the province of Hannover, Prussia, situated on the Ruhme 48 miles south by east of Hannover. Popula- tion (1890). 6.695! Northern Athens. See Athens of the \orth. Northern Car, The. The constellation of the Great Bear, commonly known in England as Charles's Wain, and in the United States as the Great Dipper. See €rsa Major. Northern Crown. See Corona Borealis. Northern Herodotus, The. Snorre Sturleson. Northern Lass, The, or A Nest of Fools. A comedy by R. Brome, printed in 1632. Northern Liberties. -^ foi-merdistriet, now in- cluded in the city of Philadelphia. Northern Territory. See Xorth Australia. Northern Triangle. See Triangulum Boreale. Northern Virginia, Army of. The main Con- federate army in the East during the CivU War. Under Gener.al Lee it took part in the Peninsular campaign of 1862 ; in the Manassas, Antietam, and Fredericksburg campaigns of 1862 ; in the Chancellorsville campaign of 1863 ; in the invasion of Pennsylvania and at Gettysburg in 1863 ; and in the defense of Richmond and Petersburg in I86I-60. It surrendered to Grant at Appomattox April 9, 1865. Northern War, The. A war between Sweden (under Charles XII.) on one side and Rus- sia (under Peter the Great), Denmark. Saxony, Poland, and finally Prussia and Hannover on the other. It was begun in 1700, and was ended by trea- ties 1719-21, in which Sweden ceded Bremen and Verden to Hannover. Stettin and part of western Pomerania to Prussia, and Livonia, Esthonia, Ingria, and part of Karelia to Russia, and lost the supremacy in northern Europe, Northerton (nor'sner-ton). Ensign. A char- acter in Fielding's "Tom Jones." Northfleet (north'flet). A village in Kent, Eng- land, situated on the Thames 19 miles east- southeast of London. Population (1891), 11,717. North Foreland. A cape on the coast of Kent, England, projecting into the North Sea in lat. 51° 22' N., long. 1° 27' E. : the Roman Promon- torium Acantium. Near it, July 25, 1666, the English fleet under the Duke of Albemarle and Pi-ince Rupert de- feated the Dutch under De Ruyter. North Friesian (fre'zian) Islands. A group of low islands in the Nortli Sea, west of Schleswig- Holstein, to which province they belong. It in- cludes Sylt, Fohr, Pellworm. Nordstrand, etc. North Friesland (frez'land). The part of the province of Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia, which comprises the North Friesian Islands and the op- posite western coast of the mainland. North German Confederation. [G. Xord- deutscher Bund.'] The German union formed after the dissolution of the Germanic Confed- eration in 1866. underthe presidency of Prussia. It included all the German states north of the ilain (ex- cept Luxemburg and Limburg) which had belonged to its predecessor, and comprised also Schleswig and the prov- inces of Poseu, East Prussia, and West Prussia. Hesse joined it for its part north of the Main. It was the model for the German Empire, which took its place in 1871. North Holland (hol'and), D. NoordhoUand (nord-hol'liint). A province of the kingdom of the Netherlands. Chief city, Amsterdam, it is bounded by the North Sea on the west and north, the Zuyder Zee on the east, and Utrecht and South Holland on the south. The surface is level. Area, 1,070 square miles. Population (1891), 800,742. North Holland Canal. A ship-canal connect- ing Amsterdam with the Holder, opened in 1825. Length, about 50 miles. North Island, The northernmost island of New Zealand, sejiarated from South Island on the southwest by Cook Strait. It is mountainous in the east and south. It was formerly called New Ulster. Area, 44,467 squ.are miles. Northmen (north'men). The inhabitants of the north (that is, of Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Iceland,etc.); the Scandinavians; in a restricted sense, the inhabitants of Norway. The Northmen were noted for their skill and daring on the sea, and for their expeditions against Great Britain and other parts of northern and westein Europe from the 8th to the 11th centiuy. They founded permanent settlements in some places, as the Orkneys, Hebrides, etc., and in northern France, where they were called Normans. (See yormawi.) According to the Icelandic sagas, a Northman, Leif Eric- son, visited the shores of Nova Scotia about lOOO A. D. Northwest Passage, The North Park. A plateau in Grand County, north- ern Colorado. Area, about 2,000 squai-e miles. Elevation, about 8,500 feet. North Polar Sea. See Arctic Ocean. North River. A name given to the Hudson River near its mouth: originally so named in distinction from the Delaware or "South River." North Sea, or German Ocean, F. Mer du Nord (mar dii nor), G. Nordsee (nort'za 1 or Deutsch- es Meer (doich'es mar), D. Noordzee (nord'- za). An arm of the Atlantic Ocean, lying east of Great Britain, west of Norway, Denmark, and Schleswig-Holstein, and north of Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium. and France: the Ro- man Mare Germanicum or OceanusGermanicns. It communicates on the east by the Skager Rack, Catle. gat, and Sound with the Baltic, and on the southwest by the Strait of Dover and the English Channel with the Atlantic. It is noted for its general shallowness and for its fisheries. It receives the T.ay, Forth, Tweed, Tyne, Humber, Ouse, Thames, Schelde, ileuse, Rhine, Ems, Weser. and Elbe. Length, about 600 miles. Width, about 400 miles. Area, about 180,000 squai-e miles. North Sea (;. <■., north of the Isthmus of Pana- ma). A name commonly given, in the 16th century, to the Caribbean Sea, in contradis- tinction to the South Sea or Pacific Ocean. By extension it was sometimes applied to the At- lantic. North Sea Canal, or Amsterdam Canal. A ship-canal which connects Amsterdam with the North Sea by means of the Y. Length, about 16 miles. North XJist (wist). An island of the Outer Heb- rides, Scotland, belonging to the county of In- verness. It is separated from Skye on the east by the Little Minch, and from Harris on the north by the Sound of Harris. Length, 18 miles. Northumberland (nor-thum'ber-land). [ME. Xorthumheriund. from "'Xorthumher (ML. Xorth- umhria, in AS. a folk-name, Xorthhijmhre, Northanhymhre, the people living north of the Humber) and land.] A maritime county, the northernmost of England. Chief town, New- castle. It is bounded by Scotland on the northwest (partly separated by the Cheviot Hills and the TweedX the North Sea on the east, Durham on the south (partly separated by the Tyne and Derwent), and Cumberland on the west. It is mountainous in the west. It is noted for the production of coal, and has also flourishing agri- culture. It is the first county in England in Roman an- tiquities, including the Roman wall. It formed part of the ancient kingdom of Northumbria. It was the scene of much border warfare. Area, 2,015 square miles. Pop- ulation (1S91), 506,030. Northumberland, Duke of. See Dudley. Northumberland, Earls of. See Percy. Northumberland, Kingdom of, or Northum- bria (nur-thum'bri-a). A former kingdom of Great Britain, at its greatest extent reaching from the Humber to the Firth of Forth, and from the North Sea westward to the Celtic Strath- clyde. The Anglian kingdoms of Bernicia in the north (founded by Ida in 547) and Deira (founded a few years later) were united under Ethelfrith about 600. Christi- anity was introduced under Edwin (dieii 633). Northum- bria reached its highest point in the 7th century, as the most powerful kingdom in the island. It was the center of literatiu-e in the 7th and 8th centuries. It was largely resettled by the Danes in the 9th centurj- ; was nominally conquered by the Anglo-Saxons in the middle of the 10th century; and was governed by practically independent Danish earls tUl the period of the Norman conquest. The northern portion was ceded to Scotland about 1000. Northumberland House. One of the chief his- torical houses of London. situated on theStrand, on the southeast side of Trafalgar Square. It was built in the beginning of the 17th century, and was bought and removed in 1873-74 by the Metropolitan Board of Works to make room for Northumberland Avenue, which runs from the Thames Embankment to Charing Cross. Northumberland Strait. A sea passage in the (Tulf of St. Lawrence, separating Prince Edward Island from New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Northumbria. See Xorthumberland. Kingdom of. Northward Ho ! A comedy by Thomas Dekker and John Webster, written about 1605, printed 1607. Northwestern University. An institution of learning at Evanston, Illinois, comprising de- partments of literature and science, literature and art, technology, music, theology, medicine, and law. It was chartered in 1851. and opened in 18.55. It has about 2,000 students. Northwest Passage, The. A passage for ships from the Atlantic Ocean into the Pacific by the northern coasts of the American continent, long sought for and in part found by Parry and others, sir Robert M'Clure, in his expedition of 1850-54, was the first to achieve the passage, although his ship was abandoned and the journey was completed partly iDii ice and partly on the relieving vessel. The discovery is not Northwest Passage, The one of practical utility, being merely the solution of a scientific problem. The honor is sometiraea claimed for sir John Franklin. Northwest Provinces, or Northwestern Prov- inces. A lieutenaiit-goveruorship of British India, surrounded by Tibet, Nepal, Oudh, Ben- gal, Central Provances, Panjab, and native states. Capitiil, Allahabad. It belongs to the Gan. getic b.asin, is mitctl for its production of wheat, and con- tains many fainuus cities. It was acquired by the Kritish nt the end of ttie istli and bepiniiinj; of the 19th century. It was prominent in the Indian mutiny in 1857-58. Oudli was united to it in administration in 1877. Area, with Oudli, 107.503 square niiles. Topulatiou (1891X 46,905,085. Northwest Territories. The territories of Briti.sli America which lie to the nortliwest of the older part of Canada. Tlie name is now used with a political, ratlier thiin a geographical, signification to include the districts of All)erta, -Assiniboia, Athabasca, Fraiililin, Keewatin, Macki-nzic, Saskatchewan, and I'n- gava, wliicli are united under a lieutenant-governor and a legislative asseTnl>lj-. Yukon received a separate gov- ei'oment iu IS'JS. Northwest Territory. A territory formed by- ordinance of Congiess in 1787, coiiiprisincr the present Oliio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wis- consin, and Minnesota east of the Mississippi. Slavery was prohibited in it. Northwich (north'-wieh). A town in Cheshire, England, situated at the junction of the Weaver and Dane, 21 miles southeast of Liverpool. It is noted for salt-mines. Population (1891), 14,914. Norton (nor' ton), Andrews. Born atHingham, Mass., Dee. 31, 1786: died at Newport, R. I., Sept. 18, 1853. An American Unitarian theo- logian, professor at Harvard 1819-30. Hisworl;s include *'A .Statement of the Reasons for not believing the LWctrines of the Trinitarians" (1833), etc. Norton,Mi-s.(Caroline Elizabeth Sarah Sher- idan), afterward Lady Stirling-Maxwell. Born' 1808: died June 1.5, lb77. An Eiif;lish poet and novelist, she was one of " the three graces," daughters of Tliomas Sheridan. She puldished ■'The Dandies' Rout'* (illustrated by herself at the age of 13), and the poems "The Sorrows of Rosalie, etc." (1829) and "The Undying One" (18:!0). She also wrote " A Voice from the Factories" (18n6), "The Lady of La Garaye " (1802: a poem), "Lost and .Saved" (1803). "Old Sir Donglab" (1867). etc. Slie married in 1827 the Hon. George Chap- (de Nr.rton (who died in 1875), and in 1877 Sir W. Stirling- MaxweU. Norton, Charles Eliot. Born at Cambridge, Mass., Nov. 16, 1827. An American author, son of Andrews Norton. Ee graduated at Harvard in 1848, and was editor, with James Russell Lowell, of the " North American Review" 1864-08. He was professor of the liistory of art at Harvard Utuversity 1874-98. Among Ills works are "The New Life of Dante : an Essay, with trans- lations" (18.58), "Notes of Travel and .Study in Italy" (1859), "List of the Princii)al Books relating to ." . Michael Angelo " (1879), " Historical studies (.f (_'hurch- Building in the Middle Ages' (1880). He translated Dante's "Divina Oommedia" (1892), and edited James Eusaell Lowell's letters in 18'J3, etc. Norton, Thomas. Born at London, 1532: died at Sharpenhoe, Bedfordshire, 1584. An Eng- lish lawyer, translalor, andautlior. Hewrote(with 8ackville)the tirst English tragedy, '(iorhoduc, or FeiTex and Porrex" (which see). He published a "Trajislation of Calvin's Institutes" (1561), and translated many of the psalms in the Psalter of Sternhold and Hopkins (1601), etc. Norton Sound. An inlet of Bering Sea, on the ■western coast of Alaska. Norumbega (no-rum-be'gii). A region on the Atlantic coast of North America, frcimently mentioned in maps and writings of the lUth and 17th centuries. It was placed between Cape Breton and Florida, or narrowed tt) the n(!rthcrn part of that re- gion, or more definitely placed within the present State Of Maine. Various English and French explorers made lonrneys to Norumbega, It is disputed whether the luime IBof Indian, Norse. orS|)anisb e- ninsula, comprising also many islands. The coast-line is deeply indented by fiords. "I'he country is traversed by mountains (Scandinavian ilountains, Dovre Fjeld, .Totun Fjelde, etc.), and the surface is generally elevated and mountainous. .Among the leading industries are fisher- ies and lumber manufacture and trade. There are mines of silver, copper, iron, and nickel. The kingdom is divided into 20 amts (or provinces). The govenmient is a lim- ited hereditary monarchy. It is under the same sover- eign with Sweden, with which it is united in foreign and diplomatic relations, butotherwiseit isindependent. The king and a ministry form the executive, and the legisla- tive power is vested in the Storthing (or parliament), con- sisting of an upper and a lower house. The language is Norwegian. "The established religion is Lutheran. Nor- way furnished a large i>art of the Northmen. The king- dom was consnlidated under Harold the Fair-haired in the last part of the 9th century. Christianity was intro- duced at the end of the loth centurj'. Tlie three Scandi- navian kingdoms were united from the union of Kalniar in l.^!97 until 15^23. Norway was separated from Denmark and united to Sweden in 1814. Recent events are the con- stituti-)n:il strn'.rgle8 against the veto power of the king, and the agitation forindependent consular representation aOroad. Area. 1^24,445 square miles. Population (l'J(Hi). •2,^2:i:i.sKO. Norwegian (n6r-we',iian). The Scandinavian language of Norway. Old Norwegian is preserved in runic inscriptions from the end of the Viking age in the 11th century, and in literature from the end of the 12th century. At the time of the Reformation. Danish became the language of literature, a condition which prevails at the present time. Dano-Norwegian is, however, characteris- tically dilferentiatcd in pronunciation and vocabulary, and the old popular dialects have never died out. Norwegian Sea (n6r-we'jian se). A name given iu recent geography to that part of the North Atlantic Ocean which lies between Norway and Greenland. Norwich (nor'ij). [ME. Xoncich, AS. Northwic, north town.] The capital of Norfolk, England, and itself a county, situated on the Wens^am in lat. 52° 38' N., long. 1° 17' E.: the British Caer- Gwent, and the Gwenta of the Iceni. it has man- ufactures of mustard, starch, beer, iron, textiles, etc. "The cathedral begun in looo, is said to preserve its Nonnan plan wi th less alterat inn th;in any other English cathec'iral. The nave was completed in 1140, the clearetory of the choir was rebuilt in the 14th century, and the vaul'.ing dates from the 15th, at which time the west front was modified and the tall slender spire rebuilt. Tlie exteiior is sur- rounded by a picturesque arcade of small arches and col- umns, above the lowest range of windows. In the interior the simple nave is Norman, except the Perpendicular win- dows and the vaulting. Tlie choir is shut off from the nave by a solid screen surmounted by a tall organ, nim^e disastrous as an obstruction t'>thc view than the inclosure of the "coro" of a spanisli cathedral. The choir terminates in a polygonal chevet, the only example of this form in an English church of the first rank. The triforium-gallcry is notably wide and high. The dimensions of the cathe- dral are 407 by 78 feet ; length of transeiits, 178 ; heiglit of vaulting— nave 70, choir 83,', ; height of spire, 315 feet. The Decorated cloister is large and ber>utiful, and the episcopal palace is in largo partof the 14(h century. The Church of St. Peter, Mancroft, the castle, and St, Andrew's Hall are also noteworthy. Norwich was a British and a Roman town ; was burned by Sweyn ; 1 ecanie the seat of the bishopric fit East Anglia in 1091 ; received a colony of Flemish weavers in the 14th century; and became an im- portant center for cloth manufactures. It was one of the heading towns in England in the 17th century. It returns 2 niemliere to Parliament. Population (1!K)1), 111,728. Norwich (nor'wich). A city, one of the capitals of New London County, Connecticut, situated at the head of tlie Thames, ]:J miles north of New London. It has an important trade, and manu- factures of paper, cotton and woolen goods, metal-work, etc., and is the terminus of a line of steamers to New ^'ork. It was settled in 1059, and incorjiorated ils a city in 1784. Population (1900), 17,251. Nor'wich. A village, the capital of Chenango Counly.New York, situated on (^henango Kiver ■19 miles southeast of Syracuse. Population (1900), 5,70C. Nor'wich Festival. A musical festival hold tri- ennially at Norwich, England: established in 1H'J4. Norwood (nor'wi'id). A suburb of London, sit- unled iu Stirrey (> miles soulli of St. Paul's. Norwood. A iiordieasteru suburb of Adelaide, Soiilli Aiislr:ili.'i. Norwood, or Village Life in New England. A novel by Henry Ward Boecher, publislied in lKf)7. Noskowski (nos-kof'ski"'), Sigismund. Horn at Warsaw, May 2, 1H4(). A Polish composer. He iuvetiled a svstein of notation for (ho use of the blind. Nossi-B6 fiKis-se-bu'). An island north of Mad- agascar, belonging to France, situated in l.it i:!° 23' S.. long. 4H° W E. (^ipilal, llellville. The Inhabitjints are mostly Snkalavas. It was ceded to l''rance In 1840. Length, 14 miles. Population, 7,803. Nott, Eliphalet Nostoi (nos'toi). [Gr. ixioro;.] "The Home- ward Voyages," a Greek epic poem of the Tro jau cycle, liy Agias of Tra'/.en (about 740 B. c), which related the return of the Achaean heroes from the Tro.jan war. Nostradamus (nds-tra-da'mus) (Michel de No- tredame or Nostredame). Born at St.-Remy, France, Dec. 14. I.i03: died at Salon, near Ai.\, France, July 2, 1'lGO. A French astrologer and physician, noted as tlie author of a book of prophecies entitled "Centuries" (15.55), which has been the sub.ject of much controversy. It was condemned by the papal court iu 1781. Notables, Assembly of. In French history, a council of prominent persons from the three classes of the state, convoked by the king on e.xtraordinary occasions. The institution can be traced to the reign of Charles V. (14th century), but the two most famous assemblies were those of 1787 and 1788, summoned by Louis XVI. in view of the impending crisis. No'tae Tironianae (no'te ti-ro-ni-a'ne). [L., 'Tiro's marks.'] Ancient shorthand abbrevia- tions : so named on the supposition that Tiro, Cicero's frecdman and pupil, invented the art. An extensive collection under the title "Notaj Tironis et Senecie" has been published. Notch, The, or Crawford Notch (kra'ford noch). A deep, narrow valley in the White Mountains, New HampsWre,' southwest of Mount Washington, between Mount Webster and Mount Willey. Notitia Dignitatum (no-tish'i-ii dig-ni-ta'- tum). [L., 'list of dignities.'] See the extract. Its full title is, "Notitia dignitatum omnium, tarn civili- um quam inilitariuni, in partibus Orientis et Occidentis," There can be little doubt that it wascomidled in the first ye.'U-s of the fifth century, probably about the tiioruf Ala- ric's first invasion of Italy. It is a complete ( itlicial Direc- tory and Army List of the whole Roman F.mpire, and is of incalculalde value for the decision of all sorts of questions, antiquarian and historical. For instance, the whole theory of the identification of the existing ruins with the former stations along the line of Hadrian's British Wall depends entirely on the mention in the Notitia of the names of the cohorts posted at those stations. Bodr/ldn, Italy and her Invaders, I. 200. Notitun (no'shi-um). [Gr. Ndr^oi'.] In ancient geograiihy, the port of Colophon, nearEphesus. Near it, in 407 B. c, the Spartan tleet under Ijysander defeated the Athenians. Notker (not'kijr), surnained Balbulus ('the Stammerer'). Born in Switzerland about 840: died 912. A monk of St.-(iall, noted for his re- forms in church music, and as a composer of se(|Uences. Notker, sumamed Labeo ('with large lips'). Died 10-2-2. A monk of St. -Gall, translator of various Latin and Greek works into OW High (lerman. Noto (no'to). A city in tlie province of Syra- cuse, Sicily, 15 miles soiitlnvesi of S-STacuse. It was built near the ancient Netniii (Cr. Niiroi). which was destroyed by an eartlupiake in lO'JS. Population (18«1) 7,418. ^ Noto, Val di. A former di'vision of Sicily, in the southeastern part. • Notre Dame (no'lrdiiml. [F.,' our Lady.'] A diureh at I'tiris, one of the most imposing ami famous of catliedrals. The present structure was be- gun in UlXi, but is chiefly of the early l.Stll ceutur)-. The fai,ade, with its X large portals, its gieat roses, its gallery and arcades, and its twin square towers, is one of the two or three finest produced by Pointed architecture. The transept-fronts are uiisurp:isscd in their way, and the long range of windows and Hying buttresses of nave and choir is highly eflectivc. The figure- and foliage-sculpture of the exterior is abundant and arttslically remarkable. The graceful rood-spire was built by \iollet-Ie-Duc in place of the original one. The interior, with nave and double aisles continued around the choir, measures 150 by 4'2«) feet, and 110 high. The three roses retain their original glass, but the remainder of the glass is modern. Tile ehoir-screen is carved with interesting New Tcstaiuent re- liefs of the M(h century. Notre Dame de Brou. A church at Bomg. Frfince, in tlie latest llorid-Pointed style, built by Mnrgiiretof Austria between 1.505 and 153(). The west front h:w three pediincnts and a richly carvi"*! porch; the nave is simple, but the choir is splendidly deciu^ated as the mausoleum cif Margaret of Austria, her husband Pbililiert le Beau of .Savoy, and her mother-in- law. The torn bs, especially that of tile prince, are adorned with a profusion of statues and minor sculplurcs. The carved rood-sfrcen and choir-stalls are of rare excellence. Notre Dame de la Salette (nii'tr diim >}{• lii sii- let'). .V locality in l'"raiiee, in Iho Alps near Grenoble. It is noted as the scene of an allegeil appear- ance of the virgin in ISIO, It is a place of pllgrfni'iKe. Notre Dame de Paris. A )irose romain'c by Victor IIiiL'o, pulilislii'd in lS:tl. The scene la laid at Paris In the cud .d the reign of Louis .\I. It is a vig- orous Imt somber picture of iiiedicva] manners. Nott (not). Eliphalet. Bom al .\shford. Conn., .lune i;5, 1771): died nt Sclienoelady, N. Y.. Jan. 129, 1866. Au American educator, president of Nott, Eliphalet Union College, Schenectady, ISO-i-GB. He pub- lished " Counsels to Young Men " (1810), " Leetures on Tem- perance" (1S47), etc. Nott, Josiah Clark. Born at Columbia, S. C, March 24, 1804: died at Mobile, Ala., March 31, 1873. An American ethnologist. He wrote " Con- nection between the Biblical and Physical History of Man " (1SJ9), " Pliysical History of the Jewish Race " (18511), and, conjointly witli Gliddon, "Tj-pesof Mankind" (1854), "In- dig;erious Races of the Earth" (1857), etc. Nottingham (not'ing-am), or Nottingham- sliire. [ME. Xotiiiyliamschire, AS. SnothKjhdtii- *■(•(>.] A north midland county of England, itis hounded by Yorkshire on the northwest, Lincoln on the east, Leicester on the south, and Derby on the west. Its surface is level and undulatinu. It lias coal-mines, and important manufactures of hosiery and lace, and contains remains of Sherwood Forest (the haunt of Robin Hood), .•ireii, 843 square miles. Population (1891), 445,823. Nottingham. [ME. Xothuilmm, AS. Snotin(ia- ham, dwelling of the Snotings.] The capital of the county of Nottingham, England, situated near the Trent, in lat. .52° 58' N.,'"long. 1° 6' W. It is the center of the English lace and hosiery manufacture, and has also manufactures of silk, etc. It contains a castle, University College, and a very large market-place. It was one of the Five Boroughs of the Danes, and was recon- quered by Edward the Elder. Itscastlewasbuiltby\Villiam the Conqueror. Here Mortimer and Queen Isabella were captured in 1330. Charles I. raised his standard here, in 1(>42, as the beginning of the civil war. The castle was de- stroyed in the civil war, and again by a Reform Bill mob in 1831. The town was th^cene of the Luddite riots. It re- turns 3 members to Parliament. Population (1901), 239,753. Nottingham, Earls of. See Finch and Mowbraij. Nottoway (not'6-wa). [PL, also yottowai/s. The name means ' snake,' figui'ativelj- ' enemy.'] A tribe of North American Indians, formerly liv- ing on the river of the same name in southern Virginia. They are now extinct. Seelroqiioian. Notts. An abbreviation of Nottinghamshire. Noumea (no-ma-a' ). The capital of the French colony of New Caledonia. Population, about 4,000. Noureddin,orNureddin(nor-ed-den')(Malek- al-Adel Nureddin Mahmoud). Born at Da- mascus about 1116: died about 1173. Sultan of Syria from about 1145. He conquered Egj-pt and became its sultan. Nourmahal (nor-ma-hal'). ['Light of the Havcm.'] One of the ladies of the harem of the ealif Harun-al-Rashid. The story of his quarrel and reconcilement\vithher is told in Moore's poem "TheLight of the Harem." She was afterward called 2sour]"ehan, or 'Light of the World.- Nouronihar (no-ron-i-hiir'). In Beekford's "Vathek," the daughter of Fakreddin, a mis- chievous girl with whom Vathek falls in love, and who accompanies him to the hall of Eblis. Nourrit (no-re' ).Adolphe. BornatPaiis.March 3, 1802 : died at Naples, March 8. 1839. A French tenor singer, son of Louis Nourrit (1780-1831), also a tenor. He made his first appearance at Paris in 1821, and from 1826-36 created all the first tenor parts at the Academic. He retired in 1837 on the engagement of Duprez, and went to Italy, and his mind being weakened by liis disappointment and by jealousy of Duprez, he killed himself in a fit of delirium. Grove. Nouvelle Heloise, Julie ou la (zhti-le' o la no-vel' a-lo-ez'). A sentimental novel by J. J. Rousseau, published in 1761. This is a story told chiefly in the form of letters, and re- counting the love of a noble young lady, Julie, for Saint- Preux, a man of low rank, with a kind of after-piece de- picting Julie's maiTied life with a respectable but prosaic free-thinker, M. de Wolmar. This famous bitok set the example, first, of the novel of sentiment ; secondly, of the novel of landscape-painting. Many efforts have been made to dethrone Rousseau from his position of teacher of Eu- rope in point of sentiment and tlie picturesque, but they have had no real success. It is to "La Xouvelle Heloise" that both sentimental and picturesque fictions fairly owe their original popularity ; yet *' Julie " cannot be called a good novel. Its direct narrative interest is but small, its char- acters too intensely drawn, or else too merely conventional. Its plot far too meagre. It is in isolated passages of de- scription, and in the fervent passion which pervades parts of it, that its value, and at the same time its importance in the history of novel-writing, consist. Saintsbury, French Lit., p. 423. NoU'Tion (no-vyon'). A town in the department of Aisne, France, 33 miles nortli of Laon. Pop- ulation (1891), commune, 3,110. Nouzon (no-z6n'). A manufacturing town in the department of Ardennes, France, situated on the Meuse 5 miles north-northeast of M^- zi^res. Population (1891), eommtine, 6,741. Novalis (no-vii'lis) : pseudonym of Friedrich von Hardenberg. Born on the paternal estate "Wiederstedt, Mausfeld, Germany, May 2, 1772: died at Weissenfels. March 25, 1801. A German lyric poet. He studied jurisprudence at Jena. Leipsic, and Wittenberg. In 1794 he received a subordinate judi- cial position at Tennstadt in Thuringia, which, however, he soon abandoned to take up mining engineering as offer- ing more rapid advancement. He died at the age of 29. His lyric poems arc, both secular and religious. "Hymnen 746 an die N'acht" ("Hymns to Night") are lyrics in prose evoked by the death of Sophie von Ktihn, to whom he was engaged. A novel, "Heinrich von Ofterdingen," is frag- mentary. As a writer he belongs to the so-called older Romantic school, of which he was the best lyric poet. His collected writings were published at Berlin, 1802, in 2 vols., to which were added a third (Berlin, 1840) and " Eine Nach- lese"(**Gleaniiigs"; Gotha,1873). His correspondence with the Schlegels was published at Mainz in 1880. Ncvara (no-va'rii). 1. A province in Piedmont, Italy, bordering on Switzerland. Area, 2,553 square miles. Population (1891), 732,104.-2. The capital of the province of Novara, 29 miles west of Milan : the ancient Novaria. it is a commercial, manufacturing, and railway center. The cathedral, founded in 390, but essentially of the 11th cen- tury, though injured by modern alteration and decora- tion, is one of the rare Italian examples of the union of church and towers. The Baptisteiy , essentially of the 11th century, though of much older foundation, is octagonal, 36 feet in diameter, with a domical vault. The ancient font of white marble is carved with pilasters, diaper-work, and oak-foliage. Battles were fruight by the French here in 1495 and 15U0 : and in l.')13 the Swissdefeated the French. Ill 1821 the Austrians defeated thel'iedmontese insurgents. The most famous battle of Novara is that of March 23, 1849, when the Austrians under Radetzky defeated the Sar- dinians under Charles Albert. The latter immediately abdicated in favor of his son Victor Emmanuel Popula- tion (1892), 38,000. Ncvara Expedition. An Austrian scientific expedition arotmd the world in the frigate No- vara, 1857-.59. Nova Scotia (no' vii sko'shiii). [L., 'New Scot- land.'] A maritime province of the Dominion of Canada. Capital, Halifax, it consists mainly of a peninsula hounded by New Brunswick (separated by the Bay of Fundy) on the northwest, Northumberland Strait (separating it from Prince Edward Island) and the GiUf of St. Lawrence on the north, the Gut of Canso (sep- arating it from Cape Breton) on the northeast, and the Atlantic on the south and southwest; but also includes the island of Cape Breton, northeast of the peninsula. Its surface is undulating, and is traversed by several ranges of hiUs. It has a long coast-line. There are mines of coal, gold, gypsum, and iron. The leading industries are fisheries, agriculture, and mining. It has 18 coun- ties. Government is administered by a lieutenant-gov- ernor (with an executive council), a legislative council (21 members), and a legislative assembly (38 members). The province is represented in the Dominion Parliament by 10 senators and 20 members of the House of Commons. Nova Scotia was discovered by the Cabots in 1497. Un- successful attempts at settlement were made by the French under De Monts in 1604 and succeeding years. It was granted to Sir William Alexander in 1G21, but was settled by the French later, forming part of Acadia. Nova Scotia baronets were created by Charles I. It was taken by England in 1654. given to France in 1667, and finally ceded to England in 1713. The French settlers (Acadians) were expelled in 17.'i5. A constitution was granted in 1758. New Brunswick was separated from it in 1784 ; Cape Breton was separated in 1784, but reunited in 1819. It joined the Dominion in 1867. Area, 20,550 square miles. Popula- tion (W;il). 4V.l,.574. Novatian (no-va'shian), L. Novatianus (no- va-shi-a'nus). Lived' in the middle of the 3d century. A Roman presbyter, founder of the sect of the Novatians. He had himself consecrated bisliop of Rome in opposition to Cornelius in 251. He is also called Novatus. Novatians (no-va'shianz). In chui'ch history, a sect founded in the 3d century by Novatianus, or Novatus (see above), and by Novatus of Carthage. Novatianus denied that the church had power to absolve or restore to communion those who after Christian baptism had lapsed or fallen into idolatry in time of persecution ; and his followers appear to have re- fused the grant of forgiveness tii all grave post-baptismal sin, and denied the validity of Catholic baptism, consider- ing themselves the true church. They assumed the name of Catharij * the Pure,' on the strength of their severity of discipline. Inotherrespectstheydiffered very little from the Catholics ; and they were generiiUy received back into communion on comparatively favorable terms. 'The sect continued to the 6th century. Nova Zeelandia (no'vil ze-lan'di-ii). [L., ' New Zealand.'] The name given by the Dutch to their settlements on the Essequibo River, Gui- ana, in 1596. Nova Zembla (no'va zem'bla), Russ. Novaya Zemlya (u6'va-ya zem-lya'j. ['New Land.'] An uninhabited double island in the Ar'ctic Ocean, situated north of Russia and northwest of Siberia, belonging to the government of Arch- angel, Russia. It is separated into two parts by the narrow Matotclikin Shar, and is separated from the main- land by Kara Sea (and indirectly by Kara Strait). The surface is elevated and mountainous. It is visited by hunters and fishermen. It was discovered by the English in the middle of the 16th century. Length, about COO miles. Area, 35,000 square miles. Novel (nov'el). A character in Wycherley's comedy "The Plain Dealer." He is a pert coxcomb "who. rather than not rail, will rail pt the dead, whom none speak ill of ; rather than not flatter, will flatter the poets of the age, whom none will flatter" (ii. 1). He is a great lover of novelties, and makes love to Olivia. Novello (no-vel'lo), Clara Anastasia. Bom .Tune 10, 1818. An English sojirano singer, daughter of Vincent Novello. She studied .at the Conservatoire in P.aris in 1829, and made her first appear- ance at a concert in 1833. She was successful in concert- No'viodunum singing, hut went to Italy in 1839, studied for the stage, and made her first appearance in " Semiramide" at Padua in 1S41. She appeared in oratorio in England in 18bX and was even more acceptable in this than in the other two branches of her art. She ceased singing in public iu 1860. She married Count Gigliucci in 1843. Novello, Joseph Alfred. Born 1810 : died July 17, 1896. A music-publisher, sou of Vincent Novello. He opened an establishment as a regular pub- lisher of music in 18"29, nowkno^vu as "Novello, Ewer and Co.," continuing the publications begun by his father, among them " Purcell's Sacred ^lusic." He introduced Mendelssohn's works tu tlie English public, and was promi- nent in furthering the interest-i of art and science, and also introduced a system of printing cheap music. He retired from business in 18.56, and went to Italy, where he inter, ested himself in studying the properties of water and the construction of ships. Novello, Vincent. Bom at London, Sept. 6, 1781: died at Nice, France, Aug. 9, 1861. An English composer and musical editor, in 18H he began to publish music from his private house. This was the origin of the firm known later as Novello, Ewer and Co. See Novello, Joseph Alfred. November (no-vem'ber). [From L. Nmvmber, also Xnvembris, the ninth month (reckoning from March).] The eleventh month of the year, containing thirty days. Novempopulana (no-vem-pop-u-la'na), or No- vempopulania (no-vem-pop-u-la'ni-a). A Ro- man jirovince of southwestern Gaul, in the later empire. Noverre (no-var'), Jean Georges. Bom at Paris, March 29, 1727 : died at Saint-Germain- en-Laye, France, Nov. 19, 1810. A French dancing-master, writer on dancing, and com- poser of ballets, notedfor his improvements iu the development of the ballet. Novgorod (nov'go-rod). ['Newtown.'] 1. A government of Russia, surrounded by the gov- ernments of St. Petersburg, Olonetz, Vologda, Yaroslaff, Tver, and Pskoff. It contains the Valdai Hills in the south. Area, 47,236 square miles. Population (1890), 1,254,900.-2. The capital of Novgorod, situated on the Volkhoff, near Lake Ilmen, 100 miles south-southeast of St. Peter.sburg. The Cathedral of St. Sophia, within the walls of the highly picturesque Kremlin, or citadel, was built in the middle of the 11th century by workmen from Constantinople ; and, duspite several restorations, it retains in great measure its Byzantine character. The dimensions are 105 by 119 feet, and 161 feet high to the apex of the central dome, which rests on 8 quadrangular piers. There .are 4 flanking domes, and a sixth dome over the sacristy. The cathedral abounds in tombs of ai-tistic and historical interest, and in rich church furniture, the carved stalls of the czar and the metropolitan and the old bronze doors with reliefs being especially noteworthy. The iconostasis bears several fine old icons. Novgorod is one of the oldest cities of Russia. It invited the Varan- gians for Russian defense about 862. In medieval times it was one of the largest cities of Russia and one of the leading commercial centersof Europe. and was the capital of an independent state. It was brought under the dominion of Moscow about 1478, and was sacked by Ivan the Terri- ble in 1570. Its commercial importance has been entirely destroyed by the foundation of St. Petersburg and the in- troduction of railways, population (1893), 25,058. Novgorod, Principality of. The principality which lay around the city of Novgorod, Russia, and was founded by Rurik the Varangian about 862. It was thus the nucleus of the Russian monarchy. Under Rui'ik's successor the capital was transferred to Kieff. Novgorod continued as a " republican principality " with many privileges. Its territories included at its height Ingria, Karelia, part of Esthonia and Livonia, Per- niia, Petchora, and large tracts in northern Russia. It was subdued by Ivan III., grand prince of Moscow, and its existence as a separate commonwealth ended in 1478. Novgorod-Seversk (nov'go-rod-sev'ersk). A town in the government of TchernigofE, Rus- sia, situated ou the Desna 88 miles east-north- east of Tcheraigoff. Population ( 1893), 8,530. Novgorod-Seversk (nov ' go - rod - sev ' ersk), Principality of. A medieval principality of Russia. It was annexed b}' Muscovy about 1523. Novi, or Novi Ligure (no've le-go're). A town in the province of Alessandria, Italy, 25 miles north of Genoa. It is noted for its silk manufacture and trade. Here, Aug. 15, 1799, the Russians and Austri- ans under Suvaroff and Melas defeated the French under Joubert, who was killed in the battle. The I'rench loss amounted to 11,000. No'vibazar (no-ve-ba-ziir'), or Yenibazar (ya- ne-bii-zar'). A town in Bosnia, situated on the Rashka in lat. 43° 5' N.. long. 20° 35' E. : an important strategic point. It was occupied by Austria in 1879. Population, estimated, 12.000. Novikoff (nov'i-kof), Nikolai. Borii in the government of Moscow. Russia, 1744 : died near Moscow, 1818. A Russian ,iournalist and pro- moter of education. He fell under government sus- picion, and was imprisoned by Catharine, He was not re- leased till after her death. He was a brilliant and spirited writer. . Noviodunum (no^vi-d-dir'num). In ancient geography, a name given (a) to a town of the Noviodunum 'i'*'^ I Bituriges, in central Gaul (exact location un- known); (b) to Nc'vers; (<■) to Noyon; (rf) to Nvoii ; and (<) to Soissons. NoviomagUS (no-vi-om'a-gus). In ancient ge- ( ograpby, a name given (dj to Lisieux; (fc) to ifimwegen; (c) to Noyon; (d) to Spires; and (e) toatownof theRegni,inBritain,ueai-Brom- Noyes (noiz), George Kapall, NoVO-Bayazet (no vo-bii-ya-set ). or Noviy- Bayazet (no'viy-ba-ya-set'). A town in the foveniiuent of Erivan, Transcaucasia, Russia, of various portions of the Scriptures. 30 miles east-northeast of Erivan. Population Noyes, John Humphrey. Born at Brattleboro, (1891). 7,488. Vt.,Sept.. ISU: (7o(r. Population. 9,560.— 2. An ....,, .. important fortress in Poland, at the junction of Noyon (nwa-yon ) A to the Bug and Vistiila, 18 miles northwest of War- ot Oise, France situated ...... ,7 .„.,. ..,.„.. ,,.. .,,„ „..„;„„, , .... IV — s !„ north-northeast ot Pans linrvport. Mass.. Jlarch (I. 1798; died at Cam- niiles._ bridge. Mass., June 3. 1808. An American bib- Nuceria. See Aowra. liealscholar. Hisworksareehiettvtranslations Nuddea. bee A«di//n. ,-, . . Nueces (uwa ses). [ \\ alnut nver.'J A river in southwestern Te.vas which flows by Corpus Christi Bay into the Gulf of Mexico. Length, aViout 400 miles. Nueva Andalucia (nwa'va an-dii-16-the'a). ['New Andalucia.'] 1. The district in nortli- at Putney, Vermont, about lS3."i, and founded the Oneida Community in Madison County. New York. 1S47-4S. He wrote a "History ot .American Socialism," etc. A tomi in the department on the Verse 58 miles ; the Roman No\nodu- luini Veromanduorum. The cathedral is a moimment chieliy of the time of transition from Romanesque to Toint- d. Both transepts have semicircular ends, and the west Mueva XiSpana. »ee JSew .•^pani. front possesses a triple porch and twin towers. Theiound NuCVa Galicla (ga-le'the-a). ['New Galicia. ] and pointed types occur indiscriminately aniongthearches. The 13th-century chapter-house isof great beauty. Noyon was fonuerly the seat of a bishopric. It is the place where Charles the Great wa.s crowned, where Hugh Capet was chosen king in 987, and where a treaty was made between Francis I. and Charles V. in 1516. It was the birthplace of Calvin. Population (18i)l), commune, 6,144. Nozi. i^cf Yaiimi. Nozze Aldobrandini (not'se al-do-briin-de'ne). [It., -the Aldobrandini wedding': referring to the owner of the painting.] A celebrated an- cient wall-painting discovered 1606 in an ex- cavation at Rome, and now in the Vatican. The subject is the preparation for a wedding. The bride, crowned with mjTtle, is attended by her bridesmaid; the bridegroom is wreathed with ivy; and at one side three women are offering sacrifice for the couple. saw. It was taken by the Russians from the French in 1813. and from the Poles in 1831. Called also Modlin. NoVOgrudok (n6-v6-gr6'dok). A town in the government of Minsk, Russia, 75 miles west- southwest of Jlinsk. Population. 12.715. Novokhopersk (no-vo-cho-persk' ). A town in the government of Voronezh, Russia, situated ■ lu the Khoper 112 miles east-southeast of Vo- iv.nezh. Population (1893), 6,095. Novomoskovsk (no-v6-mos-kovsk'% A town in the government of Yekaterinoslaff. southern Russia, on the Samara 17 miles north-north- east of Yekaterinoslaff. Population, 19,106. Novoradomsk (no-vo-ra-domsk'). A town in tlie government of Piotrkow. Russian Poland, lii2 miles southwest of Warsaw. Population (1892), 9,275. Novorussia (n6-v6-rush'ia). A name given to Bessarabia and Kherson. .._ j- -n- ^ n i- *.?'„•; „A^ rif -.^ .r« j Novosybkoff (no-vo-seb'kof). A town in the Nozze di Figaro (not «'^/J« /« g;\-™^-, £;• S"^^^ Granada. overriment of Tchernigoff, Russia, 72 miles 'JI""-iage ot_ Pigaro.']_ An opera by Mozait. Nuevas_Ordenan north by east of Tchernigoff. Population (1893), 1'l1.56. Novo-Tcherkask (no-vo-cher-kask'). The cap- ital of the province of the Don Cossacks, Riis- >iii, situated on the Aksai about lat. 47° 28' X., long. 40° 9' E. It was founded in 1805, :i ml has considerable trade. Population (1892), :i:i.210. Novum Organum (no'vum 6r'ga-num). [L.,'a iiiw method.'] The chief philosophical work of I'raucis Bacon, written in Latin, and iinbli.-ihed in 1620. In it he describes his new method of investigating nature. Nowanagar, or Nowanuggur (no-wa-nu-gur' ) , orNawanagar (na-wa-na-gar'). 1. A nativi^ state in India, tributary to Great Britain, inter- sected by lat. 22° 15' N.", long. 70° E.— 2. A sea- port, capital of Nowanagar. situated about lat. 22° 27' N. Population (1S91). 48.530. Nowell (no'el), Alexander. Born in Lauca- sliire. England, about 1507: died Feb., 1602. An English ecclesiastic. He was educated at P.rasenose inlifge, Oxford. He was dean of St. Paul's, and prolocu- t'lr of the convocation that met in Jan.. 15(i3. with the ob- ject of church reform, when the articles were revised and reduced from 42 to 39. They became law in 1671. He compiled the Larger, Middle, and Small church catechisms, wlii.h were published separately in 1570 and 1672. Nowell, Robert. Born in L;uicashire about 1520: died at (iray's Inn. London, Feb. 6, 1.569. .ViiEnglishlawyer, a brother of Alexander Now- ell. He obt;uned many gr)od appointments, and became rich. He is principally rememltei'ed for a fund which ' western South America ceded to Ojeda in 1508, and later to Heredia. it corresponded to the coast of Colombia from Cape Vela to the Gulf of Darien. Ancient and modern authors frequently confuse this name with Castilla del Oro (which see). 2. A name given to the Amazon region ceded to Orellana in 1544. See Unllana, Francisco de. produceii at Vienna in 1786. The libretto was adapt- ed bv Da Poute from the "Mariage dc Figaro" i>y Beau- marchais. It was played at Paris with Beaumarchais's words as " Le mariage de Figaro" in 1793. and as "Les noces de Figaro," words by Barbier and Carr^, in 1858. Grove. Nuba (no'ba). A nation of the Nile valley which L^wMM,,"" '..111 1.1 «i.*j„. civil war and the death Ot Almagn occupies the stretch between the fii-st and sec- T7-„n., j«i^^ ^,-;ii ,::; ond cataracts, to which place it was brought Nueva Valladolld (val->a from Meroe by Diocletian 16 centm-ies ago. .,;.'.'l;!l'J='.JrVf:':i^^,^°™'V;';f," After adopting Christianity, these Nubas or Nubians founded, under Silko, tile Christian state of Dongola, w hich lasted until 051. They adopted Islam only in i:!20. anil became subjects of the khedive in 1815. Lepsius says they are descendants of the ancient nation of Uaua. In race they are mi.ved Nigriticand Hamitic. Their language has preserved a Nigritie structure. The Nubas of Djebel Deyer, south of Kordof.ui, from whom the Dongolan Nubas descend, are still pure negroes. The dialects of Nuba are ilabas or Sukkod, Iveniis, Dongola, and Fadisha. .See Nuba-Fulah(uo'ba-f6'la). A group of African ___^^^^ t,;ibes and laugnagcs originated by Friedr.ch NuevoLeon(hi-6n'). ['NewLcon.'J l.Adivis. M'liller and adopted by R. N. Cust. and niisun- ;"7',r_^"";- ' ■-- -. . ■" ,\ primary division of colonial New Spain, or Mexico, long known officially as Reino de Nueva Galicia. Its limits varied at different times, but during the greater part of the 17th and 18th centuries it corre- sponded nearly to the modem states of Jalisco, Aguas Calientes, and Zacatecas, with a smaU part of San Luis Potosf ; at an earlier period it also embraced, for a time, Durango and Sinaloa. It was partly conquered in 1530 by Nui^ode Guznian. The audience of Guadalajara, created ill 1S4S, had jurisdiction over Nueva Galicia, subject to appeal to the audience of SIcxico, The governor, who w.as also president of the audience, was appointed by the king, but in military and treasury matters was subordinate to the viceroy of New Spain. In 1786 Nueva Galicia be- came the intendency of Guadalajara. After 1T92 the l*rovincias Internas (Sonora, Sinaloa, Durango, Chihnaliua, New Mexico, Coahuila, and Texas) were judicially subor- dinate to the audience of Guadalajara. See Xcw Granada. OrdenanzaS. See Xeir Laiia. Nueva Toledo (to-lii'THo). ['New Toledo.'] Tlie official name of the territory in western South America granted to Diego Almagro in 1534. It corresponded nearly to northern Chile, western Bolivia, and a small part of Peru. Disputes as to its boun- ilary with the territorj- granted to Pizarro resulted in a civil war and the death of Almagro, THo-leTH'). The ua, Honduras. Nueva 'Vizcaya (veth-ki'ii). ['New Biscay.'] A colonial division ot New Spain, or Me.Kico, corresponding (nearly) to the modern states of Dm-ango, Chihuahua. Sinaloa, Sonora, and the southern part of Coahuila. it was originally called Copala. Francisco de Ibm-ra. who conquered a part of it between ir.tiO anil 1570, named it Reino de la NuevaVizcaya, an aiipellalinii which it retained until after the indepen- dence. During the 17th and most of the 18lh century the governor of .NuevaVizcaya was subordinate to the viceroy ot Mexico only in military and treasury affairs. In 1777 this region was included in the Provincias Internas. derstood Ijy many Africmists. it is not a race or a family of l.angnage-s, but a grouping of tribes and lan- guages of mixed type which the present state of knowledge and their mixed nature will not permit to be a.ssigned with certainty to the Hainitic or Negro families. It is made to include the Nuba, Koldaj i. Tuniale, Konjara, Kwall. Masai, Berta, Kamaniil, Funji, Kiej, N yam N yam, Mombuttu.and the Fulalis of wi >tirn Sudan. As knowledge progresses, these di.scoiinecled trit)es and languages will be subordi- nated to the Hamitic and Negro families. Some tribes be- long by race rather to one, and by language rather to the other, family. The Fulabs, the Masai, and the Kwatl are rather Hamitic in race and customs, the .Nyam-Nyam and ..„.„, ^., J - Mombuttu more Nit,'rific. established liy bis will for benefactions to the jioor. His JJubar Pasha(no'barpash'&). Bominl823: died brothers and John 'I'owneley were bis executors, and left a list of the persons to whom money was paid. This list came into the i>ossessioii of the family of John Towneley, and was discovered by H. B. Knowles at Towneley Hall, and published in his report to the Historical .Manuscripts Coniniis-sion in 1837. It contains important facts regard at I'aris, Jan. 14, 1899. An Egyptian statesman and diplomatist. Hcw;isanibas8adoratViennainl854; minister of foreign affairs under Ismail Pasha 18«7-7U ; and premier 1878-79, 1884-88, and April, lS94,-Nov.. 1891 ■leciloMial New Spain, or Me.Kico.coiTespond- iiig to the i>resent state of tliat name together with jioftions of San Luis Potosi and Tamaiili- pas. It was long known as the Nuevo Reino ile Leon. In 17Sb it »:is attached to the intendency of San Luis Potest. 2. A state in northeastern Mexico, suiTounded by the states of Coahuila. Taniauli])as, and San Luis Potosi. Capital, Monterey. Area, 25,980 scpiare miles. Population (1.895). 309.607. Nuevo Santander 'siin-tiin-dar'). A division ot .•olonial New Spain, or Mexico, correspond- ing (nearly) to the modern state of Taraau- lipas. Ollicially, imtil 17.S6, it was known as a colonv. Niifenen (nii'fen-en) Pass. An Alpine pass between tlio cantonsof Ticino and Valais, Swit- zerland, connecting the Ticino valley at Airolo m* V . — ,-.,.'., 1 . . , c - 1 111 ZiOiiiiiiu. eoiiiieei iiii; i in- i iv iiie Nubia (nu'bi-a). Aregionin Africa^boumWby ^^.j,^ „,.^, „j. „,^. ..j^-.^^ i^,,„„^ ing Udmnml Spenser, who was one ot the poor scholars Egypt (from about the ueighboi'hood of Wady- ••j,,_._+'/„,-,';,,,,n iL O-pririrp Born in Enirland benellted from time to time. The list wiis printed by ,r-\L > , . .>ior,i/ja >onthe north theRedSea JNUgenttnu .ient;.&u ueorge. i5< i n in iinj,iaiiu, Grnsart in 1S71, entitled "The Spending of the Money of H.ilta.m lat. -I ''^ ^^.7 °" ' ' ^ "' "^^^^^ •luiie II), ],.)?: died ;it Liltle Marlow, Berks, Robert Nowell of lieude Hall, l.aiirasbire, etc." Oil tho east, Abyssiiiia, Seiinaai, and KotUolan j[ 1 jj i^^tj ^„ English soldier. He wasedu- No 'Wit, No Help like a 'Woman's. A eom- eily ot intrigue by Middlclon.aetcd in 1613-14. Shirley revived it, s..'mewhat altered, in 1638 oa "No Wit to a Woman's." It was not printed till 1657. Nox. See Xi/.r. Noy (noi ), William. Born, probably in Buryan, Cornwall, 1577: died Aug. 9. 16.'!4. An English jurist. He matriculated at OxfordfF.leter College)April 27, 1593, and studied law at Lincoln's Inn. He sat in Parliament from lUOl until his death. In Oct.. 1(31, he was appointed attorney-general. After bis death were puliUsbed his "On the Orounda and Maxims of the Laws of this Kingdom" (1641) and "Tho Compleat Lawyer" (1661), etc. .Noyades (nwii-yiid'). [F., 'drownings.'] In French history, executions practised during the on tho south, and the desert on the west. It is not a political division. The chief portions are the valley of the Nile and Takii. It is nominally an Egyptian pos. session. The chief city is Khartum, at the junction of the White Nile and the llluc Nile. The inhabitants are Nulms (see Xiiha), Arabs, and Ababileh (Hamitic). It was sub jecl '" ■ ■■ catod at the military academy at Woolvv ieli ; served in the American warl7."7-S3, served in Klamkrs under the Dnko of York, and was made nnijor-general In 179i'.- He served in Ireland 1793; was made a bai-onet in ISOil ■ l)ecamo connnander-inehlef in India iu 1811 ; and was made fleld- niarsbal in IMU. cl to Thotlimes 111. ; was part of the ancient F.thi.i|iia; «^. (ipnTss Nuceut Grenville, Baron, id was conquered bv the forces of Mebemet All in l.sjii- JNUgeni, I*e0rg8 ■WUSeill- weuviiio, 2'i It fell into the power of the Mnbdi In 1S83; and It Born at jiuckmgham t astli'. l.ngl.ii .1, LA i. du, 18 the scene of Fnglish-r.gyptlan expeditions in 1883-*;6. 1788: died Nov. "26, 18.50. An Kngli.sh states- 182; was t gypllan ex| if their black skins, are usually The Nubians, In spite cla.H8ed among the liandKomest of mankind, just as the negroes are among the ugliest, I'bey are tall, spare, and well proportioned. The hair is black and fairly straight, and there is ver) little of Iton the tiody, file nostrils and lips are thin, the eyes dark, the nose somewhat aijuilinu. Tfie Hat feet with wbicli tUey are credited are not ft racial characteristic, but are due to tlielr walking without shoes. man, second son of the Maf(|uisot Buckingliam. He was edueate.l at Oxford ; entered Parliament In 1812 ; became Baron Nugent mi I he death of his mother In 1813; was a priimoler of the Rerorm Hill : was Junl.'r lord of the treasnrv In is:M ; and w;is lonl high commissioner of the Ionian islanils l^3J-3't. He published "Oxford and Locke" (1829), "Memorials of Uampilen "(I^32), " Lands Classical and Sucred " (1845-16). Nugginah Nugginah, or Nuginah. See Xagina. Ntlits (niie). A town in the department of Cote- d'Or, France, 14 miles south-southwest of Dijon. It is celebrated for the wines produced in the vicinity. A victory was gained here by the Germans under Von Wer- der over the French under Cremer, Dec. 18, 1870. Popu- lation (1S91), commune, 3,654. Nllits, Les. [F., 'the nights.'] Four poems bv Alfred de Musset, published in 1835-37. They were called "Xuit de Mai,""Nuit de D^cembre," " Xuit d'Aout," and " Nuit d'Octobre." Nviits Blanches, Les. [F.. 'sleepless or rest- less nights.'] A name given to a series of 18 pianoforte solos by Stephen Heller. Nuitter (niie-ta' ) : anagram of the surname of Charles Louis fitienne Truinet. Born at Paris, 1828: died in 1899. A French writer of vaude- villes and librettos, mostly for Offenbach's music. Nukahiva (no-ka-e'va). The largest of the Marquesas Islands. Nukha (no'kha). A town in the government of Yelisavetpol, Transcaucasia. Russia, situated about lat. 41° 12' N., long. 47° 10' E. : noted for its silk industry. Population (1891), 25,894. Nullification, Ordinance of. An ordinance passed by a State convention of South Carolina, Nov. 19. 1832, declaring void certain acts of the United States Congress levying duties and im- posts on imports, and threatening that any at- tempt to enforce those acts, except through the courts in that State, would be followed by the secession of South Carolina from the Union. It was rejiealed by the State convention which met on March 16, 1833. See Jackson, Andrew. Numantia (nii-man'shi-a). In ancient geogra- phy, the capital of the Celtiberian people Are- vaei, situated on the Douro near the modem Soria . it was famous on account of its siege by the Ko- mans under Scipio Africanus Minor, beginning in 134 B. c. It was taken and destroyed in 133. Numantine War (nii'man-tin war). A war be- tween the Romans and the Celtiberians of north- em central Spain, 143-133 B. c, ending in the de- struction of Ntimantia in 133 B. c. Numa Pompilius (nii'ma pom-pil'i-us). Ac- cording to the legends, the second king of Rome (715—672 B. C.J. He was the reputed author of many Roman institutions, including the pontiiices. salii, fiamens, fetiales, vestal virgins, worship of Terminus, temple of Janus, etc. Numbers (num'berz). The fourth book of the Old 'festament : so called because it begins with an account of the numbering of the Israelites in the beginning of the second year after they left Egj'pt. It includes part of the history of the Israelites during their wanderings. NuineniUS(nii-me'ni-us). IGcr.Novfir/viog.'] Born at Apamea, Syria : lived in the second half of the 2d century. A Neo-Pythagorean philoso- pher, forerunner of Neoplatonism. His leading principle was the belief that Plato, who formed, as he thought, a sort of connecting bond between Pythagoras and Socrates, really preached in a Greek form the revealed doctrines of the Jewish legislator. And he went so far as to say, "What is Plato but Moses talking Attic Greek? " But he applied his Pythagorean principles also to the identification of Egj-ptian, Persian, and even Brahminical dogmas. And, without mentioning our Sa- viour by name, he made the Gospels the subjects of philo- sophical allegories not unlike those which Philo spun from the Pentateuch. Miiller, Hist, of the Lit. of Anc. Greece, [III. 1»2. (Donaldson.) Numerianus (nii-me-ri-a'nus). Marcus Aure- lius. Roman emperor (conjointly with his bro- ther Carimis) in 283 A. D. He accompanied his father, the emperor Cams, on an expedition against the Persians in 283, w hile Carinas remained behind as governor of the western provinces. The death of his father during the ex- pedition elevated him and his brother to the throne. He, however, died in camp while returning from the East. Arrius Aper, prefect of the pretorians, his fatherin-law, was suspected of encompassing his death, with the inten- tion of making himself emperor. Arrius Aper was stabbed by Diocletian who assumed the purple. Numidia (nu-mid'i-a). [L. Xiimidia, Gr. Nor- /tidia, from Xirmidx, Gt. refle.x 'SovfitSat, the in- habitants, prop. Xo//d(5ec, wanderers, nomads.] In ancient geography, a country of northern Africa, coiTesponding nearly to the modern Al- geria. It was bounded by the Mediterranean on the north, tlie territory of Carthage on the east, the desert on the south, and Mauretania on the west. The Massyli in the east and the Massresyli in the west were united in a king- dom under Masinissa. This was dismembered after the defeat of Jagurtha in 106 B. c. ; and tlie eastern part tie- came a Roman province shortly after the death of its king Juba in 46 B. c. Numitor (nii'ini-t6r). In Roman legend, the grandfather of Romulus and Remus. Nun (non>. The chief mouth of the Niger. Nun, or Wad-Nun (wad-non'). A town in Mo- rocco, near Cape Nun. Population, about 5,000. 748 Nun, Cape. A cape in Morocco, projecting into the Atlantic in lat. 28° 45' N., long. 11° 2' W. Nunc Dimittis (nungk di-mit'is). [So named from the tirst two words in the Latin version, " Xiinc dimittis servum tutun, Domine, ... in pace," " Now lettest thou thy servant depart in peace."] The canticle of Simeon(Luke ii. 29-32). The Nunc Dimittis forms part of the private thanksgiving of the priest after the liturgy in the Greek ( 'hurch. and is fre- quently sung by the choir after celebration of the euchar- ist in Anglican churches. It forms part of the office of com- plin as used in theRoman Catholic Church, It is contained in the vesper office of the Greek Church, and is one of the canticles at evening prayer in the Anglican Church. Nuneaton (nun-e'ton). A town in Warwick- shire, England, 19 miles east by north of Bir- mingham. It manufactiLres ribbons. Popula- tiou"(1891), 11.580. Nunes (no'nas), Pedro, often called Nonius. Born at .AJcacer-do-Sal, Portugal, 1492: died at Coimbra, 1577. A Portuguese wi-iter of works on navigation and matbematies. Hewas royal cos- mographer from'l.">29, and chief cosmographer from 1547. He is regaided as the invent<,r of the loxodromic line. Nunez (non'vath), Ignacio. Born at Buenos Ayres, July 30, 1793: died there, Jan. 22, 1846. An Argentine politician, journalist, and author. He served in the army, held various civil positions, and was imprisoned by Rosas. His best-known works are "Xoticias de las Provincias Unidas del Rio de la Plata" (1S25 ; French and English editions) and "Noticias histo- ricas de la repiiblica Argentina " (posthumous, lb57). Nunez, Rafael. Bom in Cartagena. Sept. 28, 1825: died there, Sept. 18, 1894, A Colom- bian statesman. He was secretary of the treasury 1865- 1857, 1861-62, and 1878, senator, and held other important civil offices. From 1S(>5 to 1874 he resided in Europe, In 1875 he was defeated as the liberal candidate for the presidency ; was elected for the term 1879-82 ; and, his successor Zaldiia having died, he was again elected for the term beginning April, 1884. Under the new constitution of the Republic of Colombia, he became president for G years from Dec. , 1885, and was reelected in 1891. Owing to ill health from 1888 he was frequently represented by the vice-president. Nunez, Vasco. See BaWnn, Vasco Xiiite:. Nunez Cabeza de Vaca, Alvar. See Cabesa de Vac'i, Alvar yiiHC~. Nunez de Area (nbn'yath da ar'tha), Caspar. Boru at Valladolid, Aug. 6, 1834 : died at Ma- drid, Jime 9, 1903. A noted Spanish poet, known as "the Spanish Tennyson." He was a graduate of the University of Toledo ;*was a deputy to the Cortes and minister of the colonies in the Sagasta cabinet of 1S83-84 ; and was also president of the council of state of commerce and agriculture. In 1894 a national ovation was accorded him at Toledo. Among his poems are "Gritos delCombate" ("Battle-cries," 1875), " Otima lamentacion de Lord Byron " (1879), " El Vertigo " (1879), ** La vision de Fray Martin " (1880), etc.; and among his plays are '* Como se empena un Marido " (1860), '" Ni tanto ni taiipoco*' (1865). "El Haz de Leiia," etc. Nunez de Haro y Peralta (non'yath da a'ro e pa-rtil'ta), Alonso. Bora at Villagarcia, dio- cese of Cuenca, Oct. 31, 1729 : died at Mexico, May 26, 1800. A Spanish prelate, archbishop of Mexico from 1772, and viceroy May 8 to Aug. 16, 1787. Nunez Vela (non'yath va'la). Blasco. Born at A Vila about 1490: died near Quito, Jan. 18, 1546. First viceroy of Peru. After holding various civil and military offices in Spain, he was appointed vice- roy in 1543 with the special mission of promulgating the "New Laws " (which see). He reached Lima in March, 1544. StrouLT opposition to the New Laws was at nnce mani- fested, and a revolt broke out, headed by Gonzalo Pizarro. In Sept. the viceroy killed the factor Snarez de Carbajal in an altercation, was arrested by the audience, and was put in charge of one of the auditors, -Alvarez, to be taken to Spain for trial. While still near the coast Alvarez re- leased him : he landed at Tumbez and began to collect forces against Pizarro, but the latter forced him to retreat through Quito to Popayan. Reinforced there by Benal- cazar and others, he returned as far as Quito, but was de- feated by Pizarro and killed in the battle of Anaquito. Nun's Priest's Tale, The. One of Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales."' It is taken from the" Roman du Renart," and is the story of Chanticleer who escaped from the jaws of the fox by his cunning in making the latter open his mouth to speak. It is modernized by Drj'den as "The Cock and the Fox." See Second Nun's Tale. Nupe (nii'pe). Au African kingdoia of the Niger valley, commanding the continence of the Niger and the Binue. ItissubjecttoakingofFulahori- gin, and nominally vassal of Gando. The Nupe people are negroes in a comparatively high state of culture. They have large cities (Bida, Rabba, Egga, Dorin). The Nupe language has a wide extraterritorial use down the Niger River. It has musical tones, and is related to both Yoruba and Ibo. (ibedeghi, Bini, and Basa-Komi are the princi- pal dialects. Nu-pieds (nii'pia'). [F., 'bare feet.'] A name given to Norman peasants who in 1639 revolted at Avranches against hea^T- and unjust taxation. The rising was put down by Richelieu with relentless cruelty. Nureddin. See Xoureddin. Nuremberg (nil 'rem -berg). G. Niirnberg iniirn'berG). A city in Middle Franeonia, Bava- ria, situated on the Pegnitz in lat. 49° 27' N., Nyam-Nyam long. 11° 5' E. It is the leading manufacturing andcom- merciiU city of Bavaria ; is noted for its manufactures of Nuremberg wares (including toys and fancy articles), pen- cils, machinery, ultramarine, beer, etc.: and is the chief market on the Continent for hops. It is remarkable for its medieval appearance. The Burg, or castle, founded in the 11th centurj- by Conrad II., and restored as a royal residence in the present century, is a picturesque struc- ture with towers of different heights and forms and high roofs. In the Heidenthurm there are two Romanesque chapels, one over the other. The Germanic National ilu- seum is a historical collection founded in 1852, and, besides illustrating costumes, arms and armor, and the industrial and minor arts, includes an unexcelled gallery of German 15th- and 16th-century painting. The museum occupies a 14th-centur>' Carthusian monasteiy, with a handsome church and traceried cloister, and also an Augustinian monastery, rebuilt adjoining. Among the other features of Nuremberg are the walls and towers, churches of St. Lawrence, St. Sebaldus, and St. Jacob, Frauenkirche, fountain (Schone Brunnen), and Rathaus. The city ex- isted as early as 1050 ; was developed under the Hohen- staufens ; was made a free imperial city in 1219 ; and be- came in the 15th and 16th centuries a great center of trade, art, science, and literature. The Reformation was introduced in 1525. It sutfered severely in the Thirty Years' War. In 1806 it was annexed to Bavaria. Popula- tion (1900), coninnine, 261,022. Nuremberg, Peace of. A religious truce con- cluded between the emperor Charles V. and the Protestants in 1532. Nursia. See Xorria. Niirtingen (niir'ting-en). Atownin theBlaek Forest circle, Wiirtemberg, situated on the Neckar 13 miles southeast of Stuttgart. Popu- lation (1890), 5,479. Nus (nus), Eugene. Bom at Chalon-sur-Sa6ne, 1816 : died at Paris, Jan. 19, 1894. A French dramatic author and journalist. Nusku (nos'ko). A deity of the -Assyro-Baby- lonian pantheon, the god of the midday sun. See Xisroch. Nut (not). In Egyptian mythology, the mother of Osiris, goddess of heaven and consort of Set, god of the earth. She is represented in human form. Nutabes (no-ta-bas' ). An extinct tribe of South -American Indians who occupied part of the region included in the present department of Autioquia, Colombia, on the right side of the Cauca, between that river and the Force. They were hardly less advanced in civilization than the Chib- chas, but were less warlike and had no hereditaiy chiefs. Their clothing was of cotton, and they were skilled in mak- ing small figures of gold. Many of these figures were de* posited in their tombs (huacas). and are still found : in 1833 gold to the amount of $18,000 was taken from a single huaca. Nothing is known of their linguistic affinities. Nut-brown Maid, The. A ballad belonging to the end of the loth century. Prior took it for the foundation of his "Henry and Emma." The "nut-brown maid " proclaims her faithfulness to her lover, who tells her at the end of every second stanza that he is a banished man. By saying at the end of the intervening stanza "I love but you alone," her love and meekness prevail ; and he consoles her in the end by sajing " Thus have ye won an erles son, And not a banysshed man." We owe the preservation of this beautiful old ballad to "Arnold's Chronicle." of which the earliest edition is thought to have been printed in 1502. In Laneham's account of Elizabeth's visit to Kenilworth, the " Nut-brown Maid " is mentioned as a book by itself, and there is said to be at Oxford a list of books offered for sale at that place in 1."'20, among which is the "Not-broon Mavd," price one penny ; still, the ballad is not known to exist at present in any other ancient form than that of the Chronicle. We have no means of determining the date of the composition, but Percy has justly remarked that it is not proljable that an antiquary would have inserted a piece in his historical col* lections which he knew to be modern. The language is that of the time at which it was printed. Chad's Ballads, IV. 143. Nutmeg State. A name given to Connecticut, from its alleged manufacture of wooden nut- megs. Nuttall (nut'al), Thomas. Bom at Settle, Yorkshire, England, 1786: died at St. Helen's, Lancashire, England, Sept. 10, 1859. An Anglo- American botanist and ornithologist. He lived in America from ISO" to 1842, and in 1822 was appointed cu. rator of tlie botanical gardens of Harvard University. His works are "Genera of North .American Plants, etc. "(1818). "Journal of TraveJs into the Arkansas Territory during the Year 1819 " (1821), " Manual of the Ornithology of the United States and Canada " (1832-34), "The North Ameri- can Sylva, etc." (1842-49). Nyack (ni'ak). A village in Rockland County, New York, situated on the Hudson 25 miles north of New York. Population (1900), 4,275. Nyai (nvi), or Banyai (biS-nyi'). A Bantu tribe of" the Zambesi valley, between the Ma- shona and the river, partly in Portuguese and partly in British territory. Nyambu (nyiim'bo). See Zongora. Nyam-Nyam (nyam-nyam'), or Sandeh (san'- de). A great African "nation, consisting of nu- merous petty tribes, dwelling in the basins oi Nyam-Nyam the Welle and Shari rivers. They number about 2,tH)0.000. They are called Nyam-Nyani ('eaters,' 'can- nlbiiU") l)y the Diiikas, and other neighbors give them other names: their own name is Sandeh. They are ne- groes in color and hair, ami have short legs and round heaiis and faces. They tattoo their faces as a tribal mark, and their chests and arms for ornamentation. They wear skins and bark cloth, and are clever workmen, Imnters, and musicians. The women dothetiUins;. Many, but not all, are or were cannibals. Their weapons are the lance, sliield, bow and arrows, and tbrowing-knife. Nyamwezi (nyii-mwa'ze), or Wanyamwezi (wa-nyii-mwa'ze). A Bantu nation of German East Africa, it inhabits a long stretch of the undu- lating and fertile i)lateaa between Lake Vieturia, I'konon- po. and Uyanzi, inchuling Usukuma in the north, Vnyan- yembe and Tgunda in the south, and also the Arab settle- ment Tabora. In a more limited sense, rnyaniwezi. their country, is placed between Usukuma and I'nyanyembe. The people are medium-sized, and have generally Bantu features ; but long noses and occasionally curly instead of woolly hair seem to indicate niixtnre. They use lances, shields, and bows and arrows as weapons, rngalanganja i^said to have been the first name of t lie c> inntiT, and Msvezi the founder of the kingdimi, whieli bii-anie f,inir Niassa (nyiis'sa), Lake. A lake in soiithHMSlcrn Africa, its outlet is by the Shires iuia tile Zuinbifsi, It was discovered by Livingstone in 1S50, and was circumnavigated by Young in 1875. Length, over 350 miles. Nyassaland (nyas'sii-land). A region west and south of Lake Nyassa, which for some years has been under the influence of British mis- sionaries and of the African Lakes Company. In 1891 it was proclaimed a British protecto- rate. Nyaya (nyii'ya). [Skt : «?, into, and dya, a de- nvative of /, go; and hence * entering,' * ana- lytical investigation.'] One of the six systems of Hindu philosophy, it is ascribed to a Ootama or Gautama. It was intended to furnish a correct method of philo8i)phical iufiuhy into all the objects and subjects of human knowledge, including the process of reasoning and laws of thought. It begins by propounding K! topics, of which the first is the means by which the right mea- 749 sure of any subject is to be obtained. The processes by which true knowledge is attained are declared to be (1) sense perception; (2) inference; (3) compiurison ; (4) ver- bal authority or trustworthy testimony, including Vedic revelation. Inference is divided into 5 members : (1) the proposition stated hypotheticidly ; (2) the reason ; (3) the example or major premise ; (4) the application of the rea- son or minor premise ; (5) the conclusion, or the restate- ment of the proposition as proved. The terms "invari- ai)le pervasion " or "concomitance," "pervader" or "in- variably pervading attribute," and "invariably pervaded" are used in making a universal attirmatiou or in attirming uiuversal distribution. The second topic is those points about which correct knowledge is to be obtained, viz. : (1) soul; (2) body; (3) senses; (4) objects of sense; (5) understanding; (0) mind; (7) activity; (8) faults; (9) transmi'.Tation ; (10) consecjuenccs or fruits of action ; (11) rain; (12) emancipation. Theothcr 14 topics are an etm- meration of the regular stages of a controversy, including (1) doubt about the point to be discussed ; (2) a motive for discussing it ; {."1) a familiar example in order that a con- clusion may be arrived at; (4) the argument of the objector with its 5 members; (n) the refutation, and as- certainment of the true state of the case ; (6) further con- troversy ; (7) mere wrangling; (8) caviling; (9) falla- cious reasoning; (10) quibbling artifices; (11) futile re- plies; after which follows (12) the putting an end to all discussion. Aft^r discussing his 16 topics Gotania states how deliverance from repeated births is to be attained. See Williams's "Indian Wisdom," IV., and the transla- tions by IJallantyne and Colebrooke. Nyborg (nil' bora). A seaport in the province of Svendborg, Denmark, in tlie island of FU- nen, situated on the Great Belt in lat. 55° 19' N., long. 10° 48' E. It was formerly one of the chief cities of Denmark. It was taken in 165t^ by the Swedes, who were defeated near it in 1859. Population (1S90), 0,049. Nydia (niiri-jl). A blind girl in Bulwer's ''Last Days of Pompeii." Nye (ni), Edgar Wilson. Born at Shirley, Maine, Aug. 25, 1850: died near Ashevillc. N.C., Feb, 22, 1S96. An American humorist, known as *'BillNye." He was admitted to the bar in ISTG, and was for many years connected with the press in the West, and more recently in New York city. Nyema (nya'ma), or Manyema (ma-nya'ma). A Bantu tribe of the Kongo State, included in the concession of the Katanga Company, set- tled between the Lualaba, Nyangwe, and Lake Tanganyika. Theycall themselves Wenya or Wagenya. Their country is one of the llnest in the world for scenery and vegetation, but is unhealthy. The people have a good physique; wear an apron made of skin or grass-cloth; use lances and huge shields; keep their villages clean; and show considerable intelligence and industry ; but they are addicted to cannibalism and intertribal wars. Also Ma- ny iceina. Nyerup (nii'er-op), Rasmus. Born in Funen. Denmark, March 12, 1759: died June 28, 1S29. A noted Danish scholar and literary historian. He published, with Rahbek and Abrahamson, "Selected Danish Songs from the Middle Ages" (1812-14), and other works on Danish literature. Nyika(ny6'k!i),orAnyika(a-nye'ka). A Bantu tribe of British and German East Africa, be- tween the Pangani aiul Sabaki rivers, around Mombasa. They number about 50,000, includ- ing the "Wadigo andWalupangu subtribes. The language, Kinyika, is allied to Suahili. Nyx Nykj6bing(nu'ehe-bing). ['Newmarket.'] The fliief towu in the island of Falster, Denmark. Nykoping (nii'ohe-ping). The capital of the laen of SoJcniianlaiul, Sweden, situated on an inlet of the Baltic .'J.') miles southwest of Stock- holm. It was formerly famous for its castle. Population (1S90), 5,978. Nyland (nii'liinil). ['New land.'] A govern- ment in Finlaml, Russia, bordering on the Gulf (if Finland. Capital, Helsingfors. Area, 4,586 sijuare miles. Population (1890), 239,456. Nym (nim). A character in Shakspei-e's com- edy '"The Merry Wives of Windsor." He is a thief and slmrper, tlie companion of Falstaff : "an amusinf;^ creature of whinisey." He also appeai-s with Pistol and liardolph in "Henry V." Nymegen. See Nimwegen. Nympnaeum (nim-fo'nm), or Hill of the Nymphs. [Gr. Niy/i,'"""!'.] The hill northwest of the Puj-x in the group of hills on the south- west side of Athens, identified by an inscription, and now crowned by an observatory. The slopes of the hill abound in remains of prehistoric Athens, con- sistint? of rocic-cut liouse foundations, stairs, cisterns, and water-channels. The settlement on this group of hills haa not been occupied durinff the time of known history. Nymphenhurg (nim'fon-borG). A royal resi- dence near Munich, Bavaria, noted for a treaty signed there in 1741 between France and Ba- varia, directed against Austria. Its genuine- ness is disputed. Nymphidia (nim-fid'i-ii). A fairy poem by Michael Drayton, published in 1G27. Nyon (nyou). A town in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland, situated on the Lake of Geneva 13 miles north-northeast of Geneva: the Roman Noviodunnm. It has an ancient castle and some Roman remains. Population (1888), 4,225. Nyoro (nyo'rd), or Banyoro (bii-nyo'ro). A Bantu tribe of British East Africa, which in- habits a plateau averaging 4,000 feet in height, between Lakes Albert and Victoria. They are related to the Baganda and Wazonpora. and their dialect is said to be purer. The ruling family belongs to the ilunia tribe. Kings Kanirasi and Kahrega are notorious from unfavor.ablu accoinits given by travelers who have visited them. The country is called Uniioro. Nysa (ni'sii). 1. In ancient geography, tho birthplace of Bacchus, of the cities so named tho chief was in Caria, Asia Minor, 45 miles east of Ephesus : the modern Sultan-Hissar. 2. An asteroid (No. 44) discovered by Gold- sehmidt at Paris, Mtiy 27, 1857. Nystad (nii'stiid). A small seaport in the gov- ernment of Abo-Bjorneborg, Finland, situated on the Gulf of Bothnia in lat. 60° 43' N., long. 21'^ 15' E. Nystad, Peace of. A peace negotiated in 1721 between Russia and Sweden, ending the North- ern War. Sweden ceded Livonia, Esthonia, Ingrin. part of Kareli.o, and other possesj^ions, and Kussia restored Finland. NjTX (iiiks), L. Nox (noks). In classical my- thology, a goddess, a persouilieatiou of night. ^^ ■- ' i T ii ■"■^^Sf|ahu (6-a'ho or -wa'ho). One »^^(^%-?'"??(^^ of the Hawaiian Islaiids,Pa- cifie Ocean, situated south- east of Kauai and northwest of Molokai. The surface is mountainous and diversified ; the soil is fertile. It contains Honolu- lu, the capital of the group. Area, COO square nii'.es. Pop. (19(10), .58,504. Oajaca, or Oaxaca (wa- Hii'ka). 1. A maritime state in the southern part of Mexico, bordering on the Pacific Ocean. The surface is mountainous. It is rich in :igr-icultural and mineral resources. Area, 35,U0square miles. Population (1595), 8S2.529. 2. The capital of the state of Oajaca, situated on the Rio Verde, or Ato.yac, 210 miles southeast of Mexico. Ithasmanufacturesof chocolate, etc., and is the center of the cochineal trade. Population (1895), 32,641. Oak Bluffs (ok bluf s). A summerresort in Ed- gartown, Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts. It is noted for its camp-meetings. Oakboys (ok'boiz). A body of insurgents in the north of Ireland in the year 1763. They are said to have risen in resistance to an act which required house- holders to give personal labor on the roads. Another of their grievances was the resumption by some of the clergy of a stricter exaction of tithes. The movement was soon repressed. The Oakboys received thtir name from oak sprays which they woi;e in their hats. Oakeley (ok'li). Sir Herbert Stanley. Born at Ealing, July 22, 1830. An English composer and organist. He was professor of music in the Uni- versity of Edinburgh 1865-91, and was knighted in 1876. Oakham (ok'am). The capital of the county of Rutland. England, 17 miles east of Leicester. It has an old'eastle. Population (1891), 4,134. Oakland (ok'land). A city, capital of Alameda County, California, situated on the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay, opposite San Francisco. It has flourishing manufactures and trade, and is the seat of the Congregational " Pacific Theological Seminary " and other institutions. Population (1900), 66,960. Oakley, Mrs. The " jealous wife " in Colman's play of that name. Her jealousy and hysterical vio- lence threaten to overpower Oakley until he forces her to sue for pardon. Oakley was a favorite part with Ma- cready Garrick, Knight, and others. Oak Openings, A novel by Cooper, published in 18-18. Oaks (oks). The. A race for three-year-old fillies, run annually at Epsom, England, on the Friday after the Derby (which see). The distance is li miles. It was established in 1779 by the Earl of Derby. The' first Oaks was won by the Earl of Derby's Bridget. Oamaru (6-am-a-ro' ). A seaport on the eastern coast of the South Island, New Zealand, 57 miles north-northeast of Dunedin. Oannes (6-an'nez). In Babylonian mythology, an animal having the body of a fisli and the head and feet of a man. and endowed with human reason, which appeared out of the Persian Gulf and taught the Babylonians letters, science, and civilization : identified with Ea of the cuneiform inscriptions. Gates (ots), Titus. Bom at Oakham, 1649: died at London, .July 12. 1705. An English impostor. He studied at Cambridge, and took orders in the Anglican Church, but was deprived of his living for bad conduct. He was expelled from the Jesuit college at St.-Omer in 1673. In the same year he submitted first to Charles II and afterward to Parliament forged documents and other alleged proofs of a conspiracy devised by Don John of Austria and Pere la Chaise, Louis XIV". 's confessor, for the murder of Charles II. and the establishment of Catholi cisra in England. {See Popish Ptut.) A immher of persons were convicted and executed on his evidence, and be was granted a pension of either £600 or i90t.i. He was con- victed of perjury at the instance of James II. in 1685. He was pardoned in 1(JS9 on the accessiou of VA'illiam HI., and got a pension of £300. Oath of John Ziska, The. A painting by Rem- brandt, one of his largest works, in the Na- tional Museum at Stockholm. Oath of Strasburg, The. See Strasburg Oaxaca. See Oajaca. Ob. See Obi. Obadiah (6-ba-di'a or ob-a-di'a). [Heb., 'ser- vant of God': eqixivalent to tie At. JbdaUah.'] A Hebrew prophet, author of the short pro- phetic book which bears his name. His date is un- certain, but is probably about 585 B. c. Of his personality nothing is known. His prophecy is a denunciation of the Edomites. Obadiah. 1. A canting Quaker in Mrs. Cent- li^■re's "Bold Stroke for a Wife.'' Thenameisfrc- quently conventionally given to Quakers. Steady, in Dib- din's opera "The Qn-akers," is called Obadi.ah in the in- troduction ; and Clever, in Knowles's " Woman's Wit," when disguised as a Quaker, calls himself by the same name. 2. A servant in Sterne's " Tristram Shandy." — 3. A •' drinking nincompoop" in Sir Robert Howard's " Committee." Obamba (6-bam'ba),also Mbamba (mbam'ba). A Bantu tribe of French Kongo, settled on the right bank of the Ogowe, northeast of France- ville, in a hjMy and wooded country. Their neat houses, of bamboo and thatch, are. unlike those of their neighbors, built separately. They make and sell palm-oil, and speak a dialect of Benga. Oban (6'ban). A seaport in Argyllshire, Scot- land, situated on the Firth of Lorn in lat. 56° 25' X., long. 5° 28' "W. It is an important rendezvous for tourists. Xear it is Dunstaffnage Castle, which for- merly contained the stone of Scone (see Scone'). Population (1891), 4,946. Obando (6-bau'do), Jose Maria. Bom, prob- ably in Garcia, li97: died in Cauca, Jime 29, 1861. ANew Granadan general and politician. Hefought with the patriots from 1S22, and as a leader of the liberal faction was prominent in the disturbances of lb29-31 ; was secretary' of war under Caicedo, 1831; was vice-president and acting president in the first (provi- sional) government of the republic of New Granada (Nov. 23, 1831, -March 10, 18.'^2) ; and was secretary of war under Santander, 1332-36. In the latter year he was a presiden- tial candidate, but Marquez was elected ; soon after he led a revolt which lasted until 1841 and ended in his tempo- rary banishment. He was president of Cartagena in 1850, and was elected president of J^ew Granada for the term beginning in 1S54: but, assuming dictatorial powers, he was deposed within a year. In 1860-61 he sustained the fed- eralists, commanded a force in Cauca, and was killed at the battle of Cruz Verde in that state. 6-Becse (6'bech e), G. Alt-Becse (iilt-bech'e). A river port in the county of Bacs, Hungary, situated on the Theiss 45 miles south of Szege- din. Population (1890), 16,965. Obed(6'bed). [Heb., 'servant.'] In Old Testa- ment history, the son of Boaz and Ruth, and grandfather of Da%-id. Obelisk of Luxor. An obelisk brought from Egypt under Louis Philippe, and set up in the Place de la Concorde, Paris. It is a monolith of pink Syene granite 76 feet high, to which the pedestal adds 101 feet. The shaft is inscribed on all four sides with hieroglj-phs which refer to Rameses II. and in. Obelisk of the Lateran. An obelisk from Heliopolis, brought to Rome by Constantius, broken by falling in the Circus Maximus, and repaired and placed in its present position by Fontana in 1588. The shaft, which bears hieroglyphs, is 105'. feet high ; the total height, with pedestal and cross, is 14l"feet. Obelisk of Theodosius. An obelisk brought from Heliopolis. and erected in 390 A. D. in the spina of the hippodrome at Constantinople. It is of pink Syene granite, inscribed with hieroglyphs, and 97 feet high. The marble pedestal bears reliefs repre- senting its erection. Obelisk of the 'Vatican. An obelisk brought from Heliopolis by Caligula, and set up in the Circus of Nero. it was raised in its present position before St. Peter's by Fontana in 1586. The shaft is a monolith of red granite 825 feet high ; the total height, with the pedestal and the bronze cross, is 132 feet. Ober (6' ber), Frederick Albion. Born in Bev- erley, Mass., Feb. 13, 1S49. An American orni- thologist and traveler. As a collector he h.as traveled extensively in Florida, the West Indies, and Mexico. He has published "Camps in the Caribhees" (1879 and 1SS4), ■• Travels in Mexico " (1884), several juvenile books, etc. Oberalp (6'ber-alp). An Alpine pass on the border of the cantons of Uri and Grisons, Swit- zerland. It connects Andermatt with the v.-illey of the Vorder Rhein. Height, 6,710 feet. Oberammergau (6'ber-am'mer-gou). A vil- lage in Upper Bavaria, situated on the Ammer 45 miles southwest of Munich. It has manufac- tures of ivory and wooden toys, crucifixes, images, etc. It is noted for the miracle-play acted there every ten years. See Passion Play. -SO Ober-Ehnheim (6'ber-an'him), F. Obemai (6- ber-na'). A town in Alsace, 15 miles south- west of Strasburg. Population (1890), 4,187. Oberglogau (o'ber-glo'gou). Atownin the prov- ince of Silesia. Prussia, (54 miles southeast ol Breslau. Population (1890), 5,514. Oberhalbstein (6'ber-hiilb'stin). An elevated jUpiue valley in the canton of Grisons, Swit- zerland, about 20 miles south of Coire. Oberhausen (o'ber-hou-zen). A town in the Rhine Province, Prussia, 40 miles north of Co- logne. It is a place of modern development, and an important railway junction. Near it are large Iron-works. I'lipulation (1890), 25,249. Oberhessen. See Upper Hesse. Oberlahnstein (o'ber-lan'stin). Atown in the province of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, situatetl at the junction of the Lahn and Rhine, 5 miles south of Coblenz. It has a castle. Popula- tion (1890), 6,180. Oberland. See Bernese Oberland. Oberlin (6'ber-lin). A village in Lorain Counts , northernOhio, 31 miles west-southwest of Cleve- land. It is the seat of Oberlin College (which see). Population (1900), 4.082. Oberlin (o-ber-lan'). Jean Frederic. Born at Strasburg, Aug. 31, 1740: died in the Steinthal, Alsace, June 1, 1826. An Alsatian clergy-man and philanthropist. He became Protestant pastorin the Steinthal (Ban-de-Ia-Eoche) about 1767, and is noted for his efforts in furthering the agriculture, industry, edu- cation, and morals of that region. Oberlin, Jeremie Jacques. Bom at Strasburg, Aug. 7, 1735 : died Oct. 10, 1806. An Alsatian philologist and antiquarian, brother of J. F. Oberlin. Oberlin (o'ber-lin) College. A coeducational institution of learning,situated at Oberlin, Ohio. It was founded in 1833 by J. J. Shipherd and P. P. Stew- art, and was chartered in 1834. It comprises a college, an academy, a theological seminary, and a conservatory of music. It is a non-sectarian institution, and has about 85 instructors and 1,300 students. Obermann (o-ber-man'). A psychological ro- mance by Senancour, published in 1804. It is so called from the name of the hero, who is a dreamer striv- ing to escape from the actual. He lives in a solitary val- ley, and writes melancholy speculative lettei-s on all kinds of problems. Sainte-Beuve revived the book by bringing out a new edition in 1833, when it appealed to the public taste more perhaps than on its original production. Oberon (6'be-ron). 1. In medieval mythologj', the king of the fairies. He first appears in the old French romance "Huon de Bordeaux" as the son of Ju- lius Caisar and Morgan the Fay, and is thus connected with the Arthurian geui^alogy. Shakspere introduces him in the "Midsummer Night's Dream." He resembles In many respects the Elberich in the story of Otnit Grimm connects the name with Alp, Alb,= elf, and he may be regarded as an importation from the Teu- tonic Pantheon, invested, however, with many Keltic and Clvristian as well as Asiatic attributes. M. Longnon, in the Romania, vol. iii, has carefully worked out the proba- ble connection of Huon with the reign of Charles the Bald. Whatever the historical element in the romance, Obei-on became an essential part in it as early as the thirteenth centurj-. Dunlop, Hist, of Prose Fiction, I. 296, note. 2. The fourth satellite of Uranus, discovered by Lassell in 1847. — 3. A romantic poem, one of the chief works of Wieland. published in 1780. — 4. A romantic opera by K. M. von 'Weber, produced at London in 1826. The libretto in Eng- lish is by Planche. It was also produced with an Italian libretto'at London in 1860, with various additions from ••Eurvanthe," etc. Oberpfalz. See Palatinate. Oberstein (6'ber-stin). A town in Birkenfeld, Oldenburg, Germany, situated on the Nahe 47 miles west-southwest of Mainz. The leading industry is agate-cutting and -polishing. Near there are fiftv polishing-mills. Population (1890), 6,271. Oberwesel (o'ber-va'zel). A town in the Rhine Province.Prussia.situated onthe Rhine 19 miles south-southeast of Coblenz. Near it is the castle of Schonburg. Population (1890). 2,521. Obi (6'be), or Ob 'ob). A navigable river of Siberia, formed by the union of the Biya and Katun, and flowing into the Gulf of Obi. its chief Obi tributary is the Irtish. On its banks are Tomsk, Barnaul, and Narym. Length, about 2,100 miles ; inchiding the Ir- tish, about 2,500 niilfs. Obi, Gulf of. An inlet of the Arctic Ocean, north of Siberia. Length, about 600 miles. Obion (o-bi' on) River. A river in western Ten- nessee whicii joins the Mississippi ')7 miles above Memphis. Length, about lo0-140 miles. Obligado, Punta de. Battle of. See Punta de Oblii/'Klii. Oblivion, Act of. An English statute of 1660, entitled " An Act of Free and Generall Pardon, Indeiupuity, and Oblivion," by which all politi- cal offenses committed during tho time of the Commonwealth were pardoned, certain offend- ers mentioned by name in the act being ex- cepted, especially those engaged in the trial and execution of Charles I. Also called Act of In- demnity. Obok, or Obock (6-bok'). A French colony and protectorate in Africa, on the Gulf of Aden, opposite the southwestern extremity of Arabia, and extending about 40 miles Inland. Obok and Tajurah are the chief towns. ObongO (6-bong'g6), or Abongo. A tribe of pygmies in French Kongo, west Africa. Tlieir stature is between i\ and 5 feet ; color brown ; hair tufty and woolly, spreading over the body ; and head brachy- cephalous. They are hunters and fishermen, of nomadic instinct, and live in round grass huts. They are tributary to liautu tribesion whose skirts they live. They are found in ditfcrcnt parts of French Kongo, and are variously called Babi'ii'jn, A kwa, Okwa, etc., and represent the 3Iatimbos of the Portuguese discoverers. See Pi/[rmies. Obrenovitch (6-bren'6-vieh). The family name of the reigning dynasty of Servia. This" dynasty was founded by Milosli Obrenovitch, who was proclaimed hereditary prince of .Servia in 1827. His successors have been his son Michael, his grandnephew Milan, and Ilie latter's son Alexander. O'Brien (6-bri'en), Fitz-James. Bom at Lim- erick, Ireland, 1828 : died April 6, 1862. An Irish- American litterateur. He was educated at Dublin I'niversity.and came to tlieUnitcd States in 18.52. He wrote weird stories after tlie manner of Poe. Among liis works is "Tlie Diamond Lens, and i^ther Stories," collected and published in 18ST. O'Brien (6-bri'en), "William. Born 1852. An Irish politician and journalist. He entered Parlia- ment .is a Nationalist in lS8;i, is editor of " United Ire- land." and has a numlier of times been imprisoned under the Coercion Act. In 1890, liaving been liberated on bail pending a political trial, he escaped to t lie I'nited States in order to fulfil an engagement as a lecturer. O'Brien, William Smith. Born in County Clare, Ireland, Oct. 17, 1803: died at Bangor, North Wales, June 18, 18G4. An Irish revolution- ist. He entered Parliament in 1828 ; became a leading member of the Repeal Association, which he left in 1S4G ; was a leader of the Young Ireland party ; incited an un- Buccessful insurrection in 1848 ; ami was arrested in 1848, transported in 1849, ami pardoned in 1856- Observations of Bel. See the extract. The standard work on astronomy, as has already been noted, was that called " The Observationsof Bel," compiled originally for the lil)rary of Sargon I. at Accad. Additions were made to it from time to time, tho chief object of the work being to notice the events which happened after each celestial phenomenon. Thus the occurrences which at different periods followed a solar eclipse on a particu- lar day were all duly intrndnced into lli.r t«'\t and i)il»-d, as it were, one upon the other. Tho trdibof contents jiif- flxed to the work showed that it treated of various mat- ters— eclipses of tlie sun and moon, the conjunction of the Bun and moon, the phases of Venus and Mars, the po- sition of the pole-star, the changis of the weather, tho ap- pearance of comets, or, as they are called, " stars with a tail behind and a corona in front," and the like. Saijct; Assyria, p. 115. Obwalden (ob'viil-den). A half-canton of tho canton of Unterwalden, Swilzerlaiul, forming the southern and western part of the canton. It sends 1 meml)er to the National ( ouncil. It submittiil to the French in 170S. Enpelberg wasannexeil to it in 181.''). Area, 183 sfiuaro miles. See furtlier under t'nterwaldfn. Oca del Cairo, L'. An opera begun by Jlozart in 178;j. It was llni.shcd by Andri- with pieces from other operas of Mozart, and produced at I'aris in 1867. (iT'ivr. O'Callaghan (o-kal'a-hanl. Edmund Bailey. • Born nt Mnllow, Ireland, Feb. L'!l. 17117: ijied at New York, May 27, IKSO. An Irish-Ani: died after l.''iOil. .V S|.ninsli navigator. lie was one of the earlier coluni.4ts of Kwpafi'da, and in lfrt)8 was sent by Ovando, governor of that island, to ex- plore the coasts of Cuba. He succeeded In clrcninnavl- gating It, thus proving its Insular character: Columbus hail snpposeil it to be a part of Asia. Ocaiia (o-kiiu'yii). A town in tho province of Toledo, Spain, .'i7 miles south-southeast of Ma- drid. Here, Nov. 1!), Koo, the French (.iii.lHMijniiderSnult ami Mnrtier defeated the Spardards (;,.".,u«0) under Arei- »aga. Population (1887), fi,04«. 751 Ocana. A town in the department of Santander. Colombia, 2.')0 miles north by east of Bogota. Population, about 6,000. O'Carolan (o-kar'6-lan), Turloch. Bom in 1670 in County Meath':' died at Aklerford, March 2o. 173S. A famous Irish minstrel. He was one of the last of the improvising wandering bards, and trav- eled with a harp from door to door^ Occam, or Ockham (ok'.mi ). WilUam of. Born at Ockham, Siu'rey, England, about 1270: died at Munich, April 7. 1347. An English scholas- tic philosopher, the reviver of nominalism. He was called the "Invincilde Doctor," the "Singular Doc- tor." " I'rinceps Nominalium," and in the ages following his own " Venerabilis Inceptor," as if he had not actually taken his degree. He was a great advocate of the rule of poverty of the Franciscan order, to which he belonged, and a strong defender of the state against the pretensions of the papacy. He was lecturer in the Umversity of I'aris ; aided Louis of Bavaria in his contest with Tope .lohu XXII. ; and opposed the latter in the Franciscan assem- bly at Perugia in l.'i22. AW his teachings depend upon the logical doctrine that generality belongs only to the sigrnllcations of signs (such as words). The conceptions of the mind are. according to hini, olijcits in themselves in- dividual, but naturally signillcativet if classes. These prin- ciples are carried into every depai tnient of logic, meta- physics, and theology, where their general result is that nothing can be discovered by reason, but all nmst rest upon faith. Occamisin thus prepared the way for the over- throw of scholasticism, by arguiu'.' that little nf importance to man could be learned by schiila.-,lii- ni-tli'tds : yet the Occamislicwritingsexhibit the schohistic faults of trivial- ity, prtdixity, and fomiality in a higher degree than those of any other school. His chief works are " Tractatus logices," "Traetatus de sacramento alt.aris," " Super quatuor libros sententiarum expositio aurea." Occleve(ok'klev), Thomas. [ME. Of ctor, some- times with unorig. aspirate Hoccleve: prob. of local origin ; AS. as if *dc-dif, pi. "dcchafu, oak-cliff.] Born about 1370 : died about 1454. An English poet and lawyer. He lived at Chester's Iim in the Strand in his youth, and knew Chaucer. His chief poem is "De regimine principum,"anew version of "The Goveniail of Princes," Some of his poems were printed for the first time in 1796 by George Mason, but a number were printed 1487-1598 at Paris, Lyons, Veidee, and Strasburg. The old confusion with the aspirate has caused the name to be written both " Hoccleve" and " Occleve." But in a copy of "The Governail of Princcs,"which the poet wrote with his own hand, the name occurs in the text. andis^vTit- ten "Occleve." Anotherdayhemighthavewritten "Hoc- cleve." and he may have done so in his own draft of the first line of his that will presently be quoted. But the name is Occleve in the only place where we are sin-e, or nearly sure, that he himself 1i:ls written it. Murl.ii, i;nglish Writers, VI. 122. Oceana (6-se-ii'na). Aphilosophieal treatise on the theory of civil government, by James Har- rington, published in 1656. The full title is "The Commonwealth of Oceana." It presents the model of a perfect republic. Ocean Grove (o'shan grov). A town in Mon- mouth Count}', New Jersey, adjoining Asbury Park 7 miles" south of Long Branch. It is a seaside resort. Population, about 2,77.5. Oceanica (o-she-an'i-kji), or Oceania (6-se-a'- ni-ii). A division of the world (according to many geographers) which comprises Polynesia, Miei'onesia, Jlelancsia, Australasia, and Ma- laysia. Oceanus (tj-se'a-nus). [Gr.'Q/ifai'iif.] 1. Ac- encd in order to throw hbuhclf and his troiuture on shore at Monllcbiaro. Povir^ Story of the Barbary Corsairs, p, ItH. Oconto Ochill Hills (och'il hilz). A range of hills in Scotland, situated in southern Perthshire and adjoining parts of Stirling, Clackmannan, Kin- ross, and Fife. It extends from near Stirling to the Firth of Tay. Highest summit, Ben Cleugh (2,363 feet). Ochiltree (oeh'l-tre), Edie. In Scott's novel " The Antiquary." a king's beadsman or licensed beggar, called "Bbie tiown"' from his costume. Ochlno (o-ke'no), Bernardino. Born at Slena, Italy, 1487: diet! at Sehlackau, Moravia, about 1565. An Italian reformer, a general of the Capuchin order. He fled from Italy and lived in exile in Switzerland, Germany, England, etc. He wrote polemical works. Ochoa (o-ch6';i), Eugenie de. Born at Lezo, near titiipuzeoa, Spain, April 19, 1815: died at Madrid, Feb. 25, 1872. A Spanish writer and translator. Ochozomas. See Puquinas. Ochrida (och're-dii). A town in Albania, Euro- pean Tiu-key. situated on the Lake of Ochrida 28 miles west-northwest of Monastir. Popula- tion, estimated, 10.000-12,000. Ochrida, Lake of. A lake in Albania, Turkev, situated in lat.41° N., long. 20° 45' E.: the an- cient Lacus Lychnitis. Length, about 18 miles. Ochsenkopf i och'sen-kopf). [G., ' ox-head.'] One of the chief summits of the Fiehtelgebirge, Bavaria. Height, 3,363 feet. Ochus (o'kus). See Artaxerxcs III. Ockham. See Oraim. Ockla'nraha (ok-la-wii'ha). A tributary of the St. John's Kiver, in the northeastera part of Florida. Length, about 200 miles. Ockley (ok'li), Simon. lOcklcy, Ackley, and Oakley are from AS. Aclcd, a place-name, 'oak lea.'] Born at Exeter, England, 1678: died at Swavesey, Cambridgeshire, England. 1720. An English Orientalist. His chief work is a ''His- tory of the Saracens" (1708-18). Ocmulgee (ok-mul'ge). A river in central Georgia which unites with the Oconee about 90 miles west of Savannah to form the Altamaha. Length, 250-300 miles; navigable to Macon. Ocoles (o-ko'las). An Indian tribe of the Gran Chaeo, south of the Rio Vermejo, mentioned by early writers. They were probably a branch of tho Matagtiayas (which see). Oconee (6-k6'ne). A river in central Georgia which unites with the Ocmulgee to form the Altamaha. Length, over 250 miles; navigable- (at times) to Milledgeville. O'Connell (6-kon'cl). Daniel. Boi-n near Ca- hireiveen, County Kerry, Ireland, Aug. 6, 1775: died at Genoa, Italy, May 15, 1847. An Irish agitator and orator. He became famous as an advo- cate; founded the Catholic Association; was the leader of the agitation in favor of Catholic emancipation ; was- elected to Parliament 18*28 ; became leader in the "repeal" agitation 1840; promoted the nuiss-meetings of 1842-13; and was arrested 1843 and convicted of conspinicy and seilition. His sentence was reversed 1844. O'Connell's Tail. A nickname given to the parliamentary following of Daniel C^'Connell jibout the years 1830 to 1S47. O'Connor (6-kon 'or), Arthur. Bom 176$ (1767 0: "lied in France, Ajiril 2.5, 18.52. An Irish rovoliitionisl. Hcwaaamemberof thedireetoiy of the I'nited Irishmen. He lived In exile In France after iMi;i. O'Connor, Eily. The Colleen Bawn. the prin- cipal Icmale ehaiiicter in Boucicault's play of tluit name. O'Connor, FeargusEd'ward. Born in Ireland. 1796: dird .\iig. 'M. bs,',"). An Irish lawyer ami ]ioliliciaii. lie entered I'lU'liamoid in ls:«, and after- ward became tine of theleaders of tho Chartist party. He iK'came hopelessly insane in ^'^;^2. O'Connor, Roderick or Rory. Bom 1116: iliod 1I9S. The last king of Ireland. He became king of Comianght in ll.Ml, and of Ireland in lliui. He acknow- b'dgid tin' snprcnnuy of llciin 11, of Fngland in 117,'>, O'Connor, Thomas Po'wer. Born in Ireland. I.SIS. Ml Irish ]iiditician :Linl journalist. He en- tered Parliament in Isso, and becamean active memi er of the I'arnelllte |>arlv. He was elected president of the Irish National League of (! real Britain in l>^-;t. lie Is the author ol ■■l.oid lleacon^llcl.l: a Biography " (1>71», etc. O'Connor's Child. A poem by Campbell. O'Conor (o-kon'or), Charles. Horn al New York. .Ian. 22, IsVit: died nt Nantucket, Mass., Mnv 12, 1884. An .Ainerienii lawyer. He wm counsel In many Important cases in New York elly ; was prominent as pnisccutlng lawyer In the 'Tweed Ring ' cases; anil was nominated for the presidency by the llemo- crats who opisiscd lirecley In 187-J. Oconto (o-kon'to). The caiiitnl of Oeonto Coun- ty, Wisconsin, situated at the entrance of the t)ci>ulo h'iver into Green Bay. I'ojmlation ( loom, 5.64(1. Ocosingo OcosingO (o-ko-sen'go). A town in the state of Chiapas, southeastern Mexico, south of Pa- lenque. There are ancient ruins in the vicinity. Ocracoke (o'kra-kok) Inlet. A sea passage in North Carolina, connecting Pamlico Sound with the Atlantic, 30 miles southwest of Cape Hat- teras. Octateuch (ok'ta-tuk). [From Gr. oktu, eight, and "fi,vo?. an implement, a book.] The first eight books of the Old Testament considered as forming one volume or series of books. Also Octoteuch. Octave (ok-tav'). In Molifere's "Les fourberies de Seapin," the son of Argante. In Otway's version he is called Octavian. Octavia (ok-ta'vi-a). [L., fern, of Ociavius.l Died 11 B. c. The'sister of Octavius (Augustus Coesar). She was the wife first of llarcellus, and after- ward of Mark Antony. Her marriage with Antony was intended to confirm amicable relations between him and Octavius. She was supplanted in his affections by Cleo- patra, and was divorced in 32. She appears in Shakspere's " Antony and Cleopatra," and Daniel published (1699) a poem in nl stanzas entitled '■ A Letter sent from Octa\Ta to her husband Marcus Antnnius into Egrj-pt." Octavia. Bom about 42 A. D.: killed 62 A. D. Daughter of Claudius and Messalina, and wife of Xero. Octavian, L. Octavianns. See Augustus. Octavian (ok-ta 'vi-an ) . In Colman the younger's play " The Jlountaineer," an inspired maniac. This character was taken from Cardenio in "Don Quixote." Octavian. 1. A ISth-centnry romance relating to the emperor Octavian. There are two English versions from a French original, ** Octavien, or Florent et Lyon." 2. A satirical comedy by Tieek, published in 1804. Octavian Library. A public library at Rome, the first library open to the public, founded by the emperor Augustus in honor of his sister Octavia, and housed in the Portico of Octavia. It perished in the fire which raged at Rome for three days in the reign of Titus, A. D. 79-81. OctavillS(ok-ta'vi-us). Adialogue, bvMinucius Felix, in which argtiments against Cliristianity which were current at the time are set forth and refuted. Octavius, Cains. [L.,'the eighth'-born.] See Aiiquxtus. Octavius, Gnaeus. Killed at Rome, 87 b. c. A Roman consul in 87 B. C. He was an adherent of Sulla, while his colleague, L. Cornelius Cinna, was an ad- herent of Jlarius. He was killed by the foUowere of Cinna. October (ok-to'ber). [From L. October, the eighth month.] The tenth month of the year. containing thirty-one days. It was the eighth in the primitive Roman calendar. October Club. In English polities, a club com- posed of extreme Tories, first formed about 1690, and influential in the reignof Queen Anne. It was named from the October ale for which the club was celebrated. Swiff s influence was the principal factor in its dispersion. October States. In recent American political history, those States (Ohio, Indiana, etc.) which held elections in October instead of in Novem- ber. In presidential campaigns extreme interest cen- tered in the action of such .States, on account of the bear- ing on the ensuing Xovember elections. The elections are now held in November. Octodurum, or Octodurus. See Marfifiiu/. Octoroon, The. A play by Boueicault, produced in 1S61. Octoteuch. See Octateuch. O'Curry (6-kur'i), Eugene. Bom near Cariga- holt, County Clare, Ireland, 1796: died at Dub- lin, July 30," 1862. An Irish archteologist. He translated the ancient Brehon laws, the "Book of Lismore," etc. Odd-Fellows (od'fel'oz). [A fanciful name as- sumed by the original founders of the society.] A secret benevolent and social society, called in full The Independent Order of Odd-Fellows. The order arose in the 18th centnry, and various lodges were, about 1314, consolidated into the Manchester Tnity, which is n"w the principal body in Great Britain. There are also lodges in the I nited States (the first permanent lodge was founded in 1819), and in Germany, Switzerland, .\ustralia. South America, etc. The object of the order in the United States is declared to be*" to visit the sick, relieve the distressed, bury the dead, and educate the or- phan, to improve and elevate the character of man." Odelsthing (6'delz-ting). The larger house of the Storthing or parliament of Norway, it con- sists of those members of the Storthing who have not been elected to the Lagthing or upper house by the Storthing itself, or about three fourths of the whole number. All new measures must originate in the Odelsthing. See L*T(jtk>n{r and Storthing. Odemish (o-da-mish'). A town in Asia Minor. Turkev, northeast of Aidin. Population, about io,ooo; 752 Odenathns (od-e-na'thus). Killed 271 (266?) A. D. A general and ruler of Palmyra, practi- cally independent of the Romans: husband of Zenobia. Odenburg, or Oedenburg (e'den-boro), Hung. Soprony (sho'prony). A royal free city, the capital of the county of Odenburg, Hungary, 36 miles south by east of Vienna : the Roman Sopronium. It has a flourishing trade. Popu- lation (1890), 27,213. Odenkirchen (6'den-kireh-en). A manufac- turing tovm in the Rhine Province, Prussia, situated on the Niers 26 miles northwest of Cologne. Population (1890), 11.667. Odense (6'den-se). The chief city of the island of Filnen, Denmark, situated on the Odense Aa about lat. 55° 25' N.. long. 10° 23' E.: the third city in Denmark, it has various manufactures. Traditionally it is the oldest city of the kingdom (founded, according to legend, bv Odin). It was the birthplace of Hans Christian Andersen. Population 0S90\ 30,'>77. Odenwald (6'den-valt). Aregionsituatedmain- ly in the southeastern part of the province of Starkenburg, Hesse. It is traversed by four low parallel ridges, and is noted for its picturesque scenery and for legends. Length, about 40 miles. Highest point, the Katzenbuckel (2,050 feet). Odeon (o-da-6n'). One of the leading theaters of Paris, situated near the Luxembourg. It was opened in 1732 as the Theatre Fran^ais; was called the Theatre de la Nation in 17Sf> : and in 1796 was called the Odeon. It was burned in 1799, and rebuilt in 1807, when it was called the Theatre de I'lmp^ratrice. At the res- toration it became Le Second Theatre Franijais. It re- ceives a subsidy from the state as an offshoot of the Com^- die Frangaise. Oder (6'der), Slav. Vjodr (vyodr). One of the chief rivers of Germany: the Roman Viadus. It rises in Moravia, forms part of the boundary between Austrian and Prussian SUesia, traverses the province of Snesia, flows into the Stettiner Half, and then by the Peene, Swine, and Dievenow into the Baltic. Its chief tributary is the Warthe. Among the towns on its banks are Ratibor, Oppein, Brieg, Breslau, Glogau, Frankfort, Kiistrin, and Stettin. Length. 550 miles; navigable for small craft from Ratibor ; for larger vessels from Breslau. Oderzo (6-dert's6). A small town in the prov- ince of Treviso, Italy. 26 miles north-northeast of Venice: the ancient Opitergium. Odessa (6-des'a). A seaport in the government of Kherson, Russia, situated on the Black Sea in lat. 46° 29' N,, long. 30° 46' E. It is the chief seaport and commercial center of southern Russia, and one of the largest cities of the realm. It is the terminus of many steamer lines ; is especially noted for its export of grain ; exports also sugar, flour, wool, hides, flas, tallow, etc. ; and has manufactures of flour, tobacco, etc. It has a university and various educational and scientific insti- tutions, and constitutes a special municipal district. It was founded in 1794, and was bombarded by the English and French forces in 1854. Population (1897), 404.651. Odeum of Herodes or of Eegilla. A theater at Athens, bnilt by Herodes Attieus in the reign of Hadrian. It is semicircular, of P.oman plan, and 260 feet in diameter. The stage structure is one of the most perfect surviving. Itsmassive exteriorfacehasthreetiers of semicircular arches, and on the stage, 116 by 26 feet, opened the conventional 3 doors. The cavea has 1 pre- cinction, below which there are 5 radial dirisions, and above it 10. The odeum was originally covered with a wooden roof. Odeypur. See Vdaipur. Odibam (6'di-ham). A town in Hampshire, England, 42 miles west-southwest of London. Population (1891). 2,923. Odilienberg (o-del'i-en-berG). A mountain in Alsace, 19 miles southwest of Strasburg. It is noted for its ancient convent of St. Odilie, and for the Heidenmauer (which see). Odilon Barrot. See Barrot. Odin (6'din). In Norse mythology, the chief god of the Ases, corresponding to the Anglo- S&xon Woden. He is the source of wisdom, and the patron of culture and of heroes. He is attended by two ravens and two wolves, is sumamed the All-father, and sits on the throne Hlidskjalf. He is devoured by the Fenris- wolf in Eagnarok. Odo (o'do). Died June 2, 959. An archbishop of Canterbury. Odo. Died about 1097. A Norman prelate and nobleman, halt-brother of WiUiam the Con- queror. He became bishop of Bayeui in 1049, and was created earl of Kent and Hereford after the Conquest. He was regent of the kingdom during the absence of William in 1067 and 1073. He was afterward imprisoned, but was released on the death of Williara. Odoacer (6-do-a'ser), or Odovakar (6-d6-vii'- kar), or Ottokar fot'to-kiir). Born about 434: killed March 5. 493. A leader of the Heruli. Rugii, and other tribes. He was (according to the best authorities) the son of a Scyrrian chieftain, Edecon, who served under Attila. He entered the Roman army about the age of thirty. In 475 the Western emperor Ne- pos was dethroned by Orestes, who elevated his own sor. Romulus Augustulus to the purple. Orestes caused a mutinv among his mercenaries by refusing to accede to a demand for a division among them of one third of the soil of Italy. Odoacer placed himself at the head of the dis- Odyssey affected troops, and in 476 overthrew Orestes and com- pelled Romulus Augustulus to abdicate. He extinguished the title and office of emperor of the West, and, assuming the title of patrician, ruled in the West, nominally as vicar of the Eastern emperor. He was overthrown and trea- cherously murdered by Theodoric, O'Doberty, Sir Morgan. A pen-name of Dr. Maginn. Odoieff (6-d6-yef '). A town in the government of Tula. Russia, situated on the Upa 125 miles south by west of Moscow. Population, 5.(365. O'Donnell (6-don'el), Kenry Joseph, Count of Abisbal. Boml769: diedMay 6, 1S34. A Span- ish general, of Irish extraction. He distinguished himself during the French invasion of 1809-10, and in ISll captured Abisbal (whence his title). In 1819, while com- mander at Cadiz, he suppressed a conspiracy against the government of Ferdinand VJI. He was compelled to flee to France by the events of 1823. and died on his return to Spain at the accession of Maria Christina. O'Donnell, Leopoldo. Born at Santa Cruz, Island of Tenerifife. Jan. 12. 1809: died at Biar- ritz, Nov. 5. 1867. A Spanish general, son of H. J. O'Donnell. He fought against the Carlists 1833-39, and in July of the latter year forced Cabrera to raise the siege of Lucena, for which he was made count of Lucena and lieatenant-general. Subsequently he protected the queen regent in her retreat to ih-ance. In Oct., 1841, he headed an unsuccessful revolt against the regency. After the fall of the regency he was captain-general of Cuba, Js ov. , 1843. to March, 1S4S. He was minister of war 1854- 1856 ; president of the cabinet July 14 to Oct. 12, 1856 ; and again premier and minister of war June, 1858. In the latter capacity he commanded in the campaign ui Morocco ISa^ 1860, and was made grandee of Spain and'duke of Tetuan, He resigned office in 184J3, but once more held the premier, ship 1865-66. O'Donoghue (6-don'o-hu) of Eoss. A legendary Irish hero. He was lord of the lake [Killamey], its islands and the surrounding land. His sway was just and generous, and his reign propitious ; he was the sworn foe of the op. pressor; he was brave, hospitable, and wise. .\nnaaUr since his death, or rather disappearance, he is said to n- visit the pleasant places among which he lived. . . . Every May morning he may be seen gliding over the lake mounted on a white steed, richly caparisoned, preceded and followed bv youths and maidens who strew spring flowers in his way. Dunlop, Hist, of Prose Fict. , 1. 220, noteu O'Donoju (6-(1ou-6-h6'), Juan. Bom in Spain about 175.5 : died at Mexico. Oct. 8, 1821. The last Spanish ruler of New Spain, or Mexico. Ha was a lieutenant-general in the army, and had held hi^ ofBcial positions in Spain. In 1821 he was appointed captain-general and acting viceroy of Xew Spain, arriving at Vera Cruz July 30 ; but the revolution had acquired such strength th,at he could only treat with the leaden. On Ang. 24 he signed with Iturbide. at Cordoba, a treaty in which he agreed to surrender Mexico, and virtual^ adhered to theplan of Iguala. He was elected one o£ the five regents, and died in office. O'Donovan (6-don'6-van), John. Bom in Countv Kilkenny, Ireland, July 9, 1809 : died at Dublin. Dec. 9. 1861. An Irish archieologist. He published a translation of '* .Annals of Ireland by the Four Jlasters, etc." (1S4S-51), etc. This book was written 1632-36 He also published a grammar of the Irish lan- guage (1845), and translated and edited "The Battle of ll.igh Rath " for the Irish Archreological Society (1842), etc O'Donovan, William Eudolf. Born in Vir- ginia, March 28, 1844. -An American sculptor. He has produced many portrait-busts and reliefs. Among his statues are those of Paulding, at Tarrytown ; Wash- ington, for the Republic of Venezuela, at Caracas; Wash- ington, (or the monument at Sewburg, with four other statues; Washington, with two other statues, for the Trenton battle monument ; and, in conjunction with Thomas F.akins. equestrian statues of General U. S. Grant and Abraham Lincoln for the memorial arch at Prospect Park, Brooklyn, >ew Vork. O'Dowd i^o-doud'), Cornelius. A pseudonym of Charles James Lever. Odrysian Bard, The. Orpheus. Odysseus (o-dis'us), L. Ulysses (ii-lis'ez) or XJlixes (u-lik'sez). [Gr 'Ofvcmv^.] In Greek legend, a king of Ithaca, one of the heroes of the Trojan war, especially famous for his wan- derings and exploits on the homeward voyage. See Odi/sset/. He was the son of Laertes, the husband of Penelope, aiidthefatherof Telemachus. His intelligent courage, practical wisdom, and resourcefulness in all emergencies make him the ideal representative of the Ionic Greek race. Odyssey (od'i-si). An epic poem, attributed to Homer, in which are celebrated the adventures of Odysseus (Ulysses) during ten years of wan- dering, spent in repeated endeavors to return to Ithaca, his native island, after the close of the Tro.ian war. Some critics, both ancient and modem, who have acknowledged the Homeric origin of the Iliad, attribute the Odvssev to a different author. (See Homer.) The Odvssev is the only complete surviving example oI» whole class" of epics, called Sostoi, describing the return voyages of various Greek heroes from Troy. (See Iliad.) It represents Odysseus as being thrown by a storm at the outset of his voyage on the coast of Thrace, north of the island of Lemnos. He plundered the town of Ismaro^ belonging to the Cicones, where he lost a number of WB followers. Next he was driven to the country of the Lotophagi on the coast of Libya : then to the goat-idand, which lay a day's voyage to the north of the Lotophajp. Tj>avinff all his shins behind, except one, he saded to the Leaving all his ships behind, except one. Odyssey neighboring island of the Cyclopes (the western coast of Sicily), wliere with twelve companions he entered tlie cave of the Cyclops Polyphemus, a son of i'oseidon and Thoosa. Polyphemus devoured six of the intruders, and kept Odys- seus and tlie others prisoners. Odysseus made Polyphe- mus drunlt with witie. put out his eye with a burnitig pole, and escaped with his companions by concealing him- self and them under the Ijellies of tlie sheep which tlie Cyclops let out of his cave. Thenceforth, however, he was pursued l»y the anger of Poseidon, wlio sought to re- venge the injury inflicted on his son. After further ad- ventures, in which he lost all his ships except one, he arrived at the island of Jiiea, inhabited by the sorceress Circe. At her instance he made a journey to Hades ; then Bailed by the island of tlie Sirens near the west coast of Italy, passed between Scylla and Charybdis, and arrived at Trinacria, the island o( Helios. Here his companions Ililled some of the sacred oxen beluiii^'iug to Helios, witli the result that they were all drowned in a shipwreclc after leaving the island. Odysseus escaped witli his life U> the Island of Ogygia, inhabited by the nympli Calypso, witli whom he lived 8 years. Leaving Ogyiria on a raft built with the assistance of the nymph, lie was again sliip- wrecked, hut reached Scheria, the island of tlie Phteacians, where he was discovered by ^'ausicjui, the daughter of Alcitious and Arete. He was carried to Ithaca by the bospitable Phieacians, and after slaying the suitors of his wife Penelope, who had lieen wasting his property during bis absence, was welcomed by his wife and subjects. Though there was controversy in old days aV)Out the priority of the Iliad, it seems quite settled now that we must look upon the Odyssey as a later poem — how much later it is impossible to say. The limits assigned have varied from those who believe it the work of the same autiiur in oli,l age, to tliose who place it two centuries later (as M. E. Burnouf does), owing to the difference of its plan and style. But, as Bonitz says, if not composed In the old age of Homer, it was composed in the old age of Greek epic poetry, when the creative power was diniin- ishing, but that of ordering and arraugiiig liad become more developed. Tlie plot of the Odyssey is skilfully conceived, and on the wliole .artistically carried out, even though modem acuteness has found Haws in its sutures. But critics seem agreed that the elements of the Odyssey were not short and disconnected lays, but themselves epics of considerable length, one on the return of Odys- seus, another on the adventures of Tclemachus, and these are chief. ilahajfy. Hist, of Classical Greek LiL, I. 78. Oedenburg. See Odenhurg. {Edipe (e-dep'). 1. A tragedy by Comcillo, produced in 1659. — 2. A tragedy by Voltaire, produced Nov. 18, 1718, though written some time before. (Edipus (ed'i-pus). [Gr. OiATronf.] In Greek legend, a king of Thebes, son of Laius and Jo- cast o. He slew the Sphinx, and was guilty of involun- tary crime in killing his father and marrying his niotlier. He was a favorite sui)ject of the epic and tragic poets. (Edipus Coloneus (ko-lo-ne'us), or (Edipus at Colonus (ko-16'nus). A tragedy of Sopho- cles which was not exhibited till four years af- ter his death, and was said to bo the last ho wrote. In it (Edipus, driven from Thebes by Creon, with his daughters Antigone and Ismeiie seeks asylum with Theseus at Athens, and there obtains pardon from tlie gods, and peace. CEdipus Tyrannus (ti-ran'us). A tragedy by Sophocles, of uncertain date, "placed by the scholiasts, and by most modern critics, at the very summit of Greek tragic art." (Egir. See JEyir. Oenlenschlager. See Ohlenschldger. Oeland. See Oland. (Eneus (e'niia). [Gr. Oiwrf.] In Greek legend, king of Calj'don, husband of AUhffia, and father of .Meleager and Tydeus. CEnomaus (en-o-ma'us). [Gv. Oivo/iaoc.'] In Greek legend, a king in Elis, son of Ares, and father of Hippodamoia by the Pleiad Sterope. He was also said to bo the son of Ares and Ste- rope. An oracle had declared that he should die If his daugh- t«r should marry, and he therefore made it a condition that those who came forward as suitors for llippodameia's hand should contend with himself in the chariot-race, and ho who conquered sliould receive her, whereas those that wereconc|uered should sutler death. Tlie race-course ex- tended from risato the altar of Poseidon on the Corinthian istlimus. At the moment when a suitorstartcd with Ilip- nodameia, (Enomaus sacrillccd a ram to Zeus at Pisa, and then armed himself and hastened with his swift chariot and fourhorses, guided by Myrtllus, aft<.T tile suitor. He thus overtook many a lover, whom he put to death, until Pelops, the son of Tantalus, came to Pisa. Pelops brilted ilyrtllns, and, using the horses which he had received from Posei- don, he succeeded in reaching the goal before (Knoniaiis, who In despair made away witli himself, iymilh^ Diet. (Enophyta (e-nof i-tii). [Gr. Oii'iii^iTO.] In an- cient geography, a place in Btcotia, Greece, about 2'i miles north of Athens. Hero, in 4.")(i B.C., the Athenians under Myronidcs defeated the Bojotiaiis. (Enotria (e-no'tri-ii). [Gr. Oii'orp/a.] In ancient geography, a name given by the Greeks to the snuthern part of Italy. (Enus (o'nus). The ancient name of the Inn. (Enussse (e-no'se). [Gr. Oivoiiaaai.l A group of five islands in the iEgean Sea, situated be- tween Chios and the mainland of Asia Minor: the modern Spalmadori. C— 48 763 Oersted. See Omted. Oertel. See Ortel Oesel. f^ee Osel. Oesterley. See Osterley. (Eta (6'til). [Gr. Ol-rn.'] In ancient geography, a mountain in southern Thessaly : the modern Katavotlira. It forms the northern barrier of central Greece, and was flanked by the pass of Thermopylae. Height, about 7,060 feet. Oetinger. See Otiuger. Oettingen. See Ottingeti. Oeynbausen (e'in-hou-zen), Bad. A watering- place in tlie proWnce of Westjihalia, Prussia, on the Werro near Mindeu. Population (1890J, 2,482. Ofanto (6-f an'to). A river in southeastern Italy, which falls into the Adriatic 39 miles northwest of Bari : the ancient Autidus. Leugtli, about 7.5 miles. Ofen (6'fen). The German name of Buda. Offa (of'ii). King of Mercia from about 7r)7 to 796. He conquered Oxfordshire from Wessex, and subju- gated the Welsli kingdom of Powys, west of the Severn- He drew up a code of laws which have perished. Offa's Dyke. An intrenchment which extends from near the mouth of the Wye north ward near the border of England and Wales to the mouth of the Dee. It was built for defense against the Welsh by Offa, king of Mercia, in the 8th cen- tury. Offenbach (of fen-bach). A city in the province of Starkenburg, Hesse, situated on the Main 4 miles east of Frankfort, it is the first manufactur- ing city of Hesse, and has various manufactures, the most important being portfolios and fancy leather good .s, engines, etc. It was founded by J^'rench refugees. Population (ISSKl), 35.0S5. Offenbach (of-en-bak'), Jacques. Bom at Co- logne, June 21, 1819: died at Paris, Oct. 5, 1880. A French composer of opera bouffe. He was con- ductor of the orchestra of the Theatre Fran^ais in 1S48, and began to attract attention by the production of operettas at small theaters. In 1855 he took the Tll6iUre Comte, changed its name to Les Boutfes I'arisiens, and became at once popular. Among his opera boutfes are "Orphee aux enters " (1858), "La grande-duchesse de Gerolstein " (1867), "La belle Hflene" (1864),"liaibc-bleue" (1866)," Madame Favart" (1878), "Le Papillon" (1S60: a ballet pantomime^ " La P^richole" (18(«)." Vert-Vert " (186f)), ami " Les contes d"Hoffniann"(op^racomique, produced after his death, in 1881). Offenburg (of 'fen-bora). A town in Baden, sit- uated on the Kinzig 12 miles southeast of Stras- burg. It was formerly an imperial town. Here, .Sept. 24.1707, the Imperialists under Mercy defeated the French, population (1890), 8,481. Ofotenfjord (6-f o'ten-fyord). Along fiord on the north western coast of Norway, near the Lofoten Islands. Ofterdingen (of'ter-ding-en), Heinrich von. A semi-mythical German minstrel of the 13th century. Og (og). An Amorite king of Bashan, defeated by the Hebrews at the epoch of their entrance into Canaan. He was a giant (Deut. iii. 11). Ogalala, Ogallalla. See Oglala. Ogam. See Ogliiini. Ogden{og'den). A city, capital of Weber Coun- ty, Utah, situated on the Weber Kiver 32 miles north of Salt Lake City, it is an important junction of the Central Pacific, Union I'acillc, Utah Central, and I'tali and Northern railroads. I'opnlation (limo), n',,i(13. Ogden, Aaron. Born at Elizabethtown, N. J., l)cc. :i, 17;j(i: died at Jersey City, N. J., April 19, 1839. An American soldier in the Revolu- tionary War, and governor of Now Jersey 1812- 1K13. Ogden, William Butler. Born at Walton, N. Y., Juno I-'), ISd."): dirii at New York, Aug. 3, 1877. An American merchant and railroad president, prominent in developing the North- west. He became first mayor of Chicago in 1837. Ogdensburg (og'denz-berg). A city in 81 . Law- rence County, New Ygler, the son of Geoffrey the king of Denmark, is liroiight up at the court of Charlemagne, and at one period of the ro- mance assumes the crown of Denmark; but he tires of it and returns to Charlemagne, becoming one of his chief paladins. After a successful and warlike career, at the age of 100 years he is carried away to the I.sle of Avalon by Morgan le Fay, who restores him to youth, with entire forgctfulness of tlie world, but sends him back, after 200 years have passed, to defend France. .After repelling its invaders and restoring the old spirit of knighthood, ho returns to Avalon, where he sleeps, and whence he may again awake and return to defend the right. As Holger Danske, he has been raised to the position of Danish na. tional hero. Ogilby (6'gl-bi), John. Born at Edinburgh, 1600 : died at London, Sept. 4, 1676. A Scot- tish poet, translator, and compiler of atlases. He published "America, being the most accu- rate Description of the New World" (London, 1671). Ogilvie(o'gl-vi), John. BomiuMamoch.Banff- sTiire, April 17, 1797: died at Aberdeen, Nov. 21. l.'^67. A f!>i'Ottish lexicographer. He was ap- pointed teacher of iiKtlbeiiiatiis at Gordon's Hosiiltal, Aberdeen, in 1831, remaiMiiig till ls5!i. He compiled "The Imperial DIctlonarv "(1S47-.W), "The Comprehensive F.ng- llsh Dictionary" (isdn), "The Student's F.nglish DIctlon- arv" (18(15), ".-\ii English Dictionary, etc., for the Use of Se'lio,il8"(lS67). Oglala (6-gla'lii). ['She scattered her own.'] Tlie people of Red Cloud, part of the Titonwan. 'I'lie name lias been eornipled into (hjiilalii. Ogle (o'gl). A character, in Mrs. Centlivre's comedy "The Beiui's Duel," who fancies every- body is in love with him. Ogleby (o'gI-bi').Lord. InGarrickamlColman's •'('Iniiilestine Marriage." a failid and delicate bill wiltyold bean. When this play was llrsi pnMluced In 17ti6,(Jiirrlckri'fusi-.l totaketbejiai-t.amliiiconsetiuonce a coldness arose between him and Column, which lasted for years. Oglesby (o'glz-bi), Richard James. Bom in OldliainCoiintv, Kv., July -J-'i, 1824: died atKlk- hart, HI.. April 'Jti 1899. An .\iiierii-an i>olili- ciau and solilier. II, was a general in the Civil War ; governor of Illinois l.'orth'). which appeared complete in 1819; the tragedy "Erik og Abel " (1820); the epic "Hrolf Krake" (1828); and his last great work, the epic "Regnar Lodbrok " (1848). His poetical works (" Poetiske Skrifter ") were published at Co- penhagen, 1857-62, in 32 vols. His antobiography,"Erin- dringer " (" Recollections "), was published at Copelihagen, ^1850-51, in 4 vols. Ohler (e'ler), Gustav Friedrich von. Bom at Ebingen, "Wiirtemberg, June 10, 1812: died at Tiibingen, Wiirtemberg, Feb. 19, 1872. A German Protestant theologian. He ptiblished '•Theology of the Old Testament" (1873), etc. Ohm (6m), Georg Simon. Born at Erlangen, Bavaria, March 16, 1787: died at Munich, July 7, 1854. A German physicist, especially noted for his investigations in galvanism. He pro- pounded an important law, known as "Ohm's law," which may be expressed as follows : the strength of an electric current, or the quantity of electricity passing a section of the conductor in a unit of time, is directly pro- portional to the whole electromotive force in operation, and inversely proportional to the sum of all the resis- tances in the circuit. He published "Die galvanische Kette mathematisch bearbeitet " (1827), etc. Ohm, Martin. Born at Erlangen. Bavaria, Mav 6, 1792: died at Berlin, April 1, 1872. A Ger- man mathematician, brother of G. S. Ohm: pro- fessor at Berlin from 1824. His chief work is " Ver- such eines voUkommen konsequenten Systems der Mathe- mafik" (1822-52). Ohnet (o-na'), Georges. Born at Paris, April 3, 1848. A French novelist and dramatist. After the Franco-German war be gave up the study of law for journalism. At first he was on the staff of the "Pays," and thereafter on that of the "Constitutionnel." Hisfond- ness for dramatic composition led him to write "Regina Sarpi" (1875) and "Marthe" (1877). Some of his novels have also been adapted to the stage, among others "Le maitre de forges" and "La grande mariniere" (18S8). Ohnet's novels appeared as serials in the "Figaro," the "Illustration," and the " Revue des Deux ilondes " before being published in book form. The series, known col- lectively as "Batailles de la vie." includes " Serge Paninc" (1881), "Le m.aitre deforges"(1882), "Lacomtesse Sar,ah" (1883), "Lise Fleuron" (1884), "La grande marinifere" (1885), "Les dames de Croix-Mort " (1886). "Xoir et rose" (1887). "Volont^" (1888). "Le dqcteur Rame.-ul " (1888). "Le dernier amotir" (1890), "L'Ame de Pierre" (1890), "Dette de haine" (1891), ' Nimrod et Cie" (1892), and "Le lendemain des amours "(1893). Georges Ohnet is an idealistic rather than a naturalistic writer, Ohod (o-hod'), or Ohud (o-hod'). Battle of. A ■victory gained at Ohod, near Medina, probably in 62.1, by the Koreish over Mohammed and his followers. Ohrdnif (or'drof ). A manufacturing town in Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Germany, situated on the Ohra 8 miles south of Gotha. Population (1890), 5,919. Ohringen (e'ring-en). A town in Wiirtemberg, on the Uhrn 33 miles northeast of Stuttgart. Population (1890). 3,194. Oignon (on yon'). A river in eastern France, O'Keefe chiefly in the department of Haute-SaonO; which joins the Saone 21 miles east of Dijon. Various engagements were fought near its hanks in Oct,, 1870, and Jan.. 1871. Length, 120 miles. Oil City (oil sit'i). A city in Venango County, northwestern Pennsylvania, situated at the junction of Oil Creek and Allegheny River, 70 miles north by east of Pittsbm-g. it is noted as a center for the production and distiihution of oil. Popu- lation (laOO), 13,'264. Oil Islands. A group of small islands in the Indian Ocean. They are a dependency of Mau- ritius. Oil Rivers Protectorate. A British protecto- rate in western Africa, on the coast between La"os and Kamerun. it was organized in 1892, hav- ing been secured to Great Britain in 1884. Oiron (wa-ron'). A small town in the depart- ment of Deu.x-Sevres, France, 22 miles south of Saumm-. It has a remarkable old castle. Oisans (wa-zoh'), Alps of. A division of the Cottian Alps, known also as the Pelvoux group. The Pointe des fierins rises to 13,460 feet. Oise (waz). A river in northern France which joins the Seine 15 miles northwest of Paris. Length, 187 miles; navigable from Chaimy. Oise. A department, of France, foi-med from parts of the ancient Ile-de-France and Picar- dj'. Capital, Beauvais. it is bounded by Somme on the noi^h. Aisneon the east, Seine-et-Marne and Seine- et-Oise on the south, and Eure and Seine-Inferieure on the west. It is traversed by the Oise, and has flourishing ag- riculture and manufactures. Area, 2,261 square miles. Population (1891), 401,835. Oisin. See Ossian. Ojana(Sp. pron. 6-Ha-na'). [Tehua of New Mex- ico.] A ruin south of Santa F6. The village was inhabited by the Tanos (a branch of the Tehuas) after 1598, but was abandoned previous to the insurrection of 1680. It lies near a place called Chimal. Oje. See Of/f'. Ojeda (6-Ha'THa), Alonso de. Born in Cuenca about 1468: died at iSauto Domingo, 1514 or 1515. A Spanish cavalier, prominent in early American history. He went to Espaiiola with Colum- bus, 1493. and was engaged in many audacious enterprises there. Returning to Spain, he was associated with Cosa and Vespucci in the first exploration of the coasts of Guiana and Venezuela (May, 1499, -June, 1500). In 1602 and 1505 he made other voyages to the northern coast of Siuilh America. Being empowered (150S) to settle and s;ovem N"ueva AndaUicia (now northwestern Colombia), he fitted out an expedition at Santo Domingo, sailing Nov. 10, 1509. After various adventures and escapes he settled on the Gulf of UrabA or Darien. The colony was soon reduced to great misery, and Ojeda sailed away to seek aid. He was shipwTecked on Cuba, and flnally reached Santo Domingo penniless and bankiupt. He died in complete poverty; but the Darien colony was eventually successful, and led to the discovery of the Pacific Ocean and Peru. Ojib-wa (o-jib'wa), or Chippewa (chip'e-wa). [PI., also Ojihiraiis.'i A large tribe of North American Indians. Their former range was along the north and south shores of Lakes Huron and Superior, and extended west across northern Minnesota to the 'turtle Mountains of North Dakota. The Ojibwa. Ottawa, and Pottawottomi were connected in a Inose confederacy desig- nated as the Three Fires. 'V^'hen supplied with firearms in the early part of the 18th century, they greatly extended their territory by occupying that of the Fox, Sioux, and Iroquois. Tliey number now above 30.000. about equally divided between the United States and Canada. Their name seems to refer to "puckering" or "drawing tip," whether, as variously contended, of the lips in speaking or drinking, of a peculiar seam in the moccasin, or of the skin of a roasted prisoner is uncertain. The French called them Saulteurs ('people of the falls'), from the band first met at Sault Ste, -Marie. See Ahjonquian. 0. K. Nom de plume of Olga Kir^eff, now Ma- dame de N'o^•ikoff. Oka (6-ka'). A river in central Russia which joins the Volga at Nijni-Novgorod. The Moskva is a tributary. Length, about 900 miles; navi- gable from Orel. Okanda (6-kan'da). A Bantu tribe of French Kongo, dwelling on the middle Ogowe Kiver. They are well built, and sharpen their incisors. The wo- men have already substituted the European for the native cloth. Their dead are sunk in the deepest parts of the river, lest their enemies should use the skuUs for witchcraft. Okanogan. See OJdnagan. OkavangO (6-ka-vang'g6). A river in southern Africa, tributary to Lake Ngami: called Cu- bango, or Kubango, in its upper course through Portuguese territory. OkdalT (ok'dii). [Ar. 'oqad-al-haifain, the knot of the two threads (an --Vrabic translation of the Greek crvdeafioc, which was Ptolemy's des- ignation for the star).] The 4i-magnitude double star a Piseium. situated at the knot in the ribbon by which the two fishes are tied to- gether. Okeechobee (o-ke-cho'be). Lake. A lake in southem Florida', intersected by lat. 27° N. Length, about 40 miles. O'Keefe (o-kef). John.' Bom at Dublin, June 24,1747: died at Southampton, England. Feb. O'Keefe 4, 1833. An Irish dramatist. Ilazlitt says he may be called "the English Moli^re." He wrote comedies and farces, including " Wild Oats," "The Poor Soldier," etc. Okefinokee (,6 ko-ti-no'ko) Swamp. An exten- sive swamp in soutlioiistcrn Georgia and the adjoining part of northern Florida. Okebampton (ok'hamp-ton). A town in Devon- shire, Enghind, situated on the Okemeut 21 miles west of Exeter. Population (1891), 1,879. Oken (o'ken) (orifcinally OckenfUSS (ok'en- fos)), Lorenz. Born at Bohlsliach, Swabia, Aug. 1, 1779: died at Zurich, Aug. 11, ISol. A German naturalist and transccndentalist nat- ural philosopher. HebecaineprofessorntJenain 1807 S)Ut later surrendered his professorship rather than aban- on the editorship of the "Isis," whieh wasobjoetionahle to the authorities), at Munich in 1S28, and at Zurich in 1861. He developed a system of nature in his " Lehrbuch der Naturphilosophie " (" Manual of Natural rhilosophy," WiB-ll) and " Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte " (1813-27), »Ed also published " Allgemeine Naturgeschichte fiir alle Siaude*(1833->1), etc. Okfaski. See Creek. Okhotsk (6-chotsk'). A small seaport in the Maritime Province, East Siberia, situated on the Sea of Okhotsk, at the mouth of the Okhota, in lat. 59° 20' N., long. 143° T E. Okhotsk, Sea of. An arm of the Pacific, nearly- inclosed by the peninsula of Kamchatka and other parts of Siberia, Saghalin, Yezo (in Ja- pan), and the Kurile Islands, it is connected with the Sea of Japan by the Gulf of Tatary and La Perouse Strait Okinagan(o-kin-ii'gan), or Okanogan (6-kan'- 6-gan). The name originally given to a single " band " of the Salishan stock of North Ameri- can Indians. It now includes a division of that stock on the Okinagan or Okinakane River, a northern branch on Columbia lliver, ■Washington, and a much larper num- ber at Okinagan agency, British Colural)ia. Those in Washington number 374. See Salistian. Okinawa (6-ke-nii'wii). The largest and most important of the Loochoo Islands, Pacific Ocean. Oklahoma (ok-la-ho'ma). A Tcn-itory of the United States. Capital, Guthrie. It is bounded by Kansas and Colorado on the north, Indian Territory on the east, Texas on tlie south, and Texas and New Alexico on the west. The sui-face is rolling and hilly. Oklahoma was mainly compriseil in the Indian Territory (which sfc). After the acquisition by the national goveniment of the In- dian claims, the Territory was thrown open to white set- tlers, the centr.al portion by proclam.ntion of President Harri.son on April 22,1889, a Large tract in 1801, and the Cherokee Strip or Outlet in the north in 1S!)3. The Terri- tory was settled with extraordinary rapidity. Area, 39,030 e. .\ S[)anish gen- Ornl. Ho was a poor laborer; emigrated to Upper Peru and was a trader tli.Te until 1811, when he |oined the roy- alist, army ; was rapidly pnimoled ; and became governor or Potosi and major-general. In 1823 he defeated Bantu 755 CruJ. In Jan., 1824, he proclaimed the absolute authority of Ferdinand VII., and threw otf allegiance to the viceroy La .Serrra. After his defeat by the latter he tried to retire Into Chile, but some of bis troops rebelled and killed him. Olberg (M'bero). A basaltic mountain, one of tlie chief summits of tho Siebengebirge, Khine- land: noted for its view. Height. I,.'i20 feet. Olbers (oi'bers), HeinrichWilhelm Matthias. Born at Arbergen, near Bremen, Oct. 11, 175H: died at Bremen, ^Ia^cll 2, 1840. A German as- tronomer. By profession he was a physician. He dis- covered a method for calculating cometiu-y orbits, and also discovered various comets (incliiding that of 1815) and the planetoids Pallas (1802) and Vesta (1807). Olbia (ol'bi-ii). [Gr. '0A,5/a.] In ancient geog- raphy, a city in Scythia, a Greek colony from Miletus, situated near the mouth of the Borys- thenes ; the modern Dnieper. Olchone. See (lllimir. Old Abe. A nickname of Abraham Lincoln. Old Bachelor, The. A comedy by William Congreve, produced in 1093, and acted as late as 1789. It was liis first play. Dryden consid- ered it tho l.>est lie had everseen. Old Bailey, The. The principal criminal court of England, situated on the street named Old Bailey, which runs from Newgate street to Lud- gate Hill, not far from St. Paul's, London. Oldboy (old'boi), Felix. The pseudonym of .John Elavel Jlines. Oldbuok (old'buk), Jonathan, Laird of Monk- barns. A Seotti.sh antiquary, the leading char- acter in Scott's novel " The Antiquary." Besides this veteran, I found another ally at Preston- pans in the person of George Constable, an old friend of my father's, educated to the law, but retired upon his in- dependent property, and generally residing near Dundee. He had many of those peculiarities of temper which long afterwards I tried todevelope in the character of .Jonathan Oldbuck. . . . But myfriendGeorgewas not sodecided an enemy to womankind as his representative Monkbarns. Scolt, quoted in Lockhart's Scott, I. 28, note. OldBulIion. A nickname of T.H. Benton, given to him on account of his arguments in favor of a gold and silver cuirency. Oldbury (61d'ber-i). A manufacturing town in Worcestershire, England, 5 miles west of Bir- mingham. Population (1891), 20,348. Oldcastle (61d'kas-l), Sir John. Born in Here- fordshire, England: burned at Loudon, Dee. 25, 1417. An English nobleman, leader of tho Lol- lards, known as "tlie good Lord Cobhani," hav- ing married the heiress of Lord Cobham. lie was a successful general in the French wars. About 1413 he was called upon to abjure the tenets of Wyclif : he re- fused, was imprisoned in the Tower, but escaped and re- mained In Wales until 1417. when he was captured by Lord IViwis. Ue was hung in chains upon a gallows in St. Giles's Fields, ami Ininn-d alive. See Sir John Oldcastle. Old Colony (kol'p-ni), The. The territory in eastern Massachusetts occupied by the Ply- mouth Colony. Oldcraft (ohrkraft), Sir Perfidious. One of th(! principal characters in ■' Wit at Several Weapons," by Fletcher and others: a weak Sir Giles Overreach. Old Curiosity Shop, The. A novel by Dick- ens, published in 1840-41. Old Dessauer (des'sou-er). The. Aname popu- larly given to Leopold, prince of Anhalt-Des- sau, a Prussian general. Old Dominion (do-min'yon), The. A name pojiuliirly given to the Stale of Virginia. Its origin is variously explained. Perlnijis the best account is that ('.'ijitiiiii .Tohn Smith called Virginia "Did \'irgiida" to line,which had branches in Russia, Sueilen. and Oldenburg : (ti) tlie Son- derburg or Uolstein-Sondei liurg line, with its branch tin* Augustcnburg line ; and (e) the Beck or Gliicksburg line^ now in possession of the Danish throne. Oldenburg Proper. Tlie main portion of the grand dueliy of ( IMenViurg. Old English Baron, The. A story by Clara Reeve, published in 1777: intended to combine the romance and the novel by making the for- mer more probable. It liad great popularity. Oldfield (old'feld), Anne. Bom at London, 16S3: died there, Oct. 23, 1730. A noted Eng- lish actress. Rich took her into his company at liftcen shillings a week in 1700. In 1704 Cibber assigned to hi-r the part of Lady Betty Modish in his "Careless Husband, "and she won immediate success. By 17o6 she was held to be the rival of .Mrs. Braeegirdle. She was the original repre- sentative of 6.'') characters, tliegreater part of which ludong to genteel comedy. She playeil tragiir parts witii great dig- nity and feeling, but in Lady Betty Modish, Laily Townley, Sylvia, and -Mrs. Sullen she was probably never emialeii. Mrs. Oldfleld in private life was not without reproach. She lived for some years with Arthur Maynwju-ing, a weal thy bachelor, handsome and aecomplishcd, by whom she had a son who bore his father's name and surname. Later, and after the death of Mr. .Maynwaring, she was "under the protection "of GeneraM'lm'rchill, the son of an elder brother of the Duke of Marlborough, by whom she had also one son, who married Lruiy Mary "Walpole, a natural daughter of Sir Itobert, for whom he ol>tained the rank of an earl's daughter. When Mrs. illdliihl died her remains lay in state in the Jerusalem Cbamlier of \\estininster Abb -y, and there she was buried at the west end of the south aisle. Old Fortunatus. A play bv Dekker. printed ill KiOO witli the title " The Pleasant History of Old Fortunatus." It was acted in 159.5-90, and part of it was written as early as 1590. See F!. Old Fox, The. A nickniame of Marshal Roult. Old French War, The, or The Old French and Indian War. See Fmu-h and Indian liar. Old Glory. A popular name for the United Stales Hag. Old Grimes. The title of one of Crabbe's tales in verse ; also, a ballad by Albert 6. Greene. Old Grog. A nickname given to Admiral Ver- non, who introduced the beverage grog (about 1/4.1). The name is said to be due to his grograni breeches (or, according to another account, the grogram cloak he wore in foul weather). Old Guard, The. A noted body of troops in the army of Napoleon I. It made the last French charge at the battle of Waterloo. Oldham (old'am). A town in Lancashire, Eng- land, (i miles northeast of Manchester. It Isono of the principal seats of cotton nianllfucture in the world, and hiusutliL-rexti iisive nianufiictures. It ret unis 2 mem- bers to Pailianiunt. Populati;ink of I'higland, from its locution in Tlireiidiii'i'dle street, l.ondon. Old Law, The, or a New Way to Please You. A ]>lay publislied in Ki.'iO as by Miissinger. Mid- dli'ton. and K'owb>v. The original plav was cer- tainly wrillen by MIddleton In lG:i9, and acted In IQOO, MoBslngcr possibly rovliwd it much later. Old Maids 756 Old Maids. A comedy by Sheridan Knowles, produced in 1841. Old Man Eloquent, The. A name originally applied by Milton to Isocrates. It has also been given to S. T. Coleridge, John Quincy Adanjs, and others. OUantay-tambo Aschersleben, Prussia, about 1600: died Feb. lencia, Spain. 40 miles south-southeast of Valen. 2a, 16/1. A German traveler in Russia and cia. Population (1887), 8,779. Persia, and author. He wrote a description of Oliva (o-le'fa). A small town in the province Ole B '^U ^^".See Bull n '^^^^^ ^'■•^ssia, Prussia, 5 miles northwest of ^ot^h^r^fvol'tbft'^^ts M^S"^"' °^^^^° ^?;'i%'' -f '"^r '^l-P^o-^r.?^ 01ivlr6-ie'va),FernanPerezde. BomatCor- rtij^T i. XI. ?. m^ V , ?'• , . ^ovara. Italv, 29 nules west-northwest of Mi- „ . . H.T- .^^ °^ ^'^^ °^^' ""^- ^ *'^^ "Arabian ia„. Population (1881), commune, 8 689. Nights' Eutertamments." a monster who leaped -., . ,:, . ,. ' onthebaekofSindbadthesailor.cUnsLngtoldm Pleron (o-la-ron ), or Oloron (6-16-ruii'). An andrefusiugtodismount. Hence the nameisap- island west of France, situated in lat. 46° 2' N., plied to any person of whom one cannot get rid. opposite the mouths of the Charente and Seudi-e. Oldmixon (61d'mik-son), John Born in Som- J* belongs to the department of Charente-In- erset, 1673 : died at London, 1742. An English leneure. Length, 19 miles. Area, 59 square historical writer.- He was duU and insipid. He J?, '^•''•, . ,. ..,,,, abased Pope in his "Essay on Criticism in Prose" (1728X OlerOU (o-la-ron ), Judgments of. A code of Qlivant (ol'i-vant). The ma.^i^. if ^.-...i^i >,„%,„ i * i- ? V:i<% •, Among his other works are "The British Empire in middle aees Tt i, thtn / f n , ^f J lando . it couldbe heard at a ibstaneeof 20miles. ^S"-l"y^'»^.''C':".i-lHistor,-ofEnglpd.etc."a72GX ^^fZ ?<^< . and" sul^'se^il^Lv^il^f '"" °' "l°^fS 0|iT,areS (^ -le - va ' ras). Miguel dc.. Bom at dova, Spain, about 1492: died about 1530. A Spanish scholar and author. His chief work is a "Dialogo de la dignidad del hombre" ("Dialogue on the Dignity of Man "). OUva (6-le'fa), Peace of. A peace concluded in 1660 at Oliva, Prussia, between Sweden, Po- land, the Empire, and Brandenburg. Sweden received important concessions from Poland, and renounced Courland. fjlj T^r' ":,.* * -1 fwii- -a- England, at Oleron, about the middle of the 12th centiin-, Old Morality. A nickname of William Henry and to have been introduced into England, with some ad- Smith (1825-91), a prominent English Conser- ditions, in the reign of Richard I. vative politician : given apparentlv with a pun- Olevano (o-la-va'no). Atowninthe province of ning allusion to Scott's '■ Old Mortalitv." Rome, Italy, 30 miles east of Rome. Itisnoted Old Mortality. A historical novel by Sir ^pr i.'s picturesque environs. Walter Scott, published in 1816. The scene" is laid "levianus (6-le-vi-a'nus; G. pron. 6-la-ve-a'- in Scotland during the rising of the Covenanters in 16TX nos), Kaspar. Born at Treves, Prassia, Aug. 10, It is so c:Uled from the epithet given to Robert Paterson 1536 : died at Herborn, Prussia, March 15. 15S7. the gravestones of the who passed his life in restoriui Covenanters. Old Nick. A name of the devil. Our popular name for the evil one, Cld Nick, is a word of this class. The nickers held a conspicuous place in German romance and story— they are frequently spoken of in the Anglo-Saxon poem of Beowulf. They were water- A German theologian, one of the founders of the German Reformed Church. Chilian, 1674: died at Imola, Italy, about 1773. A Jesuit historian, lie was a missionary in Chile 1701-67, and traveled in all parts of the country" His two works "Historia militar, civil y sagrada del reino de Chile" ami "Historia de la Compaliia de Jesiis en Chile" were published in the collection of "Historiadores de Chile " in Oiivarez (o-le-va'reth), Count (Gasparo de Guzman). Bom at Rome, Jan. 6. 1587: died at Toro. Spain, July 22, 1645. A Spanish states- man. He was prime minister 1621-43; waged war unsuc- cessfully with the Netherlands, France, and the Catalo- nians ; and was esiled in 1043. Olhao (ol-yan). A seaport in the proWnce of Olivenza (6-le-ven'tha). A town in the prov- ince of Badajoz, Spain. 18 miles south of Bada- joz. Population (1887), 8.177. Oliver (ol'i-ver). [L. Olhenis, F. Olicier, It. Oliviero, riiviero. Sp. Pg. Oliierio, G. Dan. Oli- ter.] 1. One of the twelve peei-s of Charle- magne. See Sola II d.— 2. In Shakspere's "As Algarve, southern Portugal, situated on the Atlantic 6 miles east of Faro. Population, about 7,000. fau-ies, and dwelt in the lakes and rivers as well as in the OllinTiP (^nl hn'nnl ni- ninlinno ».. n1{/^; Hondm^ which had already been invaded by GU Gonza- fwfy.'iirin.T?;^^^? I ■ fl f ? ' t ■ lez Davila. On his arrival there he threw off the authority A° --American composer, chiefly of church music. aauthority of Cortes, and the latter sent Francisco de las Casas against him. Both Cas.as and Gil Gonzalez fell into Olid's hands. Oliver, Isaac. Born 15.56: died about 1617. A painter, a pupil of Nicholas Hilliard and Zuc- chero. He painted the portraits of Queen Elizabeth, Mary Stu.-ui. Prince Henry, Ben Jonsoii. Sir Philip Syd- ney, andj^thers. He left a treatise on painting. . The, given to North Carolina Old Orchard Beach. A seaside resort in York County, Maine, situated on Saco Bay 11 miles south-southwest of Portland. Old Point Comfort. A watering-place in Vir- ginia, situated at the mouth of the James River, 13 miles north of Norfolk. It contains the Hy- roj^Ti • '^^ TT T ., ^, ,„ bat they found occasion toVttack and Vili' him." Old Princely Houses. In the OldGei-manEm- Olier (6-lva'), Jean Jacques. Bom at Paris. pi:e, those houses which had been represented 1608: died there, 1657. A French ecclesiastic -. „.....„ .....,.o. „„ i,.^„„g among the princes as early as the Reichstag of and writer, founder of the semiaary of St. Sul- Oliver, Peter. Born at Boston. March 26, 1713: Augsburg inlo82. _ pice in Paris. died at Birmingham, England, Oct. 13. 179L An Uld l-robablllties. A nickname for the chief Olifant (ol'i-fant) Eiver. A river in South American jurist, brother of Andrew Oliver. He signal-ofhcer of the Signal-service Bureau: Afi-ica, the principal right-hand affluent of the ^"^^me chief justice of Massachusetts in 1771; and was Limpopo. It rises near Heidelberg in the Trunsvaal. Olivpf 1^ ^Iti rnl' f^tTa"^! -" ?' ^^7"'°^'™;, runs ra.iinly northeast, and joins the Limpopo in Portu^ UllVCr le JJain (ol 1-ver le dan). The barber gutse territorj'. and intimate adviser of Louis XI. of France, Olifaunt (ol'i-fant), Nigel. The principal char- introduced as a character in Scott's novnl acter in Scott's "Fortunes of Nigel." He was "Queiitin Durward." Lord Glenvarloch in virtue of his castle and Oliver Twist. A novel by Dickens, published estates. m 1S37-38. Named from its principal character, a work- A nickname Olill (°'li")- Stephen. Born at Leicester, Vt., touseorphan One of its puiposes was to promote reform Anictname March, 1797 : died at Middletown. Conn., Aug n^lV^cW.^,',"^?'^!'''™^- nr , ,r 16, 1851. An American Methodist clergvman Rh vf f V^°"°*t f w ^^e 0?„w. J/o«»f and educator, president of Weslevan Uiiver- °AT?* ':''\'-^:%^'' ^OUIlt, or Mount of Ohves _:._ ,r.j.,_.'»^ ,„,.,- - '= (ol ivz). A ridge containing several elevations, e enisconal citv of the S'^^iatf^ east of Jerusalem, it is often mentioned , » , r> V 1? •'P.IS*^"P'1^ <^"y ot tne in Scripture history. Its highest summit is 2,672 feel state of Pemambueo, Brazil, on a promontorv above sea-level. ,<»■=> of the coast 3 miles north of the capital, it wi Olivia (o-liv'i-a). 1. A character in Shakspere's founded in 1535, was the early colonial capital of Pcmam- '• Twelfth Night."— 2. In Wvcheriev's comedy sometimes abbreviated to Old Probs. Old Prussia (pmsh'ii). 1. That part of Prus- sia which belonged to the kingdom previous to the beginning of the 19th century : often ap- plied to East Prussia, West Prussia^ Pomerania, andBrandenburg(includingsometimes Silesia). —2. East and West Prussia. Old Public Functionary, The. given to James Buchanan. Old Put (put). A nickname of General Israel Putnam. Old Reliable. A nickname of General George sity, Middletown, 1842-51. H.Thomas. Olinda (6-len'da>. The OldSariun (sa'rmn). A place two miles from Salisbury, England: an ancient Celtic and later a Roman fortress. Cynric defeated the Britons here in 552. It was sacked by the Danes in 1003. The cathedra] was removed to New Sarum in 1218. It was long noted as the most notorious of " rotten boroughs," there being, indeed, not a single house within its limits when it was disfranchised in lS-">2. Oldstyle, Jonathan, Old South Church. buco and of the Dutch in Brazil 1630-M, and was the prin- cipal commercial city of northern Brazil until 1710. Pop- ulation, about 9,0lXl. OUnda, Marquis of. SeeAraujo Lima, Pedro de. Oliphant, Carolina. See Xairne, Baroness. See Irviiiij, Jrashingioii. Oliphant (ol'i-fant). Laurence. Born in Cape A church built in Boston Town, 1829: diedatTyrickenham, England, Dee. in 1729, on the site of an earlier meeting-house 23, 1888. An English traveler, diplomatist, and on the corner of Washington and Milk streets, author. He was the son of .\nthonv Oliphant, chief jus- " The Plain Dealer," a woman with whom Manly is in love: a detracting, treacherous creature who deceives him vilely. — 3. One of the prin- cipal characters in Goldsmith's comedv "The Good-natured Man." — 4. A daughter "of the vicar in Goldsmith's "Vicar of '^Wakefield." See Primrose. — 5. The principal character in Mrs. Cowley's "Bold Stroke for a Husband.'" Y - .... . , "—«.—.o ..redelivered here, with few interruptions, from 1712 to 1872. After Ihe latter date it was for some time used as a post-offlce and now contains an interesting collection of historical relics. Old Testament. See Ttshiment. Old Town ;toiin). A city in Penobscot Coun- ty. Maine, situated on the Penobscot 12 miles north of Bangor. Population (1900), 5,763. the colonization of Palestine by the Jews. He published "Journey to Katmandu " (lS.i2). "P.ussian Shores of the Black Sea " (1S53I, works on the Crimean war, "Minnesota, etc." (185.'.), " The Narrative ot the Earl of Elgin's Mission to China and Japan, etc."(lS60), " Piccadilly "(1*70), "Al- tiora Peto," a novel (1883). "MassoUam •" (1SS6), "Sym- pneumataja" (1886). '• Scientific Religion " (18&S). Oliphant, Mrs. (Margaret Oliphant Wilson). Old Wives Tale, The. A comedy written by Born at Wallyford, jfidlothian, in 1828 : died at George Peele and printed in 1595: acted some London, June 25, 1897. A British novelist and biographical \Triter. She wrote various stories of Scot- years earlier. The Old Wives' Milton with the si merit, Saiiitsbuiy, Old World, The. A name often given to Eu- lr"iig"(1862), "HistoricalSketchesoftheReignof George rope, or to the eastern hemisphere, since the nf"(18«9),"TlieMakersofFlorence'(lS76), "TheLiter.ary discoverv of America »P">=i«> Muce me HistoryofEugland' (1S82), ••TheMakersofTenice"(1888), nil,^\,„- /- 1^^/ • r. , and "Royal Edinburgh" (1890X ^T f;^^? it. ■'''rtT'l',--'^- P'^l'^i o-la-a're-os) 01isipo(6-lis'i-p6). TheancientnameofLisbon. (Latimzed from Olschlager), Adam. Bom at OUva (o-ie'va): A town in the province of Va- noted as an entomologist. Ollanta (6:-yiin'ta). The hero of a celebrated Quichua (Peruvian) drama, the "Apu-OUanta." He is represented as living early in the 15th centur)'. He loves Cusi Coyllur, daughter of the Inca Pachacutec Vu. panqui ; but after she has borne him a child Ihe Inca im- mures her in a dungeon, and Ollanta leads a rebellion for 10 years. He is finally captured, but is pardoned by the new Inca who has come into power, and his wife and child are restored to him. The drama is of great beauty. It was first reduced to writing in the 17th century, but'there is little doubt of its antiquity, and the hero is perhaps recent opera have ' or Ollantay. [Quichua, house of Ollanta.'] A ruined Inca fort and town of the department of Cuzco, Peru, in the valley of the Urubamba. -11 miles northeast of Cuzco. ITie place was a frontier post of the Incas, and is conr\ected with many events in Iheir history, :is well as with thelei:end of Ollanta (which see). The baildingsare Ollantay-tambo In a re:narkably perfect condition, and some of them rest on older luiimlutions, supposed to be i)re-Incaiial. There is abuiall modern village on the site. Also wTittcu OUantay' Ollapod (ora-pod), Doctor. A character in Colman the youugei^'s comedy '* The Poor Gen- tleman.'' He is a warlike apothecary, and also a cornet in a militia troop, noted for his "jumble of physic and shooting" and his harmless prescriptions. Ollivier(o-le-\Ta'),^mile. Born at Marseilles (1S30-40), etc. 7") 7 Omagh <ld buildings are the cathedral, Kathaus, and Mauritiuskirche. It is the seat of an arch- bisli'in, and formerly contained a university (now limited to a th.-r,logical faculty). It was the capital of lloruvia until lt"40 ; was taken by the Swedes in 1642, and by the Prussians in 1741 ; and was unsuccessfully besieged by the Prussians in 17.^'8. Population (laOOJ, li),761. Olmiitz Conference. A conference between Prussia (represented by Von Manteuffel) and Austria (represented by Sehwarzenberg) under the mediation of Russia, Nov. 28-29, 1850, re- specting affairs in Germany, particularly in Hesse and Schleswig-Holstcin, whose popula- tions were in revolt against their respective rulers, the Elector of Hesse and the King of Denmark. Schleswig-Holatein was abandoned to Hen- mark, and the Elector of Hesse was reinstated in power. Olney(ol'ni). AsmalltowninBuckingham.sliiro, England, situated on the Ouse 53 miles north- west of London. It was the residence of the poet Cowper. Olney, Richard. Bom at Oxford, Mass., 1835. An American lawyer and statesman. He grad- uated from Brown Universitv in 1856, and fiom the Harvard Law School in l'858. In 1893 Presi- dent (ylevelaml appointed him attorney-general, and ill 1895 (on the death of Walter Q. Gresham) secretary of state. Olney Hymns. A collection of hymns writ- ten bv \\ illiain Cowper and John Newton, pub- lished 1779. OlonetZ (6-16-nets'). A government in north The tem- ple stood in a large peribolos which was adorned with statues. A Platonic Alexandria, lived in the second half of the f.th century, and wrote scholia or c<»mnientaries on the dialogues of Plato, abstracts of which N! ."long. 21° 38' E. It is famous as the seat of a cele- rJVi^'^l']fA"J:!il'c'" "a P.„aT, l,;=f^,.;<.^ x, brated sanctuary of Zeus and of the Olympic games, the OlympiodorUS. A Greek hstonan. He was a most impo.ta.it of the great public games ot classical an- nativeof Ihebes in Egyp, lived m the first half of the 5th ti.M.ily. (.See («./,-. mV.mm- ,\ ' i „♦ i ti ,„„ i,„ 11„ ^ the .Stadium, which was the chief scene of the athletic tli''f<' orations delivered at Athens by Demos- ■ ■ " thenes 349-348 B. c, for the purpose otiudneing the .Athenians to assist Olynthus against Philip II. of Macedon. Olynthus (6-lin'thus). [Gr. 'W.iiSo^.l In an- cient geography, a city in Chalcidiee, Macedo- nia, situated near t lie head of the Toronaictiulf, in lat. 40° 10' N., long. 23° 21' E. it was the cap- ital of an important confederacy until its supprc^ion by Sparta in the war of 3S;t-379 B. c. It was attacked by Philip II. of Macodou and was captured and desiioyed by him ;J4T K. 0. The Olynthiac orations of Dcnm.sllie- nes were appeals to Athens to support olynthus agaiust I'hilip. contests, and a number of large gymnasia, and tberma;, the last chiefly of Uon.aii d.ite. The Olympic games were abolislled by Theodosius in 301 A. I.. The raonuments were much shattered by earthquakes in thetJtb century, and as time wenton were iirog.essively buried by landslips from Cronus and inundations of the Cladeus anil Alphens, in one of wliich the hippodrome w:is entirely washed away. Sand and earth were deposited lo a depth of from 10 to 20 feet over the ruins. In 18211 the French Expedition de Moree made some superficial excavations, and recovered some sculptures (now in the Louvre) f.oni the Zens I em pie. In six seasons of work after 1874, the lie. ma. i i.'overnnieiit laid bare down to the ancient level the greater jiai t of what survives of the sanctuary. The sculptural finds were less had been liopeil for, though they include two capifcil than I.U.. ..v.^. ........... ..^ p. -., — — , . . ., , ., -.i pieces — the llernn s of Praxiteles and the Nike of I'ico- Om (oin, but originally and more correctly on), nius. In the departimiils "f an hilcctnic and epigraphy, fAceording to Bohtlii'igk and Koth. an obscura- however theOcrnia.i cv.avatio,,.st.k..ra,ik.'lsthe must li.i^ j. j g^, ^^ ■ jj^ ,.,,,.„i, ^,f ,,r„loilgingand Iia- portant that have iiceii made, the .iiitlqmties discnvered . _ ' .■ i i- are preserved on the site, the more precious in a museum saliziiig (t, an assevcrativc particle ; according buiU for the purpose. The temple of Zeus, dating from the early part of tlie 6th century B. o., is a Doric peripteros of 6 by 13 columns, measuring 90J by 210} feet : the col- umns were over 7 feet in base-diameter and 34 high. The cella had nronaos and opisthodomos with 2 columns in autls and 2 interior ranges of 7 columns. In the cetla otood the famous chryselephantine statue of Zeus, seated, about 40 feet high, by Phidias. The pediments were filled with important groups of sculpture, much of which has been recovered. That of the eaatern pediment represents the chariot-race i»f Pelups and iKnomaus. niulor the jireal- deucy of Zeus; that of the western the finht between Lapiths and Centaurs in presenco of Apollo. The end walls of the cella bore a Doric frieze with very flue sculptured met- opes representing the exploits of Hercules. The Ileneum, or temple of Hera, a temple of very ancient foundation. western Russia, Iving east of Finland and north showing evidences of original construction in wooil and of the L'overnmerits of St. Peterslmrg and .Nov- iinburued brick partly rei.laced piecemeal in stone with ui iiio feoy iMiiK oi- I , ,. . , , , the advance of time, is a large lloric peripteros of 6 by III gorod. Capital, I'etrozavoasK. it contains Lake columns: the cella had pronaosandopisihodonios In anils. Area, 67,430 square miles. pri and « as diviibcl in the Interior Into :\ aisles by 2 ranges o( columns. 'I'he lainons Hermes of Praxiteles was found in this temple. The Philipiieum is a clreilbir bulbllug built by Philip of Macedon about :),3n n. <". The cella was sur- rounded bya perlsiyleof IS Ionic columns, and had Inthe Interior a range of rorinthian columns, and chryselephnn- lliie statues of Philip iiud his family. Onega and many other lakes. Population (1800), 302,600. Oloron. Soe "/-ron. Oloron-Sainte-Marie (6-16-r6n sant-mii-ro ). -V town in the ileparlnient of Basses-Pyrenees, I'raiice, sitnatoil on the rivers Aspe and Ossaii, ,...„ ^. ..„ . . _ 17 miles southwest of Pau. Population (1891), Olympia. ThecapiliiloriiieStateof Washington Om (dm). A river in western biberm which K.7,-,S. and of Tliiirston Counl y, situated at the soutli- .joins tlie Irtish at Omsk. Ols or Oelq ffels) A town in the province of ern extremity of Puge't Sound, about Inf. 47° Omagh (6'niii or ri-miich'). The capital of the Sil'.sial'nissia, situated on the (Mia 17 miles 4' N., long. 122- ...V W. l',.|mlalion (1900), county of Tyrone, Ireland, 27 miles south of east-northea«t of Breslau. It was formerly the 4,082. to Bloomlield (A. O. S. xiv. el.), identical with Gr. ail, L. aii-l, au-lim, (ioth. an h; and meaning ' now then,' "well now.'] A particle tliat plays a great role in Hindu religious literature, its original sense is that of sidcmn nlfirmation. Popular ety- mology perhaps associating it with a root iiniilying 'favor, further," and Its sanctity being Inferreil from Its occurrence In the Veillc literature, it became the ausplcl- tas). Born Nov. 24, 1806: died at Constanti- nople, April IS, 1871. A Turkish general. He coninianded an army in the Crimean war, and commanded agiiinst the insurgents in Crete in 18ti7. Ommiads (o-mi'adz), or Omayyads (o-mi'- yadz). A dynasty of califs which reigned in Onondaga the Spanish legislation. His two "Relaciones " or reports (1561 and ln71) are still in manuscript, but have been f r eelj used by historians: a smaller report was editeti by ilark- ham for the llakluyt Society ls73. In 1559 fJndejrardo discovered at Cuzco several mummies of the Inca sover* eigus. Onega (on'e-ga). A small seaport of Kussia, situated at the entrance of the river Onega into the White Sea. Onega,Lake. The secondlargest lake inEurope, situated in the government of Olonetz, north- vresteru Russia, northeast of Lake Ladoga, it ig connected by canals with the Volga and Dwina systems. Ita waters pass by the tivir into Lake Ladoga, and finally into the Neva. Length, 152 miles. Greatest width, about 50 miles. Area, 3,703 square miles. the East 661-750 a. d., the fii-st of whom was Mo- Qneglia (6-nol'va). A seaport in the province awiyah, the descendant of Omayya (the foiuider of a noted Arab family), and successor to Ali. The Ommiads were followed by the Abbassides. The last of these Eastern Ommiads escaped to Spain and founded of Porto ilaurizio, Italy, situated on the Medi- terranean 57 miles southwest of Genoa. It has a trade in olive-oil. Population (1881), 7,433. the c;Uifate of Cordova in ViO. This Wi-stern califate, and Oneida (6-ni'da). [PI., also OneiVfas. The name with it the Ommiad dynasty, became extinct iu 103L After the first four (or "orthodox") Khalifs, Abu-Bekr, Omar, Othman, and Aly, who were elected more or le.'is by- popular vote, the SjTia'n p;uty set up iloawia as Khalif at Damascus, and from him sprang the famUy of Omeyyad Khalifs, so called from their ancestor Ome>^-a. There were fourteen Omeyyad Khalifs, who reigned from G61 to 750. when they were deposed by Es-Seffah, the Butcher. Poole, Story of the Mooi-s, p. 59. OmnibllS Bill, The. A series of compromise measures passed through Congress 1850, largely is translated 'standing stone' or 'people of the stone.'] A tribe of North American ludi- ans. The early French writers called them OneimiL They formerly occupied the lands east of Oneida l-ake, New York, and the upper waters of the Susquehanna Eiver to the southward. They were not prominent in the Iroquois Confederacy, and sometimes acted adversely to its other members, as they were at intervals friendly to the French and took part with the colonies in the Eevolution. In 1S33 most of them removed to and still remain at Green Bay, Wisconsin, but others are in Ontario. Altogether they number over 3,000. See Iroquois. throughtheinfluenceof Clay. The chief provisions Qneida Commuility. A religious societv or weretheadmissionon-aliforniaasafreebtatejothelnion, ,,rotherhood. the Bible CommSnists or Perfec- organization of the Territories of Ltah and New Mexico (without restrictions on slavery), abolition of the slave- trade in the District of Columbia, and a fugitive-slave law. Omphale (om'fa-le). [Gr. 'Oupd//;.] In Greek legend, a Lydiaii princess, mistress of Hercules. Omri (om'ri). King of Israel. The length and date of his reisn are much disputed (899-SV5 B.C.— Dnncker). He was a usurper, and the founder of a dynasty of considerable eminence which included Ahab and Jelm. He made an alliance with Tyre and subdued the Moabites. Hi- is men- tioned on the iloabite stone, and in the cuneiform inscrip- tions the kingdom of Israel is called Bit-Humri ('the house of Omri'). He built the city of Samaria, and made it the capital of the Israelitish kingdom. Oms de Santa Pau (6ms da san'ta pou), Man- uel, ilarquis of Castell-dos-Eios. Died at Lima, April 22, 1710. A Spanish nobleman, a grandee of Spain. Ee was viceroy of Peru from July 7, 1707. During his term the Spanish commercial monopoly of Pe- ruvian trade was somewhat relaxed. Omsk (Omsk). The capital of the general gov- ernment of West Siberia, situated in the prov- ince of Akmolinsk, at the junction of the Om with the Irtish, about lat. 55° N., long. 73° E. The fortress here was founded in 1716. RaOwav to Omsk, Sept., 1894. Population (1890), 54,721. On. See HcIiopoJis. Ona (on'ya), Pedro de. Born at Los Confines, on the Biobio Kiver. Chile, about 1565 : died at Lima, Peru, after 1039. A Spanish-American poet. Most of his life was passed in Lima, where he was fiscal of the audieuce. His principal work is the epic " Arauco domado " (1st ed. Lima, 1596), which is in some respects an imitation of Ercilla's "Ajaucana." It has some poetical merit, and is of much liistorical value. Onas. See Fuegiaiis. Onatas (6-na'tas), about 500-460 B. c tionists, established in 1847 on Oneida Creek, in Lenox township, Madison County, Xew York, by John H. Xoyes, after unsuccessful attempts to establish itat Xew Haven, Connecticut, in 1834, and at Putney, Vermont, in 1837. A branch of the Oneida Community also existed at Wallingford, Coimecticut, but has now been withdrawn. Originally the Oneida Community was strictly communistic, all prop, erty and all children belonging primarily to the society, and the restrictions of marriage being entirely abolished; but in 1S79, owing to the increasing demand of punlic opinion that the social practices of the society should be abandoned, marriage and family life were introduced, and in 1S80 communism of property gave place to a joint-stock system, and the community was lewdly incorporated aa "The Oneida Conmiunity, Limited." Oneida Lake. A lake in central New York. 11 miles northeast of Syracuse. Its outlet is by the Oneida and Oswego rivers into Lake Onta- rio. Length. 20 miles. O'Neil (o-nel'), Hugh, Earl of Tyrone. Died 1616. An Irish chieftain. He assumed the title ol The O'Neil, and in 1597 headed an insurrection against the English, whom he defeated at Blackwater in 1598. He ne- gotiated a truce with the Earl of Essex in 1599, and wu defeated by Mountjoy 1601. He submitted about 1603. O'Neill, Eliza. Born in Ireland, 1791: died there, Oct. 29, 1872. A noted Irish tragic actress, the successor of Mrs. Siddons. She made her first appearance in Droirheda as the Duke of York in "Kichard III. " in 1803. in a small strolling company of which her fa- ther was manager. She first appeared at Covent Gartien in 1814. She made a large fortune in Ireland and Eng- land, and was married in 1819 to Mr. (afterward Sir) Wil- liam Eecher. Her best parts were Juliet, Belvidera, Mrs. Haller, and Mrs. Beverley. [Gr. 'Omrac-I Flourished O'Neill, or The Rebel. A romance by Bid- An .^ginetan sculptor and wer Lytton, iu heroic couplets, published in painter.a eontemporaryof Ageladasthe teacher 1S2 of Phidias. See Agehldas. He was especially fa- OueiOUt. See Oneida. mous for his statues of athletes, and was much admired OnesimUS (6-nes'i-mus), Saint. A disciple of and highly praised by Pausanias, who d.scibes maiiy of „,„,.tv,-ed in 9.5 His dav is celebrated his works. As the .5:lglna marbles were probably made in his day, it may well be that they are either his work or rep- resent his characteristics. Onate (on-ya'ta). St. Paul, martyred in 95. His day is celebrated Feb. 1(5 ill the'Roman calendar. Ongaro, Dall'. See VaW Onr/aro. A town in the province of Onias Menelaus (o-ni'as men-e-la'us). High Guipuzcoa, northern Spain, 38 miles west of priest of the Jews 172-162 B. c. He was a Benja- Pamplona. Population (1887), 6,152. minite. not of priestly family, but secured the office from Antiochus Epiphanes, to whom Judea was then subject, by the payment of a bribe. In order to pay this bribe he de- spoiled the temple of its sacred vessels. In 171 he killed the rightful high priest, Onias ni. With the help of An- tiochus he introduced (jreek worship and the sacrifice of swine into the temple. These acts brought about the re- volt of the Maccal>ees. He was killed by Lysias, the guar- dian of .\ntiochus V. Onion River. See Tfinooski. OnomacritUS (on-6-mak'ri-tus). [Gr. 'Ot'o/iaKpi- rof.] Lived about 530-485 B. c. A Greek pro- phet and mystic poet. Onate (on-ya'ta), Juan de. Born at Guadala jara, Mexico, about 1555 : died after 1611. A set- tler and first governor of New Mexico. He was a son of the founder of Guadalajara, and was married to a granddaughter of Hernando Cortes. In 1595 his proposi- tion to settle New Mexico was accepted by the viceroy Velasco, and after much delay the grant was confirmed by the Count of Monterey. Onate left Zacatecas in .Tan., l.'.QS, with 130 men besides Indians, a large wagon- and cattle train, etc. ; reached the Rio Grande, probably at El Paso, April "20 ; took formal possession April 30 ; crossed the river ; and in Aug founded the first capital, San Juan (San- ta Kc was founded later). After the first year he had little ^ , / -,.., , roi .,^t,^ n-nn^n/rno trouble with the Indians E.arly in 1599 he explored apart OuOUdaga (on-on-da ga). [PI., ^0 OnmaaffaS. of Arizona, and in 160J followed the Gila River down The name means 'on the top of the mountain. J to the Gulf of California. He probably ceased to rule as governor in 1608, Onca (on'ka). A Phenician goddess, the deity of wisdom, compared by the Greeks to Athene. Ondegardo (6n-da-gar'd6), Polo de. Bom at SrtUimanea about 1500: died, probably at Potosi, Upper Peru, about 1575. A Spanish lawyer and antiquarian. He went to Peru in 1545 : was a trusted councilor of several rulers ; and was corregidor of Potosi and Lima He made a special study of Inca laws and cus- toms, with the object of ingrafting the l>est of them on The name means 'on the top < A tribe of North American Indians. In the coun- cils of the Iroquois Confederacy they were called by » name meaning 'they who keep the council-fire.' I" 'n* old Dutch maps they are styled Capitanassei. They had their chief seat ajKin the lake and creek in New \ork which bear their name, and claimed the country to Lake Ontario on the north, and to the .Susfinehanna River on the south. Many of them joined the Catholic Iroquois colonies on the St. Lawrence before 1751. At the close of the Revo- lutionary War more were settled on Grand Rivir, Ont.ano, and the remainder are in New York. Their present total Dumber is about 90a See Iroquou. Onondaga Lake Onondaga fon-on-da'ga) Lake. A small lake in ceutral Now York, nofth-uorthwest of Sjra- cuse. Its outlet is Seiioca River. Onosander (on-o-sanMer). [Gr. 'Ovdaavdpoc.'i A Greek writer on military tactics. Uf the tacticians sbbsciiiient tu Polybius, the most not«d was Onosander, wlio (lonrisheil in the middle of the Ist century of our era^ and dedicated to Q. Veranius Nepos, consul in A. D. 49, a brief but comprehensive treatise on the military art, which has come down to us, with tlie title ^TpaTrjyiKo^ A670?. It is divided into 42 chapters, and gives instructions with recard to all the details of a cam- pftigu. It is written in Attic (Jreek, and in a suUlciently pure style. The author, who was also known as a coni- nientator on Plato, was tlie source of the militarj- writings of the Emperors Mauritius and Leo, and in a French tr.uis- lation was used as a manual of the military art bv Maurice of Saxony. Midler, Hist, of the Lit. of Anc. fJreece, [in. 2S0. (l)oiiahlsun.) Onotes (6-no'tas). An extinct triljo of Indians who inhabited the eastern shore of Lake Mara- eaibo. They were fishermen, and built their houses on piles in the water. Ojeda, who found them in 149!^, was reminded by their dwellings of Venice (whence he named the country Venezuela). Probnl)ly the Onotes were soon carried otT into slavery; but huts similar to theirs are still made in the same region. Onslow (onz'lo), George. Bom at Clermont- Ferrand, France, July 27, 1784: died there, Oct. 3, 1853. A French composer of instrumental music. Ontario (on-ta'ri-6), formerly called Upper Canada. A province of the Dominion of Can- ada. Capital, Toronto, it is bounded by Hudson Bay, the Northeast Territory, and Quebec on the northeast and east, and on th-^ south and west by the United States, from which it is in the main separated by the St. Lawrence, Lake Ontario, Niagara River, Lake Erie, Detroit River, Lake and River St. Clair, Lake Huron, St. Mary's River, and Lake Superior : Manitoba bounds it on the west. It has a hilly and diversified surface ; belongs to the St. Law- rence and Hudson Bay basins; produces cereals, apples and other fruits, etc. ; has manufactures of lumber, ma- chineiy, cotton and woolen goods, etc. ; and has rich luin- eral resources. The government is vested in a lieutenant- governor, executive council, and legislative assemldv. It sends 24 members to the Dominion Senate. 92 to the House of Commons. The inhabitants are chiefly of English, Irish, Scottish, German, and French descent. Ontario was ex- plored by the French in the 17th century. It was ceded to Great Britain in 171i;i, and was largely settled by Tories in the American Revolutionary period. It was separated from t^uebt-c (Lower Canada) aiid called Ipper Canada in 1791. It was the sceneof the battles of the Thames, Luniiy's Lane, etc., in the War of lftl2. An unsuccessful rebellion occurred in 18:f7. It was reunited to (Jueliec in 1&41. and was again separated and became the proviiice of (Mitario In the new Dominion in IsG". Area, 22(',0u0 square miles. Population (I'.iUl), 2, lKi,i)47. Ontario, Lake. The smallest and easternmost of the five Kieat lakes, lying between the prov- ince of Ontario on the north and New York State on the south, it is connected with Lake Erie by the Niagara River, and for navigation by the Welland CanaL Its outlet is the St. Lawrence River. Kingston. Toronto, Handlton, Oswego, and Sackett's Harbor are on its banks. Length, liio miles. Width, S5 miles. Area, about 7,60(1 8i|uare miles. Elevation, 247 feet. Onteniente (6n-ta-ne-en'ta). A town in the province of Valencia, Spain, situated 4G miles south by west of Valencia. Population (1887), n.lfi.5. Oodeypore. See Uduipur. Oost (ost), Jakob van. Bom at Bmges, Bel- gium, about IGUO : dic(l there, 1671. A Flemish pninfor. Oost, Jakob van, sumamed "The Younger." Born aljout 1639: died at Bruges, 1713. A Flem- ish liistorical painter, son of J. van Oost (1600- 1671). Oosterhout (6s'ter-hout). A town in the prov- ince of North Brilliant, Netherlands, 2.5 miles southeitst of Rotterdam. Population (1889), commune, 10,425. Ootacamund (6-tii-kil-mund'). A sanatorium in the Nilgiri Hills, Dcccan, India. Elevation, 7,220 feet. Oparo (6-pii'ro), or Rapa (ril'pa). A mountain- ous island in the South Pacific, often classed in the Austral tn'oiip. Opata(o'pil-tii). [PI., also Opntns; a corruption of a Piiiui term signifying 'enemy.'] A divi- sion of the Piman stock of North American Indians. It embraced the following agricultural tribes ; Opata, Eudeve, .Tova, Teguima, Coguina<-hi, Tegul, Coidla, and, probably, the Inuires. Its habitat cxtendH from tlio western boundary of Chihuahua to the Rio San Miguel in Souora, Mexico, and from the main fork of the Rio Va^iui, about lat. 28', northward to the southern boundary of Arl- Eona, with settlements mainly Iti the Rio Sonora valley. It immhers about .'i,5lX). See PiirMn. Opato'W (o'pii-tov). A town in the government of Kadom, Russian Poland, situated on the Opatowka 100 miles south of Warsaw. Popu- lation (1890), 6,023. Opelousas (op-e-lO'sas) The capital -of St. 7.59 Irv parish, Louisiana, 56 miles west of Ba- Rouge. Population (1890), 1,572. Land ton Rouge Opequan (o-pek'an) Creek. A small river in \ ir^iinia ^vTiich joins the Potomac above Har- jier's Feny. Near it was the scene of (he battle of Winchester, Sept. 19, 1864. See Winchester. Ophelia (6-fe'lia). The daughter of Polonius, in Shakspere's" Hamlet." Hermlndgiveswaywhen Hamlet abandons her to prosecute his revenge, and while gathering flowers by a brook she is drowned. Ophelia, Miss. -V strong-minded, clear-headed New Eiiglanoot and writer. Ho attended the gymnasia of Bunzlau, Breslau, and IJeuthen where he wrote in J.atin his first work. " Aristarchus," in praise of the German language as a poetical medium. In 1618 he went to the university at Frankfort-on-the-Oder to study- jurisprudence, whence the following year he went to Uel- delberg. In 1020, after the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War, he went to Holland. AtLeydeu he became acquaint- ed witli the philologist Hi-insiuB, whom he followed to Jutland, where he wrote the poems, published 13 years later, "Trostgedichto in Widcrwartigkeiten des Krieges" ("Poems of Consolation in the Adversities of War"). In 1622 he was called to a position in the gymnasium at Weis- senburg. He returned, however, in the following year to Silesia, where he went into the service of the iVotestant duke of Llegnitz. In 10'24 appeared his "Buch von der deutschen Poeterey " (" Book so Idyl in which verses are oc- casionally introduced. AmongothertranKhitionsheiiiatle a version of the text of the Italian oiiera "Daphne." which was produced at Toi-gau In HJ27, and was, accordingly, the first (ierman opera. By his advocacy of the Alexandrine ver«e and the precepts of his ".Art of Poetry" he hn>ui;ht about a reform of German versification. In that the poets of the iireeedlng centuries had flimiily counted the num- ber of hvlliililes. wllhont reference in the (luality of those upon wfiirh the inetmial accent fell. Opium War. A war lietweeu Great Britain and Cliina, lino to (he attempt of the Chinese gov- ernmiMit to jirevent the inipurlation of opium. It liegan in 1840, and was ended by the treaty of Nanking (which see) in 1842. Opuntian Locrlans Oporto (6-p6r't6 ; Pg. pron. 6-p<)r'ti?). A dis. trict in tlie province of Entre Dotiro e Minho. I'opulation (1890), .5.50,391. Oporto, Pg. Porto ('The Port'). A sea port, chief city of the province Entre Douro e Minho, Portugal, situated on the Douro, near its mouth, in lat. 41° 9' N.. long. 8° 37' W. Next to Lisbon it is the chief city of the kingdom and chief manu- facturing place. It manufactures cotton, silk, etc., and has been famous since 1078 as the place of export for port wine. The cathedral is early Pointed, but modernized. Tho cloister, of 1S?6 but earlier in character, survives, with well-carved, almost Romanesi|Ue, capitals. The Maria Pia. or railroad briilge across the Douro, is an op.nwork arch of Iron, of 525 feet span and 198 feet lieiuht in the clear. The bridge of Dom Luis I., of similar constriietion, finished in 1888, has a span of .'^Di feet and a height ..f 200. The town was taken by the Arabs in 710; was taken by the Duke of Wellington in 1809 ; was the scene of the beginning of the revolution of 1820; was defended against Dom .Miguel 1832-33; and has been the scene of insurrection, particu- larly in 1846-t7 and 1S90. Population (lOliOi, 172,421. Oposura (6-po-so'rii). [Opata, 'heart of the iron-wood.'] The capital of the district of Moc- tezuma, alsocalledbythat name in the province of Sonora, Mexico, it contains about 2,000 inhabi- tants, and lies on the bank of the Oposura River. It has Slid ered a great deal fnjm the depredations of the Apaches during the lOth century. Oppeln (op'peln). A town in the pro\'ince of Silesia, Prussia, situated on the Oder in lat. 50° 40' N., long. 17° .55' E. It was formerly the capital of a principality of Oppeln, which was united to the em- pire in the ICth century. Population (1890), 19,'208. Oppenheim (op'pen-him). A town in the prov- iiiec of Rhino Hesse, Hesse, situated on the Kliine 11 miles south by east of Mainz, in the middle ages it was an important free imperial city. It con- tains the ruins of the fortress Landskron. Population (189fl), 3,425. Oppert (op'pert), Jules. Born at Hamburg, July 9, 1825. A distinguished French Oriental- ist, of Hebrew descent : appointed professor of Sanskrit in the Imperial Library at Paris in 1857, and of Assyriology at the College de France (wliere he had taught from 18691 in 1874. He was employed by the French government In explorations in Asiatic Turkey 1851-.M. Among his numerous publications are " Etudes assyriennes " (1857), " Txpedition de Mesopo- tjimic" (1859-01), "Grande inscription dupalaisde Khorsa- bad •' (1863), " La chronologic de la Wn^ee " (1879), etc. Oppian (op'i-an). [From 1j. Oi>piniiii.„ ^ rt i ., , , " i, "^ central arch between two smaller ones flanl;ed by Cori'n- P™\ nice Ot Orrossefo, Italy, Situated near the thian columns, the two middle ones of which support a Mediterranean. 75 miles northwest of Rome, pediment. It is ornamented with reliefs among which OrbignV (or-ben-ye'), AlcldO DessalineS d' naval trophies are conspicuous: and the deep vault of the Born at Coueron Loire-Inferipure Sent fi' central opening is beautifully coffered. The height is 72 io"." -.■ '^^'^^^'^""x. -X ' J'^^^l^J PJrS}- °' Jeet, ividth 67, and thickness 26. The Koman theater is much ruined in its cavea, but possesses probably the finest surnving example of an ancient stage structure. The splendid uncemented wall at the back is 340 feet long, 118 high, and 13 thick, and still shows the pierced corbels which received the awning-poles. The stage has 3 doors, and was roofed. The theater could seat about 7,000. The Cimbri defeated the Romans here in 105 B. c. It was a flourisliing Roman town. Later it was the capital of a prin- cipality which fell to the house of Nassau in 1530 ; was nnder the Nassau-Orange family until 1702 ; and was an- nexed to France in 1713. The title of Prince of Orange V. as retained in the house of Nassau. Population (1891), Orbigny.OharleS DeSSalinsS d'. BornatCou^- Orange (or'anj). A city in Essex County, New S ^?^^X}?i^^Tl^' ^T"""' P^?",- l^Of: died Jorsly, 13 miles west of New York, it contains 1% 'dW i^ny ^'^ ^^'*' ^"''^'' °^ many residences o. New-Vorker.. Population (1900), q^'^ ^-.^^j^^^ j, Reformed giant who eats Orange. See Clove and Orange. ™en but not women, in Boiardo's and Ariosto's Orange, Prince of. See Wilfiam "the Silent." "Orlando." He has two projecting bones for eyes. Man- Pniice of (Jraugc, and William III King of dr'cardo delivers Lucina from him. Kii:,'land. ' 2. A sea-monster in Ariosto's " Orlando Furi- Orange, Principality of. A small principality °^°'" ^^^^ ^^ Orlando when about to devour now in the department of Vaucluse, France, contiiining Orange and neighboring places. It fell to the house ot Nassau in 1530. Sec Oyiniiji . Orange Free State, now Orange River Col- ony. A former republic in southern Africa. Capital, Bloemfontein. it is bounded by the Transvaal Colony (separated by the Vaal) on the north Natal on the east, Basutoland on the southeast Cape Colony (separated by the Orange River) on the south and Griqualand West on the west. The surface is undu lating and hilly. Tlie chief occupation is the raising of hve stocli: the leadin<' products are wool, riiamond.s ostrich-feathers, and hides. The government was vested in a president and a legislative assembly called the Volte- r;iiid. The inbabit:ints arc natives (129,787 in 1830) ami whites ot Enrop.-an (especi.ally Dutcb) descent. The territory was settl.d in the tirst half of the 19th century by emigrants fr..m Cape Colony; was annexed by Grea't Britain in 1848; and became independent in 18.54 Con- quered and annexed by Great Britain 1900. Area. 52 OOu square miles. Popul:-" - •-"""■ -■.- — ■ Orcades (or'ka-dez). The ancient name of the Orkney Islands. Orcagria (or-kan'yii) (properly di Cione), An- drea, called Arcagnolo(ofwluch name OiTagiia is a corruption). Born at Florence about 1329: diedabout 1368. A Florentine painter, sculptor, and architect. He studied the goldsmith's craft under his father, and painted with his brother Bernardo. In the practice of this art he appears to have been chiefly occu- pied during the early part of his life. After painting with his brother the life of the Madonna, and the two great frescos of Heaven and Hell in Santa JIaria Novella, the frescos of the Cresci chapel, .and the facade of San Apolli- nare, hepainted the picture of the Coronation of the Virgin (now in the National Gallery). By these works he gained a great reputation. The frescos of the Triumph of Death and the L.ist Judgment in the Oampo Santo at Pisa, by painters of the Tuscan school, have been attributed to him. {See Campo Santo.) About 134S he transformed the olil granary of Arnolfo del Cambio (Florencej into the Cllurch of Or San Michele. A name given to Coimty . iltinn (1890), 207.503. Orangemen (or'an.i-men). 1. Iri.sh Protestants. Orchard of Ireland, Tlic name was given about the end of the 17th century bv .\rniaLch, Ireland. ,"'•"} Cathnhcs to the Protestants of Ireland, on account Orrhard' " '^'■^"^ E«"" " ('^'O). "The Bill of upholding the ProtestInt7eligrn"and'al"cenranPcra° d mv'ns^f t,; °ht bv «?e?b''v''- ^'"''T'::'.':''^^' of opposing Romaiiism and the Roman Catholic influence - ■ ^^ ■ J',°"K''.' l'.y.H'?_f^haiitry betiuest), -The Salon 1815 ■■ (1880: bought by the Chantry bequest), ' of iladame Recaniier" (1885), etc in the government of the country. Orangemen are es- c\t.^iX'l"""i^^T'TV.'l,J pecially prominent in Ulster, Ireland, but local branches X C- ' ^ J^ehri ualleil l,„in,s are found all over the British empire, as Orcnies (or-she'). A town in the department well as in many parts of the United States. of Nord, France, 14 miles southeast of Lille. Orange River, or Kai Gariep (ki ga-rep'). The Population (1891), commune, 3,918. cliief river in southern .\frica. It rises in Basuto. Orchomenus (or-kom'e-nus). [Gr. 'Oproueidr.'l 'S"i°f*Ll^f,>';?,'5...°L?'"?'!_''".^ .fl"'^? generally west. In ancient geography, the name of several cities ward, 8ep,irating Capt- ('olony from the Orange River Col- ony, British Bechnanalan.l, and German Sontliwest Africa. Its chief tributary is the Vaal. Length, about 1 200 miles It IS "not much better than a huge torrent. ' Orange River Colony. See Oi-nmie Free State. Oranienbauni(6-ra'ne-en-boum")." [6., 'orange- tree.'] A town in the province of St. Peters- burg. Russia, situated on the Gulf of Finland 25 miles west of St. Petersburg. It is noted for its imperial palace. Population, 3,350. Orarian (6-ra'ri-an). See Eskimauaii. Orators, The. A play by Samuel Foote, pcr- m Greece, (a) A city in Poentia, situated on the Cephis- sus and on Lake Copais, 55 miles northwest of Athens. It was the capital of the ancient Minyfe Here, in 85 B c, Sulla defeated Archelaus, the general of Mithridates. king of Pontus. The site contains important remains of antiquity. The treasury of Minyas, so called, is a veiy ancient tomb of the Mycenean beehive type. The plan is circular, 45 feet in diameter, covered in by a pseudo-dome formed by corbeling in the stones of the wall. A side chamber, rock-hewn, had its sides and ceiling incrusted with slabs carved with beautiful arabesques. The "trea- sury" is approached by a droraos or passage 16 feet wide. (6) A city in Arcadia, 33 miles west-southwest of Corinth. form...l in 1 762. It. satirizes a Dublin printer nlZTc TZ°l '"t '"^''"'^ Arcadian cities. Tiniiie.l non,-^o TT'oi.ll.-.io,. UrCUS (Or KUS). named George Faulkner. Oratory A Latin name for Hades , chapel for it and called an oratory. It is composed of sim- ple priests under no vows. Its chief seat is Italy, but congregations were founded in England in 1.M7 anil 1849 under the leadership of former members of the Anglican Church. Point in 1839, served against the Seminole Indians 1839-42. and was appointed brigadier-general of I'nited States vol- unteers at the beginning of the Civil War. He gained the victoi-yof Dranesvillein Dec, 1861, and served before Rich- mond and Petersburg in 1861-65. He retired with the brevet rank of major-general in 18S0. Orders Ordaz (cr-diith'), or Ordas (6r-das'), Diego de Born about 1480: died at sea, 1.533. A Spanish captain, it appears that he was with Ojeda at Darien 1509-10; subsequently he served with Velasquez in Cuba! and with Cortes in the conquest of Mexico, 1519-21. Hav^ ing obtained agrant of the country now embraced in Guiana and eastern Venezuela, he explored the Orinoco to the mouth of the Meta, 1531-32. Martinez, one of his officers afterward asserted that he had seen on this expedition the golden city of Manoa, thus probably starting the myth of El Dorado. Ordaz. on his return to the coast, was arrested on false charges, and sent to Santo Domingo : he was freed by the audience, and died while on his way to ,Spain. OrdericusVitalis (6r-de-ri'kus vi-ta'lis), or Or- deric(6r'de-rik), Born'at Atcham. near Shrews- bury, England, 1075 : died about 1143. An Eng- lish historian and Benedictine monk. He wrote an "Ecclesiastical History." especially relating to Nor- mandy and England in the 11th ami 12th centuries (ed b» Le Prtivost 1838-55). ' Orders. Institutions, partly imitated from the medieval and crusading orders of military monks, but generally founded by a sovereign, a national legislature, or a prince of high rank, for the purpose of rewarding meritorious ser- vice by the conferring of a dignity : a number of the more prominent of these orders are de- scrilied below. Most honorary orders consist of sev. eral classes, known as kiiiffhts companions, oncers, com- vianders. firand ojicers, and grand cmnmanders. otherwise called grand cross or grand cordon. Many orders have fewer classes, a few having only one. It is customary to divide honorary orders into three ranks : (a) Those which admit only nobles of the highest rank, and among foreign- ers only sovereign princes or members of reigning fami- lies. Of this character are the Golden Fleece (Austria and Spain), the Elephant (Denmark), and the Garter (Great Britain): it is usual to regard these three as the existing orders of highest dignity, (b) Those orders which are con- ferred upon members of iiolde families only, and some- times because of the mere fact of noble birth, without special services, (c) The orders of merit, which are sup- posed to be conferred for services only: of these the Legion of Honor is the best-known type. The various orders have their appropriate insignia, consisting usu- ally of a collar of design peculiar- to the order, a star, cross, jewel, badge, ribbon, or the like. It is common to speak of an order by its name alone, as the Garter, the Bath.— Guelflc Order, a Hanoverian order of knighthood, found- ed in 1815 by George IV. (then prince regent), and en- titled the Royal Hanoverian Guelflc Order. It includes grand crosses, commanders, and knights, both civil and military.— Military Order of Savoy, an order founded by King Victor Emmanuel I. of Sardinia in 1S15. adopted by the kingdom of Italy, and still in existence. The badge is a cross of gold in red enamel, voided, and sur- mounted by a royal crown. The ribbon is blue.— Order for Merit, a Prussian order composed of two classes, military and civil. The flrst class was founded by Fred- erick the Great in 1740 (compare Order of (JenerogUy). The badge is a blue enameled cross adorned with the let- ter F, the words '' pour le nitrite," and golden eagles. Since 1810 it has been given exclusively for distinction on the field. The second class (or second order) was found- ed by Frederick William IV. in 1842 for distinction in science and art.— Order Of Alcantara, a Spanish mili- tary order said to be a revival of a very ancient order of St Julian, and to have received its name from the citj'of Alcantara, given by Alfonso IX. of Castile in 1213 to the Knights of Calatrava. and transferred by the latter.— Or- der of Alexander Nevski, a Russian order founded in 1722 by Peter the Great, but flrst conferred by the empress Catharine I. in 1725. The ordinaiy badge is a cross patte, the center being a circle of white enamel showing St! Alexander on horseback, the arms of red enamel with a double-headed eagle between every two arms, and the whole surmounted by an imperial crown. This is worn hanging to a broad red ribbon en sawtotVc— Order of Calatrava, a Spanish military order founded in the mid. die of the 12th centuiy, and talking itsname from the for- tress of Calatrava, which had been captured from the Moors in 1147, and was conflded t-j the new order. It is still in existence. The badge is a cross fleury enameled red, attached to a red ribbon.— Order of Charles HI. a Spanish order founded by Charles III. in 1771.— Order Of Charles XIII., a Swedish order founded by the sov- ereign of that name in 1811, for Freemasons of the higher degrees. — Order of Christ, a Portuguese order founded by King Dionysius and conflrnied about 1318, It contains three degrees, of which the highest is limited to six per- sons. The present badge is a cross of eight points encirclen the arms. — Order Of Jesus, of Jesus Christ, etc., the name of several orders of more or less religious character, in Spain, Sweden, etc. — Order Orders of I*OPOld, an Austrian order founded by Francis I., em- peror of Austria, in memory uf the emperor Leopold II. It dates from lau8, and is still in existence.— Order of LouiS&i a Prussian order fuuiKKd by Frederieli William III. in 1S14, for women only.— Order Of Maria Louisa, a Spanisli order for women, founded in 1702, and still in existence.— Order of Maria Theresa, an Austrian order founded by the empress of that name in 1757, lint modi- fled by the emperor .Ic.seiih II.— Order Of Maximilian, an order for theeLR-t_>iir;iL'fiiient of art jintl seieiue. founded in 186:i by Maximilian II. of r.a\ aria.— Order Of Med- jidl See MniiidL— Order of Military Merit, (a) An order instituted in 17ri':i by Louis XV. of trance for I'rotes- tant officers, as the i irder of St. Louis was limited to Catho- lics. Its or;;anizatii>ii was similar to that of the latter or- der. In 1814 it was reorganized for otlicers of the army and navy. It has not been conferred since 1830. The badge is somewhat similar to that of St, Louis, and the rib- bon is of the same color, (h) An order founded by Duke Charles Euccne of W urteniborg in 176!>.— Order Of Odd- Fellows, The Independent. See OM- Fellows. — Order of Our Lady of Montesa.a .'(panisli order founded ill the 14tli century by the King of Aragon, afterward attached to the crown of Spain. — Order Of Our Lady of Mount Cannsl, an order founded by Henry IV. of 1 ranee on the oc;:asiou of his embracing Catholicism, and in a measure replacing the Order of St. Lazarus.- Order Of St. An- drew, a Russian order founded by Peter the Great in 1GV>8. The badge is the double eagle of Kussia in black enamel, upon the breast of which is the crucifix of St. Andrew, with saltier-shaped crt)SS, the whole surmounted by an imperial crown. The ribbon is blue ; but on state occa- sions this badge is worn pendent to a collar composed of similar crowned eagles, of ovals bearing saltiers, and of shields with tlags and crowns.— Order of St. Andrew in Scotland. Same as Order of the Thistle.— Oliet of St. Benedict of Aviz, a Portuguese order said to date from the 12th century. The badge is a cross fleury of green enamel, having a gold fleur-de-lis in the angle between every two arms of the cross, and hangs from a green rib- bon worn around the neck. — Order of St. Gall. Same as Ontero/the Bear. — Orier of St. (Jeorge. (a) A Bavarian order founded or, as is asserted, restored by the elector Charles Albert in 1729. It is still in existence, and is di- vided into three classes, (b) A Russian order founded in 1769 by the empress Catharine II. Tills is conferred only upon a commanding general who has defeated an army of (Ifty thousand men, or captured the enemy's capital, or brought about an honorable peace. There is now no person living who has gaineil this distinction regularly, though it has been given to a foreign sovereign.— Order of St. James of the Sword (also called St. James of Cum- po#(ff/a ), a Spanish order ul'ii I cat antiquity, asserted to have been approved by tlu- Pope in 1175, and still existing. In the middle ages this order had great military power, and administered a large income. The badge is a cross in red enamel, atfecling the form of a sword, and bearing a scal- lop shell attlic junction of tbearms. Tlieribbon is red.— Order of St. Lazarus, an order which had its origin in tlie Uoly Land, and was afterward transplanted into France, where "it retained independent existence until, under Ilcm-y IV., it was in a measure replaced by the Order of "ir Lady of Mount Carmel. It disappeared during the v..lution.— Order of St. Louis, a t'rcnch order founded Louis XIV. in lU'ja for military service, and conllnned Louis XV. in 1719. After the restoration of the Lour- 118 in 1814 this order was reinstated. No knights have .11 created since 1830. The badge is a cross of eight i^nints, having in the central medallion a figure of Louis .\ I v., robed and crowned, and holdiii'.,' in his liands wreaths i.( honor ; there is a gold llcnr de-lis between every two arms. The ribbon is ttame-eobucd. — Order Of St. Michael a French order instituted liy Louis XI. in ]4C:», and modified by Henry III. and Louis .\IV. Since 1830 it has not been conferred. The badge is a cross of eight points with lleurs-de-lis between the arms, and in the cen- lial medallion a figure of the archangel Michael tram- Iiliiig on the dragon. The ribbon is black.— Order Of St Michael and St. George, a British order instituted in IsH, originally tor natives of the Ionian and Maltese isl- [oids and for other British subjects in the .Mc.litcri.incan. It has since been greatly extended.— Order of St. Pat- rlclt an order of kiiightho.jil instituted liy clcorgc HI. of I'.ugland in 1783. It consists of the sovereign, the lord li.uteuaiit of Irelaml, and twenty- two knights.— Order of SS. Cosmo and Damian, a religious order in Pales- tine in the middle ages, cs|K-cially charged with the care ..( pilgrims.— Order of St. Stanislaus, a Polish order dating from 17r.r., and adopted by the czars of Russia.— Order of the Annunciation. (") The liiglu-st order of knighthood (O/v/i ».•»«///-■ //"'(W'.l'i'i ""•'"'") of the ducal house of .Sa\oy, now tlie royal house of Italy, dating un- der its present name from l-'ilB, when it superseded the Order of the ('(dlar, said to have been founded by Count Amadeus VI. of Savoy in 13(12, but probably older. The medal of the order bears a rcjirescntation of the annunci- ation ; its collar is decorateil with alternate golden knots and enameled roses, the latter hearing the letters F E B T, making the Latin word/crt ( bo bears'), an ancient motto of the bouse of Savoy, but variously otherwise inter- preted. The king is the grand master of the order. (6) An order of nuns, founded about l.'ioo at llourgea, France, by Queen Jeanne of Valois after her divorce from Louis .XII. (c) An order of nuns, foundeil alioiit imM at (ienoa, Italy, by Maria Vlttoria Fornari. Order of the Bath, an order aupnosed to have been instituted at the coronation of Henry IV. of England in 13IBI. It received this name tioin the fact that the candidates for the honor were put into a bath the preceding evening to denote a purillentioii or absolution from all former stain, and that tliey were now to begin a new life. The present Order of the llath. however, was instituted by Ueorge I. in 172.% as a niiliUiry order, consisting, exclusive of tho sovereign, of a grand master and thirty-six companions. In ISUi the order was ?reatly extendeil. and in 1847 it was opened to civilians t is now composed of three classes, viz. : military and civil knights graiiil crosses, O. C. B.; knights command- ers, K. C. B.; and knights companions, C, B. The budge is a golden Maltese cross of eight points, with the lion of England in the four principal angles, and having in a cir- cle in the center the rose, thistle, anfl shamrock (repre- senting respectively England, Scotland, and Ireland) be- tween three Imperial crowns; motto, "Triajuncta In uno." 761 Stars are also worn by the first two classes. That of the knights grand crosses is of silver, with eight points of rays wavy, on which is a gold cross tjearing three crowns, en- circled by a riljbon displaying the motto of the order, while beneath the scroll is inscribed Icit dieii ('I serve'), the motto of the Prince of Wales. The star of the kniglits coiniiKUidds dilfei-s chiefly in lacking the wavy rays.— Order of the Bear, an order of knights instituted by tin- eiiipi-nii Frederick II., and having its center at the abbey of St. Gall, in Switzerland. It ceased to exist when St, (iall became indeiiendeut of the house of Austria.- Order of the Black Eagle, a Prussian order founded by Frederick I. in 1701. The number of kniglits is limited to 30, exclusive of the princes of the blood royal, and all must be of unquestioned noliility. The badge is a cross of eight point.s, having in the center a circle with the mono- gram FR (for /•'rc(/cro7.- ]!'X). the four arms are enameled red, with the eagle of Prussia in black enamel between each two arms. The ribbon is orange, but on occasionsof cere- mony the badge is worn pendent to a collar consisting alter- nately of black eagles holding tlinnilcrbolt sand medallions liearing the same monogram as the badge and al-so the motto "Suum cuiqne." — Order of the Burgundian Cross, an order founiled by the emperor lliarlcs \'., which did not survive. — OrderoftheChrysanthemum, an or- der b.nnded by the Mikad.M.f.iapaiiinis7';.— Order of the ConceptiOn,'anoldcr biundcd in the irth century by some of the nobles of the lloly Koiiian Empire, and common to Germany and Italy.— Order of the Cordon Jaune, a French order for Protestant and Roman t'atholic knights, founded in the Hit h century by the Duke of Nevers for the jjrotection of widows and ..rphans. It is now extinct.— Order Of the Crescent, a Tuikish order instituted in 1799, and awarded only for distinguislied bravery in the nav,al or military service. It was atiolished in 1S51. An order of the crescent was founded by Charles of Anjou in Sicily in rZOS, but had a short existence. Rene the (jood, of Anjou, count of Provence and titular king of -Naples, founded another short-lived order of the cr<-scent in the 16tli cen- tury.— Order of the Crown, ilie title of several honorary orders founded by sovereigns in the loth century, each in- cluding as part of its name that of the conntrj- to which it belongs, (d) Tlie Order of tlie Cmirni'/ ISarnriil .li'\ini\i:d by King Maximilian 1. Joseph in ISoS. It is granted to per- sons who have attained distinction in the civil service of the state, (h) The Jmiterial Order o.f tlie Crown of India. foundetl in 1S78 for women, at the time of the assumption by ijueen Victoria of the title Empress of India. It in- cludes a number of Indian women of the highest rank. (c) TheOrderaftheCrowno.f Italy, ionniXei. by King Victor Emmanuel in 1868. W) The Order of the Crown of I'russi^^ . founded by King William I. on his coronation in 1801. (<■) The Order of tlie Crown o.f Ilumania, founded by King diaries on assuming the royal title in 18S1. (.0 The Or- der of Vie Crown o.f Saxonij. founded by King Frederick Augustus in 1807, soon after his assumption of the kingly title. It is of but one class, and limited to persons of high rank. ((/)rA(;Or(iero^(/ie(.Vi.ir,M.r.s'/«»i, founded in 1869, (/.) The Ordi-rofihe Crown of 11 (-<(./«'» iv. founded by King W illiam I. in isiS. — Order of the Danebrog, the second in importance of the Danish orders of Knighthood, origi- nally instituted in 1219, revived in 1(171, regulated by royal statutes in 1693 and 1808, and several times inodiIici. Ordinance of 1784. An act of the" United States under the Confederation, passed April 23, 1784, for the temporary government of the >forthTrest Territory, which comprised tracts ceded to the United States bvthe several States. Ordinance of 1787. An aet"of Congress, passed in 1787. whieli secured to the >J'orthwest Terri- tory freedom from slavery, religious freedom, education, etc., and provided for its future subdivision 7C2 Ordinances, F. Ordonnances (or-do-nons'). Various legislative acts in French history. The most celebrated were the Ordinances of July, pro- claimed by Charles X. in July. iS3u. They took away the freedom of the press and made other arbitrary chantres, and were the cause of the revohition of July and the over- throw of the Bourbon monarchy. Ore (6'ra), Luis Geronimo de. Born at Gna- manga, Peru, about 1.5-15: died at Coneepeion, Chile, 1G28. A Franciscan prelate and author. He was professor of theology at Cuzco, commissary of his order in Florida, and bishop of Coneepeion from 1620. His works include " Descripcioii del Nuevo Orbe "(Lima, 1578), " Relacion de los mdrtires de Florida " (Madrid, 1605), a life of St. Francisco Solano, and devotional books in the , Indian languages of Peru. 6rebro(e're-bro). 1. Alaen of southern Sweden. Area. 3,alil square miles. Population (1893), 184,708. — 2. The capital of the laen of Ore- bro, situated on the Svartl, near Lake Hjel- mar, 98 miles west of Stockholm, it has been the seat of various diets : that of 15-10 declared the thi-one he- reditary, and that of 1810 elected Bernadotte crown prince. Two treaties were negotiated here in 1S12 — one between Englanil and Sweden, and the other between England and Russia. Population (1891), 14,67-t. Oregon (or'e-gon). [Named from the Oregn» River, now the Columbia. The name Oregon, sup- posed to be of Indian origin, occurs in Carver's "Travels" (1763) as the name of a " river of the "West which falls into the Pacific Ocean at the Straits of Anian."] One of the Western States of the United States of America, extendingfrom lat. 42° to 46° 15' N., and from long. 116° 40' to 124° 32' W. Capital, Salem; chief city, Port- land. It is bounded by Washington (partly separated by the Columbia) on the north, Idaho (partly separated by the Snake River) on the east, Xevada and California oii the south, and the Pacific Ocean on the west. It is traversed by the Coast Range, Cascade Mountains, and Blue lloun. tains : chief peaks in the State are Mounts Hood and Jef- ferson. It belongs largely to the valley of the Columbia and its chief tributaiy the Willamette: there is an in- land basin in the southeast. The chief agricultural pro- ducts are wheat and other cereals. The leadinf exports are wheat, flour, salmon, wool, and fruit. It has 33 coun- ties, sends 2 senators and 2 representatives to Con 2. The capital of the government of Orel, situ- ated at the junction of the Orlik with the Oka, about lat. 52° 57' N., long. 36° 7' E. it is an im- portant commercial and manufacturing center, and a lead- ing market for grain. Population (1890), 79,135. Orelhudos. See Orejones. Orelie Antoine (o-ra-le' on-twan') I. (de Tou- nens.) A French adventurer who was pro- claimed king of Araucania in 1861. He was ar- rested on Araucanian territory by the Chilean government in 1862. The arrest being pronounced illegal, ho was de- tained as a lunatic, but was shortly permitted to go to France, where he published " Or(51ie-Antoine Ii' , roi d' Arau- canie et Patagonie, et sa captirit^ en Chili " (1803). Hav- ing in the meantimereturned to Araucania, he was deposed during a second absence in France bv a certain Plauchut, whom be had left in Araucania as his deputy. O'Rell, Max. See Bhmet, Paul. Orellana (o-ral-yii'nii), Francisco de. Bom at Truxillo about 1490: died, probably in Vene- zuela, about 1346. A Spanish soldier, first ex- plorer of the Amazon. He was intimate mth the Pizarros in his youth ; went to Peru about 1635 ; and set- tled Guayaquil in 1537. In 1540-41 he served with Gon- zalo Pizarro's expedition to the Napo. (See Ci/i no mo;l,Z.an(2 0/.) Having been sent ahead with a brigantine and 60 soldiers to seek for provisions (probably in April. 1641) he arrived at the junction of the Xapo and Maranon. and, un. able or unwilling to return, continued on down the latter river. In the course of this voyage the Indians told him of a tribe of female warriors, or Amazons, and he claimed to have encountered them near the mouth of the Trom- bet,as: from this story the river derived its present name. Orellana reached the mouth of the Amazon late in 1641, went on to Trinidad, and thence to Spain. He received a grant to conquer the country discovered by him, and made an unsuccessful expedition to it in 1644. Orellana, River of. [From its discoverer, Fran- cisco de Orellana.] A name frequently given, in early books and maps, to the Amazon Eiver. It is stUl occasionally used. Orelli (6-rel'le), Johann Kaspar. Bom at Zu- rich, Switzerland, Feb. 13, 1787: died Jan. 6. 1849. A Swiss classical philologist, noted for his edi- tions of Horace, Cicero, and Tacitus. Ore (or) Mountains. See Er:gebirge. Orenburg (o'ren-borg). 1. A government in southeastern Russia, bordering on Asia, it is bounded by Siberia, the governments of Perm. Ufa, and Samara, Uralsk, and Turgai. The surface is partly moun- tainous (a continuation of the Urals) and partly steppe. Area, 73,816 square miles. PopiUation (1890), 1,372,800. 2. The capital of the government of Orenburg, situated on the Ural about lat. 51° 46' N., long. 55° 10' E. It is an important trading center. Population (1891), 62,534. Orense (6-ren'sa). 1. A pro-vinee in GaUcia, Spain. It is bounded by Portugal on the south, and on the other sides by the provinces Pontevedra, Lugo, Leon, and Zamora. The surface is mountainous. Area, 2,739 square miles. Population (1887). 405,074 Organon 2. The capital of the province of Orense, situ- Jd on the Minho in lat. 42° IS' N., long. 7° ated ^„ ^.,, . ^. . 50' W. The cathedral is of the 13th centurj', but retains many Romanesque features, as the very long transepts. The bridge over the Minho, built in 1230. has seven arches, four of them pointed, and rises in a steep grade from both ends to the middle. The grand central arch has a span of about l.">0 feet, and its crown is 1S6 feet above the river- bed. Population (1887). 14,168. Oresteia (6-res-te'ya). A trilogy by ^Esehvlus, founded on the history of the family of "Aga- memnon. It comprises the "Agamemnon," •• Choephorte," and " Eumenides." Orestes (6-res'tez). [Gr. 'OpioTti^.'] In Greek le- gend, the son of Agamemnon andClytemnestra, auil brother of Electra. Ue slew Clytemnestra and .igisthu.s, and was pursued by the Erinnyes. He was a lavorite subject of the Greek tragic poets. See Eltctra Orestes. A play of Euripides, exhibited in 409 B. C. In the looseness and carelessness of the metre in the crowding of incidents at the end of the plav. in the low tone of Its morality— they are all base, says the«choliist except Pylades, and yet even he advises a cold-blnojl-d mui-der for revenge's sake — there is no play of Euripides so disagreeable. On the other hand, for dramatic etfect as the same scholiast observes, there is none more strik' ing ; but this applies only to the opening scenes ilahaffy. Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., I. 301. Orestes. Killed 476 A. D. Regent of the West- em Empii'e in the reign of his son Romulus Augustulus (475-476). The army had revolted, and the commander in-chief an lUyrian named Orestes, had seized the reins of govern- ment. This Orestes had a strange history. About thutv years before the date of the events just mentioned Ids native countiy— the northern part of what is now cilled Croatia — had been given up by the Romans to the Hiius Orestes, who was then quite a young man, finding himself one of Attilas subjects, offered his services to the Hun- nish king, and seems to have acted as his secretary In this capacity he was in the year 448 sent on a mission from Attda to the eastern emperor, Theodosius IL . and we read of his being terriblyindignant because he wasnot regarded as a person of equal consequence with his fellow envoy Edica the Scirian. By what curious chances it came alxiut that the former secretary of Attila now found himself at the head of the Roman army, and master of the Roman state, history does not tell. Orestes did not choose to call himself emperor, thinking, perhaps, that it was safer for the wearer of the diadem and the real holder of power to be different persons. He contented himself with the title of Patrician, the same which had been borne by Kikiiner and by Aetius, and bestowed the imperial crown on his son a buy of f.iurteen, who was named Romulus after his ma^ tei nal grandfather. Bradley, Story of the Goths, p. 12& Orestes and Electra. 1. A group in marble, probably a late Greek original, in the Villa Lu- dovisi, Rome, a woman, already full-grown, rests her arm kindly on the shoulder of a handsome boy, who la speaking to her. 2. An interesting group of antique sculpture in the Museo Nazionale, Naples. Electra, dad in the long tunic, stands with her arm about her brother's neck. I'his work belongs to the school of Pasiteles, of the early empire. Oretani ( or-e-ta'nl). In ancient geography, a people in southern Spain, living in the Sierra Jlorena and neighboring regions. Oreus (6're-us), or Histiaea'(his-ti-e'a). [Gr. 'Qpedc, 'larlaia.] In ancient geogi'aphy, a city on the northwestern coast of Euboea, Greece, situated oi)posite Thessaly. Histia^a, afterwards called Oreus, was the most impor- tant town of northern Eubcea, and gave name to a consid- erable tract which has been already mentioned as His- tiieotis. It lay about midway in the northern coast of the island, at the western extremity of a broad plain, and by the side of a small river called the Callas. Its remains are found in this position, and still bear the name of Oreos. We learn from Theopompus that when Pericles conquered Euboea and expelled the Histia-ans, while they sought a refuge in Macedonia, 2,000 Athenian citizens"took their place, and colonised Oreus, which had before been a town- ship of HistiKa. Maulirison, Herod., IV. 277, note. Orfeo (or-fa'o). A dramatic pastoral bv Polizi- ano. produced in 1483. It was the first pastoral written in the language of the countiy to which dramatic action was given. Orfeo ed Euridice (or-fa'6 ed a-6-re'de-ehe) ( Orpheus and Eurydice ). An opera by Gl uck. Words by ('alsaljigi. produced at Vienna in 1762. In 1774 it was produced at Paris as "Orphee et Euridice." where it was very successful. The libretto was translated from the Italian by Moline. See Orpheus. Orfila (or-fe-lii'), Matthieu Joseph Bonaven- ture. Born at Mahon, Balearic Islands, April 24, 1787 : died at Paris, March 12, 1853. A French physician and chemist, noted as a writer on toxicology and medical jurisprudence. Among his writings are " Toxicologic gto^rale" (1815), "Traitide m^decine legale" (1847), etc. Orford (or'ford). A town in the county of Suf- folk, England, situated near the North Sea 17 miles east-northeast of Ipswich. Population (1891), 7.34.5. Orfor(i, Earls of. See Sussell and Wa!pole. Organic Statute. A Russian edict of 1832. by which Poland lost its constitution. Organ (or'giin) Mountains, Pg. Serra dos Or- gaOS. A group of mountains of the Brazilian coast range, at the head of the Bay of Rio de •Janeiro. They attain the height of 7,325 feet, and are re- markable for their strange forms. One peak, c.nlled the Dedo de Deos (■ Fii iger of God ), appears from the bay like a finger pointing upw.ard. Organon (or'g.a-non). [Gr. opyavov, an instru- ment, organ.] The logical treatises of Aristotle. The name was originally applied to the logical theory of demonstration, and then by the Peripatetics to the whole of logic, especially to the topics of Aristotle or the rules for probable reasoning, as being only an instrument or aid to philosophy, «nd not meriting the higher place of a part of philosophy claimed for it by the Stoics and most of the Academics. Orgetorix OrgetoriX f 6r-jet'o-riks). A Helvetian conspira- tor slioi-tly before the time of Cajsar's war with the Helvetians in 58 B. c. Orgon (oi'-Koii'). A ereiiulous dupe in Moli6re's "Taitufe." Ho has an imbecile infatuation for the h>-poeritical Tartufe. Oria (6're-ii). A town in the province of Lecee, Apulia, Italy, 20 miles southwest of Brindisi. Population (1881), 7,705. Oriana (o-ri-au'ii). 1. The legendary mistress of Arnadis do Giinl, daughter of Lisu'arte, king of England. Queen Elizabeth is frequently called "the peerless Oriana" in the adulatory poems of her time. 2. The principal character in Flctc heir's comedy "The Wild Ciooso Chase," and in Farqnhar's comedy " The Inconstant," which is praetieally the same. She is betrothed to the evasive Mirabel (the "wild goose"), and finally brings him to reason and marries bim. 3. A character in Beaumont and Fletcher's play "The Woman-hater": a teasing, torment- ing, brilliant woman. — 4. A ballad by Tenny- son, published in 18:!0. Oriana, The Triumphs of. A collection of mai 1- rigals in honor of yueon Elizabeth, compiled and published by Thomas Morley in 1001. Oribe (6-re'ba), Manuel. Bom about 1802: died at Monte\ndeo, Nov., 1857. An Uruguayan gen- eral and politician. He was minister of war mider Rivera 1833-.35, and succeeded him as president for four years, March 1, 1835. In 1836 Rivera, at the head of the Colorados party, revolted, and eventually (Oct., ia3S) took * Montevideo. Oribe then joined with the dictator Rosas in a scheme for uniting Urufiuay with Buenos Ayres. Rosas furnished liim with troops, and from 1842 to 1851 he held possession of much of Uruguay and besieged Montevideo at intervals : this period is known as the Nine Years* Siege ("Sitio de Nueve Ai^os"). Eventually Brazil and Entre Kios interfered, and Oribe capitulated to Urcjuiza in Oct., 185L He led a revolt in Sept., 1855. Oriel (o'ri-el) College. A college of Oxford Univei-sity, founded liy Adamde Brome and Ed- ward II. in 1320 (see the extract). The existing buildings date in greater part from the early 17th centurj-. Though the parts areincongruons, the whole is picturesque. On one side of the quadranglethere isafine rangeof win- dows with medieval tracery. Oriel College, the fifth in antiquity of the colleges that now remain at Oxford, dates its legal existence from the year 1326, although it actually took its origin two years earlier. It was in 1324 that Edward II. gave formal per- mission to his almoner, Adam de Brome, to acquire land for the purpose of founding a college which should be styled "the House of the Scholars of St. Mary at <)xforii." In accordance with the temis of the royal licence, Adam de Brome bought of Roger Marshall, rector of Tackley, a buihling known as Tatkley's Inn, situated on the south side of the High Street of Oxford, and there ho seems to have established his scholars, one of them, set over the rest, being designated the Rector. He also bought for their benefit a house called La Perilos Hall, which stood on the eastern side of Durham College, in the northt-rti suburb. Before long, however, he resolved to place his college under more powerful protection than his own, and with that ob- ject surrendered it into the hands of his royal master. Edward II. was, by a transparent fiction, made to appear the founder of an institution of which in i)oint of fact ho wasmerelythe foster-father. On the2Istof Jatnuiry, 1320, he issued a fonnal charter of foundation and a code of statutes, both, no doubt, drawn up by his almoner, who caused himself to be appointed the oflicial head of the Col- lege, with the title of Pncpositus, or Provost. hyte, Oxford, p. 141. Orient (6'ri-ent), The. [From L. oricn.i, rising (sc. of the sun).] The East; eastern countries ; 8pecificall.v,the regions to thoeastandsoutheast of the leading states of Europe : a vague term, including Asiatic Turkey, Persia, India, Egypt, etc. Origen (or'i-,i(Mi), L. Origenes (6-rij'e-nez) (sur- uamed Adamantius). [< ir. 'ii/jiyturic 'Ada/iavTC- i«C.] Bom probably at Alexandria, 185 or 186 A. D. : died at Tyre, probably 253. One of the Greek fathers of tlio church. He was educated at Alexandria, and was head of the celebrated catechetitrul school in that city from about 211 luitil 231 or 232, when for obscure reasons he was degraded by the synoil from the condition of a presbyter to that of a layman. He afterwanl founded a school at Cicsarca. Ue was linpris(ined in the Decian persecution in 250. lie w.is an extremely prolific author, and wrote on a great variety of subjects pertaining to theidogy. Among his works are a vahniblc recension of the Old Testament, entitled *' Hcxapla,"frngmctd8of which have been preserved; and a defense of Christianity against the Epicurean philosopher Cclsus. OrigenistS (or'i-jen-ists). 1. The followers of Ong( 11 of Alexandria; those wlio held or pro- fessed to hold the doclrincs held by or attrib- uted to Origon. — 2. Tlio members of a sect mentioned by Epiphanius ns followers of some unknown person named < irigcii. He attributes .shameful vices to tliein, but supplies no further infitetl. The nrlnclpiil island Is Main- land ; surface generally low (hilly in Hoy ami parts of Mainland); chief otx'tipatlons, agriculture ami fisheries. Tile ancient Inhabitants were I'lcts: they were Christian- ized by Irish missionaries. The Islands were actiuired liy the Northmen In the 8lli and 9tli centuries, and ruleil Ity jarls. In 12;il they passed to Iho Earls of .Vngtis, etc., anil In 1108 to the .seiUtKh crown. Iienmark renounced Its claims of Rovereigttty In IfiDO. Area, 37tl square miles. Population (181)1X 30,403. Orleans, Hel^ne Louise Elisabeth d' Orlando (6r-Ian'd6). 1. The Italian form of 7i'o/<(H(/(which see). — 2. In .Sliakspere's comedy "As you Like it," the younger brother of Oliver, and lover of Kosalind. Orlando Furioso (or-lUu'do fo-re-6'so). [It., ' Orlando Mad.'] A metrical rrmiauce bvAriosto, 40 cantos of which were published iii 1515, to which he added 5 more before his death in 1533. Sir .John llarington's translation was published in 1591. It is a continuation of lioiardos "Orlando Innamoralo," but it begins ;it a point before the end of Boiardo's work. Or- lando's mailness is occasioned by the falseness of Angelicx Orlando Furioso, The History of. A plav by Robert Greene, produced piobably about 1588- l.)8i). It was revived in 1.'.92, printed in 1594. Greene makes Orlando marry .Angelica. Orlando InnamoratO (en-nii-mo-ra'to). [' Or- lando Enamoured.'] A metrical romance by Boiardo, on the love of Orlando or Roland for Angelica. Tliehero, however, is reallyRogero. Boiardo left it unfinished in 1494, and Ariosto wrote his "Orlando Furioso" as its sequel. Boiardo's poem was remodeled in a lively style by liemi. Orl6anais (or-la-ii-ntX'). An ancient govern- miiit of France. Capital, Orleans. It was bounded by I le-de- France on the north, Champagne anil Burgundy on the east, Nivernaison the southeast, Herrjon the south, and Touraine on the west. It comprised, bes"ides Orl(?anai8 proper, Gatinais, Beauce, and Sologne. It correspitmied mainly to the departments of Loiret, Loir-et-Cher, Eure-et- Loir, and parts of Seine-et-Oise, Indre-et-Loire, Nievre, Cher, and Sarthe. Orleanists (6r'le-an-ists). In French politics, the adherents of the princes of the Orleans family. Tlie family is descended from a younger brother of Louis XIV., and has furnished one sovereign, Louis Philil)l)e (who reigned 1830-48). Orleans (or-la-oii'), Eng. Orleans (or'lf-anz). [Formerly also Orlcuiiiicc, JIE. Orleaiix, Or- leaiiiis, O'rliaiins, OF. Orleans, Orlians, LL. .-1k- rcliaii i, or A iirclianensis, Aurelian's (city).] The capital of the department of Loiret, France, sit- uated on the Loire in lat. 47° ,54' N.,long. 1° .54' E.: the medieval Aureliani, and probably the an- cient Oenabum. it has important commerce in wool, w-ines, grain, timber, oil, etc., and manufactures of blankets, hosiery, worsted, vinegar, etc. The cathedral is a building of great size, rebuilt by Henry IV. (liegun in 1601) in as close an approximation as possible to the architecture of the original Pointed cathedral destroyed by the Huguenots. The facade, with its 6 portals and 2 lofty towers, is of gingerbread work ; but much of the chevet and apsldal chapels belongs to the earlier church, and is verv fine. The live-aisled interior is 485 feet long, and the nave 100 high. Orl(?ans was a town of the Canintes. It was de- stroyed by Cajsar, but was rebuilt by Aurclian. occupying an important militarj' position. It was unsticeessfully besieged by Attila in 461 ; was a leading town from the Jlerovingian times; and was the chief place of Orteanais. The famous siege of it commenced by tile English Oct. 12, 1428, was raised in May, 1429, in consetiuence of the as- saults of the relicAing forces under Joan of Arc (see the extract). ItwasaHugnenotcenterabout 1563. Avietory of the Germans over the French. Oct. 11, 1S70, was acconi- panleil by the capture of the city. The VYench retook It in Nov.; but in the severe fighting of Dec. 2-4 they were worsted, and the Germans again occupied it. Pupiilatlou (19(11), 67,.5:)9. The Loire, flowing first norlhwarils, then westwanls, prot-ects, by its broad sickle of waters, this portion of Gaul, and the Loire itself is commandeil at its most northeily polntbythatcity which, known In Ciesar'sdayasGenabuin, had taken the name ,\urellani from the great Empenir, the conqueror of Zenobia, and is now called Orl(^ans. Three times has Aureliani played an cniinent part In the history of Gaul. There broke out the great insurrection of B. 0. 62 against the victorious Ciesar; there Atlila's host. In A. D. 461, received their first repulse; and there in I42fl, the maid of Domremy, by forcing the Duke of Bedford to rai-^o the siege, wrested from the English Flantageuets their last chance of ruling In France. llinlijhin, Italy and her Invaders, II. 1.12. Orleans, Charles, Due d'. Born May 26, 1301 : dieil .Ian. 4, 1465. A French poet, son of Louis, due irOrli'tins. He w.aa taken prisni'iqu:dt to \'llhiti, and engnging with them in pitctictd lotitiianicnts). were the inosi pnv diictive. Ills undouliteil wi>rk is ni>t large, but the pieces which compose it are among the best of their kind. Sainlttbun/, French Lit., p. 105. Orldans, Ferdinand Philippe Louis Charles Henri, l>ued'. I'.ornni I'lilermo, Sopt. 3, ISjO: died near Paris, .July 13, 1.S42. Eldest son of Louis Pliilip]ie, king of the French. Ho served in the camiwigns in .Mgcria. Orl6ans, H616ne Lotilse Elisabeth, Duchesse d'. Born :H l.mlwigslust. .Miekloiibiirg, 1814: died at Kichtnonil, Knglaiid. 1.><.5S. A princessof Mccklenbuig, wife of the Due d'Orli'ans (islf>- 1842). Orleans, House of Orleans, House of. In French history, at vari- ous times since the 14th century, a younger branch of the reigning family, holding the duchy of Orleans as an appanage: particularly the family of the younger brother of Louis XIV., Philip, whose descendants and adherents have been called Orleanists. Orleans (6r'le-anz), Isle of. An island in the St. Lawrence, northeast of Quebec. Length, 20 miles. Orleans (or-la-on' ). Jean Baptiste Gaston.Duc d". Bom April 25, 1608 : died Feb. 2, 1660. A younger son of Henry IV. He is noted chiefly forhis intrigues against Richelieu and Mazaria in the reigns of I/^uis XIIL and Louis XIV. He was created duke of Or- le;ins in 1627. Orleans, Louis, Due d'. Bom 1371: killed at Paris, Xov. 23. 1407. Younger brother of Charles VI. He was created dulic of Orleans in 1392. In the same year his brother became deranged, and he assumed the regency in opposition to the Duke of Burgundy. He was assassinated by Jean Sans Peur, duke of Burgundy, in 1407, and his death was the signal for the civil war between Bunrundians and Arraagnacs or supporters of Orleans. Orleans, Louis PhiUppe, Due d'. See Louis Phi- lippe, King of the French. Orleans, Louis Philippe Joseph, Due d'. Bom at St. -Cloud, France, April 13, 1747: guillotined at Paris. Nov. 6, 1793. Great-grandson of Phi- lippe d'Orleans (1674— 1723). He was a member of the Constituent Assembly I7S9-91, and was a Montagnard dep- uty to the Convention 1792-93. , He renounced his title, as- sumed the name of Philippe Egalite, and voted for the death of the king. He was executed on the accession of the Jacobins to power in the Convention. Orleans, Maid of. See Joan of Arc. Orleans, Philippe, Due d". Boi-u Sept. 21, 1640 : died June 9. 1701. The younger brother of Louis XIV. He became duke of Orleans in 1660, and is the ancestor of the present house of Orleans. Orleans, Philippe, Due d'. Bom at St. -Cloud, France, Aug.. 1674: died at Paris, Dec, 1723. The son of Philippe d'Orl^ans (1&10-1701). He distinguished himself as a general, and was regent of France 1715-23. and prime minister in 1723. Orleans Madonna, The. A small but beauti- ful paintiug of the Virgin and Child, on wood, at the Chateau de Chantilly, France. The virgin has the circular nimbus, and in the background appear earthenware vessels and a flask. Orloff (or-lof ' ), Alexei. Bom 1737 : died 1S08. A Russian admiral, brother of Grigori Orloff. He took part in the conspiracy which raised Catharine II. to the throne, and strangled the czar Peter III. with his own hands (1762X Hegainedthenaval victory of Tchesme over the Turks in 1770. Orloff, Prince Alexei. Bom 17S7: died at St. Petersburg, May 21, 1861. A Russian general and diplomatist. He negotiated the peace of Adria- nople in 1S29, and that of Hunkiar-Skelessi in 1833 ; and represented Russia at the Congress of Paris in 1S56. Orloff, Count Grigori. Born Oct. 17, 1734 : died at Moscow, -\.pril 24, 1783. A Eussian general and politician. He served in the Seven Years' War, and participated in the conspiracy which raised Catharine II. to the throne in 17C2. He afterward became Catharine's paramour. Orloff Diamond, The. -A. famous gem, the chief ornament of theRussianimperial scepter: some- times eaUed the scepterdiamond. It was purchased at Amsterdam by Count Grigori Orloff, and was given by him to Catharine IL It weighs 193 carats. Also Koh-i-Tur. Onn. See Ormulum. Ormazd (or'mazd), or Onnuzd (or'muzd). See Aliura Ma:da. Orme (6rm), Robert. Bom at Anjengo, Tra- vaucore, India, June, 1728: died at Great Eal- ing, near London, Jan. 13, ISOl. An English historian of India, son of Alexander Orme, sur- geon in Anjengo. Hewas educated at Harrow, and in 1743 entered the East India Company's service at Calcutta. He was intimately associated with Lord Clive, succeeded Lord Pigot as governor of Madras. and was commissar>'-gen- eral from 1757 to 1739. In 1759 he returned to London, and between 1763 and 1778 published a "History of the Milit.ary Transactions of the British Nation in Indostan from 1745." Orme's Head (ormz hed). Great, and Onne's Head, Little. Two promontories in Carnarvon- shire, North Wales, which project into the Irish Sea about 35 miles west of Liverpool. Onnin. See Ormulum. Ormonde (or'mond). The former name of East Muuster (Tipperary), Ireland. Ormonde, A bay thoroughbred horse foaled in 1SS3. In 1886 he won the Derby, St. Leger, and Two Thou- sand Guineas. He became a roarer, and was sent to Buenos Ayres. In 1892 he was bought by Mr. McDonougb of Cali- fornia for $150,000, the largest price ever paid for a single animal. Ormonde is considered the greatest racer ever bred ill England. Ormonde, Dukes and Earls of. See Butler. OrmskirK (onnz'kerk). A town in Lancashire. Eiit'land, 12 miles north-northeast of Liverpool. Population (1891). 6,298. Ormulum (6r'my-lum). A series of metrical 764 homilies on the New Testament, with para- phrases, composed by Orm or Ormin in the first part of the 13tli century. He was an Augustinian canon, and it is :xssumed that he lived in Lincolnshire or Xottinghamshire, but there are arguments in favor of Ormskirk in Lancashire. Orm had a phonetic system of his own, distinguishing the short vowels by doubling the following consonant. The Ormulum was first edited from the ilS. by Robert Meadows vrhite in 1852. The intention of his work corresponded to that of the Scripture Paraphi-ase of Caedmon, although it differed much in plan and execution. His work is called, from his own name, the Onnulum. "This boc iss nemmned Orrmuliun Forrthi that tirm itt wrohhte." But though the author there, for a purpose, calls himseU Orm, he says elsewhere that he was named Ormin. There remains only a portion of the work, and it is in a single MS. which forms a folio volume in the Junian collection, now preserved in the Bodleian. Morley, English Writers, III. 232. 0rmus(6r'mus), orHormuzChor'muz). Anan- eient and meiUeval city situated on the south- ern coast of Persia at the entrance of the Persian Gulf. It was removed to a neighboring island in the Strait of Ormus about 1300 ; became an emporium of commerce and noted for its wealth ; became dependent on Portugal in 1514 ; and in 1622 was taken by the Shah of Persia, as- sisted by the English. It is now in ruins. Milton cele- brates "the wealth of Onniis and of Ind " ("Paradise Lost," it 2). Onnuzd. See Ahura Masda. Ome ^om). A river in northern France which flows into the English Channel 10 miles north- east of Caen. Length, about 100 miles. Ome. -^ department in northern Franee.f ormed from part of the ancient Normandy. Capital. Alen9on. it is twunded by Calvados on the north, Eure on the northeast, Eurc-et-Loir on the east, Sarthe and Ma- yenne on the south, and Manche on the west. The sur- face is generally hilly. Horses and other live stock are bred. Area, 2.354 square miles. Population (1891), 354,3S7. Oromo (o-ro'mo). See Galla. Oronsay (6'ron-sa1. A small island of Scotland, immediately south of Colonsay. Oronte (6-r6ht'). A fop in Moliere's "Le mis- anthrope." He has written a sonnet in a quar- ter of an hour, and seeks applause. Orontes (6-ron'tez). [Gr. 'Opuvrrjg.'] The chief river in northern Syria : the modern Nahr-el- Asi. It rises between Lebanon and .\nti-Libanus, flows past Antioch, and empties into the Mediterranean about lat. 36' 5' X. Length, aboat260 miles. Orontes (motmtain). See Ehrend. Oroomiah. See Vrumiah. Oroonoko (6^ro-n6'k6). A tragedy by South- erne, founded on Mrs. Behn's novel: lirst acted in 1696, Oroonoko, the principal character, is a real per- son, and is represented as an accomplished black prince, made a slave, and paj-ing a fearful penalty for his marriage with Imoinda. The phrase '*Pity 's akin to love," which is found in this play, has passed into a proverb. Oroonoko, or the Royal Slave. -A. novel by Mrs. Aphva Behn, published about 1658: found- ed on facts which became known to her while residing at Surinam, of which her father was governor. Or opus (o-ro'pus). [Gr. '2pu-of.] In ancient geography, a seaport in Attica, Greece, bor- dering on Boeotia, situated on the Euripus 23 miles north of Athens. Near it was the oracle of Amphiaraus. Oroshaza (6'r6sh-ha-zo). Atowninthe county of Bekes, Hungary, 31 triiles northeast of Szege- din. Population (1890), 19,956. Orosius (d-ro'si-us), Paulus. Bom in Spain (probably at Tarragona) : lived in the tirst part of the 5th century A. D. A Latin historian and theologian. He wrote an epitome of history directed against the pagans: "Historiarum libri vii adversus paga- nos " (translated into Anglo-Saxon by Alfred the Great). Paulus Orosius, a native of Tarragona in Spain, and a friendof Augustine, wrote his Seven Books of "Histories" about the year 417, while he was still a young man (■ religi- osus juvenis "), at the request of the Bishop of Hippo. They were to form a history of the world from the Deluge down to his own time (the last entry relates to the year 417X and the object of the book was to show that bloodshed, oppres- sion, and misery had ever been the staple of human his- tory, and that "Christian times" were unjustly blamed for the woes which the barbarians were then inflicting on the empire. . . . Vague, passionate, and declamatorj", Orosius represents only the narrow prejudices of an ortho- dox provincial of the empire in his judgments concerning the men and the events of that mighty crisis. Hodgkin, Italy and her Invaders, I. 245. Orota'va (6-r6-ta'va). -A. toivn near the north- em coast of Teneriffe, Canarv Islands. Popu- lation (1887), 8,876. Orozco y Berra (6-r6th'k6 e ber'ra\ Manuel. Bom at Mexico, June 8, 1816: died there, Jan. 27, 1881. A Mexican publicist and author. He was a lawyer : was appointed director of the national ar- chives in 1S52 ; and held important posts under Juarez. Sub- sequently he accepted otfice under ilaximilian, and on the return of Juarez in 1867 was imprisoned for a short time. His works include "Geografia de las lengnas y carta etno- Orta grAflco de Mexico " (1864), and various works on Mexicao history and geography. He edited the Mexican supple- ment of the " Dicciouario universal de historia y geo- grafia. " Orphan, The, or the Unhappy Marriage. A tragedy by Otway, produced in 1680. See Mo- nimia. Orphee aux Enfers (or-fa' 6 zan-far'). [P., ' (Jrpheus in Hell.'] An opera bouile by Offen- bach, produced at Paris in 1858. Orphee et Euridice. See Orfeo ed Euridice. Orpheon (or-fa-6n'). A general French name for a singing society, or a combination of such societies. An institution which in 1867 numbered in France alone 3,243 choral societies, with 147,5t.io effective members, and which still (l&SO) comprises 1.500 Orphans and 60,000 Orpheonists, naturally required organs of its own, espe- cially for the ventUation of topics connected with the " con- cours" and festivals. The most important of these are "La France chorale," "L'Echo des Orph^ons," "La noa- velle France chorale," and "L'Urpheon." Grace, DicL of Music, etc., IL 612. Orpheus (or'fus). [Gr. 'Op^ifif.] In Greek le- gend, the son of Apollo, or of a Thracian river- ' god, and husband of Eurydice. He had the power of charming all animate and inanimate objects with his sweet lyre ; descended living into Hades to bring back to life Eurydice; and perished, torn to pieces by infuriated Thracian mfenade. See Eurydice. The earliest poet, in Greek legend, is Orpheus. The name of this mythical person is the Greek form of the In- dian Ribhu. The Ribhus flgure in the Indian hymns aa great artificers, the first mortals who were raised to the gods. Jebb, Greek Lit., p. 18. Orpheus and Eurydice. See Orfeo ed Euridice. Orpheus C. Kerr ("Office-seeker"). The psen- i!oii_\-m of Robert Henry Newell. OrpHeuB, Eurydice, and Hermes. A replica of an Attic high relief of the school of Phidias, in the Museo Nazionale, Naples. The group is shown just at the moment when Orpheus, having looked back, must lose his wife forever. It is full of the charm and high ideal quality of the best Gree's work. Orr (or), James La'wrence. Bom at Crayton- ville, S. C, May 12, 1822: died at St, Peters- burg, May 5, 1873. An American politician. He was a member of Congress from South Carolina 1S4^ 1859 ; speaker of the House 1857-59 ; Confederate senator 1862-65 ; governor of South Carolina 1865-68 ; and Cnited States minister to Russia 1873. Orrery, Earls of. See Boyle. Orrhoene. See Osrhoene. Orsay (or-sa'), Comte Alfred Guillaume Ga- briel d*. Born at Paris about 1,98: died at Paris, -\ug. 4, 1852. A leader of society in Pa- ris and London, and amateur of the fine arts. He is noted for his intimacy with the Countess of Blessing- ton, In 1827 he married Lady Harriet Gardiner, daughter of Lord Blessington by his first wife. She soon left him, and Lady Blessington, who was then a widow, took up her abode with him. Their house was the resort of a bril- liant literary and fashionable societj*. On his bankruptcy in 1S49, they returned to Paris, where the countess died in a few weeks. Orsinl (or-se''ne). A Roman princely family, formerlv powerful in Rome and elsewhere in Italy. Orsini, Felice. Bom at Meldola, Forii. Italv, 1819: executed at Paris. March 13. 1858. An Italian patriot and revolutionist. He attempted, with others, to assassinate Napoleon m. by explodLing bombs Jan. 14, 1S5S. Pieri was executed with him. Orsino (6r-se'n6). A character in Shakspere's play •• Twelfth Night," the Duke of Illyria. He loves Olivia, who discourages him. He finally marries Viola, who secretly loves him and has served him as a page. Orsk (orsk). A town in the government of Orenburg, eastern Russia, situated on the Ural about 150 miles east-southeast of Orenburg. Population (1891), 18,067. Orson. See Valentine and Orson. 0rS0Ta(or'sh6-vo),01d,and0rS0Ta,Ne'W. Two ■villages in Hungary, situated at the Iron Gates of the Danube, near the Rumanian and Servian frontiers. New Orsova was a Turkish fortress imtU 1878. Orsted, or Oersted (er'sted), Anders Sandoe. Bom at Rudkjobing, Denmark, Dec. 21, 1778: died May 1, 1860. A noted Danish statesman, jurist, and author: brother of H. C. Orsted. He was premier 1S53-.54. Orsted, Hans Christian. Bom at Rudkjobing, Denmark, Aug. 14, 1777; died March 9. 1851. A Danish physicist, professor at Copenhagen, es- pecially celebrated for his discovery of electro- magnetism in 1819. He published " Aanden i Naturen" ('• Spirit in Nature," 1850). etc. Orsua, Pedxo de. See Ursua. Orta (or'ta). A small town in the province of Novara. northern Italy, situated on the Lake of Orta 27 miles north-nortJiwest of Novara. Orta, Lake of Orta, Lake of, or Lago Cusio (la'po k6'ze-6). A small lake in the proviiioe of Noviira, north- ern Italy, 6 miles west of Lago Maggiore. Length, 7+ miles. Ortegal (6r'te-gal; Sp. pron. or-tii-gal'), Cape. A cape at the northwestern extremity of Spain. Ortel (er'tel), Philipp Friedrich Wilhelm: pseu'loiiym W. 0. VOn Horn. Bom at Horn, I near Simmern, Prussia. Aug. 15. 1798: died at I Wiesbaden, Prussia, Oct. 14, 1867. A German I writer of popular stories. ' Ortelius (6r-te'li-us) (Latinized from Oertel or Ortell), Abraham. Born at Antwerp,, 1527: died at Antwerp, l.'iOS. A Flemish geographer. He pulilishfd an atlas, 'Theatrum orliis terranim " (1570), etc. Ho came to ICni^land in l.'.T". and it was liia encour- agement and solicitation that induced Camden Xo produce his " Britiiniiia." Ortenau(or'te-nou). A region in central Baden, lying east of the Rhine, west of the Black For- est, and north of the Brcisgau. Orth (orth), GrOdlove Stqner. Born near Leb- anon, Pa., April 22, ISl/ : died at Lafayette, Ind., Dee. 10, 1SS2. An American politician. He wjis member of Congresa from Indiana 180:^-71, 1S73- 1875, and 1879-82, and United States minister to Austria 1875-77. Orthez (or-taz'). A town in the department of Basses-Pyrenees, Franco, situated on the Gave de Pau 2.T miles northwest of Pan. it was the an- cient capital of B^arn. Later it was a Protestant center. Kear it, Feb. 27, 1814, the Enjlish and Spanish forces un- der Wellington defeated the lYench under Soult Popu- lation (1891X commune, 6,210. Ortler (ort'ler), or Ortler Spitze (ort'ler spit'- se). The highest mountain in the Austrian em- pire, situated in the western part of TjtoI. near the Italian frontier, 40 miles northwest of Trent. It is the higiiest mountain of the eastern Alps, and was formerly supposed to be the Wghest peak in Europe. Height, 12,810 feet. Ortler Alps. A group of the Alps including the Ortler. It. foi-ms the watershed of the Adige, Adda, and Oglio basins. Orton (ur'ton), Arthur. Died at London, April 1. IsyS'. See Ticliliorne. Orton, James. Born at Seneca Falls, N. Y., April 21, 1830: died on Lake Titicaea, Peru, Sept. 2.5, 1877. An American Congregational clergjTuan, naturalist, and traveler. He was ap- pointed professor of naturjU sciences at Rochester Univer- sity in 186*1, and professor of natural history at Vassar Col- lege in 1869. In 1867 and 1873 he conducted expeditions to South America, crossing the Andes and descending the Amazon. In 1876 he undertook the e.vploration of the river Beni, but was forced to return, and died on his way home. He published "The Andes and the Amazon "(1870 and 1876), " Comparative Zoology " (1875), etc. Ortona (or-to'na). A seaport in the province of (Jhieti, eastern Italy, situated on the Adriatic 14 miles east of Chieti. It was the capital of the ancient FrentanL Population (18S1), 6,894; commune, 12 122. Ortygia (or-tij'i-ii). [Gr. 'Opnij/a.] In ancient geograjihy, a small island at the entrance of the Great Harbor of Syracuse, Sicily. It was fa- mous in the sieges of that city. Oruba (6-r6'ba), or Aruba (il-ro'bii). A small island of the West Indies, situated in tU(^ Carib- bean Sea, north of Venezuela, in Int. 12° 31' N., long. 70° 3'W. It belongs to the Netherlands, and is attached to the colony of Curasao. Area, 09 sr its narrow pointed elearslocy wirnlows. The liuildiiig is exiremelv rich in works of art of all kimls. The splendid octagonal sculptured fontand the frescos by J'Ya Angeljcotuid I.ina Signorelli are esjieciidly noteworthy. Tiiowest front (nilit) is tile ins;ige ('th«tse who camped at the top of the hill '). and Little Oi.agc is a similarly erro- neous name for the Lowland Os:ige (■ tln)se who camped at the base of the hill"). The Osage are in Oklahoma, and number 1,581. See DhejUta. Osage (o'sa,! or 6-sa,i'). A river in eastern Kan- sas and in Missouri, which flows into the Mis- souri 9 miles east of Jefl'crson City. It is called in Kans.is Slarais des Cygnes. Length," 400-500 miles; navigable nbout 200 miles. Osaka. See OMln. Osaka (o-sil'kii). A Bantu tribe of French Kon- go, neighbors and kinsmen of the Bakelo. Osbaldistone (os-bal'dis-ton), Francis. The nominal hero of Scott's "liob Roy." Osbaldistone, Rashleigh. Tlieviliainof Scott's " Kob Roy." He is the cousin of Francis, and a well-drawn character. Osbom (oz'bern), Sherard. Born Ajiril 25, 1822 : died May 6, 1875. A British admiral and arctic ex])lorer. He entered the navy in 1837 ; assisted in the reduction of Canton in 1811 ; took part in two ex- peditions in search of Sir John J-Yankliti (publishing ae- counts in 1852 and 1850); and served in the Crimean and second Chinese wars. In Dec, 18,59, he published "The Career, Last Voyage, and Fate of Sir John Franklin." Osborne (oz'bern), George. A cliaractcr in Thackeray's " Vanity Fair," the liandsome, sel- fish husband of Amelia : in the ojiinion of his friends, "a regular Don Giovanni, by Jove!" Osborne, John. A character in Thackeray's "Vanity Fair " One of the powerful portraits in the work is that of old Osborne, George's father. If it have a defect, it is that it is loo uniformly black. It is made up of arrogance, vanity, m.'-.lignity, vindictiveuess, ingratitude; in short, of all the l>ad passions and bad tendencies that are capable of coex- istence. Senior, Essays on Fiction, p. 326. Osborne House. The winter residence of (Jueen N'ietoria. iiitlie Isle of Wight, near East ('owes: a large and .sumptuous modern Italian villa, with beautiful terraces and gardens. Itwasgiven by Ddwani VII. to the British nation. Oscar (os'kiir) I. (Joseph Franz). [Sw. Dan. Ostiir, NL. Ofifanis.'] Bcu-n at Ptiris, July 4, 17!)!): di.'d at Stockholm, J Illy 8, 18.59. King of Sweden and Norway 1844-59, son of Bernadotte (Charles XIV.) whom ho succeeded. Oscar H. (Friedrich). Born at Stockholm, Jan. 21, 1829. King of Sweden and Norway, third son of Oscar I. HosucceededliisbrotherCharles.W. in 1872. lie is a poet and writer of merit. His publi- cations include "AMemoirof Cluu'lesXII." (Eiig. trans. 1879). Osceola (os-e-o'la). Bornin Georgia, 1804: died at Fort Moviltrie, S. C, Jan. 30, 1838. A Semi- nole chief, leader during the first part of the second Seminole war (183,5-37). OschatZ (6'shiils). A town in the kingdom of Sa.xoiiy, situated on the Diillnilz 35 miles north- west o"f Dresden. Population (1890), 9,392. Oschersleben (6'shers-la-ben). _ A town in the province of Saxony, Prussia, situated on the Bode 19 miles west-southwest of Magdeburg. __Pnpu!ation (1890), 10,682. Osel, or Oesel (e'zel). An island in Iho Baltic Sea, belonging to the government of Livonia, Russia,intersectedl)yhit..58°30'N.,long.22°30' K. Chief town, Ai'cnsburg. Thesurfaee Is genenJIy low. Osel bebmged to the Teufonic Kiduhtafnun the 13lli to the Kith century ; passed then to l>e aik ; and passed to Sweden in lill5, anil to linssla In 1721. Area, 1,010 aquaro miles. Population (1S81), ,'>3,12o. Osgood (oz'gvid), Mrs. (Frances Sargent Locke). Born at Boston, June is, 1811: dieil at llingliam, Mass., May 12, 18.50. An Aiuericau }>oet. Among her works In "A Wreath of Wild l''l()wera rom New r.ngbind" (18.1S). She eontribiited to a number of English and Amerlean periodicals, ami was editor of "The Lailles' Companion " for some time. She also wrote a iilay, "The llap|iy Kelease, or the Triumphs of Love," Osgood, Samuel. Born at Audover, Mass.. Feb. 14, 174S: died at Now York, Aug. 12, 1813. An Osnabriick American politician. He was the first commisslone* of the United States treasury 1785-89, and was postmaster- general 1789-91. Osgood, Samuel. Bom at Charlestown, Mass., Aug. 30, 1812 : ilied at New York, April 14, 18S(I. An American clergyman and writer. He w;is originally a Vnitarian, but joined the Protestant Epis- copal Church in ls70. Uis works include "Studies in Christian lii.igrapby" (1850), "God with Man, etc." (1853). "The Hearth-Stone, etc." (1864), " Mile-Stones in our Life Journey" (ISSi), "Student Life" (ISOO), "American Leaves, etc." (1867), "New York in the 19th Ccntur)" (1867), etc. He also edited " The Holy Gospels " (1856), illustrated by Overbeck. O'Shaughnessy(d-sha'ne-si), Arthur William Edgar. Bom at London, March 14, 1844 : died Jan. 30, 1881. An English minor poet. He was an assistant in the natunU history division of the British Museum. He published "Epic of Women, etc." (1870), "The Lays of France "(1872), "Music and Moonlight etc." (t874), " Songs of a Worker " (1881). Oshiba (6-she'bii). See Fan. Oshkosh (osh'kosh). A city, capital of Win- neliago County, Wisconsin, situated on Lake Winnebago, at the mouth of the Fox River, 80 miles north-northwest of Milwaukee. It has nnm- nfacttU'es of doors, blinds, sashes, shingles, etc. Popula- tion (1900I, 2^,'.'KI. Osiander(6-z6-an'der)(Hosemann), Andreas. Born at Guuzenhausen, near Nuremberg, Ba- varia, Dec. 19, 1498: died at Konigsberg, Prus- sia, Oct. 17, 15.52. A German Protestant tlieo- logiaiu He was instrumental in introducing tlie lut'ir- niation into Xuremberg, and is noted as a controversialist on the doctrine of justification. Osiandrians(6-si-an'dri-auz). Followersof An- dreas Osiander (see above i, who hidd that jus- tification by faith involved the imparting to the believerof the essentialrighteousness of Christ. Osimo (os'e-mo). A town in the pro\iuce of Ancona, Italy, 9 miles south of Ancona: the ancient Ausimum. It has a cathedral and some antiquities. Population, 4,743. Osiris (6-si'ris). [L. Osiris, Gr. 'Oaipt^, also "Yaipic, from Egyptiiin Uesiri.1 In Egj-ptian my- thology, one of the chief gods, the principle of good, the creator, the foe of evil, the god of the Nile, in constant conflict with his brother or son Set (the Greek Typhon), the god of evil, of darkness, of the desert. Osiris is vanquished and slain, but revives, and is avenged by Horns and Thoth — evidently a personillcation of the phenomena of the rising and setting sun. He was the guardian of mankind in the state after death, and as such the nocturnal sun, and a type of the sutTcrings and triumphs of hunuinity. In one form (the Osiris of Mendes) he personified the male prin- ciple. In art he was portrayed as a mummy wearing the • crown of Upper Egypt, usually flanked by ostrich-plumes. People do not yet agree as to the original character of Osiris. Maspero tried to discover the development of this god, and maintains that Osiris was originally and essen- tially a god of the dead, the first man, son of the heaven and earth, and as such the god of the dead. He also says that the original home of Osiris was not at .\bydUR, but In tlie Delta : at llusiris and Mendes. However this may bo, Osiris w.as to the Egyptians above all things a goil of the dead, more especially in a benertcial way aa Onnoris. IjUt ho was identilled, at an early date, wUll the sun : chapter seventeen of ttie Book of lac Dead calls " Ka the Bout of Osiris, and Osiris the .soul of Ra." La Saiissaye, Science of Religion, p. 408. Oskaloosa (os-ka-lo'sS). A city, capital of Ma- haska County, Iowa, 55 miles etist-southeast of Di's Moines." Population (1900), 9,212. Oskarshamn (os'kars-hiimn). A small sea- )iort on the southeastern coast of Sweden, op- posite tlio island of Olaud. Osman (os-miin') L (or Othman). Died 1326. The founder of the Ottoniiin empire. Hcheeame chief of his tribe in 1288, and assumed the title of emir (not of sultan) in 1299. Osman II. Killed 1622. Sultan of the Turks lt;iS-22, son of Achmet I. Osman III. Sultan of the Turks 1754-57, bro- ther of Mahinud I. Osman Digna (os-miin' dig'nii). Born at Sun- kini iiIm.uI 1S!I). A general of the Maluli. He deleati 4S) it was ruled alternately by Boman Catholic and Protestant bishops. It was secularized and given to Hannover in 1802. The treatj^ of Westphalia was signed here in 164S. Population (1S90X 39,929. Osorio (6-z6're-6), Jeron3nno. Bom at Lisbon, 1506 : died at Tarira, Aug. 20, 1580. A Portu- guese historian and philosophical author, some- times called " the Cicero of Portugal." He was bishop of SOves from 1567. His chief work is a Latin history of the reign of Emanuel I. (1571). Osorio (6-s6're-6), Manuel. Born at Seville, 1770: died about 1830. A Spanish general. In 1814-16 he commanded the Spanish forces in Chile, defeat- ing the republicans at Rancagua Oct, 2, 1S14, and extin- guishing the revolt for a time. He returned to Peru, but in Jan., 1S18, was again sent into Chile against San "Mar tin ; defeated him at Cancha Kayada Slarch 19, but was himseU defeated at the decisive battle of JIaipo, April 6, 1818 ; and soon after fled from the country. He subsequently served in sj.Ain and the West Indies, Osorio, Manuel Luiz. 'Bom near Pelotas, Eio Grande do Sul, May 10, 1808 : died at Eio de Janeiro.Oct. 4, 1879. A Brazilian general. He was prominent in the campaigns in Kio Grande do Sul and Uruguay, 1845-52 ; was commander-in-chief of the Bra- zilian forces in the Paraguayan war March 1, lS6o,^uly 15, 1866, and took a leading p'art in the remainder of the war; was lieutenant-general from June 1. 1867; was created successively baron, viscount, and marquis of Herval ; was senator from Jan. 11, 1877, and minister of war from Jan. 5, 1S7S. On account of his bravery the soldiers called him Leifendario ('The Fabulous '). Often ivritten Ozario. Osorno, Marquis of. See 'Higgins, Ambrosio. Ospina Rodriguez (6s-pe'na rod-re'gath), Ma- riano. Bom in Guasea, 1803 : died at iledeUin, 18S5. A Xew Granadan politician. He opposed Bolivar 1828-30 ; was a member of congress 1S3S-40 ; was secretary of the interior in 1841 ; and later was governor of Bogotii and of Medellin. From 1857 to 1861 he waspresi- dent (elected by the Conservatives) of ^'ew Granada, then called the Granadine Confederation. A revolt led by ilosquera began in 1859, assumed formidable proportions, and resulted in a changeof constitution soon after Ospina's term closed. He was imprisoned for a short time in 1861, and subsequently remained in exile until 1872. Osrhoene (os-ro-e'ne), or Orrhoene (or-6-e'ne). In ancient geography, a region in the north- western part of Mesopotamia. Its chief city was Edessa. Ossa (os'a). In ancient geography, a motintain in the eastern part of Thessaly, Greece, situated north-northwest of Pelion, and separated from Olympus on the north by the Yale of Tempe : the modem Kissavo. Height, about 6,400 feet. Ossat (os-sa'), Arnaud d'. Bom near Auch in 1536 : died at Rome in 1604. A French car- dinal and statesnian. He received the cardinal's hat in 1599 for his diplomatic services. Ossan (6 -so'), Vallee d'. A valley in the French P\Tenees, south of Pan. Ossawatomie (os-a-wot'o-mi) Brown. See Bnmn, John (1800-59). Ossegg (os'ek). A town in Bohemia, 49 mUes northwest of Pragtie. It is noted for its Cis- tercian abbey. Population (1890), 3,424. Ossett-cum-Gawthorpe (os'et-kum-ga'th6rp). A town in the West Riding of Yorkshire, Eng- land, 9 miles south of Leeds. Population (1891), 10.984. Ossian (osh'ian). A name commonly given to Oisin, a semi-historical (Jaelic bard and war- rior, son of Finn. He lived about the end of the 3d century. To him was ascribed the authorship of the poems (''Fingal "and others) published by James ilac- pherson in 1760-63 : but it is now generally admitted that Macpherson himself was the compiler, and in part the autlior, of these works. See ilacphermn. Ossining (os'i-ning). The name for which that of Sing Sing (which see) was changed in 1901. Ossipee (os'i-pe) Lake. A small lake in east- i>rn Xew Hampshire, 9 mUes northeast of Lake Winnepesaukee. Ossoli (os's6-le), Marchioness. See Fuller, Sarah Margaret. Ossory (os'o-ri). A Roman Catholic diocese, in- cluding parts of King's and Queen's counties and Kilkenny, Ireland. Ossuna. See Osuna. Ostade (os'tii-de), Adrian van. Born .at Haar- lem, Netherlands. Dec, 1620 : died there, April 27. 1GS5. A Dutch genre-painter. Ostade, Isaac van. Bom at Haarlem, Nether- lands, June 2, 1621: died there, Oct. 16, 1649. A Dutch genre-painter, brother of Adrian van O.^tade. Ostashkoff (os-tasb-kof). A town in the gov- ernment of Tver, Russia, situated on Lake Seli- 766 ger 107 miles west by north of Tver. Popula- tion. 11.914. Osten-Sacken (os'ten-zak'ken), Count Dmitry von der. Bom 1793 : died March 27, 1881. A Russian general. He served against the Polish and Hungarian insurgents in 1831 and 1849 respectivelj', and \vas commandant of Sebaslopol in 1855. Ostend (os-tend')= [F. Ontende, D. Ostende, east end. ] A seaport in the province of West Plan- dei"s. Belgium, situated on the North Sea in lat. 51° 14' N.. long. 2°.55'E. It is the second seaport and principal fishery port in Belgium; the terminus of a steamer route to Dover, and on one of the great routes between England and the Continent; and one of the leading sea- side resorts on the Continent, It was formerly strongly fortified ; was besieged by the Spaniards under Spinola in 1601-04, and finally sun-endered ; was taken by the Allies in VIM ; and was taken by the French in 1745 and in 1794. Population (1893), 26,414. Ostend Manifesto. In United States history, a despatch Lira wn up in 1854bytliree diplomatic representatives of the United States, after a conference at Ostend in Belgium, urging that .the United States should acquire Cuba. Osterbotten (es'ter-bot-ten). A district in the northern half of Finland, comprising the gov- ..eruments of UleSborg and Wasa. Ostergotland (es-ter-yet'land). Alaenof south- ern Sweden. Area, 4,267 square mUes. Popu- lation (1893), estimated,266,892. Osterhaus (os'teT-hous),Peter Joseph. Bom at Coblenz, Germany, about 1S20. A German- American general in the Civil War. He became a major of Missouri volunteere at the beginning of the war ; commanded a brigade under Fremont ; and took part in General Samuel E. Curt is's pursuit of General Sterling Price into Arkansas. He commanded a division in the battle of Missionary Ridge, and was promoted major-general of vol- unteers in 1S'>4. He was subsequently United States con- sul at Lyons, France, and altimately returned to Germany. Osterland(os'ter-lant). A name formerly given to the part of Germany situated between the rivers Saale and Midde : later it was restricted southward and extended eastward ; later still it .comprised the region about Altenburg. Osterley (es'ter-li), Karl Wilhelm Friedrich. Bom at Gottingen, June 22. 1805 : died at Han- nover, March 28, 1891. A German historical and portrait painter. He studied with Matthay at the Dres- den -Academy ; went later to Italy ; on his return studied with Schadow at Diisseldurf ; and finally became court painter at Hannover in 1845. From 1831 to 1863 he lectured at the University of Gottingen. Hepublished, with Ottfried MtUler," Monuments of Antique Art." Ostermann (os'ter-man). Count Andrei. Born at Boehum, Westphalia, May 30, 1686 : died at Beresoff, Siberia, May 31, 1747. A Russian di- plomatist. Hewas a trusted official of Peter the Great, for whom he concluded the peace of Xystad, Sept. 10, 1721. Catharine L appointed him imperial vice-chancellor and a member of the council of regency during the minority of Peter II, He enjoyed the favor of the empress Anna Ivano^'na, but on the accession of Elizabeth was arrested and condemned to death ; but his sentence was commuted to exile in Siberia. Ostermann-Tolstoifos'ter-man-tol'stoi), Count Alexander. Born 1770 : died near Geneva, Feb. 12, 1857. A Russian general, distinguished in the Turkish and Napoleonic wars. Osterode in the Harz (os'te-ro-de in iHg hiirts). A town in the province of Hannover" Prussia, situated in the Harz Mountains, on the Sose, 19 miles northeast of Gottingen. Popu- lation (1890), 6,757. Osterode on the Drewenz (dra'vents). A town in the pro\-inee of East Prussia, Prussia, situ- ated at the junction of the Drewenz with Lake Drewenz, 73 miles south-southwest of Konigs- ..berg. Population (1895), 11,278. Osterreich, or Oesterrelch (es'ter-rich). [G., ..' east kingdom.'] TheGermannamefor Austria. Ostersund (es'ter-sond). The capital of Jemt- land, central Sweden, situated on the Storsjo. Population (1890), 5.333. Osterwald, or Ostervald (os-ter-vald'), Jean Frederic. Born at Neuchatel, Switzerland, Nov. 25, 1663 : died at Neuchatel, April 14, 1747. A Swiss Protestant theologian. Ostfalen (ost'fa-len). The medieval name of the eastern division of the Saxons. li\"ing in the present Brunswick and in neighboring parts of the provinces of Hannover and Saxony in Prussia. Ostia (os'ri-a). [L., 'the mouths' (sc. of the Tiber).] In ancient geography, a city in Latium, Italy, situated at tbe mouth of the Tiber, 15 miles southwest of Rome. It was a port of Rome. An artificial haven was constructed near it by Claudius and Trajan. Ostiaks, or Ostyaks (os-ti-aks'). A people of Finnish descent, living mainly in western Si- beria, in the valleys of the Obi and Irtish. Ostiglia (6s-tel'ya). A town in the province of Oswego River Mantua, Italy, situated ou the Po 18 miles east- southeast of Mantua. Population, about 4,000. Ostorius Scapula (os-to'ri-us skap'u-la). A Roman general in Britain about 50 a. b He made conquests in the interior, defeating the Silures un- der Caractacus, Ostrau, Mahrisch- (ma'rish-os'trou), A town in northern Moravia, Austria-Hungar\-, situ- ated ou the Ostrawitza 50 miles east-northeast of Olmiitz. Poptdation (1890), commune, 19,243. Ostrog (os-trog'). A town in the government of Yolhvnia, Russia, situated on the Gor\-n about lat. 50° 20' N., long. 26° 25' E. Popula- tion, 16,891. Ostrogosh (os-tro-gosh'). A town in the gov. emment of Yoronezh, Russia, situated on the Sosna 52 miles south of Yoronezh. Popnlatirjn, 8,112. Ostrogoths (os'tro-goths). The eastern branch ; of the Gothic race. 'While dwelling in southein Rus- sia near the valley of the Don, they were attacked about ' A. D. 375 by the Huns, were subjugated, and with the Haus i pushed the Visigoths to the borders of the Roman Empire, i After the Visigothic victorj' at Adrianople in 378, many Ostrogoths settled in Pannonia, Manyot them joined later : the army of AttUa, and after his death were employed by J the Eastern emperors to defend the lower Danube. Thee- J doric became their king in 474, and in 489 led the nation! over the Julian Alps, conquered Odoacer in 493 at Ra. ' venna, and became king of Italy. Under his rule (see Theodoric) the country prospered. Belisarius tried to ex- pel the Goths, and in 552 they were decisively defeated by the Byzantine general Narses. Italy was temporarily re- gained for the empire, and the Goths were absorbed in other peoples. • The real history of the Goths begins about the year 245, when they were living near the mouths of the Danube un- der the rule of Ostrogotha C-Austragata], the first king of the Amaling stock. Ostrogotha was celebrated in tradi- tion for his "patience"; but in what way he displayed that virtue we are not infonued. for historv' tells only of his victories. Whether on account of his patience or his deeds in war, his fame was widely spread ; for one of the oldest Anglo-Saxon poems mentions him as " Eastgota, the father of Unwen." The name of this son is given by Jor- danes as Hunuil, but probably the Anglo-Saxon form is the right one. Bradley, Storj* of the Goths, p, 24. Ostrolenka (os-tro-leng'ka). Atowninthe gov- ernment of Lomza, Russian Poland, situated on the Narew 64 miles north-northeast of Warsaw. Here, Feb. 16, 1S07, the French under Oudinot defeated the Russians under Essen ; and here. May 26, 1831, the Rus- sians under Diebitsch defeated the Poles under Skrzynecki, the Poles losing 7,C35 ; established Christianity ; and was defeated and slain by Penda. His festival is celebrated Aug. 5. Oswald raised the first cross over the fii^t Christian altar in Berenicia, to commemorate his victory. Pearson, Hist, Eng., L 140. Oswald. In Shakspere's " King Lear," steward to Goiieril. Oswaldtwistle (os'wald-twis-1). A town in Lancasliire, England, 19 miles north bv west of Manchester. Population (1891), 13,296, Oswego (os-we'go). A city and port of entry, capital of Oswego County, New York, situated on Lake Ontario, at the mouth of the Oswego River, 34 miles north-northwest of Syiacuse. It has important foreign and coasting trade ; imports grain and lumi'er; and has manufactures of starch (containing what is probably the chief starch-factor)- in the world), fl^ur, machinery, etc, A fort was founded herein 1?27; and it was taken by the French in 1756, and by the British in 1S14. Population a-MIH. 22,199, Oswego River. A river in New York which is formed by the junction of the Seneca and Onei- da rivers" 12 miles north by west of Syracuse, and flows into Lake Ontario at Oswego, It is the outlet of the lake system of central New York. Length, 24 mUes. 767 Oswestry Oswestry (oz'es-tri). A town in Shropshire, En'^'lauil, 16 miles northwest of Shrewsbury. It ft generally identifleil with the ancient Slaseitlild, i where Oswald was slain in (Mi Population (ISIl I. s.J'.KJ. Oswv (os'Vi), or Oswiu (os'vri-o). Kiiif,' of Otis, James. m i-u-i "Sumbria 64'J-(i70, brother of OswaUl. He 5 1725: die,! at Andover. Mass., May 23, 1,8 . deleated Penda of Mercia in 6.^% a..d extended his su- An Amenean patriot and orator. He is espec.al y aeieaieu rtnua _ ,...,' ,.. ^j,^j_ celebrated for his speech at Boston in opposition to the 'writs of assistance" (writs directed against Ainericiin Otto m. AmericanpoHtician and jurist.nephewof James in tlie province of Ontario, on the Ottawa, aliotit Otis. He wa^ congressman from Massachusetts .1797- Iat.45°21' N lonir 7.i''42' W. The Chaudit-rc Falls corn-Te . 1801; a prominent memhi-rot the Hartford Convention in 1814 ; an.l rniled States senator IS17-22. Born at Barnstable, Mass., Feb A small bav on the east- liberties) in 17111. He was a prominent member of the t'!T_ .™ XT„ .? Sli„l? „., Massachusetts House of Kcpresentalive ' ^ ' '" gate to the Stamp Act Congress in 17«.i and was a dele- He wrote the are in the neighborhood. It isan important center of the lumber trade, and has manufactures of lumber, Hour, etc. The govermnental buildings, especially the Parliament House, are noteworthy. It «;is settled in 18->7: the name was changed and it was made a city in 1854; and in 1858 it W!is selected as the capital. Population (1901). iiu,»is. Ottawa. A eity, capital of La Salle County, Illinois, situated on the Illinois, at the mouth of the Fox Kiver. 70 miles southwest of Chicago. Population (1900), 10.,")88. pamphlets 'Vindication of the Conduct of the House of QttaWa. A citv, capital of Franklin County, Kepresentative£ ''Klghts of the British co^^^^ ■ • - -^^ sert«l (i,U), etc. _ . _ . . D„„..i„f;„„ /lnon^ a premacy over all Teutonic Britain except Wessex I and Sussex. 0tago(6-ta'g6)Bay, I em coast of South Island, New Zealand, I which Dunedin is situated. iOtaha. See T.,h„„. liepresentatives," "Kignts oi ti.e ijr.iisn ^o.on.e, ..»- -.;;:{,• " Kansas. 'situ'ated on the Osage River, Otaheite, or Otaheiti. See Tahiti. n+it!! / l'r\ \ tnw,, in the West Ridin'' of Population (1900), 6.934 Otchakoflf (0-cha'kof). A town and former Otley (ot h). A to«n in the "^^s\". "'"r' "' n+i.J,_„ or Grand f-'i-and) River A river in Trfies^in the goveminent of Kherso,;, south- Yorkshire Eng and si nate.l on he A\l,^ °,^S rhiTlfforl^ the primTpa'l part of the eniRussia, situated at the mouth of the Dme- miles northwest of Leeds. Population (IhJl), ^^^^^^j._^,^. i^^tween QiielU and Ontario and ner Liman, 42 miles east of Odessa. It was taken J.^JS. , . , . , , e *i,„ inins the St Lawrence near Montreal. It flows S"(0:&. 1;,^ opera^l^RossinUi- ^^^^rlv^^^^ O^ti^e^ime^sMea Ottensen (^;ten.«0.^^ A ^snial,^^^ bretto altered from Shaksperes "Othello 'pro- ^,^,^ ^^^^ q^^ ^^pj^. q,^.,, „j^,„e i^^.jng jTatoln, ducedatNaplesinlS_16.— 2. Anoperal.yVerdi, meaning 'lovers of sexual pleasure.'] Atribe of the fciwere division of the Siouan stock of North American Indians. For many y^ars the oto and llissouri tribes have been consolidated. They are now in ( iklahoma. See TciwcTc. words by Biiito, jmiduced at ililan in 1887. Otford(6t'f6rd). A i)lace in Kent, England, near Sevenoaks, where OlTa, kingof Mercia, defeated the men of Kent in 77.J. Otfried (ot'fred). Lived in the 9th century. A Otoe. See Oto. . _ .., German monk, author of a poetical hai-mony of Otomacs (6-to-niiiks'), or OtomacOS (6-to-ma the Gospels in Old Iliixh German. Hewasa pupil of Rabanus Maurns. 111,5 poem is the oldest in German chara'-terizcd by the end rime Othello (6-thel'6), the Moor of Venice, The Tragedy of. A tragedy by Shakspere, acted in 1604, and printed in 1622 in a quarto and in 1623 in a folio edition. It was founded on one of Giraldi's novels in the "Hecatommithi " (iii. 3). Othello is a high-minded Moor in the military service of Venice. He ii arouseil to fury against his wife Dcsdemona by the insinuations and lies ot lago, and smothers her. kos). A tribe of Indians wlio. in tlio l.sili and early in the imli century, lived along the mid- dle Orinoco, from the junction of the Meta to that of the Arauca. They were very degraded sav- ages, and were remarkable for their custom of eating enor- mous quantities of clay during seasons of scarcity. The Jesuits endeavored, with little success, to gatlier the Oto- macs into their mission villages. Later they disappeared from the river shores, and the tribe is now either extinct or lives in a distant part of the llanos. The Otomac Ian- guagc, from the little that is known of it, appears to con- stitute a distinct stock. I have often told you that I do not think there is any ""''". " "': " _ ',, rT\.T„i,„on „t„,„ui ■cp.m alousy, properly so calle.i, i.l the character of Othello. OtomiS (o-to-mes ). [Nahuatl otmmU, W.in Jealousy, properly - - ,- There is no predisposition to suspicion, which I take to be an es.»eutial term in the ileflnition of the word. Desde- niona very truly told Emilia that liew.is not jealous, that ti, ot a jealous iiabit, arid he says so as truly of himself. Cohnlfie, Table-Talk, June 24, Ib'27. Othinan(oth-man'). Boi-n about r)7.5 : killed at Medina, Arabia, 6.56. Calif of the Moslems 644- "'6, successor of Omar. Ho extended thecalifatc by H.iuests in Persia, Africa, and tlie island of Cyprus. A ,iispiracy was formed against him by Ayesha, widow of the prophet, and he fell by the hand of Mohammed, son of the calif Abu.Bekr. He was succeeded by Ali. Othman (Sultans of the Turks). See O.tman. Otho (o'tho), Marcus Salvius. Born 32 a. D.: Ullwmics. see tiiomi wocf, uciow. » Ottlncen (et'tin ■ ■..mmitted suicide April, 69. Emperor of Rome Otomi stock (6-t6-me' stok). Alinguisticstockof ^^..^ ffcrmanv n derer.] A tribe of Indians of the Mexican pla- teau. At the tinieof the conquest they dwelt principally in the mountainous district west of the Mexican lakes, and had long liein, in some sense, subdued by the Aztecs, According to tradil ions they were one of the oldest nations of the plateau, having exi.sted he re even before the Tol- tec hivasion. They were agiirnlturists and used cotton clothes and gold and copper ■irjiaincnts, but were much less advanced than the Nalmas, During the siege of Mex- ico they joined Corte^s (June, l.=i21). They have ever since province of Schles^vig-IIolstein, Prussia, imme- diately adjoining Altona. Klopstock is buried here. Otterbein (ot'ter-bin), Philip William. Bom at Dillenburt:, Gerinanv, .Tune 4, 1726: died at Baltimore, Md., Nov. 17, 1813. A clergyinan of the German Reformed Church in America. He was the founder of the sect of the United Brethren in Christ. Otterburn (ot'er-bern), Avillagein Northum- berland, England, near the Scottish border, 29 miles northwest of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Here, Ang. 19, 1388, was fought the battle of Otterburn, or Chevy Chase. The English under the Percys were defeated by the Scotts under the Earl of Douglas, who was killed in the battle. The battle is the subject of severol ballads which are preserved in Percy's "Keliqnes," Herd's "Scot- tish Songs?' the "Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border," etc. See Ch.i'u Cfmsc, and Dowjlat, Jama. Otter Creek (ot'ir krekl. A river in western Vermont which flows into Lake Champlain 5 miles northwest of Vergennes. Length, about 90 miles. Otter Tail Lake. A lake in Otter Tail County, wistern Minnesota. Its outlet is into the Red River svsteni. Ottery St. Mary (ot'er-i sfint ma'ri). A small I own in Di'vonshire, England, east of E.xeter: the birthplace of Coleridge. I:.ii.-April. 69. He was governor of Lusitania under Mexican Indians, embracinganumber of tribes, . ro; overthrew (ialba by a conspiracy in Jan., C9; and -n-ith closely allied dialects, which occupy ])or- ' " -"■' '^■' '^■"-""■° tions of the states of Mexico, Morelos, Hidalgo, i)7ennonUnallysnbjecttothewhites,.andarrc7thorics°'hut Ottilie (6t-te'le-e). The central figure of have aiqiiired liltle c ivilizalion. Their descendants of Goethe's " AVahlverwandtseliatten.' The origi- pure blood pinl.iil.lv luimlirr more than 200,000, and are j^^^j ,^,,.jg ju,,,,^ Herzlielp, tlie foster-sister of Alwine From- scattered thri>ugh (■ciitral .Mexico. Also written Olkomit, m-um. Her relations with Uoethe are well kimwn, Ollwmics. See Otomi stoct-, below. . nt+irin-on fit'ting-en). .\ former county of Swa- nearNordlingen, it was mediatized -i in tuiTl overthrown by Vitellius, Otho (Roman-German emperors). See Ottn. Othol.,or0tt0(ot't6). Born at S.alzburg, Aus- tria, June 1, 181.5: died at Bamberg, Bavaria, .July 26, 1867. Second son of Louis I. of Ba- varia, chosen king of Greece in 1832. Ho as- sumed the government in person in 1835, and was de- posed through the revolution of 1802. Othomans. See OtUimaus. Othomis, or Othomies. See ntnmis. Othrys(oth'ris). [Gr, "OOpcf.] In ancient geog- .phy, a mountain-range in tlio southern part ■ i: Thessaly, Greece. Sec tho extract. Othrya, now Mount Ii'^rako, is situated due south of Ossa, and southwe^t ..f I'elion, Us height is estimated at ,1,070 f' et. It isioinir.led with I'indus by a chain of hills aver- running nearly due west, and Querd'taro, Guanajuato, and San Luis Potosi. Among theniore important branches are the Otonds proper, the Mecos or Joiiaz in Qucretaro, and the Pames. All, or nearly all, arc noniioidlv I lirisl inns, but have retained many of their al)iu'i'jin:d ru^to^ls anil their language. This is very harsh and dilltcnlt, ami consists largely of monosylla- bles. In stature these Indians are rather shmt, and I heir color is dark, Tliey are said to number nearly 800,000, Otrante, Due d". Sec Fourln'. OtrantO (o-triin'to). A small seaport in the province of Lecce, Apulia, Italy, 46 miles south- east of Britulisi: thi' ancient Hydriisorllydnin- tum. It was a flourishing anident and medieval city un- athedral Is a historiques," a history "to Frederick VII, in ISOO, The town of Ottingen is on the \V<,rnitz. Ottinger (it'ting-er), Eduard Maria. Born at Breslaii, Prussia, Nov. 19, 180,'^ : die Adriatic Sea with the Mediterranean, anil tlie shore, Rawlimon, Herod,, IV, In;,, separating Italy from Turkey. Width, about 40 Otiartes (6-ti-a.r'tez). A mythical Babylonian miles. l;ing mentioned by Berosus: probably a scribe's Qtranto, Terra di. A former name of thoprov- iTorfor Opnrtcx, and identical with the name j,,,,,, ,,i; l,^,(.,.(., Italy. t'liarii-tiilii in the cuneiform account of the O'Trigger (o-trig'<^r). Sir Lucius. A char- ..delugo. _.. _ . acter in Sheridan's comedy til it was sacked by the Turks In 1480, The catiie.nai isa f^ir'" ,"'" 'f\i.y,'nVt ■•'i'li,> Gre.it " Born <)1'>' died 3 aisled basilica with x apses and a remarkable pavement OttO (or OthO) 1., 1 >}< ^'r< •>' ■ ii"J}^ -";■ '.Vi!,'" in mosaic (Ilia) of hililical scenes, animals, etc 'The Rivals": a at Memleben. Prussian Saxony, May 7, 97:i Emperor of the Holy Homan Empire. He was the sonot Henry 1., whom he succeeded as king of (ler. nniny in 930. The earlv iKirt of his rclgu w:is occniiicd in subduing his turbulent nobles. He put an end to the in cursions of the Bohemians, the Wetids, and the Danes, ami in 9.11 « ent to the support of Ailclaide, i|ueen of I. he irdlicted a decisive defeat on the Magyars on the U-chfcId In IKIJ he was crowned emperor at Home, reviving the oltlce founded by Chnrlemagne. Otinger (6'ting-er), Friedrich Chnstqph. fortune-hnuting Irishman, noted for his peril- QttO II. Born 95.5: died at Rome, Dee. 7, 983 Born at Gilppingen, ■NViirteiTiberg, May 6, 1(_II2: naeious attachment to the jpractico of dueling, ' -----. .„„„.. died at Murrhardt, Wiirtoniberg, Fell, 10, 1782. Q^gggQ (,>t-se'go). Lake. A lake in Otseg( A German I'mti stniit theologian, noted us a theosophisi , Otis (6'tis), Elwell Stephen. Bom at Frod- • rick, Md,, March 25, 18.'}8. An American ^'(■neral Ilc entered the Union army as a volunteer in ■■pt,, 1802; was breveted brigadier-general of volnnteerB County, central Ni'W York, 60niilo8 west of Al- banv. It is the BS2. Otto III., called "The Wonder of the World (from his inti'lleclual endownieiits). Born 980 : diedat Pnterno, nenrVilerbo, Italy, .Ian., 1002. Emperor ot tlie Holy Ifoiiian Empire 9,83-1002, son of Otto H. During his miumliy Ihe regency wtt« condueteil bv his nn'llnr I'hi'ophano in tJennany (after her death bv the Arcbln»hop of Mainz), and his ginud- niolher Adelaide In lial\. lie assumed Ihe n'ins of gov- ernment in inm. He aimed to make Home the Imperial MS., Ottawa (oCa-wit), formerly BytOWn(bi'toun). residence lind center of a new unlrcriMil empire^ but dl«l An The capital of tlie Dominioii of Canada, situated at the early ngeof tweniytwo. Otto rv. otto rv. Bom about 1174: died at the Harz- • burg, Germany. May 19. 1218. Emperor of the Holy Eoman Empire, second son of Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony and Bavaria. He was elected king of Germany in 'opposition to Philip of Swabia in lli>S, and was crowned emperor in 1209. He afterward became involved in a quarrel with the Pope, who in 1212 pat forward Frederick LL as anti-emperor. Having allied himself with England, he concerted an invasion of France with John Lackland, with whom he was defeated at Bou- vines in 1'214. Discredited by tliis defeat, he presently withdrew to his heredit^iry domain of Brunswick. Otto of Freising. Died Sept. 22, 1158. A Ger- man historian, bishop of Freising (in Bavaria). His histories were edited in 1867. Otto VOnWittelsbach. (ot'to fon vlt'tels-bach). Killed 1209. The murderer of Philip of Swabia, kins of Germany. 1208. Ottoboni, or Otthoboni (ot-to-bo'ne), Pietro. Bom in 1668: died Feb. 17, 1740. A cardinal, nephew of Pope Alexander VHI. He received the cardinalate in 1690. but is principally noted as a patron of art. He collected a fine library, containing manuscript masses by Palestrina and other great masters, etc., which after his death were purchased by Pope Benedict XIV. and presented to the \'atican. OttOCar (ot'to-kar) U. Killed 1278. King of Bohemia 1253-78. He acquired Austria, .'^tyria, Ca- rinthia, and Camiola. For these German fiefs he refused to do homage to Rudolph of Hapsbui^, king of Germany, who in consequence declared war against him. He was defeated and killed on the Marchfeld in 1278. Ottoman Empire. See TkiIci/. Ottomans (ot'o-manz). [From F. Ottoman = Sp. Ofow(nno=Pg. It. Ottomano, from Turk. 'Othman, 'Osiiian, the founder of the Tm-kish empire in Asia: see Ogmaiiti. Cf. Othman.'] That branch of the Turks which founded and rule the Turkish empire. The Ottoman Torkslived originally in central Asia. Under their first sultan, (_nh- nian (reigned 12SS-1326X they founded a realm in Asia Minor, which was soon extended into Europe. AVith the capture of Constantinople in 1453 they succeeded to the Byzantine empire, and their rul«,at its height in the 16th centur>', extended over the greater part of southeastern Europe and much of western Asia and northern Africa. They have since lost Hungary, Rumania. Servia,. Greece, etc., and practjcUly Bulgaria. Eg>-pt, etc The Ottoman Turks are Snnnite ilohammedans, and regard the saltans as representatives of the former califs. Ottumwa (o-tum'wa). A city, capital of Wa- pello County, southern Iowa, situated on the Des Moines 70 miles west bv north of Burling- ton. Population (1900), 18,197. Ottweiler (ot'vi-ler). A town in the Rhine Province, Prussia, situated on theBlies 33 miles southeast of Treves. Population (1890), 5,150. Otuel (ot'u-el), Sir. One of Charlemagne's paladins. He was a pagan knight, but was converted to Christianity by the prayers of Charlemagne and his people during a battle. Otumba (6-tom'ba). A town of Me.xieo. in the state of Mexico, about 35 miles northeast of the capital, on the railroad to Vera Cruz. It was an ancient Indian pueblo, and its name (originally Otom- pan, 'place of the Otomis") appears to indicate that it was once inhabited by Otomi Indians. Near it, during the retreat from Mexico. Cortes defeated the Aztec forces, July 7, 1520. Population, about 5,000. Otway (ot'wa), Thomas. Bom at Trotton, Sussex, England, March 3, 1652 : died at Tower HUl, London, April 14, 1685. The principal tragic poet of the English classical school, the son of Rev. Humphrey Otway. He entered Christ Church, Oxford, in 1669. He fell in'love with Jlrs. Barry, who appeared in his "Alcibiades," and she became liis evil genius: to escape her he enlisted and ser^'ed in Flanders, but retamed to her. She made her greatest repu- tation in his plays, but owing to her greed and immorality her influence over him was entirely bad. He died in a baker's shop near the sponging-house in which his hist days were spent. Among his plavs are "Alcibiades" (1675), "Don Carlos " (1676), translations of Eacine's "Ti- tus and Berenice " and Molifere's "Fourberies de Scapin" ("Cheats of Scapin," 1677), "Friendship in Fashion" (1678), "The .Soldiers Fortune" (16JI), "The Orphan" (I6S0), " Caius Marius " (1681). "Venice Preserved " (16S2), "The Atheist" (1684: a second part of "The Soldier's Fortune"). Otzthal (ets'tal). An Alpine valley in Tyrol, opening from the southern side of the upper valley of the Inn, and situated southwest of Innsbriick. It is noted for its picturesque .scenery. Otzthaler (ets'tal-er) Alps. A large group of Alps in Tyrol, south of the Inn. Ouchy (6-she'). The port of Lausanne, canton of Vaud, Switzerland, on the Lake of Geneva. Oude. See Oudh. Oudenarde, or Oudenaarde (ou'den-iir-de), F. Audenarde (od-uiird'). A town in the prov- ince of East Flanders, Belgium, situated on the Sehelde 33 miles west of Brussels, it has maim- factures of cotton and linen. Tlie hotel >ie ville. or town h.all (a beautiful late-Pointed building, finished in 15;!5), and the churches . if St. Walburga and Xotre Dame are the principal buildings. Here, .luly 11. 17'>s. the Allies under the Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugenedcfealed the 768 French under Vend6me and the Dnke of Bm-gnndy. Pop. ulation (1S90), 6.141. Oudendorp (ou'den-dorp), Frans van. Bom at Leyden. Netherlands, July 31. 1696: died Feb. 14, 1761. A Dutch classical philologist, professor of eloquence and history at Leipsic. Oudh, or Oude (oud). [Hind. Aicadh.'] A prov- ince of British India, now united politically to the lieutenant-governorship of the Northwest provinces. Chief city, Lucknow. it lies between the Ganges on the southwest and Nepal on the northeast. The surface is mainly a plain. The province is densely peopled. It was formerly under various Mohammedan rulers ; was annexed by Great Britain in 1S56 : was one of the chief scenes of the mntiny of 187.7 : and was united in administration to the Northwest Provinces in 1S77. Area, 24,217 s^69. A noted German painter. He studied at the Vienna academy: but, objecting to the sen- suousness of the prevailing pseudo-classical style, he waa expelled and went to Rome, where he formed the brother- hood of the Preraphaelites in ISIO with Cornelius, Scha- dow, and others (s«e Preraphaelite Brotherhood\ seeking to revive German art on a religious basis. He became a convert to the Roman Catholic Church in 1813, and de- voted himself entirely to painting sarred subjects. His style was full of devout feeling, but hard in outline. Among his works (some of them frescos) are the "Vi- sion of St. Francis." '-Jerusiilem Delivered" (Rome), "Clmst's Entry into Jerusalem " (Liibeck). "Triumph of Religion in the .\rts" (FninkiV'rt), "Christ Blessing Little Children "(Liibeck\ "Pieta" vLubeckX" Christ in the Gar- den ' (HamburgX etc. Overbeck, Johannes Adolf. Born 1826: died 1895. A German archaologist and historian of art. nephew of F. J. Overbeck : professor at Leipsic from 1853. His works include "Geschichte der griechisciien Plastik " (18o7-.'>S). " Pompeji " (1855), ■■ Griechische Kunstmythologie " (1871-89). etc. Overbury (6'verber-i), Sir Thomas. Bora at Compton-Seorpion, Warwickshire, 1.581 : poi- Overbury aoned in the Tower, Sept. 15, 1613. An English •miscellaneous writer. He studied at Oxford (Queen's College) 1595-98, and at the Middle Teraple, and traveled on the Continent. He became the protege of Robert Carr. Viscount Rochester (afterward earl of Somerset), para- mour of Lady Essex. Having incurred the enmity of Lady Essex by opposing a marriage between her and Carr, he wa." hy her influence imprisoned in the 'lower April 26, 16i;i, and poisoned there. He wrote "The Wife" (1614), "Characters" (1614), and "Crumras fal'n from King James's Table, " flrst printed in 1715. Over Darwen(6'ver dar'weu). A town in Lan- cashire, England, 18 miles northwest of Man- chester. It has paper, paper-stainitig, and other manufactories. Population (ISOl), 34,192. Overdo (o'ver-do), Adam. A complacent jus- tice, a prominent character in Ben Jonson's "Bartholomew Fair." Overdone (6'ver-dun), Mistress. A character in Shakspere's "Measure for Measure." Overland Route. SpeeificaUy — (n) The route from England to India through France and Italy to Brindisi, and thence by steamer by the Suez Canal, Red Sea, and Indian Ocean. The time required for the journey is from three to four weeks. (6) Formerly, the principal land route (via Utah) to California. Overreach (6'ver-rech), Sir Giles. The prin- cipal character in Massinger'.s '"A New Way to Pay Old Debts": a cruel e.xtortioner whose actions are governed by systematic calculating self-love. He is a study of Sir Giles Mompesson, the monopolist. He is proud and grasping; hut, as his name Indicates, finally overreaches liimaelf, and is "outwitted by two weak innocents and gulled by children." Overskou (o'ver-skou), Thomas. Born at (Co- penhagen, Oct. 11, 1798 : tiled there, Nov. 7, 1873. A Danish dramatist and historian of the drama. He wrote "Den dansko Skueplads"(" The Da- nish Theater," 1854-64), etc. Over'Weg (o'fer-vao'), Adolf. Born at Ham- burg, Germany, .July 24. 1822 : died at Maduari, on Lake Chad, Sept. 27, 1852. An African ex- plorer. As a specialist in geology he accompanied Rich- ardson and Barth to the Sudan in 1850 ; established the fact that the Sahara is not below sea-level ; explored Maradi ; navigated Lalie Chad 1851 ; and visited Kanem and ilusgu. Overyssel.or Overijssel(6'ver-is-sel). Aprov- inee of the Netherlands. Capital, ZwoUe. It is bounded by the Zuyder Zee on the northwest, Friesland and Drenthe on the north, Prussia on the east and south- east, and Gelderland on the south and southwest. The «urface is generally flat. The most important industry is Stock-farming. The province joined the Union of rtrecht In 1579. Area, 1,291 square miles. Population (1891), 300,- 49:i. Ovid (ov'id), L. PubUus Ovidius Naso. Bom at Sulmo, Italy, 43 b. c. : died at Tomi, near the Black Sea, 17 or 18 A. D. A Roman poet, one of the leading writers of the Augustan age. He lived at Rome, and was exiled for an unknown cause to Tomi on the Euxine, in Miesia, about 9 A. i>. His chief works are elegies and poems on mythological subjects, "iletamorphoses," "Fasti," "Ars Amatomingo ; a[Hl for some years l>e(orc liisdeath wasolllclal chronicler of the Indies. Ills principal work, and one of the flrst and best of the early liistories of America, is " Hlstorla natural y general de las Indias" In 50 boi:)ks. Uf these 19 were jinbHslo'd at ^^cville in 1535, and the twentieth, finishing the flrst pari, at N'alladolid soon after. The complete work was not pub- lisbod until 1861-65 (by the Madrid Academy). Ovimbundu (6-vem-bon'd6). See (jmhuntUi. Ovoca. See Avoca. Owain, or Owen. Died in 1197. A Welsh prince (of I'owvh). He was noted as ii fighter, and as till- author of "The Ilirhis Horn" (wliicli see). Owasco Lake (o-was'ko hlk). .\ lake in Cayu- ga County, New York, south of Auburn. Its out- let is Owasco Creek and Seneca River. Length, aJiout 11 miles. Owego (6-we'g6). The capital of Tioga County, r. — 49 769 New York, situated on the Susquehanna, at the mouth of Owego Creek, 63 miles south of Syra- cuse. Population (1900,, village, 5,039. Owen (6'en), David Dale. Bom in Lanarkshire, Scotland, June 24, 1807: died at New Harmony, Ind., Nov. 13, 1860. An American geologist, .son of Robert Owen. He came to the United .States with his fatherin 18'23. In 1848 he took charge of the United States Geological Survey of Wisconsin and Iowa, and of that of Minnesota in 185'2. Owen (Latinized Audoenus or Owenus), John. Bom in Wales about 1560: died 1022. A Brit- ish Latinist, noted for his Latin epigrams. Owen, John. Bom at Stadhampton, Oxfora, England, 1010 : died at Ealing, near London, Aug. 24, 1083. An English theologian : during the civil-war period a Presbyterian clergyman, later an Independent. He was dean of Christ Church, Oxford, 1651-60, and after the Restoration waa a noncon- formist pastor in Ixjndon. He wrote a large number of works, theological and controversial — among them " Vln- dlcire EvangeliciB " (1655), "Animadversions" (16C2 : a re- ply to " Fiat Lux," a plea for Romanism), "Exposition of the Epistle to the Hebrews " (1608), and an " Inquiry into the Nature, etc^ of Evangelical Churches "(1681). Owen, John Jason. Born at Colebrook, Conn., Aug. 13, 1S03 : died at New York, April 18, 18G9. An American classical scholar. He edited the "Anabasis," "Iliad," "Odyssey," "Thucy- dides," etc. Owen, Sir Richard. Born at Lancaster, Eng., July 20, 1804: died at London, Dec. 18, 1892. An English comparative anatomist and paleontolo- gist. He studied at the University of Edinburgh and at the medical school of St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, and became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons in 18"26. He afterward became assistant curator of the Hunterian Museum, and in 1834 professor of comparative anatomy at St. Bartholomew's Hospital. He was appointed Hunterian professor of anatomy and physiology in the Col- lege of Surgeons in 18:i6, and in 18r>0 superintendent of the natural history department in the British Museum. He was created knight commander of the Bath on his retire- ment in 1883. Among his works are "Odontography" (1840-45), "Archetype and Homologies of the Vertebrate System " (1848), "On Parthenogenesis" (1849), " .\n atomy of the 'Vertebrates " (18tia-uilding in the form of a square, with public kitchen and mess- rooms. Each family should have its own private apart- ments, and the entire care of the children till the age of three, after wliich they should lie brought up by the com- munity, their parents having access to them at meals and all other proper times. These cr)nmmnitics might be es- tablished by individuals, by parishes, by counties, or l>y the state; in every case there should be effective supcrvi- sion by duly qualified persons. Work, and thecnjoynient of its results, should bo in common. The size of his com- nmnity was no tbuibt partly suggested by his village of New Lanark ; and he s()on proceeded to advocate such a scheme as the best form for the reorganization of society in gen. eral. Thotnan Kirkup, in Encyc. Brit, XVIII. 87. Owen, Robert Dale. Born at Glasgow, Nov. 9, 1801 : died near Lake George, N. Y., June 17, 1877. An American social reformer, politician, spiritualist, and author: son of Robert Owen. He was memberof Congress from Indiana 1843-47, ami was noted as an advocate of negro ennincipation. Among his works are " Kootfiillson the Boundary of Another W'iirld " (IS.Mi), "The Dclialable Land belwi'en this World and the .Next"(l-<721, "Threading .My Way " (1S74), etc. Owen Meredith (o'cn mcr'e-dith). The pseudo- nym of the iirsi Karl of Lytton. Owens (o'enz), John Edmond. Horn at Liver- jiool, April 2, IKL'i): cliod nc-u- Towson, Balti- nioi'e County, Maryland, l)e<'. 7, 1886. An American I'oini'ilian and niiinager. Hewn-ibronght to America wli--n a child, and inaile his flrst appearance in Phlladeljiliia In 1H41 Me roae rapidly m his iimfcssion, anil in 1864 produced "Solon Shingle" at Wallack's, New York, whirh held the boards for eiwht or nine nmnths. He was very pr)pular, and maile a large f<»rtune, <-xpendIng Itiirt of it in building a country bonse, Aigbtnth Vale, near laltiinore, in which be illexef»rd. Oxen- ford, Oxencford, AS. (ixnaford, Oxcniiford, Oxona- ford, oxen's ford. The ML. Oxonia (E. Oxon) is formed from the tirst element of the AS. name.] Asouth midland county of England. itisUmnded by Warwick and Northamp'ton on the north, Buckingham on theeaBt,Iierkshlreon the south, and Berkshire and (3 hm. cester on the west, and is separated from Berkshire by the Thames. The surface is varied, but in the north flat. The county was long notcnl for its forests. The chief m-cupa. tion is agriculture. Area, 756 s^iuare miles. Population (1S91X 185,609. Oxford. The capital of Oxfordshire, England, situated at the junction of the (^herwell with the Thames, in lat. .')1°45' N. , long. 1° 16' W.: the me- dieval Oxenafcud and Oxenford, and Latin Ox- onia. It Is chiefly noted as the seat of Oif.ird University. 'I'heCatheilral of Christ Church is In the main a late- Norman building with round-arclied mtveinnl choir. The nave has a wooden roof ; the choir is vaulted with pendants. There are a number of interesting t4)mbs, and S4Une flne glau, both medieval and modern. The upper stage of the central tower is Early English, finely arcaded ; there Is a cliapter. house of the same date, and a Perpendicular cloister. The authentic annals of Oxfitrd begin in 912, when it was an* nexed by Edward the Elder, king of the West .Saxons, It was a place of strategical importance and one of the po- litical centers in the middle ages: it was n meeting. place of the witenagemot. Harold Harefoot was prmdaimed king there in ln.36, and died (here In 1040. The population in the time of Edward the Confe8s^>r Is estiinatetl at 5,000 : In llWa It was Oldy 1,700. The castle was besieged by •Stephen in 1141-*'J, Malilfin escaidnn then t.ver the frvucn river. The city was the Koyalist headtjuarters in the civil war. It WHS taken bv rarriamentarlans under Fairfax in 1046. Population (I.^'bI), 45,741. Oxford, Earl of. See Hariri/. liohcrt. Oxford, Provisions of. In English history, a set of articles jiassed by the " Mad Parliament" at Oxford in 125,'*. They provided (or a coinmllt*oof twenty-four to redress grievances in church and stale ; for a standing iHtdy of fifteen, as a council to the kbig, who should liold three animal parliaments and conmnndcato with a iHxiy of twelve representing the bmrons ; and for a l>ody of twenty-tour membem to negotiate flnanclal mlda. Oxford, University of Oxford, University of. Tlie older of the- two great universities of England. It grew up in the 12th centiir>', Robert Pullen and the L<-)mbard Vacarius being eaily teachers of note. It contains the following colleges: University (founded in 1249), Merton (1264), Bal- liol (between 1203 and 12t»), Exeter (1314 and 15(i5), Oriel (1324 and 1320), Queen's (1S4II), >'ew (137!i), Lincoln(1427 and 1478). All Souls (1437), Magdalen (145s). Brasenose (15l«). Corpus Christi (1510X Christ Church (1M6), Trinity (16:>4), St. .lohn's (1565), Jesus (1671). Wadliam (1612), Pembroke (1624), Worcester (1714), Keble (1S70), Hertford (1S74). There are also two public halls (St. llary Hall and St. Ed- mund Hall)andt\vo private haUs (Charsley's Hall and Tur- rell's Hall). Among the institutions connected with the university are the Bodleian Library (which see), Radditfe Lil)rary, .\shniolean Museum. Clarendon Press, Taylor In- stitution, University Observatory, University Museum, Bo- tanic Garden, and Indian Institute. University sermons are mostly preached at St. JIary's Church, a line old build- ing (of the 15th and IGth centuries) in High street, which has always been closely connected with the university. The three governing bodies are the Convocation, which includes all who continue members of the university : the Congrega- tion of the Universitj', consisting of the resident members ; and the Hebdomadal Council, consisting of the chancellor, vice-chancellor, proctors, and IS elected members. The undergraduates numbered 3,412 in 1898. Oxford Movement. A name sometimes given to a movement in the Church of England toward High-chureh principles, as against the tendency toward liberalism and rationalism: so called from the fact that It originated in the University of Oxford 1833-41. Oxford School. A name given to that party of the Church of England which adopted the prin- ciples promulgated in the "Tracts for the 770 Times." The members of the party were also called Tracturians and FuseyHes. Oxford street. The principal commercial thor- oughfare between the northwest of London and the City. It was formerly called Tybum Road, and as late as 1729 was built up only on its northern side. It extends from Holbt>rn to the Marble Arch, and contains many of the most important shops in London. Oxford Tracts. See Tracts for the Times. Oxen. See Oxford. Oxonia (ok-s6'ni-a). The Latin name of Oxford. Oxus. See Amu-Varia. Oyama (6-ya'mS). Amoimtain of Japan, about 100 miles northwest of Kioto. Height. 5, 594 feet. Oyama (6-ya'ma), Marshal Count. A contem- porary Japanese statesman, minister of war in 1S94. He won recognition by his valor in the civil war of southern Japan in 1877. He led the second invasion of Chinese soil in the Chino-Japanese war. Being in com- mand of the second corps after the Chinese defeat in Korea, he sailed for the Liau-tung peninsula in Oct., 1894. and struck the final blows of the conflict, capturing the great Chinese strongholds of Port Arthur and Wei- hai-wei, in conjunction with a naval force under Admiral I to. Oybin (o-e-ben'). A remarkable isolated rock, situated near Zittau, in the kingdom of Saxony. Height above sea-level, 1.600 feet. Oyique (6-ye'ke). [Tehua, from mji, frost.] The winter people in the Tehua pueblos of New Mexico. That tribe is divided (each village or pueblo) into two sections — the winter people, or Oyique, and the summer people. The dignity of chief penitent or cacique Ozorio belongs alternately to each of these two groups. Thus th& summer cacique (called Fayojque) serves from the vernal equinox to the autumnal, and the winter cacique (also termed Oyique) from the autumnal to the vernal equinox. On very important occasions, however, the Oyique is in- ferior to his colleague. Oyonnax (6-yo-na' ). A town in the department of Ain, France, 2-5 miles west 9f Geneva. Pop- ulation (1891). commime, 4,461. Ozaka, or Osaka (6-sa'ka). A city in the main island of Japan, situated on the Aji in lat. 34° 41 ' N. It is one of the three imperial cities or "f u," and the manufacturing and commercial center of Japan. It contains many Buddhist and Shinto temples, a castle, an arsenal, and a mint. It was founded in the end of the 15th century, and opened to foreign trade in 1868. Popu^tion (1891), 473,541. Ozanam (6-za-non'), Antoine Fr6d6ric. Bom at Milan, April, 1813 : died at Marseilles, Sept. 8. 1.S53. A French historian. He wrote "Dante et la philosophic catholiqne" (1839X "itudes germa- niques " (1847-49), etc. Ozark (6-zark') Mountains, or Ozark Hills. A group of low mountains iu southwestern Mis- souri, northwestern Arkansas, and the eastern part of the Indian Territorj-. Height, 1,500- 2,000 feet. Ozieri (6-ze-a're). A town in the province of Sassari, Sardinia, 26 miles southeast of Sassari.. Population (1881), 8,602. Ozolian Locrians. See Locri, OsoUe. Ozorio, Manuel Luiz. See Osorio. I -f2 'a^smv^^' i«»iuuii«mili|illiuiiiiiiiiBimiiii«|)jS© <^S* sJ-TXtZ? ""'J!' aalzow (palt'so), Frau (Hen- band Juan de Padilla, in the defense of Toledo riette Wach). Bom at by the iiisurreotiouists 1521-22. Berlin, 17K^: died there, Pacheco, Ramon. Bom at Santiago, Dec. 14, Oct. 30, 1847. A Gemiaii 1845: died at Iquique, May 22, 1888. A Chilean ~ .... novelist. His flrst romance. "El Puftidy la. Sotano," was published in IS74, and was followed by several others. Pacheco, ToribiO. Born in 1830 : died at Lima, 1808. A Peruvian jurist and politician, minis- ter of foreign affairs in 1865, and author of a standard work on Peruvian civil law. Pacheco y Osorio (e 6-s6're-6), Rodrigo de. Marquis of Cerralvo. Born about 1580: died after 1640. A Spanish administrator. He was governor of Galicia, and viceroy of Mexico Oct, 31, 1624, to Sept. 16, 1635, succeedinR the Marquis of Gelves, who hail been deposed by the audience or Siklsee ('south sea')-] That j)art of the ocean which extends westward from North Anu rica and South America to the east- ern coast of Asia, the Malay Archipelago, and Australia : so named by Magalhaes, the first to navigate it (1520), who found it calm after his experience of storms. It communicates by Bering Strait with the Arctic Ocean on the north. Its southern boundary is arbitrary, some separating it from the Ant.irc- tic Ocean l)y tlie Antarctic Circle, while otlurs interpose a "Southern Ocean " the northern limit of which is lat. JO S. It is regarded as divided by the equator into the North and South Pacittc. Its chief gulfs, etc., are Bering Sea, Gnlf of Georgia and Puget Sound, Gulf of California, Gulf of Tehnantcpec, Bay of Panama.Yellow Sea. Sea of Japan, and Seaof Okhotsk. The principal currents are the equatorial, Peruvian, and Japanese. The Pacific was flrst seen by Balboa in 1513 ; was Hrst navigated by Magalhaes m 1620 ; and was explored by Drake, Dampier, Anson, and numerous later navigators. Several steamer lines (Pacific Mail, I'ana- dian Line, etc.) traverse it. Greatest lireadth from eajt to west, about lO.OOOmiles. Area.e8timated. about :o,oOO.uOO square miles. Greatest known depth. Syracuse, Sicily, situated on the coast 24 miles south-southwest of Syracuse. Population(1881), CO o.... =„„..=....„ ., -„ = ^ 7,430; commune, 8,274. _ - . . i^eyliavealw7\78T)ec'n friendly to the whites, and dur- Pachmann (piieh'miin), Vladimir de. Born PaCUU Ing the 18th century some of them were gathered into mis. ^ Odessa, July 27, 1848. A noted Russian ■inn viUfuzes which were subsequently abandoned. D Or- . . .. ' '' .. . ^ - * xi_ * bienvbelfeved that they were allied to the Mojos, but Dr. pianist. He was a pupil of his father, an amateur vio- -^-^- -j --■■ --- - ^ ^., j^., ^^^ ,. ^-i„,,j SrlSorC referred tLir language to.thePano_stnck !?:■,-^-?,l Ji-,--,?,' V^'^^v f^.l^ra^ll'V^^lsn^.^K a^el-^Sa^^'Xll.o'^ "'Medea ••(1843y_and;;,^ .930 feet, (pil-che'ne). Giovanni. Bom at Syra- cuse, Sicily, Feb. 11, 1706: died near Peschia, Dec' 6, 1867. An Italian composer. He wrote (which see). A few hundreds remain. Also written Pa- eavarae, Pacauaras. Pacajas (pa-ka-zhiis' ). An Indian tribe of the lower Amazon, which foi-merly of the mainland on both sides ^ in 1800, but did not play regularly till 1871, since which time he has had much success both in Eur.>pe and in the fnited States, especially as an interpreter of Chopin. Cipro " (1846). "He organized a musical institute at Via- reggio, and afterward removed to Lucca, where he trained lan triDe OI tue -liy C '"'{''',"' \:^f^x '\ c;.j;„t ' Tfnrn nvohn- many pupils who became celebrated. occupied much ^.f^^^^^X^^^^^^hiT.^o^it^. Packard (pak'ard), Alpheus Spr^g. B-n at of the island of ^ ^^ j,^^ founder^ of monasticism. He estab- Chelmsford Mass., Dec. -3, l,Jh. ditaat Squu Maraj6. They were of Tupi stock, lived in large yil- ]jsj,ej a monastery on the island of Tabenna in the Nile, lages, and were agriculturists. Their descendants are a,„j „..,g the flret thus to collect the monks under one roof merged in the country population of the same region. ,j„,| establish strict rules of government for the commu- Pacaraima (pii-ka-ri'mii). Sierra or Serra de. niiy. ,- i-i/ -x A range of low mountains between Venezuela Pachuca (pii-chij'kii), or HldalgO (e-dal go). on the north and Brazil on the south, extend- The capital of the state of Hidalgo, Mexico, ituated about 50 miles northeast of Mexico. Population (1895), 52,189. Shortly after the Coniiuest a shepherd discovered the ri'^h silver workings here [at Pachuca), and a mining camp at once sprang up that about 1534 was made a town. Here was invented in 1657, by Bartolom(5 de Medina, the so- called "patio pioce88"for the amalgamation of silver ore. Anion" the more famous of the ancient mines was the Trinidad, whence was extracted $40,000,000 in silver in ten ing into British Guiana. They are continuous with the Parima Range, and probably both are edges of a table- land. The highest peak is Roraima, on the confines of Guiana (about 8,500 feet). Pacasas (pii-ka-siis' ). An oldname for a branch of the Aymara Indians of Bolivia, on the east- ern side of Lake Titicaca. See Aymaras. Pacauaras, or Pacavaras. See Pucaijuaras. Pacayas(pa-ka-yiis'). 1. SameasPflcojos.— 2. An Indian tribe of northeastern Peru and Bra- zil, on the river Javary. They are apparently allied to the Pevas (see Pevas), and are presu- mably of Tupi stock. Pacca (pak'kii), Bartolommeo. Born at Bcne- vento, Italy, Di'<-. 25, 175G: died at Rome, April 19, 1844. A Roman cardinal and politician, au- tlior of various historical memoirs. Paccaritambo (pak-kii-re-tiim'bo). rQuiehu,a: paccari, dawn, and tampu, house.] Acave sit- „ • ■,;■,, -mT,. ^ated a few miles south of Cuzco, Pern, in the ^f^f,/^'- '^^^he^p. 0,.rru,cl Faaficon rei island, Maine, July 13, 1884. An American educator, professor in Bowdoin College, Maine, from 1S24. Packard, Alpheus Spring. Born at Brunswick, Maine, Peb. 19, 1839. An American naturalist, son of A. S. Packard (1798-1884). He graduated at Bowdoin in 1861, and at Maine Jledical School in 1864; was curator of the Peabody Academy of Science at Salem 181.8-76, and State entomologist of Jlassachusetts 1871-73; and has been professor of zoology and geologj- at Brown fniversity since 1878. Ills works include ■Guide to the Stuilyof Insects" (1869), "Our Common Insects" (1873), " Half-Hours with Insects " (1877), " Zoologj- for Students and General Readers" (1879), "Zoology " (1880: American Science Series), "Entomology for Beginners (1883), etc Born at Groton, Conn., May 17, politician. Ivania 185:i-57, was the pro- city's dormant prosperity. Janvier, Mex. Guide, p. 442. Pachj^nus (pa-ki'nus). [Or. nd,rw'Of.] In an- cient gcographv. the cape at the southeastern ext remit V of Si'cily: the modern Cape Passaro. — See Pai-Hic Ocean valley of the Vilcamayu River. It was place of the Incas : according to one of their legends, Manco Capac issued from it with three brothers. Also Pacraritninpjt. . Pachacamac (piich-a-kii'miik). [Quiehua, 'foiiiiderot theworld.'] Oneof thenamesgiven by the ancient Pemvians to the supremo deity, otherwise called Uiracocha (which see). Pachacamac. A town and temple of ancient Peru, on the coast, at the mouth of the river Lurin, about 20 miles south of Lima. The temple wa« dedicated to Pacliacamac, who, in this case, had per- haps come to bo regarded as a l.)cal deity. Ohl historians state that it was much frelU8. bo celebrated at an early period, was soon exhausted. By the time of Augustus It had ceaaed to produce gold. ^aiWwuoii, Herod., (pa- , III. SOI. Marcus. Bom at Pacheco, Maria. Lived in the first part of tlie Pacific Ocean, or South Sea. fF. f>c'a>,''in. lelhcentury : died in Portugal in 1531. A Smn- /,.,,.<'. or Om,» .1 usn,l ( ^""' ''■• ' "^"X J/i^ ish woman, leader, after the death of herhus- .l/.r <(« s,„l ('south sea ), bp. Mar 1 aajuo, 771 ki"i'vi-n»), HniiMlisium', Italy, about 220 li. c. : died about 129 II. <■. A celebrated Roman tragic poet, tiiily fragments of his plays have been pre- served. , Padan-aram (i.A'dan-a'ram). Apparently the same IIS .ti-Kiii Sahiinifni. See .livim. Padang (pii S' S.. long. 100° 20' K. It is the capital of the Dutch gov- ernment of the west coast. Population, esti- mated, 15,000. Paddington Faddington (pad'ing-ton). A borough (muni- cipal ^ of London, situated north of Hyde Park. It returns 2 members to Parliament. Population (1891), 117.838. Paddock (pad'ok). Benjamin Henry. Bom at Norwich, Conn., Feb. 29, 1828: died at Boston. Mass., March 9, 1891. An American bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church. He became bishop of Massachusetts in 1873. Paderbom (pa'der-bom). A city in the prov- ince of Westphalia, Prussia, 43 miles northwest of Cassel. The cathedral is chiefly in the style of the transition: the west end, with tower and crypt, is of the middle of the 12th century ; the eastern parts are a centurj' later. Population (1890), 17,986. Paderbom, Bishopric of. A bishopric and member of the Holy Roman Empire, now in- cluded in the eastern part of the proWnce of "Westphalia, Prussia. It was founded about 800 in the land of the Saxons : was secularized in 1803, and given to Prussia ; was made part of the kingdom of Westphalia in 1807 ; and was regained by Prussia in 1813. Paderewski (pa-de-ref ske), Ignace Jan. Born in Podolia, Russian Poland, in 1860. A Polish ■ pianist and composer. He went to Warsaw in 1872, where he studied with Roguski and Janotha, and when about 16 years old made a concert tour in Russia, at the close of wliich he went back to Warsaw and took his di- ploma from the Conservatory. He also studied later at Berlin. In 1878 he was made professor of music there, and in 1883 occupied the same position at Strasburg. He made his d^bnt at Vienna in 1887, and at New York in 1892. He is particularly successful in his interpretation of Schumann, Chopin, Rubinstein, and Liszt. Padernal. See PedemaJ. Padiham (pad'i-ham). A town in Lancashire, England, situated on the Calder 23 miles north of Manchester. Population (1891), 11,311. Padilla, Agustin Davila. See Davila y Padilla. Padilla (pa-THerya), Juan Lopez de. Born at Toledo, Spain : executed April, 1521. A Span- ish revolutionist, leader of the insuiTeetion of the communes against absolutism in 1520. His army was defeated at Villalar, April 23, 1521, Padilla, Maria de. See Pacheco. Padishah (pa-de-sha'). ['Father of the king.'] A title of the sultans of Turkey and of the kings of Persia. Padma Purana (pad'ma po-rii'na). [Skt. , ' Lo- tus Purana.'] In Sanskrit literature, a Purana of 55,000 stanzas, said to be so called as contain- ing an account of the period when the world was a golden lotus (padma). Of its five books, the first treats of creation, the second of the earth, the third of heaven, the fourth of the regions lielow the earth, while the fifth is supplementary. A sixth division, also current, treats of the practice of devotion. The different sections are probably distinct works brought together. None is older than the 12th eentui-y A. D. The tone is Vishnuite. Padouca. See Comanche. Padua (pad'ii-a). A province in the compar- timento of Venetia, Italy. Area, 823 square miles. Population (1891), 434,322. Padua, It. Padova (pa'do-va), F. Padoue (pa- do'). The capital of the province of Padua, Italv, situated on the Bacchiglione in lat. 45° 24' N., long. 11° 51' E.: the Roman Patavium, Among the chief objects of interest are the churches of San Antonio, Eremitani, and Santa Giustina, cathedral, uni- versity, botanic garden, Scuolo del Santo, picture-gallery, Loggia del Consiglio, and Palazzo Municipio (noted for its great hall). The Baptistery of the Duomo, an early- Romanesque building, is chiefly remarkable for its beau- tiful early frescos of the school of Giotto. The Church of the Eremitani, now the University Chapel, a large church of 1260, restored, contains many interesting me- dieval and Renaissance tombs, notably those of the Car- raras. The Loggia del Consiglio, an interesting early- Renaissance building, begun 1493, has below an open vaulted hall with widely spaced columns, and above a finely decorated saloon with three monumental windows. The Palazzo della Ragione was begun in 1172 as a court of justice. The lower story consists of open vaults sur- rounded by arcades left open for trading-booths. Above is an arcaded gallery with a sculptured frieze. In the second story is the famous Salone, a hall 29r> feet long, S8 wide, and 79 high, whose enormous arched roof is entirely with- out intermediate supports. The walls of the Salone are covered with very curious mystical frescos; and the hall itself serves as a pantheon for Paduan worthies, contain- ing among other relics the reputed tumesof Livy. Padua wasaveryimportant Roman town; sided with the Guelphs in the middle ages, and was a center of literature and art ; iuid came under Venetian rule in 1406. Population (1901), commune, 82,281. Padua, University of. One of the oldest and most celebrated universities of Europe, founded in the 13th century : especially famous for its faculties of lavr and medicine. It has about 150 instructors and 1,600 students. Paduca. or Paducah. See Comauche. Paducan (pa-du'kii). [From the Indian tribe name.] A city, capital of McCracken County, Kentucky, situated on the Ohio, at [the mouth of the Tennessee, in lat. 37° 5' N., long. 88° 36' "W. It has an extensive river trade, and is 772 a manufacturing center. Population (1900), 19.446. Padula (pa-do'la). A town in the province of Salerno, Italy, 52 miles southeast of Salerno. Population (1881), 8,938. Padus (pa'dus). The ancient name of the Po. Psean (pe'an). In Greek mythologj-, a surname of Apollo and of other gods. Pseonia (pe-o'ni-a). In ancient geography, a region in the interior of Macedonia. Pseonius (pe-o'ni-us). [Gr. liai6vtoc.'] A Greek sculptor of Mende in Thrace. His statue of Nike on a pillar, described by Pausanias, was discovered in 1875 with its inscription, and gives a perfect idea of this master's style. The eastern pediment of the Zeus temple discovered at the same time, and ascribed by Pausanias to Paeonius, is much inferior. Paer (pa-ar'), Ferdinando. Born at Pai-ma, Italy, June 1, 1771 : died at Paris, May 3, 1839. An Italian composer of opera. He was appointed mattre de chapelle by Napoleon, and went to Paris in 1807 ; was director of the Italian opera there 1812-27 ; and was director of the king's chamber music in 1832. His works include "Camilla" (1801), "Sargino" (1803), and "Eleonora"(1804). Paes (pa-as'), or (by a double plural) Paezes (pa-a'zaz). An Indian tribe of Colombia, in the mountains of the Central Cordillera, de- partments of Tolima and Antioquia. They were fomierly powerful, and were at war with the Chibchas before the Spanish conquest. At present about 2,000 re- main in a semi-independent state. They have fixed vil- lages, practise agriculture on a small scale, and are noted hunters; though living at high altitudes, they go nearly naked. Their language is closely related to that of the Paniquitas (which see). See also Pijaos. Paesiello. See PoisieUo. Psestum (pes'tum), originally Posidonia (pos- i-do'ni-ii). [Gr. Tlai(Trov, IloG£i6ovia.'\ In ancient geography, a city in Lueania, Magna Gr^eia, Italy, situated near the sea in lat. 40° 25' N., long. 15° E. It was a Greek city, a colony of Sybaris, founded about 600 b. c, and brought under Roman domi- nation after the failure of Pyrrhus's invasion in 273 B. c. Under Roman rule Prestum dwindled, and it was finally destroyed by the Saracens in the 9th century. The site is now deserted. The Greek walls are still standing through- out their circuit of 2\ miles, with 8 towers and 4 gates more or less ruined : the plan is approximately trapezoidal. Within the walls the three archaic Doric temples form, from their remarkable state of preservation, the most im- pressive Greek architectural group existing, except the monuments of Athens. Besides these beautiful temples, little is visible except remains of a Roman amphitheater, theater, and temple, all very ruinous. The temples of Pfestum are not mentioned by ancient writers, and were unknown to modern scholars until described by Antonini in 1745. The temple of Neptune, so called, is one of the three best-preserved Greek I)oric temples, retaining all its exterior columns and most of those of the interior, and majestic in its aspect. It is peripteral, hexastyle, with 14 columns on the flanks, on a stylobate of 3 steps, mea- suring 85 by 190 feet. Tlie columns are 7i feet in base diameter and 29 feet high. Entablature and pediments are practically intact. Both pronaos and opisthodomos have two columns in antis. The cella has two double ranges of 7 Doric columns, the lower tiers of which are still complete. The temple is built of the local travertine, which has assumed from age a rich yellow color. It dates from the 6th century B. C. The temple of Ceres, so called, is Greek Doric, peripteral, hexastyle, with 13 columns on the flanks, on a stylobate of 3 steps, measuring 47 by 107 feet. There was an interior portico before the pronaos. and no opisthodomos ; the cella, however, had a rear chamber occupying about one third of its length, with a door in the back. Though many architectural details ap- pear debased, the temple probably dates from the early 6th century b. C. The Basilica, so called, is a Greek Doric peripteral structure of 9 by 18 columns, measuring 80 by 178 feet, on a stylobate of 3 steps. There are 5 columns between antse in the pronaos, and the cella is divided longitudinally by a central range of columns. A reason- able explanation of this unusual plan is that the tem- ple was double, one half being dedicated presumably to Demeter and the other to Persephone. Despite some poor architectural details which have been thought to indicate a late date, the temple probably belongs to the first part of the Cth century B. c. Paestum, Gulf of. See SalernOj Gndf of* Paetus (pe'tus). See Arria. Paez (pa'ath), Jos6 Antonio. Born in the province of Barinas, June 13, 1790; died iii New York city, May 7, 1873. A ^'enezuelan general and politician. He was a distinguished cav- airy leader in the war for independence ; captured Puerto Cabello, the last Spanish post in Venezuela, in 1823 ; and under the Colombian republic was military commandant of Venezuela from 1823, and jefe superior, with military and civil powers, from 1827. In 1829-30 he headed the movement by which Venezuela separated from Colom- bia; was president March 18, 1831, to Feb. 9. 1835, and again Feb. 1, 1839, to .Jan. 28, 1843 : in the interval between these terms he commanded the army and put down two rebellions. In Jan.. 1848, he declared against Monigas, but was eventually defeated, imprisoned Aug., 1849, to March, 1850, and banished for some years. On the deposi- tion of Gual (Aug. 29, 1860), General Paez was proclaimed dictator by the army. He assumed the office Sept. 9, and held it until his final defeat by Falcon and Guzman Blanco, May, 1863. His autobiography was published at New York in 1867. Paez, Ramon. Bom about 1825. An author, son of General J. A. Paez. He has written "Wild Paget. Violet Scenes in South America " (1862), "Ambas Americas " (I8T2X Paezes. See Paes, Pagani (pa-ga'ne). A town in the province of Salerno, Italy, 21 miles east-southeast of Naples. Population (1881), 13,290. Pagania (pa-ga'ni-a). See the extract. In the 10th century one Dalmatian district, the Naren- tine coast between Spalato and Ragusa, together with some of the neighbouring islands, bore the significant name of Pagania. Freeman^ Hist. Essays, III. 25. Paganini (pa-ga-ne'ne), Nicolo. Bom at Genoa, Oct. 27, 1782: died at Nice, May 27, 1840. A celebrated Italian violinist. He first appeared in public in 1793 at Genoa. In 1795 he went to Parma, with his father, to study with Rolla. On hia return, after a few months, to Genoa he began to compose his ** Studies." which were extraordinarily difficult. He commenced his foreign tours alone in 1798 ; from 1801 till 1805 he did not play in public ; he then resumed his concert tours, and soon after became solo player to the court at Lucca. It was here that he became famous for his execution on the single G-string. From this time his success was remarkable, and his bizarre and mysterious appearance added to his fame. It was currently reported that he was a son of the devil, whom he was fancied to resemble. But, after all, the extraordinary effect of the playing could have had its source only in his extraordinary genius. If genius, as has been justly remarked, is " the power of taking infinite pains," he certainly showed it in a wonder, ful degree in the power of concentration and perseverance which enabled him to acquire such absolute command of his instrument. Mere perfection of technique, however, would never have thrown the whole of musical Europe into such paroxysms. With the first notes his audience was spell bound; there was in him — though certainly not the evil spirit suspected by the superstitious — a daemonic ele- ment which irresistibly took hold of those that came within his sphere. Grove, Diet, of Music, etc., XL tiSO. Pagasse (pag'a-se). [Gr. MayaGaL'] In ancient geography, a seaport in the eastern part of Thes- saly, Greece, situated at the head of the Paga- seean Gulf, southwest of Pelion. It was the mythical starting-point of the Argonauts. The ruins of the city are visible near Volo. Page (paj). In Shakspere^s comedy '* The Merry Wives of Windsor," the easy husband of Mis- tress Page who conspires with Mistress Ford to fool Falstaff, and the father of ** sweet Anne Page " who is intended by him to marry the foolish Slender, and by her mother to marry Dr. Cains, but who marries Fenton. Page, John* Bom at Haverhill, N. H., May 21, 1787: died Sept. 8, 1865. An American poli- tician. He was Democratic United States senator from New Hampshire 1836-37, and governor of New Hampshire 1839-42. Page, Thomas Jefferson. Born at Shelly, Gloucester Co., Va., Jan. 4, 1808: died at Rome, Italy, Oct. 26, 1899. An American naval officer. As lieutenant-commander he was engaged 1863-56 in ex- plorations in the Platine region, South America. In Feb., 1855, his vessel, the Water Witch (then in charge of Lieu- tenant Jeffers), was fired upon by a Paraguayan fort, and one man was killed : the fire was returned. Page resigned early in 1861; entered theConfederate service; was commis- sioned commodore : and in 1862 was sent to England to take charge of a cruiser. His ship was not permitted to leave, and lie took command of a small ironclad at Copenhagen, but it was soon after seized in a Spanish port, thus ending hisConfederateservice, Subsequentlyhe resided in the Ar- gentine and in Florence, Italy. He was the author of " La Plata, the Argentine Confederation, and Paraguay " (1859). Page, Thomas Nelson, Bora in Hanover County, Va., April 23, 1853. An American lawyer and author. He is chiefly noted for his tales and verses in the negro dialect. Among his works are "In Ole Virginia, or Marse Chan and Other Stories "(1887), '*Two Little Confederates'* (1888), "On Newfound River" (lS90),"The Old South" (essays, 1892),*' Meh Lady" (1893). Page, William. Born at Albany, N. Y., Jan. 23, 1811: died at Tottenville, Staten Island, Oct. 1, 1885. An American painter, best known for his portraits. Among his other works are "Ve- nus," "Moses and Aaron on Mount Horeb," "Flight into Egypt," etc. Pag^S. See Garmer-Pagds. Paget (paj'et), Henry William, first Marquis of Anglesey. Born 1768 : died 1854. An Eng- lish general and politician. He served with distinc- tion in the Low Countries and in Spain 1808-09 ; and com- manded the British cavalry at Waterloo. He was lord lieutenant of Ireland 1828-29 and 1830-33. Later he was made field- marshal. Paget, Sir James. Bom at Yarmouth, Jan. 11, 1814: died at London, Dec. 30, 1899. An Eng- lish physician. He became a memberof the Koyal Col- lege of Surgeons in 1836, and was its president. He was sergeant-surgeon to the queen, surireon to the Prince of Wales, consulting surgeon to St. liartholomew's Hospital, and vice-chancellor of the University of London. He was created a baronet in 1871. He published "Lectures on Surgical Pathology " (1853) , "Clinical Lectures " (1876), etc Paget, Violet : pseudonym Vernon Lee. Born in 1857. An English writer and critic. She has written much on the art. literature, and drama of Ital^ where she has lived for many years ; and has contributed esthetic and philosophical criticisms to the principal Eng- lish reviews. Pago Pago (pa'go). An island in the Adriatic, l)e- longiug to Dalmatia, Austria-Hungary, inter- sected by lat. 44° 30' N., long. 15° E. It is sepa- rated frora*Croatia by the Caiiale della ilorlacca. Length, 36 miles. Population (1890), commune, 6,203. Pago-Pago. See Pango-Paiigo. Pahang (pii-hang'). A native state under Brit- ish influence, in the eastern part of the Malay peninsula, north of Johore. Pahlanpur, or Pahlampoor. See Palanpur. Pahouins. See Fan. Pah-Utah. See Paiute. Paiconecas (pa-e-ko-na'kiis). A race of Indi- ans in northeastern Bolivia, between the rivers Guapor6 and Baur^s. They werenumerous, forming many small independent villages, and subsisting mainly by agriculture. The Jesuits induced some of them to join their mission of Concepcion, where about f>00 remained In 183L They belong to the Arawak or ilaypure linguis- tic stock. Probably the Paunacas, a tribe mentioned by Fernandez, but located further south, were the same. F&ijiiime (pa-yan'ue). A lake in southern Fin- land, 70 miles north by east of Helsingfors. Length, 80-90 miles. Paillailiacu(pii-el-ya-ma'ko). Bomaboutl525 : died in 1603. An Araucanian Indian of Chile, toqui or war-chief from about 1593. He attacked the Spaniards in 159.% 1596, and 1597, and in 159S headed the most successful rising of his tribe : the governor of Chile, Oiiez de Loyola, was surprised and killed (Nov. 22, 1698), Villariia, Imperial, and other places were besieged for several years and finally taken, and the Spaniards were driven beyond the Biobio. Also written Paillamachu, Pailleron (pii-ye-ron'), i^douard Jules Henri, Bomat Paris, Sept. 17, 1834: died in April, 1899. A French poet aud dramatist. He began life as a no- tary's cU-rk, incidentally writini: poems and pla.\s. On his first appearance before the put'lic he lirouubt out a short comedy en titled"Le parasite "anil a volume of satires. "Les parasites" (1860), followed in 1861 by "Le murmitoyen." Further plays are *' Le dernier quartier"(18i-)3), "Le second mouvement " (1865), "Le monde oii Ton 8'amuse"(1868), " Les faux manages " (1S69), " L'Autre motif " (1872), " H6- tene"(1872), "Petite pluie " (1876), "L'Age ingrat" (1878), "L'Enlincelle " (1879), " Le monde oil Ton s'ennuie " (ls.si>, "La souris ■■ (1887), "Les cabotin5"(1894). Three of his comedies — " Le chevalier Trnmeau," "Le narcotique," and " Pendant le bal" — were published ttigether as "Le theatre chez Madame" (1881). He married the daughter of M. Buloz, general manager of the "Kevue dcs Deux Mondes," and many of his poems appeared in that pub. lication. Among them are "Led^part "(1870)," Priere pour la France" (1871), and the collection entitled "Amours et balnes " (1S8S). Pailleron was elected to the French Acad- emy in 188L His inaugural speech, together with his addresses to that body on other occasions, appeared as "DiBcours acad^miques" (1886). More recently he wrote the "Biographic d'fimile Augier" (1889). PaimbCBUf (pan-bef). A decayed seaport in tho department of Loire-Inferieure, France, i!3 miles west of Nantes. Population (1891), commune, 2,180. Paine (pan). Elijah, Bom at Brooklyn, Conn., Jan. 21, 1757: died at Williamstown, Vt., April 28, 1842. An American jurist and politician. United States senator froiii Vermont 1795-1801. Paine, Halbert Eleazar. Born at Chardon, Ohio, Feb. 4, 1S2G. An .\merican general in the Civil War. He was Republican membor of Cntigress from Wisconsin 1865-71. and I'nited States cummissioner of patents 1879-81. lie has published " A Treatise on tho Law of Elections to Public lltticea" (18«t). Paine, John Knowles. Bom at Portland, Maine, Jan. 9, 1839. An Americau composer and organ- ist. He went to Berlin in 1868 to study, and In 1861 re- turned to America, where he gave several organ concerts. He was instructor of music nt Harvard I'lnversity in 1S62, and professor from 1876. Among his works are a mass and the oratorio "St. Peter." Ho has also wTittcn a " Symphony in C Minor" and another called "Spring," be- sides chanii)er-music, cantatas, songs, etc. Paine, Martyn. Born at Williamstown, vt., July 8, 1794: died at New York, Nov. 10, 1877. An American physician, son of Eli.iah Paine. His works include " ciiokra Asphyxia of New Yiirk "(1832), ".Medical and I'hyslobigicaK'nmmentarics "(1840-44), "In. stitutesof Mcdiciiic"(1817),"Kcview of Theoretical Geol- ogy "(18r.i;). etc. Paine, Robert Treat. Bom at Boston, March 11,1731: diedthere, Jlay 11, 1814. An American eitriot, politician, and judge: a signer of tho eclaralion of Independence as inembcrof Con- gress in 177(). Paine, Robert Treat. Bom at Timnton, Mass., Dec. '\ 1773: died at Boston, Nov. 13, ISll. An American poet, son of K.T. Paine. Ilis collected • works were pulilished in 1812. Paine, Thomas. Born at Thetford, Norfolk, England, .Tan. 29, 1737: died at New York, June 8, 1809. An Anglo-American ])olitical writer and free-thinker. He emigrated to America in 1771 ; publ isiu'd in 1770 the pol ilicai pamplil ct " Comnn mi Sense, " In which he advocatcil the Initcpendenco of the American colonies; took a prominent part in supi)ort of tile American Revolution; puldished tlle periodical " Crisis " 1776-83 ; went to F.urope in 1787 ; publhdnd the "KIghta of Man " 1791-02, for whicll he was outlawed from England ; was elected to the French National Convention in 1793 ; was 773 imprisoned in 1794 ; and returned to the Tnited States in 1802. His " Age of Reason " was published in 1794. Painesville (panz'vil). The capital of Lake County, Ohio, situated on Grand River 30 miles northeast of Cleveland. Population (1900), 5.024. Painter (pan'tfer), Gamaliel. Bom at New Haven, Conn.. May 22, 1743: died at Middle- bury, Vt., May 21, 1819. An American politi- cian, chief founder of Middlebury College. Painter, William. Born in Middlese.\ about 1540: died at Ijoudon in 1594. The author of a collection of translations called ''The Pal- ace of Pleasure." He entered St. John's College, Cambridge, in l.'»&4, and in l.'HJl was made clerk of the ord- nance in the Tower of London. In 1566 he published the first volume of " The Palace of Pleasure," containing 60 novels. He originally intended it to contain only trans- lations of tales from Livy and the older writers, but altered his plan and added tales taken from Boccaccio, Bandello, Straparola. and other Italian and French novel- ists. The second volume was jinblislied in 1667. contain- ing 34 novels ; a third volume, althougll announced, did not appear. In later editions 6 more novels were added, so that there were 100 novels in all. It is the largest prose work between "Morted'Artlnir"and North's "Plutarch," and is the source from which the Elizabethan dramatists took many of their plots. Paisiello fpii-e-ze-el'lo), or Paesiello (pii-a-ze- cl'lo), Giovanni. Bom at Taranto, Ital v. May 9, 1741: died at Naples, June 5, 1816. An Ital- ian composer of operas and church music. He went to Naples when young, and in 1770 to St. Petersburg, where he produced "II IJarbiere di Siviglisi-" About 17fc4 he returned to Naples by way of Vienna, where he wrote "II K(^ Teodoro," and was made chapel-master to Ferdi- nand IV. Here he remained for about 13 years, produ- cing some of his best music: after this he went to Paris to organize the music of the chapel of Napoleon, where he excited much jealousy. He returned to Italy in 1804. He composed between 90 and 100 opera-s, and more than 100 masses, etc. Among the operas, besides those mentioned above, are "II Marcbese di Tnlipano" (written before he went to RussiaX "Nina, o la Pazza d'Amore," "La Moli- nara," etc. Paisley (paz'li). AcityinEenfrewshire, Scot- land^tuatedoutheWhiteCart, near the Clyde, n inilft west by south of Glasgow. It is noted for the manufacture of thread, cotton and wor^teil goods, nnislins, prints, starch, soap, corn-flour, machinery, etc., and for bleaching and dyeing, and was formerly famous for its manufacture of shawls. Its abbey church is of in- terest : the abbey (at first a priory) was foimded about 1161. Population (WOD, 79,355. Paititi. See Pai/titi. Paiute, or Piute (pi'iit). [Also Pah-Ede, Pah- niite, Pah-Utah, Paijucha, Piedc, Piutah, I'l/eed. Thenameisfromj>rt(or;<(.tnie,andr/f.] A tribe orgroupof North American Indians. The name stric:tly belongs to a small tribe on Corn Creek, south- western I'tah, but is generally given to a number of Slm- shonean tribes, eight of which are in southwestern I'tah, seventeen in soutlieastern Nevada, four (including the Chemehuevi) in northern and western Arizona, and nine- teen in southeastern California from Owens valley along tho sierras to tho sontll of Tulare Lake aiul east of the Coast Range. Theynumberabout2,600; inrtah,5(K:»; innorthern and western Arizona, 500; in southern Nevada, 1,000; in southeastern California, 500. See Duirjer and Shotthnn^an. FaiX des Dames (pa da diim). [F., 'Ladies' Peace.'] A name often given to the treaty of Cambray (1529). See Camhraij. Paixhansfpaks'anz; F.pron, piik-sons'), Henri .Joseph. Born at Metz. .Ian. 22, 1783: died at Jouy-au.x- Arches, near Metz, Aug. 19, IS.'il. A French general of artillery. He invented tho Paix. hans gun, and published "Nonvelle force maritime" (182-2), etc. Pajol(p!i-zh6r),ComteClaudePierrede. Born ;it Besan^'on, France, 1772: di(>d at Paris, 1844. A French gem-ral. He was distinguished in the cam- paigns of Napoleon, and was prominent in tho revolu- tion of July against Charles X. (1830). Pajon (i>a-zhun'). Claude. Born at Koiuoran- tin, France, Wli'y. died 1(J85. A French Prot- estant theologian, founder of the liberal theo- logical system named from him I'ajonium, Ho denied airimmedlato and special interferences by Ood In either the course of events or tlie spiritual life of tho in- dividual. Pajou CpiL-zhii'), Augustin. Born at I'aris, Sept. 19, 1730: ;died there. May 8, 1809. A French scul]itor. Pakamali. See Atsngt'. Pakawa (pii-kii-wii'), or Pinto (pen'to). [Sp. I'iiitii, jiainted.] A tribe of North American Indians which formerly lived on the lower Kio Grande in Texas and in Tamaulipas, Mexico, of the tribe but twowonu'ii weri' known t.o survive in 1886. Tliese lived at La Volsii, near Keynosa, Tanntulipas. 'I'he name /'uifo was apiplled by theSpaidsh lnallui,io>L lo their custom of tattooing. See Cualiiiilli'cilii. Pakenham(pak'cn-ani), Sir Ed'ward Michael. Born in Irelnnsedby the revolt of Crespo, Jmie, 18'.e_», and banished. Palacio, Vicente Riva. See liUa Palacio. Palacky (pii-liits'ke), Frantisek. Born at Hodslawitz, MoraWa. June 14. 1798: died May 2(i, 187G. A Bohemian historian, president of the Sla\ic congress in 1848. He was parliamentary leader of the autonomist Czech party, ilis chief work is a " History of Bohemia " (5 vols. 18:16-67). He also wrote vari- ous other works on Bohemian history and literature. Paladilhe (pii-lii-dey'), Emile. Bom at Mont- pellier, Jutie 3, 1844. A French composer. He prodnceti ".Susanne," an op^ra conii(iue (1878), "Diana'* (ls85), tho nnnsic for Sardou's drama " Patrie " (1886), etc Palad'Oro(pa'lad6'r6). [It., 'golden i-etable.'] Tho rotable of the higli altar of St. Mark's in Venice, probaldy the finest existing specimen of Byzantine mi'tal-work. It was made in Constan- tinople in 976, but has later alterations ; is 55 inches high and 137 long ; and is of silver gilt sttnlded with jewels and with ornament in enamel. It has 85 panels with reliefs of scriptural scenes and personages, angels, portraits, and emblems. Pal8emon(pa-le'mon). [Gr. Tla?.aifiui:'] In Greek niyfbiilogy, a sea divinity into which Melicer- tcs was metamorphosed. Palaeologus(iul-le-oro-gus). [Gr. Tla7niu?.6}or.J .V Byzantine family which furnished the rulers of the Eastern Empire during neai-ly the whole ])crioil from the accession of Michael in 1261 until the death of Constantino in 1453. PalafoxyMelzi(i>a-lii-fon'emarthe). Josfide, Duke of S.-iragiissa. Horn 1780: died Fel). 16, 1847. A .Spanish general, captain-general of Aragon, and commander in the defense of Sar- agossa against the French in 1808. Palafox y Mendoza (men-<16'th!i'), Juan de. Born at Fitiro, Navarre, June 24, KWO: died at Osina, Oct. I, l('i.59. A Spanish prelate, admin- istrator, and autlior. He was councilor of the Indlea; was consccratcil bishop of Puebla, Mexico, in Dec, 163l»; and at the same time was nnuic visitador-gencral of New Spain. In the latter caiiacily he had a ilispute with the viceroy Escalona, and by ortlcr of the king sncceetied him as viceroy June, -Nov., 1642. Owing to quarrels with the Jesuits he was deposed In lCv47, and in UM9 returned to Spain. Inlir.ShewasmadelilslnipofOsma. Hejuihllshi'd mnnerous historical, judicial, and theoK'glcal works. Palaihnihan (pa-lih'ni-han), or Pit River In- dians. A linguistic stock of North .Vincrican Indians which formerly occupied the territory draiiu'il by Pit Kiver and its tributaries, from (ioose Lake to the niont h of Scpiaw Creek, north- easlcrn California. The tribal divisions are Acho- inawl, AlsugcS .Muauilh, Chumawa, Kstakewach, llantiwl, liumawhl, and llnniwl: they are almost extinct. A few representatives of the slock are on Hound Valley r<|»erT«- tion. The name is adapted fnun the Klannilh wonlyi'ii'Vrit, nu'aidng 'niountalneers' or 'nplandera.' Palaik. Snini> as I'dlnihiiihan. Palais (l>ii-la'), Le. Tho chief town of the isl- and of Bolle-lle-eu-Mer, ofiE the coast of Brit- Palais. Le 774 tany, department of Morbihan, Prance lation (1891), 2.967. Palais Bourbon (pa-la' bor-bon') Palermo this region became snbsequently known as the Psle. bnt the limits varied at different times. Popu- IfiSO embraced two separate regions, the Rhine (or Lower) Palatinate (distinctively the Palatinate', and the I'pper _ Paris now the Chamber of T)^ V' ^P"^^"'*'' ^o^^S ^^L ^'L^^:;:,{::^ J^h^^ Paleario (piay'r^SrordeUa PagUa (del'. I'aris, now the Chamber of Deputies, begun in tart princes of the empire as early as the iith cemi?y ^^ pal'.va), or degll PagUariccl (del'ye pal- II — ^. The fine fapade toward the Seine flas finished in ^^'J' i" the 13th century the Palatinate passed to the va-ret che), Aonio or Antonio "" 1S07: It has a Riinaii peilimented colonnade of 12 Corin- Bavariandynastvof Wittelsbach.whichsoonafterbranched '■ ^- • • < - ..- .. - . . off into the Bavarian and Palatine lines. thian columns, with a flight of steps between two projecting piere. The sculptures in the tympanum represent France J^i'^u^'.^'^'^/lJ''"^"' O"*'^''' Agriculture, and Commerce! Ihe halls of the interior are embellished with many no- table paintings and sculptures. Palais de Justice (d6 zhus-tes'). [F., 'palace of justice.'] A historieallj- and artistically in- teresting congeries of buildings in Paris, situ- ated on L'lle de la Cit6, at an angle of the (^uai de I'Horloge. it is composed in part of portions of the ancient royal palace (the Conciergerie, with its three cylindrical cone-roofed towers, and the vaulted Cui- sines de St. Louis). Excavations in 1S4S disclosed the foundations of the Fu>nian prefectorium under the present liUais de .lustice. It was the residence of Childebert and the earlier Merovingians. Count Eudes (king a. d. SSS) reconstructed the old Palais de la Cite as a fortress against the Norman inv,aders. When the Louvre was built by Philip .Augustus, the palais lost its importance as a for- tress and ag.iin became a residence and the seat of royal courts of justice, a use to which the entire building was finally put The greater part is comparatively modern, and all has been restored since the wanton destruction by nmns. The Galerie de St. Louis is admirably frescoed by ilerson, and many other haUs are notable for their deco- ration. The modern west facade is impressive : it is in a neoclassical style with 8 great Doric columns and 2 angle- piei-s, and much sculpture; it opens on a magnificent ves- tibule. ,. ., , - Born at Ver- oli, Italy, about 1500 : executed at Rome, July 1570. An Italian Reformer and humanist, ar- rested by the Inquisition on a charge of heresv and executed. Hepublished theological works' a didactic poem in Latin, etc. ' Palembang (pa-lem-bang'). 1. A residencT in the southeastern part of Sumatra, Dutch East Indies. It corresponds in the main to the former kina- dom of Palembang and the kingdom of JambL PopolaUon (1890). 655,625. 2. The capital of Palembang, situated on the river Musi in lat. 2° 59' S., long. 104° 45' E It waa taken by the Dutch in 182L Popolation, ibont DO.vWO. all westof theEhinewascededtoFrance;Badenreceived iralencia (pa.-]an'the-a). 1. A province in Old H.„ieih„„ At .„„K„;„. . . .. , „ . „ Castile, Spain, bounded by Santander on the north, Burgos on the east, Valladolid on the south, and Valladolid and Leon on the west, it IS mountainous in the north and a plateau in the south. -4rea, 3,136 square miles. Population (1887), 188,954. 2. The capital of the province of Palencia, situ- ated on the Carrion in lat. 42° X., long. 4° 35' W.: theancient Pallantia. it has linen and other niamil factnres. The flr«t .Spanish university, foanded here about 1209. was removed to Salamanca in 1239. It has a cathedral chiefly of the 14th century. Population (1SS7), 15,028. ' See Feruandez The Palatinate was enlarged early in the 14th century with a part of Ba- varia (the I'pper Palatinate). The Golden Bull of 1356 dcsit'iiated the Palatinate as one of the seven electorates In the 16th century Heidelberg, the capital of the electors palatine, became a great center of Calvinism. The elector Frederick V., having accepted the Bohemian crown in 1619 and having been overthrown in 1620, was stripped of his dominions. The electoral dis;nity was transferred to Ba- vana in 1623, and the Upper Palatinate was annexed to it By the treaty of 1648 the Rhine Palatinate was restored to its fonuer rulei-s, and an eighth electorate created for it the I pper Palatinate being confirmed to Bavaria. The Rhine Palatinate was terribly ravaged by the f>ench in 1674 and 1689. The Palatinate and the Bavarian lands were united in 1777. In ISJl tlie Rhine Palatinate was dirided : he Rhine was cec ' Heidelberg. Mannheim, etc.; and the rest fell to Hesse- Darmstadt, Nassau, etc. By the treaties of 1814-15 the IVench portion west of the Rhine was restored to Ger- many : Prussia and Hesse-Darmstadt received portions, but the greater portion fell to Bavaria. This part is the present Rhine Palatinate, or Lower Palatinate (G JVtein- p/aJz or Unttrp/alz): it is bounded bv the Rhine on th. building in Paris, constructed in connection Palatine (pal'a-tin) Hill. PL. Mons Palathius t forms a " Regierungs-bezirk ' of Bavaria, w ith Spires as capit^U. It is traversed by the Hardt Mountains, and pro- duces grain, wine, coal, etc. Area, 2,289 square miles Population (18911), 72s,339. The Vpper P;ilatinate (G. Obi-r p.i'aiz) forms a "Rederungs-bezirk ' of Bavaria, under the -, title I pper Palatinate and Ratisbon (Regensburg). li. PalenCia, DiCgO FemaudeZ dfi. borders on Bohemia. Capital. Ratisbon. It has extensive tie I'aleiicia Palais duTrocad^roCdutro-ka-da'ro). Along mnl'' lopuil™^),"^"^'"- ^''^' ^''^^ ^i""'' PalenqTie(pa-lan'ka). [So called from a neigh- " ■ - -- __ • bomig modem village.] A group of ruined buildings in the state of Chiapas, Mexico, about 60 miles north-northeast of San Oistobal. They are of calcareous stone, and consist of a large central build- ing, commonly called the "palace," with various smaller builduigs, pyTamids, eti\ Hieroglyphic tablets and two sculptured figures of great interest have been discovered. The Palenque ruins were unknown to the Spaniards until the middle of the ISth century, and it Is evident that the place had been abandoned before the white conquest. It is conjec-tured that the boildings were used for religioM purposes. ). or Palencas (pa-lan'- northem Venezuela, in the with the exhibition of 1878, and combining sev- eral museums and a large concert-hall. The latter occupies a central pavilion of horseshoe shape 190 feet in diameter and ISO feet high, flanked by 2 towers 270 feet high. From each side extends a low curved wing 660 feet long, the plan of the whole thus being a crescent. The entire Seine front is skirted by continuous open galleries. Palais Royal rwa-yal'). ApalaceinParis,buLlt by Richelieu 1629-34, and left by him to the king. It w.as given by Louis XTV. to the Duke of Or- It. Monte Palathto.] One of the "seven hiUs" of Rome, situated southeast of the Capitoline and north-northeast of the Aventine. it borders on the Rom.an Forum ; is the traditional seat of the city founded by Romulus ; was the seat of private and later of imperial residences ; and contains many antiquities. Palatka (pa-lat 'ka). A citv, the capital of Put- nam County. Florida, situated on St. John's River. Population (1900), l&ns, and remained in his family, with interruptions dur- PS'l^Wan (pa-la-wan ),orParagua(pa-ra gwa). PalenOtieS (pa-Ian'kas mg the Revolution and the empire, until the revolution ^^ island m the Malav Arehipelaso, Ivin? be- Viis^ Tn.liaT,;: ^f ^«„, of 1848. It was damaged by the Commune in isn, but tween Borneo and the inain CTOun of the Phil t V' ^^^'^f^"! °orl has been restored. The state apartments are handsome, icpjne Inland': Tt h.l If, ^ .k^»v , J ^'^^*"^™ P*" of what IS now the state of Ber- The gardens were surrounded by the duke Philippe Egn- i,„tiv to the ".^tan nf 1 1 Ss^l ""fl '' ^ *''f Philippines and mudez. As a tribe they are extinct. Thev be- ^..^^:i^i^^^^z^^^,!^^ ^rv^:^^p,^^t,^'*--'>^--^^ pSueubi'^'l's.^^"", r'^- It treFran^ais. Palazzo Borghesi. See Borgliese Palace. ra,lenaiie tablet. A stone plate, covered -with Palamas (pal'a-mas), Gregorius. Lived about Palazzo Contarini Fasan See Venice 13o0. .-^ Greek archbishop of Thessalonica, Palazzo del Governo. See &>«a. Je.ader of the Hcsychasts. ^eePala,,utes. Palazzo della Ragione. See Padua. lf,r/;.^pf^l';^ Palazzo Doria(d6'ri-a). 1. A palace in Rome, tormerly known as the Pamphili Doria. it faces Palamedes (pal-a-me'dez) In Greek legend.'son of Nauplius and Clymene^, one of the Greek warriors in the expedition against Troy. He was killed through the ma- chinations of Odysseus. Palamites (pal'a-mits). The followers of Gre- gorius Palamas, a monk of Mount Athos in the „ _ --=.,-_ — _, , 14th century. Simeon, abbot of a raon.ast«ry at Con- ^^ -Andrea Doria in 1552, but is veo°much older.' stantinople in the 11th century, taught that by fasting, ialaZZO Famese. See Faniese. prayer, and contemplation, with concentration of thought PalazZO FoSCaii. See Venice. on the navel, the heart and spirit would be seen viithin, Pala77nln Arrpiilo Cna 15t'«n In st ,.5'^ ^^\ a luminous with a visible light. "^ This light was believed to f nt ,7 i„ tbl^ • ^^ * c ^'^-^^e-de). A be uncreated, and the same which was seen at Christ's '"."" '° '^"^ piOMUce of Syracuse, Sicilv. 19 mles west of Syracuse: on the site of the an- toward the Corso and the Piazza di Venetia. It is very large and contains galleries of pictures and sculpture. 2. A palace in Genoa, on the Piazza del Prin- cipe. It contains fine frescos, and the garden facing the harbor has a large arcaded loggia, " ' ■ hieroglj-phies, which was sent to the Smith- sonian Institution in 1S42. and is now in the Na- tional Museum at Washington, it was found at Menque, Mexico, where it originally formed the left side of the Group of the Croes. a remarkable ornament on one of the temples. This group was 6J feet high bv about 12 broad ; the centra] portion exhibited a cross-like structure with a human figure on each side and other details; flank- ing it were two slabs with closely set hieroglyphic char- acters ; of these the Palenqne tablet Is one. Various at- ,. .,.^.„ tempts have been made to decipher the characters. It was presented Palermo. A province in Sicilv. Area, 1,948 square nules. Population (lS9i), 791.928. Palermo (pa-ler'mo; It. pron. pa-ler'mo). [It. Palermo, L. Panonnui, Panhormus, 6r. Ildwip- /wf.] The capital of the province of Paler- mo, Sicily, a seaport situated on the Bav of Pa- transfiguration, and is known accordingly as the "uncre- ""Jfs wesi oi o.yracuse: on tne site ot the an- lermo at the foot nf Ar^ntQ T><.11<.™^^^* ■"" T 7 atedlightof MountTabor." Thedoctrinewasmorecare- cient Acne. It contains manv antiquities in- Mo^?\ )„,,! \%?'v.,f^ Pellegrino, m lat fully formulated and defended by Palamas, who taught cludine a Greek theater ani luiViTl 1^1,,, i ??- '..-\''°"?- .^'^ "l E.: theancient Panormus thatthereexistsadivine.light,etemalandun?reated,which nO^ R^J: ^T'^^'^ .,^?^^'^ ^°" burial-ground is not the substance or essence of deitv. but God's activity or operation. Tlie Palamites were favored by the emperor Joannes Cantacuzenus, and their doctrine was confirmed by a council at Constantinople in 1351. They were caUed by tlieir uppontins Eiicfdtes and Massalians : also Hesi/- cAn.*r.an.l l',Hhii;c„„;„ii. Palamon and Arcite (pal'a-mon and ar'sit). Two noble youths the storv'of whose love for Emilia has been told bv Chaucer in the "Knight's Tale" (derived from Boccaccio's "Teseide"), by Dryden in a version of "The Knight's Tale" called "Palamon and Arcite." by Fletcher and another (perhaps Shakspere) in aplaycalled "The Two Noble Kinsmen"" The theater is small but verv perfect. There are 12 tiers of seats, divided" into 9 cunei by 8 radial stairways. Parts of the stage structure remain. Population (1881), 11,154. Palazzo Pitti (pit'te). A palace in Florence, Italy, designed by Brunelleschi, and begun about 1435. it is a massive building : the chief facade is of qnarry-faced ashlerin three stories with series of round- arched windows having verj- long voussoirs. The front toward the Boboli Gardens has projecting wings inclosing a court, with superposed tiers of pilasters formed of blocks alternately large and small. It is at once a royal palace and the home of a world-famous gallery of paintings. Palazzo Pubblico. See .•<ortals, and is connected by flying arches with a keep-like camp.inile- the interlacing arcades and arabesque patterns of the chevet are unique in architecture. The interior is moderniied. but contains most interesting tombs of emperors (Henry ^1. and Frederick II.), kings, and archbishops. The Ponte dell' Ammiraglio, a picturesque Saracenic bridge built across the Oreto (which has since changed its course) in 1113 by King Roger's Greek admiral, rises toward themid- dle in gable form, and consists of 11 pointed arches so dis- posed that those of narrow and wide span alternate. San Giovanni degli Eremiti, a notable foundation of King Roger (1132), of T-plan with 3 shallow apses, is roofed by 5 domes supported on stjuinches, and possesses a quad- rangular domed towerand a cloister. Palermo was founded apparently by the Phenicians, and was one of the strong- holds of Carthage. It was taken by Pyrrhus in 2J6 B. c, and passed from Carthage to Rome in 254. The Cartha- ginians under Hasdrubal were defeated under its waUsby the Romans under Cascilius Metellus in 251 or 250. It was taken by the Vandals and East Goths about 440 i. D. ; was captured by Belisarius in 535 ; was taken bv the Saracens about S30, and became one of their chief cities ; later be- came the capital of , Vnn"l A nlncfi in China between Jordan. The soilis naturally fertile. The ancient inhabi- J:'al_lKao(pa-le-Kou ). Apiaee in l^nina, peiween tants were the tanaatutes, who were later coniiuered and ' ' " ' - . -- ^ . „. .. .. more or less assimilateii with the Israelites, under whom the country was portioned out in the tribal divisions of Simeon, Judah, Dan, Benjamin, Ephraim, Manasseh, Aslier. Issachar, Zebulon, Naphtali, Gail, and Reuben. The tiivisions west of the Jordan in the time of Christ were Juiiea in the south, Samaria in the center, and Galilee in the north. The country formed part of the Roman and Byzantine Empire: passed under Mohammedan rule about 63tJ : was held by the Christians temporarily during the Crusades; and since 1516 has been in the possession of Peking and Tientsin. Here, Sept. 21, 186i), the French and British forces under Cousin- .Montauban defeated the Chinese. Palikao(pii-le-kii-6').Comtede (Charles Guil- laume Marie Apollinaire Antoine Cousin- Montauban). Born at Paris, June '2i, 1796: died .Ian. 8, 1878. A French general. He served in Algeria; commanded the expedition against China in 18tifl ; gained the victory of Palikao Sept. 21, 1860 ; and was premier and minister of war Aug. lu-Sept. 4, 1870. the Turkish government. Area, estimated, 10,000-11,0(X) p-liiiVinTn ^nnl i Ush'i nm'l TT, Pnliliriiii Tier. square miles. Population, probably about 400,000. raUilClUm (pal-i-Usn i-um). lU. I-aiHlc>us,j,eT- Palestine. A city, the capital of Anderson Coun tv, southern Texas. Population (1900), 8.297. Palestrina (pa-les-tre'nii). A town in the prov- ince of Rome, Italy, 22 miles east of Rome: the ancient Prfeneste (which see). It contains a cathedral and various antiquities. The sanctuary of For- tune is a very ancient foundation of wealth and renown, which occupied ten terraces rising in succession and now in part covered by the modern city. The chief remains, besides the teirace walls, include the main temple surviv- ing almt)st complete with Corinthian columns ami pilas- ters and a raised tribune, the grotto of the famous oracle, niiisaics. extensive series of vaulted chambers antl ptirti- (■■>s, and a small circular temple, now disposed as a chapel, at the summit. It was the birthplace of Palestrina. Popu- lation (1881), 0.129. Palestrina, Giovanni Pierluigi da. Born at Pallee Palitana, one of the remarkable Jain agglom erations which consist wholly of temples and have no inhabitants except a few priests and servant.s. it covers a large area, including two hills, surrounded by picturesque fortitications and numbering hundreds of temples, the largest of which stand In their own iiielosures. All the temples are characterized by their pagoda-towers, here in general <(Uadrangular, steejil) py- ramidal with bulging sides, and having a bullious amalaka crowning. The construction is excellent, and much of the finish and ornament admirable. 'I'be eai liest temples dat« from the 11th century, and the series continues, always of the same type, to the present day. Alfio called Sutruniya, Palk Bay (pak ba). An arm of the Indian Ocean between southern India and Ceylon, southwest of Palk Strait. Palladio (pal-lii'de-d), Andrea. Bom at Vi- cenza, Nov. .30, l.'ilS : died at Venice, Aug. 19, 1580. A celebrated Italian architect. In 1547 he finished the Castello of Cdine begun in 1519 by FontAna, who is supposed to have been his master in architecture. He designed the Baibarano, Tiene, and other palaces at Vicenza, and the Olympic Theater there. In the neighbor- hood of Venice are many Palladian edifices, and at Venice he built a Corinthian atrium for the monastery delta Ca- rit^, the church of San (Jiorgio Maggiore, etc. The cathft. dral of Brescia and the governor's palace are attributed to him. At Padua he built the Palazzo AldrighelU caaa Adriani. According toLetronilly, theonly workof I'alladio in Rome was an altar in the long hall of the hospital of San Sfiirito. He published "Le Antichitk di Roma" (1654), " Illustrations to Caesar's Commentaries" (1575), " I quat- trolibri deir Arcbitettura" (Venice, 167"), etc. Ilis style was known as the Palladian, and was long considered the most perfect. Palladis Tamia, See Meres, Francis. Palladius (pa-la'di-us). [Gr. I\n?Miho^.'] Bom in Gahitia, Asia Minor, probably about 367 A. D.: died about 431. A bishop of Helenopo- lis (in Bitliynia), author of a historical work, " Lausiacum." Palladius. Lived probably in the 5th century. A Greek medical writer. Palladius,Rutilius Taurus .ffimilianus. Lived in the 4th or 5th century. A Roman writer, author of a work on agriculture ("De re rus- tica"). A Middle English translation. In verse, was pub- lished for the Early English Text Society from a unique English MS. of about 1420, from Colchester Castle, under the title " Palladius on Husbondrie." Pal Lahara (piil lii-hii'ra). A small state tribu- f nrv to ( Irissa, British India. Population (1881), 14,S87. The ancient name of taining to the Palilia, or feast of Pales.] A name given by the Romans to the Hyades, and especially to Aldebaran, the brightest of them, because this group of stars rose heliacally on the day of the PaliHa (April 21), the anniversary of the founding of the city. Palinuro (pii-le-no'ro), Cape, or Cape Sparti- mento (spiir-te-men'tn). A promontory on tlie western coast of Italy, situated in lat. 40° 2' N.,long. 15° 17' E.:"tho ancient Palinunim. / i.. „^ It was the scene of shipwrecks of Roman fleets Pallantia (pa-lan shi-k) in 253 and in 36 B. C. Palencia. Palinurus (pal-i-nu'rus). [Gt. n.ahmvpoc.'i In Pallanza (piil-liin'za). A town in the province (4rcekclassicallcgend,thehelmsmanof jJIueas. of Novara, northern Italy, situated on Lago lie perished on the western coast of Italy. Palestrina, near Ro.ne.VrobaWv L524:7lied at PaUsades (pal-i-sadz'). The. A basaltic bluff Rome, Feb. 2, l.-)94. A celebrated Italian mu- extending along the western shore of the Hud- sician surmamed "Priuceps Musica>" ('Prince «pn '" the States of New Jersey and New \ uric . \, ■ , , ,. .. , . . .V r . -.. .. It commences opposite the northern part of ? j r, i. riu n three masses in \Mi. setting the standard of ecclesiastical PallSSy (pa-le-se'), Bernard. Born_at Chapelle music. For this he was appointed composer to the pmitift- Biron, near Agen, probably about 1;)10: died m cal choir He is considered the first compoaer who united jIk, Bastille, Paris, 1589. A celebrated French the art with the science of music, and his works, all sacred except two vrdunies of madrigals, mark an important ejwch In the annals of music. He left between 90 and lOOniasses, hymns for the year, about 60 motets, and a number of lam- entations, litanies, etc. Palestro (pii-les'tro). A village in the province of Pavia. Italy, situated on the Sesia .34 miles west-sonthwest of Milan. Here, May 30 and .'11, 1859, the Sardinians, aided by the French, defenfed the Aus- trlana Paley (pii'li), William. Bom at Peterborough, England, July, 1743: died May 25, 1805. An English theologian and philosopher. Hograduated at f-hrlsl's College, Cambridge, in 176:i ; took holy orders ; and In 1 706 w:is chosen a fellow of hiscoUegc. Hevacated his fellowship by marriage In 1776. and retired to the rec- tory of Musgrave in Westmoreland, which had been con- ferred on him the year before. He was appointed arch- deacon of Carlisle in 1782, became a prebendary of St. Paul's in 17(M. was presented to the subdeaneryof Lincoln cathedral, and in 1795 received the rectory of Blshop- Wearmouth He published "Principles of Moral and Piv lllical Philosophy "(178.5), " Horn- Panlinai. or the Truth of the Sf piditieo-rellgious meetings. He was arrested and imprisoned at Bordeaux, hut was saved from the lot of his coreligionists hy the Conin''tablo de Montmorency, who Interceded with tliequeen, Catharine de'. Medici. Set Maggiore 45 miles northwest of Milan. It is a winter resort. Pallas (pal'as). [Gr. Jla/./ar, originally only a surname of Athene : probably from n-dX>.l.>glca " (1767-1804), "Flora Rossica" (1784-88), "Samnilnngen historischer Nacliricht*:nnber die inongolisehenN'olkcrscbaf ten "("Col- lections of Historical Information on the Mongolian Races," 1776-1802), and varliais scientillc works. long. 76° 42' E. Population (1891), 39,481. Palgrave(pargi'av) SirPranciS. Bom at Lon- Palitana (pa-le-t a na) ,, ,^ don, July, I78S: die.l tit Ilanipstead. near Lon- .:^v7i.'] In ancient geography, the westernmost of the three penin- sulas of Chaleidice, Jlaeedonia. Pallice (pa-les'), La. A new artificial harbor for large vessels, near La Rochelle, France. Pall Mall (pel mel). A fine street in London, leading from Trafalgar Square to the Green Park: between Cockspur street and Trafalgar Square it is called Pall Mall East. Its name is a record of its having been the place where theganieof Palle-malle was played — agame still popular in the deserted streetsof old sleepy Italian cities, and deriv- ing its name from Palla, a ball, and Maglia, a mallet. The street was not enclosed till about 1690. when it was at first called Catherine Street in lionor of Catherine of Braganza, and it still continued to be a fashionable promenade. Club- houses are the characteristic of the street, though none of the existing buildings date beyond the 19th century. In the ISth century their place was filled by taverns where various literary and convivial societies had their meetings. Hare, London, IL 44. Palma (pal'ma). One of the Canary Islands, situated west-northwest of Teneriffe. Capital, Santa Cruz de la Palma. It is traversed by a moun- tain-range. Length, 26 miles. I'opulatiou (1887), 39,605. Palma. A seaport, capital of the Balearic Isles, Spain, situated on Palma Bay, on the southern coast of Majorca, in lat. 39° 34' N. , long. 2° 41' E. It is the seat of important commerce and industry. The cathedral is a line Pointed building the towers and flying buttresses of which form a conspicuous landmark. The columns of the nave .are very hisrh ami slender, the vault measuring nearly 150 feet, and the tombs of Mallorcan kings and bishops and the great medieval carved wooden reredos add interest to the interior. The exchange is also notable. Popnlation (1887), 60,514. Palma, or La Palma. A town in the province of Huelva. Spain, 31 miles west of Seville. Pop ulation (1887), 5,897. Palma, or Palmanova (pal-ma-no'vii). A small town in the province of Udine, Italy, 57 miles northeast of Venice. Palma, Jacopo or Giacomo, surnamed "Palma Veechio" ('the Elder'). Born at Serinalta, near Bergamo, Italy, about 1480: died at Ven- ice, Aug. 8, 1528. A Venetian painter. He is classed with though not equal to Giorgione and Titian. His portraits of women are especially brilliant and soft in tone and color. Among his pictures are "St. Barbara" at Venice; " Santa Conversazione." Naples Museum ; "Visi- tation " and " Santa Conversazione," Vienna ; " The Three Graces," Dresden ; ".Tudith," L'thzi, Florence ; "La Schia- va,"' Palazzo Barberini, Rome ; etc. Palma, Jacopo or Giacomo, surnamed " Palma (iiovane '' ("the Younger'). Born at Venice about 1544: died there, 1628. A Venetian painter, nephew of Palma Vecehio. He was dis- tinguished for the freshness of his coloring, and compared not unfavorably with his contemporaries Tintoretto and Paolo Veronese : but he became careless in his later pic- tures, and is said by Lanzi to be the last painter of the good and the first of'the bad epoch in the Venetian school, Palma, Ricardo. Born at Lima, Feb. 7, 1833. A Peruvian author. He was a member of Congress, and subsequently was connected with the National Li- brary : it w!vs mainly through his efforts that it was re- opened in 18S4, after its destruction by the Chileans. Pal- ma's works include " Anales de la Inquisicit)n de Lima " (1863), several volumes of poems, romances and sketches, and, since 1S70, a series of works of great interest on the historical traditions and legends of Peru. Palma Campania (kitm-pa'ne-ii). A town in the province of Caserta, Italy, 1(5 miles east of Naples. Population (1881), 6,476. Palma del Bio (del re'6). A town in the prov- ince of Cordova, Spain, situated on the Guadal- qiHvir, at the junction of the Jenil, 29 miles west-southwest of Cordova. Population (1887), 7,696. Palmaria (pill-ma-re'S). A small island at the entrance of the Gulf of Spezia, belonging to the province of Genoa, Italy. It is famous for its black marble. Palmas (pal'mas). Cape. A promontory on the coast of Liberia, western Africa, situated in lat. 4° 22' N., long. 7° 44' W. Palmas, Las. ['The palms.'] A cathedral city and a seaport, the capital of the island of Gran Canaria, (Ja.nary Islands, it is the largest place in the islands, and has flourishing commerce. Population (1887), 20,766. Palmblad (palm'bliid), Wilhelm Fredrik. Born Dec. 16, 1788: died Sept. 2, 1852. A Swe- dish author, one of the Pliosphorists. Among his works is the novel "Aurora Kfinigsmark" (1846-49). After 1835 he was co-editor of the "Biographisk Lexicon." Palm^las (pal-mel'yiis). An Indian tribe of northeastern Bolivia, department of Beni, on the river Baur^s. By their language they appear to belong to the Carib linguistic stock, though they are widely sepa- rated from other Cai-il) tribes. Palmer (pam'er), Charles Ferrers. Bom 1819: died Oct. 27, 1900. An English anti- quarian. He studied at the Queen's College of Medi- cine, Birmingh.am,andpractised as a surgeon forsome time. 776 In 1842 he joined the Roman Catholic Chru'ch, entered the Dominican tirder in 1852, and took orders in 1859. He is known as Father Raymund. He published " The His- tory of the Town and Castle of Tamworth, etc." (1845), "The Dominican Tertiary's Guide" (1866), "The Life of Philip Thomas Howard, O. P., Cardinal of Norfolk, . . . with a Sketch of the . . . Dominican Order, etc." (1867), "History ... of the Collegiate Churcli of Tamworth" (1871), "History of the Baronial P'amilyof Marmion"(1875), etc., and other works principally relating to the Dominican order and to the town of Tamworth. Palmer (pam'er), Ed'ward Henry. Born at Cambridge, England, Aug. 7, 1840 : murdered by Bedouins in the desert near Suez, Aug., 1882. An English explorer and Orientalist. He entered St. John's Colk'^'c, Camiiridge.and was elected fellow in 1867. He joined tlie Siniii expedition, and in 1870 explored the Wilderness of tiie Wandering with Drake ; in the same year he published the ''Desert of Exodus." In 1871 he was appointed professor of Arabic at Cambridge, and in 1876 published a Persian dictionary. In 1882 he accompanied the government expedition to the desert of Suez, where he was murdered. Palmer, Ed'win. Born July 18, 1824: died Oct. 17, 1895. An English classical scholar, arch- deacon of Oxford. Palmer, Erastus Do'W. Born at Pompey, N. Y., April 2, 1817. An American sculptor, in 1846 he began his career as a cameo-cutter. He has produced more than 100 works in marble. Palmer, James Shedden. Born in New Jersey, 1810: died in St. Thomas, West Indies, Dec. 7, 1867. An American admiral. He became a midship- man in the U. S. navy in 1825, and was promoted captain in 1862 ; commanded the Iroquois of Farragut's squadron in thepassage of theVicksburg batteries in June, 1862; and was captain of Farragut's flag-ship wiien she ran the batteries of Port Hudson in ilarch, 1863. Made rear-admiral 1866. Palmer, John McCauley. Born Sept. 13, 1817: died Sept. 25, 1900. An American general and politician. He was admitted to the bar 1839, served in the Civil War (major-general of volunteers 1862, corps commander under Slierman 1864), was Republican gover- nor of Illinois 1869-73, was elected United States senator (Democratic) 1891, and was nominated for the Presidency as a sound-money Democrat 1896. Palmer, Ray. Born at Little Compton, R. I., Nov. 12, 1808: died at Newark, N. J., March .29, 1887. An American Congregational clergy- man, noted as a hymn-writer. He wrote the hymn "My Faith looks up'to Thee," and published "Closet Hours " (1851), " Complete Poetical Works " (1876), etc. Palmer, Roger, Earl of Castlemain. Born at Dorney Court, Bucks, Sept. 3, 1634: died at Oswestry, July 21, 1705. An English diplo- matist and writer. He was raised to the Irish peer- age at the Restoration tii propitiate his wife, who was the mistress of tlie king (see VWiers, Barbara). Palmer, Roundell, Earl of Selborne. Born at Mi-xbui-y, England, Nov. 27, 1812 : died at Black- moor, near Petersfield, May 4, 1895. An Eng- lish jurist and hymiiologist. He was solicitor-gen- eral 1861-63 ; attorney-general 1863-66; British counsel at the Geneva Court of Arbitration in 1871-72 ; and lord chancellor under Gladstone in 1872-74 and 1880-86. He was created Baron Selborne in 1S72, and Earl of Selborne in 1882. He published "Book of Praise, from the Beat English Hymn-writers ' (1863), etc. Palmer, Walter Launt. Born at Albany, N. Y. , Aug. 1, 1854. An American painter, son of E. D. Palmer: a pupil of F. E. Church and of Carolus Duran. Palmerin Romances, The. A series of eight Spanish romances of chivalrv. The first, " Palmerin de fdiva." the work of a carpenter's daughter in Burgos, printed at Salamanca in 1511, and the sixth, " Palmerin de Inglaterra [England]," written by Luis Hurtado (Toledo, 1547), are the most noted. These romances are in imita- tion of the Amadis romances, and cimie near them in im- portance. The two mentioned were translated into Eng- lish by .\ntony Munday ; the second was abridged by Robert Southey. Palmer Land, or Palmer's Land. A land in the south polar regions, south of Tierra del Fue- go, about lat. 63° S. Palmerston, Viscount. See Temple, Henry Joint . Palmetto State. South Carolina: so named from the palmetto on its coat of arms. Palmieri (pal-me-a're). Llligi. Born April 22, 1807: died Sept. 10, 1896. An Italian mathe- matician and physicist. He w.as .appointed prcjfessor of physics at the University of Naples in 1847, and director of the meteorological observatory on Vesuvius in 1848 (an oftice the duties of which he assumed in 1854). Palmjrra (pal-mi'rii), or Tadmor (tad'mOr). [Gr. RaAjivpa.'] In aincient geography, a city sit- uated on an oasis in the desert east of S^Tia, about lat. 34"= 18' N., long. 38° 10' E.: said to have been built by Solomon. It early became an important commercial center ; rose to prominence in the reign of Hadrian (about 130 A. P.); became a Roman colony about 212; became practically independent in the reigns of Valerian and Gallienus under Odenathus, and was the capital of the important kingdom of P.almyra. It became formally independent under Zenobia, wlio was defeated and captured by Aurelian in 272. Palmyra was destroyed in 273. Later it was relmilt, and is now in ruins. Palmyra is remarkable for its extensive architectural remains, which date for the most part from near the close of the Roman Paludan-Miiller protectorate, and are more rich than pure in style. The, chief monument is the temple of the Sun, with its im- pressive inclosure. .almost more striking are the long- double lines of colonnaded streets, spanned by triumphal arclies. There are many other ruins, including temples, public buildings, dwellings, and long stretches of towered fortifications of tlie time of Justinian. There is also an extensive necropolis, characterized by mausoleums in the- form of towers. Only the more prominent remains have; been tlioroughly studied. Palmyra of the North, The. A name some- times given to St. Petersburg. Palni (pal'ne) Hills. A range of mountains- in the southern part of the Deccan, India, con- nectingthe Eastern and Western Ghats. Height of highest summits, about 7,000 feet. Palo Alto (pa'lo al'to). [Sp., 'high pole.'] A place near the southern extremity of Texas, 8- miles northeast of Brownsville. The first battle of the war between the United .states and Mexico w-as fought here May 8, 1846. Taylor, commanding the United States troops, had fortified liimself on the Rio Grande, opposite Matamoros ; Arista, the Mexican general. man= Fountain of Youth," 1866) and the so- cial novel, in 3 volumes, "Ivar Lykkes Historic" ("The History of Ivar Lykke," 1866-73)- ilis poetical writings (• PoetiskeSlcriftL-r"") appeared at Copenhagen, 1878-79, in b volumes. , Palwal, orPulwuKpul-wul'). A town ill Gur- gaou district, Panjab, British India. 40 miles south of Delhi. Population (1881), 10.635. Pam. A nickname familiarly given to Viscount Palmerston. Pamas. See Punipunis. Pamarys. See Punipunis. Pamela (pa-me'la). The daughter of Basilius and sister of Philoclea: a noted character in Sidney's romance "Arcadia." Richardson gave the name to a servant, to signify that line feeiiiigs were not confined to the upper classes. Pamela (pam'e-iii). or Virtue Rewarded. The first of the series of novels written by Samuel Richardson, piiOlished in 1740. it is so "called from the name of the heroine, an ostentatiously virtuous ser- vant who resists the dishonorable attempts of her mas- U:t, and is finally rewarded by becoming his wife. This amused Fielding and provoked him into writing the his- tory of "Joseph Andrews," an equally virtuous serving- man and the brother of Pamela, which was begun as a caricature, but grew into a work of independent character. Pope, in his " Epistle to Mrs. Blount," accents the name Fame la (but see the extract). One significant sign of its [Pamela's] popularity was its changing the pronunciation of the name itself, which in Pope is accented on the second syllable, and in Richard- ■on on the first,— the public being willing to introduce discord into a line of the former, rather than spoil the har- mony of a few verses which the latter had inserted in the novel- Whipple, Essays. Fames (pa'mas), or Pamis (pii'mes). Mexican Indians in the southeastern part of the state of San Luis Potosi and the adjacent parts of Queretaro and Guanajuato. They are of Otomi stock, closely related to the true Ototnis, and have long been partially civilized. See Otomis and Otomi stock. Pamiers (pa-mya'). A cathedral city in the de- partment of Arifege, France, situated on the Ari&ire 40 miles south of Toulouse. It was the capital of the former couiitship of Foi.\- It was sacked in 1628. Population (1891), commune, 11,143. Pamir (pil-mer'). The name given to au exten- sive plateau region in central Asia, northeast of Afghanistan, south of Asiatic Russia, and west of East Turkestan, it contains the sources of the Amu-Daria. Its elevation is alii>ut 13,000 feet, and from it radiate the Alai (Trans-Alai), K.arak«u-um, and Hindu Kush Mountains, with peaks rising on the t»orders 2o,i)iX)-:;6,oOO feet in elevation. It is the central knot of the Asiatic mountains, and is frequently designated the " roof of the World-" Over it passed the ancient commercial highway to China- It is on the borders of the Russian, Chinese, and British empires, and hence has recently be- come of great interest- A large part of the I'amir region was occupied by Russia in 1892. Pamlico (pam-le'ko). [PI., also ramlirns.} A tribe ot North American Indians living upon the river of the same name in Beaufort County. North Carolina. They werenearlydestroyedbysmall- pox in 1C96 and by the Tuscarora war of 1711, the remnant of them being absorbed in the Tuscarora tiibe. See Alffon- quian, Pamlico Sound. An arm of the Atlantic east of North (J.arolina, separated from the Atlantic by low narrow islands. It communicates with Albe- marle .Sound on the north by Croatan and Roanoke sounds, and with the Atlantic by Ociacoke, Uatteras, and other inlets Length, about 7f' miles. Pammanas, f>r Pammarys. See Purupuru.i. Pampa (piira'pii). A territory of the Argentine KepubliCjWest of Buenos Avres. Area variously estimated at from 58,000 to" 89,000 square miles. Population (1890), 38,.500. Pampa AuUagas (piim'pa oul-ya'gas), oi' Aul- lagas, called also Poopo (p6-6-po'), etc. A swampy lake in Bolivia which receives tlie river Desaguadero from Lake Titicaca. It has no outlet. Length. Gij-TO miles. Pampas (piim'piis). A name given in the Ar- gentine Kepulilic to various Indian tribes iii- nabitiug the pampas to the south and west of Buenos Ayres, csipoeially the Puelches, Kan- queles, and I'clHienelies. Pampas (pain'pilz; S]>. pron. piim'piis). [Said to bo from a (juiclnnt word meaning ' an open field.'] A name given in southern and western South America to various open and grassy plains, and in this sense .synonymous with tlii- flOS Specifically, and in a geographical sense, the pamlias are the great t»pen plains of the Argentine UepuMic, be- tween tht river Parana and the A( hint icon the cast and I lie mountainous regions of thewest. \orthward these nlaiiiH Bie continuous with the (Iran chaco, and soulhwaro they rise into the table-lands of Patagonia. Kegarding the river Salndo a-s the northern boundary, and the Colorado as the soiithetn, the pampas enibraee the provinces of Buenos Ayres and Santa Ke, most of Cordoba, niirtions of Santiago, San Luis, and .Mendozji, and the lerrltorj- of La * Pampa, to which the name is now cemnionly restricted In Argentina. This gives an area of over 300. ooiisqinire miles. The elevation In Cordoba is 1,200 or 1,800 feet; thence it 777 falls regularly southeastward to 40 or 50 feet near the At- lantic. Ihereare occasional depressions, occupied by sa- lines, but no high hills- The surface is everywhere open and, where not too dry, very fertile ; jMirtions are subject to floods. The name is often extended, especially by nat- uralists, to the open but hilly lands east of the Parana and in Uruguay and southern Brazil. Pampas del Sacramento (jjiim'piisdel siik-ra- men'to). A region of nortliern Peru, between the livers Hiiallaga and Ucayale. From the little known of it, it appears to be a plateau varied with hills or low mountains, very fertile, and with a healthy and agreeable climate ; much of the surface is free from forest, 11 was discovered and named by the Jesuit Simon Zani in 1732, and for many years was the seat of nourishing Jesuit missions. There are now few inhabitants except wandering Indians. Length, probably 3U0 miles. Width, 40 to 10(1 miles. Pampean (pam'pf-an) race. [F. race pampe- (■«»<.] A name under which D'Orbigny (1839) included nearly all the South American Indian tribes known to him east of the Andes, except those of the Tupi and Tapuya stocks. He divided them into 3 races — the Pampean, chi(|Uitean, and Moxean. This classification was based on physical characteristics, and later ethnologists, relying mainly on the dillerences of language, have abandoned it. The tribes are now dis- tributed in many linguistic stocks. Pampean stock, or Aucanian stock (ii-ka'- ni-an stok), or Araucanian (ar-a-ka'ui-an) stock. A linguistic stock of South Amer- ican Indians, on both sides of the Andes, in southern Chile and the Argentine Kepnblic. It embraces, among other tribes, the .Araucanians nf cliilf, and the Aucanos, Pehuenches, Puelclies, and Querendis of the Argentine. They are all known .as valiant warriors who long resisted the Spaniards ; most of them are still practically independent. Pampeluna. See Pamplonu. Pamphylia ( pam-firi-a). [Gr. 'na/i(j>v/.ia, country of all tribes.] In ancient geography, a moun- tainous region in Asia Minor, bounded by Pi- sidia on the north, Cilicia on the east, the Med- iterranean on the south, and Lvcia on the west. It was successively under the rule of "Lydia, Persia, Mace- don, Syria, Pergamum, and Rome. Pamphylian (pam-firi-an) Gulf, or Pamphyl- ian Sea. The ancient name of the (iulf of Adalia. Pamplona (piim-plo'na), or Pampeluna (piim- pa-lo'nii), F. Pampelune (poiip-liin'). 1. A province of Spain. See Xanirre. — 2. The cap- ital of Navarre, situated on the Arga about lat. 42° 47' N., long. 1° 40' W. it is a fortress and stra- tegic point of importance. The cathedral dates from !3!t7, with a modernized west front. The cloister is (if excellent Geometrical I'ointed work, in part with openwork pedi- ments over the traceried arches. A rcfectorj- and several rooms and chapels older than Ilie cathedral open on the cloister. Pamplona was an ancient t-iwii of the Vaseones : waspartially destroyed by Charles tile Creat ill 77s ; sulfered in the Moorish wars ; became the capital of the kingiloni of Navarre; wjis taken by the French in IsiiH, and re- taken by the Spanish in 1813; and suttered in the Carliat wars. Population (1887), 26.603. Pamplona (piim-plo'nii). A town in the de- partment of Santander, Colombia, 205 miles north-nortlieast of Bogota. Populatiou (1880), abiint 9,000. Pamunkey (pa-mungk'i). A river in Virginia, fiirnied by the union of tlie North and South Anna, and uniting with tlie Mattapouy at West Point to form the York Kiver. Length, with the South Anna, over 100 miles. Pan (pan). [Gr. Ibu'.] In aneient Greek my- thology, the god of ])astures, forests, and flocks. The original seatof his worship was in Arcadia, whence it gradually spread over the rest of (ireece. Me was renre- sented with the head and body of an elderly man, wliile his lower palts were like the hind quarters of a goat, of which animal he often iKire the horns and ears alwi. He was fond of music and of dancing with the forest nymphs, and was the inventor of the syrinx, or shepherd's flute, hence called Pan'g piix'n or I'atuU-an jnjtfg. Sudden terror without visilile or rea'^onable cause was attributed to his infiuence. The Komaiis Identified the iJreek Pan with their own god Iiiuus, and sometimes also with Faunus. Panack. Sec linnnocl;. Panaetius(pa-ne'slii-ns). [Gr. ITaiainof.] Born aliout ISO B. c, : died alniut 111 B. c. A Greek Stoic ])hilosopher of Rhodes, thi' friend (at Home) of Lielius and Scipio the Younger. Panagia (ini-na'gi-ii). [Gr. Travayior, all-holy.] In the (iieek or tiithodox Eastern Chuicli, a title of (he Virgin Mary. This title signifies lilerally 'all-lmly,' an inlcnsive of the epithet "holy" applied tu other Hiiiiits, and is of all her titles that which is in most general use. Panama (pii-nii-mit'). 1. A deparlment of Co- lombia, comprising (nearly) the Isl limns of Pa- nama, anil bordering on t'osta Kica. It was indepeniient l.'^.'iU-Cil. Area. 31,.571s(piiiremiles. Population, '.'H.-i.tiOO. — 2. A ealhiMlnil city and seaport, capital of tlie deparlmeni of Panama, situated on the Biiy of Panama in hit. 8" 57' N.. lung. 79° 32' W. It Is the seat of a l.irge export and transit trade, the lermhniH of the Panama Uullway, and n free port. It was founded In l.^ilO by Prdrailas. burned Panchala by Morgan's bucaneers in 1671, and rebuilt in its present location in 1673. Population (18861, est., sn.oOO. Panama, Audience of, A Spanish court and governing body located at Panama. Asoriginally established in l;'i3» (by decree of l.iS.'i) It ruled all the Span- ish possessions of ( entndand South America, except Vene- zuela. It waB suppressed in 1546, on the creation of the audiences of Lima and the Confines. From l.')tH to 1569 the audience of the Confines was removed to Panama, with jurisdiction over Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, the Isthmus, and moat of New Granada : after the latter year Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica were attached to the audience of the Confines, that of Panama including the Isthmus and New Granada, subject to the audience of Lima. It was suppressed from 1718 to 172'2, and subse- quently, until its final sujipression In 175*2, was aubordinate to the audience of New Granada at Bogota. Panama, Bay of. An arm of the Pacific Oeeau, south of the Isthmus of Panama. Panama, Isthmus of, or Isthmus of Darien. An isthmus, forming a jiart of Colombia, which connects North and South America and sepa- rates the Caribbean Sea from the Pacilic Ocean. It ia traversed by low mountains. Length (to Costa Rica), about 450 miles. Width, 30-70 miles. The name Panama is sometimes used in a more restricted sense for a narrow ptirtlon of the isthmus immediately opposite the t^.wii of Panama; and a similar constriction opposite the Gulf of t'ruha is often distinguished as the Isthmus of Darien. Panama Canal. A projected ship-canal across the Isthmus of Panama. The idea of piercing tha isthmus is very old, and from 18'2« many surveys were made with reference to it, including very complete ones by the liiited States government 1872-7,'i. In 1877 the Co- lombian government gnmted a concession to a French- man named Wyse for constructing the canal. Ferdinand de Lesseps supported the scheme. At his invitation an "in- ternational scientific congress " met at Paris in May, 1879, and after a short session, and without considering other plans, decided In favor of the Panama route ; the American delegates refrained from voting. A Panama canal com- pany was at once formed ; the Wyse concession was pur- chased by It ; De Lesseps himself, as chief engineer, visited the isthmus and declared that the canal was entirely practicable ; and an " iiitemationa! technical committee " estimated the cost at >-'UHt,i-M k;»,oOo, On the strength of these representations the shares were rapidly taken, and active work was commenced in 1881. The route decided uiion is close to the Panama Railroad, crossing theChagres River six times, and involving a long and deep cut through the Central Cordillera : the periodical floods of the chagres were to be controlled by dams. Work was continued, with some interruptions, until March, 1889, when the company went into liquidation. I'p to that time it is said to have absorbed S2*iO,000,ooo, obtained by the sale of shares and bonds, mainly to the middle classes in Fnmce, and finally by lottery drawings which were au- thorized by the French government. Of the total length of the canal (.'>4 miles), 12 miles had been so far finished as to be navigable ; but tills did not include the more ditficult portions. In Dec, 18112, De Lesseps and his son. the con- tractor Eitfel, and others were arrested on charges of fraud in connection with the canal. At their trial It was shown that a large portion of the funds had been used in subsi- dizing the French press and In bribing members of the French legislature, etc. Owing to these revelations sev- eral well-known men were forced from jiublic life. See Li'sxfpn, Ferdinand de. Panama Congress. A congress, to be held at Paiiaiini in lS2li, e;illed by the .Spanish-American republics for the settlement of various matters jiei'taining to America in general. The Inited states were imt represented in the preliminary meeting. The congress adjniirnt-d to 1827, but did not reconvene. Panama Rail'way. A railway across the Isth- mus of Panama, connecting Panama with Aspin- wall. It is owned by an American company, and was com- menced ill 18.''0 and completed In 1855. Length, 47 miles. Pan-American Congress. 1 . A congress of rep- I'eseiitativeN tiniii iTie Inited Stales, Mexico, Haiti, anil all llie states of Central .Vmei'ica and South .\merieii, held al Washington 1SS9- isyi), I'lM'the purpose of consultation on matters common to the various stales, and for the fur- therance of international commcrceandcomily. — 2. A similar congiess held in the city of Mexico, October, 1901-January, 1902. Pan-American Exposition. An exposition of the arls, niaMul'arturi's, etc.. of the peoples of North and South America, held at BiilTalo, N. Y.. ill 1901. Pananas (iiii-nii-niis'). [Corruption of Piitciifc.'] The name given in New Mexico by the Span- ish settlers to the Pawnee tribe. Panaria(pii-nii-i'e'ii). One of the Lijiari Islands, iinrlliensi of Lipari. Panaro (pii-nii'ro). Ariverof Italy, which joins the Po 12 miles northwest of Ferrara. Lengthy about 75 miles. Panathenaic Stadium. See .iihcn.t. Panay (pii-ni'i. ' 'ne of the Philippine Islands, silu;ileil sotilheasl of Mindoro and northwest of Xegi'os. Ari-a, 4,('):>;i square miU's. Panchala (luin-eliii'hi ). The iiaiiie of a country andpeo]ileofani'ieiit hiili»(intheMaha1ilinrata. in (he Lower Donb; in Mann, nearKanniij: and aceordiiiglo Wilson, "extending norlhand west from Delhi, from the foot of the Himalayas to the Chnmbal"!. Pancbatantra Panchatantra (pan-eha-tan'tra). [Skt., 'hav- ing five divisions or books.'] A celebrated Sau- slmt book of fables, one of the two sources of the Hitopadesha (which see), 25 of the 43 fables of the latter being found in it. From a now lost earlier Indian original of the Pancbatantra came a lost Pahlavi translation about 560 A. D. ; from that the Syriac "Ealiiagand Damna^ "(570) and the Arabic "Kalilah and Dimnah " (750) ; from the Arabic, the unknown intemie- diar>' of Baldo's "Alter -Esopus " of the 12th century, the Latin intermediary of Don Alfonso's Spanish version of 1299, the Hebrew of Rabbi Joel of 1250, the Persian of Nasr Allah H;i0, and the Greek of .Sj-meon Seth 108u; from Rabbi Joel's Hebrewversion, John of Capua's "Dirfctoriuni humanae vil«" 1270, a Spanish version ("Exemplario") in 1493, an Italian by Doni in 1552, and from that again the T.ua- lish of Sir Thomas North of l.'CO, while from Rabbi Joel's Hebrew through John of Capua's " Directorium " camealso Duke Eberhard's " Buch der Beispiele " of 1480 ; from the Persian of Nasr Allah 1130 came Abul Fazl's revision for Ak- barof 1590, a[id thence a Turkish rendered into fYench, and the "Anwari Suhaili,"or "Lights of Canopus," translated into English by Eastwick 1S54 ; from the Greek of .Symeon Seth 10»0 came a Latin version published in Rome 166f). and an Italian published at Ferraral5S3. This tabulation by Lanman of the results of Benfey, given by him in the introduction to his Pancbatantra (Leipsic, 1859), and in Benfey '8 introduction to Bickell's " KaliLag und Damnag " (Leipsic, lS7ti), shows the importance of the work in the history of folk-lore. It is the origin of the fables known throughout Europe as those of Pilpay or Bidpai, (See PH- pay.) Besides the German version of Benfey, there is a French translation by Lancereau with a discussion of the history of the fables. Panchavati (pau'cha-va-te). In Sanskrit my- thology, part of the great southern forest near the sources of the Godavari, where Eama dur- ing his exile passed along period. Panches (piin'chas). A name given by early historians of New Granada to Indian tribes in the valleys south of Bogota included in the modern departments of Tolima, Cundinamarea, and Cauca. They were described as very savage and as cannibals. Probably the name was given to them by the Chibchas, and it may have been applied to many distinct tribes. Herrera states that the Panche language was widely extended, nearly surrounding the Chibcha territory — a statement which has led Dr. Brinton to include these Indians, with others, in the Paniquita stock (which see). Panch Mahals (panch ma-halz"l. A district in Guzerat, Bombay, British India, situated about lat. 22° 50' N., long. 73° 50' E. Area, 1,613 square miles. Population (1891), 313,417. Also Punch MehsJs. Panckoucke(pon-kok'), Charles Joseph. Born at Lille, France, Nov. 26, 1736: died at Paris, Dec. 19, 1798. A French publisher, translator, and writer. Panckoucke, Charles Louis Fleury. Bom at Paris. Dec. 23. 1780: died there, July 12, 1844. A French publisher, translator, and writer, son of C. J. Panckoucke. Pancras (pan'kras), L. Pancratius (pan-kra'- shi-us), Saint. A martjT at Rome under Dio- cletian. He was only 14 at the time of his death, and was subsequently regarded as the patron saint of children. PancsO'Va (pan'cho-vo). A town in the county of Torontal, Hungary, situated on the Temes 10 miles east-northeast of Belgrad. Here. July so, 1739, the Austrians defeated the Turks, and in 1849 the Austrians defeated the Hungarians. Population (1890). v.'.na. Panda (pan'dii). See Iphira. Pandareos (pan-da're-6s). [Gr. Jlaixinpfui;.] In (Jreek legend, a native of Miletus who stole the golden dog made by Hephsestus from the tem- ple of Zeus in Crete, and gave it to Tantalus. Tor denying its possession Tantalus was buried under Mount Sipylus, and Pandareos was slain. His daughters were brought up by Aphrodite. Pandarus (pan'da-ms). [Gr. IlaviapoQ.'] In Greek legend, an ally of the Trojans during the siege of Troy, leader of the Zeleians or Lycians. He is represented in medieval romance, and by Chaucer, shakspere, etc., as a procurer. See Cressid. Panda'taria(pan-da-ta'ri-a). [Gr. TlavdaTapia.'] In ancient geography, one of the Ponza Islands, situated in the Mediterranean west of Naples : the modern Vandotena. It was the place of banishment of Julia, Agi-ippiua, and Octavia. Panda'7as (p;in'da-vaz). [Skt.] Descendants of Paudu. See Piiiidii. Pandects of Justinian. [From Gr. Tav6eKTric, all-containing.] A collection of Roman ci\'il law made by the emperor Justinian in the 6th century, containing decisions or judgments of lawyers, to which the emperor gave the force and authority of law. This compilation, the most important of the body of Roman civil law, consists of 50 books. Mso called the Digest. Compare C'orpwfl J«m. The popular story, already much discredited, that the famous copy of the Pandects now in the Laurentian Li- brary at Florence was brought to Pisa from Amalfl. after the capture of that city by Roger, king of Sicily, with the aid of a Pisan fleet in llS.'i, and became the means of dif- fusing an acquaintance with that portion of the law through Italy, is shown by him [Savigny] uot only to rest 778 on very slight evidence, but to be unquestionably, in the latter and more important circumstance, destitute of all foundation. Hallam, Lit., p. 53. PandemOS (pan-de'mos). [Gr. Trdv6ri/ioc, com- mon to all the people.] A surname of Aphro- dite, alluding both to her sensual character and to her function as the uniter of the scattered population in one social bodv. Panderpur(pun-der-por'),orI»andharpur(pun- dar-por'). A town in Sholapur district, Bom- bay, British India, situated on the Bhima about lat. 17° 41' N., long. 75° 23' E. It has a temple of Vishnu. Population (1891), 19,954. Pandies (pan'diz). [From Hind. /wiTKfa, a Brah- man.] The Hindus; the Sepoys: especially applied by the British troops to the Sepoys in the Indian mutiny of 1857-58. Pandion (pan-di'on). [Gr. Tilavdiuv,'] In Greek legend, a king of Athens, father of Proene and Philomela. Pandora (pan-do'ra). [Gr. Ilavdufxi, all-gifted, or all-giver.] In Greek mythology, the first woman, created by Hephsestus at the command of Zeus in revenge for the theft of fire from heaven by Prometheus. The gods endowed her with beauty, cunning, and other attributes fitted to bring mis- fortune toman. She was given to Epimetheus, who, in ac- cepting the gift, brought down all the evils of life upon the human race. According to some accounts she Itecame the mother of Pyrrha and Deucalion ; according to others she was their daughter. In a later form of the legend she received from the gods a box containing the blessings of life, which she opened, thus allowing all the blessings (ex- cept hope) to escape. Pandosia (pan-do'shi-il). [Gr. Hai'iJoma.] In ancient geography, a place in Bruttium, Italy, near the modem Cosenza. Here, 326 B. c, Alex- ander, king of Epirus, was defeated by the Brut- tians. Pandosto (pan-dos'to), or the Triumph of Time. A romance by Robert Greene, published in 1588. Itwas based on a Polish romance. The second title is "The History of Dorastus and Fawnia": the later editions give this as the title. Shakspere founded his "Winter's Tale"on this story; the character of Pandosto was the original of Polixenes, king of Bohemia, in Shak- spere's play. Pandrosos (pan'dro-sos). [Gr. nni'rfpoerof.] In Greek mythology, a daughter of Cecrops. She had a sanctuary at Athens. Pandu(pan'do). [Skt., 'the pale.'] Brother of Dhritarashtra, king of Hastinapura and father of the Pandavas or Pandu princes. See Maha- bharaia. Pandulf, or Pandulph (pan'dulf). Died 1226. A cardinal in the papal service, prominent in English polities in the reigns of John and Henry III. Paneas (pan-e-as'). See Csesarea Philippi. Pangani (piing-ga'ne). A seaport on the eastern coast of Africa, at the mouth of the Rufu or Rufa. about lat. 5° 30' S. Pangaum, See Goa, Xeic. Pangloss (pan'glos). Doctor. ['All-tongues.'] 1. Ill Voltaire's "Candide," an obstinately op- timistic philosopher, the tutor of Candide. His favorite maxim is that " all is for the best in this best of possible worlds." — 2. In Colman the younger's play " The Heir-at-Law," a pedantic but gay and amusing prig, the tutor of Dick Dowlas: a satire on the mercenary and disrepu- table private tutors of the period. PangO-PangO(pang'g6-pang'g6). A large haven on the southern side of Tutuila in the Samoan Islands. It has been occupied by the United States as a coaling station since 1872. PangU (pang'go). See Kongo Nation. Pangwe (pang'we). See Fan. Panhandle, or Pan Handle (pan'han'dl). A popular name for: (a) The northern part of West Virginia, a projecting strip lying between Pennsylvania and Ohio, (/i) The northern ex- tension of Texas, (c) The northern extension of Idaho. Panhellenius (pan-he-le'ni-us). [Gr. 'nave7.7.fj- vioc, of all the Greeks.] In Greek mythology, a stimame of Zeus. Pani. See Pawnee. Panicale. See Masolinn dn Panirale. Panini(pa'ni-ni). The greatest of Sanskrit gram- marians. He is said to have been born at .Shalatura in the Gandhara country (Kandahar), northwest of Attock on the Indus. "Respecting his period nothing really trust, worthy is known, but he is with hiuch probability held to have lived some time (two to four centuries) before the Christian era" (Whitney). His grammar consists of eight lectures, each divided into four chapters, and each of these into a number of sutras or aphorisms, the whole number of these being 3.996 or 3,997, It traces phenomena wherever found instead of classifying material, and is accordingly a sort of natural history of the language. To attain greater conciseness an arbitrary symbolical language is coined. Pano stock the key to which must be acquired to make the rules in- telligible. The first adhyaya or lecture explains the tech- nical terms and their use. The whole work is, in fact, a sort of grammatical algebra. The great signiflcanceofitlics in the circumstance that the whole oi the more modem San- skrit literature has been pressed into the mold prepared by Panini and his school. Panini has been edited, trans- lated, and explained by Bohtlingk in his " Paninis Gram- matik " (new edition, Leipsic, 1887). See also GoldstUcker'« "Panini : His Place in Sanskrit Literature " (Loudon, 1861X Panipat, or Paniput (pan-i-puf). A town in the Panjab, British India, 56 miles north of Delhi. Here, in 1526, a victory was gained by Baber the Mogul conqueror over the Sultan of Delhi, which laid the foundation of the Mogul empire ; here, in 1566, a victory was gained by Akbar ; and here, in Jan., 1761, the Af- ghans under Ahmed Shah Durani defeated the Mahrattas and l-rnke their p"wer, Populatinn (1801), 27,547. Paniq.uitas(pa-ne-ke'tas). [So called from their principal modern village.] Indians of Colombia, department of Cauca, in the mountains near Popayan. They are perhaps descended from the ancient Panches (which see). Paniquita stock (pii-ne-ke'til stok). The name proposed by Dr. Brinton for a linguistic stock of Indians in Colombia. Besides the modern Pani- quitas and Paes or Paezes, he refers to it, provisionally, several old tribes whose languages are lost, including the Musos, Panches, (!'olimas, and Pijaos. Nearly all of these were at war with the Chibchas before the conquest, and they were less advanced in civilization than that tribe. Many of them flattened the head artificially. See Musta, Pijaos, and Payi/:he^. Panixer (pii'nik-ser)Pass. A pass on the border of the cantons of Glarus and Grisons, Switzer- land. It was the scene of the retreat of Suva- rofPs army in Oct., 1799. Height, 7,907 feet. Panizzi (pa-net'se). Sir Anthony. Born at Brescello, Modena, Sept. 16, 1797: died at Lon- don, April 8, 1879. Chief librarian of the Brit- ish Museum. He took his degree at the University of Parma, and became an advocate. Implicated in the revolutionary attempt at Modena in 1821, he fled to Eng- land in 1823. He was made professor of Italian in Unl- versify College, London, in 1^28, and in 1831 was appointed assistant librarian in the British Museum. In 1837 he be- came keeper of the printed books, and devised the cata- logue. He was made principal librarian in 1856. The construction of the great reading-room from his design was finished in 1857. He retired in June, 1866. He was also active in the interests of the revolution in Italy. Panjab, or Punjab (pun-jsb'), or Puiijaub (pun-jab' ), orPenjab (pen-jab')- [Hind., 'five rivers.'] The country of the five rivers, tribu- taries of the Indus — the Sutlej, Bias, Ravi, Che- nab, and Jhelum ; in an extended sense, a lieuten- ant-governorship of British India, including the Panjab proper and adjacent regions, and sit- uated northwest of the Northwest Provinces. Capital, Lahore. The surface is generally a plain. The Panjab is the seat of the Sikhs. It formed part of the Mogul empire, and was invaded by Nadir Shah and other conquerors in the 18th century. The Sikh power was con- solidated under Ranjit Singh (died 1839). The first Sikh war with the British was fought in 1846; the second in 1848-49. The Panjab was annexed by Great Britain in 1849. Area, 110.687 square miles. Population (1891), 20,866,847. Panjandrum (pan-jan'drum), The Grand. A fictitious personage, invented by the dramatist Foote. Panjim. See Goa, Neic. Panmure, Baron. See Pamsay, Fox Marde. Fanna, or Punnah (pun'ii). A state in Bun- delkhand, India, under British control, inter- sected by lat. 24° 40' N., long 80° 15' E. Area. 2, .568 square miles. Population (1891), 239,333. Paimonia(pa-n6'ni-a). [Ov. Ylamovia.^ In an- cient geography, a ftoman pro'vinee, bounded by the Danube on the north and east, Moesia and Illyricum on the south, and Norieum on the west. It corresponded to Hungary south and westof the Danube, Slavonia, and parts of Lower Austria, Styrla, Carniola, Croatia, and Bosnia: was made a Roman prov- ince by Tiberius ; was divided by Trajan into tipper Pan- nonia in the west and Lower Pannonia in the east ; was subdivided by Diocletian ; and passed later to the East Goths, Lombards, Huns, Slavs, and Magyars, Panom-Penh, or Panompeng. See Pnom-Penh. PanopoUs (pan-op'o-lis). [Gr. Xlavoiroh^, city of Pan.] The ancient name of Akhmim. Panoptes (pan-op'tez). [Gr. HavdirrK, all-seer.] A surname of Argus. Panormus (pa-n6r'mus). [Gr. Havop/ioc, all- haven.] The ancient name of Palermo. Panos (pa'nos). Indians of Peru, in the forests near the Ucayale River, northeast of Cerro de Pasco. They were formerly numerous, and during the 17th century many of them were gathered into mission villages. The missionaries described them as savages of a rather low grade, but practising agriculture and possess- ing, it is said, the art of hieroglyphic writing on bark. The missions were broken up in 1767, and most of the Panos returned to their wild life, forming numerous petty tribes. The few remaining are friendly to the whites. Pano stock (pa'no stok). A linguistic stock of South American Indians, mainly in northern Peru near the Ucayale and Huallaga Rivers. It includes, among others, the Panos, CachiboB, Conlbos Fano stock 779 Setiboi Remos, etc., in Pern, the Mayorunas on the river PanUTge (pa-n6rj'; F. pron. pa-niirzh'). [Gr. Javary the PaoaBuaras o( the Beni, anJ possibly the Cari- ,raTOi'H}of, a rogue, lit. 'all-doer.'J A eliaracter i ,-. ..„ ...K.. „,. „„™.o.„„» .^ Kabelais's '^History of Gargantua . and Pan- Papinian the Marches, tTmbrla. and Romagna) was annexed to Italy in 1860; and the reniainiieriinoluding Konie and neighlwr- InB districts) was annexed Ui Italy in 1S70. Papal Tyranny in the Reign of King John. Gibber's alteration of Sliakspere's " King John, liroiluced in 1745: it had been "burked" in 1736-37. beenT^e^Yorhim i^r'onrihe PapanazeS (pil-pii-na'zas) [Probably a double cTn'gar of Merllnus Coecaius, or Folengo, a Slacanjnic plural from Papana.] Indians on or near tbe Italian poet, but on the whole he is original, and is hardly Brazilian coast of Espirito Santo and Porto be- comparal)le to any one else in literature except talstafl. . ^| ^^^^ ^j ^j^^ Portuguese conquest. The main idea in PaTiurge is the absence of morality in K Tunis. the wide Aristotelian sense, with the presence of almost ihey were ot tuo lupt race, ^^e j«//w. Sainliljuni, French Lit., p. 186. Papantla (pa-pant'la). A town in the state 01 [Gr. haviamc.'] Lived Vera Cruz, Mexico, 112 miles north-northwest - - ' of Vera Cruz. Most of the inhabitants are Totonac In- dians Near Papantla there is an ancient pjraniidal struc- ture(te«calli), with other ruins. Population, about 10,000. le of Herodotus, a man of political note at p.-arrhieODOUloS (papil-re-gop'6-los), COH- iown against uX^,!i^:^.t^^^':t^ SU^ ^s^aS'^T^ a/U tantiyple, 1815: died temporary celebrity by another "Ueracleia," In fourteen books. Considerablefragmcntsof asocial nature are quoted tagruel," A very important personage In " Pantagruel " is Pannrge, a alngular companion whom Pantagruel picks up at Paiis, and who is perhaps the greatest single creatloji of Ka^ie- lais. Some ide.i3 may have ' all other good qualities. PanyasisCpa-ui'a-sis) _ in the lirst half of the 5th century B Greek poet Of Halicamassus. Panyasls, uncle of Herodotus, a man of political note at Halkarnassus, punas of the Madeira. Most of the tribes are very savage, and enemies of the whites. Pansa(pan'za), Gains Vibius. Died43B. c. A Roman consul 43 B. c, the colleague of Hirtius. He was killed in the war against Antony. Pansa, House of. See Pompeii. PantaenUS (pan-te'nus). [Gr. nui;ra(voc.] Lived at the end of the 2d century A. D. The leader of the catechetical school in Alexandria. Pantagoros (piin-ta-g6'r6s). An Indian tribe of Colombia, formerly populous and powerful in the valley of the Magdalena. about lat. 7° N. Tbey resisted the Spaniards with great courage, and many of thero were killed or enslaved. A tew remain in the marshy lands near the river. They have been referred to the Paniquita linguistic stock. Pantagruel (pan-tag'ro-el; F.pron.pon-tii^grii- el' )• The king of the Dipsodes and son of Gar- gantua, in Rabelais's '-History of Gargantua and Pantagruel." See Garffantua. Pantalon (pan'ta-lon), or Pantalone (piin-tii- 16 'ne). A typical character in Italian comedy, of Venetian origin, represented as an old man; gjn hooks, caueu - lomua, u,. w.^ ....wh"...^- - -. ^ , t-*, j the Enelish Pantaloon. and especially on the Ionic migration. 34' W. It has a considerable export traae, Pantellaria (pan-tel-Ui-re'ii), or Pantelleria .WaAa/y, Ulst. of classical Greek Ut.. I. H.,. population (1881), 3,224. (pan-tel-le-re'ii), or Pantalaria (piin-tii-la- Panza (pan'zii; Sp. pron. pan tba) Sancho. Papenburg(pa'pen-borG). A town in the prov- re'a) 1 An island in the Mediterranean Sea, The famous esquire of Don (Quixote m Cer- j^.e of Hannover, Prussia, situated on a canal situated iji lat. 36° 48' N., long. 12° E. : the an- vantes's romance of that name. near the Ems, 57 miles west of Bremen. Popu- cient Cosvra or Cossura. It belongs to the prov- To complete his chivalrous equipment -which he (Don jation (1890), 6,933. Ince of lYapani, Sicily. Tlle surface is volcanic. Area, Quixote) liad begun by fttting up for himself a suit of armor p „_ King The. ^ surname given tO John northwest coast. Population, about d.uuu. ^^^ ^^^ ^ ^^^ . gdflsh and gross, yet attached to his mas- ^j Aphrodite, from the worship paid her in Pa- PanthaVS (nan'tbaz). The Mohammedans of ter ; shrewd enough occasionally to see the folly of their , "^ ""Z proVee of Yunnan. China They pro- |;;«;f^-;,^"^,«^-roT;rir'7f.?;;;;rspa'",ri:ii:'il™l?^ p'kphiagonia (paf-la-go'ni-a). [Gr. Ila^Mw/a.] from it by Stobajus and Atlienieus, which specially refer to the use and abuse ot winedrliiking. They are eU-gantly ..tAthens, April 2(), 1891. A Greek historian. He became professor ot history in the University of Athens . in l.ssi. His chief work is a "History of the Greek Peo- ple ■■(1800-74). claimed their independence in 1855, but were put down about 1872. Pantheon (pan'the-on). [Gr. Jldi^fiov, neut. of TTavduo^, of all gods.] A building at Rome, now dedicated as the Church of Santa Maria Botonda, completed by Agrippa in 27 B. c, and consecrated to the divine ancestors of the Ju- Panzer (piint'ser), Georg Wolfgang. Born at Sulzbach. March 16, 1729: died at Nuremberg, July 9, 1804. A German clergyman and bibliog- rapher, noted for researches in the history of the art of printing: chief pastor at Nuremberg. He published " Annales tj^pographici " (1793- 1803), In ancient geograpliy, a country in Asia Minor, bounded by the Black Sea on the north, Pontus (separated by the Ilalys) on the east, Galatia on the south, andBithyniaon thewest. The sur- face is generally mountainous. The country was semi-in- dependent under Persian and Macedonian rule. It passed hiter to Pontus, and with that to Rome in 65 B. c. Paphos (pa'fos). [Gr. ndfjf.] In ancient ge- has a trade in oil and wine. Population (1881), 8,097. Paola, Fra. See Sarpi. Paoli (pa-6'le). A place in Chester County, Pennsylvania, 20 miles west by north of Phil- adelphia. Here, Sept. 20, 1777, the American!) under Irenes neing inereiy ..ml- Wayne were surprised and defeated by the British, brick deep, and having served as a scaffolding during the Paoli(pa'6-le), PaSQUale. Born at Morosaglia, ...... «_..,,„.., %.. ".-v."!.. c.i.-^.jci, and Victor Emman- jn Corsica, 1< 25: died near Ljontion, reb. o. and seni , , ^ . . ,. columns. The interior diameter is 142J feet, and the height to the ape.x of the great hemispherical coffered dome Is the same. The lighting of the interior is solely from an open circle, 2.* feet in diameter, at the summit of the dome. The etfect of the interior is unique and highly Imposing. The construction is of concrete, lightly faced with brick, and incrusted (now almost exclusively in the interior) with marble. The dome is practically solid con- crete, the faniili.ar system of inset arches being inerely p, and having served as a sc " erection. Raphael, Annibale Caracci, nel II. are Imried in the Pantheon. It has been proved that the temple never was connected with the baths of Agrippa. Panth6on (pon-ta-on' ). The Church of Sto. Ge- nevieve in Paris, a large classical building in the form of a Greek cross 276 by 370 feet, with a central dome 272 feet liigti and 75 in diiimcter. TheCorinthlan columns of the entrance portico are si f.et high. The pediment is lllled witll a siulptmvd gr.nip, by David d'Aiigers, representing France distributing laurels to her deserving children. The interior is siuiple and well pri.iKTtioned. Its walls are in large part covered with jiaintings, by some of the chief of modern artists, il- lustrating the development of French history and civili- zation There are also some statues of d ist inguisheil men . Clovis built on this spot the Church of St. I'eter and .St. Paul, where he was burled, as were afterward Sto. Clcjtilde and Ste. Genevieve from whom it took Its later name. This church was probably destroyed by the Normans In the 9th century. The monks of St. Victor cstJibllHhed their cloister here In 1148, in the papacy ot Eugenins III. Their KoniantB<4ne church was replaced by a late. Gothic building alter 148'.». In 17(H the present church was be- gun under l.<»ui8 XV., and in 1791 was first set apart for Its present purpose,— that of a mausolenni for famous French- men, — though it has since at times been used as a church. Pantheon of the British, The. Westminster Abb.V. Pantibibla (pan-ti-bib'lil). See the extract. From the earliest period the literature of Chaldea was store.l ill nulilie libraries. According to Benisos, Pantl- bilila. or 'bonk-town,* was one of the antediluvian cities of Babylonia, and -Klsuthros had burled his liiMiks at SIih para — perhaps in retcrenco to the .Semitic sepher, 'biKifc' — before llie Floi.d. Saijce, Anc. Empires, p. 160. Panticapaeum (pan"ti-ka-pe'um). [Gr. Uaini- k/ittiuuv.] The ancient name of Kerteh. Pantschatantra. See Pdiuhntnutrn. Pinuco (pii'nn It was bounded on the north by the I/iin. bardo-Venetlan kingdom, on the oast liy the Adriatic, on the southeiuit liv the kingdom of Naplea. on the south >ve8t by the .Midlterranean. and on the west by Tuscany and the duchy of Modeim. It comprised the Komngna, the Marches t'mbrla, and the present province of Home. It originated in the grant of the exarchateof Kavenna maile by Pepin the Short toSteiihen II. In 755, conllrnRd by Charles the Great; received lni|)ortant terrltorl. s by the will of Matilda of Tuscany In the 12th renlury ; became Indepen- dent of the empire about 1200; acquired Bidogna, Ancona, Ravenna, and Ferrara In the Iflth century ; anil wiw obliged to cede Avignon, Venalssln, Komagna, Bologna, and Fer- rara In 1T97 A Roman republic was proclaimed In 1798; thepapal power was partly re»tlis in Phrygia. He was the author of a work (lost except in fragments) "Exposition ot the Oracles of the Lord." See the extract. What has given celebrity to the name of Papias Is hia authorship of a treatise In five books called " Expositions of Oracles of the Lord" (.Voyoue Kepioxiie «'{ iivi^.n) . . . which title we shall make further remark presently. The object of the liook seems to have been to throw light on the Gospel hist<«v, and In particular to do st) by the help of oral tniditions which Papias had been able to cidlect from those who had come In contact with surviving mem- bers of the Apostolic circle. The fact that Papias livi-d at a time when it was still possible to meet such persons haa given such importance to Ills testimony that tliough only some very few fragments of his work remain, they have given occasion to » hole treatises : every » ord of these frag- ments being rigidly scnitiiiised. and, what Is less reason- able In the case of a iKMik of which so little Is known, ai^ guments being built on the silence of Papias alwut sundry mattius which It Is supposed he ought to have mentioned and assumed that he did not. .Si;ii7/i aiul nace. Diet, of Christian Biography, IV. 185. Papin (pa'pin ; F. pron. pil-paii'), Denis. Born at Blois, France, Aug. 22, 1647: died 1712. A French phvsicist, inventor of " Papin's diges- ter." Papineau (pii-pe-no'), Louis Joseph. Born at Montreal, Oct., 17,86: died .Sept. 2:1. 1S71. A French-Canadian politician. He wa* clect.'d to the legislative assembly of^ Lower Canada In 1809; was ailndt- ted to the bar in 1811 ; and was clii>8en spiaker of the house in 1S16. He was one ot the leaders of the French- Canadian Insurrection ot 18.17. He escaped capture, and resided chiefly In France till 1847, when he returned under the general amnesty of 1840. He was afterward a niein- lier of the Cnlted Parllainunt. Papinian (papin'i-an), L. .aimlltus Papinl- anus. Kxocuted by Caracnlla. 212 A. l>. A Roman jurist, prelorian pref.'cl under Septi- miiis Soverus. A friend of Severns and of almost the same age with him was the great jililsl .Fniillin Papinlanus. I'nder Sevenn he wat pra-fcitns pm-torlo, but was executed «on. Paracelsus. A poem bv Robert Browning, pub- lished in 1835-36. Paraclet (pa-ra-kla'). A hamlet near Nogent- sur-Seine, Aube. France. It was formerly the seat of a nunnery, founded in 1123 by Abilard, of which H^loise was abbess. Paradise. A fresco by Oreagna, in Santa Maria Novella, Florence, notable for the solemnity and harmony of its composition. Christ and the Virgin are enthroned above great companies of apostles, 780 martyrs, saints, and angels. The fine companion pieces are the " Last Judgment " and " HelL" Paradise. A painting by Tintoretto, the largest picture ever painted on canvas (84 by 25i feet), covering the east wall of the Sala del Maggior Consiglio in the ducal palace at Venice. It is darkened by injudicious restoration, but is highly impres- sive in composition, and full of beauties of detail. Paradise Lost. An epic poem by John Milton, published in 1667, in twelve books. The subject is the fall of man. This is his greatest work, and the chief epic in the English language. Paradise of Dainty Devices, The. A collec- tion of poems compiled by Richard Edwards in 1576. It was very popular, and went through nine or ten editions before 1600. • Paradise of Fools. Limbo. Paradise Regained. An epic poem, in four books, by John Milton, published in 1671. The subject is the redemption. Paradiso (pa-rii-de's6), II. [It., 'Paradise.'] The third part of the "Divine Comedy," by Dante. Paragua. See Palawan. Paraguay (par'a-gwi), Sp. and Pg. Paraguaya (par-a-gwi'a). A river of South America, prop- erly the upper portion of the Parana. It rises in the*table-land of western Brazil near lat. 14° 15' S., flows south, and unites with the Upper Parand to form the Lower Parand in lat. 27^ 17 S., long. 58' 30 W. It flows succes- sively through Brazil, between Brazil and Bolivia, through northern Paraguay, separating the Paraguayan Chacofrom the main portion, and finally between Paraguay and the Argentine Republic. In Brazil it is bordered by the vast swampy region called the Charaes marshes (see Charaes). The principal tributaries are the S.ao Louren(;o (receiving the CuyabA) and Taquary on the east, and the Pilcomayo and Vermejoon thewest. Length, about 1,5*!K) miles (with the Lower ParanA and Plata, 2,5S0 miles); navigable to Villa Maria, 300 miles from its source. Paraguay. An interior republic of South Amer- ica, between the Parana on the east and south and the Paraguay on the west, with a westward extension between theParaguayandPilcomayo: boundednorth by Bolivia and Brazil, eastby Bra- zil, and south and west by the Ai-gentine Repub- lic. Capital, Asuncion. The main portion is hilly or undulating, with a line of high hills, called mountains, in the interior ; the part west of the Paraguay, included in the Gran Chaco region (which see), is fiat, partly swampy, and has few inhabitants except wild Indians. The climate is semi-tropicaL The principal products are hides, fruits, a little sugar, tobacco, and mate or Paraguay tea. Most of the inhabitants are a mixed race, descended from Spaniards and Guarany Indians ; the common language is a corrupt form of Guarany, but Spanish is spoken in the larger places. The prevailingVeligion is Roman Catholic. Executive au- thority is vested in a president elected for four years, and congress consists of a senate and a chamber of deputies. The countrj' has a very imperfect railroad and telegraph system. Paraguay was settled by Spaniards in 1536, and the colony at fii-st included all the Platine region ; the south- ern part was separated in 1620. and the country, as a prov- ince, approximately with its present limits, was attached to the vicero.valty of La Plata in 1776. Jesuit influence became predominant Ln the 17th centur>', and the order had here its most celebrated missions until it was expelled in 1767. The colony declared its independence in ISll, refusing to unite with the Argentine Confederation. It was succ^'ssively under the absolute dictatorship of Francia (1S14-40), C. A. Lopez (l*41-«2), and f. L. Lopez (1S62-70). The last in 1865 provoked a war with Brazil, the Argentine, and Uruguay (see Triple AUiance, War of the), which terminated with his death after the countrj- had been completely impoverished and agreat part of the adult male population nad been killed. The present constitution was adopted in 1870. The territory west of the Paraguay (Paraguayan Chaco) was claimed by the Argentine, but was awarded to Paraguay by the arbitra- tion of President Hayes of the United States in lt78. Area, about 95,000 square miles. The very imperfect census of 1887 gave a civilized population of 329.645. In 1897 the white population was officially estimated at 6JO,000. Paraguayan War. See Triple AUiance, War (if the. Parahyba, or Parahiba, or Paraiba (pa-rii-e'- bii). 1. Ariverinthestateof Parahyba, Brazil. Length, over 200 miles. Also called Parahyba do Xorte, — 2. A river which rises in the state of Sao Paulo, separates Minas Geraes from Rio de Janeiro, and flows into the Atlantic north- east of Rio de Janeiro. Length, 658 miles. Also called Parahyba do SuJ. — 3. A maritime state of Brazil, situated north of Pemambuco. Area, 28,854 square miles. Population (1890). 382,- 587. — 4. The capital of the state of Parahyba, situated on the river Parahvba, near its mouth, in lat. 7° 7' S., long. 34° 53' W. Popidation (1890), 40,000. Parallel Lives. The chief -work of Plutarch. See Plutarch. Paramaribo (par-a-mar'i-bo). The capital of Dutch Guiana, or Surinam, situated on the Suri- nam in lat. 5° 50' N., long. 55° 13' W. It has im- portant commerce, and exports sugar, rum. molasses, cot- ton, etc. It was founded by the French about 1600. Popu- lation (1S90), 28,831. Paramatman (pa-ra-mat'man). [Skt. : parama, Parchim supreme, f7?»i(7n, soul.] In Sanskrit,the supreni» spirit, soul of the universe. Paramatta. See Parramatta. Paramushir (pa-ra-mo-sher'), or Poromushir (p6-ro-mo-sher'). One of the larger islands in the northern part of the Kurile group, south of Kamchatka. Paran (pa'ran). In Bible geography, a wilder- ness south of Palestine and north of Sinai, it was the scene of the wanderings of the Israelites before they entered Canaan. Parani (pa-ra-ua'). A river of South America, flowing into the Plata, which forms the estuary of the Parand and Uruguay, it is divided physi- cally into the Upper and Lower ParanA. The latter i» properly a continuation of the Paraguay, the Upper Pa- ranA being an eastern affluent. It has a general southerly course, entirely in the .Argentine Republic, and its princi- pal affluent is the Salado in the west. The Upper ParanA. is formed by the junction of the Rio Grande and Parana- hyba in Brazil (near lat. 20' S.. long. 50° 50' W'.). It re- ceives several large Brazilian rivers (the Pardo. Tiet^, Pa- ranapanema. Ivahy, etc.) ; flows southward between Bra- zil and Paraguay ; turns westward between Faraway and the Argentine Republic ; and by its junction with the Pa- raguay Oat. 27° 17 S., long. .58° 30* W.) forms the Lower Pa- ranA. The central portion is obstructed by rapids and falls, the highest being the Sete Quedas (which see). Length of the Upper ParanA, about 1.200 miles (or, with the Paranapanema, 1,730 miles) ; navigable to the Apipe rapids (about 150 miles). Length of the Lower ParanA, S50 miles- (or, with the Plata, 1,080 miles); entirely navigable. Parana. A maritime state in southern Brazil, separated from Paraguay by the river Parana. Capital, Curityba. The surface is mountainous and table-land. Area, 85,453 square miles. Population (1890) 626,722. Parana. The capital of Entre Rios, Argentine Republic, situated on the ParanA. Formerly called Bajada de Santa Fe or del Parana. Pop- ulation (1895), 24,100. Parana, Marquis of. See Carneiro LeSo, HonO' rio Heriiutii. ParanagU^ (pa-rS-na-gwa'). A seaport in the^ state of Parana, Brazil, situated in lat. 25° 31' S., long. 48° 27' 51' W. Population, about 5,000. Paranahyba (pii-ra-na-e'ba), or Parnahyba (par-nii-e'ba). 1. A river in Brazil, one of the chief head streams of the Parana. It forms part of the boundary between the states of Goya z and Minas Geraes. — 2. A river in Brazil which flows into the Atlantic about lat. 2° .50' S. Length, about 830 miles. — 3. A seaport in the province of Piauhy, BrazU, situated on the last- mentioned river near its mouth. Population, about 5.000. Paranhos, Jose Maria da Silva. See Siha Paraiilinx. Pararauates. See Parentintims. Parashurama : pa-ra-sho-rS'ma). ['Rama ■with the ax.'] The first of the three Ramas, and the sixth avatara or incarnation of Vishnu, Vishnu having appeared in this incarnation to represa the tvrannyof the Kshatriya, or military caste. He typifies the Brahmans in their contests with the Ksha- triya. He was a Brahman, the fifth son of Jamadagni, and on his father's side descended from Bhrigu. whence he is the Bhargava, w-hile on the maternal side he was of the race of the Kushikas. In the Mahabharata he instructs Arjuna in the use of arms, and fights with Bhishma; is present at a war council of the Kauravas : and is struck senseless by Ramachandra, the seventh avat;u-. In the Ramayana, Parashurania,a2grieved by Rama's breakingtbe bow of Shiva, challenges him to a trial of strength, and is defeated by him. Parasitaster (par-a-si-tas'ter), or the Fa'wn. A play by Marston, acted at Blackfriars in 1604, and printed in 1606. The writers of .Tonson'sdays seem to have connected, I know not why, the idea of a spy or splenetic observer with that of a faun. Marston calls one of his plays "'The Fawne.'* in allusion to a character in disguise who watches and ex- poses all the persons of the drama in succession. Gifford, Xote to Jonson's Poetaster, p. 245. Faravilhanas (pa-ra-vel-ya'nas). A tribe of Indians in northern Brazil, on the confines of Venezuela and British Guiana, about the head waters of the Rio Branco. Formerly numerous, they are now nearly or quite extinct. They have been re- ferred to the Carib stock. Paray-le-Monial (pa-ra'le-mo-nyar). A town in the department of Saone-et-Loire, Fiance, situated on the Bourbince 33 miles west by north of Macon. It is noted as a place of pilgrimage, and for its convent of the Visitation and its church. Pop- ulation (1891), commune, 3,855. Parcae (pSr'se). The Latin name of the Fates. See Mcerie. Parc-aUX-Cerfs (piirk'o-sar' ). A house in Ver- sailles, France, ■wliich ■was notorious as a harem of Louis XV. Parchim (pSreh'im). A town in Mecklenbtirg- Schwerin, Germany, on the Elde 24 miles south- east of Schwerin. It was the birthplace of Von Moltke. Population (1890), 9.960. Fardval Parcival. See Parsifal, Parzival, and Perceval. Pardo (par'do), Manuel. Born at Lima, Aug. 12, 1834: assassinated there, Nov. 16, 1878. A Peruvian statesman . He was a banker, and was min- uter of the treasury under Halta, 1886-88. From Aug. 2, 1872, to Aug. 2, 1876, he was president of Peru. He was the first civilian who attained this position, and was one of the best presidents the republio ever had. At the time of his death he was president of the senate. Pardoe (par'do), Julia. Born at Beverley, York- shire, England, 1806: died 1862. An English historical and miscellaneous writer. Pardon de Ploermel (par-don' de pl6-er-mel'), Le. An opera by Meyerbeer, first produced at Paris, 1859. Set< Din'orah. Pardoner's Tale, The. One of Chaucer's ' ' Can- terbury Tales." It is a discourse on gluttony taken from a Latin treatise of Pope Innocent III. Lounsbury. Pardubitz (piir'do-bits). A town in Bohemia, situated at the junction of the C!hrudimka with the Elbe, 59 miles east of Prague. Population (1890), commune, 12,367. Par6 (pii-ra'). Latinized ParaeUS (pa-re'us), Ambroise. Bom at Laval, Mayenue, France, 1517 : died at Paris, Dec. 22, 1590. A French 781 with early mosaics of theVlrjrln and galnts, and friezes of flowers, Hshcs, shells, and foliage. Population (1890), 3,120. _ Parepa-Rosa (pii-ra'pa-ro'sii), Madame (Eu phrosyne Parepa de Boyesku). Bom burgli, May 7, 1836: died at London, 1874. An English soprano singer in oratorio and opera, she made her di5but at Malta in Khf>, and first appeared in England in 1867, and in the United States in 1806. .She married Carl Kosa in 1867, and they estali- lished an opera company in which she was successful. Parergon. Sei' Ayliffc. .„_ . Parga (piir'gii). A seaport in Albania, in the Turkish vilavet of Janina, situated on the Ionian Sea in lat. 39° 17' N., long. 20° 25' E. It was under Venetian protection from 1401 to 1797 ; was besieged by Ali Pasha in 1814 ; was taken under British protection ; and in 1815 was delivered by the British to Turkey. The inhabitants abandoned the town in 1819. Population, about 4,000. Paria (pa're-ii or pil-re-ii'). A peninsula of northeastern Venezuela, projecting eastward between the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Paria, and terminating in Cape Paria opposite Trinidad. Paria, GuK of. An arm of the Caribbean Sea, between Venezuela aud Trinidad. " (the Pa nTtEdin- Paris'a^ar'is; F. pron. pa-re'). [IWE. Par. Tb,, "i •?'"'■?••'■. AS. Pons (= Sp. Pari^, Pg. Paris, ( ,' nr„tnrin ^'"'''^> '''''•)' ^''O™ O^. Paris (pron. pii-res'). BllrgeonTThe" founder of scientific surgery in Pariahs (pa'ri-az). [Lit. 'drummers " ' riahsbeiugthehereditarydrum-beaters).] The members of a low caste of Hindus in southern India. They are lower than the regular castes of the France. He introduced improvements in the treatment of gunshot-wounds, the use of ligatures, etc. His works were published in 1501. PareciS (pa-ra-ses'). A tribe or race of Indians in western Brazil (state of MattoGrosso), on the plateau called Campos dos Parecis, about the nead waters of the rivers Paraguay, Guapore, and Tapai6s. They live in fixed villages, practise agri- culture, and are generally friendly to the whites, though having few relations with them. Formerly the tribe was Brahmanical system, by whom they are shunned as un- clean, yet supeiior to some other castes in the Tamil country, where they constitute a considerable part of the popul.ition. The Pariahs are commonly employed as labor- ers by the agricultural class, or as servants to Europeans. Parian Chronicle, The. See Chronicle of Pura.- navlng lew relations wun cnem. rormeiiy uie irioe wa» - - . - T>--,-«,.«*./»o (r,o ro a cro'- one of the most powerful of this region, but so far as is PanaS (pa-re-as ), or i'ariagOtOS (pa-re-a-go Paris, Sieges and Capitulations of meo and Juliet," a young nobleman to whom Capulet betrothed h"is daughte» Juliet against her will Paris, G F Paris = It. Parigi, from LL. Parisii', L. Lutetia Parisiorum, Lutetia of the Parisii, a Celtic tribe. Lutetia has been referred, without evidence, to L. lutiim, mud.] The capital of France, sit- uated on both banks of the Seine in lat. 48° 50' N., long. 2° 20' E. (obseri-atory ). it is the third largest city in the world ; is considered the finest city in the world ; and has long been celebrated as a center of fashion, literature, art. the drama, and scholarship. Ita boundaries ai-e the fortifications, 22 miles. long, including 30 square miles. The nucleus of the city is tie de la Clt^, an Island in the Seine. It is the commercial and manufac- turing center of France, and the center of the French rajl- waysystem. Amongthe leading manufacturesare clothing, furniture, "articles de Paris," machinerj-, jewelry, clocks, gloves, tapestries, carriages, etc. (For various localities and objects of interest — e. 17. the Bois de Boulogne, the Champs-Elys^es, the churchesof Notre Dame and the Pan- thi^on, the TlK^atre Fran<;ais, the Louvre and the Luxem- bourg, the Sorbonne, etc.— and formally local details, see the separate articles.) The Grand Op^ra is the most sump- tuous existing theater. The chief fagade is enriched with polychromematcrials.and adonied with statues and groups of sculpture. The grand staircase is of great beauty, and the grand foyer, a hall 175 feet long, 42 wide, and 59 high, displays on its walls and ceiling the celebrated paintings by Baudry, representing the iluses, music, dancing, Mount Parnassus, and the ancient poets. The city contains many hospitals and museums, and is the seat of many societies, including the Institute of France. Paris belongs to the department of Seine, and is governed by the municipal council, the prefect of Seine, the prefect of police, and the mayors of arrondissements. It was the ancient capi- tal of a small Gallic tribe, the Parisii ; was the capital of Conslantius Chlorus 292-306 ; was made the capital of the Frankish kingdom by Clovis in 5ll8 ; was ruled by counts under the Carolingians ; became again the capital under the Capetians ; was largely developed under Philip Augus- tus and St. Louis ; suffered from civil strife under Charles VI.; w.is entered by Henry V. of England in 1420, but expelled the English in 1436 : was the scene of the massa- cre of St. Bartholomew in 1572 ; became the center of the League; was opened to Henry IV. in 1594 ; and was the siene of many of the leading events in the first revolu- ( ion and in those of 18.30 and 1848. International exposi- . - , -.A-- . - ,- T, ... -11 p \ ,;i tionswerehehlherein 18.15,1867, 1878. 18«9,andl9O0. (For dos Parecis), where it faces the river Guapore. Esquirou de. Horn at Aunilac, l^^^^^^^^^ tucky 34 miles east of Frankfort. Population tain numerous historical and geographical notes of much ^InJ^^^ ^t^^^^^r^i^^k^^^^^^^ pS Comtt de (LouiS PhiUppe Albert d'Or- res',feUen?^1t"^: ^^^^y 7\p ^^ ^S)^" Bor.i at Pans, Au/^ 1S3,S ; died in Schomburgk's explorations proved that the onlyjakes^hi England, Sept. b, lh94. Head ot the Legitimist ' " '" '■ '^^" party iu France and claimant ot the French throne, eldest son of Ferdinand, due d'Orlcans, and grandson of Louis Philippe. He became heir apparent to the French throne on the death of his father in 1842. He was educated in England, where his mother sought relugi' after the overthrow ot his grandfather In 1848. In 18ti2 he serveil as a captain of volunteers tm the start of General Mcl'lellan. He subsetinently took np his residence in France, but returned to England on the pas- sage of the expulsion bill of 1886. On the death of the Comte de Chanibord, grandson of Charles .\., without Issue, in 188:i, he was recognized by the Legitimists as the head of the royal house of France, uniting in his person the claims of the older and the younger (OrleatXi) line of the bouse of Bourbon. He published "Ilistoire de la guerre civile en Alnc^rique " (1874-^7). Paris (pit-res'), Gaston Bruno Paulin. Bom at Avciiav. .Manic, Aug. 9, L'^:!!!; died at Cannes, Marcdi t),"l9(Ki. .Vii eiiiiiu-nt Freiicli Itoiiianc-e pliiloliigist . From 1872 he occupied a chair of French languagi' and literature at the Colli'ge de France, ot which he bicanie administrator in ISllii; he was also director of the Romance language department in the Ecole dt » Hantes Ktudcs. His first puljlicalion ot note was B"Hist>)ire pcetiiiuc de Charlemagne" (186.i). His edition of " U vie de Saint- Alexis" wius truly epoehniaking In the an- nals of French phllidogy. lie also published " La litiera- turo trainjalse au inoyen Age," el, .. and was connected with many imiiortant philological publications in the Frenrh language, ainiuig others the ■' Uoniania ' ami the '■ Kevne crilliine." In 181H) he was eleeUd 11 member of the French .Vcutletny. Paris, Judgment of. See Judfrmrnt of Paris. Paris Matthew of Sev Mutlhrir of Paris. on, Ills gaiiaiinjf. Hiiu mo »,-vv„..i..,o irariS, JlXd-ttUCW Ul. .> , .. f- rpl - ,„-.Bfr During the nupllaiaot Peleus and Thetis, Erla, who alone Paris, SlSges and CapitulatlOUS 01. i "C '"O" known only a few hundreds survive. They belong to the Maypure or Arawak linguistic stock The Ouachis, Ba- cairis, and other tribes classed with the Parecis by Martina are now known to be widely separated by their languages. Also written Parexis. PariMs. etc. Parecis, Campos dos. See Campos dos Parcels. Parecis, Serra dos. A name given to the south- western edge of the Brazilian plateau (Campos Parieu (pii-rye') tiis). Indians who formerly occupied the penin- sula of Paria in northeastern Venezuela. They were among the first of the continental tribes seen by Columbus : later many of them were enslaved. The rem- nants were gathered into missions, and are now merged in the country population of the coast. They were of Carib stock. Also written Pariacoh'cs, etc. Marie Louis Pierre F61ix value, Paredes, Mariano. Bom about 1800 : died at Granada, Nicaragua, Dec. 2, 1856. A Guatema- lan general and politician. Hewaspresidentof Gua- temala Jan. 1, 1849, to Jan. 1,1862, but was practically a tool of Carrera, who succeeded him. At the time of his death he was fighting against Walker. Paredes y Arrillaga (e ar-rel-ya'ga ), Mariano. Born at Mexico, Jan. 6, 1797: died there, Sept., 1849. A Mexican general. He led the revolution asalnst Herrera, and after an overthrow of the latter was elected president ad interim Jan. 3, 1846, serving until July !8, when he was forced to resign. During this period the war with the United .States began : the republic was prac- tically in a condition of anarchy. Pareja (pii-ra'na), Juan de. Bom at Seville about 1606: died at Madrid, 1670. A Spanish this region were small areas of flooded grass-land. The name has been retained for mountains and a river of the same region. Parima, Sierra or Serra de. Mountains of southern Venezuela, on the confines of Brazil, between the upper Orinoco and its branch the Ventuario. Their true nature is little understood, and they are perhaps edges of a high plateau, though some points are said to exceed 8,000 feet in altitude. The Ori- noco takes its rise on the southwestern side. The name is sometimes extendeil to all the highland region on the fron- tiers of Venezuela and Brazil and in British Guiana, thus including the Pacaraima Sierra (which see). Often written I'arijiie. Bom at Bosio, painter, a pupil and originally a slave of Velas- Parini (pii-re'ne), Giuseppe. quez. He was most successful in portraits. Velasquez near Milan. May 22, 1729 : died at Milan, Aug, freed him, but he remained in his service. The portrait of him by Velasiiuez represents a mulatto. Pareja y Septien (e scp-te-an'), Jos6 Manuel. Born at Lima, Peru, 1812 : itium.'\ A sea- port in Istria, Austria-Hungary, situated on tli<' Gulf of Venice 31 miles south by west of Triest. The catlu'*iral Is a very curious building, fouinled In 5-1.1. It Is preceded by an atrium and biiptlHtcry. and lias 3 naves divided by marble columns with sc-nlptured capitals. The apse Is Incrusted below with marbles ami lined above 15 1799. An Italian poet. He published the satiri- cal poems "II mattino' (["Morning,'' 1763), " II mezzo- glorno" ("Noon," 1785), ''II vespro" ("Evening ), "La notte"(" Night"), etc. , , t ,-, 11 Paris (par'is). [Gr. Ha/);?.] 1. In Greek le- gend, the second son of Priam, king of Troy, and Hecuba : also called Alexander. Before his birth Hecuba dreamt that shehad given birth to aflrebrand which causeil a conllagration of the city. The dream was Interpreted to mean tbatshe would give birth toa son who wouKl bring disaster on Troy. Paris was accordingly ex- posed on .Mount Ida, but was for a time nourished liy a she- liear and was ultimately taken home and brought np by the shepherd who was Intrusted with his exposure. II is paren- tage was acciilentally discovered ; ho was admitted to the household of I'riajn, mai ricd (Enone. daughter of the river- god Cebren, and became celebrated far and wide for Ills -— :-• ii--«'-T--- , ^, \i,,iihr,r 01 beauty of nirson, his gallanti7. and his accomplishments. PanS, MattheW Of. hee .U.Kf/irir 01 among t he guds was excluded, threw a golden apple among the marriage gneslswitb the Inscription "To the Fairest. A dispute arose between Hera, Aphrodite, and Athene over the apple and Zeus ordered Hermes to take tliegi>ddcB8e8 to Paris, who tended his flocks on Mount Gargams, a height on Mount Ida, and who was to adjudge the apple. To lidluence his dec Isbm Hera offered hlni power, Athene martial glory, and Aphrodite the mc ist beautiful of women. He awarded the iippie to Aiilinxllte, who In return assisted hlmlncarrylngolf from Spartallelen,llic wlfeof Menelaus. The rape o( Helen gave rise to the Trojan war, during which he brought down upon himself Ihe deteslallon of his own friemis by bis cowardice and bis slubboni .lel.rnilnutlcm not to give np Helen. Me was fatally wounded by Pblloc- tetea with a poisoned arrow at the taking of Troy. 2. A character in Shakspere's tragedy "Ko- iiotewortliv of these are the following. (") SleBe by the Northmen In 886-888. It was unsucoessfu (6) Siege by Henry IV. In l.MM. The city was successfully de. fended l)y the forces of the League (0 S'!"''"! '■■■ '" ','^° Allies. March 31, IMl. (•() Surrender to the Allies, July 7 1815 (f) Siege ot 1S70-7I by the Oennans. It was com- menced Sept. Ill, 1870 ; Inertectual .orlles were made V.v. 30-l)ec 3 Jan. 10-16, and Jan. 19, 1871 ; the city capltu- latod by the convenllon of Versailles Jnii 28 ; the entry of (ierman troops look place March I, and the evacuation March :l ( f) Slene of 1871 by the lr<«ipB of the Natl.uial Assembly commandd bv MacSlahon. Paris being defended by the communists. It began April 0, and the eily wa» entereil by the besiegers May 21 : many buildings (llAlel deVUle,Tullerle»,etc.)were destroyed by thetonmiunlsU. The Insurrection was finally suppressed May 28, 1871. rledged;n!ivigation of the Mississippi was made 1'' ^'°^- <^^^'^ at Boston, May 26, 1830. An Paris, Treaties of Paris, Treaties of. Among the various trea- ties negotiated or concluded at Paris, the fol- lowing are tire most important, (a) Between Great Britain ou one side and France, Spain, and Portueal on the other, Feb. 10, 1763. France ceded to Great Britain Canada, Prince Edward Island, Cape Breton. Mobile, all the teiTitor>' east of the Mississippi, Dominica, Tobago, St. Vincent, and Grenada ; England restored to France Guade- loupe, Martinique, St Pierre and Miijuelon, and Pondi- cherry, and ceded St, Lncia to her ; Spain ceded Florida to Great Britain ; England restored Havana to Spain ; and France ceded Louisiana to Spain, (6) Between Great Britain on one side and Kraui other, .Sept, was acknowledged; navigation of the Mississipp: free to both powers ; Minorca and Florida were restored to Spain ; the region of the Senegal was granted to France; and mutual restitution was made of conquests in the West Indies, (c) Between France on the one side and Great Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia on the other, M.iy 30, 1814 : called also the Fin-t Peace of Paris. The iudepen- dence of the Xetherlands, Switzerland, and German and Italian states was acknowledged, "France was allowed to retain the l>onndaries of 1792, with some additions. Great Britain was to keep Malta, but to restore all the colonies held by France on Jan. 1, 1792, e.xcept Tobago, St, Lucia, and Mauritius, and to restore all the Dutch col- onies she held except Ceylon, the Cape, and part of {now British) Guiana. Ageneral congress was tomeetat Vienna within two months to complete the arrangements," {Ac- land and Ransome, English Political History, p. 166.) (d) Between the same parties as the treaty of 1S14, ^ov. '20, 1815 : called also the Second Peace of Paris, France was reduced nearly to the limits of 1790. "£28,000,000 was to Parker, Matthew, be paid to the Allies for the expenses of the war. The X-nfr ~ ' *' ' fortresses of the northern frontier were to be occupied by '^* the Allies for five years, and the garrisons paid by France. All works of art requisitioned by Xapoleon were to be re- stored to their owners." (Adaiui and Ran^ojne, English Political Histor>-, p. 166.) (e) Between Kussia on the one hand and Turkey. Great Britain, France, and Sardinia on the other, March 30,1856. EussiarestoredKars, and ceded part of Bessarabia and the Danube mouth ; Sebastopol was restored to Russia: the neutralization of the Black Sea was proclaimed ; and Russia abandoned its claim to a pro- tectorate over Christians in Turkey, to whom the sultan wiis to graut more favorable terms. ( Between the TJni- ted States and Spain, Dec. 10, 1898. ' Spain relinquished her sovereignty over Cuba, and ceded Porto Rico, Guahan in the Ladroues, and the Philippine Islands to the United Stat.,s, receiving from the latter the sum of 820,000,000. 782 European to accomplish that feat) at Sego in .July, 1796, after many adventures, and ascended to Bammaku. In 1799 he published a narrative of his journey, entitled ''Travels in the Interior of -Africa." After having prac- tised for some years as a country surgeon at Peebles, Scot- land, he undertook a new expedition to the >'iger in 1805. He started from Pisania in May, 1805, with a company of thirty-five Europeans and a number of natives, reaching the Niger in Aug. with only seven companions. Sending back his journals and letters from Sansanding on the Xiger in Nov., 1805, he embarked with four European companions in a canoe, and was drowned with them near Boussa diu-ing an attack by the natives. American jurist. He was a Federalist member of Congress from Massachusetts 1797-99, and in 1806 was ap- pointed a judge of the Supreme Court of Massachusetts, of which he was presiding justice from 181-1 until his death. He was professor of law at Harvard 1816-27. Parker, Joel. Born at Bethel, Vt., Aug. 27, 1799 : died at New York, May 2, 1873. An Amer- ican Presbyterian clergyman and religious ■m-iter. Parker, John Henry. Bom 1806: died Jan. 31, 1884. An English arch^ologist. He began as a bookseller in Oxford in 1832. In 1836 he published a " Glossary of Architecture." and in 1849 an " Introduction to the Study of Gothic Architecture, etc." Hislateryears were devoted to explorations in Rome. His " Archseology of Rome " began to appear in 1874. Born at Xorvrich, England, 150-t: died at London, May 17, 1575. Archbishop of Canterbury. He graduated at Cam- bridge (Corpus Chri^ti College)'in 1526, and was appointed chaplain to Anne Boleyn, He was selected to preach at Paul's Cross by Thomas CromweU. In 1545 he was ap- pointed vice-chancellor of Cambridge. On the accession of Mary Tudor he resigned, and lost all his preferments. He was consecrated archbishop of Canterbury Dec. Parma Britain and Ireland, it consists of the three estate, of the realm — namely, the lords spiritual, the lords temT poral, and the commons : the general council of the na tion, constituting the legislature, summoned by the sov. ereign s authority to consult on the affairs of the nation and to enact and repeal laws. Primarilv, the sovereien may be considered as a constituent element of Parlia. ment : but the word as generally used has exclusive refer- ence to the three estates above named, ranged in two di». tmct branches— the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The House of Lords (numbering 595 in inngv includes the lords spiritual (26) and lords temporal (569). The House of Commons consists of 670 members- 495 for England and Wales, 72 for Scotland, and 103 for Ireland — 377 being representatives of county constito- encies (counties or divisions of counties), 284 of bor. oughs, and 9 of universities. The authority of Parlia- ment extends over the United Kingdom and all it* colonies and foreign possessions. The duration of a Par- liament was fixed by the Septennial Act in 1716 (supersed- ing the Triennial Act of 1694) at 7 years, but it seldom even approaches its limiL Sessions are held annually usually from about the middle of Feb. to the end of Aug ' and are closed by prorogation. Government is admiuis^ tered by the ministry, which is sustained bv a majority in the House of Commons. Should the ministry be outvoted in the house on a question of vntal importance, it either resigns oflice or dissolves Parliament and appeals to the country. The precursors of the Pailiament were the Witenagemot in the Anglo-Saxon period, and the Xational Councils in the Norman and Ange\in periods. The com- position and powers of Parliament were developed in the 13th and 14th centuries. The right of representation from shires and towns dates from 1295, and the separation of the two houses dates from the middle of the 14th century. Parliamentary government was in large measure suspended from 1461 to the middle of the reign of Henry VIII. Pro- longed struggles between the Parliament and the crown took place under James I. and CTiarles I., which led to the civil war and the Commonwealth. The right of Britith subjects to vote in the election of members of Parliament has been extended and regulated by the Reform Acta of 1832, 1867, and 1884, and the Redistribution Act of 188S. 17,1559. As primate he devoted himself to the organization and dis- Parliament, HoUSeS of. The buildings OCCU- pSt'i';,?!™ ^^ ' "'^ ^ opponent of pied for legislative Durt50ses hv the Rritl^h P»,. Parker, Sir Peter. Born 1721 : lUed 1811. An English admiral. He served in the American war, and made an unsuccessful attack on Fort Moultrie, Charles- ton, in 1~" Paris, University of. The oldest of the Eu- ropean universities. Schools had been estabUshed here under the successors of Charlemagne. They multi- plied rapidly, and in the year 1200 an edict of Philip .Au- gustus united them under one management and created the University of Paris, called the Studium till 1250. More than 30 colleges were included. It degenerated, and was rehabilitated by Henry IV. in 1595. Under Louis ilV. the university did not share in the general revival of arts and letters, the Sorbonne or Faculty de Th^ologie alone retaining its prestige. I n 1680 courses of lectures in French civil law were given forthe first time. On Sept. 15, 1793, the faculties of theology- medicine, law and arts were sup- pressed throughout the republic by the Convention. See UniversiU Sationale de France, Paris Garden. A circus for bull- and bear-bait- ^'?''^^®^' -"^^'^i^l^-^^-- ^-"y^ is ^'ew Hampshire ing. on the Bankside, near the Globe Theatre, London, it is said to have derived its name from one De Paris who built a house there in the reign of Richard II It was in use at the beginning of Henry VIII. 's reign and wasafterward fitted up and used for a plavhouse also ransn (par ish), Elijah. Bom at Lebanon. Conn., Nov. 7, 1762: diedat Bvfield, Mass., Oct. - - '- ■'"25. An American Congregational clergv- "rtsrsburg (par'kerz-berg). and geographical and historical writer. ",^ ^''??'^'_*:'°'^H'-^' West Virg History of New England" Bom Sept. 14, 1796 15, 1825 man He publisiied"a (1809), etc. Parish, Sir Woodbine. the Rio de la Plata " (1839 : 2d ed. 1852). He brought to England an important coUection of the large fossa ani- mals of the pampas. Parisina (pa-re-se'na). An opera by Donizetti, first produced at Florence, 1833.— 2. A poem by Byron, published in 1816. An overture for it was composed Ijy Sterndale Bennett in 1836. Parisot. See raleite. Parjanya (par-jan'ya). [According to Benfey, from •/ sphiirj, rumble; according to Grass- mann, from pre, in sense of 'to fill,' and so 'the filled cloud.'] The Vedic god of rain, identified ■with Gothic Fairguni, Xorse Fiorgyn, and Lith- uanian Perkuna : still the name of "the thunder. Park (park), Edwards Amasa. Born at Provi- dence, R. I.. Dec. 29, 1808: died at Andover, Mass., June 4. 1900. A noted American Congre- gational theologian.professor of sacred rhetoric at Andover Theological Seminary 1836^7, and of theology 1847-81. He was the leading editor of the _" Bibliotheca Sacra." and published various memoirs. pied for legislative purposes by the British Par- liament, at Westminster. London. They were be- gun in 1840 from plans by Barry. The style is ornate late Perpendicular : the area 8 acres. The structure comprise* 11 courts, some of large size, 1,100 rooms, and 100 stsir- ways. The Thames front is 940 feet long, with low square towers at the extremities and flanking the raised central portion. The square Victoria tower at the southwest angle is 340 feet high ; the middle tower, and the pointed Clock-tower at the north end, are slightly less lofty. The House of Commons is toward the north end of the great structure ; it measures 75 by 45 feet and 41 high, and is solidly and simply furnished, and paneled with oak. There are 12 windows of colored glass. The House of Lords, 90 by 45 feet and 45 high, is very richly decorated : its walls are .adorned with historical frescos, .-imong other notable rooms are the Central Hall, between the House of Lords and the House of Commons, octagonal in plan and finely ornamented : and the robing-room and the royal gallery, used by the sovereiL'n when he opens or prorogues Parlia- ment in person. St. Stephen's Hall alTords commcmica- tion between the Central Hall and Westminster Hall on the west. About 500 statues, inside and outside, adorn the buildings. Parliament, Mad. [So named in derision by the partizans of Henry HI.] A great council "held at Oxford in 1258 in order to accommodate the differences which had arisen between the bar- ons and the king, owing to the persistent eva- sion by the latter of the obligations imposed on the sovereign by Magna Charta. it enacted the Provisions of Oxford, requiring the faithful observance by the king of the Great Charter, and providing for the as- sembling of a Parliament three times a year, and regular control over the chief justiciar, chancellor, and other high officers. See Good Parliament. See Long Parliament. X >• V- 1 --looo . i^ .u -.r J. Parliament, The Rump. See XoHff Par?iomf»f. toNewYorkinl880aspastorof the Madison Parliament of Bats ('bludgeons'). A Parlia- bquare Presbyterian church. In 1891 he be- ment under Henrv VI. 1426. Parker, Theodore. Bom at Lexington. Mass., Aug. 24, 1810 : died at Florence, Italy, May 10, 1860. A noted American clergyman, lecturer, reformer, and author. He studied at the Cambridge Divinity School 1834-36; becamea Unitarian clergyman at Roxbury, Massachusetts, in 1837; became the head of an independent rationalistic society at the Melodeon (1846), and later at Music Hall, Boston ; and was a conspicuous advocate of the abolition of slavery. Among his w-orka are ' ' Discourse on Matters Pertaining to Religion " (184-2), "Sermons on Theism, Atheism, and the Popular Theology " (1853), " Ten Sermons of Religion" (1853), besides a large number of addresses, etc.. and "Great Americans" (this was published after his death). His complete works were edited by F. P. Cobhe (12 vols. 1863-65). Sept. 2, 1800 : died at Xew York, April 25, 1884. An American surgeon, professor of surgery in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, 1839-69, and later professor of clinical surgery there. He became president of the Xew York State Inebriate Asylum at Binghamton in 1865. He pub- lished various medical monographs. A city, capital irginia. situated on the Ohio 73 miles southwest of Wheeling. It is the third city in the State: leading industry, the refining of petroleum. Population (1900). 11,703. came president of the Society for the Pre- vention of Oime. His exposure of the corruption of the police department of New York city led to its investi- gation by a committee of the State legislature ("Lesow Committee "X and its reorganization, and to the defeat of Tammany Hall in 1894. Parkman Cpark'man), Francis. Born at Bos- ton, Sept. 16, 1823 : died at Jamaica Plain, near Boston, Nov. 8, 1893. An American historian. He graduated at Har\'ard in 1844. and began the study of law, but ultimately abandoned this study in order to de- vote himself to literature. He was professor of horticul- ture in the agricultural School of Harvard 1871-72. His historical works include "Conspiracy of Pontiac" (1851), "Pioneers of France in the New World" (1S65X "Jesuits in North America "(1867), "Discovery of the Great West" (1869X "The Old Regime in Canada " (1874), "Count Fron- tenac and New France under Louis XIV." (18771, "Mont- calm and Wolfe " (1884), "A Half Century of Conflict " (1S;12). He wrote also " "" - •■- ■ - - — - - Orders had been sent to the members that they should not wear swords, so they came, like modem butchers, with long staves. When these were prohibited they had re- course to stones and leaden plummets, Gurdon, Hist, of Parliament Parliament of Dances. A parliament con- vened at Coventry by Henry TV, in 1404: so named because all lawyers were excluded from it. Also called the Unlearned Parliament and the Lack-learninq Parliament. Parliament of Fowls, or Assembly of Fowls. A poem by Chaucer, mostly taken from Italian sources, sixteen of the 98 stanzas are from Boccaccio's "Teseide." It is a poetical abstract of Cicero's "Dream of Scipio." Parliament of Love, The. A play by Mas- singer, licensed in 1624. vSf i?l?i;'^?'a^™"T8JI),\"nd°'"Sr?^L;^'S^^ Parliament of Paris." The chief of the French of the Northern Tour " (1>85). Mount Lin- _ , ^ ,. parliaments; the principal tribunal of justice of Park, Mungo. Bom in Selkirkshire, Scotland, Park Bange. A chain of the Rocky Mountains the French monarchy, from its origin in the a 1- on 1TT1. j--j._ .^. , ,, . .„ — :..^.i...„i ^ .. c ., T^_ , -^r ,T. king's council at a very early date to the Revo- lution. From about 1300 the parliament was constituted in 3 divisions — the grand' charabre, the chambre des requites, and the chambre des enqu^tes. It played s prominent political part at dijferent times in the 17th and 18tb centuries. Parma (par'ma). 1. A province in the com- partimento of Emilia, Italy. Area, 1,250 square Sept. 20, 1771: died in Africa probably in 1806. A celebrated African explorer. He visited Bencoolen as assistant surgeon on an East-Indiaman in 1792, contrib- ntmg on his return a description of eight new Sumatran fishes to the " Transactions " of the Linnean Society, As agent of the .\frican .Association he undertook in 1795 to »> • i- eiplore the course of the Niger. Leaving Pisania on the irajliament (par li-ment). The supreme legis Oambia in Dec, 1795, he reached the Niger (being the first lative body of the tfiiited Eingdom of Great iu Colorado, west of South Park, coin is 14.297 feet in height. Parley (par'li). Peter. The pseudonym of Sam- uel Griswold Goodrich: it has also been used bv others. Parma 783 Parsis miles. Population (18i)l), 271,621.— 2. A city, Parnell (par'nel), Charles Stewart. Born at eapital of the province of Panrni, Italy, situated on the river Panna in lat. 44° 48' N., long. 10° 20' K. : the Roman Parma. It is the seat of a flour- labing trade, and has manufactures of felt hats. The ca- thedral is an interesting Romanesqut* building, esaential- ly of the nth century. The fagade has 3 round-arched portals below 3 tiers of arcades : arcades are freely and picturesquely used throughf)Ut the exterior. There is an octagonal domed tower at the eixosing. The three-aisled interior is spacious, with mucli excellent sculpture and painting, notalily the famous frescos by Correggio in the dome, representing the Assumption of the Virgin. The baptistei7 of the cathedral, one of the finest in Italy, be- gun in 111)6. is octagonal, with 7 stories : the 4 intermedi- ate ones form galleries supported by little columns, close- ly set. There are 3 beautiful sculptured doors. The in- terior is sixteen-sided, with arcades and a pointed, ribbt-d dome. The « alls are covered with curious medieval paint- ings, and there is much got)d sculpture both without and within. Other objects of interest are the churches of Ma- donna della Steccataand San Giovanni Kvangt-lista, ducal palace, library, museum, art gallery, and university. Par- ma was founded by the Romans as a colony on the .-Emil- lan Way about 183 B. c. After its capture by Mark An- tony, it was restored and called Colonia Julia Augusta. It had important woolen manufactures in early times. It took part in the strife of the Guelphs and Ghibellines, and belonged later to the Visconti. Here, in 1734, an indeci- sive battle was fought between the French and the Im- {KrialistB. (See Parma, Duchy of.) Population (1892), 61,5(10. Parma, Duchy of, properly the Duchies of years old when he died, Mr. Thorns, the editor of -'NoteB and Queries," examined the evidence and found it un- trustworthy, though Parr was certainljwerj' old and waa a celebrity for many years before his deatlL Parramatta, or Paramatta (par-a-mat'a). A town in New South Wales, Australia, situated on the Parramatta River 14 miles northwest of Sydney. It has a flourishing fruit trade. Pop- ulation (1891), 11,677. thrUnited Stares in the interest of the Irish agitation for PaiTet (par'et), A river in Somerset, England, home rule 1879-80, and succeeded .Shaw as leader of tliL- which flows into the Bristol Channel 6 miles Home Rule party in 1880. He was imprisoned under the ^„_4.u ^f BridPTvnfpr l.onpih nhout 40 milp) and Delia Tudor Stewart, daughter of Admii-al Charles Stewart of the I'nitfd sijites navy. He studied at Magdalene College, Cambridge, without taking a degree, and w;is elected U> Parliament in 1875. He becaniL- the first president of the Irish Lund League in 1879, visitt-d bers ^85), but caused a split in the Liberal party and re- stored Lord Salisbury to power. Toward tlie close of the session of IS-sT the "Times "sought to discredit home rule before the countrj' by publishing a series of articles en- titled " Parnellism and Crime," in which it tried to con- nect Parnell with the Phienix Park murders and other assassinations. In support of its allegations it published a number of letters alleged to have been written by Par- nell, which were proved, before a committee appointed by Parliament to investigate the "Times" charges, to have been forged by one Pigott. Parnell l>rought suit for libel ''Times," recovering, t5, 000 damages. In Nov., brated Greek painter, considered one of the greatest of antiquity. The anecdotes of Pliny about all the painters of this time indicate extraordinary realism carried to the point of actual illusion. (Compare Zeuxis.) There were many pen-and-ink sketches by Piu-rhasius still in existence in the time of Pliny. Among his principal works were "The Personification of the Demos of Athens," probably suggested by Aristophanes; a Prometheus; the Hercules at Lindus; the Theseus at Athens, afterward on the Capitol at Kome ; and a Contest of Ajax and Odysseus for the weapons of Achilles. against the , _ 1890, Captain O'Shea obtained a grant of divorce from his Parris (par'is), Albion Keith. Bom in Maine, wife -Parnell (who af tcTward marned MrsA^ Shea>havmg •'^^^^"^(f ,7^j<'-^^ , Pnrtlnn.l Maitip Fph figured as tlu- cnrL-KpmMlent in the suit. He was in con- Jan. ly, !/»» . died at rortlanU, Maine,_r eo. sequence deposed from the leadership, at the instance of 11, 1857. An American Democratic politician, the Liberal leaders, by a majority of his party, but refused He waa member of Congress from Massachusetts 181.V19; . . _ - to submit, and led a minority until his death, governor of Maine 1822-26; and United States senator Parma and Fiacenza. A former duchy in pamell Henry Brooke first Baron Congleton. from Maine 1S2&-20. northern Italy, comprising in later times the g^^j.^ j^J^^ 3^ 177,3. oomraitted suicide, June 8, Parris, Samuel. Bom at London, 16o3: died modern provinces of Parma and Piacenza. itwas ig4o ^ British politician secretary at war nt Sudbury, Mass., Feb. 27, 1720. An Ameri- obtained by the Pope l.'Sll-13; was under the Farnese dy- -.qoT 00 tr ,™^+« •» p;«o««;oi ^?af/^«»«'" /ift^n^ ' ... nasty from 1^6 to 1731; passed to Don Cailos(i',ourbon of 1831-32. He WTote Financial Reform (1830). Spain) in 1731, to Austria in 17;i5, to Don Philip (llourbon etc. of Spain) in 1748; and was annexed to i-Yance in 1802. The Pamoll Thomas. Bom at Dublin in 1679 : died duchies of Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla were given to j^ j7i^_ A British poet. He was educated at Trin- Ity t'ollege, Dublin, where he graduated in l(i97 ; was or- dained in 1700; was archdeacon of t'logher in 1706; and was presented to the vicai-age of Finglas in 1716. He was a member of the Scriblerus Club. Among his poems are "The Hermit," "Night- Piece on Death," "Hymn to Con- tentment," and "Allegory on Man." He translated Homer's " Battle of the Frogs and Mice." In British poll- Maria Louisa by the Congress of Vienna in 1814-15, and fell to the Duke of Lucca in 1847. There was an unsuccessful revolution in 1848-49. The duchy was incorporated with the kingdom of Italy in 1860. Parma, Duke of (Alexander). See Farmse, Alessandro. Parmeffiano,orPanneggiano. SeePflrw(V7?<7«<>. __ -,.^ , .. , ,-^,t. . Parmelan (parm-Ion'). A mountain near An- Pamelllte (par _nel-it) Party. neuy, in the Alps of Savoy. Height, G,085 feet. Parmenides (par-men'i-dez), [Gr. Uap/irvi67j^.'\ Born at Elea : lived about 450 b. c. (about 500 B. c. ?). A celebrated Greek philosopher, head of the Eleatic school. He wrote his opinions in a di- dactic poem," Nature" (fragments edited by Karsten and by Stein). His central thought is the unity and permanence of being : there is no not-being or change. A celebrated dialogue of Plato waa named from him. Parmenides, a native of Elea, who flourished about the ative of Elea, who flourished about the ParTlv (par-ne') year503B.O., enjoyed a reputation in his native city scarcely vi^rtilit-a eitx R inferior to that of Pythagoras at Crotona, of Empcdoclesat ' '^"^ Acragas, or of Sol<>n at Athens. Speusippus, quoted by Diogenes Laertius^ asserts that the magistrates of Elea were yearly sworn to observe the laws enacted by Parmenides. Cebes talks about a "Pythagorean or Parmenidean mode of life.' as if the austere ascesis of the Samian philosopher had been adopted or imitated by the Eleatic. Symonds, Studies of the Greek Poets, I. 19;J. tics, the Irish Nationalist party as it came un dertheleadershipof Parnell about 1879. its only important aim was the securing of home rule for Ireland. In 18d5 it became allied for this purpose with the English Liberal party, and contributed to the parliamentary ma- jority of the third and fourth Gladstone administrations. After the judgment in the O'Sliea case, 1S90, the party iU- vided, a small fraction of it, called now distinctively the Parnellites, being led by John Redmond, while the great majority of the Nationalists (often called Anti-Parnt-llites) chose Justin McCarthy as leader. . , fivariste D6sir6 de Forges, Vicomte de. Boru on the Isle of Bourbon, Feb. 6, 1753: died at Paris, Dec. 5, 1814. A French poet. Among his best-known works are *' Poe- sies ^rotiques" (1778) and "La guerre des dieux" (1799) can Congregational clergjinan, notable in con- nection with the Salem witchcraft delusion of 1692-93. He studied at Harvard, without taking a de- gree, became a merchant at Boston, afterwanl entered the ministrj', and in 1689 became pastor of the church at Danvers (then part of Salem), Massachusetts. In 1692 his daughter and his niece, Aliigail Williams, both about li years of age, accused Tibuta (a R<.)uth American slave living with the family as a servant) of bewitching thero. He beat Tibuta into confessing herself a witch. The de- lusion spread, many persons were tried for witchcraft, and in the course of 16 months 20 persons were put to death. He was dismissed by his congregation in 1696 for his share in these judicial murders. Appl''fouit' Cyc. of Amer. Bioy. Parrot (i'a-ro')tJohaim Jakob FriedricliWil- helm. Born at Karlsruhe, Baden, iTUli : died at Dorpat.Kussia, about 1S40. A German trav- eler in the Caucasus, Ararat, etc. Parrott(pai*'ot). Robert Parker. Born at Lee, N. H., Oct. 5;"1S04: died at Cold Spring. N. Y., Dec. 24, 1877. An American inventor, superin- tendent of the West Point iron and cannon foun- dry, Cold Spring, Now York. He invented the Parrott gun. Parry (par'i), Gape. A cape on the northern coast of North America, projecting into the ^^ Farmenio (par-me'ni-6), or Parmenion (par- me'ni-on). [Gr. Uap/in'iuv.^ Bom about 400 B. C. : assassinated by order of Alexander, 330 B, C. A Macedonian general. He waa the leading Ai'ctlcOceanaboutlat. 70® N., long. 123^30' Parny's best piece, a short epitaph on a young girl , Is one Parry, S i r CharleS Hubert Hastings. Bom at of the best things of its kind in literature. Hia merits, Bournemouth, Ft*b. 27 184.S. An English com- ?eTs;i'w'^';\e"u,!!rpo'mfo„T.l^rd'^^.f',^.:';^:;;S^^^ PO-- He wa, „.a,.e pr-re^or o, .usica. his^ry and against England. Christianity, ami monarchism, wliich connKisitH.n iU tliu il<>yal Acaili'niy of Mnau in Issl. He afe equally remarkable fm- blasphemy, ohscenity.extrava- was knighU-.l in IWIK and .r.at.d a l.ar,.n..t m 19tl-j, gance, and dullness. Saiiituhury, French Lit., p. 399. Pany, Sir William Edward. _Born at Bath, councUor and general of Philip and Alexander the Great, ParoUes (pii-rol'eR). A character in Shakspere's fn^'Iana, Doc. 11), 1790: ciicii at Ems. Germany, and commanded the left wing at the battles of (iranicus, ,, . ,, . yy' n t^^t Ends WoU " a braggart whose "'"'J' ^' ^^^^- •^" Englisli navigator and arctic I.BU8, and Arbela. ,„'h„„„.,„„„ ;„ 1,„„,„.„„., „nrl Hrr^ll explorer. In poltroonery is humorous and droll Parmigiaiio (par-me-ja'no), or Parmegiano (par-nia-jii'no), H ('The Piirinesan' name of Francesco Maria Mazzuola 6'la) (Mazzola, orMazzuoli). Born at Parma Jan. 11, l.'J04 : died at Casal Maggiore, Italy, Aug. 24,1540. An Italian painter. Among his works arc "Vi8i', I/indon), "Madonna with St. Margaret" (Bologna), ".Madonna del Colic Lilngo" (Pitti Palace, Horence), "Madonna della Kosa " (Dresden Gallery), etc. Pamahyba. See Paranahybd. Parnassus (piir-nas'us). [Gr. Uaf>mn6(, later napvana6(;.'\ A mountain-ridge in Greece, 83 -n- i j miles northwest of Athens, near the ancient Parquet, Jacques JJiel du Delphi, and situated mainly in ancient Phocis: J/'" ' the modem Liakourii. it was celebrated an the haunt of Apollo, the MuseB, and the liyinj>lis, and hence as the Beat of mustc and poetry. Highest summit, Lycorela (8,0(18 feet). Parnassus. 1 . A fresco byRaphael Mengs (1760), in tlie Villa Albani, Rome. It is a group of Apollo and 2. natura triumph influences of the Renaissance. AikiHo and (lie Muses |)re aide ; Homer, Vergil, Dante, Sappho, Anacreon, I'etnirch, »ndl'orinna,with Itiiphael himself, llgure with their fellow. artists in the att«ndnnt company. It is a garden festival of letli-century Itoiuo. Parnassus, Mount. A painting by Mantegna, in the Louvre, Paris. Mars and Venns st4ind o7r(i/;(Oor.] In ancient geography, lit. Parmn n 400 B. c, and joined the confederacy of Delos. Length, 15 miles. See Diel du Par- Parr (jiiir), Catharine. Born at Kendal (^astle, Westraorehmd, EngliiiHl, nlpuut I'lll.' : clieii at Sudely (Jastle, (Jlouci-Htcrsliiri', Kiigliiiid, Sept. 7, l.')4H. Si.xth wife of Henry VIII., whom she married in l.')43. She married Lord Seymour in ir,47. ltheMn8Cs.wl(hMnemoByne,themotheroflheMu«e». p Samuel. Bom at Ha A fresco by Kapliael, in the SUnza della Seg- ^gland, .Ian. l.-i, 1747: .lied. tura of the Vatican. Home. The sulijeet Is the „ t'^„r » v„,,ii^i, „,.lw,l,,r arophof ancient art under the enlightened and p..etlc V.' ' I-iiMisn s< m.mr r, son of Samuel Parr, a surgeon, whose assistant he was \1CA-6A. Ho studied at Harrow, and wjui at Cambridge for a short time in 1706. Kroni 1707 to 1771 he was chief aasistant to Dr. Sumner at Harrtiw Sclu>oI, and in 17k;i wiw made vicar of Uatt4>ii, near Warwick. He waa a warm friend of I'or- gon. He was famous for the variety of his knowledge and for his dogmatitnn. Parr, Thomas, called "Old Parr." Died at Lon- don, 103.''). A reputed centenarian. He was said to bays been bom In IMS, and hence would have been Hi explorer. In ISOO he was midshipman in the Tribune frigate, and in 18tt8 on the Vanguard in the Baltic. Ab lieutenant of the Alexander he served at Spitzbergen and on La lloguo In the North American station until 1817. He accompanied Ross's p<.»lar orpedition, and ty Parliament, A narration of the expedition ap. peared in IS'il. In May, 1821. he started on a second ex- pedition, and in May, 182-1, on a third, which were not specially successful. Another expedition, by way of Spite- Itergen, was likewise unftneceBsful hYonl Dee., 1S23, to May, 18*20, he was acting hydrograpber to the navy. In 18.'t"2 ho was made rear-admiral, and in 1853 governor of Greenwich Hospital. Parry Islands. [Named from Sir \V. E. Parry.] A group of islands in the Arctic Ocean, includ- ing Melville Ishinit, Bat hurst Ishind, ami others. Parsdorf diiirsMorf). Armistice of. .-X tmce lietween France ami .\ustria. concliideil in .Tuly, 1800, at Parsdorf. a village 10 miles ea-st of Mu-' nich. rrow-on-the-Hill, Parsifal, or Parslval (plir'se-fiil). A musical at Hatton, March dnmia hv Kichanl Wagner. The poem waa com- posed by lilm in 1S77, the music in 1879. It was flrat per- formed at liayreiith, .Inly '28, 1882. Sec Percnal and Par- ziral. Parsis, or Parsees (piir'se/.). [From Pers. Parsi, a Persian.] Thi' descendants of those Persians who settled in India about the end of the 7th and the beginning of the SIh century, in order to es- cape Mohammedan persecution, and who still re- tain theirancieni religion, nowcalled Zoroasfri- anism. See limbers. The focal length of the telescope is 64 feet; the diameter -tartnia (par thi-a). [Gr. Uapdia, from UapSot, M th« .„>,„ 7 f„„f L. Partlii, the PartMans.] In ancient geogi-a- phy, a country in western Asia, situated east of Parsons Parsons (par'sonz). A city in Labette County, southeaster^^Kausas, 123 miles south by east of Topeka. Topulation (1900), 7,682. Parsons (par'sonz), Alfred William. Born in Somerset, Dec. 2, 1847. An English land- scape-painter. He first exhibited at the Royal Acad- emy in 1871, and paints both in oil and in water-colors. Among his works are "The First Frost " (1883). " In a Cider Country " (1886), "When Nature Painted all Things Gay" (1887), a series of water-color drawings of the Warwick- shire Avon (eihibited in 1886), etc. Elected A. R. A. in 1897. Parsons, or Persons (per'sonz), Robert. Born at Nether Stowey, Somerset , 1546 : died at Eome, April 18, 1610. An English Jesuit. He graduated at Oxford (Balliol College) in 1568, and was subsequently a fellow, bursar, and dean of his college. In 1575 he en- tered the Jesuit .Society at Rome. He intrigued actively against Elizabeth and the Protestants in England until hifl death. He published many polemical works. Parsons, Theophilus. Bom at Byfield, Mass., Feb. 24, 1750: died at Boston, Oct. 30, 1813. An American jurist. He was a member of the Esses Junto in 1778, and chief justice of the Supreme Court of Massachusetts 1806-13. Parsons, Theophilus. Bom at Newburyport, Mass., May 17, 1797: died Jan. 26, 1882. An American legal and religious writer, son of T. Parsons. He published "LawofContracts"(1853),"Mer- cantile Law "(185ei 111 i-*K. i.Ltx\-t.\^t, ""*^" J .^_ _ , (Amazon) about long. 76° 30' W. Length, about 400 miles. . , , Pasterze (piis-tert'se). One of the largest Al- pine glaciers, situated in the Glockner group on the border of T\to1 and Carinthia. first published in "Blackwood's Magazine." In p,„tpiir f niis-ter' ) Louis. Born at Dole, .Tura, is:n in America (1832 in England., two ^i^^-^J^^^^^'^ ivtnc" Dec. 27, 1822: died near St.-Cloud, Sept. i,te five books on artistic matters much copied by 1 1 n>. poocoOTiateS (pii-sii-gwa' tas). isiteles and his school atfected a kind of pre-PliKlian raSSagUaies ^1"^ J,"' ^ ; tic Many pseudo-archaic works are ascribed to them. known. J A nomatl tripe OlSOUrc * ■ ' " T^ • - -« hua, mentioned m 1;)82 by Espe.io. Pasit Btylc. Many] . ,^ _ _. . Paskevitch (piis-kye'vieh Ivan Pnnce of Warsaw. Born at Poltava, Russia, May 8(0. S. ), 28, 189.'i. A celebrated French chemist and mi- croseopist. He is famous especially for his researches in bacteria, fermentation., the "Siberian pest. ' hydropbo. bia, etc. He pulilislied " Etudes sur le vin " (ISCC), •■Etudes sur le vinaigre " (IStiS), "fitudes sur la maladie des vera a soic •• (1870>, " fetudes sur la biere " (1.^76), etc. He began lialied, and in 1S38 a third was added morbid interest, but were extremely popular. ,s). [Origin in- southern Chil.ua- It is DOW ,_,_^ ^, extinct, and nothing is known "of its langi'age. __^_^ ^,„.„, , - 1782r'died at Warsaw, Feb. 1, 185'6. A Russian Passaic (pa_-sa'ik)_. A river m New Jersey wAieh jhiTpractVce of"inoculation for hydrophobia in^l»Si field-marshal. He was distinguished in Turkey until ■ - — ■"-* ^' — "' — ■ — " acataractoi (aieei.wuiia peipenuicuim lanoi .^wic,;^, »,. pj^ Paterson. Length, about 100 miles. ' • Passaic. Amauufacturingcity in Passaic Coun- ty, New Jersey, situated on the river Passaic I'l miles iicirthuest of New York. Population (1900) con- cap- 1812, and in the later campaigns against ^'apoleon; ouercd Persian Armenia and stormed Erivan in 1827; . tur^d K.ars in 1828, and Erzeruni in 18J9 ; as commander- in-chief in Poland captured Warsaw in 1831, and became irovernor of Poland, executing the Organic Statute ; and commanded the Eussian contingent against the Hunga- rians in 1849, and the Danube army in 1854. Pasman (piis-man'). A smaU narrow island in Passamaquqddy (pas'a-ma-quod'i). A tribe of the AdriaC Sea, south of Zara, belonging to North American Indiaiis, chiefly m Maine. See Dalmatia, Austria-Hungary, _Ahnah> Paso de Chocolate (pii:??,da eho-ko-lii^ta)^. ^^A Passamaauoddy B^^. ^^^^^^^.^^ situatedonthe pass m northwestern Chihuahua, between the towns of Galeana and Casas Grandes, famous for flows int'o'Newark Bay below Newark. It forms pasto (piis'to). A town in the southwestern acataractof 72 feet, with a perpendicular fall of 50 feet, at pj^j.(. q£ Colombia (department of Cauca), 100 ' ' miles southwest of Popayan, on the eastern flank of a volcano of the same name. Popula- tion, about 10,000. Paston Letters. A series of letters written or received by members of the Paston family, of Paston, count V of Norfolk, England. The scries commenced in 1424, and ended in 1509. Tliey are valuable for 15thcentury iiistory, and were first published in part by Sir John Feiin in 17s7. The best edition is by James Gairdner (3 vols. 1872-76), Increased by more than 600 let- ters, with notes, etc. rFromthe Indian tribe le It last action fought there was in 1882. when nearly all the able-bodied men of Oaleana were slain by a superior force of Indinns, after a desperate resistance. Paso del Norte (pii'so del nor'ta),El. [Sp., 'The Pass of the North.'] A town (oflicially Juarez) in northeastern Chihuahua, Mexico, on borderbetweeuMaineandNewBrunswick.^.™-, •■■-."■"";, -^^^^ ., a short move- S;;?;;;cUi;s-;;^ittedthere by the Apaches ^eeiv^theS.^^^^ duritig the 19th and precediiig centuries.^^ The Passaro ^P^« ^Xn name ofpachynum. In a l^lrt^°-<^'":« CthsymphonJ^ He added a second ^■tnglitoffthiscape, Aug. 11, 1718, tlie British under Byng title, ''or RecoUectlonsofCoun^ annihilated Ihe Spanish fleet under Castaneta. Pastor Fldo (pas-tor fe do), II. L Ihe l;_aitn- Passarowitz (piis-sii'ro-vits), or Posarevatz fui shepherd.'] A pastoral drama by Giam- (p6-sii're-viits), or Poscharewatz (po-sh;l're- battista Guarini, played at Turin in 1585. but viits). -A town in Servia, 38 miles east-south- „ot printed till 1590. It was composed to celebraU east of Belgrad. Population (1891), 11,134. the marriage of a duke of Savoy, and has been six times • — - . , . Deluded at translated into English. Turkey on Patagonia (pat-a-go'ni-a). The southenimost o-nlV relay between Parral in southern Chihuahua and one SKle ana ivustria auu v eu,e« ox. the other, portion of South fS-^^^yif,^' '.^l^-^Pf *" -^^ Y^f Santa Frin New Mexico. In 1680, when the Pueblo In- v,.„i,,e ceded the Jlorea to Turkey •. Tui-key ceded to Aus- Argentine Republic south of the Kio Negl o, to- dians of New Mexico drove the Spaniards from Santa Fe, tria p:iri "f r.nsni:i, Little WuUachia, part of hervia (in- pether with the adjacent parts of Chile. The wesU the retreating colonists andafew soldiers halted at El Paso elu.ling liilgmdi, and tlie Banat of Temesrfr. ^^^ partis traversed from north to southby the Andes : east del Norte and established their camp. Thereafter it be- Passau(pa8'sou). Acity in Lower Bavaria, Ba- „( ,f,j.n, nuichof the country is occupied by high and more came the seat of government for the province of New . situated at the iunction of the Inn and Ilz or less arid plains. The shores of the Chilean p,.rtion Mexico until 1603, and the, base of operations against the ]^^}^^^l^^ Danube, close to the Austrian frontier, are bordered by an infinity of islands. 1 he interior is inlat. 48° 34' N., long. 13° 27' E. It is noted for its picturesque location. The cathedral, of very early foun- dation, but often restored, and finally rebuilt in 1C6^>, is one of the best examples of the German florid rococo style. It was the capital of the bishopric of Passau. Population \ the emperor Charles V. The ])nneipal provision PasQUier, Etienne Denis, Baron (later Uuc) ^, granting of freedom of religion to the de. Born at Paris, April 22, 1767: died there, j^,,,,,,,,,,,,^^. July 5, 1862. A French politician " an official under Napoleon I. ; was Ing the restoration, and president 01 uie ..-. ■•- -- - - lafii" A CJoi.m'in -ivt Peers under Louis Phllippi; received the titular dignity at Frankfort, Aug. 1.', 1861. A Geiman alt of chancellor in 1837; and was created duke In 1814 He ]iistorian and artist. His works include a life of Ra- retircd to private life aftcrthe revolution of 1848. Hewas pimei (i831)-.'i8 : French ed. 1860), "Le pelntre-gravcur' the joint author with M. de Raiidon of a vamlcville, (,,,4151^4^), etc. . ._,..,.,„... „..,.,..,.„.i..i.,. « ;^asseier. See n^sq/r. ■ tribe of Indians m thi las, on the north sid mon temps." , ., ., of the Amazon, about the month of the Japiiri'i. Pasquin ( pas'kwin). It . Pasquino (pas-kwe no). [F. pasijiiin, a lampoon, also the statue so called (('otgrave), from It. /)(/.w/Hi«»,alanipoon.] A tailor (or a cobbler, or a barber) who lived about the end of the 15th century in Rome, noted for his caustic wit, and whoso name, soon lifter his death, was transferred toa muti- lated statue which had been dug up opi>osite hi -r'.' . . • , ' Lutherans. olitician. He served as passavant(pii-8a-voh'), Johann David. Bom ,^nrS''JbV"Srr'':^i atl.'mnkfoV'^-on-the-Main, S^^ celved the titular dignity at Frankfort, Aug. 12, 1861. A German art Teatcd duke In 1814 lie ]iistorian and artist. His « ;volution of 1848. Hewas pi,„el (i831)-.'.8 : French ed. 186 Randon of a vaudeville, !,,j|5||_(^) gtc V, , -, «;;•■ P"''.""'"^'' " i"?'".""'^ Passeier. Sec Passcyr. prononciSs dana lea chamhres K-gislatives de 18I4-.io ^,^°^' ,, ;;„ ,,,■;,,'■, A tril (1842): and left a memoir in manuscript, the tirstvoluine PaSSCS (pas-sas ). 2\ in of which appeared in 1S98 umler tlio title of "Illatoire de Brazilian state ot Aniazoi Formerly they were numerous, ranging eastwaril to the Elo Negro anil westward to the I^ii. They aro a gentle race ot agriculturists, and liave never resisted tile wliites. IMlring the Istli centurv manyof them were gathered into mission villages. Verv tew remain in a wild »t«t«. Tlie pa.sscB are a brancli ot the great Ariivvak or Maypure stock. Passeyr (i>iis'ir), or Passeier (piis'i-er). A romantic Alpine valley in Tyrol, about 30 miles south by west of Innsbruck, which unites with shop, on which were posted anonymous lam- Uui valley of the Adige at Meraii poons. At the opposiU^ end of the city from the statue mentioned above, tliere was an aiic'ieilt statue of Mars. called by the people Marfiuio ; and gibes and Jeers pasted upon Pa.s(|nln were answered by similar eiruslona 011 the part of Martorio. By this system of thrust and iiarry the most serious matters were dlscloBed, and the most .1|..- tlnguishcd persons attacked and detendeil. /. H hrnr/i. Pasquin. A dramatic satire by Fielding, pub- lished in 1736. sparsely populated by Indians (I'atjigoiilans, Araucaniana, etc ) but there are now nourishing Argentine and Chilean settlements along the coasts. In 18^1 Patagonia was dl- videil by treaty, Chile taking the portion west of Ihe Andes, together with the shores of the 'Jtrait of Magellan from lat. 62° S., and the Argentine Republic retaining all the rest. Both portions have been subdivided into territories and provinces. The name is now used only as a conve- nient geographical term, and is commonly restricted to the Argentine portion : Tierra del Fuego Is st n place ot tomiciit. t'nder It are Ihe hells (narakas). of which Maim eiiumcrw ales <>l and the Buddhists l:W. . Patani (pii-tii'ne). A small native state m the .Malay peninsula, feudatory to Siam, situated n Ih'e eastern const about lat. 6°-7° N. iinT *ini, ., ,', li.v. -....,.,^ --- ,,j^ in,, eastern cohm unwu, ,«,.. .. . *,. Passion Play. A mystery or miracle-play rep- pataniali(pa-tan'ja-li). 1. Tlie reiiuted found resenting Uie dilTerent seems in the passion of ^.j. ^^j- ,]||, Yon«. system of Hindu jiliilosoiiliy.— Christ. The passion jilay Is still extant In the periodic representallons at llberamniergau. In Ihe Bavarian high- biiids, perhaps the only exiimjile to be found at ibc pres- Passow (piis'so), Franz Ludwig Karl Fried- rich. Born at jjudwigslust, Mecklenburg, Sept. 2 The aut hor of I he Mahabliashya (which see). He was born at lionarda in the cost ol India, and lived for Boniethne In Kashmir. Acconlliig loOoldstllckerb between 140 and 120 11. C, but Weber plans lllin wrote bout 25 years after elirisi. laiiiiii. i\iiijitj»iiii, ». the groat triad ot Sanskrit grammarians. Patapsco PatapSCO (pa-tap'sko). A river in Harvland which flows iijto Chesapeake Bay 14 miles south- east of Baltimore. Length, nearly 80 miles. Patara (pat'a-ra). [Gr. Ilarapa.] In ancient geography, a city of Lyeia, Asia llinor, situated on the coast in lat. 36° 15' N., long. 29° 22' E. There ai'e remains of a theater of the date of Hadiian. Pataviom (pa-ta'vi-um). The ancient name of Padua. Patawat (pat'aA\-at). A tribe of North Ameri- can Indians living on lower ilad Kiver, Cali- fornia. See Wishosl-ati. Patay (pa -ta ' ) . A vill age in the department of Loiret, France, 13 miles northwest of Orleans. Here, June 18, 1429. the French under Duuois and Joan of Are defeated the English. Patch (paeh), Samuel. Born in Rhode Island about 1807: killed at Eoehester, N. Y., Nov. 13, 1S29. An American, noted for leaping from bridges, etc. He was killed in attempting to jonipfrom a height c£ 125 feet into the Genesee Eiver at Genesee falls. Patchoglie (pat-chog'). A village in Suffolk County, Long Island, New York, situated on Great South Bay, 51 mUes east of Brooklyn. Patelin (pat-Ian'). A conventional character in Frenehcomedy. He is a supple, insinuating flatterer, one who tries to accomplish his ends by indirect means. He seems to have had his origin in a l-tth-centm-y fiirce, "L'Avocat Pathelin." •Pater (pa'ter), Walter. Bom at London, Aug. 4, 1839: died at Oxford, July 30, 1894. An English writer. He was educated at Queen's College, Oxford. He published "Studies in the History of the Renaissance "US73)."iIarius the Epicurean "dSSoi," Im- aginary Portraits" (1887), *\\ppreciations"(lS8y», etc. Paterculus (pa-ter'ku-lus), Caius Velleius. Born about 19 B.C. : diedafter30 a. D. AEoman historian, author of an epitome of Roman his- toiy. The Monarchy occupies the principal place in the abridg- ment of Koman histor}- in two books by C. Velleius Pater- culus, A. D. 30. This ^vriter had been in military service under Tiberius, whom he then learned to admire ; but he soars to such fervour of loyalty and extravagance of style that he lauds and magnifies everj-thing connected with his general beyond all bounds, aiid vilifies all that was opposed to him. Teufel and ScAwafe, Hist, of Eom. Lit, - Patna be- came the capital of an independent state, and in 1763 there was an outbreak of hostilities, during which a number of the English were seized and massacred by order of the na- wab. Several Sepov regiments here took part in the mu- tiny of 1S57. Population (1891), 165,19-2. Paton (pat'n). Sir Joseph Noel, commonly called Sir Noel Paton. Bom at Dunfermline, Scotland, Dee. 13. 1n21 : died at Edinburgh, Dec. 26,1901. A British historical painter. He w,is ori- ginally a designer of patterns for damask-weaving ; went to London in 1843 ; and studied in the Royal -Academy schools. He settled at Edinburgh in l$o7,andwas knighted in 1867. He was also a sculptor, archaeologist, and poet. PatOQUa (pa-to-kwa'). [Jemez of New Mex- ico, signifying 'pueblo 'or 'village of the bear.'] The ancient and now ruined Jemez pueblo of San Joseph de los Jemez, situated 5 miles north of the present Jemez village. It was abandoned after the uprising of 1680, and was never reoccupied. Its ruins contain those of the old church of San Joseph of Jemez, founded previous to 1617, abandoned in 162-2, and again occupied in 1627. Patos (pa'tos), Lagoa dos. A lake in the east- em part of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, com- municating with the Atlantic by the Rio Grande do Sul. It is the largest lake in Brazil. Length, 140 miles. Patrae (pa'tre), or Patras (pa-triis'), It. Pa- trasso (pa-tras's6). A seaport, capital of the Pattieson nomarchy of Achaia. Greece, situated on the Gulf of Patra?iu lat. 38° 15' N., long. 21° 45' E.: the ancient Patrse (Gr. Tldrpai). It is one nf the largest cities of Greece, the chief commercial center, and the terminus of a railway line to Corinth. It was a lluur- ishingancientcity; was the cajiital of the mfdieval dudiy of Achjiia ; was nearly destroyed by the Turks in 1821 : and was the point of outbreak of the Greek revolution. PopiUation (1896) , 37,9,")S, Patriarch of Dorchester. John White (1574- 1648), the Eng-lish preacher. Patriarch of Ferney. %'oltaire. Patrick (pat'rik). Saint, L.Patricins (pa-trish'- ius). [L.,'noble,"patrician.'] Born, according to tradition, at Nemthur (now Dumbarton), Scot- land, about 396: died probably 469. The patron saint of Ireland, son of the deacon Calpurniua, son of Potitus, a priest. After the withdrawal of the Roman garrisons, Calpumius retired to the country south of the Wall of Severus, where Patrick was captured by the Picts about 411, and sold as a slave into Ireland. After six years he escaped, and. devoting himself to the conversioD of Ireland, prepared for the priesthood. About 425 he en- tered upon his mission. In 441 he was consecrated bishop. He wrote a '- Confession " and an "Epistle." Patrimonium Petri (pii-tri-mo'ni-um pe'tri). [L., 'Peter's patrimony.'] An ancient admin- istrative di-vision of the Papal States, situated in central Italy northwest of the Roman Cam- pagna. Capital, Yiterbo. Patriots (pa'tri-ots or pat'ri-ots). In English politics, a faction of the Whigparty inthe reigns of George I. and George II., opposed to Sir Rob- ert Walpole. Patroclus (pa-tro'klns). [Gr. Ha-poiO.og.'] In the niad. the intimate friend of Achilles. When Achilles withdraws from the fight, and the Greek host is ia danger oT being routed, he gives Patmclus his armor and sends him at the head of the Myrmidons against the Tro- jans. Patroclus at first succeeds, but at last is met ly Hector and slain. Achilles then, to avenge his frien^ reappears in the battle, ilrives the Trojans within their walls, and vanquishes Hector. Patron (pa'tron or pat'ron), The. Acomedy by Foote, produced in 1764! Patschkau (piitsh'kou). A town in the prov- ince of Silesia, Prussia, situated on the Glatzer Neisse, 46 miles south of Breslau. Population (1890). 5.757. Patterdale (pat'er-dal). A tourist center in Westmoreland, England, near Ullswater, eight miles north id Ambleside. Patterson, Elizabeth. Bom at Baltimore, Md., Feb. (3, 1785: died there, April 4, 1879. An Americac, lady, daughter of a Baltimore mer chant, who married Jerome Bonaparte, brother of Napoleon. Dec. 24, 1803. Napoleon refused to rec- ognize the marriage, and prevented her from landing on the Continent when she went to Europe with her husband. She accordingly sought refuge in England, while Jerome went to Paris and finally yiefded to his brother's demand for a divorce. Patterson, Robert. Bom in Ireland, May 30, 1743 : died at Philadelphia, July 22, 1824. An American politician and scientific -writer. He became director of the United States mint in 1S05. Patterson, Robert. Bom in Pennsylvania, 1753: diednearDayton.Ohio, Aug. 5. 1827. An American pioneer. He served in the expedi- tions against the Sha-wnees and other Indians. Patterson, Robert. Bom in Tyrone County, Ireland, Jan. 12, 1792: died at Philadelphia, Aug. 7, 1881. An American general. He served in the Mexican war : was a commander of Pennsylvania troops in 1S61 ; and commanded near Harper's Ferry at the time of the battle of Bull Run, July, 186L Patterson, William (1744-1806). See Paterson, Will ia III. Patteson, John Coleridge. Born at London, April, 1827: murdered Sept. 16, 1871. An Eng- lish missionary in the Pacific, made bishop of Melanesia in 1861. Patti (pat'te or pa'te). A cathedral city and sea- port in the province of Messina. Sicily, situated on the Gulf of Patti 35 miles west by south of Messina. Population (1881), 5,999. Patti (pat'e), Adelina. Bom at Madrid, Feb. 19, 1843. A celebrated soprano opera-singer. .She was taken to America as a child by her parents, both singers, and first appeared at New York in 1S59 and at London in 1861. She has since sung constantly, and baa been perhaps the most popular singer of the time. Her repertoire contains between 30 and 40 parts, including Linda, Norina, Luisa Miller, Lucia, Violetta, Zerlina, etc. She married the Marquis de Canx in 1S68, il. Nicolini in 1&S6, and Baron Cederstrom in 1899. Patti, Carlotta. Bom at Florence, 1.S40 : died at Paris, June 27, 1889. A concert-singer, sister of Adelina Patti. She made her dibat at New York in 1S61, in England in 1S63. She manied Ernst de llanck, violoncellist, in 1879. Pattieson (pat 'i -sou), Peter. An imaginary schoolmaster, the assumed author of the "Tales Pattieson of my Landlord," by Sir Walter Scott. He has 8 brother, Paul Patticson, wlio publishes his mauuseripts for his own advantage. Pattison (pat'i-snn), Mark. Bom at Hornby, Yorkshire, 1813: died at Harrowgate, July :iO, 1884. An EiiKlish writer. He sraduated at Oxfonl (Oriel Colltige) in ls:i7, .iml became a felluw of Lincoln Col- lege in l&i9, and later tutor and (1801) rector. He wrote a "Eeporton ElenuMitaiy Eilucationin Protestant Germany" (185'.t), ''ililton " (1»T1»>, etc. llis essays were collected in 1880. Patton (pat'n), Francis Landey. Bom m Ber- muda, Jan. 22, 184:3. An American Presbj-te- rian clergjnnau and educator. Ue hecame professor In Chicago Presbyterian Theological Seminary in 1871, and iu Princeton Theological Seminary in JH81 ; and v,^? pres- Ident of Princeton University 18H8-1!KI2. He lias pub- 1ish''d a "Summary of Christian Doctrine " (1874), etc. Patuxent (pa-tuks'ent). A river iu Maryland which flows into Chesapeake Bay "):) miles south- east of Washington. Lengtli. o\ er 100 miles. Patwin, or Patween (pat-wen'). ['.Man.'] The sout horn division of tlie Copohan stock of North American Indians, formerly embracing 23 small tribes. Its habitat extended from Stony Creek. Colusa County, California, to Suisnn Kay, and from Sacramento River on the east to the boundary of the Moituelunnian, Yukian, and Kulanapan stocks on the west. See Copehaiu Patzcuaro (piit'thkwii-ro), or Pascuaro (piis'- kwii-ro). A town in the state of Miohoacan, Mexico, 130 miles west of Mexico. Population, about 8,000. Pau (p6). [Prov. pnti, a pale, with reference to the pale or palisade of the old castle. J The capital of the department of Basses- PjT^n^es, France, situated on the Gave de Pau in lat. 43° 17' N., long. 0° 22' W. It is a favorite wiutcr health-resort, on account of its equable climate. It has some trade and manufactures. The square (the Place Royale) is noteworthy. The chfiteau, rebuilt about l.'iOO by Gaston Phrebus, count of Foix, is of inter- est as a chief residence of the sovereigns of Navarre and the birthplace of Henry IV. It has 5 tall towers joined by massive walls, and a small but handsunie Renaissance court. The interior, restored by Louis Philippe and Na- poleon III., contains very beautiful and interesting apart- ments with splendid Renaissance furniture. Pau was the ancient capital of Navarre, and was a celebrated center in the time of Margaret of Valois, Jeanne d'Albret, and An- tolue de liourbon. Population (18i>l). 33.111. Pau, Gave de. A river in southern France which joins the Adour 14 miles east by north of Ba- yonne. Length, about 10.5 miles. Paucartambo (pou-kar-tiim'bo). A frontier fort and station of the Incas of Peru, on a river of the same name, a branch of the Ueayale, about 40 miles northeast of Cuzco. The ruins Btill exist, and there is a modem village on the site. Paner (pou'er), Ernst. Bom at Vienna, Dee. 21, 1820. An Austrian-English pianist, teacher of the piano, and musical editor. Pauillac (po-e-yiik'). A town in the depart- ment of Gironde, France, situated on the Gi- ronde 27 miles north by west of Bordeau.x. It is the chief entrepot for M^doc wines. Popu- lation (1891), commune. 4,.''>()4. Paul (pal), Saint (originally Saul). [Gr. IlaiiXof, L. Paulas, from paitliis, poullKs, little.] The great apostle to the Gentiles. He was bom at Tar- ■as, a "Hebrew of the Hebrews' ; was taught the trade of tent-maker ; went to .lerusalem and studied "at the feet of Gamaliel "; was at first a vehement persecutor of the Christians, and held the clothes of those who stoned Stephen ; was miraculously converted on his way U> Da- mascus; and became the most earnest preacher and the greatest expounder of Christianity. He made missionary lours in Syria, Cyprus, Asia Minor, Macedonia, Greece, and elsewhere, mention of some of which is niaile in the New Testiment. UewasimprisonedatCtcsarea: wastried before Felix, in whose custody he remained until he was handed over by Felix to his successor Fcstns ; appealed to C'lesar ; ancl was sent to Rome, where he an'ived in 01. He lived lor jibout two years in comparative freedom in his own hired house, Ue appears to have been tried and ac(|Uitted ; to have made various journeys ; to have returned to Rome; and to have sulfercd martyrdom there, probably hy de- capitation about (i7. Paul I. Pope 7.')7-7G7, a friend of Pepin, king of till' Franks. Paul II. (Pietro Barbo). Bom at Venice, Feb., 1418: died July, 1471. Pope 14f)4-71. Tie en- couraged luxury, aiLiI ]iersecuted the humanists. Paul III. (Alessandro Farnese). Born Feb. 28, 14(iS: diod Nov. 10. l.".4!(. l'oiMar)34-49. He evi-oriuuunieated Henry VIII. of Drigland in l.^>38 ; ap- prii\,-,l tho order of Jesuits in IfilO; and convoketl the ''ouned of 'Irent in l.''i4r>. iu I.^-IG he made Ills son Pier l.nigi l-'arncse duke of Parma and Piacenza. Paul IV. (Giovanni Pietro Oaraffa). Born Juno 28, 147(J: died Aug. 18, 1559. Pope 1555- 1.5.-)9. Paul V. (CamlUo Borghese). Bom at Rome, Sept. 17, irM2: dii^d .Inn. 2.8, 1021. Pope lf;n,-)-21. Ho weakened tho jiapal authority in a contest with Ven- ire, which he placed under an interdict In UUV}. Paul I. Petrovitch. Bom Oct., 1754 : nssas- 787 sinated March 23-24, 1801. Czar of Russia, son of Peter III. and Catharine II. He succeeded his mother- in 171Ki, and joined the coalition against Franco 1708-1800, but withdrew from it later. In ISOl he annexed Georgia. His miuder was the result of a conspiracy. Paul, the Deacon. See I'aulus Diaconus. Paul, Brotlier. See Sarpi. Paul, Pablo Rojas. See liojaii Paul. Paul, Suint Vincent de. See Vhicent de Paul. Paul of Samosata. Born probably at Samo- sata, Syria. A Monarchian heretic, bishop of Antiocli from 200 to his deposition in 272. He denied the personality of the Logos and of the Holy Spirit. Paula, Francis of. See Francis. Paul Clifford. A novel by Bidwer, published in 1.S30: so called from the name of its hero. Paul et Virginie. 1. A novel by Bernardin de Saint-Pierre. ))ublished in 1788. The scene is laid in Mauritius. — 2. An opera by Mass6, first produced at Pai-is in 1876. Paulding (pal'ding), Hiram. Born at New York, Dec. 11, 1797: dii-il at Huntington, L. I., Oct. 20, 1.S78. An American admiral, son of .John Paulding. He distinguished himself in the vic- tory of Lake Chaiuplain in 1814 ; and suppressed a tllibus- tenng expedition against Nicaragua by aiTcstmg the leader Walker at Pmita .Arenas in lS.'i7, an act for which he was censured by President Buehauair, inasmuch as the ai-rest took place on foreign soil. Paulding, James Kirke. Bom at Nine Part- ners, Dutchess County, N; Y., Aug. 22, 1779: died at Hyde Park, N. ¥., April G, 1860. An American novelist, poet, historian, and poli- tician. He was secretary of the navy 1838-41. His chief novels arc "The Dutchman's Preside " (18;il), "Westward Ho"(183-.i); chief hisloi-ical work, "Life of George Wash- ington " (isij.*!) -. poem, " The iiackwoodsman " (1818) -, sat- ires, "The Diverting History of .lohn Bull atui Brother Jonathan" (1812), "Lay of the .Scottish Fiddle" (1813), " Merry Tales of the Three Wise Men of Gotham " (18;i6), He was a.ssociated with Irving in '■ .Salmagundi " (1807-08), and published a second series alone {181D-20). Pauli (pou'le), Georg Beinhold. Bom at Ber- lin, May 25, 1823 : died at Bremen, June 3, 1882. A German historian. He lived many years in England. His works are chiefly on English history. They include " Kbnig Alfred" ("King Alfred," 18.^j1), "Geschichte von England " (1853-.^8 : a contimiation of Lappenhei-g's " His- toi-y of England "). " Geschichte Englands " (lsr4-75 : " His- tory of England "for the pel-iod 1814-52), and "Simon von Montfort "(1807). He also published an edition of "Con- fessio Aniantis." Paulians (pa'li-anz). AUnitarianbody founded iir llio 3d century by Paul of Samosata (see above) in Syria. Paulicians (pa-lish'anz). A sect probably founded by Constantiue of Syria during the lat- ter half of the 7th century. They held thcdnalistic doctrine that all matter is evil ; believed that Christ, having a purely ethereal body, sulfercd only in a])ijearance ; and rejeeted the authority of the Olii Testament and reli- gious ordinances and cer-emonies. The sect is sai3.'. -.'ill, and fought for him and for Gonzalo IMzarro, \ml was pardoned. He wiw baptized iu lr,43 with the nanu! of ( 'ristni;in constU, colleague with Varro in the defeat at Canna'. Paulus, Lucius .Smilius, surnamed Mace- donicusC the Macedonian'). Born about 229 n. c: died 100 B. c. A Roman general, son of Paulus (died 216). He was distinguished as pretor iu Spain 191-189, and as pr-oeoiisul against the Ingauni in 181 ; was consul iu 168 ; defeated I'erseus at I'ydna and overthrew the Macedonian kingdom ; pillaged Epirus in 1C7; and triumphed at Rome in 1C7. He was censor in lt>4. Paulus .^gineta (ej-i-ne'ta). A celebrated (Ireek medical writer who lived probably in the latter half of the 7th century after Christ. He wrote a number of works, the chief of which is still extant : it is commonly called " De re medica libri septem." Paulus Diaconus (di-ak'o-nus) (Paul the Dea- con). Horn ill lout 720-725: died at Monte Cas- sino, Italy, before 800. The first important his- torian of the middle ages. His chief works are a "History of the Lombards. ' and a continuation of the Koman history of Eutropius. His works wore edited In " Monunienta Cennania^ historiea " (1878-79). Paulus Hook. The name given formerly to the site of Jersey City. A British garrison there was defeated and capturc'd by Americana under Henry Leo, Aug. 19, 1779. Paul Veronese. See VrroiKsr. Paumben u>:'"i-'>''"')- <"' Pamban (pfim-btm'), Passage. A strait connecting the Gulf of Manaar and Palk Bay, and separating Ra- incslnvai-am Nlund from continental India. Paumotu, or Paumota, Islands. See Low Ar- fllijH IftlJO. Paunacas. See Paiamceas. Paunaque. See lianuock. Pausanias(pa-sa'ni-as). [Gr. nnwni'/oj-.] Died ill Spuria about 466 B. c. A Spartan general, son of Cleombi'otus. Ho commanded at the victory of Plata'a ill 479 ; continued the war against Persia in 473; comilleted a treasonable correspondence with Xerxes: and w-us starved to death by order of the ephoi-s as a punish- nu-iit for his ti'eason. Pausanias. Lived in the 2d century. A noted llreck geographer and writer on art. Ilowr^dea " Pcriegesls of Greece," devoted to a description of Grecian antiquities. Pausanias, who la generally known as " tin' deerone and tourist. ' and whose work, "thegazetleerof llellaa," Isimr best repertory of Infoi-mation for tin- lopograidiy. local his- tory, religious observances, architecture, and sculpture of the dillerent slates of Greece. Of the pei-soual history of Pausanias we know nothing. II has been Inferred, fnim his refei-iuice to Pelops as having dwelt "wilh us." that he was a native of l.vdla; and there Is evidence lo show that he had lived long near Mount .sipylus. Passages In his work prove that he waa a contemporary of ILadrian and the Antouine-s. A'. (). MuUer, lllsU of the LlU of Anc Greece, III. 2(i». [{Donald*on.) Pausias (pa'shi-as). [Qr.'nniw/nf.] Lived in the middle of the 4fh century B. c. A Greek painter of Sicyon, a niipil of Pampliiliis and a conteniporary i>f Apelles. He made a special study of foreshortening, and was (be llrst to palut ceilings. A Fausias lai^ picture of a sacrifice was famons for a big black ox directly foreshortened. A famous picture was the "Ste- phaiioplocus" or "Stephauopolis," painted from Glycera the flower-girl of Sicyon. He was especially attracted by the possibilities of encaustic, and developed it to a high degree of perfection. Several of these wax pictures were taken to Rome by Scaurus. Their technical refinement and cleverness seem to have had a special attraction for the l;iter Romans. PautMer (p6-tya'), Jean Pierre Guillaume. Bom at Besan^on. France, Get. 4, isoi : died at Paris, March, 1873. A French Sinologist. Among his works are "La Chine" (1837), "Quatre livres de philosophie morale de la Chine " (1S41), etc Pauw (pou), Comelins de. Born at Amster- dam, 1739: died at Xanten, duchy of Cleves, July 7, 1799. A Dutch author. He joined the order of Franciscans, but devoted most of his life to liter- art- work, residing at Xanten. He published " Recherches philosophiques sur les Americains" (3 vols- 176S-79: en- laiired editions, 1770 and 1774X "Recherches phQoso- phiques sm- les Eg>-ptiens et les Chinois" (177-1), and "Recherches philosophiques sur les Grecs'" (177S). A collected edition of his wTitings was published at Paris, 1795, and there is an English translation of the first one. De Pauw's works are characterized by a spiiit of criti- cism which would be valuable if it were less violent. His views excited much controversy. Pauwels (pou'els), Ferdinand. Bom at Eeck- ereu, near Antwerp, April 13. 1S30. A Belgian historical painter. Among his works are "Banished by Alva.'" •' Citizens of Ghent," "The Youth of Luther, "etc. Pavement of Martyrs, The. See the extract, descriptive of the battle near Tours. Charles cut through the ranks of the Moslems with irre- sistible might, dealing right and left such ponderous blows that from that day he was called Charles Martel, 'Karl of the Hammer.' His Frankish followers, inspired by their leader's prowess, bore down upon the Saracens with crushing force ; and the whole array of the Moslems broke and fled in utter rout. The spot was long and shudder- ingly known in Andalusia by the name of the "Pavement of MartjTS." Poole, Story of the Moors, p. 30. Favia (pa-ve'S). 1. A province in the com- jiartimento of Lombardy, Italy. Area, 1,290 square miles. Population (lS9"l), 494,748.^2. A city, capital of the province of Pavia, Italy, situated on the Ticino, near the Po, in lat. 45° 11' X., long. 9° 9' E. : the ancient Ticinum. it has considerable trade. The chief buildings are the cathe- dral (w ith tomb of St. Augustine), the basilica San Michele, and the Visconti palace. It is the seat of a university, founded in 1361, with 56 instructors and about 1.100 stu- dents and a library of 175,0«X) volumes, in 1S9L The Car- thusian monastery Certosa di Pavia (see Certo&a) is near the university. Pavia was an important city in the Roman Em- pire; was conquered by .\ttila in 452, and by Odoacer in 476 ; was developed by 'Theodoric after 43:? ; was taken by Alboin about 572 ; and was made the Lombard capital un- til its conquest by Charles the Great in 774. OthotheGreat was crowned there as Lombard king in 951. It sided with theGIiibeUines : passed under the Visconti in the 14th cen- tury ; was sacked by the French in 1527 ; rose in insurrec- tion and was seized by the French in 1796 ; was the scene of an outbreak in 1S4S ; and was annexed to Sardinia in 1S59. It is son>etinies called " the City of the Hundred Towers." Population {liai), about 37,000. Pa'Via, Battle of. A victory gained near Pa- via. Feb. 24, 1525, by the Imperialists under Lannoy over the French under Francis I., who was taken prisoner. Pa'Viotso (pii-ve-6'ts6). ['Strong," able,' i.e. 'athletes.'] A confederacy of 28 small tribes of North American Indians, in western Nevada and southern Oregon. Their territory formerly ex- tended into eastern California, where they were wrongly regarded as Paiute. Number, about 3,000. See Shosho- Pavlograd (pHv'lo-grad). A town in the gov- ernment of Yekaterinoslaff, Russia, situated on the Voltchya 33 miles east-northeast of Yeka- terinoslaff. Population, 15,519. Pavlovsk (piiv-lovsk'). 1. A town in the gov- ernment of Voronezh, Russia, situated on the Don 95 miles south-southeast of Voronezh. Population. 5,692.-2. A royal palace and small town about 18 miles south of St. Petersburg. Pavo(pa'v6). [L., the 'peacock.'] Asouthem constellation, the Peacock, situated south of Sagittarius. Fa von (pa-v6n ' ). A small river of the province of Santa Fe, Argentine Republic, an affluent of the Parana, about 30 miles below Rosario. It gave its name to a battle fought on its banks, Sept. 17, 1861, in which the army of Buenos A)Tes under Mitre defeated the provincial forces under Urqaiza, This battle decided the supremacy of Buenos Ayres and the union of the Ar- gentine Republic. Pavonia (pa-v6'ni-a). A name formerly given to a portion of eastern New Jersey, near New York city. Pavullo nel Frignano (pii-vol'lo nel fren-yii'- no). A town in the province of Modena, Italy, 21 miles south bv west of Modena. Population (18S1), 1,187. Pa'Wnee, orPani(pa-ne'). [PI., a]so Pawnees.'] A confederacy of the Caddoan stock of North American Indians, its habitat was formerly in Xe- braska and Eansaa, on the Platte and Republican rivers ; 788 it is now on a reservation in Oklahoma. The confederacy consists of 4 tribes, together numbering 824 persons ; the Tcawi or Grand Pawnee, the Pitahauei-at or Tapage, the Republican Pawnee, and the Skidi or Pawnee Loup. See Caddoan. Pawnee Loup. See Skidi and Pawnee. Pa'Wtucket (pa-tuk'et). See Pennaeool: Pawtucket. [From the Indian tribe.] Part of the lower course of the Blackstone, near Paw- tucket. Pawtucket. [From the river of the same name.] A city in Providence County, Rhode Island, situated on the Pawtucket River four miles north by east of Providence, it lias impor- tant manufactures of cotton goods, engines, machinery, thread, etc. Cotton-manufacturingwas established here by Slater in 1790. Population (1900), 39,231. Pa'Wtuxet (pa-tuk'set). A river in Rhode Isl- and which flows into Providence River below Providence. Faxos (pak'sos). A small island of the Ionian Islands, Greece, 8 miles southeast of Corfu : the ancient Paxos (Gr. Ila^'of). it is noted lor the pro- duction of olive-oil. This and the neighboring small isl- and of Antipaxo were called in ancient times PaxL Parton (paks'ton). Sir Joseph. Bom at Mil- ton Bryant, near Wobum, England, ISOl : died at Sydenham, England, June 8, 1865. An Eng- lish architect, landscape-gardener, and horti- culturist. He obtained employment as a gardener at Chatsworth, and ultimately became superintendent of the Duke of Devonshire's gardens there, which he remodeled. A conservatory which he erected there formed the model for the exhibition building of 1S51 at London. He de- signed the Crystal Palace at Sydenham, which was built mainly from the materials of the exhibition building. He also designed the mansion of Baron RothschUd at Fer- rieres, France. He organized the army work corps in the Crimea. From 1854 he was memberof Parliament forCoven- try. Hepublisheda"PocketBot-anicalDictioiiary"iii 1S45. Pax Vobis (paks vo'bis). [L., 'peace be with you.'] A small half-length picture of Christ crowned with thorns, undraped, by Raphael, in the Palazzo Tosio at Brescia, Italy. The Sa- viour points to the wound in his side. Payaguas (pi-ya-gwas'). An Indian tribe of Paraguay, now reduced to a few hundreds in the Chaco region, opposite Asuncion. They are very degraded savages, wandering in the swamps and subsist- ing principally on fish and alligators; their color is re- markably dark (perhaps deepened by the use of pigments), and their language indicates a distinct stock. Parties of them are frequently seen at Asimcion. At the time of the conquest a tribe called Payaguas or Agaces lived on the P.araguay from the site of Asuncion to the junction with the Parana. They were very numerous and wiirlike. rarely leaving their canoes, from which they fought Sebastian Cabot was attacked by thera in 1527; Ayolas had a fierce struggle with them in Aug., 1.t36; and they were long the most iiormidable enemies of the colonists. The missiona- ries could make little or no impression on them. It is somewhat doubtful if the modem Payaguas are descended from these. Payer (pi'er), Julius von. Born at Schonau, near Teplitz, Bohemia, Sept. 1, 1842. An Aus- trian arctic explorer and painter. He took part in the expedition to Greenland 1S6&-70, and in the exploration of the .Arctic Ocean east of Spitzbergen in 1871, and with Weyprecht led the TegethoB expedition (1S72-74), which discovered Franz Josef Land. Payeme (pii-yaru'), G. Peterlingen (pa'ter- ling-en). A town in the canton of Vaud, Swit- zerland, situated on the Broye 25 miles north- east of Lausanne. It was formerly a royal Bur- gimdian residence. Payn (pau), James. Bora Feb. 28, 1830: died at London, March 25, 1898. An English novelist and poet. He became editor of "Cham- bers's Journal " in 18,^8, and of the " Cornhill Maga- zine " in 18^2. He published poems (1855), and about 100 novels, including "By Proxy," "The Heir of the Ages," etc Payne (pan), Henry B. Bora Nov. 30, 1810: died Sept. 9, 1896. An American politician. He was an unsuccessful Democratic candidate for governor of Ohio in 1S57 ; was Democratic member of Congress from Ohio 1875-77 : was a nienilter of the Electoral Commission in 1877 ; and was United States senator from Oliio 1SS5-9L Payne, John Howard, Bom at New York. June 9, 1791 : died at Tunis, April 9, 1852. An American dramatist, actor, and song-writer. He first appeared on the stage at Xew York in IS^iO. and fulfilled a numberof engagements in other cities as "The -\merican Juvenile Wonder," etc. He played als^jin Enij- land and Ireland, part of the time with Miss (^'NeilL Be retired from the stage in 1832. and was in Tunis as Ameri- can consul 1843-45 and 1851-52. He is famous as the author of " Home, Sweet Home " (originally in the opera of "Clari "). and was author and translator and adapter of more than 60 plays. Fayojke (pa-yoH-ka'). [Tehua, 'summer peo- ple.'] One of the two very ancient subdivi- sions of the Tehua tribe of New Jlexico. said to have originated when the Tehuas came out upon the surface of the earth at the lagoon or cavern of Cibobe: also the name of the sum- mer cacique, or chief penitent for summer, of the Tehua tribes. Every pueblo has its summer ca- cique, as weU afi its ojique or winter cacique. He is in Peace, The power from the vernal to the autumnal equinox. But in all important matters of reUgion he is superior to the win. ter cacique, and is really the religious head of the tribes. Paysandii (pi-san-ds'), formerly San Benito (sau ba-ne'to). A town and port in Uruguav situated on the river Uruguav 160 miles north of Buenos Ayres. It was taken by the Bra- zilians after a bombardment, Jan . 2, 1865. Pop- ulation, about 13,000. Pays-Bas (pa-e'ba'). [F., 'Low Countries.'] Tlie French name of the Netherlands. Pays de Vaud. See Vaud. Payson (pa'son), Edward. Bom at Rindge, N. H., July 25, 1783 : died at Portland, Maine, Oct. 22, 1827. An American Congregational divine, pastor in Portland. His sermons, with me- moir by Cummings, were published in 1S46 These ser mons are said to be read more than those of any other New England divine, except Dwight, Payta (pi'ta). A seaport in the department of Piura, Peru, situated in lat. 5° 12' S. Popula- tion (1889), 3.500. Paytiti, or Gran Paytiti (gran pii-e-te'te). A fabled empire said to hare been established by Incas who fled from Pei'u after the conquest. Reports located it somewhere in the forests of northeastern Peru, and described a magnificent capital city called Yurac- huasi. Various expeditions were made in search of it during the 17th and 18th centuries, and belief in its present or former existence has not yet entirely died oat Also writ- ten Faititi. Payucha. See Paiute. Paz, La. See La Pa;. Paz, Mariano Rivera. See Sirera Paz. Paz Soldan (path sol-dan')- Mariano Felipe. Bom at Arequipa. Aug., 1821: died at Lima. Dec. 31, 1SS6. A Peruvian geographer, histo- rian, and jurist. He held various civil offices ; was for many years director of public works; and was twice minister of justice. The Peruvian penitentiary svstem was reformed by him in 1856. During the Chilean "occu- pation he was exiled, residing in Buenos Ayi es. His works, which are very valuable, include ".Atlas geogr.iflco del Peru ' (Paris, 1S61; F. edition, 1865), accompanying the "Geografia del Perti'of his brother Mateo ; "Historia del Peni Independiente"(18t)6): "Diccionario geogrifico es- tadistico del Peru" (1577); "Diccionario de la Republics Argentina "(1SS4); and 'Historia de laGuerradel Pacifico" (18S4). Paz Soldan, Mateo. Bom at Arequipa, 1814: died about 1872. A Peruvian mathematician and author, brother of M. F. Paz Soldan. He published several mathematical works and a treatise oa the geography of Peru. Paz Soldan y XJnanue (e 6u-a'n6-a), Pedro. Bom at Lima, 1839. A Peruvian poet, better known by the jien-name of Juan de Arona. His verses are generally descriptive of Peruvian country life, and many of them are humorous. He has publistied a work " Peruanismos " (on local words and phrases). Pazzl (pat'se). A powerful family of Florence, noted for their unsuccessful conspiracy against the Medici in 1478. Peabody (pe'bod-i). A town in Essex County, Massachusetts. 14 miles northeast of Boston. It has manufactures of leather, morocco, etc. It was separated from Panvers in 1855. The name was changed in 1S6S from South Danvers to Pea body in honor of (5eorge Peabo'iy. Population (l:o. 11,523. " Peabociy, Andrew Preston. Bom at Beverlev, Mass., March 19, 1811 : died March 10, 1893. An American Unitarian clergyman and author. He was professor of Christian morals at Harvard 1860-8', when he was elected professor emeritus. He was for many years editor of the "Xorth American Re\iew.** .\moDghi3 works are "Lectures on Christian Doctrine " (1844), "Con- versation " (1856), "Christianity the Religion of Nature" (1864X "Reminiscences of European Travel " (18t.S). " Man- ual of Moral Philosophy' (18731, "Christianity and .Science" (1874), "Christian Belief and Life" (1875), "Moral Philoso- phy" (1SS7), " BuUding a Character" (18S7X and " Han-ard Reminiscences * (ISSSX Peabody, George. Bom at Danvers, Mass., Feb. IS. 1795 : died at London, Nov. 4, 1869. An American merchant and banker, celebrated as a philanthropist. He settled in London as a banker in 1837. Among his benefactions are the Peabody Insti- tute in B.altimore (1857), a fund for education in the South, gifts to Har\"ard and other colleges, to the working-men of London, etc, Peabody, Nathaniel. Bora at Topsfield, Mass., March 1, 1741 : died at Exeter. N. H., June 27, 1823. An American RevoluHonary officer, a delegate to the Continental Congress. Peabody Bay. An arm of Smith Sound, on the northwestern coast of Greenland. Peabody Institute. An institution at Balti- more, f oimded by George Peabody, and contain- ing a library, conservatory of music, art- gallery, etc. Peace," The. A comedy of Aristophanes, ex- hibited in 419 b. C. Its aim was to commend the an- ticipated peace of Nicias. In it an Athenian, Trjgreus, mounts to heaven on a beetle, finds the gods pounding the Greek states in a mortar, and succeeds in freeing the imprisoned goddess of peace. Peace Conference 789 Peace Conference. A conference proposed by Peary (pe'ri), Robert Edwin. Born in 18.54. the Czar of Kussia which met at The Hague May 18, 1899. it urt't^tl the avoidance of force as far as is possible in international relations, adopted rules for international ai'bitration, and established a permanent court of arl)itr:ition. Peace of Monsieur (ra6-sy6' ). [F. Pair <}e Mon- sieur.] A pc/ace forced upon Henry III. of France in l-i7ti liy a combination of Husuenot!^ the Politiqiies, and the Duo d'Aleu^on (" Mon- sieur"). Great concessions were made to the Huguenots and to the Due d'Alen^on. Peace of Miinster (miin'ster). A line painting by Gerard Terburg ( 1648), a distinguished Dutch master. The Spanish plenipotentiaries and thedelegntes of the United Provinces are assembled, and are listening tothereadingof the ratification oath. There are about 30 figures, all portraits, and admirably characterized in their minute sc:de. Peace River. A river in British America which rises in ISritish Columbia and flows into Lake Athabasca. Lcngtli, about 1,000 miles. Peachtree Creek (peeh'tre krek). A small tributary of the Cliattahooehee, near Atlanta, Georgia. Here, July 19-20, 18&I, the Federals under Sher- man defeated the Confederates under llood, Peachum (pech'um). A noted character in An American arctic explorer, and civil engineer in the United States navy. In 1886 he made a Jour- ney of recoinioissance to Greenland, advancing for a Peebles in eastern central New Mexico, and the other northwest of Abiquiu in northern New Mexico. The latter is distingnisheil by its form, which is that of a truncated cone, and by the abundance of aiTOWheads of flint found on and about it. hundred miles or more upon the interior ice. In June, n'''j''"'A\V'" '.„„„.,„ /„i >,; „x xr^'nm: T^a'.ln^ A W.n. as chief of the arctic exp. Ana.s (le. Bay to the northeast ancle of Greenland (Indipcndcuie Pedraza (pad-ra tha). Manuel UOmeZ. isoru Bay, lat. 81° 37' N.); and proved the ciinvergcn.e of the east- yt Uucrctaro about 17SS: di(' the attack upuii the pule. D and was elected to succeed him, but the election was an- nulled. Pedraza took part in the revolts of lh32, and was eventually president duriuK the last months of his legal term, Dec. 20, 183i, to April 1, 1833. He held cabinet posi- tions under Santa Anna; was a senator 1844; and waa a presidential candidate in 1845 antl 1850. made hia winter «iuart' IS at lUah, near Smith Sound, anti PedrO (pe'ilro ; Sp. prOll. pa'dro) H. King of established caches of supplies as far as Fort ConjiiT. In the Avio-on 1196-1213. spring of lUOO he set out from Ff»rt Conger, and traceil the ^^ ,' *" ttt * t-~ ' c a-„™^« iO"fi q^ TJa. Vo northern limit of the Greenland archipelaKO, reaching lb,- PedrO III. King of Aragon 12,6-8.). He be- highest latitude (83° .W N.) then attained on the western c:une king of Sicily on the expul.sion or the hemisphere. Hisintentiouwastorenewtheattcmptt^ucacli French in 1282. thepoleeachspriuKuntil itshouldsucceed. Bnthereturned -paArn TV Kine- of Arason 13.36-87, son of Al- in Sept., 1903, baviiiK reached lat. 84' 17' S. Hiswife,.los.. -teuro XV. ii"'e "'■^ "* , Tj„i„„i:„ T=loa in pbine liiebitsch Peary, author of " Mv Arctic Jonrmil toiiso I\ . He annexed the Baleanc Isles m (1893),accompanied the ejcpeilitious of 1891-92,1893-'.i-l.and 1 'M'.\. Peacock. Thomas Love. Born at Weymouth, England, Oct. 18, 1785: tiled at Halliford. Jan. 23. 1866, An English satirical novelist and poet. He was intimately associated with Shelley and Byron. His style is egotistic and Rabelaisian. In 1816 he pub- lished " Headlong Hall, " followed by " Jlelincourt " in 1817. He published " Nightmare Abbey" and "Rbododaphne," a volume of verse (1818). In 1819 he was made assistant rmanv against the no- Ue was the second son of Dom Jo.io, who became John \a. through Franconia. Swabia. Thuiingia, and Alsace, being stiijpre.ssed with great cruelty in 5Iay and June, 1526. See M'uiziT and Friiiihithaumn, Peas-blossom (pez'blos"om). A fairy in "A B ,oiu.„c ,/. .^.=^ ^iu...,. ... •„-.- ..~. ~ JMidsummcr Night's Dream," by Shakspere. eitarainer at the India House, and in 1830 he succeeded Pease (pez), Calvin. Bom at Canaan, Conn., Mill as chief examiner. " Maid Marian "appeared in 1822, Aug. 12, 1813 : died at Burlington, Vt., Sept. 17, "The Misfortunes of Elphin" in 1829, "Crotchet Castle " loflo a,, Ampricnii f'niioTP, 1824, he ac- cepted a constitution which had been prepjired by a coun- cil of state, and which remained in force during tlie em- pire. In 1828 the Cisplatine Province, or Uruguay, be- came independent after three years of war with Brazil. The increasing opposition to the emperor's policy at length provoked popular tumults. Convinced that he could no Peak of Derby, England, situated near Castle- •pQ-i,„pl.T,nrincess Izabel acted as regent. By a revolution which lirokeoiit Nov. 1.^, 1889 (the principal movers being army olllcers). he was I'orced to resign, ami was immediately sent to Europe. Thccx-eniprcss died In Portugal. D>c. '.'s 1889, and thereafter Dom Pedro resided generally In Franco. As a ruler he was noted for the protection which he iic- coriled to science ami literature, and he was greatly re- spected both at home an7. he was deprived In 1469. Pecorone (pa-ko-ro'ne), II. [It,, 'shecpshead' or ' dunce.'] A collecticm of 50 tales by Ser Giovanni Fiorentino. He began tj) write them In 1376, but the book was not piiblislied till l.^i-^S atj^lilan. The sUiuies were mostly drawn from the chronicles of Gio- vanni Villani. Painter, in his " Palace of Pleasure," and siiliseriueiit writers are indebted to it. ,1" 40' N.,long. 101° 20' W. Length. 700-800 mile; the Jeme/, Innguage, of the tribe of Pecos.] A now ruined Indian village 2") miles sotilheast of Santa I'V', New Mexico. Its aboriginal name was Titftitiin'tt' (written Ciciiiipie by the ohier SpHnlsh chroni- clers). It was in IfilOtbelargest Indian villagi! or pueblo in New Mexico, containing ii population of nliont 2,ihki souls, which formed an independent tribe speaking the same language as the Indians of Jemez. In 1680 the Pe- cos rebelled withthe«tthcr». but surrendered jieaceably to Vargas In 16!I2, and thereafter remained loyal to Spain. The site of Pecos Is marked by Interesting ruins, Inclild- ing those of a large church, founded In the beginidng of the 17th century. Pedee. See (liral I'rilre. Pedernal (pa-- in 1721, secretary of war in 1724, and paym.aster of tlie forces in 1730; and be- came prime minister and chancellor of the exchequer in 1743. Pelham, later Pelham Holies, Thomas, Duke of Newcastle. Born Julv, 1693: died 1768. An of Elaine, the mother of Galahad. Pellestrina (pel-les-tre'nii), orPelestrina (pa- les-tre'na). An island 7 miles south of Venice, forming part of the barrier between the Lagoon of Venice and the Adriatic. Length, 7 miles. Population (1881), 5.9')l.'. Pelletan (pel-ton'). Pierre Clement Eugene. Born at Royan, Oct. 29, 1813 : died at Paris, Dec. 14, 1884. A French liberal journalist, politician, and miscellaneous author. Uo wrote •' Profes- sion de foi du XlXo sieclo " (18.52), etc. Pellew (pel'o), Edward, first Viscoimt Ex- pgY^Qux (pel. vo') Range. A group of the Alps mouth. Bom at Dover, England, April 19, 1757: jn Dauphin^, France. Jlont Pelvoux is 12,970 died_at Teignmouth, England, Jan. 23, 1833. feet in height, and the highest summit (Barre Penang modified principles), under Jorge Montt, after the civil war of 1891. Ill ls33 they adopted the constitution which, with some changes, is still the or^auic l^w of the republic Conservatives were nicknamed Pelucones because that party was composed of old and venerable persons who wove pelucus or perulves, Uiuicock, A History of Chile (1S93), p. 110. Pelusium (pe-lii'shi-um). [Gr. Uji'/.oiBiov.'] In ancient geography, a city at the northeastern e.vtremity of the Delta, Egj'pt, southeast of Port Said, at the Pelusiac mouth of the Nile. It was a frontier fortress of Egypt toward Syria. Here Asurbani- pal defeated Rot-Ameu of Epypt, and Cambyses defeated Psammetichns, the last Egyptian king (626 B. C.X reducing Egypt to a Persian province. An English admiral. Aug. 27, 1816. He bombarded Algiers des ficrins) 13,460 feet. _,,. ,^^ „■ » c.. ^»„j,. _., *„*„. Pemaauid (pem'a-kwid). A maritime district ?,o? I? «lf 1™Ji"'„f .u AIL*!.?!! fTfe^,'*^! J^.,! P_elliC0, (perie-ko), Silvio. _ Bom at Saltizzo, jn Maine, about midway between the Kennebec and Penobscot rivers. It was settled in 1625, and purchased l»y the Duke of York in 1664. A fort, erected at Pemaquid Point in 1692, was demolished a few years later. 1724-54, first lord of the treasury 1754-56 and 1757-62, and lord privy seal 1765-66. Pelham-Clinton(peram-klin'ton), Henry Pel- ham, Duke of Newcastle. Born May 22, ISll: died Oct. 18, 1864. An English politician. He was chief secretar>' for Ireland in 1S46; colonial secretary 1852-.S4 ; secretary for war lS54-o5 ; and colonial secretary 185&-&J. Pelias(pe'li-as). [Gr. IlEA/af.] In Greek legend, d son of Poseidon, and king of loleus in Thes- saly, associated with the legends of Jason. Pelican (pel'i-kan). The ship in which Drake sailed around the world. He left Plymouth with Italy, June 24, 1788 : died at Turin, Jan. 31, 1854. An Italian poet and prose-writer. He was arrested as a Carbonarist in 1S20, and imprisoned for two years at Milan and Venice, and near Brunn 1822-30. His chief works coast of Africa, about hit. 5° S. It belonged to Zan- zib:u', and in ISIW passed with Zanzibar to (ireat Britain. Length, about 45 miles. Population, 10,000. are the tragedies 'Francesca da Rimini "(Is-lS) and -Lao. Pemba (pem'ba). An island off the eastern damia," and the autobiographical work "Le mieprigioni" .... ■• . . . — ^ (" My Prisons," 1833). Pellinore (pel'i-nor), or Pellenore (pel'e-nor), Sir. A knight of the Hound Table in the Pemberton (pem'ber-ton). A town in Lanca- Arthurian cycle of romance : king of the isles, shire, England. 16 miles northeast of Liverpool. Pelly (pel'i). A river in British North America Population (1891), 18,400. which unites with the Lewis at Fort Selkirk to Pemberton, John Clifford. Bom at Philadel- form the Yukon. Length, about 2.")0 miles. phia, Aug. 10, 1814: died at Penlli,-n, Pa., July Born 1825: died April 13,1881. A Confederate general" in the Civil caused to be made from her timbers by .Tohn Davis, the arctic navigator, is now in the Bodleian Library. Pelican State. The State of Louisiana: so named from the pelican on its coat of arms. Pelides (pe-U'dez). A son of Peleus: a patro- nymic used especially of Achilles. Peligni(pe-lig'ni). In ancient history, a people living in central Italy among the Apennines, be- tween the Vestini on the north, the MaiTucini on the northeast, the Frentani on the east, the Samnites on the south, and the Marsi on the west. Their chief town was Corflnium. They were allied Peloponnesian War (pel"p-po-ne shian war) ticiau and author. He service 1851-77, and entered Parliament as Conservative member for North Hackney in 1&S5. He published "The Miracle Plav o( Hasan and Hiisein " (1879). ftr. Peloose. See Paloos. Pelopidas (pe-lop'i-das). [Gr. IleXojr/iSaf .] Killed atthebattleof Cynoscephala3,Thessaly, 364B.C. A Theban general, leader in the liberation of Thebes from the Spartans in 379. He was the in- /, • , \ tiniate friend of Epaminondas, and was closely associated Pembroke (pein bmk). with him in furthering the greatness of Thebes. He was iu,,st countv of Wales. commander of the Sacred Band (which see), and was espe eially distinguished at Tegyra (375) and Leuctia (371). vith Rome after the second Samnite war, and sided against RiMiie in the Soci.al War (90 B. c). Peling (pe'ling). A mountain-chain in north- western China, separating the valleys of the Hwangho and Yangtse. Pelion(pe'li-on). [(iv.Tlip.tov.'] Amountainin Magnesia, eastern Thessaly, Greece, situated near the coast southeast of Ossa : the modern Zagora or Plessidi. It was famous in Greek mythology. Height, 5,310 feet. P61issier (pa-le-sya'), Aimable Jean Jacques, Due de Malakoti. Born at Maromme, Scine- luf erieure, France, Nov. 6, 1794 : died at Algiers, ilay 22, 1864. A French marshal. He served in Algeria, where he became notorious for suffocating a num- ber of Arabs in a cavern in 1845 ; became commander of the French forces in the Crimea May, 1855 ; stormcil the Mala- koftSept. 8,1855; was ambassador in London 1858-59; and was governor-general of .\lgeria 1860-■ nil 11154 to 185S he was Cromwell's agent in the Protes- t lilt rmitoiis of Switzerl.and. Many of his manuscripts are prrsrived by the Koyal Society. He wrote the " Astro- 11 Hill History of Observations of Heavenly Motions and \I I irances" (1634), "Ecliptica progiioslica " (1634X "A I li'li iif Ten Thousand Square Nuinliers," etc. A war between Athens and its allies on one side and the Peloponnesian confederacy under the lead of Sparta and its allies (Boeotians, Phociaus, Megareans, etc.) on the other. It was carried on from 431 to 4(M B. c. The following are the leading events and incidents : invasions of Attica by the Peloponnesians ; War. He graduated at West Point in 1837, served with distinction in the Mexican war, and entered the Confed- erate service at the beginning of the Civil War. He was promoted lieutenant-general in 1862; was defeate,133. 2. A town in Pembrokeshire.situated on an inlet of Milford Haven, in lat. 51° 40' N., long. 4° 54' W. Its ruined ca8tle(thc birthplace of Henry VII., founded in the 11th centiirv and taken by Cromwell in 1648) and Monkton Priory arc notable. Population (1891), 14,978. revolt of Mytilene ; capture of Sphacteria by Athens, 4i5 ': Pembroke, CounteSS Of. BeeSidneiJ ilary. battleofDelium, 424; battle of Amphipolis, 422; peace of Pembroke, Eatls of. See Marshal, tf illiam, Nicias, 421 ; renewal of the war, 418 ; battle of Mantinca, - . . 418 ; unsuccessful Athenian expedition against Syracuse, 41.5-413; revolution in Athen8,411; battles of Abydus(41I), Cyzicus(410X Notimn (407), Arginnsa; (400), and .Kgospo- tami (405) ; surrender of Athens and close of the war, 4ii4. Theehiefleadersonthesiileof.Vthens were Pericles, Cleon, Dcinusthenes, Nicias, Alribiadcs and Conon ; on the side of Sparta, Brasidas, Gylippns, and Lysander. The result was the transfer of the hegemony in Greece from Athens to Sparta. Peloponnesus (pel "6-po-ne'sus). [Gr. Ilf/'.oiroi'- i7/CTof, the island of Pelops.] The ancient name of the peninsula forming the southern portion of Greece : the modern Morea. It is connected with central Greece by the Isthmus of Corinth, and separated from itby the gulfs of Lepantoand Patrason the north, and is bounded by the .F.gean Sea on the east and the Medili r- ranean on the south and west. The surface is mountain. and Tidlur, Jasper. Pembroke, Third Earl of (William Herbert). Born at ^\ ilton, England, April 8, 1580 : ilicd at BajTiard's Castle, London, April 10, 1630, An English poet. Before the death of his father he had formed an illicit connection with Mary Fitton, a favorite of the queen, for which he was imprisoned in the Fleet in 1601, and though soon released was banishcil from the court. Mary Fitton is thought by some to be the " Dark Lady " of Slnikspere's sonnets. He and his brother Philip are " the incomparable pair of bretheren '* to whom sliak- spere's 1623 folio is dedicated, and William Herbert is thought by some to be the " W. H." styled in the pub- lisher's dedication of shakspere's sonnets "the onlie be- getter of these insving sonnets Mr. W. H." When James 1. ascended the throne, Pembroke retur.ied to court, and received many public '^^'^-''- „ ^ „ ,,„ , , mas 'resdale, in 1624: named from the Earl of Pelleas (pel'e-as). One of the knights of the || "^^(pa^ia'tf") ' A c.?y In the state of l?io P-'noke, chancellor of the university at the Roun(lT;tble,intheArthtmaneycleofromance, ,. I y o,,i nrnvil on therivorSilo(loncalo '""'• .. .... renowned fo; his great strengUi. ^ui:^^^^^"'?^' '^^S^ Lagoa dos ratos. it Is the center of the importjmt „„i.„,. :,f v„„„lii., t.^ fA,i» tho Alerrimnc cattle trade of the state-, and, ireparos large q.iantities of )iesaukoe at Ininkl'n to toim the Mi rrimac. Jerked beef, Tho trade with I'rnguay is considerable. LcngI h, aliout (0 miles Population, 46.000. Pelleas andEttarre (e-tiir' ). One of the "Idylls of the King," by Tennyson. Pellegrin z'), Th6ophile Jules. Born at Pena Blanca (imn'yii bliin'kii). [Sp., 'white ViilogneSjManche, France, IS07: died at Paris, rock.'] A settlement 27 A French chemist, professor sue miles southwest of Sarita^ Fi, between the Indian villages of Co- chiti and Sniito Domingo, on the banks of the Kio Grantlc. It dates from the 18th century. Penafiel (pa-nii-fe-al'). A town in the district of Oporto, Portugal, 19 miles northeast of •.—,,., Oporto, Population (1878), 4,488. given to tho conservative party of Chile soon pegafiel(pan-yil-fe-iil'). A town in the province " "■" '""■' "■■■'' ''"■■'^ ^=..o.i... ^|. v.,iia,((,ii,|_ Spain, near the Duoro 32 miles oast of Valladolid. Population (1887), 4,286. May I! 1,1867, ccssivoly at Lille, at the polytechnic school at Paris, and attheColh^'gede France, Ho alsofUbil various positions connected with the mint. He published, with hremy, "Tiaitc^ de chlmie g(Jnc>rale," etc Pelucones(pa-lii-k6'nas).OriginalIy,anickname after the country became independent (see the extract) : it soon became the common name, and has been retained ever since. The Pelueones were pgnanK (pc-nang'), or "Pinang (pi-nangM, or ill power from IKio to 1876, though during the la er par *pyi„ feenang (|>fi'h''-pc-ming') : called officially od many cmcesaous were made to the libera »; ^A?. . -V w^ i„ l.ll^A A., i«l«nrl h«lnn) of the resolutions instructing the Virginia delegates to Congress to propose a DecLaration of Independence. Pendleton, George Hunt. Born at Cincinnati, July 25, 1825: died at Brussels, Nov. 24, 1889. An American politician. He was a Democratic con- gressman from Ohio 18.M-65 ; Democratic candidate for Vice-President 1S64 ; and United States senator from Ohio 1879-85. He was leading advocate of the rivil-sen-ice re- form act of ISS-J. From 1885-88 he was United States min- ister to Germany Pendleton, William Nelson. Bom at Rich- mond, Va., Dee. 26, 1809: died at Lexington, Va., Jan. 15, 1883. A Confederate general in the Army of Northern Virginia. He graduated at West Point in 1830: resigned from the army in 1833 ; was ordained priest in the Protestant Episcopal Church in lS:i8 ; established an Episcopal high school at Alexandria, Virginia, in 1839; and joined the Confederate amiyascap- tain of artillery in 1861, being promoted brigadier-general in 1S62. Pendleton Act. An act of Congress (approved Jan. 16, 1883) regulating the ci^nl serrice of the United States : so called from its promoter, Sen- ator George H. Pendleton of Ohio. It provides for open competitive examinations for admis- sion to the public service in Washiiiirton.and in all custom- houses and post-offices where the official force is as many as fifty ; for the apportionment of the appointments in the departments in Washington among the States and Terri- tories in proportion to their population : and for the ap- pointment of a Civil-Service Commission of three members, not more than two of whom shall be adherents of the s:une political party, and other officers, to put these provisions into execution. It also forbids assessments on public em- ployes for political pui-poses by any one in the service of the United States, or in any public building, and prohibits Congressmen from making recommendations for oflices to be filled under the act. except as to the character or resi- dence. Appletons' Annual Cychypx'iift, 1884. Penedo (pa-na'do). A town in the state of 792 Alagoas, Brazil, situated on the Sao Francisco, 185 miles southwest of Pernambueo. Popula- tion, about 9,000. Penelope (pf-nel'o-pe). [Gr. n^vE^fiTn/.] In Greek legend, the wife of Odysseus and mother of Telemaehus, famous as a model of the do- mestic virtues. See Odi/sseus and Odyssey. Peneus(pe-ne'us), orPeneius(pe-ne'yus). [Gr. n/;i'nof.] In ancient geography : (a) The prin- cipal river in Elis, Greece : the modern Gastuni. It falls into the Ionian Sea. Length, about 50 miles, {b) The principal river in Thessaly, Greece: the modern Salembria. It traverses the Vale of Tempo and flows into the Gulf of Saloniki 26 miles northea-st of Larissa. Length, about 130 miles. Penhallow (pen-hol'o), Samuel. Bomin Corn- wall, England, July 2, 1665: died at Ports- mouth, N. H., Dee. 2. 1726. An American his- torian. He wrote "History of the Wars of New Eng- land with the Eastern Indians" (1726X etc. Penig (pa'nio). A town in the kingdom of Sax- ony, situated on the Zwickauer Mulde 32 miles southeast of Leipsic. Population (1890), 6,559. Penikese (pen-i-kes'). A small island, one of the Elizabeth Islands, situated in Buzzard's Bay. Massachusetts. It was the seat of a summer school of natural history connected with Harvard College, founded by John And'-rson in 1873. Peninsula (pe-nin'su-la), The. In history, spe- cifically : (a) The Iberian peninsula (Spain and Portugal). See Peninsular War. (ft^ The penin- sula in eastern Virginia formed by the York and James rivers. See Peninsular Campaign. Peninsular Campaign. The campaign of the Federal Army of the Potomac under McClellan, March to August, 1862, for the capture of Rich- mond by way of the peninsula between the York and James rivers. Chief events and incidents : siege and evacuation of Yorktown;battlesof Williamsburg, Hanover Court House, and Fair Oaks ; Seven Days' Battles ; McClellan's "change of base." The Army of the Potomac was finally withdrawn from the Peninsula in Aug., 1862. Peninsular State. A name sometimes given to Florida. Peninsular War. The military operations car- ried on in Portugal, Spain, and southern France by the British, Spanish, and Portuguese forces (largely under Wellington) against the French from 1808 to 1814. The French were driven out of the Peninsula. Penmarch (pah-miirk'). A decayed seaport in the department of Finistere, France, 17 miles southwest of Quimper. Penn (pen), Granville. Born at Philadelphia, Dec. 9, 1761 : died in England. Sept. 28, 1844. An English scholar, grandson of William Penn. Penn, John. Bom in England about 1729 : died 1795. A grandson of William Penn : pro- prietary lieutenant-governor of Pennsylvania 1763-71, and governor 1773-75. Penn, Richard. Bom in England, 1736 : died in England, 1811. A grandson of William Penn: lieutenant-governor of Pennsylvania 1771-73. Penn, Thomas. Bom in England, 1702: died in England, 1775. A younger son of William Penn, and one of the proprietors of Pennsyl- vania. Penn, Sir William. Bom 1621 : died Sept. 16, 1670. An English admiral. He became admiral in 1653 ; commanded the fleet in the expedition which cap- tured Jamaica in 1655; was knighted in 1660; and com- manded, under the Duke of York, the fleet which defeated the Dutch in 1666. Penn, William. Bom at London, Oct. 14, 1644 : died at Ruscombe, Berks, England. July 30, 1718. An English Friend, founder of Pennsyl- vania. He was the son of Admiral Sir William Penn ; was educated at Oxford: and became a preacher of the Friends in 1668, being several times arrested under the Conventicle Act, He became part proprietor of West Jer- sey in 1675; received the grant of Pennsylvania in 1681; and in 16S2 went out in person to America, founded Phila- delphi-a, and made a treaty with the Indians. He ret urned to England in 1684. Having been suspected of intriguing to restore James II., he was in 1692 deprived of the gov- ernment of Pennsylvania, which was, however, restored to him in 1694. He visited Pennsylvania again 1699-1701. He wrote various religious and controversial works, a collec- tive edition of which appeared in 1726 under the title ".A. Collection of the Works of William Penn, to which is pre- fixed a Journal of his Life, etc." Penna (pen'nii), Punta della. A promontory in the pro\'ince of Chieti, Italy, 32 mUes south- east of Chieti. Fennacook (pen'a-kuk). or Pawtucket fpa- tuk'et). A confederacy of North American In- dians which formerly occupied the valley of the Merrimac river and the adjacent region in New Hampshire, northeastern Massachusetts, and southern Maine. They were allies of the French. Their leading tribe.from which the confederacy was named, was the Pennacook, whose village was at Concord, New- Hampshire. Another tribe was Pawtucket, which name Pennybacker was given to the conf edeiacy by some writers. Others wer* Agawam, Amoskeag, and Nashua. Ihey became friendh to the English until the treacherous conduct of the latter in 1676 drove them from their countrj-. Some remain at St. Francis in guebec. The name is translated ' nut place" and 'crooked place.' See .4^/OH^i/wi7i. Pennant (pen'ant), Thomas. Bom at Down- ing, Flintshii'e,'Wales, June 14, 1726: died there. Dee. 16, 1798. A British naturalist and anti- quary. He attended Queen's and Oriel colleges, Oxford, hut did not take a degree. His works include "British Zoology"(176:>-77), "Synopsis of Quadrupeds" (1771; later "History of Quadrupeds "), "Tour in Scotland " (1771-75), "Tour in Wales" (1778-83), "Arctic Zoology" (1786-875, ■ and "Account of London " (1790). He wrote much on the archeology of Great Britain. Penne (pen'ne), CivitJl di. A town in the province of Teramo, Abruzzi, Italy, 18 miles south-southeast of Teramo : the ancient Pinna. It was the capital of the Vestini. Pennell (pen 'el), Joseph. Born at Philadel- phia, 1860. An American etcher and illustrator. Penni (pen'ne), Gianfrancesco, surnamed n Fattore. Born at Florence about 1488 : died at Naples about 1528. An Italian painter, disciple and joiu'neyman (fattore ) of Raphael. He assisted his master in many of his frescos, and painted most of the " Cartoons " from his designs. Pennine (pen'in) Alps. [L. Alpes Pennini or Penini ; perhaps from Celtic pen, head, peak.] An important division of the central Alps. It extends from the Great St. Bernard Pass eastward to the Simplon Pass, and the Rhone is the northern boundary. They are noted for glaciers, long transverse valleys, and high peaks. The highest point is ilonte Rosa (over 15,000 feet). Another famous peak is the Matterhorn. Pennine Chain. A chain of low mountains in England, extending from the Cheviot Hills southward to Derbyshire. Highest summits, in Cumberland, over 3,000 feet. Pennington (pen'ing-ton), William. Bom at Newark, N. J., May 4, 1796 : died there, Feb. 16, 1862. An Ajnerican politician, son of W. S. Pennington. He was Whig governor of New Jersey 1837-43 : Republican member of Congress from New Jersey 1859-61 ; and speaker 1S60-C1. Pennsyl'vania (pen-sil-va'ni-ii). [Formerly also Pennsilvania, Pensilrania ; named orig. Sylva- nia, forest country, to which Penn, the name of the founder, was afterward prefixed.] One of the North Atlantic States of the United States of America, extending from lat, 42° 15' to 39° 43' (Mason and Dixon's line) N., and from long. 74° 40' to 80° 34' W. Capital, Harrisburg; chief city, Philadelphia . it is bounded by Lake Erie and New York on the north. New York and New Jersey (separated from both by the Delaware)on the east, Delaware, Maryland, and West Virginia on the south, and <.»hio and West Virginia on the west. It is traversed from northeast to southwest by par- allel low ranges of the Alleghanie^ including the Blue, Kittatinny, Tusciirora, Alleghany, Laurel, and Chestnut mountains, and is watered chiefly by the Ohio, Susquehan- na, and Delaware. It is one of the chief States in the min- ing of coal and iron. containing bituminous coal-fields in the west, and anthracite fields in the east (the Schuylkill, Le- high, and Wyoming regions). It is the first State in iron manufactures, the third in the production of petroleum, and the second in manufactures. Rye, toliacco, wheat, hay, maize, and butter rank among the leading products; and the manufactures, besides iron and steel, deal with woolen, cotton, lumber, leather, oil, glass, etc. Pennsylvania is called the " Keystone State." It has 67 counties, sends 2 senators and 32 representatives to Congress, and has :H electoral votes. A colony of Swedes settled in this region in 163S, and a grant of territory was made by Charles II. to Willi.am Peim in 1681. Philadelphia was colonized by Penn in 1682. The province was further colonized by Eng- lish (largely (^lakers), Germans, Dutch, Scots, Irish, and French Huguenots, and continued under the proprietary governorship of the Penn family until the Revolution. A boundarj' dispute with Maiyland was settled by the es- tablishment of Mason and Dixon's line in 1767. Pennsyl- vania was one of the thirteen original States (1776). It was the scene of the battles of Erandywine and German- town in 1777, of Valley Forge camp in 1777-78. and of the " Whisky rebellion " in 1794 ; was invaded by the Con* federates in 1863-64 ; and was the scene of the battle of Gettysburg in 1863. Riots occurred at Pittsburg and else- where in 1877 and 1892 Area, 45,"215 square miles. Popo- lation(1900), 6,302,115, Pennsylvania, University of. An institution of learning situated at Philadelphia. It origi- nated in an academy founded by Benjamin Franklin in 1751. and became a university in 1779. It contains depart- ments of arts, sciences, medicine, and law, and has about 260 instructors ,and t^SoO students. Pennsylvania Avenue. The principal avenue of Washington. Its most important section lies between the Capitol and the Treasury. Pennsylvania College. An institution of learn- ing at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania: fotmded in 1832. It is "under Lutheran control. FennTan(pen van'). Avillage,capital of Yates County, New York, situated at the foot of Crooked (or Keuka) Lake 45 miles southeast of Rochester. Popidation (1900). 4,050. Pennybacker (pen'i-bak-er). Isaac Samuals, Born in Shenandoah Countv.Va,, Sept. 12, 1807. died at Washington, D, C", Jan. 12, 1847. An Permybacker American politician, Democratic member of Congress from Virginia 1837-39, and United States senator 1845-i7. Penobscot (pe-nob'skot). [PL, also Penobscots.'] A tribe of Nortli American Indians, chiefly in Maine. See Abnali. Penobscot, [From the Indian tribe name.] A river of Maine, formed by the union at Med way of the east and west brandies. It aims into Penob- scot Bay near Belfast. Length, abuut ST.t miles ; navignble tor large vessels to Bangor. Penobscot Bay. An arm of the Atlantic Ocean on the south coast of Maine, at the mouth of the Penobscot Kiver. Penrith (pen'rith). A town in Cumberland, England, 17 miles south-southeast of Carli.sle. Ithas a ruined castle. Population (1891), 8,981. Penruddock (pen-rud'ok). A character in Cum- berland's "Wheel of Fortune." Penruddock's Rebellion. An unsuccessful rising in behalf of Charles II. in 1655: so called from its leader, Colonel Penruddock, who was capturod and executed. Penry (pen'ri), John. Born in Brecknockshire, Wales, 15.59 : hanged at London, in Southwark, May 29, 1593. An English Brownist, suspected authorof the "Martin JIarprelate"tracts( which see). Although be was responsible for their publication, he denied that he actually wrote them. Penryn(pen-rin'). [Corn., 'headland.'] Asea- ?ort in Cornwall, England, adjoining Falmouth, t exports granite. Population (1891), 3,250. Pensa. See Penza. Pensacola(pen-sa-ko'lii),orPanzacola(pan-za- ko'la). [P\.,&\s,o Pen.sucolus.'] A tribe of North American Indians which once dwelt around the present city and harbor of Pensacola, west- ern Florida. The name is from a Choctaw word mean- ing *hair people.' They became extinct through inter- tribal wars. See Muskhogean. Pensacola. [From the Indian tribal name.] A seaport and the capital of Escambia County, Florida, situated on Pensacola Bay in lat. 30° 25' N., long. 87° 13' W. it has an important export trade in lumber, flsli, fruit, and vegetables. It was set- tled by the l-'rench and Spaniards at the end uf tlif 17tb century; was taken i>y Bienville in 1719, and iesti)red to Spain in 1723; was ceded to Great Britain in iru:i; wu.s taken by the Spaniards in 1781 ; and was ceded to Spain in 1753. Jackson expelled the British from it in 1811, and took it from the Spaniards in 1818. It passed to tlie United States in 1821. Near it is a United States navy- yard: this was seized by the Confederates in Jan., 1861, and regained in 18(i2. ropulation (1900), 17,747. Pensacola Bay. A landlocked inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, on the northwestern coast of Florida. Length, about 30 miles. Pens^es sur la Religion. [F. , ' Thoughts on Re- ligion.'] A philosophical and theological work by Blaise Pascal (published 1G70: edited by Faug^re 1844, by Havet 1881). Pen Selwood (pen sel'wud). Aplace in Somer- set, England, where Edmund Ironside defeated the Danes under Canute in 1016. Penseroso (pen-se-r6's6), II. [It. il pensicroso, the pensive man.] A poem by Milton, written about 1632. It is based on the song "Hence all you Vain Delights," by Fletcher, in "Nice Valor." Pensioned (or Pension) or Cavalier Parlia- ment. An.-imegiven to (lie English Parliament of !(i<)l-79, wliicli was favorable to the Cavalier or lioyalist cause. Pentaineron (pen-tam'e-ron). The. A work by Liiiiclor, published in 1837'.' it is principally a dis- cussion between Petrarcli and Boccaccio on the liteniture ol Italy, including Dante, Vergil, etc. Pentamerone (pen-tii-mo-r6'ue), II. A collec- tion of stories in the Neapolitan dialect, by Iiasi!(!, published in 1072. It is divided into nvo days, ten stories being included in each, and was the jiro- tntype of the French fairy tales. Pent.apolin (pen-tap'o-lin). A Christian king of the (Jnranianteans. lie Is known as "I'entapolin with the naked arm," as he always fought with his rigjit arm hared. Mis battle with Alifanfaron Is referred to by DtH) (jiiixote. See Atifan/arim. Pentapolis (pen-tap'o-lis). [Or. Ilf i'r(im00. 2. The capital of the government of Penza, situated at the .iiinction of the Penza with the Sura, about lat. .53° 10' N., long. 4.5° 3' E. Population (1890), 47,701. Penzacola. See Pntxacola. Penzance (pcn-zans'). [Com. Pensmis, holy head, from^Mii, head, and sans, later c«)i-, holy (from Ij. sanctKs. holy).] A seaport in Cornwall", England, situated on Mounts Bay 21 miles west of Falmouth. It is tlie westenimost town in r.nglanil. a wateiing-place and health-resort. It has considerable trade, ami large mafkerel- and i)ilchard-llsheries. It was the birthplace of Sir Humphry Davy. Population (ISDIJ, 12.44S, Penzance, Baron. See JViltlc, Jaims Plnistni. Penzing (pcnt'siugl. A western suburb of Vicuna. People's Palace. An institution in East Lon- don, on Mile lOiid Road, intended forllie "rec- reation anil aniusrment, tin- inlc-llectual and nialerial advani'fiiH'iit. i^\ the vast artisan jntp- ulalion (it the Last End." People's Party, or Populists (pop'u-Usts). In Uuiled Stales politics, a parlv formed in 1891, ill which were merged the I'ariiiers' Alliance and other kindred organizations, it ileveloped conslderulile streuglli in vai ii,iis Southern and Western States, and in 18112 nominated James B. Weaver fnr Presi- fleiit. The Populists obtained 22 eleelMiai votes. In 18)111 they accepted the Heiiiorratlc nominee for President, W. .1. Bryan, ttiit nominated their own eaiididate, Thomas E. WatJion, for the vlce-iiresldem y. Among their alms are an IncreaBc of the eirelilatlng medinni, free coinage of silver, free trade, an income tax, siijipreHston of mo. llopolies, etc. Peoria. See llUnoin. Peoria(pe-o'ri-ii). [From the Indian name.] A city, capital of I 'eoria County, Illinois, situated on the Illinois Iv'iver. at the fool nf Peoria Lake, 02 miles north of S|iriiig(ield. It la a nourishing commercial, mnnnfaetnrlng, and railway center, having an extensive tiade In grain. A tradlng-pikSt wiia estal,. llahcd hero by La Salle In IHHU. Pop. |1 ii i, (iu,iw. Pepys, Samuel Peoria Lake. An expansion of the niinoisEiver near I'cuiia. Peparethos (pep-a-re'thos). [Gr. Xlcndpi/eoc .] Ill ancient geograjihy, an island in the .^geau Sea niu'th of Euhira: tlie modem Skopelos. Pepe (pa'pe), Florestano. Bom at SquiUaee, Italy, 1780: died at Naples, April 3, 1851. A Neapolitan general. He sened in 1806 under Joseph Bonapiu-te, whom he accompanied to .Spain. He became brigadier-general in 1811, served in the Russian campaign in 1812, and fought aa lieutenant-general under Murat against the Atistriaus in 1816. Pepe, Guglielmo. Born at Squillaoe, Italy, Feb. 15,1783: dieil at Turin, Aug. 9, 1855. A Neapoli- tan general, brother of F. Pepe. He commanded in the revolution at Naples 1820-21, and in the defense of Venice in 1849. Pepin (pep'in; F. pron. pa-pan' ), surnamed "The Short.*' lY.Pipinle Br/f.'\ Died 768. King of the Franks, son of Charles Mart el. He became ma- jor domus of Neustriaonthedeathof his father in 741, his brother Karlman becoming major domus of Austmsia. The latter abdicated in his favor in 747, and with tlie Pope's sanction he assumed ttie title of king in 751. He assisted the I'ope against Aistnlf, king of the I..ombards, 754-755, and granted the Pope the exarchate of Ravenna, the Pen- tapolis, and the territory of Bologna and Ferrara, thus laying the foundation of the Papal States. Pepin. Died 838. King of Aqnitania 817-838, second son of Louis leDebonnaire (see /.OKi'ivi.). Pepin of Heristal. Died 714. A ruler of the Franks. He became major domus of Austrasia in 676, and in (187 became sole major domus over all the Franks by his victory at Testri over tlie major domus of Ncus- tria. He thenceforth styled himself dine et princeps Fnincorum. Pepin (pe'pin), Lake. An expansion of the Mississippi between Minnesota .■iiid AVisconsin, 40 miles southeast of St. Paul. Length, about 27 miles. Pepoli, Countess. See ATboni, Marictla. Pepoli (pa'p6-le). Marquis Gioachino. Bom at Bologna, Italy, Nov. 6, 1825: died at Rome, -March 20, 1881. An Italian liberal politician, grandson of Murat. He defended Bologna against the Austrians in 1848, and was cliief of the provisional govern- ment in Bologna in 18r>!). In 1862 he was minister of agri- culture and commerce under Rattazzi : in 1863 ambassador at St. Petersburg ; and 1868-70 ambassador at Vienna. Pepper (pep'er), Tom. An imaginary charac- ter in sailors' legends, said to have been kicked out of heaven for lying. Pepper, 'William. " Born at Philadelphia, Aug 21, 1843: died at I'leasanton, Cal., July 28, 1898. An American physician and scientist. He was provost of the University of Pennsylvania 1881-94. Pepperell, or Pepperrell (pep'er-el). Sir 'Wil- liam. Born at Ivittery, Maine, June 27, 1090: dicdat Kittery, .luly 0. 17i")9. An American gen- eral. H commanded the provincial ai'iny which besieged and e.'tptiired ixiuisliurg in 1745 : and was acting governor of Massachusetts 176ll-^'8. Pepperpot(pep'f!r-pot), Sir Peter. A rich West Indian, a character in Foote's ]ilay"The Pa- Iron." Finite ]ilayed it himself. Pepusch (jia'posh), Johann Christoph. Bom at Berlin, 1607: died at London, July 20,1752. A German-English composer, noted for his theoretical knowledge of music. He went to Eng- land about 1700, and in 1710 wa-sinstnimentol ill theoi-gan- ization of the Acailcmy of Ancient Music. He composed a number of masks, and wrote the overture and arrangt-(l the airs for Gay's " lieggar's Opera" and "I'olly," luid for "The Weildliig," onotlier hallau-opera. He left also a good deal of music for string and wind instruments, and pub- lished anonymou.sly a treatise on harmony. Pepys (peps or pi|is or iieji'is). Charles Chris- topher, first Earl Col tenhani. Born at London, -April 29, 1781: died in Italy, April 29, 1851. An English jurist, lord chancellor 1836-41 and 1846- 1850. Pepys, Samuel. Born Fell. 23, irK53: died May 20, 1703. An English jmlitician and diarist". He was a son of John Pe)iys. a tailor In l.ond,i!i. In ItLIO ho entered MagdaU-nel'ollege, Cambridge. lie married In Itl-^S and was taken into the house of Sir F.dward Montagu (afterward earl of Sandwich), whose mother had nnirrled Pepya's grandfather. His "lliary" was begun .Ian., 1660, and Is one of the i bief authorities on the Itestoration, In which Pepys actively participated. Montagu made lifm secretary to the generals at sea March, 1060. and clerk of the acta of the navy .tune 28, 1660. During the great plague he remained in Lomlon and atone conilueted tile entire ad- ministration of the navy as secretary of the admiralty. He also assisted in checking the greit tire In 1666. In 1678-79 he sat as member of rarlliiment for Harwich, and was twice master of 'i'rinlty House. On May 22, 1679, he was sent to tbcTowerasaimpist. From 1684-S6 he was pres- ident of the Itoyal .S. In 187.'. 7:i the H retich republic June 2/. 1894; resigned Jan. lr>, thccentury. The sculptures discovered at Feiganium aic Isy."). lie is a grandson of Casiinir Plirier (1777-1832). preserved at Berlin. The great altar of Zeus consisted of bli immense (luadraiigular basement steps penetrating one side. The toji an Ionic peristyle which inclosed the altar proper on sides. t)n tlie wall of this peristyle was tlie smaller frieze of the famous Pergamum Slarbles. while around tlie base- ment and along the stairs was carried the large frieze. The latter was excavated in 1879-SO. and now is the cliief treasure of the t)id ^luseum at Berlin. This e-xteiisive frieze dates from about 180 b. c, and belongs to the monu century; followed mainly the fortunes of Aquitaiue; and was united to France under Henry IV. See Wtirbecl:. [It., 'the pearl.'] A paint- mental commemoration of the triumph of Eumenes II. p._-_„i /,,„,.': „,,n 'Plio luMnpiii'il diarncterin over tlie invading (iauls. It represents in high relief the -rfPSOt (pei 1-gpt;- / l>o pimc pal ( liaraeter m victorious battle of the gods against the giants, the two lletcher 8 "I'aithtul biieplierdess. cbiefgroupscenteringaboutZeusand Athene. Tlie flgures P^rigUeUX (pa-re-ge' )• The capital of the de- .!,„ ,,..,1... ,„ „f n„.«„.i,..i.i„ pm-tinent of Donlogne, France, situated on the are of colossal size, and the sculpture is of remarkable vigor: it represents an entirely new pli.tse of (Ireek art, more emotional and modern in feeling than had been de- . lopetl elsewhere. The small frieze, excav.ated at the same me. is now also in the Old Museum at Berlin. This frieze lorned the monumental structures which stood upon the lossal altar. Its subject is the story of the local hero ilci)hU8, and it is extremely pleasing in conception ami . \eciition. There are a Greek theater and a Roman am- i'bitheater, and remains of several temples. .An Ionic t'.-niple, of the finest Greek design, is on the slope of the acropolis: the cella with its ornamented doorway remains unusually perfect. The temple of .\thene Polia.s, a Doric perinterosof tj by 10 columns, of late Greek date, measuring 4'21 ny 72 feet, occupied a terrace which was surrollnrled on' two or three sides by a handsome stoa of two stories, Doric below and Ionic above, with a balustrade sculptured with warlike trophies in the second story. The temple of Trajan, occupying a large terrace toward .the summit of the acropolis, was a Corinthian peripteros of white marble. Pergamum, Kingdom of. An ancient Greek !.iri>ri loin ill Asia Minor. It rose to prominence under Attains I. in the 3d century B.C. Attains 111. died 133 B. c, iTid bequeathed the kingdom to Koine. It was made a [irovince under the name of Asia. Pergamus, or Pergamum. The name given in tlie Iliad to the citadel of Troy. Perge. See Pcriia. Pergola (per'go-lii). Atowninthe province of Pesaro e Urbiuo, Italy, situated on the Cesano ing of the Holy Family, by Raphael, in the Royal Museum at Madrid, it was so named by Philip I\'., who bought it from the collection of Charlea I. of Great Britain, and exclaimed when he saw it : "Ihis is the peai'l of my pictures I " The coloring is opaque, and the shadows heavy : the king's judgment overrated it. river We in llt.'45° n' N.7loiigr'6°"44' eT" the Perleberg(per'le-berG). A town in the province ancient Vesuua or Vesunna. It has considerable «? Brandenburg. Prussia, situated on the Stepe- commerce.and is noted forits"Pi;rigoidpics"oftruffles nitz (6 miles northwe.st of Berlin. Population and partridges. Tile cathedral, one of the most remark- (bSSlO), 7, :")()."). ableof medieval monuments, dates from the 11th century. Pefle du Br^Sil La TF ' The Pearl of Brazil '1 In plan and dimensions it almost exactly reproduces St. , , |.','|i,.ipn Duvid nrodiiced st Parii Marks at Venice: the present view is that both were in- ;^" "PJ^"'' ■ ^ ^^"'^1<^" ^"^^ '") prOUUceU at raris spired by tlie Church of the Holy Apostles at L'onstanti- m lool. nople. The plan is a Greek cross, measuring about 184 Perm (perm). 1. A government in eastern Rus- feet each way, covered by 6 domes on pendcntives, about gj^, situated on both sides of the Ural Mountains, 30 feet in diameter and lOO high. The construction ia of plain masonry, with some Romanesque arcades, and en- tirely without the wonderful Byzantine decoration in sculpture and color. The exterior, however, as restored, is highly impressive. The chevet is a remodeled 14th-cen- tury chapel, and at thewest end there is a narthex formed of part of an earlier church, with a very old and curious tower, 197 feet high-. This is the parent of all French medieval domical churches, other objectsof interest are the museum, the old cathedral of St. Etienne, a ruined ancient amphitheater, and the Roman Tour de V^sone. Vesunawas the chief place of the Petrocorii, and later a flourishing Roman town. The place was taken by the Eng- lish in 1356, and was occupieil l>y the Huguenots from 1575 to 1581. Population (1891). commune, 31,439. and borderiiigon Siberia. Itiswateredbythe Kama, Obi, and Petchora systems. It is the chief mining govern- ment in liussia. producing gold, silver, iron, copper, jilati- num, and other minenils, and precious stones. -Area. 128,211 squai-e miles. Population (1S90), 2,811,300. 2. The capital of the government of Perm, sit- uated on the Kama about lat. 58° N., long. 56° 'iO' E. It is on the main route to Siberia. aiiart of it. Pericu (pa-re-kii'). [Pi., also rirk-iia.'] A tribe or division of Nortli American Indians, living at tlie southern end of Lower California (to about lat. 24° N.). See Yumuu. Periegesis (per"i-o-je'sis). [Gr. nrp/;};//'7/r;.] A , „ , . ,„ deseriptiim of the world in about 1,000 iambic Perjur d Husband, The, or the Adventures lilies, by Scymims of Chios (about 74 B. C). Of Venice. -V 1.rage.ly by Mrs. Ci-iillivre, ]iro- This poem is extant. dueed and printed in 1700. This was her lirst P6rier (pa-rvii'). Casimir. Bom at Grenoble, P'ay. ,.„.,_.,_,,, „ France, Oct. 21, 1777: died Mav 1.5-16. 1832. A Perkins (per kinz).CharlesOallahan. Horn at French statesman and (inaneier. He was a mom- Boston, March 1, 1H23: ,lied nt\Vllldsor,^ t., Aug. her of the Chamber of Deputies under Louis .Will, and 2;>, IHKIi. An Aluericaii wnler on art. He studied Charles X. (acting with the opposition), and was premier painting both in R-nne and Paris, and afterward music an.l 1831-32. etching. He published "Tuscan Sculptors, etc. ' (1804), nnniTiiiuq, given to walking about, csp. while teaching or disputing. The name was given to Aristotle and his followers because he taught in the walks of the Lyceum at Athens.] The followers of Aristotle (384-322 B. c). In the middle ages the word was often used to signify 'logicians.' See Aristnth: Periplus (per'i-plus). [L., from Gr. ;rfpiVAoo{-, 77riii7T'/j}vr, a sailing around, ail account of a coasting voyage.] The title of various geo- graphical works of antitiuity. The oldest extant is by Scylax of C:iryanda in Caria. assigned by Niebuhr to the time of Alexander the Great. There were also similar works by Nearchus, Agatharchldes, Hanno, Timagenes, and others. Periscii (pe-risli'i-i). The inhabitants of the polar circles: so called because in their sum- mer-time their shadows describe an oval. (pe-ris'ii). In Spenser's "Faerie Queene," the youngest of three sLsters who were always discordant. See M'diiui. Perizzites (pcr'i-zits). In Old Testament his- tory, a people ot Canaan, living west of the Jordan in the region between Bethel and Slie- chem. The Perizzites, however, did not represent cltlier a race or a tribe. They were the people of the *' cultivated plain," the agriculturists of that part of the country which was canableof tillage, likethemodern fellahinof F.gypt. They belonged accordingly to various races ami natii>nulitles : there were Israclltish Perizziin as well as Canaanttish or Amorlte Pcrizzim. The name was a descriptive one, like tllat of Kadmonite or *' Eastern " which denoted the popu. lation on the eastern side ot the .Ionian. .y.i.i/cc, Races of the O. T., p. 120. Norfolk, 1519: died 1589. An English ecclesi- astic and scholar. He was a graduate and fellow of t)ueens' College, and master of Peterhouse, Cambridge. He is best known by his changes in religious belief : he waa a Catholic under Henry VIII., a Protestant under Edward VI., a Catholic again under Mary, and finally a Protestant under Elizabeth. He was, notwithstanding, a man of fine character, and rendered important service to his genera- tion. These changes of opinion exposed him to no little ridi- cule. The w its of the I'niversity added a new verb to the Ijitin language, jurnare, 'to change one's opinion.' It became proverbial to siiy of a cloak that had been turned, " It has been Pemed." The letters A. P. A. P. on the weathercock of St. Peter's Church were explained to mean "Andrew Perno a Papist," or "Andrew Perne a l*rote8- tant," according to the fancy of the reader, and the like. Clarke, Cambridge, p. 42. Pernelle (per-nel'), Madame. The motlierof Orgon in jltdi^re's "Tartufe." The part was originally played by Bejart, and is usually jilayed by a iii;ui. Perblla and Izadora. A tragedy by Cibber, produced in 1705. It was foundea on Lord Or- rery's •' Partheiiissa." P6ronne (i>ri-ron'). A town and fortress in the department of Somme, France, situated on the Soninie 30 miles east of Amiens. Charles III. (the Simple) was Imprisoned here, and In 1408 Ixtuls -\I waa Imiirisoncd here by Charles the Bold. It was successfully defended against the forces of the emperor Charles V. In ir>:!(l ; was stormed by the English .1 nne 'Jli. 1S15 ; and wa> besieged by the Germans lice, 27, 1870, and capitulated .Ian. 9. I,s7i. Population (181HX connnune, 4,;4ii. P6ronne, Treaty of. A conference in 146S l)e- tweeii ciiarles the Bold, duke of Burgundy, and Louis XL of France (wlio had gone to Peronne with a small escort and was imprisoned by the duke). Louis made important concessions. Perote (pii-ro'ta). A village of the state of Vera Cru/,. Mexico, about 18 miles west of .Tnlapa. Near it was a f.u-t of the same name, commanding the road up the mounta'is It was cmnmenced In 1770, and was long the strongest fort in Jlexlco except San .luan de rina at ViniCruz. It was an Important point during the civil wars. P6rouse, La Perouse, La. See i« F,-roi(se. Perowne (pe-roun'), John James Stewart. Born at Bui-dwan, Bengal, March 13, IS'JS. An English divine, bishop of Worcester 1891- 1901. He t-radnated at Cambridge (Corpus Christi Col- legei ill 1S45. He hsis pu\>lished v.irious theological and exegeticiil worlis. Perpema (per-per'na). Put to death by Pom- pey about 72 B. c. A Roman general in Spain, lieutenant of Sertoriiis whom he put to death. Perpetua (per-pet'u-a), Saint. Killed at Car- thage in 203. An African martyr. Of all the histories of niartjTdom, none is so unexagger- ated in its tone and language, so entirely unencumbered with miracle ; none abounds in such exquisite touches of nature, or, on the whole, from its minuteness and circum- 796 Persiani see) Sept. 10, 1813. He announced his victory In a note to sculptures and inscriptions taken by a private expeditioi> General Harrison in the words "We have met the enemy, sent out from England. and they are ours." His victory enabled General Han-ison PerseUS(per'sus). [Gr.IIfpCTfi f.] l.InGreekmv- to invade Canada supported l-y Perrj-^s squadron.__^Peir.v ti^iog^. a hero, son of Zeus or Danae, who slew- commanded the naval batt-ilion in the battleot theThames Oct. 5 1813. These two victories restored Michigan to the United States and established the supremacy of the Ameri- cans on the northwestem frontier during the rest of the War of 1812. Perrj- received from Congress a vote of thanks, a medal, and the rank of captain. He subsequently assisted in the defense of Baltimore. Perry, William Stevens. Born at Providence, the Gorgon Medusa, and afterward saved An- dromeda from a sea-monster. See Danae. — 2. An ancient northern constellation, the figure of which represents Perseus in a singular posture, holding the head of the Gorgon in one hand and waving a sword with the other. stantiality, breathes such an air of truth and reality, as perrvville(per'i-vil). A town in Bovle Countv, that of Perpetua and Felicitas, two African females. Their ■'t- I'l ,._ oK„.:i ....»i,„ti:' i,f„U „.__ ^\ K. f.. Jan. 22. 1832-: died May 13, 1898. An Perseus. A celebrated statue by Canova (1800), American bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and historical writer. Among his works .are " Documentary History of the Piotestant Episcopal Churcli in the United States" (1863-&4), "Historical Col- lections of the American Colonial Church " (1871-78), History of the American Episcopal Church ' (1886), etc. Kentuckv. 39 miles south of Frankfort. Here, Oct. S, 1862, an "indecisive battle was fought between the Fed- erals un.ler BueU and the Confederates under Bragg. Pop- illation 11900), 431. Perpetual Peace, The. A name given to the Persae (per'se). [Gr. TKpaatfthe Persians.] A death is ascribed, in the Acts, to the year of the accession of Geta, the son of Severus. ilibnan, Hist of Christianity, 11. 168. treaty concluded at Fribourg between Prance and the S«-iss Confederation in 1516. Perpignan (per-pen-yon')- The capital of the department of Pyr"eni5es-0rientales, Prance, situated on the Tet in lat. 42° 44' N., long. 2° 53' E. It is an important fortress, and has flourishing trade and manufactures. The cathedral, founded in 1324 tragedv of .cEschylus, exhibited m 4(2 B. c. It celebrates the victory of the Greeks over the Persians at Salamis, of which the poet was an eye-witness. Persano (per-sa,'n6). Count Carlo Pellione di. Born at Vercelli, Italy, March 11, 1S06: died An Italian admiral. in the Vatican, Rome. As an art-work it is of high technical perfection, but is little more than a travesty of the antique. Perseus. Died in the middle of the 2d century B.C. The last kingof Macedonia, son of PhilipV. whom he succeeded 179. He began war with Rome in 172 ; was defeated at Pydna by jEmilius Faulus in 1^ ; and was dethi'oned and t^en captive to Rome in 167 B. c. Perseus and Andromeda. 1. A painting by- Rubens, in the Hermitage Museum, St. Peters- burg. Perseus has already conquered the monster, and approaches Andromeda, who is chained nude to a rock, and is being set free by Cupids. Victory approaches to crown Perseus, and Pegasus is seen in the background. 2. A painting by Tintoretto, in the Hermitage Museum. St. Petersburg. The figure of the chained Andromeda is much admired for its lieaiity of form and color. Perseus is in the act of overcoming the dragon. The palace of Cepheus appears in the distance. July 28, 1883. An Italian admii-al. He lost the trade ana manuiacrures. xn. ua.ucu.^., ..u...... ., ..,, '^"i«l^i,^V=,°?S t^rTe^n^ilTf Vn ^c'iS^t M^' opening Japan to American com- merce. He became commodore in 1841. Perry, Oliver Hazard. Bom at South Kings- ton. R. I., Aug. 23 (21), 1785 : died at Port Spain. Trinidad, Aug 23. 1819. An American naval officer, brother of M. C. Perry. He became a mid- shipman in 1799, sened in the Tripolitan war. and defeated the British in the celebrated battle of Lake Erie (which phy, one of tlie capitals of the Persian empire, situated not far from the Kur, about 35 miles northeast of the modern Shii-az, about lat. 30° N. It became the capital under Darius I. : was captured and burned by Alexander the Great about 330 B. c. : and is still notedfor the ruins of itspalaces. Xear it aie themins of Istakhr, the later Sass.anian city. The most remarkable monuments are grouped on a terrace of smoothed rock and masonry, approximately rectangular in plan, though with irregular projections, measuring 940 by 1,550 feet, and at- taining in liont the height of 43 feet, of flue polygonal masonrj', while at the back it is dominated by the rock of the foot-hills behind. The chief buildings on the terrace were the Propylsea and the great hypostyle hall of Xerxes, the Hall of 100 Columns, attributed to Darius, and the resi- dence palaces of Darius and his successors. The Propylaea in their presentform consistof two end-passages between piers of masonry from the front pair of which a wall for- merly extended on each side, while in the interval between the passages stood two pairs of great columns all of whose superstructure is now gone. To one side of the Propylaea, toward the southeast, lies a second terrace, 10 feet high, upon which stand the ruins of the h>-postyIe h;Ul or throne- pavilion of Xerxes. This consisted of a central squ-are of 36 huge columns, preceded and flanked on both sides at an interval by 3 hexastyle porticos, each of 12 columns of the same size as those of the main group. The indications are that this structure never possessed inclosing walls, but was open like the halls of some Indian palaces, and fitted upon occasions of ceremony with hangings. The massive entablatures and the coffered ceilings were of wood, the roof of beaten clay. Thirteen imposing fluted columns still stand almost entire ; their height is nearly C4 feet, their intercolumniation 291. This monument was one of the greatest ever built by man. To the left of the hall of Xerxes, in the middle of the terrace, wasthe throne-pavil- ion of Darius, the Hall of 100 Columns, a building 250 feet square, preceded on the north by an octastyle portico in antis of 16 columns. Unlike the pavilion of Xerxes, tliat of Darius was surrounded by a massive wall, and the root was supported by 10 ranges, each of 10 columns, with an intercolnmniationof over20feet. The door- andwindow- frames, antse, and niches of stone, and the bases of most of the columns, remain in place, whUe the brick walls have The residence palaces occupied the Persien(per'ze-en), Persian namelran(e-ran'). AcountrvofwestemAsia. Capital, Teheran, it is bounded"bv Transcaucasia (Russia), the Caspian Sea, and Russian Central Asia on the north, -Afghanistan and Ba- luchist,an on the east, the Arabian Sea, Strait of Wmiuz, andPersian Gulf on the south, and the Persian Gulf and Tur- key on the west. The suiiaee is laigely mountainous and table-land, the principalmountain-rangesbeingin the west, northwest, north (the Elhurz), and east. Much of the coun- try is desert, and without drainage to the sea. Wheat, sugar, fruits, etc., are produced ; and the leading manu- factures are silks, carpets, shawls, arms, embroidery, etc. The chief divisions are Aierbaijan, Gilan, JIazandaran, Khorasan, Kirman, Mekran, Laristan, Farsistan, Yezd. Khuzistan, Lm-istan, Irak Ajenii, and Ardelan. The gov- ernment is an absolute monarchy under a hereditary shah. The prevailing religion is Shiite Mohammedanism. The Persians are the leading race : there are also Turks, Ar- menians, Kurds, etc According to Sayce, Howorth, and other modem scholars, the ancient Persians came to Elam about 600 B. c, not from Persis, but from Parsua (which was probably near Lake Urumiah). The Persians under CiTus the Great overthrew Astyages about 549 B. c, and the Medo-Persiau monarchy rose to power under Cyrus, Cambyses (who conquered Egypt), and Darius I. It un- successflOly attempted the conquest of Greece under Darius I. and Xerxes. The first empire under the Achse- menians was overthrown bv Alexander the Great, at the battles of Issus (333) and Arbela(331) ; and the country was ruled bv Alexander the Great and his successors, and by the Seleucida^ until the rise of the Parthian monarchy in the middle of the 3d century B. c. The Parthian empire of the ArsacidiE was overthrown bv the second Persian em- pire of the Siissanians 227-228 a. d. Persia was often at war with Rome. It was at its height in the reigns of Khusrau I. and II. in the 6th and 7th centuries ; was over- thrown by the Saracens at the battles of Kadisiyah (about 635) and Sehavend (about 641) ; came under the calif ate, Seljnks, Kharesmians, and Mongols; was conquered by Timur in the end of the 14th century ; was under the »ufl dj-nasty 1499-1736 ; flourished under Abbas .■ihahl.586-lC2S ; and was under Nadir Shah 17.36-47. Persian Armenia was conquered by Russia in 1827. Persia was at war with Great Britain in 1856-57. -Area, 628,000 square miles. Pop- ulation (estimate of 1894), about 9,000,000. fiuZTp'ar""?' tie i^i^^^^^'S;^^^^^^^ Per sian Fighting, A. An antique marble statu- in number. The most important are those of Darius and gtte in the Vatican Museum, Rome, identmed as Xerxes, most of whose piers, massive door- and window frames, and other members of stone are still erect, whUe the brick walls and the wooden superstructure have per- ished. These palaces are similar in plan : there was a large covered hall in the middle, upon the front and sides of which opened a number of rather small rooms, while the more spacious roval apartments were at the back. The cornices over the great doors have precisely the Egyptian elements and profile, but differ in their decoration. In thepalace of Darius carved reliefs of men fighting animals occur, based on Assvrian originals ; in that of Xerxes the sculptures represent subjects pertaining to royal luxury. Great figures of bulls, often set up before the porfcils. re- call the Assvrian practice. The columns, somewhat slen- der in type, have sculptured basesof inverted bell-form, and capitals with the fore parts of bulls projecting widely on 2 sides like those of the Portico of the Bulls at Delos, and often beneath an erect circlet of plume-like leaves above a convex band of pendent lanceolate leaves, the entire pro- file being strikingly similar to that of the newly classifleil Greek .Eolic capital, in which spreading volutes replace the bulls. In the face of the cliff behind the terrace are the decorated facades of royal rock-tombs. The chief ex- plorations are due to Flandin jind Coste in 1840-41. and to Stolze and Andreas prior to 1SS2 In 1891 some excavations were made by Herbert Weld BlundeU, and casts of the one of the notable series of Pergamenian copies from the four groups of sculpture presented to Athens about 200 b. c. by Attains I. of Perga- mum. This example is probably from the group of the battle of Marathon. The warrior has sunk on one knee, and seeks with his raised right arm to parry a blow from an adversar>' before him. Persian (p^r'shan or per'zhan) Gulf. -An ann of the Arabian Sea, with which it is connected by the Strait of Ormuz : the ancient Persicus Sinus. It lies benveen Persia on the northeast, Arabia on the south and west, and Turkey on the northwest The chief tributar\- river-system is tliat of the Euphrates and Tigris. Length, about 600 miles. Greatest breadth, about 220 miles. Persian! (per-se-a'ne), Madame (Fanny lac- chinardil. Born at Rome, Oct. 4, 1812 : died at Passy, France, May 3, 1867. An Italian opera- singer. She made her first appearance at Leghorn in ISsC and at Paris in 1837. The next year she sang in Lon- don and from this time alternately in London and Pans tor many years, with occasional seasons in other places, sne Persiani left England finally in 185^ :iinl lived at Paris and after- ward in Italy. Her vuice was a sonit-what thin soprano. Slie was celebrated for the tinisli of her style. Fersieins (per'shauz). The natives or inhabi- tants of ancient orof modern Persia. The mod- ern Persians area mixed race, in part descended from the ancient Iranians. Persians, The. One of the e.xtant dramas of .iEschylus. Persian Wars. In aucieut Greek history, the wars between Persia and the Greeks commen- cing in 5l>0 and ending about 449 B. C. The wars liegan with a revolt of the Ionian Greeks against Persia in 600. Tlie lonians were subjugated in 494. The assistance rendered them l)y Athens and F.retria provoked the Per- sians to attempt the conquest of European Greece. Witli this object in view, three praiid expeditions were under- taken, each of which was repelletl. The first expedition was undert.aken in 492 under Mardoiiius, who returned fiiter having iost part of his army hi an attack by tliu Thracians, and after having sulfered tlic loss of his Heet in a storm. Tlie second expedition was undertaken in 4i>0 under Artaphernes(tlie young nephew of Darius), assisteii hy the experienced general iJatis. It wasatiandoned after the defeat of the army at the tiattle of Mamthon, Sept. I'J, 490. The third expeiiition was undertaken in 481-4SIJ under Xerxes. It consisted of an army of itiH),OiX> men, exclusive of European allies, and a fleet of 1,'200 war-sliips, besides 3,000 transport vessels. The army forced the pa.^s rra>, Etrnria, li-l A. u. : died (iJ A. D. jV Roman satiiist. His six satires have been edited by Jahii, Conington, Gildersleeve, and others. Under Nero the youthful and immature but noble- minded poet, A. Persius Flaccus (a. d. 34-^12) of Volater- DB, wrote six satires, most of which are versilled lectures on .Stole tenets. The want of indciiendence of the begin- ner is manifested in the extensive eniploynient of Uora- tian phrases and characters. The exaggeration and boin- bft.it characteristic of the mannerof the period are in these satires carried to obscurity. Hut the staunch earnestness of the young moralist won for him lively admiration im- mediately after his early death. Teufdaiid Schwabe, Ilist. of Horn. Lit. (tr. by Warr), II. 75. Persons, Robert. See Parsom. Persuasion. A novel by "ano Austen, pub- lislied ill 1818, after the '" . th of the author. Pertabgurh. See rartabi aril. Perte du Rhone (pert dii ron). A deep ravine near Hi-llcf,'arde, department of .Yin, France, 10 miles soutliwest of Geneva, through which the Rhone (:it certain periods) flows with a partly subteiTiiiieoiis course. Perth (pertli). 1. A midlandcountyof Scotland. It is hounded by Inverness and Aberdeen on the north. • Forfar on the east, Fife (partly separated by the Firth of Tayjon the southeast, Kinross, Olaekinannan. and Stirling (the last partly separated by the Forth) on the south, and Dumbaiton and Argyll on the west. It is situated on the border of the Highlands. Is iiioiintainous, ami is famous for pictures0), IT.iilili. Perthes (jjer'tes), Friedrich Christoph. Bom at Rudolstadt. Germany, April 21, 1772: died at Gotha, Germany, May 18, 1,843. A German publisher in Hamburg, later in Gotha. Perthes, Johann Georg Justus. Bom at Ru- dolstadt, Germany, Sept. 11, 1749: died at Gotha, May 1, 1810. A German publisher at Gotha, uncle of F. C. Perthes. Perthes, Wilhelm. Bom at Goiha, Gemianv, June 18, 17!I3: died Sept. 10, 18.53. A German publisher of geographical works, son of J. G. .1. Perthes. Pertinax (per'ti-naks), Helvius. Bom 12G A. D.: killed at Rome, March 28, 193. Emperor of Rome. He was proclaimed emperor Dec. 31, 192, and was put to death by the pretoriaiis in the following year. Pertuis (per-tiie'). A town in the dejiartment of \'aiicluse, France, situated near the Dui'ance 29 miles north bv east of Marseilles. Popula- tion (1891), 4,927. Pertuis Breton (bre-ton'). A strait between the niaiiilaiid of France and the lie de R6. Pertuis d'Antioche (don-tyosh'). A strait be- tween the ile do Ke and the lie d'OliSron, west iif France. Party (per'te), Joseph Anton Maximilian. Born at Ornbaii, Bavaria, Sept. 17, 1804: died at Bern, Aug. 8, 1884. A German naturalist, professor at Bern. Pertz (perts), Georg Heinrich. Born at Han- nover, JIarch 28, 179.5 : died at Jlunich, Oct. 7, 187G. A noted German liLstoriau, best known as the editor of the "Monuraenta Germania> liistorica" (1826-74). He became secretary of the royal archives at Hannover in 1823. Peru (pe-ro'), Sp. Perii (pii-ro'), F. P6roU (pa- ri)'). [See /J/Vh.] Arepublicof South America. Capital, Lima. It is bounded by Ecuador on the north, Brazil and Bolivia on the east, Chile on the south, and tlie PaciftcOeeanon the southwestandwest, Thewestern and southern parts are traversed from north to south by three principal chains or Cordilleras of the Andes; they inclose several high plateaus. In the northeastern part are ex- tensive wooded plains, which, witli the eastern slopes and valleys of the Andes, are drained by the Amazon and its tributaries. It is extremely rich in mineral wealth (gold, silver, etc.X agricultur.al products (sugar, cotton, etc.), lumber, cinchona, coca, india-rubber, wool, etc. It has 19 departments. The executive power in the republic is vested in a president, the legislative in a congress com- posed of a senate and a house of representatives. The in- habitants are chiefly Peruvians (of Spanish descent) and Indians. The prevailing language is Sjianish ; the prevail- ing religion, Roman t'atholic. (-'ivili/.utioii was highly de- veloped under tile empire of the Iiicas(see /ncfi.^and y;iff( Eiitpirf) and tlieir predecessors, the Piruas (which see). The country was conquered by the Sjianiards under Pizari o in lf»;i3-34. Independence was proclaimed in 1821 : and the Spanish viceroy was finally defeatetl at the battle of Ayacucho Dec. 9, 1824. Peru has suffered from frequent revolutions; was at war with Spain in 1865-66; and has several times been i-avagecl hy earthqn.ikes. A war with Chile began in 1879; Lima was entered by the Chileans in 1881, and by the treaty of 188.'! Peru ceded TarapacA to Ch lie, Tacna and Arica to bo occupied by Chile until 189.;. (See I'arijii; War o/ the.) Area, 6115.720 square miles. Popu- lation, about 4.600,010. Peru. A city in La Salle County, Illinois, situ- ated on the Illinois River 8.5 miles west-south- west of Chicago. I'diiulation (19(10), (1,863. Pern. A city, <'ai)itnl of Miami County, Indi- ana, situated (111 tlie W'abasli 70 miles north of Indinnnpolis. I'oi>iilatioii ( 19011 1, 8,4(i3. Peru, Upper <>r Alto. A common name, during the ciilonial period, for Charcas, or the modern Holivia. Si'c Clnirctin, Peru, Viceroyalty of. The region governed by the viceroys of Piru, who resided at Lima. The coiKiuest of "I'eni proper led to that of (_'liile, Charcas (Mo- livla). and Quito (Ecuador); and I'izarn*. with his succes- sors the viceroys, controlled those eoiin tries through their audiences anil presidents or eaptalns-geiieral. New (Jra liada, Panama, and Paraguay (including all the I'latiiie re- gion) were later added to Peru; so that, in the 17th cen- tuiy and part of the IStli the viceMyalty iiraetleally em- braced all of Spanish South America and the iHthnins; that K the andleiice districts of Lima, Charcas. Ilnelios AyrCB, Santiago ((Jhile). (^iitit, Hogotj^, and Panama. The viceroy was appointed by the crown, anil corresponded dl rectly with the Council of the Indies : he received a salary of :tii,inio (Ineats, or 10,000 more than the viceroy of Mex- ico; had military as well as civil Jurisdiction; and was president of the ainileneeof Llina. (Irndilally his authority in the outlying provinces was restricted. In 1718 New l.ranada was completely separated ; Quito, which was at first attached to it, was restored to I'eril In 17S9. The for mafion of the viceroyalty of l.a Plata (1776) rcdueeil IViii to Peru proper, Chile, and Quito, the viouroy at Lima coii- Pescara, Martinis of trolling the last two in inilitarv' and treasury inatters only. '1 bis arrangement continued until the revolution. Perugia (pa-rii'ja). 1. A pro\-ince in the com- partimento of Umbria, Italy. Area, 3.748 square miles. Population (1891). .59.5,.579. — 2. The capital of the province of Perugia, sit- uated on hills above the Tiber in lat. 43° 7' N., long. 12° 23' E.: the ancient Pemsia. It contains a university. The cathedral, a late-Pointed church chiefly of the 15tli century, is exceedingly rich in tombs and other sculptured work, and contains sev- eral paintings of unusual excellence, especially a De- scent from the ftoss by Baroccio (l.MBi, and a Ma- donna by Luca Sigiiorelli. The hexagonal late-Pointed exterior pulpit, resting on brackets. Is among the most beautiful of its date : it is of marble, areaded, with mosaic ornament. The Cambio, or hall of the money-ehangers, built in 1457, is famous for the frescos, by Perugino, which cover its walls and vaults, and constitute the most im- portant connected series of works by that master. Other objects of interest include the Palazzo Pnbhlico (picture- gallery), Fonte Waggiore, and churches of San Pietro and San Donienico. Perugia was one of the twelve cities of the Etruscan League ; was reduced by Rome aliout SOO B. C. ; was besieged by Octavian in 41 and taken in 40 B. c; was besieged and taken by Totila in 549 A. I>. ; was ruled hy the popes and by various despots ; suiTcndered to Pope Julius II. ; was taken by the Duke of .Savoy in 1708 ; and was taken hy the Austrians in 1849. After the insurrection of 1859 it was united to Italy (I860). It was the seat of the I'mbrian school of painting in the Renaissance. Popula- tion (1SJ2), 54,5110. Perugia, Lake of. See Tnisimiuo. Lagn. Perugino (pa-iii-je'no) (Pietro Vaimucci). Born at Citta deUa Pieve, Umbria. Ital}', 1446: died 1524. A celebrated Italian painter of the Umbiian school, called "11 Perugino" from his long resilience in Perugia. His mastei-y of the tech- nical iiii.ilitiesof iiaintiiiginadethe training which he gave liis pupils valuable. His greatest distinction, however, is that of having been the master of Raphael. Leading a somewhat wandering life, he was called to Rome by Sixtus IV. to assist in the decoration of the Sistine chapel, and is credited with nine frescos there. Perhaps his greatest work is the decoration of the Sala del Cambio at Pij-ugia. atilhiian. Perusia. See Perugia. Peruvian-Bolivian Confederation. [Sp. Con- Icdiracinii Pirii-JSnliiidiia.} A confederation foruied by Santa Cruz, who united Peru and Bolivia in 1.S3G. It consisted of the three states of Bo- livia, North Peru, and South Peru, the capital being at Lima. Santa Cruz was protector, with dictatorial powers, and each state had a president and congress. Tlie eon- federation was formally proelaimed Oct. 28, 18.16, and it eanic to an end with tlie overthrow of the protector in Jan., 1839. See Santa Critz, Andrt'g. Peruvian Corporation. See Grace Contract. Peruvian Empire. See Inca Emxnre. Peruvians. See (Jiiichiias. Peruzzi (pa-rot'se), Baldassare. Bom near Siena, Italy, 1481: died about 1536. An Italian architect and painter. Peruzzi, Ubaldino. Bom at Florence, April 2, 1822: died there, Sept. 9, 1891. An ItaUan politician, minister in the Tuscan and (1861- 1864) in tlie Italian cabinet. Pesado (pa-sii'do), Jos6 Joaquin. Bora at Orizaba about 1812. A Mexican author and publicist, minister of foreign relations in 1846. He is regarded as one of the best of the Mexican poets, and has published many biographical and political essays. Pesaro (pii'sii-ro). A seaport, capital of the province of Pesaro e Urbino, Italy, situated at the mouth of the Foglia in the Adriatic, in lat. 43° 55' N., long. 12° 54' E. : the ancient Pisau- rum. It has some manufactures and trade, and is es- pecially noted for its figs. It was the birthplace of Rossini, It became a Roman colony in 184 B. c. ; belonged later to the Exarchate; and afterward belonged to the Papal States. It was a literary center in the time of Tasso. Fupitlatlon (1892), 24,.'iOO. Pesaro e Urbino (pa'sii-ro a or-l)6'no). ['Pesaro and rrbiiio.'l A.province in theeompartimento of I lie Marches, Italy. Area, 1, 1 18. s(|uare miles. I'nioilntiiin (1S92). 'estimated, 234,526. Pescadores (pes-kii-d(5'res). [Sii., 'Fishers' Islands.'] 1. A group of small islands in the Strait of Formosa, west of Formosa. — 2. A group of small islands olT the coast of Peru, nortliwist of Callan. — 3. A small group in the Marshall Islands. Pacilic Ocean. Pescara (pes-kil'rii), or AtemO (ii-lcr'no). A river in central Italy which Mows into the Adriatic near (tii> towli of I'esenra: the nnoicnt Aternus. Length, about 90 miles. Pescara. A town in the province of Ohieti, central Italy, situated near the mouth of the river Pescara ill the .\driatic, 8 miles north- iiortli.^ast of Cliieti : the ancient Aternus. Pescara. Tin' governor of Granada in Shoil's "The Apostate.'' It was ono of Macrendv's great parts, anil also one of the elder Bootli s. Pescara, Marquis of (Ferdinand Francesco d'AvaloSi. '•orn nlioul U9U: died Nov. '.'5. 1525. An Italian general in the service of the Pescara, Marquis of emperor Charles V., distinguished at the vie- tbry of Pa^^a in 1525. Betrothed to Vittoria Colonna at the ageof 4anil married at lO.he succeeded to his father's title in boyhood, and was destined to a brilliant military career. In l.'il2 he was wounded and made prisoner at the battle of Kaveuna ; in 1S15 he served in the war in Lom- bardy. He contributed largely to the victory at Pavia, where King Francis I. was captured. Soon after he be- trayed to Charles V. a plot formed by Francesco Sforza, duke of Milan, and others for driving the Spaniards and Germans out of Italy. He h.ad, apparently, joined the conspiracy for this purpose. Peschel (pesh'el), Oskar. Bom at Dresden, March 17, 1826: died at Leipsie, Aug. 31, 1875. A German geographer and historian. He was editor of " Ansland " 1864-71, and in the latter year be- came professor of geography at the University of Lcip- Bic. His works include "Geschichte des Zeit.alters der Entdeckungen " (1858: 2d ed. 1S7"), "Geschichte der Erdkunde " (1865 and 1877), " Volkerkunde " (1S74), .ind '■ Abhandlungen zur Erd- and Volkerkunde" (3 vols. ■ 1877-79). Peschiera (pes-ke-a'rii). A fortified town in the province of Verona, Italy, situated at the exit of the Mincio from Lake Garda, 15 miles west of Verona. It is famous as one of the fortresses of the Austrian "Quadrilateral " ; was taken by the S.ardinians in May, 1848, and restored in Aug. ; and was ceded to Italy in 1806. Population (1881), 1,653. Pescia (pesh'a). A cathedral city in the prov- ince of Lucca, Italy, 29 miles west "by north of Florence. Population (1881), 11,863. Pescina (pe-she'nii). A town in the province of Aquila, central Italy, 27 miles south-south- east of Aquila. It was the birthplace of Maza- rin. Population (1881), 4,455. Peshawar, or Peshawur (pe-shou'ur). 1. A district in the Panjab, British India, situated in the northwestern extremity of the country, in- tersected by lat. 34° N., long. 72° E. Ai-ea, 2,444 square miles. Population (1891), 703,768. — 2. The capital of the district of Peshawar, situated about lat. 34° N., long. 71° 35' E. It is an important strategic point, near the Khyber Pass, on the route from India to Kabul. Population, including canton- ment (1891), 84,191. Peshito (pe-she'to), or Peshitto. [Lit. 'sim- ple ' or ' true.'] A Syriac translation of the Old and New Testaments. It is supposed to have been made by Christians in the 2d century, and possesses high authority. The Old Testament is translated directly from the Hebrew. 2 Peter, 2 and 3 John, Jude, and Rev- elation are wanting. Pessi (pes'si). A small tribe of Liberia, west- ern Africa, back of Monrovia. They used to tattoo their faces and file their teeth, and are said to have prac- tised cannibalism. Pessinus, or Pesinus (pes'i-nus). [Gr. Ueaat- I'o&f.] In ancient geography, a city of Galatia, Asia Minor, situated near the river Sangarius 80 miles west-southwest of the modern Angora. It was noted for the worship of Cybele. Remains of a theater and hippodrome (the latter 1,115 feet long) have been discovered near the modern Bala-Hissar. Pestalozzi (pes-ta-lot'se), Johann Heinrich. Born at Zurich, Switzerland, Jan. 12, 1746: died at Brugg, Switzerland, Feb. 17, 1827. A Swiss educator and writer, celebrated for his reforms in the methods of education. He studied theol- ogy and then jurisprudence at Zurich. Subsequently he turned his attention to agriculture. He had already de- termined to devote himself to the education of the people, and had established in 1775, on his estate Neuhof, a poor- school which was intended to draw its support from popu- lar subscription. He was obliged, however, to give this up in 17S0. The first account of his method of instruc- tion was published at this time in Iselin's " Ephemeriden " with the title " Abendstnnden einesEinsiedlers"(" Even- ing Hours of a Hermit"). His principal literary work is the didactic novel " Lienhardt und Gertrud, ein Buch fur das Volk" ("Lienhai'dt and Gertrude: a Book for the People "), which was written between 17S1 and 1785. In 1798, with government support, he founded an educational institution for poor children at Stanz, which was, how- ever, given up the year after. He now took charge of a school at Birrgdorf, which was removed in 1S04 to Miin- chenbuchsee, and the following year to Yverdon, where it continued to exist until 1825, when, notwithstanding the renown that his pedagogical system had acquired, the en- terprise was finally abandoned. His collected works were published at Brandenburg, 1S69-72, in 16 volumes. They include " Wi^ Gertrud ihre Kinder lehrt " (" How Gertrude Teaches her Children," 1801), memoirs of Burgdorf and Yverdon, "Meine Lebensschicksale"(lS26), etc. Pesth. See Buclnpest. Petau (pe-to'), Denis, Latinized Petavius. Born at Orleans, France, Aug. 21, 15.83: died at Paris, Dec. 11, 1652. A French chronologist, antiquary, and Roman Catholic theologian. Among his chronological works are "Opus de doctrina teniporura "(1627), " Tubulie chronologica; "(1028), " Urano- logiura " (1630), "Rationarium teraporura" (1033-34). He also wrote " De theologicis dogmatibus " (1644-50), etc. Petch, or Pe6, or Petsh. See Ipel: PetchenegS (pech-e-negz'). A nomadic peo- ple, of Turkish stock, who established a state between the Don and the Danube, which pos- sessed considerable power fi'om the 9th to the 11th century. It disappeared in the 13th cen- 798 tury. One branch of the PetchenegS was merged with the JIagyars. Petcnili, or Pe-chi-li (pe-che-le'). A province of China. Bee Chi-Ii. Petchili, or Pe-chi-li, Gulf of. .An arm of the Yellow Sea, situated east of China. It receives the Hwang-ho. Length (including the Gulf of Liautung), about 290 miles. Petchili, or Pe-chi-li, Strait of. A sea passage conuGcting the Gulf of Pe-chi-li with the Yellow Sea. and separating the province of Shing-king on the north from that of Shau-tungon the south. Petchora (peeh-o'ra). A river in northeastern Russia which flows into the Arctic Ocean about lat. 68° N., long. 54° E. Length, about 1,000 miles. Peteguares. See PoUguaras. Peten (pa-ten')- "!■ Itza (et-za'). A lake in the northern part of Guatemala; also, an island in the lake. • Peter (pe'ter) (originally Simon). [D. G. Dan. Sw. Peter, F. Pierre, OF. Pier, Piers, (whence ME. Piers, mod. Pierce, Peirce, Pearce, Pears), Sp. Pg. Pedro, It. Pietro, Piero, from L. Petrus, from Gr. Iltrpof, translating Heb. Cephas, a stone.] One of the twelve apostles. He was originally a fisherman ; became one of the three most favored disciples of Christ; and was the most prominent leader of the church after the ascension. He was im- prisoned by Herod in 44 ; contended with Paul at Antiocli touching the proper policy to be observed toward the Gen- tiles ; and according to tradition was the founder of the church at Rome and a martyr there in the reign of Nero. He is the reputed author of two epistles in the New Testa- ment. Peter is claimed by the Roman Catholic Church as its first bishop or pope. His death is celebrated with that of .St. Paul on the 29th of .lune in the Eastern, Roman, and Anglican churches. This is the most ancient of the festivals of the apostles, dating from the 3d century. Peter (Portuguese and Spanish kings). See Pedro. Peter I. Alexeievitch, surnamed " The Great." Born at Moscow, June 9 (N. S.), 1672: died at St. Petersburg, Feb. 8 (N. S.), 1725. Czar of Russia, son of Alexis. He reigned conjointly with his half-brother Ivan from 1682, and alone from 1696. He freed himself from the regency of his sister Sophia in 1689 ; cap- tured Azoff from the Turks in 1696; traveled in Germany, the Netherlands, England, and Austria 1696-97 ; put down a rebellion of the Strelitzi in 1698 ; and took part in the Northern War- (which see) 1700-21, in the course of which he was defeated by Charles XII. of Sweden at Narva in 1700, and defeated him in turn at Pultowa in 1709. He was forced by the Turks (who had taken up arms at the in- stance of Charles) to restore Azotf by the treaty of Pruth in 1711. In 1721 he concluded the peace of Nystadt with Sweden, by which he obtained Livonia, Esthonia, In.ger- manland, and part of Karelia. He founded St. Petersburg in 1703 ; imprisoned his son Alexis (see Alexis) for treason in 1718 ; and carried on a successful w.ar against Persia 1722-23. He introduced Western civilization into Russia, which he made one of the great powers of Europe. Peter II. Alexeievitch. Born Oct. 23, 1715 : died 1730. Czar of Russia 1727-30, son of Alexis and grandson of Peter the Great. Peter III. Feodorovitch (properly Karl Peter Ulrich). Born at Kiel, Holstcin, Feb. 21, 1728 : assassinated at Ropsha, Russia, July 17, 1762. Czar of Russia, son of Charles Frederick, duke of Holstein, and Anna (daughter of Peter the Great). He was appointed heir in 1742; married Cath- arine (later empress) in 1745 ; and succeeded to the tin one in Jan., 1762. He immediately made peace with Frederick" the Great, with whom his predecessor had been at war since 1757. (See Seven Years' War.) He was murdered after a few months'reign, and his wife, who wiis an ac- complice in his murder, was placed on the tlirone. Peter Bell. A poetical tale by William Words- worth, published in 1819. Peter Bell the Third. A burlesque poem by Shelley. Peter of Blois, or Petrus Blesensis. Bom at Blois, France : died about 1200. A French ec- clesiastic and scholar who settled in England in the reign of Henry II. Peter of Bruis (or Bruys). Burned as a heretic about 1126. A French reforming enthusiast, a pupil of Abelard. He sought to restore the church to its original purity by abolishing infant baptism, the mass, and other observances. Peter the Hermit, or Peter of Amiens. Born about 1050: diedatHuy, Belgium, Jidy 11, 1115. A hermit and monk, one of the leading preachers of the first Crusade. He led the advance divi- sion of the first Crusade as far as Asia Minor in 1096. Peterborough (pe'ter-bur-o). A city in the counties of Northampton and Huntingdon, Eng- land, situated on the Nen 75 miles north of Lon- don. It is a railway and trading center. A Benedictine abbey was founded here in 655. The cathedral, one of the most important of English Norman churches, was begun early in the 12th century and finished before the 13th, ex- cept the interpolated Decorated windows, the Perpendicu- lar retrochoir, the l;itb-century northwest tower, the fine central tower of the 14th, and the famous west front of tlie 13th. The west front consists of 3 grand gabled arches Peters, Wilhelm Karl Hartwig of equal height, the central one much the narrowest, be- tween two small arcaded and pinnacled towers The span, drels are filled with rosettes and st.atues in niches, and above the arches is carried a range of arcades with statues. Each gable contains a small wlieel. This splendid front forms in fact an open screen before the actual front of the cathedral : it is marred by a low Perpendicular porch in- serted in the opening of the central arch. The interi<»r is light and effective. The ceiling of the nave, thougli of the 12th century, is of wood; that of the choir is Perpen- dicular. The chevet of the church was originally of ap- sidal form, and this can still be traced in the later retro- choir. The dimensions are 471 by 81 feet ; length of east transepts, 202 ; height of vaulting, 81. Population (1891)l 25,172. Peterborough. The capital of Peterborough County, Ontario, Canada, situated on the Otona- bec 69 miles northeast of Toronto. Population (1901). ]1.2;'9. Peterborough and Monmouth, Earl of. See ilordaunt, Charles. Peterhead (pe-ter-hed'). Aseaport in Aberdeen- shire, Scotland, situated on the North Sea 28 miles north-northeast of Aberdeen. It is largely engaged in the herring and other fisheries. Population (1891), 12,195. _ Peterhof (pa'ter-hof ). A town in the govern- ment of St. Petersburg, Russia, situated on the Gulf of Finland about 15 miles west of St. Petersbui'g. Near it is the imperial p.alacc, built by Peter the Great, of high interest from the great quantity of works of art of all kinds and of historic.il relics which are collected in it, as well as for the beautiful gardens with their fountains and statues, and the connected im- perial pleasure-houses. Population, 9,516, Peterhouse. See St. Peter's College. Peter Lombard. See Lombard. Peterloo Massacre. [Formed in imitation of n'oterloo.] A riot at St. Peter's Field, Man- chester, England, Aug. 16, 1819. A large assem- bly, mainly of the laboring classes, had met in behalf of reform, under the leadership of Hunt, The assembly was charged by the military, and many were killed aiut wounded. Petermann (pa 'ter- man), August. Born at Bleicherode, Prussia, April 18, 1822 : committed suicide at Gotha, Sept. 25, 1878. A noted Ger- man geographer. He went to Great Britain in 1846; took charge of the Geographical Institute (founded by Perthes) at Gotha in 1S64 ; and encouraged geographical explonitions in Africa, the polar regions, and elsewhere. He founded and conducted Petermann 's "Mitteilungen" ("Communications") after 1855, and contributed to the atlases of Stieler, etc. Peter Martyr. See Marti/r. Peters (pa'ters), Christian August Friedrich. Born at Hamburg, Sept. 7, 1806 : died at Kiel, Prussia, May 8, 1880. A noted German astron- omer, appointed professor of astronomy at Ko- nigsberg in 1849, and director of the observatory at Altona (removed in 1872 to Kiel ) in 1854. He edited " Astronomische Nachrichten." Peters, Christian Henry Frederick. Born at Koldenbiittel. near Eiderstedt, Schleswig, Sept. 19, 1813: died at Clinton, N. ¥., July 18, 1890. A German-American astronomer, director of the observatory at Hamilton College, New York, from 1858. He discovered over 40 as- teroids. He published "Celestial Charts" (1882- 1888), etc. Peters (pe'terz), or Peter (pe'ter), Hugh. Bom in Cornwall, England (baptized June 29, 1598'' : hanged at Charing Cross, Oct. 17, 1660. An Eng- lish Puritan clerg^^nan. He graduated at Cambridge (Trinity College) in 1616. In Oct, 1636, he emigrated to Boston, and in 1638 bacame minister to the First Church, Salem, ilassachusetts In 1041 he was the agent of the colony in England, anu ..i.er filled important offices in Eng- land under Cromwell. At the Restoration he was impris- oned in the Tower and tried and convicted as an accom- plice in the death of Charles I., Oct. 13. 1660. Peters (pa'ters), Karl. Born at Neuhaus, Han- nover, 1856. An African explorer and adminis- trator. He founded the German Colonization Society ; in 1884 acquired in East Africa large tracts of land and ob- tained for them an imperial protectorate ; as head of the German East .\fricaCompany extended its possessions and organized its stations; brought about a colonial congress at Berlin in 1886 ; and returned to East Africa in 1887. He made further explorations in 1889-90 and 1891-93, and was made imperial commissioner for German ICast Africa in 1891. He fought his way through Masailand with reck- less bloodshed, and tried to place Uganda under German protection. For liis cruelty he was court-martialed in 1807 and liismissed from the German service. Peters (pe'terz), Samuel. Bom at Hebron, Conn.. Dec. 12, 1735: died at New York, April 19, 1826. An American Episcopal clergyman, a grand-nephew of Hugh Peters. He wrote a satire entitled "General History of Connecticut "(1781), cojitain- ing the so-called " Blue Laws " (invented by him). Peters (pa'ters), Wilhelm Karl Hartwig, Born at Koldenbiittel. near Ejderstedt, Schles- wig, April 22, 1815 : died at Berlin, April 20, 1883. AGerman naturalist and traveler, brother of C. H. F. Peters. He explored Mozambique 1843-47, and published "Naturwissenschaft- liche Reise nach Mozambique" (1852-82). Petersburg 799 Petersburg. See St. retcrsburff. Peto (pe'to). An nssoeiato of Falstaff iu Shak- Petersburg (pe'terz-bfcrg). AcityinDinwiddie spere's ''Hesiry IV.," first and second parts. County, Virginia, situated on the" Appomatto.x, Petofi (pe'te-ti), Sandor (Alexander). Born at the head of steam ua^^gation, 23 miles south in Little Ciiinania, Hungary, Dee. 31,1823: of Richmond. It is the third city in the State ; has im- killed probably in the battle of Schilssburg, portant trade in tobacci>, cotton, tlour, tcrain, etc. ; and has July 31, 1849. The great e.st lyric poet of Him- ""'" -"—•.•■■ ■* - ^ary. He played an important part at the outbreak of manufactures of tobacco, cotton, etc. it was incorporated ill 174^ It was liesiet^ed by tlie Federals under Grant 1864-05. After some unsuccessful attempts to seize it, the siege commenced June 1!), ISM. Final operations bcsan March 20, 1865 : and :ifter the battle of Five Forks (March 31 and April 1) it was evacuated by the Confederates April 2-3, and surreniiered April 3. Population (10(10). ■ji.sin. Peter ScMemihl (pa'ter shla'mel). '-The story of a JJan Without a Shadow," a romance by Chamisso, published in 1814. Chamisso's " Peter .Schlemihl "... is a faultless work of art, and one of deep import. There, too, a popular su- perstition forms the leading motive, namely, the idea that a man might lose his shadow, the devil caiTying it otf when he could not get the man himself into his power. 'I'his tale deserves its universal renown. The poet has made the hero a symbolical portrait of himself. ".Schlemihl" means an unlucky wight, and Chamisso has attributed to this piior-devil the same incapacity of coping with the world which in his own case had disposed him to solitude, to intercourse with nature and with children of nature. Scherer, Hist. German Lit., p. 206. Petersen (pa'ter-sen), Clemens. Bom in Den- mark, 1834. A Danish-American miscellaneous writer. Petersen, Niels Matthias. Born in Fiinen, Denmark, Oct. 24, 1791: died et Copenhagen, May 11, 1862, A Danish historian and philolo- gist. His works include a "Histoi-y of the Danish, Nor- wegian, and Swedish Languages" (1820-30), "Contribution to the History of Danish Literature " (2d ed. 1867-71), etc. Petersfield (pe'terz-feld). A town in Hamp- shire, England, 10 miles north of Portsmouth. Poijulation, parish (1891). 2,002. Petersham { pij'terz-ham). A town in Worces- ter County, Massachusetts, 2G miles northwest orW(»reester. It was the scene of the final engage- ment in Shays's rebellion, in which the insurgents un- der Shays were dispersed by the State troops under Lin- coln, Feb., 1787. Population (1000), 8.')3. peter the Great Bay. An arm of the Sea of Japan, south of the Maritime Province, Siberia. Peterwardein (pa'ter-var-din). Hung. Peter- vArad (pa-ter-vii'rod). A town in Slavonia, Hungary, situated on the Danube, opposite Neusatz, 44 miles northwest of Belgrad. it is one of the strongest fortresses of the Austi-ian empire, and has been called "the Gibrahar of Hungary." It was wrested from the Turks by the Imperialists in 1688. In a battle fought near it, Aug, 5, 1 716, the Imperi.ilists under PrinceEugeneof Savoy defeated the 'J'urks under the grand vizir Daniad Ali. It was occupied by the Hungarian in- surgents in 1848, and surrendered to the Austrians on Sept 6,1840. Population (1S9U), :!,(» a Potion (pa-tyon'). Alexandre Sabes. Born at Port-au-Priiiee, April2, 1770: died there, March 29, 1818. A Haitian general and politician. He was a light mulatto and an educated man ; was com- mandant of artillery under Toussaint Louverture and Rigaud; followed the latter to France in ISOO; and was attached to Leclerc's expedition 1801-02. In 18n2 he joined the revolt of those who feared that slavery was to be re- established, served under Dessalines, and after his death became president of Haiti (Sl:u-ch 10, ls07). Christophe had already revolted in the north, and the French portion of the island was thus divided into two parts, between which there was almost constant war for many years. V(- tlon, by reelection, continued to rule the southern part until his death, but besides the war with Christophe there were many internal dissensions. P6tion de Villeneuve (pa-ty6n'devel-n6v'), J6r6me. Born at Chart res, France, IT.IS: com- mitted .suicide near Bordeaux, June, 1794, A French revolutionist. Ue was chosen tu the third estate of the States-Oeneral in 1789 ; was one of the leadeis In the Constituent Assembly, and its president in 1700; was commissioner to Varenncs in 1791 ; was mayor of Paris 1791-92 ; and was Girondist deputy to the Convention 1702- 1793. He was proscribed in June, 1793, but escaped to the south •Petit Andr6 (pe-te'ton-dra')- [l'-, ' T..ittle .Vn- drew.'] An executioner of Louis XI., intro- duced as a character in the novel " Quentin Dnrwni'd" bv Sir Walti^r Scott. Petition of Right. An act of Parliament passed in 1628: one of the chief documents of the Eng- lish constitution. It provided that "no freeman bo required to give any gift, loan, benevolence, or tn\ with- out common consent l>y Act of Parliament; that ;io free the Hungarian revolution in J'est, and throughoutllie war his patriotic songs made him a national hero. He was last seen on the battle-tleld !)f Schaashurg, and for many years it was popularly believed that he survived as a prisoner in .Siberia. Petra (pe'tra). [Gr. Uhpa, rock.] In ancient geography, a. citv in Arabia Petrsea, situated in lat. 30° 19' N.. long. 3")° 31' E. The site was early occupied on account of its proximity to the commercial route between Arabia and i;gn)t. From the 2d century II. c. it was a stronghold of the Nabatteans. The site con- sists of a precipiceinclosed valley on the northeastern side of Mount Hor. Tl ' ' " -- = ■•=-•■ '- • in many diiterent action of water. 1 . tural remains, dating from after the establishment of Ro- man rule in 105 A. I'. These remains have been looked upon by many as those of temples and n,alaces, but are merely the facades, many of them considerable in scale and elaborate in ornament, of roektombs. All lack purity in design, and most precision in execution : but some are picturesque and graceful, bringing to mind the architec- tural ornament of Pompeiati wall-paintings ; and they gain Petty, Sir William often identified with a certain Caius Petronips mentioned by Tacitus. The original title of his work (see the extract) was " Satiree." To Xero's time belongs also the character-novel of Pe- tronius Arbiter, nodoui)t the same I'ctionius whom Nero a, GO compelled to kill himself. Originally a large work in at least 20 books, with accounts of various adventures supposed to have taken pla. c during a journey, it now consists of a heap of fragments, the most considerable of which is the " cena Trimalehionis." being the description of a feast given by a rich and ufieducated upstart. Though steeped in obscenity, this novel is not only highly impor- tant for the history of manners and language, especially the plebeian speech, but it is also a work of art in its way, full of spirit, tine insight into human nature, w-it of a high order, ami genial humour. In itsfoi-ni it is a satira Menippea, in which the metrical pieces interspersed con- tain chiefly parodies of certain fashions of taste. This ap- plies especially to the larger carmina, "Troiie halosis" and "Bellum civile." Tetiffd and Schwabe, Hist. Rom. Lit, 11. 84. ). A Eoman the higher Ro- maii noldlity. He placed himself at the head of a baiul of disaffected persons, kifled the emperor Valentinian III,, seized the throne (4o.^), and forced Eudoxia, Valentinian's widow, to marry him (liis own wife having in the mean- time died). Eudoxia, however, appealed to Genseric, king of the Vanilals, who pillaged Itonie. Petronius Maximus was killed by a band of Burgundian mercenaries as he was fleeing from his capital. e-inclolemical treatises. Tire " Canzoniere" was edited I ly >farsand aird by f.eopanli. His life has beerr writterr by De .Sade, Korting, Bartoli, etc. Petrarch, The English. A name sometimes given to Sir Philip Siilney. Petrie (pe'tn;), W. M. Flinders. Born June 3, 1853. An Knglish Egyptologist. He was edu. cated privately. From 1874 to" l.sSO he wius errrployed sur- veying ancient British ear-thworks ; 1881 and lS82hosperrt in surveyirrg the pyramids and temples of (lizeh. He re- turrred to Egypt irr 1884, lUi explorer to the Egypt Explora- tion Fund. He werrt twice again in the same capacity, each time making important discovciies, exploriirg the sitesof Defenrreh, Nrurcr-atis, etc., and brirrgirrgbrrck plarrs and illustrations, all of which, with his memoir sarrd reports on the subject, have beerr published by the corrrmiftec. In 1887-89 he explored in the Firyrrm (rrot for the Explora- tion Fund), and later explored with vahrable resrrlts both for the Egypttan arrd I'aUslirre Exploraliorr Fumls. He has published "Stoneberrge, etc." (18,sil), "Pyrarrrida and Terrrples of (ihizelr" (ia8:i). "Ilistoricrd Scarabs,' "His- torical Data of the XI. Dynasty," rmd other monographs (1888), "Ilawara, Bialrmu, rrrrd Ar-sinoe, etc," (1880), "Sur- veys of the l-vramid of Hawirra, etc." (IS'.IO), "Terr Years' Diggilrg in Egypt, 18^1 -1801 " (1S!I2), etc.; ami contributed the article "Weights arrd Meaarrres" to the 9th edition of the "Errcyclopreilia Itiitarrrriciu" man be irrrprrsonecl or detained contrary to the law of the PetrikaU. See I'hilrkow. land ; that soliliers or irrarirrcrs bc^ not billeted in private PetrO-AleXaudrOVSk (pe ' tro - iil - ok - siill ' houses; and that commissions to punish soldiers arrd sail ors by nrartial law Ire revoked and no more Issrred" (,4c- laiiil 11,1,1 l:„,imn,e. Eng. Pidit. Hist., p. 88). Petit Nesle (pil'-te' nal). A smaller residence attaclied to the tlrainl Nesle, or Tour de Nesle, Petronell (po-ti'6-irer), in Paris. They stooil where the Irrstitute rrow starrds, op- posite the Louvre, at the soirth errd ot the Polrt dcs Arts. Both were inhabited by tire royal family at varioirs tirrres, and rrrrmeroua crimes were saitl to have beerr coirrmltted there. Cellini had his strrdio irr the Petit Nesle. Petit-Tbouars, Du. See Dupctit-Tltoitars. on Lake Onega 185 miles northeast of St. Peters- burg. It has a cannon-foundry, established by Peter the Gr-eat in 1703. arrd other manufacturirrg irrdustries. Pop- rrlation, 10,920. Petruchio (pe-tro'cho or -ki-6). In Shakspere's ■' Trrming of the Shrew." tlu' rough wooit and tamer of Katheriue. He subdues her by meethrgtur- bnlence with turbulerrce—remairring, how ever, entirely good-natrrrid himself. Fletcher intr-oduces hinr irr " The Womarr's Prize, or the Tamer Tamed" as the henpecked hnsbaird of a second wife, Maria. Petrus Lombardus. See Lombard, Peter. Petsh. See //»/.■. Petsik (pet'sik), orPehtsik. A collective name (sigiiifving Mip'or ' up-stream') applied by II10 AVeitspek lirdiarrslo thet^irorateair tribes on the Klamath above tire mouth of the Trinity, north- western California. Pettau (pet'tou). A town in Styria, Austria- Huirgarv, situated on IheDrave 15 miles south- east of Marburg. Population (1S90), 3,914. Pettenkofer (pet 'ten-ko-fer). Max von. Born Dec. :;, I.SIS: ilieil Feb. 10. 1901. A (ierinan elreirrist ami iihysiologist, proli'ssor cif nriMlical chemistry at Muirich : noted for his researches iir hygiene, especially iu ventilation, the spread of cholera, etc. Pettie (pet'i ). John. Bom at Edinburgh. March 17, 1839: died at Hastings, Feb. 21. 189.3. A British historical, genre, and portrait painter. He first exhibited at the Royal Academy irr ISfil. Ainontt his pictrrr-es are • Wlraf .1' ye Lrrck'.'" (1802), "A Iirrrnrhead Corrrt Martial" (181H). "Arr-csted f..r Witeher-aff (1800: this pictrrr'e decided the academy to elect him lo an asso- ciatcslrip: he was made a full member irr 1>74), ".lacobites irr 1746 •' (1875), "A Krriudit of the Severrteerrth Century, a portrrdt of William I'.laek (1887), "The Defiance, "Boir- nie Pr ilrco Charlie," etc. - ••_ x t> Pettigre'w (pi-t 'i-grfi). James Johnston, win in Tvrrol Countv, N. C, July 4. 1S28 : died near Winchesler.Va.', July 17. 18(i3. A Confederato general. He became brigadler-gcireral in 1862. and com- marrded llellr s ilivislon drrring the third dav's light at tiro battle of rlellysbirrg. taklrrg part iu fickett s charge. He ^^ _ , was fatally worrnded In a skirmish with the I'nion cavalry AttstHarsitYialed on the Danube 2:'! miles below in the retreat to \ irgioia Vienna N.'ar it are the ruins of the ancient Petty (i.et'i), S.r William. B^"' j^t Ro'"«ey. C.riruirturrr Hanrpshiri'. Englan.l, May 20, 1(.23: died at Lon- Petronius Arbiter (pe-trd'ni-us iir'bi-t.'T). don.l)ec.lG,l(187, An English statistician and Died probably al rout (36 A. D. A Roman author, political economist, llesldcd with the Parliament In vsk). .\ nrililar-y sialion in tire lerritor-y ot ir-Daria, Uiissiari Central Asia, situateil on -Arrrii-Darin about 30 miles east of Khiva. A village iu hower 800 Fharaoli the civil war. In IB'r^l he was professor of anatomy at Ox- ford, and professor of music at Gresham College. In 165' The second- Petty, Sir William nl-diih, the thigh of the bear.] magnitude star }■ Ursse Majoris. Phaedo (te'do), or Phaedon (fe'don). [Gr. i>ai. dun.} Born at Elis, Greece : lived in the first part of the 4th century B. C. A Greek philoso- pher, a disciple of Socrates. His name is given to a celebrated dialogue of Plato, which purports to be the last conversation of .Socrates, with an account of his death. The Phsedon, or last conversation and death of .Socrates, is certainly the most famous of all Plato's writings, and owes this renown not only to the infinite importance of the subject — the immortality of the soul — but to the touch- ing scenery and pathetic situation in which the dialogue is laid. Socrates and his friends in the prison, the calm cheerfulness of the victim, the distress of the friends, the emotions even of tlie jailor — these pictures »re only paral- lel ed in literature by theone sacrifice which was greater aud more enduring than that of the noblest and purest pagan teacher. Mahaffy, Hist, of Classical Greek lit, IL 186. Phaedra (fe'dra). [Gr. ^aMpa.] In Greek legend, the daughter of Minos and Pasiphae, sister of Ariadne, and ■svife of Theseus, noted for her love for her stepson Hippolytus. She was repulsed by Hippolytus, and calumniated* him to Theseus, thus se- curing his death. When his innocence became known, she committed suicide. She w as the subject of tragedies by Euripides, Seneca, and Racine, and of a lost tragedy by „ ^- „ 1 t T 1- >.c.,;.,.^i» ,..^ ^i,=^i...„o. Sophocles. of Canada 1883-88, governor-general ot India pfaUgraben (pfal'gra-1:>en). A long line of for- PhEednis (fe'drus). [Gr. "tazaoo?.] An Athenian, 1888-93, seoret;n-y ot state tor war 1890-1900, tifications built bv the Romans about 70 A. D. ^- ■ ' ■ '^ ■" — ■ ■ • ? secretary of state for foreign aliairs, 1900-. ^^^ protection against the Germans. They ex- Petun, Nation dU. See Tionontatl. tended from Batisbon northwestward to Giessen, Ems, Peucer (poit'ser), Kaspar. Bom at Bautzen, and Honningen. The chief fort was the Saalburg. Saxony, Jan. 6, 1525 : died at Dessau, Germany, Pfalz. See Palatinate. Sept. 25, 1602. A German Protestant theologian Pfalzburg (pfiilts'borG). A town in Lorraine, and physician, son-in-law of Melanehthon. He Alsace-Lorraine, situated among the Vosges 27 was imprisoned 1574-86 as one of the leaders miles northwest of Strasburg: formerly a for- of the Cryptocalvinistic movement. tress. It was taken by the Germans in Dee., Peucker (poi'ker), Eduard von. Born at 1870. Population (1890), 4,414. Sehmiedeberg, Silesia, Jan. 19, 1791: died at Pfeffel (pfef'fel), Gottlieb Eonrad. Bom at Pbaedrus. Lived in the first half of the 1st cen- Berlin Feb. 10, 1876. A German general, com- Colmar, Alsace, June 28, 1736 : died there, May tury A. D. A Roman fabulist, originally a mande'r of the army against the Baden insur- 1, 1809. A German poet and fabulist. Macedonian slave. His fables, in verse, were rectionists in 1849. He wrote "Das deutsehe Pfeiffer (pfif'er), Franz. Bom at Solothum, edited by Bentley, Orelli, MuUer (1877), Her lished a defense of his conduct. He was created marquis of Viluma, and was subsequently captain-general of New he was appointed physician to the army in Ireland, aud Cistile. x,» ™. , c cm s k -i about 1654 executed by contract a fresh survey, commonly PfaferS (pta'ters), or PfeffersCpfef ters). A vil- known as the Down Survey, of the forfeited lands granted lageandwatering-placeinthecantonof St.-Gall, to soldiers. He bought large tracts of land and estab- Switzerland, situated on the Tamina, near Ra- lished various industries. After the Restoration m 16bil „"',„':,' ,,„tli nf Cnire Tt is noted for its he was knighted. In 1663 he invented a double-bottomed gatz, 10 miles nortli ot Coire. it IS noiea lOT lis ship. He wrote "Treatise of Taxes and Contributions" hot springs and romantic gorge. (1662-8.=.). "Political Arithmetic" (1691), "Political Auat- pfaff (pfaf),01iristianHeinrich. BornatStutt- oniyof Ireland "(1691), etc. . „, i gart. Wiirtemberg, March 2, 1772 : ilied at Kiel, Petty, Wllham, first Marquis of Lansdo^ie ^^-^^^^^ April 24, 1852. A German physicist Bora atDublm,May 20,1, 3( : died May ,,180j ^^^ eheimst, brother of J. F. PfafiE: professor A British statesman. He was president of the board . vr\c\ frnm 17Q7 of trade in 1763; secretary of state 176C-6S and 17s2 ; and jiV ^' t^V^tT^ -p^o^^^T, Bnvn nt ^tuttcrnrt prime minister 17S-2-S3. He succeeded his father as sec- PfafF, Jobann Fnedncb. Born at btuttgart, ond e-irl of Shelbume in 1761, and was created marquis of ^^ iirtemberg, Dee. 22, l,ba: died at Halle. Lansdowne in 1784. Pi'ussia, April 20-21, 1825. A German mathe- Petty-Fitzmaurice (pet'i-fits-ma'ris), Henry, matician, professor at Halle from 1810 : noted third Marquis of Lansdowne. Bom 1780 : died ^^^ j^j^ analvtical works. Jan. 31, 1863. AnEnglish Liberal politician, son pfaffendorf "(pfaf 'fen-dorf ), Battle of (in 1760). of the first Marquis of Lansdowne. Hewaschan- Hee Lieqnit^ cellor of the exchequer ^^J^°'",l^.^^'J. Jfrrrf i Pfaffenbofen (pf af 'f en-ho-f en). A small town lord president of the eouncd 1830^. 183>^1, amn64t«. . irw,Benno^_^^ VP._^^ Bavaria, situated on the Dm 28 miles north of Munich. Here. April 15, 1745, the Austriaiis under Batthy^nyi defeatetl the French and Bavarians: and April 19, 1809, the lYencli under iiudinot defeated the Austrians. and a member of the cabinet (mthout office) ISo^SS. Petty-Fitzmaurice, Henry Charles Keitn, fifth Marquis of Lansdowne. Born Jan. 14, 1845. An English politician, governor-general a friend of Plato, from whom one of Plato's most famous dialogues was named. Tliere are few Platonic works more full of poetry, as Soi-rates, bv tlie shady banks of tlie Ilissus, and within view of tlie theatre of Dionysus, soars into a mighty dithyramb on theuature and effects of that divine impulsewliii h leads us to long for immortality and to seek after perfection. . . . There seems now to be a sort of general agrte- meut, even amon,' the Germans, that it was an early » ork. Mahaffy, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., n. 189. Kriegswesen der Urzeit" (1860-64) Peutinger (poi'ting-er), Konrad. Bom at Augsburg, Oct. 14, 1465: died there. Dee. 28, 1547. A noted German antiquary. He is best known from his discovery of an ancient map of the mili- tary roads in the Eoman Empire, called for him "Tabula Peutingeriana" (1753). Pevas (pa'vas), or Pebas (pa'bas). Indians of northern Peru, on the Maraiion and its tribu- taries. They formerly constituted one of the largest tribes of the Maranon, and the Jesuits estalilished many important missions among them, among others the town still called Pebas. They were probably of the Tupi stock, and perhaps a liraiich of the Omaguas. Pevensey (pev' en-si). A small seaport on the coast of Sussex, England, 22 miles east of Bright- on. It has the ruins of a castle, and is supposed to be the Roman Anderida. Peveril (pev'er-il) of the Peak. A historical novel by Sir Walter Scott, published in 1823. The scene is laid near the Peak of Derbyshire and elsewhere in England, in the reign of Charles H. Peyer (pi'er), Johann Konrad. Bom at Schaff- hausen, Switzerland, Dee. 26, 1653: died Feb. 29, 1712. A Swiss anatomist, the discoverer of Fever's glands. Peyronnet (pa-ro-na'), Charles Ignace, Comte de. Born at Bordeaux, France, Oct. 9, 1778: died at Montferrand, near Boreleaux, Jan. 2, 1854. A French reactionary politician. He was Switzerland, Feb. 27. 1815: died at Vienna, May vieux (1884), etc. 29,1868. A German philologist, appointed pro- Phaer (fa'er), Tho^^S. Born at Kilgarran, fessor of the German language and literature at Vienna in 1857. He is best known for editions of medieval German works, including "German Mystics of the 14th Century," etc. Pfeiffer, Madame (IdaReyer). Bom at Vienna, Oct. 15, 1797: died there, Oct. 28, 1858. An Aus- trian traveler and writer of travels. She traveled in Asiatic Turkey and Egypt in 1842 ; in Scandinavia and Ice- land in 1845 ; around the world 1S46-48, and again lS51-.^4 ; in Madagascar lS56-o8 (where she w;is imprisoned) ; and elsewhere. She published "Keise einer Wienerin in das Heilige Land "("Journey of a Viennese to the Holy Land," 1843), " Reisenachdem skandinavischen Norden" ("Jour- ney to the Scandinavian North," 1846), " Eine Frauenfahrt um die Welt "("A Woman's Journey round the World," 1350), "Zweite Weltreise" ("Second Journey rour ^ ^^ World," 1856), "Reise nach Madagascar " (1861), etc. Pfister (pfis'ter), Albrecht. Bom about 1420 : died about 1470. One of the earliest German printers. The conjecture that Pfister printed the Bible of 36 lines will not bear a critical examination. It is not enough to show that our first positive knowledge of the types and the copies of this book begins with Pfister and Bamberg. It still remains to be proved that Pfister made the types and Pembrokeshire, Wales : died there. 1560. An English translator. He was advocate for the Marches of Wales, andbecame a doctorof medicine at Oxford, where he was educated. In 1558 he published his translation of the "Seven First Books of the Eneidos of \irgil." He had begun the tenth book w-hen he died : nine books were pub- lished in 1562. He also wTote on various subjects, includ- ing law and medicine. Phaethon (fa'e-thon). [Gr. ^aiduv. the shining one.] In Greek mythology, a surname or the name of the sun-god Helios; also, the son of Helios and Prote. The latter obtained permission from his father to drive his chariot (the sun) across the heavens, but, being unable to check his horses, nearly set the earth on fire, and was slain bv Zeus with a thunderbolt, ,'^"™l'I'?."™»i\''.?"°'^ ""^ Phaethon, or Loose Thoughts for Loose Thinkers. A work by Charles Kingsley. pub- lished in 1852. PhalariS (fal'a-ris). [Gr. *d?.apic-.] A tyrant of Agrigentiim in Sicily from about 570 B. C. to about 554 or 549 B. c, notorious for his cruelty (notably his human sacrifices in a heated brazen bull). The spuriousness of a number of epistles which passed under his name was shown by Bentley. printed the copies. The proof is wanting and the prob- pjjj^jgj-yjjj (f^.le'rum). IGT.ia'/r/pov.l In an- abUitiesarestrongg^adverse.^^^^^^.^^^^^ geopaphy, a seaport of Attica, Greece, 1VC , ^^, X -n 1 A V i- -D * ot i,- south of Athens and east of Pmeus. Pfizer (pfit'ser), Paul AchatlUS. Bom at Stutt- piianagoria (fan - a - go ' ri - ii). [Gr. iavayopla.-] gart, Wurtemberg, Sept 1^^ 1801_: died at Tu- j,, a^eient geography, a Greek eolonv situated bmgen, Wiirtemberg, July 30, 186 <. A German ^^ ^^^^ j^j^j^^ ^^^ (.^Ued Taman. opposite the jiublieist and bberal politician. ^ _ _ ^ (^rimea ^t1u^re^ii-2l"andSn^sterof'1h; S.!Zl Pfordten (pfor'ten) Ludwig Karl Hei^ich piianariots(fa-nar'i-ots). [From Turk. r«««r, minister _. ^ --, 1830. He signed the " Ordinances " (which led to the revolution of July), and was imprisoned at Ham 1S30-36. Pizenas (paz-nas')- A town in the depart- ment of Herault, France, situated at the junc- von der. Bom at Ried, Upper Austria, Sept 11, 1811 : died at Munich, Aug. 18, 1880. A Ba- varian politician, premier of Bavaria 1849-59 and 1864-66. tiou of the Peyne with the H6rault, 25 miles Pforta (pfor'tii), orSchulpforta(sh61'pfor-ta). west-southwest of Montpellier: the Roman a state school 2J miles west of Naumburg, PiseennsB. It has a trade in brandy, Popula- Pi-ussian Saxony . It was established by the Saxon gov- tion (1891), commune, 6,720. ernment in 1543 in a Cistercian abbey. Itcame under the Pezet(pa-that'), Juan Antonio. Bom at Lima, Prussian government in ISIS. 1810: died there, 1879. APeru\-ian general aud Pforzheim (pforts'him). A town m the circle politician. He was prominent in the civU wars : was of Kar]sruhe, Baden, situated atthe junction minister of war under CastUla in 1859 ; was second vice- president in 1860; and first vice-president under San Roman, Oct. 24, 1862 ; and by the death of the latter be- came constitutional president, and was inaugurated Aug. 5, 1863. Soon after. Spain demanded from Peru a large indemnity for alleged injuries. Pezet endeavored to tem- porize, and on Jan. 27, 1865, agreed to an arrangement to which the Peruvian people were strongly opposed : this led to a revolt, and Pezet, to avoid a civil war, resigned Nov. 6, 1865, and lived abroad until 1871. of the Wiirm, Nagold, and Enz, 15 miles south- east of Karlsruhe : said to be the Roman Porta Here vnige. It is the leading manufacturing city of Ba- a quarter of Constantinople, so called from a lighthouse (NGr. (pavdpi) on the Golden Horn.] The residents of the quarter of Fanar in Con- stantinople ; hence, the members of a class of aristocratic Greeks, chiefly resident in the Fanar quarter of Constantinople, who held important official political positions under the Turks, and furnished hospodars of Moldavia and Wallachia. Also Fanariots. Phaon (ta'on). A boatman of Mytilene, the favorite of the poetess Sappho. According to the legend, when old and ugly he carried the goddess Aphro- dite across the sea and would accept no payment. For this she rewarded him with youth and beauty. Popula. Pezuela (pa-tho-a'lii), Joaquin de la. Born in Phact (fakt). [Ar.] Aragon, 1761 : died at Madrid, 1830. A Spanish star a Columbse. general and administrator. Hewent to Penias a colo- nel in 1805 ; rose to the rank of general ; succeeded Goye- neche in the militai-y command of Upper Peru, orBoli\ia; and in 1816 was made viceroy of Peru, assuming olflce July 7. Owing to his ill success in checking the patriots under San Martin, he was deposed by his own officers, .Ian. 20, 1^1. and soon after returned to Spain, where he pub- margrav fen, May 6, 1622, is now generally discredited, tion (1S90), 29,988. The second-magnitude Phsacia (ff-a'shi-a). [Gr. ^aiama, from n/a»:f f , ^Qi^/zv-fc, the inhabitants.] A mythical land repre- and bis reign has been placed between 420-428. Pharamond (fa-rii-mon'), ou I'Histoire de France. A novel by La Calprenede, published in 1661. Pharaoh (fa'ro). [L. PJiarao. Gr. ^apau. Heb. Paroh, from Egypt. Pir-aa, Pei-aa. great house. sented in the Odyssey as visited by Odysseus gee the quotation.]' Atitle'givento'the Egyptian ?." ''i?/^*^™ *^°™ '^''°y *° Itbaca: sometimes ^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^ mentioned by this name in'the Old identifaed with (^ orcyra. Testament are a contemporary of Abraham ; the patron Phaed (fa'ed), or Phecda (fek'da). [Ar./dAarf- and friend of Joseph ; the oppressor of the Hebrews (Jtar Pharaoh meses II. V): the Pharaoh who reigned at the time of the Exodus (Meni-phthah?) ; Pharaoh N'echo (see Necho); and Pharaoh-Huplira, known as Aprien or Uophra. Pharaoh appears on the monuments as pir-aa, 'preat house,' the palace in which the king liveil being used to denote the king himself, just as in our own time the" purte" or gate of the palace has become synonymous with the Turkish Sultan. Sayce, Anc. Monuments, p. 51). Pharisees (far'i-sez). [From Heb. jutra.sh^ sep- arate.] An ancient Je\N'ish school, sect, or party which was specially exact in its interpretation and observance of the law. both cauonical and tratUtional. Indoctrine the Pharisees lit-M to the resur- rection of the body, the existeiiceof aiigcls and spirits, the providence and decrees of (Jod, the canonicity and au- thurity of Scry>ture, and the authority of ecclesiastical tra- dition ; politically they were intensely .lewish, though not constituting a distinct political party ; morally tliey were scrupulous in the obBervauceof the ritual and regulations of the law, both mitten and oral. The Pharisees antago- nized John Hyrcanus I. (135-10.'» b. c), and as religious reformers bitterly opposed the coiruptions which had en- tered Judaism from the pagan religions. They were called Separatists by their opponents. In support of the au- thority of the law, and to provide for the many questions which it did not directly answer, they adopted the theory of an oral tradition given by God to Moses. Pharnabazus (far-na-ba'zus). Lived about 400 B. 0. A Persian satrap in Asia Jfinor. He was allied with Sparta against Athens during tlur last part of the Peloponnesian war, and aided tlie Athenians under Conon agiunst Sparta in 394 B. c. Pharnaces (fiir'na-sez) I, King of Pontus about 190-160 B. c. He conquered Sinope in 183. Pharnaces II. King of Bosporus, son of Mith- ridates the Great of Pontus, On the suicide of Mithridates in 63 B. C, he revolted and made himself master of that part of his father's dominit^ns lying along the Cimmerian Bosporus. He afterward invaded Pontus, but was defeated by Csesar at Zela in 47. He shortly after fell in battle. Pharos (fa'ros). [Gr. ^apoq."] An island op- posite ancient Alexandria, on which Ptolemy I. and Ptolemy II. Philadelphus erected the cel- ebrated lighthouse Pharos, one of the seven wonders of the world. ISee Alexandria. Pharpat (far'par). In Bible geography, a river of Damascus: the modern Awaj. Pharsalia (fJir-sa'li-a). [Gv. ^apaayia.'\ A dis- trict of Thessaly, ancient Greece, containing the citv of Pharsalus (which see). Pharsalia. An epic poem in ten books, by Lucan (M. Anna^us Lucanus), on the civil war between Pompey and Ca?sar, The scheme [of the Pharsalia] is prosaic, the treatment rhetorical, full of descriptions, speeches, and general re- flections; the style is artirtcially elevated*; the wliole pro- duction youthful and unripe, liut indicative of genuine power and lofty, generous motives. Tetiffel and Schwabe, Hist, of Rom. Lit. (tr. by Warr), U. 7& Pharsalus (far-sa'lus), [Gv.^apr^aior.'] In an- cient geography, a city in the district of Phar- salia, Thessaly, Greece, 23 miles south of La- rissa: the modern Fersala. it is celebrated for the great battle fought near it, Aug. 0, 4S B. c, in which ('aisar with 22,t)00 legionaries and l.OOn cavalry totally clefeated Pompey and his army of 45,000 legionaries and 7,000 cavalry. Phaselis (fa-se'lis). [Gr. ^air^^^f;-] In ancient geography, a seapori: of Lycia, Asia Minor, .sit- uated on the western shore of the Pamphylian Gulf (the modern Gulf of Adalia). Phasis (fa'sis). [Gr. f eoristruction, artful beauty of verse, skilful use of the Hinited means of appeal at the command of the dramatist, no play can Hiirpans " I'hedro"; and if it still is found wanting, a^ it undouldedly is by the vast majority of critics (including nowadays a powerful minority even among Frenchmen themselves), tlie fault lies rather in the style than in the author, or at least iu the author for adopting the style. SaiiUsburij, French Lit,, p. 303. Pheidias. See PhidioN. Phelps (felps), Austin. Born at West Brook- firld, Mass., .Fan. 7, 1S20: died at Bar Harbor, Maine, Oct. l^J, 1890. An American CouKretja- tional clorfrynian and author, professor at An- dover Theological Sominarvfrom 1H4S. His works include "New Birth "(18(17). ".Solitude of Christ "(ISiis), "Theory of I»i-eaching" (1881), "Fiiiglish Stylo in Public Discourse" (1883), "My Study " (1880), etc. C— r.I 801 Phelps, Edward John. Born at Middlebur\ , Vt., July 11, 1822: died at New Haven, Conn.. March 9. 1900. An American jurist and diplo- matist, son of Samuel Shethar Phelps. He In-- came professor of law at Yale in 18H1, and was United States minister to Great Britain 1885-,s9. Phelps, Samuel. Born at Devonport, Feb. 13, 1804: died Tiear Eppinj^s Essex, Nov. 6. 1878. A noted En^dish actor. He went on the stage in 1S28. playing in provincial theaters, but was not noticed until Oct., 18:i(i, when he appeared at Kxeter with great success. He made his first appearance on the London stage (Hay- market) in 1837; and iu IMi. in conjunction with Mrs. . Warner and Mr. Greenwood, he took Sadler's WellsTheatre, playing there until 18(12. He devoted himself to the revival of Shaksprre and the older dramatists, and perso- nated 30 of Shakspere's chai-actera, together with such parts ju- Sir Perlinax Macsyeophaiit. in which he was cele- brated. Phelps, Samuel Shethar. Born at Litchfield, Conn., May i:i. 17911: died at Middlebury, Vt., March 2;'i, 1855. An American jurist and poli- tician. Ho was United States senator from Ver- mont 1839-51 and 1853-54. Phelps, William Walter. Born a t Ne w York , Au*;. 24, 1839: die.l at Teaneck, Engle- wood, N. J., Juno 17, 1894. An American politician. He was a Republican member of Congress from New Jersey 1873-75; was United States minister to Austria 18S1-82; was a member of Congress from New Jersey 1883-89; and was minister to GenuanylS89-93. Phelps Ward, Elizabeth Stuart. See Ward. Phenicia, or Phoenicia (fe-nish'ii). [L.iVya«»r, Gr. 'I'oiviKr^j land of palms.] The strip of land extending from 33° to 36° N.lat. on the coast of southem8yria,betweeuMount Lebanon andthe Mediten-auean Sea. it was about 200 miles in length, and its width did not exceed 35 miles at the maximum; area, al)Out 4,00ii square miles. But the rivers (fed by the snows of Lebanon) which irrigated it, and the energy and enterprise of its inhabitants, made this narrow tract of landoneof themostviu'ifd in its products, and gave it a place in history out of proportion to its size. The princi- pal rivers were the Leuntes (the modern Litany), nortli of Tyre and theOrontes(the modern Nahrel-Asy)iti the north. The cedars of the moiu itains furnished build ing-material; the coast furnisliid sand for glass and the puriile snail for dyeing ; and the inland plains were covered witli orchards, gardens, and corn-fields. Though the coast-line was not deeply indented, the skill of the inhabitants secured them harbors. The ancient inhabitants of Phenicia, the Fha'- nicesof the classical writers (Pa?»t or /'(//li' designating the Cartliaginians). are now considered by many sctiolura to have been Semites of the Canaanite group, thouirh in Gen. X. 15 Sidon (Zidon), from whom the oldest city in tlie country derived its nnme, is represented as a descendant of Ham. They called themselves Canaanites, and their country Canaan. Acct^rding to classical writers they emi- grated from the Erythrean Sea. This would favor the assumption that the Phenicians were identical with the Punti of the Kgj'ptian monuments. The language of the Phenicians was closely akin to Hebrew. They wi)rshiped as principal divinities Baal ami Astarte, besides the seven planets under the name of Cabiri (which see). Phenicia never formed a single state under one head, hut rather a confederacy of cities. In the earliest period (1600-lHiO B.C.) .Sidon stood at the head of Phenician cities ; about lliK) Sidon lost the hegemony to Tyre ; in 701 Aradus was founded in the northern extreme of the country ; and from these three cities Tripnlia (the modern Tarablus) was set- tled. South of Tripolis old B> bins was situated, while Bery- tus f the modern Beirut) in the north did not become promi- nent before the Korann period. To the terTitor>' of Tyre lie- longed Ake or Acca (the modem Acre), later called Ptol- emais. Separated from the rest of Phenicia lay Joppa (the modern Jatfa), on the coast of Palestine, whicli tlie Maeeiibees united with J*alestine. The constitution of these Phenician townsliips was aristocratic, headed l)y a king. The earliest king of 'l'>-re mentioned in the Old Tes- tament was Hiram, a contemi>orary and friend of David and Solomon. After Hiram si.\ kings are supposed to have rnh'd until Ethbaal or Ithohal, the father of Jezebel, wifo of Ahab. Under Et hliaal's crandsoii, Pygmalion. content liuis about the throne led to the emigration of his sister Elista (Dith) In VergiDand the foundation of Carthage, the mighty rival of Rome. In the midOM7^.] In ancient Oriental mythology, a wonderful bird of great beauty, which, after living 500 or 600 years in the Ai'abian wilderness, the only one of its kind, built for itself a funeral pile of spices and aromatic gums, lighted the pile with the fanning of its wings, and was burne^upon it, but from its ashes revived in the freshness of youth. Hence the Phenix often serves as an emblem of immortality. Allusions to this myth are found in the hieroglyphic writings, and the fable survives in popular forms in Arabia, Persia, and India. By heralds the I'he- nix is always represented in the midst of flames. Pherae (fe're). [Gr. '^^pa/.] In ancient ge- ography, a city in Thessaly. Greece, 25 miles southeast of Larissa. It was important in the first half of the 4th century ii. c, under the tyrant Jason and his family. Pherecydes (fer-e-si'dez) of Syros. Born in the island of Syi'os: lived in the 6th century B. C. A Greek philosopher, sometimes reckoned among the seven wise men. Fragments of his work on cosmogony and theogony are extant. Pherkad (fer'kad). [Ar. ai-fcrqod, the calf.] The name of the third-magnitude star > Ursro Minoris. The Arabs called the two stars 3 and y al- ferqadein the two calves, but & is usually called Kochab. Phi Beta Kappa Society. [From the Greek letters <;!», /?, and k, theinitialsof thewordswhich fonn the motto of the society.] A literary so- ciety (nominally secret), established in several American colleges, to which students of high scholarship are admitted. It was founded at William and Mary College, Virginia, in 1776. Phidias (fid'i-as). [Gr. *e/(Jmf.] Born, prob- nbly at Athens, about 500 B. c: died about 430 Ii. c. A celebrated Greek sculptor, the son of Charmide S. He studied with Hegias of Athens, and later with Ageladas of Argos, who may nave come to Athens Id the time of Cimon. He became later, under Pericles, a counselor in political affairs at Athens, as well as chief sculptor, and w.is a sort of supervisor of public works. Among Iiis first works were the temple of Theseus, not detlnitely identified with the existing building, and a group of thirteen flgiu-es at Delphi, ordered by Cinion, sou of Miltiades, to commemorate the victory at Marathon, in whicli Miltiades was represented among gods and heroes. To thia early period are ascribed also the Athene at Pel- lene, the Athene Areia at I'lata^a, and the Athene Pronia- chos, or bronze colossus, on the Acn>polis. This figure was probably more than ;tO feet high, and could be seen for a great distance. The pedestal w.as discovered In 1845. The statue of Olympian Zeus at EUs, his greatest work, de- Si-riliedby Pausanias. is supposed to have been about 42 feet liigh, seatetland Indtlinff a Xike(Victor>')in his hand. The tiesh was of ivory and tlie drapery of gold, with inlaid or inscribed decoration. The throne it.^elf, wliich rose above the head of the statue, wus elaborately carved and deco- rated to the vei-y top. Both throne and statue were sur- rounded with statues and paintings. By 444 H. C. Phidias must have been in Athens, and intimately associated with Pericles in his transformation of the city. All the great monuments of Athens, including the Parthenon, were erected at this time, within a period not longer than 20 years. The work of Phidias culndnated In the Athene Parthenos. a chryseleidiantitu- (fold and ivory) statue of Athene in the cella of the Parthenon. It wa^ finished and consecrated in 438. The figure was about 38 feet high, standing, and held a Nike iu her right hand. The Varva- keion .\thene in .\then8(di8covered in lS81)repre9ent« the statue, but inadequately. The enormous expense of tliese works, whicli was paid with money exacted from the allies of Athens, brought both Pericles and I'hidiius Into disre- pute. According to Plutarch, I'hidias was accused of ap- propriating the mdd ilcvoted to the statue to his own tise. The k'old w:is removed, weiglied. and found to be intact. He \\:\A tlien accused of sacrilege in representing Pericles and himself on the shield of the goddess. i>n this accu- sation he was condemned, thrown Into prison, and died there, nossibly of poison. This nt<»ry. however. Is doubt- ful. Tiie actual style of Phidias Is beHr I'hilndelph'us.] Ill' ancient geography: (ff ) A city of Lydia, Asia Minor. 7S miles cast of Siuvrna. It contained one of the seven churches of Asia ndJ0. Philip IV. 1. An equestrian portrait by Ve- lasquez, in the Royal Museum at Madrid. The king, in corselet and plumed hat, holding his baton of com- mand, sits on a prancing charger. This is held to be Ve- lasquez's finest portrait. 2. A portrait by Velasquez, in the Lou-vre, Paris. Philip V. Born at Versailles, France, Dec. 19, 1683 : died at Madrid, July 9, 1746. King of Spain, grandson of Louis XIV^. of France, and second son of the dauphin : called Duke of An- jou until his succession to the Spanish throne in 1700 (by the will of Charles H.). His accession caused the War of the Spanish Succession. He lost Gi- braltar in 1704, and by the peace of Utrecht was obliged to cede the Spanish Netherlands, the Milanese, Sardinia, and Naples to Austria. He abdicated in favor of his sou Louis in 17'24, but on the death of the latter in the same year resumed the government. He was, during the latter "part of his reign, completely under the ascendancy of his second wife, Elizabeth Farnese of Parma. Philip (Marcus Julius Philippus), "The Ara- bian." Roman emperor 244—249. He celeorated the thousandth anniversary of the founding of Rome by a splendid exhibition of the secular games in 248. Philip, surnameil "The Bold " (F. " Le Hardi"). Bom Jan. 15, 1342: died April 27, 1404. Duke of Burgundy, younger son of John the Good of France. He obtained the duchy of Bnigundy in 1363. He was regent for many years in the reign of Charles VL Philip, surnamed '-The Good" (F. "Le Bon"). Born at Dijon, France, 1396: died at Bruges, 1467. Duke of Burgundy, son of John the Fear- less, whom he succeeded in 1419. As regent of France he signed the treaty of Troyes in 1420 ; was allied with England against Charles VII. until 1435 ; andacquired Holland and other territories. Philip, sumamed "The Magnanimous." Born Nov. 13, 1504 : died March 31, 1567. Landgrave of Hesse 1509-67. He introduced the EefomiatioD into Hesse in 1626; and was one of the founders of the Smalkaldic League 1630-31. He was imprisoned by Charles V. 1547-62. PhiUp, Duke of Swabia. Born about 1177: mur- dered at Bamberg, Gei-many. by Otto von AVit- telsbach. June 21, 1208. Youngest son of Fred- erick Barbarossa. He was elected king of Germany in 1198. but his rival Otto IV. was chosen emperor. A teu years' war with Otto ended in Philip's death. Philip, King (originally Metacomet). Killed at Mount Hope, Rhode Island. Aug. 12. 1676. An Indian chief, the son of Massasoit. He became chief of the Wampanoag or Pokanoket Indians in 1662; gave his name to King Philip's war against the New Eng- land colonists, which commenced at Swansea, June, 1675 ; prosecuted the war 1675-76 ; and was killed by a party under command of Benjamin Church. Philip, Herod. See Herod Philip. Philip, John Woodward. Born at Blinder- hook, X. Y., Aug. 26, 1840: died at Brooklyn, N. Y., June 30, 1900. An American naval officer. He was graduated at the U. S. Naval Academy in 1856 ; and was promoted commander in 1874, cajdain in 1889, commo- dore Aug. 10, 1898, and rear-admii-al inl899. Heconmiaiided the Texas in the battle ■ ilf Santiago, July 3; was temporary commander of the North Atlantic squadron ; and on Jan. 15. 1809, took command of the na^-y-yard, New York. Philip Augustus. See Philip IT. of France. Philiphaugh ( til'ip-hach), A place about 2niiles west of Selkirk, Scotland. Here, Sept. 13, 1645. the Parliamentarj- troops under Leslie totally defeated the Rovalist Highlanders under Montrose. Philippa(fi-lip'a). [L.,fem.ofP/'(7y>p««.l Bom about 1312 ; died 1369. Queen of Edward III. of England. She was the daughter of WUliani, count of Holland and Hainault, and married Edward in 132a Philippe EgalitI, Duke of Orleans. See Orlians. Philippe'Tille (fe-lep-vel'). A seaport in the- province of Constantine, Algeria, situated oa the Gulf of Stora 38 miles north-northeast of Constantine. It was founded by the French inlS.'iSon the site of the ancient Roman station Rusicada, and is an important commercial port for the trade of eastern Algeria and eastern Sahara. Population (1891), 15,950 ; commune, 21.962. , Philippeville. Asmalltown and former fortress in the province of Namur, Belgium, 23 miles southwest of Namur. It was taken by the Prus- sians from the French in 1815. Philippi (fi-lip'i). [Gr. ^i/.i-TTOi.'] In ancient Fhilippi geo^aphy, a city of Maoedonia, situated 73 miles east-northeast of Salouiki. it was named from Philip H. of Maredon, and is famous for the two battles in 42 B. (\ in whiuh Octavius and Mark Antony defeated tht repulilic:>ns innk-r Bmins and Cassius. A Christian church was fcinnded here tiy Paul, who addressed to the church the Epistle to the I'hilippians. Philippi. The eapital of Barbour County, "West Viririiiia. situated on Tyjrart's Valley Kiver. 80 miles south-southeast of VTheelinc:. Tlie Con- federates were routed here bvtheFederals June :i. isiil. I\>ind;ition aiKiO )."(>(;.'. Philippians (fi-lip'i-anz), Epistle to the. A letter addressed by the apostle Paul to the church in Pliilippi. He alludes in it to the close per- sonal relations uxistinp between himself and the members of that uhuroh, encourages them to remain in unity, and warns them against various dangers. It was probably written at Rome shortly before his release in O-'f. Philippics tli-lip'iks), The, A ^Toup of nine ora- tions of Demosthenes, tlirected against Philip of Ma«'edon. "The real adversary in all these famous gp^LL-hes is not so much the King of Macedon as the sloth and supineness of the Athenians, and the influence of the peace party, whether honest or bribed tiy Philip." (Ma- lnif;i,) They are the first Philippic, urging the sending of J m ilitary force to Thrace, delivered 3.*>1 B. c. ; three orations in behalf of the city of <-»Iynthus (destroyed by Philip), delivered in 349-348; the oration "On the Peace." 340; the second Philippic, 344 ; the oration "On the Embassy," 343; the speech ■• On the Chersonese," 341 ; and the third Philippic, 341. The name is also given to a series of four- teen (fratinna of Cicero against Mark Antony, delivered 44- 43 «.<-'. Philippicus(fi-lip'i-kus),orPhilepicus(fi-lep'- i-kus) (ori^nally Bardanes). Byzantine em- peror 711-7KJ. Philippine (nrip-in) Islands, or Philippines, Sp. Islas Filipinas (es'liis fe-le-x>e'nas). [Xamc'il after Philip II. of Spain.] An archi- pelago Ipng between the China Sea on the ^est and the Pacific Ocean on the east. Capital, Manila. It is situated to the eastof Annam and north- ea>t of Borneo, and is separated from Celebes on *he south ttythei'flfbesSea. The principal islands are Luzfm.Cama- rirt' s, Mimloro, Samar, I.eyte, I'anay, Negros, Cebu, Bohol, Miiiil:iii:ict, Palawan, and the Sidu Islands. The surface is hilly or mnnntainouB ; hiyht-st peak, 10,28'J ftet. The chief products are tobacco, hemp, cnffee, sugar, cocoa, and rke. The group was ceded by Spain ti the United States by tin- treaty of Paris, D'.-c. 10, 1898. The inhabitants are mot-tly ditlerent Malay tribes (Tagals.Visayas. etc ); there are also Chinese, Nei;ritos, and mixed ra< es. The nnminal reli- ^'iuri is Roman Catholic. The islands weri- disruvrred in 1521 In Mayalhaes, who was killed there. Setth-Miient was cumnu-nced in IfiGS. A native insuiTection against Spanish rub- bruke out in Ls96, was quelled l»y Jan., 1898, but auidn broke out under the leadership of Aguinaldo. after the battle of Manila, in May. 1898. In Feb., 1899, the insur- pent>; turned th«ir arms against the T'nited stat'-s. Area, 114. I'.t'i .s(|iiare miles. Population, i-stiTiiated. H.uiHt.oon. Philippopolis (fil-ip-op'o-lis). Turk. Filibe (fe'- le-be) or Felibe. [Gr. ^lAnrirdTro'/.i^^ city of Philip.] The capital of Eastern Kumelia, Bul- garia, situated on the Maritza in lat. 42° 10' N.. lonj;. 24° 4'')' E. It is a trading center, and has con- siderable manufactures. It is an ancient city, named aflt-r Philip II. of Macedon. It was occupied by the Russians in 1873. A revf»lution broke out there in 1885, resultinp in the union of Eastern Rumelia with Bulgaria. Population (188:.), 33,442. Philippoteaux (fe-le-po-to'), Henri Emman- uel Ffelix. Bom at Paris, 1815: died therf, Nov. 8, 1884. A French historical and battle painter. He painted the cyclorama "The Pe- ft'Hse of Paris." Philippoteaux, Paul. Bom at Paris. 1846. A French painter of oycloramas, son of H. E. F. Philippoteaux. Among his cycloramaa are "Battle of r;etty8burg"(1883), " Plevna," aiid "Falls of Niagara." Philipps (fil'ip«), Georg. Bom at Koni^'sber^% Prussia, .Tan. Q, 1804: ^lied at Vienna, Sept. 0. 1872. A (rcrinan jurist and Roman Catholic historian, professor at Munich 1833-47, at Inns- bruck 1849-r>l,andatViennal8r)l-72. Hischief \vo?k on canon lawis ** Kireheurecht"(184')-72), Philippsburg ftirips-boiG). A small town in tlie circde of Karlsruhe, Baden, situated at tlu^ jiinctionof the Salzbaeh with the Rhine, H» miles north of Karlsnihe. It has been often taken, nota- bly by the Imperiallsta in 1676 and by the French In lfl88, 17:tl, iirid 17i»9. Philippus (l^nnan ennicror). See I'hili/t. Philips (lil'ips), Ambrose. Bom 1071: died 1749. An Enfrlish writer. He was of a Leicester- shire family, and was educated at Cambridge (St. John's College), where he wnitc his "Pastorals " (17, etc. Philips, or Phillips (fil'ips), John. Bom at Bampton, Oxfordshire, 1676: died 1708. An English writer. He was educated at Winchester and at Oxford (Christ Church). "The Splendid ShiUing,"a burlesque of Milton's "Paradise Lost," appeared about 1703. In 1705 he published *' Blenheim. "also in imitation of Milton, and in 170*'' " Cyder." his most ambitious work, in imitatinu of Ver^ril"^ ■'"Cenrfries." Philips, Mrs. (Katharine Fowler). Born at London,. Jan. 1.1G:U: died June 22.1664. An Eng- lish letter-writer and poet. She was known as " the matchless Orinda," because of the sig-nature "Orinda" atiopted by her in a correspondence willi Sir Charles Cot- terell, wlioused the name of " Poliarchus." She also used the name as her usual signature. She translated "Horace ' and " Pomp^e," two of Corneille's plays, which, with a imm- ber of poems, were published in 107S. In her 8evetit<;enth year she married a Royalist gen- tleman of Wales, Mr. James Philips, of Cardigan Priory. , . . She seems to have ado])ted the melodious pseudonym by Mhich slie has btcuuu' knuwn tu postt-rity ni H151, (tvss'-, Hours in a Library. Philip van Artevelde. See Artrvckle. Philisides (U-lis'i-dez). In Sir Philip Sidney's "Arcadia," a shepherd whose name is formed from Sidney's own. In the volume of Spenser's poems pnblishetl in*15t>6 is a collection of laments for Sidney, aniontr which is a "Pastoral -l^glopue upon the Death of Sir Philip Sidney, etc., "in which each shepherd begins his lament with the words " Philisides is dead." It has been attributed to Sir Kdward Dyer. Philistia (li-lis'ti-a). In ancient geography, a (-•ountry southwest of Palestine, l>ing along the Mediterranean. The five principal cities were Asealon, Ashdod, Gaza, Gath, and Ekron. Philistines (fi-lis'tinz). A nation of Semitic (?) orifriu. dwelling in Philistia. They were frequently at war with the Hebrews, and reached their highest power in the reigns of Saul and David. Caphtor was the original home of the Philistines, as we learn from several passages of the Bible (Deut. ii. 23, Jer. xlviL 4, Aiuos ix. ?). In Genesis the reference to them has been shifted from its original place: it should fol- low the name of the Caphtorim and not of the Casluhim. The Philistines, in fact, were the garrison established by the E^'yptian kings on the southern bnrdcr of Palestine. The five cities whichthey held commanded the coast road from Egypt to Syria (Exod. xiii. 1T>, ami formed the start- ing-point of Eg>iftian conquest and domination in Asia. It was needful that they should be inhabited by a popula- tion which, though akin in race to that of Canaan, were yet subjects of the Egyptian Pharaoh and bound by ties of birth to the Plmraob s land. They came indeed from Ca- naan, biit nevertheless were not of Canaitn. As long as Egypt was strong their devotion to her was unshaken when she deserted them and retreated witliin the limits of her own territory they still prcser^'ed their individual- ity and refused to mix with the population that surrounded tliem. Sayce, Races of the O. T., p. 53. Phillip (fil'ip), John. Horn at Aberdeen, April 19, 1817: died at London, Feb. 27, 18G7. ASeot- tish painter. He exhibited "The Letter-Writer of Se- ville at the lloyal Academy in ISM. lie was made asso- ciate royal academician in isr.?, and royal acadeinieian in IS.'i!). fie was especially divnlcd to Spain and Spanish subjects. Phillips (fil'ips), Adelaide. Born at Stratford- on-Avon, England, 1833: died at Karlsbad, Oct. 2, 1882. An American singer. Her voice was a con- tralto. She made her dt^but Sept. 25, l»4;s at the Boston Museum, aa Little Pickle. She appeared at Barnum's Mu- seum, New York, as a juvenile dafiseuse. and was an nouneed as "the Child of Avon." She apjicared in Phila- delphia in 1846, at tin- Walnut Street Tlieater, as Rosa in "John of Paris." In ]Sr.n, un Jenny I.lnd's advice, she went to London and studied witli Gareia. In IBM she ap- peared in opera at Milan, and in IS^O at New York ir 'Ml Trovatore." She appeared in Paris later in the same pnrt, under the assumed name of "Mile. Filippe." After this Bhesangln almost \\\\ the principal cities of the world, but was particularly aihuired in America. Her last appear- ance was in 1881- Jler sister .Mathihle was also a contralto singer. Phillips (fil'ips). John. Born at Andover. Mass., l>ee. 6, 1719: died at Kxeter, N. II., April 21, 1795. An American mereIiant,fonnderori']nllip3 Academy in Kxeter, and one of the founders of l^hillips Aendeiny in Andover. Phillips, John. Born at ^fardon, Wiltshire, ]).•<_■. LT), 18(10: died at Oxford, AjumI 23, 1K74. An English ireolo;rist. lu l.s:« he Iieeame pmfessor of geology at Kind's Collcire, L. An American politician, jndpe, and merchant, nc]dn'\vnf .Tnlm I'iii Hips (1719-95): the principal fniiiidrr of I'hillijis Acatlemy in Andover. Phillips. Samuel. Horn ISl.'c died at iiriRh- ton, Oct. 14, lHr)4. An Kn^lish writer, son of a Jewisli tradesman in Hegent street, Loiwlon. He was educated at rnlversKy College. I»nditn, and at flid- tink'en, and resldecl at Sydney SuHsex CollcKe, CambridKO, for some time with a view of taktiiK orders. His llrsl novel. " Caleb Stukdv." appeared In " lUaekwood's Ma>{a- zhie"(lS*l). In 18i:! and 1^(1 he was indlt|c»l editor of the " Morninp Hcndd," and was liteniry critic to the ' ' Times" 1B44-&4. " Kssays from the Times" wore published Philoctetes In 1853, and in 1854 in Murray s " Reading for the BalL* Hewas proprietorand editor of the "John liuir'newBpaper 1845-ie, was one of the originators of the tTystal PaUce Company, held various offices in connection with it, and in 1S52-M was its literarj* director and wrote several of iu •-Mune-ljookh. Phillips, Stephen. Bom at Somerton, near (Kxlord, July J>, 1868. An English poet and playwright. He was on the stance 1880-92. Ue has written "Poems" (1K»7>, "Paolo and Francesca" (18'jy), "Ucrod" (1900), etc Phillips, Thomas. Born at Dudley, "Warwick- shire, Oct. IS, 1770: died at London, April 20, lK4o. An En;;Ush painter. Heleamwiplass-painting at liirmintrham, and was employed on the window of St, Geortre's Chapel at Windsor. He went to Lon^lon in 1790; exhibited inl7;»2;andwasniade associate royal academician iBlS04,androyalacaileniicianinl8*iS. In lvJ4 he succeeded Fuseli as professor of painting at the Royal Academy; re- signed in 1632; and publish'd his lectures on "The History and Principles of Painting" in lb33. He was successful as a portrait-jiainter. Phillips, Wendell. Bom at Boston. Xov. 29. isll: died at Boston, Feb. 2, 1884. A noted American orator an- Society 1865-70. He was also a prominent advocate of woman sulfra^e, penal and labor reform, etc. In 1870 he was the candidate of the labor re- formers and prohibitionists for governor of Massachusetta, His speeches were published in 1863. Phillips. William. Bom May, 1775: died 1828. An Enirlish mineralogist and geologist. Hepub- li>ht'd " Outlines of Mineralogy and Geology " (1815); "In- troduction to the Knowledjre of Mineralogy " (1816) ; and, conjointly with W. D.Conyheare,'" Outlines of the Geology of England and Wales "(1822), etc Phillips Academy. 1. A preparatory school for boys, situated at Andover. Massachusetts: founded by John and Samuel Phillips in 1778. — 2, A preparatory school for boys, sittiated at Exeter, New Hampshire: founded by John Phil- liiisin 17S1. Phillipsburg ('fil'ips-b^rg). A town in Warren t'ounty. New Jersey, situated on the Dtdaware, opposite Kaston, 55 miles west of Newark. Pop- ulation (19(K»), 10,052. Phillis. See PhylliSy 2. Philo, or Philo Judaeus (fi'16 jo-de'us) ('the Jew'). [Gr. (/wr.] Born, probably at Alex- andria, about 20 B. c. : died after 40 A. D. A Hellenistic Jewish philosopher of Alexandria. He went to Rome about 4» A. i».,at the head of an enibasi^y of five Jews, to plead with Caligula for the uninterrupted exercise of their religion. The object of Philo . . . is to harmonize the philoso- phy of reliirion, which he had derived from a stuity of Plato. Aristotle, iiiid other eminent heathen writers, with the let- ivv of the books attributed to Moses. And he etfects this reconciliation by an unliniited licence of alleporj'. This mode of dealin;; with ancient writers is justified not only !>y the practice of the Pharisees in Paleatine. as we infer from the example of St. Paul, but also by the licence uf the Greeks in dealing with their own mythology in general, and with Homer in particular. K. O. MiiHer, Hist, of the Lit of Anc. Greece. III. 175. [(Donaldion.) Philobibloil(fi-lo-bib'lon). A treatise on books }iy Kic'liard Aunp'rville (often called Ri<'hard of Bury) bishop of Durhatn and chancellor of Kdward HI. it waa finished in 1345; was printed at Cologne in 1473; and has been reprinted at Paris in 1.^00, and at Oxfortl in 15i>9 (tlie same as the 5th Paris edition). John Inglis translated it into English in 1832. In 18f>6 (t was collated by M. Ilippolyte Coiberis and translate*! into French. In 1861 an American edition was puhlishe*! at Albany by Samuel Hand; and the GroHer Club iu New York ]>rinted the Latin text with a new translation by Andrew Y. West (lS8!t). Philo Byblius(hih'li-iis)Cof ByblusM. Lived ahout 100 A. 1>. A grammarian from Bj'blus in Phenicia. See the extract. Philo. a native of ilyblos, at the foot of Mount I>ebanon. obt;iined a considerable reputation as a li anted gramma- nan at Chf end <>( the hrsl and at the beginning of the second cfntur>' of our lera. Hi- wan bt.»rn, i( secni>. in the rel^'u of NtTo. and lived long t ntMigh to write ultotii Ha* driau. It is nrobalile that he was estaldifhed at Home. ii> a client of Iferennins Srverus, who obtained the consul- sbii*. prtibabty as coimut ttuiict'tun, about tin- year VIA A. P.; for Philo bore the name of Herenntns, and i^ appiirently confused with tlds nobli> Kuuian by Sniilu.** or one of hts nulhorltlcs. Besiilcs works on hi»to(hal work ni which he endeavours tit bIu.w that all the heathen nations liorrowtHl their tnidltional learning from the .lews, ^ivesanaeeount of the ancient mythology of the PlMcnictans. on the au- Ib- I ity of a translalion in nine iHioks by Philo of llyhlos (roui ihi- PbaMileiim hlst*u-yof Snncbonlatluui of Hcrytus. who was placed in the time of Sumiranib and before the Tioiaii war. A*. O. Mullrr. Hist, of the T.lt. of Anc. Oreocc, III. 2.1B Philoctetes (fil-ok-to'te/.). [Or.*/>nh-r//rw.] In (Ireek letT'iid. n (Jreek warrior in the Trojan war, fnmons as an archer. He was the friend and armor-bearer of Hercules, and set Arc to the funeral pile Philoctetes of that hero. He was woimded either by a serpent or ac- cidentally bv one of the poisoned arrows given him by Her- cules, and was left to die on Lemnos. The legends about him var>-. He was made the subject of a play by Sopho- cles. FMlolaUS (fil-o-la'us). [Gr. ;?.o/aor.] Lived in the 5th century B. C. A Greek philosopher, one of the chief of the Pythagoreans. Frag- ments of his Tvorks are extant. Philomela (fil-o-me'lii). [Gr. *(?.o////P.a.] In Greek legend, the daughter of Pandion, sister of Procne, and sister-in-law of Tereus. She was metamorphosed into a nightingale or a swallow. See Procne. Philomela. A novel by Robert Greene, pub- lished in 1592. The most beautilul, however, and best known of Greene's productions is his "Philomela" other^vise called "lady Fitzwater's Nightingale." in honour of the Lady Fitzwnter to whom it is addressed ; "being penned," as the author says in the dedication, " to approve women's chastity." Dunlop, Hist, of Prose Fiction, II. 557. Philopatris (fi-lop'a-tris), or the Taught. A dialogue designed to discredit Chi-istianity, at- tributed to Lucian, but probably by another hand. PhilopCEmen (fil-o-pe'men). [Gr. *jAon-oop,3af.] In Greek le- gend, son of Lapithes. He freed the Ehodians from a plague of serpents, and was honored by them as a ben>. He was placed in the heavens as the constellation Ophia- chusC'the Serpent-holder'). According to another legend he WDS a famous boxer, but having challenged the gods to contend with liim was slain by Apollo. of the planet Mars, discovered by Asaph Hall at Washington, in Aug.. 1877. This extraordinarj- body revolves in the plane of the equator of ilars, at a distance of only about 3,7UO miles from the surface of the planet. At the equinoxes it is in eclipse about one flith of the time: at the solstices it does not suffer eclipse. It revolves about its primary in 7h. 39m. Us. ; and, as Mars revolves on its a.vis in over 24 hours, the satellite must appear to an ob- server on Mars to rise in the west and set in the east. At a station on the equator of Mars(where the satellite always passes through the zenith), it wUl, out of its lib. 6m. 233. of period, pass only 3h. 20m. above the horizon. Phocaea(fo-se'a). [Gr. (j/ca(a.] In ancient geog- raphy, a city in Ionia, Asia Minor, situated on the ^Egean Sea 28 miles northwest of Smyrna. The inhabitants emigrated in large numbers after an at- tack by the forces of Cyrus the Great in the 6th century _ B. c. It was the mother-city of Marseilles. Born'^at MegalopoUs, Arcadia^ Greece, about Phocaea (fo-se'ii). An asteroid (No. 25) discov- 952 B. c. : put to death at Messene, 183 B. c. A ered bv Chacornac at Marseilles, April 7, 1853. pT,„„„},„„ic rfos'fo rus) ■ • ■ ■ " „,,,., X . .„^ _,_.,,-,, . . [Gr. 6)«'(jr.] Born about •','^."^.".1 T., /^—-.-i- ~^ general of the Achjean League, called "the Last Phocion (fo'shi-on) of the Greeks." He was distinguished at the battle of Sellasia 225: or 221 ; was several times general (first in 20S) ; defeated the Spartans at Mantinea about 207; and defeated Nabis, tyrant of Sparta, in 192. Philosopher of Ferney, The. Voltaii-e : he re- sided many years at Ferney, near Geneva. Philosopher" of Malmesbiiry. The. Thomas Hobbes : he was born at Malmesbm-y.^ngland. Philosopher of Sans Souci, The the (Trt-at ; so iianiPd by himself. Philosopher of ■Wimbledon,The. HomeTooke. Philosophical Club. See Soyal Society Clid). Philostorgius (fil-o-stor'ji-us). Bom in Cap- padoeia about 364: died after 425. A Greek ecclesiastical historian. Philostrate (firos-trat). A character in "A The. ' [Gr. opKlStg.'\ See the extract. Three daughters of Phorkys (Darkness) and Keto(The Abyss). Their names were Deino, Pephredo, and Enyo : Hesiod, in his Theogony, gives only tlie two last. They were also called the GraiBe. They were said to have iu common but one eye and one tooth, which they used alter- nately, and to dwell at the uttennost end of the earth, where neither sun nor moon beheld them. They represent the climax of all which Greek imagination has created of horrible and repulsive. Taylor, Xotes to Faust. [Goethe transforms Mephistopheles into a Phorcyad in the second part of Faust.] Phormio (for'mi-o). A comedy by Terence: so called from the name of one of its characters. Phosphorists (fos'fo-rists). In Swedish literary history, a poetic school, of romantic tendency. in the first part of the 19th century : so named from their organ "Phosphoros." The leading writer of the school was Atterbom. [Gr. ^uapi';m.] In ancient geography, a eoiintry in Asia Minor, of varying boundaries. In the Persian period it comprised Lesser Phrygia on the Hellespont, and Great Phrygia in the in- terior, bounded by Bithynia and Paphlagonia on the north, the Ualys on the east, the Taurus on the south, and Mysia Lydia, and Caria on the west. Later the fialatians settled in the northeast portion. The inhabitants (Phrygians) are of undetermined origin. The country was overrun by the Cimmerians in the 7th century B. c, and was ruled later by Lydia, Persia, Macedon, and Rome. Phryne(fri'ne). [Gt.^pvi'?i.'] Lived in the middle of the 4th century B.C. A celebrated Athenian hetaira. She is supposed to have been the model of the picture "Aphrodite Anadyomene " by Apelles, and of the statue of the Cnidian Aphrodite by Praxiteles. According to the legend, she was defended, on a capital charge, by her lover Hyperides; and when he failed to move the judges by his oratorj-^ he bade her uncover her bosom, and thus secured her acquittal. grandson of Aaron. Phipps (fips), Constantine Henry, Marquis of Normanby. Born May 15, 1797: died at Lon- don, July 28, 1863. An English statesman and writer, son of the first Earl of Mulgrave. He 1. In Greek Phryne before the" Areopagus. A painting legend: (a) A brother (or father) of Europa: re- _by Gerome (1861). puted ancestor of the Phenicians. Amyntor and Hippodamia. He was intrusted by Peleus with the education of Achilles, whom he attended during the Trojan war. 2. See Phenix. was educated at Cambridge (Tnnity College), and entered phrenix. The capital of Arizona, a City m Man- Parliament for Scarborough at the age of twenty-one. He „ /'^„„+,- ■D.,^„i„f;n„ /^Qnn^ ^ -< < published his first novel, "Matilda/' in 1825, and in 1S28 copa County Population (1900). o,M '■ Yes and No." He succeeded his father as Earl Mul PhoeniX, John. The pseudonym of George grave ; was made captain-general and governor of Jamaica Horatio Derb V. in 1831; w-as made lord lieutenant of Ireland in 1835; phoenix The." An old London theater in St. was created marquis of >ormanby in 1838; and was colo- ,-,-, ■^^' ., ^A. ,;• ,, ,i j « , -^ „ial senretai-i- and bomp ser-retn.^- siirrp.ssivelv. in T.ord GlleS-in-tlie-i ICMS. It was altered from a COCkpit, and was sometimes called by that name. In 1583 it was nial secretary and home secretary, successively, in Lord Melbourne's administration. From 1846 to 1852 he was ambassador at Palis, and from 1854 to 185S at Florence. one of the chief places of amusement 1649. Force t dom in disguise like Harun-al-Rashid. the British navy in 1765, and in 1773 commanded an ex- pedition in search of the northwest pass.age, which was -p-u™-,-- oriH Tnrtip T'hp A nopm bv Shak stopped by ice in lat. 80' 48' X. He wrote a 'Journal of irhoeniX ana lUTCie, ine. ^ poem m oudK a Voyage toward the North Pole " (1^''4). Phips, or Phipps (fips). Sir William. Born in Maine, Feb. 2, 1651 : died at London, Feb. 18, 1694. Governor of Massachusetts 1692-94. He captured Port Royal in 1690, and in the same year com- manded an unsuccessful expedition against Quebec. Phiz (fiz). See Browne, HahJot Knight. Phlegethon (flej'e-thon). [Gr. ^7jr)'i6av, the flaming.] In Greek mythology, a river of fire in the lower world, which flows into Acheron (6) Son of Plirynichus'(frin'i-kus). [Gr.^pvvixo^.'^ Flour- ished 500 b: c. An Attic poet, one of the founders of Greek tragedy. Phrynichus of Athens (512-476) still used only one actor, but improved the organisation of the chorus, sometimes subdividing it into smaller bands, one of which might represent a group of maidens, another a group of elders, or the like. One of his choral performances represented the "Capture of Miletus,"the chief town of Ionia, in the last year of the Ionian revolt (494 B. C). The Athenians were so moved, Herodotus says, that they fined the poet, who had set before them the sufferings of their kinsmen, "for reminding them of their own misfortunes." In his "Phoe- nissse "(476 B. c.) Phrynichus celebrated thedeeds of Athens in the Persian wars : one group of the chorus represented Phoenician women who had been sent to the Persian court, while another group represented Persian elders. ye6?., Greek Lit., p. 72. Phthia (thi'ii). [Gr. ■Wi>.] A region of ancient Greece, mentioned by Homer, whence Phthio- tis is named. ; it was destroyed in spere, first published in an appendix to a book _*'* j^. ^t^^f!^: -,^ , ro *« - i t., „^„;o„f called "Love's Martvr,"bv Robert Chester, in Phthiotis(thi-o'tis). [Gr *0™rr'l^th''Grtk me"; n'V"^"^^^^^^ ruWs. ^'i\ ided n Polandwith thedeath.o,Casi„,irlII ^a\ Bari.'ltaly. 1728: died at Paris, May 7. 1800. *.W m^nner't^be m^^^ [,V,:,70,bu. . ontinuedson.eceuturieslonger.n Ma.ov,aand ^^^ jj^i;^^ composer of opera. In 177C he went to of KvrTnrfrom whence Amasis had obUuned a wife. siksia. „ , Paris, and then arose the famous quarrel between his fol- of h-yrenc, irom w 5a„cc, Kaces of the O. T., p. W. piatigorsk. See Pya^f/ora/;. lowers and those of Gluck, which absorbed the public. , .^ ^ --' T 1 T f- il„r,.,„1 Piatra fvie-a'tra) A town in Moldavia, Buma- Among his works are "La Cecchina ossia la Buona Fl; PhvUiS (IJl is). [Gr.*!//"!:.] 1. In Greek lof^end, Fiatra (pe a t™ • /^ >• ;, j. gUuola" (1760), which had a great success: " Ro and thf betrothed wife of Demophon. Because be ll'a^Slt''''t«^'} ,''" *''^ ^'^[1. t ,,W1™I( ^''O 000 ^j-^g); "Atys-dTsO); and, in opposition to Gluck, •• Iphl- f»ifed to keen his promise to come and many her on a southwest of Jassy. Population (IbJU), r"'"""- it.„ie en Tauride "(ITSIV Glucks opera, however, was the certain day she hung hLrlelf, and w.as metamorphosed pj^tt (pi'at). Donn. Born at Cinemuali, Juiie ^^^.e successful. He rfied in great poverty, into an almond-tree. . 09 1819 : died lit Cleveland, Ohio, ^ov. IL, l»Jl. pjggjjj^jjjjjjjj (pjk-ko-lom'e-iie). An Italian no- 2 In pastoral poetry, a conventional name lor .^ American journalist. He was in 1851 app.>intcd y^jp familv, a branch of which settled in Ger- a maiden. Also spelled Fhilli.i. ,„,, „, the Court of Common Pleiis iii Hamilton County, goth lines became extinct in the 18th Phvsical Force Party. A name sometimes Ohio, and later secretary of legation at Paris; he sen ed on • ^&ot"''fun.,I,Xnd party, after (V^^^^^^^ -^-^^i^^^^^l;^!^:^^ fj^^^ p'iccoiomini. Die. ["The Piccolomini.'] A nell's repudiation ..t the use ot forc^e about 184,5. ''"'"''".'d edited it for two years. He wrote - Memoirs tragedy bv Schiller (1799), forming the second Kiysick ((iz.'ik), Philip Syng. Born at Phila- l,j« ^J jjen who Saved the fnion" (1887), and "The Lone », .^- ^^^-^ i,.ii,-,„v of " Wallenstein." de1phia,July7,17(3S: ,Uea at Pliiladelpliia, Dec. Grave of the Shenandoal." (1888). Dnnrhom Piccolomini, Maria. B(uu at Siena, 1836: died 15,1837: An American surgeon and physician: Piatt. John James ,i ''l'" 'iy^^^'^uAm^S at' Flo^.^: Dec, 1899. An Italian opera- sometiraes called" the Father of American Sur- County, Indiana March 1183o. AuAmoican descendant of the famous family of eery.-' ^ ^ ^. , P^^h' r. J'"<™r-n>«"v. that name. Her first appearance on the stage was at pWolOgUS (fiz-i-ol'o-gUS). AbestiaiT, OrCOl- » 'he.«oUse.,f^l^^^^^^^^^ ^ ,„„. ,.,^^^.„^^ j„i „,« earnhal of (8.'.;!.,as,Luerezia torgia lection of allegorical fables on animals. These ?'i,X 4urw u nowells, "Poems of Two Mends" HerLondondebut was at Her Majesty sTbeat em were widely read ft. the middle ages The word was some- "^■4y:estsat Washington (.8«), La Traviata^ In I808 « ^ ""^t n S lid soon aJtfr Umes used as if it were the name of the author. \j '.bUshed also " P<.ems in Sunshine and 1- ircj gt much admired. S '«<=', "f,™Be in IKOO, anu 500 . A Physiologus a^ribed .» Epipha^ius w. pubUs^^^^^^^^ ^Cdn'i^k:' eVc ■^S^^^s T^^^^Z ^ p^c^loS Wnce U^^^^ Bom 1.599 : died ls:^^^^'::\^i^ms^o^^^^:^^^"^ (is^fsfTh'eVhfdrLoj^^ Sise, which wascondemned'asapocryphal ajad hereti. 1S.1) "At '^^ Uo'v " ^:^^1'^^ ('^^^^.i^'-j^. go^^ ^t Years' War, in the Imperialist, and later ,n the calbyPopeGelasiusIL inacounciloftheycar496. Theie Pjatt, Mrs. (Sarah morgan iSl^an;. ouiuau g . j^ service. He was inslrument,,nna in "'' . , .. voyage to the Fortunate Isles, etc ""» ' T>icrnr-ro fripk dii me-de' d6 be- the Old French of Philippe de Thaun at the iKg.nning of P°t."f .. „,, P^/^X.tS'a -World Ballads " (1887), "The f;Or' ) or ds BagnfereS. [!•., 'southern peak of "Le l',estiaire Divin." of Guillaume, ^^^.^^;;"'}:^";^ll> \V'itd. in the Glass, etc." (18S8), etc. . . Bigorre.'] A mountain in the PjTenees depart- fr''^^^'di;ons'tfken"f;ort°he plt'^^ effound 'thel; PiaiAy, or Pia'uhl (pe-ou-e'). 1. A. river in „e^,tof Hau,es-Pvr.Mu.e^,France,20m.lessouth w'yaKtothe-SpeciZm the state of Piauhy, Brazil, whu-h joi.is the of Tarbes. Height. 9,-MO feet. Beiuvais. Our Old English Bestiary contains few Norman c^ninde about lat. C° 30' S. Length, about 3.>0 pj^. ^^ jjj^ d'OssaU (do-so' ). [F., 'southern words in its vocabulary ; and Dr. Morris believes that it _2. A state of Brazil, lying southeast of ]^ £ Ossau.'l A mountain in the Pyrenees, jayhaye.been written by the author of the poems of ™;^^;^go and northwest of Pernambuco and [, artment of Basses-PyrtW-es, France, So °""^*" """ ^-j/orto, English Writers, m. 334. Bahia. Area, 116,218 square miles. Popula- ,„iies south of Pau. Height, 9.46o feet. , - .. 1 / -x' \ ^„„,.;„f.« ;„ tl,P tion estimated (18941, 300.009. Picenum (pi-se'num). In ancient geography, Piacenza (pe-a-chen'za). A province^ m the t'^^^^^^i.'??^^)/ A river of Venetia, Italy, which ^''^f^X- - in Italv, Iving between the Adriatic compart iraento of Emilia, Italy, nearly cone- ^.1^^® X, ^7^^;^ oq ^iies east-northeast of and the Apennines. Capital, Asculum. It was sponding to the former duchy of Piaconza JSee J? "^ *':*\^"'^^^5j;t pjavis. Length, about 130 Siunded l.fPmbria on the norlhwest and west, the Sabines Parma, Durlm of.) Area, 954 scxuare miles. \ ; uKe. tne ancitni itj & , on the southwest, and the Vcstini on the soiith It was Population (1891), 228,827. t?" '/•=,'»> TliA An arcade occupying reduced by Rome in 208 b. c, and took part m the SochU on the Po near its junction with the Trebbia, ket m London. ^^^ 1^5oru at Santiago de los Catialleros. Dec. in lat 45° 3' N , long. 9° 40' E. : the ancient it was first called "the Portico Walk," but . . . hiuslone oQ, 1799 : died at Havana. 18 (9. A Cuban author. PKcentia Its noted buildings are the Church of .San home the quaint name of ''ii^f '■."» "P™ '•"■■"''°'' '''"^ He published several geogl-aphical works on Sto the caVhedraT(consecrated in 1133), an.l the Palazzo those which line the streets of l'^1««'^^;V«^„,,„„ , .,0. Cub.a, and a dictionary of Cuban provmcialisms Communale. It received a Roman colony 219 B. c. ; was ' (3d ed. 1862). Dearly destroyed by the Gauls 2«0 B. c , was the meet- p. ^ ,1 gicmoria (pe-iit'sa del'lii sen-yo- p\„-i,p_„ (ue^h-srii'), Charles. Bom at Ar- iTn^difthelttre'^lnd'SedwIna.n™^ ^^^Ifor PiLzl'del Gran Duca (del griui dr.'- ^.^^iJi^f l^.a^'^^i-l^^^ee, Feb. 10 1761: committed SeriSunderbichtenstein defeated the united FYench ^^j, [It.,' place of til,, government' or of the ^„i,.ije (or was assassinated !) in prison April and .Sp.™iah troops here .lune 16, 174(i. Population(l89.), g^and duke.'] The chief ptibbc stiuaro in I' lor- r, ^^04 a French general, distinguished as ^^za. Duke of. See Leyrun, Carles Fran- ^ence^ ^^^ ^^^, ^^,^,^^ ,p,, 't^^'^^l^L^ til^l'V^^th' in'l'^; and'esl i"!"- ^ „ „, ,„ of the people.'] A sc|uare in the northern part ,„.^.iaiiy i,i Beigiuni in 1794. He conmicred the PiaceVOle Notte. heeStraparola modern Home, where the Corso begins. 'Netherlands in 179.-.; suppressed the Germinal insurre*. Piaggia(|>e-iid'.ia).CarlO. Bon atLucea,Ital>, -"^ '"""', j Snagna (dC. siian'vii). A public ti.m in Paris, April, 179,s : was a .mmber of the Cm^^^^^^^ 1830- died in Siniiaar, 1882. Aif Atrican trav- i-iazza ai opagud, ^ 1 - ', '[ii.u^.e y^^ Hundred ; and wa.s implicated in the conspin. j of e er ;n;rcoll..ctor. He'went young to Egypt- learned s-iuaix. m l^.nn- "^^ „ ' , J ^'^.'^ Ted ;"' a Fruetid,,r(.797> H.M;ng^edinanunsuccessfulconspin.cy |^r^^SSIal\^5^^wi;ilSy:;ir;:!:,(^^ ;:irt^i:Z^.::^ibegn;a,.li^it of steps lead- ^^^^^:CX:m. r AvolcanoinEctia- Mand 1871 76: and went with Gessi to the lakes of the ;, ^^ the " Trinita de' Monti." ,,ur. northwest of Quito. Height (\\ hymper), NUeinl876. He was the first European among the Nyam- p; „_j (ne-iit'sc), GiuseppS. Born at Ponte, ,r 01 sfept.— 2. AprovinceinEcuador, eontain- Nyam. His ethnologic collections were secured by the ^.^^^ff^^i/iP^^Yt.Uv, .lulv 1(^1746: died at Naples, ^'.'X c-ltv of ()uito. Area, 6,215 square miles. Berlin Museum of Ltlmolo^y^ July 22 1826. An Italian astronomer. Hebeeamo r.,7,,„iatio;., 20.-.,(>00. '^isJiTk^Bl^^^f yE;JS~i3Sa-H: ^ik^^AASX^^ Scr7ption f.mnd at Mount Itarkal on "a "ock of granite J.^;,^ '^'^j^, 4'{^,; ^^^^^ t^uito, between the Spanianis under luimiiez covered with writing on all sides up to the very edges ^['J,':',X,;;^,,,, 1,. 1803 and 1814. and the patriots under Sucre. I'b--' vhl'.ry "f the ^nShaw(pI-an'k^-sh^). Atribeof No,|h Pica^^I^'';;]- Lo^ie?11^!^^^^^\4,^7: ^^rZ^k;^:^'^^'^"^^'^'^^^^ St^^^h'iS^^^l^uq^ib;:;!^^ A ^remdi re,.Uicun poliUc^^ ^^^- ,„. Karomje V.n the Wabash Uiver from its mouth to Verm.l on ?|,!! Administer of the interior 1871-72. . Greiner). «V^" "* ^ '^'"•'"' T''' i nov i st ... Biver and west to the watershed between tlic^ pig^rds (pik'iLnlz). A sect in Bohemia about ,|,e,.e. ,)„lv 9, 1843. An Austri.i. '"^^•'"^'' "" Wabash and the Illinois. Thev finally were absorbed ,1,,. i,e,ri„„i„^r of the inth century, siii.pressed „,,„. of " Agathokles" (1808) nnit other nisiori- by the Illinois. The name is translated as the color ver- 7,\sku in 1421. Tlie Pieards are ac .ise.l ..f an at- ,.,,1 „ovels. milion, from the red eiu-th of their early habitat. Bee uy '' _^ ,.,.„„ri„g man's i>rhnitlve inno- piekelherinff See Ihntsinirst. Al:,o,„i,n<,n. cencMrrenew the practices. d, he Adn.ultes, In g.d.^^^^^^^^^^ ,._j I PiaUOCOS "^ee [tljttr""^- ' ' .... '- 1 , i..,..i..i,.,r il,„ .■.imiiiunitv ol Piar and 16,; 18i.i'i7, but eventually conspired against lioltvar, an., was i,.,„;„,ers on the ....rlb, '»;'"'''''«'"■ '"''.''""'T-'.'i'm; itsi ' ' tfled by court martial, and shot. 'l-'^ra"'^^'^ "'>'''« T''''' ""'' ^NlnTt, he .^^^^^^^^ Hoc Fori I'iHcnx. Piaroas (pO-ii-ro'lis). An Indian tribe of Ven- channel on the west Y'"-''!';'' ' '„« »'^„• , ''[ e I Virbtll' F?anci8 WilklnSOn. Bom at Topa- ezuela, on the .ipper Orinoco, near he junc- «'™- -> J-;V;;[^;,;;;;';;;;.;;';'.:'^t,;i:^^^^^^^^^ ^ ."JoS •(■"'- ' ^^'^^■- -"-"' »' ''•'''^"■'■■l"'' tion of the Ouaviiire. They are described as a gen- ,„,, ,,„„,|,i,.„ ,.|,.. u was under the suieralnly .>f Han- ; , ..-, is(l<» \n American l>emocriit 10 tie and llmid race of ngricullnrlsis and fishermen who ■ ,,„ ■,„|,,..Uo France uii.ler I,..ui« .XI. ;■•■ :'"' ^'....loon of Andrew Pickens. Hewas have had little int.rcourse wiib the whiles they [.reserve p".' ^j,, („ik'a-dil-i). [From the picardils or politician, grandson or Anarow jrii.» the bones ot their relatives for a year, then bum them and riccaoiuy (pii- ii / L Pickens, Francis Wilkinson member of Congress from South Carolina 1834-43 ; was United States minister to Russia 1858-^; and was gover- nor of South Ciirulina 1861-62. He was prominent as a Secessionist leader at the beginning of the Civil "War. Pickens, Israel. Born in North Carolina, 1780 : died near Matanzas, Cuba, 1827. An American politician . He was Democratic member of Congress from Xorth Carolina lSll-17 ; governor of Alabama 1S21-25 ; and United .-states senator 1826. Pickering (pik'er-ing), Charles. Born in Sus- quehanna County, Pa., Nov., 1805 : died March, 1878. An American naturalist, gi'andson of Timothy Pickering. He wrote "Races of Man and their Geographical Distribution" (1848), "Geographical Distribution of Animals and Man " (1864), " Geographical Distribution of Plants " (18U1), etc. Pickering, Edward Charles. Born at Boston, July 19, 1840. An American astronomer and physicist, great-grandson of Timothy Picker- ing. He graduated at Harvard in 1865 ; was professor of physics at the M.ossachusetts Institute of Technology 1868-77 ; and h.as been professor of astronomy and geodesy and director of the observatory at Iliirvard since 1876. He has published "Elements of Physical Manipulation " (1874-76), etc. Pickering, John. Bom at Salem, Mass., Feb. 7, 1777: died at Boston, May 5, 1846. An Ameri- can philologist, son of Timothy Pickering. He published ' ' Vocabulary of Americanisms " (1816), a Greek- English lexicon (1826), "Kem.ark3 on the Indian Lan- guages of North America " (1836), etc. Pickering, Timothy. Born at Salem, Mass., July 17, 1745 : died there, Jan. 29, 1829. An American statesman and soldier in the Revo- lutionary War. He was postmaster-general 1791-96 ; secretary of war 1796 ; secretary of state 179.>-1800 ; Feder- alist I'nited States senator from Massachusetts 1803-11 ; and member of Congress from Massachusetts 1813-17. Pickett (pik'et), Albert James. Bom in An- son County, N. C, Aug. 13. 1810: died at Mont- gomery, Ala., Oct. 28, 1858. An American his- torian, authorof a "History of Alabama" (1851), etc. Pickett, George Edward. Born at Richmond, Va., Jan. 25, 1825: died at Norfolk, Va., July 30, 1875. A Confederate general. He graduated at West Point in 1846, served as a lieutenant in the Mexi- can war, and was promoted captain in 1855. He resigned his commission in the I'nited States army and accepted a colonelcy in the Virginia militia at the beginning of the Civil SVar. He was commissioned brigadier-general in the Confederate army in 1S62, and served with distinction in the Peninsular campaign. He was later in the same year promoted major-general, and held the center of Lee's line at the battle of Fredericksburg. He led the van in Long- street's assault on the Federal center during the last day's fight at Gettysburg (.Tuly 3, 1863), and entered the Union lines on Cemetery Hill, but failed to receive support and fell back, with a loss of three fourths of his division. He successfully defended Petersburg against General Benja- min F. Butler in May, 1864, and served with distinction at Five Forks in April, 1865. After the war he engaged in the life-insurance business at Richmond. Pickle (pik'l), Gamaliel ami Peregrine. See Peregrine Pirlie. Pickwick (pik'wik) Papers. A story byCharles Dickens, published serially in 1836-37. it takes its name from its cliief character, Mr. Samuel Pickwick, the founder of the Pickwick Club. Pico (pe'ko). A volcanic island of the Azores. It rises to the height of about 7,600 feet (the highest point in the group). Popidation, about 24:000. Pico, Gio'vanni, Count of Mirandola. Bom 1463 : died 1494. An Italian humanist and philoso- pher, one of the leading scholars of the Italian Renaissance. Pico deTeyde (pe'ko da ta'e-THe). Avolcanoin the island of Teneriffe, Canary Islands, and the culminatingmotmtain of the group: sometimes called the Peak of Teneriffe. Height, 12,182 feet. Picot (pe-ko'), Francois Edouard. Bom at Pa- ris, Oct. 17, 1786 : died there, March 15, 1868. A French genre- and portrait-painter. He won the grand prix in 1813, and studied for five years at Rome. Ca- banel, Bouguereau, Henner, and other well-known artists have been his pupils. PicOU (pe-ko' ), Henri Pierre. Born at Nantes, Feb. 27. 1824: died there, July 18, 1895. A French historical and genre painter. Picquigny (pe-ken-ye'). A town in the depart- ment of Somme, Frantie, 9 miles west-north- west of Amiens. A treaty was concluded there between France and England in 147.5 : Edward I V.'s army left France in return for a money payment. Picrochole (pek-ro-shol'). In Rabelais's "6ar- gantua and Pantagruel," a character supposed by some to represent either- Ferdinand of Aragon or Charles V. Pictet (pek-ta' or pe-ta'), Adolphe. Bora at Geneva, Sept. 11,1799: died there, Dee. 20, 1875. A Swiss comparative philologist. He published "Origines indo-em'op6ennes " (1859-63), etc. Pictet, PranQOis Jules. Bom at Geneva, Sept. 22, 1809 : died May 15, 1872. A Swiss naturalist. 806 professor of zoology and anatomy at Geneva. He wi'ote "Traits 61^mentaire de paleontologie " (1844-45), etc. Picton (pik'ton). The capital of Prince Edward County, Ontario, Canada, situated on a bay of Lake Ontario, 35 miles west-southwest of Kiiigs- ton. Population (1901). 3.698. Picton, Sir Thomas. Bom at Poyston, Pem- brokeshire, Aug., 1758: died June 18, 1815. An English general. In 1809 he was governor of Flushing, which he had helped to capture. He commanded a di- vision in the Peninsul.a, serving with distinction at the capture of Badajoz (1812), and was killed at Waterloo. Pictor, Fabius. See Fabius Pietor. Pictor Ignotus (pik'tor ig-no'tus). [L., 'un- known artist.'] A pseudonym of William Blake the artist. PictOU (pik-to'). A seaport in Pietou Covinty, Nova Scotia, situated on Pietou harbor 85 miles northeast of Halifax. It exports coal. Popu- lation (1901), 3,235. Picts (pikts). [From LL. Picii, the Picts: ap- parently so named from their practice of tattoo- ing themselves, but the name may be an accom- modation of a native name.] A race of people, of disputed origin, who formerly inhabited a part of the Highlands of Scotland and other re- gions. Their langu^e was Celtic. The Picts and Scots were united in one kingdom about the reign of Kenneth' ilacalpine (in the middle of the 9th century). Picts' Wall. See Hailrian's JVaU. Picture, The. A play by Massinger, licensed in 1029 and printed in 1630. The plot was from one of Bandello's stories in Painter's "Palace of Pleasure," The picture is a magical one, and grows brighter or darker ac- cording to the behavior of the absent wife it represents. The play was revived, somewhat altered, by the Rev. H. Bate Dudley in 1783. Pictured Bocks. A group of picturesque cliffs in the upper peninsula of Michigan, situated on Lake Superior 50 miles east of Marquette. Picunches. See Pencos. Picus (pi'kus). [L., 'woodpecker.'] In Italian mythology, a god of agriculture, regarded as a son of Saturn, in Latin legend he was awarlike hero, and first king of Latium, transformed into a woodpecker because he repelled the love of Circe and was faithful to the nymph Canens. Piede. See Puiute. Piedimonte d'Alife (pe-a-de-mon'te da-le'fe). A to'STn in the province of Caserta, Italy. 37 milesnorth by east of Naples. Population( 1881 ), 5,935 ; commune, 7,252. Piedmont (ped'mont),It.Piemonte (pe-a-m6n'- te), F. Piemont (pya-mon'). [From L. ad pedes moiitiiim, at the foot of the mountains (Alps).] A eompartimento in the northwesternmost part of Italy, comprising the modem provinces of Tm'in, Novara, Alessandria, and Cuneo. Various ranges of the Alps are on the borders between it and Switzerland, France, and Liguria. It is traversed by the upper valley of the Po. It formed the most important part of the former kingdom of Sardinia. Area, 11,340 sijuare miles. Population (1S91), 3,252,738. Piedmont Region. A name given in several States of the Atlantic slope to the broken and hilly territory l.nng east and southeast of the Appalachian chain: as, the Piedmont Region of Virginia, of North CaroUna, or of Georgia. Pied Piper, The. See Hamebi, Piper of. Piedrahita (pe-ad-ra-e'ta), Lucas Fernandez de. Born at Bogota, 1624 : died at Panama, 1688. A New Granadan prelate and historian. After being governor of Popayan, he was in Spain 1663-69 to meet charges ; was exonerated ; was made liishop of Santa Slarta in 1669 ; and was translated to Panama 1676. His best-known work, and the most important of the early histories of New Granada, is "Historia general de las con- quistas del Nuevo Reyno de Granada" (Antwerp. 16&8?). It is mainly a compilation, as the author admits, from Quesada's " Compendio " and the fourth part of Castel- lano's " Elegias," both of which, however, are lost. Piegan (pe'gan). One of the tribes of the Sik- sika Confed&racy of North American Indians. See Silsihi. Pieng-an (pyeng-an'), or Ping Yang (ping viing). An important city of Corea, situated on the river Tatong about lat. 38"= 25' N. Pienza (pe-en'zii). A small cathedral city in the jjrovince of Siena, Italy, 25 miles southeast of Siena. It was the birthplace of Pope Pius H. Pierce (pers or pers), Benjamin. Born at Chelmsford, Mass., Dec. 25, 17.57: died at Hills- borough, N. H., April 1, 1839. An American politician, governor of New Hampshire 1827-29. Pierce, Franklin. Born at Hillsborough, N. H. , Nov. 23, 1804: died at Concord, N. H., Oct. 8, 1869. The fourteenth President of the United States. He was son of Benjamin Pierce. He was a member of Congress from New Hampshire lS33-:i7 ; w-as United States senator 1837-12 ; was a general in the Mexi- can war ; and was elected as Democratic candidate to the presidency in 1852. Among the leading events of his ad- ministration were the repeal of the ^lissouri Compromise, Tieth the Kansas-Nebraska struggle, the Ostend Manifesto, the dissolution of the Whig party and rise of the Americaa and Republican parties, and the Gadsden Purchase. Pierce Penniless his Supplication to the De'Vil. A pamphlet by Thomas Nashe, pub- lished in 1592. The first of these [Nash's undoubted productions] in pamphlet form is the very odd thing called "Pierce Penni- less " (the name l)y which Nash became known) " his Sup. plication to the Devil." It is a kind of rambling condemna- tion of luxm*y, for the most pait delivered in the form ot burlesque e.xhortation, which the laedixvalsernwiigjoyeia had made familiar in all European countries. Saintsburif, Hist, of Elizabethan Lit., p. 232. Pierce's Supererogation, or a New Praise of the Old Ass. A pamphlet by Gabriel Harvey, wi-itten against Nashe, published in 1593. Pieria (pi-e'ri-a). [6r. Uitpia.'] In ancient geog- raphy,a district in the north of Thessaly, Greece. It was the legendary birthplace of Orpheus and of the Muses. Pierides (pi-er'i-dez). 1. In ancient mythology, the Muses: so named from Pieria, their reputed birthplace. — 2. Certain would-be Muses, the daughters of Piei-us, who were tiresome chat- terers. They contended with the real Muses, and were defeated and changed into magpies. Pierola (pe-a-rd'ia), Nicolas de. Bom at Ca- mand, department of Arequipa, Jan. 5, 1839. A Peru\'ian politician. He was a lawyer and journalist ; was minister of the treasury under Balta 1868-72 ; and headed unsuccessful revolts against Pardo in 1874 and Prado 1877-78. During the Chilean war, when Prado had deserted his post, Pierola headed another revolt, deposed tlie vice-presiilent. and was proclaimed supreme chief at Lima. Dec. 23, 1879. He did hie best to check the Chileans, and when Lima was taken, Jan. 17, 1881, escaped into the interior. In July he convoked a congress at Arequipa, but in Nov. resigned and went to Europe. In 1885 he returned and tried to seize the presidency, but was ban- ished. He was a presidential candidate in 1894. He ovcr- thrt-w CAceres in 1895, and was president until Sept., 1899. Pierpont (per'pont), John. Bom at Litchfield, Conn., April 6, 1785: died at Medford, Mass., Aug. 27, 1866. An American poet and Unitarian clergyman. He published "Airs of Palestine" (1816), and other poems. Pierre (pe-ar'). A city, the capital of South Dakota, situated in the center of the State, at the junction of Bad River with the Missouri. Population (1900), 2,306. Pierre. One of the principal characters in Ot- way's "Venice Preserved": a conspirator, a "fine gay bold-fac'd villain." Pierrefonds (pyar-fon'). A village in the de- partment of Oise, France, 9 miles east of Com- piegne. The chateau is a huge castle built by the Duke of Orleans in 13SK), and completely restored by Napoleon III. It is approximately rectangular in plan, with high battle- mented walls and roofs flanked by 8 great cylindrical cone- roofed towers over 100 feet high. Within the inclosure the buildings surround an extremely picturesque court, on one side of which rises the Florid chapel. In the in- terior the polychrome decoration «f many of the apart- ments has l)een renewed, and. together with the sculpture, the great fireplaces, and all the arrangements for medie- val life and warfare, composes a unique picture. Pierre Pertuis (pyar per-tue'). [F., 'pierced rock.'] A remarkable hollow passage in the .Jura. Switzerland, 22 miles northwest of Bern. Pierrepont (per'pont), Edwards. Born at North Haven, Conn., March 4, 1817: died at New York, March 6. 1892. An American lawyer and politician. He was attorney-general 1875-76, and United States minister to Great Britain 1876-77. Pierrot (pyer-ro'). Atypical charaeterlnFrench pantomime. He dresses in loose white clothes with enormous white buttons, and his face is whitened ; he is a gourmand and thief, capable of every crime, incapable of a good action, and absolutely without moral sense. The present Pierrot was created by Gaspard Deburau under the Restoration ; previous to this he had been a gayer and more insignificant personage, a cross between a fool and an ingenlL Larimsse. Piers Plo'wman. See Vision of Piers PJowman. Piers Plo'wman's Crede. A satirical allitera- tive poem, after the style of " The Vision of Piers Plowman," written about 1394. See Plow- man's Tale. Pieta (pe-a-tii'). [It., 'pity.*] A title of numer- ous pictures, bas-reliefs, etc., representing the compassionate lamentation of the Virgin and other women over the body of Christ after the descent from the cross, (n) A painting by Van Dyck, in the old Pinakothek at Munich. The body of Christ lies on some drapery spread on the ground, the head and shoulders supported by the Virgin. The cross is behind, and at the left .are three mourning angels, (b) A vigorous painting by Andrea del Sarto (about 1518), in the Imperial Galleiy at Vienna. Christ's body lies on outspread yellow- drapery, mourned over by the weeping Virgin ; an angel supports the head, and another holds the accessories of the passion, (c) A painting by Van Dyck (1628), in the mu- seum at Antwerp. Belgium. Tlie ^'irgin holds on her lap the head of the dead Christ, whose face is drawn with suf- fering. St. John points out the wound in one hand to two Pieti grieving angels, (d) The masterpiece of Quentin Massys (1508), in the nmseum at Antwerp, Belgium. It is a trip- tych. <-tn the chief panel Christ is seen borne to the tomb, supported by Joseph of Ariraathea and St. John. The Virgin kneels by the body, anil near her stand the Mag- dalen, St. John, and Maiy Salome. The drawing is some- what rigid in the effort to attain anatomitfid exactness. On the side i):inelsare painted the martyrdoms of .St. John the fiaptist and .St. John the Evangelist. Pietermaritzburg < pe-ter-mSi-'its-borg), almost always called MaritzbuTg (inSr'its-biirg). The (.■apital of Natal, South Africa, situati-il 47 miles northwest of Durban. Population (1891), 17,500. Piety in Pattens, or the Handsome House- maid. A puppet-show ilroU, jiroiluee'l byFoote in 1773. played by exeellcntly contrived pup- pets. Pigafetta ipe-gii-fet'ta), Antonio. Born at Vi- cenza, 1491: (lied, probably at the same place, about 1.534. An Italian traveler. He went to Spain in the suite of the papal nuncio in 1510; received per- mission to accompany Fernaode ^lagalhaesto the Moluc- cas ; sailed in the Victoria, Sept. 20, tSl'J ; and was one of those wlio returned to Spain in that vessel, Sept., l.'i2"J, after the first voyage round the world. (See 3Ia^inlhiles and Crt»i.) Pigafetta wrote for (^harles V. an account of the voyage, which was quickly published in several lan- guages A longer manuscript which he prepared w.as dis- covered in the Ijbr.ary of Milan and published in IbOO as " Primo viaggio intorno al globo terracqueo." Pigalle (pe-gal'), JeanBaptiste. Bornat Paris, .Ian. 26, 1714: died at Paris, Aug. 20, 178.5. A French sculptor. His best work is a mauso- leiiiu of Marshal Saxe iu Strasburg. Pigmalion. See I'ljamalion. Pigmies. Ses Pygmies. Pignerol. See Pincroln. Pignotti (pen-yot'te), Lorenzo. Born in Tus- cany, 1739: died at Pisa, 1.S12. An Italian phy- sician, historian, and fabulist. He was made his- toriographer of the kingdom of Etruria in 18*51, and rector of the University of Pisa in 1809. Among his works are "La Felicitil deU' Austria e delta Toscana" (1791). his "Fables'" (1779), which are popular in Italy, and other poems. Pigott (pig'ot) Diamond, The. A famous diamond bronght to England by Earl Pigott. It weighed 49 carats, and was thought to be worth about .$200,000. Pigwlggen (pig-wig'en). A fairy knight iu Dray- ton's '• Nymphidia." He has a combat with Oberon, who is jealous of him and his love for Queen Mab, The name is also given toa constable mentioned in "Selimus," a tragedy, probably by Robert Greene, published in 1504. Pijaos (pe-Hti'6s). An Indian tribe of New Granada (Colombia) which, at the time of the conquest, was numerous and powerful near Po- payan. on the rivers Cauca and Neyva. They were little advanced in civilization. The Pijaos were ap- parently related to the modern Paniquitas and Paes or Paezes : the latter are sometimes called Pijaos. Pike (pik), Albert. Born at Boston, Dec. 29, 1809: died at Washington, D. C, April 2, 1891. An American lawyer and author. After engaging for some time in journalism, he began the practice of law in Arkansas about 1830, and obtained much business as counsel for the Inilians in their sale of lands to the Fed- eral government. He commanded a squadron of Arkansas voliuiteer cavalry' during the .Mexican war: w:m appointed Indian commissioner of the Confederate goveriunent at the begiiming of the Civil War; and olitained the rank of brigadier general in the Confederate anny. He practised law at Washington from about 186a-S0. He published "Prose Sketches and Poems "(1834), etc. Pike, Austin Franklin. Born at Hebron, N. H., Oct., 1819 : died at Franklin, N. H., Oct. H, 1886. An American politician. He was Republican mem- ber of Congress from New Hampsliire 187:i-75, and United States senator 1SS3-SC,. Pike, Zebulon Montgomery. Bom in New Jersey,.lan..'), 1779 : killed in the assault on York (Toronto), Canada, April 27. ISK!. An Ameri- can general. As commander of an exploring expedi- tion he visite-.')G A. I). He tried and condemned Clirist. He is the subject of many legemls. Pilate, Arch of. An arch in .lenisali'in wliich spans the Via Dolorosa. It has been venerated by pilgrims since the middle age.i. but is held to be in fact the remains of a trlumjihal arch of the time of Hadrian. Pilate's staircase. Scc Sniin Sania. Pilatus (pe-lii'tiis). Mount. A mountain on the border of I lie cantons of Lucerne and Unter- walden, Switzerland, 7 miles south-southwest 807 of Lucerne. It is a much frequented tourist resort, and is ascended by a mountain railway. Height of highest peak (the Tomlishoru), 6,998 feet. Pilaya (pe-li'ii). A right-hand tributary of the Pilcomayo, in Bolivia. Length, about 500 miles. Pilcomayo (pel-k6-mi'6). A river rising iu southern Bolivia and flowing through the Gran Chaco, where it separates western Paraguay from the jVrgeutine Republic. It is the longest branch of the Para-uay, which it joins opposite Asuncion. In the Chaeo it is very crooked and shallow, and obstructed by sand-bars; the lower portion is brackish. Slany vain attempts liave been made to explore it, with the object of opening a route to Bolivia ; a scheme now generally believeil to be impracticable. The French explorer Cre- vaux, who tried to ascend the river in 1882, was killed by the Indians, with all his i)arty. Length unknown (i)rol)- ably about 1,40*» miles). Pilgrim, The. 1. A play by Fletcher, produced at court in 1021 and jirinted in 1647. In 1700 Sir JohnVanbrugh produced an alteration which was revived in 1S12. — 2. A tragedy by Thomas Killigrew, prinhd in 1(564. Pilgrimage of Grace. An insurrection in York- shire and Linccilnshire 1536-37, headedbyKobert Aske. It was occasioned by the ecclesiastical and political reforms of Henry VIII. The rebels occupied York, « lure they were joined by the .\rchbi5hop0f Vork. Their number having increased to S0,(X)O, they proceeded to Doncaster, where they were induced to disband by the representations of the royal commissioners. Finding themselves deceived, they rose again under Sir Francis BIgod. Martial law was declared in the north, and the rising was suppressed with great severity. Pilgrim Fathers, The. The founders of Ply- mouth Colony, Massachusetts, iu 1620. Pilgrims, Chaucer's. See Cantrrhury Talcs. Pilgrims of the Rhine. A descriptive work by P.uhvcr. pubUslii'd in 1S34. Pilgrim's Progress, The. A famous allegory.by Juhn Buuyan, which recounts the adventures of the hero Christian in journeying from the City of Destruction to the heavenly Jerusalem. It was composed while Bunyan was in prison, between 1060 and 1672. The tlrst part was printed in 1678. A sec- ond part (1684) narrates the similar travels of Christiana, christian's wife. Pilgrim's Tale, The. A poem thouglit by Thynne to have been Chaucer's. He printed it, but'it was not published, being objected to by the bishops. It was lost, apparently ; and, attention having been directtd to it, it was searched for an vain for over two huns X. of France). They issued a declaration hostile to the French Revolution, which formed the basis of the first coalition against France. PillO'W, Fort. See Fart Pillow. Pillo'W (pil'o). Gideon Johnson. BominWil- liainson County, TiTin., .lime .s, ISOO: died in Lee County, Ark., Oct. 6, 1.S78. An Aiiiericau general. He served with distinct Ion first as a brigadier- general and afterward as a major-genend of volunteers in the Mexican war, at the close of which he resumed the practice of law in Tennessee. He became a brigadier-gen- eral In the Confederate army at the beginning of the Civil War: commanded under General Leonidas Polk at the bat- tle of Belmont, Missouri, \ov. 7, 1861 ; and was second in command under tienend John H. Floyd at Fort Donelson in Fell., 1862, when he escaped with his chief, leaving Oen- enil Hiickner to surrender the |K)St to Oeneml tJniiit. Pilot Knob (pi'lo' nob). A hill consisting al- most entirely of iron ore, situated 73 miles soiitli bv west of SI. Louis. Piloty ( pe-lo'le). Ferdinand. Bom at Munich, Oct. 9, 1828: died there, Dec, 21, 1895, A genre and hisUirical painter, brother of Karl von I'iloty, whose style inlliieiiced liiiii. He was au hoiiornrv nieiiiber of the Munich .\cadeuiv. Piloty, Karl von. Bom nt Munich. Oct. 1,1826: died al Miinicli, .Inly 21, 188(1. A noted Oei-- man historical painter, professor in the Munich Academy from 18:58, and its director after 1874. Among his paintings arc " Scnl bofon- the Body of Wallensteln," " Nero on the Kulns of Rome," "Columbus Pinchwife, Mr. as Discoverer of America," "Galileo in Prison," "Deatb of Caesar" "Triumph of Germanicus," etc. Pilpay (pil'pi). or Bidpai (bid'pi). "The Fa- bles of Piljiay " is the alternative title of " Kali- lah and Diiunah," the .iVrabic translation of the Pahlavi translation of the Sanskiit original of the Pauchatantra. See Kalihih and Dimnali. According to the Arabic introduction. Dabshelim was the first king of the Indian restoration after the fall of tlie governor appointed by Alexander H. c. 3'J6, and was very wicked. To reclaim him, a Brahman has recourse to par- able. This wise man is called in Arabic bidbah. and in syri.ac bidvag. These words Benfcy traces through the Pahlavi to the Sanskrit vidyapati, 'master of sciences.' .Accordingly bidbah, which lias become Bidpai or Pilpay in moilern books, is not a proper name, but an appellative ajiplied to the chief paniiit or court scholar of an Indian prince. La Fontaine tells us that he owes most of his new material to Pilpay, the Indian sage. R^gnier's edition of La Fontaine gives references to the Indian sources. Pilsen (pil'sen). A city in Bohemia, situated at the junction of the Mies and Eadbusa, inlat. 49" 45' N., long. 13° 23' E, it is the second city of Bohemia; has various manufactures; and is especially famous for the manufacture and export of lilsener beer. It was stormed by Mansfeld in lOlS, and was one of tlie scenes of the consplnicy of Wallenstein in ltl34. Popula- tion (1890), commune, riO,'22I. Pim (pim), Bedford Clapperton Trevelyan. Born at Bideford, England, June 12, 1826: died at London, Oct. 1, 1886. An Englisli admiral. He entered the navy in 1842 ; took part in the Franklin search-expedition which sailed under Sir E. Belcher in 1852 ; commanded a gunboat on fhe Baltic during the Cri- mean war; and in 1S(;0 protected Nicaragua against the filibusters. He was promoted captain in 1863, and retired in 1870. He was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1873, and was a Conservative member of Parliament 1874- 1880. He wrote •■The Gate of the Pacific " (1863), etc. Pima (pe'ma). [PI., also Pi»i(i«.] Anagricultu- ral tribe of North American Inilians, residing on reservations in the Salado and Gila valleys, southern Arizona. Number, 4,404. Also called rj>p«- Pima or (Sp.) Pima AUa. in contradistinction to Ptma Haja or Xevoine. See Piman. Pima Baja. See Xn-omc. Piman (pe'man). A linguistic stock of North American Indians. It embraces the following divi- sions : Pima (from which the stock was named), Papago, Sobaipuri, Nevome or Lower Pima, Opata. Tarahumar, Ca- hita, Cora, ami Tepehuan. Their habitat extends from the Salado and Gila rivers in southern Arizona over a vast area in northwestern Mexico, including the greater portion of the territory embraced by the states of Sonora, Chihuahua, Sinaloa, and Durango. and jiartsof Jalisco and Zacatecas. According to some authorities the Piman stock as here recognized forms but part of a linguistic group embracing the Shoshonean, Piman, and Aztec or Naliuatl tribes. Estimated number, 85,000. Pimlico (pim'li-ko). A part of Westminster, Ijondon, situated 2^ miles west-southwest of St. Paul's. Pinafore (pin'a-for), H. M. S. A comic opera bv Sullivan, words by W. S. Gilbert, produced ill 1878. Pinakothek (pin'a-k6-thek; 6. pron. pe-na-ko- tak'). [G., from Gr. ■n-ivaKo6i'/K7i, a picture-gal- lery.] In modern use, an art gallery. The most celebrated galleries so named are the two in* ^lunlcll, con- taining ctdlections of pictures and other works of art. Pinal Coyotero (pe-nal' k6-y6-to'ro), or Tonto Apache (tou'to ii-pii'chel. One of the sub- tribes of the Gileuo tribe of North -American Inilians. They are distinct from the PinaleQo or Tchikun and the White Mountain Coyotero. Soo GUcHo. PinardelRio (pe-niir'delre'6), formerly Nueva Filipina. A city of western Cuba, 100 miles west-southwest of Havana. It is the center of trade for the tobacco district called Vuelta Aliajo. Population (ISflfll, H.RHO. Pinch (pinch). A schoolmaster in Shakspere's "Comedy of Errors." Pinch, Ruth, in Dickens's novel "Martin Chuz- zlewit,''n jiretty little body, unreasonably grate- ful to tlie I'ecksnilTs for their patronage of her brother Tom Pinch. Pinch, Tom. In Dickens's novel " Martin Chiiz- zlewit," an ungainly kind-liearted man of ster- ling ir7es, to be sung to the flute, mth choral dance. Besides the fragments, we have forty-four complete Epi- nicia, or Odes of Victory, in which Pindar celebrated vic- tories in great national games. Fourteen odes belong to the games at Olympia, held once in four years : the prize was a \vreath of wild olive. Twelve odes belong to the Pythian games, held at Delphi, in honour of Apollo, once in four years, in the 3rd year of each Olympiad : the prize was a wreath of laurel. Seven odes belong to the Nemean games, held at Nemea, in honour of Zeus, once in two years, the 2nd and 4th of each Olympiad : the prize was a wreath of pine. Eleven odes belong to the Isthmian games, held at the Isthmus of Corinth, in honour of Poseidon, once in two years, in the 1st and 3rd years of each Olympiad : the prize was a wreath of parsley. Among all these odes of which the dates can be fixed, the earliest is the 10th Pyth- ian, in 502 B. c; the latest, the 5th Olympian, in 452 B. c. Jebb, Greek Lit., p. 06. Pindar, Peter. The pseudonjnn of John Wol- cott. Pindarees (pin-dar'ez), or Pindarries, or Pin- dharies. [Hind., 'plunderers.'] A horde of mounted robbers in India, notorious for their atrocity and rapacity. They first appeared about the end of the 17th century, and infested the possessions of the East India Company and the surrounding country in the ISth century. They were disorderly and merceiiaiy horsemen, organized for indiscriminate raiding and loot- ing. They were dispersed in 1818 by the Marquis of Hast- ings, then governor-general. Pindus (pin'dus). [Gr. Ilh'fSof.] A range of mountains in Greece, between Thessaly on the east and Epirus on the west, extending north to about lat. 39° N. Greatest height, 7,665 feet. Pine Bluff (pin bluf ). The capital of Jefiferson (bounty, Arkansas, situated on the Arkansas 38 miles south-southeast of Little Kock. It exports cotton. Population (1900), 11,496. 808 Pinega (pe-na-gii'), A river in northern Russia whicli joins the Dwina 50 miles southeast of Ai'changel, Length, 300 to 350 miles. Pine (pin) Islands. A group of the Florida Keys, situated northeast of Key West. Pinel (pe-nel'), Philippe. Born at St,-Audr^, Tarn, France, April 20, 1745: died at Paris, Oct. 25, 1826, A French physician, dii-ector of the insane asylum at Bicetre (1791) and the Salpetriere (1794) : noted for the improvements which he eifeeted in the treatment of the in- sane. Hewrote "Nosogi'aphiophilosophique" (1798), etc. Pinelo (pe-na'l6), Antonio de Leon. Bom probably at Cordoba, now in the Argentine Republic, about 1590: died at Seville, Spain, about 1675, A Spanish lawyer and author. He was judge of the tribun.al of the Casa de Contratacion at Seville, and historical secretary of the Council of the In- dies, In 1637 he was appointed royal historiographer. Employed to codify the colonial laws, he completed, in 1635, his " Recopilacion general delasleyesdelas Indias," made authoritative by royal order in ICSO, and published in IGSl (Madrid, 4 vols.). It was several times revised. Pinelo also published various works on America and on colonial law; a life of Toribio. .\rciil)isliopof Lima(16.'i3); and '*Biblioteca Oriental y Occith'ntal, nautica y geogrA- fica" (Madrid, 1629): the first liililingraphy of theSpanish colonies. There is a revised edition by Gonzalez de Barcia (3 vols. 1737-38). Pinerolo(pe-ne-r6'16),F.Pignerol(pen-ye-r6r). A town in the province of Turin, Italy, 22 miles southwest of Turin. It was taken from .Savoy by Francis I. of France, and held until 1574 ; and was again taken by the French about 1630, and held as an im- portant fortress until the close of the century. Population (1S80), 12,281 ; commune, 17,492. Pinerolo, Pacification of. A treaty concluded by the English Commonwealth under Cromwell with France in 1655, providing for the cessation of the Waldensian persecution by the Duke of Savoj-. Pines" (pinz), Isle of, Sp. Isla de Pinos (es'la da pe'nos). An island of the West Indies, formerly belonging to Spain, situated 40 miles south of the western part of Cuba, of which it was a political dependency. Chief place, Nueva Gerona. It was discovered by Columbus in 1494, and was long notorious as a resort of pirates. Area, 1,214 square miles. Population, almut 2,50o. Pines, Isle of, F. lie des Pins (el da pan). A small island, a French penal station, situated in the South Pacific southeast of New Cale- donia. Pine-tree State. The State of Maine : so called from the pine-tree in its coat of arms. Ping Yang. See Pieng-an. Pinini(pe-ne-ne'). [A corruption of the Sp. P>l(t- meos, pygmies or dwarfs.] The name given by some of the Pueblo Indians to a mj-thical tribe of small men who are said to have invaded some of the Pueblo villages in the times long previous to the Spanish oceupatiou. The tale may be a mod- ern adaptation of classical mythological legends to Indian tradition. Pinkerton (ping'ker-ton), John. Born at Edin- burgh. Feb, 17, 1758:" died May 10, 1826. A Scottish historian, antiquary, and miscellaneous writer. He published " Two Dithyrambic Odes on En- thusiasm and Laughter" (1782), an "Essay on Medals" (17S4). "-\ncient Scottish Poems" (1786). a "Dissertation on the Origin and l*rogress of the Scythians or Goths" (1787), "Enquiry into the History of Scotland" (1790), "leonograpliica Scotica" (1795-97), etc. Pinkham Notch (ping'kam noch). A pass in the Wliite Mountains of New Hampshire, lead- ing from the Glen House southward. Pinkie (ping'ki). A place, about 6 miles east of Edinburgh, where, Sept. 10, 1547, the English under the protector Somerset totally defeated the Scots. Pinkney (pingk'ni), Edward Coate. Bom at London, 1802: died at Baltimore, April 11, 1828. An American poet, son of William Pinkney. He published " Rodolph, and Other Poems" (1825). etc. Pinkney, William. Born at Annapolis, Md., March 17, 1764: died Feb, 25, 1822. An Ameri- can lawj'er. politician, and diplomatist. He was minister to Great Britain 180&-11 : attorney -general 1811- 1814 ; member of Congress from Maryland 1815-lG ; min- ister to Naples 1816, and to Kussia 1816-18 ; and United States senator 1820-22, Pinner of Wakefield. See Gennie-a-Greene. Pino (pe'no), Joaquin del. Boi-n about 1730: died at Buenos A^Tes, April 11. 1804, A Span- ish soldier and administrator. He was successively governor of Monte\ideo (1773-76), president of Charcas (1777) and of Chile (1800), and viceroy of La Plata from May 20, 1801. Pinos, Isla de. See Pines, Isle of. Pinsk (pinsk). A town in the government of Minsk, Russia, situated among marshes on the Pina, 140 miles south-southwest of Minsk, it is Piombino an important center of river transit trade. Population (1890), 32,480. Pinta (pen'ta), La. One of the smaller vessels of Columbus on his first voyage, it was a little larger than the Nina (which see), and was commanded bv Martin Alonso Pinzon. See Pinzon. Pinto. See Palictiva. Pinto (pen't6),Anibal. Bornat Santiago, 1825: died at Valparaiso. 1S84. A Chilean statesman, son of General F. A. Pinto. He was a moderate lib- eral in politics ; was ministerof war and marine under Er- razuriz 1871-76, and succeeded him as president Sept. 18, 1876, -Sept. 18, ISSl. Pinto was the first declared liberal elected to the presidency after 1830. During his term the war with Bolivia and Peru was commenced (1879). See- Pacific, War of the. Pinto (pen'tci), Fernao Mendes. Bom near Coimbra, Portugal, about 1509: died near Lis- bon, 1583. A Portuguese adventurer and trav- eler in the East (China and Japan). He wrote an account of his travels entitled "Peregrina- (;ao" (1614). Pinto (pen'to), Francisco Antonio. Bom at Santiago. 1785: died there. July 18, 1858. A Chilean general and politician. He was diplomatic agent of the republic at Buenos Ayres and in England 1811-17 ; subsequently served with distinction in Charcas 1818-21, and in Peru 1822-23; and was minister of the in- terior and of foreign relations in 1824. Early in 1827 he was elected by congress vice-president, and on the resigna- tion of Freire became president May 8, 1827. He resigned in July, 1829 ; two months later he resumed the post by a regular election ; but, a revolution being imminent, he again resigned, Nov. 2, 1829. He waa the liberal candidate for the presidency in 1S4L Pinto, Serpa. See Scrpa Pinto. Pinturicchio (pen-to-rek'ke-6) (Bernardino di Betti). Born at Perugia, Italy, 1454 : died at Siena, Italy, Sept. 11, 1513. An Italian painter, of the school of Pei'ugino: noted for his fres- cos and panels. Many of his principal works are at Kome(in theVatican and Church of Sta. Maria del Popolo>- and at .Siena. Pinzgau (pints'gou). The upper vaUey of the Salza, in Salzburg, Austria-Hungary, situated southwest of the city of Salzburg. It is divided into the Upper, Middle, and Lower Pinzgau, Pinzon (pen-thon'), Francisco Martin. Bro- ther of Martin Alonso Pinzon, and pilot of his vessel, the Pinta. Pinzon, Martin Alonso. Bom at Palos aliout 1441 : died there. 1493, A Spanish navigator. He was the head of a family of ship-builders in Palos, and had made many voyages. There is a story that. In one of these, in a French ship, he was driven by a storm from Africa to the coast of Brazil ; but this is generally discredited. Another story is that he found in Rome an old manuscript which he gave to Columbus, and in which it was stated that Asia might be reached by sailing west- ward. It is more probable that he joined Columbus in his voyage of 1492because he was part owner of the smaller vessels. He commanded the Pinta, In Nov.. 1492, he parted company with Columbus on the coast of Cuba ; waa the first to discover Haiti ; and rejoined the admiral on the coast of that island, Jan. 6, 1493. Columbus afterward asserted that he had deserted with the intention of re- turning to Spain. During the return voyage the Pinta was separated from the Isiiia in a storm, Feb. 14. and eventu- ally reached Bayona, a port of Galicia ; thence Pinzon sent a letter to the sovereigns with an account of the dis- covery, and sailed on to Palos, reaching it on the same day as Columbus (March l.s). His death, shortly after, is said to have been hastened by chagrin because Columbus re- ceived the honor of the discovery. Pinzon, Vicente YaSez. Bom at Palos about 1460: died there, about 1524. A Spanish navi- gator, brother of Martin Alonso Pinzon. He commanded the Nifla in the first voyage of Columbus in 1492. Early in Dec, 1499 (according to some, Jan. 13, 1500), he left Palos in command of four exploring ships; crossed the equator, being the first Spanish commander to do so ; struck the coast of Brazil, probably near Cape St. Augustine ; thence followed it northward and northwest- ward, discovering the mouth of the Amazon ; and after passing between Trinidad and the mainland, and touching at Espaiiola, returned to Spain in Sept., 1500, Some sup- pose that Vespucci was with him on this voyage, but he was probably with Ojeda, (See Ue^p«CCT,) In 1.^06 Pinzon was associated with Soils in an exploration of the Gulf of Honduras and a small portion of southeastern Yucatan. In 1508 he was again with Solis in an exploration of the eastern coast of South America, from Cape .St. Augustine southward probably as far as lat. 40°. See Solis, Juan Diaz de. Piojes (pe-6-Has')- Indians of eastern Ecuador (a region claimed by Colombia), on the lower Napo and the Putumayo or !(;&. Those on the former river are often called Santa Marias, from a mission village in which many of them were gathered; they have no knowledge of the horde on the Putumayo. These In- dians are agriculturists, skilful canoemen and fishermen, and industrious ; they are friendly to the whites, but main- tain a semi-independence. By their language they are generally classed with the Betoya stock, but the relation- sliip is doubtful, Piombino (pe-om-be'no). A seaport in the province of Pisa, Italy, situated on a promon- tory projecting into the Mediterranean. 45 miles south by east of Leghorn, and opposite Elba. Population (1881), commune, 4,076. Piombino, Principality of Piombino, Principality of. A former small priiu-ipality, adjoiiiiug aud including the towu of Piombino. Piombo (pe-om'bo), Fra Sebastiano del. Bom in Venice (f), 1485: died at Kome, June 21, 1547. A painter of the Venetian school. His rral name waiiLuciani, but he was commonly culled del PionilK) from his offlee of keeper of the le.ulen seals, which he held un- der Clement VII. and Paul III. He was a pupil of Gio- vanni Bellini, and afterward of Giorgione, and wa.s called to Rome about l.'iOO by AKOstiuo Chigi to assist in decorating; the Karnesina with frescos. Sleaiitinie his portraits in oil had won him fame. .Amoiic the best of this period are the Bo-called "Fornarina" in the Ufilzi at Florence. Piombo was intimatelyassociated with ilichelanpelo, and is said to have painted the ''Resurrection of Lazarus "in the National Gallery, London, with his assistance. In 1527 he went to ^■eIlice, and there probably painted the portrait of Andrea Doria, now in the Doria Palace at Rome. He returned to Rome in 1529. In 1531 he became keeper of the seals and an ecclesiastic. Pioneers, The. A storv bv James Fenimore Cooper, published in 1823. " Piotrkow (pey-otr'kov), G. Petrikau (pa'tre- kon). 1. A government in Russian I'oland, bor- dering on Prussia. Area, 4.729 square miles. Poptilation, 1,091,282.-2. The capital of the government of Piotrkon-,situated 84 miles south- west of Warsaw. It is one of the oldest Polish towns. Population (1884), 24.840. Kove di Sacco (pe-o've de siik'ko). A town in the province of Padua, Italy, 18 miles southwest of Venice. Population (ISSl), 5,137; commune, 8,606. Piozzi (pi-oz'i ; It. pron. pe-ot'se), Mrs. (Hester Lynch Salisbury ; Mrs.Thrale). BomatBod- ville, Carnarvonshire, Jan. 27, 1741 : died at Clif- ton, England, May 2, 1821. An English lady, a friend of Dr. Johnson, she was well educated in Latin and Greek and the modern languages. In 1763 she married Henry Thrale, a brewer of Southwark. In 1704 . she met Dr. Johnson, and an intimacy began which lastetl for 20 years. Mr. Thrale died on April 4, 1781, and on July 26, 1784. she married Piozzi, an Italian musician. Her anec- dotes of and correspondence with Dr. Johnson are second Id interest only to Boswell's "Life." Pip (pip)- Nickname of Philip Pin-ip, the hero of Dickens's " Great E.xpectations." Pipchin (pip'chin), Mrs. In Dickens's "Dom- bev aud Son," a disagreeable old woman, pro- prietress of an "infantine boarding-house of a very select description" at Brighton, where lit- tle Paul Dombey was sent for his health. Piper (pi'per), iom. A character in the Eng- lish morris-dance. Piperno (pe-per'n6). A to-mi in the province of Eome, Italy, situated on the Amaseno 47 miles southeast of Rome. Near it was the ancient Volscian city Privemum. Population (1881), 4,932 Pipes (pips), Tom. In Smollett's "Peregrine Pickle," the attendant of Peregiine at school, and Commodore Trunnion's former boatswain. Pipin. See I'epiii. Pippa (pep'pii) Passes. A dramatic idyl by Robert Brovming, published in 1841. Pippi. See G-itdio Romano. Pippin. See Pepin. Piqua (pik'wa or pik'wa). A city in Miami County, Ohio', situated on the Miami 70 miles west by north of Columbus. Population (1900), 12,172. Pita. See Piro. Piracicaba (pe-ra-se-kii'bii), or Constituigao (kon-ste-twe-souii'). A town of the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, about 75 miles northwest of Sao Paulo. Population, about 10.0011. Piraeus, or Peiraeus (pi-re'us): also Piraeeus. [Gr. ncjpnHi'c.] Till.' seaport of Athens, siluu- ted on the Saronic Gulf 5 miles southwest of Athens. It is one of the chief ports of Greece. It was founded tiy Themistodes and I'eiicles ; was destroyeil by Sulla in 86 B. 0. ; and has been rebuilt in the present cen- tury. It was In ancient limes cotniecte, Tex.a3. .Six miles east of El Paso they established a village, nam- ing it .Senecu after their former pueblo in the north. About 60 still reside at Senecu del .Sur. See Taiwan. Piron (pe-ron'), Alexis. Born at Dijon, France, July 9, 1689: died at Paris, Jan. 21, 1773. A French epigrammatist. He also wrote the com- edy "Metromanie" (1738), vaudevilles, etc. Piros (pe'ros), locally called Chontatjuiros (chon-ta-ke'ros) or Siriminches (se-re-men'- chas). 1. An Indian tribe of eastern Peru, in the forest region bordering the Apurimae aud TJcayale rivers, between 10° and 12° S. lat. They were*formerly numerous, and between 1683 and 1727 niany of them were gathered into mission villages: but they subsequently returned to a wihi life. They were long no- toritais for their raids on other tribes, origimilly to steal women for wives, but later to procure slaves which they sold to the whites. Only one or two thousands remain, and they are gradually submitting to white inlluence. The Piros belong to the Arawak or Alayjiure stock, forming Its westernmost tribe. This is one of the tribes loosely called Chunehos by the Peruvians. 2. See Piro. Pirot (pe-rof). A town in Servia, situated on a head stream of the Nishava, in lat. 43° 14' N., long. 22° 35' E. It was ceded by Turkey tle, the Hat uu Runas, who oeeupieil the highlainls of Peru and Bo- livia previous to the rise of the Inca dynasty. That such a people existed is evident from the remains of Cyclopean architecture of a type dilferent from aTi Andean plateau. But it Is remarkable that the shores <'f Lake Titicaca, which are almost treeless, ami where corn will not ripwn, should have been chosen as the center of this most ancient civilization. Yet the ruins of TIahua. nucu ctinclusively establish the fact that the capital of the Piruas was on the loftiest site over selected for tho seat of a great empire. Markham, in Narrative and Critical History of America, (I. -222, 2'23. Pisa (pe'zii or jio'sii). A province of Tuscany, llalv. .\rea. 1,179 square miles. Population (1891), 302,:!-19. Pisa, F.Pise(pez). The capital of the province Pisano, Andrea of Pisa, Italy, situated on the Amo, 6 miles from the sea, in lat. 43° 43' N., long. 10° 23' E. : the ancient Pisie and Colonia Julia Pisana. It is now a winter health-resort. The cathedral, withthecanipanlle- the baptistery, and theCamperposed Pisan arcades, and above these, below tlie dome, coupled cuspcd windows with deco- rated pointed canopies. The lowest story, with round wall-arcades inclosing windows, is of the 12th century: the parts above are later. The little arcades of the second tier are joined two and two by beautiful tracerled and crocket ed pediments, separated by slender pinnacles. The middle of the building is occuiucd by the octagonal font, 14 feetindiamcter,with most delicate geometrical carving and mosaics on its panels. Its chief boast, however, is the famous puliiit (12fi- tistervof the old cathe' and was flourishing umler the empire. In the 11th century it was a maritime republic, and one of the chief commercial powers of the Mediterranean. It conquered Sardinia. Cor- sica, and the Balearic Islands; took a prominent part in the Crusades; was frequently at war with Genoa, Luces, and Florence ; was a leading Ghibelline city : was defeated by the Genoese at Meloria ill 12S4, and lost soon after its jiosscssions ami imiiortance; was annexed by Florence in 1406; became independent in 14i>4 ; and resisted attacks by Florence in 1499, l.MM, and 15(15, but tlnally submitted in 1.509. It had an important part in the early develop- ment of architecture and sculpture. Galileo was born tlure. Population (1S9'2), 61,500. Pisa, Council of. An ecclesiastical council held at Pisa in 1409 for the purpose of liealing the papal seliisni. It deposed the rival popes Gregory All. and Benedict XIII. Alexander V. was elected by the cardinals. Pisac (pe-siik'). Avillage of Peru, on the river Vileamayii about 1.5 miles east-northeast of Cuzco. It is noted for its remains of Incai-ial archltec- t ure, including a large fortress, almost perfectly preservwl, a temple, numerous temices, rock-tombs, et^:. Fisagua (pe-sii'gwii). A town and ])ort of the province of Tara))ac4, Chile (formerlv in Peru), in lat. 19° .36' 30 S.: one of the ci'iiters of the nitrate iiidnslrv. It was iMinbarded by the Chileans April 18, I871I, ami attacked and taken by tlleiu Nov, 2. I'opiilatlon, about 5,(«i». Pisan, Christine de. See Christine dc PiMH. PisanlO (].e-sii'iie-6). A servant of Posthiimus ill Shakspcre's "C.nnbeline." "Slv anil ciMistant," as the queen calls him, and aa he himself wishes to be. PIsanIo unites the cunning of tho serpent with the haniilesaness of the dove. His slngulai position is tlmuighout that he Is truest where he is nioit untrue. drrrinut, Shakespeare Commentaries (tr. by F. F.. Ililn- (nett, eil. l!N>Cr|, p. 67:i Pisano (pe-zii'no), Andrea (Andrea da Pon- taderra). Bom 1270: died nt Klorence about 1349, .-Vii Italian seiilptor. He was early appren- ticed to Giovanni Pisano, and devoted much time to the study of the anthiue sarcophagi In the Camiw Santo, At Fisano, Andrea 35 years of age he is said to have visited Venice, where he madeseverafstataesforthefat^adeof San Marco, and made designs for the arsenal, subsequently tinished by Filippo Calendario. After his return from Venice he made the bronze door of the baptisteiy in Florence, which is his chief and enduring title to fame (finished 1330). He also executed the bas-reliefs designed by Giotto for the lower storj' of the campanile, and some figures on Aniolfo's fa- cade of the duomo. He strengthened the Palazzo Vecchio with great walls and fortifications to render it a safe resi- dence for Walter de Brienne. titular duke of Athens, whom the Florentines had made governor of the city. Pisano, Giovanni. Bom at Pisa» 1240: died 1320. An Italian architect and sculptor, son of Xiccola Pisano. From 1206 to 1267 he worked with his father upon the pulpit in Siena, In l"2tS he went to Na- ples to design the church of the Franciscans and the epis- copal palace. In 1278 he went to Pisa ou the death of his father. At this time he transformed the Oratory of Santa Maria del Porto into the present Church of Santa Maria della Spina, the first edifice built in Italy in the Pointed style, and built the first and most beautiful Campo Santo in Italy: in the Campo Santo are still many works of Gio- vanni. About 12S9 he made the monument of Pope Urban IV. at Perugia, and the shrine of San Donato at Arezzo in i-:90. Pisano, Niccola. Born at Pisa between 1205 and 1207 : died at Pisa, 1278. A noted Italian sculptor and architect, said to have been the son of Pietro da Siena, a notary. He founded a new school of sculpture in Italy. ^Mien about lr> years old he was employed as architect by the emperor Frederick II., and went with him to Naple^ where he worked on the Castel Capuauo and Castel deli' Uovoinl221. He designed the basilica of St. Anthony at Padua in 1231. and in 1237 made his first known ess:iy in sculpture in the alto-rilievo of the Deposition, still in the tympanum of the arch over a side door of San Martino at Lucca. About 124S he built the Santa Trinita at Florence, the San Domenico at Arezzo, the duomo at Volterra, and the Pieve and Santa Marguerita at Cortona. In 1260 he produced the famous pulpit in the baptistery at Pisa. In 1265 he began the Arcadi San Do- menico at Bologna, in wiich he was assisted l>y Fra Gug- lielmo Aenelli. In 1266 he began the pulpit of the cathe- dral at Siena, assisted by his son Giovanni and his pupils Arnolfo del Cambio, Donato, and Lapo. It is similar to the one in Pisa, but larger, and octagonal instead of hexa- gonal. In 1269 Charles of Anjou commissioned him to erect the abbey and convent of La Scorgola to commemo- rate the victory of Tagliacozzo, which occurred in the neighboring valley. In 1274 was begun the fountain in Perugia finished by his son Giovanni. The 24 statuettes of this fountain whicli are ascribed to Xiccola Pisano are sim- ply designed and broadly treated. Piscataqua (pis-kat'a-kTva). A river in New Hampshire and partly on the boundary be- tween New Hampshire and Maine, it is formed by the union of the Salmon and Cocheco, and flows into the Atlantic 3 miles southeast of Portsmonth. Length (in- cluding the Salmon), about 50 miles. Piscataquis (pis-kat'a-kwis). A river in Maine; joiniuff the Penobscot 30 miles north of Ban- gor. Length, about 70 miles. Piscataway. See Conoif. Pisces (pis'ez). [L., ' the fishes.'] A constel- lation and sign of the zodiac ; the Fishes. The figure represents two fishes united by a ribbon attached to their tails. One of the fishes is east, the other south, of the square of Pegasus. Symbol, k. Piscis Austrinus (pis'is as-tri'nns). [L., 'the southern lish.'] An ancient southern constella- tion, the Southern Fish, it contains the 1.3 magni- tude star Fomalhant. which is 30 degrees south of the equator, and is in opposition on the 3d of Sept. The figure represents a fish which swallows the water poured out of thf vase by Aquarius. Piscis Volans (pis'is vo'lanz). [L./the fijing fish.'] One of the southern constellations in- troduced by Theodori, or Keyser, at the end of the 16th century- it is situated west of the star 3 Argus, and contains two' stars of the fourth magnitude. Also called Volans. Pisek(pe'sek). A town in Bohemia, situated on the Wottawa 55 miles south by west of Prague. Population (1890). commune, 10,950. Pisgah. (piz'ga). In Bible geogi*aphy, a moun- tain of Abarim. Moab, northeast of the Dead Sea : now identified with Jebel Siaghah. Mount Nebo. from which Moses viewed the promised land of Ca- naan, was one of its summits. Pishacha (pi-sha'cha). In Hindu m}-thology. the name of a class of demons, perhaps origi- nally (as is inferred from the epithets of Pisha- chi in Rig\'eda I. cxxxiii. 5) a personification of the ignis fatuus. They are called the *'flesh- eating Pishachas" in Atharvaveda^Vlil. ii, 12. Pishin (pe-shen'). A district north of Quetta, on the border of Baluchistan and Afghanistan. It is under direct British rule. Pishpai (pish'pi). [Pers., 'fore foot.'] A rarely usc'f name for the third-magnitude star /i Gemi- 11 Oram. Pishquitpali, See Pisquow. Pisidia (pi-sid'i-a), [Gr, TlfGiSia.'] In ancient geogi-aphy. a territory in Asia Minor, it was bounded by Phrygia on the north, Isauria and Cilicia on the east, Pamphylia on the south, and Lycia on the south- west, and was traversed by the Taurus Mountains, It was reduced by Rome. Pisistratidae (pis-is-trat'i-de). Hippias and 810 Hipparchus, the two scuis and snceessors of Pisistratus. PisistratUS (pi-sis'tra-tus). [Gr. UeicrifyTpaToc.l Born about 605 B. c": died 527 B. c. A tyi'ant of Athens, a friend of Solon. He usurped the su- preme power in 560 ; was twice expelled ; and was restored and reigned until Ms death. Peisistratus, in the last period of his rule (537-527 B. c.\ is said to have commissioned some learned men, of whom the poet Onomacritus was the chief, to collect the poems of Humer. It is now generally believed that an Iliad and an Odyssey already existed in writing at that time, but that the lest had become much deranj:ed, especially through the practice of reciting short passages without regai-d to their context. Besides these two poems, many other epic poems or fragments of the Ionian school went under Homer's name. The great task of the commission was to collect aZ/ these ''poems of Homer" into one body. From this general stock they may have supplied what they thought wanting in the Iliad and Odyssey. Their work cannot, in any case, have been critical in a modem sense. But it can hardly be doubted thatsome systematic attempt to preserve ■ ' the poems of Homer " was'made in the reign of Peisistratus. Jebh, Greek Lit,, p. 32. Piso (pi'so). Calpumius, Tliename of a family distinguished in Roman history. Among its mem- bers we~re the following : Lucius, a censor, consul, and au- thor of the second half of the 2d centur5- B. c. ; Lucius, a politician, father-in-law of Julius Casar; Cneius, gover- nor of Syria tinder Tiberius, and the reputed murderer of Gerraanicus ; Caius, the leader of an unsuccessful conspir- acy against >'ero in »>5 A. i>. : and Lucius, the successor of Galba for four days, put to death by Otho (69 A. D.). Pison (pi'son). One of the foui* rivers men- tioned in Gen. ii. It has been conjecturaily identified with the Ganges, the upper Indus, etc. Also Pi.shon. Pisseletl. See £tampesj Ditrhesse d\ Pissevache (pes-vash'). A picturesque water- fall in the canton of Valais, Switzerland, situ- ated near Martigny. Height, 230 feet. Pissis (pe-ses' ), Aiiae. Bom at Brionde, Haute- Loire. May 17, lSl:i : died at Santiago. Chile, 1888. A French naturalist. He visited Brazil in 1S36, and the Andes in 1S46, and in 1S4S was made official geolo- gist of Chile. His principal work, "Geografia fisica de Chile," was published in 1S76, and he wrote many reports and papers, principally on South American geologj-. Pistola, or Pistoja (pis-to'ya). A town in the province of Florence, Italy, near the Ombrone, 20 miles northwest of Florence : the Koman Pis- toria. It has manufactures of iron and firearms. The ca- thedral is an interesting church of the l'2th and 13th cen- turies. The porch crosses the entire front ; it has 7 round arches on slender columns, the central arch much the high- est. Above the p<:)rch are 2 tiers of arcades, and the gable and the front-walls of the aisle-roofs have ranges of col- umns without arches. The interior is modernized, but preserves good painting and sculpture, and has a magnifi- cent medieval silver altar with admirable statues and re- liefs. The campanile is solid below, and has above 3 arcaded galleries surmounted by a short p>Tamidal spire. The baptistery, the Palazzo Pretorio, and several other buildings are also of interest. Catiline was defeated and slain near the city in 62 B. c. It was noted in the middle ages for factional strife. Population (1S81). 20,190; com- mune, 51,552. Pistol (pis'tol). A character in the "Merry Wivesof "Windsor," in the second part of *'King Henry I\'.." and also introduced in **King Henry V." : a bully and swaggerer, a compan- ion of Falstaff. He is a modification of the regular Italian type, the *' Thraso." Pistol Rivers. See Qicinetimnetmu Pistoria. See Pistoia. Pitcairn (pit-liani'). John. Bom in Fifeshire, Scotland, about 1740: killed at Bunker Hill, Jiine 17. 1775. A British officer (major), com- mander of the advanced force in Gage's expedi- tion to Lexington and Concord. April 19, 1775. Pitcaim (or Pitcaim's) Island. An island in the South Pacific, situated in lat. 25° 4' S., long. 130° IS' "W. It was discovered in 1767, and was settled in 1790 by mutineers from the British ship Bounty. The colony removed to Norfolk Island in 1856. Many of them have since returned to Pitcaim Island. It is under the supervision of Sew South Wales. Area, 3 square miles. Population. 120. Pitcher, Molly. The wife of a Revolutionary soldier who distinguished herself at the battle of Monmouth. June 28, 1778. she tossible minority in Parliament was 25. Bis internal administration was extremely severe. Jaco- binism was suppressed, and the Habeas Corpus Act re- peatedly suspended. His policy in Ireland resulted in the union of 1800. His attempt to relieve Roman Catholic dis- abilities was opposed by the king, and he resigned March 14, ISOl. The Addington ministr>\ which succeeded, was made up of Pitt's supporters. It fell after the failure of the treaty of Am iens, and Pitt's second administration be- gan May 12, 1S04. Napoleon's attempted invasion of Eng- land failed through the vigilance of Nelson, but the coa- lition of England, Russia, and Austria, with which Pitt opposed him on tlie Continent, was wrecked at Vim and Austerlilz in 1S05. Pitt was completely prostrated by these disasters; retired to his villa at Putney Jan. 11, 1806; and died there. Pitta, Sebastiao da Rocha. See Bocha Pitta, Pittacus (pit'a-kus). [Gr. 11/— ohoc.] Born in Lesbos about" e.'Sl b. C. : died about 569 B. C. One of the seven vrise men of Greece, ruler of Mvtilene about 5>i9-579 B. C. Pitt Diamond, The. A celebrated diamond which was purchased bv Thomas Pitt, ^and- father of William Pitt. 'first earl of Chatham, and was sold by him to the Regent of Orleans in 1717 for about $675,000. it came originally from India (the Parteal mines, on the Kistna), was one of the crown jewels of France, and was set in the handle of the first Napoleon's sword. It weighs about lo7 carats. Also known as the Regent Diamond, Pitti Palace. See Palazzo Pitti, Pittsburg Pittsburg, orPittsburghipits'btrg). Theoap- Ua^ "f AllPKbenv Couuty, Pcnnsylvaniii, situ- ated at tlie iunctiou of tlu* Monongabela and AUeghenv rivoi-s (which Unite here to form the Ohio) in"hit. 40° '2-' N., long. 80° W. It is the •ecoml city in the State, and one of the cliicf manutactur. fnfc tiesot lie couiitiV, heing the leading- place .1. the country fomimitacmres of iron, steel, copper, and Rlass. There are also n.anufactures of brass, "■;'»■. ■»«;-l''.": en-! petroleu.n, cotton, etc. It is an nnportant r »a> renter and the headipiarters of a river trade aid cx_ ™,rta coa coke etc. It is called "the Iron City and ^^e smoky Cij'" The English began a fort on its site in K64 this Vas seized by the Ff 'l^^h «" J S^* k ?^ nnrniesiie and an attempt to recover it by BraddocK re. fulled ihi^ 'teat in thel.attleot the Monongahela, Ju y ll^k An unsuccessful attempt to capture 't "f"" « by Gr»nt in IT:^. but it «as llnally taken by tor .es e Mnic year Kort I'itt (named fi om the elder 1 tt) " '» S ill 1759. and I-itUbW was settled in 1701. I'opula- tion (I'.KXll, 321, till".. Pittsburg Landing. Hce shiloh Pittsfield (pits'fOl.l). A city and the capital of Berkshire County, Massachusetts, situated 29 miles east-southeast of Albany. It was incor- Dorated in 1761, and has manufactures of woolen and cot- ton g«.ds, silk, tacks, etc. Population (liKXI,, 21,706. Pittstond'its'tou). AborouijhiuLuzcrneCinin- ty Pennsylvania, situated on the Susquehanna, near the'iuouth of the Lackawanna, 8 miles southwest of Scranlou. It is an important place of export for anthracite coal. Popula- tion (1900), 12,r).50. ,^ „ . ^ T„ „„ ■Pitmia3> (uit-i-u se). [Or. UiTmvaat.\ In an- c*eKographv, the two islands of the Bale- aric "mjup now"calleil Iviza and Formentera Piura'(pe-o'ni). 1. Thenorthwesternmostde- nartment of Peru, bordering on Ecuador and the Pacific Ocean. Area, about lo,.-)00 square miles. Population(187tj),i;«.50-J.— S.Thecapi- tal of the department of Piura, situated near the coast in lat. 5° I'i' S. It was founded by Pizarro. Population, about 10,000. Pins (pi'us I I. Bishop of Rome 142-150. Pius II. ( Enea Silvio Piccolomini, Latinized as ;F!npanaJ« b-'hop of Mantua in ls84 ; cardinal and P»triarch of Venice m la:i:t ; and was elected pope August 4, IJoj. Piutp Piutah See I'diiiti'- P za^^O A play translated from Kotzebue's "Spaniards in Peru." it is known as Sheridan s, but the Franslation was not made by him. It was produced m Rzarro'(pi-za'r6; Sp. pron pe.thiir'r6),Fran. Placidia hualpa. He went back to Peru ; commanded in the de. fense of Cuzco against Maiicolncaiu 163«; and was seized by Almagro, April 18, 1537, but was released on his proni- isl- to leave the coulitry. Instead of doing so, he toolj command of his brother's army: defeated Ahnagro at Las Salinas, April '26, 15,!S: and put him to J';"'''- ,„^"f this ci>iiduct lie was afterward kept in niilil coiiflnemeiit in Spain tor 20 years (154IM10). Uiiring this period he married an illegitimate daugtiUr of Francisco Pizarro ^ 14, 1524, with one ship and about q,,, jo^ nj^j . died I h.-re. May 14, 1 830. A Bra- lOOnien. following the coast to about lat. " V A"" ';»• j^iliau historian. He took orders and occupied va- during greiit >ult. rim;, lie was obliged to return Alma- ecclesiastical positions at Kio de Janeiro besides go wi.o bad sailed later and passed hi«v met with no^^^^^^^ rrTelinrextensivel? in the interior. His ';Me™on«s ter success Aided liy Caspar de Espmosa they sa led Y''*^' J> . c„„it;„iia do Bio de Janeiro, e das demals l^ain in l^rgcT vessels (about Sept 1526), ?«>«<"';« ^ •'■'^'^f^^/j",, "^ZaX " (9 vols. 1820-22).is one of the most ?he equator, and saw large cities ""' «»';'"'"",^' ^.f^ .';„ important works on the history of Brazil. Almairom.w returned for reinforcements, le^^^^^^ Qrellana (pe-thiir'ro e o-nil-vil'lia), •ind anartof the men on the little island of uaihui.n. i l-izarro V \jreiiA"«>' M "^ ,-q.-. ,,;„,i ,,(■.„,. ifi'tQ b'> N) where hey suffered Bieatly. The new governor of pemando. Hern about 1.^9.): died attei IMJ. Pa,ia;ur^.s lliosVefused to authorize fur. her expUira- f;,p,^t „.,.,„lson of Francisco Pizarro through tion, and sent two ships to take r'^r™ ort b"J he, with , ,^^4^,. Francises who married Hernando 10 of his ■"?". f™«.^;7hTlslan'i Anot'L'r'"^ p zaiTO In 1639 he published " Varones ilustres del '""Tn'h mt I el IW w th positive orders to take them x .e"," >,„„d!,," which giVes the most eV;^''d'<< "'•f"" "' ff ,?,tTns?ead'ofobeY,g,^he^^^^^^^ heconqueror.if Peru,andbiographie8ofColum m8,oMa, ?he'r einl .rat!™ This t me they reached Tumbez and ,.„rt,.s, Juan. Hernamlo and IJon^^lo Pizarro. Diego de AI- oUier iSia tow" s, were well received, saw evidences o ,„„^„,, „„ j pi,p„ oarcia de Paredes. great wealth, and at length returned to i""'"""" «''h "'«= piz Bomina (pets ber-ne'na). A peak of the Ber- Lsurancethattliey had discovered the long-sougW r^f^ ^ ^^^ eult*nating summit of the SrS'h; rec!dv"d'rc™ce\t;"rto°co'i ;pr"an"g^ H a-tian Xlps, situated in the canton of Gn- filru \e'urning to P^nania. Pizarro sailed for the ^ons, Switzerland, soutb of the Lpper Enga- Luth in Jan.. 1531, with 3 vessels and 185 men ;and..d at Height, 13.295 feet, the island of Pun4 in tlie Gulfof^Guajaqiul, wheje^hc ^_^ T.„..T„arH r„ets lilne-eward'). A peak in east of Pont- ^^:^l^:^:^^::^::^Tl\:^^^i:^l'^^"^^^-PiZZO (piCso). > seaport in the P^;-^e of S He wrpromised his liberty if he would fill a room Catanzaro, southern Italy 24 miles southw est with gold, and he actually did collect through his officers Catanzaro, on the Gulf of Santa Etifeinia. 32ii,ii:)9 pesos of gold and .ILBIO marks of silver, ei|ual to " executed here in 1815. Population a (uir, fi7odiirats rafiniated at Slfl,ii00,000of modern money. JMurai was exiLULtu uc»i 1 I'^heend hecViv^^ (1881 ), 8.00^). . ,. i-i" ,;;iMnr ingagahrs UieSpanianls,Ang.2«,ir.3:!. (.SeeJm/i™'/«^ de la BastiUe (plas de la bas-tel ), or SirT!CZ^rS^;;h;;rto'ii^^£'b^n^ La BastiUe. Thesite.of .hoBaslille.a, the his temporal diiininions in ISM. .... Pius VIII. (Francesco Xaviero Castigliom). Born at Ciiigoli, ni-»r Anr,m» lUiU^^-'V. -^ 17(,1 : died at Home, Nov. 30, 1830. Pope 1829- Pius IX. (Giovanni Maria Mastai Ferretti). Horn at Sini^.a^lin, nenr .Vneo.m Ua v. May l.t, 1792: died at Uome, Feb. 7, I818. Pope 184(.- 1878. He became archblshopof Spoleto In 1827; was ap- poinlcd cardinal in 1840; and ascended the papa throne I, iMli His grand object at his aecesslon was to bring „ ,11 a confederation of the Italian stales under thy papa 8 iniiliiacv. Wllh this ol,)ect in view, he placed fiimself at he head of the movement for reform proclaimed an amnesty to political otlenders, reorganized the muclciiml gov Tiiinent of Rome, and granted a constitution to the Panal Slates. Kiightened. however, by the increasing 1 •• mam so thJ populace, ho lied to (laeta In .Nov., 18 8, w , le a republic was proclaimed at Home. He was res ..red by Uie !;"l of the French In lsr.(). Henceforth he malnU.ine, ■ an attitude of uncompromising conservatism. A large p r^^ o lis dominloMs'was annexed by Victor F.nimanne KtHilO, and he was altogether deprived of his tenipori Dower in 18711. Througli his inllile.ice he doctrine f Sapal iillalUbility was ad..pled by the Vatlcau CouucU. Pius X.'^Giuseppe SartO). Horn at Rieso, near endof theKueSt.-Antoine, Pans. After the rev- olution of 18:i0 the Colonne de JuiUet w-a-s erected hereto commemorate the tliree eventful days of J uly M hat year. The first st-mewas laid by L.mis Philippe, Jul) 21, IMl. In the revolution of 1848 , he strongest Virr cade of the insurgents was placed at the entrance of the t aubourg St.- An oi^'e to tlm east of the Place, and Archbishop Alfre was killed the?" The revolution o( Feb. 23-24. ls4S, begin, at the Place de la nastille, and it was one of the slrongliolds of the ("rmmunists, being captured after adesperate Strug. gle on May 25, 1871. Place de la Concorde (kon-kord ). A noted sinnne in Paris, .i.irth of the Seine and west of the Tnileries. In the first revolution It was called the Place de la Cuillotilie. It was alsi. called 'h- P ace^U- a Revolution and the Place U.uis -W . In >«;*'',•: ""V* land here was transformed Into a piazza to be c» led ht b,:;rri^^,^,^i;i;vz'rk;;^:':if pf :^M^ nrind«:^:;;"-'-5^rwi.^hf.:!'s;:f:rr^ XV Ma !• Antoinette, and many of the nobility «„er. beheaded here. Its present name dates mn, 1795. The ()l>,liH,|iuile l.nxoi WHS brought here In 1833. ". A square past of the Louvre lis name is derived from the tourna- ment held here in 1662. See Arc dc Tnomfhc maoego.c.orof ouito I" i-^V-^;- Ti.I.'Va.i,r«mr»Ts Placcntia! See naceiKa. JiliJiS'lS;;:;" ^^^. ^^'^■^<^ i;?S'^rin p ^lacentia (pla-son'shi-ii). A <''"«^ - J-' - the A.na/on In l.',44 he consented, after some hesKation, s;,.„ loumllaiid, 63 miles wesl-soutliwesf of bt. ^:;il:rV:;«r^"errvXr Jfl^eH 25..;5 p^^^^^^ A,iin,o,of.heA.l,.ii.icOcoa„, ;!!^li»^^h^ ^^^■^:^^^>^^^^^'i ^!^f^^±K IS. of Newfoundlaiid. Leii«.h. Isthmus of Panama. The Spanish governnient now sent .|1„„,| (u miles. „^4.,„„» Pedrodela(!a»ca,wlthe.tra.udlna|^ypowers to ake .0| Rovale, La, OU I'AmOUreUX extrava- ';:^Z^:'^V-i:^t Szr::S'"o;;^;"h;p3^Sl A?.ni.;iybyCornei.le^prod.iced.iiU.,U^ F irSrtiuisj-'C^^aiu^^i^^^t-sjjj^ r :;;s>^,:s^i;cv:nf^.sr!in;;in:^'^^ jr:':„l;:;:^Ui:! of sacramcto. popma. ,!4n!.iio. PlJ-ionowreturnedtoi-uzco.an. me the ^,^_^^,,,,,,^ , ;.^ army of (Insca In the valley of saesiib.iaim.^Y^^^^ Veudome (pl"" voll-dom'). A noted but his dishearleiied s.ddleis deserted or led. and t . f lacO V eiiuuiuD v Seine. It was dc- „:» no baffle. ,,..110 gave himself up. and was executed ,.,„„,.. .1, V''!:;; XI V Napoleon I. erected a Piza^^O, Hernando. Bortiat Tnixillo 1474 (» ^Zm column here in 1806. See CoUnnu ui- 1179 (f): died there. 1.578, IlalLbrolher ,1.- ,.^„J,„^. (.-Miniate) of Francisco IV"";"- "'"."".. "p.'jr placidia I plft-'Wi-")- Oa"*- "'"" "''""* ^^ ci.mpanied to Pern. r.-lnrniiiK to hpaiii m -Ta n.. f laClQ a M ^.j .^ \i,mx>in i.rii.cess. She 1034 with the royal fifth of the ransom of Ata- A. i>. . 'i" distnnuiion 01 me oouij. ...w.^. ,."...-._ armed resistance, but in the march to Cuzco which ol lowed, the Spaniards were repeated y attacked. On .Nov. 15 1633, Pizarro entered Cuzco. M.anco Inca, the Ugitl- mite hiir to the throne, tendered his subniissnm and Pizarro made a puppet monarch of him; lehimsef ».i3 the real ruler, ami Cuzco was pillaged and turned into a Snanish city. In Jan., l.s:!:,, he founded Lima as his capi- ti^^ soon after he reJeived from Spain "■'^ 'itl-^ "' X" quii, and his territory was defined as extending from he river Santiago Oat. 1' 2' S.) southward for .i") le.iguts. Almagro, at the same time, was granted the region ad- ioining thij on the south, and he set out with an army to iom u« Chile. Meanwhile lienalcazar, with a part of Pizarro's forc^ h.ad con.|Uered (Juito, and Pizarro took possession of it. In April, 1536, the Indians rose 1.1 revol under Manco, and for a time threatened to drive the Spaniards out, but were finally con.iucrcd Almagro, re- tiiriiiiig from Chile, el.aimed Cuzco as lying within his territory • war followed between him and I'lzarro ; and Al- magro was defeated at Las Salinas (April 20, 1538), and s,H.n after was executed. His followers w-ere gcnerall> aUowedtogofree ; but they plotted against Pizarro. and at Uneth a party of them altaeked him iuhis palace and slew him with several attendants. i.-,n,-, „,. Pizarro. Gonzalo. Born at Tru-xiUo l.,0. o. 1.-.06 : died at Cu/.co, April 12 (t), !• 48 lialt- brolherof Francisco Pizarro, whom he followeil in the conipiost of Peru. He t. fense of Cuzco In 15:10 ; waslniprlsoneo .., ;■."■■• ■-> .: 037>ut escaped, led the Infantry at l.as Sainas. April 20,15.18; subseiiueiitly served in Charcas, «' '•'"., '^J:^, ceived a grant of the rich Potosl mines; and in L.,i'.) was made gove ■ or of (Julfo. In ir,41-42 he led an unsilccess- (T,, 1. -jn ..""- i,i;;.,i„,,,„- de l.nio, was broughf here In 183;) diom he followed ^^ CarTOUSel (dii kii-ri.-zcl' ). took part 111 the de- . ^| f ,1,,, s,.i„e „„a e ,dl,y Almagro, Ap. 1 , 'J' ..!.'. ' I, j .„„„e is derived from t Flacidia was the daughter of Theodosius the Great ; was taken prisoEerby Alaric, king of the West Goths, during the sack of Rome in 410 : and became the wife of Aiaric's successor AtaiUphus in 414. Ataulphus was killed in 415, and I'la- cidia was restored to her half-brother the emperor Hono- rius. She married in 417 Constantius, by whom she be- came the mother of Valentinian III. Plagiary (pla'ji-a-ri). Sir Fretful. A char- acter in " The Critic," by Sheiidan. It is a satir- ical portrait of Cumberland, said to have been written in revenge for the latter's behavior at the tirst night of the "School for Scandal." Plague of Serpents, The. A powerful ceiling picture by Tintoretto, in the Scuola di San Rocco at ^ enice. There are many figures scattered in flight and death before swarms of small but monstrous flying and writhing snakes, beneath a sky covered with black clouds, but illuminated in one place by the descent of an angel of mercy. Plaideurs (pla-der'), Les. A comedy by Ea- cine, printed in 1668. it is a severe satire on the legal profession, and at first was unsuccessful, but after- ward became extremely popular: "a charming trifle which has had, and has deserved, more genuine and last- ing popularity than any of his tragedies " iSaintgbury). Plain (plan), The. In the legislatures of the first French revolution, the floor of the house, occu- pied by the more moderate party : hence, that parij: itself, as distinguished from the Mountain (winch see). Plain Dealer (plan de'ler). The. A comedy by Wycherley, produced in 1674 and printed in 1677. It "owes its existence to Moliere's "Le misanthrope." See Manly. Plainfield (plan'feld). A city in Union County, New Jersey. 24 miles west-southwest of New York. Population (190111. 15,36y. Planche (plou-sha'), James Robinson. Born at London, Feb. 27, 1796 : died May 29, 1880. An English dramatist and writer on heraldry, costume, etc. He wrote more than 200 plays. He was created Rouge-CroLx Pursuivant of Arms in 1854, and Somerset Herald in 1S66. Planck (plangk). Gottlieb Jakob. Born at Niir- tingen, Wiirtemberg, Nov. 15, 1751: died Aug. 31, 1833. A German Protestant theologian, professor of theology at Gottingen from 1784. His chief work is " ' Geschichte des protestantischen Lehr- begriifs " (" History of the Protestant System of Doctrine." ITSl-lSOO). PlanQOn (plon-s6n'), Pol. A noted contem- porary bass singer, bom in France. He first sang in Paris as Mephisto in "Faust" in 1&S3. Plantagenet, George, Dnke of Clarence. Born at Dublin, 1449: mm-dered in the Tower of London, Feb. 18. 1478. Younger brother of Ed- ward IV. of England. He married Isabel, daughter of the Earl of Warwick, in 1469 ; and intrigued with War- wick 1469-71. According to an unauthenticated tradition, he was drowned in a butt of malmsey wine. Plantagenet (plan-taj'e-net). House of, also called House of Anjou. [From L. planta genista, sprig of broom, emblem of Geoffrey, count of Anjou.] A line of English kings (11.54- 1399), founded by Henry H.. son of (ieoffrey, count of Anjou, and Matilda, daughter of Henry 1. of England. The kings of this house were Henry II. (lli;4-S9), Kichard I. (1189-99), John Lackland (1199- 121'.), Henrv III. (1216-72), Edward I. (1272-1807X Edward n. (i:M7-27), Edward III. (1327-77), and Richard n. (1377- 1399). It became extinct m the direct line on the death of Richard IL in 1399. Plantagenet, John. See John of Lancaster. Plantagenet, Richard, Earl of Cornwall. Bom at Winchester, England, Jan. 5. 1209 : died April 2, 1272. Yoimger brother of Henry HI. of Eng- land. He was elected king of Germany by part of the electors, and crowned at Aachen in 1257, He was cap- tured at Lewes iu 1264. Plantin (plon-tan'), Christophe. Bom near Tours, France, 1514 : died at Antwei-p. 1589. A French printer iu Antwerp. He published a polyglot Bible (1.569-72). See Antwerp. Plantin-Moretus, Mus^e. See Antwerp. Plasencia (pla-scn'the-a). A town in the prov- ince of Caceres, western Spain, situated on the Jerte 70 miles south-southwest of Salamanca. The cathedral is of the florid architecture of Ferdinand and IsabelLa, with later classical alterations and additions. The choir-stalls are remarkable even in Spain : the carving is admirable, and the blending of sacred and profane sub- jects very curious. Population (1887X 8,044. Plassey, or Plassi (plas'se) A place in Bengal. British India, situated on the Hugli 85 miles north of Calcutta. Here, June -23, 1757, the British forces(3.20O) under Clive defeated the Bengal army(5O,o00) tmderSurajah Dowlah. Thebattleisimportantasvirtually securing the establishment of the British power in India. Plata, Gobemacion del Rio de la. See Sic de la I'hita. Plata fpla 'tin. La. ^ee Argentine Confederation. Plata, La, Auciience of. The audience of Chuquisaea, otherwise called La Plata. See Charcas. 812 Plata, Provinces of the. See La Plata. Plata, Rio de la. See Bio dc la Plata. Plata, Viceroyalty of. See La Plata. Platsea (pla-te'ji), or Plataeae (pla-te'e). [Gr. n/.draia, n'/avaiai .'\ In ancient geography, a city of Boeotia, Greece, situated at the foot of Mount Cithseron 30 miles northwest of Athens. It was allied with Athens : furnished a contingent against the Per- sians at Marathon in 490 B. c. ; was the scene of a famous battle in 479 (see below): was unsuccessfully attacked by the Thebans in 431 : was besieged by the Peloponnesians in 429. and taken in 427 ; was rebuilt in 3S7, again destroyed by the Thebans about 372, and rebuilt 338. The site contains a few ruins : a Heraeum. or temple of Hera, was discovered in 1S91. Platsea, Battle of. -^ \ictory gained in 479 B. c. by the Greeks (about 110.000, Lacedfemonians and others) under Pausanias over the Persians (about 300.000) under Mardonius. It resulted in the final repulse of the Persian invasion of Greece. Plateau (pla-to'), Joseph An toine Ferdinand. Bom at Brussels, Oct. 14, 1801 : died at Ghent, Sept. 15. 1883. A Belgian physicist, professor of experimental physics and astronomy at Ghent 1835-71: noted for his researches in molecular forces and in optics. His chief, work is " Sta- tique esperimentale et th^orique des liqnides " (1873). Platen (pla'ten), August, Count von Platen- Hallermund (or -HallemiiLnde). Bom at Aus- bach, Bavaria, Oct. 24, 1796 : died at Syracuse, Sicily, Dec. 5, 1835. A German poet. He was at ih-st in the cadet corps at Munich. In 1S15, as a Bavarian lieutenant, he was in the field against France. Subse- quently, without having left the army, he studied linguis- tics at Wiirzburg and Erlangen ; afterward he traveled much abroad, particularly in Italy and the South. He is buried in Syracuse. Among his poems me particularly to be mentioned his sonnets and the "Ghaselen," written in the Persian form of the '"gazel," the first of which ap- peared hi 1821 : healso wrote odes, idyls, songs, and ballads. In 1S26 appeared the satiric comedy "Die verhangnissroUe Gabel " (" The Fatal Fork "), directed against the "fate tra- gedies," so called ; and in 1839 " Der romantische (Edipus " ("The Romantic CEdipus""), directed against German ro- manticism : plays that gave him the title of a German Aris- tophanes. "Gedicbte " (''Poems") appeared in 1S2S. His last great work is the Oriental legendarj- epic "Die Abas- siden"("The Abassides," 1835). His collected works ap- peared at Stuttgart, in 1876, in two volumes. Plate River. See Eio de la Plata. Platine(pia 'tin) Colonies. [Sp. Colonias del Eio dcla Flata.1 A collective name for the Spanish colonies bordering ontheRiodela Plata audits aflluents. These were at fii-st included in the colony of Paraguay, from which Buenos .\\Tes was separated in 1620. (See Rio de la Plata.) Montevideo (now I'ruguay) was made agovernment subject to that of Buenos A>Tes in 1750. In 1776 the colonies were united with others in the vice- royalty of La Plata. Platine States, The. A collective name for the Spanish-American countries bordering on the Kio de la Plata and its tributaries ; at pres- ent, the Argentine Republic, Uruguay, and Pa- raguay. Uruguay was attached to Brazil from 1S21 to 1S2S, and the Argentine provinces were long st-parated from Buenos Ayres. but were reunited to it in 1859. Plato (pla'to), originally Arlstocles. [Gr. IV.aTuv : so surnamed from his broad shoulders.] Born at JEgina, 429 or 427 B. c. : died at Athens, 347. Af amous Greek philosopher, a disciple of Socratesandtheteacherof Aristotle: the founder of the Academic school. His father, Ariston, and his mother, Perictione, were of aristocratic birth. He was in his youth a successful gymnast, a soldier, and a poet. After he became adisciple of Socrates he is said to have destroyed his poem% but some epigrams attributed to him are e.\tant. His association with his master lasted from an early age until Socrates's death, .\fter this event he went to Eucleides at Megara, and later journeyed in Egypt, (Tyrene, Sicily, and Magna Grrecia. By Dionysius of Syracuse, who was of- fended at his opinions, he was delivered to the Spartan am- bass-ador PoUis, who sold him as a slave in -Egina. He was ransomed, returned to Athens, and founded the Academy (which see). In 367 he revisited Syracuse on the invitation of Dion and of Dionysius the younger, but soon left, re- turning, however, for a short time about 361. He then returned to Athens, where he lived until his death, which occurred at a marriage-feast. All his genuine works have been preserved ; but some extant works attributed to him are spurious. The former include the dialogues "Pro- tagoras," "Phjedrus," "Symposium," "Gorgias," "Theae- tetos," "Republic," "Timieus," "Philebus," "Sophist," "Politicus," "Parmenides," "Cratylus," "laws," "Crit- ias," "Meno," " Euthydemus," "Apology," "C^ito," "Ly- sis," "Charmides," "Laches." "Lesser Hippias.""Euthy- phro," " Menexenus " (^, and "Ion" (?). Plato's philoso- phy, which is still the greatest exposition of idealism, was founded on the Socratic teaching, but went far beyond it in a speculative direction. (See Socrateg.) It has, with Aristotelianism, largely controlled the progress of specula- tive thought to the^present day. Plato. A remarkable Greek bust in bronze, of the first half of the 4th century B. c, in the Museo Xazionale, Naples, once supposed to rep- resent the great philosopher. Many consider it a bearded type of Dionysus ; some the famous Poseidon of Tarentum. Playfair, Sir Lyon Plato. A large crater in the moon. Plato. An Athenian comic poet who flourished from 428 to 389 B. C. He is ranked among the very be.'ed himself at rlianeellorsviUe : and cnmianded 'hecava^r) St Oettyshurg. He drove Slerhnu- ft-.ee out o M^souri in 18W. He retired witli the rank of eolonel in l»s». Ill lOIM. »»i H.1...V - Pleasures of Hope. A poem by Thomas Camp- bell, publislu'd in 1799. , o i Pleasures of Memory. A poem by Samuel Rogers, pul)lishc(l in 1792. _ Pleasures of the Imagination. _ A didactic poem bv Akenside, publislied m lcl4. P16iade"(pla-vad'), La. The name given in lit- erature to several groups of seven poets living at the same time, notably to such a group in the time of Ptoleinv Pliiladelphus. These were I.yco- Dliron Theocritus.Aratns, Nieandcr, Homer, Apollomusof KhodJs, and Callimachus. Tlie name has been apphed to other similar groups, especially m the 10th cent>u-y to that fonued bv Konsard with Joachim du Bellay, Antoi le de Baif, .lodelle, Pontus de Thyard, Dorat, and Keini Belleau. These united in a close league t« reduce the trench lan- guage and literature to a classical form. They had many followers. French, alter all, despite a strong Teutonic admixture, was a Latin tongue, and recurrence to Latin, and to the 8tiU more majestic and fertile language which had had 80 much to do in shaping the literary Latin 'halect, was natural and germane to its character. In point of fact, thePl(:iade made modern French-made it, we ni.-iy say, twice over ; for not only did its original work revolutionise the language in a manner so durable that the reaction of the next century could not wholly undo it, hut it was mainly study of the PWiade that armed the great masters of the Kom.antic movement, the men of 1S30. in their revolt against tlle cramping rules and impoverished v.. L-alHilary 1 1 ihe eighteenth century. The effect of the chaii'^-.. i.hK..1 was far too universal for it to be possible for any Jlallulb. or any Boileau to overthrow it. The whr.le literature o thenation, at a time when it was wonderfully abundant and vigorous, "Ronsardised- for nearly fifty years, and such practice at such a time never fiiils to leave it8 n.arlL ^ Saintsbuni, French Lit., p. 197. Pleiads (pli'adz), or Pleiades (pli'a-dez). [Gr. n?MaSec, traditionally so called as indicating by their rising the time of safe navigation; from 7r?.e;i', .sail.] A close group of small stars in the constellation Taurus, very conspicuous on winter evenings, about 24° north of the equator, and coming to the meridian at mid- nicht in the middle of Nov. For some unknown rcSion there were anciently said to be seven Pleiads, al though only six were conspicuous then asnow-^; hence the suggestion of a lost Pleiad.'^ In m, thologj- the Pleia.ls were «aW to be the daughters of Atlas an.l Pleione, and were named Alcyone, Merope, Cel.-eno, Electra, Sterope or As^ terooe Taygeta and Maia. These names, with those of the parents! have been applied by modern ii8lron.)incrB since Kicciolo (IWiS) to the principal stars of the group. Pleissnerland (plis'ner-lant). The .listnct .... both sides of tlio Pleisse, a small tributary ot the White Elstcr in Saxe-Altenbure and the western part of the kingdom of Sa.xony. Plenty {ph'u'ti), Bay of. An arm of the Pa- cific Oci-an, on tlic northeastern coast of North Island. New Zealand. Pleskoff !^eo r,-:t(iff. Plessis-Ies-Tours (plo-se'la-tor' ). Aruined cas- tle near Tcmrs, France, noted as the residence P^lessis-Marly, or Duplessis-Mornay. See Miinimi. Plethoil See (Icmistiis. Plevna (Plev'nil), or Pleven (plev'en). A town in Buh'aria, 88 miles northeast of hoha. U is an Important strategic point A Russian ''"^y^ under Sc.ll- dcrSchuldner on a Turklnh force Intrenched hei u iind. . Osman Pasha was repulsed .July 20. 1877 ; " "•'.f '"'' f. ^^l July 3n-:il, under Krndencr, was repulse.l wllh gieat 1 m» , imTngh.ing was continued between 7^i«|0,H.VH«lKu^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ and Rumanians under the grand duke .Me bo as. Skobelelf, etc and about f.0,1100 Turks under Osman Pasha, Sept 7-lS. A formal siege comiiieiiced In Oct. under the dlrec ion of Todkben* and an nnsuccisstul sortie of Osman Paslia was foil',w,dbVb,»s„rrcnderl).e l.i. i'n,,ulatl«n (1S88U4,307. Pleyel (pli'il), Ignaz Joseph. Bom at Rup- persthal,near Vienna, .lune I, li.x : died Nov. 14, 1831. An Austrian composer, chielly of in- strumental music. He was a pupil of Haydn, and founded at Paris, 18"T, n pianoforte manufactory. His son Cainllle became his partner In 1821. Pliable (iili'a-l'l). A character in Bunyans "PilgrimV Progress." He deserts Cliristian at the fn-st dimculty. , ,• , Pliant (pli'ant), Dame. A Imndsome foolish 813 widow in Ben Jonson's comedy " The Alchem- ist." She is finallv married to Lovewit. Pliant, Sir Paul aiid Lady. Characters in Con- grev-s comedv "The Double Dealer." Lady Pliant is noted for'her easy i irtueand awkwardly assumed prudeo' and her insolence to her uxorious old husbana. PlimsoU (plim'sol), Samuel. Born at Bi->st/>|, Feb. 10, 1824: died June 3, 1898. An Lnglish nhilauthropist. In 1864 he started in the coal trade in london, and began to interest himself in the sailors o the me ca tile marine. In IWW he entered Parliament for Derby In W« his " Merchant Shipping Act 'was passed, t,i prevent ships from going to sea in an ■'■)«^'«i°:',"^^'''; ': He published "Our Seamen ■' In 1873, and m 1690 tattle Ships," exposing the cruelties of that trade. Plinlimmon. See P/.vh/i/«""'«. . Pliny ( pliii'i ). " The Elder " (Caius Plinius Se- CUndus). BornatComo (Roman Novum Co- mum), Ital v, 23 A. D. : perished in the eriipl ion of Vesuvius, 79 A. D. A celebrated Roman natu- ralist. He went to Rome In early youth; served in Africa, and at the age of 2a, as commander of a troop of cavalry in Oerinany •, returned to Rome and studied law : was proc- unitor in .Spain under Xero(about 70-72); and was charged with .ither otficlal duties in various parts of the emiure. His literary work, which was conducted with extraordi- nary industi-y in the intervals of his of«cial labors (scarcely a waking moment of day or night being left unoccupied), extended into the departments of tactics, histoiy, gram- mar, rheturic, and natund science. Of his writings, only his " Natural History " is extant. (See the extract.) Uis death, an account of which is preserved in a letter of 1 Imy the Younger was the result of his efforts tr. obsei-ve more closely the eruption of Vesuviusand to aid those who were In danger. Wepossessof thcworksof Pliny ttheElderlonlyhisXat- uralishistoria ■' in :i7 books, a work presented a. ,7 to 1 itus but constantly enriched and enlarged by the autior until his death. It is a kind of encyclopedia of natuml science, but chielly concerned with its application in human lile and art ; and accordingly it includes geography, medicine, and the histoiT of art. The materials are compiled from a great number of works, often hastily and without ade- quate knowledge or discrimination, hence very unequa in value. The style alsoisuneven, sometimes merely bent upon the subject-matter and discardingartistic f orm. some- times mannered an,i rhetorical. On the whole, the work is an inexhaustible st<,rebouse of mfonuation, and test lies to the earnest, studious, and patriotic spirit of the .autlioi . It long exercised great inliueiice both in its original shape and in various abridgments w„.,.\ tt 07 Teuffelaml .SVAu'aftf, Hist, of Rom. Lit. (tr. by Warr),IL9<. Pliny "Tlie Younger" (Caius Plinius Caeci- lius feecundus). Born at Como. Italy, 62 A. D. : died 113. A Roman author, nephew ot the elder Pliny. He was a consul in ion, andlater(lllorIl2) governor of isithynia and Pontica. He was a friend of 1 ra- fan and Tacitus. His "Epistles" and a eulogy "f Irajaii have been preserved. The most celebrated of his letter.s isoiie to Trajan concerning the treatmentof the Christians in bis province. Plock (plotsk). 1. A government m the north- 'westeru part of Russian Poland, bordering on Prussia. Area, 4,200 square miles. Population (1891) fi60,457.— 2. The capital of the govern- ment of Plock, situated on the Vistula 59 miles west -northwest of Warsaw. Population (1890), 23,.'5(i8. , J Ploermel (plo-er-mel'). A town in the depart- ment of Morbihaii, France, 3.') miles west-south- west of Reuiies. Population (1891), commune, .1,913. Plojeshti. See rioi/csti. Plomb du Cantal (plou An kou-tiil'). The en - minating summit of the mountains of Cantal, France, 19 miles northeast of Aurillac. Plombi^res (phm-byar'). A watering-place m llic dcpailiiient of Vosges, France, situated on the Augvogue 15 miles south of Epinal. It has the most ininorluiit mineral springs in the Vosges, with ther- nioinineral, ir..M, and alkaline baths. It was known to the Romans, and was greatly dcveb.ped by Napoleon HI- A conference was held here in IS-W between .Napoleon ill. and Count Cavoiir, with reference to an alliance between I'Yanceand SanliniiL Plon-Plon(plon-pl6u')- [Acomiption..f;-/om?<- plomb, uUuding to runningaway from l)iillels,J A nickname "f Prince Napoleon Bonaparte (1822-91), given on account ot his supposed -wardice in the Crimean war. Plutarch system of categories he direcUy opposes; and he endea- vours In all essential p16-tl'nus). [Gr. U/urnor.'] Born at hvcopolis, l'ig\-pt, about 204 a.d.: died m Italy about 270. A celebrated Neoplatonic philoso- nhcr. He studied In Alexandria under Ammoiilus Sac- cas, and afterward taught jdiilosophy in Rome. Ills works (called •• I'.nneads") were iHllted by Creuzer in 18.ir.. The relation In which Plotinns st.iod to his predeees. sors am.u.g the Oreek philosophers Is very easify stated He had ma.b- himself ac,|nalnted with every system, ad culled from Iheni all whatever seemed to supinut his solu- lion .)f the great problems of thouglil ami existence. I hit.. Is the chief authority ami the sUirting-polnt In hli. specula- tions Hut he lakes full cogulianco of Artolotle, whose Plowman.' . Ployeschi (plo-ves'che),orPloestl (plo-es te). A t.iwn in Wallachia. Rumania, 3G miles north of Bukharest. Population (1890), 34,474. Plume (plum). Captain. The recruiting officer, the principal character in Fartjuhar s comedy ot that name. He is a gay and gallant soMler, Irresistjble to women, for whom he cares less than for his profession. It w .as a favorite p.art with Oanick and Macready. Plumed Knight, The. An epithet fretnieutly applied to James G. Blaine, first by R. G. Ingcr- soll at Cincinnati in 1S7G in a speech support- ing Blaine's nomination for the presidency. Plumer (plumVr), William. Born at Newbury, Mass., 1759: died at Epping, N. H., IhoO. An American politician. He was Federalist Tnited States senator from New Hampshire 1802-07, and governor ot New Hampshire 1812-13 and 1810-19. Plum (plum) Island. 1. An island belonging to Massachusetts, lying south of the moutli of tlie Merrimac, parallel to the coast.— 2. A small island belonging to New York situated north- east of Long Island, near the eastern entrance to Long Island Sound. t t,- i Plummer (plum'er), Caleb. In Dickens s ■' C'rick.t on the Hearth," a poor and careworn old toy-maker. His sjiirit is crusbed with hopeless de. nressloii but he conceals his hardships fr.un Ills blind Saugh "^ lerlha with a pathetic attempt at cheerfulness, and describes his daily lite to her a.s pi-osperous and happy. Plumptre (pb.mp'tr), Edward Hayes Born at London, Aug. (i, 1S21: died at Wells. 1 eb 1, 1891. An English clergyman and theological and classical scholar. He graduated at Oxford (1 iii- versltv College), where he became a fellow of Unisenose in 1844; was chaplain (1847) and later (1S(M) professor o Nexv Test iment exiesis at King's College, I.ondoil ; and In ls81 became dean of Wells. Kroin 1809 to 1874 he was oi.e of the revisers of the Old Testament, lie published co in- mentarl.'S, etc., and translated Into English vci-se soplio- eles (18(1.">) and .Kschylus (181'^). Plunket (plung'k.t), William Conyngham, fir-it Baron Plunket. Born in the county ot Feriinuiagh, Ireland, July, 17(>5: died Jan. :>, 18.54 An Irish lawyeriind politician. Heentend Trinity College, Dublin. In 1779, and I.lncolirs Inn In ■'uijC IW ; L was cvlled to the Irish bar h, 1787. In 1.08 he Itemed the Irish Parliament '"rCharle.none an, ,,pp"» d Pltfs scheme for the l^nlon of ISiHi. In 18.1.1 he »«« o le if he prosecu.ors of Emmet In Pitt, sec.u.d adin n s- tratlon (1804) h.- became sollcltor-general and later atlor- my.generVd/or Irelan.l, ami sat In t be Iniper la Pari ament ll 1812 as nember for Trinity College l.ublln. He was one of the foremost on>t..i s of his day. He »'"■""; 'J '-' liistle,. of the Court of Common Pleas ami niisi'd to llio i"emie ill 1827. and was lord chancellor of Ireland 18;«- I,S.S4 and 1835-11. , ,, Plutarch (plo'tiirk)., [Or. n?"'™PV"r.] B«hlral ethical, and lur works, group..! as •■ Oj.eia m..ralla." 1 e was a Pla- loillst. V.iit ..ccupled hlmsel/ chielly with ethical and reli- gious retlectluns. Flntarch 814 want remain Qotonl,> ueuausc iiicy oiuiju m iiit place oi many voiuines ^, . . - , -- . of lost histon', Imt also because they are written with a ystwith Height " 481 feet graphic and dramatic vivacity, such as we find in few Pnn™ Ponli c.^T.rvr!,'^o„"i TU^ „„„■* i „« r: bioKraphies, ancient or modern ; because they are replete ■^nOm-i'enll (puom-peil ) The Capital of Cam- with reflexions which, if not profound, are always moder- "oaia, Situated on the Mekong about lat. 11° 35' ate and sensible; and because the author's aim throughout N.. long. 105° E. Population, 30,000-35.000. is to enforce the highest standard of morality of which a Also Paiiompeiifi heathen was capable. As one of his most enthusiastic Vntrr Cna-al fCiv n,„'.f T 4 1,;11 l,„f„ *i admirers has said, -He stands before us as the legate, the \i^^ ^"^tr-Vi ''Vj.' S f," ^ r ft ^^ll^ between the ' ■■ • Museum Hill and the Hill of the Xvmphs. above uuii>t...io i.Bo ouiM, iic oiaiiua ueiuie us iie iiie legaic, me ambassador, and the orator on behalf of those institutions whereby the old-time men were rendered wise and vir- tuons." E. O. MuUer, Hist, of the Lit. of Anc. Greece, III. 243. {{Donahlson.) Pluto (plo'to). In Roman mythology, the lordof the infernal regions, sou of "Saturn "and brother of Jupiter and Neptune. He is represented as an elderly man with a dianifled but severe aspect, and often as holding in his hand a two-pronged fork. He was gen- erally called by the Greeks Hadei, and by the Romans Unu^, Tartarus, and Dis. His wifew.is Proserpine, daugh- ter of Jupiter and Ceres, whom he seized in the island nf Sicily while she was plucking flowers, and carried to the lower world, Plutusfplo'tus). [Gr.mofror.] In classical my- the Agora, in the group southwest of the Aerop oils, at Athens; also, a famous place of pub- lie assembly established on the northern slope ^^ ....._. „.,,. .^v.^vuiu lui. owiuiuii. ±ue place 01 as sembly consists of a terrace, bounded at the back by a ver- tical cutting 1.3 feet high in the rock at the summit of the hill, and supported by a curved retaining-wall of early Pogge ment of Grodno, Russia, about 30 miles north- ^^} t^A^^^f;, ,. ^"^- ^"S. 12, 1812. the allies oi the French defeated the Russians. Podol (po-dol'). A \'illage in Bohemia, situ- ated on the Iser 42 miles northeast of Prague It was the scene of the flrst engagement between the Inisl sians and Austrians in the war of 1S66 (June 20). Fodolia (po-do'li-a). A govemmeut of south- western Russia, on the Austrian frontier, and surrounded on other sides by the governments of Volhynia, Kieff. Kherson, and Bessarabia Capital, Kamenets. it is one of the most fertUe gov- ernments of Russi.a. It was annexed from Poland in 1793- l/9o. .\rea, 16,224 square miles. Population(1890), 2,604 8.i"i-'^''4uaieumes. ropuiauon(l»yO), 2,604,800. ot this hill, beneath the summit. Theolacecf as- PnHnlot rr,n-/lnicL-'\ a tX, • \.i ■""'■"'"• sembly consists of a terrace, bounded at the ba?kbv- a vS- .??.°i!f , P°"^°'''i: ^- . '^ ^"'^'^ ^? *¥ govern- ment ot Moscow, Russia, situated on the Pakhra 20_miles south of Moscow. Population, 10,934. hill, and supported by a curved retaining-wall of early -" fules South ot Moscow. Population, 10 934 date built of weU-jointed polygoniil masonry in huge Podsnap (pod'snapl, Mr. A character in Dickl hocks. Some of the courses of this retaining-wall have eus's "Our Alutual Friend " ■*<"-'"" -L-it^K disappeared, so that the terrace now slopes downward „il,M,, ,..:„" .till _„ ^^^, ^e is a smUing, emi- .-..^..Ko. ^i^iiit wi Liic cuui^es, OI inis reiaining-waii nav( disappeared, so that the terrace now slopes downward u ''if ""e'"^"}' " was level or ascended slightly toward the back. The length of the terrace is 305 feet, and its width 212. The back-wall is not straight, but forms an open obtuse angle, at the apex of which projects a huge cube of rock, rising from 3 steps and ascended by a small flight of steps in the angle at each side. This is the bema t iutua I piu vus). LVrr. ii/.otvof. J in classioalmy- flight of steps in the angle at eSch side This is the bema i.;Ti '^ . ■ "^napier takes the liberty of calling, afte thologj-, a personification of wealth, described or oi-ators- platform, from whfch Demosthenes a1id™he r^^ ■•'=P«f Dj;-»t've nanie, Podsnappeiy." as a sou of lasion and Demeter, and intimately """"■ Si'eat Athenian political orators delivered their ha- "06 (po). Edgar Allan. Born at Boston, Jan accn/iinf-^.i ,,-^n. r?: .„ T-,-^' _. i . «, ' raugucs. 10 mno • I'WaA of TJol +;,.,..„.. r\^t. rr totn *i — X r, i.^^vi. Qc ia a srauing, emi- nently respectable man, who always knows exactly what Providence means. "And it was ven- remarkable (and must have been very comfortable) that what Providence meant was invariably what Mr. Podsnap meant. These may be said to have been the articles of faith of a school which the present chapter takes the liberty of calling after Its representative name, Podsnappery." associated with Eirene or Peace, who is often p^fnst Ti,oi„. ♦ ■ « t^ , .,, represented in art grouped with the infant Pl.i- •N?J,P°^- i ■ , largest river of Italy : the ancient represented in art grouped with the infant Plu- tus. Zeus Is said to have blinded him in order that he might not bestow his favors exclusively on good men but should distribute liis gifts without regard to merit. Pluviose (plii-ve-6z'). [F.,from L. pluriosus, full of rain.] The name adopted in 1793 by the National Convention of the first French repub- lic for the fifth month of the vear. it consisted of 30 days, beginning in the years 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 with .Tan 20 • in 4. 8, 9. 10, 11, 13 with Jan. 21; and iu 12 with Jan. Padus or Eruianus. it rises in llonte Viso in the Alps on the French border, flows northeast and then generally east, traversing a wide, fertile, and nearly level plain, and empties by several mouths into the Adriatic about lat 44" 65 N. Its chief tributaries iire the Tanaro and Trebbia on the right, and the Dora Baltea. Sesia, Ticino (draining Lago Maggiore), Adda (draining the Lake ot Como), Oglio (di:iiningLagod'Iseo), and Mincio (draining Lago diGarda) on the left. The cliief places on its banks are Turin, Pia- cenzii, Cremon.1, and Guastalla. Length, about 400 miles ■ navigable to above Turin. ' --- -, ", -, , ', ; . "*'" """■ -i. "u^ *u A- Willi Jan. ITL'. uawgaoie xo aoove iunn. iT!^f-ff"? """'^- [L-'*lieb man mythology, a surname of Jupiter. Plymley (plim'li), Peter. A nom de plume of Sydney Smith. Pljnnoutn (plim'uth). A seaport in Devonshire, England, situated iu lat. 50° 22' N., long. 4° 9' W. With the adjoining Stonehouse and Devonport it lies on Plymouth Sound between the estuary of the Plym (Catte- water) and that of the Tamar (Hamoaze). It is a fortress of the flrst class, and one of the chief naval stations of the countiy ; and has extensive commerce, especially with Bal- tic and Mediterranean ports, Australia, the West Indies, South America, etc., exporting tin, lead, copper flsh, build- Ingstone, etc. Objects of interest are the breakwater, the dockyard (at DevonportX the citadel, and the Hoe (an ele. rated promenade and park). Plymouth was the starting- point of the expedition against the .\rmada in 15SS and the last point touched by the Mayflower in 1620 It was unsuccessfully besieged by the Eoy.alists in the civil war Itreturns 2 members to Parliament. Population (1901). Plymouth. A seaport, capital of Plymouth County, Massachusetts, situated on Plymouth harbor about 35 miles southeast of Bosto"n. it has manufactures and fisheries. Points of interest are the Pil- grim Hall, Biu-ial HiU, Plymouth Rock, Pilgrim Monument (commenced in 1>^.=.(l^ ^nd r-nlo'c tt;ii t+;..h ij„„* >- end, England, in March, "1617. An Indian wo- man celebrated in the colonial history of Vir- ginia. She was the daughter of the chief Powhatan, and was about 12 years of age when John Smith was brought a captive before her father in 1607. According to the ac- count of his captivity given by Smith in his "General His- tory of ^ u-ginia," published in 1624 after the appeiirance of Pocahontas in England, she saved his life by inteiposin" her body between him and the war-clubs of his execution" ers and by interceding for him with her father. This epi- sode is omitted from the accounts of his captivity given m his " True Relation " and his " Jlap of Virginia" " pub- lished in 1608 and 1612 respectively, before Pocahontas s appearance in England, and is commonly discredited by recent historians. She had married one of Powhatan's cap- tains, and was living with a tributar>- band, when .Samuel Arg.all secured possession of her by intimidation or bribery in 1612. He demanded as her ransom a tribute of com and the restitution of the English captives and goods in the hands of Powhatan. Powhatan sent back 7 captives with 3 muskets, a saw, an ax, and a canoe loaded with corn Pocahontas was, nevertheless, detained, and in 1613 was baptized by the name of Rebecca and married to John Eolfe, one of the settlers at Janiesto»vn. In 1616Rolfe and his wife, in company with a number of Indians, sailed with Sir Thomas Dale for England. ^^S^S^'^SkltSl^li^'iijilE^fXFif P^l^^as.. Achestnutpaeingmarebylron's 1620. Population (1900). 9,592. _ Cadmus, which was also sire of Blanco, sire of Smuggler. She made a race record of 2. -171, and eapitaiot Washington Countv, '^uiLiggier. one matte a race record of 2:174, and , .. .'.Tn, ^r ""'""'>"« situated at the head of Alb'e- Jssaidtohavepacedatrialheatlowerthan2:10. t, "' • ^^^'^de'-s in i miles south-southwest of Nor- Pocock (po'kok), Edward. Bom 1604: died £°^PP¥- p<^_<^, ^/'I'P'ff' 19, 1809: died at Baltimore, Oct. 7, 1849. A noted American poet and writer of tales. His father was an actor. After the death of his mother an actress, he was adopted by a Mr. John Allan of Richmond, who educated him partly at a private school at Richmond, .and m 1815 took him to England and placed him at the Manor House School at stuke-Xewington, where he re- mained till 1820, when he returned to school in Richmond. In 1S26 he enteredthelniversityof Virginia.where. daring his short stay, he was noted for his love of strong liquors (though he was not a drunkard) ami reckless gambling Jlr. AUan paid his debts, and undertook to place him in his counting-room in Dec. of this same year. Poe ran away, and tried to start himself in life by publishing his poems in Boston. His flrst venture was a volume entitled •Tamerlane, and Other Poems: by a Bostonian" (1827). Being without resources, he enlisted as a private in the United States army as Edgar A. Perry, and in 1829 was ap- pointed serjeant-major. In the same year he was recon- ciled to ilr. Allan, n ho procured his discharge, and he was shortly after appointed a cadet at West Point, where he went July 1, 1830, but contrived intentionally to get him- self dismissed March 6. 1831. as Mr. Allan would not allow hmi to resign. He then broke off his connection with the latter, wandered from one city to another, and settled in Baltimore, where he devoted himself to literature, pub- lishing some of his prose tales and writing critical essa) s. In 1835 he married Virginia Clemm, and became ass"is- tant editor of the " Southern Literary Messenger " at Rich- mond. In 1839 he was associate editor of "The Gentle- man's Magazine "at Philadelphia; in 1841 was editor of " Graham's Magazine ": and in 1S44 removed to Xew York where he was assistant on Willis's "Mirror." In 1845 he published "The Raven," and at once became a liter- ary lion and reached the summit of his success. In 1^47 however, after the death of his wife, he began to deteri- orate, and in two years he died at Washington College Hospital at Baltimore in a delirious state. Among his other works are "Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane, and Minor Poems " (1829), ''Poems" (1831), "Tales of the Grotesque and Ara- besque (1840). Many of his poems and tales appeared in periodicals, and shortly after his death his remaining writ- ings were published by his friends, .\mong his noted prose tales are "Arthur Gordon Pym," "The J'iill of the House of Usher," "The Gold-Bug," "A Descent into the Mael. Strom," " The Murders in the Rue Morgue," etc. Plymouth. The capital of Washington Countv, North Carolina, situated at the head of Alb'e- .„ i „ marie Sound 74 miles south-southwest of Nor- Pocock (po'kok), Ed-ward. Bom 1604: died S°^PP^f- f"^_<^, {('ppiff- '-"''■ •■ '""' * " ■■ • " md biblical com- -Po^^^ster^poet-as-ter). The, or His Arraign- folk, Virginia, in the harbor, Oct, 27, 1864, Lieutenant Cushmg destrc.yed by torpedo the Confederate ram Albe- marle. Population (1900), 1,011. Plymouth. A coal-mining borough in Luzerne County. Pennsylvania, situated on the Susque- hanna 20 miles southwest of Scrauton. Popu- latiou (19001, 13,(549. Plymouth Brethren, or Plymouthites (iilim' 1691. An English Orientalist and biblical com- mentator. In 1620 he was a scholar at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, and fellow in 162S. In 1630 he became chaplain of the English factory at Aleppo ; in 1636 profes- sor of Arabic .at 0.xford ; and in 1648 prof essor of Hebrew He published ".«pecmien Historiae .Arabum" (1649), "Porta Mosis" (1655), "The .innals of Eutychius in .Arabic and Latin " (16.i6), etc., and edited the histon- of Abulfaragius (1603) and other Arabian works and Old' Testament com mentaries. r, -i \ A — — —, — * *j *i4vi*uiixuco vi'*^"^ - mentaries — ?raclld' noir at Plym^ttE^ngS ^^183a K°l°^¥^M^^^,?i<:^^J^-,^^^^^ ment. A comical satire, bv Ben Jonson. acted in 1001 and printed in 1602. " it was thought to be a direct attack on Dekker and Marston, whereupon Dekker produced his "Satirom,asti.x, or the rntrussing of the Hu- morous Poet," In 1603 and 1604, however, Jonson collab- orated with each of them. Poet at the Breakfast-Table, The. A series of sketches by O. W. Holmes, published in 1872: _,,.„ ^^.w..vx.^..xu.^uiii.uoouiuamp- ^lT,f^ *° -'The Autocrat of the Breakfast ton, 1704: died 176.5. AnEnglish traveler, bishoD T.ii-u.1. -r. ™ ^ of Ossory (1756-65) and of Meath (1765). He wi, S°®P 9^*"® ^°°^1 ^®- .George Crabbe. oe m the east side of the minster Abbey, contain- . " — — ^ v;'^ "" iwmiai ciceu, ecciesiasiicai or- ganization, or official mmistry, condemning these as the ^,;" — A t"'i- nT," ''-.V '^ "^-""icvuo v >'"-ivu- causes of sectarian divisions. They are also caUed .Dart./ ™a°s )■ lndiaus of the Ma va stock, formerly i(e« after Mr. Darby, originally a barrister, subsequently a numerous in central Guatemala. Often -writ clergyman of the Church of England, and thereafter an ten Pokonchis, Pokomam. e\angeli5t not connected with any church, to whose ef- PodSbrad (pod've-brad^ A town in -RnheTnia leys monument, '^t:^^T'^:^':t^S^:i:^^^;>^^i:^\ 'nZ^X^l t ^nes'L of Prl^^ ""pop's:: P?ey (po - ay), FeUpe.; Born-al Hava"na:May branch of the Plymouth Brethren entitled iMSBrrfil tion (1890), commune, 4,807. 26, 1,99: diet busts, or monuments of r---. — — ««^o„^, Chaucer, Milton, Spen- ser, and other British poets, actors, divines, and great men . Some of them areburied near or under their monuments. Robert Browning is buried in front of Cow- ley's monument, and a bust of Longfellow is near by. branch of the Plymouth Brethren entitled £n-Z««reBrrfn- '"On (1890), commune, 4,807. ^"» '^'•'•'.- <"ea tnere, Jan. :iS, Ibyi. A (Juban rfii on account of the strictness of their views and the ex- Podgorze (pod-gor'zhe). A town in Galicia naturalist. From 1839 he was director of the museum ciusiveness of their communion. Austria-HuUiraA- situated on the Vishilo nn' »' Havana, and he was long a professor in the university. Plymouth Colony. Acolonyestablishedin the posftrcS^PofuTaUon (18*90). 13 S "^' ^i'Sa^^^ S^^^^'^°^ ^' ^"'■^?"'°^ "« '^^^:^^^'^^^-^^^^''t^: ^?&^^,£r^yr^'^h «eori of Bon, PoeyTlSreTp^W . K-g.r're), Andres. —,14a. Kine- ot Born at Havana, 1826. A Cuban scientist, son of Felipe Poey. He was long director of a meteorologi- cal observatory at Havana, and conducted a similar estab- lishment at Mexico during the rule of Maximilian. He has published numerous works and papers, principally on meteorology. Pogge (pog'e), Paul. Born at Ziersdorf. Meck- lenburg-Sehwerin, Dec. 24, 1838: died at Lo- anda. West .\frica, March 17, 1884. An African explorer. He visited Natal and Mauritius in 1864; e»- chusetts by the English Pilgrims, it was founded at Plymouth in 1620 ; formed with Massachusetts Bjiy, Con- ?;?I'.;'S'"' ""i* ^''''' H**'^" ""> New England Confederacy 1643-84 ; and was united definitely with Massachusetts Bav- in 1691. •' Plymouth Rock. A rock at Phinouth, Mas- sacausetts, alleged to have been" the landin"'- plac-e of the Pilgrims in 1620. " Plymouth Sound. An inlet of the English Chan- April 6, 1420: died March 22"ilfl. ' King of Bohemia, He became leader of the Utraquists in 1444; was acknowledged as governor ot Bohemia in 1452 ; was elected king in 1468 ; and was excommunicated by Pope Paul 11. in 1466. A crusade was declared against him. Po di Primaro (p6 de pre-ma'ro). The lower course of the river Reno, in Italy. Podlachia (pod-la'ki-ii). An ancient division m the eastern part of Poland. nelbetweenDevonshireandCornwaltEngland. Podobna (^doT^iT)^. ^°i"ptce in the govern- Pogge plored thu Luntla country from Loanda to Muata-Yamvo anil back 1^75-7U: ami, accompanied by Wissman, dis- covered new rc^'ions between the Kassai and Nyangwe. He died on Iiis return to Loanda IssSO-SJ. Ue wrote ''Im Keicbedes Muala-Vanivo " (1S80). Poggendorff (iiog'fien-tlorf), Johann Chris- tian. Burn at Hninbui'f;. Doc. 29. IT'Jti: diod at Borlin,.T;ui.-4, 1877. AUfriiiaii [iliysicist, pro- fessor at Berlin from 1834: uoted forresearelics in raagnetisiii and electrieity. Heedited "Annalen der PliysikiuidCIiemie"' from 1824, and pnbljsbeil *' Bio;:ra- I)hisch-litterari-^rla-s Ilanduurterl'Ucir (KV.T-tki), etr. Poggiod'od'ju) (Grian Francesco PoggioBrac- ciolini). Bom at Terranova, Tuseaiiy, 1380. died 14."i9. A uoted Italian scholar anil author in the Kenaissaiice (icriod. He was secretary of tbe papal curia ; became histoi ioi^raphcrtoKlorenct'and chan- cellor in Ur.a ; '. On his return he was appointed a curator in the Vienna Museum. He published "Reise ini Innern von Brasilien" (2 vols. 1832- 18:^7). " Plantarum Brasilia; icones et descriptiones "' (2 vols. 18-_'7-;fl), etc. Poictiers. See I'nUicrs. Poindexter (poln'deks-ter), George. Bom in Louisa County, Va., 1779: died at Jackson, Miss., Sept. fi, 18.53. An American politician. He was Democratic member of Congress from Mississippi 1817-19; povernorofMississippi 1810-21; and T'nited States senator 1830-35. Poins (poinz). In Shakspere's "Henry IV.," a dissolute, witty companion of the prince and Fnlstaff. Poinsett (poin'set), Joel Roberts. Bom at Charleston, .S. C, March 2, 17i9- died at Btates- bur£;,S.C..Dec.l2.1851. An American politician. He was sent on a diplomatic mission to Chile in 1800, and to Mexico in 1822 ;and was member of Congress from South Carolina 1821-25, United States minister to Mexico 1825- 1H20, and secretary of war 1837-41. Poinsot (pwan-s6'), Louis. Bom at Paris, Jan. 3, 1777: died there, Dee. 15, 1859. A Frencli mathematician. Among bis works is "filaments de statique" (1803). Point Comfort, Old. See Old Point Comfort. Point de S-alle (point d6 giil), or Galle. A sea- port on the soutliwestern shore of Cevlon, sit- uated in hit. 6° r N., long. 80° 13' E". It is an important commercial place, and a stimpinp-point for va- rious steamship lines. It was occupied by the Portuguese early in the Ifith century; passed Ui the Dutch in the mid- die of the 17th century; and passed to Great Britain in 1790. Population (1801), ,'i3,.''i(l5. Pointe-i-Pitre (i>waiit-!l-petr'). The chief port in the island of tiuailelouiie. French West In- dies, siluateit in hit. 16° 14' N., long. Gl° 33' K. Population, 17,.524. Pointe Pel6e. See Point Pclec. Pointis (p\vah-te'), Jean Bernard Louis Des- jean, Baron de. Boi'n in 104."): died near Paris, 1707. A French naval ollicer. He commanded an expedition which took Cartagena, New Gran.-ida, .May 2. U>07, obtaining an innnense booty. In 17*4-4)5 he licsieped Gibraltar bv sea. He published " Relation de I'expl^dition de('artli,ipene"(10n8). Point Isabel (point iz'a-bel). A place in south- ern Te.xas, situated near the (iulf of Mexico 21 miles northeast of Brownsville. Point Pelee (or Pele) (pe'h'), or Pointe Pel6e (|i\v;nit pe-la'). 1. A heiidhind projccliii;,' into Lake Krie IVnm the soutlnveslerii |iart of On- tario, Canada. — 2. An island in Lake F.rie, 25 miles north of Sandusky. It belongs to Can- ada. Tjenglh, 9 miles. Point Pleasant (plez'iuit). The capital of Ma- son County, West Virginia, situated near the junction of the Kanawha and Ohio rivers. Here, Oct. 10, 1774, the American settlers under Andrew Leiiis defeated the Shawnee Indians. Population (luoo), l,o;i4 Poiachwitz (poish'vits). A village 15 miles south of Liegnitz, Prussian Silesia. An armistice 815 between the French and the Kussians and Prus- sians was signed here. .June 4. 1S13. Poise (pwiiz), Jean Alexandre Ferdinand. Burn at Nimes, June 3. 1S2S: died at Paris, May 2(i. 1892. A French composer of comic operas. Among them are "Bonsoir voisin!" (1853), "Les char- meurs "(is.i.'i), '■Lasurpriscd'aniour"(1877Xand "L'Amour modecin " (1S80: after .Moiiire). Poisson (iiwii-soh'), Simeon Denis. Born at Pithiviers. France, June 21, 1781: died at Paris, April 25, 1.840. A French mathematician, espe- cially noted for his application of mathematics t o physics : professor at Paris from 1802. Among his works is "Traite do m^cauique" (1811). Poissy (pwii-se'). A town in the department of Seine-et-Oise, France, situated on the Seine 14 miles northwest of Paris. It has a noted church, and until recently was famous for its cattle-market. A con- ference was held here in .Sept.. 15(;i, between leading the- ologians of the cliurches (Cardinal Lorraine, etc., for the Roman Catholics, and Beza. Peter Martyr, etc., for the Re- fonned). It was unsuccessful in etfecting a reconciliation. Population (1801), conunune, ti,4.":2. Poitevin (pwiit-van'). Prosper. Born about 1810 : tiled at Paris, Oct . 29, 1884. A French graniiniirian, lexicograi)her, and litterateur. .Amnnp liis" iirks are "Nouveau dictionnaire nniverselde la lanpue fran^aise " (18.S4-t30\ "(Jramntaire generate et historique dela lanpiie franvaise" (isr»6), "Cours pratique de littSrature fraufaise" (180,5), etc. Poitiers (pwii-tya'). The capital of the depart- ment of Vicnne, France, situated at the iunction of the Boi\Te andClain, in lat. 46° 35' N.', long. 0° 23' E. : the ancient Limomim. Later it was railed Pictavus Linionum and Pictavium, ils a chief place of the Pictavi (whence the present name). The cathedral is a tine early-Pointed structure, of unusual plan. It has a wide, high nave of 4 Itays, with clustered columns, flanked by aisles almost as high as the nave. The only windows are in the aisles. The church has transepts and a square chevet. Notre D.-une is a very notable examplcof decorat- ed Romanesque, with 3 aisles, harrel-vaultins:, and central tower. The so-called Temple de St. Jean, id..ntitied a.s a baptistery of the 0th century, is one of the oldest ( luistian edifices in France. The masonry, in part of 4>i»us reticu- latum, is Roman in character, and the ornament of pilas- ters, arcades, and triangles is also Roman. The university with its school of law, the palais de justice, and the modern h6tel de ville are also of interest- Hilary was the first bishop <»f Poitiers It was the capital of Poitou in former times. Near it Clovis, king of the I-Yanks, defeated Alaric, king of the West Goths, in 507 ; and near it. Sept 10, 13.'*, the English army(8,00ii) under the Black Prince defeated the French (60,ii00) under King .Tohn, who was taken pris- oner. (For another battle fought in the neighborhood in 732. see Toum.) It was a stronghold of the Huguenots. Population (IsOl), commune, 37,407. Poitiers, Diana of. See Diana of Poitiers. Poitou (pwii-to'). An ancient government of France. Capital, Poitiers. It was bounded by Brittany and Anjou on the north, Touraine on the north- east. Berry and Marche on the east. Angoumois, Saintonge, and Aunison the south, anil the Bay of Biscay on the west. It contained liaut- Poitou in the east and Bas- Poitou in the west, and corresponded nearly to the departments of Ven- due, r)eux-S^vres, and Vienne. It was governed in the mid- dle ages by counts. With Eleanor of Gnienne it passed to France in 1137, and in 11.'.2 to Henry (who became Henry II. of England in 1154), It was conquered by Philip .Augus- tus of France about 1205, and retained tiy treaty in 12.0 ; was ceded to Edward III. of England in IHW, and recovered by l)u Guesclin a few years later; and was united finally to the French crown by Charles VII. Pokah. S<'0 Waalidld. Pokanoket. See Wnnipanoag. Pokomo (p6-k6'in6). or Wapokomo (wii-po- ko'mo). A Hantu tribe of Britisli East Africa, dwelling along (he Tana River, in the midst of hostile (iallas. Pokonchis, or Pokomans. See Poconchis. Pola (po'lii). A seajjort in Istria, Austria-Hun- gary, situated in lat. 44° .52' N., long. 13° 51' E. : the Roman Pietas Julia. Since 18.5o it hasheen the chief mival arsenal of the empire, and contains exten- sive docks and wharves. It has a cathedral, and contains many Roman antiipiities. The Porta Aurea (L, 'golden gate ') is a Ronum triumphal arch of a single opening, 13) feet wide and 24A high, between coupled Corinthian col- umns with an Interrupted entablature. The Roman am- phitheater consists of three stories (07 feet high) on tbe west side, and oidy one, owing to the slope of ilte ground, on the east. The axes of the greater ellipse arc 452 ami 389 feet, of the arena 229 and 147. The temple of Rome and Augustus, now the museum, is Corinthian, prostyle tetrastyle, with an intervening column on each side be- tween angle-column ami cella. on a high basement, in plan 27 by 57 feet. Pola came under Roman power atunit 17» n. c. Near it, in 1370, the Genoese lleet defeateil the \ eiMtians. Population (180O), 31,(i2,S. Polabia (pola'bi-ii ). The countrv of the Pola- biaiis, in the basin of the Lower ftlbe. Folabians (po-hX'bi-anz). A branch of the Po- lish division of the Slavs, formerly dwelling in northern (lennany, in the Lower Elbe valley. The language is extinct. Poland (po'land). [L. Polnnia. G. Polcn. V. I'liliKinr, P(d. I'lilsUa.'] A former kiiig'wereforashort tihie uniteil. West Prussia was aciiuired in 140«. The kingdom flourished in thereignsof Siu'ismund I. and Sigismumi II. (1500-72). Livonia wasaciiuired in ir>01. A closeunion be- tween Poland and Lithuania was etfeeted at the Diet of Lub- lin in 15t;9. The .Iagellund>'nasty ended in l.S7iandthecrown became elective. It nia-le cessions of Ltvunia to Sweden in 16-;i3)and Augus- tus in. (1733-63). It look part in the Northern War, and about this time suffered greatly from factional troubles. Stanislaus Poniatowski wa.s fleeted king in 17tU. (For the Confederation of B:ir in 17. it is situated in the western part of Russia ; is bounded by Prussia on the north and west and Austria on the ^outh ; and consists of the goverimients Suwalki. Loniza, Siedlce, Lublin, Kielce, Radom. War- saw, Pluck, Kalisz, and Piotrkow. Capitjd, Warsaw. The surface is genenilly a jilain. The chief river is the Vistula. The |>rineipid uccupation is agriculture, espe- cially the production of grain. Manufactures and mining are Increasing. The inhabitants are mostly Poles : there are also Jews, Ruthenians, etc. The German element ami RuHSJan inlhience are buth increasing. The prevailing religion is the Rtmmn Catlu>Iic. The territory was formed hito the kingdom of Pohmd under the Russian emn*'- ror, with a conslltutit.n. in 1815 ; an insurrection which be- gan in Nov., l&iO, was suppressed in Sept, 18;U ; the con- stitution was abolished in ]8;(2; there was an unsuccessful rising in ISIG; and an insurrection beghniiug in IStXi w:i8 suppressed in 1864, the kiiigdcmi of Poland ceasing to exist about this time. Tlie peasants received important con- cessicMis in lStV4. Area, 49,1.'>7 square miles. Population (ISOUX 8,2r>6.r.62. Polaris (po-la'ris^. A double or triple starof the scrniid niatriMtude, a I'rsu' Minoris, situated n*»ar the north j)ole of the heavens; tlie pole- star. It Hcrvid in furuur times, and 8(111 serves among lu'hnitlvepeo|ilt', as a guide In navigation. Il is now abunt 11' from (he pi>le, very nearly in a line with the two stars in I'rsa .Major (a and 0) which form the further edge of the Ko-eatl>'(l Dipper. .Xboiit 6.UoOyeai-H ago (he poh-.Btar was o Drucoiiis. and in almut l:.',mW *t will be a Lyms. Pole (l>ol), Reginald. Born at Stourton Cas- tle. StafT.trdshir.'. Kngland. March rt. ir>On : ,ii,Ml at Jiondnn, Nov. IS, ir>r)S. An Knplisli Ixnmuii Catholic prolate. He was the sonof Sir Richard Pole and Margaret, countess of Sall«hur>-, idece of Kdward IV. lie entered Magilalen College, Oxford, and at the age of 19 went to I'adua to comple(o his education, returning In 1025. In 1.m;2 ho went again (o Kaly, and was crentrd cardinal I'ee. 2: 1M6. ID- qnarreled with Henry VIII , who cjuised a bi.l of attnhidor to he passed agnlnst him and set a piicc on his head. His mother was tliruwn into Pole the Tower and beheaded. In 1545 he was a legate-presi- dent of the Council of Trent. On the death of Edward VI. he was sent to England to assist Queen Mai-j-. Pole, who was only in deacon's orders, desired to marry the queen, and slie for a time favored the project, but it was finally abandoned. After the burning of C'ranaier, Pole was ordained priest, and on March 2:'., 1550, was conse- crated archbishop of Canterbur>'. His legation as pujml ambassador to England was canceled by Paul IV. His death occurred on the day after that of the queen. He was largely responsible for the persecution of Pi'otestants during her reign. Polemon (pore-mou). [Gr. no>i/iwr.] A Pla- tonic philosopher of Atheus (died 273 B. C), the successor of Xenocrates as president of the Academy. Polesine (po-le-se'ne). The district uear Rovigo ill Italy. Polexandre. A romance by Gomberville. it was publislied in 1632. and enjoyed a high reputation. It was the earliest of the heroic romances, and seems to have been imitated by Calpren^de and Scud^ry. Policastro (p6-le-kas'tr6). A small seajjort in the province of Salerno. Italy, sifiiated on the Gulf of Policastro 60 miles southeast of Salerno : the ancient Pyxus, later Buxeutum. Polichronicon. See PoJuchronicon. Polignac (p6-leu-yak'), 'Due Armand Jules Marie Heraclius de. Born Jan. 17, 1771: died March 2, 1847. A French politician, son of the Duchesse de Polignac, imprisoned 1804^13 for complicity in the conspiracy of Cadoudal. Polignac, Duchesse de. Born about 1749 : died at Vienna, 1793. Wife of the Due de Polignac (died 1817): an influentialfavoriteof Marie An- toinette. Polignac, Prince Jules Auguste Armand Ma- rie de. Born May 14, 17S0: died ilaroh 29, 1847. A French politician and diplomatist, son of the Duchesse de Polignac. He was imprisoned for com- plicity in the conspiracy of Cadoudal in 1804 ; was am- bassador to Great Britain 1823-29 ; and was minister of for- eign aflfairs and premier 1829-30. He signed the ordinances of "July 25. 1830 (leading to the revolution of July), and was imprisoned 1830-36. Polignano a Mare (po-len-ya'no a ma're). A seaport in the province of Bari. Italy, situated on the Adriatic 20 miles southeast of Bari. Pop- ulation (1881), 7,855. Poligny (po-len-ye'). Ato"^vnin the department of Jura, France, 46 miles southeast of Dijon. It has a ruined castle. Population (1891), com- mune, 4.433. Polillo (po-lel'vo). One of the smaller Philip- jiiue Islands, situated east of Luzon. Length, altout 30 miles. Polish fpol'ish). Mrs. A character in Jouson's comedy " The Magnetick Lad}*." Mrs. Polish, the most perfect representation of a Rossip- ing ' toad-eater ' that the English stage can buast. Gifford. Polish Succession, War of the. A war which broke out in 1733. owing to a disputed election to the throne of Poland. Stanislaus Leszczynski was supported by France, Spain, and Saidinia, and Augustus III. felector of Siixony) by Austria and Russia. It was endea by the peace of Vienna (1738), by which Augustus III. was acknowledged. Polistena (p6-lis-ta'na). A town in the prov- ince of Reggio di Calabria, Italy, 32 miles north- east of Reggio. Population (1881), 6,974; com- mune, 8,359. Politian (po-lish'ian), L. Politianus (po-lish-i- a'nus). It. Angelo Poliziano (po-let-s'e-a'no) (Angelo Ambrogini). Born at Montepulciano, Tuscany, July 14. 1454: died at Florence, Sept. 24, 1494. A celebrated Florentine humanist and poet, professor at the University of Florence. He published the Italian poems "La giostra," "Orfeo" (which see), etc. ; the Latin poems "Rusticus,"*'Nutricia, ' " Ambra," "Manto"; Latin translations from the Greek; critical essays In the "Miscellanea" (1489), etc. Politics (pol'i-tiks). [Gr. rio/l/nKd.] Atreatise on the state, by Aristotle- The "Politics" [of Aristotle] are confessed on all hands to be the ripest and fullest outcome of Greek political ex- perience. They were based on the researches of Aristotle's "Constitutions," or catalogue of some 250 polities, of which many precious fragments tell us enough to desire that it were preserved even at the expense of the extant book on the theory of politics. For as such the present work is essentially conceived in Aristotle's peculiar method, tteing based ou actual experience and the criticism of previous theorists. Makafy, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., II. 414, Polixfene (pol-ek-san'). The assutued name of Madelon in Moliere's comedy '*Les pr^cieuses ridicules." Polixenes ( po-liks 'e-nez) . The King of Bohemia in Shakspere's '' Winter's Tale." Poliziano. See Politian. Polk (pok), James Knox. Born in Mecklen- burg County. N. C, Nov. 2, 1795: died at Nash- ville, Tenn., June 15, 1849. The eleventh Presi- dent of the United States (1845-49). He was ad- 816 mitted to the bar in 1S20; was a Democratic member of Congress from Tennessee 1825-39; was speaker of the House of Representatives 1835-39 ; was governor of Ten- nessee 1839-41 ; and aa Democratic candidate for President was elected in 1844. The leading events in his adminis- tration were the Mexican war, which resulted in the ac- quisition of California and other cessions from Mexico, and the Oregon boundary treaty with Great Britain. Polk, Leonidas. Born at Raleigh, N. C, 1S06: killed at Pine Mountain, Ga., June 14, 1864. A bishop of the Episcopal Church, and later a Confederate general. He graduated at West Point in 1827, but resigned liis commission in the army in the same year, and in 1831 was ordained a priest in the Pi-utestant Episcopal Church. He became missionary bishop of Ar- kansas and the Indian Territory in 1838, and bishop of Louisiana in 1841, and at the beginning of the Civil War accepted a major-generalship m the Confederate army, be- uig promoted lieutenant-general in 1862. He commanded the right wing of General Braxton Bragg's army at Chicka- mauga. He was accused by his superior of insubordination on this occasion, and was relieved of his command. In Dec, 1863, he succeeded General Joseph E. Johnston in command of the department of Alabama, Mississippi, and East Louisiana. His command was afterward united to that of Johnston. PoUa (pol'la). A town in the province of Sa- lerno, Italv, 40 miles east-southeast of Salerno. Population (1881), 6,516. Pollajuolo (pol-la-yo-6'16), Antonio. Born at Florence, 1429 : died at Rome, 1498. An Italian painter and sculptor. He was originally a goldsmith, and of his work in this line we have examples in the bas- reliefs of the Feast of Herod and the Dance of Herodias's Daughter which he made for the silver altar in the Opera del Duomo at Florence. As a niellist he ranks with the best of his time. He was the first painter who had a prac- tical knowledge of anatomy from dissection. He was called to Rome about 1480 by Pope Innocent VIII. to make the bronze monument of his predecessor, Sixtus IV. (finished 1493), one of the most original tombs of the time. He also made the tomb of Innocent VIII. Pollard (pol'ard), Edward Albert. Born in Nelson County, Va., Feb. 27, 1828: died at Lynchburg, Va., Dec. 12, 1872. An American journalist and historian, editor of the Rich- mond "Examiner" during the Civil "War. His works include a " Southern History of the War " (1866), "The Lost Cause "(1866), "Leeandhi3Lieutenants"(lS('i7), "Life of Jefferson Davis, with the Secret History of the Southern Confederacy " (1869), etc. Pollentia (po-len'shi-a). In ancient geography, a place in Italy, 28 miles south of Turin, near the junction of the Stura and Tanaro : the mod- ern Pollenzo or Pollenza. Here, in 402 or 403, a battle was fought between the Romans under Stilicho and the West Gotlis under Ahu'ic. This is generally said to have been a decisive Roman victor}', but "Cassiodorusand Jornandes both say distinctly that the Goths put the Ro- man army to flig:ht " {Hodfjkin). Pollenzo, or Pollenza. See PollenHa, Pollio (poi'i-o), Caius Asinius. Born about 76 B. c. : died at Tuscnlum, Italy, 6 A. d. A Roman politician, commander, author, and pa- tron of litera1:ure: an adherent of Julius Cfe- sar. He was consul 40 b. c, and was governor of Trans- padane Gaul. He defeated the Parthians in lUyria in 3i'. He was a patron of Vergil and Horace. Only fragments uf his works survive. PollnitZ (pernits), Baron Karl Ludwlg Von. Born at Issum, Prussian Rhine Province, Feb. 25, 1692 : died at Berlin, June 23, 1775. A Ger- man \\Titer of memoirs. He was reader to Frederick the Great and theatrical director in Berlin. His works in- clude " Lettres et m^moires, etc. " (1738-40), " Etat abreg^ de la cour de Saxe. etc." (1734), etc. He was probably also the author of " Histoire secrete de la duchesse d'Hano- vr.' '■ (1732), and of *'La Saxe galante " (1734). Pollock (pol'ok), Sir Jonathan Frederick. Born Sept. 23, 1783: died Aug. 23, 1870. AnEng- lish jurist, attorney-general 1834-35, 1841—44. Pollock, Sir George. Bom at "Westminster, June 4, 1786: died Oct. 6, 1872. An English general, brother of Sir Frederick Pollock. He commanded the British army in Afghanistan in 1842, and entered Kabul in Sept. Pollockshaws (pol-ok-shaz'). A manufactur- ing town in Kenfrewshire, Scotland, 3 miles south-southwestof Glasgow. Population (1891). 10,228. Pollok (pol'ok), Robert, Born at Moorhouse. Kenfrewshire, 1798 (?) : died at Southampton, Sept. 17, 1827. A Scottish religious poet. He was educated at Glasgow University. His chief work, "The Course of Time," was published in 1827, six months before his death. His theology was strongly Calvinistic. Pollux (pol'uks), orPolydeuces (pol-i-du'sez). [Gr. lio/.v^tvK7}£.'\ 1. In Greek mythology, the twin brother of Castor, one of the Dioscui'i. See Castor and PoUux and Dioscuri. — 2. An orange star of magnitude 1.2 (/^Geminorum), in the head of the following twin, Polly (pol'i). A ballad-opera by John Gay: a sequel to *'The Beggar's Opera." It was ready for the stage in 1728, but was suppressed by the government, some members of which had been satirized in the first opera. Gay published it, however, in 1729, and it brought Polycletus of Sicyon him over £1.200. It was finally played in 1777, having been altered by Cohnan the elder. Polly Honeycomb (luin'i-kom). A farce at- tributed to Garrick. it was the first written by Col- mau the elder, was first played in 176o, and was a satire leveled at the absurd prevalence of novel-reading. Polo (po'lo), Marco. Born atVenice, 1254: died there, 1324. A celebrated Venetian traveler. His father, Nicolo, and uncle, Matfeo, left Constantinople for the Crimea on some commercial enterprise in 1260. Their business eventually brought them to Bokhara, where they fell in with some envoys of Kublai Khan. They were persuaded to accompany the envoys to Kublai, whom they found either at Cambaluc (Peking) or at Shangtu, north of the Great Wall. Kublai received them well, and sent them as his envoys to the Pope with a request for one hundred educated men to instruct his subjects in Christianity and in the liberal arts. The brothers arrived at Acre in 1209. They obtained from Gregory X, two Dominicans who turned back at an early stage of the journey. The brothers left Acre on the return journey in 1271, accompanied by Marco, then 17 years of age. They traveled by Sivas, Mosul, Bag- dad, and Hornmz, through Khorasan, up the Oxus to the Pamir, by Kashgar, Yarkand, and Khotan, to Lob Nor, mid across the great desert of Gobi to Tangut, thence to Shanj^tu, where they found Kublai Khan in 1275. They were kindly received, and retained in the public service. Marco rose rapidly in the emperor's favor, and was employed in im- portant missions in various pai-ts of the empire. Marco, with his father and uncle, left China in 1292, and after many adventures reached Venice by way of Sumatra, India, and Persia in 1295. In 1298 Marco was taken prisoner in the battle of Curzola between the Venetians and the Gen- oese. He was detained for a year at Genoa. Here he dic- tated in the French language to a fellow-captive, Rustici- anoof Pisa, an account of his adventures, which ultimately obtained a wide popularity, inasmuch as the Polos were the first European travelers in China. Chambers's Encyc. Polo de Ondegardo. See Ondegardo. Polonius (po-16'ni-us). In Shakspere's "Ham- let," the father of Ophelia, and the king's cham- berlain. Polonius. who is the personified memory of wisdom no longer actually possessed. This admirable chai-acter is always misrepresented on the stage. Shakspere never in- tended to exhibit him as a butfoon : for, although it was natural that Hamlet ~ a young man of fire and genius, detesting formality, and disliking Polonius on political grounds, as imagining that he had assisted his uncle in his usurpation — should express himself satirically, yet this must not be taken as exactly the poet's conception of him. In Polonius a certain induration of chai-acter had arisen from long habits of business ; but take his advice to Laertes, and Ophelia's reverence for his memoi-j', and we shall see that lie was meant to be represented as a statesman somewhat past his faculties, — his recollections of life all full of wisdom, and showing a knowledge of human nature, whilst what immediately takes place be- fore him, and escapes from him, is indicative of weakness. Coleiidye, Lects. on Shak., etc., p. 237. Polotsk, or Polock (po'lotsk^. A to^vn in the government of Vitebsk, Russia, situated at the junction of the Polota with the Diina, 59 miles west-northwest of Vitebsk. It was stormed by the French in 1812. Population, 20,064. Polotsk, Principality of. A medieval princi- pality of Russia, in the basin of the Diina. Poltava. See Pidtowa. Polybius (po-lib'i-us). [Gr. UoM'fSioc,'] Born at Megalopolis, Arcadia, Greece, 204 B. c. : died about 125 B. c. A celebrated Greek historian. He was in the service of the Achiean League ; was taken as a political prisoner to Rome about 169 ; became a friend of Scipio the Younger : was released in 151 ; and was later engaged in settling the affairs of Achaia. He went to Egypt in 181, with his father and Aratus, as an ambassa- dor of the Achaean League. He was the author of a history of Rome in 40 books, five of which, with fragments of the others, have been preserved. Polycarp (pol'i-karp). [L. Pohjearpus, from Gr. Ilo7.vKap7:Q^.'] Born before 69 A.D.: burned at Smyrna, 155 (?). A Christian martyr, bishop of Smyrna: author of an epistle to the Philip- pians. Polychronicon (pol-i-kron'i-kon). A chronicle of universal history, by Ralph Higden, finished in 1366: a continuation was added to the year 1413. It begins with a sketch of the history of the known world, with lives of Adam, Abraham, etc., and brings its entries down to the time oi writing. It was translated into English by John of Trevisa. Polycletus (pol-i-kle'tus). or Polyclitus {-kli'- tus), of Sicyon. [Gr. Jlo/t/t/e^rof.] Lived in the last part of the 5th century b. C. A cele- brated Greek sculptor and architect. He is asso- ciated with the high development of abstract proportion which characterizes Greek sculpture. He seems to have realized the athletic type or ideal to the entire satisfaction of the Greek world, and made a figure embodying the ac- cepted proportions, which was called " the canon." This' canon is supposed to have been a simple figure carrying a spear (dorj-phorus), described Iiy Pliny and properly rep- resented by several replicas. The best of these was found at Pompeii, and is in the museum at Naples. Another statue of almost equal importance is mentioned by Pliny, and called "diadumenos" (i. e., an athlete binding a fillet about liis head). The best replica is in the British Mu- seum ; the original was sold at one time for 10(1 talents — about S117.000. The most important monumental work of Polycletus was the cliryselephantine Hera at Argos, rep- resented by the so-called Ludovisi Juno. Polycletus PolycletUS, "The Younger." Lived about 400 B. '-■. A Greek sculptor of Arojos. Polycrates (po-lik'ra-tez). [Gr. no/c/c/jan/r.] Put to ileath 522 B. c. Tyrant of Samos from about 5^6 (or 532) to 522. He was a patron of literature aud art. He had formed an alliance with Aniasis, king of E^^pt, who, h'lwever, flnally reiiuiiiiced it tliroutrh alarm at the amazing Kood fortune of I'olycraies, which never met with any check or disaster, and which therefore was sure, sooner or'later, to Incur the envy of the gods. Such, at least, is tiie account in Herodotus, who has narrated the story of tlie rupture between Aniasis and Polycrates in Iiis most dramatic manner. In aletter which Amasis wrote to I'olyc- rates, the Egyptian monarch advised him to throw away one of his most valnalile possessions, in order that he might thus intlict some injury upon himself. In accordance with this advice Polycrates threw into the sea a seal-ring of ex- traordinary beauty ; but in a few days it was fonixl in the belly of a fish, which had been pre-iieiited to hirn by a tlsh- erman. Thereupon Amasis immediately broke olf liis jU- liance with him. Smith, Diet, of Greek and Roman Biography, III. 450. Polydamas Cpo-lid'a-mas). [Or. ITo?./ Ja/^ar.] Lived about 400 B. c. A Tliessalian faitious for his strength. Polydeuces. See PoUux. Polydore (jjori-dor). 1. A name assumed by Guiderius in Shakspere's " CvTubeliue." — 2. In Ot way's tragedy "Tlie Orphan.'* the brother of i ';istalio who was the husband of Moniinia, the !'piiau. He succeeded in deceiving the latter by per- .- 'uating Castalio on his wedding night, and on this fraud tl>c ti-agic stoiy of Monimia hinges. Polydore Vergil. See Vergil Polydorus (pol-i-do'nis). [Gr. Tlo/.iik^)oi\'] In liicok legend, the youngest son of Priam. He \v:is killed by Achilles (or according to other legends by I'.ilymestor). See Hecttba. Polydorus, A Rhodian sculptor, associate of Ai.'es:iuder in earvina: the Laocoon group. Polyeucte (p6-le-ekt '). 1. A play by Cor- Kiille, issued in 1640: *'the gi'eatest of all Chris- tian tragedies" (Saiutsburif). — 2. An opera by (iounod, first produced at Paris in 1878. The words, by Barbier and Carr6, are founded on Corneille. PolygnotUS (pol-ig-no'tus). [Gr. Ilo/ijruror.] I'.oru in tlie island of Thasos: lived in the raid- die of the 5th eentuiy B. C. A celebrated Greek painter, pupil of Aglaophon. His activity lasted from about 4S0 to 456 B. C. He was made an Athenian citi- Zen in return for the painting's in the Pcecile or Theseuni, and the Amphietyons gave hirn the ri^'htof free entertain- ment in the Hellenic cities. He was identified with i'imon ill the reconstruction of Athens, and seems to have had I'out him a large school or force of assistants. His prin- !|ial works were the paintings in the Lesche of the Cnidi- ans at Delphi, described in detail by Pausaniaa ; the paint- iii'ja of the Pcecile at Athens, made with the assistance of Micon and Panrenus; theniarriage of Castor and I'ollux ■with the ilanghters of Leucippus, in the tcTuplc cf the Dios- curi at Athens; some of the pictures in the l'in:tki)tlieke of the Propyheum ; the picture in the porch of the temple of Athene AreiaatPlatjea; amipicturesatTnespijc. Polyp- notua introduced transparent draperies and many realistic effects, riinij, XXXV. 3.5. Polyhymnia (pol-i-him'ni-ii). or Polymnia (po- iim'ni-ii). [*ir. UoAvuvia,'] 1, In (Jn'ck anti- fjuity, the Muse of the sublime hymn aiui of tlie faculty of learning and remenilieriiipr. According to some poets, she was the inventor of the lyre. Durint; thf final centuries of the Itiiman Empire she was regarded as the i)atroiiess uf mimes and pantnniimes. In art she is usually represented as in a meditative attitude, heavily draped, and without any attribute, 2. An asteroid (No. 33) discovered by Chacor- fiMe .it Paris, Oct. 28, 18r>4. Polykleltos. See Ptthf rictus. Polymnia. !^ee Polyinfmnia. Polynesiafpol-i-ne'siii). [From Gr.7r(5?pf, many, and vfiOoQ, an island: ^raany islands.*] A divi- sion of Ofeanica which comprises all or lu-arly all the Pacific islands east of Australia, Papua, and the Philippines. There are three main divisions. Theprlnclpaltfroupsof Polynesia pri)per, or East Polynesia, are the Hawaiian, Samoan, Tonpa, roIinea, anil Marshall, (Jilbert, ami Pelew |slan)iim(ui iBl;iiids, Ix)nisiade ArchiprduKo, N'ew Hebrides, DEntre- cnsteaux Ishinds, New Caledonia, etc. The islands have recently been rajudly ac(|nired by dilTerent European na- tions. Hawaii and .Samoa are Independent. See the sepa- rate articles. Polynices (pol-i-ni'se/.). [Gr. no^JiT/V^r.] Tn Greek legend, a son of (Edipus and Jocasto, and brother of Eteocles. Ue was driven from Thebes by his brother, and the famous expeditirm of "the .Seven airaltist TliebLs" was made to rewlon- birii- Polyolbion iiM.i.i.r.riii-<>n). or a Chorograph- ical Description of all the Tracts, Kivers, Mountains ... of Great Britain. A poem by Michaid Drayton. pul)iishc.l l(ii;t-22. it is his longest and most celebrated poeni. It consists of 30 '"songa" filled with antiquarian knowledge. C— r)2 817 Polyphemus (pol-i-fe'mus). [Gr.TTo/.i'o^/iof.] In Greek hgend, a oue-eyed griant. the chief of the Cyclopes, and son of Poseidon : celebrated in the legends of Odysseus, whom he kept a prisoner in his cave until the clever Greek made him drunk and hlinded Iiim. Polysperchon (pol-is-pOr'kon). [Gr. no/iwr^t'/a- Xi^'^'-'\ Died after 303 B. c. A Macedonian gen- eral in the service of Alexander the Great. He succeeded Antipateras regent in 319. He was superseded by C'assander. Polyxena (po-lik'se-na). [Gr. no/iv*r//.] In Greek lef^end, daujichter of Priam and Hecuba, and bride of Aehilhs. At her marriage to Achilles. the latter was slain by Paris, and the Greeks later sacri- ficed her to appease liis shade. .She was the subject of a lost traeredy by .Sophocles, and of the tragedies "llecuba" by Euripides and "Troades " by Seneca. Polyxena, A tni^edy by Kiecolini, a Florentine writer, in the style of Alfieri, produr-rd in 1811. Pombal (pom-baV; V^x- j>oii-i';ir), Marquis de ( Sebastiao Jos6 de Carvalho e Mello ). Dorn at Soure, near Coitubra, May Kt, 1()99: died at Pombal, May 8, 1782. A famous Portuguese statesman. He became minister at London in 1739, and at\'iennain 1745; and was made minister of foreifrn alfaii's in 17.S0, and premier in 1750. He encouraged commerce and aj^riculture, and expelled the Jesuits. He was dl&> missed from ottice in 1777. Ponierania(pom-e-ra'ni-a),G.Ponimern(pom'- merut. [F. Poiniratiie.'] A i>rovinee of Prus- sia. Capital, Stettin, it is bounded by the Baltic Sea on the north, West Prussia on the east, West Prussia, Brandenbnrpr, and Mecklenburg on the south, and Meck- lenburg on tlie west. The surface is nearly level. The people are mostly engaged in agriculture, the rearing of live stock, and coasting and foreign trade. Tiiere are a government districts(Stettin.Stralsund, and KusliiO; and Furtlier Pomerania(Hinterpommern), eastoftho Oder, and Hither Pomei-ania(\'orpomniern),west of the Oder, are his- torical divisions. The early inhabitants were Celts, fol- lowed by Wends. Christianity was introduced in the r2th centurj-. Tlie territory became gradually Oermaiiizfd ; was governed by lines of dukes; and suffered in the Thirty Years' War. Tlie eastern part fell in 1048 to Brandeiiburi:, the western part to Sweden. In 1720 Sweden ceded to Prussia the territory e:ist of the Peene; and the remainder of Swedish Ponierania was ceded to Prussia in 1815. Area, 11,87U square miles. Population (1890), l,52)t,8S!>. Pomeranian Haff. See SUftincr HajT. Pomeranus, or Ponuner. See Buotuhnfjen. Pomerellen(l)O-mer-erien), Formerly the west- ern part of West Prussia, lying west of the Vis- tula. It belonged to Poland till 1772. Pomeroy (pom'e-roi or pum'e-roi). A city, cap- ital iif Meigs County, Ohio, situated on the Ohio 82 miles southeast of Cohmibus. It has coal- mines aud salt-works. Population (1900). 4.639. Pomfret. See Pontcfrart. Pomfret(pom'fret). John, Born 1667: died 1703. An Kuglirsh poet, rector of Maulden in Bedford- shire : author of ** The Choice " (1699), a poem very popular in the 18th century. Pommern. See Pomn-auia. PomCEriuni (po-me'ri-um). [L.,from liost tucp- rain (i, e. miiru/u)^ beyond the wall.] In an- cient Rome, an area surrounding the earliest walls of Koma Quadrata, whose boundary was traced, inacconlanee with a ndigious ceremony of Etruscan origin the ritual of which is now forgotten, by a phiw drawn by a cow and a bull. Tlie area of the FfmioDrium was helil sacred, and was kept free from dwellings. Its exact limits are no longer known, thoujh the Forum Komamim marked the northern angle, anti the \i estt-rn ani.'le lay in the Forum Boarium. Pomona. See Mtunhnd (in Orkney). Pomona (po-mo'nii). 1. In Roman mythology, llie goiMess of fruit-trees. — 2. An asteroid (Nn. 32) discovered by Goldschmidt at Paris, Oct. 26, 1854. Pompadour (p'"n'i - ].a - dr.r '), Marquise de 'Jeanne Antoinette Poisson le Normant d'£tioles). Bom at I'aris, Dir. 29, 1721: died at Versailles, A])ril 15, 1764. The chief mis- tress of Louis XV. of France: notorious for her influeiH'c in French internal politics aud foreign afl'airs during the period 1745-(U. Pompeii (i>oni-pu'ye; L. jtron. poin-pe'yi). An jiiM'icni city of Italy, situated on tlie liay of Naples, Vii miles southeast of NapU's, nearly at tlie foot of Mount Vestunus. it was a tlourlshinu provineial town, eontainlng many villas of lUtmans It was severely injured by an earthnuake In (CI a. P.. and was t^itally destroyed by an eruption of Vesuvius tn TO, and buried under ashes. The site was dlseovertnl In 174S, and excavations have been carried on down to the present time. Owing to the preservation of ihe ruins praetieally intact to the present day by the superincumbent layer of ashes and i)umiee, the reninins of Ponipeii alford In many ways the most complete inforinatlon we imissckh of Honmn material civilization, tn this <|Uiet provincial town no civic buildings on a niairnillcent scale existed, but Its nu>d' est temples and public oitiees are not without liiHtnicllon, while the many handsouH' private dwellings have nlfordeil n rich fltore of knowledge, elsewhere unattainable, c()n* curning Koman decorative art uud home life. Not the Pompey least important yield of the excaTatfons has been the re< niarkable collection of antique sculptures and uteubils^ the best part of which is in the Museo >uziuuale at Na- jdes. Some excavations were made on the site in antiqui- ty, in the elloit to recover buried treasuix* ; but PompeU and its tragic end «ere soon furgottt-n. In 1748 some ])casants came accidentally ujwjn a few ancient works o! art in a ruined house, and the llourbou sovereigns of Na- ples thereurnju caused searches t^ij be made fur similar ob- jects. Between ISOS and 181,'") Murat instituted the first seient ideally conducted excavations. After his fall the work went on more or less irregularly until the Bourlwn kingdom ended in 18<:0. Since tlien it has pn'greased with adminible system and regularity under Fiurelli, About half of the oval area includenl within the walls has been thoroughly explored. The pixat theater, of the time of Augustus, is one of the most perfect of Roman antiquity, semicircular in plan, with a diameter of 322 feet The cavea has 2 precinctions: below the lower one there are 4 tiers of seats of honor ; the upper one has communica- tion by passages and stairs with the triantfular forum, and above it there are raised tiers of seats for women and a platform for working the awnincs. The cavea had 7 cunei. The temjde of Isis is a small Corinthian tetrastyle prostyle structure raised on a basement in a peristyle court upon which open the lodgings of the priests. Many in- teresting objects ccjnnected with the cult were found here, and skeletons of the priests amid surroundings indicating that they had sought, too late, to Hee. The house of Cas- tor and I'ollux is curious as being a double house with a large peristyle court common to the two parts. Each part has its atrium and all it8 subdivisions complete. Here were found the paintings of Andromeda and Medea, now- at Naples. The exterior of the house contrast with the usual plainness by its stucco decoration in panels and arabest a. Pompeii, The Last Day of. A larpe and dra- matic painting by Hriilow, inthellennitap^ Mu- seum, St. Peters'bnrp. It is held to he theohief work of the eontemporancons Kussian sehool. Pompeius Magnus. Sre /v»m/.ry. Pompelus U'«'iii-pe'yns) Magnus, Sextus. Born To B. c. : kilkMl at Mytilcno, 3r)H.c. Son of <^ne- iusPoinpeius,. He became powerful as cnnmiander of a fieet on the eoasta of Sicily and Italy, and was defeated In a naval battle by Agripjia in 3(1 Pompeu de Souza Brazil (p6ni-]>n'i>de s6'zi| lirii-zel'). Thomaz. Horn near Sobral. Cenni. dune (>. ISJS : died nt Fortaleza, Sept. 2. 1S77. A Hraziliaii publirisi iind author. He toctk order* as a presbyter, and %^as vlcar-general of Ids province; as a liberal was repeatedly deputy ; and was senator frtun ISfiS. His most Important worK Is " Ensaio estatlstlco da pnv viiicia do CearA *' (2 vols. 18. andasajMrtl- mn of. sulln, 83-^1, in Italy, Sicily, nud Africa; commanded against the M.irians In Snaiii 7ti-7'-' : aided In suppressing the Servile Insurrection In 71 : and was consul with Cras- sus In 70. He wan appointed by Ihe Cabiniiin Law coni- mander In the war aualnst the pirates, whom he Bulnlucd in KM : and by the Manllian Law commander In the Kaat In (Ml. Heendol th<-»:ir with Milbridales; annexed Syria and Palestine ; triumphed In t'd ; fonned with .lullusCtrsnr and (^^l!>^us the first triumvlratr In (W ; was eoncul .'-ft; became theebampionof the senate and conservative p:irty; began the civil war with (trsar In 40 ; and \\i\» totaUj de- feated by Ca'sar at Pharsalla in 48. Pompey Pompey. In Shakspere's "Measure for Mea- sure." the clownish servant of Mistress Over- lioiie. Pompey's Pillar. A Corinthian column of beau- tifoflypolished red granite at Alexamlria, stand- ing on a pedestal or foundation of masonry. The total height is about 99 feet, of which the shaft mea- sures 73 and the capital 16; feet. An inscription shows that it was erected in 302 A. i). in honor of Diocletian, whose statue stood on the summit. There is no reason for the name. Pompouius Mela. See Mela. Pomptine Marshes. See Pontine Marshes. Ponack. See lUinnock. 818 rente-Inferieure. Tvestern France, situated on the .Seugne 32 miles southeast of Eochefort. Population (1891). commune, 4,615. Pons Milvius (ponz mil'vi-us). In ancientge- ograph V, a bridge that crossed the Tiber, on the Fhiminian "SVay. about - miles from Rome. It is noted for the victor)- gained in its neighborhood, Oct. Poole, John partment of Yonne. France, situated near Aus- erre, noted for its ruined abbey. Its abbey church, a simple early-Pointed structure, is the most perfect sur- viving Cistercian church. Its windows ai'c uaiTow lan- cets : there is no triforium ; and, except the beautiful pol- ished rose-granite shafts of the choir, there is almost no ornament. There are a small open narthex and pl;un choir- screen and stalls. The length is 354 feet ; the height, 68. 28, 312, by Constantineoverilaxentius. The bridge broke Pontine Islands. Hee I'o)i:a Islands. down under the latter as he sought to escape by it with his routed troops, and he perished. Ponta Delgada (pon'ta del-ga'da). The chief town of the island of San Miguel, Azores, sit- uated on the southwestern coast. Population (1890), 16.767 Ponape ip6'na-pa). One of the Caroline Isl- Pont-a-Mousson (p6nt'a-mo-s6n'). Atownin aiids. Pacific Ocean. It is volcanic. Length, the department of Mcurthe-et-Moselle, France. 12 railes. situated on the Moselle 1,7 miles north by Ponashta. See Bannock. west of Nancy. Population (1891), commune, Ponce (piin'tha). A town near the southern 11.595. loast of Porto Kico. Population (1899). 27.952. pontarlier (pon-tar-lya'). Atownin the de- "■'"■" " " '^ partment of Doubs, France, situated on the Ponce de Leon (pon'thada la-6n'), Juan. Born in Aragon about 1460 : died in Cuba, 1521. A Spanish soldier, conqueror of Porto Eico and discoverer of Florida. Hefirst went to America with Columbus in 1493 ; under Ovando was goveriior of Higuay, or the eastern part of Espaiiola ; and in 1508 passed over to Porto Eico. In 1510 he was empowered to conquer Porto Kico, of which he was made governor ; later he went to Spain, where (Feb. 23, 1512) he received a grant to discover and settle the island of Uimini (the mjthical re- gion in which report located the fountain of youth). The explorer sailed from Porto Eico in March, 1513, with 3 caravels. Passing the Caicos and other islands, he dis- covered the mainland March 27, coasted northward to lat. Doubs 29 miles southeast of Besaiijon. it suf- fered in tlie wars of the middle ages and in the Tlui'ty Years' War. Population (1S91), commune, 7.1S7. Pontassieve (pon-tas-se-ii've). A town in the provim-e of Florence. Ital.v, situated at the jimotiou of the Sieve with the Arno. 9 miles east of Ficreuee. Population (1881), 2,641. Pont-Audemer (p6nt-dd-mar' ). A town in the department of Eure. France, situated on the Eille 18 miles southeast of Havre. Population ^a.u..^,,w..=.^^ .............. ........ (l'*91). commune. 6,084 30' 8', landed, and on AprTl'8'(Pas1.^ua"Flor'ida or'Eas'ter Pontchartrain (pon-char-tran'),Lake, Sundav) took possession of the countr>- for the King of Ju southeastern Lomsiana, situated north of S,-.ain 'calling it Florida. Thence he turned southward, XewOrleans. It is connected by the Ricolets with Lake rounded Cape Sable, and ran up the western coast tojat, ^^^^^ and the Gulf of Mexico. Length, 40 mUes. Greatest width, about 2o miles. 27' 30, flnariy returning to Porto Kico in Sept. On Feb. 27, 1514. he received, in Spain, a grant to settle "the Isl- t>„„4. j„ n^^A e„o n^r^ J>n„t /?>/ landofBirainiiindthelsLidof Florida"; but, being oc Pont du Gard. See Gar(l,Fo>tt (lu cupied with Indian wars m Porto Eico. he was unable to Ponte. See Jiassano and Ba Fonte. attempt the enterprise until March, 152L He then sailed PonteCOrVO (pon-te-k6r'v6). A ti with a large number of colonists, but was attacked by In- - - - ' ... dians and forced to retreat after he had himself received from an Indian arrow the wound of which he died. There are indications from maps, but no positive proofs, that Florida was known before 1513. Poncelet ( p6ns-la' ). Jean Victor. Born at Metz, July 1, 1788: died at Paris. Dec. 22, 1867. A French geometer and military engineer, inven- tor of Poncelot's hydraulic wheels. His works in- clude "Traits des propri^tes projectives des figures" (1S23), "Cours de m^canique appliqu^e aux machines" (1S20), etc. He became a brigadier-general, and in 1S4S was appointed commander of the national guard of the department of the Seine. Ponchielli (pon-ke-el'le), Amilcare. Bom at Cremona, Sept. 1, 1834: died Jan. 16, 1886. An Italian composer. Among his operas are "I promessi Sposi " <1856>," Le due Gemelle." a ballet (187S). " I Lituani " (1874), -Gioconda" (1^76). "n flgliuol prodigo" (1880), "Marion Delornie" (1SS5), etc. Pond (pond), John. Born at London, 1767 : died at Blackheath, Sept. 7, 1836. An English as- tronomer. In 1811 he succeeded Dr. N. Maske- lyne as astronomer royal. He published a star- cataloffue in 1833. Pondicherry,orPondicherri(pon-di-sher'i),F. Pondichery (poii-de-sha-re'). Indian Pudi- cheri. The capital of French India, situa- ted on the eastern coast in lat. 11° 56' N.,long. 79°50'E. It h.is considerable commerce. Itwasoccu. PonteVOdra (pon-ta pied *y the French about 16T2; was several times con- Galicia, Spain queredandtemporarilyheldby the British; but was finally '- — restored in 1816. It is the chief place of a small French district. Population (1S88X 41,253. Population of French India, 280,303. Pondoland ( pon'do-land). A British possession in South Africa, situated southwest of Natal, about lat. 31°-32° S. It was tal*n directly under _^ _ town in the province of Caserta, Italy, situated on the Ga- rigliano .53 miles northwest of Naples. It was formerly the seat of a principalitv, the property of Bema- dotte 1S06-10. Population (ISSl), 5,172. Pontedera(pon-te-da'ra). A town in the prov- ince of Pisa. Italy, situated at the junction of the Era with theArno, 13 miles east by south of Pisa. Population (1881), 8,695; commune, 11,817. Pontefract (pon'ti-frakt. colloquially and gen- erally pom'fret ), orPomfret. [See the extract.] A town in the West Biding of Yorkshire, Eng- land. 12 miles southeast of Leeds. It cont,ains a ruined castle, the scene of Richard 11. 's murder in 1399, taken and dismantled by the Parliamentarians in 1649. Population (1891), 9,702. Pontine ipt>"''i")Marshes. [L. PomptlnxPa- halts.'] A marshy region in Latium, Italy, ly- ing between the sea and the Yolseian Moim- tains, and extentling 31 miles from Terracina to ' near Velletri. Since ancient times it has been notoriously pestilential, and thinly inhabited. Pontivy (p6u-te-ve'). A town in the depart- ment of Morbihan, France, situated on the Blavet 30 miles northeast of Lorient. It was called Napoleonville under the empire. Popu- lation (1891), commune, 9.175. Pontmartin (p6u-mSr-tau'), Annand Augus- tia Joseph Marie Ferrand, Comte de. Bom at Avignon, France, July 16, 1811: died there, March 29. 1890. A French critic and litterateur. His articles are collected in "Causeries littiraires " (1854 andlS56). " Causeries duSamedi"(lS57-59-«)-65-SlX "Se- majnes litteraires " (1861-63), etc. He also wrote a ntun- ber of romances, etc. . among which is " Les Jeudis de Mme. Charbonneau " (lS4i2). Pont Neuf (pon nef). [F., 'new bridge.'] A bridge over the Seine in Paris, near the Louvre, built by Henry IV. Pont-Nbyelles (pon-nwa-yel'). Battle of. A AJake battle fought Dec. 23, 1870, at Pont-Noyelles (a village near Amiens, France), between the French underFaidherbeandthe Germans. Also called the battle of the Hallue. Pontoise (p6n-twaz'). [• Bridge of the Oise.'] A town in the department of Seine-et-Oise, France, situated at the junction of the Viosne and Oise, 17 mUes northwest of Paris: the an- cient Briva Isane. It has an important trade in grain and flour. It was an ancient Celtic town ; passed and re- passed between ;Xormandy and France ; was taken by the English in 1419, and again about 1437 ; and was retaken by Ch.arles VIL in 1441. It was the capital of French Vexin. The P;u'lianient of Paris met at various times at Pontoise. A treaty between France and Navarre was concluded there in 1359. Population (1491), commune, 7,422. Pontremoli (pon-trem'6-le). A town in the province of Massa e Carrara, Italy, situated on the Magi-a, at the foot of the Apennines. 37mile8 southwest of Parma. Population (1881), 3,828 ; commune, 14.355. Pontresina (pon-tra-ze'na). A village in the Upper Engadine, canton of Grisons, Switzer- land, situated 31 miles southeast of Coire : a It was probably from a broken Roman bridge, the re- _ _^ . noted tourist resort. Height, 5,915 feet. mains of which seem to have been visible in the time of PontS-dO-Ce (p6n-de-sa')) IiOS. A small town Leland that the town of Pontefract, in Yorkshire (;«.« ^^jj ^^ islands in the Loire, directly SOuth of /racfiM), derived Its name. Irn<;'A^ Celt, p. Ib6. ^^^ggrg^ i^i.aiiee. Ponte Vecchio (pon'te vek'ke-6). [It., 'old Pontus (pon'tus). [Gr. Ilorrof.] In ancient bridge.'] A bridge in Florence, over the Arno : geography, a country in Asia Minor. It wa» a picturesque structure with 3 wide arches, re- " ' "^ "" "-'-•--■ built in 1345. The roadway is bordered on both sides by quaint little shops, except over the midiUe arch, where there is an opening, ttver the south row of shops is car- ried a gallery, buift by Vasari, connecting the Pitti Palace with the Vtfizi and the Palazzo Vecchio. va'THra). 1. Aprovincein west and on Portugal square miles. bordering on the ocean on the po^tyg Euxinus (pon'tus Ttuga on the south. Area, 1. ,39 ^"Euxine Sea.'] The ancieni Population (188,), 443,380. — 2. g^^ bounded by" the Euxine on the north, Colchis on the east, Armenia on the southeast and south, Cappadocia on the south, Galatia on the southwest, and Paphlagonia on the west. The siulace is diversified. It became independent of Persia in the 4th century B. c. ; rose to great power with extended boundaries under Mithridates the Great : after the victories of Pompey (66 B. c.) was reduced to its former limits ; and was eventually made a Roman province. iik-si'nus). [L., ancient name of the Black A seaport, capital of the province of Ponteve- pontypool (pon'ti-pol). A town in Monmouth- dra sittiated at the hesid of the Ba.v of Ponte- shirlBnslAnA. situated on the Avon 27 miles vedra.aboutlat.42°2, N.,long.8°3o W. Pop- northwest of Bristol. It has flourishing iron ulation (18s, ), 19,990. manufactures. Population (1891), 5.842. « in the Elster, Oct. 19, 1813. A Polish general, nephew of King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatow- ski. He served against Eussia in 1792, and in the insur- Capital. Abbe\'ille. It fluctuated in early times be- tween Normandy and Flanders, and was conquered by William of Normandy in 1056. In the later middle ages it fluctuated between England, Burgundy, and France. rection of 1791 ; was commander of the Polish contingent Pontia, Or Pontiae. See Poii'a. in the French campaigns ; was minister of war in the pgntlaC (pon'ti-akl. Killed 1769. A celebrated duchv of Warsaw ; invaded Galicia in 1809 ; and was made \. ^ j, ^Y ^,. x j* ^ *!,.. 1..., !..«;« "D«t, a French marshal in 1S13. He fought at Leipsic, and lost ehief of the Ottawa Indians, the leader in Pon- hi- life at the close of the battle. tiac s war. He led the unsuccessful attack on Detroit PoniatOWSki, Jozef Michael Xavier Francis in 1763, and submitted to the British in 1766. John Born at Eome, Feb. 26, 1816 : died at Pontiac. A city, capital of Oakland County, London, Julv 3, 1873. A Polish composer, Michigan, situated on amton Eiyei; -3 miles prince of Monte Eotondo, and nephew of Prince Poniatowski (1762-1813). He settled in Paris in 18.>4, and was senator under the empire. He composed a ntimber of operas, the first (" Giovanni da Procida ") in 1838. Poniatowski, Stanislaus Augustus. See-Stan- islaiis Ai(fiustus Poniatowski. Ponka (pon'kii,). [PI., also Ponkas.] A tiibe of the Dhegifea division of North American Indians, numbering 847. Part are In Nebraska, the rest in Oklahoma. See Dhegiha. Pons(p6ii). A town in the department of Cha- Pontigny (p6n-ten-ye'). A village in the de- north-uorthwest of Detroit. Population (1900), 9,769. Pontiac'sWar,orPontiac's Conspiracy- -A-n Indian war in 1763, between the settlei-s and garrisons on the western frontier and the In- dians from the tribes of the Delawares, Wyan- dots, Shawnees, Mingoes, Chippewas, etc. Pon- tiac was the leader of the Indians. They captured Mack- inaw, Piesque Isle, and other forts, and unsuccessfully besieged Detroit. Pontifical States. See Papal States. The Taff is crossed here by a remarkable bridge of one arch. Population (1891), 19,971. Ponza (pon'za). The chief island of the Ponza gi-oup, situated in the Mediterranean 67 miles west of Naples : the ancient Pontia or Pontije. It was a place of confinement for state prison- ers under the early Eoman emperors. Ponza Islands. -A. group of small volcanic isl- ands, west of Italy, belonging to the province of Caserta : the ancient Pontine Islands. It in- cludes Ponza. Palmarola, and Zannone. Pop- ulation (1881), 3,779. Pool (pol ) , The. A part of the Thames in Lon- don, immediately below London Bridge. Poole (pol). A 'seaport in Dorset, England, situated on Poole Harbor, an inlet of the Eng- lish (Channel, 28 miles west-southwest of South- ampton. It has a flourishing foreign, colonial, and coasting trade. Population 1 1891), 13.405. Poole, John. Bom 1786 : died at Kentish Town, London, Feb., 1879. An English playwright Poole, John His best-known work is • Paul Pry," produced at the Hay- muiket in I8'25. Among his other works are " Deaf as a I'osI, '" Little PedliMKton and tl]uPedlingtoniaU6,"a6atire (IsiiO), '■ A Comic Miseellaiiy " (I*!;'.!, etc. Poole, Reginald Stuart. Burn at London, Feb. :27, li<'y2 ■ died Keb. 8, 1895. An English archro- ologist. He became conservator of the department of onus ami in. -dais of the British Museum in 1S70. He ]>ub- lished many ImpoitaMt eataloyues of coins and medals. Poole, William Frederick. Born i»t Salt m, Mass., ISlil: died at Chicago, March 1, 1894. An American libriirian, bibliographer, and his- ., „., eastern 1 torieal writer: originator of "Poole-s Indes to Popo (po'po). Grand atidpttle. Two conti^^^^ Periodical Literature" (18.13). At the time ot ousnative towns and territories of West ^Vliici, his death he was librarian of the Newbei-ry on the coast near Dahomey. They wore annexed nis aeaiu ne wa. iiuiai a j France in 1885 ; but Little Popo was ceded the same Library m Chicago. r=f,.;..t in year to Germany. See Ewe and Litlle Pl^. Poona, or Poonah po na). 1. A district m Popocatepetl (pq-p6-kii-ta-pet'l). ['Smoking Bombu " * „-..„„ ... ,.. .1 .... 819 * Port-au-Prince hibiting a real acquaintance with the subject, and statins the difiiculties wliich must, sooner or later, have demanded a Bolution. K. 0. MOUer, Hist ol the Lit. of Anc. Greece, IIL ML {{Donaldson,) nglish history, an alleged porpora (p6r'p6-ra), Niccolo (or Niccola) An- ioman Catholics in 10^^8 to tojjjo^ Bom at Naples, Aug. 19, ItJSO: '2. Poppig, or Poeppig (pep'piG), Eduard Fried- rich. Born at Plaueii im Vogtland, .Sa.\ony, July 16, 1798 : died at Leipsic, Sept. 4, 1868. A Prussian naturalist and explorer. He traveled in North America and Cuba 1822-25, Chile 182(;-2:), and Peru. 1830-32, finally descending the Amazon on his way to Porta, Baccio della. See Bartolrimmco, F Europe. His collections of South American plants were Poj^a (por'tii), Giambattista della. Bor verv iniDortant. From 1833 he was proiessor of zciulufrv xt i * , /i-«o i- i . y i li^-ir :rrl;'"P i7i,;,,i,iici,„.i"Rpi«..i,,chii,= ivninndanfdem Naples about lo4.j : died at .Naiiles. 161.1. Etruria, famous in the legends of Taiquin, He- rat ins Codes, etc. Person (por'son), Richard. Born at East Rns- tou, Norfolk,"Dcc. 21. 1759 : died at Loiulon, Sept. 2.1, 1808. An English classical scholar, famous for his knowledge of Greek. He was edu- cated at Klon and Caniliridge (B. A. 1782), and was fellow t Xiiniij;, an(l(17'.f.!)iiT"fes5orof Greek at Cambridge. 11a. See Bartolrimmco, Fra. Born at atLcipsic:'Hepublished"JleiseinChUe,Peruundaufdem Naples' about 154.-5: .lied at .N'aples. 1615. An Amazijnenstrom " (2 vols, and atlas, 1835), " Nova genera Italian natural philosopher. He founded theAcad- ac species plantarum " (3 vols. 1835-45), "lUustrierte Na- emy "Seerctorum Natune " at Naples, and was a member - turgeschichte des Thierreichs " (4 vols. 1851), etc. of the Academv " Dei Lincci "at Rcmie. His chief work ia lished 1)V Benjamin Franklin 1732-57, noted for Populists See People's Party. " ^'nsi" naturalis • (1569). its maxims. . _ , Popul Vuh (po-pol' vo). The sacred or national Port Adelaide (port ad'e-lad) book of the Quiche Indians of Guatemala. It was originally written in hieroglyphics, but has come down to us in a copy in the (Juich^ language, with a translation into Spanish by a Domitiican missionary, Fian- ciseo Ximenez, who wrote about 1721. "This, according ■ri''lll.'^i"^21"'/'-. „ -i„„„/\ to Father -Ximenez himself, and according to internal evi- irOrtaaOWn (poit-a-„„t,,„ ^r.' „ rOrtaiegTC (por-ta-ia gre). 1. AQlsmciin tne His first published poem. "The Pastorals," appeared 111 iicci uruuistjiB. c. - r> i- • oo -i^o Iil'o\nilC0 of Alemtojo, Portugal. Population Ton8on'a"Miscellanies'.May,1709,thonghwrittenfouror Porco (por ko). A village ot Uolivia, --miles (jggo), 113,727.-2. .\ town in the district of five years earlier. The "Essay on Criticism " followed in southwest of Potosi. Near it were the most prodnc- Pi,rtale"Te 101 miles east-nortlieast of Lisbon. „ ..,__, ,...,.,.. , .,...„..,„. tiyesiiver-inincsof the Incas, and they were worked with \ ' '^ ' rquette, _ ^ • followed in 1711. "The Rape of the Lock,'" his masterjiicce, was pub- lished in 1712, and 'Windsor Forest" in 1713. The trans- lations o( Homer were undertaken in 1713, and continued 12 years. The "Iliad" was published in 1720, the 'Odys par near Sl.-Nazaire. Poromushir. See Paramushir. Poros(po'ios). An island oast of Argolis,Greeoe: the ancient Calauria. It contained in ancient times ??&u^;^n" ''l^Z^eamfswin: ""ii^- i^Ed " '^. PoTcWe (P" r'kM'"0, Peter. A pseudonym peared in 1728, but is said to have been written before the ot William CoOoett. , . , attacks In the " Miscellanies" had purposely elieite5-07 : be- came director of public worship In ISOI, and minister of public worship in 1804 ; and was chief editor of the "Code Civil." a temple .,i« gate III the walls ot Koine. It consists of 2 nrche^ 2.53A.D.: diedat Uoiiieabo It JO... ANe. platoiuc 1^^^^, ^^ .icBlgncd lo carry the waters of two aqueduct. philosopher, adisciiile ot I'lotinus, ami teacuor „ver 2 great highways. The arches open between 3 riistl- ' " ■ " ■" " oto a treatise agalii«l cated piers, and the attic bears Inscriptions rcconling the 1 life of rythauoriiB, construction by Claudius and rcsloralioiis by Ve>piu>lan I books (by Porphyry]. Port ArthuT (po't iir'ther). A Chinese nrseiial iwered by Eusebius in g,|,| i,,,^.,] station near the extremity of the of philosophv at Koine. He wrote a treatise agalii«l cated piers, and the attic bears Inscriptions rcconling the the Chlislian^■ a lite of Plotliius, a life of I'ythagoriiB, construction by Claudius and rcsloralioiis by Ve>piu>lan works on AiiHlotle, etc. jlnd Titus. " Against the Christians," In fifteen 1 Thiscelebraled work, which was answe., ,.„,., ..„....,.„... ^^^ twenty five books. Is known lo iis only from the notices of j : , „euiiisula, in the province ot Shiug- It In .ferome-s commentary and other cccleslas leal wril l^l"" '-"I't. ^ ' ,„. ,, ,,„ ,1,.. j„nanese Nov. 21. 1894. Ings. Its loss is due t» Thcodnslns II., who orderc.l it to king. It was eiipluied by tilt Japanese Jsov. «, iovt. be nublielv burned in .». I>. 435, a proceeding which only It was leiis. d 1.. Russia In isau. , ,. shows tliaUhenpologlsis had iiot 'been successful In an- Port-aU-Prfnce (port'o-prins': F. pron. pOr-tS. Bwerlng all Its allcgati- through it. A beautiful Renaissance arch was erected to commem- orate the event, which was adorned by sculptures supposed to have been by Jean Goujon. In 1660 Louis XIV. also made a triumphal entrj- at this gate, and the arch was transformed by the architect Blondel in 1662. In his scheme Blondel treated the c-u-lier work with the utmost respect, merely adding side arches and an attic above. It presented one of the most pleasing Eenaissanoe composi- tions in Paris. It was demolished in 1778. Jean Goujon 's river-gods in the spandrels of the arch were afterward important steamer lines ; has valuable foreign trade (especially vvith Canada), coasting trade, and fisheries ; and has manufac- tures of boots and shoes, macliiuery, sugar, engines, etc. It is the winter port of Canada. Its Indian name was Machigonne. It was settled l>y the English in 1632, its early name heingFalmoutli ; wasbombardedbythe British in tlie Revolutionary War ; had its name changed to Port- land in 1786: became a city in 1^32; and was devastated by a Are in IS-iS. Population (19001,50,145. Portland. The capital of Multnomah County, Oregon, situated on the Willamette River, 12 miles from its entrance into the Columbia, in lat, 4.5° 30' N., long. 122° 40' W. it is the largest city in the State, a railroad center, and the terndnus of several steamer lines ; is at the head of ship navigation; and exports salmon, lumber, wheat, and flonr. It was laid out in 1K45 ; was made a citv in 1851 ; and was ravaged bv a fire in 1873. Population (1900), 90,426. buUt into the gate of the Beaumarchais garden, and are Portland. A city of New Brunswick, a suburb now in the Cluny museum. of St. John. Porte" St.-Deiis('sah:cle-ne'). Atriumphalarch oj^-;;-°-P°^^^^^^^ on the Boulevard. St.-Denis Paris, built in 1672 |ortland, Dukes and Earl^f ,rT?nfrtTna in honor of the victories of Louis Xiv . m the Low Countries. It has a single archway with reliefs above. Victories in the spandrels, and warlike trophies adorning simulated obelisks on each side. The width is 82feet, and the height SL It was buUt by Francis Blondel, and the brothers .Anguier were the sculptors. Porte St.-Martin (san mar-tan'). Atriumphal arch on the Boulevard St. -Martin. Paris, built in Portland, Isle of. A peninsula in Dorset, Eng- land, south of Weymouth, projecting into the English Channel, and terminating in the Bill of Portland : noted for its castle (built 1520), its building-stone, and its breakwater. Near it, Feb. 18, 1653, an indecisive battle was fought between the English fleet under Blake and the Dutch under Tromp. Length, about 4 miles. Population (1891), 9,541. 1674 bv Pien-e Bullet in honor of Louis XIV. Portland, Race of. A dangerous sea passage between the Isle of Portland and a neighboring , „ . reef, the Shambles. two smaU oiies, with reliefs in the spandrels of the large Portland Vase. -A. famous urn of bine trans- It commemorates the taking of Besan?on and the victo- ries overthe Imperialists. It hasalai-ge archway between two small ones, with reli opening. Above the coinice there is an attic. The height and breadth are both 57 feet. parent oanieo-ciit glass, ten inches high, it was discovered about 1630 in a sarcophagus in a tomb in the Monte del Grano, near Rome. It is so called from its pos- sessors, the Portland family, who bought it in 17S7 from ,Sir William Hamilton (its original purchaser in 1770), and placed it in the British Museum in ISIO. It is also called the Barberini vase, because it was first deposited in the Barberini Palace. the attack on Fort Fisher Dec, ISW, -Jan., 1865; and was Port Famine (port fam m). A place m southern made vice-adminU in 1866, and admiral in 1870. Patagonia, situated on the Strait of Magellan Porter, Ebenezer. Born at Cornwall, Conn., south of Punta Arenas. An unsuccessful at- Oet. 5, 1772: died at Andover, Mass., April 8, tempt was made to form a Spanish settlement 183-1. An American Congregational clergyman jiere in the end of the 16th century. and educator, professor (1812) and president Port Glasgow (glas'go). A seaport in Renfrew- p„+T nnis Ho'isorlo'p) A seanort canital of (1827) of .\ndover Theological Semina^. He ^hire, Scotland, situated on the Clyde 17 mi es X^^j^'^f ^fVa "^ -^ published various works on rhetoric and homi- west-northwest of Glasgow. It has trade, ship- *'''li; „" .n^Lilt^" " ' I , ,^ ^ ^. , ., T J c A. ■D„„„i«*:„„ /1Q01N on the norttiwestem coast. Itisthechieicommercial leties. „. , ^ ^ . ^, ,^„., ^. ^ building, and manufactures. Population (1891), j^ee of the colony. In ISIO it was taken by the British. Porter, FltZ-John. Born Aug. 31. 1822 : died 14.624. Population (1891), 62,046. May 21. 1901. An American general, cousin of Port Hamilton (ham'il-ton). A harbor soutli Port Louis. The former capital of the Falkland D.D.Porter. He graduated at West Point in 1845, and of Korea, in one of the Nanhow Islands. Great Islands, situated on East Falkland, took part in the Mexican war. Hewas appointed a briga- Britain annexed it in 1885, but abandoned it in Port Lvttelton (lit'el-ton). A seaport in the dier-general of volunteers at the begmning of the Livil .^„, ntli TslnTid Xew '■/pnlnTid situated on the War, and ser\ed with distinction in the Peninsular cam- _^*''"'-_ .. _ . ... .. „ , ^ boutn islana, .New_Z,eaiana, SItuatea on ine cashiered by court martial in Jan., 1863, for failure to obey ,-...- zx ,-,_ « »i, i.m. -ir i orders on .\ug. 29. His sentence was partly remitted in PorthOS (por-tos'). One of the '■Three Jluske- 1882. and he was restored to the army in 1886. He was teers"in Dumas's novel of that name. He is police commissioner of Xew York city 1884-88. noted for his great size and strength and his Porter, Horace. Bom at Huntington, Pa., inordinate love of display. April 15. 1837. An American general, son of pQj^ Hudson (hud'son). A place in East Fe- David Rittenhouse Port_er (1788-1867, governor lioiana parish, Louisiana, situated on the Mis- Islands, Spain, situated on the eastern coast : the ancient Portus Magonis. it was taken by the Eng- lish under Stanhope in 1708 ; conquered from them by the French in 1756; restored to Great Britain in 1763: con- quered by Spain in 1782 ; and finally ceded to Spain in 1802. Population (18S7), 18,445. of Pennsylvania 1838-45). He graduated at West siss-»ppi 9rmiles northwest of Xew oTa"ns."'!t ^^E^e^^*^c^irlf l^kt^ated'^'on 1° ^^'"^' ^"""^ l!'S^S:^:^i.^^S^!^^'^i^r^ir^ -- ^fe^-^^,^^ ^^'^ ^'.derals under Banks in /^^-^ slXortl war; and served as his private secretary 1869-73. He was May. 1863. and _suiTer.-l»T-o.I .T„lv 8 _..,-< breveted brigadier-general. He resigned from the army Port Huron (hii'ron] in 1873. In 1897 he was appointed ambassador to France, of gf _ Claire Countv, Michigan, situated at the Porter, Jane. Born at Durham, England. 1776 : junction of Black River with St. Clair River, 56 died at Bristol, May 24, 18o0. An English nov- ^jjeg northeast of Detroit. It is a railroad center, elist. She made a great reputation as a romantic novel- and has important Canadian and domestic trade, and ship- iiit. She »T0te "Thaddeus of Warsaw "(1803), "The Scot- building. Population U'JiiO). l'-M;-». .,>..„,,,,-,,-, , ^ it. /-, -t-i tishChiets' (1810), "Tales Round a Winter Hearth," with po-tia (por'shia) 1 The principal female PortO Bello (bal yo). A port on the Caribbean her sister Anna Maria (lS26X"The Field of Forty Foot- pij^j-acter in Shakspere's '"Merchant of Yen- coast o£ the Isthmus of Panama, Colombia. 20 steps (l&2b), etc, "' ■' . n f-, t Porter, Noah. Bom at Farmington, Conn., Dec. 14, 181 1 : died at Xew Haven, Conn. , March 4, 1892. An .\merican educator and philoso- pher. He graduated at Tale in 1831; was master of Hop. kins Grammar School 1831-33 ; was a tutor at Yale 1833-35 ; was pastor of the Congregational Church at Sew Jlilford, Connecticut, 1836-43, and at Springfield, Massachusetts, 1843-46 ; was professor of metaphysics and moral philoso- phy at Yale 1846-71 ; and was president of the university 1871-S6. He was the editor in chief of the editions of Web- ster's tnabridged Diction«ry published in 1864 and 1S80. and of the International Dictionary (1890). Among his works are -'The Human Intellect" (1868), "Books and a juij o. Porto Alegre (por'tij ii-la'gre). A seaport, "■'^L ^^Llll/tffhl '■apital of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, situat ed on the river Guahyba or Lower Jacuhy, near its mouth in the Lagoa dos Patos, in lat. 30° 2' S. It is the most important city of southern Brazil, and has a hirge trade. Population, estimated (1592), 55,00a miles northeast of Colon. The bay was discovered and named by Columbus, 1502. It was unimportant until 1597, when it officially replaced Xombre de Dios as the Car- ibbean port of Panama, and hence of Peru. Every year a fleet arrived from Spain, and rettmied laden with treasure. It w.as taken and sacked by the English captain Parker, 1602 ; by Morgan, 1668, and by other hucaneers. 1679 ; and by Vernon, 1739, It is now a small village. Also written Porto Beh and Puerto Bello. A town and sea- herself by swallowing live coals. In Shak- bathing resort in Midlothian, Scotland, situated spere's " Julius Ctesar" she does so while insane on the Firth of Forth 3 miles east of Edinburgh, from anxiefj- over her husband. Population (1891). 8.181. ice": an heiress in love with Bassanio. Her suitors were obliged bv the terms of her fathers will to choose one of three caskets of gold, sUver, and lead, one of which contained her picture, and the chooser of it was to be her husband. Bassanio was successful, choosing the leaden one. Portia is noted for her celebrated defense of B.issanio's friend Antonio, resisting the demand of Shylock for a pound of flesh from Antonio's body in case Bassanio failed to pay money borrowed from Shylock, See Shylock, 2. ThewifeofMareusBrutus,saidtohavekiUed Portobello (por-to-ber6) Porto Ferrajo Porto Ferrajo i^por'to ffr-rii'vo). The chief place in the island of Elba, pnivinee of Leghorn, Italy. Population (issi), r,:Mn. Port" of Spain, or Puerto d'Espana (pwer'to des-pan'yii). The capital of the island of Triuidad, situated on the western coast in lat. 10° 39' N., long. Gl° 31' W. Population (1891), 33,782. Portogruaro, or Porto Gruaro (por'to gio-a'- rO). A towu in the province of Venice, Italy, situated on the Lemene 34 miles northeast of Venice. Population (1881), 4,807; commune, !i,:!s6. Porto Maurizio(mou-rid'ze-6). 1. A province in Liguria, It;ilv. Area, 455 square miles. Poj)- ulatlou (1S91),'141.'_'95.— 2. A seaport, capital of the province vestern Africa, situated near the Higlit of Benin, south of Abomey. Poj)., aboul .■)(!. OOO.. Porto Novo. A small seaport on the Coroniandel coast of India, south of Madras. Here. .Tuly 1, 1781, the Hritish (about 8,000) unilert'oote defeateil Hyder All (M-ith about 40,000 men). Porto Plata. See I'm rto Fluid. Porto Rico (re'ko), Sp. Puerto Rico (pwer'to re'ko). The easternmost island of the Greater Antilles, West Indies, belonging to the United States, situated east of Santo Domingo, from which it is separated by the Moua Passage. Capital, San Juan de Porto Rico. It is tiaversed from east to west by a rau^re of low mountains. The chief exports are sii^ar, t-otfec. anart of New York city. Port-Royal (-roi'al). A Cistercian abbey for auns, situated about 17 miles southwest of Paris. It was founded in 1204 ; was reformeil uniler the abbess .lacfiuelinc Marie .\ngeli', Biu-tholomeu Dias. Vasco da Gauia, Cabral, Albu- (lUenjue. Magalb.'ies, etc. ; founded a large empire in the East Indies and Brazil ; was comiuered by Sjiain and lost its independence in ITtSO ; recovered independence through a revolution in 1040 (beginning of the Braganva line); was invaded by the French in 1S07. the royal family escaping to Brazil; and was aided by England in the war of lib- eration from the French. More recent events are an out- break of reV'ilution in 1820 ; return of King .tohn VI. from Brazil in 1821; signing of the constitution in 1822; Bra- zil separated from Portugal In 1822; struggle between Dom Miguel and Maria da (ilorla, ending in thesniimission of .Miguel in 1834 ; disturbance In following years by civil strife; and eoinpllcations with Great Brttaia(ln 1889, 18U1, and later) regarding the African claims. Area, 80,038 square miles. I'opulation (l!HHi. r>,428,ortO. Portuguese America, Brazil : the only part of America which was colonized by the Portu- guese. See Tordinilliiis. Portuguese East Africa. See East Africu. I'tirtiKincsc. Portunus (pAr-tu'nus), or Portumnus (por- liiiii'nus). In Roman mythology, a god, pro- tccliir of hiirbors. Port-Vendres (por-voh'dr). A seaport in the depailnieiil of I'vrenees-Orientales, rrance, sit- uated on the MediteiTauenn 18 miles southeast of Perpignan : the ancienl I'ortns Veneris, it has a eoniinodious harbor. Population (1891), commune, 3,li.M. Port Victoria (port vik-to'rl-ii). The chief port of the Seychelles Islands, Indian Ocean, situ- ated on Mali*'". PoruS (lio'rus). [^r. UCtimr.'] Killed about 318 B.C. An Indian king who reigned between the Potemkin Hydaspes and Acesines. He was defeated and csp- tured by Alexander the Great in a battle on the Hydaspea in 326. According to Plutarch, when asked by his victor how he wished to be treated he replied, '* Like a king." He was restored to his kingdom by Alexander. After the lat- ter's death he was treacherously killed by the Uacedonian general Eudemus. Pory (por'i), John. Bom in England about 1570: died jirobably in Virginia before 1G35. An Eng- lisli pioneer in America, and geographical writer. He studied at CamliriilL'e((;onviIle and Cains College). In lUKllie translated the "Geographical History of Africa "by Leo Africanus. From lOlti to 1021 he was secretary of the Virginia Colony at Jamestown, and an assistant of Hakluyt in his geographical enterprises. Posadas (po-sii'diis), Gervasio Antonio de. Born at Buenos AjTes,. June 19, 1757: died there, .luly 2, 1.832, An Argentine politician. Through the inlluence of the Lautaro Society (which sec) he was elected supreme director or president of the Platine I*rov- fuces, .Tan. 22, 1814, holding the position for a year. With him the executive was first placed in the hands of one person. Poscharevatz. See Paxsamirlt.:. Poschiavo (pos-ke-ii'vo), G. Puschlav (posh'- liiv). A district in the canton of (irisous, Swit- zei'laud, situated south of the Engadine ou the Italian frontier. Chief place, Poschiavo. Poseidon (po-si'don). [dv.'iiooeiduv.'] In Greek mythology, one of tlie chief Olympians, brother of Zeus, and supreme lord of the sea: sometimes looked tipon as a benignant piomoter of calm and prosperous navigation, but more often as a ten'iblegod of storm. His consort was the KereidAm- phitrite, anil his attendant tniin was composed of Nereids, Tritons, and sea-monsters of every form. In art he is a majestic Ilgure, closely approaching Zeus in type. His most constant attributes are the trident and the dolphin, with the horse, which he was reputed to have created dur- ing bis contest with Athene for supremacy in Attica. The original Koman or Italic >'cptune became assimilated to him. Posen (po'zen). A province of Prussia. It is liounded by West Prussia on the north. Russian Pidand on the cast, Silesia on the south and southwest, and Branden- burg on the west. The surface is genendly level. The majority of the inhabitants are Poles, and areKoman Catho- lics. It belonged formerly to Poland. The Netze district was annexed by Prussia in 1772, and the remainder of the province in 1793. Area, 11,178 squai-e miles. Poijulation (1890), 1,701,042. Posen, Polisli Poznan (poz'niin). The capital of the province of Posen, Prussia, situated at the .iunction of the Cybina and Warthe, in lat. 52°24'N., loug.l6°55'E. it is an important fortress and strategic point ; contains a cathedral and a Katliaus ; and has some trade and manufactures. The inhabitants are Germans, Poles, and Jews. It was an ancient Polish city, and at one time the capital. In the middle ages it wasa Hanseatic town and a prosperous commercial center. I'opulation (19IK1). 117,014. Posey (p<)'zi ), Thomas. Born in Virginia, July 9, 17,50: died at Shamiectown, 111., March 9, 1818. An American general and politician. He served in the Revolution and in the Indian wars ; was Vniled States senator from Uaiisiaiia 1812-13; and was governor of Indiana Territory 1813-16. Posidonia. See I'lrstum. Posidonius (pos-i-do'ni-us). [Gr. TlncciSuvio^.'] Born at Apamea, Syria: lived at the beginning of Ihe 1st ceutni-y B. c. A noted Greek Stoic philosopher, teticher at Rhodes. Poseidonius, whocoiuited among his pupils the eminent Romans Cicero and Pompey, was a literary man of very varied excellence. In many respects he followed in the steps of the great Eratosthenes. Like him he investigated physical geography, and made some iin]iortant contribu- tions to this subject. He wrote a general orniiscellaneouB history in about fifty luMiks. extending from 140 Ii. c. to 98 It. C, and therefore in continuation of IVtlybins ; a treatise on natural philosophy in llfteen books; an essay on the gods in thirteen books, besides a disiinisition "on the be. coming," which his pupil Cicero combined with Ihe work of Panwtius in his luKik "He (Mlleiia ' ; a book on Ihe mag- nitude of the sun : and numerous other works on meteor- ology, natural philosophy, ami ethics. Including a com- mentary on the "Tiinieus ' of Plato. A'. 0. MtMer, Hist, of the Lit. of Anc. Greece, III. 35. {(Jtimaldmn.) Posilipo (po-s6-le'p6), orPausilipO (pou-se-le'- po). A ridge southwest of Naples, famous for i(s iincieni grotto. Postglossators. See Harlobis. Postnumus (pos'tii-mus), LeonatUS. The hus- band of Imogen in Shakspere's '•Cj-mbeline." His wiiger as to her lidelil vis the turning-point ofihe play. Postilion de Longjumeau (pos-te-y6i'i' d(- 16ii- /.liii-mo'), Le. An opera comiquc by Adam, pioiluced at Paris in 183(1, Postl, See Scahlirld. Postumia gens (pos-tu'mi-jl ,ienz). A Roman patru'ian gens. Its most distinguisheil family was .Vlbiis or .Mbintis, Potemkin (po-tem'kin; Riiss. pron. pot-yom'- kin). Prince Grlgori. Bom in the government of Smolensk, Russia, Sept., 173f): died in Bes- sarabiii, t)ct. 10, 1791. A Russian politician Potemkin and general, chief favorite of the empress Cath- arine II. He had great influence in internal and foreii^n affairs: effected the annexation of the Crimea; andfounded Kherson and other places in South Russia. Potenza (p6-ten'za). 1 . A province of southern Italy which forms the compartimento of Ba- silicata. Area, 3.845 square miles. Population (1891), 540,287.— 2. The capital of the province of Potenza, Italv, situated on the Basento in lat 40° 38' X.,"long. 15° 49' E.: the ancient Potentia. The old town was destroyed by Frederick II. and by Charles of Anjou. The modern town was nearly de- stroyed by an earthquake in 1857. Population (1891), 1S,500. Potenza Picena (pe-cha'nii), A small town in tbe province of Maeerata, Italy, 11 miles north- east of llacerata. Pothier (p6-tva'), Robert Joseph. Bom at Orleans, France, Jan. 9. 1699: died at Orleans, llarch 2, 1772. A French jurist. Among his works are an edition of the "Pandects" of Jus- tinian (1748-52), '-Traits des obligations," etc. Poti (po'te). A seaport in the government of Kutais. Transcaucasia, Russia, situated on the Black Sea, at the mouth of the river Rion, 35 miles north of Batum. Near it was the ancient Phasis. Population (1882), 4,785. Potidsa (pot-i-de'a). [Gr. Uo-ldaia.'] In an- cient geography, a city of Macedonia, situated on the isthmus joining the peninsula of Pallene to the mainland, in lat. 40° 11' N., long. 23° 20' E. : the modern Pinaka. It revolted from Athens in 432 B. C, and was reduced in 429. It was rebuilt by Cas- sander, and called Cassandreia. Potiguaras (p6-te-gwa'ras). An ancient branch of the Tupi Indians in Parahyba, Ceard, and southern Jlaraahao, Brazil. The name is vari- ously (vritten Petigares. Petpguares, Pitagoares, Potijitaras, etc. See Tiipis. Potiphar (pot'i-far). In Old Testament history, an otficer of Pharaoh, the owner of Joseph. His wife sought unsuccessfully to seduce Joseph. Potiphar, to whom Joseph was sold, bore a purely Egyp- tian narae, meaning 'the gift of the risen one." while the name of Potopherah, the high priest of On, whose daugh- ter, Asenath. was married by Joseph, is equally Eg>'ptian, and signifles 'the gift of the Sun-God.* Sayce, Anc. Monuments, p. 59. Potiphar Papers, The. A collection of satiri- cal articles by G. W. Ciu-tis, published in 1853. Potomac (po-to'mak). A river in the United States, formed by the union, southeast of Cum- berland, Maryland, of the North and South Branches. The former rises in the Alleghany Mountains, the latter in the Shenandoah Mountains. It forms the main boundary between Marj'land on the north and West Virginia and Virginia on the south, and empties by a wide estuary into Chesapeake Bay in lat. 38' K. Its chief tribu- tary is the ShenandoalL Length, about 400 miles ; navi- gable for large vessels to Washington (125 miles). Potomac, Army of the. The principal Federal army in the American Civil War. it was organ- ized by General McClellan in IStil. In 1862, under him, it served in the Peninsular campaign, and later in the Antie- tara campaign. In ^ov., 1S62, General Burnside took com- mand and the army was defeated at Fredericksburg in Dec. In Jan., 1863, General Hooker assumed command and it was in May defeated at Chancellorsville. Cnder Gen- eral Meade it won the victory of Gettysburg, July, 1863. It continued under the immediate command of General Meade during Genei-al Grant's operations of 1S64-65. Potosf (p6-t6-se'). 1. The southwesternmost department of Bolivia, noted for its richness in metals. Area, 52,089 square miles. Population, (1893), 360.400.— 2. The capital of the depart- ment of Potosi, situated about lat. 19° 35' S., long. 65° 45' W., over 13,000 feet above the sea- level. It was long famous for the silver-mines in the neighboring mountain (Cerro de Potosi), where silver was discovered in 1546. The production has greatly decreased of late. Population (1893), estimated, 20,000. Potrero de las Vacas (po-tra'rodalas va'kas). [Sp.,' Pasture of the cows.'] One of the high mesas north of Cochiti, in central New Mexico, on the summit of which stand the ruins of an ancient village or pueblo of the Queres Indians, abandoned long before the IGth century. In its vicinity are fjso the largest statues of Indian origin known to exist in the Southwest. They represent two pumas carved out of the rock. Potsdam (pots'dam). The capital of the gov- ernment district of Potsdam, province of Bran- denburg. Prussia, situated at the junction of the Nuthe with the Havel, 16 miles southwest of Berlin. It is an imperial residence, and contains many palaces. It was an old Slavic town, and was greatly de- veloped under Frederick William I. , Frederick the Great, and their successors. The royal palace^ begun in IGCO, but much altered in 1750, is chiefly notable for its souvenirs of Frederick the Great, whose apartments have been kept as he left them. TThey are adorned with good contemporary fYench paintings, and retain the king's personal furniture. Other apartments are of interest from their Louis XVI. decoration, and others for their good pictures. The new palace begun by Frederick tlie Great in 1763 is the summer residence of the present emperor. The fai;ade is 375 feet long, flanked by two projecting wings, with engaged pi- 822 lasters carried to the full height of the three stories and an ugly central dome. The interior is richly decorated, and contains some good paintings. The Grotto Saloon is a large room with walls and ceiling inlaid with shells and minerals, and a fine marble pavement. See San^ Souci, Population (1890), 54,125. Potsdam (pots'dam). A village in St. Lawrence Coimty, New York, situated on the Racket River 24 miles east of Ogdensburg: noted for sandstone-quarries. Population (1900), 3,843. Pott (pot). August Friedrich. Born at Net- tclrede, Hannover, Nov. 14, 1802 : died at Halle, Prussia, July 5, 1887. A noted Germau phi- lologis.t, professor at Halle from 1833. He pub- lished "Etymologische Forschungen " (1833-36), "Die Zigeuner in Europa und .-Vsien "(1S44-15), " Die Personen- namen " (1S53), etc. Pottawottomi (pot-a-wot'o-mi). [PI., also Pottaicottomies. The name signifies 'fire-mak- ers,' referring to their secession from the Ojibwa and making fire for themselves.] A tribe of North American Indians. WTien first known (about 1670) they lived on the Noquet Islands in Green Bay, Wis- consin. At the close of the 17th century they were estab- lished on Milwaukee Eivcr, at Chicago, and on St. Joseph Kiver. At the beginning of the 19th century they pos- sessed the country around the head of Lake Michigan from Milwaukee River, Wisconsin, to Grand River, Michigan, extending southwest over a large part of Illinois, and south in Indiana to the Wabash. They were prominent in the Pontiac risinsr and in the W,ir of the Revolution, when they fought on the English side, as also in the War of 181'2. The present number in the United States and Canada is about 1,500. See Alfionquinn, Potter (pot'er). Alonzo. Bom at La Grange. Dutchess County, N. Y. , July 6, 1 800 : died at San Francisco, July 4, 1865. An American Protes- tant Episcopal bishop, professor at and later vice-president of L'nion College. He became bishop of Pennsylvania in 1S45. He wrote various works, includ- ing text-books, '• Religious Philosophy" (1870), etc. Potter, Eliphalet Nott. Bom Sept. 20. 1836 : died Feb. 6. 1901. An American Episcopalian clergyman and educator, son of Alonzo Potter, fie became president of l^nion College in 1871, and of Hobart College (Geneva, New York) in 1884. Potter, Henry Codman. Bom at Schenectady, N. Y., May 25. 1835. An American Protestant Episcopal bishop, son of Alonzo Potter. He be- came assistant bishop of Xew York in 1883, and bishop in 1887. He has published " Sisterhoods and Deaconesses " (ls72), "The Gates of the East" (1876), etc. Potter, Horatio. Born at La Grange. Dutchess County, N. Y., Feb. 9. 1802: died at New York. Jan. 2," 1887. An American Protestant Episco- pal bishop, brother of Alonzo Potter. He be- came provisional bishop of New York in 1854, and bishop in 1861. Potter, John. Bom at "Wakefield in 1674: died Oct. 10, 1747. An English prelate and classical scholar. He studied at Oxford, graduating -n 1694, and was appointed divinity professor there in 1708. He was bishop of Oxford 1715-37, and archbishop of Canterbury 1737-47. He wrote an excellent work on Greek antiquities ("ArchjeologicaGrseca." 1697-99), and edited the works of Lycopiii-on, (Siemens .\Jexandrinus, etc. Potter (po-tar'), Louis Joseph Antoine de. Born at Bruges, Belgium, April 26, 1786 : died there, July 22, 1859. A Belgian revolutionist, a memberof the provisional government in 1830. He wrote ' ' Histoire du christianisme "( 1830!-37 ). Potter (pot'er), Nathaniel. Born in Maryland, 1770: died at Baltimore, Jan. 2, 1843. An Ameri- can physician. Potter, Paul. Bom at Enkhuizen, Nether- lauds, Nov. 20, 1625: died at Amsterdam, Jan. 27, 1654. A noted Dutch portrait- and animal- painter, pupil of Pieter Potter, his father, in 1631 his family settled at Amsterdam, and in the following year Paul went to study painting under Jakob de Weth the elder. He was made a member of the gild of St. Luke at Delft in 1646, and later at The Hague, He resided in the latter place from 1(>49 to 1652 ; he then returned to Am- sterdam. Among his pictures is the celebrated work "A Young Bull ■' (1647 : see Bull, Toung). It is in The Hague museum. Potter, Robert. Born in England, 1721 : died Aug, 8, 1804. AnEnglish clergyman and writer. He graduated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, in 1741. He published translations of Jlschylus (1777), Euripides (1781-82), Sophocles (17SS), etc. Potteries (pot'er-iz). The. A district in Staf- fordshire, England, famous for the manufacture of earthenware, porcelain, etc. It includes Stoke- upon-Trent, N'ewcastle-under-Lyme, Etruria, etc., and is very densely peopled. Potter's Field. An old burial-place for stran- gers at Jerusalem, it overlooks the valley of Hin- nom, A burial-place for paupers and strangers has re- ceived this name in many modem cities. Pottinger (pot'in-jer). Sir Henry. Born in County Down. Ireland, 1789 : died at Valetta, Malta," March 18, 1854. A British diplomatist and colonial governor, in 18(M he was a cadet in India. When the opium war began he was ambassador to China, and signed the treaty of Nangking, which opened the ports of China, Aug. 29, 1842. In 1844 he Powell, Charles Stuart was privy councilor, and from 1847 to 1854 governor ol Madi-as. PottstOWn (pots'toun). A manufacturing bor- ough in Mont.somery County, Pennsylvania, sit- uated on the Sehuvlkill 34 miles northwest of Philadelphia. Population (1900), 13,696. Pottsville (pots'vil). The capital of Schuyl- kill County. Pennsylvania, situated on the Schuylkill 93 miles northwest of Philadelphia. It is the center of the Sehuvlkill coal-region. Population (1900), 15.710. Potyuaras. See Potiguaras. i Pouance ipb-oh-sa'). A town in the depart- ment of Maine-et-Loire. France, 35 miles north- west of Angers. Population ( 1891), commune, 3.508. Poughkeepsie (po-kip'si). A city, capital of Dutchess (I'ounty, New York, situated on the eastern bank of the Hudson, 64 miles north of New York, it has extensive raanufacluresauti consid- erable trade, and is the seat of several educational istah- lishments. Xear it is Vassar College (whicli seel. It was settled by the Dutch in the end of the 17th century, and became a city in 1854. Popuh»tion (1900), 24,029. Pougin (po-zhan'). Arthur. Born at CTiateau- rous, Aug. 6, 1834. A French musician and writer on music. He edited the musical articles in La- rousse's'- Dictionnairel'niversel" ; has been musical critic for many periodicals ; 'and has published biographies of Meyerbeer (1864), Bellini (1S6S), Rossini (1871), Boieldieu (1875). Verdi (1881). and others, and the supplement to the musical biographies of F^tis (1878-80). Pouillet (p6-ya'), Claude Servais Mathias. Born at Cuzance, Doubs, France, Feb. 16. 1791 : died at Paris. June 15, 1868. A noted French physicist. His chief work is " filemcnts de phy- sique exp^rimentale et dem^tforologie" (1827). Poujoulat fpo-zho-la' ). Jean Joseph Frangois. Born at La Fare. Bouches-du-Rhoue. France, Jan. 26. 1800: died at Paris. Jan. 5, 1880. A French historian, and legitimist politician. He was a member of the Constituent Assembly (1848), and of the Legislative Assembly. He wrote "Histoire de J^rusa. lem" (1841-42), "Histoire de Saint Augustin " (ISI4X " Histoire de la revolution franQaise " (1S47), etc. Poultry- Yard, The. A painting by Jan Steen (1660), in the royal gallery at The Hague, Hol- land. The scene is a court traversed by a stream. Pigeons and chickens are feeding, while ducks swim in the water, and a peacock sits in a tree. On steps at one side a young girl is sitting with a lamb, and talks with two men, one of them carrying a basket of eggs. Poupart (pb-par'), FranQois. Born at Mans, 1661 : died Oct. 31, 1709. A French anatomist. He studied medicine at Paris and at Rheims, where he received his medical degree. Poupart's ligament has been named after him. Pouqueville (pok-vel'), Francois Charles Hugues Laurent. Bom at Merlerault, Orne, France. Nov. 4, 1770: died at Paris, Dee. 28, 1838. A French writer and traveler, noted es- pecially for his works on Greece. Pourri "(p6-re'), Mont, or Thuria (tii-re-a'). A peak of the Tarentaise Alps, southeastern France. Height, 12,430 feet. Poushkin. See Puslil'in. Poussin (po-san'^, Gaspar (Gaspar Dughet). Born at Rome. May. 1613: died there, Jlay 25, 1675. A French landscape-painter, brother-in- law and pupil of Nicolas Poussin. Poussin (p6-san'), Nicolas. Born near Le Grand Audelys, France, June, 1594: died at Rome, Nov. 19, 1665, A noted French historical and landscape painter, a pupil of Quentin Varin, Lallemont, anti others. He went to Rome in 1624; studied with Dufresnoy the sculptor ; returned to Paris in 1640 ; was patronized by Louis XIII. ; and settled finally in Rome in 1642. Among his works (chiefly in the Louvre) are "The Deluge," "Plague of the Philistines," "Rape of the Sahines,""Moses"(3), "Triumph of Truth, "and"Rebekah and Eliezer." He decorated the Grande Galerie of the Lou\Te, and his pictures are to be found in all the prin- cipal galleries of Europe. Povoa de (or do) Varzim (p6-v6'a de (dS) var- zen'). A seaport in the district of Ctoorto, Por- tugal, 20 miles north of Oporto. Population (1890), 12,463. Powder (pou'derl River. A river in Wyoming an(i southeastern Montana which joins the Yel- lowstone about lat. 46° 45' N., long. 105° 30' W. Length, about 350 miles. Powell (pou'el). Baden. Born at Stamford Hill, near London, Aug. 22. 1796: died at London, June 11, 1860. An English scientific writer. He graduated at Oxford (Oriel College) in 1817, and was professor of geometry at Oxford from 1827 until his death. He published "The Connection of Natural and Divine Truth " (1838), and "On the Study of the Evidences of Christianity" (1859), and contributed to "Essays and Re- views " (lS6oy Powell, Charles Stuart. Bom in England, 1749: died April 26. 1811. An English actor. He was man.ager of the Haymarket, and appeared in the first dramatic representation in Boston (Aug. 13. 1792). In 1794 he was manager of the New Boston Theater. Powell, John Wesley Powell, John Wesley. Born at Mount Jlorris, N. Y.,Maril. J4. is:«: died at Haven, Me., Sept. 23 1902. An.Xmerioaiigeolojristandethnolofrist. He'seivtil in Hie fivil War, attaining- the rank of lieiiten- ant-eolunel of volunteers; coiidueted the survey ..f the Ciiloraiio valley from 1870; was head of the liurcaii of e'thnoloity Isva-liXa; an,l from 1880 to 1S94 was dir.etorof the Inited states (icolonical Survey. He ptil.Mshed "Ex- Dloratioh of the r„l„rad.. River of the West (181.1), "In- tro.lintion t.) tlie Study "t Indian Languages (18S0), etc. Powell, Lazarus Whitehead. Born in Hender- son Coiintv, Ky., Oct. 6, 1812: died there, July 3, 18G7. An Anifrican politician. He was gover- nor of Kcntniky 1S51-55, and Democratic I'nited .-states senator ls:.9-t;,i. _, .,.,, Powell (P"u'fl), Mary. See Milton, John. Powell's Islands. Sie SiHith Orkneij Mfnf-i. Power (pou'ir), Marguerite, Countess of Bless- jneton Boru near Clonmel, Ireland, Sept. 1, 1789: died at Paris, June 4, 1849. A Brit- ish writer and leader of fashion. She was the dauBhter of Edmund Power, a small landowner. In 18i>4 «be was man ied by her parents to a Captain Fanner, with whom she refused to live after about three months on ac- count of his temper. He was killed in 1817. and in 1818 she married Charles .lohn Gardiner, the first Larl of Bless- Ington He was extremely rich and lavish, and proud of her beauty and wit. Their house soon became a noted social center In 1822 they started for the Continent, ac- coniDanie J/;" " •^» seeking to form a mission on the Iliippahannock RUei but Utile was known of then, until the V.nglish established the Solony Tt.Tameslown, with the history of wide i the e,.n. Srncy with alternating peace and war was intimately connected. The result was the destruel Ion of nearly .11 of these Indians by the colonists and the lro.|Uols. lb.: history of the Powhatan tribes practically ceased at the treaty of Albany iii liwl. See Ahjoi^iuutn. PowiS Scr I'liicilK Pownall (pou'nab, Thomas. Bom at V"'*'"'". England, 17211 :ilied at Hal h, England, l-eb. 2;>, 180.5 A colonial governor of Massachusetts. He graduated at Cambridge in 1743 ; was "•^"^P;'"""!.".?.''.''.';!; 5l New Jersey in 17r,r, ; wi« governor ..f ^'''f "-;'"'»'- f; 1756-00 ; and later was a member of Parliament. Ho pub- Ushed "Tlie Administration of the Colonies In 17««. 823 Powys, or Powls (pou'is). An anci^ent Celtic IiriiKipalit V in the eastern part ot \N ales. PoyningS ("poin'ingz), Sir Edward. An Erig- lish demitv in Ireland in 1494. He assembled the parliainent which passed " PoyniugssLaw. Poynings's Law. Two acts of the Irish Parha- ment iiT 1494, named from Sir Edward Poynings (see above). They had a serious and lasting effect upon Irish affairs. Their most important provisions were that al Englisli laws ' lately made " (wluch was construed to ?nelSdl all prior English laws) should be in force n Ire- land, and that thereafter no parliament should sit u lie- land without the license of the king and his council, and that no act passed by such parliament should be cH'-'- ^'j unless atnrme.l by them. Tfiese acts are '-^">';<"n'-;f,.^'f J^.'' the Statute of Ur..gheda, from the niuli.anient nhcie they were adopted. They were repe-akd in li>2. Poynter (poin'tir), Sir Edward John. Born at Paris, March 20, 1S36. An English historical painter. From 18.'.3 1,, 1864 he lived in K"™'^; '" **^ "I® 'went to Paris, and in 180O to London. In 1808 he became Lsociate of the Royal Academy, in 1876 r; .yal •'^■»J«/» ^■>»"^. and in 1871 and 1873 Slade professor at Unneisitj Co ei^c, London. He was director for art and principal of the liain- ing-sehool at South Kensington 1870-81 ; was ai.poiu ed d rector of the National (iallery m 1894 ; and was e ec e president of the Royal Academy in 181)0 He was Kni|d ted in 1896 and create.l a baronet in 1902. He pni'dcd . Isy^'",', in Egypt" (1W!7), " The Catapult " (18<» , .'The I''if ■ >■ (1871)."Atalauta'sRace" (187G),"Zenobia (Is.O), ln.idu- men/" (1884). "On the Terrace" (1889 - etc- He has also .lesigned the mosaic of St. Oeoffee in « ,7stn,iiister 1 alare. tbedecorationsforthegrill-roomatSonthKfiis.ngt.ui.ete. Poyser(poi'z(T),Mrs. Aconspicuouscharacter in George Eliot's novel "Adam Bede." she Is a vigorous,4iard-working countrywoman, keen, clever, and inclined to shrewishness, living with her husband on one of S-.. A Swiss sculptor. Most of his works are in I a- ris (including "Phryne," "Psyche," "Venus andCupi ; etc. Praed. Winthrop Mackworth. Bom at Lon- don, July 26. 1802: dicii at London, July 15, 1839. An English poet, a writer of society verse (vers de soeiet^). He was educated at Eton and Trin- ity Cambridge; was third in the classical tripos of 18-25; and in 18>2 wasa principal contributor to "Knight s C(uar- terly Magazine." In Slay, 1829, he was called to the bar In the Middle Temple; was Tory member of Parhanieut for St Germans 1S30-.32; was afterward member for Grrait Y:innouth, and still later for Aylesbury until his death. His collected poems were published in 1864, his prose es- says in 1887, and his political poems in 1888. Prjeneste (pre-nes'te). In ancient geography, a cityiii Latium,Italy, 22 miles east of Rome: the modern Palestrina. It was built probably as earlyas the sth century B. c. ; was often opi-osed to Rome, espe- ciallv in 3S0 B c., and in the Latin War 340-338 ; was in anian 'e wTth Rome until the time of the Social War 90-88, when it received the Kcunan franchise ; was taken by the partizaiis of Sulla from the Marians under the younger Marius in 82 ; was ft favorite summer resort of the Roman n'ibility (the residence of Augustus, Horace, TibermYnd Hadrian)- and was celebrated for the temple and oracle ol the goddess Fortune. There are few ruins remaining. Praesepe (pre-se'pe). A loose cluster of stars, appearing as a nebula to the naked eye, in the la-oast of the Crab: fCancri. Prsestigiar. The dog that is the constant atten- (hmt of Faust in the early forms of the legend. He is supposed to be the devil. Praga (pra'gii). A suburb of A\ arsaw, situated on the opposite side of the Vistula. It was stormed by the Russians under SuvaroH, ^ov. 4, 1794. . ^, Pragel (pra'gel). An Alpine pass in tlie can- ton of Schwyz, Switzerland, 25-30 miles east by south of Lucerne. It was the scene of severe flghting between the Russians under Suvaroff and the French in Sept., 1709. . ^ ^ ,. 1 i„ Pragmatic Sanction. A term first applied to certain decrees of the Bvzantine emperors, regu- lating the interests of tlieir subject provinces and towns; then to a svstem of limitations set to the spiritual power of the Pope m France in 1438, which laid the foundations of the so-called Gallican Church. Lastly, it became the name for an arrangement or family compact, made by dillerent poten- tales, regarding succession to sovereignty^ the most noted being the instrument by which the emperor Charles VI., being without male issue, endeavored to secure the succession through his female descendants The I'ragmatic Sanction of Charles \1. provided (I) that the lands belonging to the house of Austria should be indivisible ; (2) that in the absence of male h«'_« """>« lands should devolve upon (harlcss daughters (the eldest of whom was SInria Theresa), according to the la« of primogeniture ; ami (3) that in case of the extinction of this line the inheritance should pass to the daughters of .loseph I. and their descelidants. „ , -, m Prague (prag). [U. iVi/y, Bohem. Prn/m.] The caiiital of Bohemia, situated on both sides of tho Mol.lau. in hit. 50° 5' N., long. 14° 26 E. It is the third city of the Austrian empire, an important railway center, and the commercial and manufacturing center of Bohemia. Among the manufactures are beer chemicals, niachlner>-, ircui, and cotton. The pnncipal quarters are the Altstadt, .Neusladt. Klclnseite, ?1"1 ""d- sehiii- The cathedral has a large and fine choir o( 1386 and a modern nave built in a corresponding style. 1 ho choir contains a splendid monument o '"•"■l''" '"'f "'»• baster to the kings of liolicmia. executed in he l«th ce - tury by a Flemish sculptor. The van ting is 118 'cet high. Other objects of Interest are the Tcynkiiche Rathans Karlsbruckc over the .Moldau, picture-gallery, R""""' "/ the Neustadt, citadel, several museums, imp. rial palaii\ abbey of Strahow, and Belvedere. The university, founded In i:us, was very nourishing at the epoch of Hussilbe 1 e- ginning of tho IMh century). It contains 2 departments. German and Czech (tho (ormer with 11.'. '"f ™;,';;;^ "":> 1,;)84 students in 1896-97, a.i.l the latter »"li IW nslrue- tors .uid -2,399 student*), and has a library of •!-''>''»"';'; nines. Founded apparently about tbeStli century, 1 rag o was developed In the 13th and 14th centuri.s. 1 i'c "nssi e «al- broke .ut theio in 1419. and the Thirty \ cars « ar n 1618. «^18 taken by the Impel lalists In 1. ■-•... 'I"-' -^"'V','' " l«:tl and hy Wallcnsteiu In U02,and the Swedes enlered ll u Kl,, fclte in 1618. The Freuch and Bavarians to,.k it ll ^711 the In n'ri dists in 1743. and Frcleriek the liieat In m • Nc I M y 6 7t,7, ihe Prussian, (about 68. «K)) ,mlerl>^^-ederlck 10 o'leal defeated the Austrlai.s (7.'.,0.«- S." MW) 11. er Ch,.rles ..( Lorndne. Ix.ss of the Pruwl.ui. !J;Z of the Anslriaus, about 20.0.x.. It »a.s consoll. a ted Into one city In 1784. A I'anslavic Congr.-ss wii-s he , there Sirdurlng which a crceh outbreak occnrre.1 which 1, .1 UK^„!mb,.nl,..ent ,.f . he city by W i|" »-; 'f "• '- , ' ""' taken hy Ihe I'll. sslans In ImW. Populatlon(19no). ■«n4.4i1 Prague, Compactata of. .\ set tlement oi t h.- Boh.-iiiian controversy bv the Council of Basel in 1433, bv whicli the Hiis^itos were gianted llic use of" the ciin in the eucharist. Prague, Peace of Prague, Peace of. 1 . A treaty concluded Tje- tween the emperor Ferdinand ll. and the Elec- tor of Saxony in 1635. by whicli the latter re- ceived Lusatia. — 2. A treaty between Prussia and Austria, concluded Aug. 23. 1866, by which the Lombardo- Venetian kingdom was annexed to Italy, the Germanic Confederation dissolved, and a new arrangement of Germany prorided for, excluding Austria. Austria ceded her rights in Schleswig-Holstein to Prussia, and paid Prussia a war indemnity of 11.5,000.000. Praguerie (prag-re'). [F., from Prague, refer- ring to the Hussite insurrection there.] An un- successful insurrection in France. 1440. in op- position to the establishment of a standing army. Prairial(pra'ri-al; F.pron.pra-re-iil'). [F.,from 2>r(iirie, a meadow.] The name adopted in 1793 by the National Convention of the tirst French republic for the ninth month of the year. It consisted of 30 days, beginning in the years 1 to 7 witli May 20, and in S to 13 witli May 21. Prairial Insvirrection. An unsuccessful insur- rection of the populace in Paris against the Con- vention, on the 1st Prairial, year 3 (May 20, 1795). Prairie (pra're). The. Tlie last in chrono- logical order of Cooper's "Leatherstocking" novels, published in 1S27. Prairie du Chien (pra're du shen). [F.. 'dog's prairie.'] A city, capital of Crawford County, Wisconsin, situated on the Mississippi 89 miles west of Madison. Population (1895), 3,286. Prairie State, The. Illinois. Praisegod Barbon or Barebones. See Barhon. Praise of Folly (L. Encomium Moriae). A satirical work by Erasmus, published in 1511, directed against the clergy and others. Praise of Women. A poem erroneously attrib- uted to Chaucer. It was included in T? hynne's list. Prajapati (pra-ja'pa-ti). [Skt. : praja, erea- tm-e, and paii, lord: 'lord of creatures.'] In the Rigveda, an epithet applied to Savitar. to Soma, and to Indra and Agni; also, a special genius presiding over procreation, who is in ad- dition a protector of the living. Once in the Rig- veda, and often in the Atharvaveda and Vajasaneyisanhita and Brahnianas. Prajapati is a supreme god over tlie other gods of the Vedic period. 'J'his Pi.-ijapati becomes the Brahma of later philosophical speculation. The name is also given to Manu Svayambhuva, as the son of Brahma and the secondary creator of the ten Kishis from whom mankind has descended. Prajna Faramita (praj'na pa'ram-i'tii). fSkt.: prajna, knowledge; itei, gonef jmram, to the other shore.] Transcendental wisdom: the title of the principal Sutra of tlie JIahayana school of the Budilhists. or Great Vehicle. It begins with a eulogy of Buddha and the Bodhisattvas, and contains incidentally wonderful phenomena connected with the apparitions of Buddhist saints, but is essentially metaphysical Its doctrine is the entire negation of the subject as well as the object. Prakrit (pra'krit). [Skt. pnU-rta, natural, un- changed, common ; frova pralrti, original, nat- ural form. Prakrit is the ' natural, unchanged' idiom, as distinguished from the Sanskrit (' adorned, elaborated, perfected' as subjected to artificial regulation); the common, popular language, in distinction from the Sanskrit as the sacred and classic. But the grammarians use the word in the sense of ' derived,' thereby de- noting the connection of the Prakrit with the original Sanskrit, much of the Prakrit of books being formed in accordance with rules from the Sanskrit.] The general name under which are comprised the various dialects which appear to have arisen in India out of the corruption of the Sanskrit during the centuries immediately preceding our era. They form the connecting-link be- tween Sanskrit and the modem Aryan languages of India. The sacred languages of the Buddhists of Ceylon (Pali) and the Jainas of India (.laina Prakrit)are only diflerenl forms of Prakrit, and Pali seems to have been chosen as the Bud- dhist sacred language to appeal to the s.nnpathies of the people. In Alexander's time Prakrit seems to have been the spoken dialect of the people. The langoage of the rock-inscriptions of King Ashoka, which record the names of Antiochus and other Greek princes (about 250 B. c), is also a form of Prakrit, and it is found on the bilingual coins of the Greek kings of Bactria, It plays an impor- tant part in all the ancient Hindu dramas, the highermale characters speaking Sanskrit, the women and subordinate male characters using various forms of Prakrit, the lan- guage varying according to the rank of the speaker. The oldest Prakrit grammarian, Vararuchi, distinguishes 4 dia- lects (the Maharashtri, the Paishachi, the Magadhi, and the Shauraseni), while the Sahityadarpana enumerates 14. Prakrit almost always assumes the Sanskrit bases, altering and eliding certain letters in the original word. It con- tinually affects a concurrence of Towels, which is utterly repugnant to Sanskrit. Pram(pram.i, Christen Henriksen. Bom in 824 Norway, Sept. 4. 1756 : died on the island of St. Thomas, Nov. 25, 1821. A Danish poet. His chief work is the epic "Starkodder" (1785). Prantl (prau'tl), Karl von. Born at Lands- berg, Bavaria, Jan. 28, 1820 : died at Oberst- dorf, Sept. 14, 1888. A German philosophical writer, professor at Munich from 1847. His chief work is " Geschichte der Logik im Abend- lande" (1855-70). Prater (pra'ter). [From L. pratum, a meadow.] A noted public park in Vienna, it is on an island formed by the Danube and the Danube Canal.and is covered with forest trees and intersected with magniticent drives and walks. It was dedicated " to the human race " by the emperor Joseph II. Pratigau (pra'te-gou). or Prattigau (prat'te- gou). An Alpine valley in the northern part of the canton of Grisons. Switzerland, east of Coire and bordering on Vorarlberg. Fratishakhya (pra-ti-sha'khya). [Skt. : prati, belonging to, and shdllid, branch. Vedic text.] The name of each of a class of phonetieo-gram- matical treatises, each, as the name ('belong- ing to each several text') indicates, having for subject one principal Vedic text and noting all its peculiarities of foi-m. Their real purpo-se is to show how the continuous sanhita test is to be reconstructed out of the pada or word-text, in Avhich the individual words are given separately in their original form, unaf- fected by sandhi or the intluence of the words which im- mediately precede and follow. Four are extant ; that of the Rigveda, translated by both Muller and Eegnier; that of the Black Yajmveda, by Whitney; that of the \\liite Y,ijurveda, by Weber ; and that of the Athan-aveda, by AMiitney. PratO (pra'to). A town in the province of Flor- ence, Italy, situated on the Bisenzio 11 miles northwest of Florence. It has flouiishing industries, being especially noted for its straw-plaiting and the pro- duction of bread and biscuits. The cathedral is a pictur- esque Pointed building incrusted with alternate courses of black or green serpentine and gray limestone, arcaded on the exterior, and possessing a handsome campanile in six stages. At the southwest exterior angle there is a beautiful circular pulpit, and in the interior another no- t.able sculptured pulpit, by Mino da Fiesole. The choir- chapels have very remarkable frescos by Filippo Lippi. and the bronze screen of the Chapel of the Sacra Cintola is hardly surpassed in loth-centmr metal-work. Prato was a famous art center in the Renaissance. It was stormed by the .Spaniards in 1512. Population (ISSl), 16,641 ; com- mune, 42.190. Pratt (prat) Charles, first Earl Camden. Bom in Devonshire, England, about 1714: died at London, Agril 18, 1794. An English jurist, cre- ated Baron Camden in 1765 and Earl Camden in 1786. He was lord chancellor 176(5-70. and presi- dent of the council 1782-83 and 1784-94. Pratt, Charles. Bom at Watertown, Mass., Oct. 2, 1830: died at New York, May 4, 1891. An American philanthropist. He accumulated a large fortune, chiefly in the oil trade. He is best known as the founder of the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, which was incoi-porated in IsSG and opened in 1887. Pratt, Orson. Born at Hartford, N. Y.. Sept. 19, 1811: died at Salt Lake City, Oct. 3, 1881. An apostle and missionary of the Mormon Church. He joined the itormon Chtirch in 1S30, and became an apostle in 1835. He possessed an extensive knowledge of the higher mathematics, and in 1S54 published his dis- covery of the law of planetary rotation, namely, that the cube roots of the densities of planets vary as the square roots of their periods of rotation. He wrote "Cubic and Bi*iuadratic Equations "' (1S66>, etc. Frattigau". See I'rtitiijau. Praxiteles (praks-it ' e-lez). [Gr. Tlpa-tri'/K.} Bom at Athens about the end of the oth century B. c. A celebrated Greek sculptor. His activity lasted until about the time of Alexander the Great, or 336 B. c. Nearly threescore of his works are mentioned in old writers. The ch.aracteristics of his work are shown in the statue of Hermes and Dionysos discovered intheHe- neum at Olympia and identitied by Pausanias's descrip- tion. Various figures in modern museums are supposed to be copies of his work. Among them are the SatjT of the Capitol (the " Marble Faun " of Ha\vthorne's novel) ; a much more beautiful torso discovered in the Palatine, and now in the Louvre ; the Silenus and Dionysus in the Lou%Te; the Apollino of the tribune in Florence; and the Apollo Sauroctonus of the Vatican, His most celebrated work was the Aphrodite of Cnidus, which, next to the Zeus of Phidias, was the most admired of the statues of antiquity. Pray (pra), Isaac Clark. Born at Boston, 1813; died at New York. Nov. 28, 1869, An Ameri- can journalist, theatiical manager, actor, play- wright, and poet. He began to write for the press when only fourteen. In 1840 he went on the stage in London, and played forsome time such pa^ts as .Alexander. Hamlet, Othello, Sir Giles Overreach, etc. Among his plays are " The Old Clock, etc," dramatized from his novel U^OX " Cajcinna," "The Broker of Florence." etc. He was par- ticul.arly successful in training pupils for the stage, Pr6ault (pra-6'), Antoine Auguste. Bom at Paris, Oct. 8, 1809: died there. Jan. 11, 1879. A French sculptor. He studied in the CoUf^ge de Charle- magne till he was sixteen, and then supported himself in an ornament-modeler's shop, de%*oting his leisure hours to drawing in a life class managed by a celebrated model of the day. From this he went' to the atelier of David Prentiss, Benjamin Mayherry d'Angers. He executed "La mistre," "Gilbert mourant* "La famine" (1833), "Les parias," '"Mour<5," "Vitelliur" and the famous bas-reliefs of "La tuerie" (in plasterX all rejected liy the jury (1834). His works were systemat. ically rejected for the .^alon till 1848, on account of their extremely marked character. Other works are the Co. lossal statue of Charlemagne (1836), "Becuba" (IsseX " Carthage "aSSSX "L'.^bbe de lEpee"for the Hotel de ViUe (1844 ). and " Clemence Isaure " for the fanfin du Lui- embourg (ls48). He made the famous medallion of Silence for the Jewish cemeterj- at Pere Lachaise in 1848- the statue of General ilarceau (1850) ; the Christ of theChntch of Saint-Gervais ; 'La vierge aux o''''l'ony). [L. P(«OHiH/H.] Thecaiiital of the eountv of Presburg, Hungary, situated on the Danube in lat. 48° 9' N.. long. 17° 6' E. It Is a seat of consideralile trade by the Uaiiube and the railway system of which it Is the center, .'ind ncciipi.s an Important strategic iiosition. The iinlablr l.iiil.lincs an- the cathedral, ruined ciistle, and Kathaus. It was tlic ca|ii- talOt Hungary from 1:".41 to 1784. and the seat of parliament until 1848. Population (1890), 52,444. Presburg, Peace of. A treaty concluded be- tween Franeeand Austria, Dec. 2(), 180:"). Austria ceded her Venetian possessions to the kingdom of Itid.v, Tyrol, Vonirlberg, Passim, etc., to Bavaria, and her Swa- blan possessions to the Smitli (Jerinan states. HavarlaHiid Wurtemberg were made kingdoms, Austria received the prlneiiudily of Salzburg and some smaller possessions. PreSCOt (pres'kiit). A town in Lancashire, Eng- land, H miles east of Liverpool. Population (1891), 0,74.'). Prescott (pres'kot). A town in Yavapai Coun- ty, Arizona, sitti'ated in lat. 34° 30' N.. long. 112° 24' W. It is the center of a eold- and silver- Prescott, William Hickling. Bom at Salem, Prestwich, sir Joseph. Born at Clapham, Lon- Mass. .May4, 1790; diedat Boston, Jan. 28, 18,")9. don. March 12. 1.^12: died at SShoreham. Kent, A noted American historian. While he was an un- June 23, 1896. A noted English geologist, pro- dergraduate at Harvard one of his eyes was injured by a fessor of geologv at t Ixforii 1874-S7. piece of bread thrown by a teiiow.studeiit and in a sii<,rt Pretender, The or The Old. See Sttiari, James timehebecamenearly blind. .Notwithstanding this draw- ,..,.„„,.,■, ,,■,;„„,■,; back, he was able to make careful researches, principally ' ' '"" '" '"""'"— ^ .r.. . i-j j inspanishhistory, employing a reader and using a special Pretender, Ihe YOUng. See Charles tdieard writing-case. He obtained fnuii Spain a large numlier of I^nni.^ I'hi/iji (tlsinitr. valuable niantlscripts. His principal «;°;^^;'''^ "''';';'^>' Pretoria dire-to'ri-ii). Thecapital of theTrans- of theReign of tcnllnandand Isabella (18JS) •ConiO, "Jesus-Christ, sa vie, son temps, ct son a'Uvre"(18««),"Coneiledu Vatican "(1871), "Etudes (ivan. eeliqiies" (18(>7), "Les origines" (1882), etc. Prester (pres'ter) (/. e. 'Presbj-ter') John. A faliulousl'hristianmonarch believed, in the 12th century, toliavemade extensive conquests from the Mussulmans, and to have established a |>ow- erful emjiire somewhere in Asia " beyond Per- sia and Armenia," or, according to other ac- counts, in Africa (Abyssinia). Marvelous tales were told of his victories, liilies, and power; and extra- ordinary letters purpurtiii;; to have been written by him t-pt on the Saturday in Wliitsun week, where the bishop was oiilaining priests. "And he beheld and listend the servyse fiille teutyfly." He then said that he would no longer be called emperor, but priest, and that he woubl have the name ot the first priest of the church, which was .lohn. And so he has ever since been called l*rester .John. Prestige (pres-tezh'), Fanny. Born at London, -Aug. 0, 1846. An ai-tress. she made her first ap- ]iearancc at Melbourne, Australia, when only 10 years old, as the Duke of York in "Itichard III." Her first appear- ance in .New Vork was in 1SII.S. Preston (pres'ton). A to«Ti in Lancashire, England, situated on the Ribble in lat. 53° 4:j' N.. long. 2° 42' W. It is one of the chief centers of cotton manufacture in England; has also manufactures of linen (clatiiiL- fi"ni llie end of the IStli century), iron, machinery, etc. ; and Ices et>nsideratile coasting coinnicrce. Here, Aug. 17-lf). ltJ4S, the Parlianientarians (about lo.OiX)) under Cromwell totally defeated the Scottish Royalists under the Duke of Hamilton ; and here in Nov., 171.'). the .Jacobites were defeated by the British troops and com- pelled to surrender. The town was occii|iied by the "Young Pretender "in Nov., 1745. It returns 2 members to Parliaimnt. Papulation (l!)01l, n2,98-.>. Preston, Harriet Waters. Bom at Danvers, Mass., about 1H43. An American writer and translator, she has lived in Fnince and fireat Britain for some time, and Is particularly noted for her tninslation of Mistral's "Mireio"in 1873. She has also translated "The Life of Madame Swetchine" (ISWi). "Portraits ile feinmes" from Salute Beuve (called "Celebrated Wo- men"), etc., and lias written "Trouliadours and Trou- vt-res • (187(1), "A Year in I'.deu " (18811), etc. Preston, John Smith. Born near Abingdon.Va., April 20, 1SII9: died at Columbia, S. C, May 1. 1881. .\ii .\iiiovican orator: a Secessionist leader in.d Coiil'iMleriite general. Preston, William. Bom near Louisville, Ky.. Oct. 10, 1810: died at Lexington, Ky., Sejil. 21, 1887. An Americiin politician. He was member of Congress fiMin Kentueky \SM ra; Inll.-d Slates inin. Ister to Spain l8:'.8-(jl ; and a C.mfederate general. - •• - " ■ Smith- 1 80.') : posite Ogdensburg, New York. Population (1901), 3,(119. Prescott, Harriet. See Spnffor't. ^frs. Prescott. Richard. Born in England, 172.'): died in England. Oct., 1788. A British general. He served In the Seven Years' War; came to Canada In 177:1; anrl had command of the British force In Rhode Isl- and In 1777. when he was captiireil by William Barton, lie became major-general in 1777, ami lieutenant-general In I7S2. Prescott, Robert, iiciir Battle. K ' generiil. He served in the Revolutionary War, and was colonial governor in ('iiiiada 1790-99. Prescott, William. Born at ( Iroton. Mass.. I'eb. •20, 1720: (lied at I'eppendl, Mass., Oct. 13. 179."i. An American soldier. He served In the expedition to Nova Scotia in 175f>, and commanded nt the liattle of Bunker Hill .Tune 17, 1776. bert. Born in England, 172.'): died prestonpans (pi'i Kngland, Dee. 21, 181(i. A British j,, Hii,|irin"lonsh died there, Nov. 10, 1802. An American jioii- tician. He was Whig member of Congress from Virginia 1847-10: secretary of tile navy 1S41)-D0; and a Confederate senator. Preston, William Campbell. Born at Phila- dilphia. Dec. 27. 1794: died iil Colniiibia, S. (',, .Mav 22, 180(1. An .Viiiericiiii polilician and ora- tor. He was nemocratic I'lilted States senator from.SouIll Carolina 1837-4'J, and president ot .South Carolina College Isl.^-.-.l es-ton-panz'). A small town Ml lliiililingionsnire, Scotlanil, on the Firth of Forth 8 miles eusl of Edinburgh. Mere, Si'id. 21, 174.^, the .lacobites (eliiilly Highlanders) under Charles Edward, the " Young Pretender," defeated the British troops under Cope. Prestwich (prest'wieh). A town in Lancashire, England, 4 miles northwest of Manchester. Population (1891), 7,809. Slime remembrance of this fact lingering in the speech of the people gave always to the term Pnctorium (the I'm?. tor's house) a peculiar majesty, and caused it to be used as the equivaleut of palace. So in the wellkniiwn pass-ages of the New Testament, the palace of Pilate the Governor at .lerusalem, of Herod the King at Cajsarea. of Nero the Emperor at Rome, are all called the Pratoriiini. From the palace tlie troops who surrounded the person of the Em- peror took their well-known name "the Piictorian (iuard. " t'nder Augustus the cohorts composing this force, and amounting apparently to 9,000 or lo.iion men. were scat- tered over various positions in the city of Rome. In the reign of Tiberius. on pretenceof keeping them understricter diseipline. thev were collected into one calnj, on the north- east of the city. The author of this change was the noto- rious Sejanus, our first and most conspicnous example of a Prefect of the Prastorians who made liimself all-powerful in the state. The fall of Sejanus diil not bring w itli it any great diminution of the power of the new functional^ As the Pnctorians were the fre<|ueiit, almost the recogniseti, creators of a. new Emperor, it was natiitBl that their com- manding otHcer should be a leading personage in the state, as natural (if another English analogy may be allowed) a» that the Leader of the House of Commons should be the first Minister of the Crown. Still It is stniiige to find the Pnetorian Prefect becoming more and more the ultimate judge of appeal in all civil and criminal cases, and his of- flee held in the golden age of the Empire, the second cen- tury, by the most eminent lawyers of the day. This part of his functions survived. When Constantine at length abated the longslauding nuisance of the Pi-setorian Gilanis — setting an examiile which was unconsciously followed by anotlier ruler of Constantinople, Sultan Mahmoiid, in his suppression of the Janissaries — he prescn-ed the lYie- toriau Prefect, and, as we have alreaiU seen, ga) e bim a position of pre-eminent dignity in the civil and judicial ad- ministration of Ihe Empire. But of military functionshew as now entirely deprived, and thus this idlieer, who had risen into importance in the state solely as the most conspiciloua (iilardsman about the court, was now peniiitted to do al- most anything that he pleased in the Empire so long as he in no way touched soliliering. UmUik-iit, Italy and her Invaders, I. 211. Prettyman (prit'i-man). Prince. A whimsi- cal character, in the Duke of Buckingham's play "The Rehearsal,'' who alternates between be- ing a fisherman and a prince, and is in love with C^loris. His embarrassments are amusing and nu- merous. He was intended to ridicule Leonldas in lirj'deu's "Marriage a la Nb)de." Preuss (prois), Johann Datnd Erdmann. Born at Landsberg. Prussia. Ajiril 1. !7s.'): died at Berlin, Feb. '24, 1808. A I'russian historian, historiogra|iher of the royal house of Branden- lilirg. He published •• ltl,.graphie Friedrichs des Oros- sen " (ls:t2-34X and other works on Frederick the iJrent. Preussen (prois'sen). The German name of Prussia. Preussisch-Eylau. See Kylaii. Prevesa (pni-va'sii). A seaport in Albania, Tiirkev. situated at the entrance to tlu' tiulf of Arta, in lat. 38° ,')7' N.. long. '20° 40' E.. near the site of the ancient Nicopolis. Poptilalion, about 6,000. Prevost (pre-vd'), AugUstine. Bom at (^.ene- va, Switzerland, about 172.'i: dieil in England, May .■>. 178t). A British general in Ihe Revolu- tionarv War. lie defeate^l the Americans at Brier Creek in 177»; was unsuccessful befnre Clinrleston In 17711; and deteniled Savannah Bncccsstully In 17711. Prevost, Sir George. Born at New York, May 19, 17ti7: died .lau. :"). ISIO. A British general, son of .\. Prevost. I|ebecjin)ecoiiiniaiider-iii-chlef in llrlllsli North -Vmcrlca in 1811, and was delealiMl by the VmerieansMt I'laltsbnrg In 1814. Pr6vost d'Exiles (pra-vo' deg-zel'). Abbe An- toine Fran(;ois. Bom at Ilesdin. .Vrtois, Aj)ril 1, 1097: died in the forest of Chantilly, Nov. '23, 1703. .\ French novelist. For .10 years lie siM-nt Fiis time belween Ihe .lesillls' scli.iols, the army, soclely and the cloister. Flmilly he lis.k moiiaslle vows, but did not retain them long, lie lied from the country and re. sided six years In Hidhind and England, lie maile a live. llliiKid by'mcans of his |ieli,ulid at the outset drew largely Prevost d'Exiles upon hisown fuml of personal experiences for the subject- matter of hi'' writings. He achieved success with his "Menii'ires J'un homme de qualite" (1728-3-2). Then he wrote "Histoire de M. Clevehmd. flls naturel de Croni- well.ou lephilosoplie anglais "(1732-39). and hiscelebrated masterpiece, "Histoire du chevalier Des Grieux et de JIanon Lescaut" (1733). A periodical publication, "Le pour et le contre," in 2ll volumes, extended over 7 yeare, lieKinning in 1733. He also wrote " Le doyen de Killerine " (1736), "Histoire de Marguerite d'Anjou'' (1740), "Cam- pagnes philosopliiques" (1741), '^M^moires pour servir '■ 826 llarhles," 1676), " The Validity of the Orders of the Church of England, etc." (H'88), "Connection of the Old and New Testaments in the History of the Jews, etc." (IVIB-IS), a number of ecclesiastical tracts, etc. Pride's Purge. In English history, the forcible exclusion from the House of Commons, Dee. 6, 1648, of all the members who were favorable to compromise with the royal party. This was effected by a niilit.ary force commanded by Thomas Pride, in exe- cution of orders of a council of Parliamentary officers. rhistoire de M.alte" (1741), "L'Histoire d'une Grecque Prjegnitz, or PrignitZ (preg'nits). That part of the ancient mark ot Brandenburg which lay south of Mecklenburg and northeast of the Elbe and Havel. Chief town, Perleberg. Priene (pri-e'ue). [Gr. Upir/vT/.'] In ancient geogi'aphy, an Ionian city situated in Caria, Asia Minor, north of Miletus. The site contains many ruins. The templeof Athene Polias, dedicated in 340 B. c, w.asan Ionic peripteros of 6 by 11 columns, of marble, graceful in proportion and with delicate decorative sculp- ture. Its walled peribolos was bordered with porticos. Priestley (prest'li). Joseph. Bora at Fieldhead, near Leeds, Yorkshire, March 13, 1733: died at Northumberland, Pa., Feb. G, 1804. An Eng- lish clergyman and natural philosopher, espe- cially celebrated as the discoverer of oxygen. He was the son of a nonconformist cloth-dres-ser, and was educated at a Dissenters' academy at Daventry. In 1755 he tools charge of a small congregation at Needtiam Market, .Suffolk, which was subsidized by both Independents and Presbyterians. In 17(il he was tutor in an academy at Warrington. In 17157 he published the " History of Elec- tricity." He adopted i?ocinian views on religion, and ma- terialistic views on philosophy. At this time began his researches in " different kinds of air." About 1773 he be- came liteiary companion toLord .Shelburne, and traveled in Holland and Germany, returning to Paris in 1774. In 1774 he announced his discovei-y of " depldogisticated air," now called oxygen. In 1780 he removed to Birmingham, and Ijecurae associated with Boulton, Watt, and Dr. Dar- win, grandfather ot Charles Darwin. For sympathizhig with the French Revolution (he had been made a citizen of the French republic) he was attacked in 1791 by a mob, his house was broken into and burned, and his manu- scripts and instruments destroyed. In 1794 he removed to America. Prieto (pre-a't6% Joacmin. BomatConcepcion, Aug. 20, 1786 : died at Valparaiso, Nov. 22, 1854. AChilean general and politician. Hetook a promi- nent part in the war for independence: was a leader of the rnoderne" (1741), "Histoire de Guillaume le Conquerant (1742), "Memoires d'un honnete homme "(1745),"Hi3toire g^niirale des voyages " (1745-70), " Manuel lexique " (1750), '■ Le monde moral " (17G0), " Memoires pour servir k I'his- toire de la vertu" (1762), " Contes, aventures, et fails sin- guliers" (1764), "Lettres de mentor J» un jeune seigneur" (17('i4), etc. As a translator he rendered into ftench works of Drvden, Hume, Richardson, Cicero, etc. Pr6v"ost-Paradol (pra-vo'pa-rii-dol'), Lucien Anatole. Born at Paris, Aug. 8, 1829 : com- mitted suicide at Washington, D. C, July 20, 1870. A French journalist and autlior, an op- ponent of Napoleon III. He was minister to the Vnited States in 1870. He wrote "Revue de I'histoire univcrselle " (1854), etc. Priam (pri'am). ICir.Jlplafio^.li.Priamus.'] In Greek legend, the king of Troy at the time of its siege by the Greeks. He was the husband of Hecuba, and the father of 50 sons, including Hector and Paris. He perished at the capture of Troy. Priapus (pii-a'pus). [Gr. np/a-of.] In Greek mythology, a god, a son of Dionysus and Aphro- dite, the promoter of fertility and the protector of shepherds, farmers, and fishermen. Pribram, or Przibram (pzhe'bram). A town in Bohemia, situated 33 miles southwest of Prague. It is noted for its silver-mines (the property of the state), the most important in the Austrian empire. It has also lead-mines. Population (1891), commune, 13,412. Pribyloff (pre'be-lof) Islands. A group of islands in Bering Sea, about lat. 57° N., long. 170° W. , belonging to Alaska. They h.ave come into prominence in connection with the controversies between Great Britain and the United States concerning the seal- fisheries. Price ( pris ), Bonamy. Bom in Guernsey, May 22. 1807 : died at London, Jan. 8, 1888. An Eng- lish political economist. He graduated at Oxford (Worcester College) in 1829, and in 1868 became professor of political economy at Oxford. He published "The Prin- ciples of Currency " (1869), "Chapters on Practical Political Economy " (1878), etc. Price, Fanny. The principal character in Jane Austen's novel " Mansfield Park," noted for her humility. Price, Matilda. In Dickens's novel "Nicholas Nicklebv," the bosom friend of Fanny Squeei-s. She afterward marries .John Browdie. She is alluded to hv Miss .Squeers iu their little unpleasantness as "base degrading 'Tilda." Price, Richard. Born at Tynton, Glamorgan- siiire, Feb. 22, 1723: died at London, April 19, 1791. An English philosophical -writer, published "Review of the Principal Questions He is best known as a writer on financial and political questions. In 1778 he was invited by Congress to help in the management of the national finances, but declined. Price, Sterling. Born in Prince Edward County, Va., Sept. 11. 1809: tlied at St. Louis, Sept. 29, 1867. An American general. He was a Democratic member of Congress from Missouri 1845-40, when he re- signed and raised a Missouri cavalry regiment for the Mexi- can war. He took part in General .Stephen W. Kearny's march from Fort Leavenworth to Santa Fe, where he was left in command when Kearny proceeded to California. In 1847 he was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers, and conquered Chihuahua. He was governor of Missouri 1853-57, and became a Confederate major-general in Mis- He served at Princes, Robbery of the from office in March, 1894, Lord Kosebery succeeded him as prime minister ; resigned June, 1S95. He w;i8 chairman of the first London county council, elected in 1889. Primrose, Charles. The vicar of Wakefield in (ioldsmith's tale of that name. He is a sincere, humane, and simple-minded man, who preserves his mod- esty and nobility through hardship and good foiiune. ill's. Primi-ose is an excellent housekeeper with a passion for show, and she can read any English book without much spelling. George, the eldestson, was bred atOxford and in- tended for one of the professions. Moses, tlie youngest, was bred at home and distinguishes himself by going to the fair in a gosling-green waistcoat, and a thunder-and-lightning coat, to sell a colt, coming home with a gross of green spec- tacles. The daughters are described by Dr. Primrose him- self as follows : " Olivia wished for many lovers, Sophia to secure one. Olivia was often affected from too great a desire to please. Sophia even represt excellence, from her fears to offend. The one entertained me with her vivacity when I was gay, the other with her sense when I was serious. But these qualities were never canied to excess in eitliti', and I have often seen them exchange characters for a whole day together. A suit of mourning has trans- formed my coquette into a prude, and a new set of ribbons has given her sister more than natural vivacity." Guld' ^iiith. Vicar of Wakefield, i. Primrose Hill. An eminence about 200 feet higli. north of Regent's Park, London. There is a very fine view from it. In the early part of the 19th centuiy Clialk Fai-m, which is on the hill, was a popular place for duels. Primrose League. In Great Britain, a league or combination of persons pledged to principles of ConseiTatism as represented by Benjamin Disraeli, earl of Beaconsfield (1804-^1), and op- posed to the •' revolutionary tendencies of rad- icalism." The object of the league is declared to be "the maintenance of religion, of the constitution of the realm, and of the imperial ascendancy of Great Britain." Tire scheme of the organization was first discussed at the Carlton Club in Oct., 1883, and tlie actual league made its first public appeai'ance at a grand banquet at Freemasons' Tavern in London a few weeks later. The organization of the league is by " habitations" or clubs : these obey the instructions of the Grand Council, and annually send del- egates to the Grand Habitation, which is held in London on or near the loth of April, the anniversary of Beacons- field's death. A noteworthy feature is the enrolment of women, or "dames," who take an active part in all the bus- iness of the association, having an executive committee and a fund of their own. Tlie name and symbol of the league are derived from Eeaconsfield's favorite flower, which it has been fashionable to wear on the 19th of AprlL conservative revolt of 1829-30; and by his victory over p_;_„„ ipi,„ Cp„ Prinrinp Tl Freire at Lu-cay(.\pril 17, 1830) decided the result for his prince, J-ne. av^iri uaiiii,ii. p.arty. On the death of Ovalle (March 21, 1831), Prieto be- Prince (pnns), ThomaS. Bom at Sandwich, came provisional president, soon after was regularly elected president, and by reelection retained the post until Sept. 18, 1841. On May 25, 1833, the constitution now in force was adopted. A revolt was suppressed in 1836, and the same year a war with Peru was commenced, resulting (Jan. 1839) in the overtlirow of the Peruvian-Bolivian Confederation. Mass., May 15, 1GS7: died at Boston, Oct. 22, 1758. An American clergjTuan and historian, pastor of the Old South (jhurch, Boston. He published " Chronological History of New Eng- land" (1736-55). Prig (prig), Betsey. A nurse, the friend and Prince Albert Land. A district in the arctic "frequent pardner" of Sairey Gamp, in Dick- ens's novel '"Martin Chuzzlewit." Prigioni (pred-je-6'ue), Le Mie. [It., 'My Prisons.'] A work by Silvio Pcllico, published in 1833, describing his prison life (1820-30). jhieal writer. In 1758 he prignitz. See rricytiit^. c.pal Questions in Morals.^ ^^ ^^^^..^^^ Juan.Count de Reus. Marquis de los Castillejos. Born at Reus, Catalonia, Spain, Dee. 6, 1814: died at Madrid, Dee. 30, 1870. A Spanish statesman and general. He entered the army of the Cristinos in 1834, in the civil war between the Cristinos and theCarlists. As a progressist he was after- ward one of the chief instruments in the overthrow of Espartero. While iu command iu 1860 of a division of Reserves in the w;ir against .Morocco, he gained tlie brilliant victory ot Los Castillejos (Jan. 1), which secured for bun the title of marquis. He was a leader of the insurgents who deposed Queen Isabella in 18C8, and became premier and minister ot war, with the chief command of the army, in the provisional government established by them. He • 1 .1, u ■ f *!. /^- -1 \v - " n^ ^^^r^A ^^ was fatally shot by an assassin Dec. 28, 18.0. soun at the beginning of the Cml War. He served at _. ,-no it r> *r>n Wilson's Creek, and captured Lexington in 1801; took part PnmC (prim), Samnel ItenSUS. Born at Ball- inthebattlesofPeaRidgeandCorinthinl862; commanded ston, N. Y., Nov. 4, 1812: died at Manchester, at Inka in 1862 ; and commanded the district ot .Arkansas yt, July 18, 1885. An American editor, author. 1,-6'J-l^J. Prichard (prich'iird), James Cowles. Born at Ross, Herefordshire, Feb. 11, 1786 : died at Lon- don. Dec. 22, 1848. An English ethnologist. His parents belonged to the Society of Friends. He grad- uated at Edinburgh, and studied also at Cambridge and Oxford. In 1810 he was a physician at Bristol. In 1813 he published "Researches into the Physical History of^an," ant! in 1S31 '■Eastern origin of the Celtic Nations.' Pride (priu), Thomas. Born at London: died there, Oct. 23, 1658. An English Parliamentary oflicer. He was originally a drayman and brewer. At the beginning of the civil war he was ensign under Essex, and distinguished himself at Preston. On Dec. 6, 1W8, he was Primj-ose (prim'roz). Sir Archibald delegated to "purge" the House ol Commons by ejecting ^ ,• , iT.-n^' . a .„tf;ol. K„,..,„.^f u the members that favored reconciliation with the king, died 16/9. A iacottisll Uaionc t. He and Presbj'terian clergyman. He became an editor of the New York " Observer " in 1840. and contriliutor under theniimeof "Irenteus." Among his works are "ThePower of Prayer" (1859), "Travels in Europe and the East " (18.')5), "Letters from Switzerland" (I860), "The Alhambra and the Kremlin " (1873). etc. Prime, William Cowper. Bom at Cambridge, N. Y., Oct. 31, 1825. An American journalist and author, brother of S. I. Prime. He edited the New York "Journal of Commerce." He wrote travels, including 'Tent Life in the Holy Land " (1857), and "Pot- tery and Porcelain, etc." (1877), etc. Primorskaya. See Maritime Province. ■ ■ - BornieiT: e supported the the members that favored reconciliation with the king. He was one of the judges of the king, and signed his death- warrant. Pride and Prejudice. A novel by .Jane Austen, Ui.s fourth son was created earioi iwseoery. wrrttfifhi 1796 TtHl published ill 1S13. Primrose, Archibald Philip, fifth Lari of Rose Prideaux (prid'o). Humphrey. Born at Pad- '"''■-^•- Bom m Loud,,,.. May ,, 184<. A Bntis stow. C'omwall. May 2, 1648: died at Norwich, England. Nov. 1, 1724. An English theological writer, dean of Norwich. He was educated under Dr. Busby at Westminster, and graduated at O.xford (Christ ■ Church) "in 1672. He wrote 'Marmora Oxoniensia ex Arundelliani^ •"tc.,conflata"(" Description ot the Arundel regions, about lat. 72° N., long, ll.j-^ W. Prince DorUS{prins do'rus). A poem by Charles Lamb, published in 1811. It is a poetical version of the old tale of the prince with the long nose. Prince Ed'ward Island. An island in the Gulf of St. La%\Tence, forming a province of the Do- minion of Canada. Capital, Chai'lottetown. it is separated from New Brunswick and Nova Scotia on the southwest and south by Northumberland Strait. The sur- face is undulating; the soil fertile. It has flourishing agriculture, industries, and fisheries. It is divided into 3 counties. Government is vested In a lieutenant-governor, executive council, legislative council, and legislative as- sembly. It sends 4 members to the Dominion Senate, 5 members to tlie House of Commons. It was discovered by Cartier in 1534, and named Isle .St. Jean ; was settled in the beginning of the 18th century; was ceded by France to Great Britain in 1763; had the present name given it in 17'.'9; and entered the Dominion in 1873. Length, about 130 miles. Greatest breadth, 34 miles. Area, 2,133 square miles. Population (I'.n r, 103,259. Prince John. A nickname of John Van Biiren. Prince of Tarent. See rery Woman, A. Prince of the Peace. A title given to Godoy, duke of Alcudia, who negotiated with France the peace of Basel, 1795. Prince of Wales, Cape. The northwestern- most point of North America, projecting from Alaska into Bering Strait, in lat. 6.5° 33' N., long. 167° 59' W. Prince of Wales Island. 1 . See Penang.— 2. An island belonging to Alaska, situated west of the mainland, about lat. 55°-56° 30' N. Length, about 130 miles.— 3. A tract in the arctic re- gions, about lat. 72°-74° N., long. 100° W.~4. A small island north of Cape Y'ork peninsula, Australia, from which it is separated by Endea- vor Strait. Royalist cause in the civil war, and at the Restoration was Prjjice Of Wales Strait. Aseapassageinthearc- made a lord of session, with the title of Lord Carrington. (:,,.,,„;(„,„ separating Banks Land on the north- His fourth son was created_eari of Rosebery. . _^^^_ ^^^^^^ - .^^^^ ^^^^^ ^j^» ^^ j .^^^^ ^^ ^j^^ southeast, and leading into Melville Sound. LibVnil statesman. He was educated at Eton and at PriUCe Regent Inlet ^^^ea Passage in the Christ Church, Oxford, and succeeded his grandfather as arctic regions, separating Coekburn Island on earl in 1S68. He has occupied a prominent place in pub- the east from North Somerset on the west, ana lie afiairs. He was tinder-secretary of state for home at- l,iadillf to the Gldf of Boothia, fairs 1881-83; first commissioner of works l)-84-S5 ; and p_i„„.J Pnbbprv of t.hp In German history, foreign secrefarvin tlio third and fourth Gladstone minis- Jrrinces, KODDery 01 ine. in ^xeiiudi j, tries, 1886 and 1392-04. On Jlr. Gladstone's retirement the resultless abduction from AltenDurg ot rue Princes, Robbery of the 837 Prometheus Bound pnn-- ... ^__tie ot Saxony, ami founders J" '^, "'/,„..:,, Snam and Gaul, caU.MUroni author. He was eilucatcl at Harrow, and was a school, mat" of Byron and Sir Kol.trt I'ed. In 1807 he went to E,na.m to\tu,lv law. In 1820 he l,«;.n writing under he Dseudonyni llan-y Cornwall, and in 1.^31 was called to the Tr fIo... l^lo 1861 he'was commissioner o lunacy. He wrote " Uraniatic Scenes and other I'oems (ISIB), A "icilian Story" (18>o). " >'J^"T'"H1, 'IS-j.P,';?"?'' Effl Coventliardcn in 1821). " Flood of rhesiialy (18,"\„''™; Kies l-,.eiica ■' (1824). " English .-^ongs •■ (1832), and n.emoira of Ktan, l.amb (ISUO), Ben Jonson, and shakspere. — * Born in Wales, 1765 :Tliei\ at Liverpool, EnglaU( . ish ceiieral. He was colonel of a reRlment in Canada in 1812 • ilefeated the Americans under Janies VJ incliester at F.VnVhtown in 1813 ; and was repulsed by Harris,. n at Fort MeiKs, by tll-ORhan at Fort Stephenson, and by Ham- son at the battle of the Thames (Oct. 5, 1813). Fr;d;AckThe 5entle ot Saxony and founders ^U^- J^;-^' ,^,Y1„ gpam and Gaul, ealled Ironj iJSSSi. 'r^oup^^^alUslandsin I^- ^j:!;--^;.^^^^^^.^^^^!^ Sess (Prii'^^o^). The. A narrative peer, by ^?-lx^i:r^a^^^^ ^-"''"^""^ .......i.h astronomer. Hewas ^l^Hn W:-.- a court piece or com^die- ^l^^^^on ^tn^ted, 3^0^^^^^ _ ^ncess Ida or Castle Adamant. An opera l;y^f °,t to.n in the vilayet of Kosov-a, Kuro- ^Sullivan Ws by W. 8. Gilbert, produced ^„ Turkey^ situated m at 42° 40 N., long. riis"4 a burlesouo of Tennyson's '•Princess." S,o n' E. Population, est., K, 550. ^^e She excelled also in characters of intrigue and ^^ety, as Lady Betty Modish, Lady Towneley, etc. she ^^, „^ ,j,p „,.,„^„^. abandoned the stage in im tn,„,i„r,nrt Prodieal Son. The. An oratono by bir Artn ■ ", r'i-ancrsul^ed on ^!ot ^XS^ueedat the Worcester Festival •Priiices Street. The principal street in Edin- b^glf Scotland. It has a magnihcent view S built on one side only, and furnishes a fine Sent r2,'l«.S><. An English astronomer. He was educated at King's College, London, and at St. John 3 Col- lege Cambridge, graduating in 1860. H',^ Pff=''^''' ^gSf. in measuring the rotation of Mars and charting the 324 - 198 s "rs of Argelander's catalogue is specially notevorth>. Tie mililished " Half-hours with the Telescope (1808), ? hJ^I -hour/with the Stars • (1869), ■■. Star .Atlas "(18705 "The Sun " (1871), "Borderland of Science (187.)), The Expans^ of Heale^X18V4),".Myths and Marvds of A^^^^^ oniv"(1877),"01d and New Astronomy (lM8-aO), Light ?c!encefor Leisure Hours," " Elementary Xstrouomy, and works on whist and mathematics. Procyon (pr6'si-on). [From Or. TpoK-ru^ be- fore the dog: so named from its rising a little l^efore the dog-star.] 1. The ancient constel- lation Canis Minor.- 2. Tlie pnncipa star of the constellation Canis Minor, the eighth bnglit- est in the hea^;e_ns. . _^^ ^.__ ^^^^ in ?t 9 the seat of Princeton University (see New Jersey, CM- o're). The former name of the pro^^nee ot ^j|.'J.J'JJ^j^l^ Pannonia: killed near Sirmmra, 282 Salerno, Italy. . _. ,„., ,- „. =v„. The for- a. D. Koman emperor 276-282. Ho ' veze ill lat. 44°'44'' N., long. 4° 36' E. An ancient ^^^^^ ,j,j^ ^ novel by Charlotte Bronte, Calvinist stronghold, i_t ^w.s t«ke^n^ -J,,bun,ed ^>^ .he PrO^SSOr, ine.^. ^^^. ,^,,,b,'which occurred in Professor at the Breakfast-table, The. A series of sketches by < Hiver W endell llolmes: a Lira, riiiuiuuui . iviii'-'* ^^^.--^ - A D. Koman emperor 276-282. Ho waged war successfully against the Germans in (^aul. ±lc was killed by mutinous sojdiers.^^ .^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ entrance oi lu« ^ix.v «. ...-t.-.., - miles west- southwest of Naples, belonging to the province of Naples, Italv: the ancient Prochyta. Length, 2 miles. Population (1881), 13,131. 2 miles. Population (1881), io,iJi- Hampshire. . Proclamation, Emancipation. Thoproclama- profound Doctor, The. ^°a'»t,p^„'-° ^^r^^T tiou by whicli on .lau. 1. 18G3, President Lui- ^._.,^, ^..Uoolmen, i.articularly to Thomas Brad ,...1., „., ,.,„.,„„i>„!pr-iTi-chief of tlio armies ot „..,^,,;„„ p'rincTp'ato iriteriore (m-t.-re-o're). The f ™ name of the province of Avellmo Italy ^^^_^ ^^__^^^_ ^__^ Principe (pren'se-pe), or Prince S ISiana. a p „• ^ (riro'che-dil). A volcanic i: %malHsla,^d belonging f^^^^^f'^f^^^^^, ^.Xte^of the Bay of Naples 13 the Bight of Biafra, west of Africa, m lat. 1 4i ^^^^^^^^^.^^j ^j Naples, belonging to t N., long 7° 28' E. 'The Prince '1 Princine (pren'che-pe), II. [«•, iue t-rmte j A famous political treatise by Machiavelh, pomnleted in 1513. It was an outgrowth of us Dis- K!li trSive of its eomposi.ion 1- ™g -^^^^ ^^^^ „.^..,„ ^^,.,„... ,._ . f-^'i^^f'that^hralvationlff FS'y ™ po^fibleoJu'thr^^ T,? armed rebellion all persons held as slaves helntSfeiUon o?an autocrat'such as he portrayed. .. ^,^ „„a henceforward shall be free. S^SS^Si,a.s of Na^iiral P^U^O ^yjere J^.-canie the m^^^^^ phv.'] A famous work by Sil Isaac J-^ey""' {„„, Athens ravished heron the way, cut outhertongue, Lmposed chiefly V>»t»^uJ"''^f%tl''J:i^. aiThM hi?o„" arnassus.. Shocontnv^lo in.o^ series Oi sh.eicuc> ■.., •■"•'••■•■-;,. j„ki. » sequel to the "Autocrat ot the Breakfast-table. It was published in I860. „,, „ , . ,-, Profeta (pro-fa'ta), 11. It., 'The Prophet.;] Ail opera by Meyerbeer, first produced at Pans Profile \in-6'm or proTil). A celebrated gioup ot- rocks, resembling a human face, on the side of Mount Cannon, in the Francoma Range, New Hampshire. coin, as commander-in-cmei oi u.u a>i^.--= -- -n-ardine. the United States, declared as a military mea- pjogjeso (pro-gra'so). sure,inaceordancewithnoticeproclaimedbept. ^^^ Yucatan. 22, 1862, that within certain specified territory pjokesch-Osten (pro' in armed rebellion all person- '■"'■' "= ''""^« - tervention of an autocrat such as lie ponrayeo. .. ^.^^e and henceforward shall 1 iDia (prin-sip'i-ii) : in full Philosophise procne(prok'ne). [Gr.ni.invr/.] iralisPrincipia'Mathematica. [l-, ihe „,p aauglitcr of Pandion and ,,,r^,ti(^il PrinciiiUs of Natural Pljlloso- By Tcreus she became the mo her of cmatioil 1 1 ni- Newton, that his wife was dead, Tereus brought The seaport of Merida 111 iiu-auiu. ,. » /^ » »_ Prokesch-Osten (pro'kesh-os'tenV Count An- ton von B"ru at (iratz, Styria. Dec. 10. 1 .M.i . died at Vienna, Oct. 26, 1876. An Austrian di- Tilomatist. author, and andueologist. He wa.s aro- iassador in Athens l.s:i4-4», in Berlin 18_4i.-62 in J ™,Wort 18^■^-55 and in Constantinople 1865- iL He publislii7 died about .%-) (J). A Byzantine historian. He accompanied Belisarius on various campaiglis and roc l.iul„ri,-« of the Pcrs an, Vani al, and Gothic wais in uie time J t lliii. e'was also the anthor o a work on 10 b IdirgVof .lustinian (" be lediflciis") and of a secret 1 st..^ ' A^ e,-.lola-) directe,! against Justinian ««,r,T,nsPfi cnienv x^u.,-^^, f , „.;,,M I,.., on Parnassus. She contrived to inform Brocne fr„m the Turkish Empire, 18(.,1. Ro^rSocie"v April 28, 168g, and first pub- , e'rlt'^.TniSuro slew Itys and served hin, up t„ his prolegomena in Homerum (P!;o-\<--g°™;?-".'* Koya ouL y I ^_ (edited by Halley). The f,,ther to eat. Tcreus was changed into a hawk, rrocne iio.,„e'rum). A critical work by 1' . A. A.N olf, llfo'd el mon^ I) as editV^ 1^ Roger Cotes. Vis the j;,,., , ,„.„ow. and Bhiloniela into -;»-""";«' ^ "J.l.lU^d in 1795. attacking the then commonly ^S^^ation oTiiode/n astronomy, mechanics, and mathe- pro^opiuS (VVof>y^-^>^). [^M,^^^^'^ f «™ matical physics. u„w„ ;,, at Cresarea, Palestine, probaby about 4.W A. D. Prior (pri'or), Matthew. Bom Probably n .,,..„.. „ i.,..,„.,„n n Bast I)orset,''july 21, 1«64: died at W.nipole marlev's country-seat), CambrKlgeshire, bept. 18 1721 An Englisli poet and diplomatist. He S^-;:,^^i^;;;:h;%;"«i»t;fst was secretary to the Earl in 1699 he succee ' plantations, and 1 he was a member Oi lioiiume,.,' .". ...—.-- weiTtas ambassador to Paris in 1712 ; ".".V-Tllig ai d England 1715-17, during Ihe triumph «' "'^,^\ fA; "4'^ nassed the rest of his life at his home, llown Hall In 18- L" He was the author, with Charles Montague, of the "city Mouse and I'ountry Mouse" (I.W : a parody .." Dryden's "Hind and I'anther"). " and they were published in 17"9(' in 171.S1 In 17411 two volumes oi mn i........ »•■--•- i^--^ lUhed'witi. (alleged) niemoirs and some of his Wt poems which had not been printed befoic. ^ioress's Tale, The. (^ne of Chaucer's Can- terburv Tales." It .s told by Madam.; Ei-'1';,""]<'. .»"'l istle story of the cliild ..f aChrlstian widow Ijllled in Asia by the .lews Wordsworth wrote a modernized version. • Kijlaiiline, and llwjh o/ Lincoln ce (St hns College) in ItiSO. tn 1.198 ho hlstx.ry ( -Auc-ooia , ,.., » - „ '^ ,i ra '; Bortland's embassy to France Procopius, Andrew, surna.npl Hie Grca^ ceded T,..ckc a,s commissioner of trade ami j^-;,,,.,^ ,„ ,,.,ttU. near Bidimiseh-Brod Bohi'mia, J became nndci-secrct.iry of state. In 1701 .,.;,, j^.j^ A m.ted Hussite leader. He be- ter of Parliament _for E<^t «;■"»'«' f-.^^ ^ay ■> „, j,,„ .,.„„orites hi 1424 ; gaine.l the v.c- .^r (i.^^ • a ."u.;-^ on ihe ,»uiJ „f-l^hniisch.Br.;d, May 30. 14.4 He collected his poems. ProcHS (pro'kris). [(>r. ilpukfin.i (" Alma "iuid "Solomon" „„,i,i tlio wifo of Cephalus, by wl of his poems were pub- ^ . ' ^' (;;;;;;:;r"A ri^- in -st^n. Bu^ia ^;;;^ -;:^;:-;, Adelaide Anne. ^ie^^^it S^S' ^iSout-ittS" ' ■ ■ -• navigable to Pinsk, came commander of the Taborites in 1424 : KJ''""' ';'";;^: nac.'ata r pTague; and was .lefeated by the Calixtmes in rh.Vlmteof^ohmiscli.Brod,May30.14;,4 - • -■■ " .] In Greek le whom she was Procrustes (pr.-.-krus'tez). [Or. n^oKpofffn/c, the slictclier.l Tlio surnamo of a legendary Attic robber (Dnmastes or Poljni.'mon). Hcha.l n bed (name,l from him the '• Procrustean ) upon which li s p is.;, e^ were torture.l : tln.sc who 7'''" ;;;>,«'''■•' ';" stretcheil to tit It, an.l those who were t<... tiUl had thiil limbs cut to the proper lenglh. " ■ ■ ;de Anne. Bom at Lon.l.m.Dct. 30. 1825: di.'d ther.'. Feb. 3. b'JG^- All Eii.'lisli po.'t, daiiglit.^r of Bryan \Val 'r ^d;;?p;;:h'i."). l. Pnscianus C^sanen. ^;-^J:->^;S^-!"sh;l'b:r; J^rJ ^^^t''A^::i::;:.:?^i^nS".^-" "J^ Hr BSb'^ali;r^"s;,idonvm Barry most famous work is " Institutiones gramma- I'^jter, Bryan^WaUe^^ ^^^. .,^_ ^.^.» thie.'' „„ /i";,,.!!!^.?™' Oct 4 1874. An English poet and Priscilla Mullens. See Mullcis. died tlieie.Uct. 4, i8(4. ^ a i- in no-me riiui;. .£iv.i>.v .-..- -.. - - published in 1795. atta.-king the then commonly received theory of the Homeric p..ems. Prome (pr.-.m). The cai.ital of the district of I'rome, British Bunua, situated on the Irawadi itilat. 18°47' N.. long. 1)5- 17' E. It was taken bythe British in 1825. l>opulation(1891), 30,0„. Promessi Sposi (pro-mes'se spo ze), 1. Lit., ■ ThI li.l r. d ho.l.'J 1 . A novel by Manzoni. his principal work, published 182.-,-2, The scene islaiil in Milan ami its vicinity in the first pait of the 17lh centurv.— 2. An opera by 1 etrelhi, lirst i.ni.lucid at Leceo in ll>69. , Prometheus (pro-mo'tuis). [Gr. nw-^nf, t'orethonght.] In (Jreek mythology, the son of laindiis and the ocean-nymph t lymeiie. cele- brat.'.i as Ihe b..nefactor of mankind. For .le^ ....ii nm.-iised unon hiin by Prometheus in a sacrlllce, /.eu» ,eir,Uo'im.,lX.l;i...fllre;butPun„eth™ heaven and brought t to earth In a hollow ree.l. For "lis hewM clalned by.>rderof Zen^ on a monnlalrK< auca- Xwhe'e^hdiyVisliverj^hlehgrewapliM^^^^^^ =Xi:;?icnh;:t:pii'i;imrif'is^2^i^:^^..>- to mankind. See Pamhra. Promptheus 1. A liranm in blank verse by ^.■°^l!e^t^gu,i in 1773. H^amrwar.! cut it down t.. a monohigne.-2. A ba let by Beet- loven. produced at Vienna in 1802. It was ar- vang.'.l f..r the st.lge by Salvatore Vigano. Prometheus Bound. A irag.uly of Asch>ln8, of iin.MTtniii .lat,'. Pnimethcus. iwund to the rocks 1 V orl.r ..t Z.US f,.r his ben.>v,.leiice to man resists all ef- ; I lu '.c his will an.l pnr,H.se. bids .Uanee t,. he < 1 , ., ,.f 111,- iro.l-. an.l .llsappears In an appalling tempest, Mrs Browillng puWl.ht.d a p..etleal translation In 1833. Prometheus Bound The "PrometlieusVinctus" brings us to the perfection of ^scllyln-s" ;irt, nxxd to a specimen, unique and unapproach- able, 'd what that wonderful genius could do in simple tragedy, that is to say, in the old plotless, motionless, sur- priseless drama, made up of speeches and nothing more. There is certainly no other play of ^schylus which has produced a greater impression upon the world, and few remnants of Greek literature ai'c to be compared with it in its eternal freshness and its eternal mystery. Mahttffij, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., I. 258. Prometheus Unbound. A lyrical di'ama bv Shelley, iniblished in 1820. Promos and Cassandra (pro'mos and kas-san'- dra). A play by Whetstone, printed in 1578, but never acted. Shakspere took the story of "Mea- sure for Measure" from this play, which is in two parts, and which was in turn taken from one of Cinthio's novels. In liiS:^ Whetstone altered it to a prose novel. Promptorium Parvulorum, sive Clericorum (promp-to'ri-um par-^^i-16'rum si've kler-i-ko'- rum). An Enjjlish-Latin dictionan', said to have been the first in nse. Prompiorium should be proHiptuarium ('storehouse "), and is so spelled by Wynkyn de \Vorde in his edition " Promptuarium Parvulorum Cleri- coi-um " (1510), The words were collected from various authors by Fratre Galfridus (Geoffrey), called Grammati- cus, a preaching friar, a "recluse of Bishop Lynne" in Nor- folk. There are several maniiscripts, and, besides Wynkjm de Worde, Pynson printed it in 1499 and Julian Notary in 15118. The Camden Society published it in 1S65, edited by Albert Way. Propertius (pro-per'shlus), SextUS. Born at Assisi, Italy, about 50 B. c. : died after 16 b. c. A Roman elegiac poet: a friend of Jlieeenas, Vergil, and Ovid. His poems are largely amatory, cele- bratiiig his mistress Cynthia (Hostia). Proph^te (pro-fat'), Le. See Profeta, II. Prophetess f I irof'et-es), The. AplaybyFleteher aiiil Jni--sint,'er, licensed in 1622, printedin 1647. Bettcrton produced an alteration of it in 1690. Propontis(pro-pon'tis). [6r. IlpoToiT/f, the fore- sea.] The ancient name of the Sea of Marmora. Propus (pro'pus) . [Gr. rpd-oi'f , the fore foot or, in this ease, the forward foot.] Ptolemy's name for the third-magnitude (but slightly variable) double star ri Geminorum, in the northern foot of Castor. Propylaea (prop-i-le'a). [6r. ~po7Tv7.aia (pi.), a gateway.] The monumental gateway to the Acropolis at Athens, begun 437 B. c. by Mne- sicles. It consists of a central ornamented passage and two projecting wings, that on the north with a chamber (the Pinacotheca) behind its small portico. The central passage has on both west and east faces a magnificent hexastyle Doric portico. At about two thirds of its length it is crossed by a wall pierced with 5 doorways, the widest and highest in the middle. An inclined waypasses through the wider middle intercolumniations of both great porches and the large central door: this way was flanked between the west portico and the door by six tall Ionic columns, whose capitals supply the most beautiful type of the order. PrOSCrittO (pro-skret'tq), n. [It., ' The E.xile.'] An opera by Nicolai, produced at Milan in 1840. It was afterward produced, with alterations, as '"^Die Heim- kehr dea Verbannten " in 1844. See Eriiani. Proserpina fpro-ser'pi-na). An asteroid (No. 26) discovered by Luther at Bilk, May 5, 1853. Proserpine (pros'er-pin). In Roman mythol- ogy, one of the greater goddesses, the ijireek Persephone or Kora, daughter of Ceres, wife of Pluto, and queen of the infernal regions, she passed six months of the year in Olympus, during which time she was considered as an amiable and propitious di- vinity ; but during the six months passed in Hades she was stem and terrible. She was essentially a personifi- cation of the changes in the seasons, in spring and sum- mer bringing fresh vegetation and fruits to man, and in winter harsh and causing suffering. She was intimately connected with such mysteries as those of Eleusis. The Roman goddess was practically identical with the Greek. Prosna (pros'na). A tributary of the Warthe, which it joins 38 miles southeast of Posen, forming part of the boimdary between Prussia and Russian Poland. Length, about 120 miles. Prosopopoia (pros''o-p6-poi'a). See Mother Hiilihcrirs Tale. Prosperity (pros-per'i-ti). A poem attributed by Morris to Chaucer, but rejected by Skeat. Prosperity Robinson. An epithet applied to Frederick KoMnson (Viscount Goderich), on account of his eulogy of British prosperity (shortly before the financial crisis of 1S25). Prospero (pros'pe-ro). The rightful Duke of Milan in Shakspere's " Tempest." He is repre. sented as a wise and good magician (not a necromancer or wizard) living in exile on an island with his daughter Miranda. Pross (pros), Solomon. A spy and scoundrel in Dickeus's "Tale of Two Cities." His sist«r, Miss Proas, a wild-looking but unselfish woman, becomes the instrument of vengeance, and* accidentally kills Ma- dame Defarge. Also called John Barsad. Prossnitz (pros'nits). A town in Moravia, Aus- tria-Hungary, situated in the Hanna plain 11 miles southwest of Olmiitz. Population (1891), 19,512. Protagoras (pro-tag'o-ras) of Abdera. [Or. 828 IlpuTaySpa^.'] Bom about 481 B. c. : died about 411 B. c. A celebrated Greek sophist, the ear- liest of that class of teachers. He was driven from Athens on a charge of atheism, and his work "On the Gods" was publicly burned. He is best known from his famous dictum " Man is the measure of all things : of those which are, that they are ; of those which are not, that they are not." Protagoras. A dialogue of Plato: the narra- tion by Socrates of a conversation which took place in the house of Callias, a wealthy Athe- nian, between himself, the sophists Protagoras, Hippias, and Prodicus, Hippocrates, Alcibiades, and Critias. The theme of this celebrated dialogue is virtue, its nature, unity, and teachableness : and it is also a study of the sophistic teachers in the person of one of their best representatives, the famous Protagoras. It closes with the well-known conclusion of .Socrates that virtue is knowledge Protector of the Indians. BartolomS de las Casas, who received this official title (Protector Unifersal de los Indios) in 1516. Later there were local protectors in the different colonies. Protesilaus (pro-tes-i-lii'us). [Gr. Upu-eauaoc.'] In Greek legend, the first of the Greeks slain in the Trojan war. Protestant Duke, The. A name given to the Duke of Monmouth (son of Charles II.). Protestantenverein (pro-tes-tan-ten-fe-rin'). [G., 'Protestant union.'] An association of Ger- man Protestants formed at Frankfort-on-the- Main in 1863. Among its objects are toleration, free- dom from ecclesiastical domination, union of different churches in a national church, and the development of Protestantism. Protestant Pope, The. A name sometimes given to Pope Clement XIV., who suppressed the Jesuits. Proteus (pro'tiis or pro'te-us). [L., from Gr. np(j7fi''f.] 1. In classical mythology, a sea- god, the son of Oceanus and Tethys, who had the power of assuming tUfferent shapes. Accord- ing to the legend, Menelaus, on his return from Tro.v, sur- prised Proteus and held him fast through all his changes of form, until he learned from him how to return home. 2. One of the '"two gentlemen of Verona," in Shakspere's play of that name. Prothalamion (pro-tha-la'mi-on) . A ' ' spousal verse" by Edmund Spenser, published under this name in 1596. it was written on the occasion of the marriage on the same day of the two daughters of the Earl of Worcester to Henry Guilford and AVilliam Petre. Protogenes (pro-toj'e-nez). [Gr. nptjToyiv?ic.'\ Born at Caunus, Caria, Asia Minor (or at Xan- thus in Lyeia) : lived in the second half of the 4th century B. c. A celebrated Greek painter of Rhodes. His most famous works were the lalysus in Rhodes, afterward placed in the Temple of Peace in Rome, and the Resting Satyr. Protogenes and his work were greatly admired by his contemporary Apelles. Proud Duke. A name given to Charles Sey- mour, sixth duke of Somerset. Proudhon (pro-don' ) , Pierre Joseph. Born at Besan(;on, France, July 1.5, 1809: died at Passy, Jan. 19, 1865. A French socialist. Hewastheson of a cooper ; studied at the College of Besan^on, and in 1839 obtained from the Academy of Besan^on a pension which enabled him to spend several years of study at Paris. He was afterward (1843-47) in the employ of a commercial house at Lyons. At the outbreak of the February revolu- tion in 1S48 he threw himself with ardor into the socialis- tic propaganda at Paris: was elected a member of the Con- stituent Assembly ; and founded the short-lived journals " Le Peuple " (1848-49X " La Voix du Peuple " (1849-50), ami *'Le PeupledelS50"(lS50). He was imprisoned under the press laws 1849-52, and fled to Belgium to escape a sen- tence of imprisonment on the publication in 1858 of his work " De la justice dans la revolution et dans rt^glise,"* but was amnestied in 1860. He also published "Quest-ce que la propriety? "(1840), "Creation del'ordredansrhuman- ite" (1S43), "Syst^me des contradictions 6conomiques" (1846), "La revolution sociale, demontr^e par le coup d'etat" (1852), etc. Prout (prout). Father. The pen name of Francis Mahony. Provence (pro-vons'). [From the Latin provin- c(V/.] An ancient government of southeastern France. Capital, Aix. It was bounded by Ven.aissin and Dauphine on the north. Piedmont and Nice on the east, the Mediterranean on the southeast and south, and Languedoc (separated by the Rhone) on the west, corre- sponding to the departments of Var, Basses-Alpes, and Bouches-du-Rhone, and part of Vaucluse. It is noted for its fruits and a variety of other products. It was made a Rijman province (provincial 125-105 B. c, and was after- ward part of Gallia Narbonensis. It was overrun by the West Goths in the 5th century, and conquered by the Franks at the beginning of the 6th century. Then it was part of the kingdom of Theodoric, but about 538 was re- conquered by the Franks. The Saracens overran it in the 8th centiu"y. On the division of the Carolingian empire in 843, it went to Lothair and later to Charles the Bald. Boso became king of Provence or Cisjurane Burgundy in 879. Provence was later part of the kingdom of Aries, and was ruled by its own counts from 926. It passed to the counts of Barcelona about 1112, and later to Aragon. Ch.arles of Anjou founded the Angevin line of counts of Provence in 1246. It passed to Louis XI. of France in 1481, and was united with the crown. Its inhabitants are Pro- Prudentius venpals. a designation extended to include dwellers in the south of France. Proverbial Philosophy. A didactic work in verse liy M, F. Tupper, published 1838-67. Proverbs (prov'erbz). One of the books of tlie Old Testament, following the Book of Psalms. The full title is Proverbs of Solomon (i. 1). It is a collection of the sayings of the sages of Israel, taking its full title from thechief among them, though it is by no means certain that he is the author of a majority of them. Portions of the book are ascribed to other persons: Chaps, xxv.-xxix. are said to have been edited by the "men of Hezekiah," chap. xxx. contains " the words of Agur," and xxxt. 1-9 " the words of Lemuel. " The original nieiining of rni^hh, the Hebrew word translated 'proverb, 'is 'a comparison.' The '.erm is* sometimes translated 'parable 'in our English Bible; but, as such comparisons were commonly made in the East by short and pithy sayings, the word came to be applied to these chielly, though not exclusively. They formed one of the most characteristic features of Eastern literature. Providence (prov'i-dens). The capital of the county of Providence and of the State of Rhode Island, situated on Providence River, at the head of Xarragansett Bay, in lat. 41° 49' N., long. 71° 24' W. it is the largest city of the ■State and second city of New England, a railroad and steamboat center and an important maimfactm'ing center, and has a considerable coasting trade. The leading man- ufactures are cotton, woolen, steam-engines, iron castings, jewelry, silver-ware, and worsteds. It is the seat of Brown University (which see), and of various educational and benevolent institutions. It was founded by Roger Wil. liams in 1636; was damaged by fire in King Philip's war in 1675 ; and suffered severely from a storm in 1815. It became a city in 1832, Population (1900), 175,697. Providence River. The estuary formed by the Blaekstone and ot lier rivers at the northern end of Nnrragansett Bay. Provincetown (prov'ins-toun). A seaport in Barnstable County, Massachusetts, situated at the extremity of Cape Cod- peninsula, in lat. 42° 3' N.. long. 70° 11' W. it has cod-, mackerel-, and whale-flshei-ies. The Mayflower came to anchor here in 1620. Pupulatien (1900), i,Ul. Provincia, or Provincia Gallica (pro-vin'shi-ii gal'i-kii), or Gallia Provincia(gal'i-apr9-vin''- shi-ii). In ancient geographj', the part of Gaul conquered by the Romans in the end of the 2d centm'y B. C. it corresponded to Provence, Dauphinc. and Languedoc. Later the name was restricted to Pio- vence. Compare yarbonetisis. Provincial Letters. See Pascal. Provincias Internas (pr6-ven'the-as en-ter'- nas). [Sp., 'Interior Provinces.'] Aeolonial di- vision of Spanish America. The name was vaguely used, as early as the 17th century, for the northern parts of New Spain or ile.\ico. In 1777 (by order of Aug. 22, 1776) a new government was formed under this name, completely separated from the viceroyalty of New Spain, and comprising Nueva Vizcaya(Dnrangoand Chihuahua), Coahuila, Texas, New Mexico, Sinaloa, Sonora, and the Californias. The capital was Arizpe in Sonora, and the audience of Guadalajara retained its judicial authority; the governor was also military commandant. In 1T86 and 1787-93 the government was again subordinate to the viceroy. WTien the final separation was made in 1793, California was attached to Mexico. Later the Provincias Internas were divided into two military' districts, the Oc- cidente and Oriente, California being united to the former; this change went into eflfect in ISIO. Provincias Unidas de la Plata. See La Plata. Provincias Unidas del Centro de America. The official name of the Central American con- federated states, declared by the Constituent Congress, July 1, 1823. The provisional government was an executive of three members and the existing courts. "With the constitution adopted Nov. 22. 1824, the name became Estadoa Federados de Ceyiiro-America. Provins (pro-van'). A town in the department of Seine-et^Mame, France, at the junction of the Duretiu and Voulzie, 50 miles southeast of Paris. The Church of St. Quiriace, the Grosse Tour (keep), and the ancient ramparts are notable. It was a large and important city in the middle ages, but declined in the English and religious wars. Population (1891), commune, 8,310. Provisions of Oxford, See Oxford, Provisions of. Provo (pro'vo), or Provo City. The capital of Utah County, Utah, situated on Utah Lake 40 miles south by east of Salt Lake City. It is a railroad and manufacturing center. Population (1900), 6,185. Provoked Husband, The. A comedy begim by Vaubrugh, who wrote nearly fom- acts be- fore his death, under the title "A .Journey to London.'' It was fijiished by Gibber, and pro- duced in 1728. Provoked Wife, The. A comedy by Vanbrugh, produced in 1697. It was revived in 1726. Pruckner (prok'ner), Caroline. Born at Vi- enna, 1832. A noted teacher of singing. She opened a school of opera in 1870 at Vienna, and has pub- lished a *' Theorie und Praxis der Gesangskunst " (1872 and 1883). Prudentius (pro-den'shi-us), Aurelius Clem- ens. Boi'n probably in Spain, 348 a. d. : lived about 400. A Latin poet, author of hymns and Prudentius other poems on religions subjeets: the chief Cbristiau poet of the early church. Prudhomme (pru-doiu'). Monsieur Joseph. A self-satisiied character created})}' Heuriiloii- nier in 1H.")2, noted for his high-sounding l)ut empty phrases. He is frequently quoteii and rufen-ed to in French literature. His name was taken from the Old French temi sii;nifyin2 'riphte-ius man,' used for a mem- ber of a council composed of workmen and employers, appointed for the settlement of disjiutes between the two classes. Prudliomme, Sully. Born at Paris, 1S39. A French poet. He published his first poems, "Stances et poemes," in 1^35, and since that time has eiven himself apentirely to literature, science, and plulosophy. Anion? his works are "Les dpreuves, etc."(lStiti), "Les solitudes" (1869^ "Les destins"(lS72), **La rt^volte dea tieurs"(lii74), ''La France "(1S74), "La justice" (187»X etc. Sainte-Beuve observed of M. Sully Prudhomme that he belonged to none of the schools of contemporary pi)etry. "His was rather the nul>Ie ambition of conoiliatinK (hem, of deriving from them and reuniting in himself what was good in each. With much skill in the treatment of form. he was not indifferent to the idea; and, among ideas, he did not adopt any group to the exclusion of the rust." This rightly defines the position of Sully Prudhomme. Doirdeji, Studies in Lit., p. 425. Frudhon ( prii-don' )• Charles Francois Joseph, Born at Paris, July 114, 1S45. A Frciioh come- dian. He is a pupil of R^gnier; made his debut at the Com^die Fran^aise in 1865; and was elected a member In 1883. Prud'hon, Pierre Paul, Bom at Cluny, France, April 4, 1758 : died at Paris, Pel). 16, 1823. A French historical and portrait iiaiiitcr. He was a pnpil of Desvogea at Dijon, artd l;iter ;it ttie Beaux Arts. He won the grand prix de Rome in ITsi, and lived at Piome 7 years, returning to Paris in 178ft. where his reputation was established in 179?. Among his best works are "Di- vine .Justice and Vengeance pursuing Crime" (18'>8: in the Louvre), " Rape of Psyche "(ISl^), "Demeter in the House of Nefera," "Interview between ^Napoleon L and Francis II. after Austerlitz," etc. Pru© (pro), Miss. In Congreve's play "Lovo for Love,'' a romping awkward country s^irl with a well-deA'cloped taste for a lover. She is taken from "Wycherley's *' Country Wife." Prusa (pro'sii). The ancient name of Brusa. Prussia (pmsh'a), G. Preussen (prois'sen), [F, Frus.'^e, T>. I^ruisae)!, It. Frusiyia, Sp. Prufiia, Dan. Preus.'itit.l A kingdom of northern Ger- manv, extending from lat. 49° 7' to 55° 54' N., and from long. 5° 52' to 22° 54' E. : the largest state in area and population of the German Empire. Capital, Berlin, it is bounded by tlie North Sea, Oldenburg, Denmark, Mecklenlmrg, and the llaltic on the north, Russia on the east, the Austrian empire, the kingdom of Saxony, the Thuringian states, Bavaria, Hesse, and Alsace-Lorraine on the suuth, and Luxemburg, Belgium, and the Netherlands on the west. It omiprises also the detached territory of HohenzoUern and several smaller exclaves. Among the islands belonging to Prussia are Riigen, Fehniem, the North Friesian Islands, and Helgoland. Tlie northern and eastern parts belong to the great northern plain of Europe. In the south and southwest the surface is chieflj hilly 'U- mountainous — the principal ranges there being the Sutletir Mi>nnt;iiiis "ii the border of Austria, and the Thuringian and Ilaiz Moun- tains, while further west are the Weser Mountains, Teu- toburgerwald. Taunus, Westei-wald, etc. There are many email lakes in the north and northeast. The principal rivers are the Kms, Weser, EH)e (with the Spree and Ha- vel), Eider, Oder, Vistula, Pregel, Nienien, and Rhine (with the Moselle). Among the agricultural products are rye, wheat, oats, barley, millet, fruit, hemp, tlax, hops, beet-root, tobacco, and maize. \\'ine8 are largely proiinerd in the west. There is large prochiction of coal and iron, and the countrj- yields about half the zinc in the world ; there are also mines of copper, lead, salt, nickel, alum, Bulphur, amber, etc. Trussia is one of the principal man- ufacturing countries of the world. The exports include, besides manufactured good-s timlter, grain, wool, lol.neco, live stock, etc. The kiiigduni is subdivided into 12 jjrov- inces, not including I'.eilin ami Jlolnii/olirni : r.ii^l I'lus- ela, West i'rusHia, Ton mi an ia, I'osrn, iJiandentmrk'. "^aNony, Silesia. Hannover, .s,-hl. swig- HoMeiii, Wistplialia, Hesse- Nassau, and Rhine Province, The goverimient is a he- reditary constitutional monarchy, ndminiHtered by a king and a Landtag consisting of twu chambers: the Herren- haus, or House of Lords, and the Abgeoidnetenhaus of 43;i members. Trussia is the inimipal stale in the empire, and has 17 votes in the Hundesrat and J:!*". members in the Reichstag. Itskuig is thet^Jerman eniperur. Aboul seven eighths of the inhabitants are (iernmns; the remainder include I'oles, with a smaller number nf Lithuanians, Danes, Weinis, and f'zecha. nn4». he obtained a seat in the House of Commons. He at once took the part of tlie king, and was included in Itide's Purge(Dec. 6, 1648) He was arrested by iiradshaw July 1, 1650, and imprisoned. He was released Feb. 18, 1652. He was ajjpointed by Charles II. keeper of the records in the Tower. In 16C8 hepul'lished the "Vindication of the Ecclesiastical Juris- diction of the English Kings." By the Congress of Vienna it acquired nearly all its for- Przemysl (pzhem'isl). A fortified town in Ga- mer possessions (Itut not Hannover or the Polish territory \[qi^ Anstria-Hun^arv lost in 1S07), also parts of tlie electorates of Cnlugne and ' ' >-. . < Treves, Swedisli Pomerania, IJerc.JuIieh, Westphalia, Sie- gen, and large parts of .S;ixiuiy(\\ ittenberg.Torgau.etc). It entered the Germanic Cunfednalinii, and beltmged to the Holy Alliance, Rcvolutii>iiary ontlireaks occurred in 1S4S 820 sen and the Polish territories as far as the Pilica, Vistula, and Bug were annexed. Prussia lost to France her ter- ritories west of the Rhine in 1801; received in 1803 the bishoprics of Paderbornand Hildcsheim, and large parts of Munster. Nordhausen. Goslar, Ei-furt. the Eiclisfeld, and Muhlhausen : received Hannoverin l&K'i in return for Ans- Itach, Cleves, and Neuchatel ; was t4»tally overthntwn (at Jena, etc.) by France in lS( ISuUl'russia acquired Hannover, Nassau, Frankfort, Hesse- Cassel, and Sehleswig-Holstein, became the tlrst Uerman state, and formed the North (Jerman Confedeiation. Hy the war between France and (iermany in 1S70-71 the new Gennan Empire was formed, with the crown hereditary in the Pi'ussian dynastv. More recent events are the acces- sion of Frederick ill. and of William II. (both in 1888), and the retirement of Bismarck in I89o. (Compare O'-'r- iimiiij.) Area, 134,403 square miles. Population (lyOof, ■ '""' * ^f Psammetichus{sa-met'i-kus) I., orpsemthjek, . , ., . „ luoiii 1C-0 An Lsviitiau kiur', tlic iouikIpi' 01 the _()tn dv into this from 1821) to 18(f>. "• i '^' • Prussia, Duchy of. A former duchy coiTcspond- iug nearly to the present provinee of East Prus- sia (minus Ermehind). The am-ieiit inhabitants (Prus- sians) were cnnttM'TL'i tjy tlic Teutunic Ivnii^llts in the 13th century. We^t I'russia was ceded to Pi)lan'pt be- came a Persian province. constituted in 1,S'2.'); it was united to Brandenburg in lOlS. Psara, Sec /pfiaro. Prussia, East, 6. Ostpreussen(ost;prois'sen). Psellus (sel'us), Ilichael, surnamed "The El- A province of the lungdoiu of Prussia. Capital, der." Born iu Andros, Greece. A Byzantine author who lived in the second half of the 9th Konigsherg. it is bounded by tlieBalticon thenorth. west, ilussia on the northeast and east, Russian Poland the south, and West Prussia on the west. generally low Konigsberg an to the ancient duchy l.'inth Area, 14,275 stjnare miles. Populatioa(l^:)r.), 2,005,- 078. Prussia, New East. A region now belonging to Kussiau Poland, accjuired Ijv Prussia in th ceutiu'y id West Prussia on the west. The surface is pii" /,/•, Mir-'hnpl nnnstatitinp sur. .-. itcontainsthetwogovernnKEitdistrictsof *=6^^"f (sei us), jyucnaei oonsxanxme, sur and r.unibinnen. and crrespomls generally named ■■ Uie \ounger. Born at t onstan- tduchyof Prussia with the ad. liiii. not Erme- tinople, lOL'O : died after 1105. A Bvzantim pie, iu::u: (Ueii alter uuo. A uyzantine philosopher and autlior. Among his numerous works is "Opus in qiiatuor mathematicas ilisciplinas — arithmeticam, niusicam, peometriaiu, et astronomiam " (Venice. I.n32). partitions of Poland in i7!)3 and 1793, and lost ill Pseudodoxia Epidemica (su-do-doks'i-ii ep-i- IJ^OT. It lay north of the Vistula and Bug, and south and dem'i-kii), or an Enquiry into Vulgar IjITOrS. east of East Prussia and West Prussia. _^ work by Sir Thomas Browne, jmlilished in Prussia, Polish. A former division of the an- 1646. It isliis most popularandimi)ortant work, cient kingdom ot Poland, forming the greater I'oninionly known as " Vulgar Errors." portionof the present province of West Prussia, Psiloriti ipse-16-re'te), Mount. Tlie modern Prussia. name of Mount Ida in Crete. Prussia, Rhenish. See Hhinr I'rovivcc. Pskof (pskof ). 1. A government of Russia, sur- PruSSia, South. A former province of the king-- nmnded by the governments of St. Petersburg, dom of Prussia, acquired in the partitions of Novgorod, Tver, Smolensk, Vitebsk, and l.ivo- Poland ot 17!)i! and 170.1. Itcomprised iiearlyall the nia. It contains many swamps and lakes. Area, 17,009 present province of I'osen south of the Netze district, and " " ' " " " tlic part of present Russian I'oland lying between the Vis- tula and Pilica. Prussia, West, (J. Westpreussen (vest'prois"- sen). A provinco of the kingdom of Prussia. Capital. Dant/.ic. It is liounded by the Baltic on the north, East Trussia on the cast, Kiissian Poland and I'osell oil the south, Brandenburg on the southwest, and Poine- raniaon thewestand imitliwrst. 'I'bcsnrfacc isgencrally low. It contains tln'tunyovilillHiif districts Ilantzicand Maricnwcrdcr, and corrrsit-aids in the niainto tliereu'ions acquired in the dilferent partitions of Poland. Are;i, ll.SlO square miles. Population (180.5), 1,404,114. Pruth (priith ; G. proii. priit). A river in eastern I'jUrope. It rises in Oalicia, flows through Bukowlna, foniiing the boundary between Moldavia anil Bessarabia (in Russia), anil joins the Dannlte at Reid eimt of Gulatz. I.cngtli, over f>(H) miles; navigable to nearJassy. Pruth, Peace of the. A tretity concluded at I Iiisli lii^t ween Ii iissia and Turkey, ,Tuly 113, 1 71 1 . I'eter tlic Creat and liis arniv (which had lieen iilockadcd at lIiiMli, near the I'nitli) were relieved ; Azott and oilier possessions were ceded to Turkey ; and it was stipulated fliatCIiarlesXIT. "f Swetlen should be perinilteil to return btuue unmolested. Calh-ii also tile trealff "/ Fatrzi. Prynne (prin), Hester. The princiiial eliar- aeleriif j lau I home's ''Scarlet Ijetter." She Is doomed t^i wear a scarlet A embrtiidererl on her breast as a penance for Iter adultery with her Iiiistiand'sfriend. See him int'xilntr, A rlh ur. Prynne (prliO, William. Born at Swainswlek, near Halli. llilM): died at Loudon. Oct. L'4, 10l>!l. An Eiiglisli Presbyterian lawyer, pamiihleleer, and statesman, lie graduated at Oxford In 1021, I'li- tered hincoln's Inn in the same year, ami was afterwarii called In the bar. In ua:t he published " lllstrliMniislix." For hidlrectly criticizing the king and (lUeen In this book square miles. I'opnlation (ISOii), 1,010,000. '2. The capital of the government of Pskoff, sit- uated on the Velikaya in lat. r)7° .')0' N., long. 2.S° •22' E. In the middle ages It was a repuhlic, sustain- ing close relations with Novgorod; carried on an exten- sive trade with the towns of the Ilanscatie League: and successfully resisted the attacks of the Livonian Knights. It was conquered by Moscow in IMO Population, •.'H,721. Pskof, Lake. A lake in Russia, forming the soiilheni extension of Bake Peipus. Bength, .'ill miles. Psyche (si'ke). (^L., from Gr. 'I'vxv, breath, spirit, life, the spirit, soul, mind, etc.; a depart- ed spirit, ghost, etc.; also, a butterfly or moth as the symbol of the soul.] 1. In classical mytliology, the personiliinl and di'ilied soul or spirit, tlie beloved of Eros, by whom she was alteriiiitely I'aressed and tormented, shewnscon- siclered asafair young girl, often with the wings of a but- terfly, and the butterlly was her sjnibgl. .See Ciii'ul and J'mjche. 2. The sixteenth planetoid, discovered by Do (iusparis at Naples, Marcli 17. lHr)2. Psyche. A religious poem, in "24 cantos, by .Jo- sepli Beaumont, luiblished in 164M. Psyche. A l ragieomeily liv Moli^re, Pierre Cor- neille, and (^>uinaull, produced in 1070. Psyche of Capua. A celebrated (ireek torso, undra|ieil. in Ilie Nluseo Naziomile, Na)>les. The bead la bent in sorrow. It Is a copy from I'nultcles or his iniiiM'diate school, and Is somewhat Injurcil. Ptah (ptii). In Egyptian mythology, an impor- tant (ieity, tliougii not one of the oldest. He wa« the creative force (not solar), the divine builder, the tIvI- \ Ptah ^ng iutellectual power, honored especially at Memphis. He was represented in haman form, sometimes as a pygmy or embryo. Pteria (te'ri-a). [Gr. Ilrep/a.] In ancient geog- raphy, a place in Cappadocia, Asia Minor: the scene of a battle between Cyrus the Great and Croesus 554 (?) B. c. P. T, Letters, A series of letters published by Pope. Never! surely, did all the arts of the most skilful diplo- macy give rise to a series of intrigues more complex than those wliich attended the publication of the "P. T. Let- ters." An ordinar>' man says that he is obliged tu publish by request of friends, and we regard the transparent de- vice as, at most, aTenial offence. But in Pope's hands this simple trick becomes a complex app:iratus of plots within plots, which have only been unravelled by the per- severing labours of the most industrious literarj' detectives. The whole story is given for the first time at full length in Mr. Elwm's edition of Pope, and the revelation borders upon the incredible. Leslie Stephen, Hours in a Librar}-, p. 101. Ptolemais (tol-e-ma'is). [Gr. Ilro/f.ua/c.] In ancient geography: (^0 A city in Cj-renaica, -west of Cyrene. (b) A later name of Aeeho. See Acre, (c) Ptolemais Theron, a town on the west coast of the Ked Sea. about lat. 18° N. Ptolemy (tor e-mi) I., surnamed Soter ('Pre- server ') and Lagi (• son of Lagus '), [L. PtoJe- mseiis, from Gr. IiroA€ucuog.'\ Died 283 b. c. King of Egypt, founder of the Greek dynasty in that country. Hewas the alleged son of Lagus, a Ma- cedonian of ignoble birth, and Ai-sinoe ; but, as Ai-sinoe had been the concubine of Philip II. of Macedon, he was com- monly supposed by his contemporaries tobe the son of that monarch. He rose to a high command in the array under Alexander the Great, and in the distribution of the prov- inces on the latter 's death in 323 obtained the government of EgjTit. He formed an alliance with Antipaterag-ainst Per- diccas, the reirent in Asia, who invaded Egj-pt in 321 but was murdered by his own troops. He afterwaid concluded an alliance with Cassander, Seleucus. and Lysimachus against Antigonus, who fell in the battle of Ipsus in 301. He assumed the title of king in 306. In 304 his efficient support of the Khodians enabled the latter to repel a for- midable attack by Demetrius, whence he received the sum am e Soter or Preserver. He abdicated in favor of his son Ptolemy IL in 285. Ptolemy il., sm-uamedPhiladelpllUS. Born in the island of Cos, 309 B. c: died 247 b. c. King of Egypt 285-247. son of Ptolemy I. He annexed Phenicia and Coele-Syria ; encouraged commerce, litera- ture, science, and art; and raised the Alexandrian Mu- seum and Library, founded by his father, to importance. Ptolemy III., sm-uamed Euergetes {'Benefac- tor '). T>ied 222 B. C. Kiug of Egj-pt 247-222, son of Ptolemy 11. whom he succeeded in 24*. To avenge his sister Berenice (see Atitinchus II. ofSyrin). he invaded Syria about 245. and captured Babylon, but was recalled in 2J3 by a revolt in Eg>"pt. Ptolemy IV,, sumamed PMlOpator ('Loving his Father'). King of Eg>-pt 222-205 (204?) B. c son of Ptolemy III. He defeated Antio- chus the Great at Raphia in 217. Ptolemy V., sumamed Epiphanes (' Illustri- ous 0- King of Egypt 205 (204?>-1S1b. C.^sou of Ptolemy IV. His dominions were overrun by An- tiochus the Great, and saved only by the interference of Rome. Ee married Cleopatra, daughter of Antiochus the Great, in the winter of 103-102, in accordance with a treaty of peace c onclu ded w ith Antiochus some years previously. Ptolemy VI., sumamed Philometor. Died 146 b. c. Kiug of Egypt, son of Ptolemy V. whom he succeeded in 181 b, c. He was captured during an invasion of Egypt by Antiochus Epiphanes, king uf Syria, in 170, whereupon liis younger brother Ptolemy Vll. proclaimed himself king. He was presently released by Antiochus, and for a time reigned conjointly with his brother. Expelled by his brother, he sought relief in per- son at Rome in 1&4, and was reinstated at Alexandria, his brother being forced to retire to Cyrene, which he was al- lowed to hold as a separate kingdom. Ptolemy VII., sumamed Euergetes oi Phys- COn. Pied 117 B. c. King of Egi.'pt. He was a younger brother of Ptolemy VI., on whosedeath in 146 he us»u*ped the throne, putting to death the legitimate heir. (For Ptolemy VIT.'s history previous to this event, see Ptolem;/ VT.) He was expelled from Alexandria by the populace in 1-^0. out recovered his capital in 127. Ptolemy Vm., sumamed Soter {* Saviour') or PMlometor, also called Lathyms. Died 81 B. c. King of Egypt, son of Ptolemy VII. Phys- con, on whose death in 117 he ascended the throne conjointly with his mother Cleopatra. He was in 107 expelled fiom Egypt by Cleoputrn, who raised her favorite son Ptolemy IX. Alexander to the thrfme in his stead. He succeeded, however, in maintaining himself in Cyprus, which he held as an independent kingdom, un- til the death of his mother in S9, when he was recalled by the Alexandrians, who had in the meantime expelled his brother. Ptolemy XI., sumamed Neus Dionysus and Auletes ('Flute-player'). Died nl e. c. King of Eg}-pt, illegitimate son of Ptolemy VTII. LathjTus. He succeeded to the throne on the extinc- tion of the legitimate line of the Ptolemies in SO B, C. lie was expelled by the populace in 58, but was restored by the Romans in 55. Ptolemy Xn. Died in 48 or 47 B. C. King of Egypt, son of Ptolemy XI. Auletes. He ascended 830 the throne in 51 conjointly with his sister Cleopatra, whom he expelled in 40. The reinstatement of Cleopatra by Cte- sar in 4S gave rise to war. Ptolemy was defeated on the Nile, and was drowned in the flight. Ptolemy. Died 40 A. D. King of Matu-etania, the son of Juba 11. and grandson of Antony and Cleopatra. He was summoned to Rome and put to death by Caligula (40 A. V.\ whose cupidity had been excited by his great wealth. Ptolemy, L- Claudius Ptolemaeus (kla'di-us tol-e-me'us). Bomat Alexaudria: flourished in the first half of the 2d century A. D. A cele- brated Alexandrian astronomer, geographer, aud mathematician. He "built up a mathematical system of astronomy and geography which was universally received until, in the course of the 16th and 17th centuries, the system of Copernicus displaced it. Ptolemy believed that the sun, planets, and stars revolved round the earth. His error in calculating the circumference of the globe war- ranted C«lumbus in supposing that the distance from the western coast of Europe to the eastern coast of Asia was about one third less than it acturdly is ; and thus encour- aged the enterprise which led to the discovery of America" (Jebb), His recorded obstr\ations (at Canopus) extend from 127 to 151 A. D. His astronomical and mathematical work is contained in the "Syntaxis," called by the Arabs "Almagest"(w^hich see). Puans. See JVuiiicbago. PublilianLaws(pub-liri-anlaz). 1. In Roman history, a law passed about"471 B. C, through the efforts of the tribime Pubiilius Volero. it trans- ferred the election of tribunes from the centuries to the comitia tributa, and its passage marked the concession of the right of initiating legislation to the plebeians. 2. Laws proposed by Pubiilius Philo 339 (338 ?) B. C, They provided that one censor must be a plebeian ; that plebiscita (laws passed by the comitia tributa) should apply to all citizens ; and that laws presented to the cen- turies should be previously approved by the curiie. Publius (pub'li-us). The pseudonym of Alex- ander Hamilton, John Jay. and James Madison in their papers in the ''Federalist." Pucelle (pii-ser),La. [F., ^The Maid.'] The siirname given to Joan of Are. Pucelle, La. 1. An epic byChapelain. Halfof it was published in 16o6, after being hei-alded for twenty years. It was ridiculed, and the other half was not printed. 2. A burlesque epic by Voltaire, published iu 1762. He denied the authorship forsome years. Puck (puk). A piayf id, mischievous elf in folk- lore : otherwise Robin Goodfellow, "Wiil-o'-the- TVisp. etc. Shakspere introduces him in the " Mid- summer ^Night's Dream "as ahousehold faiiy, the jester to King Oberon, aud he plays many pranks in the wood near Athens. In "Faust" Goethe introduces him asapen'ading, whimsical, perverse element rather than as an individual. The tricksy nattire of Shakspere's Puck harmonizes better with the etymology. Puck came to England with the Scandmavian or Danish settlers. " Puki in old !Noi-se \vas a devil, usually a wee de\'il. His Danish name was Pokker. To the Celts he was Pucaor Pwca. He is Pug when Pug is an imp's name, and Bug in the sense of hobgoblin, bug- bear, and humbug." Morley. ITie character of Puck, or, as he is properly called. Kobin Goodfellow, is literally no other than our own '"guter Kjiecht Ruprecht"; and it is curious that from this name in German the word "Eiipel " is derived, the only one by which we can g^ve the idea of the English clown, the verj' part which, in Shakespeare, Fuck plays in the king- dom of the fairies. This belief in fairies was far more diffused through Scandinavia than through England ; and again in Scotland and England it was far more actively de- veloped than in Germany. Robin Goodfellow especially. of whom we hear iu England as early as the thirteenth cen- tur>', was a favourite in popular traditions, and to his name all the cunning tricks were imputed which we relate of Eiilenspiegel and other nations of others. Gervinu&, Shakespeare Commentaries (tr. hv F. E. Bun- [nett, ed. l&aj), p. 194. Piickler-Muskau (piik'ler-mos'kou). Prince Hermami Ludwig Heinricli von. Bom at Muskau, Silesia, Pinissia, Oct. 30, 1785: died at Branitz, Brandenburg, Prussia, Feb. 4, 1871, A German writer of travels. He wrote *'Briefe eines Verstorbenen" ("Letters of One deceased," 1830^ "Semi- lassos vorletzter Weltgang" ("Semilasso's Last Journey but One Around the World, * 1835), "Semilasso in Af- rika" (1836), "Aus Mehemed-AIis Reich" (1844), etc. Pudding (pud'ing), Jack. A clown in English folk-lore. He corresponds to Piekelhering, Hanswur.st. etc. Pudding River Indians. See Ahantchutful: Pudsey (pud'siK A town in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England. 7 miles west of Leeds. Population (1891), 13.444. Pudukota (po-do-kot'a), or Tondiman (ton'di- man). A native state of ludia. tributary to Great Britain, intersected by lat. 10° 30'' N., loui:. 78° 45' E. Puebla (pweb'la). 1. A state of Mexico, sur- rounded by Vera Cruz, Oajaca. CJuerrero, More- los, Mexico, Tlascala, and Hidalgo. Area, 12,204 isquare miles. Population (1895). 979.723. — 2, The capital of the state of Piiebla,76miles south- east of Mexico : in fiUl, La Puebla de los Angeles. It is the second city in the republic in population, has thriving manufactures and trade, and contains a cathedi-nl and many religious establishments. It was founded in 1532. In 1855-&a it was the scene of several revults by Puff partizans of the church party, and was twice besieged anil taken by President Comonfc.rt. On Slay 3, 1862, the French were repulsed in an attack on tlie nlace, but it was taken by Forey in 1S63. Named fn.ni the pions tra- dition that, before the conquest, visions of anjrel host* n ere seen in the licavens aboye its site. Population (18951. !I1.91T. Pueblo(pweb'16). The capital of Pueblo County, Colorado, situated on the Arkansas River 106 miles south of Denver. It has manufaetures of iron, steel, and lead. Pop. (1900), 28,157, Pueblo Indians. See Eeresan, Taiioan, Tusayan, and Zunuin. Puelches(po-al-chas')- ['Eastern people.'] In- dians of the Pampean or Araucanian stock, in the western part of the Argentine Republic, north of the Rio Negro (territories of Rio Negro, Los Andes, and Pampa). They are probably the same as the Querendis, a formidable tribe which opposed the fii-st settlers of Buenos Ayres. (See C»ercnc/i,«.) At present they do not number more than o,(hX), but their fighting force is often increased by their .-illiance with the Amu- canians of Chile. Until within a few years they have been hostile to the whites, and they are still dangerous neigh- bors of the settlers. They are somewhat wandering iu their habits. This is one of the tribes called Pampas. Puente de Calderon (pwen'ta da kal-da-ron'). [Sp., 'bridge of Calderon.'] A place about 30 miles east of the city of Gtiadalajara. Mexico, where the highroad from Lagos crosses the river Santiago. Here the royalist forces (6,000) under Calleja defeated the revolutionists (said to have numbered 80,04tO) under Hidalgo Jan. IV, 1811. The victor>" was largely due to an accident by which the long grass was set on fire io front of Hidalgo's army, forcing it to retreat in confusion. This battle decided the failure of the first attempt to make Mexico independent. Puerto Beilo. See Porto Bella. Puerto Cabello (ka-Bel'yo). A seaport in the state of Carabobo. Venezuela, situated on the Caribbean Sea in lat. 10° 29' N., long. 68° 1' W. It is noted for its fine harbor, and exports cof- fee, ete. Population (1892). about 11.000. Puerto Cortes ipwar'to kor-tas'). or Puerto Caballos (kii-Bal'yos), or Port Cortez (port kor'tez i. A place in Honduras, situated on the Bay of Honduras about 100 miles north of Coma- yagua. It is a railway terminus. Puerto de Santa Maria (san'ta ma-re'a), or El Puerto (el pwer'to). A seaport in the prov- ince of Cadiz. Spain, situated at the entrance of the Guadalete into the Bay of Cadiz, 8 miles northeast of Cadiz. It exports sherrv. Popu- lation (1S87), 20..590. Puerto d'Espana. See Port of Spain. Puerto Lamar. See Cobija. Puerto Mahon. See Port ilahon. Puerto Montt (mont). A seaport, capital of the province of Llanquihue, Chile, situated at the head of the Bav of Kelonea\-i, about lat. 41° 30' S. Populatioii (1885). 2,787. Puerto Plata (plii'ta), or Porto Plata (por'to pla'ta). A seaport situated on the northern coast of the Dominican Republic, 110 miles northwest of Santo Domingo, West Indies. Pop- ulation, about 4,000. Puerto Principe (pren'the-pa), or Cindad del Principe (the-6-THU?H' del pren'the-pa). Acity in Cuba, situated about lat. 21° 24' N., long, 77° 55' W. It has considerable trade and mantifac- tures. Population (1899), 25,102. Puerto Real (ra-al'). A town in the pro-s-ince of Cadiz, Spain, situated on the Bav of Cadiz 7 miles east of Cadiz. Population (1887), 9,694. Puerto Rico. See Porto Eko. Pueyrredon i_pwa-e-ra-TH6n'), Juan Martin. Boru about liSO: died near Buenos A\Tes, 1S45. An Argentine general and politician. He was su- preme director or president of the United Pro\ inces from July, 1S16, to June, 1819, when he resigned. It was owing to his cordial support of San Maitin that Chile was con- quered by the patriots, Pufendorf (po'fen-dorf). Baron Samuel von. Bora near Chemnitz, Saxony, Jan. 8. 1032: died at BerUn. Oct. 26, 1694. A celebrated German jurist, publicist, and historian, professor suc- cessively at Heidelberg and at Lund, and his- toriographer in Sweden and in Brandenburg. His chief work is "De jure natnrse et gentium ""C' On the Law of Xature and Nations," 1672). lie also wTote "Ele- menta juxisprudentiEe universalis" (1660). "De statu im- perii Gernuinici"("t)n the Condition of the German Em- pire." 1667), " De rebus Suecicis " (" On .Swedish History," 1676), a history of the Great Elector (1695), etc. Puff (puf). 1. A bustling and impudent liter- ary humbugin Sheridan's "Critic." He is the au- thor of the tragedy rehearsed in the play, and past master in the art of puflfing. A character in a joint humorous composition of Sheridan and his schoolfellow Halhed was the prototype of Puff. 2. A publisher and vender of quack medicine in Foote's ''Patron." — 3. A hunibiiggiiig auc- tioneer in Foote's "Taste." — 4. A cowardly servant in Garrick's " Miss Ln her Teens." Pug Pug (pug). A devil in man's shape in Jonson's '"The Devil is an Ass." He gives the title to the play, being made an ass of, much to his mortitieatioii. ' Puget (pii-zlia'), Pierre. Born at Marseilles. 1622: (lied 1094. A Freiieli painter, sculptor, engineer, and arcliiteet. in ig,-,7 he desisjuetl and ex- ecuted the Porte de Ville lit Toulon, his tlrst celebmled architecturul coinpositiun : the caryatids of this Kate are anions the chtssics of I'rciich sculpture. HeiUso Ijuilttlie Halle au Poisson, Hospice de Charit(^, and mar.y flnebulld- inRR in Marseilles. To this period belongs tlie Hercules Galilois in the Louvre. After KXill he executed his three principal works of sculpture ; the Perseus arul Andromedi, Milo of Crotonn, and tlie Inis-relief of Alexaniler and IJio- gencs now in the Louvre. The .Miluof crotona is his best work. It represents that atlilete caURlit in a spl it tree-trunk while a lion attacks him from liehind. This was tinislied in 1082, and in ltW3 placed in the Karden of Versailles ; it is now in the Louvre (Salle de I'uget). Fuget (pfi'jet) Sound. An arm ot the Paeifie, penetrating into tlu> State of Washington south- ward from the Strait of Juan de Fuca, by wliieh it is connected witli the r'acific. It is divided into Puget Sound proper in the sfiutb and .Admiralty Iidet in the north. It is noted for its depth and its line harbors. Seattle and Taconia ai-e on its shores. Total length in Btraiglit line, about 80 miles. Pughe (pi"i), William Owen. Bom at T\-n v Bryn, Wales, Aug. 7, 1759: died June 4, i83.'). A Welsh antiquary. He published a Welsh- English dietionarv (1793-1803), and with others " My\'}Tian .Archaiology " (1801-07). Pugin (pu'jin), Augustus Welby Northmore. Born at London, March 1, 1812: died at Kams- gate, Sept. 14, 18.52. An English architect, son of Augustus Pugin (1762-1832). He left the Church olEnglandfor the Church of Rome when quite younji. lie made the designs for Killarney Cathedral. Adare Hall, a chapel at Douai, and many churches and buildings for that faith, and iissisted .Sir Charles Barry in the decorations of the new Housesof Parliament, lie imbli.^bed "Cuntrusts: or a Parallel between the ArthiteilniLof the l.",(li :ind lOtli Centuries "(li^^itJ), '* True Principles of Cliristian Aicbitec. ture " (18-11), '* Glossary of t^cclesiastical Ornament " (1814), etc. In lS;'iii lie became insane. Pujol, Abel de. See Abel de Fiijul. Pujunan (po-jo'nan). A linguistic stock of North American Indians, comprising the Maidu and Nishinara divisions. It embraces a number of small tribes and villages formerly occupying the part of California between Deer Creek, Lassen liutte, and Honey Lake on the north to Cosumne Kiver on the south, and from the Sacramento and in places from points west of that river on the west to the summit line of the sierra Nevada on the east. In 1850 the stock numbered proba- bly 2,500 or 3,Ono persons ; but many of the tribes are now either extinct or on the verge of extinction, and the few survivors are scattered through the country over which they once held sway. The stock is named from the Pusnna, a small Nisliinam tribe formerly near the mouth of Fea- ther Kiver. Pul (pul). A king of Assyria, mentioned in the Old Testament: identical with Tiglath-Pile- serni. Alfo I'h III. Fulairih. See I'ulailniiliaii. Pulaski (pu-las'ki), Pol. Pulawski (pii-liif- ske), t'oiiut Casimir. Hum in I'udolia. .March 4, 1748: died near Savannah. Ga., Oct. 11, 1779. A Polish general. He took part in the in- surrection following the fonnation of the Confederation of Bar in 1708 ; escaped from Poland ; entered the Ameri- can service in 1777; served at Brandywine; formed a corps called " Pulaski's legion "in 1778; defended (Miarles- ton in 1779 ; and was mortally wounded near Savaimah, Oi:t. '.I, 1T79. Pulcheria (pul-k6'ri-ii). Bom Jan. 19, 399 A. D.: died Feb. 18, 453. A. Byzantine empress 414- 453, daughter of the emperor Arcadius. .She reigned conjointly with her lirother Tlieodosius II. -114- 450. On the death of her brother in 450 she married Mar- cianus, whom she raised to tlie throne as her colleague. Pulch^rie ()uil-sha-ro'). [P., ' Pulclicria.'] A tragedy by Oorneille, produced in 1672. The sub- ject is taken from the end of the life of the em- press. Fulci (pOrdie), Luigi. Bora at Florence, Dec. 3, 1432: died 1487 (1490 Morley). An Italian romantic poet, the friend of Poliliaii and Lo- renzo lie' Medici: author of the burlesiiuc epic "II Morgante Maggiore " (148,"iK Ills brothers Bernardo and Luca were also ports. Pulcinella, or Pulcinello, or Punchinello. See Pulkowa (pol'ko-vii).' A place in the govern- ment of St. Petersburg, Russia, 10 miles soutli- west of St. Petersburg. It is noted for the Nh-holas Central (Miservatoiy, Biliiiited in bit. 5'J' 4li' N'., Icnig. :!0' 20' 10., the most important in KuHsIa, completed in Isail. Pullet (piil'et). Aunt. A selfish invalid, one of the principal eharaciers indeorge Eliot's "Mill on tiie Floss." she hcnpecks her husband, whose mis- sion in life seems to be to tlatter her and tliid her idllsfor her. She Is the sister of Aunt (Jlegg and Mrs, 'I'nlliver, Pullman (pul'man). [Named from lleorge M. Pullman.] A village in Cook County, Illinois, 13 miles south of Chicago, now forming a suburb 831 of that city. It is the seat of the car-works of the Pullman Manufacturing Company. Popula- tion, aliout 11,000. Pulo-Gondor(po'16-kon-dor'),orCondore(kon- dor'), or Candore (k!in-<16r'), F. Poulo-Con- dore(pii-lo'kdn-dor'). Agroujiof small islands in the China Sea, situated about lat. 8° 40' X., long. 10()°40'E. They have belonged to Franco since lS(i2. Pulo-Penang. See Foiang. Pultava. See Vultoitn. Pulteney (pult'ni), William, Earl of Bath. BorMl()S4: dieil July 7, 17ii4. An English states- man. He was educated at Westminster and at Oxford (Christ Church), and in 1705 entereil Parliament. He was a prominent Wliig in tlie reign of Queen Anne : when Wal- pole was sent to the Tower by the Tories in 1712, Pulteney defended him in the House of Commons. On the accession of George I. he became secretary of war, retiring in 1717. Neglected by Walpole, he became bis ojiptuicnt in 1725. On July 14, 1742, lie was createtl earl of Bath. Pultowa (piil-to'vii), or Poltava (pol-ta'vii), or Pultava (piil-tii'va). 1. A government in southwestern Kiissia, surroniuled by the gov- ernments of TcheinigofT, Kharkoff, Yekateri- noslaff, Kherson, and KielT. It is one of the lead- ingngricultural governments of the country. Area, 19,265 snuarc miles. Population (lS9il), 2,8'.I8,000. 2. The capital of the government of Pultowa, situated at the .iunction of the Pultavka with the Vor.skla. about lat. 49° 35' N., long. 34° 35' E. It is noted for its fairs. Near it, .Tunc 27 (X. S. Julv 8), 1709, the Russians (about 70.000) under Peter theGreii't defeated the Swedes (about 2.%tX)0) under Charles XII. The battle marks the fall of the latter's power, and the 1 i.se of Itussia. Population (1891), 43,603. Pultusk (piil'tiisk). A town in the government of Lonisha, Russian Poland, situated on the Narew 34 miles north of AYarsaw. Here, in 1703, the Sw'edes under Charles XII. defeated the Saxons: and here, Dec. 20, isoo, a battle was fcinglit between the French under LaiinesandtbeP.ussians under I'-nmigsen. Victory was claimed for both sides ; tlie Itussians retreated after the battle. Population (1890), 0,224. Pulwul. See I'alwdl. Pumacagua (po-ma-kiig'wa), Mateo Garcia. Born near Cuzco, 1738 : died at Sicuani, Marcli, 1815. A PemWan Indian general. In Ang.,i,si4, he headed a formidable insurrection against the Spaniards, occupied Arcquipa, and at one time liad 40.000 folbtwers, lie was defeated at Uniachiri (Siarch II, 181.5), captured, and ]iut to death, Pumblechook (pbm'bl-chok'),"Mr. A pom- pous old gentleman in Dickens's novel "Great Ex])ectations." lie is Joe Oargery's uncle, and makes himself pecnliarly odious to I'iji by his jiatronago and his olVensive habit of springing mathematical problems on him for solution. Pumpernickel(pom'i"r-nil-cl), His Highness of or His Transparency of. A name by whicli minor German jirmces are jocularly satirized. Pun& (po-na'). An island of Ecuador, at the entrance of the Gulf of (Juayaquil, which it pro- tects from the sea. it is about 25 miles long by 12 broad, low, and partly covered with forest. Its Imlian iii- liabitants, a warlike r.aee, sulniiltted to the Incas altont 1600, Hero Pizarro gathered bis forces in 1632, before in- vading Peru : ho liad a battle with the natives. Punadio'niijjorDespobladoCdiis-po-blii'THo). In the Andean rigimis of ■South .'Vnierica, any liigli and arid tabic-laiid. .Sjiecitleally, and In a geo- graphical sense, a region in Peru between the Central ami Western Cordilleras, extending from atiout lat. 13' S. to the contlnes of Itolivia or beyond; southward it has an average width of l.Mi miles, narrowing northward. The I'uiia consists of undulating lands, 13,000 to 18,000 feet above sea-level, very cold, barren, and uninhabited. Puna, See I'oiiiKi. Punames (po-nil'mSs). See ffiii. Punch (punch). [Alibr. of l'iiiirhin been created by Silvio I'loriUo, a coineilian, iiltout UMi >. He tlrst appeared in France lu* a pnpiiet in tlie beginning of the reign of U>ui8 XI \'. Allusions t*>" I'nnclilnellos" be- come frequent in rngland after 1088. 'I'hc origin of Toby the dog is uncertain, and Punch In his Italian form had far more liberty of action than in the English jiuppet- show. Punch. A satirical illustrated journal, pub- lished weekly in London; fonndod 1841. Punchinello (pun-chi-ncd'o). [From It. ;)i//n'- ni'Ui), a clown, buffoon, iiroji. a puppet.] See I'uurh. Punderpur. See P car in Sicily ; final Koiuan victory (ending the war) at the .Egatcs 241 B. c. By the peace Carthage ceded western Sicily and paid a large indemnity. Tlie scat ot war was Sicily, Africa, and the Mediterranean. The second war began in 218 u. c. Its immediate cause was Hannibal's conquest of .Saguntnm (ally of Rome) in 219, It was carried on in Spain, Italy, Sicily, and AfriciL The follow- ing were the leading events; Hannibal's invasion of Italy after crossing the .Vlps in 218 ; battles of Ticino, Trebbia, Lake Trasiniene, and Caiinic; campaigns in Spain: conquest of Syracuse by Marcellus ; invasion of Italy by Hasdrubal, defeated at the Metaurus; linal defeat of Hannibal at Zania in 202. By the peace, 20i b. c. , Carthage ceded pos- sessions in Spain and the Mediterranean, and paid a heavy tribute ; Niimidia became an ally of Konie ; and the Car- thaginian fleet was reduced. The chief commanders were Hannibal for Carthage and Sclpio Africanns and Fabius ilaxiinns for Rome. " The third war began in 149 b. c. Its cause was the att.ick by Carthage on Xlassinissa. Carthage was besieged I>v land and sea by tile younger Scipio .\frl- canus, and w;is taken and destroyed in 140. Its ten"itory was divided between Home and Numldla. Punitz (lio'nits). A town in tlie province of Poscn, Prussia, 44 miles south ot Posen. Near it, in 1704, the Swedes under Charles XII. de- feated the Saxons. Population (1890), 2.004. Punjab, or Punjaub. See I'anjab. Punnah. See I'miiia. Punnak. See Ilaimocl: Puno (po'no). 1. A department in southeast- ern Peru, bordering on Bolivia. Area, 20,190 square miles. Population (1876). 250,594. — 2. The capital of the department of Puno, situated near Lake Titicaca. Population (1889). 5.000. Punt (]>ont). In Egj'ptian antiquity, a region identified by Maspero and Mariette with that part of the Somali country which is situated on tlio eastern coast of Africa, bordering the Gulf of Aden. Edwards, Pharaohs, Fellahs, etc., p. 276. Punta Arenas (pon'tii ii-ra'nsis). [S])., ' Sand Point.'] A ( 'hiiean colony on the Strait of Ma- gellan, in hit. .53° 9' 42" S. It is the southern- most town in America. Population, about 2,000. Punta de Obligado (inin'tii da ob-le-gii'Tiio). A low projecting biuff on the western side of the river Paranil, Argentine Republic, at the boun- dary between the provinces of Buenos Ayres and Santa F6. in IMS the dictator Rosas had this place strongly fortified with batteries commanding the river and defended by 4,0^)0 men under Mansilla. On Nov. 20 the position was bombarded and taken by the combined ICnglisIi and French fleets. Puntarenas, or Punta Arenas. The principal seaport on the Pacific side of Costa Rica, sitti- ated on 1 lie (^.ulf of Nicoya, about lat. 9° .59' N., long. 84° 46' \V. It has considerable foreign commerce. Population, about 5,000. Puntarvolo (punt-iir'vo-lo). In Ben Jonson's "Evii'V Man out of his Humour," a knight af- fecting faii1;istic romanticism. Piipienus Maximus (pfi-pi-e'nus mak'si-mus), M. Clodius. Died 238. A Roman emperor. He was appointed by tile Senate joint emperor (Augustus) of Itoiiie with liecimns Cielius Balbinus in '2.SS, In opiio- sition to Maxiniin, who was shortly after killed by his own soldiers at the siege of Aqulleia. Pupienns and his colleague were murilercd by tho pretorians at Rome before the beginning of August in the same year, after having reigned from about the eml of April. Puquinas (]ui-ke'niis), orXJrUS (8'r6s), or Ocho- zomas (6-cho-tho'iniis). Asingular race of In- dians who live about the southern end of Lake Titicaca, Bolivia. Ijirge jiarts of the lake are shallow and covered with reeds, and among these the PuquitiHs have their retreats, as they have had for centuries. They navigate the lake in balsas (rafts made of rushes), and sub- sist on tlsli, or on vegetables which they otitiiin bv barter. The approaches to their haunts are thrtuigh wimiing nas. sages which they conceal with jealous care: thus iney have been able to retain their imlependence Itoth under the Incas and the Spaniards, whom tlicy resisletl bravely in the 17th ci-ntnry. l.ittle Isknown of llndr language, which is quite distinct from the i^ulchua and Aymiu^ A few tbonsands remain. Purana (pii-rii'iia). [Skt., from piiri'nin, old, ancient, and so, literally, 'nn old tratlitionni story.'] The name of each of n class of San- skrit works, imiiortanl in (heir connection with the later phases of Bralimanism, as exhibited in the doctrines of emannlion. incarnation, and triple nianifestntion. They are the Veda of popular Hinduism, and contain the histtiry of the gods, inlerwiiven with every variety of legendary tradition on other sub- jects. Though nominally trltbelstie, they are practically Tiolythelstle and yet essentiallv pantheisifc. 1'hclr form is in general that of dialogues in whii-b a well-known anil Inspired sage answers the questions of his diticiples wbilu others are inoiKdogues. 'Ihey are written in the shioka Purana meter of the Maha'.iharata, with occasional passages in prose. Tlu-y immber IS. The best-known is the Vislinn- purana. ti.inolateii by Wilson, whose translation has l)t'en resiiiteil with notes by Hall. There are also 18 Upapura- uas. or subordinate Puranas. Purbeck (per'bek), Isle of. A peninsula in Dor- set. England, 9 miles in length. It is noted for limestone-quarries. Purcell (per'sel), Henry. Born at Westmin- ster, about 1658: died there, Nov. 21, 1095. A noted English niusicinu and (.•mjijioser. He was admitted as chorister in tlierliajiel Kuyal, and in 1070 com- posed an ode for the liin^''.s birtluiay. In 1075 he composed his famous opera " Dido and .Eneas" for performame in a school. In 1676 he was a copyist at Westminster Al>be\'. and composed the music of Dryden's " Aurenirzelie "aiid Shadweirs" Epsom Wells "and "TheLibertine." In 1077 he wrote the music to Mrs. Behn's tragedy " Abdelazar." Some of the songs in these compositions :u-e still pt)i)Ular. In 1680 he was the organist of Westminster Abbey, and during the next 5 or 6 years composed most of his church music. In 1682 he w'as organist of the Chapel Royal. In 1683 he began to compose chamber music ; and in 1687 wrote the music for Dryden's "Tyrannic Love." He com- posed the anthem "Blessed are they that fear the Lord." by command of the king, 108S; the nnisic for Dryden's "King Arthur," 1091: and liis greatest work, tlie"TeDenm and Jubilate." written for St. Cecilia's day, 1604. He was the most celebrated of a noted family of musicians. The Purcell Society was founded in 1S76 for the express pur- pose of doing justice to his memory by publishing and per- forming ids work. Purchas (per'chas), Samuel. Born at Thaxted, Essex, 1577: died at London, Sept., 1626. An English elergj-man and author, best known from his works of travel. He published " Purchas his Pil- grimage, or Relations of tlie World and the Religions ob- served in all Ages and Places, etc." in 1613 : a second edi- tion appeared in 1614, much enlarged. Four succeeding volumes, comprising articles from Ilakluyt's publications atid manuscripts, appeared in 1625 witli the general title "Hakluytus Posthumus, or Purchas his Pilgrimes : con- taining ft History of the World, in Sea Voyages and Land Travels by Englishmen and Others." The fourth edition of " Purchas his Pilgrimage " is usually sold with the latter work as if it were a succeeding fifth volume, and the live are known as " Purchas's Pilgrims." Tins collection is of great histoiical value. Purchas also published "Purchas his Pilgrim : ^licrocosmns, or the History of Man, etc." (1619), " The King's Tower etc."(1623: a sermon), etc. Pure (piir). Simon. In Mrs. Centlivre's com- edy "A Bold Stroke for a Wife," a Pennsylva- nia Quaker who is intended by the guardian of Ann Lovely, an heiress, to marry her. His name and personality are assumed by Colonel Fainwell in order to win the lady's person and fortune; hence arose the ex- pression " the real Simon Pure," as he brought witnesses finally to prove that he was the owner of the name. Purgatorio (por-ga-t6're-6), II. ['Purgatory.'] The seeond part of Dante's '■Di\ina Comme- dia" (which see). Purgatory (per'ga-to-ri) River. A river in soutliern Colorado which joins the Arkansas in Bent County. Length, about 175 miles. Purgon (piir-goii'). One of Argan's physicians in Moliere's ''Le malade imaginaire." He is "all physician," a satire on the profession. Purgstall, Joseph von Hammer-. See Ham- mer-I'i(y(istall. Puri, or Pooree (po-re'). 1. A district in the Orissa division, Bengal, British India, inter- sected by lat. 20° N., long. 86^ E. Area, 2,472 square tniles. Population (1,891), 944,998.-2. See Juggernaut, where an account of the temple and festival is given. Purim (po'rim). [Heb., pi. ot pur, lot (Esther ix. 26).] An annualJewish festival celebrated on the 14th and 15th of the month Adar (March). It is preceded by the fast of Estlier (on the L'itli), at the close of wliich the scroll containing tlie book of Esther is read in the synagogue, and the name of Hainan cursed, while that uf Murdecai is blessed. Purissima Indians. See Cliumashan. Puritan (pu'ri-tan). A wooden center-board sloop designed by EdwardBurgess,andlaimched in South Boston in 1885. Her principal dimensions were : length over all, 94 feet ; length at load water-line, 81 feet li inches ; beam, 22 feet 7 inches; draught, 8 feet 8 inches ; displacement, 105 tons. Winning two out of three of the trial races, she was selected to defend the America's cup ill 188.1. This she did successfully in two races with the tienesta, Sept. 14 and Sept. 16. Puritan, The, or the Widow of Watling Street. A play published as " written by W. S." (William Shakspere) in 1606. According to Fleay, the author of the play is undoubtedly \Iid.lleton, the whole style, plot, and meter being his. Swinburne thinks it is probably by Rowley. Dyce thinks that it was by Wentworth Smith, "an industrious playwright," who was fortunate in his initials. Ward. Puritan City, The. Boston. Puritani di Scozia (po-re-tii'ne de skot'se-ii). I. An opera by Bellini, first produced at Paris in 1835. It is usually known as '' I Puritani." Puritan's Daughter, The. An opera by Balfe. produced at London in 1861. Purmayah (p6i'-ma"ye'). [From;)«r, full, and 832 niayan, measure : ' having full measure, full- grown, rich, precious.'] lu the Shahnaiuah, the wonderful cow, with the colors of the peacock, that nourished the infant Faridun ; also, a brother of Fariduu 'U'lio, with another brother Kayanush, sought to kill Faridun by rolling ujion him in his sleep a rock which was arrested by Fariduii's magic power. Purniah (per'ni-a), or Pumeah (per'ne-a). 1. A district in Bengal, British India, intersected bv lat. 26° X., long. 88° E. Area, 4,993 square miles. Population (1891), 1.944,658.-2. The capital of the district of Purniah, in lat. 25° 46' N., long. 87° 31' E. Population (1891), 14,555. Purple Island, The. An allegorical poem on the human bodvbvPhineas Fletcher, published in 1033. Pursh (jK-rsh), Frederick. Born at Tobolsk, Siberia, 1774: died at Montreal, June 11, 1820. A Russian botanist. He wrote " Flora Americse Sep- tentrionalis. oraSystematic Arrangement and Description of the Plants of North America " (1814), etc. Purupurus (po-ro-po-ros'), or Purus (pii-rcis'), or Pamarys (pil-mii-rez'). Brazilian Indians living about the lower course of the river Pu- riis, an affluent of the Amazon which takes its name from them. They are wandering in habit, con- structing rude temporary huts on the swampy islands, and subsisting principally by fishing. Lazy and timid, they have never resisted the whites, and are anioni; llie iimst despised of the Amazonian tribes. The name I'm ujiurus, (Tupi pirU'puru) refers Ui a disease, almost universal among them, in which the skin turns bluish and then white in patches. Martins supposed that tliese Indians were the same as the Pamas who formerly lived on the Madeira. The Arauas, a horde on the river Juru^, seem to be linguistically allied to them. Purus (po-riis'). A river which rises in Peru, flows through the northern part of Bolivia and the western part of Brazil, and joins the Ama- zon about long. 61° 30' W. It was iirst explored by Chandless in 1864. Length, along its numer- ous ■windings, about 1,900 miles ; navigable for a great part of its course. Pusey (pu'zi), Ed'ward Bouverie. Born near O.xford, 1800: died Sept. 10, 1882. An English theologian. His name was originally Edward Bouverie : the family, of Huguenot origin, became lords of the manor of Pusey, near Oxford, and from it took that name. In 1818 he entered Clu-ist Church, O.xford, .and in 1824 became a fellow of Oriel. He was associated with John Henry Newman and Joltfl Keble. In 1828 he was regius professor of Hebrew at Oxford and canon of (Christ Church. In 1835 he took part in the tractarian movement, and later was suspended for three years (1843-40) from the function of preaching for publishing "'The Holy Eucharist a Comfort to the Peintent." The movement thus started took tiie name " Puseyism." The practice of confession among the extreme ritualists of the Church of England dates from his two sermons on "the entire absolution of the peni- tent " (1846). Among his w-orks ai-e " Parochial Sermons," " Doctrines of the Real Presence,'' " The Real Presence," and "The Minor Pi'ophets." He was one of the editoi-s of the " Librai-y of Translations from the Fathers" and the *' .\nglo-Catholic Library." Pushan (po'shan). [Skt., from -^f push, thrive, make thrive.] A god frequently invoked in the Vedic hymns. He is a protectorand multiplierof cat- tle and of human possessions in general. As a cowherd he carries an ox-goad and is drawn by goats. As a solar deity he beholds the universe and guides on journeys, in- cluding those to the other world, and aids in the revolu- tions of day and night. In the marriage ceremonial he is besought to take the bride's hand and lead her away and bless her. Pushkin, or Poushkin (piish'kin), Alexander. Born at Moscow. May 26 (O. S.), 1799: died at St. Petersburg, Jan. 29 (O. S.), 1837. A cele- brated Russian poet. His mother was of negro de- scent. He was repeatedly employed in the administra- tive service of the government, in spite of his liiieral sen- timents. He was mortally wounded in a duel. His works include "Ruslan and Liudmilla," "Prisoner of tlie Cauca- sus," "Fountain of Baklitchisarai," "The Ciipsies," "Rob- ber Brothers," "Count Nulin," "Poltava," "Angelo" (a play, from " Measure for Measure "). " House in Kolomna," tragedy "Boris Godunoff," "Eugene Ouyegin" (showing Byron's inrtueuce) ; odes; the novels "Captain's Daugh- ter," " Queen of Spades," etc. ; and a " History of the Con- spiracy of Pngatcheff." Puss-in-Boots (pus'in-bots' ). [F. Le chatmaifre, nu le chat botte.'] The hero of a nursery tale, translated in the 18th century from the French tale published about 1697 by Perrault, who took the plot from Straparola's "Piacevole Notte." This cat, by liis cleverness, makes the fortune of his mas- ter, a miller's son. Tieck published the story in 1795 as " Der Gestiefelte Kater." Pusterthal (pos'ter-tiil). An Alpine valley, one of the largest in Tyrol. It comprises the valley of the Rienz and the upper valley of the Drave. Length, about 60 miles. Putbus (p6t'b(5s). The largest ]>laco in the isl- and of Rligen, Pntssia, situated in the southern part, south of Bergen. Puteoli. See Posziwli. Putignano (po-ten-ya'no). A town in the prov- Pyat ince of Bari, Apulia, Italv. 24 miles south-south- east of Bari. Population (1881), 12,161. Put-in-Bay (put'in-ba'). A summer resort in South Bass Island, Lake Erie, 14 miles north of Sandusky, Ohio. Putlitz (pot'lits), Gustav Heinrich Gans, Edler zu. Born at Retzien, Prussia, March 20, 1821 : died there, Sept. 9, 1890. A German poet, dramatist, and novelist. He wrote the fairy poem '"Was sich der Wald erzahlt" (1850)," Vergissmeinnicht," " Walpurgis " (1809), etc. Putnam(put'nam). A city in Windham County, northeastern Connecticut, on the Quinnebaug River. Population (1900), 7,348. Putnam, Israel. Born at Salem, Mass., Jan. 7, 1718: died at Brooklyn, Conn., May 19, 1790. An American Revolutionary general. He was a farmer at Pomfret, Connecticut. He served in the French and Indian war 1755-62, and in Poutiac's war in 1764; was one of the commanding officers at the battle of Bunltei Hill in 1775 ; was made a major-general in 1775; took part in the siege of Boston 177.'>-76; commanded at the defeat on Long Island in 1776; commanded in the Highlands of the Hudson in 1777 ; and served in Coiniecticut 1778-79. He was disabled from active service by a stroke of paraly- sis in 1779. Putnam, Mrs. (Mary Lowell). Born at Bos- ton, Dee. 3, 1810; died there in 1898. An Amer- ican author, sister of J. R. Lowell. Putney (put'ni). A suburb of London, situated in Sm'rey, on the Thames, 6 miles southwest of St. Paul's. It is the terminus of the course for the uiij. versity boat-race. Population (1891), 17,771. Putrid Sea, The. See Simsh. Puttenham (put'en-am), George. Born about l."i:>0: dictl about 1600. An English author. He was educated at Oxford, and had traveled. The "Art of English Poesie" (1589) has been attributed to him, but there is a dispute as to his authorship. Puttkamer (pot'kii-mer). Robert Victor von. Born at Frankfort-on-the-Oder, Prussia, May 5, 1828 : died at Karzin in Pomerania, March 15, 1900. A Prussian ijolitician. He became min- ister of public instruction in 1879 ; introduced an im- proved orthography of the German language, commonly called "the Puttkamer orthography," into the public schools in 1880 ; and became minister of the interior and vice-president of the ministry in 1881. He was dismissed from office I>y the emperor Frederick in 1888. Put Yourself in his Place. A novel by Charles Reade, published in 1870. Putziger Wiek (pot'sig-er vek). [' Bay of Put- zig.'] The western branch of the Gulf of Dantzie. Puvis de Chavannes (pii-ves' de sha-van'), Pierre. Born at Lyons, Dee. 14, 1824: died Oct. 25, 1898. A French historical and decora- tive painter. He was a pupil ot Couture and Henri .Sclietfer. Among his works are " Ste. Genevieve" (Pan- theon, Paris), and "Tlie Sacred Grove." (He executed mural paintings for the new Sorbonne, 1886-89, and fur the new Public Library in Boston, 1894, 1896. He became pres- ident of the Socic'tt? des Artistes Dissident after the death of Meissouier in 1891. Puy (pile), Le, or Le-Puy-en-Velay (le-pwe'- ou-ve-la'). The capital of the department of Haute-Loire, France, situated between the Borne and the Dolezon, in lat. 45° 2' N., long. 3° 52' E. : the medieval Anicium and Podium. It is a manufacturing center for laces. The chief objects of interest are the early medieval cathedral of Notre Dame, and Mont Corneille, a rock surmounted by a statue of the Virgin. The place has been a resort for pilgrims from early times. It was the capital of the ancient "Velay. Population (1891), commune, 20,308. Puyallup (po-yal'uii). A tribe of North Ameri- can Indians. Theyformerly lived on Puyallup Bay and at the month of Puyallup River, Washington ; but are now on Puyiillup reservation, Washington. Number, 563. See Salishan. Puy-de-Dome (pUe-de-dom'). [F. pny. from LL.7)()r//«w, ahill.] 1. A peakof the Auvergne Mountains, situated in the department of Piij'- de-D6me 8 miles west of Clermont-Ferrand. On the summit there are an observatory and Roman ruins. Height, 4,805 feet. 2. A department of central France. Capital, Clermont-Ferrand. It is bounded by Allier on the north, Loire on the east, Haute-Loire and Cantal on the south, andCorreze and Creuse on the west, and corresponds to the northern part of the ancient Auvergne, part of Bour- bonnais, and a small part of Forez. Its surface is mostly mountainous. It is traversed by the Allier, forming the valley of Limagne. Its agriculture and manufactures are flourishing. Area, 3,070 square miles. Population (1891), 564,266. Puy-de-Sancy (piie-dc-son-se'). The highest suniniit of the Auvergne Momitains, Prance. Height, 0,185 feet. Puzzuoli. See Pnc'iiali. Pyat (pvil), Felix. Born at Vierzon, Cher, France, "Oct. 4, 1810: died at St.-Gratien, Aug. 4, 1889. A French socialist politician and dram- atist. He was a member of the "Mountain" party in Pyat the ronstituent Assembly in 1S48; as a member of the Legislative Assembly in 1840 si^ed the appeal to arms, and escaped from France ; returned in liSTO ; and was a leader of the t'ommune in 1871. Pyatigorsk, orPiatigorsk (pyii-te-gorsk'). A tmvu in the Ter^k Territory, Ciseaueasia, Rus- sia, sit uatetl on an afHuent of the Knma in lat. 44° 4' N., long. 42° 8' E. it is noted as a watering-place on account of its sulphur springs. Population (1889), un4. Pydna i pid'na). [Gr. niJra.] In ancient geog- raphy, a town i:i Macedonia, situated near the OmII' of Saloniki ISO miles southwest of Saloniki. It is notal'Ie for the victory gaineil near it in 168 B. c. by the Romans under .Kmilius Vaulusovar the .Macedonians under Perseus, causing the overtlirow of the Macedonian monarchy. Pye ( I'i >■ Henry James. Born at London, July 111. 174.5: ilied near Harrow, Aug. l.'i, 1813. An Kiiglish poet. He was educated at l).xford (Magdalen I'nllegeX and became a memberof Parliament in 1784. In 17;to he succeeded Wharton as poet laureate. In 17!'2 be was a London jtolice magistnite. He wrote "Alfred," an epic, in 1801, and several volumes of poems and translations. Pyeed. See Paiutr. Pygmalion (pig-nia'li-on). [Gr. ni)//a/.iui'.] In (jreek legend: («) The brother of Dido. See hiihi. (A) A sculptor and king of Cjlirus. Ho fell In love with an ivory statue whicil he had made, and at his request .Aphrodite gave it life, ilarstoti's Itrst publication was *■ The .Metamorphosis of Pygmalioirs Image : atid Cer- tain Satires," which was printed in l;">it8. " Pj'gmalion s Image " was a poetn of '243 lines, not a satire. William Morris has also t^jld the story in his "Earthly Paradise." Pygmalion and Galatea (gal-a-te'ii). A fairy coinetly by \V. S. Gilbert, produced in 1871. Pygmies ( pig'niiz). An African race of dwarfs. The existence in .\frica of an undersized race, with a stature averaging that of a lx)y of 12 to 13 years, was known to the earliest writers, as Homer and Uesiod, who must have heard of it through Egyptian channels. Sataspes the Per- sian f'jund, at the term inns of his voyage along the African west coast, a tribe of dwarfs wearing leaves and owning cattle, i lie Pygmies are found all the way from F.gypt to the t "apeCBusbnien). and from Kamerun to Zanzibar, in spo- radic liancls of timid and nomadic hunters and llshermcn, paying tribute to Bantu or Hamitic chiefs. In Abyssinia are found the Doko. who m.ake good servants ; on the Blue Nile, the Sienietye ; in Oallaland, the Wasania and Watua ; on the .Aruwimi River, the .Akka and Waml)uti ; in French Kongo, the Obongo and Bakkebakke; on the Kuangu River, the Bachwa; on the Lulua and Sankuru and in the horseshtie bend of the Kongo River, the llatua (also P.a- tekke or Bayekke) ; in the Nguru Mountains near Zanzibar, the Wadidikimo ; at the head of Lake -Nyassa, high up in the mountains, the Waiienaor Wapanga. Finally, the vari- ous tribes of Bushmen south of the Zambesi are also Pyg- mies. See Hottentnt-Bushmen. Hottentots, Ihu^htneii, Khot- khoiu. and African ethnoffraphy (under Africa). Pylades (piTa-dez). [Gr. rit'/'.(if!;/r.] In Greek legend, the friend of Orestes and husband of Electra. Pylus (pi''"s). [Gr. ni/'aif.] In ancient geog- raphy, a town in Messenia, Greece, situated at the northern entrance to the Bay of Navarino, 5 miles northwest of the modern Navarino. it lathe traditional seat of Nestor and other Neleids. It was fortilled by the Athenians under Demosthenes in 42j B. c. Pylus, Bay of. See Xararino, lUiij of. Pym (pirn ). John. Born at Brymore, Somerset- shire. I.'i84 : died at London, Dec. 8, 1043. An English statesman and Parlinniontary leader. He entered Broadgates Hall (now I'cinliroke rollege), Ox- ffird. in Ifitin. and becamcaniemlnTof I'arlianu-nt for I'alne in ltj21. He was one of the managers "f lluekingbam's lmpe!uhment In 1026, and advo.-ateil tin- I'.-litinn ul Might In iti2s. Hisauthority began in the >li'>rt Parliament. In the I/»ng Parliament he assisted in impeaching Stratford and Laud, He was one of the "live members" whose ar- rest was attempted by Charles I. In Jan., WA'l. Pynclieon(pin'ehon), Clifford. In Hawthorne's "House of the Seven (itibles," the brother of '•old maid Pyneheon." who has returned from a prison to find himself at odds with a matter- of-fact world. 833 Clitford too — . . . who evidently represents the sen- sitive and lesthetic side of the authors own mind, "that s<|ueamish love of the beautiful "(to use his own expressive phrase) winch is in him when stripped of that cold con- templative individuality which seems to me to bo at the centre of Hawthorne's literary genius and personality — is a flno study. lluUon, Essays, IL 442. Pyne (pin), Louisa Fanny. Born at London, 1832. A ]iojiular English singer. In l(yi2 she ap- peared in public with her sister Susan (ilrs. Standing), and in 1811} she appeared in the ojiera "S,,iinambula" at Bou- logne, and was engaged for opera in Ixjnd()n. In 1854-57 she visited America, llrst api)earing in "Soimambula" at New York, and singing at all the principal cities with brilliant success. She returned to I»ndon in 1S.'>7, and opened the Lyceum Theatre for English opera. She was married in 1S(W to Frank U. Bodda. Pyramid LakeCpir'a-midliik). A lake in west- ern Nevada, 50 miles north by east of Carson City. It has no outlet. Length, about 35 miles. Pyramid Peak. A summit of the Elk Moun- tains. Colorado. Height. 13,885 feet. Pyramids ()jir'a-midz) of Gizeh. The north- ernmost surviving group of a range of about 70 pyramids, extending from Abu Koash south to Meidoum. The Gizeh group consists of the Oreat Pj-ra- mid, the second and tbinlpynunids,and88m.-ill pyramids. The Great Pyramid is the tomb of the Pharaoh Kliuln (Cheops), of the 4tli dynasty, and dates from about 4.00f.i B. c. Its ori;:iiial height was 481 feet (])resent height, 4.'il), and the original length of the sides at the base, 7f>5. It is built of solid masonry in large blocks, closely lilted, with use cif mortiir. The exterior forms a series of steps, which were originally lllled with blocks of limestone ac- curately cut to form a smooth sloi)e. The entrance, origi- nally concealeil, is on the north side, 4.t feet above the base and '24 to one side of the center. The jiassage slants down- ward for 3o6 feet; but the corridor, slanting upward to the true sepulcliral ch.ambers, soon branches ort" from it. A horizontal branch leads to the queen's chamber, about IS feet scjuure, in tile center of the pyramid, and the slant, ing con'idor continues in the lireat iJallery, 151 feet long, '28 high, ami 7 wide, to the vestihule of tlie iving's chamber, which is 34^ feet long, 17 wide, and 19 high, and 141 above the base of the pyramid. It contains n plain, empty sar- cophagus. The second pyramid, or pyramid of Cltephren (Khafra), was originally 47'2 feet high and 7(Hj in base-mea- surement, ItlLts two entrances, and interior passages and chambers similar to those of the Great Pyramid. It re. tains, at the top, p:u't of its smooth exterior casing. The third pyramid, that of Menkatira (Jlencheres), was 215 feet high, and .'t4tt to a side at the base. The entrance-jiassages and sepulchral chambers are similar to those of the otlier pyramids. All three were built by the 4th dynasty. Tem- ples, now ruined, stantl before the eastern faces of the second and third pyramids. For the Step l*j'ramid, ace .'^akkarah. Pyramids, Battle of the. A victory gained near the iiyramids of Egypt, July 21, 1798, by the Ereiichunder Napoleon over the Mamelukes under Murad Bey. Pyramus (pir'a-mus). [Gr. Ilipa/ioc.'i In clas- sical legend, a youth of Babylon, the lover of Thisbe. Their story is celebrated by Ovid in hi*" Meta- morphoses." and Shakspere introduces it in the interlude of the " Midsummer Night's Dream." Pyramus. The ancient name of the .Jihtin. Pyrenees (i>ir'e-iiez), F. Pyr^n^es (iii?-ra-iia'), sp. Pirineos (pe-re-nii'os), L. Pyrenaei {pir- ij-ue'i). A niountain-i-ange which separates trance on the north fiom Spain on the soutli, and extends from t he Bay of Biscay to the Medi- terranean. It is divided into the Eastern. Central, and Westeni Pyrenees. The highest points(Pic do NtJ'thon and Mont Perdu, reaching about ll.neo feet) are in the Central Pyrenees. 'There are few passes, and tho chain has a high average elevation. There are a number of small glaciers. Length, about :it)0 ndles. Greatest width, about 70 miles. Pyrenees, Australian. The western part of tho Auslrnlinn .\lps, in Victoria. Pyr6n6es, Basses-. Sec liiis-scs-Pi/reiiecs. Pyr6n6es, Hautes-. See Haiitts-i'yrencoi. Pyrenees, Peace of the. A treaty between France and S|iniii. eoio'luded in Nov., 1G59, on an island of the liidassoa (near the Pyrenees). Python Spain ceded to France a great i>art of Artois.parts of Han- ders, Hainaut, and Luxemburg, most of Koussillon, and part of I'erdagne ; a marriage was arranged between Louis .\1V. and the lufanta of Spain, 31aria Theresa, daughter of Philip IV. Pyr 6nees-0rientales ( pe-ra-na' zo-ryon-tal' ) . [F., 'Kastirn Pyrenees.'] A department of southern France, capital Perpignau, formed from tho ancient Koussillon and small parts of Languedoc. It is bounded by Ariijge on the north- west. Aiide on the north, the ilediterranean on the east, and Spain on the south. The surface is mountainous on the frontiers. It is an agricultunil department. The lead- ing pro'inct is wine. Area, 1,592 square ndles. Popula- tion (181U), 2111,125. Pyrgopolinices (per-go-pol-i-ni'sez). A brag- gart, a character in the comedy "Miles Glorio- sus," by Plautus. Pyrmont (por'mont). 1. A small principality in I ii-nuany, united with Waldeck. It is sur- rounded by Pi'ussia, Lippe, and Brunswick. — 2. The capital of the principality of Pwmont, situated 33 miles southwest of Hannover. It is a watering-place with chalybeate and saline springs. Pyrocles(pir'o-klez). 1. A characterin Sidney's ' ' Arcadia." lie disguises as a woman, Zelmane. — 2. The son of Aerates and brother of Vycao- cles, in Spenser's " Faerie Queene." Pyrrha (pir'ii). [Gr. Ui!if>a.'] In Greek legend, t lie wife of Deucalion. See Deiicalioii. Pyrrho (pir'6). [CJr. Ulpput:'] Bom in Elis, Greece, about 3G0 B. c. : died about 270 B. c. A Greek philosopher, the founder of the skeptical school. Pyrrhus. See Xcoptolcmus. Pjrrrhus (pir'us). [Gr. ni'/')/>oc.] Born about 318 B. c. : killed at Argos, Greece, 272 B. c. Kin^ of Epirus, one of the greatest generals of antiquity. He wa.s invited by Tarentum to assist it against Rome in 280 ; defeated the Romans at Heracleiain '2Sn,and at Aseulum in 279 : remained in Sicily until 27ti ; and was defeated by the Romans at Beneventum in 275. Pythagoras (pi-tliag'o-ras). [Cir. Ili^'ojopac.] Born in Samos, Greece, probably about 582 B, c, : died at Metapontum, ilagna Gnpcia, about 500 B. C. A famous Greek philosopher and mathe- matician. He emigrated to Cixitonn, Magna Gnecia, about 529, and founded there a philosophic school. Later he removed to Metap^intum. Pytheas (pith'e-as). [Gr. neOfuf.] A Greek navigator and astronomer who lived in the sec- ond half of the 4th century B. C. He was a native of Massilia (Mai-seilles), and visited the coast of Spain, Gaul, and Great Britain, His works, fragments oidy of which remain, contain our earliest precise infonnatioti concerning the northwestern countries of Europe. Pythia (pith'i-a). [Gr. Ilef^ia.] Tho prophetess iif llic Dilpliio oracle. Pythian games. One of the four great national festivals of Greece, celebrated once in four years, in honor of Apollo, at Delphi. Pythias (pith'i-as). [Gr. Ili't^idr.] A SjTacu- sau condemned to death by Dionysius I. See J hi moil. Pythius (pith'i-us). [Cir. llWim:.] A surname of Apollo as the slayer of the Python. Python (pi'thon). [Gr nit/ur.] In classical an- tic[uilies and in the New Testament, a sooth- saying sjiirit or demon; hence, also, a per.son possessed liysuch a spirit ; es]iecially, a veiilril- 04iuist. Some ancient writers speak ot the seriK'ut l*y- thon as having delivered oracles at helphi before the com- ing of Apollo (who slew it), and during the Roman lmpo> rial period we Ilnd the name often given to soothsayers. The spirit was supjiosed to speak from the belly of the 8(M)thsayer, who was acconlingly called «"y>athon,' while some manuscripts read "a spirit, a Pytbon." ua-. For names beginning thus, not given here, see Kica-. Quackenbos (kwak ' en - bos). George Pasm. Bom at Ne-svYoik, siept.4,1826: died JulyL;4. ISSl. An American educator. He graduated at Co- lumbia in 1^43, and was for many years principal of a collegiate school at New York. He edited the "Literary Magazine " tS48-50t He is known, chiefly as the author of various te.\t-books on United States his- tory, grammar, rhetoric, arithmetic, and natural philos- ophy. Qnadi (kwa'di). [L. (Tacitus) Qiiadi. Gr. (Strabo) Koorfoiw;.] A German tribe, a part of the Suevi. the eastern neighbors of the Jlar- eomanni in Bohemia, in the region back of the Danube about the March and the Taya. They were originally allies of the Marcomanni, but later (in the 4th centur>') appear in incursions into Roman territory in company with the Sarmatian Jazyges. They were ulti- mately included under the common name Suevi, Quadra (kwa'dra). Vicente. ANicaraguan poli- tician, president March 1, 1871, to March 1, 187.5. His term was peaceful and prosperous. Quadrilateral (kwod-ri-lat'e-ral). The four fortresses of Legnago, Mantua, Peschiera. and Verona, in Italy. They are famous for their strength and for their strategic importance during the Austrian occupation of northenl It.-^ly, Quadrilateral, Bulgarian. The four fortresses of Rustchuk, Schumla. Silistria. and Varna. Quadruple Alliance, The. A league against Spain, formed in li 18 by tireat Britain, France, Austria, and the Netherlands. Quadruple Treaty, The. A league formed against the usurper Dom Miguel of Portugal and Don Carlos of Spain in 1834. The signa- torv powers were Great Britain, France, Spain, aini Portugal. Quai d'Orsay (ka dor-sa' ). The quay along the south bank of the Seine in Paris, on which are situated the department of foreign affairs and the buUding of the Corps Legislatif ; hence, the French foreign office, or the government in gen- eral (like the English Downing street). Quaker (kwa'ker). The. -An opera by Charles Dibdin, produced in 1777. Quaker City. Philadelphia, which was colo- nized by Quakers. Quaker Poet, The. A name given to Bernard Barton, and also to John Greenleaf Whittier. Quangsi. See Kwangsi. Quangtong. See Kicangtung. Quantock Hills (kwan'tok hilz). A range of hills in Somerset, England, west of Bridgwater. Quantz (kwants). Johann Joachim. Bom near Gottingen, Jan. 30, 1697 : died at Potsdam, Prus- sia, July 12, 1773. A celebrated German flute- player and composer for the flute. Quaquas fkwa'kwas). Indians of east n Vene- zuela, south of the Orinoco, on the ' er Cuyu- ni: a branch, descended from thos' .hieh were gathered into the mission villages in the 18th century, is found near the Gulf of Paria. The Quaquas formerly lived on the upper Orinoco, above the junction of the Meta, and they are said to have spoken a dialect of the Saliva language; but at present they speak -Ara^vak, perhaps from long intercourse with that tribe. They are of a mild disposition, and agriculturists. Also written Gua{^ue.% Guaicas, and Guaycai. Quaregnon (ka-ren-y6n'). A town in the prov- ince of Hainaut. Belgium, 36 miles southwest of Brussels. Population (1890), 14,361. Quarles (kwarlz), Francis. Bom at Kumford. Essex, 1592: died Sept. 8, 1&44. An English poet. He was educated at Christ's College. Cambridge, and became a student at Lincoln's Inn, London. He was city chronologer iu 1639. Among his works (largely sacred poems) are "Divine Emblems" (1635*, "Hieroglj-phics " (1638), and a prose work, "Enchiridion" (16tOX Tl.e enormous popularity of Francis Qnarles's "Em- blems" and " Enchiridion," a popularity which has not entirely ceased up to the present day, accounts to some extent for the very unjust ridicule which has been lav- ished on him by men of letters oi h is owu and later times It is, of course, sufficiently absurd that such hasty and slovenly work should have been reprinted as fast as the presses could give it. when the "Hesperides" remained almost unnoticed. But the silly antithesis of Pope, a ^vrite^ who, great as he was. was almost as ignorant of lit- erary history as his model, Boileau, ought to prejudice no one, and it is strictly true that Qnarles's enormous volume hides, to some extent, his merits. SaintOmry, Hist, of Elizabethan Lit., p. 377. Quarles (kwarlz), John. Bom 1624: died 1665. -An English poet and author, son of Francis Quarles. Quamero (kwar-na'ro), Gulf of. An arm of the .\driatic Sea. southeast of Istria. Quarra (kwa-ra'). [Tigua name of central New Mexico.] -A. former village (pueblo) of Tigua Indians, situated in Valencia County, New Mex- ico, on the southern edge of the salt-basin of the Manzano. it was abandoned about 1674 on ac- count of the hostility of the Apaches, the inhabitants flee- ing to Tajique. The ruins uf a large church of stone stand by the side of those of the village. The mission of Quarra was founded shortly prior to 1632. Quarrelers. See Kutdiin. Quartley (kwart'li), Arthur. Bom at Paris, May 24, 1839 : died at New York, May 19. 1886. An American marine-painter. He was of English parentage : lived mostly in Baltimore and New York ; and was elected national academician in 1>S6. Quartu (kwar'to), Gulf of. -\n arm of the Gulf of Cagliari. in Sardinia. Quasimodo (kwa-si-mo'do). [From the first words of the introit in the mass for Quasimodo Sunday.] A misshapen dwarf, one of the chief characters in Victor Hugo's ''Notre Dame de Paris." Quatre-Bras (katr-bra'). A place in Belgium, 20 miles south by east of Brussels. It was the scene of a battle between the French under Xey and the Allies under Wellington, June 16, 1S15 (two days be- fore the battle of Waterloo), when >'ey was forced to re- treat. Quatrefages de Breau (katr-fazh' de bra-6'), Jean Louis Armand de. Bom at Berthez&me. Gard. Feb. 10. ISIO : died at Paris. Jan. 13, 1892. A French naturalist. professor (18.55) of anatomy and ethnology at the Museum of Natural His- tory in Paris. He published works on zoology- and anthropology. Quatre Fils Aymon (katr fes a-mon')- Les. 1 . A medieval French prose romance of adven- ture, from a narrative poem by Huon de Ville- neuve, taken from earUer chansons in the 13th century : a popular French chap-book was founded on it, AjTuon de Dordogne has four sons who are knighted by Charlemagne : Renaud or Reynauld (It. Rinaldo). Guichard or Guiscard, ,\lard or .\del.-u-d, and Richard orRichardet. To Renaudor Rinaldo wasgiveTi tlie celebrated horse Bayard (which see). Rinaldo appears in " Orlando Furioso," and also in Tasso's poems. 2. An opera by Balfe, produced at Paris in 1844. Quatremfere (kiitr-mar'). Etienne Marc. Bom at Paris, July 12. 1782: died there. Sept. 18, 1857. A French Orientalist, professor of Hebrew and SjTiac at the College de France from 1819. He published "Recherches historiques et critiques sur la langue et la litterature de I'Egypte " (1S08). " illmoires his- toriques et geographiques sur I'Egypte "(1810). "Memoire sur les Nabateens" (1n3.'>i, etc. Qua'tremere de Quincy (katr-mar' de kan-se'), Antoine Chrysostome. Born at Paris, Oct. 28. 1755: died at Paris. Dec. 8. 1849. A noted French archaeologist and politician. He published "Dictionnaire de I'architecture," and critical works on Raphael, Michelangelo, Canova, etc Quatres Vents de I'Esprit (katr von de les- pre'), Les. [F., 'The Four "^inds of the Spirit.'] X volume containing poems and a drama by Victor Hugo, published in 1881. Qua'tre-Vingt-Treize. See Xinety-Three. Quauhtemoc, or Quauhtemotzin. See Guate- niotciti. Quay (kwa). Matthe-w Stanley. Bom at Dills- burg. York County, Pa., Sept. 30, 1833. -\n American Republican politician. He was admitted to the bar in 1854 ; obtained prominence in the politics ol Pennsylvania; and has represented that Statein the United States Senate since 1SS7. As chairman of the RepublicaD National Committee he conducted the presidential cam- paign of 1S&8. Qubad (pres. Pers. pron. ko-bad', earlier ko- bad' ), or Eobad, in Greek Kobades. The name of the 19th and 24th kings of the Sassanian dy- nasty. Eobad I., the son of Perozes (FiruzX reigned a. d. 488-198 and again 501 or oO-2-o31. In the interval Zaineg (Jamasp), Kobad's brother, dethi-oned him and compelled him to fly to the Huns, with whose assistance he recovered the throne. Eobad waged war with the Greek emperor Anastasius. but on the defection of his allies, the Huns, made peace with Anastasius on condition of receiving ll,OX) pounds of gold. War with Constantinople was re- newed in 521, in the reign of Justin I., and continued un- der Justinian I. He is the Eaiqubad of Firdausi. Eob.id n. reigned Feb., 6-28. July, 6-29. He put to death his father, Chosroes II., and his brothers and half-brothers to the number, it is said, of forty, and is represented as dying of remorse. It is more probable that he died of a plague which ravaged Persia at that time. Quebec (kwe-bek': F. pron. ke-bek'). A prov- ince of the Dominion of Canada, British North America. Capital. Quebec: chief city. Montreal. It is bounded by the Northeast Territory and Labrador on the north, Labrador and the Gulf of St. Lawrence on the east, New Brunswick. Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York (partly separated by the St. Lawrence) on the south, and Ontario (partly separated by the Ottawa River) on the west. It is traversed by the Limrentian. Notre Dame, and other ranges of mountains. The chief river-system is that of the St. Lawrence. The fisheries and lumbering interests are important. It cM>ntains 63 coun- ties. Government is vested in a lieutenant-governor, ex- ecutive council, legislative council, and legislative assem- bly. It sends to the Dominion Parliament -11 senators and 6o representatives. Ilie prevailing religion is the Roman Catholic. The inhabitants are largely of French origin, and the language is largely Canadian French. The region was explored by Cartier in 1535. The first permanent settle- ment was made by the French at Quebec in 160S. The ter- ritory was ceded by France to Great Britain in 1763 : the prorince of Upper Canada was set off in 1791 ; and Upper Canada and Lower Canada were united in 1841 and sepa- rated in 1867. -Area, 347,350 square miles. Population (1901), 1,64«,898. Quebec. The capital of the pro'vince of Que- bec, Canada, situated at the junction of the St. Charles with the St. Lawrence, in lat. 46° 48' N., long. 71° 12' W. It is noted for its picturesque situation, and is the most strongly fortified city on the western continent. It has extensive trade ; is a terminus of steamship lines ; exports timber, etc. ; and is the seat of Laval University (Roman Catholic). The site was visited by Cartier in 1535. The city was founded by the French under Champlain in 160S; taken by the British in 1629 and restored in 1632 ; unsuccessfully attacked by the British in 1690 : besieged by the British under Wolfe in 1759. and taken after the battle of Quebec in Sept.. 175'.* : ceded to Great Britain in 1763: and unsuccessfully attacked by the Americans under Montgomery in 1775. He perished before its walls and his troops were dispersed. Since then it h£s not been attacked, the battle of Quebec was a victory on the Plains of Abraham, near Quebec, Sept. 13, 1759, gained by the British under Wolfe over the French under ilontcalm. It resulted in the fall of Quebec, and ulti- mately in the loss of Canada to the French. Population (19011, 68, S4a Quedlinburg (kved'lin-boro). A citv in the province or Saxony, Prussia, situateS on the Bode, near the Harz, 34 miles southwest of Magdeburg, it is noted for the production of vegeta- bles, fruits, and especially of seeds, and has manufactures otcloth. Theabbey church, orSchlosskirche,isanionument of much artistic importance- The main structure is of the early 11th centiu^- ; the choir was modified in the 14th. The crypt is the original church of the luth century : it is built over a still older chapel which contains the tombs of. the emperor Hem^' I. and his consort Matilda. Qued- linbtirg was founded by Henry the Fowler ; was frequently a royal residence ; and was a Ilanseatic town. It belonged to Saxony, and later to Brandenburg. Population (1S9C), 20,76L Queen Anne's War. The name given in the [] United States to the war against the French and Indians 1702-13 (part of the War of the Spanish Succession). Queen Charlotte (shar'lot) Islands. A group of islands in the Pacific, west of British Colum- bia, and belonging to that province. The chief islands are Graham Island and Moresby Island. The sur- face is mountainous. The inhabitants are Indians ; their number is estimated at 2,000. Queen Charlo'tte Sound. The continuation of Johnstone Strait, separating Vancouver Island from the mainland of British Columbia. Queen City of the Lakes Queen City of the Lakes. Buffalo. Queen City of the South. Sydney. Australia. Queen City (or Queen) of the West. Cincin- Iiali. Queen Mab. A poem bv fehelley, printed in ]oi:-i. Queen Mary. A dramatic poem by Alfred Ten- nyson, published in 1875. Queen of Cities. Eome. Queen of Corinth, The. A play by Fletcher, Miissinfier, and others, produced before 1618 and printed in 1(547. Queen of Hearts, The. Elizabeth, queen of Bohemia, duugliter of James I. of England. Queen of Sheba. 1. SeeSheha. — 2. An opera liy Goldmark, ]iroduced at Vienna in 1875. Queen of Tears. A name sometimes given to Mary, secomi wife of James II. of England. Queen of the Antilles. Cuba. Queen of the East. 1 . A name given to Anti- och, in SjTia. — 2. A title of Zcnobia, queen of Palmyra. — 3. A name given to Batavia, iu Java. Queen of the North. Edinburgh. Queen of the Sea. Tyre. Queen's College. A college of 0.xford Univer- sity, England, founded in honor of Philippa, consort of Edward III., by her confessor Robert de Eglesfield. in 1340. The present buUdintts date from 1692, except tlie chapel, whjuli is of 171-1. Tlie liall, built by Wren, contains tine portrait.^. Tlie High-street tri'nl has a circular belvedere, with coupled columns, over the entrance. Queens' College. A college of Cambridge Uni- versity, England.foundedby Margaret of Anjou, consort of Henry VI., in 1448, and refounded by Elizabeth Woodvillc, consort of Edward TV., in 1465. The vaulted gateway pa.sses under a square tower with octagonal Itattleinented turi-ets at the angles. The (ireat Court is bordered by the venerable chapel, hall, and library. There are three other old courts — the Clois- ter Court, Erasmus Court, and Walnut Tree Court — besides a modem one. She [Queen Margaret] proposed to call it the College of St Margaret and St. Bernard, but after her husband's de- position the name was changed. Andrew Docket, the first master who had been appointed to that otflce by Queen Margaret, hastened with pardonable subservience to in- gratiate himself with her successor, and so cleverly did he manage that Elizabeth Wf)odville consented to be named as co-foundress, and the college liecame "The (Queens' Col- lege of .St. Margaret and St. Bernard," now familiarly known simply as Queens* College. C^arA-, Cambridge, p. 143. Queen's (kwenz) County. A county in Lein- stv-r, Irel.and. Chief town, Muryborough. it is bounded by King s County on the north, Kildare on the east, Carlow and Kilkeiuiyon thesoutli, and Tipperaryand King's County on the w(/st. Area, 6C4 square miles. I'op- Ulation (1891), 64,8'!i3. Queen's Exchange, The. A comedy by Rich- ard Brome, printed in 1657, and reprinted with tlie title "The Royal Exchange" in ICOl. Queensferry (kwenz'fer-i), or South Queens- ferry. A small seaport on the Firth of Forth, Scotland, 8 miles west of Edinburgh. The cele- brated Forth Bridge crosses the Firth of Forth fnnn South Queensferry in Liidithgowshire to North Queensferry iu File. Queen's Gardens. [Sp. Jardincs dr la Rti/iKi.'] A line of small islands alongthe southern coast of Cuba : so named by Columbus who discov- ered them in 1494. Queensland (kwenz'land). Asta oftheCom- Pionwealtli of Australia, ('anil , Brisbane. Ills tiounded bytheOulf of Carpentaria and Toms Strait on the north, the Paiille Ocean on the northeast ami east, New South Wales and .South Anstralia on the south, and South Aiiatndia and the Northern Tciritj.ry on the wist. It is traversed by low ranges parallel Ui tlie coast, fiidd, tin, silver, and other metals are mined, but the chief in duBtry is stock-farming. Qovernmeiit is vested iu a gov- ernor, legiHlative council (nominutt'd for life), and as- •enibly (elected). (Queensland was explored by 'J'orrcK. Cook, KliiidiTs. .Mitchell, Lelchhanlt, etc.; was made a penal .tettleiiient iu 1H2I'. ; was opened to free »ettlerB In • lH4'i; and was made a B<-parate colony in 1H6'.). Area, ti6H,i'.r; B<|uaie miles, rnpulution (1h9(I), est., ■198,623. Queen's Marie, The. A Scottish ballad relat- ing the (h'ath of M.'try Hamilton, one of the "(Duoen's Maries" wlmnri' inentioneil in 7nany ballads. In this ballad the Maries arc nanierl as " Marie Seaton and Marie Beaton ami Marie Carmiclmel and me" (Marie Hamilton). Keith names tlu-m as belonging to the families of Living8t.on, Fleming, Seatouu, and lteatf the Scottish Guard, who seeks his fortune in France in the reign of Louis XI. Quera. See Kcrtsnn. Qu6rard (ka-riir'), Joseph Marie. Bom at Kennes, France, Dec. 25. 17il7: died at Paris, Pec. 3, 1865. A noted French liibliographer. He published "La France littnf sinla . Quesnay (ka-na'), Francois. Bom at Men'', near Mont lort-rAmaiiry, l''rance, June 4, 1694: died at Paris, Dee. 16, 1774. A noted French political economist and physician, founder of the school of the physiocrats: surgeon to Louis XV. His chief work Is "Tableau economlqne" (17.^s : limited llrst cditiiin lost), lie also contributed to the "Eiicycloprdie," and wrote medical works, etc. Quesnel (ka-nel'), Pasquier (Paschasius). Born at Paris, .Tuly 14, 1634: died at Amster- dam, Dec. 2, 1719. A French Roman Catholic theologian, a member of the Oratory, ojiposed bv tlie .lesuits as n (Jallicnnist ami Jansenisl. Ills best-known work Is " lt4'-llexltMis inondes stir Ic Nou- vean Testament " (" Moral Kellectlons on the New Tesln- meiit," 1(187), condemned by Pope Clement XI. In Uie bull ■M:nlKciiltns"(I7i:i). Quesnoy (ka-nwii'), Le. A fortified town in tliedeiinrtmentof Nord. France, 10 miles south- east of Valenciennes, it has been many times taken, Quiches especially by Louis XI. in 1477. by Turenne in 16.''>4, hy Prince Eugene in 17r2, by \ illars in 171'2, by the Aus- trians in 179:i, and l>y the French under Sch^rer in 17M. Populatioa (1891 1, 3,>41. Quesnoy-sur-Deule(ka-nw!i'siir-dtl'). A town in the (ie])artiuent of Nord. France, situated on the Deule 8 miles ifoi'th-north west of Lille. Pop- iilation (1891), commune, 5,.328. Quetelet(ket-la'), Lambert Adolphe Jacques Born at Ghent, Feb. 22, 1796: ilie.l at Brussels, Feb. 17, 1874. A Belgian mathematician and astronomer, especially noted as a statistician. He was successively professcjr of mathematics at the royal college in Ghent (181.'.) and at the Atliemeum in Brussels (1819), and of :istroiiomy at the military school in Itrussela (18315). He was the head of the statistical commission of iJelgium. lie published "Sur I'homme et le developpe- iiicnt de ses facultes" (1835), "Sur la th^orie des proba- biliti's " (1846), " Du systenie social " (1848), " L'Anthropo- metrie " (ls71), etc. Quetta (kwet'tii). A town in Baluchistan, situ- ated aliout lat. 30° 7' N., long. 67° E., occupied by the British. It is an important strategic point at the end of the Bolan Pass, commandiiu' tl e route between India ami southern Afghanistan ; and is now the northwest- ern terminus of a British military railway, and the head- qu;irt.cr8 of a district administered by the British- Quetzalcohuatl (kat-ziil-ko-wiit'l). [Nahuatl: i/«f /.-«//i, green feather, and roliudtl, snake.] A hero-god of the ancient Mexicans. Some stories represent him as one of the foiirprincipal gods, controlling the air ami wind, and assisting in tlie creation of the tvorld and man. But commonly he is a man with more or less supernatural attributes, and there are various confused accounts of how he came from a distant country, in the time of the I'oltccs or before them, and ruled in Anahuac for many years with great wisdom. Then he went to Cho. Inla, where he lived for 20 years and taught the people to weave, build st.me houses, and make p- and feather- work ; but becau.se lie wished to abolish human siicritices he was opposed by the priests, and at length journeyeft, Quiberon Bay. .\ small arm of the Bay of Bis- cay, east of Quiberon. It was the scene of a naval victory of the British under Ilawke over the French under Cmillans, Nov. •-'(I, 17f>9. Quiches (ke-chas'). A powerful Indian tribe of western GiiateiiKiln nl tlie time of the con(|uest. They were one of (he cblrf brniiches of the Maya stock, aiid.'accoriling to tradidou, had origln.'illy forme" ; and went back to Rome with Galba in 68, and taught oratorj' there for 20 years. He was patronized by Vespasian and Domitian. His most celebrated work is his *'Institutio Oratoria." Some copies of Quintilian's Institutions of Oratory, very much corrupted and mutilated by the ignorance or pre- sumption of copyists, were known in Italy before the fif- teenth ceutuT}-. But in 1414, whOe the Council of Con- stance was sitting, Poggio, a learned Italian, was commis- sioned by the promoters of learning to proceed to that place, in search of ancient manuscripts, which were be- lieved to be preserved in the monasteries of the city and its vicinitj". His researches were rewarded by discovering in the monastery of St.-Gall, beneath a heap of long-neg- lected lumber, a perfect copy of the Institutions. Taylor, Hist. Anc Books, p. 1C8. Quintus (kwin'tus). A son of Titus Andronicus in Shakspere's (?) "Titus Andronicus.'* Quintus Curtins Rufus. See Curtius. Quintus Icilius. See Guichard, Quip for an Upstart Courtier, or a Quaint Dispute between Velvet-breeches and Cloth-breeches. Apamphletpiinted by Robert Greene in 1592. It attacked Gabriel Harvey and his family in a few lines which were afterward canceled. It was mostly a reproduction of Thynne's "Debate between Pride and Lowliness," and satirized pride of attire, etc. Quirigua (ke-re-gwii'), or Quirihua (ke-re-wa'). A site of ancient ruins in eastern Guatemala, on the river Motagua 13 miles south of Izabal. The remains include a pyramid, a great altar (?) formed of a single sculptured stone, etc. The place appears to have been abandoned before the Spanish conquest. Quirinal(k:wir'i-nal),L.MonsQui3±ialis(monz kwir-i-na'lis). The furthest north and the high- est of the seven hills of ancient Rome, lying northeast of the Capitoline and northwest of the \ iminal. it has its name from an old Sabine sanc- tuary of Quirinus (Mars). On the hill stands the palace of the Quirinal, the former summer palace of the Pope, QuirinaUa (kwir-i-na'U-a). In ancient Rome, a festival in honor of (Quirinus, celebrated on Feb. 17, on "which day Romulus was said to have been translated to heaven, Quirinus (kwi-ri'nus). An Italian divinity, identified "with Romulus and assimilated to Mars. Quirinus. The pen-name of Dr. I. J. von Dol- linger. Quirites (kwi-ri'tez). The citizens of ancient Rome considered in their civil capacity. The name Quirifes pertained to them in addition to that of ^o- mani, the latter designation having application in their political and military capacity. Quirix. See Keresan. Quirk, Gammon, and Snap. Afirm of rascally solicitors in Warren's * " Ten Thousand a Year." See Gammon, Quiros. See Queiros, Quissama (ke-sa'ma). See Kisama. Quistello (kwis-tel'lo). A town in the province of Mantua, Italy, situated on the Secchia 14 • miles southeast of Mantua. Here, 1734, the Impe- rialists defeated the French and Sardinians. Population (ISSl), commune, 10,492. Quiteria (ke-ta're-a). The lost bride of Cama- cho. See Camacho. Quitman (kwit'man), John Anthony, Bom at Rhineheck, K.'Y., Sept. 1, 1799: died at Natchez, Miss., July 17, 1S58. An American politician and general. He served in the Texan war for independence in 1S36, and was distinguished in the ilexican war at Jlonterey.Vera Cruz, Puebla, and Chapul- tepec. He was governor of the city of ilexico in 1S47 ; goT- ernor of Mississippi 1850-51 ; and Democratic member of Congress from Mississippi 1S55-58. Quito ike'to). The capital and. except Guay- aquil (?). the largest city of Ecuador, situated on the plateau of the Andes. 9,350 feet above the sea, in lat.O° 13' S., long. 78=^ 27' W it hes Quito at the base of the Pichiiiclia volcano, and Ootopaxi. Cay- ambt, Antisana, and several other lofty peaks aie in the immediate vicinity, surroundinua hasin called the valley or plain of Quiting medicine at MontpeUier. and two years later practising the profession at Lyons, though he took the doctor's degree in 1537 only. He devnted a great deal of his time to writing, and yet led a wandering life in France and in Italy. He was in charge of th*^ iparish of Mendon 1550-,'i2, and died shortly aft*Tward, presumably in Paris, Besides composing yearly alma- nacs, t'f which but a few fragments are preserved to this day. Rabelais edited various old medical treatises, and made his lasting reputation with the novels " P.antapruel " 0533) and "Gargantua " (1535), of which the latter comes first in point of the story they both tell. They were published under the name of Alcofrihas Nasier. which is simply the anagram of Franijois Rabelais. Their suc- cess was such as to encourage a sequel. Subsequent vol- ames came out under Rahelais's own name, the third in 1545, the fourth in 1552, and the fifth as a posthumous vork in 1564. Babelais, The English. An epithet given to Swift, Amory, and Sterne. Bab-mag (rab-mag'). The title of a Babylonian officer mentioned in Jer. xxxix. 3: possibly the chief of the Magi, a class of soothsayers. Babshakeb (rab-shak'e). [Assyro-Babylonian rah «/■(/.] The title of a Babylonian officer (2 Ki. x\-ui. 17, Isa. xsxvi. 2). probably general or commander. Babutin(ra-bu-tan"l,Bogerde,ComtedeBussy. known as Bussy-Babutin (bii-se'rii-bii-tan'"). Born at Epiry, Xievre, France, -\pril 18, 161S: died at Autim, France, April 9, 1693. AFreneh officer and writer. He wrote " Histoire amoureuse des Gaules " (1665 : a kind of scandalous chronicle recording gossip about the ladies of the court), '"Memoires," and '■Lett res," Baccoon (ra-kon'), or Coon (kon), Biver. A river in Iowa, a tributary of the Des Moines, which it joins at Des Moines. Length, about 175 miles. Bace (ras). Cape. A headland at the southeast- ern extremity of Newfoundland. Bace of Aldemey. That part of the EngUsh Channel which lies between Aldemey and the neighboring coast of France (department of Manche). Bacbel (ra'chel). [Heb., ' a ewe' ; P. Siichel, It. SachiU, Sp. Saquel, Pg. liachel, G. EaluL;\ The daughter of Laban, sister of Leah, and wife of Jacob : mother of Joseph and Benjamin. . Bachel (ra-shel'). Eiisa or Elisabeth Felix, called. Born at Mumpf, Aargau, Switzerland, Feb. 28, 1821 (March 24,1820 ?): died near Cannes, France, Jan. 3, 1858. A celebrated French tra- gedienne, of Hebrew descent. She was a street- singer in Lyons in 1S31 with her sister Sophie, known as Sarah. Choron, director of a school of music, hearing her, was struck with the quality of her voice, and took her with her family to Paris, where'she entered his academy. She soon lost her voice, however, and studied the dramatic art with Saint-.\ulaire, He had a small theater known as ^La Salle Molifere," where he produced plays with his pupils as actors. Rachel played soubrettes and tragic roles there from 1S34 to 1S3& She began to attract at- tention, and was admitted to the Conservatoire in 1836; made rapid progress ; resigned in 1837 ; appeared at the Gymnase in July of that year; and in 1838 appeared as Camille in *'Horace"at the Theatre Fran^ais. Hersuc- cess was extraordinarj", in the greenroom and orchestra as well as in the house. From this time her reputation was secure. She went to England in 1S41, and to -America in 1S55, where she contracted a cold that ended in her fatal illness. Her finest parts were in the plays of Comeille and Racine, and in *' Adrienne Lecou\Teur," She also played Jeanne Dare, Mademoiselle de Belle Isle, Cleo- piitxe, etc Bacine (ra-sen'). A city, capital of Bacine County, Wisconsin, situated on Lake Michigan 23 miles south of Milwaukee. It has a flourishing trade in grain, and important manufactures (threshing- machines, wagons, etc.). It was settled in 1834. Popula- tion (190(1). 29,10-,;. Bacine (ra-sen'), Jean Baptiste. Bom at La Ferte-Milon, Dec. 21, 1639: died at Paris, April 26, 1699. A celebrated French tragic poet. He lost his parents at a very early age, and was brought up by his grandparents. His studies, begun when he was ten years old at the College of Beauvais, were continued at Port Royal, and finished at the College d'Harcourt (1658- 1659). On graduating, he went to live with a cousin of his, who was in the service of the Due de Luynes. He was well received in society, and made stanch friends among men of literarj- bent. His early training in Greek and Latin classics, especially the former, had been verj* thor- ough, and his tastes all ran in the direction of intellec- tual pursuits. He attracted attention in this line for the first time by an ode wTitten for the marriage of Louis XIV,, andentitled "Lesnymphesde la Seine "(1660). Acouple of short comedies. *'-\niasie" (1660) and "Les amours dOvide " (1661), are among his first attempts as a play- wright, and unfortunately are now lost. His friendly rela- tions with men like La Fontaine, Boileao, and Moli^re led him to devote himself to writing for the stage: he thus produced a couple of plays, "La Thebaide" (1664) and '■ --Uexaudre " (1665X His first real success as a dramatic poet was scored in ".-Vndromaque" (1667), which is the initi.al tragedy in a long series of masterpieces. He at- tempted comedy next in " Les plaideurs" (1668). but re- verted completelv to tragedy in "Britannicus" (1669), "B^rinice" (1670), "Bajazet "(1672), ■■Mithridate'(1673), "Iphigtoie" (1674). and ' Phedre (1677), Racine's ene- mies conspired against him at this juncture, and preferred to him a minor poet named Pradon, who had written a rival tragedy on '*PhMre" which they extolled far abore' Racine's play. The great poet abstaiiied then for a num. ber of years from composing tragedies, but finally, at the request of Madame de Maintenon, wrote a couple of plays of great hxic beauty, dealing with subjects from the Bible : "Esther " (16!-9)and " Athalie " (1691X Besides the above, Racine composed four hymns that rank among the finest productions in lyric poetry of his day, also an " .-Vbreg^ de ITiistoire de Port-Royal," and a few other minor writings. The best edition of Racine's works was ijiade by Paul Mesnard *or the "Collection des grands Ecrivains de la France " (1865-74X Racine was made a member of the French Academy in 1673. Bacine, Louis. Bom at Paris, Nov. 6, 1692: died there, Jan . 29, 1763. A French poet, son of J. B. Eacine whose biography he wrote (1747). Backet (rak'et). Mrs. A character in Mrs. Cowley's comedy ''The Belle's Stratagem": "a qualified flirt, the incarnation of vivacity and good humour." Backet Lake (rak'et lak). A lake in the Adi- rondacks, in Hamilton County, northern New ^ ork. Its outlet is by Long Lake and Racket Eiver into the St, Lawrence, -\lso Raquett'-, Backet Biver. A river in the northern part of New York. it joins the St, Lawrence 45 mSes north- east of Ogdenshurg. Length, about 125 miles. Bacla'Wice (rat-sla-vit'se). A village iu the government of Kielce, Eussian Poland, north of Cracow. Here, April 4, 1794, the Poles under Kos- ciuszko defeated the Russians. BacO'W. See Ealoic. Bada (ra'da), Juan de. Born in Castile about 1490: died at Jauja, Peru. 1542. ASpanishcav- alier. He followed Alvarado to Guatemala and Peru (1534X was with the elder Almagro in CTtile (1535-36), and later headed the conspiracy against Pizarro, killing him, it is said, with his own hand (June 26, 1,>41), Rada then declared young Diego Alniagro governor of Peru, and ruled through him until his sudden death while marching to Cuzco. Also Juan de Herrada. Badack (rii'dak), or Batak (ra'tiik), Islands. A chain of islands in the Pacific, nearly parallel with the Ealik chain, and ■with it forming the Marshall group. Badagaisus (rad-a-ga'sus), or Badagais (rad- a-gas'). Died 405 A. D. A leader of an army of Suevi, Vandals, and other tribes which in- vaded Italy in 405 A. D. He was defeated by StUicho at Fsesulae, and surrendered on condition of having his life spared. He was, however, treacherously put to death. Badautz(ra'douts). AtowninBukowiua, Aus- tria-Hungary, situated on a subtributary of the Sereth 31 miles south of Czemowitz. Popula- tion (1S91), commune, 12,895. Badcliffe (rad'klif). A town in Lancashire. England, situated on the Irwell 7 miles north- west of Manchester. Population (1S91), 20,020. Badcliffe, Mi-s. (Ann Ward). Bom at Lon- don, July 9, 1764: died there, Feb. 7, 1823. An English novelist. She appears to have reached the culmination of the romantic novel, and her imitators have produced little that is new in the way of conjuring up imaginary horrore. -Among her novels are "The Castles of Athlin and Dunbayne." "The Sicilian Romance "(1790), "Romance of the Forest" (1791), "The Mysteries of Udolpho " (1794X "The Italian " (1797X etc Badcliffe, James, Earl of Derwentwater. Bom 1689 : beheaded at London, Feb. 24. 1716. An English Catholic nobleman, a leader.in the re- bellion of 1715. Badcliffe, John. Bom at Wakefield, England. , 1650: died near London, Nov. 1, 1714. An Eng- lish physician, founder of the Raddiffe Library, He studied at Oriord, and in 16S4 settled at London "as a medical practitioner. He obtained great celebrity as a physician, and attended several members of the royal famUy. He entered Parliament in 1713. He left £40,000 for the erection of the library at Oxford which bears his name, Badcliffe (rad'klif) College. Atx institution of learning situated at Cambridge, Massachu- setts. It was founded in 1879 as " The Society for the Col- legiate Instruction of Women," popularly known as "the Harvard Annex." with the purpose of giving to women a collegiate educationof the same characterasthat afforded to thestudents of Harvard College, Theinstructionhasalwais been given bv the professors and the teachers of Harv;ini. At first it conferred no degree, but only a certificate that the graduate had taken the same courses and passed the same examinations as a graduate of Harvard College. In 1S4 it was formally incorporated by the Massachusetts legis- lature as a degree-giving body, its degrees to be coun- I Radcliffe College tersigned by thepri>sideiit o( Harvard, and its instniction fljrore Is Ter>- and general raiina-„-enienl. to be under tbe direction nf the Beled. or v: cori)oration of Harvard Cullej;e. The name RadclUIe was works in th given in lionor of Lady Mowl ^^""o ,L,Ir % w i' a • campaigns W.1S defeated by tile Sardinians at Ooito in 1S48; and de- feated tlieni at Custozza in 1848, and at Mortara and Novara ii' 1849, and captured Venice. He was governor of Upper Italy 1849-57. Badha (ril'dha). [Skt., 'success, blessing.'] In Sanskrit mythology: («) The foster-mother of Kama. Her husband, Adhirath.a, the cliarioteer of King Shura. found Kama, the illegitimate son of Pritha or Ivunti by the Sun, exposed on the .Tunina by his mother, and rearedhira as his own son. See ^nr/wi. (6) A cow- herd or Gopi, the favorite mistress of Krishna 839 Rainer ry lifelike. Commonly called the Sheikh el Ragusa (ra-go'sa). [Y. Raguse, It. Sagnsa,%\s,-v. illage sheilih. He was an overseer ..f public ;>„/,n«)i(A-, Turk. P«»roi-«ii-.] A seaport of Dal- e time of the 4th dynasty. ^^^^^^^ Austria-Hungary, situated on the Adri- atic in lat. 42° 38' X., long. 18° 9' E. It exports oiL The chief buildings are tlie cathedral and the medieval palace. It is .strongly fortified. It was settled in the 7th century ; was recruited largely by fugitives from Old ila- gusa and by .Slavs; became a republic governed by rectors; came under the protection of Hungary, Turkey, etc.; was a tloiM'Ishing maritime state in tbe l.'ith century ; was nearly destroyed by an earttuiuake in liiti" ; became the seat of a flourishing literature; was occupied by tlie French in 18U6; and was given to Austria in 1814. Population (1^^)> com- mune, 11,177. rV city in the province of SjTacuse, Sicily, situated on the river Bagusa 30 miles west-southwest of Syracuse. It is sometimes Identi- fied with the ancient Hybla Hertea. Population (1881X L>4,341 ; « ith the lower town, 30,721. RagUSa Vecchia i rii-go'sii vek'ke-ii). [' Old Ba- gusa. 'J .V small town 9 miles southeast of Ba- gusa in P.ihiiatia : the ancient EpidauruB. Raguse, Due de (Huke of Bagusa). See J/ar- niotlt. Rahab (ra'hab). In Old Testament history, a woman of Jericho who protected two spies sent by .Joshua to view the land, she concealed them In herhouse, put their pursuers on a false scent, and let them down by a cord from a window (Josh. Ii.). She was the mother of Boaz, and David was her descendant. Rahel. Sre Varnhdtieu mil Eiise. I.e. nore," et'c.X sonatas, songs, quartets, and operas. Among the last are " Konig AUred " (1850), " Dame Kobold " (1870), etc. Raffaello, orRaffaelle. i^ro nuphnrl. PamiQa Raffles (laflz). Sir Thomas Stamford. Born *^STisa at sea, July .'), 1781: died July 5, ls2(i. An Eng- lish ciilonial governor and administrator in .lava and Sumatra. He published a " History f Java" (1S17). at Philadelphia, Sept. 18, 1842. "A French-Ameri- can botanist. He published several works on botany and miscellaneous subjects. Rafn (iilfn), Karl Christian. Born at Brahes- liorg, Flinen, Denmark, Jan. 16, 1795: died at Copenhagen, Oct. 20, 1804. A noted Danish an- tiquary. He published various works on Ni>rthern an- tiquities, and is best known from his " Antiquitntes Ameri- anic"(ls37). on the medieval (10th-century) discoveries when at Vrindavana among the cowherds, and a Raft of the Medusa. A painting by Gericault, and the settlements from the nth to the 14th century of Rahi(ral), Karl. Bom at Vienna. Aug. 13, 1812: the .Scandinavians in .America. . _.. . died there, July 9, 186.'). An Austrian historical a principal character in Jayadeva's " Gitago- vinda." She is sometimes held to typify the human soul attracted toward Krishna as the divine goodness, sonie- times the divine love tt» which Krishna returns after other arfeetions. She is also regarded as an avatar of Lakshini as Krishna is of Vishnu. Radhanpur (rad-han-por'), orRahdunpur (rii- dun-por') 1. A native state in India, under British protection, situated about lat. 23° 40' N'., long. 71° 40' E. Area, 1,1.50 square miles. Population (1881), 98,129.-2. The capital of the' state of Badhanpur. Population (1891^, 14,175. Radnor (rad'nor). A county of South Wales in the Louvre, Paris. The raft bears the dying survi painter. lie Liouvre, I'aris. The raft bears the dying survi- p.i,-,. _;__>, rrSh .init.iiR' vel or Rama-niph vors of the lost frigate. It is a dramatic presentation of Kahmaniyeh (r&ll-ma-ne ye), or KamaniCn suffering and despair. The picture created a sensation, (ra-mii-ne e). A place m the Delta ot bgjpt, when exhibited in 1819, as oneof the earliest strongly de- 40 miles east by south of Alexandria. It was a lining the tendencies of the new Romantic school. scene of military operations in the French campaigns In Ragatz,orRagaz(rii'giits). A watering-place Egypt 1798-1801. in the canton of St.-Gall, Switzerland, situated Ra-Hotep. See Xefert and Ra-Hotep. ontheTamina inlat. 47°N.. long.9°30'E. It is RahuCrii'ho). [Skt. ,'the8eizer'; from-/ rnM = noted for its hot springs, and has about 60,ono visitors an- r/ni/i. seize.] In Sanskrit, the demon who seizes the sun and moon, and thereby occasions their eclipse. In astronomical treatises, the ascending node, the eclipse itself, and especially the moment at whioh the obscuration begins. mtaining the record of the fealty ot Scottish barons, idergy, and gentry to Edward 1. of Eng- land when in Scotland in 1296. InllieChronicleof Lanerco8t(edltedbyStevenson, page Raibolini, FranceSCO, See Frniicia J(J1) we read that an instrument or charter of subjection and hoiuagu to the Kings of Kngland is called by the .Scots ra^finan, because of the many seals hanging from it. . , . Eama. It Is bounded liy ifontgomery on the north, Shropshire on Raghu (ra'g-ho). In Hindu mythology, an an- the northeast, Herefoid on the east, Brecknock on the ;f , j^j ancestor of Bama (whence the lat- south, and Brecknock and Cardigan on the west. Thesur- ,' '. ,,"', t. i .i i i. « u i 7\ face is ..•tiierally hilly. Area, 440 square miles. Popula- ter is called Baghava, •descendant of Bagliu ). tion (is'.ii), Ji,79i. Raghuvansha (ra-g-ho-van'sha). [Skt., 'the Radolfzell (ril'dolf-tsel), orZell (tsel). Atown Kaghu race.'] A Sanski-it poem, ascribed to in the circle of Constance, Baden, situated on Kalidasa, on the history of Eamachandra, the the Untersee arm of Lake Constance, 11 miles Raghava. Its date cannot, according to .Tacobi, be ear- northwest of Constance. lier than the 4th century .4. D. It has been translated into Radom fra'dom). 1. A government of Bussian L^'''" >>y stenzlei,and into English by Griffiths. Poland, surrounded by the governments of Raglan, Lord. See Somerset, FiUroij James Kielce, Piotrkow, Warsaw, Siedlce, and Lublin, llfurii. ... and by Galieia. Area, 4,769 sqtiare miles. Pop- Ragman Roll. 1 . A collection of parchments tdation (1890), 782,274.— 2. The capital of the government of Eadom, situated on the Mleczna 59 miles south of Warsaw. Population (1890), 16,005. Badowitz (rii'do-vits), Joseph Maria von. Bom at Blankenbiirg, Germany, Feb. 6, 1797: died Dec. 25, 18.53. A Prussian general and poli- tician, of Huiiirarian descent. He wa-s a deputy to the Frankfort parliament In 1848, and to the F.ifurt parlia- ment in 18J0. He was a friend and confidential advi8eri)f Frederick William IV., and was a leader of the anti-revo- lutionary party. Badstadt (riid'stiit). A tovrn in Salzburg, Aus- tria-Hungary, situated on the Enns 31 miles south by east of Salzburg. It was formerly of importance. Sae (ra), John. Bom in the Orkney Islands, 1813 : died at London, July 24, 1893. A British arctic explorer. He studied medicine at F.dlnburgh, and was for a time a ship's surgeon in the employment of the Ibnlsoii liay Company. He made explorations In 1846 and 1&1U-I7. - - ■ Boarch an isl: 1854. In istil he made a telegraphic survey across the Rocky .Mountains. Saeburn (ra'bcm), SlrHenry. Born at stock- bridge, near Edinburgli, March 4, 17.")fi: died there, July 8,1823, A Scottish iiortrait-painter. He was educated at Hcriot's Hospital, and at 15 apprefi- tieed to a goldsmith at Kdinbnrgh. From this he passed to niliiiature-iiaintlng and to oil-painting, entirely self- taught. He visited Sir Joshua Reynotds in London, and later (1778) went to Italy, returning to IMinbui gb In 1780, where he remained. Ho painted jwrtraits of -Scott, Itlalr, Hobertson, liiiuald Stewart, etc. In 1811 he was made a.s8ociate royal acudemieian ; and in 1816 royal ncad- emician. Raedwald (rad'wald), or Bedwald (red'wAld). .\ ])owerful king of East Anglia (died about lil7): included among the Brelwaldas. nually. A victory was gained here liy the Swiss Confed- erates over the Austrians, 1446. by which the independence of tbe former w.as materially strengthened. Raehava (rii'gha-va). [Skt., 'descendant of Baghu.'] In Sanskrit mythology, a name ot Rahway(ra'wa). Acity in Union County, New ° .Jersey, situated on BahwayEiverl7miles south- west of New York. It has raanufactiu'es of car- riages, etc. Population (19011). 7,93,5. Raiatea (ri-ii-ta'ii), or tJlietea (o-lo-e-ta'a). One of the Society Islamis, Pacific Ocean. It is the largest of the Leeward group, situated northwest of Tahiti. Rai Bareli (ri ba-ra'le), or Roy Bareilly (roi bii-rii'le). 1. AdivisionofOudli, British India. Area, 4,882 square miles. Population (l.'*81), 2,756,864. — 2. A district in the division of Bid Bareli, intersected by lat. 26° 15' N., long. 81° E. .\iea, 1,751 square miles. Population (1891), 1,036,521.-3. The capital of 1 he district of Bai Bareli, situated on the Sai about lat. 26° 14' N., lone. 81° 15' E. Population (1891), 18,798. le liuoson isay t_ompany. iie niaoe eAiiuaaiioim ui i'M->. and 1&1U-I7. In 1848 he went with Richardson In RagnarOk (riig'nii-rek'), [Fn ch of Franklin. He proveil King William's Land t.i be .? tivili.rl.t nf'tbo irods (Ci ilamLinddiscoveredtracesof Sir John Franklin IK.:)- ""'^ tvMligllt ot tni gous (U. Omim instrumentuni sive cartam subjectionis et honia- gli faeieiidi reijibus Angliie ... a Scottis propter inulta sigilla depend, ntia ragman vocatur." That is the sense in which Lanulaiid uses the word. Afterwards in Wyntoiin's Chronicle, Douglas and Dunbar, "ragman "'and "ragmen I" mean a long piece of writing, a rhapsody, or an acec.unt. In course of time, it is said, "ragman's i-oll" became "rig- marole." Mnrlcii, English Writers, I\'. ilil. 2. A poem printed by Wynkyn de Woide, con- sisting of a list of good and bad women in alternate stanzas. Ragnar Lodbrok (riig'nUr loil'brok). A semi- legendary Norse viking, supposed to have in- vaded England about the end of the 8th ceu- I'lry. [From Icel. ragna ~ (Hittertlammer- ling), from nir/na, gen. of n'igii, regin, nent. pi the gods ( = (;oth. r«(/iH, counsel, will, determin- ation, from ragineis. counselor), and rijkr, twi- light, liael, Giiilio BoMinno, Albrechl Diiri'r, anvilpowar>B f Ihe year's seasons ; and the earth Is peopled anew. situaleil near tin' Lech 22 miles north of Augs- burg. It was Ihe seenc of an t-ngagenient between tho forces of Oustavus .\dolphus and Tilly, April 16, 1032, In which I'lllv was mortally wounded. Rainer (Vi'ner), An'lnbike of ,\uslri8. Bom Sept. 30, 1783: died in Tyrol, Jan. 16, 18.53. Seventh son of the emperor Leopold 13., vice- Bainer 840 Toy of the Anstrian possessions in Italy from Budapest, Hungary, east of the Danube. Many 1818 to the insurrection of 1848. Hungarian Diets have met here. It was the Bainler (ra'ner), Mount. The highest moun- scene of several combats in 1849. tain in the State of Washington, situated east Bakow (ra'kov). A small town in the govern- of Tacoma. It is of volcanic origin. Height, ment of Eadom, Russian Poland, near Kielce. It was the center of the Polish Socinians in the end of the l<;;th centurj- and the beginning of the 17th. Rakshasa ira'ksha-sa). [Skt.. from raksha Bambam Sita, 'furrow,' retains oulv her name and the' legends of her birth and death. See Earth's " Religions of India," p. 177.] The hero of the Raniayana (which see). He there typifies the con quenng Ksbatriyas, advancing southward and subjUKatinir the barbarous aborigines. His storj- is also given more briefly in the Mahabharata. He was the son of Dashara tha, king of Ayodhva, by Kaushalya. hurt, injury, and then personified -injurer.'] Bamadan (ra-ma-dan'; E. pron. ram-a-dan'),or An evil demon. The F.akshasas play a great part in Bamazan(ra-ma-zan'). Theninthmouthof th» Jlohammedan vear. Hindu belief. According to some they aie divided into three classes, one being semi-divine and ranking with the Vakshas, another being like the Titans and relentless ene- mies of the gods, while a third are imps and goblins that -Ram, -u /,,a',„3\ riTo-K i„ T,- I. 1 1-1 , goaboutatnight.haunting cemeteries,disturbing6acri. ^^'?S^'^ <"^ ™S)- L^leD., 'a high place.'] In ♦-"d testament geography, the name of several . Each day of the entire month Is observed as a fast by the Mohammedans from dawn tai sunset. 14,526 feet. Sometimes called Tacoma Bains (ranz), Gabriel James. Bom in North Carolina, 1803: died at Aiken, S. C, Sept. 6, 1881. An American general. He graduated at West Point in 1827 : served in the Seminole and Mexican wars ; and obtained the rank of lieutenant-colonel in 1S60. He accepted a brigadier-generalship in the Confederate ser- vice in ISCl, .ami served with distinction at Wilson's Creek, Shiloh, and .^even Pines. He afterward had charge of the cunscript and torpedo bureaus at Richmond. Bainy (ra'ni) Lake. A lake on the border of Minnesota and Canada, northwest of Lake Su- perior. Its outlet is the Rainy River (length 80 to 100 miles) to the Lake of the Woods. Length of the lake, about 55 miles. -. . , Eaipur (ri-por'). The capital of the district of ^*.l®lSll (ra li)^ Raipur, Central Provinces of British India, sit- "'" ' uatedaboutlat. 21°lo'N.,long. 81°41'E. Pop- v • •. - -- - ulation, with cantonment (1891), 23,759. ra'^tS^e'r^n fs"ca M ''Ihe^r/TAf^o^uf "^ printed inl611. Earn AUey led from Fleet street to the EaiS. SeeEets. to 1790 PonSaUo^CigW) 3 tu^ Itwaslaidout Temple,andformerlysecuredimmunityfromarrest: hence Baisin(ra'zn). A riv« i. southern Michigan EaleiihCo^i^n^UvBalegh): Sir Walter. Born 'l^s.^t:1?Z:s\S^^,To^^i':^:^,%fr^^^^^ at Hayes, Devonshire, 1.5.52: executed at Lon- r^f'^rred to in this connection in contemporary literature. don, Oct. 29, 1618. An English courtier, offi- Bamanieh. See Balimatiii/eh. cer, colonizer, historian, and poet. After a short Bamantha. See Laodicea. residence at Oriel College, Oxford, he entered the Hugue- Bamanuja (ra-ma'no-ia). [From Sdma and notamiy(1569),returningtoEnglandinl576C0. InlSSOhe ' ■ " " ' " - '« '"' auu commanded an English company in Munster, Ireland. In 13S-2 he was in Leicester's suite at Antwerp. He was a go about at night, haunting cemeteries, disturbing sacri flees, animating dead bodies, ensnaring and even devour- ing human beings. .Some have long arms, SDme are fat, some thin, some dwarfish, some tall and humpbacked] some have only one eye, some only one ear, some enormous paunches, projecting teeth, and crooked thighs, while _others can assume beautiful forms. [Named after Sir Walter Ra places m Palestine. The principal were the Eamah of Benjamin, situated a few miles north of Jerusalem (at Er-Kam), and the Eamah of .Samuel, also called Rama- thaim Zciphim. The latter was situated northwest of .le- rusalem, probably near Lvdda: some identify it with the Kamah of Benjamin. leigh.] A city, capital of North Carolina and Bam Alley, or Merry Tricks. A comedy bv of Wake County, situated in lat. 3.5° 47' N. it Lodowick Barry, acted probably in 1609"and which flows into Lake Erie 34 miles south-south west of Detroit. Length, about 125 miles. For the battle fought on it in 1S13. see Frenchtoirn. Eajagriha (ra-ja-gri'ha). ["King's house'; in Pan Bajagalia.] The Giri vraja of theRamayana. the modem Rajgir in Behar. it was the capital of Magadha, and one of the scenes of Buddha's preaching. Near it was the Veluvana ('bamboo grove') which King Bimbisara gave to Buddha, and in which Buddha delighted to dwell. Bajamandry (ra-.ia-man'drf). or Bajama- hendri (ra-jii-ma-hen'dre). A town in Goda- vari district, Madras, British India, situated on the Godavari about lat. 17° X., long. 81° 48' E. Population (ls91), 2S.397. Eajashekhara (ra-ja-sha'k-ha-ra). A Hindu dramatist who lived about 900 A. D. (Von Schroder). He was the author of three Sanskrit dramas, the "Balaramayana" ("Exploits of Balarana"), the "Pra- chandapandava " (" The Wrathful Sons of Pandu "), and the " Viddhashalabhaiijika" ("The Wounded Doll"), and of a Prakrit drama, the "Karpuramanjari " ("auster of Cam- phor-blossoms"). Bajatarangini (ra-ja-ta-rang'gi-ne). [Skt., ' Stream of Kings.'] A Sanskrit chronicle of the kings of Kashmir, written about 1148 a. d. by Kalhana. It is remarkable as almost the only work in Sanskrit literature which h.is any historical value. There is a French translatiun by Troyer. Bajeshaye, or Bajeshahi. See SajsJiahi. Eajputana, or Bajpootana (raj-po-ta'na). A name given collectively to twenty native states in India, under British protection, situated in the northwestern part of the country. The chief states are Bikanir, Jaipur, Jaisalmir, Marwar, and Mewar. The ruling people .are the Rajputs. The region formed part of the Jlogul empire : it was subjugated bv the Mah- rattas. Area, 13»,268 square miles. Population (1S91). 12,016,102, Eajputs, or Eajpoots (riij-pots'). [From Hindu - - - - Antwerp. He was a favorite of Elizabeth. In 1583 he became warden of the stannaries and vice-admiral of Devon and Cornwall; in 158" he was captaui of the guard. In liii he obtained a charter of colonization, and sent Amidas and Barlow to e.vplore the region which he called Virginia. In 15So he despatched a fleet of colonists, who landed on Roanoke Island, but were brought back by Drake the following year. In 1587 he despatched another body of emigrants, which settled in Eo'anoke Island, but which had disap- paired when a relief -expedition reached the island in 1590. In 1584 he introduced the potato in Munster. In 15S8 he took an active part against the Armada. He introduced Spenser to Eliz,abeth, and persuaded him to publish the '■ Faerie Queene. " For his seduction and marriage of Eliza- beth Throckmorton he was imprisoned in the Tower. In 1595 he sailed for Trinidad and ascended the Orinoco. In 159ii he commanded a squadron under Howard and Essex in the e.xpedition which destroyed the Spanish fleet at Cadiz. In 1597 he captured Faval in the .\zores. On the accession of Jiunes I. in 1603,P,aleigh was charged with a plot to place Arabella Stuart on the throne, and was im- prisoned in the Tower, In the Tower he devoted himself to chemical e-vperiments, and wrote as much of his "His- tory of the World " as was ever finished. In 1616 he was released to command another expedition to Guiana and the Orinoco. The expedition was a f.ailure, and on his return he was condemned and executed. Encyc. Btit. Balik, or Ealick (ra'lik). Islands. -\ chain of islands in the Pacific, nearly parallel with the Radack chain, and with it forming the Marshall group. Balph (ralf. in Great Britain often raf or raf), James. Bom at Philadelphia: died at Chis- wick, England, Jan. 24, 1762. An English pamphleteer, historical writer, poet, and play- wright. rajput. a prince, son of a raja.] 'The members Balph Boister Dois'ter (rois'ter dois'ter). A of the Hindu race (divided into numerous clans) Who regard themselves as descendants of the ancient Kshatriya, or warrior caste. They are the ruling (though not the most numerous) race of the great region named from them P,ajputana, consisting of several diflerent states. Their hereditary profession is that of arms, and no race in India has furnished so large a num- ber of princely families. The Eajputs are not strict ad- herents of Bnibmanism. Eajshahi iraj-sha'he), or Bajeshaye (ra-je- sha'e). 1. A division in Bengal, British India. Area, 18,735 square miles. Population (1881), 8,336,399. — 2. A district in the Rajshahi divi- sion, intersected by lat. 24° 30' N., long. 89° E. Area, 2,.330 square miles. Population (1.891), 1,313,336. comedy by Nicholas Udall, probably written be- tween 1.534 and 1541, to be played by Eton bo vs. Udall was master there at that time." It was licensed and printed in 1568, and is the first English comedy. The ' ' Miles Gloriosus " of Plautus appears to be its direct fore- runner. The plot turns on the courtship of Dame Christian Cus- tance [Constance], a widow of repute and wealth as well as beauty, by the gull and coxcomb Ralph Roister Dois- ter, whose suit is at once egged on and privately crossed by the mischievous Matthew Merrygreek, who plays at once parasite and rook to the hero. Although Custance has not the slightest intention of accepting Ralpli, and at last resorts to actual violence, assisted by her maids, to get rid of him and his followers, the affair nearly breeds a serious quarrel between herself and her plighted lover, Gawin Goodluck ; but all ends merrily. X(„i m 1 / ../I ,. ....,^ T. — . Sain<«6»7T/, Hist, ef Elizabethan Lit, p. 54. ^BM^\ ^'\''^V^\Z^^\^:^.?^.^^.S± Ealston (ral'ston). William Balston Shed- den. Bom 1828 : died at Loudon, Aug. 6, 1889. van' hrad). Asacred lake in Tibet, situated about lat. 30° 4.^' X. It is one of the sources of the Sutlej. Circumference, about 50 miles. Bake's Progress, The. A series of 8 pictures by Hogarth (1735), in the Soane Museum, Lon- don. The subject is the descent of a rich yoimg man, through dissipation, to poverty, despair, and madness. Eakoczy (ra'kot-se), Francis n. Died at Ro- dosto, Turkey, April 8, 1735. A Hungarian statesman, leader of the insurrection of 170.3- Eak6czy, of Transylvania"l631-48. In alliance with the Swedes, he invaded Hungary and Moraria 1&44- 1645. E4kos (ra'kosh), Field of. A large plain near An Enghsh Russian scholar. He was educated at Cambridge (Trinity College^ and was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1862. He visited Russia four times, and was a friend of Turgenieff. He published a transla- tion of Turgenieff's"Liza" (1869), "Kriloff and his Fables" (1869), "Songs of the Russian People" (1872), "Russian Folk-Tales, etc." (1873). Bama(ra'ma). [Lit. 'joy-bringer.'] The name of three heroes of Hindu mvthology — Balara- ma, Parashurama, and Ramachandra (see these names): especiallv applied to the last. ' ~ 'Rs hter plants . - moon. The name Rama-Lunus is thus a reminiscence of the connection of Rama with the moon, and im- n)ii(;(/,bomafter,younger brother : lit. ' vounger brotherof Rama.'] Born aboutl017A. d". at Shri Parambattur, about 26 miles west of Madras : said to have died in 1137. The founder of a Ya- ishnava sect. He is buried in the great temple of Shri- ranganath. His distinctive tenet was his assertion of a triad of principles — (1) the supreme spirit, Parabrahnian or Ishvara ; (2) the separate spirits of men : and (3) non- spirit- .\ll three are eternal and inseparable, but the spirits of men and the visible world or non-spirit are dependent on Ishvara. In this Ramanuja was opposed to Shankani, who viewed the separate existence of man's spirit, as dis- tinct from the universal spirit, as illusory. Still he so far accepted a modified form of Shankara's system of non- duality that his own system is called that of "qualified non-duality " (vishishtadvaita). In the 13th centurv a di- vision arose among his followers, resulting in the northern school (Vadagalai) and the southern (Tengalai), In their view of the human spirit's dependence on Vishnu the Va- dagalais are Arminian, the Tengalais Calvinist, and the sects have struggled as fiercely as in Europe. .\t present the chief ground of contention is the frontal mark, the Tadagalais holding that it should represent the impress of Vishnu's right foot, while the Tengalais claim that equ.il reverence is due to both feet. Each of the present chiefs of the two sects claims unbroken succession from Rama- nuja himself, the Vadagalai successor living in the Kurnool district, the Tengalai in the Tinnevellv. Each makes a periodical visitation of his diocese, holding a kind of con- firmation, when he brands the initiated with the proper marks. See Williams's "Brahmanism and Hinduism.' pp. 119-129. Bamasetu(ra-ma-sa't6). [Skt., 'Rama's dike.'] The ridge of rock's which extends from the south extremity of the Coromandel coast toward Cev. lon, supposed to have been formed bv Hanumat as a bridge for the troops of Rama -when fight- ing Ravana: "Adam's bridge." Bamatapaniyopanishad (ra-ma-ta-pa-ne-v6- pa-ni-sha.r ). [Skt., 'the (pure) golden Upa'ni- shad treating of Rama ': fromBama and fdpaiih/a and Upanishad.'] An Upanishad of the Athar- vaveda. in which Rama is worshiped as the su- preme god. Its earliest possible date is the 11th century. Te.xt and translation were published by Weber in 186*. Bamayana (rii-ma'ya-na). [Rdma-ai/aiia. the goings ordoings of Rama.] One of the'two great epics of India, the other being the Mahabharata. It is ascribed to a poet Valmiki, and consists at present of about 24,000 stanzas, divided into 7 books. It is the pro- duction of one man. though many parts are later additions, such as those in which Rama is represented as an incarna- tion of Vishnu, all the episodes in the first book, and the whole of the seventh. It was at first handed down orally, and variously modified in transmission, as afterward when reduced to writing : hence the number of distinct recen- sions, agreeing for the most part as to contents, but fol- lowing a different arrangement or varying throughout in expression. One belongs to Benares and the northwest : another, generally more diffuse and open to suspicion of interpolations, to Calcutta and Bengal proper: a third to Bombay and western India: while Weber has found among the manuscripts of the Berlin Library what seems to be » fourth, Weber has sought to show (■' I'eber das Ramaya- nam," 1870) that the modifications of the storv of Rama in its earliest shape, as contained in Buddhist legends, show Valmiki's acquaintance with the Trojan cycle of legend- He dates the composition of the present Ramavaua at a time toward the beginning of the Christian era. when Greek influence had begun. In 1806 and 1810 Carev and Marshman published at Serampore the text and translation of 2 books in the Bengal recension: inlS2^-3S.\-W. von Schle- gel at Bonn 2of the northern with Latin translation ; inlS4S- 1870 the Italian Gorresio at Paris the complete text of the BenE.ali recension with Italian translation. Two complete editions of the text appeared in l&'i9 in India, one at Bom- bay, the other at Calcutt.a. There is a French translation by Fauche, following Gorresio's text, and an English transla- plies an original lunar agricultural god ; but the *JiTtio^ °^'''' ^'^°""' '"'^'*^ '""""""^ "'^ '^"'*' name is all that survives of this origin, just as Bambam. See Maimonides. Rambervillers *>-^v,=^TTinor= ^rnV, V,pr i-P vfl"l A townin 19 Computed at l.ono tone. The reliefs, among which are BamberVlUerS (ron-ber-\e-ja ). A ™wn in illustnItlonsoftheA8iaticcalupaignsofRa.iiesesn.,areof the department of Vosges, t ranee, Aa miles „,,. |,jj,,,p,, interest. southeast of Naucy. Population (1891), com- Kameswaram (rii-iues'wa-raiu). or Ramesh- mune, 5,735. waram (-mesli'-i, or Bamisseram (rii-ijiis'e- Sambler (ram'bler), The. A periodical after rii,,,). j^ island between India and Ciylon, the style^of the "Speetatur," published in Lon- forming the western end of Adam's Bridge. It is an -- don by Dr. Samuel Johnson 1750-52. imitation of the " Spectator."' Bambouillet (ron-bo-ya')- A town in the de- partment of Seine-et-Oise, France, 25 miles southwest of Paris, it is celebrated for its ancient chateau, at different times a royal residence (of Francis I. , louis XVI., Charles X., etc.). The park of the chateau is celebrated for its scenerj- and its trees. Charles X. nbdi- cated Iiele in IsfO. P.ijiuhition (1891), commune, 5,897. Eambouillet, Hotel de. See Hotel. Bambouillet, Marquise de. See Vivonne, Cath- erine tie. Bambouillet Decree. A decree issued by Na- 841 Bamsey jab, British India, situated on the Chenab 60 miles north-northwest of Lahore. It was the scene of a battle between tlie British under Oough and the Sikhs iii ItM-. Bamona (ra-mo'uii). A novel by Helen Hunt Jacksuij, published in 1884. It is an exposure of the wrf)nc:a snllered by the North American Indians. Here is aDravidian temple of great size. The plan is a Bamoth Gilead (ra'moth gil'e-ad) and Ba- rectanglc 67-2 by StW feet, with a large gi^ura or pylu^^^^^ moth Mizpah (miz'pii). Places"(or a place) ill Bible s^'cography, probably identical with the niiiidle of each face except the eastern, which has a p<.rtico, the gopura here rising from within the structure. _ . - The interior consists of corridors forming two rectangles, Mi/.p.iU (^wnieli see). .... one wilhin the other, but not concentric, and crossed by Bamput (riim-por ). 1. Anative state m India, galleries connecting the four gopuras. In the center is ,j„(j,.r British protection, intersected bv lat. 28"* thesmallshrine, with a gilt ball and spire. The corridors ,-> ^ lone Ti° F. Aren -. .^"Z','^, - " (biTn-va-ka-val'lo). Born near lais's " Pantagi-uel," an aged poet: intended 1. geographv, a c ty of Lower Bamirez (ra-me'reth) Juan. Born about 1765 : ■ t .; C ,-7 T. . •. • liied after 1S23. A Spanish general in Peru. It by the Israelites. Its exact site is "" ,i, . • , ,^.,,' [.,,„, ,.f f......„„pi,p i,, chnrrn-s I. it ,,-oa i.l..„tifi„,l >,■»!, T.,ni<; nr Snn He was the principal lieutenant of C.oycneche in (. harcai Bagnacavallo Bologna, 1484: died 1542. An Italian painter, of the Bolognese school: a pupil of Kaphael. Barneses (ram'e-sezj, orBamses (ram'sez). In Old Testament Egvpt. It was built . disputed : by Itrugsch it was idcntifled with Tanis or San, and by Lepsius with Tel-el-Maskliuta. Bameses iram'e-sez) I., or Bamses (ram'sez). [NL. liamencs, Ramsea, L. Jidmiaes, lilicimises, Rhiimses, 6r. 'Vaueaf/c, Egypt. lin-me-su. child of Ka.] An Egyptian king, the founder of the IQtli dynasty (atiout 1400 I'.. C. ). A memorial stone of the second year of his tcign h.as been found at the sec- ond cataract at Wady-Halfa. Bameses n., or Bamses: Miamunl. Oneofthe most famous of Egyptian kings, the third of the 19th dvnasty (1300 B. C), son of Seti I. He was a great' builde"r and a successful warrior. His most no- table campaigti was one against the Hittites: and the great battle of Kade-sh, in which he was .saved by his per- sonal bravery, is celebrated in the epic pucni of Pentaui'. (See I'entaur.) His mummy was found at Deircl-Bahari in l&sl. Also called Ses, .Vealesu, Setesu, Sethoris, and by the Greeks Sesodris. Here ITanis, .Siinl also Mr. Petrie discovered the remains of the largest colossus ever sculptured by the hand of man. This huge figure represented Riimeses II. in that i)osif ion known as ■ the hieratic attitude"; that is to say, with tlie arms straightened to the sides, and the left foot advanced in the act of walking. It had lieen cut upliy Osorkipii II., of the Twenty second Dynasty, to build a pylon gateway Cretin, a poet <'eh'brated in his time, now neg- lected. La Fontaine gives this name to a great cat in his -'Fables." i), Allan. Bom at Leadhills, Laiiark.shire, Oct. 15, 1686: died at Edinburgh, .Jan. 7, 17.58. A Scotti.sh poet. Ue was a peasant by birth, and was apprenticed at lifteen to a barber in Edinburgh. The " Gentle .Shepherd," a pastoral comedy, his best-known work, was suggested by the critique of Pope's" Windsor Forest " in the "Guardian," April 7. 1713. It substituted for the pseudo-pastoral poetr> of the time the reid life of the Scotch shepherds. It has been called "the first geiniine pastoral after Theocritus." He set up a book-shop in High street and ].ulilishcd bis collections of poems; "The Ica-Tatilc Miscellany ■(Kiii.'lislj ami Scot- tish songs, nH: the music for these was |inlili.~lied in 1725), and the "Evergreen," the precursor of " Percy sReliques," containing Scottish Bongs written before Itioo (1724): "Thirty Fables" partly original (1730); ".Scots Proverbs" (17.;7); etc. Pichiucha. llanli'rez then capitulated and left IJuito, which was never again occHpied by the Spaniards. Bamirez, NorbertO. Born about ISOO: died in 18.56. A Central .American politician, president of Salvador 1840^1, and of Nicaragua April 1, 1849, to llarch 14, 1851. Bamiro (rii-me'ro) II. I>ied .Tan. 5, 950. King of Loon and Asturias from about 930 to 950. lie defeated tlio calif Abd-er-Eahman III. on the ]ilain of Siinancas July 21, 939. Bamisseram. See Ranwswaram. Bamleh (riim'lei. [Ar., 'sand.'] A town in Palestine, an important stopping-place on the rnad from Jaffa to Jerusalem, 13^ miles from JalTa. It was f.aiiuled bv the llnnniail calif Suleiman, and was twice caiitured during the nusades by the .Sara- cens. Napcilei.n had bis headquarters there. Population, „. _, ^._ ,. .. . about s, 000. and it was from the fallen Mocks of this gateway that ■Romman (riim'miln). An Assyro-Babvloiiian »«- i.„i_;., li....! ...I..., if l...,1 .M.i.ri,i.ilK- lio<.n Atiwiiitr *•«*• -■-,.*** X / prmcip:.. - . (1809-r2), and subs, qtuiilly held ;i seiiaiate command against the formididOe n lullion of I'un anally defeating him at the battle of I ma 1815. Ramirez treated the prisoners with greiit cruelty, ,„„., .,^.^ ,,.,;„i.„. ,:.,„ ,,i and a large number were put to death. In KW he wiui poftiait-iiainlei son rtlco Is entereil the splendlil by postyle hall, which has K ranges of n columns, forming 9 aisles. The columns of the central aisle, :12^ feet high and over 21 In circumference, are the largest, ami still sujiport part of the linlcls of the root. The capitals are of the spreading bell. form, Reyr)nd the hypostyle liidl were 9 cnambers in 3 rows, tln^ first two of the centnd row col- umned. Among the sculptures the colossid seateii figure of Rameses in tlie enter courts now shatterol, slionid be Tlie eleventh e rainy month), Shebat,wa8 dedicated to him. His t}- "___' p.JTOarH extended over Syria (2 Ki. v. 18), under the Kamsay, tia^a.Ta „i UnAnd and also Rimmon. See lladad-rim- Born at AlierUeeii livinity who presided over storms moiitli(th( worship ex'-- ^ - . ^ . names Dad, Uadad, and also liimmon. See Iladad-nm- vwn. Bamman-Nirari (ram'milu-ni-ra're)- The iiiime of sivenil kings of Assyria. The first reigned about 1315 11. c. ; the second, Oll-jtuil 11. r. ■ and the third. 811-782 1). 0. 1 he hist conquered many of the neighboring countries, and restored Assyrian intlucnce in Babyloniii. Bammelsberg (riim'iiiels-berc.). A niounlain in the ILirz, (iermaiiy, directly south of Goslar. It is iiotcil fur its mines of copper, load, silver, etc. H.'ight. 2.(140 feet. Bammohun Boy (riim-mo-hun' roi). Bom tish geologist. He was appointed director-general of the geolo',:ical survey of the fnited Kingdom and of the Museum of Practical Geology in 1872, and was knighted on retiring from these ofllces in 18»1. Uis works include " Physical Geology and Geography of Great Britain," etc. Bamsay, Andrew Michael, called the Cheva- lier de Kamsay. Born at .\vt, Scotlaml, Jan. 9, 1686: died at St.-Germain-en-Laye. France, May 6, 1743. A Seottish-Frencli miscellaneous author. His chief work is " Voyages de Cy- rus" (1727). Bamsay, David. Born in Lancaster County, Pa., April 2, 1749: died at Charleston, S. C, May 8, 1815. An American physician, histo- rian, and patriot, a delegate to the Continental Congress. He published a "History of the Revolution of South Candina, etc. "(1786), "History of the American Revolution "(17S9), "Life ot Washington "(1807), "History of South Ciii-olina" (1809), "History of the Inited Sfates^' (IsKi: forming jiiu-tof " I'niversal History .\no-ricanized," in 12 vols., ISWIj etc. Bannerman Burnett. Jan. 31, 1793: died at Edinburgh, Dec, 27, 1872. A Scottish clergy- man and author, dean of the diocese of Edin- burgh in the Scottish Episcopal Church. His "Itcminiscences of Scottish Lite and Character ' (1857) is nolidile. Bamsay, Fox Maule, second Baron Panmure and elcvi'iilli Earl of Dalhousie. Born at Bre- chin Castle, Forfarshire, April 22. 1801: died July 6, 1874. A British ]iolilii'iaii, known at first as Fox Maule. He entered the army in his youth, and was refurneil to Parliament as ii l.llurid in 18:«V. He abiiiit 1774 in the district of Murshidabad: died was secretary at war under U>rd .lohn Russell (18)0-,'.2), .)■ IJ,.; t..l l.'.i.rl.iiiil Sold '^7 I.K'l'! The (irst and under I/ird Palmerstmi (IS^S;*). He succeeded his at Bristol Lnglaiicl. Si pt. -/ , !.'> .^ mm j^^^,^ ,^. .^^ „^^. ^^ ^^^ ^^.^ „,,,, ,,(, ^.,,„^|„ ,„ „„. ,,„^,. great mcidiTIl thelstical reloiniel ot limia. ills ,i,„„ |„ imji, ,,ssuming the surname of Kamsiiy after that gre.-- - father was a Brahman, and his grandfather had been an of- flchd of tlie Mogul emperors. Disgusted with the extrava- gant Hindu mythohigy. at 10 he composed a tract against idolatry. Persecuted, he lleil to lienares and then loTilief that he might iiHiversc with Buddhist priests, being deter- ng the surname of Kams:iy aiier ihat of Mimlr nv i..y:d license in ISid. BamsbottOin(ramz'bot um). A manufacturing tiiwii in Lancashire, England, situated ou the Irwell. Population (1891), 16,7'.'0. mined to study each religion at its fountaluhead. He BamsdOU (ramzMell), JeSSe learned Pall to rcail the Tripitaka, as later Arabic, llelircw, anci Greek to read the sacred books of those languages. At 20 he retunie.1 and resnmed his Sanskrit sluilies, at the same time learning English. After his fathers death in 18o3his antagi>niBin to Idolatry became more marked, ami ho set on fool the movement whldi resulted in 18:!0 in aliollshingtliosilf.immolatiimof wlilow»(Bali). Hefornod at Calcutta in 181(1, the AlmiyaSahhu, or Spiritual Sociel v. which became in 18:io the Brahma .Sablui. 'the Assembly or Society of God,' the precursor of the later .\dl-Hrahina .Samaj aiiil llrahnia Saiua) or Brahmo Soma) In April, 1831, he visited F.ngiaud, where he stayed until his death. Bamnes (ram'nezl. One of the three tribes into which the ain'ienl Koman iienple were said to have been diviileil : siipiioseil to represent the Latin oleiiienl in the composition of the nation. In 01 Kameses in the onler cimri, now snaiicreii, snouni oe - , ■ , „„•„,. r>,,. mentioned as by far the largest statue in Egypt : its weight BamnuggUT (ram-nuR ur). A place in the Pan Born at Salter- bl.lo, near Halifax. Kngland, 1735: died Nov. 5, IsOd. An English nianiifaclurer of mathe- niatieal instruments. Telescopes and divided circles were among his specialties. Bamses. See li'aiiic.ien. Bamsey ( ra m 'zD. A seaport and watering-place in till' Isle of Man. situated 12 miles north- northeast (if Poughis. Piipulatioii (1891), 3,934. Bamsey, Alexander, n-rn Sept. s. 18!5: iUed.\liril22, 1!'G3, .\ii .Viiierieaii politieiaii. He was Whig nienilicr of Congress from Pennsylvania IM.t- 1817 governor of Minnesota Territory 1849 6:1 ; governor of Minnesota lS..9-«3; Ke|inbllcan lnlte1 ; and a. member of the Itah cominlMlon 1S82-80. Bamsgate 842 Baphael Samsgate framz'gat). [See Thanet.'] A sea- Randolph, Theodore Prelioghuysen Fitz. western Perthshire. Scotland, "36 miles north- port in the Isle of Thanet. Kent, England, situ- Boiu at Xew Brunswit-k, X. .T., June 24. lSii6: west of Perth. Its outlet is indirectly into the ated on the North Sea 6o miles east by south of died at Morristomi, X. J.. Nov. 7, 1883. An Tay. Length. 9i miles. London : an important Ts-atering-place. Popu- American politician. He was Democratic gov- RanpUT (run-por'). A small native state in lation (1891), 24.676. ernorof New Jersey 1869-72, andUnited States India, under British protection, intersected by JLamus {ra-miis'), Joseph Marius. Born at senator from New Jersey 1875-81. lat. 20° N.. long. 85° E. Aix, France, June 19, 1805: died at Nogent-sur- Randolph, Thomas. Bom at Honghton, Da- Ranqueles (ran-ka'las). Indians of the Argen- Seine. June 3, 1888. A French sculptor. He ventry, NorAamptonshire, 1605 : died 1634. An tine Republic, in the southern part of Men- went to Paris in 182-2 and studied with Cortot. Among English poet and dramatist. He was educated at doza. San Luis, and Cordoba. They are of the Pam- hisworksare"DaphnisetChloe,"'Llnnocence,""Ceph.ile Westminster and Cambridge, and was also incorporated peanorAraucanian stock, and are said to have immigrated et Procris," "Anne dAutriche " (gardens of the Luxem- at Oxford. Ben Jonson adopted him as one of his "sons." from Chile. They have had little intercouise with the boarg), a statue of Puget for llarseUIes, Saint Michel and He wrote " Aristippus." "The Muses' Looking-Glass, a whites. Saint GabrieUor the Church of St. Eustache, etc. Comedy," -Amyntas. or the Impossible Dowry," "The RansOm (ran'soml Thomas Edward GreeB- :^mus(ra'mus},Petrus.(PierTedelaRamee) g'-^iJ;^. (f^Cji: :^S,^^»?i^™'S,;^ Born at Cuth.\ermandois, France, tola: k.Ued f °Sr of mTnor pofms "' ^'oP^^ne*). ^'<=- . also ^^^,.^01^3^6^ Oct.29 1864. An American gen- m Uie massaci-e of St. Bartholomew. Aug 24^ Randolph-MaCOn College. An institution of eral in the Civil War. He entered the Union army as I0-2. A French logman, noted for his writings i^tli^n^ "i^rThland Vi^^^ onened in 183" a volunteer at the beginning of the Civil War, and served directed against Aristotelianism. Tt^^, ?lo,. ttl I!; LJ^I ^f ?1^!' m^+S^- t v" '^'h distinction at Fort Donelson, at Shiloh, and in the At, HamUSio (ra-m6'se-6), Giovanni Battista. K is uuder the control of the Methodist Epis- lanta campaign, attaining the brevet rank of major-general Born atVevlso, Italy, JuIe2o!Tl85: died at ^'^Pf^ Church ibouth). It has about 400 stu- of volunteers in 18«. ^ ^ _ ^ ^ , Padua, Julv 10, 1.557. A Venetian statesman -d^'^j ' , ,a -.t ^ a a n • 1 ., ■ KantovQ (ran tol). Robert. Bom at Beverley, and author: secretary of the Senate and later of ^T^?<^?™R^''''°/,^?il?^.^°i- ^^f^ ^^^''"'^ ^° Mass., Aug. 13, 1805: died at Washington, D. C, the Council of Ten. " He traveled in various Eun,pean J"^'I-^^^^,\^^'*^'^L f^^t^nl^th oV T?«.Ho '^""S' 'l ^^''- ^ ^^^^''^^ politician, lawyer, countries. Bv correspondence he was acquainted with Random Sound. An inlet south of Random and reformer: an opponent of slavery. He was Oviedo, Cabot, and other distinguished historians and trav- Island. United States senator from Massachusetts in 1851; and elers; and he was indefatigable in collecting accounts of Randon (ron-don'), Comt« JaCqUeS Louis CI- D™iocraticand Free-soil memberofCongressfromMassa- the explorations made in his time. His"Dellc navigationi _,_ AlpYanHrp Rom at firennhlp Fmni^p chusetts lSol-62. lliT^^'^^'^^^u't^^TeXf^lo^i'^^Ilt March 25^1795 'died ™ Geneva Jan! 16ri87i: ^^ des Vaches (ron da vash). [F., 'chime r R^usTsnTme^"ta°pVe^eT/^he«^^^^^^^ A French marshal, governor-general of Alge- of the cows.'] A strain of an irregular descnp- which was delayed until 15.=.9. ria and minister of war under Napoleon IH. *'°P; "^^^^^ m some parts of Switzerland is sung Ilan(ran). [ON.B«h.] In Old Norse mvthology. Randsfjord (rands'fvord). A lake in southern or blown on the Alpine horn m June to call the a water-demon, the goddess of the sea, where she Nonvay. north of Christiania. It has its outlet S,""^® ^°^ ^'^^ valleys to the higher pastures, caught drowning men in her net. she was the into Christiania Fjord. Length, 44 miles. T>''''"^vTii -'i- *•• /\ a i • j.i. wife of .Egir, but typified the destructive characteristics Ranelagh (ran'e-la) Gardens. Gardens for- -Kaon-l ttape (ron la-tap ). A town in the ofthesea^ merlv situated near the Thames, in Chelsea, department of % osges France situated on the Ranof^chh. SeeAac*/,. London. Thev were noted for concerts fk,ml740tol805. ijeurthe 3- mJes southeast of Nancy Here, ilancagua aan-kag wa). A city of Chile, capi- ^^^ famous as the scene of wild and extravagant enter- ^ct. 0. 18,0. the French were repulsed by the tal of the province of G Higgms, 43 mUes south tainments, masquerades, etc. They were closed in 1805, Baden army. Population (1891), commune, of Santiago. Here the patriots under O'Higgins were and no trace now remains. 4.036. defeated by the Spaniards under Osorio in a two days' bat- Ranen Fjord (rii'nen fvord). A fiord on the Raoul Island See Stindau Island tie in the streets, Oct 1-2, 1814. O'Higgins escaped with western coast of NorwaV, in lat. 66° 20' N. Raoul-Rochette (ra-ol'ro-shet'l (Dlsir^ Ra- onlv a small part of his force. Carrera was held respon- •d„_„„i„„ ,„;:„;/i;n t «^^^J„ \ „ f i„i.„- •"■aoi^-i -n-ui-uci/ire ii<» oi lo-suei ; ^i»e!Jl^e Xfca- sibie for this defeat, as he could have reinforced O'Higgins. RangOloy (ranj li) Lakes. A group of lakes oul). Born at bt.-Amand. Cher. France, March The disaster made the Spaniards masters of Chile until in the western part of Maine, including Range- 9, 1790 : died at Paris. Julv 3. 1854. A French 1817. Population, about 8,000. ley Lake, Lake rmbagog(partlyin New Hamp- archasologist. He wrote " H^toire critique de Wtab- Sance (rori-sa'), Annand Jean le Bouthillier shire), etc. Their outlet is bv the Androscoggin, lissementdes colonies grecques"(l8l5), "Monuments In- de. Born at Paris, Jan. 9, 1626: died at So- Ranger (ran'jer). 1. A character in Wycher- ^dits d'antiquites " (1828-30), " Peintures incites " (1836), lignv-la-Trappe, Ome, France, Oct. 12, 1700. lev's comedv ''Love in a Wood": a brilliant _^ '^' , ■■ ,^ -r r. Abbot of La Trappe : founder of the Trappists. specimen of the rakish fine gentleman of the -K^UX (ra-o ), Jean. Bom at MontpeUier, Rand, The. See TTitwatersrand. period.— 2. A similar character in Hoadlev's fJi',"'^^' "J?"^ \-' ^'^' ' = ^\^^ ^^ P'*"^, Feb. 10, Randall ran'dal), Alexander Williams. "Suspicious Husband." Garrick created it" ^'.'^^j A Ir rench genre-painter. Hewonthe^nd Born in Montgomery County, N. Y., Oct., 1819: Rangoon, or Rangnn (ran-gon'). The capital Kdemj inTnV" ^^ * °""" died at Elmira. N.Y., July 2.5. 1872. AnAmer- of Lower Burma, in the Pegu division, situated t>__„ See Oparo ican politician. He was Republican govemorof Wis- on the river Rangoon in lat. 16° 46' N., long, -pj^ii' ^.^ 'xi/iA » cmoii seaTiort in tKo consin 1857-61 ; United States minister to Italy 1861-62 ; 96°!!' E. It forms a district. It has considerable com- nrS^H^^p of Genon Tt«lv ^U,^flfcZthfc\,U and postmaster-general 1866-69. merce in rice, etc., and its principal industn" is ship-buUd- P^o^nee ot Genoa. Italy, situated on the Gulf Randall, James Ryder, Bom at Baltimore, ing. The Shoedagong Pagoda is at the base a p.3lygon of ot Genoa lb miles east ot Genoa. It is a winter Jan 1 1839 An -^.merican song-writer and many sides carried up in a concave cone with decorated health-resort, and has a trade in oil. iournalist author of "Marvland mv Marv- firface^nd terminating in a sharp flnial. It is about 40() Rape of Lucrece, The. 1. A narrarive poem jouiudiisi, duiuoi ui jidi.Mduii, m\ iuai\ feet m diameter and 300 high, and the base is surrounded hvSlinksnpre Tuihlislied in 15,isi.}. An. -vmencan states- p^peg of Rome," 1S34-37), "Deutsche Geschichte im •Ranha.pl Hp TpCfio frii-fa-al' de 7he-7fi<5") Bom man, nephew of Peyton Randolph. Hewasadel- Zeitalter der Reformation" ("German Historj- in the Pe- -Kapnael ae JeSBS (ra-la-al tte zbe-zos ). liora egate to Congress 1779 and 1780-82 ; governor of Virginia nod of the Reformation," 1839-47), "Neun Bucher preus- ^^ Ijuimaraes, 1014: Oiea at IjISDOU, JJec. Jd, 1786-88; aninfluentialdelegate tothcConstitutionalCon- sischer Geschichte "(" Xine Books of Prussian Histor>-," 1693. A Portuguese Benedictine monk and his- ventionl787(introducerofthe"VirginiaPlan ");attomey- 1847-iS), "Franzosische Geschichte, vomehmlich im 16, torian. He was made chronista-mor or chief annalist, of general 1769-94 ; and secretary of state 1794-95, und 17. Jahrhundert" ("French History, especiaUy in the kingdom in 1^1. His principal works are " Castriota Eandolph, John, ''of Roanoke." Bora at Caw- 'l>e 16th and 17th centuries," 1852-61), "Englische Ge- Lusitana,"ahistoryof the war against the Dutch in Brazil °\""ed Mind. _„ „, tocong.e.^inis32. Ranklne (ran'kin), WilUam John Macquorn. ^P^^l 0;a fa-el) (or Rafael, orRaffaello) Randolph, Peyton. Bom atWUbamsburg.Va., Born at Edinburgh, Julv 5, 1820: died at Glas- Sanzao (san ze-o) or Santl (san te). Bom at 1723: died at Philadelphia, Oct. 22, 1775. An gow, Dec. 24, 1872. A'Scottish physicist, pro- ^''^J^o. Italy, March 2s, 14S3: died at Rome, Amencaii patriot, a leading member of the Vir- fessor of civil engineering in the University of Apnl 6, lo20. A celebrated Italian pamter. He ginia House of Burgesses. He was president of Glaseow from 18o5 He ^T-nte T„«nn«i» nn "The studied under his father Giovanni Santi, and after about ?i,o ««ot r-^^n^n^tSi n „„» ;„ iTTi ,.„a „ 1504 lie painted a series of pic- tures for the rittii di Castello, eltief of wliich is tlie "Mar- riage of tile Virgin," or "Sposalizio," in the niuseuiu of Brera. In 150* he estaljlislied liiniself in Horence, but worlced also at Perugia and Siena. To this period belongs the St. George of the Lou\Te. The works of the second or Florentine period are mainly Madonnas and Holy Families, also the portrait of himself in the Utftzi. Here he studied the great carttwns of Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. In l."»0y, at the recommendation of his countryman lira- luante, he went to Rome to decorate the Vatican for Julius II. In this third and Liat period Raphael emancipated liiiu- self from the traditiotis of hia predecessors and formed his own style. His activity at this time, during the remainder of the reign of .7ulius II. and that of I.eo X.. was prodigious. In 1514 he was appoitited chief architect of St. Peter's. He organized fetes for the popes, was guardian of antiquities, and liad prepared a great archaeological work on Roman remains. His work in Rome may be divided into five main groups : (1) The Stanze of tlie \'atican. (2) Loggic of the Vatican. (3) Decoration of the Villa t'higi(l''arne.'iiiia). (4) Cartoons for the tapestries of the Sistine Cliapel (they are now at the South Kensington iluseum, London). A tapes. try from Rapliael's cartoons is presen'ed in the old museum at Berlin. It was made at Brussels for Henry VIII. in 151.'i- 1516. The colors are somewhat faded. ThereareOsubjeets In this collection, the tenth, " Paul in Prison at Philippi," having perished. (5) Works at St. Peter's. Among his cliief easel-pictures are "Spo8alizio"(lii04: in Milan).*' Entomb- ment (Borghese, RomeX "La belle jardiniere " (Louvre), "La Foniarina" (Roine),"The Resurrection" (S^atican), "The Crucifixion (London), "Coronation of the Virgin" (Vatican), '• ilarriage of the Virgin "(Milan), "St (George and the Oragon," "St. 5Iichael," "St. John," "Apollo and Marsias" (Louvre), "The Transfiguration," finished by Giulio Romano (ir>19-20 : Vatican), " Vision of Ezekiel " (Florence), "Lo Spasimo" (Madrid). See Madontut. Baphia(ra-fi'a1. [Gr.'Pa^/a.] In ancient geog- raphy, a eity on the coast of Palestine, south- west of Gaza. Near it Ptolemy Philopator de- feated Antlochus the Great in 217 B. c. Saphoe (ra-fo'). An ancient episcopal city in Donegal, northern Ireland, 13 miles southwest of Londonderry. Bapidan (rap-i-dan'). The chief tributary of the Rappahannock, in Virginia, which it joins 10 miles west-northwest of Fredericksburg. Length. 75-100 miles. Sapp (rap), George. Bom at Wurtemberg, 1770 : dien at Economy, Pa., Aug. 7, 1847. A German- American socialist, founder of the Harmonists. He emigrated with his followers in 1803 to Pennsylvania, where he founded a religions communistic settlement, which received the name of Harmony. In 1815 the com- munity removed to Indiana. The new settlement was called New Harmony. The property at New Harmony was sold to Robert Owen in 1824, and the Harmonists re- moved to Beaver County, Pennsylvania, where they built the village of Economy. Rapp continued to be the spiri- tual head of the Harmonists until his death. Eapp, Comte Jean. Born at Colmar, Alsiiee, April 26, 1772: died near Lorrach, Baden, Nov. 8, 1821 A French general. He served in the Na- poleonic campaigns, ana was particularly distinguished at the defense of Dantzic 181S-14, which he surrendered in Jan.. 1814. Eappaccini's Daughter. A tale by Hawthorne, |.iililishi".l 111 ls-14. Eappahannock (rap-a-han'ok). A river in Vir- ginia, it is formed by the union of the North Fork with otller brandies, and Hows into Chesapeake Bay 25 miles south of tile nioutli of the Potomac. It was of great stra- tegic importance in the Civil War. particularly in the cam- paigns of tlie Army of the Potomac ls(,2-ti4. Length, over 2011 miles, Kapperschwyl (riip'per-slivel), or Rappers- Wll (riip'pfrs-vel). A town iu the ciiiiioii ot St.-(iull, .Switzerland, situuti'il on the upper Lake of Ziiricli IG miles southeast of Zurich. Ilappists(ra))'ists;,orRappites(rap'its). Same as Hnrmoiiists. Rapti (riip'te). A river in Nepal and British India winch joins tlie Gogra about 80 miles norlh'^'ast of Benares. Length, about 37r)-400 miles. Raratonga (ril-ra-tong'ga). The largest island of Cook's Islands, Pacific Ocean. It is r)3 miles in circuit. Raritan (rar'i-tan).. [From an Indian tribal name.] A river in New .lersey. It Is fonned by the union of the north and south liranches in Somerset County, ami flows into Raritan Hay at Perth Amboy. To- tal length, about 75 miles. Raritan Bay. A bay on the eastern coast of Now .l sfaroHer- ciilis. in tlio lii'iid of the constelhilion. Rasalhague (riis-al-ha'gu). [Av. rds-nl-liamrd, the head of the serpent-charmer.] The second- 843 magnitude star n Ophiuchi, in the head of the constellation. Rascia (rash'ia). A region in the southern part of Bosnia. Tlie chief place is Novibazar. It is iiiliabited by Serbs. The name was for-^ merly aiiplied to tlie kingdom of the Serbs. Rasgrad (liis'griid). A town iu Ijjilgaria. situ- ated oil the Ak Loin 3.') miles southeast of Hiistehuk. It was the scene of engagements between the lurks and Russians in 1810 and 1877. Population (188s), 12,1174. Rashi (ra'she). [Contracted from the initials of the full name: Rabbi Salomoh Izhaki (i.e. 'son of Isaac').] Lived 1040-1105 at Troyes, in Champagne (northern France). One ot the most eminent and influential men in Jewish talmudical and biblical literature. He studied in the celebrated schiKils of his time at ilainz and Worms ((Germany). He was the first to compose a commentary on the Talmud (with the exception of three tracts) and on most of the btwks of the Old 'restainent. His commen- taries, especially that on the Talmud, are distinguished by clearness of language and sriety of judgment. Ratisbon for the British Museum. He has published "The British Mission to Theodore, King of Abyssinia" (1809). Rasselas (ras'e-las). A philosophical romance by Dr. Samuel Johnson, published in 1759. Rasselas and his royal brothers and sisters live in a se- cluded portion of the larth known as the Happy Valley, where, completely isolated from thewoild, they await their succession to tile crown of the imaginary lai.i of 4hys6iiiia, surrounded by every luxury which can make life agreeable, and shut off from all knowledge of those evils wtiich can make it painfuL The aim of tlie story is to show the van- ity of e.vpecfing future liappine.ss, and the folly of sacrifi- cing present advantages for the delusive promises of the future. Tiiekerjuan, Hist of English Prose Fict, p. 2S4. Rastaban (riis-ta-liiin'). [Ar. rd.i-al-thii'bdii, tlie head of tlie basilisk.] The third-magnitude star ; Dracoiiis, in the head of the constellation. Rastatt, or Rastadt (riis'tat). A town in the circle of Baden-Baden, in Baden, situated on the JIurg 14 miles southwest of Karlsruhe. It is one of tiie stntiigest fortresses in Germany. The Baden insurrection of 1841) rnmnienced here on ilay 11, and ended with the surrender of the fortress on July 23. Population (18'in). 11,557 commentary on the Talmud saved that monumental work Rastatt, CongTeSS Of. 1. A Congress held in fmm neglect, and has not been surpassed ; and Ills com mentary on the Bible is still a great favorite with the Jews, and is constantly drawn upon by modern exegetes. Rasht. See ncsht. Rask (riisk), Rasmus Kristian. Born at Bran- dekilde, Denmark, Nov. 22, 1787: died at Copen- hagen, Nov. 14, 18,32. A Danish jihilologist and wi'iter, one of the founders of the modern science of comparative philology. He went to the Copenhagen I'niversity without means, but olitaiiied a subsidiary position in the university library, and eked out a support by giving private instruction while he contin' ued the linguistic studies to which he had devoted him stU. His earliest work of Old Norse. In 1808 Edda : in 1811 an Icelandic grammar, emment assistance, he made a journey to Iceland to study the language, returning by the way of Scotland in 1S15. In the meantime he had been awarded the gold medal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries for an essay on the ori- gin of the Old Norse language. In 1810, with public sup- port, he startetl on an extended Journey to the East, lie was first for some montlis in Stockholm, then in ,St. Peters liurg, whence he set nut in the summer of 1819 for Tiflis 1713-14 for putting an end to the war between Austria and France. — 2. A congress held in 1797-99 for the purpose of arranging the ques- tions at issue between France and the Empire. It met Dec. 8, 1797, and was dissolved April 8, 1799. The cession of the left bank of the Rhine to France and the secu- larization of various German dominions were agreed to. Two of the French envoys were murdered by Austrian hus- sars near Rastatt. April" 28, 1799. Rastatt, Convention of. A secret agreement between France and xVustria, Dec. 1, 1797, pro- viding for tlie delivery of the left bank of the , J. .. Rhine to the French. [ was particularly in the direction p-.+.ii. -paara nf A trefttv concluded be- he published a translation of the Kastatt, reace 01. A treaty conutiaea oe idicgrammar. In 1813, with gov- twccii 1 ranee and Austria in March (i, 1 (14. It Wits supplemented bv the treat V of Baden (which sec). Rastrick (ras'trik). A town in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, situated near the Calder 12 miles southwest of Leeds. Population (1891), 9,279. Rata. See Jlnta. He traveled through Persia in 1820, and then went on to "<*"<». "\^ "'"" „ Bombay, everywhere actively engaged in studying the Ian- Katak IsIandS. bee hadacK Islands. guages of the countries through which he passed. In In- Ratazzl. Hi'e Ildtta-^i. dialieremainedtwoyeari.engagedinlinguisticstudyanil JJotekau See liaikau in collecting and copying MSS. ^ ^/^ fj-^Yime' fllle] oi RathCUO-lf (rii'te-no)! or Rathenan (rS ' te Copenhagen in 1823. His labors for a long t nou). A town in the province of Bruudeuburg, Prussia, situated on tl:c Havel 4.') miles west by north of Berlin. It lia-s manufactures uf spectacles and glass. It was repeatedly taken in the I liirty Years' War, and was the scene of a victory of the Great LIcctor of Brandenburg. Frederick William, over theSwedes, June 16, 1875. Population (1890), 10,353. a just recognition. A small pension was given him for three years by the government: in 1825 he was made professor extraordinarius of tlie history of literature, liut without a stipend. In ls29, however, he was appointed university librarian ; and at the end of 18:U. barely a year before his death, he finally received the professorship of ( iriental lan- guages which liehad so long desired, llislinguistic stud- ies covered a most extraordinary range. He published, _.,,.,,,,,., , ,i . , i i i ■ » among others, grammars of Icelandic, Anglo-Saxon, Sin- RathllU {rath lin). A small island belonging to galese,Spani8h,Fricsian, Italian, Danisli(inEnglish),Lapp, the coiiutv of Antrim, Ireland, situated in the and English, and wrote monographs on especial points of Xorth Channel 50 miles north bv west of Belfast. many languages and dialects In nuinerous in.-itaiices he ■d„4.t,_,,-_-o c-uf). iniT,.,') \ i.'inoo in TTolnml 3 cleared the way, by his preliminary labors and suggestions, RathnUUeS (ratli-min/. ). A place in Irtlan.l A forother workers in the same Held. I he principle of the rel- miles south ot Dul)lin. Here, Aug. 2. 1649, the Royal- ative correspondence of consonants in the IndoGermanie ists under Ormonde were defeated by the Parliamentarians languages, nir instance, was tliscovered by him, although uniler Jones. it was formulated as a law liy Jacob lirimin whn.se name it J>a,tiV(jr (rii'te-bor). A eitv in the province of hears. lliH enlK-ct. d essays C^Samla.ie Afhandlinger') jm,^.^;,,^ Prussia, situated on" the Oder in lat. 50° 5' N., long. 18^ 12' E. It has flourishing trade and manufactures, and was formerly the capital of the princi- pality of Katilior. Population (ISWo), '20,737. Ratibor, Duchy of. .\ duchy of the Holv Ro- man Eiii)iii('. in the southcastorn part of Silesia. It W!LS aciiniie.l liy the Ilayi^burgs l.':K, and by I'rustia 1742. The priiiei|ialily of l^dilicM w a.-i cleat, d 1822. His cllect were piibli.^bed at ('■■penhagen. 18;M-;i8, in 3 vols. Ras Mohammed (riis mo-hiim'ed). The south- crniuost licaiilaiid of the Sinai peninsula, pro- jri'ting into the h'ed Sea. Raspail (riis-piiy'), FranQois Vincent. Born atCarpeiitras. France, .lau. 29, 1791: dii'd.laii. 8. 1878. A French naturalist and radictil re- publican politician. He took part in the revolution- Ratlbor.Duke of ( Vlctor MoritZ Karl, Prince ' ■" "■ ' -•-■■••• '■■ of Corvey aiidof Hohi'iilolie-Waldenburg-Schil- lingsfurst). Born Feb. 10, 1818: died Jan. 30, 1893. A Giiniaii polilieiaii. president of the I'riissiaii upper house from 1S77. ale" ^18:iU), " Hlstoire naturelle do la aante et J{,atisbon{iat'is-bon), G. Regensburg(ra'gens- ladie^ (1843). " Nouvelles dtudes sclentiflques ^*i^.^°,"""[-V. JtalislJn,,,. MH. I!.,li.Klwllh arcading. Hanked liv 2 towers with lofty openwork .«plre» (finished l.sii',1), ami lias before Its wulplureil cenlnil porUil a curious project lug areaded triangular porch. The cathe- dral measuies :ii»l bv 1-5 feet: the iiave-vault Is 1:12 feet high, (il her objects of interest are the Italhaiis (the seat rations,ii post which heliehlnnlll the explorations came to an end in 1854. In 1.S04 lie was sent by tile British government on n mission to Theoilore, king of Abyssinia, by whom he was kept imprisoned until I.hiW. From 1870-82 ho conducted explorations in Mesopotamia Batisbon between Napoleon and the archduke Charles, April lJ>-23. 1800: and passed to Bavaria in 1810. Population (ISyO). 37,934. Batisbon Interim. A provisional arrangement devised by the emperor Charles V. for tne set- tlement of the points of dispute between the Catholics and Protestants, it was based on a con- ference held during the Diet at Ratisbon, in IMl, between leading theologians (Melanchthon, Bucer, Eck, etc.). Rat (rat) Islands, A group of islands in the Tvestem part of the Aleutian chain. Ratkau (rat'kou), or Ratkow (riit'ko), or Ratekau (rit'te-kou). A village 5 miles from Liibeck, Germany. Here, Nov. 7, 1806, Bliicher, on the retreat from Auerstiidt, surrendered with about 7,000 men to the French. Ratlam. See Hutlam. Ratnagiri (rut-na-ge're), or Rutnagheiry (rut- na-ger'i). 1. A district in Bombay, British In- dia, situated along the coastof the Arabian Sea, and intersected by lat. 17° N. Area, 3,922 square miles. Population (1891), l,10r),926.— 2. The capital of the district of Ratnagiri, situated on the Arabian Sea in lat. 17° N., long. 73° 16' E. Population (1891), 14,303. Ratnavali (rat-na'va-le). [Skt. : ratna, pearl, and (irali, row.] " The Pearl Necklace," a San- skrit drama of the 7th century, ascribed as the Nagananda and the Priyadarshika to the king Shri Harsha. Hall, Biihler. and Weber believe the real author to have been Bana, while Pischel ascribes it to Dhavaka. The first scene describes the sports and jokes of the spring festival now called Holt Sagarika. called Ratnavali from her jewel necklace, a princess of Ceylon. is accidentally brought to the court, falls in love with the king, and paints his picture. The queen discovers the pic- ture, is jealous, and imprisons Sagarika. In the end, how- ever, the king conciliates the first wife and gains a second. A sorcerer plays a great part in it. The best edition is by Cappeller in Bbhtlingk's "Sanskrit Chrestomathie "(2d ed.). It h:is been translated into English by Wilson, and into German by Fritze. Raton ( ra-ton ' ) Mountains. A mountain group in soutliern Colorado and the northern part of Xew Mt'xico. Rat Portage (rat por'taj). A town of Algoma, Ontario, situated on the Canadian Pacific Rail- way at the northern end of the Lake of the Woods. It is noted for the production of cav- iar. Population (1901), .5,202. Ratsey (rat'si), Gamaliel. See the extract. Gamaliel Ratsey was a notorious highwayman, who al- ways robbed in a mask, which was undoubtedly made as hideous as possible in order to strike terror. In the title- page of an old pamphlet (which I have not seen) con- taining the history of his exploits, he is said to be repre- sented with this "frightful visor : in allusion to which, I suppose, he is called by Gab. Harvey "Gamaliel Hobgob- lin." On the books of the Stationers' Company (^Iay, 160.^) is entered a work called "The Lyfe and I)eath of Ga- maliel Ratsey, a famous theefe of England, executed at Bedford." There are also several "Ballats''on the sub- ject, entered about the same time. But the achievements of Gamaliel have been sung in more than one language. Gifford, Notes to Jonson's The Alchemist, II. 7. Ratsey's Ghost. A very rare tract, printed without date, but supposed to be prior to 1606. It mentions Shakspere's "Hamlet" by name, and refers to the author and some circum- stances of his life. (Collier.) Ratsey is referred to in many publications of the time. See the article above. Rattazzi, or Ratazzi, Urbano. Bom at Ales- sanilria, Italy, June 29, 1808 : died at Frosinone, Italy, June 5, 1873. An Italian statesman. He became deputy in the Sardinian parliament in 1848 ; was minister for short periods in 1848 and 1840; became min- ister of justice in 13.')3, and of the interior in 1854; re- signed in 1858 ; was again minister of the interior 185&-60 ; and was prt-niier in ].stj2 and 1867. Rattenfanger von Hameln (riit'ten-feng"er fon ham'eln), Der. [G., 'The Bat-eateher of Hameln.'] An opera by Victor Nessler, pro- duced at Leipsic m 1879. See Hameln, Piper of. Rattlin (rat'lin), Jack. A saUor, a character in Smollett's "Roderick Random." Ratzeburg (rat'se-bSro). 1. A former bishop- ric, afterward a secularized principality, lying northwest of Mecklenburg-Sohwerin, and be- longing to Mecklenburg-Strelitz. — 2. A town in Lauenburg, in the province of Sehleswig- Holstein, Prussia, situated on Lake Ratzeburg 12 miles south of Liibeck. The cathedral, with the northern part of the town, belongs to Mecklenburg-Strelitz (see def. 1). Pc.[.ulati"n (iy«M,"4,23.'5. Rau (rou), Karl Heinrici. Born at Erlangen, Bavaria, Nov. 23, 1792: died at Heidelberg. March 18, 1870. A German political economist, professor at Heidelberg from 1822. His chief work is " liChrbuch der politischen Okonomie " (" Manu,al of Po- litical Economy," 1826-37). Rauber (roi'ber), Die. [6., 'The Robbers.'] A play IJv Schiller, printed in 1781 and repre- sented in 1782. 844 Ranch (rouch). Christian Daniel. Bom at Arolsen, Waldeck, Germany, Jan. 2. 1777: died at Dresden, Dec. 3, 1857. A noted German sculptor, .\mong his works are the mausoleum of Queen Luise of Prussia at Charlottenburg (1814) ; statues of • Blucher in Breslau and Berlin, and of Ma.vimiliau I. of Ba- varia in Munich ; the monument of Diirer at Nuremberg ; statues of Scharnhorst, Von Biilow, Francke, etc. ; and the monument of rrederick the Great at Berlin (1851). Ranch, Friedrich August. Born in Hesse- Darmstadt, July 27, 1806: died at Mereersbm-g, Pa., March 2. 1841. A German-American phi- losopher, first president of Marshall College, Mereersburg (1835-41). He wrote "Psychol- ogy" (1840), etc. Raucoux. See Rocoux. Raudian(ra'di-an) Fields. [L. Campi Raudii.'] In ancient geography, a noted plain in northern Italy, probably near Vereelli, but by some lo- cated near Verona, it was thescene of a battle in 101 B. c, in which the Cimbri were annihilated by theRomans under Marius and Catulus. RaudnitZ (roud'nits). A town in northern Bo- hemia, situated on the Elbe 25 miles north by west of Prague. It is noted for its castle. Population (1890), commune, 6.615. Railhe Alp (rou'e alp) or Alb (alb). The Swabian Jura, or that part of it between Hohen- zollei-n and Bavaria ; in a more restricted sense, a gi'oup of mountains near Reutlingen. Raumer (rou'mer), Friedrich Lud'wig Georg ■yon. Boi'n at Worlitz, Anhalt. Germanv, Mav 14, 1781: died at Berlin, June 14, 1873. A Ger- man historian. He became professor at Breslau in 1811, and at Berlin in 1819, and was a member of the tYankfort parliament in 1848, and later of the Prussian chamber. His chief works are "Geschichte der Hohenstaufen " ("History of the Hohenstauf ens," 1823-'25), and "Geschichte Europa's seit dem Ende des 15. Jahrhunderts " ("History of Europe since the End of the 15th Century," lS3'3-.50); otherworks are "Briefe aus Paris und Frankreich "(183i), " England " (1836-41), " Die Vereinigten Staaten von Nordamerika " (1846), etc. Raumer, Karl Georg ■von. Born at Worlitz, Germany. April 9, 1783: died at Erlangen, Ba- varia, June 2, 1865. A German geographer, ge- ologist, and wi'iter on pedagogics, professor at Erlangen: brother of Friedrich Ludwig Georg von Raumer. His works include " Lehrbuch der aUgemeinen Geographic" (1832), "Ge- schichte der Piidagogik" (1842), etc. Raumer, Rudolf von. Born at Breslau, Prussia, April 14, 1815 : died at Erlangen. Bavaria, Aug. 30, 1876. A German philologist, son of K. G. von Raumer : professor at Erlangen from 1846. He wrote "' Geschichte der germanisehen Phi- lologie" (1870), etc. Raupach (rou'pach), Ernst Benjamin Salomo. Born at Straupitz. near Liegnitz, Silesia, Jlay 21, 1784 : died March 18, 1852. A German dram- atist. Rauraci Montes. In ancient geography, a name given to Abnoba, now the Black Forest. Raurici (ra'ri-si), or Rauraci (ra'ra-si). [L. (Cfesar) Raurici, Gr. (Ptolemy) 'Vfn-panoi.] A Gennan tribe first mentioned by Cfesar. They were situated in the neighborhood of Basel, on the upper Rhine, in territory north of the Helvetii, whom they had joined in their attempted migration, 58 B. c. Ravaillac (ra-vii-yiik'). FranQOis. Born near Angouleme, France, about 1578: executed at Paris, May 27, 1610. The murderer of Henry IV. of France" (May 14, 1610). Ravee. See Ravi (in India), Ravello (ra-vel'16). A small town in the prov- ince of Salerno, Italy, it was formerly a place of importance. The cathedral, founded in 1087, is remark- able especially for its bronze doors of 1176 and its pulpit of 1272. Raven (ra'vn). The. A notable poem by Edgar Allan Poe, published in 1845. Ravenna (ra-ven'a; It. pron. ra-ven'na). 1. A province in the compartimento of Emilia, Ital.y. Area, 715 square miles. Population (1891), 223,013.-2. The capital of the province of Ravenna, situated between the Ronco and Lamone, 6 miles from the Adriatic, in lat. 44° 25' N., long. 12° 12' E. : the Roman Ravenna. It is famous for its churches (basilicas of the late-Roman and Byzantine periods). The cathedral, founded in the 4th century, but remodeled in the ISth, was a 5-aisled ba- silica with mosaics, but is now a 3-aisled domed church with grotesque ornament. The venerable circular cam- panile and the crypt are of the original construction. There are several noteworthy frescos by GuidoReuL San Giovanni Evangelista is a votive church built in 425 by Galla Placidia. There is a narthes on the west : its door is a very richly sculptured work of the 13th century. The 3-aisled interior has 24 antique columns ; in one chapel there is a fresco of the evangelists and the doctors of the church, by Giotto, powerful and characteristic despite restoration. The palace of Theodoric, a fragment 65 feet long, with two tiers of arcades, a large arched doorway in the middle, and over it a large domed niche containing a double-arched window, is important historically as the Rawlins abode of Theodoric, the exarchs, and the Lombard kings, and architectm-ally as one of the best secuhir examples of early Italian Romanesque. The mausoleum of ITlieodoric, of the 6th century, though Roman in character, is in plan a decagon 45 feet in diameter. The upper story. 35 feet in diameter, is circular, roofed by a single enormous slab cut to the form of a flat dome. This stoiy was surrounded by ornamental arcades, now gone. Each side of the decagoQ below has a niche formed by a massive arch. EaL-h story contains a chamber: the lower one is cruciform. The mausoleum of Galla Placidia. built in 440, is in plan a Latin cross 40 by 46 feet. The four arms have barrel-vaults, and the central space is covered by a raised-groined vault. The ends of the arms are occupied by sarcophagi. The vaults are lined with mosaics which rank among the finest remains of early Christian art. Among other notable struc- tures are tlie baptistery, Dante's tomb, library, archi- episcopal palace, and churches of San Vitale. San Na- zario e Celso, Santa Maria in Cosmedin, San Apollinare Nuovo, and San Apollinare in Classe. Ilavenna was an ancient city of Cisalpine Gaul : it is mentioned in the his- tory of Julius Caesar. It was in old times a seaport, and the headquarters of the Roman Adriatic fleet ; the chief capital of the Western emperors from about 402 to 476; and the capital of Odoacer. of Theodoric and the East Goths, and of the exarchate of Ravenna (which see, below). It w-as taken by the Lombard Aistulf about 752 ; was taken by Pepin in 755, and granted to the Pope; had various other rulers in the middle ages (the Polentas, Venetians, etc.) ; and passed finally to the Papal States in 1509. A vic- tory was gai?ied near it, -April 11, 1512, by the French under Gaston de Foix (killed in the battle) over the papal and Spanish troops. It was united with the kingdom of Italy in 1800. Dante died here in 1321. Population (1892),66,80a Ravenna. A village, the capital of Portage County, Ohio, 36 miles southeast of Cleveland. Population (1900), 4.003. Ravenna, Exarchate of. The dominion of the Byzantine exarch (or governor) in Italy, with its headquarters in Ravenna. The Ostrogothic realm in Italy was conquered by the Byzantines in 536- 553, and the exarchate was instituted in 568. It comprised at first Italy, but was soon contlned to a district in north- eastern Italy, near Ravenna : and was taken from the Lom- bards by Pepin the Short in 755 and granted to the Pope. Ravensburg (ra'vens-borG). A town in the circle of the Danube, Wiirtemberg, situated on the Schusseu 22 miles east-northeast of Con- stance. It has flourishing manufactures and trade, and has several fine buildings. It was founded by the Welfs; became a free imperial city in the 13th century ; passed to Bavaria in 1803 : and passed to W'iirtemberg in 1810. Population (1S90), 12,267. Ravenscroft (ra'venz-kroft), Ed'ward. An English dramatist of the 17th century. He was a student of law in the Temple. His works include "The Careless Lovers" (1673), '■ Mamamouchi. or the Cit- izen turned Gentleman" (1675). "Scaramouch" (1677X "The Wrangling Lovers, or the Invisible Mistress "(1677), "King Edgar and -\lfreda" (1677), "The English Lawyer" (1678 : a translation of the Latin play " Ignoramus "), "The London Cuckolds " (1683), " Dame Dolison, or the Cunning Woman" (1684), "The Canterbury Guests, or a Bargain Broken " (leo.^i), "The -Anatomist, or the Sham Doctor " (1697), "The Italian Husband " (1697). Ravenspur (ra'%Ti-sper). A place (now sub- merged) on the coast of Yorkshire, England, near Spurn Head, where Henry r\'. landed in 1399 and Edward IV. in 1471. Ravens'wood (ra'venz-wiid), Edgar, Master of. Theloverof Lucy Ashton in Scott's "Bride of Lammermoor." A melancholy and revengeful man, finding her, as he supposes, faithless to him, he bitterly reproaches her, is challenged by her brother, and perishes in a quicksand on his way to the meeting. Ra'Vi (rii've), or Maravi (ma-ra've). A Bantu tribe of British Nyassaland, central Africa, settled on a high plateau southwest of Lake Nyassa. Once a powerful nation, they have been much reduced in numbers and power by the Maviti and other tribes owning firearms. They are kinsmen of the Ma- nganja. A fraction of the tribe fled east to the Xamuli Mountains, and mixed there with Loniwe tribes. Ravi, or Ravee (ra've). One of the "five riv- ers" of the Pan jab. India, uniting -with the Chenab 35 miles northeast of Multan. Length, over 400 miles. Ra-wal Pindi, or Ra'wnl Pindee (ra'ul pin'de). 1. A division of tlie Panjab, British India. Area, 15,435 square miles. Population (1881), 2,520,508.-2. A district in the Rawal Pindi division, intersected by lat. 33° 30' N., long. 73° E. Area, 4,844 square miles. Population (1891), 887,194.-3. The capital of the district of Ra- wal Pindi, situated about lat. 33° 37' X., long. 73° 5' E. It is an important military station and commercial center. Population, including cantonment (1891), 73,795. Ra'Wdon, Lord. See Hastings, Francis Ratrdoii. Rawil, or Rawyl (rii-vel'); Pass, F. Col des Ravins (kol da rii-van'). An Alpine pass on the border of the cantons of Bern and Valais, Switzerland, leading from the Simmenthal in Bern to the Rhone valley at Sion. Rawlins (ra'Iinz), John Aaron. Bom at East Galena, 111., Feb. 13, 1831: died at Washington, D. C, Sept. 9. 1869. An American general. He was a Douglas Democrat in 1860, but joined the Union army on the outbreak of the Civil War, and became assis- Rawlins t«nt adjutant-general to Grant in 1861. and chief of staff with the rank of brigadier-general In 1865. He was secre- tary of war ISG9. „, , Eawlinson (ra'lin-son), George. Bom at Cliad- lingtou, O.vfordshire, Nov. L'ii, 1^V2: ilifd at Canterbury, Oct. (i, 1902. An English historian, Orientalist, and theologian, the brother of Sir H. C. Rawliuson. He became canon of faiitirbiiry cathedral in 1872. He publislied " Five Great Monarcliies of the.\Mcient Eastern \Voria"(l«CJ-07l,"l'hc SiithGreat Oriental Monarchy" (1873), "Tlie Seventh Great Oriental Monarchy "(187fi), " A Manual of Ancient Histury" (IKliil), a translation of Herodotus (IS-OS-tW; conjointly «itli liis brutlicr an.l Sir J. G. Wilkinson), " .\ History of Egypt ' (1881), " Plio-nicia" (ISS'J), and various tlieological worlvs. Eawlinson, Sir Henry Creswicke. Born at Cliadlingtou, Oxfordshire, April 11, 1810: died at London, March ">, IS'J.'i. An English Assyri- ologist and diplomatist. He entered the East India Company's army in ls-27, and held various important of- fices both ndlitary and diplomatic, retiring in Is-iti. '■■ 845 philosopher. He was a priest attached to the parish of .St. Suljiice in Paris, tiut was dismissed lor bad conduct, and sulisequently devoted himself to literature. His beat- known work is the " Uistoire philosophiciue ct politique des ^tablisscnients et du commerce des Europil-ens dansles deux Indes" (■•rhih>sophieal and I'iditical History of the EsLiblishmentsand Uoimncrce of the Europeansiu the Two Indies" : puldished 1770 ; new edition 1780-8.'.). The book Eecorde Sevier County, Tenn., Oct. 8, 1818. An Ameri- can Democratic politician. He was member of Con- gress from Texas 1857-61 ; was postmaster-general of the Confederacy lS61-tJ.'>, and (for a short time) acting secre- tary of the treasury ; was a member of (.'ongress from Texas 187.^,-87 ; and was a United .states senator 1887-91, when he resigned in order to accept the cbairmauship of the railroad commission of the State of Texas. was burned by order of the Farlement in Ijry on account g^atg ( i-O-a'te). The ancient name of Rieti of its lil>endlsni, ami lU author was exiled. He also wrote tj^_,,_„. • Uistoire dn Stathoudi-rot "(l 748), "Anecdotes Iitt<5raire3 " (2 vols. 1760), " Meiuoires poliiiiiues de I'Europe " (Svols. lT.M-74). etc. Raynal was regarded as a leader of the French freethinkers. Raynouard (ra-nii-iir'), Frantjois Juste Marie. Born at Urignoles, France, .Sept., 17G1 : died at Passy, Paris, Oct. 27, 1836. A French poet and scholar. He was noted for his works on Provencal liter- ature and language, including " Choix des poesies origi- nalcs des troubadours "(181i;-'21), and " Lexique roman,"a dictionary of the language of the troubadours, with a grammar and a selection of poems (183tJ-4.^). Reaumtir (ra-6-mUr'), Bend Antoine Fer- chault de. Bom at La Kochelle, France, Feb. 2.S,1683: died on his estate,Bermoiidi6re, Maine, France, Oct. 18, 1757. A French physicist and naturalist, best known as the inventor (about 1731) of the Reaumur thermometer, in the scale of which the space between the freezing-point and the boiling-point of water is divided into 80 degrees. He also discovered the i>orcelain named from him. His chief work is " Mt*moires pour servir k I'histoire naturelle des insectes" (17*4-12). fires notn ininiarv arm mniomauc, reiirnii; iii i».>o. iii h •""•"•". -....- --i- \ — - - i- »»- t^-li i_,-ii/..i m r, i. _ - 5^ he was appointed liiitish minister at Teheran, where Razfes (rii-za'). A former small division of EebeCCa, or Rebekah (re-bck a) IF.IiebeeqM, ■ • " • ■ ••• ■ — ..... g Rebicd, rg. It. Jlebecxa, L. Jiebcccn,ijrT. Vc- fliKKa, Heb. Iiih)iiidh,ivom )V(W(«A-, bind, fasten.] The sister of Laban, wife of the patriarch Isaac and mother of Esau and .Jacob. tionoftheKnglishuiidertheDukeofliuckinghamagalnst Rebellion The 1. In United Sta the French in 1627. Length, 13 miles. tli,> ( 'ivil W'lr ( which see) — 2 In S lead (red) George [The E sumanrio « J;; ■', Ja'c^bUe insut^ections!" also spelled Readc, Herd, Sc. RchI. is tho same p„, ■,,,„„ ^b^ Orpn t. In Enrfish of Isaac of York. She secretly loves Ivanhoe, whi,m she cures of a wound, and repulses at the peiil of her life tile criminal love of iJelioisGuilbert, on account of whose iilfatnatton she is condemned as a witch, hut is saved by the sudden death of her accuser, .\fter the marriage of Ivanhoe to Kowena, she leaves England with her father. tes history, Scottish his- iie remained oiieyeiU-. He became a member of the Conn- ~ij,t,^<,||edoc. France, corresponding to parts of cil of India in 18US. and president of the Royal (ieograpla- .ipnnrtmpiits of Aude and Pvren^es-Orien- caVSofiety in 1871. He was made a K. c. B. in ls5t:, a tne departments oi Auiit anu iryreiiet-s wiieii G. C. B. in 188D, and a liaronet in 1891. He copieil, aniid tales. great hardships, the trilingual inscription at Behi.'stnn. Razor (ra'zor). An amusing intriguing_\'alet ,,,,., • c- Tir ,. He published "On the Inscriptions of Assyria and liaby- • Vaubruirii's comedv "The Provoked Wife." Rebecca (re-bek ii). A character in Sir \\ alter Ionia ■•(18.-.0), "Outline of the History of A.ssyria"(is,vj), _ . „ |; sv,^,,„,„ " Scott'snovel '■Ivanhoe": a.Tcwess.tliedaught<-r and "England and Russia in the East' (IS?:.); and was KaZZl.»ee tXW'mn. . ., , . ,, t> «■ -' ' -* i-„-i. „ , ,.. . the joint editor of "Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Re, or Rne(ra),Ile dC. An island in the Bay Ot Asia " (1861-70), and other collections of in.scriptions. Biscay, situated opposite La Kochelle, belong- Bawson (ra'son), Edward. Bom at fJilling- ing to the department of Charente-Iiifi^rieure. ham, EnglantJ, April 16. 1615: died at Boston, Chief place, St.-Martin. The chief industry is salt Aug. 27, 1693. A colonial secretary of Massa- manufacture. Itwasthesceneof annnsuccessfulexpedi chusetts, and historical writer. Eawtenstall (ra'ten-stal). A manufacturing Rg^d town in Lancashire, England, 16 miles north of Manchester. Population (1.S91), 29,507. Rawtll Pindee. See Itawul rindi. Raxalp (rJiks'iilp). An elevated plateau-moun- tain on Ihe bordcrof Lower Austria and StjTia, northwest of the Semmering Pass and 44 miles southwest of Vienna. Height, 6,.')00 feet. Bay (ra). Cape. The southwestemmost cape of Newfoundland, situated in lat. 47° 37' X., long. 59° 18' W. Bay, orWray (ra), John. Born near Braintree, Essex, England, 1628: died Jan. 17, 170.'>. A noted English naturalist, called '' the father of English natural history." He traveled on the Con. tkient with Willughby 1663-80. It is thou'.'lit that the Lit- ter deserves much of the praise which H:i> icccived as the founder of systematic zoology. He i>ulilislitil "Catalogus plantarum Anglice, etc." (1070); "A Collection of English Proverbs '(1070, and many later editions); ".MLthi>dns plantarum nova, etc. "(1082); "Uistoria plaiitaniin "(lOSO- 172: died at New York, May 11, 1872. An Aunricaii jioet and painter. Ho wrote "Poems" (1847, ls.s:i, Isuu-Ofi), "The New Pas- toral" (l«>r>), "The House by the Sea" (I860). "Sylvia, etc." (1857), "Tlie Wagoner of the Alleghanlcs" (1862), "Sheridan's Eide " (18(i5), etc. Beade (ri'd), Charles. Born at Ipsden House, ( Lxfcirdshirc, June S, 1814: died at London, April 11,1884. An English novelist and dramatist. He graduated at Oxford (Magdalen College) in 1835; was elected to a Vinerian scholar.'ship at Oxford ; and was called to the bar at Lincoln. s Inn in 1847. He is noted for the skill with which he inveighed against social wrongs. His first play, "The Ladies' Battle," appeared in 18S1. His ipiimipal works are "Peg WofflngUm " (ISM). "Christie .ri.hnsdme " (183:!), •' Masks and Faces " (a play, with Tom Ti.vlorl. "Clouds and Sunshine" and "Art"(I855|, " It is Never Too Late to Mend " (18,'i6 : also dramatized), " Love me Little, Ixive me Long" (181J9), "The Cloister and tho Health" (1801), "Hard Cash ' (1803), "Griffith Gaunt" (1800), "F'oul Play" (1809), " Put Vouraelf in Uis Place" (1870), " ATerribleTemptatlon " (1871), and "The Wander- ing Heir"(1872). Among his other novels are "The Course of True Love never did Run Smooth " (18..7). " White Lies" (Isr.Tl, "A Womaii-Hater" (1877X "A Simpleton" (1874), etc. Among his plays are " A Scuttled Ship " (1879 : with Bouclcault, from "Foul Play") and "Drink"(froin Zida's L'Assoinnndr "), Heivasoneof the niMSt powerful princes in Europe In his JjQa(je William WinWOOd. B(mi at Ipsden, time, and in 1090 assumed command of a laru'e army which i,'„,-i„',i iu-mi. ,ii,.,l ., i WiTiibleiloii EiMrlninl participated In the first Crnsade. He besiege.l Trip.dis V"^' ' ''' ,^ ";V " ' " ',•'',.,. ' •'^ Cfl- ' hrilo) A^.. Itaimond. Jlaiinuml. etc. April 24, 18, i.. An Ki.glish travel,'! in Africa, Raymond VI. Horn n. 56: ,lie.1 1222. Count of Toulouse 1 1!)4-1222. He t4)ok part with the Albigenses against the Crusailers under .Montfort, and was totally lie- feated by the latter in 121.'i. Baymond, Henry Jarvis. Born at Lima. N. Y., Jan. 24, 1H20: ilied at New York, June 18, 1869. An American journalist ami politiciau. Ho became assistant editor of the New York "Tribune" 1841 ; later was on the stalf of the " Courier ami RminlriT" ; was speaker of tin- Vev; York Assembly in 18.^,0 and 1801; loundeil the " New- York Times " in 18:.l ; was liirntinaiit- goTernor of New York IS.Vi-S? ; and wils Kepiiblicaii member of Congress from -New York 180.V07. He wrote "A History of the Ailministratlon of President Lincdn ' (1861), "Life and Public Services of Abraham Lincoln" (1805), Ba3rm< OBri died American comedian. He made his first appearance on the stage at Kocln'ster, New ^'ork. In 18.^:^ ; ami In 18.^9 made his first ilisllnctlve hit as Asa Trenchard with Soth- em as llunilrearv. In 187:! he nr»t took the part of CiJo- nel Mulberry Sidlers in "Tho Gilded Age," for which he Is chii-llv riTii, 'inhered. Baymond LuUy. See Lull;/. Baynal (ni-niil'), Quillaume Thomas Fran- cois: ciiiiid Abb6 Raynal. Horn at si. -(;,•- niez, Aveyroii, France, April 12, 1713: died at Paris, March 6, 1796. A French historian and and novelist, a neiihew of Charles Reade. He piililislieil "Savage Africa" llKO:ll. "The African Sketch- Hook " (187:!), " Ashaiitee Campaign" (1875), ete. Beading(rc tv 1 XT Tr K -t - iu-„- s\' U'aniu. silun ,',1 on lli,^ r>eliii\ IKill .»(' nines $nen . Bom at BuTa o, N. Y., Aiinl .>, l.S.id; ■ .i \ r m i i i i : . ,. , ' , . . n 1 , I- ii. T 1 \.„;i io luu- \., northwest of lliiladelpliia. It Is an Important mil. \ at Kvansvillc, Iii.l., April 10. ISS,. An ,,„„„„,, ,„„,„„,.„.t,iriiig cmter; contains machiiie.»h..p« way and inanulactunng of the Phllailelphla anil ItcadliiR Rnllroail ; and has niann faclurcsof Imn, st,-, 1, brass, shoes, cigars, leather, etc. It wiut hihl out In 174S, and became a city in 1847. I'opula- thin (IWK)). 78,1101. Reaiiing Magdalen, The. See Mnrjdnlm, i . Beading the Will. A piiinting by Sir David WilUii-l lSi;(l),iM llii'Ni'Wl'inukolheknl .Munich. A nniiiber of persons, of all ages ami various demeanor, are a.ssembled in a room lliiteniiig to the reading of a will by a lawyer, who sits at a table. Eeagan (re'gan), John Henninger. Born in Bebellion, The Great. In English history, the war waged by the Parliamentary array against Charles I. from 1642 to his execution in 1649, and the subsequent maintenance by force of a government opposed to the excluded sovereign Charles II. till the Kcstoration in 1660. Rebello da Silva (ro-bel'lire, and later at Abbaye-aux-Bols. She was exiled from Paris by Najioleon. Among her friends were Madame de Stai-I. Chateaubriand (who wislied to marry her after the death of her liusbainl). Constant, etc. The only one of her admirers who is thought to have touchecl her heart was Prince Augustus of Prussia. She agreed to marry liiin, and her husband, who had hist his fortune, consenteil to a divorce : she, however, touched by Ills ainiability, refused to leave him in his poverty. Her "Souvenirs et correspoiulaiice " were edited by her niece .Madame Lenoniiant in 18511. Rechabites (rek'a-bits). The members of a .lewisli I'aiinlyaiursect descended froniRechab, which, in obedience to the cominaml of Jona- dab, Hediab's son, refused to drink wine, build or live iu liouses, sow seed, or plant or own viiieyanls (.Ter. x.K.w. :')-10). Recife. See reniaiiilmro. Recklinghausen (rek'ling-hou-zen). 1. A roniur iiiiiulsliip in Westiihalia, annexed to Prussia in ISlo. — 2. A town in the]irovince of Westphalia. Prussia, situated 31 miles south- west of Miiiisler. Populution (1890), 7,640, ''oniniune, 14,041. Reclus (ra-Ulii'), Jean Jacques Elis6e. Born at St.-Foy-la-Graniie, (iironde, March I'l, 1830. A French geographer. He traveled In England. Ire. land, and North ami .South Ainerica. 18.'>2-57, and subse- of Vicenzn, nortliem Ilaly, situated 21 mill's north-norlhenst of Verona. Popula- tion (1881). eoinmuii,'. (i. 163. Recorde (rek'oid), Robert. Born at Tenby, Wales, about I.'iOO: died in the King's Bench prison, Loudon. l.Vi8. A British mathemafi- ciaunnd physician. Uc entered Oxford In 1625; was Eecorde 846 fellow of All Souls in 1531 ; and was physician to Edward VI and Queen JIarv. He wrote "The Grounde of Artes, teachin^e the Perfect Worke and Practise of Arithme- ticke- (1540), "The Pf hway to^Knowledp^^containJng Eed Lake River, A river in northwestern Min em Minnesota, intersected by lat. 48° N. Its outlet is by tlie Bed Lake River. Length, 33 miles. the First Principles i . . Knowledge, etc." (1556), "The Whetstone of Witte, etc, the first English book on algebra (1557). Most of his works are in the form of dialogues between the pupil and his master. Reculver (rf-kul'ver), or Reculvers (-verz). A place on the coast of Kent, England, 9 miles northeast of Canterbury : the Roman Regul- bium. Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye. [' Col- lection of the Tales of Troy.'] See the extract. The first book printed in English, the *• Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye," a stout folio of 351 leaves, does not cijntainthe date of printing, nor the name and place of the printer; but it appears from the introduction that it was translated from the French by Wi Uiam Calton between the yearsl469andl471. De Vimie. Invention of Printing, p. 507. nesota which joins the Red River of the North opposite Grand Forks, North Dakota . Length, over 150 miles. Red Lions, The. An association formed in lSo9 at Birmingham, England. When the British Association met there, several of its younger members happened accidentally to dine at the JRed Lion in Church street ... It was resolved to con- tinue the meeting from year to year, wherever the Asso. ciation might happen to meet. By degrees the "Eed Lions"— the name was assumed from the accident of the first meeting-place — became a very exclusive club. Forbes first drew round him the small circle of jovial philosophei-s which included Lankester. Thomson, Bell, Jlitchell, and Strickland. Many were added afterwards, as the club was kept up in London in meetings at Anderton's in Fleet street. Timbs. A range in Wyoming, near Redan (re-dan'). A fortification defending Se- j •««• + • bastopol' in the Crimean war. It was stormed -Ked Mountain, „, f i ^ • • * ■ nr * by the British Sept. 8, 18.55, but immediately Yellowstone Lake. The highest point is Mount abandoned bv them. Sheridan (which see). Reeve, Henry Africa on the west, it divides in the north into the Gulf of Sinai and the Gulf of Akaba. The chief islands are Farsanandthe Dahlak archipelagoes. Itcommunicatesou the north with the Mediterranean by the Suez Canal, and on the south with the Indian t)cean by the Strait of Bab-el- JIandebandtheGulf of Aden. It is noted for its heat. Its commercial importance has increased since the opening of the Suez Canal in 1S69. It receives no river of impor- tance. Length, about 1,150 miles. Greatest breadth, 20& miles. Greatest depth, about 1,200 fathoms. Redshid Pasha. See Seshid Fat'hn. Red Skins, The. A novel by Cooper, published in 1S46. Red Sticks. In United States history, those Creek Indians who. expelled from their lands dirring the War of 1812, retired southward and continued hostile to the L'nited States. They were so called because in their principal village they erect- ed a high pole, and painted it red to signify their eagemesB for the blood of the whites. Remaining at St. Mark's [Fla.] for two days, and inspir- ing new terror by hanging on the spot two Red Stick chiefs who had fallen into his hands, Jackson next set out in pursuit of the enemv. Schoider, Hist, of the Tnited States, III. 70. Redwald. See S^dwald. Red Bank (red bangk'). A village in Glouces- Redon (re-don'). A town in the department of ^^ ^^- ^ ^j ^^ j^^j ^^ Goodhue County, tpr nn,,T,tv New .Wpv «itn«ted oti th« Dpla- IUe-et-\ dame, _sitnated at the junction of the_ ,n„„p,„f„ sit„pteH on the Mis.«is.^inT>i. at. tb» ter County, New Jersey, situated on the Dela- ware 7 miles south of Philadelphia. Here, Oct. 22, 1777, the Americans defeated the British and Hessian forces under Donop Red Book of Hergest, The. [W. Llyfr Coe/i.] The collection of Welsh tales known in its Eng- lish translation as "The Mabinogion." it is a MS. of the 14th century, and is at Jesus College, Oxford, Oust with the Vilaine, 37 miles southwest of Rennes. Population (1891). commune, 6.929. Redoute (re-do-ta ' ) .Pierre Joseph. Born at St . - Hubert, Belgium, July 10, 17.59: died at Paris, June 20, 1840. A French painter of flowers, professor at the Museum of Natural History in „^. „. .„„ ..... . ^..^ Paris. He illustrated many botanical works. It contains a chronology from Adam to 131S A. iiT, a chrono- Redpath (red'path). James. Born at Berwick- logical history of the Saxons to 1376, and the oldest copies on-Tweed, England, Aug. 14, 1833 : died at New known to exist of the poems of TaUesin and Llywarch Hen. York, Feb. 10,1891. An American abolitionist Red Cross Knight, The. The hero of the first ^ book of the "Faerie Queene," by Spenser. The Red Cross Knight, by whom is meant reformed Eng- land (see c. X. 61, where he is called "8t. George of merry England "). h.is just been equipped with the "armourwhich Fna brought (that is, the armour of a Christian man, speci- fied by .St Paul, v. [vi.J Ephes.)," as Spenser tells Sir \V. Raleigh in his letter. The armour "wherein old dints Ac." though new to the Knight, is old as Christendom. Thus equipped and guided by truth, he goes forth to fight against error and temptation, and above all to combat that spirit of falsehood concerning which the England of 15S8 had learnt so much from Philip n. of Spain and Alex- ander of Parma. Eitcheiiy Note in Spenser's Faerj- Queene. Red Cross Society. A philanthropic society founded to carry out the views of the Geneva Convention of 1864. its object* are to care for the wounded in war and secure the neutrality of nurses, hos- pitals, etc., and to relieve suffering occasioned by pesti- lence, floods, fire, and other calamities. The society was established through the efforts of Henri Dnnant. The president of the American Xational Red Cross Society is Clara Barton. The distinctive flag is a red cross on a white ground. Redditch (red'ieh). Atown inWorcestershire, England, 12 miles south bv west of Birmingham. Population (1891). parish, 8.266. Redemption (re-demp'shon). The. A trilogy bv Gounod, produced at the Birmingham festi- val in 1882. Redesdale (redz'dfil). The valley of the Reed, a tributary of the Tyne, in Northiunberland, England. Redfield (red'feld), Isaac Fletcher. Born at Weathersfield, Vt., April 10, 1804: died at Bos- ton, March 23. 1876. An American jurist. He published "Law of Railways" (1857), "Law of Wills" (1864-70). etc. Eedgauntlet (red-gant'let). A novel by Sir Walter Scott, published in 1824. it descriiies the Jacobite enthusiasm of the ISth century. Darsie Latimer, who has b^-eii kept out of Encland during his minority, be- comes infatuated with a ntysterious lady in a green cluak known as Greenmantle. He discovers that he is in reality Sir Arthur Darsie Redgauntlet, and that Greenmantle is his sister Lilias Redgauntlet. He is imprisoned by his nncle and guardian Redgauntlet to force him into the Jacobite insurrection. Redgrave (red'grav), Richard. Bom at Lon- don. April 30. 1804 : died Dec. 14. 1888. An Eng- lish genre- and landscape-painter, inspector- tj j tj general of art schools and surveyor of the royal R6d Kose pictures. He published (with tis brother) "A ""°*^'"' '" Centurv of Paiuters of the English School" (1866)." Red Horse, Vale of the. A valley in the south- ern part of Warwickshire, England. Redi (ra'de), Francesco. Bom at Arezzo, Italy, Feb. 18, 1626 : died at Pisa, March 1, 1698. An Minnesota, situated on the Mississippi, at th» head of Lake Pepin, 39 miles southeast of St. Paul. It exports wheat. Pop. 1 19o0), 7. .525. Redwitz (red'vits). Baron Oskar von. Bom at Lichteuau, near Ansbach. Bavaria, June 28, 1823 : died July 7, 1891. A German poet, dram- atist, and novelist. Among his works are the drama " Philippine Welser. " the poems " Amaranth " (1849), " Da» Lied voni neuen Deutschen Reich " (1871). " Odilo " (1S78), the novel "Hermann Stark " (1868), etc. Ree. See AriJcara. and author. He became a journalist at an early age, Rge (re), LoUgh. A lake in Ireland, an expan- identifled himself with the abolition movement, and acted gJQj^ ^f (-j^p j-jver Shannon, bet ween Roscommon as a war correspondent for Northern papers during the ., . . t -_^__j „_ j TVpotmpath rm Civil War. He established the Lyceum Bureau at Boston "^ ^"^ ^^'''^ ana l-,ongtora ana >> estmeatn on inl868. Amonghisworksare"Echoesof Harper'sFerry" the east. Length, lb miles. (I860), "The John Brown Invasion " (1S60), 'The Public Reed (red), Sir Ed'Ward JameS. Born at Sheer- Life of Captain John Browti" (I860), ''John Brown, the ^^gg England, Sept. 20. 1830. A noted English Hero" (1862), ..Talks about teland C^IX etc ^^^:^^ Ingineer designer of various vessels Red Peak^, A peak of the Park Range m Colo- f^^. ^^^ British, German, and other navies. Reed, Henry. Bom at Philadelphia. July 11, 1808: lost at sea, Sept. 27, 1854. An American author, grandson of Joseph Reed. He was admit- ted to the Dar in 1829, but abandoned law on accepting an assistant professorship of English literature in the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania in 1S31. He was appointed professor of rhetoric and English literature in 1835. He was lost at Heiglit, 13.333 feet Red Riding°Hood. IF. Cliaperon Eauge.'] The heroine of a popular nursery story, one of the tales in the collection by Perrault. Red River. The largest right-hand tributary of the Mississippi, after the Missouri and the Arkansas. It rises in the Staked Plain of Texas, forms the boundary between Texas and Indian Territory, flows through the southwestern part of Arkansas, traverses Louisiana, and joins the Mississippi about lat, 31° N. Its chief tributary is the Washita. Length, about 1,200 miles : navigable to Shreveport, navigation above that point being ij„„ j Tncon'h partly checked by "rafts'orcoUectionsof driftwood, which •'>*6Q,_ J OSepiL sea on a return voyage from Europe. He edited the works of Wordsworth and Gray, and wrote " Lectures on English Literature ' (1855), " Lectures on English History and Tra- gic Poetry '(1855), "Lecttu-es on the British Poets "(1867). etc. Bom at Trenton. N. J., Aug. formerly blocked the channel for 45 miles. 27. 1741: died at Philadelphia, March 5, 1785. Red River, or Song-koi (song-koi% The chief An American patriot, a member of the Conti- river of Tongking. It rises in the province of Yun- nental Congress. He served in the Revolutionary War, nan China, and flows into the Gulf of Tongking. Length, and was president of the Supreme Executive Council of 600-^700 miles Pennsylvania 1778-81. Red RiverExpedition. 1. In United States Reed, PhiUp. Died Nov. 2. 1829. An Ameri- historv. an unsuccessful Federal expedition $?" ,P^','tl,T,1' He was a United States senator from Ar u ir ,oci\ *i „ Tj„.i T?;.,„„.-„ii„.. *, - Slaniand 1806-13, and a member of Congress 1!*1,-1B and (March-May, 1864) up the Red River valley, tor 182.2-..23. He commanded, as colonel of militia, the regi- the purpose of recovering western Louisiana, ment of home guards which defeated the British under The Federal land forces were commanded by Banks, the Sir Peter Parker at Moorefields, Maryland, Aug. 30, 1814. Bailey. 2. In Canadian history, the expedition under Wolseley in 1870. which succeeded in putting down the insurrection under Riel in the valley of the Red River of the North. Red River of the North. A riverin the United States and Canada It rises in western Minnesota; forms part of the boundary between Minnesota and N'rth Dakota; traverses Mnni"ob:i ; nnd flows into Lake ^ in- nipeg. 'it is called in part of its upper course the Otter Tail River. Length, about 700 miles. Red River Settlement. A name formerly given politician. He was admitted to the bar in 1865; com- menced practice at Portland, Maine ; and held various po- litical offices in his native State. He was a member of Congress from Maine 1877-99. and was speaev of »Iie House 18S9-01. 1^95-97, and 1897-99. Reed, Thomas German. Bom at Bristol. June 27, 1817: died March 21, 1888. An English musician and conductor. He was the originator in 1855 of a novelty known as "Mr. and Mrs. German Reed's Entertainment." It provided mild dramatic entertainment for persons who objected to the theater, and was very popular. Mrs. German Reed was Priscilla Horton (bom at Birmingham, Jan, 1, 181S), an actress. to the British colony settled in what is since Reeder (re'der). Andre'W H. Bom Aug. 6, 1870 the Canadian province of Manitoba. It is traversed by the Red River of the North. The emblem of the House of Lan- caster in the Wars of the Roses (which see). Red Rover (red ro'ver). A sea-novel by J. F. Cooper, published in 1827. Red Russia (rush 'a). A name formerly given 1807: died at Easton. Pa., July 5, 1864. An American politician. He was governor of Kansas l&>4-.">5. and a delegate from Kansas in 1855. He was elected United States senator from Kansas in 1856, but was refused admission. Reelfoot Lake (rel'fiit lak). A submerged dis- trict in Lake and Obion counties, northwestern Tennessee. to the territorv now included in the eastern Rees (res). Abraham. Bom at Llanbrynmair, part of Galicia" (Austria-Hungary) and in the Wales, 1743: died June 9. 1825. A British au- part of Russian Poland near Chelm. thor. He edited " Chambers's Cyclopsedia " (1776-86), and Italian naturalist and poet. He wrote "Esperienze Rednith(red'roth). A town in Cornwall. Eng- ^'Kees'sCJ-<:I''P=^.'ii-''"(l«K-19). intomo alia generazione degli insetti'C Experiments on land. 8 mUes northwest of Falmouth. It is an Reese (res) Kiver. A nver intentrai .^evaaa, the Generation of Insects, " 1668). important center of tin- and copper-mining. Population a tributary (at times) of the Humboldt Klver, Red Jacket (Indian name Sagoyewatha). Bom (1S91), 10.324. Length, about 150 miles, at Old Castle, near Geneva, N. Y., about 1752: Red Sea. [L. Arabictis Sinm or Mare Rubrum, Reeve(rev),Henry. Bom 1813: died Oct. 21,1895. died at Seneca Village, N. Y., Jan., 1830. A F. Mer Rouge. G. Rotes ileer or Arabischer Meer- .\ii English writer and editor. He was registrar chief of the Senecas, noted as an orator. husen.'] One of the principal arms of the Indian of the privy council 1837-87, and became editor of the Red Lake. A lake in Beltrami County, north- Ocean, lying between Arabia on the east and '.EdiuburghEeview' i-J I ' in 1855. He published translatione Reeve, Henry of DeTocqaeville's" Democracy in America^and "France ■before the Revolution of 1789," and of ftuizot's " Washin^- ton." He published "A Journal of the Reiens of King George TV and King William IV." by Greville in 1874, and a sequel to that work in 1885. He also published " Royal and Republican France," a coUecticn of histori- cal essays. j^eeye, Tapping. Boru at Brookhaven, L. I., 1744- died at Litchfield, Conn., Dec. 13, 1S23, An American jurist. He established a law school at Litchfield in 1784. He published various legal treatises. Reeves (revz), Mrs. (Helen Beckenham Ma- thers). Bom at Crewkerne, Somerset, 185L*. An English novelist, known as Helen Mathers. She has published "Coniin' thro' the Kye"(lS75), "Cherry Ripe "(1877), "My Lady Green Sleeves " (1879), "The Story of a Sin " (1881). "Found Out " (1884), ""The Fashion of this Worid" (1886). "A Man of the Time" (1894), etc. Eeeves, John Sims. Born Sept. 26, 1818 : ■I'od Oct. 2."., VX)(). A note.l English teuor singer. He made his first appearance as a baritone at Newcastle in 1839, but from 1S4I to 1843 he sang second tenor roles. Shortly after he went to Paris to study, and in 1847 appeared in tenor roles in England. He was greatly admired also in oratorio. Reeve's Tale, The. One of Chaucer's **Canter- hury Tales." He probably took it from Jean de Bove's fabliau "De Gombert et des deux clercs."butit forms the sixth novel of the ninth day of the "Decameron." Itwaa modernized by Betterton and Home Reformation (ref-or-ma'shon), The. The great religious revolution in the IGth century, which led to the establishment of the Protestant churches. The Reformation assumed different aspects, and resulted in alterations of discipline or doctrine more or less fundamental in different countries and in different stages of its progress. Various reformers of great influ- ence, as Wyclif and Huss, had appeared before the 16th century, but the Reformation proper began nearly simul- taneously in Germany under the lead of Luther and in Switzerland under the lead of Zwingli. The chief points urged by the Reformers were the need of justification by faith ; the use and authority of the Scriptures, and the right of private judgment in their interpretation ; and the abandonment of the doctrine of transubstantiation, the adoration of the Virgin Mary and saints, the supremacy of the Pope, and various other doctrines and rites regarded by the Reformers as unscriptural. In the German Reforma- tion the leading incidents were the publication at Witten- berg of Lutner's ninety-five theses against indulgences in 1517; the excommunication of Luther in 1520; his testimony before the Diet of Worms in 1521 ; the spread of the princi- ples in many of the German states, as Hesse, Saxony, and Brandenburg, and the opposition to them by the emperor ; the Diet and Confession of Augsburg in 1530 ; and the pro- longed strn ggle between the Protestants and the Catholics, ending wifh comparative religious equality in the peace of Passau in 1552. The Reformation spread in Switzerland under Zwingli and Calvin, in France, Hungary, Bohemia, the Scandinavian countries, the Low Countries, etc. In Scotland it was Introduced by Knox about 156<). In Eng- land it led in the reign of Henry VIII. to the abolition <»f the pupal supremacy and the liberation from papal control of the Church of England, which, after a short Roman Catholic reaction under Mary, was firmly established under Elizabeth. In many countries the Reformation occasioned an increased strength and zeal in the Roman Catholic Church, sometimes called the Counter-Reformation. Reformation Sjrmphony. Mendelssohn's sym- phony in D minor, written for the tercentenary celebration of the Augsburg Protestant Confes- sion in 1830. It was not performed, however, till 1832, when it was given in Berlin. Reform Bill. In English history, a bill for the purpose of enlarging the number of voters in elections for members of the House of Commons, and of removing inequalities in representation. The first of these bills, passed in 1832 by the Liberals after a violent struggle (often called specifically the Reform Bill), disfranchised many rotten boroughs, gave increased representation to the large towns, and enlarged the num- ber of the holders of county and borough fraachise. The effect of the second Reform Bill, passed by the Conserva- tives under Liberal pressure in 1867, was in the direction of a more democratic representation, and the same ten- dency was further shown in the Franchise Bill passed by the Liberals in 1884. This measure [The Reform Bill of 1832] disfranchised flfty-six nomination boroughs which returned 111 members, took away one member from thirty others, and two from Weymouth and Melcombe Regis, thus leaving vacant 14:t seats. It gave sixty-five additional members to the coun- ties, two members each to Manchester, Leeds. Birming- ham, and nineteen largetowns, including the metropolitan districts, and one member each to twenty-one other towns, all of which had been previously unrepresented. In the counties copyholders and leaseholders for years were added as voters to the 40&. freeholders; and tenants at will pay- ing £50 a year (the Chandos clause) were enfranchised. In the towns a £10 household franchise was established, and the rights of freemen to vote were restricted. Adand ami Ransovie^ English Politicid History, p. 180. Reform War. [Sp. Guerra dc la licforma,'] A civil war in Mexico, 1857-61. it arose out of the adoption (Feb. 5, 1857) of the present coTistitution of Mexico, which greatly restiictcd the jiower of the clergy. This, and some acts of I'rcsidetit Comonfort which were regarded as hostile to thi-' church, led to a reaction and the deposition of Comonfmi (Jan. 21, 1858). Uis legal successor, Juarez, estalilished a government at Vera Cruz (May 4, 1858), and this bcranie the focus of the " liberal," "reform," or "constitutional" party. The reactionists made Zuloaga president of Afexico, but he was deposed on Dec. 23, 1858, and General Miramon, their principal mili- 847 tary leader, took his place. The government of Juarez was recognized by the t'nited States, greatly strengthen- ing his cause. On July 12, 1S5!1, he issued his famous de- cree confiscating church property, and thus increasing the breach. The war, on the side of Juarez, was generally carried on by his generals, but Miramon often commanded his own forces. The movements and counter-movements were confusing to the last degree, and during the whole period the interior was in a state of anarchy, the prey of guerrilla parties. Some of the chief events were: Reac- tionist victory at Salamanca in Guanajuato. March 9-10, 1858, followed by the surrender of the liberals under Par- rodi at Guadalajara; Miramon and Mejia occupy San Luis Potosl Sept. 12, and defeat Vidaurri at Ahualulco Sept. 29; siege of Guadalajara by the liberals Sept. 28 until its capture, Oct. 27; Guadalajara retaken by Mar- quez, Dec. 15; first siege of Vera Cruz by Miramon, ending in his repulse, March 29, 1859 ; liberals defeated at Tacu- baya, April 11 ; execution of prisoners (called the "mas- sacre of Tacubaya"), April 11; United States vessels cap- ture as pirates Miramon's ships which had attempted to attack Vera Cruz, March 6, I860; abandonment of second siege of Vera Cruz, March 21; liberals repulsed from Guadalajara, May 25 ; Miramon defeated on the Silao Hills, Aug. 10; liberals defeated at Tuluca, Dec. 9; final defeat <»f Miramonat Calpulalpam, Dec. 22; Miramon resignsand secretly leaves Mexico, Dec. 24; entryof Juarez into Mexico, Jan. 11. 1861, The confusion did not entirely cease with Miramon's defeat, and it eventually opened the way Ui the French intervention and the short-lived empire of Maxi- milian. Refusal, The, or the Ladies' Philosophy. A comedy by Gibber, produced and printed in 1721. It is from Moli^re's **Les femmes sa- vantes," with incidents of the South Sea mania. Regalbuto (ra-^iil-bo'to). A town in the prov- ince of Catania, Sicily, situated 25 miles west- northwest of Catania. Population (1881), 10,- 032. Regaldi (ra-gal'de), Giuseppe. Born at No- vara, Italy, Nov., 1809: died at Bologna, Feb., 1883, An Italian poet, noted as an improvi- sator: professor of history at Bologna from 1866. Regan (re'gan). The second ilaughter of Lear in Shakspere's tragedy of *'King Lear": the fierce and revengeful wife of Cornwall. Regen (ra'gen). A river in Bavaria which joins the Danube opposite Ratisbon. Length, about 100 miles. Regensburg(ra'gens-borG). The German name of Ixatislion. Regent Diamond. Another name for the Pitt Diamond (which see). Regent's Park (re'jents park). One of the largest parks of London, situated in the north- western part of the city. It is 472 acres in ex- tent, and contains the Zoological Gardens. Regent's Sword (re'jents sord). A peninsula in the province of Shingking, Manchuria, sep- arating the Gulf of Liaotung from Korea Bay. Regent street (re'jent stret). One of the prin- cipal streets of the West End of London, ex- tendingfrom Portland Place to Waterloo Place. Regga (reg'gii), or Waregga (wii-reg'gii), or Malegga (ma-leg'gii). A Bantu tribe of the Kongo State, between the Mauyema and the Bakumu, northwest of Lake Tanganyika. Living isolated in an unexplored ftu-est region, they yet show, as far as known, a state of culture superior to that of the average African negro. Reggio (red'jo). A former duchy now forming part of the province of Reggio nell' Emilia, Italy. Reggio. A province of Calabria, Italy, formerly called Calabria Ulteriore Prima. Area, 1.221 square miles. Population (1891), 393,126. Reggio di Calabria (red'jo de ka-la'bre-ii), or Reggio. A cathedral city, the capital of the provmce of Reggio, situated on the Strait of Messina in lat. 38° 8' N., long. 15^ 40' E. it is noted for its fruits; has manufactures of essences, scented waters, silk, etc.; and exports fruit, etc. It was the ancient Rhegium(whichBee); was taken by Alaric in 410,byTotila in M!), and by Kobert C.uisc.iird in V\&) ; and was nearly de- stroyed by an eartliqiiake in 178;t. _Population(18q2),43,0( Ml. Reggio neir Emilia (red'jo nel hi-me'le-ii), 1. A province in the cor artimento of Emilia. Italy. Area, 876 squai. niles. Population (1891), 249,374.-2. The caj.. d of tlio province of Reggio mdl' Emilia, siluated on the Crostolo in lat. 44° 42' N., long. 10° 37' E. it contains a cathedral and various works of art. It was an ancient Ko- man town (llfgium Li-pidi), often mentioned in the civil war. Ariosto and Cialdiiii were born there. Topulation (1892), 5(3,fK)0. Regicide ( rt * j ' i-si( 1 ) , The. A tragedy by Smollett. It was pviliiislied in 1749, l)ut was never acted. Regillus (re-jil'us), Lake. In ancient geog- rapliy, it small lake near lionie (periiaps near Erascati). It isthe scene of a traditional victory of the Romans over the Latins about 496 ». c. Regfina (re-ji'nji). The capital of Assiuiboia, Canada. Reginum (re-ji'num). A Roman name of Rat- isbon. Rehan Regiomontanus (re ji-6-mon-ta'nus), Johann Mliller, called. BomatKonigsberg, Franconia, June 6, 1436: died at Rome, July 6, 1476. A German mathematician and astronomer, bishop^ of Ratisbon. Regnard (re-nar'), Jean Francois. Born at Paris, Feb., 1655: died at his estate of Grillon, near Doiu-dan, Sept. 4, 1709. A French Mi-iter of comedy. He was of a wealthy family, and received an excellent education. He visited successively Italy, Holland, Scandinavian countries (including Lapland), Po- land, Turkey, Germany, etc., and left copious notes on hi& flips to these countries. When he finally returned to France, it was to divide his time between Paris and his estate at Grillon. After Moli^re he is regarded as the greatest exponent of comedy in France. His prose come- dies began to appear in 1688, and followed rapidly on eacb other during five years. After 1693 he composed a imra- ber of short plays in verse, and in 100(5 he tinally put on the stage the comedy, in verse, that ranks him immediately next to Moliere — "Le joueur." He further displayed the originality of his talent in "ledistrait "(lG97)."D6mocnte" (1700), "Les foliesamoureuses" (1704). "Les M^nechmes" (1705), and "Le legataire universel" (1708). His success was by no means limited to these plays in verse, for some of his best work is done in prose, like *'La foire de Saint- Germain" (1696) and "Le retour impr^vu" (1700). or else in prose and verse together, like '' La suite de la foire de Saint-Germain "or "Les momies d'Egypte" (1696). Keg- nard's novel "La Proven(,-ale" is in a certain measure autobiographical: it was not published till 1731. Regnault (re-no'), Alexandre George Henri. Born at Paris, Oct. 30, 1843: killed in battle at Buzenval, Jan. 19, 1871. A French historical painter, son of H. V. Regnault. He was a pupil of Montfort, Lamotbe. and Cabanel ; took the grand prix de Rome in 1866 ; studied in Italy till 1868 : and then went to Spain, where he painted the equestrian portrait of Gen- eral Prim. In 1869 he revisited Italy, and in 1870 went to Africa. He returned to fight in the Gennan war. Hia works include "Automedon " (1^67), "Salome," "Execu- tion in Granada," "Judith and Holofernes," "Thetis giv- ing Achilles the Arms of Vulcan," "A Fantasia in Tan- giers." etc. Regnault, Henri Victor. Born at Aix-la-Cha- pelle, July lil, 1810: died Jan. 19, 1878. A French chemist and physicist. He became director of the Sevres porcelain manufactures in 1S.S4. He wrote articles in the "Comptes-rendus'uf the Academy of Sci- ences, "Cours (^'l^mentaire de chimie " (1847-49), etc. Regnault, Jean Baptiste, Baron. Born at Paris, Oct. 19, 1754: died there, Nov. 12. 1829. A French historical and genre painter. He took the grand prix de Rome in 1776; and received the title of Baron in 1819. Among his woiks are "Education of Achilles " (1783), "The Descent from the Cross "(1789),"The Three Graces" (in the Louvre). R6gne Animal (rany ii-ne-mal'), Le. [F.,' The Animal Kingdom.'] A treatise on zoology, by Georges Cuvier, published in 4 vols. 1817. The system developed in this work may be regarded as the basis of nearly all the scientific classifications until after the appearance of Darwin's "Origin of Species." Regnier (ra-nya'). Jacques Auguste Adolphe. Born at Mainz, Germany, Julv, 1804: died at Fontainebleau, Oct. 21, 1884. A French philol- ogist, librarian of the palace of Fontainebleau from 1873. He was the author of works on Ger- manic, classical, and Oriental philology. Regnier (ra-nya'), Mathurin. Born at Char- tres, Dec. 21, 1573: died at Rouen, Oct. 22, 1613. A French satirical poet, a nephew of the poet Desportes. At the age of ll he received the tonsure, and when 20 followed the Cardinal de Joyeuse to Rome as a private secretary. On his return to France in 1604. he maintained the dissipated mode of living into which he liad fallen while away, but was appointed to a canoniy in the Chartres cathednd in 16(». As a writer. Regnier is well known for his satires. He is at his best in " Le goiH decide detout," "L'Honneur ennemi de la vie," "L'.^mour qu'on ne pent domptcr." "Rt^pnier apologiste de lui- m^me,"" La folte estgenerale." "Ny craintenyesp^rance," *'Le mauvais repjis," and "Le mauvais lieu." Sainte- Beuve speaks of Rx^gnicr as st^mding on the threslujld of the 17th century, anil yet looking backward and fraterniz- ing with Slontaigne, Ronsard, and Rabelais. He states tliat where Rt'gnier excels is in his knowledge of life, his expression of manners, hia delineation of characters, and hia description of home scenes. He likens R^gnier'ssatirea to a gallery of wonderful Flemish portraits. RegnitZ (reg'nits). A river in Bavaria, it is formed by the union of the Pegnitz and Rednitz near Fnrth, and joins the Main near Bamberg. Length (in- cluding the I'egnitz), about 125 miles. Regillus (reg'ii-lus). [NL. (Copernicus), trans- lating Gr. fiaaiXiGKor, the name of the star in Ptolemy.] Avory white star, of mngnitude 1.4, on the heart of tlie Lion; a Leonis. Regulus (reg'u-lus), Marcus Atilius. Died 2r>0 (?) B. c. A celebrated K'onian ^'eiiernb Ho was consul in 2(!7; and as consul in *iftO defeated the Car- thaginian llect. invaili (i Afiira, and defeated the Cartha- ginian army. Hcwas (irfiatiil Iiy the Carthaginians under Xantlppus in 2.'>ri and taken prisoner. According to Roman tradition he was sent by the Carthaginians t*> Rome with an embassy, in 260, to aak for pi-ace or an exchange of pris- oners. In this be was unsuccessful, and was put to death on his return to Carthage, whither he went in accoi'dance with his promise. Rehan (r^'an). Ada. Bom at Limerick, Ire- land, April 22, IStiO. A noted American actress. Kehan 848 She came to America with her family, whose name is Ore- han, in 1S65. In 1S74 she made her iUhut at Newarli, New Jersey, and her first appearance in New Vorli the same year. She became leading lady in the company of Augus- tin Daly in IsrS, and made her first appearance in his thea- ter in 1879. .She has since appeared with success in both Keichenhall (ri'chen-hal). London and Paris. Her best impersonations are Rosalind -- " -^ .. - ^ in " As you Like it," Katharine in "The Taming of the .Shrew," Viola in "Twelfth Night," and Countess Vera in "The Last Word"; and she has created more than 40 r61es in the light comedy of the day. Jlehearsal (re-h6r'sal), The. A burlesque tra- gedy or faree by George Villiers, duke of Buck- ingham, and others, produced in 1671. it is a travesty of the bombastic rimed plays of Dn'den and others Butler, the author of "Hudibras" ~ ' the first in regard to manufactures (yarn, carpets, beer, etc., its cloth manufactures being especially .noted). It belonged to Wallenstein 1622-34, and later to the families <-Tallas and Clam-Gallas. The Prussians defeated the Aus- trians here April 21, 1757. Population (1890), 30,890. A small town in Upper Bavaria, situated on the Saalach 9 miles southwest of Salzburg. It is noted for its salt- -springs, and as a watering-place and health-re- sort. Reichensperger (ri'chen-sperg-er), August. Beiske shire, Scotland, 1791: died in England, Oct., 1858. A British meteorologist and colonial gov- ernor, chaii-man of the executive committee of the exhibition of 1851. He published "An Attemptto develop the Law of Storms " (1838), "Progress of the De- velopment of the Law of Storms " (1849), etc. Beigate (ri'gat). A town in Surrey, England, situated 20 miles south of London. The site of the old castle is marked by a large cave which the barons are said to have used as a meeting-place and guard-room. Population (1891), 22,646. i- o -^ Born ISOs : died July 16, 1895. A Prussiau poli- -Rpio-n nf TorrAr "Wo T„ T?,.o„„i, i,v* ii, i. tkian and writer on art : one of the leaders of ^Z^AfVI^ll?^±^}^JJT}}'t°JZl'^^^^ the clerical (Center) i)arty. tin Clifford, and others assisted Buckingham Dryden. and Sir Robert Howard are all satirized. (See Bai/es.) Sheridan's "Critic " isa similar play, and Marvell's satire "The Rehearsal Transprosed " is indebted to it. Behfues (ra'fiis), Philipp Joseph von. Bom Dr Shrat Mar- nviivo,! ^^^uk,^i/ jnim . m.' Davenant, Rcicheiisperger, Peter Franz. Bom at Co- blenz, Prussia, May 28, 1810 : died at Berlin, Dee. 31, 1892. A Prussian politician, brother of August Reichensperger, and a prominent ,™..,. TtT-. i ,-- ^;—, :;--„—•,■ , member of the ck-rical (t^enter) party. at Tubingen, Wurtemberg Oct. 2, 1,-9: died on ReichUn-Meldegg (rieh'lin-mel'deg), Baron his estate near the Drachenfels, Oct. 21, 1843. -rr--! a, ,°° ^ t, . „ P" "^ Karl Alexander von. Born at Grafenau, Ba varia, Feb. 22, 1801: died at Heidelberg, Feb, A German novelist and miscellaneous author Behoboam (re-ho-bo'am). King of Judah 953- 932 B. c. (Dimcker), son of Solomon. His acces- sion was the signal for the revolt of the ten northern tribes under the leadership of .Teroboam, which resulted in the separation of the Hebrews into two kingdoms, that of Ju- dah and that of Israel. Behoboth (re -ho 'both). The name of three places mentioned in the Old Testament: (i)Re. hoboth-Ir. a city near Nineveh ; (2) a city near the Eu- phrates : possibly the modern Rahaheh ; (3) a well situ- -n -"i, i j V --u"/!"' .-\ nilessouthofBeersheba.Palestine: -Keicnsiana (nebs lant). period of the first revolution during which the country was under the sway of a faction which made the execution of persons, regardless of age, sex, and condition, who were considered obnox- ious to their measures one of the cardinal princi- ples of their government . This period maybe said to have begun in March, 179:!, when the Revolutionary tribu- nal was appointed, and to have ended in July, 1794, »1th the overthrow of Robespierre and his associates. Also csiUed the Terror. Beikiavik. See Itei/ljavH: 15,1877. A German philosopher and theolo- Sf-f/ -n T t, nv"-*.- -o xt,,_ , gian, professor of philosophy at Heidelberg ■'^"i'l,.': ''^?'^^'"U'P'^,^r^^5;„-^°™f*^'j2".4e> ated probably about eoniil the modem Wady Ruheibe. Behoboth Bay. A bay on the coast of Dela- ware, south of Cape Henlopen. Breicha(ri'cha), Anton Joseph. Born atPrague, Feb. 27. 1770 : died at Paris, Hay 28, 1836. A composer and writer on music. He published "Traits de mSlodie" (1814), "Cours de composition musi- c.ile" (1818), "Traits de haute composition musicale" (1824-26), "L'Artdu compositeur dramatique" (1833). t> ■ v. ^ ji. -n ^ Beichard(ri'chart), Paul. Born at Neuwied |eichstadt Duke of. hee ^-apoJeol, 21 on the Rhine, Dec. 2,1854. An African exiilorer. KeiclistagiCT.prou. riehs tag). [G.,' parliament When Leopold II. and the German g.)vernment sent, in "' ""^ empire.'J 1. In the present empire of Ger- 1880, Dr. Kaiser and Dr. Bohm on an expedition to central many, the deliberative body which, in eombina- Africa, Reichard joined them. The station Kakoma was tiou with the Bundesrat, exercises the legisla- East Friesland, Feb. 28, 1759: died at Halle', Nov. 22, 1813. A German anatomist and phy- sician, professor (1810) at Berlin. He was super, intendent of the military hospitals in 1813, and died of u /n it. 1, .....> o. /.,„-„ ,„.. typhus contracted in the performance of his duties. X1;^ t^onfl89o'r sole "^- '''''"•''' "^"'■"'•^ Beille (ra,;), Comte Honor6 Chaxles Michel copulation (l»JO),d, 0.3b. _ Joseph. Born at Antibes, France, Sept. 1, 1775: died at Paris, March 4, 1860. A French from 1839. He wrote "Lehrbuch der PsychO' lo.gie" (1837-38), etc. Beichshofen (nchs'ho-fen). A manufacturing town in Lower Alsace, 24 miles north of Stras [G., 'imperial terri- A designation since 1871 of Alsaee-Lor- tory.'] raine. Beichstadt (rieh'stat). A smalltown in north- 1847. ern Bohemia, situated on the Zwittebach 43 Reimarus (ri-ma'ros), Hermami Samuel marshal. He served in the Napoleonic wars in Spain, at Quatre-Bras, Waterloo, etc., and was made marshal in miles north by east of Prague. It gave the title to the Duke of Reichstadt. At ameeting hereof the emperors of Austria and Russia, July 8, 1876, it was agreed that these powers should not take independent action in the dismeni- beniieiit uf Turkey. Population (1890), commune, 1,769. Born at Hamburg, Dec. 22, 1694: died at Ham- burg, March 1, 1768. A German philosopher and scholar, professor (1727) of Hebrew and later also of mathematics at the gymnasium in Hamburg. He is especially noted as tlie author of the rationalistic "Wolfenbuttel Fragments,"published byLes- sing (1774-78) as fragmentsof the work of an unknown au- thorfound by him in the Wolfenbuttel Library. The whole work bears the title " Apologie oder Schutzschrift fiir die verminf tigen Verehrer Gottes " (" Apology or Defense for the Rational Worshipers of God X founded. Lake Tpemba was discovered, tractsof landwere five nower in imiierial niattpra Tt i= ofiT,i^„=o.l ,,''".'' "^ acquired by Reichard, and much new ground in the upper 'v qo- i ?■ ^P?""*' matters. It IS composed Reims. See FI) finis. Luahiba basin W.1S explored; but only Reichard sun-ived ^^ "*?' deputies elected by universal suffrage T>gjj,g„tg p„„i,„ See Reimard the For and reached ao-ain the en.t r-r.»6t in ISSJ for 5 VPars— Q T IP Tianie Vit- wl,;,.), +I,p fiS^. S'BlUtJl.K.e JT UtnS. aee neipiara We £0X. and reached again the east coast in 1884. Reichardt (ri'eharf). JohannFriedrich. Bom at Kiiiiisjsberg, Prussia, Nov. 25, 1752: died at (iicliichenstein, near Halle, Prussia, June 27, 1814. A German composer and musical writer, best known now from his songs. Beichenau (ri'che-nou). An island in the Un- tersee of the Lake of Constance, 5 miles north- west of Constance. It has belonged to Baden since 1803. It was formerly noted for its Benedictine abbey, founded about 728 (secularized in 1799). Length, 3 miles. Beichenbach (ri'chen-bach). A small tributary of the Aar, in the canton of Bern, Switzerland, which .ioins the Aar 16 miles east of Interlaken. It is celebrated for the beauty of its cascades (at its entrance into the Aar valley). Rreichenbach. A to wti in the kingdom of Saxony, 31 miles southwest of Chemnitz. It has manu- factures of woolens. Population (1890), 21,496. Beichenbach. A manufacturing to^vn in the province of Silesia, Prussia, 32 miles southwest of Breslau. Here, Aug. 16, 1762, Frederick the Great defeated the Austrians under Laudon ; and here a conven- tion was signed, July 27. 1790, by which the emperor Leo- pold agreed not to annex Turkish territory. A treaty was concluded here, ' " ' -..- ■■ agr>*ed tosubsid N:iI..'li-on. Pof BMEmmm^^Mi:^^m^m SSS^?|lZSS""'"~-°"-^-m-|J£-;S-,:-'&»"'': E'and ^'th' MiningU'is.'^eifa^d YTo^n.^^He'"'™ K^ineke Vos (G.' Beineke Fuchs). See Eey. elected president of the Royal Scottish Academy in 1831 >l<'>'(l the F\i.r. Among his portraits are those of John Mackenzie, H. Well'- BeinC Margot (mar-go'), La. A novel by the • s7o°"h pTrl"m%"?t'H°ousS"''*^°' '°''" ""' '"' '" "" P'^7 V^'T'' P"^"^^«f >" }^f,- « -- ^^- Reid. Mayne. Bom in Ireland, 1818: died at to ^sV"" ""^ ^''"'^"^ "' ^"^"^'^ ''^'"'^'' """■ "''''' London, Oct. 22, 1883. A British novelist. He Beine Topaze (to-paz'), La. [F., 'Queen To- traveled in the United states, and served as captain in the paze.'] An opera by Victor Mass^, produced United States army in the Mesacan war. He sailed from at Paris in 1856 New York m 1849 with a party of volunteers to aid in the T)- r! J V /-«••!,...> . Hungarian struggle for freedom, but arrived too late to •KeinnarasDrunn (nn harts-bron). Anotedcas- take part in it. He wrote tales of adventure including tie of the Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, situated !!?!!'' n'''?T'^^?*'''^/,(l?s''i';,^'J'''^^'=*'P Hunters" (1S51), at the foot of the Thiiringerwald, near Fried- "TheP.oynunters"(lS62),"TheWhiteChicf"(ls,W),"The richrod-i 9 miles southwpft of cJha Bush Buys" (1S55), "The Quadroon" (1,V*), "The War "^"lOd^, Jmiles SOUtnwest _0t Gotha. Traii"(i857),"Osceoia"(i85S),"TheBoyT.ar"asfli)"The Bemhart(nn hart),BenjaminFranklin. Bom Maroon "(1862), "The Headless Horseman" (1865), '"The at Wa>niesburg, Pa., Aug. 29, 1829: died at ^!^^^7ix^^;vi?^!,n^!l!^r'^^i^-^'^'vi '■■?"" J'^'^ll Philadelphia, May 3, 1885. An American por- . t!^nthePrincipIeoKon')'mon"se'n"se"'(1764')""Essaysonthe Bnrii at Leipsic, Jan. 8, 1793: died March 17 JntfUectual Powers of Man" (1786), and "Essays on the 1879 A German botanist and 7onloro ■*^''''e Powers of the Human Mind" (1788). His works IfMJ. Aljeimau ooianisi ana zoologist, pro- were edited by sir William Hamilton, fessor at Dresden from 1820. His chief work is Reid Whitelaw Born in Oliio Ctot "7 1SQ7 •Flora Germanica " (with the "Iconographi.a," 1S23-S4). ■^1"> »» l^eiaw. llorn m UhlO, Uct. -7, 1837. He also wrote "Regnumanimale" (1834-36), etc. An ii^mencan joiimalist. He graduated at Miami Beichenbach, Baron Karl " ' gart, Wiirtemberg, Feb. 12 sic. Jan. 19, 1869. A German manufacturer. He discovered creosote, paraffin, etc. ; He was United States minister to France 18S9-92, and but is best known from his theories concerning the so- J^^? <;''"1,- i^ '"'' jj "ce-presidency on the Republican called "od"or " odic force " 'i"*"^' which was defeated in the presi.iential campaign founder of the Scottish school of philosophy, fessor at Jena 1787-94 and at Kiel 1794-1823.' He He graduated at Marisclial College, Aberdeen, in 172C ; was advocated Kant's philosophy in " Briefe (iher dieKantische librarian there ; became pastoratXewmachar, near Aber- Philosophie" (17m'.^7), and also published " Versuch deen, in 1739; was appointed professor of philosophy at einer neuen Theorie des Vorstellungsvermogens"("New King's College. Aberdeen, In 1752 ; and was professor of Theoiy of the Faculty of Ideas," 1789), etc. moral philosophy at Glasgow 1764-81. He wrote an " Es- Beluisch (ri'nish), LeO. Born at Osterwitz, !?.5'.2"';ili^."V„',5'- _('.?* "r'nquiry.iiitothe Human Mind Styria, 1832. A noted Eg\7>tologist and Afri- canist, since 1872 professor of Egyptology at the University of Vienna. His numerous works include "Ags-ptisehe Chrestomathie "(1873-75): grammars of Barea (1874), Xulia(1879),andBilin(188;i). and dictionary of Bilin (1887). He repeatedly visited all the tribes speaking these languages. Catholic theologian : suspended in 1870 on ac- count of opposition to the dogma of papal in- fallibility. He was consecrated bishop of the Old Cath- , , , ^ — olics in 18^3, and resided in Bonn. He published various ber of the Spanish Peace Commission 1898. works on ecclesiastical history, etc. «ast of Prague, it is the third city of Bohemia, and Eeid, Sir William. Born at Kinglassie, Fife- Reiske (ris'ke), Johann Jakob. Bora at Zor- ItpirhPTlVlPrtrCrT'phpTi bprr^ A pitvin Rnlipmii °f'**-- AppomtedspecialambassadortoEnglaudtorepre -aeicnenoergtri enen-DerG). ACityin tJonemia, sent the President at the Queen's jubilee 1897, and mem. Situated on the GorlitzerNeisse i)6 miles north- ' - '" " ■ - - Beiske 849 bie.near Halle, Dec. i5, 1716: died Aug. 14 1/, 4. \ uoted German Orientalist and classical pln- ioloeist, rector 6f the Nikolaiscliule at Leipsie from 17')«. He pubUshed works on Arabic, edi- tions of drcck authors, etc ■Reiss ( ris), Wilhelm. Born at Mannheim, 18dS. AUermaii scientist aiidtraveler. From ISCS to 1876 he traveleJ in S.iulli Ai.i.rii.-:!, Ruiierally in coinpany with A StMliel lluy ni;i.lc tluir la-:uliiuarturs at, guito for four years ; exjilorcl the Kctiadorian inounU.ins ; made an exten.lcii examination of tlie ancient necroiwlisof .\nc,.n near Lima, and otlier Pcnivian antii|Uilies ; an.l lllialiy descemlea tlie Amazon and visited the I!r.i/.ilian coast cities. Their most important joint w..rk is l>a3 lotcn- feld voii Anton in Peru ' (3 vols, tolio. with plates, 18W>- 18S7) Reiss has also pnblislied many geological works and papers on Sonth America, and various scicutulc mem- oirs ill .Spanish (at IJuito). Beissiger < ris'sig-er), Karl GrOttlieb. Born at Belzi-'. near AVitteiibcig. .laii. 31, ITOrt: died at Drestleu, Nov. 7, 1859. A German composer of operas, songs, etc. E6iane(ra-zliiin'),GabrielleR6ju,oaUpd. Born ■It Puis in 18.")7. A J''rciicli actress. She made her ikibii'l ill 187.-. at the Van.levillc. One of her !;ieatest suc- cesses is Madam' SansGeue in Sard..i.B play uf that name (IS!.!., in whicll she appeared ii. the I'lil ed Mates Ahout iSc -he married SI. Porel. director of the i.raiid Ihcatre. Rejected Addresses. A collection of parodies onWordswortli, Bvnm, Scott, Moore, Coleridge, and other poets, written on the occasion of the burning of Uniry Lane Theater, London, by the brothers James and Horace Smith, published in l"*'-- ^ .11 Belapse, The, or Virtue in Danger. A play by Vanlini"-h, iiroduced in l; den. where he repiained until KWO. .V«;»t 102s he receiv ed his first pupil, Gerard Uouw. In lli:lO lu- removed to Am- sterdam, where he soon had many pupils and many orders. Oil June 10. 1634, he married Saskla van I K-nlii.rg. Allel her death he became Involved in litigati.m, e.mtiaij.d debts, and in 165« was formally declared bankrupt, and hi.-, collections were seized and sold for OiiO llorins. Among his principal works are "I'rcsentatl.m in the li-mpe (1«31*): -Lesson in Anaton.y " (1IB2); /Mlescent tro.n to bross,"an ctehlng (10:i:i); the "Artemisia" at M;" "'I. " ' ■• SI. Thomas " at the Hermitage. St . Petersburg (lU.^), I of; ■ tl-alt of himself with his wife Saskia on his knee H .As , etching ot Tobias and the Angel and Eeec Homo ('■«), portrait of his mother, at Vienna(lian); Le doreiir ( J e Slider," I.VW), now In New York ; " «"rtle of t lie ' ™I 1| ' of Frans Hannlng Cock" (the 8"-c"lle''"-^'l?'"-^V .'';.>.■. his mantelpiece (1W2); efhlng "' '"J"" ^''J ;'-' ' '""r ntH3) • " Pilgrims of Emmaus," In the Louvre (1(H8) . jier- trall ol Tn,rnne on horseback now in '.f V' [,"«If "b Vl i lection (V.m: the ■•hundied-guilder H" "' "^ '^ preaching (IK.l) (the name eoines from a Iraditl. n that a koman merchant olteled lllm seven engravings b> M.ire- antonl.., w.rtli luo guilders, for a eony ■.( the e tcbliig). "The liin-g..ma*teranil his wife "(I0.'.7S; ' *';',»';i; 7; ™'': Ing Sinai- llil.MO; ■'.Syndics of Ihe (Tolh Hall (IIKH), ■'.lewlsh liriile" (lfl03) He painted between 40 and M portraits of himself, which arc In the various public gnl- leries of F.iilope. Remedy of Love, The. A poem a|.parentiy wrilteii nliotit 1530. it was printed In ir.:i2ln an crotest passed by the House of t nnimons jj^y' oo 1541. It rehearsed the unconstitutional ami unwise acts of the reign of Charles I., and demanded rcmc- Remonstrants (re-mon'strants). The Arinin- ians: so called because they formulated their creed (A. D. 1610) in five articles entitled 1 ho Remonstrance." This document expressed their points of divergence from strict Calvinism, and was presented to the states of Holland and West Fricsland. Remscheid (rem'shit). A town in tho Rhine Province, Prussia, 19 miles northeast ot L-o- lo"ne It Is the center of hardware manufactures in nermanv (iueliuling scythes, saws, skates, flies, etc.), and hi^ an imPtant export trade. Population (1890X 18,641; i-ommnne, 40,371. j. »t _ \r^,A- Remsen (rem'zn), Ira. Born at New \oik, Feb 10 1846. An American chemist. Hegrad- uated at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Colum- bia College in lSti7 ; was professor of chemistry and phys- i.-s at Williams C..lle..'e 187-2-7tl; and " as professor of cliem- ism -It 1 lis llupkins Vnivei-sity 1S7G-1S)01, and preshleiil mt He li^ ul'lisl.ed■'PrineipU-sofTlKO^•tieaU■hen,- i;t•v•'(18'^7) " -Ml Intiodu.tion to the Study of Organic !'lu-niistry '(ISSS), " Elementary Chemistry" df ->•;';;• Remus (re'mns). In Koman legend the bro- 1 licr of Romulus, by whom he was slam, bee Remus,Uncle. An oldplantationnegro, feigned narrator of the plantation and folk-lore tales collected by Joel Chandler Harris. Rgmusat (ra-mii-za'), Comtesse de (Claire tffsabeth Jeanne Gravier de Vergennes . Porn at Paris, Jan. 5, L.SO: died Dec. Jl l.s-l. A French lad v, wife of tho chamberlain of Napo- leon L, and an attendant of the empress Jose- pliijie. Her " Mi'moirc9"on thec.mrt of N'a]iolcon, etc., !v,;re published in 1879, and her " I;'^'V*" '" '"-|'^„ ,„ R6musat, Comte Frangois Mane Charles de. Bom at Paris, March 14, 179, : died at Paris, June 6, 1875. A French politician and author, son of the Comtesse de Remusat. Ho vyas minis- ter of the interior in 1840, and minister of foreign atlairs 1871 73 Ho wrote various philosophical works, indu 1- ing -Essais do philosophic" (1842), "Abailard (184,i-.) "St. Anlelme de Cantert.ury " (1853), "L'-^"';!*'"'^;;,"" XVII1« 8ii'-cle"(ia'->tl), "P.aeon. sa we., son temps, sa phll.^- 8uphle"(1857), ''Histoire de la philosophie en Angleterre Rdmusat. Jean Pierre Abel Bom at^Paris Sept. 5, 1788: died June 3, 1832. A licnch Orientalist. He wrote " Essal sur la languc et la lit- tiiraturo chinoises" (IsU), "Recherches sur les langues taJtwes" IS'W •'tlement^ de la grammalro chinoiso (ls-22), and other works oil Chinese, etc. R6my (ra-mC ), Jules. Born near Chalons-sur- Marne, Sept. 2, 1820: died Dec. 5, 1893. A French traveler and botanist. From IS.il to lb(i3 he traveled e.xtensivelv in S..ntli and N..rth Amerna, t be P?„ 11 .Islands and Asia. Besides botanical memoirs he n bl shed oly ooks on tho euuntries visited by him: Uno ortbe best-known is " Voyage an pays des Mormons (•' vols. 18611 : an Eiiglisb translation 1-1.0). . ., „ ■Rpnaix (re-nii'). A manufacturing town in the p"v^co of icist Flanders, Belgium, situated ■\\ miles west bv south of Brussels. Popula- ^^ki^;::^l;.^^;?|osph Ernest B«,^tT... guier, C<)tes-du-Nord, Jan. 2,, 182J. died at Paris Oct. 2, 1892. A French philologist and historian, "hc was the acknowledged leader of ll>e school of critical nhUosophy in Kr.inee > '»»',' ''''lie ^as 1 t;^i.,\i„uii,. in.thod then 111 vogue, and broke sharply with med his s idles In comparative philology, ami look, one after bo "her, his university degrees. Ilia works pub. Hshe, letw." n SfiOand 18IK1 attracti-il much atten ion, es- peelally lor their Htyle. Theyjncbide h|s dodor s ti s ,11 "Aver^l^a et I'averroisme (18.^.2), '•"",'""'''' i. > .lie eiise" (18r.7). " l>c rorigino dii langage (lst.8) l.s- a ilenuJl" "decrltli,ue''(lsr>l.). etc. Soon after lis re urn f"oin mission lo the East (1801), Itcnan was called r, he cr of Hebrew In the College de France ; bii , as ed -nil I Ml • divinity of Christ, he fell out with the .•lerl- .,d , -tv and was forced lo resign his pr..les«on.b p in SIM. ■I I J wi ?k» • wrote al«iit Ihis lime conti United perhaps In gTOitest measure to hi. reputation. Foremost among Reno them stands "Iji vie de J^sus " (18f.3). the flrst book in theseries entitled "Histoiredesoriginesduchristiaiiisine, whieb includes further " Les apotres " (ISOi;), .St. I aul et sa mission- (1807), "L'AntechHst " (1673), "Les evirngl es et la seconde geniiration chriitienne (187,), L bgllse chretiennc ' (187a), and " Marc-.^urele et a tin dii inonde> aiitiiine " (1S80). The " Index " was published in 18!>9, am the natural introduction to the entire series is to be found in an entirely sepanile « ork, " Histoire du pcuple d Israel (1887-1)4). Kenan was also the author of "tjuestioiis eon- temporaines " (ISfts). -• l>i.dogues pbilosophiipies" (1S78), •'Dnimes philosophiqui s ' (1S»8), and many ether works. He w as eleeu d a member ol the French Academy June 13, 1878 Renart, Roman de. See linjmud the Fox. Rendel (rcnMel 1. James Meadows. Bom near Dartmoor, England, 1.99: dnilat London, Nov 21, 1856. An English engineer, constructor of bridges ami harbors of refuge. Rendshurg (r.-iids'biiro). A town m the prov- ince ot Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia, situated oil the Eider and on the Schleswig-Holstein Canal'^Oniiles west of Kiel, it was formeriy strongly fortified : was unsuccessfully besi.-ged by w mngel in 1W5; and was taken by the .Sehl.-swig-H.dst, iners "'1848- "'" fori illcations were demolished by the Danes in 1S62. Popu- lation (1690), 13,105. fi,en6 (re-:iii'). A romance by Chateaubriand, published in 1902. , „ „ „ , -, Ren6 I., sumamed "The Good." [L •/'"'("•'»• J Bnrn at An-ers. France. Jan. 16, 1409: died at •Vix France, Julv 10. 1480. Duke of Anjou, count of Provence, and (titular) king of Naples, son of Louis II. of Naples and Yolande of Ara- con. He succeeded Joanna II. in Naples in 1435. but was dispossessed by Alfonso V. of Aragon in 1442. He was a patron of literature and .art, _ Renegade, The, or the Gentleman of Venice. \plav bv>Iassinger,liceused m 1024and printed in 1630." The title was changed before Shirley s '■Gentleman of Venice" was produced. Renfrew (ren'fro). 1. A southwestern county of Scotland. It is bounded by tlie Clyde and Dumbar- ton on the north, Lanark on the east, Ayr on tlic south and southwest, and the Firth of «yde„»" , """"'^ .Jl cmitains tho large towns Paisley and Greenock and has coal- and Irmi-inines and important manufactures. Area, 246 square miles. Population (1891), -'DO. i)i. 2 The county town of Renfrew, situated near the Clyde 6 miles west of Glasgow. Population (1891), 6,246. .„ , -K, A Reni (ra'ne). Guido. Born at Bologna, Nov. 4, 1575 : died there, Aug. 18, 1642. A noted painter of the Bologtiese school. Hewaaapupll of Calvaert, and also of the Carracci. He went about 1608 to Koine wheic he remained for twenty years. He was the rival of CM-avaggio, mid was opiKisenl from jealousy by Annllmle rScd, and even by \iis friend Albani. lie >». The capital of Washoe County, NVvadi. siliinted on UcKeo River 16 mi es ni.rlhwest of Virginia City. Populaliou 1 1900). ■),.')00. Reno, Jesse Lee Reno, Jesse Lee. Bom at Wheeling. W. Va., June 30, 1S23 : killed at the battle of South Moun- tain, Md.. Sept. 14. 1862. An Amerieau general. He graduated at West Point in 1S46 ; served in tlie Mexi- can war: and wasappointed a brigailier-general of L'niied States volunteers in ISCl. ' He served in tiie Koanoke ex- peditidu in 1S62 ; and participated as a corps connnander in the second battle of Bull Kun, and in the battles of C'hantilly and South Mountain. Reno, Marcus A. Born in Illinois about 1835 : died at Washington, D. C March 31, 1889. An Ameriean officer. He graduated at West Point in 1857. and served through the Civil War. As major he com- manded a detachment of Custer's army at the time of tlie massacre of Little Big Horn in 1876. He was dismissed Irora the United States service m 1880 ou the chai-ge of mis unduct. Rent Day, The. A domestic drama by Douglas Jcrrold, printed in 1832. Renwick (ren'ik), James. Born at Moniaive, Dumfriesshire, Feb. 15, 1662 : executed Feb. 17, 1688. A Scottish Covenanter and martyr. He attended Edinburgh rniversity, but was denied hi's degree for refusing the oath of allegiance. In 16^3 he was ordained at Groningen, Holland. In lii84 he published the ■' .•Apolo- getic Declaration," for which he was outlawed. He de- nounced James II. on his accession, and was condemned and executed. • Renwick (ren'wik), James. Born in England, 1790 (1792 ?;: died at Xew York, Jan. 12, 1863. An American physicist. He wrote "Outlines of Nat- ural Philosophy "(1822-23), "A Treatise on the Steani-En- gine"(lSaO), "Elements of Mechanics" (183-i), scientific text-books, and biographies of Fulton, Hamilton, etc. Renwick, James. Born at Bloomingdale (now part of Xew York city), Nov. 3, 1818 : died at New York, June 23, 1895. An American archi- tect, son of James Kenwiek. He designed Grace Church (Xew York, 1S45), St. Patrick's Cathedral (Xew York, commenced 1858), the Smithsonian Institution and Corcoran Art Gallery (Washington), Vassar College, etc. Reole (ra-61'),La. A town in the department of Giroiide, France, situated on the Garonne -31 miles southeast of Bordeaux. Population(1891), commune, "1,177. Re Pastore (ra pas-to're), II. A dramatic cantata by Mozart, to Metastasio's words, com- posed in 1775. Rephaim (ref 'a-im or re-fa'im). In Old Testa- ment history, a race of giants, the ancient in- habitants of Palestine and of the land east of the Jordan. Rephaim, Valley of. In ancient geography, a valley or plain southwest of Jerusalem. Repnin (rep-nen'). Prince Nikolai. Born at St. Petersburg, March 22, 1734 : died at Riga, May 24, 1801. A Russian general and diplomatist. He served against the Turks, whom he defeated at the battle of Matchin, July 9, 1791. Repos de Cyrus (re-p6' de se-riis'), Le. Awork by the Abb6 J. Pornetti. ''LeReposde Cyrus "embraces the same period of the life of the Persian prince as the work of Ramsay, and compre- hends his journey into Media, his chase on the frontiers of Assyria, his wars with the king of that country, and his return to Persia. Dunltrp, Hist, of Prose Fiction, II. 349. Repose in Egypt. 1. A painting by Murillo, in the Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg. The Virgin sits under a tree watching, with two cherubs, the sleeping Child at her side. St. .Toseph stands beyond, with the ass, amid attributes of the journey. 2. A painting by Van Dyek, in the Hermitage Museum. St. Petersburg." The Virgin sits before St. Joseph on a shaded bank, holding the Child standing in ber lap. .\11 are looking at a covey of partridges. Some- times called Madonnu iritk the Partridges. Representati'ves, House of. The lower or more numerous branch of the United States Congress, comprising (1903) 386 members, chosen every second year by the people of the several States. Representatives are apportioned among the States accord- ing to population, the ratio at present being one to every 173 901 of population. Xo one can be a representative who has not attained the age of twenty-five, who has wot been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who is not an inhabitant of the State in wliich he is chosen. The House of Representatives has the sole power of impeach- ment and of originating bills for raising revenue. Eacll Territoiy has a delegate in the House of^Representatives, who is entitled to speak, though he has no vote. Repressor, The. An ecclesiastical treatise by Bi.shop I'l'cock. written in 1449. Reprisals, The, or the Tars of Old England. .V fiirce by Smollett, produced in 1757. It is sai- .„,„,,,, f,. Revelation Book of, or The Revelation'of St.' ,(„„/„,.sv.s. ■ I^union (ra-ii-n.you ) He de la, formerly He John the Divine. The last book of the New Return from Parnassus, The. A plav in two Bourbon. An islaijd m the Indian Ocean, a Testament : also called th/» Apoaihi,,,,: it i,a, parts, being the second and third parts of "The eolonialpossessionotlranee.southwestotMau- lieeu f;enen,lly attriimtea by the church ti the apostle- Pil.'r-itiiao-e to Parnassus " Thcvwerewrittcn before "t"'=*- ^t.-I)enis. the capit.il. is situated in lat, 20' 6r S., John, ami diednte of its cpiniwsition isoften put near the fhi^ . 1 nf onpcf Fn,';^fcth and h verecennl Wn ,.Hnt '""K- 55° S)' E. The surface is mountainous and vol- «';'. of the 1st centurj- ; bi.t its authorship and date are S >a a "hole ^'nfil'dir nlai^ ran.lu- l" e <=""'<=. "-e highest sununit beiuR Piton des Neiges (lO.fM. ,B»'')ccts o dispute. There is a wide diffeivnce of opinion ■fn 1 w the first n-irr n ''Se K?hirn"nro >* Iv nT 'p8^ '"^"O- ■>'"= <^'">^f product is sugar. The inhabitants are "'so as to the interpretation and siguillcance of the book, he a'st";rS."The . .ire'tKht to^'h^-ei",'writleu descendants of French, neg^es, coolies etc, The island Reveller (rev'el-er), Lady. One of the prin- byme.nbers of St. .loh'n'sL'ollcge, Cambridge, and are per. J^' ?,Su,TlS'wirtTken Dosse"^^^^^^^^^ '■'5'"' '•''''"•■"■^'■■■i^ i" it'-s. Centlivre's eoiedy ^';ksri'do^;n''";d^l"'1ca;^ e^^hlg bil'^el/r ^^^'i^t^i^n^'^^!^^^^ I-Th*' Basset-Table." she is a coquettish widow and *il'^tf,?„l M orVo?,! «. ,HrV ^ eM»t"i(, between pro- isin.ir,. Arca,7S0squareinUes. l'opulaiion(18i)2), 171,7:il. ' rilliant flne lady who keeps a bassct-table, where she pITlTiatIr A f«™o^^ ^i,n=;.n „f V.r^n.^^ ReunloU, WarS of. A uatne somctitues given 'levotcshersel night and day to not too scrupulous play. Eetz (rets). A former division of Bnttany, ,„ ^^^ ^^ars lietween France and the allie.l Revenge. A tragedy by Dr. Young, produced Fratice eorrespomlmg to part of the depart- p„„.ers waged in consequence of the annexation i" 1721. nient ot Lone-Inf^neure. U teiTitor? .leterinined by the Chambers of K.- Revenge for a Father. See Hoifman. Retz, or Rais (ras), or Raiz (raz), Baron de iiiiim, ill l'680. Revenge for Honour. A tragedy by Chap- (Gllles de Laval). Born about 13%: executed R^ug (ra'iis). A city in the province of Tarra- "i''" < •). published in lGr.4. atlsantes, trance, Oct., 1440. A French mar- fr,„ia, Spain, situated near Tarragona 63 inilc.s Revenge of Bussy d'Ambois. See Bussy shal.notonous for his cruelties to children His southwest of Barcelona. It is the second industrial <>' ■i'"l'"'^. ^ Btory IS connected with that of " Barbe-Bleue." place in Catalonia, and li.as important manufactures ..f Revenger S Tragedy, The. A play by Cyril &ee Bluebeard. wims, cotton, silk, etc. Salou is its seaport. Population Touineur, licensed and printed in 1C07." ■Retz (ras). Cardinal de iJean Franpois J 'f^I, if -"'?'■, . . -, a •. , , , Revere (re-ver'). A town and watering-place Paul de Gondi). Born at Monlmirail. Oct., RfUSS (rois). A river of Switzerland. Itrsesin ;„ Suiiolk County, Massachusetts, situated on iftiJ.. ,i;,i,l Qf T'o>.;a Ai.rr Oi ii!7Q \ i,',.„„,.i, tlic .st.-Gotthard, tnueises the Lake of Lucemc, Slid louis ^r , " tj -">-"">-' =,"^°' =oi"o'cii uu 1614. died at 1 ans, Aug. 24, 10(9. Aireneh the .\are near Brugg. Length, sio miles. Massachusetts Bay 4 or 5 miles northeast of politician and author. lie received his education at t>. ai j ■ mt. • • ^ i r, Boston. Ponulation 1 1900) 10 395 !he hands of St vincnt de Paul, and thereafter at the ReUSS. A land m Thuringia, central Germany, p^^^^^^ pt^,,! u" ,. at ^ X, 1735- Reuss. A land in Thuringia, central Germany, p"3"- p, ,'" u ^ I consisting of several detached portions, west severe, raui. tsoiii at of the kingdom of Sa.xonv : part of the aAcient l''.'"' ''! Boston. Ma.y 10. 1 Jesuit College of <_ierinont. From earliest childhood he ^.....-...'.. ..^ v.^ ov.^mi v»^ icn-u..,-, ./wmvjiio, m.^, ,. , . ,> ... ,^ lo.o was intended for tlie church, where he was to become of the kingdom of Sa.xonv : part of the ancient \.\ ''! ^"'*'"i'- -^'i'.y }^- .^f If- An .American pa- eveiituallyarehliishopof P,-iris,adigiiitythathaiIlongheen Vncrfl-nwl ti,<> .^..:„;„ ^f ti," i, ;,.„ i t t .i twi 'riot, laiuous Iron] Ills ride from Boston to Lex- U^-^t iSill;;^ ^ll'l^l^ns'^ill.&ilf ^i?i;™?eS'"X,';ftS:; -^ -^ ^^^:i^^&t:^IS^^:^l^ ington, April I8-I9, 1775, to a.-ou^ the mlnute. ^!^^^^^^:^X^S;.^i4SX!^ ^^'^]^^ T- ^ -D r -r ■' -.>. f/""- Tlii\ride is celebrated bv Longfellow in seat well present in his mind. X strong desiieon his part ReUSS(ElderLine),orReUSS-GreiZ(rois'gnts'). the poem Midnight Ride of Paul Kevere," pub- to become a political leader led him to take an active part [Q . Me lis:: ciJIv re Li iiic .1 A principality and state lished in " Tales of a Wayside Inn." in the niovement against Cardinal Jlazarin (lcis-40) He of the German Empire, bordering on Saxony, Review, The. A niusicai farce by George Col- hta^Tftn,':dign!ty"<;rca?dil'.''''kfhrs'pTp\\-la"^^^^^^^ Saxe-Weimar, and other German states. Capi- man the younger printed in 1800. it .1 taken short-lived, and he was finally imprisoned at Vincennes tal,tTreiz. It is largely engaged in manufacturing. The ";:'" ■'" "nsuceessful comic opera,]' Caleb Qiioteni and his (165-2). He made good his escape, and traveled in foreign government is a heredifciry monarchy, vested in a prince '' ''^■' '"' I'^ont, Poetry, and Putty, by Henry Lee. countries nntil the time of Mazarin's death. Then he i-e- and(siMeel8U7)a chamberof 12 members. It scndslmeni- Revllla Gigedo, generally written ReviUagi- turiied to France. He resigned the aicbbishopric, which ber to the Bundesrat and 1 to the Eeichstag. Area, 122 eedo ^ra-vc!'vii-He-Ha'TH6"l A <1 J > ' > i^ »e "« ?«»'• ^ &ro"l' Ot \ol- death, and retired shortly after,;o private life in Lorraine. ReUSS(YoUnger Line), orReUSS-Gcra-Schlelz- S^n Kiocorro i silinl^dfnla^^ ^^^^^S^^^:^^iJ:t^^:;^,iC^ Lobenstem^bersdorf (rois'ga:ra-shirts'l6'- T^^yi^^'^■C^'^'^:^^;^^^^Z^ are included- in the collection of the "ML-moiressur nils- ben-stm-a bers-dort). [G. 7i«(«S Ji«ir/ere /,(H(e.] '"''■'.™«l-. x - ,r. , ,, toirede France." The best edition is the one made by >I, A principality and slate of the German Empire. KeVlllaglgeaO, UOUnt Of, Viceroy of Mexico. ^^ij'f 'S'*;? 'T°"f a''°,l''^''"'''"'''>S'','"''j*/''V''''™nce'; Capifal.Gera. It comprises the principality ot Cera. „^,''''.''"' ""'-• ^ I ]■ Tm "!"■?>''?';"''■;•'''" '"'''"^''■'"''.'^'P"'''''"' situated west of Saxe-Altenburg, and the principalities of ReVlUe (I'^'i-vel'), Albert. Born at Dieppe, and doubtless reliable mfomiation concerning the queen, Schlciz and of Lobenstein-Ebersdorf, situated west of the France, Nov. 4, 1826 A French Protestant Mazarin, fiaston d'Orl&ns, Cond,;, Turenne, La Rochefou- ki„(;jom ot Saxony and north of Bavaria, It has flourish- cler" vman •nid theoTo^icnl writer "°''^''^*°^ (jauld, and many others. ing manufactures. The government is a hereditary mon- , p Jft " "i„ *^ A,*A^?i ", f ,^^ , k ,,„ i "'""PLt^ Retzius (ret'se-os), Anders Adolf. Born in archy,vested ma prince and a chamber of le deputies. It ?,, ?,' „'^ P% .-^ ° ,'v'\%^, ' sZ' , M Lund, Oct. 1?, 1796: died April 18, 1860. A '^^l^^'^^^^^'^T^^^^^^lV^^.^^iS^'^- £-«;^r-arS^^I^"--l'F-:;e,m^ Swedish anatomist, son of A. J. Retzius : pro- „ "-j^ ■*'" ^'luart™"''''- /X.: ' i -rl > religious history in the College of Krauce in issn ; and was fessor of anatomy and phvsioloev at Stock- RCuSS (rois), iiduara Wllnelm Eugen, Born chosen president of the Section of Keligious Sciences at 1..] •' ^ ■> ''•' at Strasburg, July 18, 1804: died there, April the Sorbonne in ISSC. Among his works are "Es.sais de Retzius, Anders Johan. Bom 1742: died 1821. l?. 1891- A noted Alsatian Protestant theolo- cri.W- r^Ugieuse •' (i8o^^^ A Swedish botanist, professor at Lund f-"- ^^'^^^t^^^'^lJi:^ ^Jill/ten ^ ^^^^^^ (™-"-^rs;S-^*°^?1' "^Jl'-"' "^J^^ Eetzsch (retsh),Montz. Born at Dresden, Dee. NeuenTestanients"(i-y2), "Histoid la tb.r.iogiechn;- KeVlllon. Bornat St.-Laurent-lez-Macon.Ain, 9, 1779: died there, June 11, 1857. A German tionnc an sircb- apoBioli.iuc" n8,s2i, -Histoire du canon France, Dec, 29, 1832: died Feb. 12, 1,S9S. A etcher and painter. He illustrated works of '?'-'? Saintes.fi(ritui.a" (Usks), ''(ieschlchte der heUigen French novelist and miscellaneous author. Goethe, Schiller, etc. Schnften des Alten l estaments (1S81), etc. Revlu (re-van'). A town in the department of Reuben (ro'ben). [Heb., prob. 'behold) ason.'] ^^^ll' ^ 'i^tp'^' TVit^ Rnr„ ^* t;t.,^»„t,o„«„ '^I'Jennes, France, on the Meuse 12 miles north 1. The eldest son of Jacob aud Leah.-2. One n^^^^l.ib^ vl qMf^>r?; ^nl 7 1^0..^^^; '^-^ ^''^^ "f M<'''-i^>'fS' Population (1891), com- of the tribes of Israel, descended from Reuben, k^?,":' ", "T,?:^' ' ."^ S74' ^a nnt'e 1 ( • r,,,,,! 1 i! ">"'*'' ■*•-•'-• ,,. , ., , , ' n ,. ..^ . f^. ... r.isoiinch. .J iiiio I _. I .'M.l. A Tinted) tiinniiTi ,i i;i- t^ , . a _ f¥i..,_.. Its terntory lay east of the Dead Sea and Jor- dan, south of Gad, and north of Moab. Reuben and .Simeon, whom it was soon dimcult to dis- liclligen "(185f,;, •■ Kein Husung '(186,s). " llanne Niiteun x»cYi""--. ,1 mc l^^peclur- oern from Jloah, Edom, and the Arabs of the desert, dis- 'l"-' '"dde Pudel " (Isr.D), " Schurr-Murr " (isfll) : also a col- General.' J A satirical comedy by Gogol, pro- appeared at an early period as tribes. They were consid- lection ot novels, "(llle Kamellen " (comprising "Ut de dllccil in 1S41. ered, like that ot Levi, as sporadic tribes dispersed through I'Vanzosentid" (IMi 11 ■• rt mine Festungstid'' (1862), •' tt Revocation of the Edict of Nantes (nants; the rest of Israel nunc strum tui tihiw}, etc.). 1 1 ■ t \ \ i i ■ c i VT\r ife„«„, Hist, Of the People of Ismel, I. 203. Reuter's Telegraph Agency. An agency for :;fi'Z;r;M.2^i;iiXZ!!dllngthrMi^o^ Reuphlin froich'tiiil .TnbnTi-n (Greciyed iisfJan- the coUccI lou and trniisiuission ot news, devel- v..,,*,,.,. i. / , , ., . . . .^ ,w . . . xveuijUilu woicu iiiu. donanni,>Jie( liituasoap- ^„.^,, . . t, t „ . ■, „, ,. :.. .i,„ j,. „ i„ lorn en •dilutes. It forbade the free exercise of the Protestant mo). Born at Pforzheim, Baden, Dec. 28 oped by 1 . J. \ 011 Renter in tlie decade 18!)0-60 religion. Its promulKution was followed by the emigra- (or Feb. 22), 145,'): died at Liebcnzell, near and hiter. and now extending over nearly the tion of about ,100,000 iiersons, including artisans, men of Hirschau. Bavaria, June 30, 1522, A celebrated ("ntir'^ world. science and Uttei-s. and othera, to Holland, Brandenburg, German humanist.' He studied and traveled In tier- Reutlingen(roit'ling-en). The diief city of the ^ZT^' T^X^^^ 'X^T\L.r.n.. ^a.^ W many,Switzerland,France,andItidy; settled at Tubingen l^lack h'urest circle, Wiirfemlierg, situated on ^^VOlt Ot lSlam,lhe. A narrative poem by In 1481 as a teacher of Jurisprudence and the liberal arts; the Kcliatz, at the foot of the Svvaliiau Alp, 20 !^"elley. publislird 111 1818. It was first called wasajudgeintheS\vabianLeaguefromir.(Xiorl,'.o'2tol.'.12; miloti south of Sfutt"art It has llouHshini.' mann "■'•'"H oiid (Mhiio," Efeii™lof'rhrTl:7ll't'?J.^,''L'm':';''r;',''';' ''n"' "',° '"cton's. especiaiiv of k^ithei-. The ■,iiie( building is a RevolutioH, American. SeoRerolutiouiini W,ir. v3X' the converted c^^^^^^^ (iothic chui'ch (i:ttb an,l Mth centuries), Itwasmadean Revolution, English. The movements bv which h5^it'^™\r^^;o5^"j;wm['^hi'',",m;nV'n^^^^ '^i;^[^Sl'l:ili^,,ji^^'^±;:^'i^l}!^''Tl:l '■'""■^ "• ^^^'^ ^■■■"'■'' "• '-'^•<' E"Ki"..-i ..-i a the obscurantists generally ; and taugbtat Ingolatadt and o, '«" 'wn m ^^^^^^^ I, IH s I""'*''- constilutinnul goyerninent was secured K;^r..,^!ex¥:Zk::;l;i^;;^:t^Jai^.;;sw:s !{^^^xMiJu^;,i^;^"^fKi^^ai8,l^^ m-ough ,he ..id or wiiHa,,, of orange, who Greeli, and Hebrew, including a II. ■bnvv gramnnir " lindj. Reutte, or ReutB (I'oi'te). A tourist resort in hmdeil in I'.ngliiud ill .Nov.. It)88. In ItlSti \Mlllam mentaIUbiaica"(l,'ioO). llepulilixludtlnealmllstlc works iiiirtlirni 'I'viol. near the Bavarian frontier, sit- '""' ^'"''>' ''■'''"^' pro'laimeil constitutional sovereigns, and "Deverbominllco'(llW), •■L)ca,tecablmli»llca'(14W), „,,,,,, 1 ,„i ,1,,, heel, 35 miles ^vest-north^vost of /'''''T'™' '"'''"'"''' I""' ''"''>■'';'.'■ , n , .■ Reudnitzdoid'nits). A manufacturing village, Innsbruck Revolution, French, i^ro Irem-h Hryohttinn au eastern suburb of Leipsic. Reval (rev'iU), or Revel (rev'el). fRoss- />''- Revolution, South American, bee .sm,*/. Reumont (roi'moiiO. Alfred von. Bornat rel.'] A seaport, and the eapilal of Ksthonia. •;""''l''""m"iv 1 r r. ii-. .A;ix-la-(;iiap,'lle. Aug, 1.5. ISOS: ,li,.,l at Burt- Russia.situalcd on abavof the (iulf of I'Mnland, Revolutionary Tribunal. In French history, schei.l, u.'ar Aix-la-Cliopellc. A,u'il 27. 1KH7. A in lat. .59° 26' N., long.' 24° 45' K. n consists of «I'f-''> '.''"".v. »» f x";'""-'!"":^- ''.""[t .f J"s/'^6 German writer on Italian history an.l art and the lower town and the" T)om"; has a large ami Increasing estahlislied Py tlii't onveiiti.in, in l/.i.i, to taKe diplomatist. His diplomatic service was rendered prin. ••"■•'•■•T'- Inn fav..rltewaterlng.i,lac,.; and contains sev- cogniznuee of all attacks directed ngaiiist the cipally in It^ly, and largely at the papal court. Hcwroc ^'l ""'cworthy bnil.lhigs(incod[ng the Olal an.l Nik.dal Kevoluti..!,. Ilic republic, and the pulilic wel- "beschl.hte , er .stadt Kom" ("History of the City of churches). It wa,. founded by the .anesin 1210; bccumea f,,,,,. „ „.,,., Mippressc.l in 1795. RnniB ' iw(C/ -n\ ,.tn • V,. ,vi Hanseatic town; joineil the LIvonlan Order o( knights n t> 1 j.- iW ttt rxv a _j Kome 180/-. 0), etc, , , . , j.s40; and was annexed to Sweden in iwii, and t.. itussia Revolutionary War, or War of the American reunion, Chambers of. special courts ostab- in 1710. Population (181I4), M.soo, Revolution. The warforredressof grievances, Revolutionary War and later for independence, waged by the thir- teen American colonies (States) against Great Britain. They were assisted by France, Spain, and tlie Netherlands (in the latter part of the war). Its causes were the repressive measures of Great Britain (Writs of Assistance, 17(;i ; Stamp Act, 1765 ; taxes on glass, paints, etc.. 1707 ; Boston Port Bill, 1774). The following are the leading incidents and events : Boston massacre, 177o ; Boston Tea-Party, Dec. 10, 1773 ; first Continental Con- ^•ess. Sept.. 1774 ; battles of Lexington and Concord, .April 19, 1775 ; meeting of the second Continental Congress. 3Iay 10 : cajiturc of Ticonderoga, May 10 ; Mecklenburg Decla- ration of Independence, May 20 or 31; battle of Bunker Hill, June 17; unsuccessful attack on Canada, 1775-76; evacuation of Boston, March 17, 1776 ; British repulse off Charleston, June 2s ; Declaration of Independence. Julv 4; battle of Long Island, Aug. 27; battle of White Plains, 852 under Joseph Bonaparte as commissary in Calabria. He wrote "L'Egypte sous la domination de's Romains " (1S07). " Do r^conomie publique et morale des Egj'ptiens et des Carthaginois " (1823), "De I'teonomie publique et morale _ „...,..,„..... .^ ,..,o des .-Vrabes et des Juifs " (1830X etc. Oct. 28; loss of Forts Washington and Lee, and retjoat Reynier, Jean Louis Ebeuezer. Born at Lau- sanne, Jan. 14. 1771 : died at Paris. Feb. 27, 1814. A French general, brother of J. L. A. Reynier. He lost the battle of Maida, July 4, 1806." Reynolds (ren'oldz), John. Born in Montgom- ery County, Pa., about 1789: died at Belleville, m.. May 8, 1865. An American politician. .\s governor of Illinois he comm.anded the militia in Black Hawk's war in 1832. He was Democratic member of Con- gress from Illinois 1834-37 tind 1839-43. He published "Pioneer Histoiy of Illinois "(1848), etc. Reynolds, John Fulton. Born at Lancaster, Pa., Sept. 20, 1820: killed at the battle of Get- tysburg. Julv 1, 1863. An American sreneral He -•-•—. ^ - Rheingau x'rTiriii;?yT^,r.rnU''trafy^:r! ^^5*?r (^f *f h'°^- .^^^t °^'^^ ■^^- elf with the Sain^simonists. He was ,1 Alps, situated on the borders of Grisons, \ orarlberg. and Liechtenstein. Highest sum- mit, Scesaplana (9,738 feet). Rhazes(ra'zes). BornatEaj,Persia: died about 932. An Arabian physician, author of an en- n,c,.Q rio^ 17 laoi \ !?„„ i" vt- -1 • cyclopedic treatise on medicine, ttiere. Dee. J.(,lhJ4. A i ranch political ecouo- jjj^^ See He mist and administrator. Bonapiu^e placed him in Rhoa (re'a^ TGr -Pr,.. r,^ 'P/^ n i t^ n i charge of the fliiancial alfairs of EgyptTand he later served ,"ri .!:I? r.J_L !5!\__ .° ^ " ^ ^ 'J^ Greekmy. ing engineer in the servi resigned his position afl and associated himself a moderate Democrat in the assembly of 1848, and soon retired to private life, His chief work is "Terre et ciel" (1S54). Reynier (ra-nya' ), Jean Louis Antoine. Born at Lausanne, Switzerland, July 2."). 1762: died through Kcw Jersey, end of 1776 ; battle of Trenton, Det 26; battle of Princeton, .Ian. 3, 1777 ; battle of Bennington. Aug. IG ; battle of Brandywine, .Sept. 11 ; battle of Still- water, Sept. 19 ; battle of Oernmntown, Oct. 4 ; battle of Saratoga, Oct. 7 ; Biu'goyne's suirender, Oct. 17 : adoption of the .Articles of Confederation, Nov. 15 ; treatv with France, Feb. 6, 1778 ; battle of Monmouth, June 28 ; storm- ing of Stony Point, July 16, 1779; naval victory of Paul .Tones, Sept. 23; British capture of Charleston, ilay 1-2, 1780; b.attle of Camden, Aug. 16; Arnold'strcachcry. Sept.; battle of King's Mountain. Uct. 7: battleof the Cowpens. Jan.l7, ITSl ; ratiflcition of the .Articles of Confederation by the last of the States, March 1 ; battle of Guilford, March 15 ; battle of Eutaw, Sept. 8 ; surrender of Cornwallis at York- town. Oct, 19 ; peace of Paris, Sept, 3, 1783 ; evacuation of New York, Nov. 25. Revolution in Spanish South America. See Soiitli Anil lican Hcvolittion. Revolution of July. The French revolution of July. 1S30, which overthrew Charles X. thology, a daughter of Uranus and Gsea, wife of Cronus and mother of Zeus, Poseidon, Hades, Hera, Hestia, and Demeter: often identified with Cybele. She was worshiped especially in Crete. At Rome she was sometimes identified with Ops.— 2. The fifth satellite of Saturn, dis- covered by Cassini Dee. 23, 1672. Rhea, or Rea (re'ii), Silvia, also called lUa. In Roman legend, a vestal virgin, mother by Mars of Romidus and Remus. Rhegiuni(re'ji-um). [Gr. ■P?>>7or.] In ancient geography, a city of Magna Grsecia. Italy: now Reggio di Calabria (which see), it was founded by Chalcidians and Messenians in the 8th century B. C; was a nourishing commercial citv ; was besieged, taken, and de- stroyed by Dionysius the Elder in 3S7B. C; and was taken by theCampanians in 280, and held till their expulsion by the Romans in 270. Laterit was called Rhegium(orEegiuni) Julium. raduated at West Point in 1841; served in the Mexi- 'R>ipi,)f ai- P'hoiil ee Hhei/dt. States volunteers in ls61. He served with distinction in the Peninsular campaign ; was promoted major-general in 1862 : and commanded the first array corps at Gettys- burg, where he fell. Revolution of 1848. The French revolution _ of Feb., 1848, which overthrew the govern- Reynolds, Sir Joshua. Born at Plympton Earl meut of Louis Philippe. t^„„„„„i.;„. t„i„ 1/, i--.-,o- i.. , _, -r , „, Rewah, orRewa(i'a'wa). 1. A native state in India, under British control, intersected bv lat. 24° X.. long. 81° E. AtreatyestablishingaBrit- ish protectorate was made in 1812. Area, 12,- 679 square miles. Population (1891), 1,508, 943. — 2. The capital of the state of Rewah, situ- ated in lat. 24° 31' N., long. 81° 20' E. Pop- ulation (1891), 23,620. Re-wbell (re-bel'), Jean Francois. Born at Colmar, Alsace, Oct. 8, 1747: died at Colmar, Nov. 23, 1S07. A French politician. He was a deputy to the Constituent Assembly and Convention, and a member of the Director}' 1795-99. Reybaud (rfi-bo'), Madame (Henrietta Etien- nette Fanny Ainaud). Born,at Aix, France, 1802: died Jan. 1, 1871. A French novelist, wife of>L R. L. Revbaud. Reybaud, Marie Roch Louis. Born at Mar- „..„ ,,,... f^l'i*^^' f^"g- ^^' ^™^= 'lied at Paris, Oct. 28, Rezat (ret'sat),Franconian,and SwabianRe Devonshire, July 16, 1723 : died at London, Feb. 23, 1792. A celebrated English portrait-painter. He was educated by his father, a schoolmaster and clergy- man. In Oct., 1741, he went to London and studied under Thomas Hudson, In 1746 he established himself as a por- trait-painter in London. By invitation of his friend. Com- modore (afterward Admiral) Keppel, he sailed for Italy on the Centurion, arriring in Rome at the close of 1749. Owing to a cold which he took there, he became deaf and never recovered his heai-ing. After two years in Rome he visited P.irma, Florence, Venice, and other Italian cities. He returned to London in 1752, and was intimately asso- ciated with Johnson, Burke, Goldsmitli. Garrick. arid oth- ers. The " Literary Club " was established at his sugges- tion in 1764. In 1763 the Royal .Academy was founded, with Reynolds as its first president. His annual addresses form its well-known "Discourses." In 178J, on the death of Allan Ramsay, he was made painter to the king. Rey- nolds wrote three essays in the "Idler "(1759-60). His most famous works are his portraits of Johnson, Ganick, Sterne Goldsr-*^ *'■-'='*'- ^-^-^^ ' " --■- as the berry 18'79. A French miscellaneous writer and poli- tician. His works include "Etudes sur les rifomiateurs ou socialistes modernes " (1840-43), the satirical novel '■ Je- rome Paturot" (1843), etc. Reykja-vik (rik'ya"vik), or Reikiavik (ri'ke- a-vik). The capital of Iceland, sitiuited on the zat. Two small rivers in Bavaria which unite and form the Rednitz. Rezin (re'zin). Lived in the 8th century B. C. A king of Syria, a contemporarv and opponent of Ahaz, king of Judah, and Tiglath-Pileser, - .....^ .^-.ot, on a bav of the Faxafloi, -p^'"" of Assyria. ^ in lat. 64° 9' N., long. 21° 55' W. It was founded KezonviUe (re-zon-vel'). A village 10 miles in 874, and is the chief trading-place of the Y. oy south of Metz. it was the scene of impor- i^land Pomilation (•1,S9n^ 'J 900 taut events m the Franco-German war (Aug., 1870). The ■B'J^^'lifJ^^i,--- ■■t- -;- :' T - ■., . ''^"''' °f Gravelotte is sometimes called the battle of Re- Keyna Bamos (ra'e-na ba-re'os), Jose Maria, zonviiie. AGuatemalan politician, nephew of RufinoBar- Rha (ra). The ancient name of the Vol-'a fr;hP^prrn/l^"*"^ ^r'-'^^"* °Ar^'"f ^f.?.\^ Rhabanus Maurus. See Sabanus. ° R^U^^lHnT- Vrr ^!^°^"^° f^^'?^'^fr Rhadamanthus (rad-a-man'thus). [Gr. 'Padd- Reynaldo (ra-na do). A character in Shak- /,„,fc,..] lu Greek m^lhology, brother of Minos spcre s tragedy "Hamlet": a servant to Polo- and so'n of Zeus and Europ°a.' He was associ- ^v ■ ■Dl.r™',-j ^ -/ ■■ J /.. js .1.^ .„ . Jited with Minos and .^acus as a iudge in the S;?^^ ("°)- The German name of the Rhine. Reynard f ra nard or ren'ard) the Fox. A sa- lower world. Rheine (ri'ne). A town in the province of West- tincal epic poem in which the charnr.fpr« =ro t>v„4..-. ^j^yg correctly Rjetia (re'shiil). [L. I'l^alia- Prussia, situated on the Ems 24 miles solihcetia, Gr. 'Pairia ; from B^tl. JRIia'ti' "o^b by west of ilunster. It has manufactures Gr. 'Pairol, ■Palrot, the inhabitants, prob. Celtic' "^ cotton. Popidation (1890), 7,356. 'mountaineers.'] In ancient geography, a pro v- Rheineck (li'nek). A noted castle in the Rhine ince of the Roman Empire. It was bounded by Vin- Province, Prussia, situated on the left bank of delicia (at first included in it, but afterward made a sepa- the Rhine, about 22 miles northwest of Coblenz corresponding to the modern Grisons, northern part of J^V- -,^ Aargau, Switzerland, situated on the Tyrol, and part of the Bavarian and Lombard Alps. It was "hine 10 miles east of Basel. Here, March 3, conquered by Tiberius and Drusus in 15 B. c, and made 1638, Bemhard of Weimar defeated the Imperi- alist and Bavarian forces. A term of va- Rheinfels (rin'felz). A castle and former for- Rheims, or Reims (remz : F. pron. rans). [Early mod. E. also Rhemes ; ME. Eeymes, Semes, F. Seims.'] A city in the department of Marne, France, situated on the Vesle in lat. 49° 15' N. long. 4° 2' E.: the ancient Gallic townDurocor- torum, chief town of theRemi (whence the name, originallyRemi). Itisoneoftheleadingmanufacturing and commercial cities of France ; is a leading center of the manufacture and export of champagne ; is noted especially for its manufacture of various kinds of woolen goods : and has also manufactures of biscuits, etc. It is the seat of an academy of sciences, and formerly had a university. The cathedral, one of the greatest in the world, was the his- toric place of coronation of the kings of France. The west front has twin towers, a great central rose, and S mag- nificent canopied portals, covered with 13th-century statues and reliefs of such excellence that many of them can defy comparison with the best classical work. This fa?ade is the finest produced in the middle ages. The lateral elevations and the chevet are at once rich and very massive ; and the fagade and portal of the north transept are most admirable. The interior (466 feet long and l->4 high) is unsuipassed. The nave is Hanked by single aisles, while the choir has a double deamljulator}' upon which open radiating chapels. The glass, much of it of the 13th century, is superb. The cathedral originally possessed 7 lofty spires, which were destroyed by a fire in 1480. The abbey church of St. Renii is a noble Romanesque church, of great size, with Pointed facade and chevet. The inte- rior is 350 feet long and 795 high, with wide nave and beau- tiful perspectives in its arcading. The choir possesses a sculptured Renaissance screen of marble. The canopied Renaissance shrine of St. Remi bears the effigy of the saint and statues of the 12 peers of France. The Porta Martis, a Roman triumphal .arch, held to have been dedicated by Agrippa in honor of Augustus, but probably later, hiis 3 large archw.iys of equal size. Hanked by 8 Corinthian col- umns, and preserves part of its sculptured ornament, Rheims was sacked by the Vandals in 406 : is celebrated as the scene of the coronation of Clovis by Remigius in 496, and as the usual place of coronation of later Capetian and Bourbon monarchs from Philip II. to Charles X. ; and was the seat of an archbishopric and the meeting-place of many church councils (1119, 1148, etc.). Joan of Arc crowned Charles VII here in 1429. An English Roman Catholic seminar;,' existed at Rheims in the time of Bliz,a. beth. Napoleon defeated the Russiansneiu-RheimsMarch 13, 1814. It was the headquaiters of King William of Prussia in Sept., 1870. Population (1901) 107.773 jynard fra nard or ren'ard) the Fox. A sa- lower world irical epic poem in which the characters are Rhaetia mor nimals : it receives its name from its hero, the H.rtia, alsoi? ^l' .^.^•^'",".'';'' Th" ultimate origin of the story was a Gr. 'Fairoi 'I annua fo.\ Re.N iiaru. me ultimate origin of the story was a folk-tale which was subsequently embodied in .«sop's fa. ble of the fox and the lion. A Latin beast epic by an un- known monk was written in the 10th centui-y. In 1148 Master Nivardus of Ghent wTote a much longer epic in Latin, with the title "Isengrimus." The Flemish poet Willem fin:Uly wrote in his own language, in the first half of the 13th century, the poem "Reinaert," after a French original by the priest Pierre de St. Cloud from the be-in- ning of the same centurj-. About 1380 Willem's work was remodeled and continued by an unknown poet, and a cen- turj- later was furnished with a prose com ■ " rikvanAlkmer. A Low'' soon after a Roman province. cIiil!.'',,^J'i'^'''°'",'i\"''-"'*'''?:?l"- RhaetianAlps(re'shian alps). s;SS:ia?lSLo:k\rim'\l "^^^ signification, applied In ancient times to " "■ " the mountainous regions of Rhfetia, but in mod- ern times generally to the chain of the Alps e.K; tending from the neighborhood of the Splugeii Pass to the valley of the Adda, di^-ided by the Engadine and Bergell into the Northern and SoutheKi Rhietian Alps. Rhanmus (ram 'mis). [Gr. 'Pa/iwif.] In Herman Barkhusen, was published at Liibcck in H98 " In 1.144 a High German version of this last was made by Mi- chael Beuther. In 1566 it was translated into Latin("Sne- culum vita; aulicne ") by Hartniann Schopper. Goethe, in 1794, wrote a free version of the Low German poem in hexameters, with the title "Reinecke Fuchs." A prose version of the 14th-century poem "Historic van Revnaert de ^os ("History of Reynard the Fox") was printed at Oouda in 1479 and at Delft in U85. A Middle Higli German poem, " Reinhart Fuchs," was written by the .Alsatian poet Heinnch der Glichezare in the 12th centurv from French sources. The Low German poem was published by LUb- ben as "Rcinke de Vos, " Oldenburg, 1867. Reynaud (ra-no'). Jean Ernest. Born at Lv- ons, Feb. 14. 1806: died at Paris. June 28, 1863. A French philosophical writer. He became a min- tress in the Rhine Province, Prussia, near St. Goar, the most imposing ruin on the Rhine, it was built in the l;:th centurj-, and soon after successfully resisted the combined attack of the Rhenish towns which were aggrieved by its river-tolls. Its huge walls and tow- ers, shattered by gunpowder but still imposing, form sev- eral lines of defense and cover much ground. It was un- suKcessfully besieged by the French under Tallard in 1692, and w as taken by the French in 1794. •ient geogi-aphy, a place in Attica, Greece, sit- Rhemgau (rin'gou). A district in the province uated on the coast 24 miles northeast of Athens. The temple of Xemcsis here was a Doric hexastyle perip- teros with 12 columns on the flanks, measuring 37 bv 98 feet. The cella had pronaos and opisthodomos. Eight columns are still standiug. The cult-statue was bv Phidias. of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, lying along the right bank of the Rhine, from Niederwalluf, near Mainz, to Riidesheim. it is noted for the beauty of its scenery, and for its wines (Johannisberger Steinber- ger, Assmannshausen, etc.). Length, 13 miles. Breadth, 6 miles. Bheingold, Das 853 Rheingold (rin'golt). Das. [G., 'The Rhino- Darmstaflt. lying on the left bank of the Rhine, gol.l.'] The first part of Wagner's "Ringdei- nui'tluit'tlif Rhine Palatinate. _ Area. 'i:n square Xilielimgen," performed at JIunich in 18G9. J'.>'l''^-_ l^"Ii"liiti(>n ( 1890 K 307. ifjil Riall Eheinhessen. See Ithme Hesse. Rheinland. See Illiiiie rroviiwe. Eheinpfalz (rin'pfalts). See Pdlatinate. Rheinsberg (lius'berG). A small town in the province of Brandenburg, Prussia, 46 miles norlli-norlliwest of Berlin. It has often been a royal resilience. Rheinwaldgebirge. Sci> Aduhi. Rhenish Alliance or Confederation. An alli- ance between tlie Elect. ii-s iif Mainz, Cologne, and Treves, the Bishop of ilunster, Sweden, He.sse-Cassel, Liineburg, and Pfalz-Neuburg, formed in IGoS. It was directed against the emperor I.eopolU I., iiiid ill favor of the French. It was dissolved in l(iCT. Rhenish Bavaria. See ralntinaie. Rhenish Confederation. See Shine, Confeder- iitiiiu of th' . Rhenish Prussia. See llhine Province. Rhenish Switzerland. the prime mover in nlttainin;; mining rights overMat.i- liett'l.iinl and Mashonulaml. and in cxtendinc liritisli iii- Hufiicc in sonth Africa. He was created a member I'f tlie Privy Conncil in ivjo. Rhodes, Inner, and Rhodes, Outer. See Ap- <;. i,n,:.U. Eheinprovinz (riu'prr.-vints ) or Rheinland Rhodes, Knights of. See Uospitalers. Uiu'laiLlJ. The westernmost [irovincc ol Prus- Rhodes, William Bames. Lived in the last , . , i.. .Lu iji.:.„ ,. ,. half of theistli century. An English dramatist, Rhine Palatinate. Rhine Province, See PalatiiKiti . ir Rhenish Prussia, sia, situated on both banks of the Rhine. It is l>..iinded liy the Xctlierlaiids on the north, Westplialia, author of '•Borabastes Furioso," a burlesque tragic opera. Rhodesia (ro-de'zia). [From Ceeil 7f/iorf«.] A ....^ ., _ loiiil name of British Zambesia. Tlie manufactures are important, parti, nliirlythosei.f ir.in, RljodoDe (rod'6-pe), mo.lerii DespOtO-Dagh steel, c.tlon, woolen, silk, etc.; and the wine-Kr..wmg ,',"""'' .a.,];:.,-; ^ rh^ l',,,*,,-, 1 .\ i,i,,titilMiii- district is not.at)le. The province has .1 KovennneMt dis- C'l. s-piMo-aa^ ). L':"'. 1l>l Rhine) into tlie North Sea north of Tlie Hague. Its chief tributa- ries *^re the Neckar, Main. Lahn, Sicg, Ruhr, and Lippe on the right, and the Aare, 111, Nahe, .Moselle, Ahr.and Krft on the left. The cllief towns on its banks arc Coire. Schaff- liausen, Basel, Spires, Mannheim, Worin.s, Mainz, Cobleiiz, Cologne. Dnsseldorf, Wesel, Aniheim, Itrc.lit, aii.l Ley th.- south, nii.l Connecticut on the west; and comprises .-iib-stli. ti-rril.ir\..ntbeniainlnndtheisl:.ii.l-liliiidil8!ali.l. particularly those of silk, cotton, chemicals, iron, etc Area, i,ii77Ei|iiar.- miles. Population (ls91), 800,737. Canonii lit, Prud.nce. Blocklsland.and s.iiiicsmaiieroiics. B,h6ne Bouchos-du-. See Bouches-du-Rh6ne. Itis.situatcdinlat.4IM8-12nN.(notinelu.iliigl;lockIsl- SJ'V"^' S„"i"5„ J„„ T>,ftr. /I,, llhAne aii.l) h>ng.7rH-7r5:tW. The surface is diversified. Tlic Rhone, Perte dU. >>ee 1 1 > te (in hliime. 1), long. . - - - , ..istdineis deeply indented by Narragansett Bay. Rhode Island is essentially a manufacturing state : it is the sec- ond State in the product ion of cotton goo.ls. and the first in proportion to population in the manufacture of cotton, woolen, worsted, etc. Among its other manufactures are jewelry, machinerv, screws, rubber, etc. It is the smallest State territorially in the Fnion, and the most densely peopled. It has r> counties, sends 2 senators and 2 represen- tatives to Congress, and lias 4 -slectot-al votes. It was per- , . / 1- \ haps visited hy the Nortlimen; was visited by Verrazaiio RhongCbirge (ren ge-ber-ge), in 1624; and was settled liy Roger Williams at I'rovi.ienee \ jridu|> of mountains in the northern Jiart of in iu;tc. A charter was granted in l(M3-44, and a more lib- Lo^er Franconia in Baviiria, and in the iidjoin- eral charter in 1««3. It sufiered in king I'liihp s war. . _„ .^ „f v;,,..,. \V..iTi,,iv Fiaonneli Prussia Commerce was developed in the 18th century. It took mK parts ot ,Sa\e-\\ eiim l-hisenaili. i^russia, an active iiart in the Revolution, and ratified the Con- and Saxo-Meiningen. Highest point, tlie Gross© slitulion in 179(1. A new constitution went into eltect in Wasserknppe (3.11.') feet). 1«43 in conseiiuence of the agitation caused by Dorr's re- Tj,, ^r;l»^ T Ar/1 Onn of 'RnlzHc's enrlv bellion in 1842. Area, 1,2.W square miles. Population R hOOnO (ron), IjOra. Une 01 rrnizac s cany (llltlll), 4-_'8,&5(i, Rhone Glacier. -V glacier nearthe eastern end ,,rilii-.-;iiii t Valais, .Switzerland: the sonrce of the Ph. nil-. Ehone-Ehine Canal. [F. Canal du Rhdne an Uliiii.'] A canal connecting the basins of the Rhone and Rhine. It leads from Saint'-Sym- phoiien on the Sa6ne to the 111 near Strasburg. Ehon (i-i'-n). ,2.'>0 square miles. ..-,— ps(-iid. limns. Ehode Island, or Aquldneck(a-kwid'nek). An Ehyl dil). A town and watering-place in the i'lMud in Xnrni.'iuisi-ttl'.nv, belonging to Rlioile county of Flint. A\ ales, situated near the month Man. 1 State. It contains the city of Newporl. "f thet'lwyd li'Jmiles we Length, 10 wiles. I'""'- I-npnlalion (InOI), 6,491 st-southwest of Liver- den. It is fam. Ills for its beauty, esjicciall tween Bingen anil Bonn. The chief falls ar.- at SchaO hauscn. It is celebrated in German Icgeii.l anil iioctry. In Roman times it washing a boiiiidai-y between Ihi- prov- inceof Gaul and theOerniaii tribes. Itplayedaii iiiipi. riant part in the bist.iiy of Germany, latterly and until Is7t as the frontier bi-lween (iemiany and France. It is naviga- ble for boats fr.ii.i Coire. and for large vessels fr.im Kchl. It has often be.-n cr.issed by armies : twice liy .liilius Cre- sar, in tlie Thirty Years' War, and in the wars of Louis XIV'., tlie Revolution, and Napoleon. Its navigation was declared free ill 18(i8. Its length is about 8IHI miles. Ehine, Confederation of the. Aconfcileraiion of most ot till' German states, fi)riiieil in .liily, I80G, under the protectorate of Napoleon I., emperor of the French, and dissolved in 1813. It e.niipiised Bavaria, Wiirtemberg, Sax.iny, Westphalia, Ba.l.-M, II. ^se. Darmstadt, an. 1 all the otlu-r minor German stairs .Ac.pt. Brunswick an.l Klectoral Hesse. Ehinebeck (rin'bek). A (own in Dutchess County, New York, situated on th(> Hudson, op- posite Kingston, 82 miles north of New York. Population I llinO). :t.472. Ehine Cities, League of. A union of German cities (Mainz, Worms, Oppenheim, and others near the Rhine) foriiicd in I2.'>4 forthe jmrposo of preserving the pnlilii- jieace. It wiui revived in the 14th .entury; but its Infiuence diminished after ita .lefeat at Worms bv the el.-etur palatine in i:W-'. Ehine-Hesse (hes), g. Eheinhessen (lin'Ucs- sen). A province of the grand duchy of Uease- vhi'uic"mrtl'e-' Ehodes (rodz)'. [L. 7iViorf«s, from Gr. 'P-irfoc.] 1. Ehyme of Sir Topaz. See Rimeo/SirThojm: > 111 tlic part, ne- ."""utio 1 , ._ ' l -, ^j^,, „„...l,,..„„(. „f .*„;., -o-uZ.^^ ^r *\,«.Ti,,^\,o€,a^ll->iT A rr>ninnti,-l>n Ehyme of the Duchess May. A romantic bal- In.l liy l-'.liznl»'tli Banctt Browning. Ehymer, Thomas the. See nomas the Rhijmir. Ehymney, "c Eumney (min'ni). .\ nianui'a.-- tiiriiii; ami mining town in Moninoulhsliirt-. Enu'Innd, ."i miles east of Merthyr Tydvil. Pop- ulation (ISiU 1.7.733. An island in the .fEgean Sea. southwest of Asia Minor, intersected by lat. 3(i° N., long. 28° E. It b.longs to Turkey. The surface Is nionntainous an.l hilly. It is noted for Its fertility, an.l has inereasingi-oi.i mercc. The Inbahilants are largely Greeks. It was col onlzed by Phenicians. later by Dorians, and its three cities formed with Hallcariia.sBUS, Cnidus an.l C.is, the " liorlan Hexapo'lis." The thr.-e cities Lindus, lalysiis, ami Camirus founded the city Rliodes In 408 II. c. Rliodes became in / • / 1 i ., .v re. 'P.., I/,.,;- 1 V the 4th century II. c. a Iiading maritime and commercial EhyndaCUS (rm dii-kus). [Gr. ll■ldo^<|..J A state ; became noted for its mai-itimc laws and as a center of art an.l oratory; wa.s in alliance with Rome an.l ii..ni rivi iiallv iiide)ieiident; iiasscil from the Byzantine empire to the 'Knights of .St. .lolin about l;i0U ; and surrendered b. the Turks in ir.-J-i. Lengtll, about 46 miles. Area, 570 square miles. iVipnlation, 2n,00«. 2. A seaport, capital of llie i.sland of Rhodes. It was foundeil 408 n.c. ; wassu.-cessfuliy d.f.n.le. I against De. melrlus I'oiiorceles in ;i06-304 n. c, ami against the Turks hi 14S0A. b. ; was taken hy the Turks In l(!'i'.' ; and was vis- ited by an earth.|iiak.- In ISti:). Population, about 1(),00ositl<.n in ISlHi, as ulB.. that of ehainnan of the British .Soiilli Africa Coin, jiany, on account of his coiiiieell.m with the Jameson raid into the Transvaal (Sec .Mine«m. /,. S.) lie was Kialto S54 BialtO I're-Sl'to). 1. See Rinlto. Bridge of the. 1859-«0, and liibored sti-enuously for the annexation of — 2. The name given to the bloek ou l4th itreet '^"^■'"1^^% Sai-Uiniu : «■:« govern..r.general of Tus- , , T) 1 " 1 p ,1 \ ■ -v- cany ISeO-Cl ; and was preiiier ot Italy 1861-62 and oetween Broadway ami touitli Avenue in rsew is66-67. York eity, and also to the west side of Broad- J^J(;a^t gee Riirimt ■n-ay between 23a and 32d streets— both fre- Rjcci (ret'che;.'Federico. Born at Naples, Oct. qneuted oy actors^ 22. 180y : died at Couegliano. Dee. 10, 1877. An Bialto (re-al'to) Bridge of the. A bridge over the Grand Canal in Venice. It was besun in 1688, and consists of a single graci-ful arch of marble, about 91 feet in span, 24\ feet above the water in tlie midille, and 72 feet wide. In the niitldle there is a short level stretcli beneath a large open arch, to which steps ascend from the quay on each side. It is divided into 3 footways sepaniled by 2rowsof shops bniU under arcades. The bridge is sim- ple and well-proportioned, with some sculpture in the spandrels. Rianzares, Duke of. See Muno::. Riazan. Sie I!iiii;ini. Ribault, or Ribaut (re-bo'), Jean. Born at Diejipe, 1520: died in Florida, Sept. 23, 156.5. A French navigator. .\s the .agent of Toligny he es- tablished in 1562 a colony of l-Yench I'rotestants near Port Italian composer of operas, etc., brother of LiiigiKicci, and collaborator with him in "Cris- pino e la Comare." He also wrote " Une J"olie a Rome." Ricci, Ltligi. Born at Naples. June 8, 1805: died at Prague, Dec. 31, 1859. An Italian com- poser of operas. He studied with Zingarelli, and was sub-professor at the Royal Conservatory, Naples. He com- posed about 30 operas, of which the best-known is his "I'rispiiio e la Comare" (isr>0: with his brother). Ricci, Matteo. Born at ilaeerata, Italy. 1552: died at Peking, 1610. An Italian Jesuit mis- Richard IV., King of England sionary in China, one of the chief founders of by Pcrkin Warbeck. Christian missions in that country. He settled Richard II. A historical play by Shakspere Richardson, Henry Hobson peasantsun^erWat lyler w,a.« put down in 1381. Richard assumed the government pei-sonallv in 13^9. He was overthrown by the Duke of Hereford (see Henry IV.) in 1399, and was probably murdered in prison. Richard III. Born at Fotherinsjay, England. Oct. 2. 1452: killed at the battle'of Boswovth, Aug. 22, 14S5. King of England 1483-85, third son of Richard, duke of York, and younger brother of Edward R". He was known asthe Duke of Gloucester before his accession. He served in i he bat- tles ot Bamet and Tew kesburv in 1471 : and invaded Scot- land in 1482. On the death of Edward IV. in April, 1483, he seized the young Edward V., and caused himself to be proclaimed protector. On June 2C, 1443. he assumed the crown, the death of Edward V. and his brother in prison being publicly announced shortly after. He suppressed BuckinKham's rebellion in 14S3 ; and was defeated and slain in the battle of Bosworth by the Earl of Richmond (see Henry VII.). He was the last of the Plantagenet line. A title assumed in China 1583 (at Poking 1601). Royal, South Carolina, where he erected Fort Charles, .p.. . ,-. „, ^ , which was ab.andoned. In 1564 Coligny sent out a band KlCCiarelll. See / olterrn. of colonists under Uen6 de Laudonniere, who founded RicciO David See Iiic~io. Fort Carolina on the St. John's River in Florida. Ribault RicgiQ uet'cllu), DomeniCO, ca followed nil5(Jo with reinforcements. Soon after, while he ••••"^^'y /^^.r^^^^^^^.^, j,-,-r- wasexploringthecoast,thetortwasattackedanddestroyed SOrcl. Born at \ eroua, Italy, 14!«: died lob* bj tlie Spaniards under Menendez de AviWs (see that An Italian painter. name). Ribault on his return w.is shipwrecked, and fell Riccoboni (rek-ko-bo'ne). LodOVicO. Bom at into the hands of the Spaniards, who killed him withmost jiojena. 1677 : died at Parma. Dec. 5. 1753. An Ribbeck'(rib'bek), JohannKarl Otto. Bom ^}^^ play^ight, actor, and writer on the edition of \ ergil f5 vols., 1859-68), "Scenica; Eomanoruni puesis frajmenta' (1S52-55), " Die rbmische Tragbdie im Zeitaltcr der Eepublik ■ (1876), " Alazou ; ein Beitrag zur antikeu Ethnologic, etc." (1882), et«. Ribble (rib'l). [AS. Bibbel.^ A river m Eng- land which rises in Yorkshire, traverses Lan- cashire. and flows by an estuary into the Irish BlpS Sea below Preston. Length (including the estuarv), about 75 miles. Ribbon Society, The. In Irish historv, a secret ™an. He went .as Congregational missionary- to India in AvxwuwiA ^^v^^i^^wj, w. -loAo- * -..• A 1812 : and became a Baptist and returned in 1&13. Hewaa association, formed about 1808 m opposition to ,hefounder of Columbian University, Washington, District the Orange organization of the northern Irish of Columbia. proiUicpd between 1594 and 1596. it is the earliest of the historical series, and the plot is from Holinshed's '■ Chronicle. " Tlieob.ald adapted it iu 1720. lied II Bnisa- I^ichard III. A historical play, thought to be completed and altered by Shakspere in 1594 from an earlier play by ilarlowe, left unfinished at his death, it was printed anonymously in 1,=.97 : in the l.i93 edition Shakspere's name appears, and Cibber produced an alteration in 1700 which was long considered the only acting version of the text. Macready produced a partial restoration in lb21. In 1876 Edwin Booth re- stored the Shakspere version with slight changes of ar- rangement, but no interpolations. The famous line "Off with his head — so much for Buckingham I "is Cibber's. 1714: died there, 1792. A French novelist and Richard, Duke of Gloucester. See liichard III. letter-writer, dauffhter-in-law of L. Riccoboni. Richard, Duke of York. See Yorl; Diile of. Herbestworksare'Hi5tou-eduManjtlisdeCrecy,'"Let. RicJia^^ Coeur de LiOH. An old romance, tres deMiladvCatesby, and "Ernestine. Shealsowrote ,,,u,,.„ i k,.v\-,.„i.,-., i„-n-' i„; iKnn » a continuation of Jlai-ivaux's "Marianne," which she did pnuted b> ^\ > nkyn de ^\ orde m lo09. It appears not finish "^^ written in French in the time of Edward I., and afterward translated into English. about 1401. An English Benedictine monk and historian. He wrote an English history ("Speculum," edited 1863-69), and long was reputed to be the author of - 1 -/ ..V * i • ii- - £ J.V1V11, iji*Axiu-ixiA. ^^^ i^%. .,.,,,..., ^....... Kicnara 11., or Kicnara wiinout cou ™-!«^, ™); 4, *°'^ IV '^^ province of ^^^^ jotn. Born in 1692 : died Nov. 26, 1761. Richards ( rich'iirdz ), Brinley. Born at Car- . Sicily, 21 miles northwest of Girgenti. ^ jjoted English harlequin, called -'the Father marthen, Nov. 13, 1817: died at fi.xicy of tenure, or of inflicting retaliation for real or sup- posed agrarian oppression. The members were bound to- gether by an oath, had passwords and signs, and were di- vided locally into lodges. Ribe (re'be), or Ripen (re'pen). A small town in Jutland, Denmark, situated on the river Elbe, near the North Sea, in lat. 55° 18' N., long. 8° 44' E. : formerly important Ribera (re " " Girtrenti. Population (1881), 8,081, Ribera fre-Ba'rii), Jusepe, called Spagnoletto (■Little Spaniard'). Born at Jativa (San Fe- lipe), near Valencia, Spain. Jan. 12, 1588: died at Naples, 1056. A Spanish Neapolitan painter, chiefly of historical pieces: a pupil and imita- tor of Caravaggio. Riberac (re-ba-rak'). A town in the depart-, ment of Dordogne, France, on the Dronne 20 miles west of Perigueux. Population (1891), commune, 3,696. Ribot ( re-bo' ), Alexandre Felix Joseph. Bom Rich (rich), Claudius James. Born near Dijon, succeeded in 943 or 942. .N ormandy was Galli- France, March 28, 1787 : died at Shiraz, Persia ^}^2^'^ principally m his reign Oct. 5, 1821. An EngUsh Orientalist and trav^ ^^ichard the Good Duke of Normandy 996- eler in Syi-ia, Babvlonia, Kurdistan, and else- ^9-.^- """.Vi^ ^^^'^T''-^ " ^f "'■'<'"«• ^ ^, ^ where. iewasBri.i-shresidentinBagdad. Sairatives ^^^^.l^d Jhe RedelesS. A poem^^^^^ of his travels were published in 1811 and 1836. Rich, Edmund. See Edmidid, Sahlf. Richard II, or Richard "without William Laiigland, written in 1399. The title is given by Professor Skeat, and refers to the "redeless" Richard II., or Richard "without counseL" statesman. He became a republican member of the Chamber of Deputie.; in 1878 ; was minister of foreign af- fairs under Freycinet in 1890 ; and was premier 1892-93, and again, under President Faure. in 1895. Ribot (re-bo' ), Augustin Theodule. Born at Bretenie. Eure, Aug. 8, 1823: died at Colombes, Sept. 11, 1891. A French historical, genre, and portrait painter. He was a pupil of Glaize at Paris in 1851. Among his paintings are "Les cuisiniers" (lSi.;i). "St. .S^bastien," "J6sus et les docteurs," "Samaritqin," "MfereMorieu," etc. He had two styles, the one realistic, dealing often with disagreeable subjects, and a more ele- vated but gloomy manner. Ricara. See Arikara. Ricardo (ri-kar'do), David. Bom at London, April 19, 1772 : died at Gatcomb Park, Glouces- tershire, Sept. 11, 1823. A noted English po- litical economist, of Hebrew descent, in isi9 he becameamember of Parliament His chief work is" Prin- ciples of Political Economy and Taxation "(1817). He also wrote "'fhe High Price ot Bullion a Proof of the Depre- ciation of Bank-N'otes " 0809), " Funding System ' (1520 : in the "Encyclopaedia Britannica "). He was especially noted for his discussion of the theory of rent. His works were edited by M'Culloch in 1846. Hicasoli (re-ka's6-le). Baron Bettino. Bora at Florence, March 9, 1809: died at his castle Brolio, near Siena, Oct. 28, 1880. An Italian statesman, gonfalonier of Florence 1847-48, -He took part, as a liberal, iu the movements in Tus- <2any 1848-49 ; was the head of the Tuscan government London, May 1, of Harlequins." Heplayedunderthenameof Lun, He 1885. A Welsh composer. He was the author was m.anager at Lincoln'sinn Fields 1713-32, and then built j several popular songs ("Her bright Smile theflrstCoventGaiden Theatre, which was opened Dec. 7, , t-ii ii ♦ \ 1732. During the season of 1718-19 Rich frequently pro- naunts me StlU, etc.;. duced French plays and operas at Lincoln's Inn Fields. Richards (rich'ardz). JameS. Bom at New Rich, Penelope Devereux. See SMla. ' Canaan, Conn., aboirt 1707: died at Auburn, Rich, Thomas D. Born at New York. May 20, N. Y., Aug., 1843. An American Pi-esbyterian ISOS : died there, Sept. 19, 1860. An American clergyman, professor at Auburn Theological negro minstrel, the originator of ''Jim Crow." Seminary. He made his first appearance in negro character at Louis- Richards (rich'ardz'), ThomaS AddisOn. Born TiUe, and first appeared in Xew York, at the Park Theater j London, Dec. 3, 1820. An American laiJd- as Jim Crow. He went to Er.gland in 1836, and acted at "" . ' ' .. , j • ■ the Surrey Theatre, London, with great success. scape-paniter. He was made a national academician in 1S51, and has been corresponding secretary of the acad- emy since 1S52. He was first director of the Cooper Vnion School of Design for Women 1858-60, and has been pro- fessor of art in the Tniversity of New York since 1867. do. ML. Iikardus,fvoxa ORG. Richiirt, G. Heidi- Richards, William. Born at Platnfield, Mass., an?, powerful.] Born probablv at Oxford, Sept. Aug. 22, 1792: died at Honolulu, Sandwich 8, 1157: died April 6, 1199. King of England 1189- Islands, Dec. 7, 1847. An American mis- at Saint-Omer, France, Feb. 7, 1842. A French Richard (rich ' iird) I., surnamed " The Lion- Hearted"(F."CoeurdeLion"). [ME. TJicAard, from OF, Sicliard, F. Eichard, It. Sp. Pg. Hicar- 1199, thil'd son of Henry II. He was invested with theduchyof Aquitainein 1169: joined the league between his elder brother Henry and Louis VII. of France against his fatlier 1173-74 ; became heii- apparent on the death of his brother Henr>- in 1183: acted with Philip II. of France against his father 11SS-S9; and succeeded to the throne of England, the duchy of Normandy, and the county of Anjou in 1189. He started on the third Crusade in alliance with PhilipII.of France in 1190; conquered Cj-prns in 1191 : ar- rived at Acre in June ; assisted in the captureof Acre in July: defeated the Saracens at -\rsuf the same year ; retook Jaffa from Saladinin 1192; signed a truce with Saladin in Sept.; and left Palestine in Oct. He was taken prisoner in Aus- tria by Duke Leopold in Dec. ; was transferred to the em- peror Henry 'ST. in March, 1193; and returned to England on the payment of a ransom in 1194. Haring suppressed a rebellioi) of his brother ,Iohn, he turned against John's sionary to the Sandwich Islands. He was also in the Hawaiian diplomatic and political service. Richards, William Trost. Bom at Philadel- phia. Nov. 14, 1833. An American marine- and landscape-painter. He is an honorao- member of the National Academy. He studied with Paul Weber in Philadelphia, and visited Italy, France. Germany, an.l Eng- land at dilferent periods between 1855 and 1880. A series of 47 water-color landscapes and marine views (1871-76) is at the iletropolitan Museum. New York, Richardson (rich 'iird -son), Albert Deane. Born at Franklin. Mass.. Oct. 6, 1833: killed at NewYork,Dec. 2. 1869. An American journalist. He was correspondent of the New York " Tribune " in the Civil War, He published "The Field, the Dungeon, and ally, Philip II., whom he defeated at Gisors in 119.S. He __ built the Chateau Gaill.ard in 1197, and was mortally the Escape " (1865). a life of T, ,8. Grant (1808), etc, woundedbyanarrowwhilebesiegingChalur.nearLimoges. RichardsOn, Charles. Born July, 1775 : died Richard II. Bom at Bordeaux. France. April at Feltham.'near Loudon. Oct, 6, 1865. An Eng- 13.1366: probably murdered at Pontefract, Eng- land, Feb., 1400". King of England 1377-99, son ot the " Black Prince " Edward, and gi'and- son of Edward HI. whom he succeeded his minority the government was conducted by his uncles the Dukes of Lancaster and Gloucester, .\ rebellion of the lish lexicographer. He was the teacher of a school at Clapham. He compiled a dictionary of the English language (1836: supplement 1856), and also published "On T, . the .*tudv of Languages, etc."(1854). uneTe! RichardsoH, Henry Hobson. Born at New Orieans, 1838 : died at Boston. April 28, 1886. Richardson, Henry Hobson An American architect. He j;ra, and studied at the Ecole des Beaux Ails, I'aris. Amo"B-liii desisiis are Trinity Clmrch (Boston), Albany city i.all, :ind p:irts of tlie State Capitol at Albany. Eichardson, James. Born at Boston, Knglantl, Nov. 3. 1«0!) : ditd in Bornu, Sudan, March 4. 855 nenoa in 1747 : captured Tort Malioii in 1760; and scried in Hannover 1767-5S. He was tlie.(alleged) author of " Jlc- moires," published in 171)0. Richelieu. A plav bv Bulwer Lytton, first jiro- diufd March 7, 183!). Macready created the part. l.H.")l An Entrlisli traveler in Africa. Hisexplora- Richepin (resh-paii'), Jean. Born at Mi?deah, AlRcria. Feb. 4, 1849. A French poet and dra- matic author. He served with the francs-tireurs who followed the arniv of Bourbaki in 1S70, and ivcnt to Paiis in 1871 and wrote for "Le ilol d'Ordrc." "Le Corsain," tion 01 the .Sahara ((lli:uliinies, Ohat, etc.) and studies on the TuarefTs (ISir.) were de.'.eribed in his "Travels in the Greot Dc8-rt of Sahara" (l»J;l). Accompanied by Over- weg avd Bartli, he started in 18-W from Tripoli for lake Chad, and ixplor.-d the rocky plateau of Hamnmda, but euccumbedat I o^'uriltua, near LakcCliad. His notes were published in ■• Narrative of a Mission to Central Africa" (IS-'a)and "Trawls in Morocco " (1S51)). Richardson, sir John. Born at Dumfries, Scot- land, Nov. .5, 17S7: died near Grasmere, Eng- land, June 5, 186.'). A British naturalist and traveler. He took part as surceon and naturalist inthe arctic expeditions of I'aiTj' and Franklin, and in the Frank- lin relief expedition of 1848. He i)Ulilished " Fauna Bore- ali. Americana" (ls2'.i-37), •■ Arctic -Searching Expedition' (K.l), etc. Richardson, Samuel. Born in Derbyshire, EnR- laud, 1689: died at London, July 4, 1761. An English novelist, called "the founder of the Eng- lish domestic novel." He was apprenticed as a printer in London in 171)0, and quite late in life became master of the Stationei-s' Company. « hen a boy he was addicted to letter-writing, and was employed by yonn- girl!" to write love-letters for them. In 1739 he conip^sid a vohune of " Familiar Letters," which were attcrw ard published as an aid to those too illiterate to write Ibeir own letters without assistance. Fiom this came "Pamel,% ■ T \ irluc Iteward.d" (1740). He then wrote '('larisBa Hirlowe, or Ihi- History of a Young L.ady ' (first 4 vol* 1747. last 4, 1748), ami "Lav"(5riti-," etc. lie published "Jules Vall68 " (1»72), " L Etoiie "(a comedy, with Amlre Oill), " La chanson des gueux ^ ' " ■ " '- ■" - morts verse), "Les blasphemes" ( pieces), " I.i nier "(ISSfi : poems\ and a ininiberof dramas, among which is ' Nana .Sahib " (Ig'-S : he » rot •' - ' - Ricketts House, Whitehall, Feb. 2, 1818. An English Con- servative ))(ilitician. He was president of the boanl of trade 1^4i7-<^'». l"rd president »1 the council )S74-80. and secretary for Seotlaml ls*6-8<:. He succeeded his father as sixth duke of Itiehmond in ISOO. was createil duke of Gor- don in 1S7G, and is CMiimoidy designated as the Ituke of Kichniond anil Gordon. He is also duke of Lennox ill the pecnige of Set.tlanil. and due d".\ubigny in that of France. For otJRT dukes of Richmond, s^-e Lentwx. Richmond Bay. An inlet of the Gulf of St. Lawnii.o, im tlie uorthei'n side of Prince Ed- ward Island, deeply indenting that island for about 10 miles. "^1870: for this ho was imprisoned ami fined), 'Lcs jjj j^ , j ,^ Mountain. A place in Randolph b zarres (1877), "Les caresses (1577: a drama in *•*>-" \ . ' "'■""^.-".lu. i t:,„:„;„ "Les blasphtocs" (18*4: a collection of short < ounty. jn the .•:ist,rn part of West \ irginia. Ibis fo ITere. July 11. ISiil, tin- Federals under Kose- erans defeated the Conlider;ites. SarahBernhardt.andplayedtheprincipalpart with heron -d.-.i-x.. z:^, -,/.,., Adrian Ludwie Born at account of the illness of the proper actor). Healsowrote IllCniier (ncu ici . Aaridn Xiuuwis. J^uiu ui Dresden, Sept. 28, 1803: died near Dresden, June 19. 1884. A noted German landscape- painter iind illustrator of scenes from German life. a version of ".Macbeth" (1884> for her, and ".Monsieur Scapin ' (ls86), " Le flibustier " (1888), and " I'ar le glaive " (lS02)for the Comt^die Fran^aise. Richerus (rl-kc'rus). Latinized from Richer (re-sha'). Lived in the sei'ondhalf of the lotli century. A Frankish historian, author tory for the perioil 8S8-9!).') (edited V isno). Riches (rich'ez). A version of Massinger's •■ (it v Madam." which still keeps the stage. _. ,^ --, v, * t>- „„i i„_f t>„.„„:„ Richfield Springs (rich'fGld springz). A vil- Richter, Eugen. Bor.i at DnsseUlorf, Prussia, and fasliidiiable summer resort in Otsego ,., f'n 1 < Richter, Ernst Friedrich Eduard. Bom at . p ,!,; (irosss.-hr.iiau. Saxonv. t>et. ■J4, 1808: died at "• '^<''"' Leipsic, April 9, 1879". A German composer and musical writer, author of text-books on liarmony, counterpoint, and the fugue. 'The History of Sir Charles p'^_h TiQlipr Thp !Sep Hum Grandi8on"(1753). Uiscorrespondenck with a biography S' .{f .•","-'!, ,."?; ' ' lajA- -- - County, Xew York, situated on Schuyler Lake 6.") miles west bv north of Alb;iny. It has sul- phnr_springs. ^Vopulation (1900), 1,.')37. .July :10. !.s:is. A Genuan politician. Hecntered theHeichsiag in l5(i7.and the l-russian Landtag in 1869. He has been the leader of the progressist (" Fortschritts ") party, and of ihe German libend (" Deutsche Freislnnige") pait'y, ;ind is at present the leader of the radical people's party ;"Fieisiniiiu'e Volkspartei "). by Anna Letitia liarbauld, was published in 1804. All Ills novels were published in the form of letters, which was suigeated by his early work in letter-writing. Richardson, William Alexander. Born iu Favette Oountv. Ky., Oct. 11„ 3811: died at (^uiney, 111., De'c. '^l', 187.'j. An American poli- tician. He was Democratic member of Congress from Illinois 1847-.=ie ; governorof Nebraska 1857-68; and Demo- c.alic United States senator from Xeliraska 1863-06. Richardson, William Merchant. Born at Pel- ham, N. H.. Jan. 4, 1774: died at Chester, N. H.. March 23, 1838. An American jurist and poli Richier de-shvii'), Ligier or Michier. Born Richter Gustay. Born at Berlin Aug. 31, Isp • at Dagonville! near Lign v, 1500 or 1.^06 : died did ;it Berlin, Aug. 3, lsS4. A German painter about 1.572. A French sculptor, iiespentflve ..r of portraits and historical subjects, six years in Home, where he is said to have come undir Richter, Hans. Born at Raab, Hungary, April .,,.■.,., ., . i.„.... .1 ..> 4 js4;j. A celebrated conductor. InlStKliewaa tiie "personal inlluence of Mielulangelo. He returned to Lorraine about 1621, and remained there the rest of his life. His work consisted largely of the decoration of houses. In 1532 he executed the ioloss.il group celebrated under the name of " the Sepulchcr of Saint-M ihlel, " composed of eleven Hgurcs, larger than life, grouped abont the foot of the cross, one of the most beautiful creations of the Re- naissance: and in l.'>44 the mausoleum of the Prince of Oran'.;c, with its extraordinary "Siiuelette,"ln the Church of Saint-l'ierre at Bar-le-l)ui ticiau. He was a Federalist member of Congress from RichingS (rich'ingz), Peter. Born at London, Massachusetts 1812-14, and chief justice of New Hamp- jj^y jg_ jyyy . ^\p^\ gt Media, Pa., Jan. 18, 1871. shire 181'i-38. Richborough (ricli'bur'o). A place in Kent, Eiif;lanil, on tlie Stour II miles easf of Canter- bury: the Roman RutupiiP. It was an impor- tant Roman fortress and si:iiiort. Rich6 (re-sha'l, Jean Baptiste. Born at Cap Haitien, 1780: died at Port-au-Prince. Feb. 28, An F.nglish-American actor and manager. He came to America in 1821, and made his debut at .New York as Harry Bertram in "Guy Mannering." For sixteen years he was a reigning favorite at the Park Theater, where he was a member of the regular company. Captain Absolute (" The Rivals ") was one of his best impersonations. For a time he acted as manngerof the Riiliings English opera trouiie, lint retired from active life in 1807. 1847. A Haitian general and politician. Ue was Richmond dich'niond). A town in the North a negro, and in e.arly life was a slave. lie served under Riding of Yorkshire, England, situated on the Christophe .igainst Pi-tion, and suhsefiuently under Boyer and was president of Haiti from March 1, 1840. Richelieu (resh-lye'). A town in the depart- ment of Indre-et-Loire, France, situated on the Mable 32 miles southwest of Tours. Popula- tion (l.s9n, 2.:'.64. Richelieu, or Chambly f shon-ble'), or St. John. (sant jon). A river in the province of Quebec. Canada, which issues from Lake Champlain and flows into the St. Lawrence at Sorel, 44 miles northeast of Montreal. Length, about SO miles. Richelieu (P. pron. resh-ly6'^; E. resh'lii). Car- dinal aiiolitieal powerof the Huguenots by the siege and capture of l.a Rochelle 1027-28 ; the war In Italy .against Spain and Aus- tria 1029-30; the defeat of the paltlzaus of llaria de' Medici in liBO.,- tho suppression of the rising of .Mont- morency and Oaston of Orleans in 1(W2 ; the ci>operaiion of Franco with Sweden in the Thirty Years' War; the founding of the French Academy In 1036 : and the defeat of the Cinq-Mars conspiracy in 1(H2. His literary r.v mains include religious w.irks, dramas, mrnmliH, coirc »p li-iiec. and stale jialiers. Richelieu, Due de (Armand Emmanuel du Plessis). Born at Paris, Sept. 2.'i. 1766: died Swale 42 miles northwest of York. It is noted for its castle, now in ruins. Population (1891), 4,216. Richmond. Atown in Surrey, England, situated on t he south bank of the Th.ames, 10 miles west- southwest of St. Paul's. It was formerly called Sheen (Schenc, 'beautiful '), etc. It was bing a royal resi- deuce : used by Edward I., Edw ard III . Uichiird II., Henry VII. (who gave It till' name Ki.dimond in 1.'.00), etc. Rich- mond Park was iliehised by Cbaihs I. Riilimond is a favorite snmnier resort, and its wbiiebait diiniers at the Star and Garter are n.ded. P..pulation (ISill), '22,084. Richmond. The capital of Virginia and of Hen- rico Countv, situated on the north bank of the .Tames Rivt-r, in lat. 37° 32' N., long. 77° 27' W. It has an imiiortant trade in tobacco and Hour, and manu- factures of tobacco, irim, etc. Among the noted objects arc the capitol, St. .lohn's church, Crawford's statue of Washington, etc. The site was llisl settled in 1009. The place was called at first Byrd's Warehouse. Richmond was incorporated in 1742; was made the capital in 1779: Bulfered fiom lire iu IHil ; was noted before the war as an lmi)ortantc4innucrcial center fortolmcco lea, etc.: became the capital of the Confederate .States May, 1801; was threatened by McChllan in 1802; was besieged by Grant 18ftl-06 : was evacuated by the Confederates (who bnrne.l thebuslnessportion) April 2, and occupied by the Federals April 3, 1806; and sullered fn>m a Hood In 1870. I'opu- lallou (19l)(l). 8.'..0.')0. tile Richmond. -V city, capital of Wayne County, Indiana, sit iiatcd on a l)raiich of Ihe Whitewater IJiver, 68 iiiiles easi of Imliaiiupolis. It l» a rail- road and tra'llug center, und has manufartures of agri- cultural irn|ilenientH, (urnllure, nuiclilnery, etc. I'opula* Mav 17. 1822 tl..n (11)00), lM,2'2ll, , , Richmond, Dukes of. Sec Lnmox. A French politician, grandson Richmond Earl of. The title of Henry VII. of I'.iiglaiol previous to his accession to the tliriini'. Richmond, Legh. Born at Liveriiool, Jan. 20, 1772: diid nt 'I'urvov, Beds, Engtand, May 8. 1827. All " for. llolsl the Poor" (1814 : Including " The llalryman's liailgliter "The Young I'cilljiuer.' "'Ihe Negraeh. After the death of his father, who left the fam- ily in extreme poverty, he went to Ixipsic in the hope of beingableto support himself bv giving private instruction while he studied theology. He began here his literary career, in 17^, with the satirical sketches " Diegronlnnd- ischtu I'rocesse ' ("The Greenland Lawsuits "), which met with but little success, as did also " Auswahl aus des reu- fels I'apieren'C Selections from the Papers of thu Devil." 1789). After 17^ he lived with his mother In poverty at Hof, whence he went to Schwaiv.enbach, w here he taught. Here, In 17»;i. he wrote the novel " Die unsiebtbare Ijige" ("The Invisible Lodge"), for which he received lOOducats. From 179t he lived again in Hof, where lie wnde (1794) the novel " Hesperus,' like the other a fictitious biography, which Hi mly founded his literary fame. This was f.dlowe.1 by "i;uintU3 Fixlein "in 1796; by ' Sicbenkas" in 17110-97 (full title, 'Bluinen , Fruelit-, und Dornenstncke. inler Khestand, Tod, und Hocb?.cit des Armenadvocateii Sle- beliKas ": " Flower, Fruit, ami Thcrn Pjecea, or Wedlock. Death, anil Marriage of Sicbenkas, the Advocate of the Poor"); "Campanerthar'C'Tlic Valley of Campan," 1797); "lilan" (1S1»M)1): "Die Flegcljahrc " ('The Awkward Ago" 1SII4-06), considered his best work; "Rclse des Keldprcdlgirs Schmelzlc inich Flaj "(".lourney of Field- Preacher Sehmelirle to FInz ") and " Dr. KBtienbergers liadereiso"(" Hr. Katzenberger's .lourney to the Water- ing-place '). both 1809. Besides these and other novels and tales he wrote " Vorsehule der Aestlietik" (" Prepar- atory Course III Ksthetlcs, "18iM)nnd "Levaiia odcr Erile- hungslehro "(" Levana, or the Theory of Education," 1807). He wai the author also of a number of essays and piditlchl pamphlets. After the .leatb of his niolher he left Hof, lived for a time In l.elpslc, .lena, and Weimar, and siibse- i|U. ntlv In Goiha, lllldhurghauseii, and, In isol. In lleriln, wh. re'he married. Afterward he lived In Mclnlngen. in Colulig, and finally In llayreuth, where he was made conn, selfirof legation and the recipient of a government pen- sion, and where he died. He is best known as a writer under his pseiidoiivm Jean Paul. A com|)lete edition of his works was published at Berlin, Iu Ks?,l, in 00 vols. Ricimer (ris'i-mer). I>ied Aug. IS. 472. A Ko- niaii I'oniiiiander. Ho was the son of a Suevic chief by a. laughter of Wallla, king .if the West Goths: wnsedu- cat. dal iheconrtof theemiHrorValentlnUiiIII.; iindniso lo high command In the lioinan army. He .lefeated the Vandals In a •leilsive naval battle olt Cornlcu In 460. Inthe same year he deposed the cmprror Avilns, and In 4.'i7 caused himself tobecrtated palrlehin I nder this title he ruled the Western Empire iinlll his death, making njid unmaking emperors al his pleasure, hut fearing to assuim the purple himself on account of Ills barbaric origin. See Arilnrn. 1 s ) , James Bre'werton. Bom at New York, .lime 21. 1817: died at Washington. D. C, Seiit. '22, 1887. An .\meric»n general. He graduated al West Point In 18,19; served In Ihe Mellcrn war; was appointed a lirlgndler-gcncnl of Tolun(««rs In Bicketts S861 ; and served in the Armj- of the Potomac from the first battle of liiiU Kun to the sie?*.' of Petersburg (1804). He was brevetted major-general in the regular amiy in 1865. Eico (.re'ko), Martin. Born at Madrid. A con- temporary Spanish painter. He was a pupil of Ma. drazo. and "later studied in Rome and Paris. Alost of his paintings are architectural : they include many Venetian scenes. Hereceived the distinction of the Legion of Honor in 1S7S. Riddell Crid'!), Mrs. (Charlotte Eliza Lawson Cowan). Bom about 1837. AnEnglishuovelist. daughter of James Cowan, of Carrickfergus. Ii'e- land. She married J. H. Riddell in 1857, and becanif' co-proprietor and editor of the ''St. .James's Magazine" in 1S67. She published some of her earlier novels under the pseudonym of "F. G. Tratford." She has written "Far above Rubies," "George Geith." "The Ruling Passion," '• The Senior Partner," " A Struggle for Fame," "MissGas- coigne," "Idle Tales," etc Biddle (rid'l), George. Bom at Charlestown, Mass., Sept. 22, 18.53. An American elocution- ist. He appeared as Grxlipus in the " (Edipus Tyrannus" ,;iven at Harvard University in 1S81, and has given Shak- speiian readings. Kiddie, George Beade. Born at Newcastle, Del., 1817: died at Washington, D. C, March, 1867. An American politician. He was Demo- ci;itic member of Congress from Delaware 1861-55, and riijted States senator 1m.4-€7. Biddle, Joseph Esmond. Born al)out 180-1 : died at Cheltenham, Aug. 27,1859. An English clergy- man and scholar, a graduate of Oxford. He w,as associated with Arnold and White in the preparation of Latiii-Enirli.^h dictionaries. Kideau Lake (re-do' lak). A lake in the prov- ince of Ontario, Canada, 45 miles southwest of Ottawa. It communicates by the Rideau Canal with the Ottawa Eiver and Lake Ontario. Riderhood(ri'der-hud). Pleasant. In Dickens's novel "Our Mutual Friend." Rogue Eiderhood's daughter. " Upon the smallest of small scales she was an unlicensed pawnbroker, keeping what was popularly called a leaving-shop." Riderhood, Roger or Rogue. In Dickens's novel " Our Mutual Friend," a river-thief and longshoreman, the accuser of Gaffer Hexam. Afterward a lock-keeper, he was drowned in the lock in a struggle with Bradley Headstone. Ridinger, or Riedinger (re'ding-er), Johann Elias, Born at Ulm, Wiirtembevg, Feb. 15, 1695 : died at Augsburg, April 10, 17C7. A Ger- man artist, especially noted for his drawings and etchings of wild animals. Ridley (rid'li), Nicholas. Bom in Northum- berland, England, about 1500: burned at Ox- ford, Oct. 16, 1555. An English bishop and Protestant martyr. He was chaplain to Cranmer and Henrj' VIII., and sided with the Reformation. He be- came bishop of Rochester in 1547, and of London in 1550. He was arrested under Marj' in 1553 and 1555, and con- demiifd to death for heresy. See Latimer. Riduna (ri-du'na). The Roman name of AI- derney. Ried (ret). A town in Upper Austria, Atistria- Hungary,38 miles west of Linz. A treaty was con. eluded here between Austria and Bavaria Oct. 3, 1813, whereby Bavaria joined the alliance against >'apoleon. Population (1S90), 4,517. Riedel (re'del), August. Born at Bayreuth, Bavaria, Dee. 27, 1799: died at Rome, Aug. 8, 1883. A German painter, professor at the Academy of San Luea at Rome. Riedesel (re'de-zel), Baron Friedrich Adolph von. Born at Lauterbach, Hesse, June 3, 1738: died at Brunswick, Jan. 6, 1800. A German ma- jor-general, commander of the Brunswick con- tingent of the British forces in the Revolution- ary War. He served .at Ticonderoga and at Huhbard- ton. and was taken prisoner at Saratoga Oct. 17, 1777. He Was exchanged in 1779, and commanded on Long Island 1779-80. His wife (1746-1808) accompanied him in his American campaigns. Her "Letters" (1800) were trans- lated by W. L. Stone (ls67) ; and his " Memoirs, Letters, eta ■ were translated by Stone (1868). Riego y Nunez (re-a'go § non'yeth), Rafael del. Bom at 0\-iedo, Spain, Oct. 24, liSo: executed at Madrid, Nov. 7, 1823. A Spanish general and patriot. He served against JIapoleon; was leader of the revolution in southern Spain Jan. 1, 1820 ; was president of the Cortes ; and was taken prisoner in the French invasion of 18*23, and put to death as a traitor. Eiehl (rel), Wilhelm Heinrich. Born at Bie- lirich on the Rhine, May 6, 1823: died Nov, 16, 1897. A German novelist and historical writer. His father was custodian of the castle at Biebrich. He studied theology at Marburg, Tiibingen, and Giessen, .and subsequently the history of culture at Bonn. For the next ten years he was engaged in journalistic work in turn at Frankfort, Karlsruhe, and Wiesbaden. In 1853 he was raatle professor of political economy at the University of Munich, and in 1859 professor of the his- tory of culture. He was ennobled in 1880, In 18s6 he was made director of the Bavarian National Museum, His literary work was almost wholly in the directi<-'n of the history of culture. From ISol to 1855 appeared "Xa- turgescliiclile des Vulks als Grundlage einer deutschen 85G Social-Politik" ("Natural History of the PeopleastheFoun- dation of a German Social-Poblicai .System,' 3 parts) ;"Mu. sikalische Chai-akterkopfe ' ("Musical Character Stud- ies,"' 1S52-7S, 3 vols.): "Kulturgeschichtliche Kovellen" (■'.Stories in the History of Culture, "1856); "Die Pfalzer' ("The People of the Palatinate. "1857); "Klllturstudienaus drei ,Iahrhunderten ' ("Culture Studies from Three Centu- ries," 1S59) ; " Geschichten aus alter Zeit " (" Stories of Old Times," lSlS-64, 2 vols,) ; " Neues Novellenbuch " ("New Story-Eook," 1S67); "Freie Vortrage " (" Impromptu Lec- tures," 1^73-s."), 2 vols.): three volumes of "Novellen" ("Stories") from 1875, 1S80. and 1888; "Kulturgeschiclit- liclie Charakterkopfe " (" Character Studies in the History of Culture, " 1891). Riel ( re-el'), Louis. Bom in Manitoba, Oct. 23. 1844: executed at Regina, Northwest Ter- ritory, Nov. 16. 1885. A Canadian half-breed, leader of the Red River rebellion of 1869-70 (which was suppressed by Wolseley). and of the rebellion of 1885 (which was put down liv Middleton). Riemann (re'man). Georg Friedrich Bern- hard. Born at Breselenz. near Dannenberg, Hannover, Sept. 17, 1826: died at Selasca, Lago di Maggiore, July 20, 1866. A noted Ger- man mathematician, professor at the Univer- sity of Gottingen from 1857. His collected works were published by H. Weber (1876). Rienzi (re-en'ze). 1. A tragedy by Miss Mit- ford, published in 1828. — 2. A historical novel by Bulwcr Lytton, published in 1835. — 3. An opera bv Wagner, first produced at Dresden in 1842. Rienzi(re-en'ze), or Rienzo (re-en'z6), Coladi. Bom at Rome about 1313: killed at Rome, Oct. 8, 1354. Au Italian patriot. He was in 1343 employed on a mission to the Pope at Avignon, by whom he was made a notary of the apostolic chamber. In 1347 he led a revolution at Rome which overthrew the power of the aristocracy, and introduced beneficial reforms in the gov- ernment. He was placed at the head of the municipality under the title of tribune of the people, and received the recognition of Clement VI. He became intoxicated with success, and his arrogant and arbitrary conduct alienated the populace, while his visionary plans for the restoration of the universal dominion of the city brought him into conflict with the papacy. He was expelled in 134S. He re- turned in 1354 atthe instance of Innocent VI,, who sought to recover control of the city throu.gh his instrumentality. His conduct, however, provoked a riot in which he was killed. Ries (res), Ferdinand. Born at Bonn, Prussia, Nov. 29, 1784 : died at Frankfort. Jan. 14, 1838. A German pianist and composer, a pupil of Beethoven. Riesengebirge(re'zen-ge-ber''ge). [G., 'giants' mountains,'] Arange of the Sudetie Mountains, on the boimdary of Bohemia and Prussian Sile- sia, They are the highest mountains in northern Ger- many, and are noted for their picturesque scenery and in legend. Length, 23 miles. Highest point, the Schneekopne (5,265 feet), Riesi (re-a'se). A town in the province of Cal- tanissetta, Sicilv, 54 miles west by south of Catania. Population (1881), 12,008. Rieti (re-a'te). A cathedral eityin the province of Perugia, Italy, situated on the Velino 42 mUes northeast of Rome: the ancient Reate. It was an ancient Sabine town. Its vicinity was long famous for its fertility. Population (ISSl), 13,679, Rietschel (ret'shel), Ernst Friedrich August. Born at Pulsnitz, Saxony, Dec, 15, 1S04: died at Dresden, Feb, 21, 1861, A noted German sculptor. Among his works are Goethe and Schiller (Weimar), Lessing (Brunswick), Pieta (Potsdam), Luther (Worms), etc. RietZ (rets), Julius. Bom at Berlin, Dec. 28, 1812: died at Dresden, Sept. 12, 1877. A Ger- man composer, conductor, -violoncellist, and musiqal editor. Rif(ref),orRiff(rif).orErRif(erref). Arange of mountains in northern Morocco, nearly par- allel with the Mediterranean coast. The aggres- sions of its inhabitants, the Rifi&ans, led to complications between Spain and Morocco in 1893, Riffelberg (rif 'f el-berc), A noted height south of Zermatt in the Alps of Valais, Switzerland, Height, at the Kiffel Hotel on the summit, 8,430 feet. Riffis (rif'iz), or Riffians (rif'i-anz). The in- habitants of the Rif mountains. See Si.f. Riga(re'ga). [Russ. 7fiV/a,Eett,i?i7((?e,Esthonian if)V(-?f«,] A seaport, capital of the government of Livonia, Russia, situated on the Diina, near its mouth, in lat, 56° 57' N., long. 2408' E, Itisoneot the chief cities in Russia in commerce and population ; ex- ports flax, hemp, linseed, timber, grain, etc.; andhasmanu- facturesof machiner>', woolens, cigars, etc. Thecathedral (with one of the largest organs in the world) and the castle are notable, Riga was settled by Bishop Albert of Livonia in 1201 ; was ruled by the bishops and by the Knijilits Sword-bearers (who coalesced with the Teutonic Order in 1237); passed to Poland in 1561; was taken by Gustavus .Adoiphus in 1621 ; and was flnalb taken and annexed by Russia in 1710. Population (1897). with suburlis, '282,943. Riga, Gulf of. An arm of the Baltic Sea, north Rikva of Courland and west of Livonia. Length, about 115 miles. Rigas(re'gas),Konstantinos. Bomabout 1753: executed 1798. A Greek patriot and poet. Rigaud (re-go'). A character in Dickens's "Lit- tle Dorrit," a sinister-looking, sharp, murderous criminal, formerly a convict in Marseilles: otherwise Blandois, otherwise Lagnier. His " moustache went up and his nose went down." Rigaud, Hyacinthe. Born at Perpignan, France, July 20, 1659 : died Dec. 27, 1743. A French portrait-painter. Rigault de Genouilly (re-go' de zhno-ve'), Charles. Born at Rochefort. France, April 12, 1807: died at Paris. May 14. 1873. A French admiral and politician, "hc sened in the Crimean and Chinese wars, and was minister of marine under Na- poleon III. 1867-70. Rigdon (rig'don), Sidney. Born in St. Clair township. Alleghenv Countv, N, Y., Feb, 19, 1793: died at Friendship, N," Y„ July 14, 1876, An American Mormon. He was associated with Jo- sepli Smith alwut IS'29, and was collaborator with him in publishing the "Book of lloi-nion," Rigdumfunnidos (rig'dum-fun'i-dos). A lord in waiting at the court of Chrononhotonthol- ogos, in Carey's burlesque of that name, .Scott g,ive this name to John Ballantyne, his printer, as being more mercurial than his brother. See Aldiborontepko»- cophornio. Rigel (re'jel or ri'jel), [Ar. rijl-nl-jaii:(i. the leg of the giant,] The brilliant white double first-magnitude star /? Orionis, The same name (then, however, more usually spelled Rigil) is also some- times given to S Centauri, Rigg (rig). James Harrison. Bom at Newcas- tle-on-'Tyne, 1821, An EnglishWesleyan clergy- man and religious writer. He became principalof the Wesleyan Training College in 1868, .and was president of the Wesleyan Conference in 1878. He has published "The Churchnianship of John Wesley and Wesleyan Jfethodism " (1868), ".\ Comparative View of Church Or- ganizations" (18S7), etc, Riggs (rigz), Elias. Born Nov. 10, 1810: died Jan. 17, 1901. Au American missionary. He graduated at Andover Theolo-jical Seminary in 1S32, and was a missionary at C,»nstantinople from" 1853. He published " M,anual of the Chaldee Lanu'uage " (1832', etc, Riggs, Stephen Return. Bom at Steuben-ville, Ohio. March 23. 1812: died at Beloit.Wis., Aug. 24, 1883, An American missionary among the Dakota Indians, He published various works on the Dakotas and their language, including "Grammar and Dic- tionarj' of the Dakota Language " (1852), Righi. See Hiffi. Right (rit). Captain. A fictitious title borne by an insurgent leader whom the peasants of Ireland in the 18th century were sworn to obey. Right, Petition of. See 'Petition of Eight. Rightful Heir, The. A play by Bulwer Lytton, produced in 1809, Rights, Bill of. 1, See Declaration of Sight.— 2. A statement or declaration of personal rights in the constitution of a State of the American Union, incorporated in the amendments to the Constitution of the United States, Rights of Man, The. A work by Thomas Paine, published in 1791 : a reply to Burke's " Reflec- tions on the Revolution in France." Rigi, or Righi (re'gi). A mountain on the bor- der of the cantons of Lucerne and Schwyz, Switzerland, situated north of the Lake of Lu- cerne and south of the Lake of Zug, 8 miles east of Lucerne, Isolated in position, it is famous for its extensive view (300 miles in circumference). It is a noted tourist resort, reached by rack-and-pinion railways from Arth and Vitznau. Highest point, the Kigi-Kulin (5,90& feet). Rigi, Ba'Varian. A name sometimes given to the Peissenber^, south of the Ammersee. Rigi of Upper Swabia. A name given to the Griinten, Bavaria, on account of its extensive view. Rigolets (re-go-la') Pass. A strait in eastern Louisiana, the outlet of Lake Pontchartrain into Lake Borgne and the Gulf of Mexico. Rigoletto(re-g6-let't6). An operaby Verdi. pro- duced at Venice in 1851. Rigveda. See Veda. Rigvidhana (rg-vi-d-ha'na). [Skt., lit, 'ar- rangement' or 'disposition of the Rik,' or Rig- veda.] A Sanski-it work treating of the magic eflicacyoftherecitationof the hymns of the Rig- veda. or of single verses. It belongs to the period of the Pnranas. It has been edited by R. Meyer. Berlin, 1877. Riis (res), Jacob. Bom at Ribe, Denmark, May 3, 1849, ADanish-Americanreporterandwriter on social topics. He has written "How the Other Half Lives" (1890), "Children of the Poor" (1892). etc Rikwa. See ireitf:pekan^ Riley, Charles Valentine Eiley (ri'li), Charles Valentine. Born at Lon- doii, Sept 18, 1843: died Sept. 14, 18<)r.. An Anglo-American entomologist. He was .state entomologist of Missouri 1868^7, when he was appoint- ed chief of the I'liitod states commission to investiRate the Rocliy Mountain locust. From 1881 to ISM he wiis bead of the entomnlosiiud division of the department of agricnlture at \Vai:hington. He made important re- searches on the phylloxera, tlie potato-beetle, cotlon-wonn, etc. Blley. Jamee Whitcomb. Bom at Greenfield, Ind., 1854. An Ameiiean poet and dialect Tyriter. He wa-i tor a time encased in juunialisni. He first puldisliod iiiidcr the psendtmyin "Henj. K. Johnson of lioune.' Aniout' his works are •'Tiie Old Swimmin' Hole, etc.' (lSM:i), " Afterwhilea" (18S7). "C'iiaractcr Sketches, etc." (1887), "Old-Fasliioned Koses, etc." (1888), "Pipes o Pan, cte."{lS8iM, "Green Fields and Running Brooks" (1893), •• Poems Here at Home" (1893), etc. Bilo-Dagh (re-lo-dag')- A. mountain group in southwestern Bulgaria, about 40 miles south of Sofia, connecting the Rhodope and Balkan monntaiiis. Iloight, about 8,77.t feet. Rima-Szombat (rira'o-som 'hot), th century). It passed detlTiitely to the Papal states in 1528. and was annexed to Italy in 18C0. Population (1881), ]ii,8.i8 ; commune, 37,1)78. Bimini, Francesca da. See Francesco da Ri- miiii. Bimini, Story of. A poem by Leigh Hunt, pub- lished in l.SK). Bimmer (rim'er), William. Bom at Liverpool, England, Feb. 20, 181G: died at South Milford, Mass., Aug. 20, 1879. An American sculptor, painter, and art anatomist. His father, a French refugee, whose name, Thomas P.immcr, was assumed, set- tled in Boston as a shoemaker in !S20. Before 184.'i Rim- noer commenced the study of medicine, and in 1S55 began to practise it alEastMilton.SIass.achiisitts, painting portraits and religious pictures as occasjun nllrf d. He carved the "Head of St Stephen "in 18(11, ami mc.dcled the "Falling Oladiator" In 18(i4 he executed a statue of Alexander Hamilton, and immediately afterward the "Osiri-s," his favorite work. The " Dying Centaur" was made about 1871, and the "Fighting Lions " (presented to the Boston Art flub) at the same time. Hepublidied"Art AnaUmiy" In 1877. From 187n he was professor of anatomy and sculp- ture at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Bimmon. See Jtammnn. Bimnik (rem'nek). A small river in Rumania which joins the Soroth 28 miles west-northwest of Galiitz. Near it, in 1789, the Russians under SuvnrolT defeated the Turks. Bimouski (re-mds-ke'). A watering-place, capital of the county of Riinouski. Quebec, Can- ada, situated on the St. Lawrence 45 miles north- east of the mouth of the Saguenay. BinaldoCri-nal'do). [F.Itenaiid.'] 1. A famous characterin medieval romance. Hewasoneof the four sons of Aynmn, the cousin of Orlando, and oue of the bravest of the knightj* of Cbarlemagne. In the French ro- mances he Is kn<(wii as Renaud. or Risu'nault, or Kenaud de Montauhan. The last is th<^ title of a clianscm degeste attributed to Ilnon de Villeneuve, devoted to an account of his adventures. It was to Renauil or Rinalilo that the famous horse Bayard was given. Sec ijitnlrf Fih Aitutfnu 2. A steward in Shakspero's "All 's Well that Ends Well." Binaldo and Armida, A tragedy (from Tasso's " Gerusalemme Liberata") by John Dennis, produced at Lincoln's Inn Fields in 1699. Binaldo Rinaldini (re-nill'do re-niil-do'no). A romance liy Vulpius, published in 1797. Bhld (rind). In Norse mythology, one of the wives of Odin, personifying the cruat of the earth. Binehart (rin'hart), William Henry. Born in 857 Maryland, Sept. 13, 1825 : died at Borne, Oct. 28,- 1874'. .\n American sctilptor, resident at Koine after 185h. He completed Crawford's bronze doors (at Washington). Araong his other works are 'Clytie "(in Baltimore). 'Uive Reconciled with Death " (Baltimore), " Woman of .S;uuaiia," "Latona and her Children," etc- Ring and the Book, The. A poem by Robert Browning, pulilishcd in 1869. Ring des Nibelungen (ring des ne.'be-15ng-en), Der. LG., •The King of the Nibeluug.'] -V sequence of four musical dramas by Wagner, first plaved together at BajTCutli in 1870. It com- prises " lias Rheingold " (the lirst part was llr-t performed 18«9), "DieWalkiire" (1870), "Siegfried "(1870). and "Got- terdammerung"(lS7G). It has very little in common with the •' N ilielungeidied, being based on the Icelandic sagas. Ringkjobing (ring'ehe'bing) Fjord. -A. lagoon on the western coast of Jutland, Denmark, com- municating with the North Sea. Length, about 20 miles. Rink (ringk), Henry John. Born at Copenhagen in 1819:died at Clinstiauia, Norway, Dec, 1894. A Danisli naturalist and explorer. He went round the world in the Galatea in 1845, and in 1848 made the first of thirty-eight exploring expeditions to Greenland. He became inspector in south tJreetdand. and returned to Denmark as director of the tJreenland trade in 1871. He wrote numerous works about (Jreeidand. Rink (ringk), Johann Christian Heinrich. Born at Elgersburg, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Fob. 18, 1770: died at Darmstadt, Aug. 7, 1846. A noted German composer for the organ. Rinteln (rin'teln). A town in the prorince of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, situated on the Weser 30 miles west-southwest of Hannover. Popu- lation (1890). 4,045. Rio. A common abbreviation of Jlio de Janeiro. Riobamba (re-o-bam'bU). A town in Ecuador, 95 miles south of Quito. It was removed from its fonncrsite at Cajal^mba after its destruction by an earth- quake in 1797. Population, about li;,(X)3. Rio BranCO. See Ih-onco. Rio Branco, Viscount of. See Silva Paranhos, ./(>.«/ Maria da. Rio Bravo delNorte. See Bin Grandrdel Xnrtr. Rio Cuarto, or Concepcion del Rio Cuarto (koM-tUep-tlie-ijii'ilel re'o ko-iir'to). A town in the province of C6rdoba, Argentine Republic, on the Rio ('uarto 112 miles south of C6rdoba. Population (1889), 12,000. Rio de Janeiro (re'6 do zhii-na'ro), often called Rio. [Pg-i ' river of January,' a name applied to the bay, in allusion to the date of its discovery.] The capital, largest city, and most important port and commercial center of Brazil, situated on the western side of the Bav of Rio de Ja- neiro, in lat. 22°r>4' S., long. 43° 8' AV. with its beautiful suburbs it nearly surrounds a group of nnmn- tains. The city contains innnerous public institutions, including libraries, a nuiseum, observatory, navy-yard, large hospitals, etc. The leading export is coffee, nearly hulf the amount consumed in the wt)rld coming from this port. The cxpoi-ts are mainly to the United States, the imports from Europe. Epidemics of yellow fever com- mordy f)ccur in the sinnmer nuinths (Oct.-llay). The city is included in the "Mnnicipio Neutro" ('iiulependcnt township'}, which contains 521 square ndles, and is under the direct control of the federal goveriunerd. The Bay of Rio de Janeiro was discovered and nameil Jan. 1, 151t5. In 1555 Villegaignon estai)lished a colotiy of F'rench Prot- estants on the island which still beais his name; they were driven out in l.^»(17 by the Portuguese, who then founded the city of Silo Sebastlao, or Kio de Janeiro. In 1702 it was made the capital of the state of Brazil, to which Maranhilo (northern Brazil) was attached in 1774. It wius the residence of the Portuguese court 18(18-21, anil became the capital ot the empire of Brazil in 1822. I'n- til 181*4 it was also the capital of the jjrovince of Rio de Janeiro. The revolution of 1889oecurred here, and in 181»3 the city was bombarded during the naval rebellion. Popu- lation of the city proper, abmit 600,000 (there are no census figures). Pupulation of the -Municipio Neutro (c-tiniated, 18;i2), 622,(l.'.l. Rio de Janeiro. A maritime state of Brazil, lying south ot .Minns Geraes. Capital, I'elropo- lis. Area, 26,6:i4 square miles. Lstimated pop- ulation (1893), excluding the Municipio Neutro wliich it surrounds, 1,349,901. Rio de Janeiro, Bay of. A bay on the coast of lira/il, the pfirt ol' Rio di^ Janeiro. It Is one of the finest harbors in the world, and Is noted for its beauty. Ix*rigth, about 17 ndles. Rio de la Plata (re'o da lii plii'tii), orLa Plata, or Plate (pliil). [Sp., 'river ot sih.i-.'J An estuary bet ween Uruguay and the Argent iiieRe- public. It Is formed by the union of thcllrnguayarnlthe combined Paramiand Paraguay, and falls into the Atlantic about lat .')5' 8. Till' cities Buenos Ayrcs and iMonteviilco stand on it. Length, about 15i) ndles. The mono is also given to the river system finding Its outlet In this estuary. Compare J'arntui and I'araffuaif, Rio de la Plata. A colonial division of Span- ish South America, at first called n territory (goberiiacioM), uiid Inter a ])roviiiee. It was sci>- arated from I'aniguay In 1020. Buenos Ayres being nnidu the capital and the seat of a bishop. It was the basis of the Rio Negro, Captaincy of raodernArgentlneRepnldic.but embraced only the modern provinces of Buenos Ayres, and Entre Rios, with fruguay ; the northeastern portion of the present republic was at- tached to Paraguay, the western part to Chile; Patagonia was unexplored, and (Mrdoba ami Santa F^ (later the prov- ince of Tucuman) were a part of Charciis. The governor of Rio de la Plata was subject to the viceroy of Peru. In 1(301 an audience or high court was establisneil at Buenos Ayres, and thereafter the govenutr was president of the audience with the title of captain general. Thisarrange- mentcontiimed until the province was merged in the vice- royalty of La Plata in 177ti. RioGrandede'ogi'iin'da). [Sp. and Pg., 'great river.'] A name designating various rivers in regions discovered by the Spanish and Portu- guese, (a) A river in Senegambia which flows into the Atlantic about lat. 11*45' N. Estimated length, alnrnt 300 miles. (fj)Oneof the chief head streams of the river Parang in Brazil. It forms part of tie- l)oundary betweorderson the Atlantic, I'rugu.ay, and the Argen- tine Republic, and contains various successful Genuan and Italian colonies. Area, 91,S35 square miles. Popula- tion (1894), 774,406. 2. A seaport in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, situated on the Rio Grande do Sul in hit. 32° S., long. 52° 8' W. It Is the chief port in the sUte, and exports hides, dried meat, tallow, etc. Population, about 20,000. Rioja (re 6'nii), La. 1. A province in the iiorthwesteni part of the Argentine Republic, bordering for a short distance on Chile. Area, 20,500 scpiare miles. Population (1895), 70,010. — 2. The eajiitnl of the jirovince of Riojn, near Int. 29° III' S., long. 07° 10' W. Population. about 10,000. Rioja, La. A fertile plain in the prorince of LogroGo, Spain, situated on the right bank of the Ebro. Riom (ryoii'). Atown in the department of Puy- (le-D6me, Prance, situated on thij Amb^ne 9 miles north of Clermont-Ferrniui. It has consid- erable trade; was formerly the capital of Auvergne; and contains several old chnrclu'S. Population (Islll), 11, ISO. Rion (rt''-6n'), or Rioni (re-6'ne). A river in 'I'ranscaucasia, Russia, which Hows into the Black Sea 39 miles north of Batum: the ancient Phasis. Legend connects.it with the ex])edition of tho Argonauts, anil itwason thelineof tndllc between Kuro|)fl atul -Vsia from \erye:irly times Length, about IM) miles. Rio Negro (re'6 mt'gro) [Pg., ' black river.'] A river in South America. It rises In Colombia (region also claimed by Venezuela); flows tbnmgh noi them Brazil : and joins the Anmzon about 75 miliK we^l of the month of the Madeira (lat. ,S' 1)' S., long r.O" 58 W.). In its upper course it is called IheGunynia. it cnnnnndcate* by the Casslquinre with the ( Irlnoco. The chief tributaries are the t'api^s and llnineo. Length, about l.SfHI miles; navigable for (klO ndles, and, after passing 20 ndles of rapids for a long ilistance beyond. RiO,NegrO. A river of the .Argentine Reimblic, rising' \\\ llie Amies ami llowiiig east-southeast to the Allniitic, which it reni'hes near Int. 41° S. Most of its course lies within the territory of Rio Negro. Length, about KM ndles ; the greater part Is said to be naT- Igable. Rio Negro, or S5o Jos6 do Rio Negro (soun zlio-zn' ili.i re'o nu'grl.i). Captaincy of. A colo- nial division of lira/.il, cri'aled in 1759, and cor- resiioiiding nearly to tin- present state of Amazoiias. It was called at flnt 81a Jott do Jarary. Eio Negro, Captaincy of It was united to the prortnce of Pari in 1822, and again separated as the province of Amazonas in 1S62 (by decree of 1850). Eios (I'e'os), Jose Amador de los. Born at Baena, Spain. May 1. ISIS: died at Seville. Feb. 17, 1878. A Spanish historian, professor of lit- erature at the University of Madrid. He wrote "Historia critica de la litcratura espauola" (1861-67), etc. Rio Seco (re'o sa'ko) [Sp., 'dry river'], or Medina del Rio Seco. See Medina de Eio t>t t'O. RioTintOi ten'to). [Sp.,' colored (orred)river.'] A mining town in the province of Huelva. Spain, [ 46 miles northwest of Seville. Population (1887^.10.671. RiOUW. See Ehio. Rio Vermejo. See Vcrmejo. Ripley (rip'li). A town in Derbyshire, Eng- land. 10 miles north by east of Derby. Popu- lation (1891). 6.Sln. Ripley, Eleazar Wheelock. Born at Hanover. N. H., April l.^i. 17m': died in Loiusiana, March 2, 1S39. An American general and politician. He served in the War of 1S12. and at the battles of Chip- pewa, Niagara, and Fort Erie in ISU. He was Democratic member of Congress from Louisiana 1S35-39. Ripley, George. Born at Greenfield, Mass., Oct. 3. 1802: died at New York, July 4. 1880. An American critic and scholar. He graduated at Harvard in 1823, and was settled as a ITnitai-ian clergyman in Boston. He was one of theleaders of the Transcenden- talists, one of the founders of the "Dial." and one of the chief promoters of the Brook Farm experiment. In 1849 he became literarj- critic for the New York "Tribune' ; and was joint editor with C. X. Dana of the "New Ameri- can Cyclopaedia " 1357-63, and of the revised edition 1873- 1S76. Ripley, Mount, A peak in the Coast Range, California, about lat. 39° N. Height, about 7,500 feet. Ripon (rip'on). A city in the West Biding of Yorkshire. England, situated at the junction of the Skell with the Ure, 22 miles northwest of York. It was formerly noted for its manufactures of woolens and spurs. The cathedral was built between the 12th and the 15th century. The interior forms a pictur- esque mass, with its low square tower at the crossing, and the 2 towers Hanking the west front. The fapade has 3 recessed canopied doors, which are surmounted by 2 tiers of 5 lancets, and 3 small lancets adorn the upper part of the gable. Tlie interior is very plain. The nave is for the most part Perpendicular. The choir is walled in by a sculptured Pei-pendicular screen. The large Decorated east window is handsome, as are the 15th-centurj' stalls. The crypt, dating from the 7th century, is one of the only two Saxon ci-ypts surviving in England. The cathedral measures 270 by 87 feet. Population (1S91), 7,512. Ripon, Earls and Marquis of. See Eobiiison. Ripon, Treaty of. A truce concluded at Ripon Tiy (/harles I. with the Scots in Oct., 1640. Rippach irip'pach). Hans von. A Gennan slang designation, denoting a coarse, awkward, boorish fellow: an equivalent for the Scotch Satniey as it is used in some localities. Taylor, Notes to Faust. Rippoldsau (rip'p61d-son). A village and wa- tering-place in the Black Forest, Baden, 27miles east-southeast of Strasburg. Ripuarian Franks. See Franks:. Rip Van Winkle (rip van wing'kl). The hero of oneofthe principal stories in the " Sketch-Book" by Washington Ir\ing. published in 1819. The scene is laid ui the Catskills, and the point of the story lies in the awakemng of Rip Van Winkle, an easy, good-natured ne'er-do-well, from a sleep of 20 years to find himself a tot- tering old man, his wife dead, his village changed, and his country a republic. It has furnished the material for 8 or 10 plays. Boucicaalt rewrote the existing one, and it was first produced in his version at the London Adelphi in 1865. .Toseph .Jefferson has altered the play, and has made the part of P.ip Van Winkle peculiarly his own. Rig.uet with the Tuft." [F. Riquet ft la houppe.1 A fairy tale by Pen-ault, translated into Eng- lish in the I8th century. He took the story from Straparola. Madame Le Prince de Beaiunont expanded the gtory into "Beauty and the Beast" Rishanger, William. An English chronicler who flourished about the beginning of the 14th century. He was a monk of St. Albans, and compiled a chronicle covering the period from 12.'i9-1307, which is commonly looked upon as a continuation of Matthew Paris. Rishi (ri'shi; Skt. pron. r'shi). In the Veda, 'singer of sacred songs,' 'poet.' These ancient singers appear to later generations as the saints of pri- •ueval times. "The seven (that is, manyl Rishis" are the representatives of those times. The expression is also used of the seven stars of the Great Bear. Risk (risk). .\ character in the musical farce ■• Love Laughs at Locksmiths," by the younger Colman. Risk was a favorite character with Charles Mathews. Rist (rist), Johann. Born at Ottensen. Hol- stein, March 8, 1607: died at Wedel, Holstein, 858 Aug. 31, 1667. A German poet and author, es- peciallv noted for his hymns. , Ristori"ires-t6're), Adelaide. Bom atCividale, Frinli. Jan. 29. 1822. -\ noted Italian tragic ac- tress. She appeared in Pari.i in ls.'i5, and was regarded as posing as the rival of Rachel, who w.as then in the height of her success. Notwithstanding nmch heated criticism, she became more and more successful, and her reception in other countries, especially in the I nited States, was en- thusiastic. Sh'e retired from the English stage in 1873. but has since appeared occasionally. Among her leading parts are Francesca da Rimini, Maria Stuart, Pia dei Tolomei, Myrrha, Phaedra. Lady ilacbeth(whichsheplayed in Amer- ica with Edwin Bootli). Judith, etc. Ritchie (rieh'i). Mrs. (Anna Cora Ogden: also Mrs. Mowatt). Born at Bordeaux, Prance, about 1819: died at Henley-on-Thames, Eng- land, July 28. 1870. An American actress, nov- elist, dramatist: and poet. She married J.imes Mo- watt in 18:34. and owing to loss of property went on the stage at New York in 1845. She left the stage before her marriage to W. F. Ritchie. She published her autobiog- raphy in 1S54. Among her plays are "Gulzara" (1840), " Fashion" (1845), 'Armand " (1847). Ritchie, Mrs. Richmond (Anne Isabella Thackeray). Born at London, 1S3S. An Eng- lish novelist, the daughter of William Make- peace Thackerav. she has published "The Ston" of Elizabeth" (186.31, "'The ViUage on the ClitT" (1S63>, "Old Kensington"(lS73), "Miss Angel "(1875), "A Book of Sibvls" (188S). etc. Rito Alto (re'to al'to). Mount. A peak of the Sangi-e de Cristo range, Colorado. Height, about 13,000 feet. Ritschl (ritsh'l), Albrecht. Bom at Berlin, March 25, 1822 : died March 20, 1889. A Ger- man Protestant theologian, professor at Got- tingen from 1864. He wrote "Die cliristliche Lehre von derEechtfertigungund derVersohnung' ("The chris- tian Doctrine of .lustitication and Expiation," 1870-74), etc. Ritschl, Friedrich Wilhelm. Bom at Gross- vargida. Thuringia, April 6, 1806: died at Leip- sie, Nov. 9, 1876. .\ noted German classical philologist. He became professor at Breslau in 1834, at Bonn in 1839, and at Leipsic in 1865. He is best known from his works on Plautus (including an edition 1S4S-64). He edited "Priscie latinitatis monumenta epigraphica" (1862 : facsimiles of Latin inscriptions). His lesser philo- logical writings were published 1867-79. Ritson(rit'son), Joseph. Bom at Stockton. Eng- land, Oct. 2;'17.53: died 1803. An English anti- quarv. Among his works, are "Ancient Songs" (1790), " Scottish Songs " (1 794), " Robin Hood ' (1795 : a collection of ballads). Rittenhouse (rit'n-hous). David. Born near Philadelphia. April 8, 1732: died at Philadel- phia, June 26, 1796. An American astronomer. He worked on his father's farm until about the age of 19, when he established himself as a clock-maker at Norriton. He also made mathematical instruments, and in 1770 com- pleted an orrerj' on an improved model devised by himself. He was elected a member of the Americm Philosophical Society in 1768, and in 1769 made an observation of the transit of Venus. He was treasurer of Pennsylvania 1777- 17S9; was professor of astronomy in the University of Pennsylvania 1770-S2 : and was director of the Fnited States mint at Philadelphia 1792-9.'.. He was elected an honorary fellow of the Koyal Society of London in 179.% and was president of the American Philosophical Society from 1790 until his death, Ritter(rit'ter), Frederic Louis. Bom atStras- burg. 1834: died at Antweiii, July 6, 1891. An American composer, conductor, and musical writer. His family were Spanish : their name was Cabal- lero, which he translated. He came to America in 1856 and went to Cincinnati, where he organized the Cecilia and Philharmonic societies. In 1861 he became conductor of the Arion and Sacred Harmonic societies. New York, and was director of music at Vassar College 1867-91. He pub- lished ".\ History of Music "(1870-74)," Music in England" (1883),"Musicin America "(1S83)," Manual of Musical His- tory, etc." (1886), etc. His vriie. Fanny Raymond Ritter. has written "Woman as a Musician "(187T),"Some Famous Songs" (1878), "Songs and Ballads " (1887), and has trans- lated Lobe's "Catechism of Music," Ehlert's "Letters on Music," Schumann's " Music and Musicians," etc. Ritter, Heinrich. Bom at Zerbst, Germany, Nov. 21. 1791: died at Gottingen, Feb. 3, 1869. A German philosopher, professor at Gottingen from 1837. His chief work is "Geschichte dor Philosophie " ("History of Philosophy," 1829- 1855). Ritter, Karl. Born at Quedlinburg, Pmssia, Aug. 7. 1779: died at Berlin, Sept. 28, 1859. A celebrated German geographer, professor at Berlin from 1820. His chief work is " Die Erdkunde im Verhaltniss zur Natur und Geschichte des Menschen" ("Geography in Relation to Nature and to the Historj- of Man," 1817-18 : incomplete : revised ed. treating of Africa and Asia). Among his other works arc "Europa" (1804-07), lectures on universal and European gengrai)hy, etc, Rittershaus (rit'ters-hons), Friedrich Emil. Born at Barmen, Prnssia. April 3. 1834 : died there. March 8, 1897. A (German lyric poet. Ritusanhara (r-to-san-ha'ra). [' The Collection or Circle of the Seasons.']' A Sanskrit poem by Kalidasa on the six Indian seasons : the hot season, the rains, autumn, the cold season, the Rivera, Jose Fruotuoso dewy season, the spring. "Kalidaja's fine feeling for nature and its beauty, his rich gift of obser^'ation, which even the little and the least do not escape, his synmietri. cally beautiful, now dejicate, now strong, even glowing coloring, that we know also from his dramas, show them- selves clearly and to great advantage in this poera." (Von Schrnder, Indiens Literatur und Cnltur.) Eldited by Sir William Jones, and printed in Bengali characters at Cal- cutta in 179'2. it was the first took ever printid in San- skrit. It was again edited with a Latin and a metrical German translation by P. von Bohlen at Leipsic in 1840. Riva (re'va), in G. also Reif (rif). A town in Tyrol, situated at the northern end of the Lago di Garda, 17 miles southwest of Trent : a tourist resort. Population (1890). commune, 6,480. Riva-Agiiero (re'va-a-go-a'ro), Jose. Bom at Lima. May 3, 1783: died there, Jlay 21. 18.58. A Peruvian politician. He was one of the leaders oJ the early movements for independence, and was twice im- prisoned ; joined San Martin's army in 1821; w.as governor j of the department of Lima : and on Fel). 2S, 18'23, was electetl j first president of Pern with the rank of grand marshal. Owing to the machinations of Bolivar and Sucre he was deposed June 19, 1823. He attempted to reestablish his government at Trujillo, but was arrested on Nov. 25,, and condemned to be shot. Admiral Guise insisted on his re- lease, and he was allowed to leave the country. He returned in 1831, but owing to his support of Santa Cruz was again banished (1839-4 7"). Rivada'vla(re-va-da-ve'a). Bernardino. Born at Buenos Ayres. 1780: died at Cadiz. Spain, Sept. 2, 1845. An Argentine statesman. He was minister of war and for a time minister of state and of the the treasur>' (lSll-12): was minister of state under Ro^ drignez ; was governor of Buenos .\yres 1820-'23 ; and became president of the Argentine Confederation Feb. 8, 1826, but resigned June 27. 1827, to prevent a ci\'il war. In all these otBces he conferred great benefits on the country by his enlightened and far-seeing measures. As president he initiated the plan by which Uruguay became independent in 18'28. In the interims he held important diplomatic positions in Europe. H4s later years were spent in exile. Rivadavia stands in America second alone to W.ash- ington as the representative statesman of a free people, ifiVre, Historia de San Martin. Rival Fools, The. An alteration of Fletcher's "Wit at Several Weapons." produced in 1709 by Colley Cibber. Rival Ladies, The. A tragicomedy by Di'yden, produced in 1664. Rival Queens, The, or the Death of Alexan- der the Great. A tragedy by Nathaniel Lee, played in 1677. Tliis is Lee's best-known play. Some of the scenes seem to have been suggested by La Cal- prenede's novel "Cassandre"; and it has always been a favorite with actresses. Cibber produced a " comical tragedy " called " "The Riv.il Queans, with the Humours of Alexander the Great," in 1710. printed in 1729. Rivals, The. 1. -in alteration of "The Two No- ble Kinsmen." attributed to Davenant. played in 1664. printed in 1668.— 2. A comedy by Sheri- dan, produced in 1775. This is considered a bet- ter play than "The School for Scandal," though less celebrated. Riva Palacio (re'va pii-la'the-6). Vicente. Bom at Mexico. Nov. 4. 1803: died there. Feb. '20, 1880. A Mexican general. He was one of the most diyinguished leaders under Juarez: opposed Lerdo, and was banished by him in 1875 : and was minister of the in- terior under Diaz. He was a well-known journalist, novel- ist. and jioet, andpulilished " Historia de In administracion de D Sebastian Lerdo de Tejada " (1876 : the first part only written by Riva Palacio). Rivarol (re-va-rol'). Antoine, called Comte de. Born at Baguols. Lanffuedoc. June 26, 1753: flied at Berlin. April 13. 1801. A French writer, noted as an epigrammatist. He emigrated as a roy- alist in 1792. His works include ' Petit Almanach de no« grands hommes i>our 1788," a translation of Dante's "In- ferno," etc. Rivas(re'vas). A town of- Nicaragua, between Lake Nicaragua and the Pacific, about 4 miles from the former. It was an ancient village of the Nicaraos. Population, about 12.000. Rivas, Duke of. See Saavedra, Angel de. Rivas (re'viis). Patricio. Born 1798: died 1867. A Nicaraguan politician. He was made president l)v ilie conservative faction Oct, 3o, ls55. -A.t first he up- held Walker, and made him commander-in-chief of the arm.v, hut deposed him in June, 1856. Walker thereupon had iiimself illegallv elected presiiient, and declared Rivas deposed. Tlie latt'er joined with the otlier Central Amer ican g.iverniuents in driving Walker from the country in 18'>7. liivas resigned his power e.arly in 1857. Rive-de-G-ier (rev'de-zhe-a')- A town in the department of Loire. France, situated on the Gier 19 miles southwest of Lyons. It is a coal- mining center, and has manufactures of coke, glass, iron, etc. Population (1891). commune, l.-l,134. Rivera (re-va'ra). Jose Fructuoso. Born in Pavsaudu about 1790: died at t'eno Largo, Jan, 13,"l854. AnUraguayan general and politician. He was a leader of the Gaucho cavalry ; was engaged in various civil wars (1811-27) : and was president of I ruguay Oct. 24, 1830. -Oct. 24, 1S34. Succeeded by Oribe, he r^ volted against him in July, 1836. Oribe was at length forced to resio^n, and Rivera was again president Oct., 183S,-Oct, 1842. "In 1842 Oribe, aided by Rosas, began the nine years' siege of Montevideo, in which Rivera directed the defeuse, acting, during most of the time, with his cavalry Riveta, Jos6 Fructuoso 859 in tlif interior, until he was defeated by Urquiza in the of Verona, Italy. 13 miles northwest of VeroiKi. Imttleof Inilia Miieita (March islSJo). In lM:(he aided f|,.,.p j,,,, J4 j7c)7 ,|„. Freneh unJef Boua- i„ the rtvolt au-ainst Oribe, and alter his overthrow was ,i,,|eatea tlie Austrians. under Alviuczy. Bivera, Manuel. A Mexican historian. Hi, Rivoh, Due de. bee Mcis^eiu, principal works are "Histnria antiKua v moderna de Jala- RlVoll, Rue de. See Jiiie rk in Robbia ware after long study and repeated experiments. At first he employed simple c'otnbinali'Hi of white Ilpures with blue draperies ami oct-asionally t.'ieen in the baekirrounds. He and his laniily afterward nniltiplied the number of colors and carried them into the llesli and drajteries of their lig- ures. The first bas reliefs of Itobbia w.'u-e are those of the Resurrection and .'Vscension in the lunettes of the doors leading into the 8.acrigty of the Duomo. The earliest memorials of the first 43 years of his life are the bas-reliefs set into the side of Giotto's Campanile 1435-40, and 2 un- finished reliefs of the imprisonment and crucifixion of .St. Peter. He made tlie well-known reliefs of singing boys for the screen of one of the organ-lofts of the catliedral 1131-10. To 1445 belong the bri.nze doors of the saci isty of the Duomo. It is dilficult to distinguish his worHs from those of Andrea and his four sens, (^iovaiuii, Luca II., Am- brogio, and Girolamo .Among the most remarkable of those which may be attributetl to Luca alone, or Luca and Andrea, are the altarpiece in tile t hurcll of the Osservanza ncar.Siena(which represents the Coronation of the \ irgin), a bas-relief over the door of tlie Church of San Pierino in RiukanfOS (rvii'kan-fosl. A cataract in the the via di Term Vecchia in Florence, the ceiling of the j.\,jiii».a,iiiuo >, ' M,...,„o,. i„ tbo Mqoi, Chapel of .San Mlnnlto, some of the medallions on the province of Bratsberg, Norway, in the Maan- outside of Or San Micbele, a Virgin and child, an Annun- Elf .SO miles west of Chnstiania: one of the elation in the cloister of the Innocenti Hospital in Flor- fiiiest ill Europe. Height, about 800 feet. ence. a Madonna with two saints in the Via della Scala, a PnQTi ■RarV>aTTr Tlie fnvointe horse of Kinff Coronationof the Virgin, an adoring Madonna formerly at Koan iJarOary. lue I.nonre norse 01 j^Lufe Pisa, and a fountain in the sacristy of .Santa Maria Novell-a. =,-7 — "/ - -, -: ^ ^ 1 • i> j./-> • ivHMiaril 11. ... ,r.^ , ,, Alter lastiiig iicariy a cciitury, the scliool of Delia Robbia Riveros (re-va'ros), Galvanno. Bom at Qum- jjoan(n")n) Mountain. A mountamm Mitchell ,ii^.,i „„t. ehao. Chilo6, 1830. A (;hilean naval officer. In Couutv. in tlie western part of North Carolina, Robbins (rob'inz), Ashur. ■ Born at Wethers- conjunction with Latorre he captured the Huascar, the jj Tennessee border. Height, about 0,300 field Conn., Oct. 26, 1757: died at Newport, K. I., last imiiortant Peruvian war-vessel, otf Point Angamos " u or, ictu; a., iT.,o,.i„„., ...Uitioin,. \\'I,i- lan politician. He became president July 22. 183S: was deposed Jan. 30. 1839, but restored April 13, I83!i, and held the post until Dec. 13, 1841. He was again president May 14. 1842. to Dec. 8. 1^4, when he resigned. During his administration he had constant difticulties with Carrera Bivero(re-v:i'r6), Mariano Eduardo de. Borii at Arequipa about 179.'): died al Paris, Nov. (i, 1857. A Peruvian naturalist. He received an elab- orate education in Kurope ; conducted a scientific e.\ploni- 1Ion in N'enezuela 1823-26; and on his return to Peru at the end of the latter year was made director-genera! of n)iiaes. Later he was director of the national museum, and founded and edited a scientific journal, the " .Memo- rial de ciencias natnrales." He was a member of Congress in 1832, governor of .lunin in 1845 and of Tacna in 1840, and consul-general to Helgium in 1851. His works include 'Antiguidades peruaiias" (with Tscbiuli, 1851), "Colec- cioii de memorias cientlficas" (1857), etc. River of Swans, The. The Potomac. of Marv Queen of Scots. He was a native of Pied- mont, am' in 1.5(31 accompanied the Piedmontese ambas- sador to Scotland as his secretary. He entered the Scot- tish queen's service as a musician in 1.5114. and afterward became her French secretary and confidential adviser. He promoted tlie marriage of Jlai-y with Darnley. The latter, however, faibd tosupplant him in Mary's confidence, and suspected liim ot being the cause of her refusal to share the government with him. He consequently organized a conspiracy of the Protestant lords against him, at the head of wh.uu he burst into Holyrood Palace, wounded Itizzio in the (lueen's presence, and despatched him outside the cli;iiiil>er. in the directed during the rest of the war. His operations in- cluded the bomliardment of Callao (May 26, 1880) and Arica(,Inne 5, IS80). River Plate Republics. See Platine States. Riversitie Park. A narrow park running from 7'Jd stri'Ot to 130th street, New York, border- ing Hudson Kiver. It contains narrow lawns and the Riverside Drive, which runs through it to 12Sth street, and Grant's tomb. Its average width is about 500 feet. Rives (revz), William Cabell. Born in Nelson County, Va., M.ay 4, 1703: died near Charlottes- ville, Va., April 20, 1868. An American iioliti- cian. He was Democratic member of Congress from Vir- ginia 18'23-'29 ; United States minister to France 182n-32 ; United States senator from Virginia 183;)-34 and 1836-15; minister to France 1843-53 ; delegate to the PeaceCongress in 1.S61 ; and member of the Confederate Congress. He iniblished '■ Life and Times of James Madison " (1859-69), etc. Rivesaltes (rev-zalf). A town in the depart- ment of Pyren^es-Orientales, France, situated on the Aglv 6 miles north of Pernignan. It is noted for its iine Muscat wines. Population (1S91), com. niune, 6,010. Siviera (re-ve-a [It., 'coast.'] Th separates the Maritim from the Mediterranean, between Nice and Loire, France, situated on the Loire 42 miles 1839. northwest of Lyons: the Roman Rodumna. It Robbins, Royal. Bom at Wethersfield, Conn., has varied manufactures and considerable trade. The ,^,.f oj 17H8 : died-at Berlin, Conn., March 26, Si";,^ i"^^t It^ul^nt'and ialer'^i'if^man sTaUon.' 1««1- A" American Congregational clergyman Pcnnlation (1891), commune. 31,380. and author. He wrote a " History of American Litera. A river in Virginia and tiire^^ O'f 7). " """""•« "' '^■"^''••»' ^■"' »'"''<^'-» " '^""^ ' ■ "~ heriJ.Uiihard, eri, It. Jio- Roanoke (ro-a-nok'). North Carolina, formed by the iinion of the Dan g^g^jg^t , ,'„l,'ert) I. [ME. Itobert, Robei and Staunton at ClarkviUe, \ irgumi. it flows ,,p /,■,,/„■/•/, liobart, F. Hohcrt, liitin ;_*.. 4 II.... ....-I.. c.m.r TiULrfl, If,..1iiH,i,rr t.hA Srnniiton _ . ' - ,— .... '-. into Albemarle Sound. Length, including the Stauuton, ahi.ut 4.',0 miles; navigable to Weldon. Roanoke. -^ manufacturing city of Roanoke Couutv, Virginia. Population (1900), 21.495. Roanoke Island. An island on the eastern coast of North Carolina, between Albemarle Sound on the north and Pamlico Sound on the licrto, liiiliertd, I!^ujHrli>, Sp. liobcrto. Ruperta, Pg. Roberto, from OLG. RoMrrilit, OHG. Hnindlicrt, etc., G. Rupert, Riiribcrt, Riipm-lit (also Roliert, from P.), lit. 'fame-bright,' illustrious.] Killed at Soissons. France. 923. King of France, son of Robert the Strong : chosen king in opposition to Charh>s the Simple in 922. south. Unsuccessful attempts to colonize It were made _ ,. „ (oninotiinps cilled Robert T 1 siiv- by Sir Walter Raleigh in 1685 and 1587. A victory was JiObert 11 (soiiietiine.s laliea KODert 1.). sui gained here by the Federals under Burnsideover the Con- nanied '"Ihe Pions." Born at (IrK-ans. trance, federates, Feb. s, 1862, resulting in the capture of th^ Con- !)7l: ciieil at Melon, France, 1031. King of fedenite garrison. Length, about 10 miles. France, son of Hugh Capet whom he succeeded Roaring Forties, The. The notably rough part |„ gyo. During his reign the kingdom suffered from of the North Atlantic crossed on the passage an insurrection of tlu- serfs and from famine. Indian oceans. Eiviera. That part of the valley of the Ticino. .„,t^.,. ^ canton of Ticino, Switzerland, which extends Rpatan. See Rnntini. from Biasea to Bellinzona. Robber Council or Synod. See Ephesus, Coun- Bivifere fre-vySr'), Briton. Bom at London, , ,7 ,,/ (449 .\. D.). Aug. 14, 1840. An Englisli painter, son and )iii- Robber Indians. See Itamioeh. Romances. In German literature, a iiuaiM-es prevalent at the end of tlie extraction. He began to exhibit in ln:,S at the Royal iKfli mnl tlie bcginuiiur nf the 19th century. Academy. Among his works are "Ihe Poacher's .\ui-»e'[ RgbberS The f'tvi' t!i"ilii r, Hir. (1866), "Circe, etc." (1871), "Daniel In the Den of Lions -p , , • /!.„i,M,r, :;', AnHrpn dplla. Born in 143 (18723; "Sympathy" (lb78) "Rizpah," "The Exile" (1886), KODbianoO IK -,i ), AnQreaaeua. porninif.i Aug. 1-*, 10-10. /Ill ai,iij4ii:-ii t,.iiinv-i, nw., ,v,i.. ,,.. J^oooer Xlit pil of a drawing-master at ('Inlteuham Culleg.' Robber Ro and afterward at Oxford, of French Hiigueuol ,.|,i^s of m etc. Ri'vifere, Henri Laurent. Bom July 12, 1827: killed by tie- Black Flags before Hanoi, Tong- king. May 19. 1SS3. A Froncli naval iilhceraud writer, commander of an expedition into Tong- king 1882-8:1. Eivi6res du Sud(re-vyar' dii slid). A French dependency in western Africa, situated along the coast about lat. 9°-ll° N. Its capital is Conakry. Population of the coast region (the coloiiv proper), about 47.0(10. Rivington friv'ing-lou), James. Bom at Lou- don iiboiit 1724: died at Now York. .Tuly. 180'.'. An .\iiioriraii bookseller and |)rinter. He emi- grated to America in I'm. and in 1761 established himself as a bookseller at New York. In 1773 hefoiiiidid a royal- ist newsiiiiper, ' The New Vork (bizetteer," wlileb was dis- continued in 1775 on the destnictbm of his press liy a party of American soldiers. Ill 1777 he establlslied " Itlv- ington's New York Loyal Oa7.etto,"»lioge title wascbanged to •■ The Riival (iazette" in the same year. After the evac- uation of New Vork by the Ibitisb, ho renamed bis pajier "RIvlngton's New Vork fJazcttc and Universal Advertiser." It was discontinued In 178:i. iRivoli (re'v6-le). 1. A town in the province of Turin, Italv. 9 miles west of Turin. Popula- tion (If'*^!), 0,314.— 2. Avillage in the province died aliout ].'i2H. Tlie neiihew of Luca de Robbia, noted for his work in leiTa-cotIa, the secret of which he inherited. He, "iih Ids son Luca, spent eleven years upon the frieze of the Ceppo hospital at Plstola. He also executed the decorations of the Loggia di .San Paolci at I'loreiice, the mediilllons of Ihe fapade of the Ilosidtal of the Innocents, the decoration of Or San MIchele, and a long series of bas-reliefs executed for the churches of Arezzo. Pralo, PIstola, Siena, etc. He very rarely worked In marble: n marble I'ictti is hi the Church of .Santa Maria delle OrazIo, near Ari-im. Robbia, Giovanni della. Born about UiiO: died abdul l.')'-'9. S.iii cd' .\ndrea della Robbia, noted as a worker in lerr.'i-cotla. Robbia, Girolamo della. l>ied about MOO. Sou ot Andrea della Robbia. iiiited as a worker in terra-ciitta and asan architect. None of the sonsof Andrea delbi liuldda did so much In apiilylug llobbia ware to arclilteitund |ini |ieses as iJindanio, Ills fourth son, who was arcliili'ct, seul|ilor, and painter, and bad already ob. tallied notice for Ills works ill bronzi- and marble when he was taken ttp Fniii«e by some Florentine merchants, and there found emplovmcnt during the remaining 45 years of his life under fourkingsof the house of Valois. (in bis arrival he was . niployedby Fi-anclsl. to build Ihe Chftteail dc Madrid in the liois de llonlogne, wlilcli be decorated throughout with Kobbia ware This palace was leveled In the liividiitlon, and Its beautiful lerra-coltaa were used to mend roads. of the country. He was known before his accession as Earl of Carrick. " He sided variously with the Scottish and Lnglish parties previous to l;iiM, when he united with Lanibertoii against Hdwaiil I. of F.ngland, who claimed the suzerainty of Scotland. He murdered the rival claimant Comyii at Dumfries in l:ioO, nml wiis crowned king at Scone ill March of that year. He was defeated and es. caped to Ireland (I.'iOd). but continued the war against Eiiward II., whom he t^ilally defeated at Baniiockbilrii In 1314. He snppcuted his brother Edward in 1317 In his atteni))t on Ireland; eoiii|Ueied Berwick in 1318; and In- vaded England several times. His title was recognileU by England In the treaty of Xorthainpton in 1.3'28. Robert II., " The steward." Born about 1316 : died 1390. King of Scotland, grandson of Robert Bruce, and lirst of the Stuart dynasty. He was regent under David II., his uncle, whom he suceeeilcd in 1370 or 1371. Robert III. Died 140G. Kingof Scotland, son of Robert II. whom he succeeded in 1390. He was at war with England In the latter part of his reign. The government was chletly administered by his brother, the F.ari of Fife (Duke of AlbanyX and by the carl's son, the Earl of Ciurlck (Duke of Kothesa.v). Robert I., surnamed "The Devil.'' Qied at NicH'a. .Iiily 22. lO:!.'). Dtike'of Normamly 1028- lO^.'i, younger son of K'idiard the (iooil. He siin- IKJrted'thc English athellngs against Caiiut.-. He made a pilgrimage tiike of Niuinaiidy. eldest son of Wil- liam the ( 'oni|iieror. He was several times In rebel, lion against his father; succeeded lllln In the iliichy ill 10K7- wasat warwitb Wllllaiii II. ; mortgage, I Normandy to him- lo,.k part in the Hist Crnsiide IrtHWli; Invaded England In llol ; and was defeated and taken prisoner by Ills brother Henry I. at Tliicbebnil, 11IH1 Robert, Karl of (iloncesler. Died about 114(. .\n illegitiiiiale son of.IIenry I., and an ndhcr enl el' Matilda against Sleplien. Robert le Diable (ro-bar' le.iyii'bl). [F.,' Rob- ert the Devil.'] An opera by Meyerbeer.- Robert le Diable libretto by Scribe, produced at Paris in 1831. See liiihci'i I., surnamed " The Devil." Robert of Anjou, surnamed "The Wise." Born about 1275 : died 1343. King of Naples, son of Charles 11. whom he succeeded in 1309. He unsuccessfully attempted to conquer Sicily. Robert of Brunne. See Manning, Itobcrt. Robert of Gloucester. Lived in the second half of the 13th centiu'y. An English monk. the reputed author of a rimed '"Chronicle of Eudish History" (ed. by Heame 1724). Robert of JumiSges. ANorman i>relate,bishop of London, and archbishop of Canterburv 10.51-52. Robert of Paris, Count. See Count Itolwrt of I'dih. Robert (ro'bert), Ernst Friedrich Ludwig. Born at Berlin, Dee. IG, 1778: died at Baden- Baden, July 5, 1832. A German di'amatist and poet. Robert (ro-bar'), Hubert. Bom at Paris, 1733: died there, April 15, 1808. A French painter, noted for his architectural paintings. Robert, Louis Leopold. Born at La-Chaux-de- Fonds, Switzerland, May 13, 1794: committed suicide at Venice, March 20, 1835. A Swiss painter, noted' for scenes from Italian life. Among his works are the " Neapolitan Improvisator," "Fisliers of tlic Adriatic," "Reapers," etc. Robert Elsmere (rob'ert elz'mer). A novel by Mrs. llumpln-y Ward, published in 1888. Robert Guiscard (ges-kar'). Born about 1015: died in Cephalonia, July 17, 1085. Duke of Apulia and Calabria, son of Tancred de Haute- ville. He succeeded his brother Humphrey as leader of the Normans in Apulia in 1057 : and in 1059 received the papal confirmation of the title of duke of Apulia and Calabria which he had previously assumed. In conjunc- tion with his brother Roger, he conquered part of Sicily from the Saracens, capturing Palermo in 107'2, and Salerno about 1077. He defeated Alexius Comnenus at Durazzo in lOSl, and in 1084 captured Rome and delivered Pope (;re"ether- laiiiLs. His woiks weit; edited by Aslit^'ti in 1851. Eobinson, Si r John Beverley or Beverly. Boru ill Lc>\vi-r('aii;iila, .July lMi,l/lil: ilii-d at Toronto, .1:111. .1(1. 1>>(!3. A CamiiUaii jurist and politiciau. Robinson, John Cleveland. Born at Bingliam- toii. N. Y., April 10, 1817: died there, Feb. 18, 1S97. Au American t;eiioral. He served in the Mex- hnu war, and was cuniini^sioned brigadier-^'enei-al of vr.Iunteers in 1862. He euninianded a division at Fred- triiUsbiir*..', Clia.tcellorsville, and Gettysimr;;, and in tlie liattles of tlie Wilderness and at Spnttsylvania Court House. He was retired with tlie rank of 'inajor-Keiii-ral ill 18tJ!>. He was lientenant-^oventor of >'ew York l&73-7">. Robinson, John Thomas Romney. Born at Diildiii, .Vpril L':;. 17;)L': di.'.l F.di. LN, 1,'JIS2. A IJrilish asti-oncimor, the inventor of the cup- rinenionietcr. He was a fellow of Trinity College. Dub- lin. Tn 1>2:1 lie beeame astronomer at the ArmaRh 01>- .servutury. Hi- was the author of the ".Armagh Catalogue of .-il,ars"(l'-.=i:i). Robinson, Mary. Born at Leamiugtou, Feb. •J", isr)7. An EuKlLsh poet, in 18&S she married \I. Iiarmesteter. the Frcneh Orientalist. She has written •A Handful of Hoiieysiickle3"(137S), " The Crowned Hip- poly tus'(ltiv i|, a translation of F,uripides( 1881), "The End of the llid.lle Age5"(lS8t): a historical work), etc. Robinson, ilis. (Mary Darby), known as Per- dita. Born at Bristol, Knslaiid, Nov. 27, 17.'i8: .lied Dee. Hi, 1800. An English actress, uovcl- ist, anil ))Oet. She went on the st:>«e, for which .she Irui previously been prepared by Carrick, on account of thelossof her hushand's projierty. and in her third season \.'a8 cast for Perdita, and attracted the notice of the Prince ..f Wales ((ieorge IV.). She left the stage for liini. but lie soon cast her otf. Her profession being closed to her, she wrote poems and novels under the pen-name of Per- dita. .she afterward lived for nearly 10 yeai-s with Colonel larlcton. Robinson, Richard. An actor of Ben Jensen's lime, celi'brated as an impersonator of female rliaraetcrs. He was known as Dick Robinson. Tlie actor who was slain at the siege of Basing House by lla- i'li Harrison was William Rut'inson. Robinson, Mis. (Therese Albertine Luise von Jakob): jiseudonyni Talvj. Boru at Hallo, Prussia, .Tan. 26, 17;)7: died at Hambin-LC, April Ki, 1870. A German writer, wife of Edward IJoliinsoii and dauKhtor of L. H. von Jakob, -hcpublislied translations of Servian folk-songs (]S2ri-26), " Historical View of the Languages and Literature of the Slavic .Nations " (ISoo), tales, etc. Robinson, William Erigena. Born near Cooks- lown, Ireland, May 6, 1814: died at Brooklyn, N'. Y., Jan. 23, 1892. An American journalist and politician. He was a Demcicratic member of Con- gress from New Vork 1807-^1:1 and issi-s.-^. He freijuently wrote under the signature of "Ricliclieii." Robinson Crusoe (rob'in-son krii'so). Tlio hero rif a famotis storv of that name by Defoe, pub- lished in 1719. See NelLirl:. Rob Roy (rob roi) (Robert McGregor or Camp- bell). ['RedKob.'] Bom in Buchanan jiarish, bi71: died at Balquhidder, Dec. 28, 1734, A Scottish outlaw. He was the younger son of Doilkld .McUregor, a li^ltcnant-colonel in the army of .lames II. He got his name Koy from his red hair, and adopted Camp- hell as his surname. .After the accession of William III. he obtaincil .1 commission from James IL, and in 1001 made a descent on Stirlingshire. In 1712 he was evicted and outlawed "ii a charge of embezzlement. He beeame a Higlllainl free! ter, and was inclinled in the Act of At- tainder. I Oder the protection of the Duke of Argyll, he cfuitiniied to levy Idackmail oil the Scottish gentry. He is the subject of a novel by Sir Walter Scott (published in 1818). of an opera by Flotnw (1832), and of several plays. Robsart (rob'siirti. Amy. -V eliaracter in Sir Wiilter Scott's novel ■'Kenihvorth." She Is the iiiciekiiowledged wife of the Earl of Leicester, anil, escap- ing from her place of concealment, fnllow^ liim to Kenil- wortii. only to be disowned and sent back to die at the hand of Richard Varnev. See Diulliii, U./lirrt. Robson (riiii'son), Frederick (real name Fred- erick Robson Brownhill). Born at Mai-^ate, England. 1H21: died Aug. 12, 18(i4. An lOng- lisll actor. In IS.VI he made his debut at the Olympic ill Wych street, Lonilon. He was a suci-casflll comedian. Robson, Stuart. Born al Annapolis, JId., .March I, isaii: ilird at New York, Ajiril 29, )9(0. An American comedian. He was a page in the Senate at ^Vashiinit'in, and went on the stage at Haltiinnre in 18.^2. Ill IM.*,.-, be played at Washington, and In Isii-J liccame a iiieiniier 111 Laura Keeiii^ s company al New Vork. From IM77 to I.HK'.i he ac ted in liarlnership with W. II, Crane, Robusti. See Ti/itnrrtfo. Roc (loli). The, In the "Arabian Nights," a gigantic bird which carries Sindbad the Sailor ' lilt of I lie \';illey of Diamonds. Such a blrdaiipcars ■ilso in other stfiries in the "Enti-rtalninents." A roc's egg has become the syiiibid of something unattulnahle. B,oca (rc")'kii). Cape, I'g. Cabo da Roca(kii'- lii.i dil nVkii). A headlaiiil in I'urlugal, west by iiorlh of Eisbon. it is the westernmost cape of Iho intineni of Europe. Lat. of lighthouse, 38" 47' N„ long. Roca, Julio A. Boru ut Tueuman, Julv, 1843. 8(51 An Argentine general and politiciau. He was minister of war under .\vellaneda 187t-8i), airfin this ca- pacity led, in lb7!t, a military expedition into Patagonia which did much to open up that region to settlement. Fn.m I let. 12, 1880. to Oct. 12, Igstj, he was president of the republic. He was again chosen president in ls98. Roca (ro'kii), Vicente Ramon. Born at Guaya- •Itiil about 1790: died there, 18.j0 An Ecua- dorian politician. He wasscnator, one of the leaders of the revolution of 184.',, a member of the provisional gov* crumcnt fonnedthat year, and president 1815-19. During this period there wei-o several revolts by the partizansof Flores. Rocafuerte (ro-ka-fii-ar'tii), Vicente. Boni at :iuaya(piil, .May 3, 1783: died at Lima, Peru, May l(i, 1847. An Ecuadorian statesman. He traveled extensively in Europe and North .\merica, and was deputy from liuayaqilil to the Spanish lories (1812- 18W), where he opposed the government of Fcinando VII. From 1824 to Isao he was envoy of Jlcxico to the court of St James's. He returned to Ecuador in lS.'a ; was elected to Congress, and Ihu same year led a revolution .against Florea ; and was defeated and captured in lis^ii. Flores par- doned him and made him commander of the army, in which position he did efticient service. From ISSr, to 18;i9 he was president of Ecuador, and his term was the most prosperous the country has ever known. Subsequently he held various imjiortant civil and diplomatic positions. Rocafuerte is regarded as thegrealest of i;euailorian st.ates- men. He published various works on political subjects. Rocamadour (ro-kil-ma-dor'). A village in the department of Lot, France, situated 23 miles north-northeast of Cahors. it has a noted church and chapels, and is one of the most celebrated places of pilgrimage in France. Rocas (ro'kiis). A reef in the Atlantic, situ- iited northeast of Cape St. Roque, in lat. 3° 52' S., long. 33° 49' W. Being almost entirely cov- ered during high tides, it is veiy dangerous to ships. Rocca, or Roca, Inca. See Jiwci Rocca. Roccasecca (rok-kii-sek'kii). [It.,' dry castle.'] A small town in the )>roviiice of Caserta, Italy, .')9 miles northwest of Naples. Roch (rok), or Rochusfro'kus), Saint. Born at .Miiiit|iellii,r, France, about 129.'): died at Mont- jiellier, 1327, A French Franciscan, noted for his ministrations to the plague-.stricken. He was canonized, and his feast is celebrated in the Roman Church -Vug. Hi. Ill England St. lUich's day was celebrated as a harvest-home. Rochambeau, Comte de. See Vimeure, Jean lidlilisir DiilKllii II dr. Rochambeau, Vicomte de. See Vimeure, Do- iiitlitii Miiriii Joseph de. Rocha Pitta (rosh'ii pet'ta), Sebastiao da. Born at Baliia, May 3, 1660 : died near the same jilaco, Nov. 2, 1738. A Brazilian historian. Ho spent many years in collecting material for his "Historia da America Portngueza" (17:jii, and subseiiuent editions). It was the lirst general history of Brazil, bringing the ac- count down to 1724, and was long a staiid.ard. Rochdale (roch'diil). A parliamentary and municipal borough of Lancashire, England, slt- utiled on the Koch 11 miles north-northeast of Manchester. It has manufactures of flannels, woolens, cotton, iron, and machinery ; and is the seat of a success- ful working-men's cooperative association. It was founded in 1814. John Bright liad his residence there. Population (r.llU). s3,112. Rochefort(rosli-for'). A seaport In the depart- ment of Charente-Inf(5rieiire, France, situated on the Charente, 9 miles from its mouth, in lat. 4:1° 57' N., long. 0° 58' AV. It has an immense marine iu"seiial, with a hospital and other government estaiilish- mentg, and a naval harbor. Its commerce is impnrtant. The principal Industry is ship. building. It was selected by Colbert as an important naval station in liWO. The lirltish fleet defeated the French near It in 180(t. Napo- leon was taken prisoner in the neighlwirhood by the British in .luly, 181.^1 There was a convict establishment here until l»fi2. Population (ISIM), ;):i,a.t4. Rochefort, Henri (Victor Henri, Comte de Rochefort-LugayK Born atl'aris. Jan. 30. 1,830. jV Frencli journalist, radical politician, and playwrighl . He rontiibuled to the "Figaro." etc.; at- tacked the empire in his journal "La Lanterne" lS(i8; Ileil to Belgium in 18(W ; was elected to the Corns L(>gishttif In 1809; founded the "Maiselllai8c"(lS(!!)), in which he cmi- tlnued his attack on Napoleon; was lni]irisoned in 1870; became a member of the government of national defense In 1870; and was a member of the National Assembly in 1871. He sympathized with the Conunune (Ift71); was arrested in ilay, ls71 ; was banished to New Caledonia in 187;i ; escajied to I'.ngland in 1K74 ; and was amnestied In 1880. He fMUndi'd in Paris the " Intnnisigeant " In IHsu. He was a bitter opjionent of (lambetia and the Opportu- nists, iiiid was a siipp'irtcr of Boulanger. Rochefoucauld, La. See l.n Rui-hrfoucauhl. Rpchefoucauld-Liancourt, La. See La lioclic- finlrnilld-l.iinirniirt. Rochejacquelein, La. See La liochejacqttelein, Rochelle, La, See /../ UiwhrVe. Roches ' I'lisli 1, Col des. .\ imss in the Jura, on the borilers of i'rani'i' iiiid I he canton of Neu- chalehSwitzerhind, II miles west -north west of Nellchlllel. Rochester (roch'es-ti^r). I ME. Itofliesler, A8, Rock Island Hrofecraster, Brofeseenster, translated by ML. Hrofi or Hrobi ciritas, city of Hrof (a "man's name).] A city and seaport in Kent, England, situated on the Modway, adjoining Chatham and St rood, 26 miles east-southeast of London : the Homtin Durobriva> or Dorobi-evuin. it has con. siderable trade. It contains a ruined Norman castle. The cathedral Isot very eai-ly foundation, but was rebuilt in tlic lath century and later. The choir is Eailv English, hand- somely arcaded, with sqinire chevet. Tlie clearstor}' of the nave is Perpendicular, with a very large west window. The ceiling is of wood. The cathedral has double truisepts, and an ugly square tower over the llrst crossing. The recessed west portal is line, and there is a remarkable crypt. The dimensions are Sili by (W feet, anil 120 across the west tran- septs. It was a British and Roman town ; was sacked by the Danes ; and was besieged by William Ilufus. Popula- tion (1891), 28,309. Rochester. [Named from Nathaniel Rochester.] A city, capital of Monroe County, New York, situated on the Genesee 7 miles from Lake On- tario,_and_on the Erie Canal, in lat. 43° 8' N., long. 77° 37' \V. it is an important railway center. It has manufactures of ready-made clothing, boots and shoes, flour, beer, tobacco, carriages, and furniture ; an important trade in coal; and many nurseries. It contains the Unl- vei-sily of l;oelieslcr(liaptisl, founded l-.'m). Baptist Theo- logical Seminary, an observatory, and chuiitalde and rc- fonnatory institutions. There are three falls of the Cenesec within the city limits. It was settled in 1812. and incor- porated as a city in 183-1. Population lltiOO), 1(;2,60«. Rochester. A city in Strafford County. New Hampshire, situatedon the Salmon and Cocheco rivers, 2S miles east bvnorth of Concord. Pop- iilalion (1900), 8,406." Rochester. A city, capital of Olmsted Countv, Minnesota, situated on the south fork of Zum- bro River, 73 miles south-southeast of St. Paul. Population (inoili, (;,,K43. Rochester, Earl of. See Wilmot. John. Rochester, Ed'ward Fairfax. The principal character In Charlotte Bronte's "Jane Eyre." He is probably responsible for most of the muscular heroes in the worhl of fiction since his time. Rochester, Nathaniel. Born in Westmoreland County, Va., Feb. 21, 17.52: died at Rochester, N. Y,, May 17, 1831. An American jiioncer and Revolutionary officer. He was one of the chief colo- nizers of the Cefiesce valley (.New Vork)nnd of the city of Rochester (which w.is named after him). Eoche-SUr-Yon, La. See Lo-Roche-sur-Ton. Rochet (ro-sha'), Louis. Born at Paris, Aug. 24, 1813: died there, Jan. 21. 1878, A Frendi seulj>tor, .Among his works are " Comte I'golino et ses enfants" (1839), "Jeune femme pleiirant " (1840), "Gull- Inunie le Conqut^rant " (1S.'»1 : at Falaise)," Napn In Peking 1KK.",-Hii; llrst iissi-tant secretary olstateof the Unite.l Slates 1h:ii'.-'.i7 ; minister to (ireece IKfT-iW; and wa. a|ipiilnted -|iccial ciooy to China In July, liiOO. Ho has willteii " I be Land of the Ijinios " (I8UI). etc. Rockingham, Marquis of. See Uninrorih, fliiirlii Hols,,, I. Rock Island trok i'hiinl). All Island in Iho Mississippi, opposite tbo city of Rock Island. Rock Island It IS the seat of a large tinited States arsenal and annpry, and was the sit'ew Mexico, rtah. Colorado, Idaho, Wyoming, and Slontana. The chief peaks are Pike's Peak, Long's Peak, Cray's Peak, Mount Harvard, Mountainof theHolyCross, Incompahgre Peak, and Blanca Peak (14,468 feet, the highest in tlie sys- tem within the United states). The heights of the princi- pal suiumits in British America are not detinitely known, and it is doubtful if any peak rises above 13,000-14,000 feet, unless it be about the Alaskan region. Mount Brown, frequently represented tobel.%000-ie.000 feet in elevation, has recently (1894) been shown to fall below 10,000 feet. Among the special features of the Rocky Mountains are the canons and geyser springs (see Yellotcstone yoticnal Park), and the singular rock formations, in the shape of pinnacles, columns, etc., which have likened them to mon- uments (Monument Park, Garden of the Gods, near Colo- rado Springs). The "parks" (North, Middle, South, San Luis, etc.) are notable features. The system contains the sources of the Saskatchewan, Missouri, Platte, Arkansas, Eio Grande, Columbia, Colorado, and other rivers. Rocourt, or Rocour (ro-kbr'), or RocoUX (ro- ko'), or Raucous (ro-ko'), or Raucourt (ro- kor'). A village in Belgium, 3 miles north-north- west of Liege. Here, Oct. 11, 1746, the French under Marshal Saxe defeated the Austrians and their allies. Rocroi, or Rocroy (ro-krwii'). A town in the department of Ardennes, France, situated near the Belgian frontier, 15 miles northwest of Mezidres. It was fortified by Vauban, and was taken by the Allies in ISlo, and by the Germans Jan. 5, 1S71. A victory was gained near it May 19, 1643, by the French under the Due d'Enghien (" the Great Cond^ ") over the Spaniards. Population (1891), commune, 2,265. Rodbertus (rod-ber'tos), Johann Karl. Born at Greifswald, Prussia, Aug. 12, 1805 : died on his estate Jagetzow, Dee. 6, 1875. A German political economist, originator of German sci- entific socialism. He was a member of the Prussian National Assembly in 1848, and of the second chamber in • 1849. He wrote "Soziale Briefe " (18S0-61), etc. Rodenberg (ro'den-bero) (originally Levy), Julius. Born at Eodenberg, Prussia, June 26, 1831. A German poet, novelist, and writer of travels. He has edited the "Deutsche Rund- schau " since 1875. Roderick, or Roderic (rod'er-ik) . [F. Sodrigue, Roderic, Sp. Bodrigo, Stii/, Pg. It. Eodrifio, Gael. Ruairidh, Eorij, Pol. Soderi/k, Kuss. Bodcrikh, Surik, ML. Rodericus, from Goth. *Hrotlia- reiks, OHG. Hruoderic, Roderick, G. Roderick, prince of fame.] The last king of the West Goths in Spain. He ascended the throne about 710 and was overthrown and probably shiin by the Sara- cens under Tarik in 711. According to legenil he violated Florindaor Cava, daughter of Count Julian t»f Ceuta, whose father avenged her dishonor by calling in the .Saracens. Roderick was overcome in a seven days' fight, and fled to the mountains, where he became a hermit. The fate of Roderick has remained a mystep* to this day, Hio horse and sandals were found on the river-bank the day after the battle, but his body was not with them. Doubtless he was drowned and w.tshed out to the great ocean. But the Spaniards would not believe this. Tliey clothed the dead king with a holy mystery whicli assuredly did not enfold him wlien alive. They made the last of the Goths into a legendary sa'/iour like King Arthur, and be- lieved that he would come again from his resting-place in some ocean isle, healed of his wound, t-ileatl the Christians once more against the infidels. In the Spanish legends, 862 Roderick spent the rest of his life in pious acts of penance, and was slowly devoured by snakes in punishment for the sins he had conuuitted, until at last his crime was washed out, "the body's pang had spared the spirit's pain," and " Don Rodrigo " was sutfered to depart to the peaceful isle whence his countrjTuen long awaited his triumphant retiim. Puole, Story of the Moors, p. 21. Roderick, the Last of the Goths. A narrative poem by Robert Southey, published in 1814. Roderick Dhu (rod'er-'ik du). A Highland chieftain, one of the principal characters in Scott's "Lady of the Lake." Roderick Random (ran'dom). A novel by Smollett, published in 1748. RoderigO (roil-e-re'go). 1. In Shakspere's "Othello," a foolish gentleman in love with Desdemona and duped by lago. — 2. In Middle- ton's play "The Spanish Gipsy," a brutal ruf- fian whose repentance and reformation form the theme of the play. Rode'Wisch (ro'de-vish). Amanufacturingtown in the kingdom of Saxony, situated on the Goltzsch 14 miles south by west of Zwickau. Population (1890), 4,630. Rodez.formerly Rhodez (ro-das')- [ML. Rtitoia, Riitkeiiis, Rutenica; from the Riitein : see the def.] The capital of the department of AvejTon, France, situated on the Aveyron in lat. 44° 21' N., long. 2° 34' E.: the ancient Sagodunum. It has considerable commerce and manufactures. The ca- thedral, founded in 1274, and carried on for two centuries, is large, and has by the north transept a tower 205 feet high. The nave is 110 feet high. The town was the capital of the Ruteni, and later of Eouergue. It was united to France under Henry IV. Population (1891), commune, 16,122. Rodgers (roj'erz), Christopher Raymond Perry. Born at Brooklyn. N. Y. , Xov. 14. 1819 : died at Washington, D." C, Jan. 8, 1892. An American admiral. He entered the United States navy as a midshipman in 1833. and served in the Seminole andMexicanw.ars, beingpromoted commander in 1861. He was fleet-captain in the Wabash of Admiral Du Pout's fleet at .the battle of Port Royal in 1861 ; commanded an expedi- tion to St. Augustine arid up St. Mary's River in 1862 ; and was fleet-captain in the New Ironsides in the attack on the defenses of Charleston April 7, 1863. He was superin- tendent of the United States Naval Academy 1874-77 and in 1881. Promoted rear-admiral 1874 : retired 1881. Rodgers, John. Born in Harford County, Md., July 11, 1771 : died at Philadelphia, Aug. 1.1838. An American naval officer. He was executive offi- cer of the Constellation at the capture of the French frigate L'Insurgente in 1739, and in 18(t.'' succeeded Com- modore Barioit in e.mnnand of the American squadron opemtingagains',.Tripolis, Hecommandetl the President in the action against the Little Belt in 1811, and took part in the defense of Baltimore in 1814. Rodgers, John. Born in Maryland, Aug. 8. 1812 : died at Washington, D. C, May 5, 1882. _An American admiral, son of John Rodgers (1771- 1838). He served agains the Seminoles; was 'distin- guished in the Civil W'ar, capturing tlie Confederate iron- clad Atlanta in 1863 ; and commanded the Korean expedi- tion in 1871, He was superintendent of tlie United .States Naval Observatorj- at Washington 1877-82. Rodiger (re'dig-er), Emil. Born at Sanger- hausen, Thuringia, Oct. 13. 1801 : died at Berlin, Jime 15, 1874. AGerman Orientalist, professor at Berlin from 1860. Rodilardus (ro-di-lar'dus). [From L. rndere ?arrf«»i, to gnaw lard.] An immense cat, in Rabe- lais's "Pantagruel," which attacks Panurge. Rodin (ro-dan' ), Auguste. Born at Paris. Nov. , 1840. A French sculptor. At the age of fourteen he entered La Petite l^cole, and later the school of the Gobelins and Bar>-e's classes at the .Tardin desPlantes. He executed the famous bust called "The Broken Nose" in 1862-63, Rodin worked as an artisan at Marseillesand Strasburg, and finally entered the atelier of Carrier-Belleuse. During the Commune he followed Carrier-Belleuse to Belgium, where he remained until 1874. He then went to Italy, where he made a profound study of Donatello and Michelangelo, which seems to have revealed hisownpowersto the sculptor himself, now 34 years of age. He returned to Brussels. At the Salon of 1877 he exhibited a figure called "L'Age d'ai- rain, "which expressed what he believed to be the right jirin- cipleof construction of a statue. His bust of "St. -Jean Bap- tiste " established his reputation. Among his other works are another "St. -Jean "(1880), "Creation of Man " (ISSl), busts of J. P. Laurens and Carrier-Belleuse (1882), A'ictor Hugo (1884), a statue of Bastien-Lepage (1885), and a monument for the citj' of Calais in commemoration of the patriotism of Eustachede Saint- Pierre and his companions, who offered themselves as a sacrifice to the demands of Edward III. of England, conqueror of the city in 1347. He also received a commission for the bronze doors of the Mus^e des Arts D^coratifs, of which the subject is taken from the "Inferno" of Dante. Rodman (rod'man), Isaac Peace. Bom at South Kingston.'R. I„ Aug. 18, 1822: died at ShaiT)sburg, Md., Sept. 30, 1862. A Union gen- eral in the Ci\-il War.. He was mortally wounded at the battle of Antietam. Rodman, Thomas Jackson. Bom at Salem, Ind., July 31, 1816 : died at Rock Island, HI., June 7, 1871. An Ameiican (brevet) brigadier- general. He graduated at West Point in 1841, and is Roebling, John Augustus notable as the author of various inventions in difierenk departments of orduance, the chief of which is the Rod- man gun. Rodna (rod'na). A pass in the Carpathians in northern Transylvania, leading from the valley of the Szamos into Moldavia. Rodney (rod'ni), Caesar. Born at Dover, Del., Oct. 7, 1728: died there, June 29. 1784. An American patriot, a signerof the Declaration of Independence as member of Congress in 1776. He was an officer in the Revolutionary War, and. president of Delaware 1778-82. Rodney, Caesar Augustus. Born at Dover, Dei., Jan. 4, 1772: died at Buenos Ayres, June 10, 182-1. An American politician, sou of Ctesap Rodney. He was Democratic member of Congress from Delaware 1803-05, and United States attorney-general 1807- 1811. He served in tlie War of 1812 ; was commissioner to South America in 1817 : was member of Congress from Delaware 1821-22, and United States senator 1822-23 ; and was minister to Buenns Ayres 1S23-24. Rodney, George Brydges, first Baron Rodney. Born at Walton-on-Thames, England, Feb. 19, 1718: died in London, May 24, 1792. A noted English admiral. He served in the Seven Years' War; and gained a victoiy over the Spaniards off Cape St. Vin- cent, Jan., 1780, and' one over the French under De Grasse off Dominica, April 12, 17S2. He was created Baron Rod- ney June 19, 1782. Rodogune (ro-do-gUn'). A tragedy by Cor- neille, produced in 1646. Rodomont (rod'o-mont). A brave though brag- ging Moorish king in "Orlando Innamorato" and " Orlando Furioso." The word " rodomon- tade" is derived from his name. He appears to have originated in the Jlezentius of Vergil. Rodoni (ro-do'ne). Cape. A cape on the coast of Albania, Turkey, situated in lat. 41° 37' N., long. 19° 28' E. Rodosto (ro-dos'to), A seaport in European Turkey, situated on the Sea of Mai-mora 78 miles west of (Constantinople: the ancient Bi- santhe and Rhsedestus. Population, estimated, 17,000. Rodrigo Diaz de Bivar. See Cid. Rodrigues Ferreira (rod-re'ges fa-rar'rS), Alexandre. Born at Bahia, April 27, 1756 : died at Lisbon, Portugal, April 23, 1815. A Brazilian naturalist. From 1783 to 1793 he traveled in the interior of Brazil (the .\mazon v.alley, Matto Grosso, etc, ) on a scientific commission from the Portuguese gov- ernment. His numerous reports and scientific papere were left in manuscript, but some of them have been pub- lished during the nineteenth centur>-. Rodrigues Torres (tor ' ras). Joaeiuim Jos6. Born at Sao Joao de Itaborahy, Rio de Janeiro. Dec. 13, 1802: died at Rio de Janeiro. Jan. 8, 1872. A Brazilian politician. He was several times minister of marine (1831-32, lS3'2-34, and 18.'*7-39), minister of the treasury (1849), and premier May 11, lSo2,-Sept. 6, 1853. In 1844 he was chosen senator, and from 1864 was the acknowledged chief of the conservative party. • He w.as created viscount of Itabor.ahy in 1854. Rodriguez (ro-dre'ges). or Rodrigues (rod- reg' ). An island in the Indian Ocean, in about lat. 19° 40' S., long. 63° 25' E., east of Mauri- tius, of which it is a dependency, it was origi- nally settled by the French, but is now a British possession. Area, 42 square miles. Population (1891). 2,068. Rodriguez (rod-re'geth), Jose Joaquin. A Costa Rican statesman, president from May 8, 1890. to Mav 8. 1894. Rodriguez, Mariano Ospina. See Osi>i"a -Bo- dri^fne~. Roe (ro), Azel Stevens. Bom in New York city. Aug. 16, 1798 : died at East Windsor Hill, Conn., Jan. 1, 1886. An American novelist. Among his works are "James Mountjoy. or I've been Thinking" (1850), "A Long Look Aliead " (1856), "True to the Last" (1S59), etc. Roe, Ed'ward Payson. Born at Xew Windsor, Orange Countv, N. Y., March 7, 1838 : died at Cornwall, N. Y., July IQ, 1888. An American Presbyterian clergyman and novelist. Among his novels are " Barriers Burned Away " (187'2), " Opening a Chestnut Burr"(1874X "From Jest to Earnest " (1875)^ "A Knight of the Nineteenth Century "(1877), "A Face niumined " (1878), " Without a Home " (18S0), etc Roe (ro), Richard. Thenameof the imaginary defendant in fictions formerly In use in eases of ejectment. Compare Due, Jokn. Roe, or Row, Sir Thomas. Born at Low Ley- ton, Essex, about 1568 (,') : died 1644. An Eng- lish diplomatist under James I. and Charles I. He was "esquire to the body" to Queen F.lizabeih; was knighted by James I. in 1604 ; and was sent by Prince HeniT to the West Indies in 1609. He gained consider- able reputation bv his embassy to the court of the Oreat Mosul at Agra (1615-18). In 1621 he was ambassador to the Porte, and in 1B41 was sent to the Diet of Katisbon. Roebling (reb'ling), John Augustus. Bom at Miihlhausen, Prussia, June 12. 1.806: died at Brooklyn, July 22, 1869. An American civil en gineer. Among his works are suspension-bridges over the Niagara (1851-55), over the Ohio at Cincinnati (1856-07). Eoebling, John Augustus and (IfsigTis for the East Rivur Briiljie between New York and lliuuklj'n. He died from injurie-i received while in- spectiri;; the w(prk on tilis hridtre. He published "Long iiiid .^hort Spun Bridj^es " (l«(JOi, etc. Roebling, Washington Augustus. Bom at Saxi'iiljiiig Pii., May JO. 1S:!7. An American civil engineer, souof J. A. Koebling, Afterthe hitter's deatli lie superintended the construction of the Brooklyn Bridge. Roebuck (ro'lnik). John Arthur. Bom at Ma- dras. Dec, 1802 : dieil Nov. liU, 1879. A British I Radical politician. He became meniher of Parliament fill Bath in 18:,-2, and later sat for .Sheflleld. He wrote a " Hun for the Government of our EiiKlish Cnie8*'(lS49), " History of the Whig Ministry of l»;i(i " 0>-'>-). etc. Roederer{re'der-er),ConitePierreLouis. Born at .Mctz, Feb. 15, 17.')4: died Dee. 17, 183.'). A French politician, puhlicist^and economist. He wns a member of the National As-sembly in ITiSO, and an administrator under \aptdeon f. He was created a count in ISirt). He supported Napt.deon during the Hundred Days, and retired to private life afterthe second restora- tion of the Bourbons. Jle published "Memoires pourser- vir 11 riiisloire de Louis .\1I. et de Francois I." (1S2.')) and "Esprit de la revolution de 1789 "(1S31), and " Chronlque decinrovince of Liniburg, Netherlands, situ- ated at the junction of the Roer and Mouse, 27 miles northeast of Maestricht. it has a minster anil cloth manufactures. Population (1889), S,984. Boeskilde, or Roskilde (res'kil-de), A town in the islanii of Zealand, Denmark, situated on Roeskildc Fjord 20 miles west of Copeuhagei,. The ealheilral, built in the middle of the i:ith century in the Transition style, is with three exceptions the finest medieval church in Scandinavia. The nnusonry is of sand- stone and brick. There arc many interesting tombs, in- cluding those of several kings and (jueens of Denmark. The cathedral is 280 feet lone, the tower 2-tO high. Roes- kilde was an ancient ecclesiastical center. It had at one time a population of 100,000, and was the capital until 144S. By tho i>'-ace concluded at Roeskildc between Denmark and Sweden, Feb. 28. UJ.5K, the fimner ceded Schonen, Balland, Bornholm, Drontheini, etc. roinilation (1890), 6.974. • Boger (roj'er) I. (Roger Guiscard). [L. /I'o- gcrus, F. Iloycr, It. liiiiK/ifrii, lioiicra, Sp. Pg. S:] Born 1031: died at Mileto, 1101. Grand Count of Sicily, youngest son of Tancred de Hauteville and brother of Robert Guiscard. He aide.l his brotlier in Calabria aftei' l(ir.8, and began with him aliout loou thecotiquest of Sicily, tak- ing .Messina (1001), Palermo (1072), Catania, tiirgenti. etc. In 1090 he took Malta from the Saracens. He assumed the title of count of Sicily about 1071. Boger II. Born about 1096 : died at Palermo, 1154. Count and later king of Sicily, son of Roger I. whom he succeeded in 1101, He was acknowledgeil duke of .\pulia and Calabria in 1127, thus uniting the Nonnan conquests in Italy with Sicily ; was crowned king of Sicily in 1130 ; was defeated by the em- peror L'a death he iiroli- ably retired to the collegiate church of Hoveden (flovedon or Howden), In the East Riding of Yorkshire, and wrote his chronicle. RogerofHoveden's Chronicle was based first upon a com- pilation made probably at Durham between the years 1148 and lltil. and known as the " Historia Saxonum vel Anglo- nim post obitum Bedie." This chronicle was complied from the hlBtories of Simeon of Durham aiul Henry of Huntingdon. Roger of Hoveden added to this an account of the miracles of Edward tin- Confessor ; an jibstnict of a charter of William the Conqneror granting Heiidnburgh anil Brackenbolrii to Durham ; a copy of a charter by which ThotnaH I,, an-bbishopof York, released Durham chilrcheB In bis ilinci-sr hooi riistomary payments to the Archbishop ; a list In Kreiii-li of warriomat the siege of Nice ; and about eight olh.-r adilhioris. The part of Hiiveden's Chronicle wbli-li extends from 1148 Ut 1170 is not founded upon any written authority except the chronicle of Melrose. . . . The .Melrose Chronicle was based upon Simeon of Durham until the yt-ar 1121, and was then continued until 1109 with contemporary record. Between midland 11(19 Roger of Hoveden draws largely from the lives of Becki^t in the rec- ord of his quarrel with the king. . . . l-'rom lli'.il to the spring of 119t' Roger of Hoveden's (^hl-oniele endHMiies, with ocea-sional divergence, anil addition of documents, chii-llv noi-therii, that of Benedict of I'elerborough ; and from 1192 to I2iil, at which dale the chronicle einls. the addition of documents especially relating to the north of Erc'land becomes a marked feature of the work. 'I'his is the partiif the chronicle in which linger of Hoveden is his- torian of bis own time, and his work is of the highest value. The renutation of tbecbronicle was in ifsown time sogimd that Edward I. is said Ui have caused diligent search to be made for copies of it In the year 1201, in order that on its 803 , evidence he miubt adjust the disputes aa to homage due to him from the Crown of Scotland. Mnrleij, English Writers, III. 193, 194. Boger ofWendover (wen'do-ver). Died rj:j7. An Kiiglish chronicler, a mouk of the Abbey of St. Albans and prior of Belvoir. He was the author of that portion of the 'Florcs histori.arum " which treats of the period after 1189. Ibe rest is by .lohu de Uella. Bogero (ro-ja'ro), or RuggierO (rod-ja'ro). A Saracen knight in Boiardo's ••Orlando Iiinamo- rato" and in Ariosto's '•Orlando Furioso." He becomes a Christian and is liaptized for the sake of Brada- mant. He is one of the most important characters. Rogers rojcrz), Fairman. Born Nov. 15, 1833: (lied Aug. 23, UKIO. .An American engi- neer. He graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1853. and was professor of civil .riginei ring in that uni- versity 18.1^-70, serving as a volunteer in the Inion amiy ilnriiig the Civil War. He publi:,lied Terrestrial Magnet- ism ami the Magnetism of Iron Ships" (1883), etc. Rogers, Henry. Born Oct. 18, 1800: died in North Wales, Aug. 20, 1877. An English Con- gregationalist preacher and essayist, professor of English at University College, London. His best-known work is '•The Eclipse of Faith" (ls.-i2). Rogers, Henry Dar'win. Bom at Philadelphia, Aug. 1, 1808: died near Glasgow, Scotland, May 29, 186G. An Ameriean geologist. He was pro. lessor of geology and mineralogy at the Iniversityof Penn- sylvania 18:1&-4U, made a geological survey of New Jersey (begun in 18:15), and was the State geologist of Pennsyl- vania 183(1-38. In 1855 he removed to Edinburgh, ami in 1868 became professor of natur.il history at the I'niversiiy of (JIasgow. He published a " Description of the C,eolo;:y of the State of New .Tei-scy " (1840), "Geology of Pennsyl- vania : a Oovemnient Survey" (1S.'>8). etc. \Vith the firm of W. and A. K. Johnston he published a geographical atlas of the fnited States (IS.OTV Rogers, James Edwin Thorold. Born at West Meon, Hampshire. 1823: diedOt. 12, 1890. An English political economist. He graduated at ox- ford (Magdalen Uall) in 1846, and officiated for a time as a clergyman, but afterward renounced bis orders. From 1862 to lUfS he was professor of ])oliticaI economy at Ox- ford ; and from 1880 to 1>80 be sat in Parliament as an advanced Liberal. He published " History of Agriculture and Prices in England "(l.s08-s-S|, "Six Centuries of Work and Wages "(18S6), "The Economic Interpretation of His- tory " (18»S), etc. Rogers, John. Born near Binningliam in 1505 : burned at Smithfield, Feb. 4, 15.55. An Eng- lish Protestant clergyman. He graduated at Cam- briilge (Pembroke Hall) in 15'>5. In 1537, under the name of John Matthew, he jjublished "Matthew's Bible" (com- piled from Coverdale's and Tyndales versions with the Apocrj'pba in his own translation. After the accession of ilary he jireached against Romanism at Paul's Cross, ami was arrested, tried as a heretic, and burned, the first mar- tyr of that reign. Rogers, John. Bom at Salem, Mass., Oct. 30, 182!i. An American sculptor, best known by his sm;ill groujis illustrating soenes from the Civil War, country life, etc. Rogers. Randolph. Born at Waterloo, New York, July (i, 1825: died at Rome, Jan. 1.5, 1892. An American sculjitor. He removed to Italy in 18.^5. Among his works are the bronze dO(.>rs in the Capitol at Washington and iiortrait-stalues and memorial monu- ments in Richmond, Providence, Detroit, etc. Rogers, Robert. Born at Dunbarton, N. H., 1727: died about 1800. An American officer, noted in the French and Indian war as coiii- niander of the corps called '• Rogers's Ran gi'is." He served in the vicinity of Lake Oeorge and at Detroit ; was arrested by Washington as a spy in 1770 ; secured his freedom by violating his parole, and raised a ro™liBlcor])8 called "i'lietjucen's Rangers"; and went to England in 1777, after which nothing is known of him. He \>Tote "A Concise Account of -North America" (1765), "Jonr nals■•(17(l.^),and "Diaryof tho Siegeof Detroit "(published iNiai). Rogers, Samuel. Born at Newington Green, London, July 30, 1763: died at London, Dec. 18, 18.55. An Knglisli jioet, son of a London banker. He was educnleil al the Nonionforndst Academj at .New- ington (ireen, and entered his father's bank. His house in London was noted as a literary center. His principal po- ems are " Pleasures of .Memory, etc. ' (IVittX" liplslle to n Frlend,etc."(179H),' Voyage of Columbus"! 1812;, "Jacque- Inn "(18M), "Uuman Life "(1819), "Italy'" (18'22-'28). Rogers, William Augustus. Born at Water- luril, Colin.. Nov. 13, Is:;:;: died at Walervillc, .Ml., .March 1, IS'JS. An American astronomer and physicist, a specialist iu micrometry. He graibnite'd at Brown I ulversily in 18.57, ami in 1858 be- came professor of mathenuitics and astronomy at Alfred Urdverstty, a [mst wliieh be oecnpi. d tbiiteen jears. lb was appoLiiteil luisistant in the Harvard observalory in 1870 : became assistant professor of astronomy at Harvard In 1H77 ; ami accepted thi- chair of astronomy and jdiysics at Colby I'niversiiy in 1880. Roget (ro-zhrr ). Peter Mark. Born at London, 17(9: died isii'l. .\n I'lnglish physician and seientitic writer. lie ti».k his medical degree at Edinburgh in IVils. and pi-actlsed as a physician in Man cllester and Ixindon, where he became physician to the Northern Dlsiiensary. He was fyr ninny years secretary of the Royal Society, and was Pullerlan lecturer on physl- Rokelle ology al the Royal Institution. His chief work is the nota- ble^' Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases" (1862). RoggeveldBerge(rog'ge-veld bero'e). Amoun- t;mi-i'aiige in the western part of Cape Colony, intersected by lat, 32° S. It is eonuected on the east with the Nieuweveld Berge. Bogier (ro-zhva'), Charles. Bom at St.-Quen- tin, France, Aug. 12, 1800: died .May 27, 1885. A Belgi;in statesman. He was prominent in the rev- olution of 18:io, and was one of the members of the pro- visional government, and one of the chief founders of the Belgian monarchy. He was a member of various minis- tries, and a leader of the liberal party. Rogue (rog) River. A river in southwestern Oregon, which Hows into the Pacific at Ellens- burg. Length, about '200 miles. Rogue River Indians. See Jthapascaii and Till.rllinl. Rohan (ro-on'), Due Henri de. Bom at the castle of Blain, Brittanv, Aug. 25. 1579: died April 13, 1638. A eelebiated French general, writer, and statesman. Hewasaleaderof thcHuguc- nota in the civil wars which ended in 16-.^); was forced to retire to Venice, where be became genend (1(131 1 ; was re- called to France, and comiuerci the Valtelline, defeating the Imperialists and Spaniards. 1035-30: and was mortally wounded at the battle of Rbeinfeldeii in 163S. He wrote "be parfait capitaine " ; crossed Africa from Tripoli to Lagos over Lake Cliad, Bornu, Man- dara, Sokot^^, Binne. and Yornba (1865-66): visited Abys- sinia in 1868, the oases between Tripoli and F.gypt in 1868, the Liiiyan desert lS";l-74, and the oases Sokna and Kufra in 1S78: and was (.ternian consul at Zanzibar 1^84-85. His numerous works incliide " Reise dnrch Marokko" (1869\ " Von Triiwlinach Alexandria" (1871 )."t)uerdurchAlrika" (1874-75X '■Kufra"(1881), "Quid novi ex Africa?' (1886). Rohri. See 7i«)-i. Rohtak (i'6-tiik'). 1. A district in the Hissar division. I'anjab, British India, intersected by lat. 29° N., long. 76° 40' E. Area, 1,797 square miles. Population (1891), 590,47.5.— 2. Thecaj)- ital of the district of Rohtak, 42 miles north- west of Delhi. Population (1891 ). Hi, 702. Roi des Montagues (rwii dii mon-tiiny'). [F.. ' King of tin- Mountains.'] A novel l)y Edmond .\bont, published in 1806. The scene is laid in (ireeee. Roi d'Yvetot (rwa dev-to'), Le. [F..'The King of Yvetot.'] A song by Bi^ranger. wliich ap- peared in 1813. It alludes to the conteiiti-d rnler of a very small seignior.v, and has a political signification, turning on the fact that the French, at that time retumwl from Moscow, had begun to weary of the glor.v which c*tst so much blood and t^-ars. The ballad of the Kingof Yvetot. who tejok "pleasure feir his code," was sung by all h'rance, and passed into literature as a type of the "roi Iwn enfant" whose reign the French wished to inaugurate Roi s' Amuse (rwii sii-iniiz'), Le. [F., •The King Amuses Himself.'] A drama by Victor Hugo, produced in 1832. The scene is laid in tlie reign of Francis I. Rois Faineants (rwii fa-nii-on'),Le8. [F.,'tb9 do-not hiiig or sluggard kings.'] .\ name given to King ('ill vis II. of Nenstria (died 65l>) and his ten siiecessoi'S. They were merely hgnrelieads, being entirelv under themanagenient of the mayorof the palace. or major domUN an oltlcer who had charge of the royal household and later eif the royal domain. Themavor was originally elected by the nobles, but the oltlee became hereilitai*y in the Austrasian family of the Carollngians. Theempireof the Meixwinglans slowly declined in the use- less hands of the" rois faineants 'until 751, when Pepin the short usurped the crown. Bojas(ro'niis), Fernando de. Pied about 1.510. A SpanishdramatisI, aiithorof the play "Celes- tiiia." Bojas Paiil (pil-iil'), Jos6 Pablo. Born about 1845. A Venezuelan politician, president from Feb. '2(1, 1888, to Feb. -20. 1890. Rojas-Zorillaor-Zorrillairo'iiiis-thor-i-eryK), Francisco de. Hmn al Toledo. tU'l. 4. 1607 .\ Spanish diamntist. distinguished as a writer Violli of trniredies anil eomedies. Amoni: his play* are"(bireiadelCaBtanar "and "Donile liny agrnvlosnohay zelos. " imitated by Scai-ron, Thomas Cornellle, and Rolroii. Bokeby (rok'bi). A narrative poem by Sir Waller Seoll. imblished ill 1813. The scene is laid ill iiorlhern Yorkshire in 1644. Bokelle (ro-kel' ). A river in the southern part of Sencgambiaandiu SierraLeone. Itflowsinto Bokelle the Sierra Leone estuary. Length, estimated, over 200 miles. Bokitansky (ro-ke-tan'ske), Baron Karl VOn. Boru at Koniggratz, Bohemia, Feb. 19, 18W: ilieil at Vienna, July 23, 1878. An Austrian anatomist, founder of the German school of pathological anatomy. He wrote a "Handhuch der patbolojnschen Anatomie " ("Manual of Pathological Anatomj-," 1842-16). etc. Kokitno (ro-ket'no). A marshy distriet in west- ern Russia, between the Dnieper and the Pri- ppt. According to one theory it was the home of the Aryans. Boland (ro'land). [E. also Rowland, T>. Eoeland, F. lioliitid. S'p. EoUindo. Pg. Rolando, Orlando, RoUlao. It. Orlando. ML. Bolandus. from OHCt. Hruodland, G. Eudland. Euland. Eoland. hav- ing a famous laud.] In medieval romance, the most celebrated of the palaiUns of Char- lemagne, famous for his prowess and death in the battle of Koncesvalles in 778. His deeds were fii-st recorded in Turpiu's chronicle and in the "Chanson de Roland,"also in the works of Puici, Boiardo, and Ariosto. He had a wonderful horn called Olivant, which he won, together with the snord Durandal (Durin- dana), from the ^ant .Tutmnndus. The horn might be heard at the distance of twenty miles. There are numer- ous legends concerning i',oland. He once fought for five days with Oliver or Olivier. s' either gained the adv.intage : hence the phrase " to give a Roland for an Oliver," i. e. a blow for a blow. " Childe Eoland (Rowland) to the Dark Tower came," a poem by Robert Browning, is. according to his own statement, sim- ply a dramatic creation called forth by the line sung by Edgar in '" King Lear" iii. 4. Eoland, Chanson de. See Chanson de Eoland. Eoland de la Platlere (ro-lon' delapla-tyar'), Jean Marie. Bora at Thizy, near VUlefranche, France. Feb. 18. 1734: committed suicide near Rouen, Xov. 15. 1793. A French statesman and writer. Previous to the Revolution he was an inspector of manufactures at Amiens and tyons. He became a re- publican propagandist in Paris in 1791 : and wasone of the Girondist leaders. He was minister of the interior March- June. 179-2, and Aug., 1792, -J an. 22, 1793, and was a deputy to the Convention. He escaped from Paris in June, 1793. Eoland de la Platiere (ro-lon' de Iii pla-tyar'), iladame (Manon Jeanne Phlipon). Born at Paris, March 17. 17.'i4: guillotined at Paris. Xov. 8. 1793. The wife of Roland de la Pla- tiere, a famous adherent of the Revolution. Her salon in Paris was the headquarters of the republi- cans and Girondists 1791-93. She was arrested May 31. 1793. Her "M6moires," written in prison, were fii-st pub- lished in 1795. Eoland for an Oliver. A farce by Thomas Morton, founded on Scribe's ■' Visite a Bedlam " and "Une heure de mariage": produced in IXig. See Eoland. Eolandseck (ro'lants-ek). A small viUage on the left bank of the Rhine, 22miles south-south- east of Cologne. It is noted for its mined castle. N'ear it is the village of Rolandswerth. Eoldan (rol-diin'), Francisco. Born about 1450 : died July 2 (?), 1502. A Spanish adventurer. In 1493 heVent with Columbus to Espanola, where he be- came chief judge. In 1497 he headed a rebellion against BartholomewColumbus, who wasthengovemingthe island. He submitted to Columbus himself in 1498 on the promise of a pardon and his reinstatement in office, terms which proved the weakness of the admiral's rule. The Spanish sovereigns sent Bobadilla to inquire into these disorders, and he, instead of punishing Koldan, forced Columbus and his brothers to return to .Spain as prisoners. Roldan was arrested by Ovando in 1502, and ordered to Spain. Soon after leaving the island he was drowned in the great storm in which Bobadilla also perished, Eolf. See EoVo. Bolfe (rolf). Eobert Monsey, Baron Cranworth. Bom at Cranworth. Norfolk, England, Dee. 18, 1790: died at London, July 24, 1868. An Eng- • lish .iurist. He was lord chancellor 1852-58 and 1865-66. Bella (rol'ii). A character in Kotzebue's play " The Spaniards in Peru" (known in English as Sheridan's " Pizarro ") : the commander of the army of Ataliba. Eolla. A tale in verse by De Musset, published in 1S.36. EoIl-Call,Tlie. A noted paintingbyLady Butler (Elizabt'tli Thompson), in Windsor Castle. Eng- land, of date 1874. It represents the calling of the roll of the Grenadier Guards, in presence of the colonel, after a battle in the Crimea, in winter. Eoll-Call of the Last Victims of the Terror. -V painting by Miiller (18-50), in the palace of ^ ersailles. It represents the calling ol the names, in the Co'nciergerie prison, of the last detail of victims for the guillotine, in .tuly. 1794. The Princesse de Chimay is in the tumbril, which is seen through the open door ; the Princesse de ilonaco rises upon hearing her name. Andre Cheuier. the poet, sits in a chair in the foreground, Tliere is a replica in the .1- J, Astor collection. New York. EoUe (rol I. Eichard. Born at Thornton. York- shire, about 1290 : died at Hampole, 1349. An SG4 English hermit and religious writer, known as " the Hermit of Hampole." He was well educated, and wrote many prose treatises and a long poem, " The Prick of Conscience." It was edited by Richard Mor- tis for the Philol.igieal Society in 1863. Eollin (ro-liiii')- Charles. Born at Paris, Jan. 30, UiOl: died Sept. 14, 1741. A French his- torian. He became professor of elo»iuenceat the College de France in 1688 ; was rector of the University lt^94-9o ; and in 1699 was appointed coadjutor of the College de Beau- vais, a jwst which he lost twelve years later on account of his Jansenistic sympathies. He was reelected rector of the university in 1720. Among his works ai-e "Histoire ancienne" (''.Ancient History," 1730-3SX "Traite des etudes" (1726-31), and "Histoire romaine" ("Roman His- torj-,' 1738-48). Eollin, Ledril-. See Ledm-EolUn. EoUo (rol'6), or Eolf (rolf), or Hrolf (hrolf), or Esuu'o). Died about 930. 'Thelirst duke of Nor- mandy. He was a Norwegian viking who ascended the Seine and took Rouen at the head of a band of Scandina- vian pirates, and in 911 or 912 compelled Charles III. the Simple to invest him with the sovereignty of the region between the Seine and the Epte, which received the name of Norm.andy. He on liis part accepted Christianity, mar- ried Charles's daugliter Gisela, and recognized the king of t'rance as his feudal superior. Eollo, Duke of Normandy, See Bloody Bro- ther. The, Edm (rem). An island in the North Sea, be- longing to the province of Sehleswig-Holstein, Prussia, 4 mUes west of the mainland. Length, S miles. Eoma. The Latin and Italian name of Rome. Eomagna (ro-mSn'ya). A territorial division in Italy. It formed the main part of the exarchate of Ravenna, and later was an important part of the Papal States, It now comprises the provinces of Eologna, Fer- rara, Ravenna, and Forli. Eomain (ro-man'), Cape. A point on the coast of South Carolina, 38 nmes noi-theast of Charles- ton. Eomainville (ro-man-vel'). A viUage and fort directly northeast of the fortifications of Paris. It was the scene of a defeat of the French bv the Allies, March 30, 1814. The Russians es"- tabhshed their headquarters here on the night before they entered Paris. Eoman Actor, The. A play by Massinger, licensed ia 1626. It was revived in 1722, 1796, and 1S22. EomanBourgeois(ro-mon' bor-zhwa').Le. [F., 'The Bourgeois Romance.'] A work of fiction by Antoiue Furetiere, publisned in 1666. Xn original and lively book, without any general plot, but containing a series of very amusing pictures of the Parisian middle-class society of theday, with many curious traits of language and manners. Saintsbunj, French Lit., p. 323. Eoman Campagna. See Campagna di Eoma. Eomance of the Forest, The. A romance by ilrs. RadcliJi'e, published in 1791. Eoman comique(r6-mon'ko-mek'). [F.,' com- ical romance.'] .A work by ScaiTon, "an unfin- ished history of a troupe of strolling actors, dis- playing exti'aordinary truth of observation and power of realistic description in the style which Le Sage and Fielding afterwards made popular throughout Europe" (Saintshiin/). It was ver- sified by M. d'Orvilliers, and published at Paris (1733) La Fontaine wrote a comedy which comprehends most of the characteis and best situations, and Goldsmith wrote an English version of the romance. Eoman de la Eose (ro-mou' delaroz). [F.. 'Ro- mance of the Rose.'] An early French poem, begun by Guillaume de Lorris before 1260, and continued forty or fifty years later by Jean de Meung. The part written by the former extends to 4.670 lines, and the entire poem contains more than 20,fHio. It is an elaborate allegory the theme of which is the art of love. For a long time it enjoyed extraordinary popularity. See Emnaujit of the Rose. Bnt the real secret of its vo^e, as of aU snch vogues, is that it faithfully held up the mirror to the Later middle ages. In no single book can that period of history be so conveniently studied. Its ingrained religion and its nas- cent free-thought ; its thirst for knowledge and its lack ol criticism ; its sharp social divisions and its indistinct as- pirations after liberty and equality ; its traditional moral- ity and .asceticism, and its half-pagan half-childish relish for the pleasure of sense : its romance and its coarseness, all its weakness and all its strength, here appear. Saintsbury, French Lit., p. 86. Eoman de Troie (ro-mon' de trwS). A poem by Benoit de Sainte-Maure, written about 1160. The principal poem of this class is the "Roman de Troie " of Benoist de Sainte-More. This w»»rk, which ex- tends to more than thirty thousand verses, has the re- dnndancy and the loiigwindedness which characterise many, if not most, early French poems written in its metre. But it has one merit which ought to conciliate English renders to Benoist: it contains the andoabted original of ."Shakespeare's " Cressida." Saintstntry, French Lit., p. 44. Eoman de Brut. A romance by Waee, who vei-sified GeofErey of Monmouth under this title. Eomberg, Andreas Other romances, however, had the same name, and it became a common one. See Brut. Eoman d'un Jeune Homme Pauvre, Le. [F., ■ The Romance of a Poor Young Man."] A novel by Feuillet, published in 1S57. He diam- atized it in 1858. Eoman du Eenart. See Eeynard the Fox. Eoman Empire. See imder Eome. Eoman Empire, Holy. See Holy Eoman Em- [lire. Eomanes (ro-man'ez), George John. Born at Kingston, Canada, May 20,1848: diedat O-xford, May 23, 1894. A British naturalist. He graduated at Cambiidge (Cains College) in 1870 ; was Buniey prize essayist in 1873, and Croonian lecturer to the Royal So- ciety in 18, 5 and 1881 : and was elected Fullerian professor of physiolocy at the Royal Institution in 1889. He pub- lished "Animal Intelligence "(18S1).' Mental Evolution in Animals" (1SS3), "The Philosophy of Natural History before and after Darwin " (1888), etc. Eomani, Giulio. See Caccini, Giulio. Eomania ro-ma'ni-a). 1. A name sometimes given to tbe Eastern Empire. — 2. The eastern part of the Morea, during the Venetian period. — 3. A name sometimes given to Rumelia. — 4. See Eumania. Eomania (ro-ma-ne'a). Cape. A headland at the southeastern extremity of the Malay penin- sula, east of Siugapore. Eomanika (ro-ma-ne'ka). See Eiianda. Eomano (ro-ma'no), Cape. A cape on the southwestern coast of Florida, situated in lat. 25° 52' N.. long. 81° 57' "\Y. Eomano, Ezzelino da. See Ezzelino da Eo- nuiKO. Eomano. Giulio. See Giulio Eomano. Eomanoff (ro-ma'nof). The present reigning house of Russia, descended from Andrei Ro- manoff ( 14th century). ThefamUy came to the throne ir ;he person of Mikhail in 1613. The direct male line ter- minated in 1730, and the female line in 1762. The present ruler belongs to the Holstein-Gottorp (or Oldenburg-Ro- manotf) branch line. Boman EepubUc. 1. See Eome.— 2. A name given to the short-lived republic established at Rome in 1798 and overthrown in 1799. Eomans (ro-moh'). A town in the department of Drome. F^-ance, situated on the Isere 11 miles northeast of Valence : formerly the seat of an ancient abbey. Population (1891), 16,545. Eomans (ro'manz), Epistle to the. An epistle written by the apostle Paid to a Christian com- munity at Rome, consisting partly of Jews and partly of Gentile converts, it was composed before the apostle had visited Rome, and is generally supposed to have been wiitten from Corinth about 58 A. D. Its main object is the doctrine of justification by faith, witli special reference to the relations of the Jews and Gentiles re- spectively to the law of Go, followed by dlvl.slon of the empire between various rulers; last genonil persecution of the Chris- tians, about 303; reign of Constantine as sole ruler, and recognition of Christianity as the religion of the empire, 823-337 ; capital transferred t^iConstaTitlnople, 3:M) ; reign of Juflan the Apostate. 301-3(W ; reign of TheodoBltia, 379- 895 ; final separation of the Eastern and Western empire.i, 895 (see Eastern Empire); Western Empire disinti'grateri in the .'ith ceiituty under attacks of Goths (under Alarlr, etc.), hVanks. VaiiiliilH(nnderGenserlc, etc.), HurgundiaiiH, Angles and S:i\<-iis, and lluns(niider Alllla) : Ravenna the residence of the Western emperorsafter-lfri; Rome besieged by the Goths under Alarlc about 408- Backed by Alaric lu f. — 56 865 410, threatenod l>y tlie Huns under Attlla and saved by Fo|)c Leo the (Jreat in 4W. and sacked by the Vaiuhils in 450 ; end of the Western Empire, 470, and accession of Odo- aeer (chief of the Heruli) as ruUr of Italy (see lUibi) ; in- crease of the ecclesiastical importance of the city throii^'h the gradual development of the claims of the bishops of Rome ; Kome taken by lielisarius in 'SM. by lotila in Mti, and by Narses in 552 ; establishment of t lie tcnipond power of the Fope, 8th century ; c jMsecrationcit the emperors at Rome commenced with Charles the Great, 800 (ended with Frederick III., 1452); Orefory VII. besiegeil by the em- peror Henry IV. and delivered liy Robert Guiscard, KIW ; revolution under .Vrnold of Brescia, 1143-,S6; removal of pa- pal residence to Avignon, 1309; revolutions under Kicnzi, 1347 and 13..4 ; return of the popes to Rome. 1S77 ; over- throw of the republican privileRcs by I'ope Boniface I.K., 1398 ; Rome taken by the Constalde de Bourbon, 1527 ; Roman republic revived, 179S-99 ; Kome in the possession of France 1808-14 ; insurrection, IMS ; Komau republic re- vived in 1849, and supprcsseil in the same year by French troops; meeting of the Vatican Council, 18(19-70; Rome entered bv the Italian troops, .'iept. 20, 1S70, and made the capital of the kinRdom of Italy. 1871. Population (1901), commune, 4arison of their dilferent results from Von Wieters- lieini, wlKj himself arrives at results verj- similar to those of Bunsen, making the tot.al population of the city l.:i50.- 000. The "Curiosum I'rbis, a description of the city of Rome assigned to the age of Constantine, gives the num- ber of the dwellings therein as 179i) Donius and 40,002 In- sidn?. .Scholars are generally agreed that the former are the great self.contsined mansions of the rich, and the lat- ter the blocks of what we should call " tenemented prop- erty "let out in flats and r(X)mst^» the poorer classes. From this number of dwellings Gibbon infers a population of 1,200,000 and Von Wietersheim 1.470,000 at the beginning of the fiuirth century. It is obvious, however, how ex- ceedingly liable to eiTor are all calculations of the popu- lation of a city from a conjecttiral allowance of so many inhabitants to each house. Uodgkin, Italy and her Invaders, I. 394. For agea the Empire remained Roman in the fullest sense, Roman even in keeping p«»ssession of the Old lbm»e. It was Roman too in one ntost distinctive characteristic of the older Roman power. Friml the first Julius to the last I'alaiologos, the Roman Empire was a power and not a na- tion, tif no pha-se of the Roman power is this more true tiianof its F-astern or Byzantine phase. The name /^o^hz/ji, in the use of Procopius, when it does not refer geographi- cally to the elder Rome, means any man, of whatever race, who is a subject of the Roman Fnipire or who serves in the Roman armies. His nationality may be not only Greek, Macedonian, or Thraeian, but Gothic, Persian, or Uunnish. Freeman, Hist. Essays, III. 246. Borne. A manufacturing city, capital of Floyd County, Georgia, situated at the head of the Coosii" River, 57 miles northwest of Atlanta. Population (1900), 7,2i)l. Rome. A c-ity of Oueida County. New York, situatpci un the Mohawk and at tlie junction of the Erie and Black Kiver canals, 95 miles west- northwest of Albany. It i< an important dairy cen ter. and has flourishing manufactures. It occupies the site of Fort Staiiwix, besieged by the British in 1777. Pop- ulation (1900), l.'i,:)43. Rome of the North, The. Colog:ne. Romen. •'^'■c /.'"'««,'/. Romeo and Juliet. A tragedy by Shakspere, Kiirroiititiouslv jiriutod in 1597 (a correct edi- tion 111 1599)," and iiroduoed between 1591-9fi. The legend of the lovers is founded on a tide found amiuig the "Novelle" of Masuccio di Salerno, of whom little is known. It wasprlntcd at Naplesln 147(i. The story next appears in "LaGiulietta,"a taleby Luigi daPorta, in ir>35 ; then "a Dominican monk, Matteo Bandello, took up the tale, rehaiKlIed it, and included it among his somewhat nnclerical 'Novelle.' wliich appeared at Lucca in ir..M. Five years later it passed the Alps — a version of Bandel- lo's 'Novelle," with variations and a(Mitions, being given to French readers by Pieire Boaistuau among his 'llis- tolres Tragi<|Ues.' In 1502 Arthur Brooke produceil the F.nglish poem. 'The Tragicall History of llomens and .Tn- liet," on which shakspere founded his tragedy. Brooke S|ieaks of having seen 'the same argument lately set forth on stage'; no such drama of early Elizabethan days sur- vives; rude indeed must have been the attempt of any playwright in England of 1502. Again Ave years, and Boals- tuau'8 French patapin :lsc of Bandello was translated into English pr(»se by Willimn Painter for his ' Palace of Plea- sure'; this also shaksyiere consulted. In Italy before the close of the sixteenth centurj' Ihelegend had been verslfled in ottava rima, professedly by a noble lady ctf Verona nam- ing herself 'CI ilia '—really. It Is sufiposed, by Gherardo Bolderl ; It had been dramatized l>y thi' blind i landni-- torLillgi Groto. with scene and time and names of persons changed ; it had been recor.led as grave inatfi r of history by I)e la Coitc, who states that he had many times seen thetimbfirsarcrtplmguH of the lovers, then used as a wash- ing-trough, at Ihe well of the orjdianngt^ of St. Francis" (hiniden). Oarrlck produced a verslcui of "llt olltce hes'iperintended the publication of public records of great liistoric importance. Created a baron in 1>4J0. Romilly, Sir Samuel. Born at I.,ondon, March 1, 1757: committed suicide Nov. 2, 1818. An English lawyer and philanthropist, of Hugue- not descent. At 21 years of age he entered Gray's Inn. In 1808 ho was appointed solicitor-general of the Gren- ville administration. He is famous from his labors for the reform of the criminal law, ciunmencing in 1807. His plans were not realized during his lifetime. His speeches were pulilished in 1820, and his autobiography in 1840. Romilly-SUr-Seine(r6-me-ye'siir-san'). A town in the department of Aube, France, situated near the Seine 04 miles east-southeast of Paris. Population (1891), commune, 7,244. Romney, or New Romney (rom'ni). A town in the cimntv of Kent, England, situated on the English Channel 18 miles southwest of Dover: one of the original Cinque Ports. Population (1891), 1,366. Romney, George. Bom at Beckside, Lanca- shire, England, Dec. 15, 1734: died at Kendal, Nov. 15, 1802, A noted English painter of jior- traits and historical subjects. He was apprenticed at first to a wood-worker, was a clever musician, and liegan very early to paint portraits. Ho established himself in London in 1700, ami made some success with his " Death of General Wolfe." He visited Paris in 17(>4, and exhibited the " Death of King Edmund " in 1765, This was follow ed by a sojourn in Italy. He retunied to Ix)ndon in 1775, where he took a studio in Cavendish Sijiiare and painted a series of famous portraits. He assisted hi preparing the Boydell Shakspere Gallery in 1790. Although left without a rival at the death of Bejniolds, he was seized w ith liypo- chondi ia, left London, rejoined his wife and family, whom he had abandoned 30 years before, and spent the remainder of his life in retirement at Kendal. Romney Marsh. A largo tract of reclaimed laud in Kent, England, near Romney. Romny (rom-niV), or Romen (ro-men'). Atown ill the govenimeiit of Piiltowa. Russia, situated on the Suhi 95 miles northwest of Pultowa. Popidatioii (1894), 15,'249. Romola (rom'o-la). A novel by George Eliot, published origin.allyiu the "Cornhill Magazine" from July, 1862, to July, 1803, and in book form io 1863. The scene is laid in Florence at the end of the 16th century. The artistic aim of the novel is to show the con- flict between liberd and classical culture and the Christian faith aroused by the influence of the reformer Savonarola in the heart of Ronnda. a daughter of the Horentine house of Bardl. Her marriage with theOreekTitoMclema having proved a failure, and all the ties of her life having been broken, she devotes herself to the service of a plague- stricken people, and attains peace through self-sacriflce. Romonan (ro-nnVniin'). A tribe of Indians for- merly on Sau Francisco Bay, California. See CostfiiHHin. Romorantin (n'l-mo-roii-tai'i'). A town in the department of Loir-et-Chcr, France, situated on the Grande Sauldre 39 miles south by west of Or^'ans. It has manufactures of wool. Tlie edict of Romorantin, issued in .May, 15(.0. through the Influence of L'll()pltal, secured the exclusion of the Iiapiisltion from France. Population (1891X commune, 7,812. Romsdal (n'uns'diil). A province in Norway, siluntcd along tho coast about lat. C2°-3 B. c). and its first king (753-716): son of Mars and the vestal RlioaSiTvin. lie was worsliiiied ns a divinity tinder (lie inline of l^tiiirinus. Romulus, Circus of. See Cirni.^. Romulus AuRUStUluS(a-g"s'lu-liiK). Last em- peror ol' llio Wcsl. son of Orestes, lie was pro- claimed ill 475, and deiiosed liyOdoncer ill 476. Ronaldshay (ron'ald-slia). North. t>ne of tho diUiiev Islands, Scotland, in the northeastern port o'r llie g'"iip. Ronaldshay. South. One of the larger Orkney Islands, iu tho southern part of the group. Boncaglia fioncaglia (■ron-kal'ya). A village east of Pia- eenza, Italy : a rendezvous of the followers of the medieval German emperors on their jour- neys to Kome. Boncal (ron-kal'). A valley in Navarre, Spain, situated on the southern slope of the Pyrenees, 40 miles east of Pamplona. Koncesvalles (ron-thes-val'yes), F. Ronce- vaux (rons-vo'). A place in Navan-e, Spain, in the Pyrenees 20 miles northeast of Pamplona. It is notable for the defeat there of tlie rear-guard of Charles the Great's army, on its return from Spain, by the Basques (or according to tradition by the Moors) in 77S. From the death of Roland in the battle, the "Chanson de Roland" is called also "Chanson de Roncevaux." No action of so small importance [.is Eoncesvalles] has ever been made the theme of so many heroic legends and songs. It is the Thermopylse of thePj-renees. with none of the glory or the significance, but allthe glamour, of its prototype. Poole, Story of the Moors, p. 3S. Eonciglione (ron-ehel-yo'ne). A town in the province of Rome, Italy, situated on the Rieano 31 miles north -north west of Rome. Population (1881), 5,769. Ronconi (ron-ko'neX Domenico. Bom at Len- dinara, July 11, 1772: died at Milan, April 13, 1839. An "Italian composer and teacher of vocal music. Ronda (ron'dii). A town in the province of Malaga, southern Spain, situated near the Guadiaro 40 miles west of Malaga, it occupies a picturesque situation on a lofty and steep rock ; has con- siderable trade ; and is famous for its bull-fights. It was captured from the Moors in 1485. Population (1SS7), 18,350. Rondeau (ron-do'), Jos6. Born at Buenos Ayres, 1773: died there, 1834. A Spanish-Amer- ican general. He commanded the patriot forces in the siege of Montevideo 1811-13, and subsequently in tapper Peru or Bolivia 1S14-19, where he was generally unsuccess- ful He was supreme director of the United Provinces June 10, 1819, to Feb. 12, 1820, when he was deposed. From Xov. 24, 1828, to April 17, 1830, he was provisional presi- dent of Uruguay. Rondo(ron'd6), orOvarondo(6-va-ron'do). See Xdonga. Rondout (ron'dout). A former village, since 1872 a part of the city of Kingston, Ulster County, Xew York, situated on the Hudson 79 miles north of New York. It has a large coal trade. Ronge (rong'e), Johannes. Bom at Bisohofs- walde, Silesia, Oct. 16,1813: diedat Vienna,Oct. 26, 1887. A German Roman Catholic priest, one of the chief founders of the German Catholic movement in 1844 and succeeding years. He was in exile 1849-61. Ronne (ren'ne). The capital of the island of Bomholm in the Baltic, belonging to Denmark, situated on the west coast. Population (1890), 8.2S1. Ronne, Ludwig Moritz Peter von. Born Oct. 18, 1804: died at Beriin, Dee. 22, 1891. A Prus- sian jurist and politician. Among his works are " Die Verf assung und Verwaltung des preussischen Staats " (1843-72), " Das Staatsrecht der preussischen Monarchic" (1856-63X "Das Staatsrecht des deutschen Reichs " (1876- 1877), etc. Ronneburg (ron'ne-boro). A manufacturing town in the duchy of Saxe-Altenburg. Germany, 35 miles south by west of Leipsic. Population (1890), 6,011. Ronsard (ron-sar'), Pierre de. Bom in the Chateau de La Poissonniere, Vendomois, Sept. 11, 1524: died at the priory of St. -Come, Tou- raine, Dec. 27, 1585. A celebrated French poet. After a brief stay at the CoUfege de Navarre in Paris, he became page to Charles, duke of Orleans, second son of Francis I. of France, He spent also a couple of years in the service of James V. of Scotland, and then returned to his former post, and was attached to various diplomatic em- bassies. On his final return to France in 1542, he lost his sense of hearing in consequence of a severe illness. This infirmity compelled him to give up the life at court.and led him to turn all his attention to literary labors. Together with his friend Baif, he took up a course of study that ex- tended over 7 years (l.'vl2-49) and made of him an excellent Greek scholar. The ultimate end he had in view was to regenerate bio native tongue, and demonstrate in his own works that the French language was capable of as much power and nobility of expression as it had of acknowledged grace and refinement. About 1552 he began to publish his poetic works: "Odes,"" Sonnets ^Cassandre,""Lebocage," "Les amours," etc. His greatest success was attained in his "Hymnes" (1555-66), and he became a great favorite with Charles IX., king of France from l.'^eo to 1574. On the death of his royal patron, Ronsard was gradually rele- gated to the background : finally he left the court in ut- ter discouragement. The last yearrf of his life (1574-8.=.) were spent in quiet and sad retirement. Ronsard was the father of lyric poetry in France. His great ambition, however, had been to rank as the Homer or Vergil of liis country, and in this spirit he undertook to write a long poem, " La Franciade " : he labored on it for 25 years, and fln.ally left it nnflnisbed. Bonsdorf (rons'dorf). A manufacturing town in the Rhine Province, Prussia, situated 23 miles 866 northeast of Cologne. Population (1890), 7,470; cominune, 11,762. Rontgen (rent'gen), Wilhelm Konrad. Born March 27, 1845. An eminent Genuan scientist. He was educated at Zurich and Utrecht. Since 1870 he has taught at Wiirzburg, Strasbm-^', and elsewhere, and in l&i8 was made director of the Physical Institute of the University of Wiirzhurg, Professor at Munich since 1899 His «lis'-nvery t-f the X-rays was announced m Dec, 189.^. Rood (rod). Black. [^Black and rood, a cross.] A relic brought to Scotland by the wife of Mal- colmCanmore, and long held in extreme venera- tion by the Scots. It consisted of a cross of gold, in- closing'a piece of the true cross, set in an ebony figure of Christ. It was deposited with the regalia in Edinburgh Castle, and carried with them to England by Edward I., and used by him to give increased solemnity to the oaths he ex- acted from the Scottish magnates. All trace of it is now lost. Roodee (ro'de). A meadow, outside the city of Chester, which is partly surrounded by a Roman wall, the best preserved in England, it has been used .18 a race-course from the earliest times. The name is derived from the rood or cross which formerly stood here. Rookery (ruk'er-i), The. A dense mass of houses which was once the worst part of St. Giles in London. It has been cleared away in the formation of New Oxford street. Rook (ruk) Island, or Rook's Island. An island in the Pacific, east of Papua and west of New Britain, in long. 148° E. Length, 31 miles. Room. See Mum. Room-Elee. See Hionelia. Roon (ron). Count Albrecht Theodor Emil von. Born at Pleushagen, near Kolberg, Prus- sia, April 30, 1803: died at Berlin, Feb. 23, 1879. A celebrated Prussian general and statesman. He was minister of war 1859-73, and minister of marine 1861-71. He is especially famous for his successful efforts in reorganizing the Prussian army, the result of which was shown in its rapid mobilization in the wars of 1866 and 1870. He was made general field-marshal and Prussian premier in 1873, but resigned the latter office in the same year. ROOS (ros), Johann Heinrich. Bom at Otter- berg, Palatinate, Oct. 27, 1631 : died Oct. 3, 1685. A German painter of landscapes and animals. Roos, Joseph. Bom about 1728 : died 1805. A Gennan painter and etcher, grandson of Johann Heinrich Roos. Roos, Philipp Peter: called also Rosa di Ti- voli. Born at Frankfort, 1657: died at Rome, 1705. A German painter of landscapes and ani- mals, son of Johann Heinrich Roos. Roosendal, orRozendaal (ro'zen-dal). A town in the province of North Brabant, Netherlands, 27 miles south of Rotterdam. Population (1889), 6,118; commune, 11,197. Roosevelt (ro ' ze-velt), RobertBarnwell. Bom in New York city, Aug. 7, 1829. An American author and politician. He was New York State flsh- commissioner 1867-88 ; Democratic member of Congress from New York 1871-73 ; editor of the New York " Citizen "; and United States n)inister to the Netherlands in 1888. He wrote "Game Fish of North America," "Game Birds of the North," etc. Roosevelt, Theodore. Bom at New York, Oct. 27, 1858. An American author and -iitatpsman. He was Republican New Y'ork State assemblyman 18S2-S4 ; unsuccessful candidate for mayor of New York city in ISbO ; United States civil-service commissioner 1889-95 ; president of the New York board of police commissioners 189.5-97 ; assistant secretary of the navy 1897-98 ; fought as lieutenant-colonel of the First Volunteer Cavalry (Rough Riders) at Las Guasimas June 24, and San Juan July 1 ; was appointed colonel July 8, 1898 ; was elected governor of New York Nov., 1898, and vice-president of the United States 1900; and became president of the United States Sept. 14, 1901, on the death of President JIcKinlev. His works include "History of the Naval War of 1812 '"(18821, lives of Tliomas H. Benton (1887) and Gouverneur Morris (1888), works on western frontier life, hunting, etc. Root (rot or riit), George Frederick, liom Aug. 30, 1820: died Aug. 6, 1895. An Amei-- ican composer and musical publisher. He was the author of various songs ("There 's Music in the Air," "Tramp, Tramp, Tramp, the Boys are Jl arch- ing," "Battle Cry of Freedom," etc.), cantatas, raanu- il8, etc. Root and Branch. In English history, the ex- tremists of the Parliamentary party who about 1641 favored the overthrow of episcopacy; also, the policy of these e.xtremists. Root-Diggers. See Diggers. Root-Eaters. See Diggers. Roquefort (rok-for'). A village in the depart- ment of Ave^Ton, southern France, 33 miles southeast of Rodez. It is celebrated for the manufacture (in its grottoes) of Roquefort cheese. Roqueplan (rok-plon'), Joseph £tienne Ca- mllle. Bom atMallemort, Bouehes-du-Rhone, France, 1802: died 1855. A French painter. Roqueplan, Louis Victor Nestor. Bora at Mallemort. France, 1804: died at Paris, April 24, 1870. A French miscellaneous writer and Resales theatrical director, brother of J. £. C. Boqu» plan Roques (ro'kes), Los. [Sp., ' the rocks.'] A group of small uninhabited islands in the Carib- bean Sea. belonging to Venezuela, situated in lat. 11° .56' N., long. 66° 40' W. Roquette (ro-kef ), Otto. Born at Krotoschin, Posen, April 19, 1824: died at Darmstadt, March 18.1896. A German poet and author. Hestudied history and philosophy at Heidelberg, Berlin, and Halle ; was afterward a teacher in Dresden, and after 1862 in Ber- lin; and in 1869 was made professor ol the German language, literature, and history in the school of technoKigy at Darm- stadt. He wrote numerous lyrics, dramas, novels, and tales. Among them are " \\'aldmeistei-s Brautfabrt : ein Rhein-, Wein-, und Wandermarchen '" (" Waldmeister'B Wedding Journey : a Tale of the Rhine, Wine, and Travel,' 1851) ; "Liederbuch" ("Song-Book," 1852: the third edi- tion under the title "Gedichte " ('■ Poems"), 1880) ; "Dra- matische Dichtungen" ("Dramatic Writings," 1867-76, 2 vols.); the novels "Im Haus der Vater " ("In the Ances- tral House"), "Das Buchstabirbuch der Leidenschaft" ("The Spelling-Book of Passi'.n," 1878), and "Die Pro- phetenschule" ("The School of the Prophets," 1879), He is also the author of a *' Gescbiehte der deutschen Litte- ratur" (" History of German Literature," 1862), which in the third edition has the title " Geschiclite der deutschen Dichtung" ("History of German Poetry," 1879). Roquevaire(rok-var'). A town in the depart- ment of Bouches-du-Rhone, France, situated on the Huveaune 11 miles east-northeast of Mar- seUles. It is noted for its export of raising. Population (1891), commune, 3,115. Roraas (re'ras), or Roros (re'ros). A small town in the province of South Trondhjem, Nor- way, situated 61 miles southeast of Trondhjem: noted for its copper-mines. Roraima (ro-ra'e-ma). The highest mountain of British Guiana, on the western frontier, in territory claimed by Venezuela. It is properly a part of the Pacaraima range. The upper portion is a table- land with very precipitous sides, ascended in 1884 by Im Thurm. Height, estimated, 8,580 feet. Rori (ro're), or Warori (wa-ro're). A Bantn tribe of Gennan East Africa, north of Lake Nyassa, on the Rueha afiluent of the Rufiji River. They are of short stature except the chiefs, wear capes and belts of bead-work, live in large tembes, eat dogs, and are feared aa slave-raiders. The country is called Urori. Rorschach (ror'shach). A town and watering- place in the canton of St.-GaU, Switzerland, sit- uated on the Lake of Constance 20 miles south- east of Constance. It has a large grain trade. Population (1888), 5,863. RoryO'More(r6'ri6-mor'). A novel by Samuel Lover, published in 1836. Ros (ros). [LL. Ehos; Byzantine Gr. 'Puf (Gly- eas), 'PuCTo!.] The Scandinavians, specifically the Swedes, who conquered a part of Russia in the 9th century and gave their name to the country itself. Novgorod, in the north, and Kieff, in the south, became centers of Scandinavian power. About 866 A. D. the Ros made incursions southward as far as Constantinople, which they again threatened in 941. Thej were amalgamated with the Slavs. Better known as Varangians. Rosa (ro'sa). Saint (Isabel Flores),called Rosa of Lima. Bom at Lima, 1586 : died there. Aug. 24, 1617. A Peruvian ascetic. She was can- onized in 1671, her feast-day being fixed on Aug. 30. Rosa (ro'za), Carl. Bom March 22, 1842 : died April 30, 1889. A German violinist and mana- ger of opera. After the success of his wife Parepa-Rosa in opera, he formed an English opera company which con- tinued with success after her death. He produced nearly 20 operas not previously sung in English. Rosa, Euphrosyne Parepa. See Parepa-Sosa. Rosa, Francisco Martinez de la. See Martinez de la lliisd. Rosa, Monte. See Monte Rosa. Rosa (ro'sii), Salvator. Born at ReneUa, near Naples, June 20, 1615 (?) : died at Rome, March 15, 1673. A painter of the Neapolitan school. He was a pupil of his uncle Paolo Greco and Falcone. He is said to have learned from the banditti of the Abruzii many incidents which he afterward painted. He went to Rome in 1635, and soon became famous as a painter, musi- cian, and satirical poet. He sympathized with Masaiiiello in 16*6-17, and is said to have been a member of a Com- pagnia della Morte, formed for the waylaying and killing of Spaniards in Naples. His masterpiece is considered to be the " Conspiracy of Catiline," in the Pitti at Florence. He excelled in battle-pieces. Rosader (ros'a-der). In Lodge's " Rosalynde, the younger brother of Torrismond the Usurper, and'lover of Rosalynde. He is the Orlando of •'As vou Like it." Rosa di Tivoli. See Boos. Philipp Peter. Resales (ro-sal'as). Diego de. Bom at Madrid, 1595: died in Spain, 1674. A Jesuit historian. From 1629 to 1665 he was in Chile, where he traveled ex- tensively and for a time was provincial. His "Historia general del Reyno de Chile " was first published in 1877. It is one of the best of the early works on Chile. I Rosalie Rosalie (roz'a-li), Saint. The patron saint of Palermo, saicl to have lived near there in the li!th eenturv. Bosalie Peak (roz'a-li pek). A peak in the Frout Range, Colorado, about 14,340 feet in height. Rosalind (roz'a-lind). 1. A name given to Rosa Daniil, tlif sister of Samuel Daniel and the wife of Julin Florio. she was Invuil by Spenser in her youth, and he complains of her ill nsage of him in "The >hephcrd'8 Calendar." In "The Faerie Qtleene" he again inti-oduces her under the name of Mirabel. 2. The daughter of the exiled duke, in love with Orlando: a character in Shakspere's "As you Like it." Her vivacity gives the chief charm to the play. Rosaline (roz'a-lin). 1. Romeo's former love, a lady mentioned in Shakspere's "Romeo and Juliet." — 2. A lady atteuding on the Princess of France: a character in Shakspere's "Love's Labour's Lost." Slie "holds her part victori- ■ us" in a war of words with Biron whom she l^ives. Rosalynde, or Euphues' Golden Legacy. A jiriise idyl by Thomas Lodge, lii'St printed in l')UO. Shakspere took hia " As you Like it" from it. It is the most famous l>ouk of the Euphnist school, with the ex- ception of "Euphues" itself. Kosalynde is the niece of the usurper Torrisniond, and disguises herself as Ganymede. Rosamond (roz'a-nioud). [See ItnsiinniiKlfi.'] \u (ppera by Addison, produced at l)rury Lane II 1707. Rosamond, Fair. See Clifford, Bosamond. Rosamond S Bower. A subterranean labyrinth in Bletiheim Park, said to have been built by Henry II. as a retreat for Rosamond Clifford. Rosamond's Pond. A sheet of water formerly lying in the southwestcoriierof St. James's Park ill Loudon. It was " long consecrated to disas- 1 ions love and elegiac poetry." It was filled up in 1770. Eosamunda (ro-za-mun'da), or Rosamond (roz'a-mond). [G. Rnsanmnde or Iiosimu)Hl.~\ Daughter of Cunimond, king of the Gepidfe, and wife of Alboin, king of the Lombards. She is said to have procured the death of her husband (573). See Alboin. Rosario (r6-sii're-6). A city in the province of Santa F6, Argentine Republic, situated on the I'arana about lat. 33° 5' S. It is an important rail- way temunus and center for river and foreign trade, nn.l was made a port of entry in 1864. i'opulation (1896), Rosario. A small town in the state of Sinaloa, Mexico, about 35 miles southeast of Mazatlan. Rosas (ro'siis). A seaport in the province of 1 ieroua, Spain, situated on the Gidf of Rosas 82 miles northeast of Barcelona. Pojiulation(1887), •J.SHlfi. Rosas (ro'sas), Juan Manuel de. Born at Buenos Ayres, March 30, 17!)3 : died near South- ampton, England, March 14, 1877. Dictator of I'uenos Ayres. For many years he was a leader of the 'iauchos, and Dorretro (1827) made him commander of I iie rural militia. By the deposition and death of Dorrepo (Ilec, 1828), Rosas became chief of the federalist party, which aimed at securing the practical indeiti'ndciiceof the provinces. After sonic months of (itrhtinK. the unitarian chief, Lavallc. resigned, and Koaa^ was governor of lluenos Ayres Dec, 18211, -I>ec., 18:)2. Ilia suci essur. ISalrarce, was deposed by a resolution instigated by I^'Kas's wife; and Itosas way again elected governor with extraordinary powers (March 7, 18:t5). From this time, by successive reflections, he governed as an absolute dictator until hia fall, and often with tyrannical cruelty. The press was tnu7zled, commerce was restricted, and hundreds of his political opponents were driven into exile or assassfiuited. Some of the provinces formed a loose alliance with Buenos Ayres, and Kosas immaged to put his creatures in charge of most of the others: thus, for a time, he practically ruled them all, though nominally he waa only gvinees. The combined forces, under Uripllza, eventually defeated the ariny of Rosas at Monte ('aacros, near Buenos Ayres (Feb. 3. 1^')2). Kosas lied to England, where he lived in retire- ment until his death. Rosbach, See Ilon.ihaeh. Roscellinus (ros-e-li'nus), Roscellin (ros-el- ah'). Rucelinus (ro-se-li'nus). etc. Born in northern France about the middle of the 11th 867 century: died after 1121. A scholastic theolo- gian, the chief founder of Nominalism: canon at Compiegne. He was condemned by a church coun- cil at Soissons in 1092 on account of his teachings regard- ing the Trinity. Eoscher(rOsh'er),Willielni. BornatHaunover, Germany, Oct. lil, H17: died at Leipsic, June 4, 1894. " A noted German political economist, professor at Leipsic from 1848: one of the founders of the historical school of political economv. His works include "System der Volkswirth- schaft" (".System of Political Economy," 18.14-81), "Oe- schichte der Nationalokonomik in Deutschland "(*' History of Political Economy in Germany," 1874), etc. Rosciad (rosh'iad), The. A poem by Churchill, pul>lislieii in 17G1. It is his first published poem, and is a reckless satire on various I.<)udonact4>rs. It was issued anonymously, but its success wiis so great that Churchill at once acknowledged it. Roscius (rosh'ius), QuintUS, Died about 62 B. c. The greatest of Roman comic actors. He was a native of Solonium, near Lanuvimn. lie was pre- sented h\ Sulla with a gold ling, the symbol of equestrian r:ink, anil was tbe instructor and friend of fieero. Roscius, African, The. Ira Aldi-idge. Roscius, English, The. David Garrick. Roscoe (ros'kd), Sir Henry Enfield. Bom in London, Jan. 7, 1833. A noted English chem- ist, emeritus professor of chemistry in Victoria Lhiiversity (Owens College), Manchester. He was chosen member of Parliament for Manchester in 1885 and 1889. His works include " Lesstuis in Elcmentiu-y CheTp- istry" (ISfKS), "Lectures on Spcctnim Analysis' (1SC9), "A Treatise oti Chemistry" (with .Schorlemmer, 1878-S9). Roscoe, Thomas. Born at Alliston Hall, near Liverpool, 1791: died at Liverpool, Sept. 24, 1871. An English translator and scholar, son of William Roscoe. He translated " Memoirs of Ben- vennto Cellini "(1822). Sianiondi's"I,itei-atureof the South of Europe "(1823), Lanzi's " History of Painting in Italy" (ls2S), etc. Roscoe, William. Born at Liverpool, Jfarch 8, ] 7.'i3 : died J unc 30, 1831. A noted English his- torian, poet, and miscellaneous author. Hischief works are " Life of Lorenzode' Sledici " (1796) and " Life and Pontiacate of Leo X." (1806). He also published poems, p:uui)hlets against the slave-trade, etc. Roscoff (ros-kof). A town in the department of Finistfere, France, situated on the English Channel 34 miles northeast of Brest. Popula- tion (1891), commune, 4,600. Roscommon (ros-kom'on). 1. Acounty of f'on- na light , Ireland. It is bounded by Lcitrim on the north and northeast ; Lurt In the Bosetta siege of Corinth in 1862 ; gained, as commander of the Army of the Mississippi, the battles of luka in Sept., and of Corinth in Oct., 1802 ; was transferred to the command of the Army of the Cuniberlaml in Get., 1862 ; gained the battle of -Miirfreesboro Dec. 31, lS(i2,--Jan. 3, 1863 ; crossed the Cumberland Mountains and the Tennessee River In Aug., 1863; was defeated in the battle of Chiekanianga in Sept., 1^3 ; was relieved of the command of the .Vrmy of the Cumberland inttct., 18*13; and ascommanderof the De- partment of the Missouri repelled Price's invasion of Mis- souri in 18ft4. He resigned from the army in 1867 ; was United States minister to Mexico 1868-00 ; was Democratic niemlicr of Congress from California 1881-85 ; and register of tbe Inited Stales treasury 188.vn:j. He was reap- l)irinted brigadier-general and' placed on the retired list by a s](eeial act of Congress in Feb., 1889. Rosedale (roz'diil). A play by Lester Wallack, founded on Hamley's novel ' ' Lady Lee's Widow- hood": it was produced in 1863. Rose-Garlands, Feast of. See Feast of J!ose- tidrltnuts. Rosellini (ro-sel-le'ne). Ippolito. Bora at Pisa, Italy, 1800: died there, June 4, 1843. An Italian Orientalistandarchieologist.associateof Cham- pollion in Egypt : professorof Orientallanguages at Pisa from 1824 to 1839, wlien he became pro- fessor of archwologj-. He published "I monu- menti dell' Egitto e"della Nubia " (1832-40). Roselly de Lorgues (ro-za-le' de lorg) (before 1860, Roselly), Antoine Frantjois F61ix. Born at CJrasse, Alps-Slaritimes, France, Aug. 11, 180,'"): died Jan. 2, 1898. A French author, best known for his works in defense of Roman Catholicism and liis writings on Columbus. The former include " Le Christ devant le siicle " (1836), " Ijicroix dans Its deux niondes" (1844), etc. His works on Ctilumltus are extremely laudatory, and were undertaken with the direct end of securing the beatification i»f hia hero. Among them are "Christojdie Colomb ' (18.''6, 2 vols.), " CbristopheColombserviteur lie iiieu " (1^84), and "Hiatoire jiusthume de Christophe Cidoinb ' (18s&). Rosenbusch (ro'zen-bosh), Karl Heinrich Ferdinand. Born at Einbeck, June 24, 1836. A noted lienuan geologist. In I87s he was made professor at Heidelberg. He has principally devoted him- self to microscopic petrography. He tHiited the " Ncuen Yahrbuchs fur .Mineralogie, (ieologie und Palaontologie " with Klein and Benecke 1871>-84. Rosencrantz and Guildenstem. Characters in shakspere's "Hamlet." They are old schoolfellows of Hamlet, and are sent for by the king to spy upon him. They always appe:U' together. Rosendale (ro'zn-diil). A village near Kings- ton, New York, noted for its cement. Rosengarten (ro'zen-giir-ten). or Great Rosen- garten. A medieval Gorman folk epic (dating in its iiresent form from about 1300). It treats of liietrieh of Bel n, Kriemhild of Worms, etc. It was edited by W. Grinun (18;«'.)- Rosenheim (lo'zen-him). A town in Uppet Bavaria, Bavaria, situated on the Inn 31 miles southeastof Munich. Population (1890), 10.090. Rosenkranz (ro'zeu-kriints), Johann Karl Friedrich. Born at Magdebmtr, Prussia. .Xjiril 23, 180."): died at KiJnigslierg, Prussia, June 14, 1879. A German Hegelian philosopher and his- torian of literature, professor at Kiinigsberg 1833-49. He wrote "(jeschichte der deutschen Poeslo imMittclaltcr"(" History of German Poetry in the Middle Ages," 18;)0), "Han9), life of Dideliit (lS6li>, of Hegel (1844'), "Nene Studien"'087ri'"7), etc. With F. W. .Sginn, sou of .1. G. Rosenmiiller: )>rofessor at Leipsic from 179.'>. Among his works are scholia to the Old Testament, "Hamlbuch der biblischen Alu>rtumakuiida " (lv_'3-31). etc. Rosenmiiller, Johann Oeorg. Bom at Um- iiiersladt,near llildiiini,'liiiiisen, Germany, Dec. 18, 1730: died lit Leipsic, March 14, 181.'".. A (ierman Protestant theologian anil popular re- ligious writer, professor of theology and super- intendent at Leipsic from ns.'i. Rosenthaliru'zon-tiiO.MoritZ. Bornat Lera- liiM'tr. I>ee. IS, 1SI')2. A noted (ii'nnnn pianist. He was a pupil of IIrzI, and Is noted for his hrllllnnt technle. Roses, Wars of the. Scc IViirs of thr Itosru. Rosetta (ro-zet'tii), Ar. Rashid (rii-shed'). A town in the Delta of Egypt, situated near the Bosetta mouth of the Kosetta arm of the Nile, 35 miles east-northeast of Alexandria. Population(1897), 14,414. Bosetta Branch. The -n-estemmost of the two chief branches into which the XUe divides to form the Delta . it separates from the Daniietta branch a few luiles north-northwest of Cairo. Bosetta Stone, The name given to a stone nowin the British iluseum, originally found by French soldiers who were digging near the Rosetta mouth of the Nile. It is a piece of black basalt, and contains part of three equivalent inscriptions, the tirst or highest in hieroglyphics, the second in demotic characters, and the third in Greek. According to these inscriptions, the stone was erected in honor of Ptolemy EpipUanes, March 27, B. c. 19ti. This stone is famous as haWng fur- nished to Young and ChatnpoUion the first key for the interpretation of Egyptian hieroglyphics. In its present broken condition it measures 3 feet 9 inches in height, 2 feet 4} inches in width, and 11 inches in thickness- Bosheim (roz'him'). A town in Lower Alsace, Alsace-Lorraine, situated 15 mUes southwest of Strasburg. It was once a free imperial citv. Population (1890), 3.2(>4. Bosier (ro'zher), James. Bom in Xorfolk, Eng- land, about 1575 : died in the midtUe of the 17th century. An English explorer. He accompanied Waymouth in his voyage to Maine and the Penobscot in 1605, and described the voyage in his "True Relation." Bosinante(roz-i-nan'te). DonQuixote'scharger, all skin and bone. ' He next proceeded to inspect his hack, which, with more quarters than a real and more blemishes th.in the steed of Gonela that tantum 2>eUig et ossa/uit, surpassed in liis eyes the Bucephalosof Alexan- der and the Babieca of the Cid." Also Rocinante. Eosine (ro-zen'). The ward of Doctor Bartholo in Beaumarchais's comedy '' The Barber of Se- ville." He seeks to marry her, but through the adroitness of Figaro she is married to Count Almaviva. Bosini (ro-se'ne), Giovanni. Born at Luei- gnano, Italy, June 24, 1776: died at Pisa, May 16. 1855. An Italian poet and writer of histori- cal novels. Boslin (ros'lin). A village in Midlothian, Scot- land, situated about 7 miles south of Edinburgh. The notable chapel here was built in 1446 as the choir of a projected coUegiate church. The nave consists of five bays. and. especially in its comparatively plain exterior, with beautiful arches and flying buttresses, presents the appearance of being much older than it is. The interior is sculptured with foliage and arabesque ornament much undercut, Eosmini (ros-me'ne), Carlo de'. Bom at Eo- veredo, Tyrol, Oct. 29, 175S: died at Milan, June 9, 1827, An Italian historian and biog- rapher. His chief work is "Storia di Jlilano" ("History of Milan," 1820). Bosmini-Serbati (ros-me'ne-ser-ba'te). Anto- nio. Born at Roveredo, Tt,to1, March 25, 1797: died at Stresa, near Lago Maggiore, July 1, 1855. A noted philosopher, founder of the re- ligious order of the Brothers of Charity. Among his numerous works Is "Xuovo saggio sull" origine delle idee ' ('• New Essay on the Origin of Ideas," 1830). Eosmnnda (roz-mun'dat. A tragedy by Al- fieri, published in 1783. Eistori was celebrated in the part of Eosmunda. Eosny (ro-ne'), Leon de. Bom at Loos, Xord, Prance. Aug. 5, 1S37, A French Orientalist and ethnographer, author of various works on the Chinese, Japanese, and Corean languages, and on the antiquities of Central America and Yucatan. Boss ( ros). or Boss-shire (ros'shir) . A northern county in Scotland. The mainland portion is bounded by Sutherland and Dornoch Firth on the north, Moray firth on the east, Inverness on the south, and the Atlan- tic on the west and northwest, and includes various de- tached portions of Cromarty. Ross-shire comprises also the northern part of Lewis and other islands of the Hebri- des. The sui^ace is generally mountainous. It is con- nected politically with Cromarty. United area of Ross and Cromarty, 3,078 square miles ; population (1891X 74,727. Boss. A town in the county of Herefordshire, England, situated on the Wye 15 miles west bv north of Gloucester. It has'i noted church (with the tomb of John Kyrle, the " Man of Ross "1 Popula- tion (1891), 3,575. Boss, or Eosse, Alexander. Bom at Aberdeen, 1590: died 16-54. A Scottish clergyman who became chaplain to Charles L and master of the Southampton free school. .-Vmong his works is "\ View of .all the Religions in the World" (1652), to which Butler refers in the couplet in "Uudibras": " There w.as an ancient s.*ige philosopher. Who had read Alexander Ross over." Boss, Alexander. Born in Aberdeenshire, 1699 : died at Lochlee, Forfarshire, May 20, 1784, A Scottish schoolmaster and poet. He wrote '* Helenore, or the Fortunate Shepherdess" (1768: a nar- rative poem), and a number of songs (" Wooed an' Mairied an' a'," etc.) and other poetical pieces, in the rural dialect of Aberdeenshire, Boss, Alexander. Born in .Nairnsliire, Scot- land, May 9. 1783: died in Colony Gardens (now in Wia>:ipeg, Manitoba), Red RiverSettle- 868 ment, British North America, Oct. 23. 1856. A British firr-trader and pioneer in British Amer- ica. He ^vrote "Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River" (1849), "Fur-Himters of the Far West" (1S55), "The Red River Settlement " (1856). Boss, Alexander Milton. Born at Belleville, Ontario. Canada, Dee, 13, 1832: died at Detroit, Mich., Oct, 27. 1897. A Canadian naturalist and botanist, noted for his collections of Cana- dian fauna and flora. Boss, Mrs. (Elizabeth (Betsy) Griscom). Bom at Philadelphia. Jan. 1, 1752 : died there. Jan. 30. 1836. An American woman, who. at the suggestion of Washington, madethe first Amer- ican flag, adopted by Congress June 14, 1777. The house, 239 Arch Street. Philadelphia, in which the flag was made is now the property of the American Flag House and Betsy Ross Memorial .^sociatioiL Boss, Sir James Clark, Bom at London, April 15, 1800: died at Aylesbury, England, April 3, 1862. A British navigator and arctic explorer. He served with his uncle. Sir John Ross, and with Parry in their arctic expeditions : commanded the expedition of the Erebus and Terror to the antarctic regions lt39-43, dis- covering Victoria Land and penetrating to lat. 78° 10' .S., the furthest point ever yet reached in the antarctic re- gions ; and commanded the Enterprise in search of Sir John Franklin in 1S48. He published " Voyage of Discovery and Research in the Southern and Antarctic Regions 1S39- 1S43 " (1^7). To Sir James Clark Ross is generallv given the credit for the discovery of the north magnetic pole- Eoss, Sir John. Bom at Inch, Wigtownshire. •Scotland, June 24, 1777: died at London, Aug, 30, 1856. A British admiral and arctic explorer. He conamanded expeditions in search of the northwest passage ISIS and 1829-33. and one in search of Sir John Franklin 1850-51. He published ' 'A Voyage of Discovery " (1819) . " J< arrative of a Second Voyage in S^ch of a North- west Passage" (1835), etc. Boss, John. Bom in Georgia about 1790. died at Washington, D. C, Aug. 1, 1866, A Chero- kee half-breed. He became Cherokee chief 182S ; pro- tested against the removal to Indian Territory 1835 ; and sided with the Confederates 1S61. Boss, Man of. See Eyrie, John. Ross, New. See Xeic Boss. Ross, Robert. Born at Ross Trevor, Devonshire, England, 17(0: kiUed at North Point, Md.. Sept. 12. 1814. A British general. He served in the wars against France : defeated the Americans at Bladensbiu^, Aug., 1814 ; and burned Washington. Ross and Cromarty. See JRnss. Rossano (ros-sa'no). A city in the province of Cosenza, southern Italy, situated on a spur of Mount SOa. near the Gn\f of Taranto, 27 miles northeast of Cosenza. It has marble and alabaster quarries, and is the seat of an archbishop. It belonged to the Byzantine empire in the early middle ages. Popula- tion aSSlX 16,224. Eossbach (ros'bach), in F. sometimes Bos- bach. -\ village in the pro\-inee of Saxony, Prussia, 9 miles southwest of Mersehurg. Here, Xov. 5, 1757, the Prussians (22,000) under Frederick the Great defeated the united armies of the French under Sou- bise and the Imperialists under the Prince of Saxe-Hild- burghausen (total 43,000). Loss of the Prussians, about 500 ; of the Allies, 1,700 killed and 7,0iX> prisoners. Bossberg (ros'berG). A mountain on the bor- ders of the cantons of Sehwyz and Zug, Swit- zerland. 12 miles east by north of Lucerne. A landshde from it buried the village of Goldau in 1806. Hei',;ht, 6,195feet, Bossbrunn (ros'bron). A village in Lower Franconia, Bavaria. about 8 miles west of Wiirz- burg. Here, July 26, 1866, the Prussians defeated the Bavarians. Eossdorf (ros'dorf). A village in Saxe-Meiu- ingen. Germany, 12 mil es northwest of Meiniu- gen. It was the scene of a battle between the Prussians and Bavarians July 4, 1866. Rosse (ros). A thane of Scotland in Shak- spere's "Macbeth." Rosse fros'e), Earl of. See Parsons, TTiUiam. Rossellino (ros-sel-le'no), AntoniO (real name Gambarelli). Born about 1427: died about 1497. A Florentine sculptor, brother of Ber- nardo Rossellino. He is said to have studied with Donatello, and possessed great delicacy of treatment. Among his works is the noble monument to Cardinal Por- togallo in San Miniato at Florence, executed in 14t:i. The Duke of Amalfi ordered Antonio to make one like it fui the Church of Monte Oliveto in Naples, in memory of his wife, Marj' of Aragon. Rossellino, Bernardo. Born 1409: died about 1464. A Florentine sculpt oranil architect. Hewas the eldest of the family of Matteo di DomenicoGanibarelli, which gave five sculptors to I'uscany (Bernardo. Domenico. ^laso. Giovanni, and .\ntonio). Two of these. Bernardo and Antonio, were artists of great ability. Bei-nardo was a disci- ple of Albert!, and attained special eminence as an archi- tect in the service of Pope Nicholas V. It was thrtmgh his agency that this Pope, who restored the falling edifices of ancient Rome and reconstructed St. Peter's and the Vati- can, built palaces at Orvieto and Spoleto, ami princely baths at Viterbo. After the death of Nicholas and his successor Calixtus III,, Bernardo found an equally zealous patron in Pius II., whose chief aim was the embellishment of his native town, Cosignano, to which he gave the name Rossini of Pienza. In this little town Bernardo built a palace, t cathedral, and a city hall. He also made the beautiful monument to Leonardo Bruni (Aretino) in Santa Croce (1444X generally considered to be the finest monument of the Quattrocento, and a typical specimen of the style of the time. Two of his works are a bust of St. John, in Florence, and an excellent portrait-bust of Battista Stores. Bossetti (ros-set 'te). Christina Georgina Bom Dee. 5, 1830 : died Dee. 29, 1894. An Eng- lish poet, sisterof D.G.Rossetti. She contributed to "The Gena " as Ellen Alleyn, and wrote " (Soblin Market " (1862X "The Prince's Progress "(1866), 'Sing-Song, a Xur- sery Rhyme Book " (1871), "A Pageant and Other Poems" (1881X " Time Flies," etc. (18S5). and a number of religious works on the Benedicite. the minor festivals, etc Bossetti, Dante Gabriel (Gabriel Charles Dante\ Bom at London, May 12, 1828: died at Birchington, England, April 9. 1882. An EngUsh poet and painter, son of Gabriele Bos- setti. He became noted as one of the leading Prert. phaelites (see Preraphaelite Brotherhood), and one of the chief romantic and sensuous poets of modem English literature. He was educated at King's College school and about 1S46 entered the Royal Academy. In 1847 he entered Madox Brown's studio. .Among his chief paint- ings are " Fomid," " Girlhood of the Virgin " (1849). " The -Annunciation," "Ecce Ancilla Domini "(1850: in the Nt tional Gallery!, "Boat of Love," " Ladv Lilith ' (18641 "Sibylla Palmifera " (1806), '■ Dante's Dream "(1870X"Pro8- erpina" (1874X "La Pia" (18S1X etc. He wrote transla- tions from Italian poets (1S61X and published "Poems" (1870), including "The Blessed Damozel," "My Sister's Sleep," and other poems reprinted from "The Germ" (1S50X and " Ballads and Sonnets " (1S81X including his series of one hundred sonnets called "The House of Ufe.' Bossetti, Gabriele. Bom at Vasto, kingdom of Naples, March 1, 1783 : died at London, April 26, 1854. An Italian poet and commentator on Dante: father of Dante Gabriel Rossetti. He fled to Malta in 1821 and to England in 1824, and was made professor of Italian at King's College, Ix>ndon. in 1826. He is tiest known from his patriotic poems at the time of the revolution of 1S20. Bossetti, William Michael. Bom at London, Sept. 25, 1829. An English poet and art critic, brother of Dante Gabriel Bossetti. He wrote a translation cf Dante's "Inferno" (1865X "Poems and Bal- lads"(lS66), "Life of Shellev" 0869); edited the poetical works of S. T. Coleridge (1S7I), Milton (1871) Campbell (ISi^), William Blake (iS74X Shakspere's works with glos- sary (ISSO) ; and wrote a "Life of Keats" (1S77). Bossi(ros'se). Ernesto. Bom at Leghorn. Italy, 1829: died at Peseara, June 4, 1896. An Ital- ian actor and ilramatist. He early became noted in the plays of Alfieri and Shakspere. He went to Paris in 1S55 with Ristori. and again in 1866, 1874, and 1875. He was called "the Italian 'falma." He playertantworkson Roman art and antiquities. Rossi, Count Pellegrino. Bom at Carrara, Italy, July 13. 178^: assassinated at Rome, Nov. 15. 1.848, An Italian politician, jurist, and economist. He lived in exile after 1815. In 1816 he settled at Geneva, became professor of Roman and penal law at the academy (ISIOX and played a prominent part in Swiss politics. In is33 he went to Fi-ance and became (1834) professor of political economy at the Collie de France, and later of constitutional law at the Law SchooL He was made a peer in 1839. and was in the service of the French government under Guizot 1840-45. He was ap- pointed French ambassador at Rome in 1845, and became papal premier in Sept, 1S4S- He wrote " Traits de droit penal "(lS29X"Cours d'^conomie politique "(1S40-.54X etc Eossignol (ros-sen-yol'). Lake. A lake in the southwestern part of Nova Scotia, 17 miles north of Liverpool, Its outlet is the Mersey, Length, 12 miles. Bossini (ros-se'ne). Gioachino Antonio. Bom at Pesaro, Italy, Feb. 29. 1792 : died at Paris. Nov. 13, 1868. " A celebrated Italian operatic composer. He was of humble birth, and was early ap- prenticed to a smith. He began to take regtilar lessons in music, and played the honi in a theater at Bologna when he was about 13. In 1807 he entered a class in counter- point at the Liceo. and a little later studied the violon- cello. In 1S08 a cantata by him was performed in public, and before 1S23 he had written twenty operas, most of them after 1S15, at which time he became director of the San Carlo .ind Del Fondo theaters at Naples. In 1S21 he mar- rie.l Is.abella Colbran and went to Vienna (1S22X where he had much success in spite of opposition. He risited London in 1823, where he w.as warmly received, and soon went to Paris, where he vas made director of theTh^itre Italien for IS months. Here he brought out a number of his operas as well as Meyerbeer's " Crtx-iato. ' He was re- tained in the king's service, and in 1829 produced "Guil- laume Tell," his greatest work. He retired in 1836 to Bologna, and devoted himself to the encouragement of the Liceo. In 1842 his ' Stabat Mater " was tirst given com- plete. In 1S47 he went to Florence, and in 1855 to Paris, where at his villa at Passv he was the center of a brilliant circle till his death. Toward the end of his life he wrote littlebutpianofortemusic. His operas include "Tancredi" (1813X ' Elisabetta " (1S15X " II Barbiere di Siviglia " (1816), Sossini ■'Otello"(1816), "LaCenerentola"(1817), "La Gazza La- dia"(1817),"Armiila"(181"),"La Donna del Lago"1), ••Semlni- inide"(18.a). a[id "Guillaume Tell "(1829). He also wrote •'M"5i' ill EKitto" (1-1^; an oratorio), "Stabat Mater" (1842), and " Messe Soknnelle " (18U4^ etc Eossiter uos'i-tur). Thomas Pritchard. Bom at New Haven, Comi.. 1H17: died at Cold Spring, N. Y., May 1", 1871. An jVmeriean his- torical painter. He lieuan the practice of his profes- sion in 1838, and in 1840-41 studied at lx)ndon and I'aris. anil from 1R41 to 1846 at Kome. He was elected national aca'lcMiician in 184'.>. Bossmassler i rds'mas-ler), Emil Adolf, l^my at Leipsie, Maivh 3. ISlKi: died there, -Vpril ■'^. 18()7. A (jernian naturalist and popular writer. His chief work is " Ikonoin"apIiie der europ&isclien Land uud Siisswasserniollusken " <" Iconogi'aphy of Xuropea:. Land and Frcsli-water Slollusks," 1835-68). Ross-shire. See Ito-ss. Rostand (ros-tiiii'). Edmond. Born at M;ir si-illes in 1868. A Freneh poet and playwrit;lit. He lias written " Les Koniaiie&ini-s "(1894), ** La Princesst- Lointaine " (1895), " LaSaiuaritaiiie " 11897), " Cyrano de Beri-'irac" (1897), "L'Aiglon " (1900), etc. Rostock (ros'tok). A seaport in Moeklenbiirin;- Sehweriu, situated on the estuarv of the War- now, in lat. f>-i° n' N., lonfr. 12° 8' E. it is the principal place in Mecklenburg, and one of the chief ports of tile Baltic, and has a trade in grain, herrings, timber, oil, etc. St. Peter's Church and some of the other churclies are notable. BlUcher was born and (imtius died there. The university, founded in 1419, was temporarily trans- ferrcd to Greifswald from 1437 to 1443. and (in part) to Biitzow from 17«i to 1789: it had .523 students in 1896- 1897, and a library of about 3(i7.(iO(l voluiTics. l{t. 15, IKIK: died at Berlin, April 1, 1K!)2. A noted Herman geologist and min- enilogist, professor at Berlin from 1867. Roth, Rudolf von. Born April 3, 1821: died June 22, 1SU5. A noted German Oriental- ist, professor at Tiibiugen from 1848 (or- dinary profos.sor 1856). nis chief work Is a "San- skrit \Vorterbuch" ("Sanskrit Dictionary," 185:{-7r,, wllb Bohtllngk). Among his other works are "Zur I.ittenitnr uiid(lcs,hlcbt.cl,'8Veda"(1846),anedllionoftho Atharva- veila (witli W bilney. I&',ll-ri7), etc. Rothaargebirge (rot'har-go-bPr'ge), or Rotla- gergebirge (rot'Ul-ger-ge-lwr'ge). A moun- tain-r;ing(> in the southern part of the province of Westphalia, Prussia. Height, about 2,500 feet. Rothe (ro'te), Richard. Bom at Posen, Prus- sia. Jan. 28, 1799 : died at Heidelberg, Aug. 20, 869 1867. A noted German Protestant theologian, professor at Heidelberg from 1854. His chief work is ' Theologische Ethik" ("Theological Ethics," 1S45-1S : revised ed. 1807-71). His other works include "Die An- faii'.-e der christluhen Kirche"("The Beginnings of the Christian Church," 1837), 'Zur Dogniatik " (1863), etc. Rothenburg ob der Tauber (ro'ten-bora 6b der tou'ber). A town in Middle Franconia, Bava- ria, situated near the Tauber 41 miles west of Nuremberg, it is one of the olilest Franconian towns, and was formerly a free imperial city. It took part in the Franconian League and in the Peasants' War, and sulfered in the Ihirty Years' War. Population (1890), 7,0iil. Rotherham ( roTU'er-am). A town in the We.st Riding of Yorkshire, "England, sittiated on the Don 6 miles northeast of Sheffield. It has extensive manufactures. Population (19111). 54,348. Rotherhithe (roTH'tr-hiTH), or Redriff (red'- rif ). [' Cattle-port.'] A district of Loudon, situated in Surrey, on the right bank of the Thames, 2 miles east-southeast of St. Paul's. It is tlie terminus of the Thames tniinil. Rothermel (roth'er-mel), Peter Frederick. Born July 18, 1817: died \ug. 15, 1895. An American historical painter. He visited Europe In 18.'>0-59, and afterward lived in Philadelphia, where he was an associate of the Pennsylvania Academy. Many of his pictures have been engraved. Among them are " De Soto discovering the Mississipjii "(1&44)," Patrick Henry before the Virginia House of Burgesses," ''Battle of Gettysburg" (1871). Rotherthurmpass(r6'ter-torra'pas'). [G.,' red- tower pass.'] A pass in the Transylvanian Carpathians, onthe borders of Transylvaniaand Wallachia, situated in the valley of the Aluta south of Hermannstadt. It was the scene of defeats of the Turks by the Hungarians in 1442 and 1493. The Rilssiun invaders passed through it in 1849. Rothesay (roth'sa). A royal burgh, capital of the countv of Bute, Scotland, situated on the island of Bute, in the Firth of Clyde, 30 miles west of Glasgow. It is a watering-place and health- resort; has importjint fisheries-, and contains a ruined castle. Population (1891), 9.034. Rothesay, Duke of. See Stewart, David. Rothorn, or Rothhom (lot'hom). [G., 'red horn.'] The name of several stimmits in the Aljis of Bern. Valais, the Grisons, etc. Rothschild (G. pron. rot'shilt; commonly E. roths'child). [Said to be from the sign of the house in Frankfort — ''zum rotheu Schilde," ' at the lied Sh ield.'] A celebrated Jewish bank- ing-house at Frankfort-on-the-Main, founded in the latter half of the 18th century by Mayer An- selm Rothschild. Mayer Ansclm died in 1812, leaving five sons, allot whom were created barons of the Austrian empire in 1822. The eldest. Anselni Mayer (177.V18.'ili), succeeded as head of the flmi. Solomon (1774-186.''.) es- tablished a branch at Vienna; Nathan Mayer(1777-ls3ij), a branch at Lomlon (1798); Charles Mayer (1788-18.'.B), a branch at Naples (discontinued about 1801) ; and .lakob (,ranie8) (1792-1808), a branch at Paris, Nathan Maycrwaa succeeded by his son Lionel Nathan n808-79) as hearl of the Ix>ndon branch : the present head is Lionel's son Na- thaniel Mayer (born in 1840 : raised to the peerage as Baron Rotlischild in 188.M. Rothschild, Baron Lionel Nathan. Born Nov. 22,1808: died June 3, 1879. An English banker and politician, of Hebrew birth: son of N. M. Rothschild. He was several times elected a member of Parliament for London, but did not take his scat before 18.18, when the Parlianientary oath was niodiflod by omit- ting the words obnoxious to his faith. Rothschild, Anselm Mayer. Born at Frank- I'ort-on-the-Main, 1743 : died at Frankfort, Sojit. 19, 1812. A German-Jewish banker, founder of the house of the Rothschilds. He became a banker at lYankfort, and in 1801 was appointed agent to the Landgrave (subsequently Elector) of Hesse-Cassel. He preserved the electijr's private fortune, which was intrusted t^i him iluring the invasion of the French In 1806, and wa-s in gratitude allowed the free use of It for a time, which enabled him to lay the founda- tion of Ills wealth. Rothschild, Boron NathanMayer. Bom Sept. 16,1777: died .Inly 2S, 183(i. The I'ounderof the English linmch of the house of Rothschild, third son of Mayer Anselm Rothschilil. About 1800 ho went to ManchcMter to buy g.Kids for his father. In 1805 he settled in London. Ho Itecame the Ilnanclal agent of nearly every civilized government. Rothwell (roth'wcd). A town in the West Rid- ing of Yorkshire, England, 4 miles southeast of Leeils. Population (1891), (i,2fl5. Rotrou (ro-lri)'), Jean de. Born at Dreux, France, Aug. 21, 16(19: died there, Juno 28, 16.50. AFrench dramatist. His tragMllesnnd come- dies are largely Iniltiitid from the cIiiksIcs and the Span- ish. He foi nod. with Cornellle, Colletel, HnUrobcM. and L'Ktollc, the liiind of KIchelleil s "live poels," who lom- ^losed tragedies jointly on the cardinal b plans. Among lis best works are the tragedies "Saint-(lcne«t" (1U40), " Vcncoslas " (1047). " Connies " (1IH9). Botse (rot'se), or BarotsO (bil-rot'so): also called Marutse. A Bantu tribe of Central Rouen Africa, settled in the low plain of the upper Zambesi valley, which is periodically flooded, and hence fertile but imhealthy. The kingdom ol the Barolse extends far beyond the tribal boundaries. By a revolution the Barotse exterminated, in 1865, their con- querors the Makololo. but retained the language of these and the dominion over neighboring tribes. These tribu- tary tribes are the Manansa, Malaya, ^lasubia, Matotela, -Manclioia, ilambunda. Balibale, and Mahe. The kings since 186.0 are Septipa, Ngwanawina, Lobosi, .^kufuna, and Lewaiiika. The Barotse kingdom is in the British sphere of influence. Rottee. See Rotti. Ro'ttenburg (rot'tcn-boro). Ato'wn in the Black Forest circle, Wurtemberg, situated on the Neckar 24 miles south-southwest of Stuttgart. Population (1890), 6,912. Rotten Bo'W (rot'u ro). [From F. Route du Rot, the king's way.] A fashionable thoroughfare for equestrians, in Hyde Park, London, extend- ing west from Hyde Park Comer for H miles. "The old royal route from the palace of the Plantagenet kings at Westminster to the royal hunting forests was by what are now called 'Birdcage Walk,' 'Constitution Hall.' and 'Rotten Row ' ; and this road was kept sacred to royalty, the only other person allowed to use it being (from its association with the hunting-grounds) the Grand i''alcoiicr of England." Hare, London, II. 107. R6tterdam(rot'er-dam ; D. pron. rot-ter-diim'). [From the river Rotte.] A city and seaport in the province of South Holland, Netherlands, situated at the junction of the Kotte with the Nleuwe Maas (orNewMeuse), in lat. 51° 55' N., long. 4° 29' E. it is the second seaport of the country and the second city in population ; and has extensive sea commerce and river traftlc with lietgiiim, Germany, etc. Its trade in colonial products is very large. It is the ter- niinusof asteamshiplineto NewY'ork ; and hasship-buUd- ing industries and manufactures of machinery, sugar, to* bacco. etc. It consists of an outer and an inner city. Amcing the objects of interest are Boyman's Museum, the fuslon about their rich gabled portals. Tile central ^pl^^, of in,n, .""lOO feet high, re- places an old one ileslmyeil by lightning. The arches of the nave are siibilivlileil into 2 tiers below the trifo- rinm-gallery ; the choir Is remarkable for it« lightness ; and there are admirable Kenaisuncc tombs of the Due dc Brdxr Bouen and Cardinnlii'Amboise,and much rich 13th-century glass. The length of the cathedral is 447 feet ; the height of the nave. 92. The abbey church of St Ouen, a celt^brai ed luonu- ment of great size and harmony of design, was built in the 14th and 15th centuries, except the facade, which was fin- ished only recently in a somewhat earlier style than the re- mainder. Tlie central lantern is as famous for grace and lightness as that of BuTiros. Other beauties :ire the porch of the south transept and the admirahle ^Toupins of the apse and radiating chapels. The interioris very light and ertective. the wall-spaces being reduced to a minimum. The length is 453 feet ; the height of the nave, 106. Other ob- jects of interest are the churches of St, Maclou, of St. Vin- cent, of St. Godard, and of St. Patrice. Palais de Justice, industrial and commercial museum, Corneille's house, li- bran-, musee. Hotel du Boui^theroulde, H«>tel de Ville. an- tiquarian museum, and museum of natural history. Tliere are schools of theologj'. medicine, and agriculture. The city was the birthplace of Pierre and Thomas Corneilk- and of Boieldieu. It was the capit^il of Lugdunensis II. ; became the seat of a bishopric about oOO; and was several times sacked by the Normans, who finally settled there and made it tlie capital of Normandy. Arthur of Brittany is said to have been murdered at Rouen- It was taken by Philip II. in 1'204 ; was taken by Henry V. of England in 1419, and re- covered by the French in 1449; was the scene oi the bum- ing of Joan of Arc in 1431 : suffered in the Huguenot wars ; resisted Henry IV. of France in 1.^92 ; and was occupied by the CTermans Dec., 1S70. Population (1001), 115,914. Rouergne (ro-arg'). An ancient territory of southern France, in the government of Grui- enne andGascony, corresponding mainly to the department of Avevron. it wasa connty in themid- dle ages, and was united to the crown in 1525. Rouge (ro-zha'). Vieomte Olivier Charles Ca- mille Emanuel de. Born at Paris. April 11, ISll: died at his Chateau Bois-Dauphin. Dee. 31, 1872, A celebrated French Egyptologist, professorofarchjeologyattheColl^gedeFrance. He is best known from his 'discovery of tlie prototj-pes of the Semitic alphabet in the early Egyptian hieratic. The entire glorv- of this discovery is due to the genius of a French Egyptologist, Emanuel de Rouge. The first account of his investigations was given in a paper read before the Academic des Inscriptions in the year lS5i>. A meagre summary of his results was published at the time in the "'Comptes rendus,"but by some mischance the lis. itself was lost, and has never been recovered. Taylor, The Alphabet, I. 89. Roogemont (F. pron. rozh-mon') Castle. A castle in Exeter, England, founded by William the Conqueror. Rouget de Lisle, or I'lsle (ro-zha' de lei), Claude Joseph. Born at Montaign. Lons-le- Saulnier, Finance. May 10, 1760 : died at Choisy- le-Roi, near Paris, June 27, 1S36. A French soldier and composer of songs. He was the son of royalists: refused to take the oat^h to the constitution abolishing the crown : and was stripped of his rank as first lieutenant, and imprisoned. He escaped after the death of Robespierre ; was wounded under General Hoche In La Vendue ; and retired to Mont.aigu, where he lived in all but absolute starvation. He wrote a number of songs, and published "Cinqnante chants fran(;^is" (IS'25) and other works, but is most celebrated as the author of the "ilar- seillaise " (which see). Rough and Ready, Old. An epithetoften given to General Zachary Taylor. Rough Riders. The popular name of the First United States Volunteer Cavalry, organized by Theodore Roosevelt and Leonard Wood for service in the Spanish- American war. it con- sisted of 1,000 men, recruited mainly from western States. They fought (dismounted) at Las Guasimas June 24> and Sau Juan July 1, 1898. Rougon-Macquart Cro-gon' ma-kar'). The name of a family celebrated by Zola, after the fashion of Balzac, in a series of novels (1871-93) nnder the general title of "Les Rougon-Mac- quart, histoire naturelle et sociale d'une famille sous le second empire." See ZoJa, Rouher(ro-ar'),Eug6ne. Bom at Riom. France, Nov. 30. 1814: died at Paris, Feb. 3, 1884. A French statesman. Hewasd>?putytotheConstitueut Assembly in 184S, and to the Legislative Assembly in 1849 ; minister of justice and premier 1S4&-51 ; and minister of justice 1851-52. He became vice-president of the State Council in 1S52, and minister of commerce, agriculttire, etc., in 1855; and concluded a commercial treaty with Great Britain in 1860, and others with Belgium, Italy, and Germany. He was premier lS63-69,and reactionary leader ; president of the Senate 1869-70 ; and after 1871 a Bonapartist leader. Roulers (ro-la'), or Rousselaere (ros-Uir'), or Roeselare (ro-se-la're\ A town in the prov- ince of West Flanders. Belgium, situated on the Mandelbeke 27 miles west-southwest of Ghent, It has cotton and other manufactures. Here, Jnly 13, 1794, the French under Pichegni and Macdonald defeated the Austrians under Clerfayt. Population (1890X 20,^. Roum. See J?HW. Roumania. See JRumania. Roumanille (ro-ma-nely'), Joseph, Bom at Saint-Remy(Bouches-dii-Eh6ne), Aug. 8. 1818: died at Avignon, May 24, 1891. A Provencal poet. He studied at Tarascon ; went in 1847 to Avipnon ; and was one of the principal members of the" F(^lihripes." In 1859 he organized "L'.ArmanaProven^au." Hisimpron* aations include ' Li Margarideto" {1^7% "Lis Oubreto" 870 0859), "Lou M^ge de Cucugnau " (1863X "LI Conte pro- venpau li casoareleto ' with a French translation (l^X '*Le Campano Mountado," etc. Roumelia. See J^umelia. Roundheads (round'hedz). In English history. the members of the Parliamentarian or Puritan party during the ci^'il war. They were so called op- probriously by the Royalists or Cavaliers, in allusion to the Puritans' custom of wearing their hair closely cut, while the Cavaliers usually wore theirs in ringlets. The Roundheads were one of the two great parties in English politics first formed about 1641, and continued under the succeeding names of Whigs and Liberals, as opposed to the Cavaliers, Tories, and Conservatives respectively. Roundheads, The. A comedy by Mrs. Aphra Behn. produced in 1682. Round Table, The. In Arthurian legend, a table made by Merlin for Uther Pendragon. who gave it to the father of Guinevere, from whom Arthur received it with 100 knights as a wed- ding gift. The table would seat 150 knights. One seat was called the siege or seat perilous because it was death to any knight to sit upon it unless he were the knight whose achievement of the Holy Grail was certain. The Order of the Eound Table was an institution founded by King Arthur at the advice of Merlin. It was originally military, but it ultimately became a military and theocratic organization. The romances of the grail and of the Kound Table are closely connected. There were legends of the latter before 1155, but between 1155 andl20(» several books were collectively called "Romances of the Sound Table." Among the poetic and prose compositions belonging to this cycle are ''Parzifal und Titurel" (GermanX '"Perce- val" (French), "Morte Arthur" (English and French). "I^ncelot du Lac " (French), "Tristan " (French^ "Life of Merlin" (French and English), "Quest of the Holy Grail" (French and English). " Perceforest " (French), *' Meliadus " and "Guiron le Courtois " (FrenchX Round Table Conference. Aresultless confer- ence of representatives of the Gladstonian Lib- erals and Liberal-Unionists in 1887, the object of which was to effect a reunion of the Liberal party. Roundway Down (round'wa doun). A place near Devizes. Wilts, England, at which the Parliamentary forces under Waller were totally defeated bv the Royalists under Hopton, Julv 13, 1(U3. Rouphia. See AJpheus. Rouroutou Island, See Rurutu Island. Rous, or Rouse (rous)^ Francis, Bom at Halton, Cornwall. 1579: died at Acton, Jan. 7. 1059. AnEnglishPuritan. noted as the author of a met- rical version of the Psalms ( 1(>46). He was educated at Oxford, was a member of the Long Parliament and the WestminsterAssemblyofDivines, and in 16i3 was appointed provost of Eton. His version is that still used in the Scot- tish churches. Rousay (ro'sa). One of the Orkney Islands. Scotland, 1 mUe north of Mainland; Length, 6 miles. Rouse's Point (rous'iz point). A village in Champlain township. Clinton County, New York, situated at the northeastern extremity of the State, at the outlet of Lake Champlaia, near the Canadian frontier. Population (1900), 1.675. Rousseau (ro-s6'), Jacques, Bom at Paris. 1630: diedat London. 1693. A French painter. His pictures were principally interiors and architectural views, and under the direction of Lebrun he decorated all the royal residences. After a period of study in Italy, he decorated many public buildings and a numlier of apart- ments at Saint-Germain, at iXarly, and at the palace of Ver- saillt s. He went to London to decorate one of the houses of Lord MontaiTue, hut died before completing it, Rousseau, Jean Baptiste. Born at Paris, April 16, 1670: died at Brussels, March 17, 1741. A French poet. He was exiled from France in 171-2 on the charge of writing satirical verses on certain influential persons. He engaged in controversies with Voltaire and others. The first poet who is distinctively of the lith century, and not the least remarkable, was Jean Baptiste Rousseau (1669-1741). Rousseau's life was a singular and rather an unfortunate one. In the first place, he was exiled for a piece of scandalous literature of which in all probability he was quite guiltless ; and. in the second, meeting in his exile with Voltaire, who professed (and seems really to have felt) admiration for him, he offended the irritable dis- ciple and was long the butt of his attacks. Saint^buri/, French Lit., p. 394. Rousseau, Jean Jacques, Bom at Geneva, June 28, 1712: diedat Ermeuonville. near Paris, July 2, 1778. An eminent Swiss-French philosopher. His mother died in giving him birth, and his father, a man of selfish and careless nature, spent his time mending watches and teaching dancing as a means of livelihood. For education Jean Jacques read Plutarch and some novels. He was successively an engraver's apprentice, a lackey, a musician, a student in a seminary, a clerk, a private tutor, and a music-copyist. He changed his religion repeatedly, even on pectmiary inducements. He lived thus from hand to month until the age of 38, and the only time that he knew no need was during the years spent with the notori- ous Madame de Warens, His first real awakening to his latent talents dates from the summer of 1749, when he un- dertook to compete for a prize offered by the Academy of Dijon for the best dissertation on the subject " Whether the progress of the sciences and of letters has tended to corrupt or to elevate morals." So eloquent was he in his paradox- ical condemnation of civilizatioQ, that be achieved at once Rowan a brilliant success. The following years witnessed a series of literarj- triumphs, such as " Le devin du village " (1752), "Discours sur linegalite des conditions" (17M), "Lettre sur les spectacles" (175S), "La nouvelle Heloise*" (1761X " Le contrat social " (1762), and '' Emile, ou de I'educatioD "* (1762). The ideas expressed in this last work led to Rouft, seau's exile from France, and laid the foundation of mod- em pedagogy. He lived in Switzerland and England until he was allowed to come bauk, in 176T, on condition that he would not write any more. And in fact his last works of consequence," Les confessions "and "Reveries d'unprome- neur solitaire," were not published until 17S2, 4 years after his death. Rousseau's home life is an enigma i he lived with a woman unworthy of him, Therese Le Vasseur, who bore to him 5 children, whom he sent one after the other to the Foondling Asylum. He died of apoplexy after hav- ing been for many years a victim to the mania of persecu- tion. Rousseau, Lovell Harrison. Bom in Lincoln County. Ky., Aug. -i. 1S18 : died at New Orleans, Jan. 7, 1S69. An American general and politi- cian. He served in the Mexican war, and in the Unioo army in the Civil War(in the battles of Shiloh, Perryvill^ Murfreesboro. Chickamauga, etc.). He was Republican member of Congress from Kentucky 1S65-67. Rousseau, Pierre £tienne Theodore, known as Theodore Rousseau. Born at Paris. April 15, 1812: died at Barbizon, near Foutainebleau, France, Dec. 22, 1867. A noted French land- scape-painter, one of the leaders of the French realistic school, known as the school of Fon- tainebleau. His father was a merchant tailor from the Jura ; his maternal uncle, Gabriel Colombet,was a portrait- painter and pupil of David. He began when very young to paint with K^mond, and copied Claude at the Lou%Te, To the famous Salon of 1831 he contributed a *' View in Auvergne." He shared with Barye the patronage of the Due d'Orleans, who in 1S33 bought his "Border of Felled Woods." From 1S31 to 1836 he led the revolt against for- malism. In 1S36 his " Descent of Cattle from the Jura Mountains" was rejected by the Salon, and in 1>37 his "Avenue of Chestnuts" was also rejected. No picture of his appeared at the Salon until 1S49. In 1&46 he was estab- lished in a studio at Paris : later he withdrew entirely to Barbizon. He painted a large number of pictures particu- larly representing the neighborhood of Barbizon and the forest of Foutainebleau. Rousselaere. See Houlers. Roussillon (ro-se-yon'). An ancient govern- ment of France, bordering on Spain. Capital, Perpignan. it corresponds nearly to the department of Pyxenees-Orientales. It was a countship in the middle ages ; was annexed to Aragon in 1172 ; was freed from the nominal feudal supremacy of France in 1258 ; was annexed by Louis XI. in 1471 ; was recovered by Aragon from Charles ATII. in 1493 ; and was annexed to France by the treaty of the I*yrenees in 1659. Roussy. See Girodet. Roustem. See Rustom. Rouvier t;ro-vya'), Maurice. Bom at Aix, France, April 17, 1842, A French politician. Hewas minister of commerce 1881-82 and 1SS4-85; premier May- Dec, 1SS7; and minister of finance 1889-92 and 1902-. Rover (ro'ver). The principal character in 0'Keefe"s farce '-Wild Oats." Rover, The, or the Banished Cavaliers. A comedy by Mrs. Aphra Behn, produced in 1677. Roveredo (ro-ve-ra'do). G. also Rofreit (ro'- frit"). A town in South Tyrol. Austria-Hungary, situated on the Leno, near the Adige, 14 miles south by west of Trent, it is an -mportant silk-manu- facturing center, and has a flourishing trade. It was an- nexed bv Venice in 1413, and by Austria in 1510. Here, Sept. 3 and 4, 1796, the French under Mass^na defeated the Austrians. Populatiou (1S90), 9,030. Rovigno (ro-ven'yo). A seaport in Istria. Aus- tria-Hungary, situated on the Adriatic 40 miles south of Triest. it has a cathedral, is noted for its wine, and has flourishing trade and fisheries. Population (1S90), 9,662. RovigO (ro-ve'go). 1. A province in the com- partimento of Venetia. Italv. Area, 685 square miles. Population (1891), 236,405.— 2. The capi- tal of the province of Rovigo. situated on the Adigetto 37 miles southwest of Venice. It has a large library aud picture-gallery. Population (1892). 11.500. RovigO, Due de. See Savartf. Rovira, Custodio Garcia. See Garcia Sotira. Rovuma (ro-vo'ma). A river in Africa which separates German East Africa from Portuguese East Africa, and flows iuto the Indian Ocean near Cape Delgado. Rowan (ro'an), Stephen Clegg, BomnearDub- lin, Ireland, Dec. 25, 1808: died atWashington, D.C., March 31.1890. An American admiral. He entered the narv as a midshipman in 1S26; served in the Seminole and Mexican wars ; and commanded the Pawnee at the beginning of the Ciril War. In this vessel he par- ticipate in the first naval action of the war, namely, the attack on the Confederate batteries on Aquia Creek, May 2o, 1S61. He destroyed a small fleet of gunboats near Elizabeth Citv. North Carolina, in Feb., 1S62 ; commanded the fleet which cooperated with General Bumside in the capture of Newbem in March of the same year ; and cotp' manded the Xew Ironsides in the operations against the defenses in Charleston harbor, Au^.-Sept., 1S63. He was promoted rear-admiral in 1866 and nce-admiral in 187(V and was retired in 1889. Bowandiz Rowandiz (rou-an'diz). See the extract. The " iiKtuiiUin of the world," or Rowandiz, the Accadian Olyinpt'S, was believutl to be tlie pivot on wliich the lieaven resteil, covering the earth like a huge extiniiuisher. The world was bound to it l)y a rojie, like that with which the sea was churned in Hindu legend, or the golden cord of Homer, wherewith Zeus proposed to suspend the nether earth after binding the t-ord about 01ynipos(Il. viii. l'.)-2ti). , . . It lay far away in the regions of the northeast, the en- trance, as it was supposed, to the k>wer world, and it was BOmetimes identitled with the nindon, where ho arrived June 5, 1620, on the same diplomatic mission. He was made honorary M. A. at Cambridge, and knighted at Whitehall, March 3, 1630. He left Loudon March 6. He painted several pictures in England, and received an onler for the decoration of Whitehall. On Dec. 6, 1630, ho married Helena Fourmciit, a niece of his first wife. He was famous as a colorist, and painted his- torical and sacred subjects, portraits, landscapes, etc. Of bis pictures 89 are in Munich, 45 in the Louvre, 40 in the Belvedere at Vienna, 22 at Antwerp (besides many pic- tures in churches), and 11 are in the National Gallery In London. Among his chief works are "The Descent from the Cross" (Antwerp). "Elevation of the Cross." "Fall of the Damned" (Munich), and " Rape of the Sablnes" (Lon. don). Riibezahl (rii'be-tsiil). In German folk-lore, the mountain spirit of the Eiesengebirge, in Silesia and Bohemia. Rubicon (ro'bi-kon). In ancient geography, a small river in Italv, near Rimini. In the later Itonmn republic It was {ho boundary between Italy proper and Cisalpine Gaul. The crossing of it by Ca'sar, 49 a. c, began llii . ivil WW. It has been Identified with the I'r- gcuio and with tho Cso. The most recent Investigations tend to show that tho Rubicon has entirely i]uitted its ancient course. It np. pears originally to have fallen Into the Flumlelno. farther south, while at tho present day itj> upper part (I'rgone) unites with the IMsciatello. HanhUr, Central Italy, p. 91, Rubini (ro-bo'ne), Giovanni Battista. Born at Romano, near Bergamo, Italy. .Xpril 7. 1795: died there, Mai'ch 3, l.H,54. A celebrated Italian tenor singer. His llrst Important engagement was at Naples,where betook leasonsfroiu No7.r«ri ; Tint his Mrst ap- pearance in Paris In 18-2.5 was the beginning of his career of great and unbroken BUccens He first K.ing In I'.nglaml in 1831. and till 184:1 sang there and iu Paris altcrufltely. In 1H4:( ho set out on a tour with l.lszt throuu'h Holland and Germanv, but they soon separateil. KuliinI went on to St. Petersburg, where he sang with such etfect that ho was made din'ctor of singing In Kiissla. Ho retiroil from public life about 1844 with a large fortune. Rubinstein (rO'bin-.stin), Anton. Born in Vol- liyuia, Russia, Nov. 30, 1829: died iienrSt. Peters burg, Nov. 20, 1894. A noted Riissiiin pianist and composer. In la'tn ho made o concert tour with his teacher Villoing ; went to Paris ; studied under Liszt ; went to ICngland in 1842 ; nnule other concert tours ; studied for s years in Russia; and In IS-Vl appeared in Hamburg with many of his own coiniMtsltlons. Kroni this time bis success was unbrokou. He was ap|>oiuted Im- perial concert director iu Russia in I8.S8 ; founded the St Petersliurg Ca1 In 18't7. He visited England and France a number of times, and the I'nited States. His works Include "Ocean Syuiphiuiy, Op. 42," ami other symiillonles, many songs and coiiuortoA, and' the upoiiu " Fcraiuurz, " " The Do. Rubinstein mon," "The Maccabees," "Nero," etc.: but he is cele- brated principally as a pianist. He wrote his •' Autobiog- raphy" and a "Couversation on Music-" In 1887 he gave a series of historical recitals in London. Rubrum MareCro'briimma're). [L., 'Red Sea.'] A Latin name of the Eed Sea. Rucbah (ruk'ba). [Ar. al-rukliiah, the knee.] A name assigned both to the third-magnitude star £ Cassiopeise and to the fourth-magnitude star a Sagittarii. Rucellai (ro-ehel-la'e), Giovanni. BomatFIor- euce, Oct. 20, 1475: died 1526. An Italian poet and (h-amatist. Riickert (rUk'ert), Friedrich. Bom at Sehweinfurt, May 16, 1788 : died on his estate Neuses, near Coburg, Jan. 31, 1866. A German poet. He studied at Wurzburg, Heidelberg, and Jena, at which university he settled for a time as docent, but soon renounced the position and lived in various places. In 1817 he went to Italy and spent the winter in Rome. He then devoted himself to Oriental studies. In 1826 be was called to Erlangen as professor of Oriental languages, and remained there until 1^41, when he was called to the Uni- versity of Berlin in a like capacity. In I'iJb he resigned his position and lived thenceforth at Xeuses, where he died. His first poems are from 1807. In 1814 appeared the collection " Deutsche Gedichte von Freimund Eaimar " ("German Poems by Freimund Rainiar "), which contained among other poems his " Geharnischte Sonette" ("Son- nets in Armor"). In 1817 was published another collec- tion with the title "Kranz der Zeit " ; in 1822 " Liebesfruh- ling " (" Love's Spring "). He made many translations and imitations of £.13160) poetry, among them "Ostliche Ro- sen'* ("Eastern Roses," 182-2) and "Nal und Damajanti" (1828). His collected poetical works, "Gesammelte poe- tische Werke," were published in Frankfort (1S6S-69) in 12 volumes. " Nachgelassene Gedichte " (" Posthumous Poems") were published in Vienna (1877). Rudabah (ro-da-be'). In the Shaknamah, daughter of Mihrab (king of Kabul), wife of Zal, and mother of Rustam. The story of the love of Zal and Rudabah, of the anger of Mihrab. and of the opposi- tion of Sam and Minuchihr is one of the most idyllic por- tions of the great poem. Ruddiman (rud'i-man), Thomas. Born at Boyndie, Banffshire, Oct-, 1674: died at Edin- burgh, 1757orl758. A Scottish classical scholar. He wrote " Rudiments of the Latin Tongue "(171-1)," Gram- matics Latinfe Institutiones " (1725, 1731). etc., and edited "Livy' (1751). Ruddygore (rud'i-gor), or the Witches' Curse. A comic opera by Gilbert and Sullivan, pro- duced in 1887. It is sometimes spelled Btiddi- g»re. Rude (riid), FranQois. Born at Dijon, France, Jan. 4, 1784: died at Paris, Nov. 3. 1855. A noted French sculptor. Among his -works are the " Neapolitan Fisher," a group in the Arc de Triomphe, etc. Rudelsburg (ro'dels-boro). A ruined castle near Kosen, on the Saale, south-svest of Naum- burg, in Prussian Saxony. Riidesheim (rii'des-him). A town in the prov- ince of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, situated neartbe Rhine opposite Bingen. it Is celebrated for its Rhine wine " Rudesheimer," and for the castle Brbmser- burg Population (1890), 4,240. Riidiger (rii'di-ger). One of the leading char- acters in the "Nibelungenlied." Riidiger (ro'di-ger), Cotmt Feodor. Bom at Mitau, Russia, 1784 : died at Karlsbad, June 23, 1856. A Russian general. He served with distinc- tion in the wars against Napoleon, against Turkey 182^29, and against Poland in ISSL He received the surrender of GOrgey at Vilagos in 1849. Rudkjobing (rod'che'bing). The chief townin the island of Langeland, Denmark, situated in lat, 54° 56' N., long. 10° 41' E. It was the birth- place of Orsted. Population (1890), 3,485. Rudolf (ro'dolf) I. King of Burgundy 888-912. He originally held a county in the Jura, and on the dis- memberment of the empire at the deposition of Charles III. made himself master of Transjurane Burgundy, which he erected into a kingdom. His dominion extended over the northern part of Savoy aod all Switzerland between the Reuss and the Jura Rudolf I., or Rudolph (ro'dolf). Bom May 1, 1218 : died at Germersheim, Germanv, July 15, 1291. German king 1273-91, son of Albert" IV., count of Hapsburg and landgrave of Alsace. He succeeded his f.ither in Hapsburg and Alsace in 1239, and was elected German king in Sept., 1273, being the first monarch of the Hapsburg line. liy a war with Ottocar of Bohemia, who was slain on the Marchfeld in 1278, he ob- tained Austria, Styria, and Carniola for his house. Rudolf II., or Rudolph. Bom July 18, 1552 : died Jan. 20, 1612. Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire 1576-1612, son of the emperor Maximil- ian U. He succeeded his father as archduke of Austria, king of Bohemia and Hungary, and as emperor in 1576. He was a scholar in his tastes and habits, but an unprac- tical man of affairs, and was under the influence of the court of Spain. He was forced to acknowledge his brother Matthias as king of Huugary and governor of Austria and Moravia in 1608 ; was forced to grant religious freedom in his "letter of majesty" to the Bohemian Protestants in 16' 19 : and resigned Bohemia to bis brother in 1611. Rudolf, or Rudolph. Bom Aug. 21, 1858: com- 872 mitted suicide at Mierling, near Vienna. Jan. 30, 1889. Archduke and cro-wn prince of Aus- tria-Hungarj-, only son of the emperor Francis Joseph. He was a man of considerable literary attain- ments, and was a collaborator on "Die Osterreichisch- Ungarische Monarchic in Wort und BUd " (1886, etc-). Rudolf, or Rudolph, of Ems. Died in Italy be- tween 1251 and 1254. A Middle High Gennan poet. He was by birth a Swiss, and probably owes his nametoHohenems, in the Vorarlberg region. He is sup- posed to have begun to write about 122.i. He is the au- thor of the legendary poems "Der gnte Gerhard "("Good Gerhard") and "Barlaam und Josaphat"; the historical dramatic poems "Wilhelm von Orleans" and "Alexan- der"; and a " Weltchronik " ("Universal Chronicle"), which, however, only comes down to Solomon. This last work is dedicated to Conrad IV. with whom he went to Italy, where he died. Rudolf of Hapsburg. See Huclolfl., German king. Rudolf, or Rudolph, of Swabia. Died Oct. 15, 1080. Duke of Swabia after 1057. He was chosen king in opposition to Henry rv. of Germany in 1077, and was supported by Pope Gregory VII. He was at war with Henry 1078-80, and was defeated in battle and slain. Rudolf, Lake. A large lake in British East Africa, northeast of Victoria Nyanza. Rudolstadt (ro'dol-stat). The capital of the principality of Sohwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Ger- many, situated on the Saale in lat. 50° 43' N., long. 11° 20' E. It has manufactures of porcelain, dyes. etc. Near it is the palace of Heidecksburg. Popu- lation (1890X 11,398. Rudra (ro'dra; with Vedic accent, ro-dra'). [IStymology and original meaning uncertain. The Hindus connect it with the root rud, to cry, and understand it as meaning 'howling,' 'roaring,' ' terrible.'] In the Rigveda. the lord of the JIaruts ; the stonn-god. With his bow he shoots deadly darts at the earth, but he also bestows re- medial herbs and has a special power over the cattle. In the Atharvaveda he is already invoked as the master of life and death, and those of his aspects which inspire terror are e.\alted in preference to the beneficence which most distinguishes him in the Rigveda Later he becomes the Shiva of the Hindu triad. His evolution and character- istics are treated very fully in Muir's "Original Sanskrit Texts," IV. 299-420. Rueda (ro-a'THa). Lope de. Bom in Seville: flourished from 1.544 to 1567. A Spanish drama- tist and actor. He enjoyed great popularity during his lifetime, and occupies an important place in the history of Spanish drama as the founder of the popular national theater. Rue d'Autriche (rti do-tresh'). An old street within the wall of Philippe Auguste, between fhe Louvre and the H6tel de Bourbon, in Paris. It extended from the Quai de I'Ecole to the Rue St,-Honor6- In 1664 a considerable part was absorbed by the enlarge- ment of the Louvre, and the northern portion was called Rue de rOratoire, from the church of that name established in 1616. Rue de I'Ajicienne Com^die (rii de lon-sf-en' ko-ma-de'). The old road in Paris called Rue des Fosses St.-Germain-des-Pr^s, made on the site of the moat of the wall of Philippe Auguste, near the abbey of St.-Germain-des-Pres. The alinement was established in 1560. In 1689 the Com^die Francaise had its house here, and gave its modem name to the street. Rue de la Paiz (rii de la pa). A street in Paris, running from the Place de I'Op^ra to the Col- umn of the Vendome. It is filled with fine shops. Rue de I'Oratoire. See Sue d^Autriche. Rue de Rivoli (de re-vo-le'). An important street in Paris, leading from the Place de la Concorde to the Rue St.-Antoine, which con- nects it with the Place de la Bastille, it dates from the first empire, and derives its name from the vic- tory of Bonaparte over the Austrians at Rivoli, Jan. 14, 1797. The present street was completed in 1865. The reasons for its creation were mainly military, as it controlled the approach to the western palaces and the fauboiu^ from the Place de la Bastille. It contains many fine shops and hotels, and passes the Louvre, the Place du Palais Royal, the garden of the Tuileries, the Hdtel de Ville, etc. Rueil (rii-ay'). A town in the department of Seine-et-Oise, France, 4 miles west of the forti- fications of Paris. Population (1891), 9,937. Rue St.-Antoine (rti san-ton-twan'). A street in Paris, leading from the Rue de Rivoli to the Place de la Bastille, from which point it is known as the Faubourg St.-Antoine. It was ori- ginally a Roman road leading from the Pont Notre Dame to Vincennes. During the middle ages it passed between the royal palaces of Saint-Paul and Les Toumelles. .About the reign of Louis XI. it began to be identified with the proletariat of Paris. It is the street by which the mob of the Faubourg St.-Antoine and the Place de la Bastille ad- vanced on the Louvre and Faubourg St.-Honor^. This fact led to the construction of the Rue de Rivoli and Caserne Napoleon by the Napoleonic dynasty. Rue St.-Denls (rii son-de-ne'). A street in Pa- ris, leading north from the Rue de Rivoli to the Boulevard St. -Denis. Crossing this at the Porte st.- Denis, it becomes the Rue du Faubourg St.-Denis, which Ruhla terminates in the Boulevard de la Chapelle, forming one of the most ancient lines of streets in Paris. The Porte St.-Denis is a triumphal arch built in 1672 to commemorate the victories of Louis XIV. in Holland and the lower Rhine region. Rue St.-Honore (san-t6-n6-ra'). The name giv- en to an old street in Paris, called in early times the Fournus du Louvre. It was so named from a chapel near the western gate of the wall of Philippe Auguste, dedicated about 1201 to St.-Honor^, bishop of -■Imiens. After 12i« the chapel was definitely established as a collegiate church. After the reign of Henry IV. the lower lands ('petits champs') without the walls became the Faubourg St.-Honore. The street nins from the Rue du Pont Neuf past the Place du Th&tre Fran^ais, where it is called the Rue du Faubourg St. -Honors, and by the Palais de I'Elys^e to the Avenue des Ternes. During the middle ages the Rue St.-Honor6 was the great street of Paris, corresponding to the Strand in London. Ruffini (rij-fe'ne), Giovanni Domenico. Bom at Genoa, Italy, in 1807 : died at Taggia (Ei- ■viera), in 1881. An EngUsh-Italian writer. Rufinus (ro-fi'nus). Born in Aquitania : assas- sinated Nov. 27, 395. Chief minister of Theo- dosius the Great, and later of Arcadius. He encouraged the inroad of the Goths into the Roman Empire. Rug (rog), or Hogolu (ho'go-lo). One of the islands of the Caroline group. North Pacific, situated in lat. 7° 28' N., long. 151° 55' E. Pop- ulation, estimated, 5,000. Rugby (rug'bi). A town in TVarwiekshire, Eng- land, situated near the Avon 28 miles east- southeast of Birmingham, it is a railway junction, and a seat of fairs, but is notable principally for its gram- mar-school, one of the great public schools of England. It was founded by Laurence Sheriff in 1667, and reached its greatest celebrity under the head-mastership of Dr- Thomaa Arnold 1827-42. Population (1891), 11,262. Rugby. A colony in eastern Tennessee, in Mor- gan County, founded in 1880 by Thomas Hughes, and partly colonized by Englishmen. Rugby. A servant to Dr. Caius, in Shakspere's "Merry "Wives of Windsor." Ruge (ro'ge), Arnold. Bom at Bergen, island of Riigen, Germany, Sept. 13, 1802 : died at Brigh- ton, England, Dec. 31, 1880. A Gennan political andphilosophical writer. He conducted various jour- nals which were suppressed by the Prussian and Saxon gov- ernments on account of their radical tendencies, and was a member of the Frankfort Parliament in 1848. After 1849 he lived in England. Riigen (rii'gen). The largest island of Ger- many, situated in the Baltic north of the main- land of Pomerania, Prussia, to which it belongs, and from which it is separated by the Strela- sund and Bodden (1-| miles -wide), it is diversified and picturesque, is deeply indented in outline, and rises to over 400 feet. It contains the peninsulas Jasmund, Wit- tow, MOnchgut, etc. It is frequented on account of its scenery and bathing-places. The noted points are Bergen, Putbus, and the Stubenkammer. It has flourishing fish- eries. The ancient inhabitants were Germans, followed by Slavs. The island remained heathen until late in the middle ages. It was in the possession of Denmark 1168- 1325 (and nominally a centurj- longer) ; was then attached to Pomerania ; passed to Sweden in 1648 ; and was annexed to Prussia in 1815. Length, 37i miles. Area, 377 square miles. Population (1890), 45,185. Ruger (ro'ger), Thomas Howard. Bom at Lima, Livingston County, N. Y., April 2, 1833. A Union general in the Civil War. He graduated at West Point in 1854, but resigned from the army in 1855 in order to take up law. He volunteered at the begin- ning of the Civil War ; commanded a division at Gettys- burg : and aided in suppressing the draft riots at New York in 1863. He became a colunel in the regular army 1S66. was superintendent of West Point Academy 1871-76 ; and was promoted brigadier-general in 1886, and major-gen- eral in 1895. He retired in 1897. Ruggiero. See Eogero. Ruggles (rug'lz). Timothy. Bom at Rochester, Mass., Oct. 20, 1711: died at Wilmot, Nova Sco- tia, Aug. 4, 1795. An American lawyer, and a general in the French and Indian war. He was president of the Stamp Act Congress of 1765, but refused to sign the addresses and petitions which it drew up, and was publicly censured for this by the general court. He emigrated from Massachusetts to Nova Scotia in 1776. Rugii (ro'ji-i). [L. Eugii (Tacitus), or Rugi (Paulus Diaconus), 6r. 'Voyoi (Procopius).] A Germanic tribe first mentioned by Tacitus. They were originally situated on the Baltic, west of the mouth of the Vistula. In the 5th century they appeared south of the Carpathians, where they are named among the people in the army of -ittila. They founded a kingdom on the Danube, including parts of Roman Noricum, which was overthrown late in the same century. They then joined themselves to the East Goths, with whom they subse- quently disappear from history. With Jutes, Angles. Sax- ons, and possibly Friesians, they seem to have taken part in the conquest of England, where their name is presened in Surrey (AS. Suth-ryge) and in Eastry in Kent (AS. Edst- ri/'ie). Ruhla (ro'la). A to-sra and summer resort in Thuringia. 6 miles south-southeast of Eisenach. It belongs partlv to Saxe- Weimar-Eisenach, partly to Saxe- Coburg-Gotha, and has manufactures oi pipes, etc Popu- lation (1890), 5,077 i Buhmeshalle Euhmeshalle (ro'mes-hiil-le). [G., 'hall of fame.'] A Doric hall in the southwest of Mu- nich, finished by Kleuze in 1853. It is adorned n-itli busts of noted Bavarians. Ruhmkorflf (rom'korf ), Heinrich Daniel. Born at Hannover, 1803 : died at Paris, Dec. 21, 1K77. A German-French mechanician, inventor of tlie ' ' Kuhmkorfl coil" (1851). He lived in Paris from 1839. Ruhr (ror). 1. A right-hand tributaiy of the Khine in Prussia. It rises in southern West- plialia and joins the Rhine at Kuhrort. Length, 14(3 miles. — 2. See lioer. Ruhrort (ror'ort). A town in the Rhine Prov- ince, Prussia, situated at the junction of the Ruhr with the Rhine. It has a large river harbor, and isthe chief placu of export for coal mioed iu the Ruhr basin, etc. Population (Is'JO), 11,099. Ruisdael. See Huysdael. Ruiz (ro-eth'), Juan, called the "Archpriest I if Hita." Flourished about the middle of the 14th century. A Spanish poet of note. "Heap- pears to have been born at AlcalA de Henares, and lived ruuch at (iuadelaxara and Hita," Ticknor. The Archpriest [of Hita, Juan Ruiz] has not, indeed, the tenderness, the elevation or the general power of Chaucer; l»ut his genius has a compass, and his verse a ^kill and success, that show him to be more nearly akin to the great English master than will be believed except by those who have carefully read the works of both. Ticknor, .Span. Lit,, I, 77, Rule a Wife and Have a Wife. A comedy by Fletcher, It was played in 1624 and printed in 1640, and was extremely popular. It was partly founded on one of Cervantes's novels, but the main plot is Fletcher's. In 1759 it was revived by Garrick, Rule Britannia. An English national air, the words by Thomson and Mallet, music byArne: both were composed for the mask "Alfred." It was first performed at Cliefden House, Maiden- head, the residence of Frederick, Prince of Wales, in 1740. Rullianus, See Faiius Maximns MuXlianus, Quint IIS. Rum, or Roum (rom). [A form of Rome.'] In Arabian literature, Rome. It is often used in a re- stricted sense for separate portions, as the Byzantine em- pire, and also for the medieval monarchy of the -Seljuk Turks in Asia Minor, which had its center at Iconium. Rum (rum). An island of the Inner Hebrides, Scotland, belonging to the county of Ai-gyll, situated south of Skye and west of the main- land, and intersected by lat. 57° N. Length, 8 miles. Also Room. Rumania, or Roumania (ro-ma'ni-a), some- times Romania (ro-ma'ni-a). [F. Roiimaiiie, G. Iiiimaiiieit, Nh. Rumania, Romania, from Ru- manian Rinnan, Roman (nasal a), Rumanian, a Rumanian, fromL.fio»iaHi(.5(RumaniauiJo»irtn), Roman,] A kingdom of southeastern Europe. Capital, Bukharest, it is bounded by Austria-Hun- gary on the north, Russia on the northe;iSt, the Black Sea on the east, Bulgaria on the south, and Servia and .\ustria- Hungary on the west. The Danube forms a great part of its southern boundary, and the Carpathians (Transylva- nian Alps) form the boundary with Austria-Hungary, It is composed of the former piincipalities of \N'allachia In the south and west, and Moldavia in the northeast, be- sides the Dobrudja in the east. The surface rises with a gradual slope from the Danube plain to the ('ari)athians. The chief occupation is agriculture. The leading exports are wheat and maize. The govcrmnent is a hereditary constitutional monarchy, administered liy a king, a senate of 120 mcml'eis elected for 8 years, and a ch;iMitKT of ls3 deputies elected for 4 years. The leading nationality is Rumanian ; the population includes also al'ont to«),o(K) Jews, besides Gipsies, Slavs, etc. The leading religi«»n is the Greek Chureh ; there are also many Konian ("atliolics. (For early history, see MtiUlavia and Watlaffiin.) The two principalities were united in 1S69 under Alexander John I, Cuza, and a legislative luiion was established in IhGl, In 18(i6 Cuza was deposed, Charles of Hohenzollern Signia- ringen elected, ami a new constitution estaiilished, llu- mania :issisted Russia in the war with Turkey 1877-7S : its troops distinguished themselves especially before Plevna In 1877. At the cud of this war it was recognized as in- dependent of Turkey, and ceded its portion of P.essambia to Russia, receiving the Dobrudja as compensation, I'rinro Charles assumed the title of king in 1881, Area, 4s,;i07 square ndles, Pojmlation (18112), cBtinmted, 6,fi00,000. Rumburg uiini'biird). A niatiuracturing town in Uolfi'iiiia, situated near Ihe frontier of Sax- oiiv, ()1 miles north of Prague. Population (1890), conimiine, 10,178. Rumelia, or Roumelia (ro-me'li-|i), [P. Rou- tni'lic, Turk, Hiimili.] A gcograpliical term of varying sigiiilication, it is used to denote (a) the European possessions of Turkey: (t) the lialkan I'euin- sula, south of the Balkans, extending westward from the Black Sea to the Adriatic (ftr to Albaida) and soutliward to tireece ; (r) the southeastern part of the Balkan Penin- sula (the ancient Thrace). Rumelia, Eastern. See Eastern Ilumriia. Rumford, Count. See Thompson, lU iijiniiin. Rumiantzelf (ro-mo-iiu'tsef), Count Nikolai, Born 1754: died Jan. 15, 1820. A Russian states- 873 man and patron of science, son of Count Petr Rumiantzeff : chancellor of the empire pl■e^'iou8 to 1812, Rumiantzeff, Count Petr. Bom 1725 : died 1796. A Russian general. He served in the Seven Years' War ; commanded against the Turks 17(i45; and was a naval commander against the Parliament 1648-53, In 1660 he returned to England ; became a privy councilor; and commanded against the Dutch fleet 1665-66 and 107.3, He was governor of the Hud- son Bay Company ; and was a student of engraving, chem- istry, etc. Rupert Land, or Rupert's Land. See Hudson Bail Tirritorij. Rupert River. A river in Canada, it issues from Lake Mistassini, and flows into the southeastern part of James iiay. Length, about 350 miles. Ruphia (ro-fe'a). The modem name of the Alpheus. Rupp (roji), Julius. Born at Konigsberg, Prus- sia, Aug, 13, 1809: died there, July 11, 1884. A Prussian pastor: one of the founders of the German "Free Congregations." He founded that of Konigsberg in 1.S46. Riippell (riip'pel), Wilhelm Peter Eduard Simon. Born at Frankfort-on-the-Maiii, Nov. 20, 1794: died at Frankfort, Dec. 11, 1884. A German traveler and natm'alist. He traveled in Nubia, Kordofan, Sennaar, and .\rabia 1822-27 ; and in Abyssinia 1833-34. He wrote accounts of his travels, and works on natural history. Ruppin (rop-pen'). A former countship, situ- ated in the present province of Brandenburg, Prussia, northwest of Berlin and southeast of Priegnitz. Ruprecht (rti'precht). Born 1352 : died 1410. King of Germany. He succeeded as elector of the I'alatinate in 13!i8, and wavchosen king in 1400. Ruprechtj Elnecht. See Knccht Rupreeht. Rupununi (rup-o-u6'ne). A river in British Guiana, joining the Essequibo tibout hit. 3° 57' N., long. .'■18° 3' W. Length, about 220 miles. Ruremonde. The French name of Roemiond. Rurik (rci'rik). Died 879. The reputed founder of Die Russian monarchy. He is said to have been a Scandinavian adventurer who. with Ids two brother^ about 802 gained Novgorod and neighboring regions, and rnlc.i alone as grand prince of Novgorod, Rurik, House of. A Russian royal house, de- sccuiled fnim Rurik. It became extinct in the pcrsdii of FiMiclor in 1598. Rurutu, or Rouroutou (ro-rS-to'), Island. A siuall island of the Austral or Tubuai group, South Pacific, situated in lat. 22° 29' S., long. 151° 24' W. Rus (rus). In the middle ages, the collection of Slavic states in southern Russia of which KicfF was t he principal. The name was later applied to tho realm of Moscow (and modified to Jiini^iiia. fiutigia)- It now denotes the regions of the Little Russians and White Russians. See Ron. Rusalki (rii-sarki), or Russalkas (-knz). In Slavic folk-lore, water-nymphs with green hair. who entice unwary peojilc into the water and kill them. Ruscuk, or Ruscsuk. See nu.flrhuK: Rush (rush). Benjamin. Born near Phihulel- lihia. Dee. 24, 1745: died in Pliil!ul(;l|ihia, April 19, 1813. A noted Ainirican physician. He was educated at I'rineelon and Kdinburgh ;"and became pn>- fcssor of clicinlstry at the Medical Sehool of Philadelphia, and later professcu- of clinical practice and physic. Ue was oneof the signers of the Decliu-atlou of Independence as member of Congress from Pennsylvania, and was a surgeon 111 the army 1777-78. In 171X) he was Bjipolnted treasurer of tin' Uiilted States mint. He wrote " Medical luiiulrlcs and (lliservations " (5 vols. 178l)-!>8), "Essays" (171W). Sixteen Introdiictor)' Lccturc8"(181l),"Di8ea8e» ol the Mlnil"(1812), etc. Rush, Friar Rush, Friar. A mythical pprsoiiafre who origi- Batet-I in German folk-loi'e (Bruder Rauseh); a fiendish-looking creature who wasreally'a devil and kept monks and friars from leading a re- ligious life: he was also a household sprite. A number of tales and plays were written about him in England, notably "The Historic of Frier Rush, etc.," the under-title of which runs, "A pleasant Uistory, Uow a Devil (named Rush) cam*; to a religious house to seek a service " (1620) ; this was commended to the reading of "young people." Chettle also wrote a play called "Friar Rush, or the Proud Woman of Antwerp." Friar Rush was probably at one time a good-natured imp like Robin Good Fellow, but under the influence of Christian superstition hebecamethe typical emissary from Satan, who played tricks aming men calculated to set tbera by the ears, and who sought by various devices, al- ways amusing, to fit them for residence in his raasti-r's dominions. Tttckerman, Hist, of Prose Fiction, p. 54. Rush, James. Born at Philadelphia, March 1, 1786: died at Philadelphia, May 26, 1869. An American physician and author, sou of Benja- min Rush. He wrote "Philosophy of the Hu- man Voice '^ (1827), etc. Rush, Richard. Bora at Philadelphia, Aug. 29, 1780: died there, July 30, 1859. An Ameri- can statesman, diplomatist, and jurist: son of Benjamin Rush . He was United States attorney-general 1814-17; acting secretary of state in 1S17; United States minister to Great Britain 1S17-25, where he negotiated the fisheries treaty of 1818, and treaties on the boundaries ; secretary of the treasury 1825-29 ; unsuccessful candidate for Vice-President in 1828; commissioner to obtain the Smithsonian legacy lS3(>-38 ; and United states minister to France 1847-51. He wrote "Codification of the Laws of the United States " (1815), "Narrative of a Residence at the Court of London" (1833-45: new edition as "The C'lurt of London," 1873). "Washington in Domestic Life" fK'T), "Occasional Productions, etc." (18G0), etc. Rusk (rusk), Jeremiah McLain. Born in Mor- gau County, Ohio, June 17,1830: died at Viroqua, Wis., Nov. 21, 1893. An American politician. He served in the Civil War, attaining the rank of brevet 1 irisa- dier-general of volunteers ; was a Republican member of Congress from Wisconsin 1871-77 ; was governor of Wis- consin 18S2-89 ; and was secretary of agriculture 1889-93. Rusk, Thomas Jefferson. Born at Camden, S. C, Aug. 8, 1802: committed suicide at Na- cogdoches, Texas, July 29, 1856. An American politician. He played a prominent part in the Texan war of independence 1835-36, and in the agitation whicli led to the annexation of Texas to the United States in 1845. He was a United States senator from Texas 184G-56. Ruskin (rus'kin), John. Born at London, Feb. y, 1819 : died at Brantwood, Jan. 20, 1900. An eminent English art critic and writer. He en- tered Christ Church, Oxford, in 1833 ; gained the Newdi- gate prize by a poem entitled " Salsette and Elephanta" in ls39; and graduated in 1842. He studied painting under Cupley, Fielding, and Harding. In 1843 lie published a volume entitled " Modern Painters," which uinied to prove the superiority of modern landscape-painters, and espe- cially of Turner, over the old mastt- rs. This work created a sensation by the brillianiy of its style and the startling originality of its views, and established tlie authors repu- tation as an art critic. It was afterward enlarged, by the addition of several volumes, into a discursive treatise on art. After the appearani:e of the first vohinie of "Modern Painters," Ruskin spent some years abroad, chiefly devoted to the study of art in Italy. His father, a wealthy wine- merchant, diid in 18t>4. Itaviiig him an ample fortune. He was appi'iiited prolfssitr at tin- Cambridge School of Art iu 1858. and Rede kcturc-r at Cambridge in 18G7 ; and held the Slade professorsliip of fine art at Oxford 1869-79 and 1883- 1S85, after wliich date he lived in retirement on his estate at Brantwiiod, on Coniston Lake, in the Lake Country, He wrote a number of works of a socialistic tendency on political economy, and in 1871 established the St, George's Gild, an industrial society based on his peculiar views in reference to capital and labor. Among his works are "The Seven Lamps of Architecture "(1849)," Poems " (1850), ^The Stones of Venice" (1851-53), "Pre-Raphaelitism" (1851), "The Elements of Drawing" (1857), "Unto this Iiast"(1862), "Sesame and Lilies" (1SC4). "The Ethics of the Dust "(1865). "The Crown of Wild Olive" (ism\ "The Queen of the Air" (1869), "Lectures on Art, "delivered before the University of Oxford (187U), " Fors Clavigera : Letters to the Workmen and Labourers of Great Britain " (1871-84), " Munera Pulveris: Six Essays on the Elements of Politi- cal Economy " (1872). " Aratra Pentelici : Six Letters on the Elements of Sculpture" (1870), "The Relations between Michael Angelo and Tintoret," a lecture on sculpture de- livered at Oxford (187f)-71), "The Eagle's Nest : Ten Lec- tures on the Relation of Natural Science to Art"(1872\ " The Sepulchral Monuments of Italy, etc." (1872), "Love s Meinie : Lectures on Greek and English Birds" (1873), "Ariadne Florentina; Six Lectures on Wood and Metal Engraving"(lS72), " Val d'Arno: Ten Lectures on the Tus- can Art directly Antecedent to the norentine Year of Vic- tories" (1873). "Frondes Agrestes : Readings in Modern Painters, etc." (1880), "Proserpina: Studies of Wayside Flowers, etc. " (1875-70), " Deucalion: Collected Studies of the Lapse of Waves and Life of Stones "(1875-78), "Morn- ings in Florence "(1875-77), "St. Mark's Rest: theHistory of Venice, etc." "(1877-79), "The Laws of F^sole, etc." (1877-79). " Elements of English Prosody "(1880), "Notes on Samuel Front and William Hunt "(1880), "Arrows of the Chace " (1880), "The Lord's Prayer and the Church: Letters to the Clergy, with Replies ' (1881), " Our Fathers Have Told Us"(1881), "The Artof Engl:ind"(1883), " i'.eli Enarrant: Studies of Cloud Form and of its Visible Causes, etc."(1884>. "The Pleasures of England" (1881), "The Storm-Cloud of the Nineteenth Century"(1884), "On the Old Road : a Collection of Miscellaneous Essays, Pam- phlets, and Articles, published 1834-85 " (1885), "Hortus 874 Inclusus: Messages from the Wood to the Garden, etc." (1887), "Dileeta: consisting of Correspondence. Diary, Notes, and Extracts from Hooks, illustratijig Prajterita " (1887), "Pneterita: an Autobiography" (1887-^). Kussel (rus'el)j Dan. [The name Biissel, Bus- sell, nieaus ^reddish,' i. e., red-haired, from OF. roussel, rousaeau, reddish, red-haired.] The Fox in Chaucer's "Nun's Priest's Tale." Russell. Charles, first Lord Russell of Killowen. Born at Newry, Ireland, Nov. 10, 1832: died Auix. 10, 1900. A British jurist and politician. He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and practised for a time as a solicitor at Belfast. He was called to the Eng- lisli bar at Lincoln's Inn inl8.S9 ; became Q. C; atid reached the hii:hest eminence as a pleader. He entered Parliament as a Liberal in 1880, and was attorney-general in 1886 and 1892-94, when he became lord chief jxiatice of England. He was knighted in 1880, and created Baron RuBsell of Killowen in May, 1894. Russell, Edward, first Earl of Orford. Bom 1651: diod 1727. An Englisli Wliig politician and admiral, grandson of the fourth Earl of Bed- ford. He gained the naval victory of La Hogue over the French in 1692, and was created eiiil of Orford in 1G97. Russell, Henry. Born Dec. 24, 1813- died Dee. 7, lyOO. An English-American singer and com- poser of songs. He went to Italy in 1825, and to America in 1833 ; lived and taught at Kochester. New York, for some years; and appeared as Elvino in "LaSonnambula" at Philadelphia in 1839. In 1840 he returned to England, where he repeated the concert tours which had been so successful in America. He composed neaily 800 songs, among which are "A Life on the Ocean Wave," "I'm Afloat," 'Cheer, Boys. Cheer,"'*The Maniac." "The Gam- bler's Wife,"etc. His songs were very influential in send- ing emigrants to the colonies and the United States, especially "There 's a Good Time Coming," etc. Russell, John, fourth Duke of Bedford. Born 1710: died 1771. An English statesman. He was secretary of state 1748-51 ; was lord lieutenant of Ireland 1756-Cl ; negotiated a treaty with France in 1702; and was president of the council 1703-65. Russell, John, first^ Earl Russell : known as Lord John Russell till 1861. Born at Lon- don, Aug. IS, 1792: died May 28, 1878. An English statesman, orator, and author: thii'd son of the sixth Duke of Bedford. He studied at Edinburgh; entered Parliament in 1813; began his ad- vocacy of Parliamentary reform in 1810 ; advocated Catho- lic emancipation in 1826, and the repeal of the Test Acts in 1828 : became paymaster of the forces in 1830 ; intro- duced the Reform Bill in 1831, and was one of its leading champions until its passage in 1332 ; became leader of the Whig party in 1834 ; was home secretary 1835-39, secre- tai'y tor war and the colonies 1839-41, and prime minister andflrstlordof the treasury 1846-52; published the "Dur- ham Letter "in 1850; was foreign secretary and laterpres- ident of the council 1852-55 ; represented England at the Vienna Conference in 1855 ; was colonial secretary in 1855, foreign secretary in the Pal raerston- Russell administra- tion 1859-65, and prime minister and first lord of the trea- sury 1865-G6; and was created Earl Russell in 1861. He edited the memorials and correspondence of Charles James Fox (1853-57), and of Moore (1852-56); and wrote "Life and Times of Fox" (1859-66X "Recollections and Sugges- tions" (1875), etc. Russell, John Scott. Bom in Scotland. 1808 : died at London, June 10, 1882. A noted Brit- ish engineer. He introduced the so-called *' wave-sys- tem" into the construction of steam vessels. He super- intended the building of the Great Eastern. His works include "The Modem System of Naval Architecture for Commerce and War" (1864), "Systematic and Technical Education for the English People " (1869). Russell, Odo William, first Baron AmptLill. Born at Florence, Feb, 20, 1829: died at Pots- dam, Aug. 25, 18S4, An English diplomatist, brother of the ninth Duke of Bedford. He was ambassador at Berlin 1871-84. Russell, William, first Duke of Bedford. Bom in 1614: died Sept. 7, 1700. An English noble- man who took a leading part in the Revolu- tion. He succeeded his father as fifth earl of Btdford in 1641, and was created duko in 1(594. Russell, William, Lord Russell (often errone- ously called Lord WilUam Russell). Born Sept. 29, 1639: beheaded at London, July 21, 1683. An English statesman, third son of the fifth Earl (later the first Duke : see above) of Bedford. His older brothers predeceasing him, he was known by the courtesy-title Lord Russell. He became an active member of the "country party" in 1673; was a leading opiinnent of Danby and the Duke of York ; was a privy c<)uncilor 1679-80; and supported the Exclusion Bill. He was tried and condemned on a charge of high treason (pretended conii»licitv in tlie Ptye House Plot) in 16^3. His son, Wrio- thesKj', .su(L(<_d(.d to the dukedom of Bedford in 1700. Russell, William. Bom in Selkirkshire, Scot- land, 1741 : died in Dumfi'iesshire, Dec. 25, 1793. A Scottish historian. He wrote "History of Modern Europe " (1770-84), and other works. Russell, William Clark. Bom at New York, Feb. 24, ls44. An English novelist. He went to sea in the English merchant service when between 13 and 14 years of age ; but after seven or eight years returned to England and began to write nautical novels. The first was "John Holdsworth. chief mate " (1874) ; this was fol- lowed by "The Wreck of the Grosvenor." "The Little Loo," "A Sailor's Sweetheart," "An Ocean Free Lance," "A Sea Russia Queen," "The Lady Maud," "Jack's Courtship," "The Strange Voyage," *'The Death Ship," "A Frozen Pirate," "Marooned," " AnOcean Tragedy," "My Shipmate Lou- ise," etc. He has also written a " Life of J^elson." Russell, Sir William Howard. Bom near Dublin, March 28, 1S21. A British journalist. He was war correspondent of the London '* Times "' in the Crimean war, the Indian mutiny, the first part of the American Civil War, the Austro-Prussian war, and the Franco-German war. In lS76he accompanied the Prince of Wales to India. He has written a "History of the Crimean War "(1855-56), " My Diary in India" (IStiO). "My Diary, North and South" (1862), "My Diary during the Last Great War "(1873), "The Prince of Wales' Tour in India " (1877), etc. He was knighted in 1895. Russellse (ro-sere). In ancient geography, a oity of the Etrusean League, situated near the Umbro (Orabrone) about 6 miles northeast of the modern Grosseto. it was conquered by the Ro- uKins about 300 B. c. There are various remains of anti- i|uily on tliL- site. Russell Square. A London square wliieh lies to the east of the British Museum. Russia(rush'a), formerly Muscovy (mus'ko-vi). [F. JiicssiCy NL. Russia (G. Bussland)^ from Russ. Jiossit/a : see Rus, jF?o.s.] An empire of eastern Europe. Capital, St. Petersburg; second capital and coronation city, Moscow. It is the largest coun- try of Europe in area, and has the largest population ; and, including its Asiatic possessions, it is the most exten- sive dominion in the world, next to the British empire. It comprises European Russia (including Russian Po- land and Finland), Caucasia, Russian Central Asia, and Siljeria. European Russia is bounded by the Arctic Ocean on the north ; its Asiatic possessions on the east ; the Caspian on the southeast; Persia, Turkey, and the Black Sea on the south; Rumania on the southwest; the Aus- trian empire, the German Empire, the Baltic, and Swe- den on the west ; and Norway on the northwest. The sur- face is generally a great plain ; but on the borders are the Urals. Caucasus, the mountainous region of the Crimea, and spurs of the Carpathians ; and northwest of the center the surface is broken by the Valdai Hills. Russia is noted for its great rivers: theNiemen, Diina, iS"eva. Mezen, Dwina, Petchora,Ural, Volga(withtheKamaaTidoka),Don,Kuma, Terek, Kuban, Dnieper, Dniester, Pruth, Vistula, etc. The Black and Caspian seas are largely Russian, and Russia includes Lakes Ladoga, Onega, Saima, Ilmen. Peipus, etc. It contains large forests, and extensive steppes and tun- dras. Much of it is fertile, especially in the "black earth" belt toward the south. The leading occupation is agri- culture. The chief crops are wheat, rye. and other cere- als, hemp, flax, potatoes, tobacco, etc. There are manu- factures of linen, woolen, etc.; live stock is raised; and there are fisheries of sturgeon, etc. Gold, platinum, coal, iron, petroleum, copper, etc., are mined. The leading ex- port (in normal years) is grain; after it come flax, hemp, lin seed.timber, animal products. etc. Russia proper, including Poland, Eiuiand, and Caucasia, has 78 governments. The government is a hereditary absolute monarchy, vested in the czar. Administration is committed to the council of the empire, senate, holy synod, and ministry. The leading race is Russian (the Great Russians being the most impor- tant, then the Little Russians and White Russians). Other nationalities are the Poles, Lithuanians, Finns, Germans, Swedes, Letts, Rumanians, Jews, various tribes of Cau- casians, Esthonians, Mordvinians, Tcheremisses, Tatars, Bashkirs, Persians, Armenians, Kirghiz, Kalmucks, Tchu- vashes, etc. The leading religion is the Greek Catholic, There are many dissenters (Raskolniks) as well as many Roman Catholics, Jews, Protestants, M(diammedans, and some pagans. Russia has no foreign possessions : Bokhara and Khiva are vassal states. Russia was known to the ancients as Sarmatia. It had Greek colonies on its south- ern coast (Crimea, etc.) ; was inhabited by the Scythians, Finns, and other races ; and was overrun by the Goths, Huns, Avars, Bulgarians, Magyars, and Khazars. The Russian Slavs at the beginning of their history (9th cen- tury) were confined mainly to the upper Dnieper, the sources of the oka, \'olga, Dwina, and Dniester, and Lake Ilmen. The Varangians under Rurik came to Novgorod in 862. Under Oleg, about 880, KiefE became the center. Sviatoslaff (0(54-072) defeated the Khazars, and waged wsr with the Byzantine empire. Christianity was introduced under Vladimir (980-1015). Russia became united under Varoslaff (1015-10&4\ with Kieff asthe capital. After 1054 Russia was divided into many principalities, Kieff being the grand principality and overlord for about a century, and then Suzdal (Vladimir) the leading power : others were Novgorod, Pskoff, Smolensk, Galicia (Haliez), Volhynia, Ryazan, Tver, Tchernigoff, Polotsk, etc. Tlie Mongol in- vasion, and the conquest of all Russia except Novgorod, happened about 1240. The Russian principalities became tributary to the khans. Moscow became a principality at the close of the 13th century, and the chief power in 1:128. (See Moscow.) Russia was freed from the Mongol yoke in 1480. Theworkof consolidation wasgreatlyadvancedunder Ivan Ill.jVasili, and Ivan IV. (See summary of acquisitions below.) The title of czar (or tsar) was assumed by Ivan TV. in 1547. The dynasty of Rurik came to an end in V>9S. The date of the accession of the house of Romanoff (the present reigning house) is 1613. A great development of the country took place under Peter the Great (1689-1725): Russia took part in the Northern War ; and the capital St. Petersburg was built. It was also involved in the Seven Years" War. The reign of Catharine II. (1762-96) was sig- nalized by wars with Turkey (1768-74 and 1787-92) and with Sweden (1788-90). Russia was at war with France 1798- 1801. The folio wing'are the leading events and incidents of more recent history : Reign of Alexander I., 1801-25 ; war with France, 1805-07; aUiance with France, 1807-12; inva- sion of Russia by Napoleon, 1812 ; war with France, 1812- 1815 ; Holy Alliance (with Austria and Prussia) ; wars with Turkey, Persia, and Sweden ; reign of Nicholas, 1825-65; war with Persia, 1826-28 ; war with Turkey, 1827-29; Polish insurrection, 1830-31 ; Hungarian rebellion suppressed by Russian aid, 1849 ; Crimean war, 1853-56 ; reign of Alexan- der II., 1855-81; emnncipationof the serfs, 1861; growth of nihilism; wai- with Turkey, 1877-78; assassination of Alex- Kussia ander U., 1881 ; famine, 18^1-92. The followiog is a synop- tical uccount of the acquisition of the different Russian territories. Moscow was founded as a principality, in the end of the i:ith centur>-, by Daniel, son of Alexander Nevski (of Novgoiod). Vasili (1389-1425), grand prince of Moscow and Vladimir, ac2, and As- trakhan in 1554. The Don Cossacks oanie under the pnt- tection of Rui>sia, and a great part of Siheria was added. The acquisition of Siberia went on through the 17th cen- tury. I'nder Alexis (l»>15-7(>), Smolensk, Kietf, and the eastern Ukraine were added (about U>07). By tlie treaty of Nystad, I'eter the fireat gained from Sweden Livonia. Esthoiiia, Ingria, and Karelia, which had been conquered several years previously. Tliere was a small cession in southern Russia by Turkey in the reign of Anna(17;{0-10). Part of Finland was acquired by Klizabeth in 1743. Lithu- ania and a large part of Poland were acquired by the par- titions of 1772, 171>3, an12. By the treaties of 1S15 a large part of the duchy of Warsaw was assigned as the kingdom of Poland to Alexander I. He added also Daghestaii, Mingrelia, Imeritia, and Shirvan. Nicholas in 182S acquired Erivan and Nakhitchevan from Persia, and in 1829 Poti and other fortresses near the eastern shore of the Black Sea from Turkey, and received the submission of the Kirghiz. Under Alexander II. the Caucasus practically submitted in 1869 : the Amur terri- tory was gained in 1858 ; the Khanate of .>aniarkand was pained in 1808 ; and Bokliara became a va.s-sal state. Rus- sian America was ceded to tlie United States in 18ti7. Khiva became a vass:d state in 1873. The Chinese prov- ince of Kuldja was acquired in 1871, but retroceded in 1881. Khokand was annexed in 1870. The strip of Besj*a- rabia. lost in 1856, was regained in 1878, and Kai-s and Batum were gained at the same time. Geok-Tepe was taken in 18S1. The Merv oasis submitted in 1S84. The region around Pendjdeh, in northwestern Afghanistan, was gained 1887-^. The lu-ea of European Russia piopi-r is returned as 1,902,002 square miles, and the i)opuhiti.'ii (ls91) as 94,650,000; including Polaiid and Fitdund. tli. aiv.t .a j,u,i.i,ouJ square miles, and the population inti,- l.')4,(j07. The area of the Russian empire is 8,600,282 square uiih-s, and the impulation (lh97) 12s. 932,173. Russia, Great, Little, Red, White. See G no t Rxsaia, clc. Russian America. Au old name of Alaska. Russian Armenia. That part of Armenia wliicli is incliuled in Kussia. It was eonquered in part from Persia (1827-28) aud in part from Turkey (1877-7S), and comprises the govern- ments of Erivan and Kar.s. Russian Asia, See Amific Russia, Russian B3nron, The. A name sometimes given to Pusltkiii. Russian-German Legion. In the war against France 1813-14, a corps recruited from Germans in Russia, in the Russian service, but under Prussian military niles, and supported by Great Britain. Russian Turkestan. See Turkestan. Russian Wars with Turkey. The most im- portant of tlie so-calh^dRusso-TurkishorTurco- Russianwars in modern timosarethe following. (1) Wars of the rei^n of Peter the Great : Russia con- quered Azofif, 1090; truce (tlie peace of f'arlowitz) 10:>i>; war renewed, 1711 ; Russian reverses; treaty of the Pruth, 1711. f2) Warof 17;itt-39: Austriaon thesideof Kussia. C6) Waroi 1768-74 : Russians generally successful in the Danu- blan principalities and the Crimea ; advance into ISuIgaria, 1773-74 ; Russians repulsed before Silistria, Varna, and Shumla; peace of Kutchuk-Kainardji, 1774 ; Tatars in the south of Russia freed from allegiance to Turkey; Russian conquests in southern Russia retained. (4) War of 1787- 1702 (Austria on the side of Russia) ; Otchakolf stormed hy the Russians, 17»8; Russians and Aiistrians Kalned the victory of Kokshani, 17S1'; S'lvaroff stormed Isnmil, 1700 ; Seaco of Jassy, 17S)2; Russian boundary extended to tlu' niester. (5) War of 1>n the first day of his Ufe he became as large as a child a year old, and ten narsea Rutledge, Jolin name in 1766 — a second charter behi? issued in 1770 — and was opened in 1771. It was closed during the Revolution- ary War, the building beingbunied by the British; and in- struction was subsequently twice snspeniled fi»r financial reasons (1795-18M5 and 181t}-26X In 1825 it was enabled to resume itji exereis^-s by a gift from Henr>' Rutgers, whose name it adopted. It comprises, besides the academic department, a department of agricultural and niechan- ital arts, a grammar-school, and an observatoO'- It is non-sectarian, and has about 30 instructors and 170 _ students. self, ami drags him' fastened by bis girdle t.i Raksh. The Ruth (r<5tll). [Ileb., * a friend.'] The leading girdle breaks, and Afrasyab is hidden by his warriors. He charaetor of the Book of Ruth, a Moabitess who advises Pashang. the king of Turan, to make peace. In -. v x-j.^.^: ^p,,f *^ Rptlilohprn nml thero mar- the next reign (that of Kaikawus) Rustam has his seven wiui .^aoml went 10 lieinienem ana mere luar- adventures, encountered in delivering Kaikawus from the rieil Uoaz: an ancestor of David. King of ilaz.indaran. Raksh kills a lion, Rustam finds a Rutherford (rUTH'6r-ford), Daniel. Boru at spring in a burning desert, slays a dragon eighty feet long, Edinburdi. Nov. 3, 174i): died tliere, Nov. 15, slaysan enchantress, subdues Aulad and spares his life on .^- „ a Kpnttish nhvsifMnti -iiid *;(>ipntiftt fho condition that he fih:Ul guide him to the caves of the White \^^^- ^*- ?^(*0ttisU pu\sician ana scientist, tne Demon, slaysthedemonchicfArzang, and finally slays the discoverer of nitrojjen. 875 were necessary to provide him with milk. While a mere child he kills a raging elephant, and while still ajouth he avenges the death of his great-grandfather >arinian by taking the fortress of Sipaud, which he enters disguised as a salt-merchant. In the reign of Garshasp, Zal givL-s over the dignity of Pahlavan, or champion oi the realm, to Kufttam, who takes the club of Sam and chooses his horse KakslL On the death of Garshasp. Rustam is sent to ulfer the crown to Kaiuubad, who is at Mount Alburz. Returning with Kaiiiubau, Rustam defeats without help thearmiesof Afrasvab. Rustam fights with Afrasyab him- and weds his daughter Tahminah. Summoned away be- fore the birth of his son, Rustam leaves for him a bracelet by which lie is to recognize him. When Suhrab the son is born, Tahminah, fearing that the child will be taken away to Inin, pretends that it is a daughter. Suhrab grows up unknown to his father, and becomes a great warrior. The Turanians and Iranians fight. A council of chiefs de- cides for single combat between the leaders Suhrab and terian clergyman, theologian, and controver- sialist. He graduated (M. A.) at Edinburgh in 1621, and became professor there in 1023. He was banished for his sewre Calvinism from Hi34J to 1638. In 104:i he attended the Assembly at Westminster. He wrote "Lex Rex" (ltU-1), which was publiily burned by the authorities, and other works, but is best known from his " Letters " (first ]published in 1GC4). Rustam, when Rustam kUls Suhrab Learning from the Rutherfurd. LewlS MomS. Bom at ilorrisa- bmcelet that he has slam his son, he returns ni grief to avui/ucxiiu.w, jjc vvio x.AWiXAo. , •ii:i.„ Zabulistjin, whence he comes later to kill Sudabah, the "la. N. i.., No\. -O, IHK) . dieU at IranquUlity, N, J., May 30, 1892. A distingiushed American ZabulisUiu, whence tnachei-ous wife of Kaikawus. and to continue the war with Turan. in which he perfoi-ms endless exploits in the reigns of Kaikhusrau, Luhrasp, aiidGushtasp. the most consider- able being the combat with Asfandiyiu". (See Iii/fiidiyar.) Zal, father of Rustam, had by a slave a son, Shaghad, who, the astrologers said, was to be the ruin of his race. This Shaghad, becoming the son-in-law of the King of Kabul. was irritated at the annual tribute of a eowskin paid by Kabul to Zabul, and by a ruse drew Rustam andahundrtd knights to Kabul, wliere they were lured into a hunting- park in whirli had I)Len dug concealed trenches filled with javelins. Raksh sank into one of these. Rustnn came up wounded unto death, but before his death was able to pierce with an armw the treacherous Shaghad. physicist. He graduated at WUliams College in 1834, and was admitted to the bar in 1837, but abandoned law in lsr.Mn t>rder to devote himself to the study of physics. He olttaiiied important results in astronomical pliotography, and by means of a ruling-engine, designed by him in 1870, constructed the finest difi'raction-gi-alings which had, up to tliat time, been made (now surpassed by those of Row- land). Rutherglen (ruTH'^r-glen, popularly rug'len). A royal burgh in Lanarkshire, Scotland, sit- uated near the Clvde 3 miles southeast of Glasgow. Population (1891), 13,361. Rustchuk(ros-chok ),orRuscuk. AcitymBul- Ruthven (ruth'ven, locallv riv'en), Raid of. ^':ina,situatedontheI)anube, at the junction of Jn Scottish historv. a conspiracy at Castle Kuth- the Lorn, inlat. 43° 50' X., long. 20^58' L. it was ^en, near Perth, in 1582. The Earls of Gowrie. Mar. long an important strat^nc point in the Russian and Turk- j^^^j ^^^^^.^ g^^j^cd the person of James \^., and took him ish wars. It was besieged and taken by the Russians in ^j^^ ^^^ ^j,^ keeping of his guardians, the Duke of Lennox 1810 ; destroyed in ISll ; rebuilt m 1812 ; and besieged by j^j^j jj^^. j,-.jj.| ^'^ \i-n,n theRu8sian8inl877-7-,whenthefortiflcationswerencarly -Dnt-h^pfi firnoc See thft eTtraet destroyed. Population (lf.s7), 27,198. itumweil KjTOSS, ^ee tno esxraci. Rustebceuf. Wee Iiuf/hiinf. Among the remains of the Northumbrian Saxon is the T?iie:fnw Crii^'tni WiThplm "PripHrirh Born at runic writing combined with sculpture from sacred sub- «.UST;OWiiu^ TO) Wlineim xnearicn, ^orn»t ^^^^^ j.^^^^ inscriplinns upon the stone obelisks at Brandenburg, i'russia, Mny 2o, IbJl: committed Ruthwell, on the >n,ttish border-an obelisk or cross that suicide at Zuricli, Au^. 14, 1878. A German was fiung down by the rresbytcriaus in 1(^2, and had part military writer, iic sen*cd with Garibaldi in 18(50. His works include " Geschichte des griechischen Kriegswe- sens" ("History of the Greek Military Art," 18.^2), "ileer- wescn und Kriegfiihrung Casars" (isr)5), works on .Napo- leon l.'s campaigns. *'Die Feldhcmikunst des 19. Jahr- hundcrts"(18:i7), "Geschichte der Infanterie" (IS57-58), "MilitHrisches Handwdrterbuch "("Military Dlctionarj*," lsr.9), etc. Rutebceuf(riit-bef'). Born probably about 1230: died about 1280. A French trouv^re of the 13th vi its writing thenelfaced. The Ruthwell runes had been misread by Repp and Professor Finn Magnuson as half Danish or as some prrfectly new language, and they were first rightly interpretccl by Jidin Mitchell Kemble. in a l)aper'>n Anglo-Saxon Runes read to the London S<.»ciety of Antifjuiu'ies, as an inscription in what was the English of Northumbriaduring theseventh, eighth, and ninth cen- turies. Mr. Kemble tht-n pointed out that they set forth ft few couplets of a ri-licions poem on thcevents sculptured in the two principal compartments of the stone, namely, the washing of our Saviour's feet by Marj' Magdalene and the glorification of t'hristthiiiugh Ilis i'assion. The cor- rectness of his interpretation was afterwards proved by the discovery of lines similar to those read by hlni in one of the poems of the Vercelli Rook. Moriey, English Writers, II. 174. century. Very little is known concerning him beyond what may bo gathered from his own writings. Gaston Paris passes the foil. twing judgment tm his works: "The Parisian poetry of Rutcbieuf is semi-popular in form. It stands by itself in subject-matter and inspiration. The poet celebrates the events and the jn-ople of note in his ,. i -■* m x ^-i- i-i. day; or he interests himself keenly in the dissensions ex- RutlllCO (ro-tll 1-ko). [iTOm 1j. ruttfictis, pllt- isting between the church and tlie I niversity of Paris; or tering.] A rarelv used name for the bright again, and this is most frequently the caise. he relates his third-maKuitude star /3 Herculis, more U8lll3ly own troubles m his humble clerkship where he depends ....h^j /.w»^^^w.u for the support of his family uiwn either the favor of the ^^ '4, ncTOtos, , ,„ ^ - . nobles or public charity." lieaides being a caustic satir- Rutlam, or Ratlam (nit lani). 1. A native 1st, RuteboDuf wrote a. number of fablcaux, among others slate in India, under British protection, inter- ' Chariot luJuIf," "L'Ame du vilain,""l-'rere Denise,"and "Le testament de I'ano"; he is also the author of the po- etic compositions "Notre-Oame." " La vote do Paradm." ** Le miracle de I'heophile" (a sort of mlracle-pIay which might be said to contain the germ of t^alderon's " Kl Ma- gIcoProdigiosn,"and thusmnottdy of Goethe's "^'ausf Lowell), "Maintellarlo rEgyptienne," "SaintO'Elisabeth de Hongrle," etc. Ruteni (ro-te'ni). In ancient history, a people ill sciiitliern Gaul, occupying tholaterRouergue. Rutennu (rij-teu'nu). See the extract seeted by lat. 23° l.j' N., long. 75° E. Area, 7l»9 square miles. PoptUatiou (1891), 89.U)0.— 2. Tlie capital of the state of Kutlam. Popu- lation (1S!)1). 2*t,SL>l>. Rutland (rut'laud). The smallest county in Enfrland. Chief town, Oakham. It is bounded by Llncohi on the northeast, Northiunpton on the southeast, and Leicester on the west and northwest. The surface Is nndulaling. Itcontains the fertile vale of Catmoss. Area, ir.-J 8»iuaro miles. Population flKH), 'M,*ib9. o , . .t II » f M 1 1 *„«i.« Rutland, Ttiecapitalof Kutland County, ccn- SjTiL In the widest sense of the word, was known to the *w"UAa,u«, •* * » ,^xa _#t»« .u ;« f-V j'lO ^ ■ ■ * nnu It tral V ermont, situated on Otter Oeek in lat. 4J" Egyptians as the country of the Rutennu «»r Lute was divitled into Ipperainl Lower, the Lr)wer Rutennu ex- tending fn)m the ranges of the Lebanon as far as Mesopn tamia. What is meant bv the I pi>er Rutennu Is made dear In an inscription of Thof" towns he had i the southern I cities of the I'liper Rutennu. S }f(t}nirrs. luered frj.in Kadesh on the Orontes to T>„tledire (rut 'U'i 1. Edward. Honi at Charles- K ar es of Palestine are described as avuuicujsc vi'n i^ j .jju_wo.au. ton. S. * ., Nov. -3, 1j4:»: died there, .Tau. 2J, 1800. An Aniericau politiciati, brother of John Itulledge. lie was a member of Congress fnmi South Carolina 1774-77. and a signer of the Iieelaratlon of Indc- I»endence;servi-4l lilt be Revolutionaryanny. and was taken ,,.„^.. , , ..^^ - prisoner ; and was govern.)r of South randina 171>S-lSO0. blaCollegein 17ur of Congroaa 1782-83; was a dele- was a member linlversitvlSO: )f the Itoard of Regents of New York Stale 2». He gave ^'i.(MXI to (Queen's College, New Jersey, wliich took the nanu; of Rutgers College In 182'.. Rutgers College. An institution of Icarniupafc New liriinswirk. New Jersey ; calbMl tu'ijritially (Queen's College. It waa chartered under the latti:r Rutledge, John gate to the Constitutional Convention in 1787; was asso- ciate justice of the United States Supreme Court 17»9-!)1 ; was uhief justice of South Carolina 1791-95 ; and was ap- pointed chief justice of the United States Supreme Court in 1795, but was not confirmed. Eiitli (riit'li), or Griitli (grlit'li). A meadow in the mountaius of the canton of Uri, Switzer- land, situated near the southern arm of the Lake of Lucerne, 15 miles east-southeast of Lu- cerne. It is famous as the legendary scene of the for- mation of the Swiss League against Austria, by Stauf- facher, Arnold von llelchthal, Walther I'urst, and thii-ty others, Nov. 8, 1307. Rutnagherry. See Satmigiri. Rutter (rut'er), Joseph. Lived in the reign of Charles I. An English dramatic author. He was of noble family (that of the Earl of Dorset), and at the earl's order translated into English "The Cid," from the French of Corneille (first part printed in ltl:i7). The sec- ond part of " The Cid " was printed in lti40, and "as trans- lated by Rutter at the command of the king. " The Shep- herd's Holiday," a pastoral tragicometly, acted at White- hall and printed at London in 1635; is also ascribed to him. Rutuli (ro'tii-li). In Roman legendary history, a people of Latium, whose capital was Ardea. Tlieir king Turnus was famous in connection with the legends of .SIneas. Ru'VO di Puglia (ro'vo de pol'yii). A to-wn in the provinceof Bari, southeastern Italy,22 miles west of Bari : the ancient Rubi. Many ancient Apulian vases have been discovered here. Pop- ulation (1881), 17,956. Ru'Weuzori (ro-wen-zo're). Mount. A moim- tain in Equatorial Africa, between Albert Nyanza and .Albert Edward Nyanza. It was discovered by Stanley in 1888. Height, 16,600 feet. RuyBlas(rUeblas). 1. Adramaby Victor Hugo, produced in 1838 at Paris. Ruy Bias, the principal character, is a lackey who rises to power, loves the queen, enjoys a terrii>le revenge on his previous master, Don Salluste, who endeavors to degrade her, and kills himself to save her honor. 2. An opera by Marehetti, first produced at Milan in 1869. Ruy Diaz. See Cid. Ruysch (roisch ), Frederik. Born at The Hague, March 23, 1638 : died Feb. 22, 1731. A noted Dutch anatomist and surgeon, professor of anatomy, and later of botany, at Amsterdam. He investigated the lymphatics, etc. Ruysdael, orRuisdael, orRuisdaal (rois'dal), Jakob. Born at Haarlem, Netherlands, about 1625: died there, March 14, 1682. A Dutch landscape-painter and etcher. He is noted for representations of forest scenery, etc. : the figures are by other artists. His works are in the Netherlands, Paris, London, Dresden, and elsewhere. Ruyter (ri'tf-r ; D. pron. roi'ter), Michel Adri- aanszoon de. Born at Flushing, Netherlands, March 24, 1607 : died at Syracuse, Italy, April 29, 876 1676. A famous Dutch admiral. He served against the Spaniards in 1041, and against the English 1662-64. He was made vice-admiral of lloll.-nid after the death of Tromp in 1663, and in 1659 coiniiiaii'ied the Dutch fleet which supported Demnark against Sweden. He was en- nobled by the King of Denmark at the conclusion of the war in 1(160. He was subsequently made admiral-in-chief of the Dutch fleet, and commanded against the English 166.5-67, sailing up the Thames and Medway in 1667. He com- manded against the combined English and French Jleets 1672-73, and was mortally wounded in a battle against the French off Messina, in April, 1676. Ryan (ri'an). Loch. An arm of the sea in Wig- townshire, Scotland. Length, 8 miles. Ryan, Richard. Died at London, Aug., 1760. A British actor, contemporary with Better- ton, with whom he acted, on his first appear- ance, as Serton to Betterton's Macbeth. He rose to the first place among actors of the second rank. He played Orestes, Lord Townley, Edgar, Macduff, lago, Cassio, and many other characters with great effect. Ryance (ri'ans), or Ryence (ri'ens). A legen- dary king of Ireland and Wales, in the Arthurian legends. His sword was named Marandaise. Ryazan, or Riazan (re-ii-zan'). 1. A govern- ment of central Russia, surrounded by Vladi- mir, Tamboiif, Tula, and Moscow. It is traversed bytheOka- The soil is fertile. Area, 16,255 square miles. Population (1890), 1,928,600. 2. The capital of the government of Ryazan, situated on the Trubej, near the Oka, about lat. 54° 42' N., long. 39° 50' E. The capital of the old principality of Ryazan was Old Ryazan, situated on the Oka. Population (1894), 30,319. Ryazan, Principality of. A medieval princi- pality of Russia. It was frequently a rival of Mus- covy, and was annexed by Muscovy about 1521. Rybinsk (rii-bensk' ), orRuibinsk, orRiibinsk. A town in the government of Yaroslaflf, cen- tral Russia, situated on the Volga, opposite the mouth of the Sheksna, 170 miles north- northeast of Moscow. It is an important center of transit trade over the Volga and the canal-system which connect St. Petersburg with the southeast of Russia. Pop- ulation (1S90), 32,111. Rycaut, or Ricaut (re-ko'). Sir Paul. Diedin England, Dec. 16, 1700. An English diploma- tist, traveler, and historian. He wi-ote "Present State of the Ottoman Empire" (1670) and " His- tory of the Turks 1623-1699" (16S0-1700). Rydal (ri'dal). A -village in Westmoreland, England, 2 miles north-northwest of Amble- side. It contains Rydal Mount, the home of Wordsworth. Ryde (rid). A town and watering-place in the Isle of Wight, England, situated on the north- ern coast Smiles south-southwest of Portsmouth. Population (1891), 10,952. Rydci'vist (rid'kvist), Johan Erik. Born at (Gothenburg, Sweden, Oct. 20, ISOO: died at Stockholm, Dec. 19, 1877. A Swedish philolo- Rys'wick gist and author, chief librarian of the royal li- brary 1858-65. He wrote "Svenska sprikets Lagar" (" Laws of the Swedish L3n|j;uage," 18.50-74), etc., and ed. ited " Heimdall," a literary journal, 1,828-32. Rye (ri). A seaport in the county of Sussex, England, situated near the English Channel 53 miles southeast of London, it is one of the an- cient Cinque Ports, and formerly stood directly on the coast. Population (1891), 3,871. Rye. A town in Roekinghanl County, Ne'w ' Hampshire, situated on the Atlantic Ocean di- rectly south of Portsmouth. The summer resort Rye Beach is near it. Population (1900), 1,142. Rye House Plot. In English history, a conspir- acy by some extreme Whigs to kill Charles II. and the Duke of York (James II.), June, 1683. It is so called from Rye House in Hertfordshire, the meet- ing-place of the conspirators. Lord Russell (see Ruesell, IfjV/ifn/i), Algernon Sidney.and Robert BaiHie were exe- cuted for alleged complicity. Ryle (ril), John Charles. Born May 10, 1816: died June 10, 1900. Bishop of Liverpool. He was educated at Oxford (Christ Church), and in 1880 was appointed bishop of Liverpool. He was the author of nu- merous religious works. Rsrmer (ri'mer), Thomas. Bom about 1641: died at London, Dec. 14, 1713. A noted Eng- lish antiquary. He was called to the bar at Gray's Inn June 16, 1673. In 1692 he succeeded Thomas shadwellas historiographer royal. On Aug. 26, 1693, he began the great "Foedera," based on the "Codex Juris Gentium Diplomaticus" of Leibnitz. It is a compilation of all the treaties, conventions, correspondence, ami other records relating to the foreign relations of England from 1 101 A. D. to his own time. The publication was completed after his death, in 1735. His critical work was good. Vnit he pro- duced an unsuccessful play, "Edgar, or the English Mon- arch "(167s). Rysdyk's Hambletonian (10). A bay trotting stallion, foaled about 1849. From him has sprung most of the improved trotting stock of America. He was by .\bdallah (1), dam the Charles Kent mare ; Abdallah by Mambrino, dam Amazonia; and Mambrino hy Messenger out of a thoroughbred mare. The Charles Kent mare was by the imported Norfolk trotter Bellfounder out of One Eye by a son of Messenger. He was thus a cross between the thoroughbred and the partially developed English trotting horse of the day. Ryswlck.or Ryswljk (riz'wik). Peace of. [D. liijswijk.] A treaty signed at Ryswijk, a village in the province of South Holland, Netherlands. 2 miles south-southeast of The Hague, Sept. 21, 1697, between France on the one side and Eng- land, the Netherlands, and Spain on the other. France acknowledged William III. as king of England, abandoning the cause of the Stuarts, and restored con- quests in Catalonia and in the Spanish Netherlands (ex- cept certain "reunited " towns); the Dutch restored Pon- dicherry to the French ; and England and France mutually restored conquests in America. The treaty was ratified by the Empire Oct. 30: France restored its conquests except those in Alsace ; the Duke of Lorraine had most of his do- minions restored ; and a clause prejudicial to the Protes- tants was inserted, applying to the towns "reunited" by France. \i (sA). Estacio de. Bom m Portiit;al about 1520; diet! at Sao Scbastiao (Kio <\e Janeiro), Feb. '20, 1567. A Portuguese captain, neplicw of Meiu lie Sd. In 1564 he w:is sent aKainst the French Protes in the Rhine Province, Prussia, situated on the Saar 38 miles soutb-soutlieast of Treves. It is the center of an important and exti;nsive coal-iuining ili>- trict, and has considerable manufactures. In its vicinity occurred a skirinisli, the flrst action of tlie Kranco-G«rman war, .\ug, 2, 1870, Its result wasfavoralilc to the French, and it was represented by Napoleon III. as an important victory. Population (189n), 13,81" sent against the French Protes- victory, ropu.aiion (i<»-.;, "^°'^_„^ , „„_„ ,■■,. taut colony in Brazil. Aided by SaarbUTg (zar'boro), 1. SaiTeDOIUrg (sal- his uncle, he founded the city of Rio de Janeiro, ll.arch, 16W, but was closely besieced there by the French and Indians, who were defeated only on the arrival of Mem de .Sli with rein- forcenunts. Estacio de S4 died of a wound received in the engagement. Si, Mem or Men de. Born at Coimbra, Port Il- eal, about 1500: died at Bahia, Brazil, March 2, 1572. Governor-general of Brazil from 1558 (appointed 1556). In March, 1560, he took the French fort of Villegagnon in the harbor of Rio de Janeiro, but was unable to dislodge the interlopers from the intcnor, and they returned after he had left. In IBiW the city of Rio de Janeiro was founded (see S.i, Estacio de), and on Jan 21 1567, Mem de SA completely defeated the trench and their Indian allies. He put down several Indian re- volts, and laid the foundations of the future prosperity of the country. Saadi. See Sadi. Saadia Gaon (sii-ad'ya gii-on '). Bom at Fayum Egypt, 892: died 942. A celebrated Jewish bor'). A town in Lorraine, Alsace-Lorraine, situated on the Saar 35 miles west-northwest of Strasburg. It has a ruined castle. Popula- tion (1890), 3,445. Saardam. See Zc»iuc= ino i,._.,v..w.v«^ .......... ..- wrote many treatises on the Talmud, composed a Hebrew lexicon ('■ Iggaron "), and translated theOld Testament into , occupied by the Italians in 1885 as a military post. iipinions ;, in wnicu no a^^c...i,L,o ^.^ «....» -■.---.■------ • and diplomatist. He was twice exiled, .\mong of Judaism into a system, and to reconcile them with the !' „.' 1"" '',L "ragcdies "Lannza ■' and " Don Alvaro" 21 miles northwest of Wiirzburg. miles. Saale, Salzburger (zalts'borg-er), or Saalach (za'liich). A river in Salzburg and Bavaria which joins the Salzach 4 miles northwest of Salzburg, Length, about 70 miles. Saale, Saxon or Thiiringian. One of the chiot tributaries of the Elbe. It rises in the Fichtelge- Leneth, 69 diplomatist and author." His chief works are i-t-ugiu, _ i^^jpresas politicas" (1640) and " Repiiblica literaria" (1055). Saaz (ziits), Bohem. Zatec (zhii'tets). Atown in northwestern Bohemia, situated on the Eger43 miles northwest of Prague : the center of an im- portant hop-growing district. It was formerly a Hussite stronghohi. Population (1890), 13.234. tributaries of the Elbe. It rises in the Fichtelge- a.i,, fsj 'bii) or Sabca (sa-be' il). A former '?'^F^«--i?L'!;^-3^1.^;;"H;':'^:;,^^r ^?"i;f^;e"l« ^t l" ^-^^JSc^so^hwostern Arabia: also Dirge, r.avaria; nuveiacs *..,.. ...^ •-•■- — :,,.,,', ,,. Anhalt, Howing generally north; and Joins the f.llie lit miles southeast of Magdeburg. ■ Its tributaries are the llni, Unstrut, WinpiT, Bode, and White Elatcr. Kudolsta.lt, Jena, Naumburg. Slerseburg, and Halle are on its hanks. Length, about 225 mUea; navigable from Naumburg. Saalfeld (ziil'felt). A town in the duchy of Saxe-Meiningen, Germany, situated on the Saale 24 miles south of Weimar. It hasmanufac- kingdom in Yemen, southwestern Arabia: also its chief city. See Slicba. Saba(sii'bii). A small island in the Lesser An- tilles, West Indies, situated northwest of St. Christopher's, in lat. 17° 39' N., long. 63° l.i' W. It belongs to the Dutch. Population (1890), 1,883. ^]"on^^l^rj^!:efe)!'";?'^ntJL:r?,rs;i!;^i s^baco (sa^a-ko), or shabaka (shrbii-m Sorbenburg OnOct. 10, isnfl.abattleoccurred initsvicm- The hrst of the recognized in.. luirclis of the -Otli ity between the French and the Prussians, iiiwhich the . jj;tiii„pia„ ,Uniastv of ihiliellio: a native of latter were defeated and Prince Ludwig of Prussia was ^^^^^^^ .1^ ^^J^ ^^ Ethioi.i ilain". Population (1890), 9,801. Saalfeld. A former duchy of Germany, founded in Klsii by .Tohann Ernst, youngest son of Duke Ernst the Pious of Gotha, and annexed to Saxe- Meiningen in 1826. Saane (zii'ne), F. Sarine (sii-ren')- A river in the cantons of Bern, Vaud, and Fribourg, Switzerland. It rlsea on the border of Bern and Valals, an.l joins the Aare 10 nillcB west by north of Bern. Length, 78 miles. ,. . . ,c, -^ Saanen(zii'nen). A former division of Switzer- land, in the upper valley of the Saane, now divided between Born and Vaud (the pays d'en- haiit). Saar (ziir), F. Sarre (siir). [L. Saravu.i or Siin-ti.'] A river in Alsace-Lorraine and the Khine Province, which joins the Moselle 5 miles southwest of Treves. In Us basin Is one of the clil.t eoal-ll.Ms of (fcnnany. Length. lllO-llO miles. It is naviual.l.- tniiii Saiirgeinund to Its in. .nth, Saarbriicken fziir'briik-en), or Saarbriick (zar'bruk),F SarrebrUCk (siir-briik'). A city Akesh, in Kush or Ethioiiia. lie Is mentioned by Herodotus, He retired from Kgypt In consequence of a dream. The death of an Apis at the Serapeuiu is recorded 111 the seconil year of his reign, and his nnine is found on themonumentsof Kariiak, He concluded atreaty with one of the Assyrian m..iiaivh», and the seal whi.-h was attached to It was found in the archives of Knyunjik, the aiuieiit Nineveh, ills reign is supposed to have lasted eight years. Dirrh. Herodotus mentions only ono Sabaco, hut the monti- ments and Slanetho notice two, the SabnkAn and Sebl- chAs (SevOchos) of Manctho, called Sliebek In the lilero. fflyphlcs. One of these Is the same as S.> (SavA), the con. temporary ..f Ilosea, King of Israel, who is said (in 2 kings xvli,4)t<> have made a Ireatywllh the King ..f Egypt, and to have refused the annual tribute l.i SJialmaneser, King of AssyrliL Rairlinimn, Herod., II. 210, note. Sabah. Same as British \orlli liorneo. Sabako. See Snimco. Sabanilla. See S.nniiilln. Sabari (sii-bil-rii'). A town in the state of Miiias Geraes, Urazil.*sitiiated on the Kio das Velhas, about lat. 19° 54' S., long. 44° 21' W. Population, about 8,000. an Sabazius (sa-ba'zhi-us). A Phrygian god of nature, by the (jreeks partially identified with Zeus and with Dionysus. His worship, which was orgiastic, was closely onnected with that of Cybele and Atlis. It was introduced into Rome, and flourished throughout Italy, especially in the latest pagan times. His symbol was the snake. Sabbatai-Zevi (sab-ba-ti'ze-ve'). Born in SmjT- na(AsiaMinor).1626: died 1676. AHebrewira- postor. Wlien 20 years old he proclaimed himself the Messiah, and, favored by the mystical tendencies of the time and the oppression under which the Jews were suf- fering obtained a great following among the Eastern Jews, notwithstanding the opposition and anathemas of the most prominent rabbis. When lie arrived with his followers in (■onstantinople, he was seized by .Sultan Mohammed \^ . and put into prison. The false prophet then embraced Islam, but the movement which he started lasted for many years. Sabbatians (sa-ba'tianz). A Novatian sect of the 4tli century, followers of Sabbatius. who adopted the Quartodecimau rule. Also Saba- thiiiiis, Sabbatliaists, Siihbiitliiaiis. Sabbioneta (siib-be-o-nS'tii). A town in the province of Mantua. Italy, 19 miles southwest of Mantua. It was the chief town of a former princi- pality of Sabbioneta. PopuUition (1S81), commune, 7,102. Sabeans (sa-be'anz). 1. Members of some ob- scure tribe's mentioned in the authorized ver- sion of the Bible, and regarded as the descen- dants (a) of Seba, son of Cush; ('») of Seba, son of Raamah; or(t)of Sheba, sonof Joktan. Also Sabxaiis. — 2. The natives or inhabitants of that part of Arabia now called Yemen, the chief city of which was Saba. The Sabeans were extensive mer- chants of spices, perfumes, precious stones, etc., which they inip-"0- and wim prcsid. Tit of the Hritisb Ass.iclallon In ls5:i, and of the Koyal Society 1801-71. He published a number of valuable papers pertaining to terrestrlid mag- netism In the • Philosophical Tnuisaetlons." Sabine (sa'bin). Lorenzo. Born at I,isbon, N. II.. Feb. 2S. 1S(I3: die.l Ajiril 14, 1877. An Aiiierican author and politician. Whig member or Congress from Massachusetts 1S52-.53. His works Inclu.lc a "Life of IVeble" (1847), •• m.igniphleal Skct.hes of the I.oyallsts of the American Eevolutlou Sabine Cross-Roads (sa-bon' krAs'rodz). A place in Manstiel.l. De Soto pansli, northwest- ern Louisiana, wliere. .Xjiril **, 1864, the Confed- erates uiuler Taylor defeated the Federals un- der Banks. - ,,, . o Sabine Lake. An expansion of the river ba- biin', on the bouiuhirv between Louismna ami Texas, near the (itilf of Mexico. Length, about IS miles. Sabine (sii'bin) Mountains. A range of moun- tains east of Home, near the eastern border of Sabine Mountains Latinm. It is a branch of the Apennines. Its highest point is about 4,200 feet. Safeine Pass (sa-ben' pas). A short and narrow imssage connecting Sabine Lake with the Gulf (if Jlexico. Sabines (sa'binz), L. Sabini (sa-bi'n3). In an- cient history, a people of central Italy, who lived chiefly in the mountains north-northeast of Rome. They were allied to the XJmbrians and Oscans. and the Saninites were descended from them. They formed an important element in the composition of tile Roman people. The rape of the Sabine women is a notable inci- dent in the legendary history of early Rome. Romulus, finding difficulty in obtaining wives for the men who had gathered ai-ound him in his new city, is said to have in- vited the neighboring tribes to a celebration of games, and the Roman youths took occasion to carry off a num- ber of the Sabine virgins. The chief town of the Sabines w lis Reatf (now Rieti). They were subjugated by the Ro- mans abuut liOu B. c. Sabines, Bape of the. See if«j)c of the SaUnes. Sabinum (sa-bi'uum). The country villa of Horace, situated not far from Tivoli: celebrated ill his poetry. Sabis (sa'bis). The ancient name of the Sambre. Sabl6 (sa-bla'). A town in the department of Sarthe, France, situated on the Sarthe 27 miles southwest of Le Mans. In its vicinity are quarries of black marble. Population (1891), commune, 6,047. Sable (.'^a'bl). Cape. [F. .softie, sand.] 1. The southwesternmost extremity of Nova Scotia, in lat. 43° 23' N., long. 65° 37' W.— 2. The south- ernmost point of the mainland of Florida and of the United States, in lat. 25° 8' N. Sable Island, [F. sofefe, sand.] A sandy island southeast of Nova Scotia, to which it belongs : lat. of eastern lighthouse 43° 58' N., long. 59° 46' W. It is surrounded by shoals and sand- banks. Length, about 45 miles. Sables d'Olonne (sa'bl do-lon' ), Les. A seaport in the department of Vendue, France, situated on the Bay of Biscay 21 miles southwest of La- Roohe-sur-Yon. it has considerable trade and impor- tant fisheries : it is a summer watering-place. Population (18111), commune. 11,657. Sabra (sa'bra). In the ancient ballads of "St. George and the Dragon," the maiden for whom the knight slew the dragon, and whom he after- ward married. Sabrina (sa-bri'na). The Roman name of the river Severn. Sabrina. The legendary daughter of Loerine. She was drowned in the river Severn (Savarina, Sabrina), with her mother, by Locrine's enraged widow, and became its nymph. Milton introduces her in " Comus," and Drayton in the "Polyolbion " and Fletcher in "The Faithful Shep- herdess " relate her transformation. Sabrina (sa-bre'na). Atemporaryislandformed by volcanic eruptions near the coast of St. Mi- chael, Azores, in June, 1811. It disappeared July-Oet., 1811. Sabrina Land. [Named by its discoverer, Bal- leny, captain of an English whaler, from a vessel which accompanied him.] A region in the Ant- arctic Ocean, about lat. 66° S., long. 120° E. Sac (sak). [PL, also Sacs.'] A tribe of North American Indians who anciently lived at the mouth of the Ottawa River, and were driven by the Iroquoisfrom that regionto settlein northern Wisconsin. They united with the Fox tribe, and about 17G5 took possession of the land on both sides of the Mis- sissippi River, conquered from the Illinois. In 1810 they held a large territory in Wisconsin, Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri. They fought against the United States in 1812, and in 1832 a part of the tribe led by Black Hawk rebelled, and was defeated .and removed. Most of them arenowin the Indian Territory, their whole number, together with the Foxes, being somewhat less than 1,000. Their name, prop- erly Om24 are 4 prose dialogues counseling mod- eration in the religious strife. His literary material is drawn from all available sources of the time : he makes use of the Bible, of ancient history, legends, popular tales, and folk-books. He was a real poet, and llis influence upon German literature has been lasting. A selection from his works, " Diehtungen von Hans Sachs," was published at Leipsic, 1870-71, in 3 vols. A new edition of the original one by Hans Sachs himself, has been published at TUbin- gen, 1870-80, in 12 vols. Sachsen (zak'sen). The German name of Saxony. Sachsenchronik (zak'sen-kro "nik). [' Saxon Chi'onicle.'] A universal history, written origi- nally in Low German in the middle of the 13th century. It was attributed to Eike von Rep- gowe. Also called "Repgauische Chronik." Sachsenhausen (zak'sen-hou-zen). That part of Frankfort-on-the-Main which lies on the left bank of the Main. Sachsenland. See Saxonland. Sachsenspiegel (zak'sen-spe"gel). [G., ' Saxon Mirror.'] A German book of law, composed by Eike von Repgowe about 1230 : widely influen- tial in northern Germany and neighboring lands down to modem times, it was written in Latin, and was soon translated into German. It gives a summary of the laws of northern Germany, especially of the duchy of Saxony. Sacile (sa-ohe'le). [ML. Sacilum.'] A to-wn in the province of Udine, Italy, situated on the Livenza 38 miles north by east of Venice. It be- longed to the republic of Venice 1420-1797. In its vicinity, in 1809, a victory was gained by the Austrians under the archduke John over the French under F.ugtne de Beau- harnais. Population (ISSl), commune, 5,326. Sack (zak), Karl Heinrich. Born at Berlin, Oct. 17, 1790 : died at Poppelsdorf, near Bonn, Prussia, Oct. 16, 1875. A German Protestant theologian. He was professor of theology (1818-47) and preacher (1819-34) at Bonn, and consistorial councilor at Magdeburg (1847-75). He wrote " Christliche Apologetik '' (1829), " Christliche Polemik" (1838), etc. Sackanoir. See Lakmhit. Sackarson (sak'ar-son). The name of a famous performing bear in Shakspere's time. Slender mentions him to Anne Page, and there are other refer- ences to him. Sackatoo. See Sol-oto. Sacken, Osten-. See Osten-Sncken. Sackett's Harbor (sak'ets har'bor). A lake port of Jefferson County, New York, situated on an arm of Lake Ontario 63 miles north of Syracuse. It was formerly an important naval station. Here, in May, 1813, the .\mericans under Brown repulsed an attack of the British under Prevost. Sack of Venezuela, Sp. Saco de Venezuela. A name often given to Lake Maracaibo, from its sack-shaped outline. Sack'Ville (sak'vil). The family name of the English noble family of Dorset. Sack'Ville, George, Viscount SaekviUe. See Germain, Sack'Ville, Thomas. Bom at Buckhurst, Sus- sex, 1.536: died at London, April 19, 1608. An English poet. He was educated at Oxford, and entered the Inner Temple. He was for many years one of Eliza- beth's chief councilors, holding high otfice. He was made Lord Buckhurst in 1567, and earl of Dorset at the accession of James I. His poems were the models for some of Spenser's best work, and his induction to the " Mirror for Magis- trates " is the best part of that book. He wrote with Nor- ton the tragedy of " Gorboduc " (which see). Sack'ville-West (sak'vil-wesf), Lionel Saek- viUe, second Baron Sack'Ville. Born Jiilv 19. 1827. An English diplomatist, British minister to the United States 1881-88. He re- Sacred Way ceived his passports from President Cleveland in 1888 for having written, in answer to a correspondent who rep- resented himself as a naturalized citizen of English birth in search of advice, a letter in which he recommended the inquu-er to vote the Democratic ticket as favorable to Brit, ish interests. 'Ehe incident occurred during the presidential canvass. Saco (sa'ko). A river in New Hampshire and Maine, it rises in the White Mountains, traverses the White Mountain Notch, and flows into the ocean 14 mUes southwest of Portland. Length, about 160 miles. Saco. A city in York County, Maine, situated on the Saco near its mouth, opposite Biddeford, 16 miles southwest of Portland. It has coast- ing trade, cotton manufactures, etc. Popula- tion (1900). 6.122. Saco (sa'ko), Jose Antonio. Born at Bayamo, •May 7. 1797: died at Barcelona, Spain, Sept. 26. 1879. A Cuban publicist and author. Part of his life was spent in exile for political reasons : he was several times deputy to the Spanish Cortes. Saco is best known for his important works on the history and effects of slavery. Saco Bay. A small indentation on the coast of Maine, near the mouth of the Saco River. Sacramento (sak-ra-men'to). [Sp., 'sacra- ment.'] The largest river in California, its longest head stream, the Pitt River, or Upper Sacramento, rises in Goose Lake on the Oregon frontier. The Sacra- mento proper rises on the slope of Mount Shasta, flows generally south, enters Suisun Bay, and through San Fran- cisco Bay enters the Pacific. Length, nearly 500 miles. Sacramento, or Sacramento City. A city, the capital of California and of Sacramento County, situated at the junction of the American and Sacramento rivers, in lat. 38° 33' N., long. 121° 20' W. It is the fourth city in the State, exports fruit, has extensive manufactures, and is a railway center. Its chief building is the State capitol. Sacnmiento was set- tled by J. A. Sutter in 1841. Gold was discovered in the neightiorhood in 1848, It became the capital in 1S54, and was made a city in 1863. It has been several times de- vastated by floods. Population (1900), 29, '282. Sacred and Profane Love. A painting by Titian, in the Palazzo Borghese, Rome. The scene is a g;u"den. By a fountain sit two women, one nude, the other richly dressed. The former funis her head to see Cupid playing in the water ; the latter turns her back on Love. Sacred Band, The. 1. A band of 300 Thebans formed to take part in the wars of the 4th cen- tury B. C. against Sparta. It was especially distin- guished at Leuctra in 371 B. c, and was destroyed at Chse- ronea in 338 B. o. 2. A company of several hundred Greeks, formed in 1821 by Alexander Ypsilauti for ser- ■vice in the Danubian Principalities against the Turks. It was destroyed in the battle of Dragat- chan in 1821. Sacred Mount, L. Mons Sacer. A hill 3 miles northeast of Rome, beyond the Anio. it is noted in Roman history as the place of temporary emigrations of the plebeians, undertaken in order to extort civil privi. leges. The first (494 ('?) B. c.) led to the establishment of the tribunate : the second (449 B. 0.) resulted in the abolition of the decemvirate. Sacred Nine, The. The Muses. Sacred Wars. In Greek history, wars under- taken by members of the Amphictyonie League in defense of the shrine of Delphi. There were fonrof these wars. (1) In OIO-.'.OOB, c. (596-686?) : the Am- phictyons overthrew Orissa and Cirrha. (2) About 448 B. c. ; Athens aided the Phocians in recovering Delphi, (3) In 357-346 B. c. : the Phocians, at first successful against the Thebans, Locrians, etc., were overthi-own by the aid of Philip of Macedon, who joined the allies in 3,'j2 ; Phocis was replaced by Philip in the League. (4) In 839-33S B. c. : the Amphictyons appointed Philip to punish the Locrians of Amphissa for sacrilege: his successes led to the union of Athens and Thebes against him and their defeat at Cha'ronea in 338. Sacred Way. 1. The ancient road from Athens to Eleusis, starting at the Dipylon Gate and traversing the Pass of Daphne. Over it passed every autumn from Athens the solemn procession for the celebration in the shrine of the great Eleusinian sanctuary of the mysteries in honor of Demeter, Persephone, and lacchus. For almost its whole length it was bordered with tombs, chapels, and even more important founda- tions. At the outset of the road a number of the tombs remain in place, practically uninjured. (See Ceramicus.) Further along the modern road to Eleusis, whose line is almost identical with that of the Sacred Way, many archi- tectural fragments are still visiljle, and some can be iden- tified from the descriptions of Pausanias. In the middle of the Pass of Daphne rises beside the road a monastery which exhibits, in contrast with its Byzantine architecture, some remnants of French Pointed work. It was founded by the French dukes of Athens, and contains their tombs, but occupies the site of a temple to Apollo. Further on, toward the Bay of Salamis, there are considerable remains of a sanctuary to Aphrodite. 2. [L. Via Sacra.] The first street of ancient Rome to be established on the low ground be- neath the hills. It had its name either because on its line, according to tradition, Romulus made his treaty with the Sabine chief Tatius, or because on it lay several of the oldest and most revered sanctuaries of Rome, as the temple of Vesta and the Regia. It liegan at the Clivns Capitolinus at the eastern end of the Forum Romanum, I Sacred Way and ran along the southern side of the Forura. past the Basilica Julia and the temple of Castor anil I'ollux ; then It turned at right angles and crossed tile Forum, and turned again to skirt the northern side of the temple of Julius Caisar. It continue!e on the side toward the city, where it is but slightly defended. The principal works face the other way, inclosing a proje<-t- ing portion of the terrace. They consist of three walls, each 1,800 feet li>ng, rising one behind the other and sup- porting artiflcia! terraces, which were defended by para- pets. The walls are built with salient and reentering an- gles, thus embodying a principle of modern fortitlcation : counting from the outer one, they are respectively 27, IS, and 14 feet high. They are formed of immense irregular limestone blocks, fltted together with great skill (see the quotation) ; some of these were evidently taken from ijuarries three quarters of a mile distant. There are sub- sidiary structures, and the place was artificially supplied with water. These works arc commoidy called the for- tress of the Incas or of Cuzco. Garcilasso {followed by S4. It is thoughl to lie by Massingerand Tourneur from internal evidence, and probably owes its existence to the success of P,eaumont and Hetchera "Maid's Tragedy," though the plot is entirely different. Second Nun's Tale, The. One of Chaucer's " Canterbury Tales. It is a tale of the life and pas- sion of St. Oecflia, and was taken from the " Lcgenda Au- rea " of Jacobus a Voragine, There was a French version of this by .lehan de Vignay about 1300, an Early Kngllsh one before 1300. and Caxton's "C.olden Legend in 1483; also a Latin version by Simeon Metaphrastes. The pre- amble to Chaucer's poem contains fourteen or fifteen Inies translaVd from the 33d canto of Dante's " Paradlso, or perhaps from their original in s.mie Latin prayer or hymn. See Xiin's Priegl's Tate. Secr6tan (sek-ra-tan' ) , Charles. Born at Lau- saiine, Jan. 19, 1815: died there, Jan. 22, 189o. A Swiss iihilosopher. He was appointed professor of phil..sophy at Lausanne in 1838, in 1840 at Neuchatel, ami returned to the same position at Lausanne in 1800. He wrote many philosophical works, aiid was for some time editor of the "Revue Suisse." Secunderabad (se-knn-de-rii-bad'). or Sakan- derabad (sa-kun-de-ra-biid'). or Sikandera- bad (se-kun^e-ra-biid' ). or Sekunderabad ( se- kun-de-rii-bild'). A British cantonment and town in the Nizam's Dominions. India, situated 6 miles north of Hvderabad. It is the largest Brit- ish militaiT station in India. Population of cantonment, 5 IXK) to 6,(HXI ; of tuwn. about 30,000. Secundra (se-kun'dra). A village situated 5 miles northwest ot Agra, British India. Itisnota- ble for the tomb of Akbar, dating from the beginning of the 17th century, an imposing momiment whose I"dian- Saracenic style is much influenced by Buddhist models. It stands in a large inclosed garden with a tine arched gate- way, and consists of 4 8,|uare terraces of red sandstone, superposed in the form of a stepped pyramid. On a plat- form n the midiUe Is the splendid cenotaph of the king, covered with sculptured arabesques. The real tomb U in a vaulted eharnber in the basement. The lowest terrace is 3'2o feet sipiare, the highest 157. Secundus, Johannes. See Johannes Sccundus. Sedaine ( s.-dan' ) , Michel Jean. Bom at Pans, .Inly 4, 1719: died there. May 17. 179i. Al-rench dramatist and poet. Among his works are the comic operas " Le diable i> quatre" (17561, "Blaise le savetier (1761» "R..5e et Colas" (17f4); the comedies' Le phllo- sophe sans le savoir " (17«.)," La gageure inipuHue (1 ■ la) ; a iK.em," Le vaudeville '(H.'^.o) ; etc. He also »rr.ite " t.uil- lauinc Tell " and " Richard Ca-nr de Lion with Gritry, and was admitted to the Academy in 1786. Sedalia (se-da'li-a). A city, the capital of Pet- tis County. Missouri, situated 60 miles west ot JefforsonCity. It Is a leading railroad center, and has «..urishing manufactures and eonnuerce. Population (llloo), L's'^I. . , Sedan (s(-.« and the establUlinient of the republic. Population (181)1), ■20,'291. Seddon (sed'-.n), James Alexander. 1*"'" »'. I'nlnniulh, StalTnrd C.nntv . \ a.. .'"l-V • • l^'''- died in Goochlan.l, Va., Aug. 19, Is.sO. An ■American l>o1 it ieiaii. He was a Dt'inocratlc memher ;) c'.ngress /.on, \'ilgl»la lM,-.-17 and 1841.-51. and w:is „(tei» 11.1 c.nfed.nite congresMnan and secrolao' "f war. Seddon, Thomas. Bom at London, A"S- 28. is"'! : .iie.l at Cairo, Nov. 2n, 18;.(.. .\n Eng- lish landscape-painter. In l.sf.'Jho began to exhibit at 11. ■ Roval .Unde.ny. In 1853 he joined Ionian Hunt St . r. and devoted himself to lopogniplilcal lam.cap.- in til" Fast. He exhibited "The Pyramids and " Jem- salem ' In 1854, and returned to Cairo In 1850. Sedgemoor (sej'mSr). A locality in Somerset. KnSlaud. near Bridgwater. Here, July 11. 1B8.S, lli» tloyalUta under Fevcraham defeated the fo»e» ot the Sedgemoor Duke of Monmouth. The battle (which has been called the last battle in England) resulted in the overthrow and capture of Monmouth. Sedgwick (sej'wik). Adam. Bom at Dent, Yorkshire, 1785 : died at Cambridge, Jan. 25. 1873. An English geologist. He graduated at Trinity College. Cambridfie, in 1803, and was elected fel- low in 1809. In ISIS he became Woodwardian pmfessor of geology at Cambridge. His principal discoveries were in the Paleozoic strata of Devonshire and Cornwall, and the Permian of the northwest of England. Sedgwick, Catharine Maria. Bom at Stock- bridge, Mass., Dec. 28, 1789: died near Rox- bury, Mass., July 31, 1867. An American novelist and miscellaneous ^Titer, daughter of Theodore Sedgwick. Her works include "A Xew Eng- land Tale " (1822), '■ Redwood " (ISMX "Hope Leslie, etc." (1827% "CTarence, etc." (1830), "The Linwoods, or Sixty ^ears Since in America " (1836), " Live and Let Live " (1837), '• Means and Ends, etc. (1838), - Letters from Abroad, etc. ■ (1841), " Married or Single " (1857), etc. Sedgwick, John. Born at Cornwall. Conn., Sept. 13, 1813 : killed at the battle of Spottsyl- vania. May 9. 1864. An American general. He graduated at West Point in 1837 ; served in the Semi- nole and Mexican wars ; and was a lieutenant-colonel of cavalry at the be.ginning of the Civil War. He served in the Army of the Potomac as commander of brigade and division until Feb., 18C3, when he obtained command of the 6th array corps. He distinguished himself at the bat- tles of Fair Oaks, Savage's Station, and Gleudale ; was se- verely wounded at Antietara ; and took a leading part in the battles of Chancellorsville, (iettj-sburg, and the Wilder- ness. Sedgwick, Theodore. Born at West Hartford, Conn., 1747: died at Boston, Jan. 24, 1813. An American Federalist politician and jurist. He served in the Revolution ; w.as a delegate to the Continen- tal Congress from Massachusetts 1785-86 ; was member of (Congress from Massachusetts 1789-96 ; was United States senator 1796-99 (and president pro tempore) ■ was mem- ber of Congress and speaker 1799-lSOl ; and was judge of the Massachusetts Supreme Court 1802-13, Sedley (sed'li). Amelia. The foolish daugh- ter of a broken-down London stockbroker, in Thackeray's '"Vanity Fair." She marries George Osborne, whom she adores, and after his death Captain Dobbin, who has long adored her. She is the antithesis of Beckv Sharp. Sedley, Catherine, Countess of Dorchester. Died 1717. The daughter of Sir Charles Sedley, and the mistress of James 11. Sedley, Sir Charles. Bom in Kent, 1639: died Aug. 20. 1701. A wit, poet, and di-amatist of the Restoration. His first comedy, "The Mulberry Gar- den," was published in 1668. He also wrote ".\ntony and Cleopatra " (1677X "Bellamira, etc." (1678), "Beauty the Conqueror" (1702), " The Grumbler" (1702), and " The Tjrant King of Crete " (1702). He sat in Parliament for Sew Romney, and took an active part in politics. His life was scandalous, and he is remembered as excusing him- self for the part he took in the Revolution bysaj-ing that. " as James IT. had made his [Sedley's] daughter a countess [see above), he could do no less than endeavour to m.ike the king's daughter a queen." Sedley, Joseph. A collector from Bogley Wal- lah, in Thackeray's "Vanity Fair": brother of Amelia Sedley. "He is a fat. sensual, but timid dandv, and falls a victim to Becky Sharp. Sedlitz (sed'lits), or Seidlitz (sid'lits). A small village in northern Bohemia, near Briix: noted for its springs of mineral ^vater. Sedulius (se-du'li-us), Coelius. Lived in the 5th century. A Roman Christian poet. He was the author of a poetical version of the history of the NewTestament, entitled ' Carmen Paschale"(subsequently enlarged in prose as "Paschale opus"), and of an abece- darian hymn, "A soils ortus cardine." Seduni (se-du'ni). In ancient geography, a peo- ple in the upper valley of the Rhone, Switzer- land. Seeberg (za'bero). A height near Gotha, Ger- many, long noted as the seat of an observatory. Seehohm (se'bom). Frederick. Born at Brad- ford, Yorkshire. 1833. An English historian. He was admitted to the bar at the Middle Temple in 185ti,' and subsequently became a member of a banking firm at Hitchin, Hertfordshire, Among his works are **The Oxford Reformers of 1498 "(1867), "The F.niof the Protestant Revo- lution " (in Epochs of Modem Histor>- series, 1874), "The Ei.L'Iish Vilhage Community, etc. " (1883), Seeland. 1. See Zealand (in Denmark). — 2. See Zealand (in Netherlands). Seeley se'lil. Sir John Eobert. Born 1834: died Jan, 13, 1895. An English historian. He graduated at Cambridge (Christ College) in 18.'7; and be- came professor of Latin in University College. L(jndon, in 1863, and in 1869 professor of modern histor)' at Cam- bridge "Ecce Homo, or Survey of the Life and Work of Jesus Christ," his most celebrated work, appeared anonj-TOOusly in 1865, His other works are an edition of Liv)-,"" Lectures and F.ss.avs " (1870), "Life and Times of Stein" (1879), 'Natural Religion" (1882\ "The Expan- sion of England " (1»S3), 'Short Historj- of Napoleon I.' (1886), etc. Seelye (se'H), Julius Hawley. Bom Sept. 14, 1824: died May 12, 1895. An American educator. He bec;ime professor of philosophy at Amherst College in 1853 ; WM president of Amherst College 1876-90 ; and was IndepeiMent Republican member of Congress from Massa- 914 ;■ 1 .-tts 1875-77. He translated Schwegler's " History ■ Philosophy " (1856), and wrote " Lectures to Educated Hindus" (1873), "Christian Missions " (1875), and philo- sophical text-books. Seelye, Laurens Clark. Bom at Bethel, Conn., Sept. 20, 1837. A clergyman and educator, brother of J. H. Seelye. He was professor of Eng- lish literature at Amherst College 1865-73 ; and since 1874 has been president of Smith College (for young women) at Northampton, Massachusetts. Sees. See See:. See ! the Conquering Hero Comes ! An air in Handel's '"Joshua." It is introduced three times, and was so popular that he used it again in his "Judas Maccabjeus." It has frequently been used as a motif by others, with many variations. Tlie words were written by Dr. Thomas Morell for Handel's "Joshua " (174S) : they were introduced in late acting versions of Lee's "Rival Queens " at the beginning of the second act. .\s tliis first appeared in 1677, Lee has been erroneously supposed to have written the verses long before "Joshua" appeared. See'wis (za'vis). A \-illage and noted health- resort in the canton of Grisons, Switzerland, situated in the Prattigau 12 miles north-north- east of Coire. Seez, or Sees (sa-es'). A town in the department of Orne, northern France, situated on the Ome 11 miles north-northeast of Alen(;on. Thecathe- dral is a fine 13th-century building. The west front has handsome buttressed spires, pleasing arcades, and a south portal of charming design and ornament. The south transept, with its great rose, closely approaches that of the cathedral of P.aris; and the choir is admirable, with its radiating chapels and the tracery of the clearstory. Population (1891), commune, 4,272. Sefid (se-fed'), or Safid (sa-fed'). A river in north-western Persia which flo-ws into the south- ■westem side of the Caspian Sea. east of Resht. Length, including its main head stream (the Kizil-t'zen), about 300 miles. Segan Fu. See Slngan Fu. Segesta (se-jes'ta). [Gr. Sfjftrra.] In ancient geography, a city of Sicily, situated near the coast 27 miles -west-southwest of Palermo. It was of non-Hellenic (reputed Trojan) origin : was often at war with Selinus; wasanallyof Athensin thePelopon- nesian war; became a dependent of Carthage about 4uO B. C. ; was sacked by .\gathocles, and had its name changed to Dicseopolis ; and passed under Roman supremacy in the time of the first Punic war. There are ruins near the modem CalataHmi. The Greek temple, though never fin- ished, is one of the most complete examples surviving. It is Doric hexastyle, with 14 columns on the flanks, on a stylobaie of 4 steps. The architectural details are of the best period. All the 36 peristyle columns are still stand ing, and the entablature and pediments are almost entire. There is also a Greek theater, of theothcenttiryB, c, with Roman modifications. In plan it is more than a semicircle : the diameter is 209 feet, that of the orchestra 54 ; the length of the stage is 91. The cavea is in great p.art rock- hewn. Segesvar. See Schasshiirg. Seginus (se-ji'mis). [Origin uncertain.] One of the many names of the constellation Bootes : assigned on some maps as the name of the third- magnitude star } Bootis. Segnes (zeg'nes) Pass. An Alpine pass in Swit- zerland, leading from Glams to the valley of the Vorderrhein in Grisons, 15 miles -west-north- •west of Coire. Segni (sen'ye). A town in Latium, Italy, sitti- ated near theVolscian Mountains 31 miles south- east of Rome: the ancient Signia. It is s,aid to have been colonized by Tarquin, and was a Roman frontier town against the Volscians. It contains many antiquities. Population (1881), 5,608. Sego. See Segii. SegO (sa'go), orSeg (seg), Lake. A lake in the government of Olonetz, northern Russia, north- -west of Lake Onega. It has its outlet into Lake Vyg and the White Sea. Length, about 25 miles. SegO-via (se-go'vi-a ; Sp. pron. sa-go've-a). 1. A province of Old Castile, Spain. It is bounded by Valladolid on the northwest, Burgos on the north. Soria on the northeast, Guadalajara and Madrid on the southeast, and .\vila on the southwest. The surface is generally a plateau. .\rea, 2,714 square miles. Population C1887). 154,457. 2. 'The capital of the province of Segovia, situ- ated on the Eresma in lat. 40° 54' N., long. 4° 10' W. The cathedral, begun in 1525 by the architects of the new cathedral at Salamanca, is ver)-large.hunt, of a rich yellow stone in the Pointed style, plain ivithout, but loftv and lightwithin, and with good stained glass. There is a beautiful Flamboyant cloister, of earlier date, surround- ing an Attractive garden. The Roman aqueduct, presumed to be of the time of Trajan, forms a great bridge, 937 feet long, and consisting of 3-20 arches in two tiers. The high- est arches (in the middle of the lower tier) are 102 feet high. It is built of large blocks of granite, somewhat rounded at the edges and assembled without cement. Se- govia was a Romaikcitv, and was a residence of the kings of Leon and Castile. Population (1886), 11,169. Segre (sa'gra). A river in northern Spain. It rises in the "Pyrenees, and jouis the Ebro 22 miles s.)uth- west of Lerida, Its chief tributary is the Cinca. Length, about 250 miles. Segu(sa'go), or SegO (sa'go). 1. A Negro realm in the western part of the Sudan, Africa, situ- Seine-et-Mame ated in the upper valley of the Niger. The in- habitants are Bambarras. — 2. The capital of the state of Segu, situated on the Niger. It ia in the French sphere of influence. Population, 36,000. Seguin (sa'gwin). Arthur Edward Shelden, known as Edward Seguin. Bom at London, April 7, 1809 : died at New York, Dee. 9, 1852. A popular English bass singer, a pupil of the Eojal Academy, he appeared first in 1S2S. and sang .success- fully inEngland till 1838, when he came to Xew York. The Seguin Opera Troupe, which he organized, was suc- cessful in the United States and Canada. Seguin (se-gaji'),Edouard. Bom at Clameey, France, Jan. 20, 1812 : died at New York city, Oct. 28, 1880. A French- American physician, a specialist in the training of idiots, and the in- ventor of a physiological thermometer. Among^ his works are "Traitement moral, hygiene et education des idiots," "Historical Notice of the Origin and Progress of the Treatment of Idiots," etc. Segur (sa-giir'), Comte Louis Philippe de. Born at Paris, 1753: died 1830, A French poli- tician and author. He served in the American Revo- lution; was ambassador to Russia; was a councilor of state under the empire ; and was made a peer at the Restoration. His cldef work is "M^moires, ou souvenir* et anecdotes " (1824). He also wrote a history of France, a universal history, etc. Segur, Comte Philippe Paul de. Born Nov. 4, 1780: diedFeb. 25. 1873. A French general and historian, son of L. P. de Segur. He served in the Napoleonic campaigns. His best-known work is a "His- toire de Napoleon et de la gi-ande armee en 1S12 " (1824). Segura (sa-go'ra). A river in southeastern Spain -which flows into the Mediterranean i& miles southwest of AUcante : the ancient Tader. Length, about 150 mUes. Segura, Juan Bautista. Bom at Toledo, Spain, about 1542: died in Virginia, Feb. (?), 1571. A Jesuit missionary. He went to Florida as vicepro- vincial of his order in 156S, In Aug., 1570, he and several companions were sent to Chesapeake Bay to establish a mission. They ascended the Potomac and thence, appa- rently, crossed to the Rappahannock, where all were killed by the Indians. SegusianI (se 'gu-si-a'ni). [L.] In the time of Julius Cfesar. a Gallic people li\ing in the val- ley of the Rhone, in the -vicinity of Lyons. Seharunpoor. See Saharanpur. Seidl (zi'dlD, Anton. Bom at Pest, Hungary, May 7, 1850: died at New York, March 28, 1898. A Hungarian conductor, especially of 'ft'aguer's music. He was a pupil of the conservatory at Leipsic, and in 1879 through Wagner's influence obtained the posi- tion of conductor at the Leipsic Opera House. In 1882 he left it for a tour through various»parts of Europe as con- ductor of the NibelunL:en Opera Troupe. In IScS he was made conductor of the Bremen Opera House, and in 1885 of German i;'pera in New York, from whicli time he con- ducted the concerts of the Philharmonic Society, New- York, etc. Seidlitz. See Sedlitz. Seiero (si'e-re). A small island belonging to Denmark, situated northwest of Zealand. Seiero Bay. An indentation on the north-west- ern coast of the island of Zealand, Denmark. Seiland (si'land). An island of Norway, off the northern coast, southwest of Hammerfest. Length, 27 miles. Seille (say). A river in Lorraine which joins the Moselle near Metz. Length, about 70miles. Seim (sa-em'). A river of southern central Rus- sia -which joins the Desna 52 miles east of Tchemigofi . Length, about 350 miles. Seine (s5n). One of the principal rivers of France : the Roman Sequana. It rises in the pla- teau of Langres, in the department of C6te-d'0r; flows gen- erally northwest ; widens into an estuary near Quillebeuf ; and flows into the English Channel between HavTe and Honfleur. Its chief tributaries are the .\ube. Marne, and Oise on the right, and the Yonne, Loing, Essonne, and Eure on the left. The most important places on its banks areChatillon, Bar. Troyes, Nogent, Melun, Paris, St,-Denis, Mantes, Rouen, Caudebec, Havre, and Honfleur, The basin is connected by canals with those of the Somme, Meuse^ Rhine, Rhone, and Loire. Length, 482 miles. It is navi- gable to Marcilly. for larger vessels to Paris, and for large se.a-vessels to Rouen. Seine, Thesmallest in area and largest in popula- tion of the departments of France. It contains the city of Paris ; is surrounded by the department of Seine-et- < tise ; is the seat of ver>- important manufactures and com- merce ; and has a flourishing market-gardening industry. It formed part of the ancient province of ije de-France. .\rea, 184 square miles. Population (l(i91), 3,141,595. Seine-et-Mame (san'a-marn'). A depanment of France, capital Melun, formed from parts of the former Brie and Gatinais (belonging to an- cient lle-de-France and Champagne). It is bound- ed by Oise on the north. Aisne on the northeast, JIame and Aube on the east, Y'onne and Loiret on the south, and Seine- et-Oise on the west. Its surface is generally level. It con- tains many forests, including that of Fontaineldeau. The manufactures and commerce are important, and a-'ricul- f ure is flourishing. Area, '2,215 square miles. Populatiou (1891X 366,709. Seine-et-Oise 8eine-et-0ise (san'a-wiiz'}. a department of Frauee, capital Versailles, formed from part of the ancient lle-de-France. it is bound.d by Eure on the northwest, tKse on the north, Seine-et-Marne on the east, Loireton the south, and Eure-et-Loir on the west, und sniTOUnds the department of .Seine. The surface is level, and in parts hilly. Agriculture and manufactures are highly developed. Area, 2,164 situate miles. Population (ISl)l), C2S,r,9- was put to death by the senate at the in- fitatice of the emperor. • Sejanus His Fall. A tragedy by Ben Jon son. acted in 1603 and publishedin 1605. it issaid that .shakspere played in it. "The Favourite," a satire, was founded on it in ITVo. S6jour (sa-zhor'), Victor. Born at Paris, 1816 : died there, Sept. 21. 1874. A French dramatist. Among his plays are "Richard III." (1852), " Le flls de la nuit " (1857), " Les tils de Charles-Quint " (1864), etc. They are all chiefly remarkable for their scenic effects. Sekhet. In Egyptian mythology: see Pakht. Sekiang. See 'Sihiniif/. Sekuncferabad. See' Secuinleriihail Selangor (se-liin-gor'), or Salangore (sa-liin- gor' ). A Malay state under British protection, sitiiated on the western side of the Malay Pe- ninsula, intersected by lat. 3° N. Population (1891), 81,592. Selbig (zel'big), Elisa. The jiseudonym of Fran von Ahlefeld (Charlotte Elizabeth Sophie Wil- helmine von Seebaeh). Selborne (sel'born). A parish in Hampshire, Ein;land : noted on account of Gilbert White'.s "Natural History of Selborne." Selborne, Earl of. See Palmer, RouudiU. Selby (sel'lji). A town in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, situated on the Ouse 20 miles east of Leeds. Its abbey church is a very flue Benedictine foundation of the 12th century. Part of the original nave and transepts survives: tlie remainder of them is Early English. The Lady chapel is Decorated, and some Perpendicular windtjws have been inserted. The church possesses some interesting sculptures and abba- tial tombs. The length is 3()« feet. Population (18111), 6,022. Selden (sel'den), John. Born at Salvington, Sussex, Dec. 16, 1.584: died at London, Nov. 30, 10.54. An English jurist, antiquary, Oriental- ist, and author. At about 16 years of age he entered Halt Hal!, Oxford, and in 1(303 Clifford's Inn. lA)ndon ; in 16<)4 he migrated to t*ie Inner Temple. He was inti- mately associated with lienJonson, Drayton, Edward Lyttle- ton, Henry RoIIe, Edwai-d Herbert, and Thomas Garde- ner. He was first employed by Sir Robert Cotton to copy and abridge parliamentary records in the Tower. He es- tablished a large and lucrative practice, but his chief repu- tation was macle jia a writer and scholar. In 1010 he pub- lished "England's Kpinomls" and "Janus Anglorum, Fa- des Altera," which treated of I-'nglish law down to Henry II. These were followed by "Titles of Honour " (1614), "Analecton Anglo- Britannicon" (161.^). " De Oils Syriis" (1617). The 'History of Tithes,'^ published in ll'il8, was suppressed. He was the instigator of the "jlrcttestatlon " of Dec. 18, 16"-1. and was coniruitted to the Tower. In 1623 he cnterefl Parliament its member for Lancaster, and in 102.S helpeil to draw up and carry the Petition of Kight. In n'l.'l.'i ho dedicateil his " Mare'ciausum " to the king (Charles I.), and seems to have inclineil to I he court party. He was returned to the Long Parliaini-nt (llHo) for the University of o.^foril, ami was a member of the committee which inipi:iiliid Archbl.shop Laud. In li',4(i he became master of Trinity Hall, Cambridge. Besides the works al- ready inenti -li, be was the author of " De .luri Natunill, etc. "(11,1") ' I'rivilegesof the Biironage of England, etc " (UM2), and '• Table-Talk," \m hcal-known work (liwil. Sele (sa'le). A I'iver in southern Italy which flows into the Mediterranean 17 miles south- west of Salerno: the ancient Silarus. Length, about 60 miles. Sele (sii'le), (ir Basele (bii-sa'le). See Siimhc. Selene (so-lti'ne). [Gr St/'-iyw?.] InQreekmy- 915 thology. the goddess of the moon, daughter of Hyperiim and Thea. Seienga (sa-leng'gii). A river in northern Mon- golia and southern Siberia. It is the largest stream that flows into Lake Baikal. Length, 6(Ml-,S00 miles. Seleucia(sel-u'Ri-ii),orSeleuceia(sel-u-8e'ya). [Gr. if/fiAt/o.] The name of many ancient towns. The following are the principal: (U A city in Syria, situated on the coast north of the mouth of the Orontes: the port of Antioch. It was bnilt by Seleucus Nicatfir.andissometimescalledSeleuciaPieria. There are many antiquities <»n the site. (2) A city near the Tigris, about 17 miles below Bagdad. It was built largely from the ruins of Babylon by Seleucus Xicator, and was one of the largest cities of the East It was plundereortant IKirie temples, sev. eral of them among the most iirehaie examples of the style kni'wn, and mi'topes from an eighth temple have reeenll,\ beeti found. 'I his is the most extensive existing group o'f tJreek li-mph's. Finn- of them were on tin' Acropolis, ami three on a hill ab,»ut a mile (o the east. The seulplnreil metopes founil are now In the museum at Palermo: they lire of miportariee in the study of t*reek seulpturu. Selish. See Sdlishan. Selish Lake. See Fluthcml Lake. Selzerbnmnen Seljuks (se!-j6ks') [Turk.] The name of sev- eral Turkish dynasties, descended from the (jhuy,z diieftain Seljuk. which reigned in cen- tral and western Asia from the 11th to the 13th century. After conquering Persia, Toghrul Beg, the grandson of .Seljuk, who belonged to the orthodox Mo- hammedan Sect of the .Sunnitei!, rescued the faineant Abb;issiil calif at Bagd:id from hisShiite lieutenant (11I56X and was nominated "commanderof the faithful." He was in ima succeeded by his nephew Alp Arslan, who took Syria and Palestine from the Fatimite calif of Egypt, and in 1071 defe:ited and captured the Byzantine emperor Ro- manus Diogenes.who purchased his release bv the cession of a large partof Anatolia or Asia Minor. Alp .\rslan was followed in 1072 by his son MaHk Shah, on whose death in 1092 the succession was disputed. Civil war ensued, which resultetl in the partition of the empire among four liranches of the .Seljukian family, of which the principal dvnasty ruled in Persia, and three younger dynasties at Kerman, Damascus, and Iconium respectively. The last named, whose sultanate w.as called Roum (i. e. 'of the RomansJK outlasted the others : it was superseded by the Ottomans at the end of the 13th century. Selkirk (sel'kerk). 1. A county in the south of Scotland. It is bounded by Peebles on the west and north, Edinburgh on the north. Roxburgh on the east and southeast, and Dumfries on the southwest. Its sur- face is largely hilly. It contains the valleys of the Ettrick and the Yarrow, and is ceK-tiiated in poetry and romance. Area, 257 stiuare miles, 1'. .pulation (1891X 27,:t5.3. 2. The capital of Selkirkshire, Scotland, 30 miles south-southeast of Edinburgh. It has tweed manufactures. Population (1891), 6,397. Selkirk, or Selcraig (sel'kragi. Alexander. Born at Largo, Fifeshire, 1676: died on the ship Weymouth. 1723. A Scottish sailor, the suj)- posed original of Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe." He was engaged in bucaneering exploits in the south seas, and in 1703 Wiis sailing-master of a "Cinque I'orts " galley. In 1704 he was at his own request put ashore on the island of Juan Fernandez, and remained there alone four years. His "Life and Adventures" were published by Howell in lb29, and he is the subject of a poem by Cowper. Selkirks(serk;'rks).The. Agroup of lofty moun- tains in the Rocky Mountain system of Canada. Sellasia (se-la'shi-U). [Gr. 2f?./a<7ia.] In an- cient geography, a place in Laconia, Greece, a few miles northeast of Sparta. Here, in 221 b. c, the Lacedfemonians under (Jleomenes III. were totally defeate6 " at Brussels (1800). Selma(sermii). A city, capital of Dallas County, Alabama, situated on the Alabama Eiver 43 miles west of Montgomery, it is a railway center and the head of steamer navigation, and has maimfaeturefl and trade in cotton. It was an important Confederate arsenal in the Civil War, and was taken by the Federals under Wilson Feb. 2, 186.^ Population ilOtmi. s.713. Selous, Frederick Courteney. Bom in Jersey in 1852. .\ uoIimI s)iiirtsiii:in. He went to Africa In 1.S71 as explorer and pioneer, and on various hunting trips 1(^2-.^S, In 1S8!» he eomlucted a goliI-im>8peeting party through eastern Mashonaland, where he made treaties, opened up ro;tds, etc., returning t*» England in 185*2, Selsea, or Selsey (sel'se). Bill. A headland at the southwestern extremitv of Sussex, England, 15 miles east-soutliejisl of Portsmouth. Seltera(zerters),Nieder. A village in theprov- iuci' of Hesse-Niissau, Pnissia, 17 miles north of Wiesbaden : famous for its spring of Sellers water, discovered in the 16th century (errone- ously called Selzer water: see Scl^erhnnincn), Sel'Vretta. See Silmtld. Selwyn (sei'win). George. Bom Aug. 11. 1719: died ;il Loiiilon. .Inii. '_'.). 1791. An English wit. In 17I.', he was expelled from Hertford Cidlege. oxfonl. for a blasphemous travesty of the Kueharlst. In 1747 he was a member of Parliament and sided with the court p:iity. He was an iiitini:ite frienil of Horace Wullxtle. Sel'wyn, George Augustus. Bom April 5, ison : died ,\pril II, 1878. ,\n English missioniiry and bishop. He was educateil at Eton and Cambridge. In IS'29 he rowed in the first uidversity boat-race. In l.Ml he was conseenite'Anbigny defeated h'erdinarui II. of Naples in 149.'> ; and D'Aubigny was defeated here and taken prisoner by the Spaniards under .A.ndrada, April 21, 1503. Population (ISSl), coninmne, 4,908. Seminole(sem'i-n61). [Pl.,also5e)»Jno?es. Their name means 'separatist ' or 'renegade.'] A tribe of North American Indians composed of the members of the Creek Confederacy who during the 18th and the early part of the 19th century left the main body and settled in Florida. They were engaged in two wars with the United States (1817-18 and 1835-42). That of 1817-lS was occasioned by their dep- redations on tlie frontier settlements of Georgia and of Alabama Territory. General E. P. Gaines destroyed an Indian village on the refusal of the inhabitants to sur- render certain .alleged murderers, and the Indians retali- ated by waylaying a boat ascending the Appalachicola with supplies for Fort Scott, and killing 34 men and a num- ber of women. General Jackson took the field against the Indians in .Tan., 1818, and after a short but sharp campaign destroyed the Seminole villages in the neighborhood of the present city of Tallahassee, in April. He court-martialed and executed two British subjects, Arbuthnot and Ambrist- er, who were among the captives, and whom he accused of stirring up the Indians, and on May 24, 1818, entered the Spanish town of Pensacola, which he claimed had given refuge to the savages. The war of 1835-42 was the most bloody and stubborn of all those against Indian tribes. It originated in the refusal of a part of the tribe to cede their Florida lands and remove to the Indian Territory accord- ing to a treaty ratified in 1834. Osceola was the Seminole leader, and the war was conducted with varying success under Scott, Call, Jesup, Taylor, and others, till the sub- jugation of the Indians iu 1842. The number of Seminoles finally removed in 1S43 was officially reported as 3,824. Those who reached the Indian Territory constituted one of the five "civilized nations" there, now numbering about 3,000, including negroes and adopted whites, and more than 200 remain in southern Florida. See Muskhogean. Semipalatinsk(se-me-pii-la-tinsk'). 1. Aprov- ince in the Kirghiz Steppe, Russian Central Asia. It lies to the south of Siberia, and borders on the Chinese empire on the east and Lake Balkash on tlie south. Besides steppes, it contains several mountain-ranges, in- cluding chains of the Altai. It is traversed by the Irtish. Area, 184,631 square miles. Population (1897), 688,639 (cliiefly Kirghiz). 2. The capital of the province of Semipalatinsk, situated on the Irtish about lat. .50° 25' N., long. 80° 13' E. It is an important trading center for central Asia. Population (1888), 19,310. Semiramide (se-me-rii'mi-de). [It., "Semira- mis."] Thu name of various Italian operas. The most important are "Semiramide," by Eossini, libretto by Rossi (produced at Venice, 1823); and " Semiramide Eico- nosciuta," by Gluck, libretto by Metastasio (produced at Venice, 1748). Semiramis (se-mir'a-mis). [Assyr. Sammu- ramat, loving doves; 6r. ^eftlpa/nig.'] In the Greek historiographers, wife of Ninus the founder of Nineveh, she was the daughter o( the Syrian goddess Derketo, and was endowed with surpassing beauty and wisdom. She assumed the government of As- syria afterher husband's death ; built the city of Babylon with it.s hanging gardens, the temple of Bel, and thebridge over the Euphrates ; conquered Egypt, Ethiopia, and Libya ; and organized a campaign against India : in short, every- thing marvelous in the Orient was ascrilied by the Greeks to the supernatural queen. These statements of Greek writers find no confirmation in the cuneifonn monuments. Some of the exploits of Semiramis are identical with those recorded of the goddess Ishtar in the so-called Nimrod epic. It is possible, however, that there was some liistorical foun- , dation for these legends, as the name Samnmramat occurs in the inscriptions as the queen of Eamraan-Nirari m. (811-782 B. c). She is the only Assyrian queen whose name is recorded on the monuments. Semiramis. See Srmiramide. Semiramis of the North, The. 1. Margaret, quecu .)f Norway, Denmark, and Sweden. — 2. Catharine II. of Russia. Semiryetchensk (se-me-rye-chensk'). A prov- ince in the governor-generalship of Turkestan, Russian Cctitral Asia, situated south of Lake Balkash, and bordering on the Chinese empire 916 on the east, it contains steppes and various mountain- ranges, including part of the Tian-Shan. The chief rivers are the Ili and others belonging to the basin of Lake Bal- kash, Area, 152,280 siniare miles. Population (1897), 990,243 (largely Kirghiz). Semites(sem'its). Thedescendants, or supposed descendants, of Shem, son of Noah : a name given by Eichhom to the Hebrews and allied races in southwestern Asia and eastern Africa. The true Semite, whether we meet with him in the des- erts and towns of Arabia, in the bas-reliefs of the Assyrian palaces, or in the lanes of some European ghetto, is dis- tinguished by ethnological features as definite as the philo- logical features which distinguish the Semitic languages. He belongs to the white race, using the term "race" in its broadest sense. But the division of the white race of which he is a member has characteristics of its own so marked and peculiar as to constitute a special race — or, more strictly speaking, a sub-race. The hair is glossy-black, curly and strong, and is largely developed on the face and head. The skull is dolichocephalic. It is curious, however, that in Central Europe an examination of tlie Jews has shown tliat while about l.'i per cent, are blonds, orUy 25 per cent, are brunettes, the rest being of intermediate type, and thatbrachycephalism occurs almost exclusively among the brunettes. It is difficult to account for this except on the theory of extensive mixture of blood. Whenever the race is pure, the nose is prominent and somewhat aquiline, the lips are thick, and the face oval. The skin is of a dull white, which tans but does not redden under exposure to the sun. There is usually, however, a good deal of colour in the lips and cheeks. The eyes are dark like the hair. Sayce, Races of the O. T., p. 77. Semler (zem'ler), Johann Salomo. Born at Saalfeld, Thuringia, Dec. IS, 1725: died March 14,1791. AGermanProtestant theologian, critic, and church historian, professor at Halle : some- times styled the "father of German rational- ism." Among his works are " Abhandlung von der Un- tersuchung des Kanons" ("Treatise on the Investigation of the Canon," 1771-75), "Selecta capita historise ecclesias- tica; " (1767-69), etc. Semliki (sem-le'ke). A river in central Africa which forms the outlet of Lake Albert Edward Nyanza into Lake Albert Nyanza. Semlin (sem-len'). Hung. Zimony (zim'ony), Servian Zemun (ze-mon'). A city in Croatia- Slavonia, Austria-Hungary, situated on the Danube, near the mouth of the Save, nearly op- posite Belgrad. It has important transit trade with the Balkan peninsula. Population (1890), 12,823. Semmering, or Semering (zem'er-ing), or Som- mering (zem'mer-ing). A pass iu the Alps, on the border of Styria and Lower Austria, often regarded as marking the eastern limit of the Alps. It has been traversed since 1854 by the Semmer- ing Eailway, connecting Gloggnitz with 51 iu-zzuschlag, and more remotely Vienna with Laibach, Triest, Italy, etc. Height at the tunnel, 2,940 feet. Semmering Alps. A branch of the Alps, on the borders of Styria and Lower Austria. Greatest elevation, about 4^00 feet. Semmes (semz), Eaphael. Bom in Charles Oounty,Md., Sept. 27, 1809: died at Mobile, Ala., Aug. 30, 1877. A noted Confederate naval com- mander. He served in the Mexican war ; and was com- mander of the privateer Sumter in 1861, and of the cele- brated privateer Alabama 1862-64. (See Alabama and Kearsarge.) He published " Service Afioatand Ashore dur- ing the Mexican War " (1851), " Campaign of General Scott in the Valley of Mexico " (isri2), "Cruise of the Alabama " (1864), and "Service Afloat during the War between the States " (1869). Semneh (sem'ne). An ancient fortress in Egypt, on the west bank of the Nile, south of the sec- ond cataract : built to cheek the Cushites. Semnones (sem-n6'nez or sem'no-nez). [L. (Tacitus) Semnones, Gr. (Strabo) le/ivaveg.'j A German tribe, a ^^rincipal branch of the Suevi, first mentioned by Stralio, who describes them as Sub.iecttoMariilxiduus. They were situated about the middle Elbe east" ard to the Oder. They are named for the last time at the end of the 2d century, in the so- called ilarcomannic war. Sempach (zem'paeh). A small town in the can- ton of Lucerne, Switzerland, situated on the Lake of Sempach 8 miles northwest of Lucerne. A victory gained here by the Swiss Confederates over the Austrians under Duke Leopold, July 9, 1386, secured the independence of the Swiss. Compare Winkelried. Sempach, Lake of. A lake in the canton of Lucerne, Switzerland. Smiles northwest of Lu- cerne. Its outlet is by the Suhr to the Aare. Length, 5 miles. Sempronia (sem-pro'ni-a). A eharaeter'in Ben Jonson's ' ' Catiline." " she dabbles in politics, reads Greek, and thinksherself the match of Ciceroin eloquence, of Caisar in statecraft." Symonds. Sempronia gens (sem-pr6'ni-a jenz). A Roman house or clan containing several noted families in the time of the republic, the most famous of which was the family of the Gracchi. Sempronius(sem-pr6'ni-us). 1. A character in Shakspere's " Timon of Athens." — 2. -A. char- acter in Addison's tragedy " Cato." Seneca Sempronius (Tiberius Sempronius Longus). Died about 210 B. c. A Roman consul in 218 B. c. He was a colleague of Publius Seipio, with whom he was defeated by Hannibal on the Trebia. Semur (se-miir'). A town in the department of Cote-d'Or, France, situated on the Arman5on 36 miles west-northwest of Dijon. Notre Dame is IJ an unusually beautiful church of the 13th centui-y, with || triple porch, fine sculptureil portals, and interior of ex- n cellent proportions and details. There is fine glass, and the chapels contain noteworthy scriptural reliefs. Popu- lation (1891), 3,797. Senaar. See Sennar. Senancour (se-non-kor'), Etienne Pivert de. Born at Paris, 1770: died at St. -Cloud, France, 1846. A French ethical writer, moral essayist, and disciple of Rousseau. Among his works are "Mveries sur la nature primitive de rhonime" (1799), "Obermann" (1804: which see), "Del'amour selon leslois primordiales, etc." (1805), "Observations sur le ginie du Christianisme " (1816), a number of rfenm^s of history, tradition, etc. (1821-27), "Isabella," a romance (1833), etc. Senate. [L. senatus, from scnex, old.] 1. In ancient Rome, a body of citizens appointed or elected from among the patricians, and later from among rich plebeians also, or taking seats by virtue of holding or of having held certain high offices of state. Originally the senate had supreme authority in religious matters, much legislative and judi- cial power, the management of foreign affairs, etc. At the close of the republic, however, and under the empue, the authority of the senate was little more than nominal. The original senate of the patricians numbered 100 ; after the adjunction of the Sabines and Luceres, the number became 300, and so remained with little change until the supremacy of Sulla. Julius Cffisar made the number 900, and after his death it became over 1,000, but was reduced to .600 by .-Vugustus, and varied under subsequent em- perors. 2. The upper or less numerous- branch of the legislature in vai'ious countries, as in France, Italy, the United States, most South American countries, and in the separate States of the American Union. The Senate of theUnited States con- sists of 2 senators from each State, and numbers (1901) 90 members. A senator must be at least 30 years of age, 9 years a citizen of the country, and a resident of the State from which he Is chosen Senators are elected by the State legislatures, and sit for 6 years, but the terms of office are so arranged that one third of the members retire every 2 years. In addition to its legislative functions, the Senate has power to confirm or reject nominations and treaties made by the President, and also tries impeachments. The Vice-President of the United States is the president of the Senate : in his absence a senator is chosen president pro tempore. The name Senate has been adopted by the upper houses of the Canadian Parliament and of the Common- wealth of Australia. Senchus Mor (sen'ehos mor). The. [Ir., 'The Great Law.'] A revision of the Brehon laws of Ireland, said to have been made by the chief lawyers of the country, with the assistance of St. Patrick, in the 5th century. Sendabad. See Sandabar. Sendai (sen-di'). A town in the main island of Japan, situated on the eastern coast. Popula- tion (1891), 66,310. Seneca (sen'e-ka). [PI., also Senecas."} A tribe of North Anieriean Indians. The name is foreign to their language and is probably a corruption of a word meaning 'red paint.' They called themselves by a name meaning 'people of the mountain.' The French called them Tsonnontouan. They shared with the Mohawks the glory of the Iroquois Confederacy, and were conspicuous in the wars west of Lake Erie. When first known they oc- cupied the land in western New York between Seneca Lake and the Genesee River. On the defeat of the Erie and the Neuter tribes, they took possession of the territory west to Lake Erie and south along the Allegheny to Pennsyl- vania, and received by adoption many of the conquered peo- ples, by which they became the largest tribe of the con- federacy. They sided with the British in the Eevolution, but did not generally abandon their homes. They num- ber about 3,000. See IrnquoU. Seneca, Lucius Annaeus. Born at Corduba about 4 b. c. : died at his villa near Rome, 65 A. D. A celebrated Roman Stoic philoso- pher. He was the son of M. Annteus Seneca and Helvia, and when a child was brought by his parents to Rome, where he studied rhetoric and philosophy and rose to prominence as a pleader of causes. He was a senator un- der Caligula. In the first year of the reign of Caligula's successor, Claudius (41). he was banished to Corsica at the instigation of the empress Slessalina, who accused him of improper intimacy with Julia, the daughter of Germani- cus. He was recalled in 49 through theinfluence of Agrip- pina, the new wife of Claudius, who intrusted hira with the education of her son Nero. On the accession of his pupil in.'i4 he obtained virtual control of the government, which he exercised in concert with the pretoiian prefect Burrus. The restraint which his counsel imposed on the emperor made his tenure of power precarious, and on the assassination of Burrus in 62 he petitioned for permission to retire from the court. The permission was withheld : nevertheless he withdrew from the management of affairs. y He was ultimately charged with complicity in the con- spiracy of Piso, and took his own life in obedience to the order of Nero. His writings consist of the prose works "De ira,""De consolatione ad Helviam matrem liber," " De consolatione ad Polybium liber," " Liber de consola- tione ad Marciam,""De providentia liber," "De animi Seneca tranqunitate," "De constantia supientis," " De dementia ad Nerotiem Caeaarem libri duo, " '^De brevitate viUe ad Pauliiiuni liber," "De vita beata ad Gallionem," " De olio aut seccssusapientis," "De benetlciis librl sepU-m," "Epis- tolte ad Lucilium," "Apo(ob>cytito^is," and "(^ujestionum naturalium libri sfptem"; and the tragedies " llercuk-s," "Troades," " Mueniss;e" or "Thebais," *' Medea," "rhtc- dra" or " llippolytus," "(Kdipus," "Aganiciunon," "Thy- tstes," "Hercules (Etaus," and, according to some, "Oc- tavia." Seneca Falls. A village and township in Sene- ca County. New York, situated on Seneca River 45 miles east-southeast of Kotdiester. It has va- rious manufactures, i'op. ( 1900 j, village, G,5HI. Seneca Lake. A lake in western central New York, wpst of Cayuga Lake. Its outlet is the Seneca Kiver. Length, about 36 miles. Great- est breadth, 4 miles. Senefelder fza'ne-fel-der). Aloys. Born at Prague, Nov. 6, 1771: died at Munich, Feb. 26. 1834. A German inventor, discoverer of the pro- cess of lithography (1798). SenefFe (s^-nef). A village in the province of Hainaut, Belgium, 22 miles south by west of Brussels. Here, Aug. 11. 1674, an indecisive battle was fought by the French under Conde and the Dutch under William of Orange ; and here, July 2, 1794, the French under Morceau defeated the Au&trians. Senegal (sen-e-gal'). A rivorin western Africa, formed by the union of the Hating and Bakhoy. It Hows generally northwest and west, and empties into th'- Atlantic about hit. Iti" N. Length, about l.iiiKt miles ; }\:i\ iu'able to Mafu, and in the rainy season to M<;dine. S§n6gal(sa-na-gar). A colony in western .\friea, belonging to France. Capital, St. Louis, it lies mainly south o! the river SenegiU, and extends eastward tu the upper Niger valley. Various native states in tlie vicinity areunderal'renchijrotecturate. The inhabitant sare mostly negroes. It became a French colony in the I7tb century : wag twice held temporarily by the llritisli ; and was greatly developed under Faidherbe in 1854 and succeeding years. Senegambia(sen-e-gara'bi-a). [From Sene(gaf] and Gambia.] A region in western Africa, ex- tending along the Atlantic coast south of the Sahara (from which it is partly separated by the Senegal) to Sien-a Leone, and eastward to the upper Niger valley. The surface in the interior is taule-land. The principal rivers are the Senegal and Qanibia. It is divided between the French (colony of Senegal), English (Gambia, etc.), and I'ortuguesc (Bissagos Archipelago, etc.). See also Sudan, French. Senior (se'nyor), Nassau William. Bom at Compton, Berkshire, England, Sept. 26, 1790 : died at Kensington, June 4, 1864. An English political economist and critic. At Magdalen Col- lege, Oxford, he was a private pnpil of Richard Whately (afterward archbishop of Dublin). Ue graduated in 1811 ; was called to the bar in 1819 ; and became master in chan- cery in 1836. From 1825 to IKiO he was professor of iwlit- Ical economy at Oxford. He filled the chair again 18^17-52. In 1861 he was a commissioner of popular education. He publisht-d "An outline of the Science of Political Econ- omy " (18;iC), a lecture on the " Production of Wealth" (1847)," Suggestions on Popular Education "(1861)," Amer- ican Slavery" (1862), "Essay.s .mi Fii-tion" (18<14), " His- torical and Philosophical Essays "(isor.), and many lectures and essays on economic aubjocts, ;iini journals of travels, Senkereh (sen'ke-re). A place on the site of the ancient Chaldean city Larsa. See EHasar. Tablets containing lists of si^uares and cubes of numbers have been found in the ruins. Senlac (sen'Iak). A hill in Sussex, England, near Hastings, it is notable as the scene of the battle of Senlac (or battle of Hastings), Oct. 14, 1060, in which William the Norman (William I. of England, William the Coneiueror) defeated the English under Harold, who was slain in the battle. This was the one battle fought in the Norman conquest of England. Senlis (son-les' or son-le')« A town in the de- partment of Oiso, France, situated on the No- nette 25 miles north-northeast of Paris, it was formerly the seat of a bishopric. The cathednil is an in- tcrcBting church of the 12th century and later. The west- ern lagade poMsesw-B a very line sculptured jKirtal and a L'Uh-century spire which, though not very lofty (211 feet). Is a model of grace, and forma an architectiiml typeforlts date. Sixteen towers of the Mesopotamia's rival fr)r the supremacy over Asia, and its object was to isolate Egypt. The bulk of the AsHyrlan 917 army met the forces of the coalition at Eltekeh (Assyrian Altakii). The battle seems to have been indecisive. Tlie siege of Jerusalem had to be given up on account of a pes- tilence which bn)ke out in the Assyrian army. Like Sargon, Serniacheriti indulged in building, and endeavored to pro- mote the welfare of the country by introducing improve- ments. Hi8 reig tory of the city neglecleii, was agaii tal, and restored to unprecedented splendor and glory. Septennial Act supposed to represent Sanlis and Lydia: others with 8e- parda in the southwest of Media, mentioned in Sargon's hiscriptions ; still others with Sepurd, a mountain south* west of Erzerum. The Syriac translation of the Peshita am? •lewish interpreters render it by Spain, and in medieval and 'lerii -lewishwritingB the name always designates Spain. ~ -Por- Ashkena- zim. or Gennan-Polisli .lews. See Ashkeuazim, e oi me country ov miroaucnig improve- ino'itrn ■lewisnwntmgBtnenamealwaysdeeignatesS ^':^n^:'.'Sh:X;r^«U,n!i'beJ^ Sephardiin(se-far'dim). [HeK] SpanisJ^ gainniised by him tothedignity of acapi- tutnicse Jews, as distinguished from Ashk While pniyirig in a temple he was murdered by two of his Sephardo(se-lar'do).Salomo. In Georfje Eliot's sons, wOio lied to Armenia (Irartu). , , ** Spanish Gipsv," a Jewisii astrologer who per- Sennar, or Sennaar, ot- Senaar (se-nar ). 1. A ceives clearlv the scientific limits to astrologi- retrion in eastern Africa, it extends between the eal prediction. White Nile and the Kal»ad (a tributar>- of the Blue Nile) «v«_r-- /spf.jir-vn'ini'^ In thp \^«vriaTi southward from Khartum to about lat. 11* X. The sur- oepnarvaun ^^^eI ar ^ a im;. in Tue .^.>h> nan face.generallylevel.ismounlainousin the southeast. Be- lUSC-nptions, Sippara, a city in Mesopotamm, on fore the Mahdist revolt of 1881 {t was a province of the Eg)'ptian Sudan. The inhabitant«are Arabs, Funji(Xegro), etc 2. Tlie chief town of the district of Sennaar, situated on the Blue Nile. Sennheim (zon'him), F. Cemay (ser-na'). A the left bank of the Euphrates. It was divided by the "Royal Canal "or the "Canal of Agade." one part be- ing originally called sippar, the other Agade: but the name of Agade, it seems, was lost in the lapse of time, aq«d both cities became one. In the cuneiform inscriptions the two p«:irtions of the city are distinguished a> "Sippar of Shamash" and "Sipparof Annuit," beinir centers of the town in Upper Alsace, Alsace-Lorraine, sit- cult of these divinities. The temple of .Shamash, the sun uatt'd on the Thur 9 miles northwest of Miil- "" ' ~ "^^ " .--»-t._^_ , -_. . .» _i-.- liausen. Xear it is the Ochscnfeld, where Cresar Is said to have defeated Ariovistns 68 B. c. Population (1890), 4,;;75. S6nonais Csa-no-na'). A former division of the ancient Champagne, in France. Capital, Sens. Senones (sen'o-nez"). 1. In ancient history, a god. called E-babbara, wasalsoconsecratetl to the worship of Moloch, who was the sun-god in his destructive aspect. This agrees with 2 Ki. xvii. 31, accordirigto uhich the colo- nists from Sepharvaim settled in Samaria 'Muinied their sons with fire t-o Adrammeleeh and Ananmielech. * Seph- arvaim is now represented by the ruins of Abuhabba. where, in 1n81, Uomiuzd Rassara discovered the temple of the .-iun-gOil. pcopk' of the Cisalpine Gauls, dwelling betwVen Sephestia(se-fes'ti|i). InGreene'snovel " Mena- the Adriatic and the Apennines, about lat. 43° P&ou," the banisliod daiiphtor of King Damo- 30'-44° N. They were conquered by the Ro- mans about 283 B. c. and expelled from their lands. — 2. In ancient history, a tribe in central Gaul, situated northwest of the .S^dui, and hav- ing Agedincum (Sens) as their capital. They revolted against Cffisar 54-52 B. c. ,g „^„ ^„„^„ Senones (se-non'). A town in the department Sephiroth (sef'i-roth) cles. beloved by the shepherd Menaj)hon. While disgiii5vlorian. professor of his- tory at Munich 1846-47 and ]8.'j0-(i7. His works Include ' I-eben Jesu'C'Lifc of Jesus. I84'J-4i;i. "Da^ lleiilentuin and dessen Bedeutung fur dus Christentuni " (IK5;i), etc. Sepphoris (sef'o-ris). [In the Talmud, Zippori.} The modern village Sefuriyeh, situated H miles distant from Nazareth. Herod Aniipa made it the capital of Galilee. Its Roman name was l>i.»c«sarea- Under Rabbi Jehuda the Prince (ha Nasi) it becimie the seat of the .Sanhedrim ; later it was the re.'iitlence of a bishop of Palestitia SecundiL In 339 (under Oonstan- tine) it w.ns destroyed in cwisequenee of a revolt of the Jews. During the't'rusjules, the tradition that Sepphoris was the home of Joachim and Anna, the parents of the Virgin >IiU-y, was generally accepted, and the Crusiidere erected aehureh on the traditional site of their dwelling. The modern Sefuriyeh numbers about tiOO inhabitantA. when we come at List to the very earliest extant inscrip- September (sep-tem'lier). [L. .'^iptemhir, sc. tion in the world. This venerable record is a tablet now- ,„^„.v,.,, the • seventh month ' of the Koiunn vear, in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford, which was erected „.i,-.i, i,,,„,,„ ...|,i, AI,,r,.li 1 The ninth ninnth by .Sent, a king of the second dynasty, to the memory of ". ""f " "''Pin » '' ". -Mar. Ii. J I lu mutll monta Shera, who appears to have been his grandson. According ol llie year, conlaiumg thirty oays. to the chronological scheme of M. Mariette, King Sent September, MaSSacreS of. A series of murders musthavelivedahonttheycar4T00B.C, But.nswill pres- ently be show n, this very inscription, the oldest written record in existence, atfords conclusive profif that even at that distant date of some IK) or "u centuries, the hiero- glyphic writing was already an extremely ancient graphic system, with long ages of previous development stretch- ing nut behind It into a distant past of almost Inconceiva- ble reinot'.ne.'is, Taylor, The Alphabet, I. M. Sentimental Journey through France and Italy, A. A work by Laurence .Sterne, twu voluim's of whifli were published shortly before his death in 1708. Ue intended to make It a ?nuch larger work, Sevend continuations have been written by others. Sentinum (sen-li'num). In ancient geography, a cily iti Italy, near tlie Apennines, 37 miles west -south west of Ancona: the modern Seii- tino. It is noted for the decisive vict(>ry gained there 295 II. r. by the R^tnnins under Kablus and I>eclua Mu8 over the allied .Samnites and (Jauls. Sentis, or Santis (sen'lis). A mountain in Switzerlaiiil, •> niile.s south of .\ppenzell. It is about 8, 215 feet high, and is most easily as- cendi'd from the Weissbad. Seoni, orSeonee (.se-o'ne). 1. Adistrict in the iperi)etrat(il iiy tiie extreme revolutionists at ^aris, Sept. 2-4). 1792. the victims being royal- ists and constituliomilists cotitiued in prison. The massacres were undertake!) by the Oi>n)minie of Paris, and were occasioned by the constematioAfelt over the approach of the t'nissians, whose avowed object was to restore the king. Danton believed that iH'forc going forth to conquer foreig)! encjulcs it was necessary to exterminate those at Itoine, at least t.» " strike terror to the royalists? " lU- or- dcreil. or allowed the eomnjlttec of survelltanc- t.» order, the frightful ruassaeresof .September 2--d of the pris*»)i a))il de. s])alehe(l with s))l)res, pikes, axes, anddulis. After having killed the iK>litical pilsoners. they ]i)unlere.l priitoiicrs of ))ll classes. Tl)e number of killetl iunounled t&:!(tr:)ns.). September Convention. A treaty concluded .Si'pt. 15, l.H|'>4,l). [F., 'seven islands.'] A group of seven small islands, situated in the English Channel 26 miles northeast of Morlaix. They form a part of the department of Cotes- du-Nord, France. Septimania (sep-ti-ma'ni-a), or GotMa (go'- thi-ii). [Named from the" sevcntli Roman le- gion, which established a colony at Beterne (Beziers).] An ancient territory in the south- ern part of France, of varying limits. Chief place, Xarbonne. it comprised part of the Roman S'arbonensis, extending from the mouth of the Rhone to the Pyrenees along the Mediterranean coast, and nortli- westward to the Cevennes, and comprising also Ximes and Carcassonne. It formed part of the West-Gothic kingdom, and was retained by the West Goths in the Merovingian epoch; was conquered by the Saracens early in the 8th century : and was conquered by Pepin the .Short ~52-759. It was made a d :chy. and in the 9th century became a mar lUisate. Later it followed the fortunes of Toulouse. Septimer fzep'ti-mer). An Alpine pass in the southern part of the canton of Orisons, Switzer- land. It leads from Bivio and the Oberhalbstein valley to Casaceia and the valley of the Maira. Height, 7,582 feet. Septimius Felton. An unfinished story by Na- tlianiel Hawthorne, published in 1872, after his d.-ath. Septimius Severus. See Sevenis. Septimius Severus, Arch of. See Arch of Sep- timius Severus. Septinsular (sep-tiu'su-lar) Republic. A name sometimes given to the republic of the seven Ionian Islands. Septuagint (sep'tu-a-jint). [From L. septua- ginta, seventy.] A Greek version of the Hebrew Scriptures made, aecordingtotradition.by about seventy translators : usually e-xpressed by the symbol LXX ('the Seventy'). The legend is that it was made by seventy-two pereons in seventy-two days. It is said by Josephus to have been made in the reign and by the order of Ptolemy Philadelphus, king of Egypt, about -270 or 280 B. c. It is supposed, however, by mod- ern critics that this version of the several books is the work not only of different hands but of separate times. It is probable that at first only the Pentateuch was trans- lated, and the remaining books gradually : but the trans- lation is believed to have been completed by the 2d cen- tury B. c. The Septuagint is written in the Hellenistic (Alexandrine) dialect, and is linguistically of great im- portance from its effect upon the diction of the New Testa- ment, and as the source of a large part of the religious and theological vocabulary of the Greek fathers, and (through theOld Latin version of theBible and the influence of thison the Vulgate) of that of the Latin fathers also and of all west- ern nations to the present day. In the Greek Church the Septuagint has been in continuous use from the earliest times, although other Greek versions (see Hex^pla) were anciently also in circulation, and it is the Old Testament still used in that church. The Septuagint contains the books called .-Vpocrj'pha intermingled among the other books. It is the version which agrees with most of the citations in the New I'estament. Sepulcher (sep'ul-ker), Knights of the Holy. A military order established by Godfrey de Bouillon in 1099 to watch the septilcher of Christ . Sepulcher, The Holy. The sepulcher in which the body of Christ lay between his burial and resurrection. Its traditional site at Jerusalem has been marked since very early times by a church. Sepiilveda (sa-pol'va-THa), Juan Ginez de. BumnearCordova about 1490: died at Mariano, near Cordova, 1573. A Spanish theologian and historian. He was royal historiographer from 1536, and preceptor of Prince Philip, afterward Philip II. He was one of the most noted opponents of Las Casas, holding in his treatise *' Democrates Secundus" that war on the In- dians and Indian slavery were justifiable. Sepulveda's numerous works are all in Latin. They include histories of the reigns of Charles V. and Philip II., and many the- ological treatises. Referringtothe elegance of his Latinity. Erasmus called him "the Spanish Livj-." Sequana (sek'wa-nij). The Roman name of the 8eine. Sequani(sek'wa-na). Inaneienthistory, apeople of eastern Gaul whodwelt east of the-Sldui (from whom they were separated by the Saone) and west of the Jura. They were allied with the Arvemi against the jEdui. They invited Ariovistus and the Ger- mans across the Rhine ; allowed the Helvetii passage through their country in 58 B.C.; and joined the league atrriinst *;»sar in 52 B. c. Serafshan. See Zemfshan. Seraglio (se-ral'yo). [It,, ' an inclosure,'] The chief or official palace of the Sultan of Turkey at Constantinople, It is of great size, and contains government buildings, mosques, etc., as well as the sultan's harem. Seraglio Point. The point on the southern side 918 of the Golden Horn where that inlet joins the Bosporus. The old walls run out to a point, and then wind round to the north, bouiiLling the harbour. The Point is crowned by a group of irregular ruinous buildings, and a few bet- ter presen'ed kiosques. wliich are all that remain of the Seraglio of the Grand signior. Over them rise the bulbous dome and cupolas of St, Sophia, with its Turkish minarets, and beyond are other domes and minarets innumerable. Rounding Seraglio Point, the vessel glides into the Golden Horn — the wide inlet which forms the splendid harbour of Constantinople, and divides the city into its European and its Turkish quarters. Poole, Story of Turkey, p. 262, Serai, See Sarai. Seraievo. See Bosna-Serai. Seraing Cse-ran'). A village in the province of Liege, Belgium, situated on the Meuse 3 miles southwest of Liege, It is the seat of a large establish- ment formanufacturing machinery, engines, cast-iron arti- cles, etc., founded by John Cockerill in lsl7. Population (1893), 36,27S. Serajewo, or Seraievo. See Bnsna-Serai. Serampur(ser-am-por'),orSerampore(,ser-am- por'). A town in Hugli district, Bengal, Brit- ish India, situated on the Hugli 13 miles north of Calcutta. It is the seat of an English Baptist mission. It belonged to Denmark until 1&45. Population (1«9I), 35,932. Serang, See Ceram. Serapeum, or Serapeium (ser-a-pe'um). [Gr, lipa-iioi; a temple of Serapis,] 1. The great Egyptian sanctuary near Memphis, where the Apis bulls were buried. It was explored by Mariette in 1851. See Seraj)is and Sakkarah. — 2. A famous temple of Serapis in ancient Alex- andria, destroyed by Theodosius. See the ex- tract, and that under Serapis, below. The Serapion, at that time, appeared secure in the su- perstition which connected this inviolable sanctuarj-, and the honor of its god, with the rise and fall of the Nile, with the fertility and existence of Egypt, and, as Egj-pt was the granary of the East, the existence of Constanti- nople, The Pagans had little apprehension that the Sera- pion itself, before many years, would be levelled to the ground. The temple of .Serapis, next to that of Jupiter in the Capitol, was the proudest monument of Pagan reli- gious architectiu-e. Like the more celebrated structures of the East, and that of Jerusalem in its glory, it compre- hended within its precincts a vast mass of buildings, of which the temple itself formed the center. It was built on an artificial hill, in the old quarter of the city, called Rhacotis. to which the ascent wasby a hundred steps. AU the substructure was vaulted over ; and in these dark cham- bers, which communicated with each other, were supposed to be carried on the most fearful and, to the Christian, abominable mysteries. AM around the spacious level plat- form were thehabitations of the priests, and of the aSLCt- ics dedicated to the woirship of the god. Within these outworks of this city rather than temple was a square, sur- rounded on all sides with a magnificent portico. In the center arose the temple, on pillars of enormous magnitude and ' eautif ul proportion. The work either of Alexander himself or of the first Ptolemy aspired to unite the colossal grandeur of Egyptian with the fine harmony of Grecian art, Milman, Hist, of Christianity, III. 150. Seraphic Doctor, L. Doctor seraphicus. The scholastic theologian Bonaventura. Seraphic Saint, The. St, Francis of Assisi. Seraphitaisa-rii-fe'ta). A novel by Balzac, pub- lished in 1835. It presents the destiny of woman as an ascending series of lives reaching from love of self to love of heaven. Serapion, or Serapeion. See Serapeum. Serapionsbriider (za-ra-pe-6ns'brii'der), Die, A ooUeotionoftalesbyE.T. A, Hoffmann, pub- lished 1819-21. Serapis (se-ra'pis). The Greek and Roman name of a deity of Egj'ptian origin whose wor- ship was officially promotedunderthePtolemies, and was introduced into Greece and Rome, Serapis was the dead -Apis, honored under the attributes of Osiris ; he was lord of the under world and identified with the Greek Hades. His worship was a combination of Eg>-ptian and Greek cults, and was favored by the Ptolemies for political reasons. See Serapeum. Egyptian and Greek met as worshippers of Serapis, The Serapis of Egj-pt was said to have been worshipped for ages at Sinope ; he was transported from that city with great pomp and splendor, to be reincorporated, as it were, and reidentified with his ancient prototype. . . . The colossal statue of Serapis [in the Serapeum ) embodied these various attributes. It filled the sanctuary : its outstretched and all-embracing arms touched the walls; the right the one, the left the other. It was said to have been the work of Sesostris : it was made of all the metals fused together — gold, silver, copper, iron, lead, and tin ; it was inlaid with all kinds of precious stones ; the whole was polished, and appeared of an azure color. The measure or bushel, the emblem of productiveness or plenty, crowned its head. By its side stood the symbolic three-headed animal, one the fore-part of a lion, one of a dog, one of a wolf. In this the Greek* saw the type of their poetic Cerberus. The serpent, the svmbol of eternity, wound round the whole, and re turned resting its head on the hand of the god. ililman. Hist of Christianity, IIL 161-152. Sera-watty Islands. See Serwati. Serayevo. See Bnsiui-Serai. Serbal (ser-bal'), Jebel. A mountain in the Si- naitic peninsula, situated on the western side : Seringapatam sometimes identified with the bibUoal Sinai. Height, over 6,000 feet. Serbati. See Eosmini-Serbati. Serbie, or Servie (sar-ve'). The French name of Servia, Serbien (zer'be-en). The German name of Ser\-ia. Serbonis Lacus. See Sirbonis Lacus. Serbs (serbz). [Serv. .Sfr6, Ut. ' kinsman.'] Na- tives of Servia: Servians, Serbs' Rout. See Aluritca. Serchio (ser'ke-6). A river in western Italy which flows into the Mediterranean 8 miles northwest of Pisa : the ancient Auser. Length, about .55 miles. Sere (sa're), A tribe of the eastern Sudan, neighbors of the Nyam-Nyam and the Bongo, and related to both. They were once strong and inde- pendent, but are now conquered and scattered by the Ny- am-Nyam, Theyarehuntersandagriculturists, makingre- markable granaries, but keep no domestic animals except fowls. The women wear tufts of grass in front and behind ; the men do not tattoo themselves like the Nyam-Nyam. Travelers say that they are hardy, patient, and jovial. Serena. See La Serena. Serendib (se-ren'dib). An ancient name of Ceylon. Serer (se-rar'). A negro tribe of French Sene- gambia, dwelling between Cape Verd and the basin of the Salum River. Some are also found in Cayor, where they have mixed with their kinsmen the Wolof. In other places they have mixed with the Man- dingos, to which nation their rulers belong. They are di- vided in two main sections (the Serer None and the Serer Sine), speaking different dialects. They are the tallest race of Senegambia, but their features are coarse. They are honest, industrious, and opposed to slavery, but are given to drinking. Seres (se'rez ). The inhabitants of the ancient Serica. Seressaner(ze-res-sa'ner). ['Red cloaks.'] For- merly, a corps of Austrian troops (established about 1700), stationed on the southern frontier to guard against Turkish inroads; since 1871, a body of gendarmerie in Croatia-Slavonia. Sereth (ser-ef or sa-ret'). A river which rises in Bukowina, traverses Moldavia, in its lower course separates Moldavia from Wallachia, and joins the Danube near Galatz : the ancient Hie- rasus. Length, about 290 miles. Sergeant (sar'jant), John. Born at Philadel- phia, Dee. 5, lf79: died at Philadelphia, Nov. 25, 1852. An American politician and lawj'er. He was a member of Congress from Pennsylvania isi5- 1823, 1S27-29, and 1837^2, and was the unsuccessful Whjg candidate for \ice-President in 18;J2. Sergievsk Posad (ser-gyefsk' po-zad"). A town in the government of Moscow, Russia, 47 miles northeast of Moscow. It was built around the monastery Troitsk, and is a noted place of pilgrimage. It has manufactures of toys and sacred pictures. Popula- tion, 31,413. Sergipe (ser-zhe'pe). A maritime state of Brazil, bordering on the Atlantic northeast of Bahia, and separated from Alagoasbythe river Sao Francisco. Capital, Aracajii. Area, 15,090 square miles. Population (1894), 264,991, Sergius (ser',ii-us). Saint. Died about 300. A martyr whose cult is celebrated particularly by the Eastern Church. Sergius. Patriarch of Constantinople 610-638, at the beginning of the Mouothelite controversv. Sergius, Saint. Born 1315: died Sept. 7, 1391. A saint of the Eastern Church, founder of the Troitsk monastery in Sergievsk Posad. Sergius I. Pope 687-701. He rejected certain provis- ions of the Quinisext Council of 692, whereupon the empe- ror Justinian II. ordered his arrest. The soldiers, however, prevented the imperial officers from carrj'ing out the order. Sergius II. Pope 844-847. During his pontifi- cate Rompwasplvmderedby the Ssiracens (846), Sergius III. Pope 904-911. Sergius IV. Pope 1009-12. Seri sa-ip'). A tribe of North American Indi- ans, li\ing on Tiburon Island and the adjacent coast of Mexico, extending into the interior. See Tumaii. Seriana (sa-re-a'na), Val or Valle. A valley in the district of Bergamasca, province of Ber- gamo, northern Italy, Serica (ser'i-kii). IG't. Z7ipiKf/.'\ In ancient geog- raphv, a country in eastern Asia, probably identical with northern China. The inhabi- tants were noted for their production of silk. Serinagur. See Srinagnr. Seringapatam (ser-ing-,£ra-pa-tam'). or Sn- rangapatam (sri-rang-ga-pa-tam'). [Named from its famous temple ot'Vishnu. Shri Ranga.] A town in Mysore. India, situated on an island in the Kaven, 7 miles north of Mysore. It was formerly famous for its fortress, and contains the former royal palace and a mausoleum of Hyder Ali, It was be- I Seringapatam glegedby th^ British in 1792. when the successes of thebe- eiegers uinier Comwullis furced Tippu Saih to siprn a treaty ; aod again in April and May, 179'Jt, by Harris, when the town was glormea "by a detachment nnder Baird (May 4), ami Tippu Saih was killed. Popuhition (1891X 12,551. Seringham. See Srirangam. Seripnos (se-ri'fos), or Seriphus (se-ri'fus). [Gr. ZEp«po<:.'\ An island of tlie ('yclades, be- longing to Greece^ situated in the ^geau Sea in lat. 37° 10' N., long. L*4° 30' E. * the modern Ser- pho. Here, according to tlie legend, the chest containing l)anae and the infant I'erseus was ca*l ashore. The island was a place of banishment during the Roman Empire. Length, 9 miles. Population, about 3,00u. Serlio(sar'le-6), Sebastian. Born at Bologna, Sept. 6, 1473: died at Fontainebleau, 1554. An Italian painter, engraver, and architevt. From 1500-14 he was at Pesaro, where he worked as painter and architect. From Pesaro he went to Rome and Venice, where he was associated with Titian. In 1532 he was again in Rome ; in 1537 he returned to Venice, where he pui>- lished his great work ** Kcgole gtntiali d'architectura." He visiteil France in 1540, where he is supposed to have assists Pien-e Lescot on the Louvre. In 1541 Prunaticcio was apiKiinted architect of Fontaineblcau, with Serlio as his assistant. It is, however, difhcuU to determine on what parts of Fontainebleau Serlio worked, though the east front of the Court of the Fountain has been attributed to him. With the reign of Francis I. the supremacy of t he Italians passed away, and Serlio left for Lyons. In 1553 he returned to Fontainebleau. Sermione (ser-me-o'ne). A peninsula projeet- iu«? into the southern part of the Lago di Garda, Iti.ly. Serna y Hinojosa, Jos§ de la. See La Serna. Semeus (zer-uuis'). A watering-place in the canton of Grisous, Switzerland, situated in the Priittii^'an 15 miles east of Coire. Seroux d'Agincourt (se-ro' dii-zhan-kor'), Jean Baptiste Louis Georges. Born 1730: died 1814. A French archa?ologist, author of ** Histoire de I'art par les moniunents" (1808- 1S23), etc. Serpa (sar'pa). A town in the province of Alemte.jo, Portugal, situated near the Guadi- aua, 106 miles southeast of Lisbon. Population (1878). 6,089. Serpa Pinto (sar'pa pen'to), Alexandre Al- berto da Rocha. Born at Sinfaes, Portugal, April L'O. iS4ti: died at Lisbon, Dec. 28. 1900. An African explorer and Portuguese politician. Asraajorin the army he was sent, with Capt-Uo and Iveris, to Angola nn a soii-ntiflc exiteditiun, and crossed tht- c. feet hi^h. Serpentine (srv'pen-tin), The. A sheet of arti- ficial water in HyAv Park, London, it was formed by order of Queen Caroline, and is now supplied from the Thames. Serpent's Mouth. See Boca del Sfr^rpe. Serpha (s/. i-mo-ras' >. [Krom the Botocudos nr Ainiores. an Indian tribe] ]\Ioiin- tains near the Brazilian coast, from the river ParahybadolSul nortliward nearly to the mouth of the river Sao Fraucisoo. They are properly a 919 aorthern prolongation of the Serra da Mantiqueira. which here becomes the Coast Range, the Serra do Mar dying out, Northward the chain is lower and much broken. It sep- aratesMinas iJeraes from Espirit36 to I'aris, where, accordingto his own statement, he graduated in medicine and lectured on geometry and astrology. He afterward studied theology at Lnnvain. After practising medicine for sluut periods at AvJKium ami Ctiiirlieu, and after fur- ther study in medicine at 5I'intj)ellier, he settled in 1541 as a medical practitioner at Vieiine. In 1.^53 he published "Chrislianismi restitutio," which caused him to be ar- rested by order of the inquisitor general at Ly<)n8. He made his escape, but was apprehended at the instance of Calvin at Geneva on his way to iS'aj>les, and was l»urned after a trial for heresy lasting from Aug. 14 until Oct. 20, ir.53. Servia (s^r'vi-a). [F. Sei-bie or Sennej G. Scr- hicti.] A kinfidom in the Balkan peninsula, southeastern Kurope. Cnjutal, }ielroduct8 are hogs, sheep, wheat, and maize. The government is a constitutional hereditary monarchy. Thelegislativebody istheSkupsh- tina. The prevailing reliiiion is the Greek ratholic. Tlie Inhabitants are mo.stly Serbs (with over 100,000 Ruma- nians, besides Cipsies. etc.). The Serbs(or<'roats) expelled the Avars and settled the country in the Ttli century, and expelled the Byzantine governorB in the Illli century. The title of king was assumed in the 11th ct-ntury. Tlie country was most nourishing underStcphen Dushan(about l:{34-r)ti), wlio as.sunied the title of emperor and annexed Macedonia, Albania, etc. The Servian power was ^'Ver- thrown by the Turks at the battle of Kossova in ViSQ, and Servia was incorijorated with Turkey about 14r»8. The greater part of the country was occupied by Austria 171H- 1739. .\ rising under CzernyOeorge in 1804 resulted In the expulsion of the Turks, but they rccon»•"''^ f'*<>»» Servitis Tul- lius, itsftratlitional) biiildcr.] The earliest wall whiidi included the entire seven-hilleii city of Bonn*, of wliich the (_'apitoIine was (he cita- del. It connected the fortltlrations which existed pre- viously on almost all the hills, rnutically the etdtre cir- cuit of the wall and the positions of Its gates are km>\Mi, but most of its remains have liecn destroyed, especially during the recent modernlzalion of Itotne. On the Aveii- tine there Ina line fragment of II eituisi-H, and in the Vigna Torloiila there h a Htn-teh whirli attains 2.'i i-ours4-s. aiul Is ftO feel high anri 10\ thick. I h«- miisonrv Ih niasHlve ash* ler of tufa, in the lower part «|Uarry-f!ierd wilh margin- draft. The upper part cousUtvd of a nmge of line urclies. Sete Quedas Servian Voivodesblp and TemesvAr Banal (tem'esh-var ba-nJit'). A orownland of Austria, formed in 1S49 from parts of southern Htiu- pirv and Slavouia. Capital, Teniesv4r. It was abolished in 1S60. Serviles (ser-ve'les). [Sp., *serviles.'] Origi- nally, in 1823, a nickname ^veu to the moder- ate or conservative party of (iuatemala. It passed into common use iu this anu to some ext^'nt in the other Central American states. Tlie party was at first composed of the richer Spanish families and their descendanta (whence they were also called Aristocrats), with their fol- lowers, the ignorant portion of the population, who were generally laborers or servants. See Fifbre-g, Servile Wars (ser'vil warz). Three wars con- ducted by the Honians against insurgent slaves. (1) The first war (134-132 b. c.) was occasioned by an f n3ur< recti()n in Sicily. The slaves were led by the Syrian Eu- nus, who styled himself King Antii>chu8, defeated several Rimian armies, and maintained himself at Henna ami Taro* menium. but was ultimately captured and executed. (2) The second war ^0-2 -yj b. c.) was occasioned by an insur- rection, also in Sicily, under Trj phon and Athenion, which was put down by the consul Manius Aquillius. (;j) The third war (73-71 B. c), also called the war of the gladiators, waa occjisioned by bands of gladiators who had escaped from a gladiatorial school at C'apua and occHpled Vesuvius, whence under the command of two Gauls and the Tlira- cian Spartacus they plundered the m-igliborhood. They were joined by runaway slaves, defeated four Koman armies in succession, and wandered about Itidy, even threatening the capital, but were Hnally put down by M. Llciuius Craa- sus and t'n. Pompeius. Spartacus fell fighting. Servilius Caepio. See <.>pio. Servius TulllUS (ser'vi-us turi-us). Accord- in;; to Honian lefjend, the sixth king of Rome (578-534 B. c. ), son-in-law of Tarquinius Priscus : noted for his reformation of the constitution throujjh the institution of the tribes, elasses, centuries, and Comitia Centuriata. He ex- tended the limits of Konie. and surrounded it with a wall. See Strritm iVnll. Serwati(ser-wa'te), or SerawattyCser-a-wat'- te). Islands. A grouji of small islands in the Malay Archipelago, east-northeast of Timor. Sesha (sa'shil). In Hindu mythology, the king of the serpents, upholder of the world, Sesia (sa'ze-U). A river in northwestern Italy which rises in the Alps and joins the Po 6 miles east of Casale: the ancient Sessites. Length, about 100 miles. Sesostris (se-sos'tris). [Gr, S^ooxn-p/f,] In an- cient Greek lef^end, a king of Egypt, said to have conquered the world. His legendary ex- ploits were founded on the deeds of KamesesII. and others. In all probability the exploit^} of Rameses himself had already become blended with those of Thothmes and 8e- thos into the legend of theimaginarv hero Sesostris. Tat/lor, The Alphabet, II. 10. Sessa (ses'sii). A town in the province of Ca- serta, Italy, 32 miles northwest of Naples : the ancient Sue.ssa Aurunca. It is famous for its wine. Population (I8S1), 5,864; commune, 19.547. Sestos (ses'tos), or Sesttis (ses'tus). [Gr. 2^- rixj.] in ancient geo;:raiihy. a town in tuoThra- cian Chcrsoncsus. situated on the shore of the Hellespont, ojtpitsite Altvdos. it is notesiris. He waa the goti of evil, of the powers that ttppressi-d souls after death, of Ihe en- emies of Kgypt, and of the desert. In later timt"* he was exelmled from tin- circle of tlivinities, and while remain- ing the virulent gormtvd In 1.^77. Is an account of Magcl* lull's voyage to the South I'ole, containing a de.arfii like bulls, and cr>'ed U|Hjn their great devil Sutehos to help them." Jlud»m, Iiit> Ui The Tompost. Sete Lagoas (sa'te lli-go'iis). (Tg,, *8even lakes. '1 The source of the river Paraguay, in tlio Hra/.iliati state of Matto (trosso, near lat. 14° 'MV S., long, "lii*^ 7' \V. The name, an old one, pndiiddy niiirinaled in reiM>rts of the Indians, and is hi- coneet. Tlir river i l.-^es in a swamp, and immedlnlely re- celvcH the wilt rr of (wo very small ponds or springs, called Itj'i'inji MakcK), a term which, in thU region, is applied to any body of ^till water. Sete Quedas (sa'te k;i'd;ls\ also enlled the GuayrA (f^^'wi-ril') or Conendili (ko-nan-de-i*') Cataract. [Pg., 'aoven falls. 'J A full on the Sete Quedas nTer_Paran& (lat. 24° 2' 59' S., long. 53° 57' 920 rastus, Polynices, Tydeus, Amphiarans, Hippo- medon, Capaneus, and Parthenopteus against Thebes: all perished except Adrastns. slightly inclined pl.ines; the waters gather themselvel '^^Veil against ThebCS, The. A tragedy by in circular eddies, whence they flow in falls varying from .ai,sehyluf. exhibited 40* B. C. 50 Jeet to 60 feet in depth. These circular eddies, which SeVCn BishopS, Case Of the. A famous Enc- arequite independent of each other, range along an arc lish trial in 1G88. Archbishop Bancroft and six bishops 53' W., according to Bourgade la Dardye). The river above is broad and lake-like, but at the falls is sud^ _ denly.divided into many smaU -"annels.^^^" Traversing SeVen Wamst" Thebes; Th^: of about two railes in its stretch ; they are detached, like giant cauldrons yawning unexpectedly at one's feet, in which the flood seethes with incredible fury ; every one of tlie^^e has opened for itself a narrow oritice in the rock, through which, like a stone from a sling, the water is hurled into the central whirlpool. The width of these n ni. _ . z. «t . x ■• outlets rarely exceeds 15 yards, but their depth cannot be OCVen UHampiOnS 01 Christendom. estimated. They all empty themselves into one central '' ' ''-'-- •^'- - ' " channel, about 20) feet wide, were arraigned on a charge of libel in protesting, in a peti- tion to .lames 11., against his order that his " declarations for liberty of conscience" be read in the churches. They were acquitted on the day (June .SO) that the invitation was sent to William of Orange to land in England. - , rushing into it with as- tounding velocity."— Boi(rpa — >- •-' ^ • ■ • ■ order of Sisters of Charity 1809, of which she was the first mother superior. Sette Comuni (set'te ko-mo'ne). ['Seven com- munes.'] A district in the northern part of the province of Vieenza, northern Italy, long Seven Communes. See .Sette Comuni noted as the seat of communities speaking a Seven DaysVBattles. In the Peninsular cam Germanic dialect. This language is now nearlv ' - - ■ It was said to have been peopled by seven bishops who, with many followers, had been driven out of Spain by the invasion of the Jloors. In 1475, and later, the kings of Portugal granted privileges to discover and govern it. The geographers of the time frequently called it Antilla or Antillia. Severe, Cape Christianity had become the reUgioa of the- empire. Seven Streams, Land of the. The delta of the river Ili at its entrance into Lake Balkash, Russian Central Asia. Seventy, The. 1. The Jewish Sanhediim.— 2. The body of disciples mentioned in Luke x. as appointed by Christ to preach the gospel and heal the sick.— 3. The body of scholars who, according to tradition, were the authors of the Septuagint (which see) : so called from their number, which, however, is given as seventy- two.— 4. Certain officials in the Mormon Church whose duty it is, under the direction of the Twelve Apostles, "to travel into all the world and teach the Gospel and administer its ordinances" (Mormon Catechism). Seven Weeks' War. The war of 1866 (some- times called the Austro-Prussian war), caused- immediately by the Schleswig-Holstein ques- tion and indirectly by the long rivalry between Austria and Prussia. Austria was snppl)rte* of a kiug who is dissuaded from executing his son (on the false accusation of one of his queens) by his son's instruct oi-s, each of whom narrates one or more stories (which are answered by the king), showing the dangers of hasty punishment. The collection is an important one in the history of popular Actions. See Sandabar. supplanted by Italian. The district formerly possessed extensive privileges. Settle (set'l), Elkanah. Born at Dunstable, 1648: died in the Charterhouse, London, 1723. An English poet and playwright of the Restora- tion. He was a fellow of Trinity College, Oxford, and wrote and edited many political pamphlets in the time of Charles II. He offended Dryden, who attacked him in a coarse pamphlet (assisted by Crowne and Shadwell); he criticized and "answered "all Dryden's political poems in retaliation, and the town tooksides,Settlebeing the favorite among the younger Cambridge and London men. He has been immortalized by the ridicule of Drjden and Pope, be- ing the Doeg of "Absalom and Achitophel " and appearing in the " Dunciad. " Later he was made city poet, and com- posed verses to be recited at the pageants : he was the last to hold that office. Among his plays are " The Empress of Morocco" (1673), "Love and Revenge "(1675), "Cambyses, King of Persia" (1675X "Pastor Fido, or the Faithful Shepherd " (1677 : a pastoral drama, being an alteration of Sir K. Fanshawe's translation from GuariniX "Fatal Love, or the Forced Inconstancy" (16S0X "The Female Prelate, or the History of the Life and Death of Pope Joan " (16S0), " The Heir of Morocco, with the Death of Gavland "(168i), " Distressed Innocence, or the Princess of Persia " (1682 : Mr. Montfort \vi-ote the last scene of this play, and Bet- terton afforded valuable assistance), "The World in the Moon ' (1698 : a dramatic comic opera), "The City Ramble, or the Play-house WeildinK" (1712), and "The Ladies Tri- umph " (171S : a comic opera). paign of the American Civil War, the series of Seven Wise Men of Greece, The. Same as natflPS riPTAVPPTl f np T^pnpml aT^-nv iin^^iT' '\T/>. The ScVOi Sooe'i 1 Seven Wonders'of the World, The. The seven most remarkable structures of ancient times. battles between the Federal army under Me Clellan and the Confederate army under Lee, in the Chickahominy swamp region east of Richmond. The fighting began at O.ik Grove June 25. 1S62, and the Federals won a victory at Mechauicsville June 26. McClellan then determined to remove his base to the James River, and whUe this operation was being effected the battles of Gaines's Mill (June 27). Sav.ige's Station (June 29). and Frayser's Farm (June 3") occurred. The Federals now rested in a strong position on the SoVCn Years' War James at Malveni Hill, and were nnsuccessfullv assailed „f thp ic,), ,.B„tnrv-' there by Lee, July 1. A few weeks later the Ariny of the Ot tne IMU century. Potomac was withdrawn from the James, and the Penin- sular campaign was ended. Seven Days' Campaign. A name sometimes given to the series of battles in Bohemia be- tween Austria and Prussia in 1866, ending with the decisive Prussian victorv of Sadowa, July 3, 1866. Seven Deadly Sins of London, The. A pam- phlet by Thomas Dekker, published in 1606. It is described on the title-page as "Opus Sep- tem Dierum." Seven Dials. A locality in London, about mid- way between the British Museum and Trafal- gar Square. It was long notorious as a center of poverty and crime These were the Egjptian pyram ids, the mausoleum erected by Artemisia at Halicamassus, the temple of Artemis at Ephesus, the WiUIs and hanging g.irdeiis at Babvlon, the colossus at Rhodes, the statue of Zens by Phidi:is in the great temple at Olympia, and the Pharos or Ughthoase at Alexandria. Settlement, Act of, or Succession Act. In Seven-hilled City, The. Rome, English history, an act of Parliament regulating Seven Hills of Rome, The. The seven hills on the succession to the throne, passed In 170L See the extract. The Oown to pass after Anne to the Electress Sophia and her Protestant descendants. The sovereign not to leave England without consent of Parliament. No forei.-ner tc hold office or receive grants from the Crown. Public busi- ness to be done by the Privy Council, and resolutions to be signed by those members who advise him. So war to be made for the foreign dominions of the sovereign. Judges are to receive fixed salaries, and cannot be removed except for conviction of some offence, or on the address of both Houses of Parliament. ./Irfandand iioTwom*, Handbook otPolltical History, p. 124. Setubal (sa-to'bal), or Setuval (sa-to'val), also called St. Ubes (sant ubz) or St. Yves (ivz). A seaport in the province of Estremadura, Portugal, situated on Setubal Bav in lat. 38° which Rome was originally built, included with- in the circuit of the Servian Wall. They are the Palatine, the Capitoline, the Quirinal. the .\ventine, the Ca;lian, the Esquiline. and the Viminal. The elevations are inconsiderable, the highest, the Quirinal, rising 226 feet above the sea, and the lowest, the -\ventine, 151. The Capitoline and the Aventine rise above the left bank of the Tiber, the former to the north. The Palatine lies be- tween them, a little back from the river. North of the Palatine, the furthest north of the seven, is the (Juirinal, and on the east are the Viminal, the Esquiline, and the Ca^lian, respectively northeast, east, and southeast of the Palatine. Seven Lamps of Architecture, The. Atreatise on architecture by Ruskin, published in 1849. Sevenoaks (sev-n-6ks'). A town in Kent, Eng- land, 20 miles southeast of London. Near it is Knole Park. Population (1891), 7,514. 31' N., long. 8° 53' W. it has important commerce Seven PinOS. See Fair Ocils and fisheries, and is one of the chief seaports of Portugal, and the leading port for the exportation of salt. It occu- pies the site of tlie Roman Cetobriga. It was nearly de- stroyed by earthquake in 1755. Population (ISiiO), ib,9S6. Seul, or Seoul (se-61'). The capital of Corea, situated on the river Han. Its seaport is Che- mulpo. Population (1S90), about 192,000. Sevanga, or Sevan, or Sevang Lake. See Goktclia. Sevastopol. See Sebastopol. Seven against Thebes, Expedition of the. In Greek legend, an expedition by the heroes Ad- Seven Sages, The. 1. Seven men of ancient Greece, famous for their practical wisdom. A list commonly given is made up of Thales, So- One of the greatest wars It was waged against Frederick the Great of Prussia by an alliance whose chief members were Austria, France, and Russia. Frederick had the as- sistance of British subsidies and of the Hanoverian troops. Saxony and Sweden were against him. The chief events were the following : battle of Lobositz, Oct. 1, 17.t6 ; Frederick's invasion of Bohemia in 1757 ; his victorj- over the Austriansat Prague, May 6; his defeat at Kolin, June 18 ; the French victory at Hastenbeck. July 26, leading to the Convention of Closter-Zeven ; the Russian victorv at Grossjagemdorf, Aug. 30 ; Frederick's great rictories at Rossbach (Nov. 5) and Leuthen (Dec. 5) ; his victory over the BussiAns at Zomdort, Aug. 25, 175S ; his defeat by the Austrians at Hochkirch, Oct 14; the rictory of ^linden over the French, Aug. 1, 1759 ; Frederick's crushing defeat at Kunersdorf , Aug. 12 ; his victories at Liegnitz (Aug. 15> and at Torgau (Xov. 3), 1760 ; death of the czarina. Jan., 1762 (her successor, Peter III., sided with Frederick) ; vic- tory of Frederick at Burkersdorf, July 21 ; victorv of his brother Henry at Freiberg, Oct. : peace of Hubertusbnrg, Feb., 1763 (by this Silesia was confirmed to Frederick). The war is sometimes known as the third Silesian war. CJlosely connected with the Seven Years' War was the struggle between the French and English 1754-*i3, ending with the peace of Paris in 1763, and the triumph of England in America and India. (For the American part, see Frmch and Indian War.) Other important events were Clive's victory at Plassey June 23. 1757 ; English naval victories at Lagos in Aug., and at Quiberon Nov. 20, 1759 : and the conquest of v.arious French possessions. The war raised Prussia to the front rank of European powers, and devel- oped England's colonial empire. Severians (sf-ve'ri-anz). 1. An Encratite sect of the second century. — 2. A Gnostic sect of the second century, often identified with — 3. A Monophysite sect, followers of Severus, pa- triarch of .\ntioeh 512-519 A. D. See Siobitcs. Severn (sev'ern ). Next to the Thames, the long- est river in England: the Roman Sabrina. It rises in Montgomer>'shire, Wales ; traverses .Shropshire, Worcestershire, and Gloucestershire ; and empties into the Bristol Channel at the junction of the Lower -Avon, west of Bristol. Its chief tributaries are the Tern. Teme. Avon, Wye, and Lower Avon. It passes Worcesterand Gloucester. Length, about 200 miles ; navigable to Stourport, for large vessels to Gloucester. Ion, Bias. Chile, Cleobulus, Periander, and Pit- Severn. A river in Canada which flows north- tacus.— 2. See Seven Wise Masters. east into the southwestern side of Hudson Bay, Seven Sleepers of Ephesus, The. Seven Chris- near Fort Severn. tian youths who are said to have concealed Severn, Joseph. Born 1793: died at Rome, themselves in a cavern near Ephesus during Aug. 3. 1879. An English portrait- and figure- the persecution under Decius (A. D. 249-2.51), painter, noted for his devotion to Keats, and to have fallen asleep there, not awaking Severe (sa-va'ro). Cape, or Northeast Cape. till two or three hundred years later, when The northernmost cape of Asia, situated at the Severo, Cape eytremitv of the Taimvr peninsula in Siberia, in lat. 77° 41' N., long. 104° 1' E. It was visitpil by Nonlenskjolii in 1878. Also called Cape Scfcro-Von/iilJiiiiti, (ape Vlieh/tinkiv, etc. Severus, Alexander. See Akxandfr Severug. Severus (se-ve'rus), Lucius Septimius. Born at Ijeptis Magna, Africa, 14() a. h. : died at Eboracum (York), Britain, 211 Koman em- peror 19.3-211. He was questor and later pretm- mi- aer Marcus Aurelius; ami was conmiandL-r in l']ii)LTran- nuiiia at the time of the death of Comniodus in l!t2. He was proclaimed emperor by his soldiers and overthrew Didins Julianus at Rr ; waged war successfully aaainst the Parthians 197- 202 ; aud passed the years 20S-211 in Uritain. During his reign improvements in the administration of justice were made by tlie jurist Papinianus. Severus, Wall of. A wall built about 208 A. l>. , by the emperor Septimius Severus, between thi- Tyne and the Solway in Britain, as a defense against northern inroads. It followed the line of the fortifications of Hadrian. Sevier (se-ver'), Jolm. Bom in Rockingham County, Va., Sept. 23, 1745 : died near Fort I>e- catur, (Ja., Sept. 24, 1815. An American pio- neer, general, ami politician, famous as an In- dian-tighter. He took part in the battle of Point Pleas- antOct. 10, 1774, and King's Mountain in 1779; was gover- nor of Franklin (which see) 178.^-88 ; member of Congress from Xorth Carolina 17iK)-91 ; governor of Tennessee 1796- 1801 and 1803-09; member of Congress from Teimessee 1811-15 ; and United States commissioner to negotiate with the Creeks in 1815. Sevier Desert. A desert in western Utah, in- chiding the valley of Sevier Lake and the ad- jacent region to the north. Sevier Lake. A salt lake in Millard County, western Utah, 120 miles south-.snuthwest of Groat Salt Lake. Length. 20-25 miles. It has no outlet. Sevier River. A river in western Utah which fliiws northerly and then southwesterly into Sevier Lake. Lengtli, 200 miles. S6 vignl ( save n -yii '). Marie de Rabutin-Chan- tal, Marquise de. Born at Paris, Feb. G, 1()26: died at Grignan (Drome), April 18, 16%. A French epistolary writer. Her parents died when she was a child, and she was brought up by a matcnial un- cle She had the best of teachers, and as she grew uj) she had also access to court. In 1G44 she was married to Hein-i, marquis do S^vign6, who was killed in a duel in 1051. Their union had not been happy, though it was blesse square miles. Population (1887), 54:i,944. Seville, Sp. Sevilla (sa-vel'yii), F. Seville (sa- vel'). Tlie capital of the province of Seville, Spain.situatedontheleftbankof thetiiiadnlciui- vir, in lat. 37° 22' N., long. 5° 59' W. : the Roman Ilispalis or Sevilla. It isoneof thelai-gestandmost important cr)rnniercial cities of Spain. Besides extensive connncree it has manufactures of t8ile it is theiiipsy suburb of Trlana. Itcontains niaiiy specimens of Atoorish archi- tecture. The cathedral, of the l.^.th centuiy, but preserv- ing the broad rectangular plan of the original mosciue. Is very large, with great rieliness In Its florid oi-nament and Eicturesque vistas Ihiougb its shadowy arches. The nave I l.'tOfeet high. There Is beautiful Flemish colr>red glass. Here Is burled Fernando, son of Columbus, and tlicColum. bus books and matniscrlpts are in the chapt<'r library. The .Moorish Court of Oranges, with Its venerable gate, adjoins the cathedral. The Torre del Oni, or t^^wer of gold, is Mi>orlshwith later alterations. In plan aii octagon, and rises in three stages. It has Its name from having been used for the storage of the precious nietnls brought from America from the time of the discovery. Other buildings are the Moorish palace Alcazar, the exchange (Lonja), university, ani]ibi(neater, museum (containing niasteTpiec(!8 of Muritio, etc.), Itonian aqueduct, and Ca- sa \U: Pil:',tos. The place was a Phenlclan colony; an im- portant I toman city, and the capital of lla'tlea ; and a \\w- dal capital an.t-15aud 1817-19. He wrote "Sta- tistical Annals of the I'nlted .States" (1818), etc. Seychelles (.sa-shel'). A group of small islands ill the Indian Ocean, belonging to Great Britain, situated east of Zanzibar, about lat. 5° S.. long. 55° 30' Vt. The surface is granitic. The largest Island Is Mah6 ; the principal jiort is Port Victoria. t;ocoannl- oil and vanilla are among the exports. Population (1891), 10.440. Seydlitz (zid'lits), Friedrich Wilhelm von. Born at Kalkar. near Cleves. Feb. 3. 1721 : died Nov. 8. 1773. .\ Prussian cavalry general. He served with distinction in the Seven Years' \Var, particu- larly at Kolin, Rossbach, Zorndorf. Hochkirch, Freiberg, etc. He was wounded at Kunersdorf. Seymour (se'mor). A city in Jackson County. Indiana. 58 miles south bv east of Indianapolis. Population (1900), 0.445." Seymour, Edward, Duke of Somerset. Born about 1500: beheaded at London. Jan. 22, 1.5.52. An English politician, brother of Jane Seymour and uncle of Edward VI. : made earl of Hert- ford ill 1537. He invaded Scotland in 1.544 (sacked Ed- inburgh) and 1.^5 ; became protector In l.',47 and duke of Somerset ; and gained the battle of Pinkie in 1547. He supported the Reformation. In 1549 he was removed from the protectorate; was imprisoned in the Tower 1549-50 ; and was executed for treason. Seymour, sir Edward. Born 1633; died 1708. .\n English Tory politician, speaker of the House of Commons. He took part in the revo- lution of 10.88. Seymour, Frederick Beauchamp Paget, first Baron Alcester. Boru April 12. 1821 : died Jl.ircli 311, 1895. .\n Euglisli admiral. He entered the navy in 18:14 ; became captain 1854 ; ivar-admlral 1S70; vice-admiral 1870^ anil admiral In 1882. In l^-^o he eom- inanded the allied Meet off the Albanian coast which compelled the Turks to agree to the cession of Dulcigno to Montenegro. He commanded the Engll.sb fleet In the Immbardment of -\lexandria, .July, 1882, and was raised tti the peera'.;e Nov. 24. Seymour, sir George Hamilton. Born in Eng- land, 1797: died at Loii.lon. Feb. 3. 18,80. A British dijiloinatist. He was educated at il.vford (Merton College). In 1817 he entered the diplonuitic ser- vice. In 18'lo he became minister at Florence, in 18:15 at Brussels, and in l.sSl at .St. Petersburg. Through him the czar Nicliola.s before entering on the Crimean war, made his famniis projiosals for a joint dismembennent of Iho Turkish enioiie b>' Kussia and Kngtand. Seymour, Horatio. Born at Poinpcyllill.Onou- diiga County, N. V., May 31, ISIO; died at I'tiea. N. v., Feb. 12, l.'<86. An .Vmerican Democratic politicinii. lie was admitted to the bar In 18.32; entered the New York State assembly In 1841, and became its speaker In 184,', ; was elected mayor of I'tlca In 1812 ; was the unBucccssful Democratic candidate for goveriuir of New Y'ork In 18.'iO ; was governor ISSS-.Vi ; vetoetl a pro- hibition bill In IS54 ; was defeated as candidate for gov- ernor In 1854 ; and was governor 1803-115. Among the events In Ills second term were the draft riots in IStW. He presided over the Demoenitlc national conventions of 1S(H and I8tvs ; was defeated as Democratic candidate for governor Iu 1804 ; and was the unsuccessful IK'luiHTntle eaudldato for President In 1808. Seymour, Jane. Boru in England about 1510: died Oil. 24. 1537. The third (iiieen of Henry VIII., daughler of Sir .loliii Seymour and sister of th(> ]irolector Somerset, she waslnilyln ualling to Catharine of Aragon.auil later to Anne lioleyn. she marrleil the king May 20, 15.3(1, the day after tile eicciitlon of Anne itolcyn. till Oct. 12, 1537, her son (afterwnnl Ed- ward VI.) was boriL Seymour, Sir Michael. Born 1,802: died at Lon- don. l''eli. 23, I.S87. .\ British adminil. lie en- tend the navy in 1813; was promoted captain In I.»2« and vice-admiral in 18(.4; and cominanded the naval force which openiled agalnstCiinlon In is.'i7, lie was promoted ,vas plaei ;. Bor Seymour, Robert. Born 1798: died A].ril 20, 1830. All Kntrlisli caricaturist. He was llrsl an. Iirentlccd to a pattern-weaver of Duke street. Shortly after the termination of his ap|irentlce»hlp be set up a studio as a painter In idls, and executed several pictures. The' Iluinourous Sketches "appeariil 18:11 XO. The "Book of Christ nnis." with some of his best work, Is now very rare. On Dec. 10, 18:11, he began " Figaro In Loudon," continued Seymour, Robert until IS^. Seymour was associated with Dickens as the first illustrator of "Pickwick Papers." In a lit of depres- sion after a difference with that author, he committed sui- cide, -\pril 20, 1S36. Seyne (san). La. A seaport in the department of Var. France, situated on the Bay of Toulon 4 miles southivest of Toulon. It has important ship-building. Population (1891), commune, 14,332. Sfax (sfaks). A seaport on the eastern coast of Tunis, situated on the Gulf of Gabes 142 miles south of Tunis, it has important exports. It was taken by the French, July 16, 1S81. alter a twenty days' bombardment. Population, about 30,000. Also writ- ten S/aks, Sfahus, or S/a/ds. Sforza(sfort'sa), Francesco. Born 1401: died 1466. AnItalianeondottiere.sonofMuzioSforza. He married Bianca Maria Visconti, the natural daughter of Filippo Maria Vi5conti,dukeof Milan, on whose death with- out "male heirs he procured his own elevation as duke(14;i0). Sforza, Francesco n. Died 1535. DukeofMUan, son of Lodovieo Sforza. His elder brother, Massimi- liano had been deprived of his duchy by Francis I. of France in l.ilS. Alter the defeat of the French at La Bicocca in 1522, Francesco was restored to the duchy. He was the last of the Sforzas. Sforza, Lodovieo, surnamed II Moro ('the Moor' I. Died a prisoner at Loches, France, about 1510. Duke of Milan, son of Francesco Sforza. He was agent lor Giovanni Galeazzo Sforza, whose throne he usurped, and whom he is said to have poisoned. He was expelled from Milan by Louis XII. ol France in 1499. He was afterward restored, but was taken prisoner in I.tOO, and carried to France. Sforza, Muzio Attendolo. Bom about 1369: died 1424. Anitalianleaderof mereenarytroops, founder of the Sforza family. Originally a peasant, he entered the service of the famous condottiere .-Uberico da Barbiano. from whom, on account ol his great strength, he received the surname ol Slorza. He ultimately became 922 lat. 25° X., long. 84° E. Area, 4.365 square miles. Population (1891), 2,063.337. Shahaptian (sha-hap'tf-au). A linguistic stock of North American Indians, which inhabited a large territory along the Columbia Eiver and it's tributaries in Oregon, ■Washington, and northern Idaho. Shah Jehan (shiih ve-han'), or Shah Jahan (ya-hiin'). Bom about 1592: died 1666. Mo- cnii emperor 1628-58. son of Jahangir. During his rei"n the Mogul empire reached its highest point. He founded the modern Delhi, and built the Taj Mahal and other magnificent buBdings at .-Vgra. (See^^ra.) He was deposed by his son .\urung-Zeb. Shahnamah (shah-ua-me'). ['Book of Kings.'] The title of several works, the most celebrated of which is the great Persian epic of Firdausi. See Abu! Kasim Mansitr. There is also a Shalinamah in Turkish, written by Firdausi al ThauU, and recounting the history of all the kings of the East. WTien Bajazet II., to whom it was dedicated, ordered its abridgment from 300 to 80 volumes, the author emigrated in mortihcation to Khorasan. Shahpur (shah-por'). A district m Eawal Pindi di^-ision, Panjab, British India, inter- sected bv lat. 32= 30' X., long. 72° 30' E. Area, 4,.S40 square miles. Population (1891), 493,588. Shahrazad. Same as ScTielierazade. Shairp (sharp). John Campbell. Bom at Houston, Linlithgowshire. Scotland, July 30, 1819: died Sept.lS, 1885. A British literary critic and poet. He was educated at Glasgow and at Oxford, where he took the Newdigate prize in 1S42. From l&t6 to 1857 he was a master at Rugby, and became in 1861 professor ol Latin at St. Andrews, in 18<>S principal ol the United College, St. Andrews, and in 1877 prolessor ol poetry at OxIord. He published " KUmahoe " (1S61), "Studies in Poetry and Philosophy " (ISfS), "Culture and Religion" (lS~f'X "Poetic Interpretation of Nature" (1877X "Aspects ol Poetry " (ISSl), etc. commander-in-chief of the Neapolitan forces, and was g-u-tas ( ^ha'kaz ). 'in the' historv of India, a dro»-ned in the Pescara during the siege olAqurlam 1424. "^e'^fg" identified with the Sakai and Saca? of Sganarelle (sga-na-rel'). A comic character out of ancient comedy, frequently introduced by MoUere in his plays, and invested by him with different traits and peculiarities according to the necessities of the subject. He first appears in '■ Sganarelle, ou le cocu iraaginaire " (1660), and after that in many other plays (in "Don Juan, ou le festin de Pierre" (where he is the LeporeUo of the opera "Don Gio- vanni "X in " L'-Amour medecin," " Le m^decin malgre lui." "Lemedecin volant, ""L'Ecole des maris,""Le mariage lorce." etc.). The Sganarelle to which most frequent al- lusion is made is that in "Le medecin malgre lui." where he uses many expressions which have become proverbial, as " Nous avons change tout cela," etc. 'S Gravesande. See Gravesande. Shadrach (sha'drak). [Heb. Eananiali.'] In Old Testament history, a companion of Daniel : one of the three (Shadrach. Sleshach. and Abed- nego) thrown into the fiery furnace. Shadwell (shad'wel), Thomas. Bom in Nor- folk. 1640 : died at London, Nov. 20. 1692. An English plavwright and poet laureate. He was educated at Cambridge and the Inner Temple, but de- serted the law for literature. He Is chiefly remembered lor his quarrel with Dryden, who revenged Shadwell's at- tack upon him in " The Medal ol John Bayes " by merci- lessly satirizing him in " MacFlecknoe," and as " Og " in the second part of "Absalom and Achitophel." He succeeded Dryden, however, as poet latu-eate and historiographer roval in 1688 (when Dryden would not take the oath), not- Tvithstanding his predecessor's satire in " MacFlecknoe," " The rest to some faint meaning make pretence, But Shadwell never deviates into sense." Shadwell was heavy, but not so dull as Dryden saw fit to depict him. His plays are coarse and witty. .Among them are "The .Sullen Lovers, or the Impertinents "(1668). " The Humourists," " Psvche "(an opera), " Epsom Wells," "The Virtuoso." "The libertine," "The True Widow '(a comedy to which Dryden wrote an epilogue in 1678, belore their quarrel). "The Lancashire "Witches, etc.," "The Squire ol Alsatia," " Bury Fair," "The Volunteers," His son, Charles Shadwell, was the author of several plays sometimes confounded with Thomas Shadwell's. They are " The Fair Quaker of Deal, or the Humours of the Navy " (1710 : Hester Santlow played Dorcas in this play and con- tributed largely to its success). "The Humoursof the Army " (1716), "Rotheric O'Connor," "The Sham Prince." etc. Shafii'tes (shaf 'i-its). [From Ar. Shafi'i. name of the founder.] The members of one of the four divisions or sects into which the Orthodox Mohammedans, or Sunnites. are divided. Shafter (shaf'ter), William Enfus. Bom at Galesburg, Mich.. Oct. 16. 1835. An American general. He served in the ITnion army, and was breveted brisadier-general of volunteers March 13, 1865. He was appointed lieutenant-colonel in the regular army in 1866; was promoted brigadier-general in May, 1897 ; and was appointed major-general of volunteers May 4, 1898. He led the cxpirdition to Cuba which effected the surrender of Santiago July 17, 1898. Retired 1899. Shaftesbury (shafts'bu-ri), or Shaston (shas'- toii '. A toivn in Dorset. England, 19 miles west- southwest of Salisburv. Population(1891). 2.122. Shaftesbury, Earls of. See Cooper. Eight of the nine earls of Sh.aftesbury have borne the name Anthony .Ashlev Cooper, being all eldest sons, Shahabadisha-ha-biid'). AdistrietinthePatna division, Bengal, British India, intersected by classical writers (the Indo-Scythians of Ptole my), who about the beginning of the Christian era extended along the west of India to the mouths of the Indus. They were probably Turks or Tatar tribes. As they pushed toward Central India they were met by a general league of Hindu princes. The Gup- tas shared in the league, and possibly led it. A great bat- tle was fought at Kahror, near the eastern limits of the great desert of Manvar. The Indo-Scythians were utterly defeated and lost their place in history. The battle ol Kah- ror was probably fought about a. d. 78. It is said that the year 78 A. D. has become known as the Shaka or Shali- vahana era in consequence of this battle. Shakspere (shak'sper, originally shak'sper), William. [Also SIial:cxj>eare. Shal-espear, Sluijrpi r. and many other forms, the proper modem form etymologicaUy being Shalespear, as in the 1664 * impression of the third folio and the fourth folio of the dramatist's works ; lit. ' one who shakes a spear,' orig., like Break- spear, a complimentary or sarcastic name for a knight or soldier; from Shale and spear.'] Born at Stratford-on- Avon, April. 1564 ( baptized April 26) : died there, April 23, 1616 (buried April 25). A famous English poet, the great- est of dramatists. Little is known of his life. He was the first son and the third child of John Shak- spere, a glover, and Mary Arden, both children ol hus- bandmen. His parents were possessed ol a little prop- ert}-, and the father held various public offices (consta- ble, alderman, and high bailiff) in Stratford : but their prosperity did not survive the poet's boyhood. Where or when Shakspere w.as educated is not known. On Nov, 28, 1582, he took out a bond (in which the name is written Shagspere) lor license ol marriage with Anne (or .Agnes) Hathaway ol Shottery, who survived him seven years. (Her birthplace was bought lor the nation in 1892.) "rhe date ol the religious ceremony is not known. A child, Susanna, was born to them May 26. 1583, and on Feb. 2, 1585. twins, Hamnet and Judith. About 1587 Shakspere went to London to seek his fortune in connection with the stage, and became an actor, probably in Lord Leicester s company of players, who had visited Stratford about that time, .\lter the death of Leicester it became Lord Strange's company. (The story that he wasforced to leave Stratford lor deer-stealing in the park of Sir Thomas Lucy at Charlecote is a fable; but there may be truth in Davenant's storv that he held horses at the theater doors.) Shaktas one of the chief actors in the best company in London, and its acknowledged play-writer, and attained fame as a poet as well. His son Hamnet having died in 1596, Shakspere went for a short time to Stratford. He obtained a grant of arms, and in 1597 bought New Place. In this year the Chamberlain's Company removed to "The Curtain," and about this time Ben Jonson began to write for them. Shakspere lived at this time in -St, Helen's. Bishopsgate, with occasional absences in Stratford. In 1598 he played in Ben Jonson's " Every Man in his Humour," The Globe Theatre was opened in 1599, and after this Shakspere's plays were first produced here. In 1601 the Chamberlain's Company traveled, having become obnoxious to the court for playing "Richard II," Theyplayed at O-xford and Cam- bridge, and also went to Scotland, In this year Shak- spere's father died. The turbulent quarrel known as "the war of the theatera," which had raged since 1599 between Jonson. Dekker, Chapman, Marston. Shakspere, andothers, seems to have been composed about ltj02. The plays prtv duced between these years are tilled with bitter personal allusions. In this latter year the Chamberlain's Company went back to the court. In 1603 the theaters were closed on account of the plague ; the queen died ; and the cham- berlain's men took the name of "The King's Company." In 161)5 Shakspere invested money in a lease of the tithes of Bishopton, Welcombe, Stratford, and,01d Stratford. In 1607 his daughter Susanna married John Hall, a physician at Stratford, and his brother Edmund died. His mother died in 1608. In 1610 he retired from the theater, and was living in Stratlord in 1611. In 1613 he bought a house near Blackfriars Theatre, his brother Richard died, and it is thought that at this time Shakspere sold his shai«a in the Globe and Blackfriars theaters. Little is known ol his life in Stratford after liis retirement from the stage, but his name appears in docimients until 1615. On Feb. 10, 1616, his daughter Judith married Thomas Quiney, a vintner. Shakspere died the following April (it is sup- posed on the 23d, which is also celebrated as his birthdayX Shakspere's poems are " Venus and .Adonis "(entered on the "Stationers' Register " 1593). ' ' The Rape of Lucrece" (1594X "Sonnets " (not published till 1609. but conjectured to have been written 1594-98), "A Lover's Complaint" (published with the "Sonnets," probably ^vritten about 1594). The sonnets are 154 in number, and were published with a dedication by the publisher, Thomas Thorpe, to "Mr. W. H.," "their only begetter," about whom controversy has raged. Ttie "Passionate Pilgrim" was first published in 159i, A volume called "Poems : written by WIL Shake- speare, Gent.," was published in 1&40. It contains many poems now known to be by others. In 1796 the famous Ireland forgeries were published (see Ireland, W. H.). The authenticity of Shakspere's plays was first discussed in ISiS by J. C. Hart in "The Romance of Yachting." He was followed by others, notably by Miss Delia Ba- con in 1857 and by Nathaniel Holmes in 1866 and 1SS8, and by Ignatius Donnelly, all striving to prove that Bacon wrote the plays. About 500 works have appeared on the subject. In the following list the dates of producti-'n are given as nearly as possible : but reference should be made to the separate entries " Love s Labour s Lost ' (1589 : revised in 1597), " Two Gentlemen of Verona " (1591 and 1695), " Borneo and Juliet " (1591 and 1596), " Henry ^^. " (in three parts, 159-2-94), "A Comedy of Errors ' (1594). "King Richard III." (1594)," Titus Andronicus "(?)(1594), **.A Midsummer Nishts Dream" (1595), "King Rich.ard n. ' (1595). "The Merchant ol Venice "(1598), "King John" (15%), "Henry IV." (in two parts. 1597 and 1598), 'Much Ado about Nothing " (1598)," As you Like it "(1599), "Henry V." (1599). "Merrv Wives ol Windsor ■(1600).'Troilus and Cressida " (1600), " Julius Ca?sar " (1600), ' Hamlet " (1601X "Macbeth' (1601), "AH s Well that Ends Well" (1601), "Twelfth Niffht" (1602), "The Taming of the Shrew" (1603), "Othello " (1604), "Measure for Measure " (1604i, "King Lear" (1605), ".Antony and Cleopatra" (1607). "Ti- mon of Athens" (1607-08), "Coriolanus"(1608X "Pericles" (1608X "CvmbeUne"(ie09). "The Tempest " (1611), "The Winters T.-ae" (1611), "King Henn,' Vni." (1613). The doubtful plavs were first attributed to Shakspere in the 1664 Issue" of the third lolio : they are " The Two No- ble Kmsmen," "Edward HL," "The London Prodigal," "Thomas Lord Cromwell," "Sir John Oldcastle, " "The Puritan Widow," "Locrine,"and "A Yorkshire Tragedy " "Arden of Feversham," 'The Birth of Merlin," and other plays have also been attributed to him. .Some of the plays were printed in quarto during Sh.akspere's lifetime. The first collected edition was the folio of 1623: the second lolio appeared in 1632, a third in 1663 and 1664, a fourth in 168,1. Rowe issued the first critical edition of the plays with the poems in 1709. Among the many later editions may be mentioned that of Pope (17'25). Johnson (176,iX Johnson and Steevens (1773). Malone (1790X Boydell's edition, revised bv Steevens (1802X Bowdler's expurgated edition (1818X Kiiight (1838-43 and laterX Collier (1841-44 and later), Halliwell (1S53X Dyce (1«7), Richard Grant White (1857-65 and 1883). Hudson (1860), Cambridge edi- tion (186:>-66), Globe edition (ISfrtX Variorum editions have been edited by Reed (1803) and BosweU (1S21X and notably by Furness (begun in 1877). Shakspere of Divines, The. Jeremy Taylor. Shakspere of Germany, The. A name some- times triven to Kotzebue. .ihakspere had 'the advantage of being associated with Allevne, the best tragic actor in England, and with Kempe ghakspore's Cliff. A cliff near Dover, England, and Pope, the b"* ™n,edians (ireene ?,>.'i',?L^'l;r»ii bordering the Strait of Dover. It is graphically pic- WUson,' Peele, Lodge, Lvlv. Munday. and others were all at this time writing plays for the diflerent companies pla.ring in the London theaters: and as early as 15S9 or ShafctaS (shak taz). 1590 Shakspere was part author or reviser of some of the Shakti (which see).] plaj-s acted bv his own company. Lord Stranges men. It - was this collaboration that induced Greene, his rival play- wright, to allude to him in his 'Groatsworth of ^^ it "" as "an upstirt crow beautified with our leathers, that, with his Tiger's heart wrapped in a player's hide, supposes he is as well able to bombast out a blank verse as the best ; and, being an absolute Johannes-lac-totum, is in his own conceit the onlv Shake-scene in a country." -About 1.593 he ceased to work as a collaborator, and in reviving the plavs produced at this period seems to have taken ont the work of the other hands, substituting lines of his oivn. In l,').i3 Lord Strange's men played at the Rose Theatre, At Lord Strange's death hi this year the company became "The Chamberlains," and with Shakspere and Burbage played at "The Theatre."" .After this time Shakspere was i tured in Shakspere's "King Lear, " Height, 350 feet. [Skt. shdkta. relating to In India, the worshipers of the divine power under its female representa- tion. As Hinduism has resolved itself into two great sys- tems (Shairism and Vaishnavism ) . so the adherents of each of these are divided into two great classes (the Dokshina- margis and the VamamargisX Both are Shaktas, but the first, the ' followers ol the right-hand path.' worship Shiva and Vishnu in their double nature as male and lemale, do not show undue preference for the female or left-hand side of the deity, and are not addicted to mystic or secret rites ; while the second, the Vamamargis, or ' followers ol the left- hand path,' worship exclusivelv the female side of Shiva andVishnu. TheformerfindthelrBiblein thePuranas the latter in the Tantras. The rites of the latter are orgiastic and represent the most corrupt development of Hinduism Shakti "23 Shasn See Gobi. Chad, Sudan, which it joins from the sonthi A borough in North- source unknown. Length, 700 miles (f) umbcrland County, Pennsylvania, iiO miles Shark Bay (shark ba). An inlet of the Indian northwest of ReadiuR. It is important as the Ocean, on the western coast of West Australia, center of a coal-mining region. Population Sharkieh (shiir-ke'ye). The easternmost prov- (lyilOi, 1H,L'02. ince of Lower Egj-pt. Area of the cultivated region. Shamrock (sham' rok). A sloop yacht, the un- 906 scjuare miles. Po|julatioii (1882X 4f54,«.')5. successful challenger for the America's cup in Sharon (shar'on). A borough in MercerCounty, 1899. She was owned by Sir Thomas Lipton and (lesiKiKcl western Pennsylvania, situated on .ShenangO by William lite, Jr. Her dimensions were : leuRth over Kivcr (M miles northwest of Pittsburg. It »U, 128 feet ; wat<-r.line lensth 87 feet 8) inches (for the jjas important iron manufactures. Population laat race, 8R feet 11? mches) ; beam, 2.5 feet 5 inches. ( 1900) 8 916 Shamrock II. .\ sloop yacht, the unsuccess-cn,l_ ' •iji„j„ _» t dui \ i ■ lul chall.n^'or for the America's cup in 1901, ^^5°°;,,^!*^ °f: In Bible geography a plain ,1.^;,. I iV. 1' „. T ^v . J 11 m western Palestine, e.vtenumg along the coast a .s unr.l by t'0 .>t tiamijL . . , . ShaTTl f shjirr)^ Tampq Born nt Tftstlp 'RftTift hermitage as his (laughter. Iti the.lnimashe isseen in the Shandon fshanMon), Captain. A Wlttv, SWOet P*}^^/7 ''J^^^ jameS. ±5orn at Lastle Uanlt. forest by King Dusliyanta, who h:u* gone there to hunt. He tempered, but intemperate literary hack who ^:%\^^'^^\l''''''!}''^^^^^^^ induces her to cuiitract with hun a iJandharvamarrmge— ,- * • fi,,. T^i,,„t Prwnn - n phirnrtprni Thaok- ^t- Alldl'ews, May J, 10*9, A Scottish prelate, that is, one formed by a simple dcclanition of mutual ac- '^^ ^^. ^^ "i*^ ^ l^^^V f/'**'"; ^ S^^araeter min&Ck- ^^- ^ f ^^-^ Andrews. In 1637 h^ eniduated cepUnce. On leaving her to return to his capital, he gives ^^niy's '* PeudouiUS." His original was W lUiam T, ^";:^..!;^^,\Z.:?, ^^.,1...7: - ^" ^*^^^ ■ graduated her a ring. When Shakuntala goes back to the hermitage, Mat?inii. shedoes notheedtheapproach of the testy sjigeDurvasas, Shandv (shaii'di). Captain. See Tob», Uncle, who pronounces upon her the curse of bcmg forg(»tt*:n by Q-L-_,ji. Ti_;«-f*.n«i -^.^ r, ; ./^/»,» Vh^V^lu herbeloved. Relenting, however. Durvasas promises that bnandV, TriStiam. I^et- i n.^tvam bhayidy. _ Dushyanta shall remember heron seeing the ring. Shakun- Shanghai (shang-hi'). A city and seaport in tala sets out to join lier husband, but on the way bathes in the province of Kiangsu, China, situated on the river Wusung, at the junction of the Hwan^pu, and near the Yangtse, in lat. 31° 15' N., long. 121° 29' E. Itisoneof the chief ports of the empire, ex- porting tea, silk, etc. It contains an importaiit foreign quarter inhabit«d by British, Americans, trench, etc. It became a treaty port in 1S43. It was taken by the rebels and held temporarily in 1853. Population, estimated, about 400,000. ShaktL(shak'ti). In Sanskrit. 'strength, energy,' Shamo. Desert of.^ See and then in Hindu religion the energy or active Shamokln (sha-mo'kin). power of a deity personified as his wife and wor- . - ^ - . - ^^ shiped undervarious names. Fifty different forms of theShakti of Vishnu besides Lakshmi are reckoned, and fifty of the sliakti of Shiva besides Dui-ga or Oauri. Brah- manisni liuMs that the One Universal Self-existent Spirit is pure existence. Themoment he becomes conscious, his nature becomes duplex; and this double nature is held to be partly male and partly female, the female constituting his leK side. The male side of the god is believed to rel- egate his more onerous functions to the female ; hence the female side of the personal god is more oft«u propiti- ated than the m;Ue. See Shaktan. Shaknntala (sha-kon'ta-lii). The heroine of the great drama of Kalidasa. .She was the daughter of the s:ige Vishvamitra by tlie nymph Menaka and was left at birth in a forest where she was nourished by birds J sacred pool and loses the ring. Tlie king does not recog. nize her, and she isobliged to return to the forest, wliere she gives birth toBharata. A tlshemian catches a fish in which he finds a royal ring, which is taken to the king with the fisherman, who is thought to have stolen it. On seeing the ring the king recognizes it, remembers Shakuntala, and goes in quest of her. The play exists in two recensions, one known as the Devanagari, the other as the Bengali, of which the former is thought to be the older and piirer. It was from the latter that Sir William Jones made his cele. STiaTiTcara Cshang'ka-ra), or Shankaracarya (-ii-char'ya). ['The teacher or doctor Sliaii- kara.'] Oiie of the most renowned tlieologians of India. His exaetdate is uncertain : Wilson puts it in the 8tli or 9th century A. D. Tradition generally makes him a brated translation of 1789, which, translated into German by Forster in 1791, so excited the admiration of Hi-rder and Goethe. Monier-Williams has published an exquisite and masterly translation of the Devanagari recension. Shaler (sha'K-r), Nathaniel Southgate. Born at Newport, Ky., Feb. 22, 1841. Au American geologist and paleontologist. He graduated at the Lawrence Scientific School (Harvard) in 1862 ; served in the Union army during the Civil War; and was professor of paleontology at Harvard from 1868 to 1887, when be be- came professor of geology. Among his works are " A First Book in Geology" (1884), "Kentucky" (1S84 : in American Commonwealths series), "The Interpretation of Nature" (189:i), etc. Snallow (shal'6). Asolemn, insignificant eoiin- try justice in the '* Men*y Wives of Windsor," and in tlie 2d part of "King Henry IV.," by Sliakspere. He has lofty pretensions to having been a roaring lila,o«lrliTi C^hnno-V'liTi^ A watfirinrr-Tilape situ- a monolith, found in Knrkh; the luonze coverings of his ^'^^^^.^^.r"'^"^'^,/?":'; -^ watering piace siiu- palaee doors decorated with scenes of war, games, sjicri' flees, etc., and an account of the llrst nine years of his princii^al river of Ireland. It rises in the north ; flows south and south- west ; traverses Loughs Allen, Ree, and Derg ; and, form at King's College, Aberdeen; in 1043 was chosen a re- gent of philosophy in St. Leonard's College, St. Andrews ; and in IM^he wa.s appointed minister of Crail in Fifeshire. He was ;i leader of the Res*)lutioners against the Protesters. In iiiitii he went to I>i)ndon to counteract the influence of the Protesters with the l*roteetor. In Feb., HMM\ he vis- ited London again to watch the movements of Monk. Ho was well received by MonkanointL-d archbishop of St. Andrews in Aug., 1661. When Lauderdale became supreme. Sharp cooperated in passing the National Synod Act of 1663, the first step in subjecting the church to the crown. In 1G67, with R^jthes, hewas the governing power in Scotland. Their tyranny and cruelty prov St. Andrews. native of Malabar. Heisdescribedashaving'led a wander- Sharp, John. Bom at Bradford, England. Feb. ing, controversial life, and as having gone toward the close 10, 1644: died at Bath, Feb. 2, 1714. An Eng- of it to Kashmir and then to Kedarnath in the Himalaya, Ush prelate, archbishop of York. where he is said to have died at the age of 32. He is held gharp, RebcCCa (Becky Sharp). One of thft •ipal cbarai'tcrs in Tliai'keray\s ** Vanity to have worked various miracles, among others reanimat- ing and entering the dead body of King Amaru in older to become temporarily the husbandof Amaru's widow that he might be able to argue with a Brahman on the wediled, state, and w.as even regarded as an incarnation of Shiva. He is made the founder of the Dashnamidandins, or 'Ten- named Mendicants' (so called as divided into 10 classes, each distinguished by the name of one of the 10 pupils of each of Shankara's 4 chief jiupils). one of the principal Shaiva sects. South Indian pandits represent him also as founder of all the 6 principal sects of Hinduism — viz., the Shaivas, the Vaishnavas, the Shaktas, the (tanapaty:i8, the Sauras, and the I'ashupatas — though falsely, as Shankara was opposed to all sectarian ideas. He is said to have es- tablished several maths, or monasteries, particularly one stillfiourishing at Sringiri on the Western (Jhats, nearthe sources of the Tungabudra. The essential fact of his life is that he molded thelTttaramimansa or Vedanta philoso- phy into its final form, and iiopularized it into a national religion. A large number of works are ascribed to him, of wliieh the most important are commentaries on the Ve- dantasutras, the Bhagavadgita, and the principal Upani- shads. a). [Skt., name of '^air": a frieiiilless f;irl, "willi the dismal pre- cocity of poverty," whose object it is to rise in the worhl. she is nRreeable, c. Heal Uadrach). The fourth reigned 727-722. Ue is known from the (lid Testament. He nitdert. est., ;n, lao.OOO. Shastica. See iSaxUiin Sharezer (sha-re'zer). According to 2 Ki.xix. Shasu (shii'.si)). Sec the extract, :(". Isa. xxxvii. '.W, the son of Sennacherib who, with his brother Adrammelech, assassinated his father. In Abydenns he bears the name of Nergilos, and it is not improbable Ibal his complete name was Nor- galsbarizer (Assvrian .Vrc.Ki;-ilnr-H.,-iir, 'Nergal(llle god of wan pniteel the king"), I'lie miine Sharer.er occurs also as that of a .Iiidean In the time of Durius (/.ecli. vll. 2). Shari (shB're). The chief Irilmtary of Lake Vervdlsllnct from the I'licrnieians of KafI arc the Shasu or lledawin, 'riundereni,' of the Kgyptian mmiuments. Thev were the scourge of the scHle.i populations of Caniian as their d< scendaiits ire at the present day, « e hear of them as existing frcmi the Kgyntian fnuitierup to Ibe north of ralestine. 'the land of Ine Amorllo,' when their idaee was taken in the ntleenth century before' our era by the invading Uittltc. They were properly InhabI Shasu 924 Sheliak tants of the desert, who perpetuaUy hovered on the bor- Shea (sha), John DaWSOn Gilmarv. ders of the cultivated land, taking advantage of every op- Xfew York Julv '"^ LSM ■ dipd at ElizT^Ii portnnity to harry and plunder it. t! , \„ ,'„„r^- T' ^'-^- ^'J^l at £inzac I plunder i Sayce, Races of the O. T., p. 105. Shat-el-Arab (shat-el-a'rab). The lower course of the Euphrates after its junction with the Tigris. Shattuck (shat'tik), Aaron Draper. Born at Francestown, N. H.. March 9, 1832. An Ameri- can landscape-painter. He first exhibited in 1856, and was made a national academician in 1861. Bom at Sheemess (sher-nes'). A seaport and water- T^ K oo icno- , , • 1- . b«'t^^':J" ing-place in Kent, England, situated at the teb. J-'. 1892. An American historical writer junction of the iledwav with the Thames, oi> and philoloo^ist. He was admitted to the bar in 1846, the Isle of Sheppev, 36"miles east of Limdon but soon abandoned law in order to devote himself wholly It has been a naval establisluneut with dockyards and to literature. He wrote "Discovery and Exploration of strong' tdrtiflcations. In 16ti7 it was taken by the Dutch the Mississippi Valley " (1S53), " Hlstoiy of the Catholic uiultrlit- Kuvter. Population (1?81) 13,841 Missions among the Indian Tribes of the United States" Sheffield ^shet'eld). Aparliaiuentaryand muni- (1854), "Early Voyages up and down the iIississippi"(lS62), and "Lincoln Memorial "(1S65). He also published gram- mars and dictionaries of vai-ions Indian languages, and various translations, including Charlevoix's "History and General Description of New France " (1806-72) ; and edited " Washington's Private Diary " (1861). Shattnck, Lemuel. Bom at Ashby, Mass. , Oct. Sheaffe, Sir Roger Hale. Born at Boston, Julv lo. 1,93: died at Boston, Jan. 1,, 18o9. An in. 1763: died at Edinburgh, July 17, 1851. A American histoncal and statistical writer. -r. ■-• , , =• • ' Shanla (sha'la). [Ar. al-saula. the sting.] The second-magnitude star ?. Seorpii, at the extrem- ity of the creattu'e's tail. Shavano (sha-vS'no), Mount. A mountain of the Saguache Mountains, central Colorado. Height, 14,239 feet. Sha'w (sha), Henry Wheeler: pseudonyms Josh Billings and IJncle Esek. Bom at Lanes- borough, Mass., April 21.1818 : died at Monterey, Cal., Oct. 14, 1885. An American humorist. He published annually " Josh Billings' Fanners' AUminax." and began his career as a lecturer in 1863. His complete works were published in 1877. Shaw, Lemuel. Bom at Barnstable, Mass., Jan. 9, 1781: ilied at Boston. March 30, 1861. Anoted American jurist. He was chief justice of the Supreme Court of Massachusetts 1830-60. Shaw, Robert Gould. Bom at Boston, Oct. 10, 183 , : killed at Fort Wagner, S. C, July 18, 1863. A Union ofBcer in the Ci\il War. He enlisted as a private in 1861 ; was promoted captain .Aug. 10, 1862 : and April 17, 1863, became colonel of the 64th Massachusetts, the first regiment of colored troops from a free State mus- tered into the I nited States service. Shawangunk (shong'gum) Mountains. A British general. He defeated the Americans at Qneens- ton, Canada, 1812. and commanded at the defense of Vork Soronto) in the following year. eba(she'ba). A grandson of Cush (Gen.x. 7); a descendant of Jokshan (x. 28) ; grandson of Abraham and Keturah (xxv. 2). The Saba;ans were, according to biblical and classical notices, the most im- portant people of South Arabia. They were settled in southwestern Aiabia, Yemen, with the capital Mariba. The numerous inscriptions bear evidence of their culture. eipal borough in the West Riding of Yorkshire. England, situated on the Don, Sheaf, and other streams, in lat. 53° 24' X.. long. 1° 28' W. it is the chief seat of English cutlery manufacture. Among the articles manufactured are knives, scissors, razors, tools of all kinds, rails, armor-plates, castings, surgical instru- ments, machinery, silver-plate, axles, etc. The grammar- school. Firth College, St. Peter's Church, St, George's Museum, com exchange, and music-hall are noteworthy. Its cutlery has been celebrated from early times. Mary Qneen of Scots was confined in the castle. Sheffleld has been a headquarters of trades-unions. It returns 5 mem- bers to Parliament. Population (1901), 409,070. Sheffield. A city in northern Alabama, on the- Tennessee. It is an iron-manufaeturing and mining center, of recent foundation. Popula- tion (1900J, i 333. range of the Appalachian system in Orange. Sheboygan (she-boi'gan). Sidlivan, and Ulster counties, southeastern Xew York, extending fi-om New Jersey north- eastward. Height, about 2,000 feet. Shawano (sha'wa-no), or Shawnee (sha'ne), or Savannas (sa-van'az). A tribe of North Ameri- can ludians. From their wanderings and the difficul- ties of identification, their habitat has been much dis- cussed. They were early known in the Cumberland valley in Tennessee and on the upper Savannah in South Carolina. About the middle of the 18th century these two bodies, after several changes of homes, were united in the Ohio valley, and were .almost constantly at wai- with the English and afterward with the United States, beingunderXecnm- seh's leadership in the War of 1812. About 1,500 remain, chiefly in the Indian Territory. The name is translated 'southerners,' referring to the' fact that for a long period they lived farther south than any of the other Algon- quian divisions. See Algonquiaiu Shawano (sha-wa'no) Lake. A lake in Sha- wano County, eastern Wisconsin. 30 miles north- west of Green Bay. Its outlet is by Wolf Eiver into Lake Winnebago. Length, about 6 miles. Sha'Wnee. See skawano. Shays (shaz). Daniel. Bom at Hopkinton, Mass., 1747: died at Sparta, N. Y., Sept. 29, 1825. An American insurgent, one of the lead- ers of the insurrection of 1786-87 in western From this country there came a queen to test Solomon's Sheffield, jolin, Duke of Buckinghamshire. .„-...„„.„,.. „ ,^. ._.,,= .. _= . ^^^ ^g^g. ^jp^ p^^ 24, ^.gj ^ English statesman and poet, in 1658 he succeeded to the- titles of his father, the second Earl of Mulgrave. He fought, against the Dutch in 1666 ; was chamberlain to .Tames 11., cabinet councilor to William III., and lord privy seal (1702-05). In 1694 he was made marquis of >'ormanby. and in 1703 was created duke of Jsonnanby and duke of Buckinghamshire. He was deprived of .all his oflices by Godolpliin and Marlborough. He «Tote an "Essay oh Satire " which was attributed to Dryden, an " Essay on Poetry," two tragedies, and minor "poems. His works were published in 1723. Sheffield Scientific School. A department of Yale University, devoted to special training in science. It confers various degrees, including bachelor of philosophy, civil engineer, and doctor of philosophy. It was established in 1847, and was named from its chief aiiital of benefactor, J. E. Sheffleld (1793-1882). Jr, T.oto Sheherazade. See Sdiehera:aabataeans, but with- out success. According to .-Vrabic accounts the capital was destroyed ) ly a flood 200 A. I>. The Himyarite dyniasty of Yemen was extinguished shortly before Mohammed. Shebat (she-bat'). [Assyr. ^oftrtfH.] In Zech. i. 7, the name of the eleventh month of the He- brew year, corresponding to Jan. -Feb. : bor- rowed by the Jews from the Babylonians after the e.vile. Among the Assyro-Babylonians this month was sacred to Raniman, the storm-god. The name is de- rived from the verb shabat, to strike, and means 'the month of devastation,' on' account of the destructive storms and inundations which it brought in its train. I Sheboygan County, Wis. A city, c situated on Lake Michigan, at the mouth of Sheboygan Kiver, ^heil (sliel). Richard Lalor. Bom at Drum- 48 miles north by east of Milwaukee. Ithas a large export trade in gmin, has varied manufactures, and is a dairy center. Population (1900). 22,962. Shechem (she'kem). [Heb.. • shoulder.'] An ancient city of Palestine, situated in the val- ley between Mount Ebal and Mount Gerizim. It was afterward called Neapolis (whence the modern name Xablus), or more fully Ravia Neapolis, from its hav- ing been restored by Titus Flavins Vespasianus after its destruction in the Jewish-Koman war. Shechem (or Si- chem) played an important part throughout the histoi-yof Israel. The patriarch Jacob and his sons sojourned there for some time. It fell to the lot of the tribe of Ephraim, and .Toshna held there his farewell meeting. It was one of the free Levitical cities. During the period of the judges it was the center of the rule of .-Vbimelech, and after the division of the kingdom Jeroboam made it his tempo- rary residence. After the exile it became the center of .., „ .,^.,^„„, the .Samaritans, who erected near it their temple on Mount o-uIC-^ _ T-lili^r'^ s ^' Gerizim. It suffered a great deal during the Crusades, oneKSna I snehs na; but is still an important city-. See Xabhis. downey, Tipperary, Aug. 17, 1791 : died at Flor- ence, Italy, May 25. 1851. An Irish politician, orator, and dramatist. He graduated from Trinity College, Dublin, in ISll ; studied law at Lincoln's Inn ; and was admitted to the Irish bar in 1814, but devoted himself for some ye.ai-s to literature. In 1816 his ilrama "Adelaide, or the Emigrants" was brought out at Covent Garden. "The Apostate "(1817) confirmed his reputation, and was followed by " Bellamil-a " (ISlS). " Evadue " (1S19), "The Huguenot" (1819), and '• Montini" (1820). In 18'23 he was one of the founders of the Catholic Association. He supported O'Connell's agitation until Catholic emancipa- tion was granted in 1S29. In 18-29 he was member of Parlia- ment for Milbome Port. Somerset: .and in 1831 was returned for Louth, and later for Tipperary and Dungan-an. In 1839 he was vice-president of the "board of ti-ade in Lord Melbourne's ministry; in 1S4H master of the mint under Lord John Kussell ; and in IS^iO British minister at Florence. His memoirs, by McCullagh. were published in 1855. •■^ river in the govern- ments of Novgorod and Yaroslaff , Russia, which Shechinah, ov Shekinah (she-ki'na). [From joins the Volga at Rybinsk. It is the outlet of Heb. s/mA/frtH, dwell.] The Jewish name for the Lake Bieloe. Length, about 275 miles, symbol of the divine presence, which rested in Shelburne (shel'bern). A seaport, capital of the shape of a cloud or visible light over the mcrcv-seat. Massachusetts commonly known as Shays's Re- Shedd (shed), 'Williain Greenough Thayer. beliion. He was an ensign in Woodbridge's regiment at the battle of Bunker Hill, and attained the rank of captain in the Continental army. After resigning his commission he settled at Pelham (now Prescott), Massachusetts. He fled_on the suppression of the insurrection in question to New Hampshire and thence to Vermont, where he re- mained about a year, at the end of which time he received a pardon. He thereupon removed to Sparta, New York. He enjoyed a pension during his later years for his ser- vices in the Revolution. Shays's Rebellion. An insurrection in western Ma.-isachusctts against the State government, Bom June 21, 1820: died Nov. 17, ls;i4. "An American theologian. He became professor of ec- clesiastical history in Andover Theological Seminary in 1854. professor of biblical literature at Union Theological Seminary (New York) in 18G3. and professor of systematic theology in the latter institution 1874-90, Among his works are " History of Christian Doctrine " (1863), " Homi- letics and Pastoral Theology" (1867), " Sermens to the Natnral Man " (1871)," Theological Essays" (1877)," Liter- Shelburne Coimty. Nova Scotia, situated 104 miles southwest of Halifax. It has a fine har- bor. Population, about 1,000. Shelburne, Earl of. See Petty, William. Shelby (sherbi). Isaac. Born in Maryland, Dec. 11, 1750 : died in Kentucky, July 18, 1826. An American pioneer and officer, distinguished in contests with the Indians 1774 and 1776. He served in the Revolution : was governor of Kentucky 1792-96 and 1812-16: and commanded a Kentucky contin- gent at the battle of the Thames in 1813. mons to the Spiritual Man " (1884), "Doctrine of Endless Punishment " (1886), "Dogmatic Theology " (1888-94), etc. 17s(i-87, under the leadership of Daniel Shays Sheelin (sbe'lin), Lough. A lake on the south- and others, occasioned bv the unsettled condi- ^™ border of County Cavan, Ireland, 12 miles tion of affairs at the close" of the Revolution and south of Cavan. Length, about 5 miles, theconsequentpopulardiscontent. Thechiefgrie- Sheepshanks (shep'shaugk.s), John. Bom at vances complained of were that the governor's salary was Leeds, 1787 : died at London, Oct. 6, 1863. An toohigh.thattheSenatewiisaristocratic. that the lawyers English art-collector. He collected the works of were extortionate, and that taxes were too burdensome : modern British artists, especially Landseer, Mulreadv, and and the principal remedy demanded was a large issue of LeaUc. In 1S56 he gave his collection to the British Mu- paper money. Shays, in Dec, 1786, attempted at the head seum of 1,000 followers to prevent the session of the Supreme ShoAncba-ntn Pir-'haTd Court at Springfield, but was forestalled by the miUtia. "fteepsnaiLKS, liicnara, In Jan., 1787, three bodies of insurgents, under Shays, Luke Day, and Eli Parsons respectively, marched on Springfield with a view to capturing the Continental arsenal. The largest body, that under Shays, numbering l.OOO, w.as at- tacked by the militia (about 4.000) under General Benjamin Lincoln on the 2.'ith, and was put to flight with a loss of 3 men killed and 1 wounded. The fugitives, including Shays, joined the force under Eli Parsons. The insurgents were finally dispersed Feb., 1787, at Petersham, where 150 of them were captured. Shays escaped. Some of the other ov -u • im_ leaders were sentenced to death, but were ultimately par- oaeep-sneanng, The doned. — " ' ^ ^ She (she). Anovelby Rider Haggard, published in 1887. The scene is laid in the interior of eonthem Africa. aryEss.ays"a878),"Commentai-)- on Romans "(1879), "Ser- Sholbyville (shel'bi-vil). 1. The capital of Shel- ... ., .„..-..._.. ^,o.^.> ,.x,--^j_ ,„ ,. bvCountv,Illinois.56milessoutheast of Spring- field. Population (1900), 3,.546.— 2. The cap- ital of Shelby County, Indiana, situated on Big Blue River 27 miles southeast of Indianapolis. Population (1900), 7,169.-3. The capital of Shelby Countv, Kentuckv, 17 miles west of Frankfort. Population (1900), 3,016.-4. The capital of Bedford County, Tennessee, situated on Duck River 50 miles south-southeast of Nashville. Population (1900), 2,236. Bom at Leeds, 1794 : Sheldon (shel'don), Gilbert. Bom 1598: died died at Reading, 1855. An English clergyman 1677. An English prelate, archbishop of Canter- and astronomer, brother of John Sheepshanks, bury 1663-77. His representatives founded the " Sheepshanks Sheldonian (shel-do'ni-an) Theatre. A theater Astronomical Exhibition" in 1858. at Oxford University, built by Archbishop Sheepshead Bay (sheps'hed ba). A small in- Sheldon (Sir (Christopher Wren architect) in let of the Atlantic, near Coney Island, Long Island. New York. . Near it is a noted race- oouree. A play by George Col- 1664-69. in which the "'Encsenia. ' or annual commemoration of founders (with the reading of prize poems and essays and conferring of honorary degrees), is held. man the elder, produced in 1777. It is taken Sheliak, or ShelyakCshel'yak). [FromanAra- from Garriek's alteration of "The 'Winter's bianized form of Gt.x^^^X, a tortoise: in allu- Tale." sion to the fabled origin of the lyre.] The name Sheeraz. See Shiraz. of the third-magnitude variable star /? Lyrse. Sheliff ShelifF(shel'if). iF.aieliff.] The largest river of Al^tria : the ancient Chiualaph. it rises in the Jo- bel-Aniur, and flows into the Mediterranean near M«»staga- iiem. Length, from 350 to 40') miles. Shelley (shel'l), Mrs. (Mary WoUstonecraft Godwin). Bom at London, Au*;. 30, 1797: died Feb 21, 1851. An Eni^lish author, dausriiter of William Godwin, and second wife of Percy Byss;lif' Shelley, she returned to Kngland in lU'l-i with her soil (s- c Sheiley. Percy ihjxshe). Her chief work is a romance, " l-'rankenstein (1818), oriKtnatiiig iu Byron's prtiposition that he himself, Folidori, and Shelley and his wife should each write ii Ehost-st^iry. She also wrote " Vulperpa. etc."(182:i). "The Last M:iii " (1S'J6). " I/>dorc " (18:jr.),"KnIkner"(1837), and "thor h..vi-ls: "Journal of a Six Wt-f ks' Tour *■ with Shelley (IS14). and 'Itinibles in Ger- many and Italy " (1844) ; and edited Shelley's poems, etc. Shelley, Percy Bysshe. Born at Field Place, near Horsham, Sussex, England, Aug. 4. 1792: drowned in the Bay of Spezia, Italy. July 8. 1822. A famous English poet, son of Timothy (afterward (1815) Sir Timothy) Shelley. He was educated at Eton 18i)4-10 ; entered University ColleRe, Ox- ford, in IHIO; and was expelled on account of tlic publication of the pamphlet "The Necessity of Atheism " (ISti). He married Harriet Westbrook (tin- youni; diiughter uf a rnf- fee-house keeper) in 1811. He was 19, she 10, years of aj;e, and the marriage proved unfortunate. In May, 1814, he met Mary WoUstonecraft, daugliter of William (lodwin and Mary WoUstonecraft, the author of "The Rights of Women." He abandoned Harriet and went toSwitzerland with Mary in 1S14, and returned to England in l>ir> and settled at Bishopsgate, near Windsor Forest, where he wrote " Alastor, or the Spirit of Solitude." XJiey joined B>T*in in Switzerland in 1816. Harriet Shelley drowned herself Nov. 9, 1810, and Dec. 30, 1810, Shelley formally married Mary. In March, 1818, they went again to Itnly, where they remained, in tlie society of Uyron, Trelawiiey, Kdward Williams, and others, for the rest of Shelley's life. By the capsizing of the boat in which lie and Edward \VjI- liams were returning to Spezia, their summer hnnn-, both were drowned. Their bodies were consumeout 6 miles. Shelton (shel'ton). Thomas. Lived in the first part of the 17l)i cent\iry. An English author. lie published the ftrst Knglish translation of " Don <}u\- xote " (161 '2-2(1). Oayton'8 " Pleasant Notes upon Don ()ui- X'lte " was based on Shelton's translation. Shem (sheni). In Old Testament liistory, one of the three sonsof Noah, represented asthoau- eestiir of the Semitic races. See Sfinilts. Shemakha (she-mii'oha), or Shamaka (sha- mii'kii). A town in the government of Baku, Transcaucasia, Russia, situated on an aflluent of the Pirsagat, 68 miles west 1)V north of Baku. It is built near the site of OM Shi-niakha, onee a llour- isliinK' cnniTnercial place, dL-stroyed l>y Nadir Shah. Tlie new town was overthrown l)y earthquakes in 18.'t9, 1S72, and l'.H)2. I'opulation llsfl'.'), 'J'-MSS. Shenandoah (shcn-an-do'a). A river in Vir- ginia which joins the Potomac at Harper's Ferry. Length, about l".") miles. Shenandoah. A borough in Schuylkill County, I'liinsylvnnia. H4 toiles northwest of Philadel- pliia. It is the center of an important eoal- Miining region. Poimlation ( l!lllll ). lill.ll'Jl. Shenandoah. A vessel built nt Glasgow in 18(iH for the China trade, and sold to the Con- federates in 1S()4. It wa» used as a privateer under conitniuidnf .1. I. Waddfdl lsr.l-ti5, and captured aS I'nited St.'ttl■,^ vessels. Shenandoah Mountains. A nart of the range which forms t he western boundary of the Slien- andoah Valley. Shenandoah Valley, The valley of the Shen- iindr)nll in N'irgillia It lies hutween the lllu.- Iticli;.' (HI the east and a narallet ranne of the AlleKllaules on the west, and is not<-u for lia fertility. It was tlie scene of various inipoitatit events iu tlie Civil War, IneludiiiK "Stonevvali" , Jackson's cainpaitcn iu i'Mfi and .Sheridan's i-arnpidi^n Iu "l.^-C*. Shenango (.she-nang'go) River, A river in northwestern Pi'iinsylvaiiiii which unites, near New Castli', with Ihe Mahoning lo fo'm Beaver ItiviT, Length, nlioul .S(l-!l(l miles. Shendy, orShendifshenMe). A town in Xiibiu. s'.tu.if.ed on the Nile in lat. l(i° 40' N. It was an iniiKirtAtit place before Its destrtu'tiiui by the F.syptlans iu 1^22. It was captured by flte Mahdists Iti IK^i and recap- tured ity (Jorilou. luit later retaken. Populatiou variously eaUmated at from 3,(XH) to,e,00a 925 Shen-si (shen-se'). A province of northern China, bordering ou Mongolia and west of Shan-si. Chief citv.Singan. Area, 76,400 scpiare miles. Population (189(i). est., S,473,000. Shenstone (shen ' stonj, 'V7illiam. Bom at Hales Owen, England, Oct. 18, 1714: died there, Feb. 11.1763. An English poet. He was educated at I'enibroke CoIleBe, Oxford. His best-known poem is "The Schoolmistress" (which see). Besides this, which Kai[ied for him the title of "the water-gruel bard"fnim llora. c Ualp.de, he published "Poems, ete." (1737), "The Jn.ii:iu<-;it of Hercules" (1741), etc. Sheol (slie'61). [liv\>. nlu'ol ; etym. doubtful.] The jilace of departed spirits. The original Is in the authorized version geuerally rendered (jrave, heit, or pit; iu the revised version of the Old Testament the word Sheui is substituted. It corresponds to the word Iladt'it in (?rci'k ela-ssic literature and in the revised version of the New 'IVstanient. Shepherd Kings. See Uykms. Shepherd of Banbury. A title assumed by John(,'laridge in pul)lisliingin 1744 a collection of rules for predicting weather changes. The Shcjdierd of r.anbnry"s rubs attained great popularity, and p.issed thniu^'li ni^niy cditii'us. Shepherd of Hermas (hir'mas), The. [L. Pas- tor Ili-rma'.] An early Christian allegorical and didactic book, classed among the works of the apostolic fathers. The nrst part of the book con- sists of "Visions," in the last of whieli a man appears dresseii as a shepherd (whence the name Sfu'pherd or /'axf'T given to the lio. l.'iO. The "Shepherd" was in early times much esteemed, and w-as publicly read in the churches and aeci)unted as in some sense Scripture, though not afterward included in the canon. Hermas has often been identified with the Hennas of Ilom. .vvi. H. .\lso called The Paslrir of llermm. Shepherd of Salisbury Plain, The. A popular iliiiral tale by Hannah More. Shepherd of the Ocean, A name given by Spenser to Sir Walter K'aleigh. Shepherd's Calendar, The. A pastoral poem in ll! eclogues In- Kdmunil Spenser, published in ir)7!.I. In this form he gave utterance to his opinions on the uu>st important questions of the day. .Some of the eclogues are paniphrases of Clement Marot, and sugges- tions are taken frcjui the p,astoral8 of Slantuan. With the I>nblieation of this poem the Elizabethan age of literature nnty be said to begin. See Colin Clout, Shepherd's Week, The. A series of burlesime pastoral poems by .Tohn Gay. ])ublished in 1714 Tliey were intended' to ridicule' the fashion of p.istonil poems and to tlepict pastoral life without any illusions, but they are so good tliat tliey have survived as a collection of excellent bucolics. See 'liloirzrlinda and Colin Clout. Sheppard (shep'iird), Elizabeth Sara. Born at Blackheath, Kngland, .-ibont isilil: died at Brixton, March 13, 1862. An English novelist. Slie wrote under the pseudonym E. lierger. Among her l)ooks are "Charles Auchestcr" (lS.la), " Counterparts, or the Cr,is8 of T,ove"(lS.M), " My First .Scjison, by Beatrice Itiynolds" (18.'..'.), "Humour" (18.0S). Sheppard, Jack. Born at Stei)ney, 1702: hanged at 'Tyburn, Nov, 18, 1724. A famous English robber. He was a carpenter by trade, and began his ca- reer of robliery aliont 172U. He was of agenerous ilisposi- tion, a!i«l was very piipular. His portrait was painted by Slr.bdniThoridiill ; apantomime, "Ilarlefim.i.Sheppard," was produced at Drury banc ; Defoe wrote a namitive at tout him in 1724; and a novel by Aln8worth,".lack SIi,-ppard," was iMibllshed iu 18."lt». He made two remark.-ibic cs.-apes from Newgate, but after many vicissitudes was finally cap- tuicd in an ale-house wliib; drUTik. Sheppey (shei/i). or Isle of Sheppey, -Vn isl- and in the county of Kent, EnglaiKi, lying be- tween the estuaries of the Thames and Modway and the S,vale. Length, Oi miles. Shepton Mallet (slnp'ton marel). .\ town ill ScinnTsct. Kiiglanil, ]s miles south of IJristol. Population ( 1891), .'i,.')01. Sheratan (sher-a-tiin'). [.Vr. Haratain, the two signs (referring to thi' two stars in the rani's head).] Tlie ordinary name for the third-mag- iiitud<' star jl Arietis. Sheraton (sher'a-ton). Thomas. Born at Stod;- I'liioii-'I'ees, 17i')l : died at London, 1806. .\ iMilod lOnglish furiiilure-inaker and -designer. Sherborne (Hher'bom). A town in Dorset, I'.iigland, 31 miles soutli-sonthwest of Bath. Its abbey Chun h and Sberlxirne Castle are u.dable. It was tlie sent of a liisliopric from the Stii to the 11th century. l'opulati>m(lMll), »,74I. Sherbro Csli(>r'br6), or SherborO (sher'bu-ro). Island. An island off the <'oast of Sierra Leone, Wi'sl .Vfrica. It belougs to the colony of .sierra la-oue, anil lbs oil the uumth of .Sherbro Klver. IU length Is about .10 mill's. Sherbrooke (sher'bn'ik). The capital of the county of Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, situated at the junction of the Miigog with the St, Fran- cis, 7!) miles east of Montreal. Population (l'.M)l), 11. "Ii."). Sheridan's Bide Sherbrooke, 'Viscount. See Loire, Robert. Shere Ali isher ii'le). Bom 182.'5: died in Rus- sian Turkestan, Feb., 1879. Ameer of Afghanis- tan, son of Dost Mohammed whom he succeeded in 181)3, He lost the throne in 1866; regained It in 18B8: suppressed the insun-ection of Yakub in 1870 ; and fled from Kabul iu Dec, 1878, ou the approach of the British troops. Sheriat-el-Kebir(she-re'iit-el-ke-ber'). A mod- ern name of the Jordan. Sheridan(sher'i-dan).Mrs.fFrancesChamber- laine>. Born in treland, 1724: ilied at Blois. France, 17f)6. A British novelist and dramatist, wife of Thomasand motherof R. Brinsley Sheri- dan. Among her novels are "Memoirs of Mise Sidney lliddulph"(17(il)aud "Noiirjahad "(17ss: afterward dram- atized). She wrote two comedies, "The Discovery" (17(i:! : the principal r«>Ie was played by Garrick) and " 'The l)upe"(17W). Sheridan, Mount. [Named from General p. n. Sheridan.] A peak of the Red Mountains in Yellowstone National Park, south of Yellow- sloiie Lake. Height, 10,385 feet. Sheridan,Fhilip Henry. Born at Albany, N. Y., March 6. 1831: died at Nonquitt. Mass.. Aug. 3. 1888. A famous American general. He graduated at West Point in 18.^i3 ; was promoted captain at the out- break of the Civil War iu 1861 ; was appointed quarter- miuter of the army in southwestern Missouri in Dec. ,1*61 : was quartermaster under Halleck during the advance on Oirinth in 1862 ; was appointed colonel of cavalry In May, 1862. and brigadier-general of volunteers July 1, J862 ; served with distinction as division commander at the bat- tle of Pcrryville Oct. 8, and at Murfrcesboro Dec. 31, 1862,- .lan. 2,18t»3: was appointed major. general of volunteers Dec. 31, 1862 ; served at Chickaniauga in l.s63 : commanded an im|>ortant assault at the battle of ilissiouary Ridge in 1863; I>ecame conimander of the cavalry corps of the Army of the Potomac in -April, 1864 ; took part in the battle of the AVilderuess May &-6 ; led an Important raid May l*-2.*» ; fought the battles of Hawe's Shop May 28, and TrevcIIian Station ,Tune 11 ; was app), ".\ Trip to Scarborough " (1777 : altered from Van- liriigh's "Relapse"), "The Schod for, Scandal" (1777), "The Critli "(17711), and •Piiarro' (171)9; a translation from Kotzebue). Sheridan, Thomas. Born about 1684: died in 17:iS. An Irish ileigyinan. grandfather of Rich- ard Brinsley Sheridan the dramatist. Ho was a favorite companion of Swift in Ireland. He wrote the " Art of Punning." and In 172S pnbllsbe.l an edillon of the .satires of Persius. Swift wnde "Cillliver " at Ills house. Sheridan, Thomas. Born at t^lnllcn, near Dub- lin, 1721: died at Margate, England, 1788. An Irish actor, elocutionist, and author: son of Thomas .Sheridan. He llrsi w cut on the stage at Dub- lin In I74:i and at I,')j, under the Duke of Argyll, and the Jacobite High- landers (9,O0O-12,0he-mog'- gii). Adistrict in Mvsore. India, intersected by lat. 14° N., long. 75°'30' E. Area. 3,986 square miles. Population (1891), 527.981. _ Shimonoseki (shim-o-no-sek'e). or SimonoseU (sim-6-n6-sek'e). A seaport at the southern extremity of the main island of Japan, situated in lat. 33° 58' N., long. 130° 58' E. It was bom- barded by the Americans, British, French, and Dutch in 1864, in retaliation for injuries received. An indemnity was paid by the Japanese government in 1875. Popula- tion (18941, est., 36.3»4. Shimonoseki, Strait of Shimonoseki, Strait of. A sea passage which separates the maiu island of Japan from Kiusiu, andconneetstlii-hiuwouadawit fit he Seaof Japan. Shimonoseki, Treaty of. A treaty of peace eon- eluded between China and Japan at Shimono- seki, April 17, 1895. The Chinese plenipotentiaries were Li-huiig-chanp and Li-ching-fong ; the .lapaiiese. Tount It<.> Hii'nhimii and Viscuunt Mutsu Munemitsu. China recncniZLMl tlie independence of Korea; ceded t.. .Japan tlie soutlirrn portion of the province of Shingking (i. e., the Liniituiiir peTiinsula from I'ort Arthur to tlie lortieth par:dU-I) liie iihind of Koiinosa, and the Pesca- dores Islantis ; au'rrrd ti» pay a war indemnity of iOO.tHm,- MI.1 Kuping lails (atiout .-ITS.OIJO.UyU) ; opened .'^liasliili. Clmngkin^', Suctiow, and Hangchow ; and {naiited othtr • important eoniiiiercial privileges. Japan later a;:ret'ii to give up the Liautnng peninsula in deference to the objec- tions of Kussia. Shin (shin). Loch. A lake in the county of Suth- erland, Scotland, situated about lat. '18° 5' N., long. 4° 30' W. Its waters are discharged by the Oy- kill into the North Sea. Length, 17 miles. Shinar (shi'niir). In Bible geography, the tract ofland between the Euphrates and Tigris down to the Persian Gulf — i. e.. Babylonia in distinc- tion from Mesopotamia (Irak), it is nowcommoidy identified with Shumer, which in the cuneiform inscrip- tions denotes Southern or Lower Babylonia, in contrast to Akkad (the biblical Accad), I'pper Babylonia. Shingking (shing-king'), or Liautnng (lyou- t(ing'). A province of Manchuria, l)ordering on Mongolia, Korea, Korea Bay, the Gulf of Liautung, China proper, and Kirin, Capital, Mukden. Shingle (shing'gl), Solon. Acharacterin ''The People's Lawyer," a play by J. S. Jones. Tlie part was made popular "by John E. Owens. Shinji (shen'.ie), or Mashinji (mii-shen'.ie), Pg. Xinge or Chinge. A Bantu tribe of Angola, West Africa, on the right bank of the Kuangu River, north and south of lat. 9° S. They are linguistically, but not politically, allied with the Makioko. Their principal chief is (1894) Kapenda ka Mulemba. Shinnecock Bay (shin'e-kok ba). An inlet of the Atlantic, on the southern side of Long Isl- and, 7.1 miles east of New York city. Shinumo. See Tusayan. Shipka Pass (ship'ka pas). A pass in the Bal- kans, 47 miles northeast of Philippopolis. It be- came famous in the war between Turkey and Russia in 1877-7f^, especially for the unsuccessful attacks of Sulei- man Pasha on the Russian positions in Aug. and Sept., IS77. Shipley (ship'li). A town in the West Riding of Yoi-lcshire, England, situated on the Aire HI miles west-northwest of Leeds. Population (1891), 16,04.3. Shipman's Tale, The. One of Chaucer's "Can- terbury Tales." The story is from the first novel of the eighth day of Boccaccio's "De- cameron." Ship-money (ship'mun'i). In old English law, a charge or ta\ imjiosed by the king upon sea- ports and trading towns, requiring them to pro- vide and furnish war-ships, or to pay money for that purpose, it fell into disuse, and was iiirlucled In the Petition of Right (li;28) as a wrong to l>e iliscontin- ued. The attempt to revive it met with strung ciiipi.sitiim, and was one of the proximate causes of fht; - ton'n Prnphfriyn. Shipwreck, The. A descriptive poera by Wil- liam l''alconer, published in 1762. Shir All. See Slmr Mi. Shiraz (sho'riiz) The capital of Farsistan, Per- sia, situated about lat. 2!)° :!«' N., long. .52° :!5' E. It has considerable commerce, and manufactures of wine, etc.; w:is formerly fanuais for its surroundings, as the resiflence of Hatlz and Sadi. and as a seat of eulture in the middle ages ; and was at (Uie time of great importance and the capital. It wasdcvastateti by earthituakes in 1824 and In 1853. Population, estimated, 80,000. 927 Shire (she'ra). A river in eastern Africa which issues from Lake Nyassa and joins the Zambesi near its mouth. Length below Lake Xyassa, about :i70 miles ; navigable to Murcliison Falls. Shirley (sher'li). A town in Hampshire, Eng- land, 2 miles northwest of Southampton. Popu- lation of Shirley and Freemantle(1891), 15,899. Shirley. A novel by Cluirlotte Bronte, pub- lished in 1849 under the pseudonjTn of Currer Bell. The heroine, Shirley Ki-ndon, and at both (».Kford and Cambridge. Ow- ing to scruples of eonscience he gave up a living towhich he had been presented after oi'dination, taught school for a time, and from about 1625 wmte from thirty to forty plays. Among them are " Love Tricks" (puhlislied in l(Kil),"The Maid's Revenge" (KB'J)," The Brothers '(10:V2),'- I he Witty Fair One" (IftW). "The Grateful Servant" (licensed in 1629, under the title of "The Faithful Servant, "and printed In 103(1), "The Traitor" (ICAS : the most powerful and pathetic of Shirley's tragedies), "Love's Cruelty " (1640), "The Changes" (Iftli), "Bird in a Cage" (l«:i.S), "Hyde Park ■■(1637)."The Ball "(licensed Nov. 10, ll).«, and printed US9aa the joint work of Chai)man and Shirley), "The Game- ster "(1&*J7)," The Contention of lionouranil Ricbes"(pub- lished in 1033, and evidently not intended for representa- tion). "The Coronation "(licensed Feb. ts H'»;M-35, as"aplay by Shirley," but the title-page of the lirst edition in 1640 gives it to Fletcher, who had died ten years before: Shirley claimed it as liis.lnit it has contimied to appear in all collec- tions of Beaumont and Fletcher's works), "chabot.AdminU of France "(the joint performance of Chapman and Shirley, licensed April 29, VXt^, and printed 16:i9: Shirley had lit- tle to do with this), ■ The Lady of Pleasure " (1037 : gener- ally cotisidered his best play), "St. Patrick for Ireland" (1640), "The Humorous Courtier " (1040), "The Arcadia" (1640)," The Imposture "(1052), "The Cardinal" (1052), and "The Sisters" (liLW). In 1069 Shirley published, together, " Honoria and Mammon "and "The Content ion sof A )a\ and Ulysses for the Armour of Achilles." The ilrst pieee was a revision of his own interlude called "Tin- Contenlion of Honour and Riches." He also wrote " M;inil(iit!o, or a Leading of Children by the Hand through the Principles of Grammar " (KiOO). He also finished and lltt.-d lor the stage a number of Fletcher's jdays. Heiu-y Shirley, a con- temporary of .Tames Shirley, wrote a play called '"The Mar- tyred .Soldier," which was acted and printed in 1038. Shirley, John. Born about 1368 : died at Lon- don, Oct. 21, 1456. An English traveler and collector of manuscripts, especially those of Chaucer and Lydgate. He copied them himself " in sundry volumes to remain for posterity." Some of them are preserved in the British Museum ; one at Trinity Col- lege, ('aml>ridge;and one at Sion College. Shirley, La'wrence, fourth Earl Ferrers. Born in Aug., 172U : died May 5, 1760. An English nobleman, notable as the last nobleman who died a felon's death in England. He murdered his land-steward, .Johnson, in a fit of ungovernable passion (to wliich he was subject), in J;in., 1700, and was juinged at Tybuni. Shirley, Selina, Countess of Huntingdon. Born near .\sliby-de-la-Zoiich, Aug. 24, 1707: died at Lomlon, June 17, 1791. An English religious leader, daughter of the second Earl Ferrers. she was noted as the founder of chapels and as theleadcr ; and aft(-rw-ard w.-ia governor of one..f the Bahama Islands. He published "Letter totho Duke of Newcastle " (174r»), "Conduct of General William Shirley" (1768). etc. Shirvan (shir-viln'). A medieval khanate south of the Caucasus, now forming part of the gov- ernment of Baku, Transcaucasia, Russia. Chief place, Shemakha. It was incorporated with Russia in ls2(l. Shirwa (shr-r'wii). A lake in eastern Africa, south-soul h(-nst of Lake Xyassa and east of the Shire. Length, about 40 miles. Shishak (shi'shak) I., or Sheshonk (she'- slionk), or Shashano. Lived in the lOlh e(-ii- tury B. c. A king of Egypt, of the 22d dynasty. He plundered .lerusalem in the reign of Reho- boaih. Shi'va (shi'va). The third god of the Hindu Irlad, in the later mythology regarded as the destroyer, whileBr.'iliiiMi is the creator and Vish- nu the preserver. The Shaivas, or Shiva-worshipers, assign to him the first ]>laee In the triml. identifying him with ereidion and reproduction as well astlestructitui, anil so constituting him the Supreme Being. This elmnieter In present Hinduism is supposed to be a development of that of the Vedic Ituilra (which see) by the addithm of nuiny characteristics drawn from the nopuhir as ilistin- gulsned from tlie priestly religitm, ami taken especially from the religion of the anorlglnes, w-ho»e chief god some supi)08e Shiva to have been. The mmu' Shlvu, ' the pro- piiloUB,' Beems to have been at first only a euphonilBtic Shore epithet used to propitiate Rudra, the god of storms, and then to have supplanted the name Rudra itself, .\ccord- ing to the Visluntpurann there are 8 principal manifesta- tions of Shiva, viz. : Rudra, Bhava, Sharva, Ishana. Pashu- pati, Bhima. Cgra, and Mahadeva, which are visibly repre- sented under Stands, or material forms, viz, : the Sun, Wa- ter, Earth, .Air, Fire, F.ther, the ottieiating Bralmian, and the Moon, Shiva uphohliug the universe by mean- of these forms. .As presiding over repnxluction which follows de- struction, he is genendly worshiped under phallic sym- bols. As sharing with Vamaanil Varuna theattributesof justice and piunshment^ he rides on a white bull, Dhanua having taken this ftu-m to become Shiva's vehicle ; as Kahi. or destroying 'time, 'he is black; as .Ardhanari,' half- female,' he symbolizes the unity of the generative princi- ple ; as Panchanana he has 5 faces ; he has 3 eyes, one in his forehead, which are held to denote his view of pres- ent, past, and fut(u-e; w-hile a crescent about the central eye marks the measure of time by months a serpent arountl his neck that by years, and a necklace of skulls and scr- pent-s about his pcTstm the revolution of ages. His hair is thickly matted, and i>rojerts likca horn from his forehead. On his head he bears the Ganges. His throat is dark blue from the poison which would have destroyed the world had he not swallowed it at the churning of the ocean. He wears sometimes a deerskin, sometimes a tigerskin, sometimes an elephant's skin, and at times sits on a tiger- skin or holds a deer in one of his hands. His weapons are a trident (now held to symliolize him as Creator, De- stroyer, and Regenerator), a bow, a thundert)olt. an ax, a skull-surmoiuited staff, and a ntuulescript weaisui. the khiukini. He carries a drum shaped like an hour-glass, and a noose. His servants are the denrons called Prania- thas, his chief wife bnrga with her various names, and his sons Ganesha and Kartlikeya. His residence is Kallasa, one of the loftiest peaks of the Himalaya. He is espe- cially worshiped at Benares. He has even more names than Vishnu, 1,008 being specified in the Shiva Parana and the ^lahabharata. See Earth's " Religions of India,' 159 fl. ; Williams's " Brahmanism and Hinduism," III. tV.; and Sluir's "Original Sanskrit Texts," Vol. IV. Shlu. See .Shillia. Shoa (sho'ii). A kingdom in the southeastern part of .Vbyssinia, southeast of Ainhara. The chief towns are Licheh (the capital), Ankoher, and An- golalla. I'he inhabitants (Amharas and Gallas) are esti- mated at 1,500,000. Shoalhaven (sh61'ha-\Ti). A river in New South Wales, Austr»lia, which flows into the Pacific about 80 inues south-southwest of Syd- ney. Length, over 1.50 miles. Shoalwater Bay (shol'wa't&r ba). An inlet of the Pacific Ocean, situated in Pacific County, ill the sodtliwesternpart of the State of Wash- iiigtoii. Length, 28 miles. Shoebnryness (shii'ber-i-nes). A headland in Essex, England, on the north side of the Thames estuary, 33 miles east of London. Netir it is the village of Shoeburyuess, with a noted artillery sliooting-range. Shoemaker's Holiday, The, or the Gentle Craft. A comedy liy Dekker. it w.as published anonymously in KHln, and had been playetl the year before. It (-ont.-iins one of his best eharaeters, Simon Eyre, ''shoo. maker and Lord .Mainj- of L<*ndon." Shoe-string District, The. See the extract. The most flagrant Instance of gerrymandering is prob- ably the sixth ICongressfonal] district of Mississippi. This remarkable tlistrict consists of all the counties of the State which touch the Alississi])pi Kiver. Its length is about 300 miles ami its average breadth idiout "20. and it.s peculiar shape has given it its popular name of the "shoe-string" district. Lator, Cyc. Polit. Science, 11. SGd. [In the \&U- redlstrihiition'the Shoe-string District has dts appeiu-ed.] Snolapur (sh6-lii-p6r'). 1. A district in Bom- bay, British India, intersected by lat. 18° N., long. 75^^ 'Jtl' 1-;. Area, 4,542 square miles. I'opulation (1891), 75(1,689.— 2. The capital of the district of Sholapur, situated about lat. 17° 40' N., long. 7.5° .53' E. It is a trading center. I'opulation (1891). 61.91.5. Shona (sho'nil), or Mashona (ma-sho'nal. A Bantu tribe of Brit isli Soul h .-\frica, li\'iugon the highland which forms the watershed between the Liiii)iopo and Zambesi basins (inter.sected by lat. 18° S. and long. 30° E.). They are imlus. tr'lous, work Iron, and spin and weave natlvccott4H). They were subjects of the Matabele before the subjugation of these liy the British .South Africa Company In ISIM. Sea Maxhnnalttnd. Shoofoo. See Kliiifu. ShOOmla. See Sliiimld. Shoosha. See SIiiikIki. Shooter's Hill (shd'terz hil). A prominent hill ill Keiil. l'',iiglaiid, 8 miles southeast of Loudon. Hi-ighl, 446 feel. Shore (shor), Jane. Bom at Lonilon : died in 1.527. The mistress of King Edward IV. While still a girl she married William Shore, a citizen of Loiulon. After her intrigue with the king began she lived iu the greatest luxury, and after his death she became the mis- tress of I,,ord Hastings w-how-as beheaileil by Kieharil III. •lune 13. 14H:i. Richard impris ho do not own horses, and are therefore "walkers." The name Digger (which see) has been applied more gen- erally to this class than to any other. Shoshonean (sh6-sh6'ne-an). An important liuffuistic stock of NortK American Indians. Their earlv habitat included southwestern Montana ; all of Idaho south of lat. 45° 30' ; southe-istern Oregon south of the Blue Mountains ; western and central Colorado ; a strip in northern New Mexico ; eastern New Mexico ; all of northwestern Texas ; the entire territorj- of Itah ; a sec- tion in northern Arizona ; all of Nevada ; and a small strip in the northeastern part of California, east of the Sierras, and a wide section aJong the eiistem boi-der south of lat, 3S", extending also across the mountains to the sources of the San Joaquin and Kings rivers, as well as in a wide band over the southern portion of the State, reaching northward to Tulare Lake. Along the Pacific the tribes of this stock forced their way between the Chumashan and Yuman stocks, and occupied the coast between lats. 33' and 34° X. The principal Shoshonean tribes are the Bannock. Cheme- huevi, Comanche, Gosinte, Paiute, Paviotso, Saidynka, Shoshoni, Tobikhar, Tttkuarika, Tusayan, and I ta. Esti- mated number, 16.460. The nameof the stock is adopted from that of the Shoshoni tribe. Shoshone Falls (sho-sho'ne falz). A cataract in the Snake River, in Idaho, about lat." 42° 3.5' X.. Ions. 114° 20' W. it is one of the grandest falls in the Tnited States, Height, ilO feet. Width, about 900 feet. Shoshone Lake. A lake in Yellowstone Na- tional Park, west-southwest of Yellowstone Lake. It is one of the sources of Snake River. Shoshone River. See Snake Bii-er. Shoshoni (sho-sho'ni). [Origin of name uncer- taiu,] The most northerly division of the Sho- shonean stock of North American Indians, it comprises a number of tribes which formerly occupied western Wyoming, part of central and southern Idaho, a small area in eastern Oregon, western and central Nevada, and a small strip of Utah west of Great Salt Lake, The Snake River region of Idaho was their chief seat. In 1S03 they were on the head waters of the Missouri in western Montana, but they had earlier ranged farther east on the plains, whence they had been driven into the Rock)' Moun- tains by the Atsiua and Blackf eet. The most important of the twenty known tribes comprising the Shoshoni division are the Panamint, Tttkuarika or Sheep-eaters, and Wa- shakL They number about 5,000. Of these about 1,000 are under Fort Hall agency and 300 und3r Lemhi agency, Idaho, Als< • called SnajSre*-, Sei^ Shoshonean, ShotO'Ver Hill (shot'6-ver hil). A hill 4 miles east of 0.^ord. England. Height. 600 feet. Shottery ( shot ' er-i ). A village in Warwickshire, noted as the residence of Anne Hathaway, Shakspere's wife. The farm house in which she ia thought to have lived was bought for the nation in 1S92. It is known as "Anne Hathaway's Cottage." Shovel (shuv'l). Sir Clondesley. Bom about 16-50 : drowned Oct. 22. 1707. An English ad- miral. He served at Bantry Bay in 1689. Beachy Head in 1690, La Hogne in 1692. and later in the Mediterranean. He became c^iramander of the British fleets in 1705, and was shipwrecked otf the Scilly Isles on his way home from an unsuccessful expedition against Toulon. Shreveport (shrev'port). .\ city, and the capi- tal of Caddo parish, Louisiana, situated on the Red River in lat. 32° 30' N.. long. 93° 46' W. It is the second commercial city in the State, and has an imp^^rtant evport trade in cotton and other products. Population (1900), 16,013. Shre'Wsbtiry (shroz'bu-ri). [See extract under Slrriijisliire.^ A parliamentary and municipal borough, and the capital of Shropshire. Eng- land, situated on the Severn in lat. 52° 43' N., long. 2° 4(5' W. It has manufactures of linen thread. 92S Siamese T-wins, The cakes, iron wares, etc., and considerable trade. Itcontains Shutcr (shu'ter), Ed'Ward. Born about 1730: several ancient churches and a celebrated grammar. schooL It was the ancient Pengweme and the capital of Powis : wasone of the chief cities of early England ; and was often taken and retaken in the Welsh wars. A victor)- was gained near it, Julv, 1403, by Henry IV. over the insurgents un- der the Percys, when Henr)Percy(Hotspur)wasslain. The place was made the headquarters of Charles I. in ltU'2. It was taken by the Parliamentarians in 1645. Population (lS91),i6.967. Shrewsbury, Earls of. See Talbot. died Nov. 1, 1776, An English actor, said bv Garrick to be the greatest comic genius be had ever known. He went on the stage in 1744, and ended his career as Falstalf, at his own benefit at Covent Garden, in 1776. He had a wide comic repertory. Among his original creations are Papillon in "The Li;ir," Old Hard, castle, and Sir Anthony Absolate. He was a lively com- panion, ■' addicted to hard drinking, and religion as' it was expounded by "Whitefleld." Shri (.shre). [Skt., -beauty.'] The Hindu god- Shuvaloflf (sho-va'lof). Count Paul. Born 1830. dess of beauty and forttine, Lakshmi. See A JRtissian general and diplomatist, brother of Lalshmi. ' Peter Shuvaloff. He served in the (Mmean war, was Shrimp-Girl, The. A painting bv Hogarth, in ambassador to Berlin 1&55-94, and in 1894 was appointed the National Gallery, London. It is a half-length ?o^*™°f »£ ^ol^i figure, almost in fuU face, wearing a white cap covered Shuvaloff(sh6-va'lof), Count Peter. Born July with a piece of dark sttitl, on which rests the tray of 15,1827: died March, 1S89. A Russian diploma- shnmpi , I.- ■, o»i..— /„„i'„„\ \ t'*^- He was a special envoy to London in 1873 ; ambassa- Shropshire (shrop shur), or Salop (sal op). A dor to London 1874-79; and plenipotentiary to the Congress western county of England. Capital, Shrews- of Berlin in 1878. ^'-i'-=»^» is bounded by Wales and Cheshire on the ghuz^b (sho'zob). A name of two Babylonian north, Stafford on the east, Worcester on the southeast, •-'"-^>»'' )' .„,, . .-^^■.. Hereford on the south, and Wales on the southwest and Kings, (a) The first was of Babylonian origin. On his — - -■ .... ,. . . accession to the Babylonian throne, he assumed the name of Nergal-l'shezib C Nergal delivered "). After reigning a year and six months, he was taken captive by sennach- erib in the battle of Nippur (NifferX 6»4 a c, (6) The second was a CTialdean, successor of the preceding under thename of Mushezib-Marduk. He bought with the trea. sures of the temple of Marduk (Merodach) the help of the Elamite king Umman-menann, but both were routed by Sennacherib in the battle of Halule, 691 B. c. When in 690 (or 6S9) Sennacherib invaded and destroyed Baby- lon, Shuzub sought refuge with his former ally Umman- menann, but was delivered by him into the hands of the Assj'rians. west. The surface is generally undulating. It is trav- ersed in the west by high hills, and belongs chiefly to the valley of the Severn. It is largely an agricultural county, but has coal-mines and iron manufactures. Area, 1,320 square mUes. Population (1891), 236,324. But the Scrobsaetan have done more than this: they have given their name to Shropshire, the only Mercian shire which keeps a tribe-name ; and, like our own Snm- ersaetan, Dorsaetan, and ■S\"ilsaetan, the shire contains a town with a cognate name, the borough of the Scrobsae- tan, Scrobbesburh or Shrewsbury. Shropshire and T.ut- land are the only two Mercian shires which have strictly names of their own, not taken from any town. Freeman, English Towns, p, 123, Shubrick (shu'brik), William Branford. Bom onBull'sIsland,S.C.,Oct.31,1790:diedat Wash- ington, D.C., May 27, 1874. An American admi- ral. He served with distinction in the "War of 1812, and commanded the Pacific squadron in the Mexican war. In 1S59 he was sent in command of a squadron to Paraguay, inasmuch as a ITnited States steamer had been fired upon. He obtained an apology and a promise of pecuniary in- demnity. He was placed on the retired list in 1&61. Shucker. See Sliosholo. Shufeldt (sho'felt), Robert Wilson. Born Feb. 21, 1822: died Xov. 7, 1895. An Amer- ican admiral. He commanded the United States steamer Conemangh in the blockade of Charleston, and afterward the steamer Proteus of the Eastern Gulf Block- ading Squadron, during the Civil War. He was promoted rear-admiral in 15S3, and was retired in 18S4. Shufflebottom (shiif'l-bot^om>, Abel. A pseu- don^Tu sometimes used by Southey. Shtikulumb'we(sho-k6-lom'bwe),orMashukn- lumb'We (ma-sho-ko-lom'bwe). A Bantu tribe in British Zambesia. Africa, between the Ba- rotse, Lunda, the Zambesi, and the Kafue. They are periodically raided by the Barotse, who claim authority over them, and are fiercely hostile to white men. Shuli (sho'le). See Liir. Shumagin (sho'ma-gen) Islands. -■\. group of small islands south of the Alaska Peninsula, Alaska. Shumanas. See Jumanas. Shumer. See Shinar. Shumla (shom'la). or Shumna (shom'na). A town and fortress in Bulgaria, situated in lat. 43° 15' N., long. 26° 56' E. It has manufactures of clothes, slippers, etc. It is a place of great strength ; w as burned by the Byzantine emperor in 811 ; was besieged by .\leiius in iriS7 ;'was surrendered to the Turks about 13S7 ; was strengthened in the 17th century ; was unsuccessfully besieged bv the P.ussians in 1774. ISIO, and 1S2S : and was occupied by the Russians in 1S7S. Population (1SS7), 23,16L Shunem(sho'nem>. In Bible geography, a place in Palestine, about 7 miles south of Nazareth : the modem Sulem. Shurtleff (shert'lefi, Nathaniel Bradstreet. Bom at Boston, June 29, 1810: died there, Oct. 17, 1874. An American antiquary and poli- tician, mavor of Boston 1868-70. He published "The Passengers of the Mayflower" (1849), and various genealogical and other works : and edited " Records of the Governor and Company of Massachusetts Bay" (lS.'i3-54) and " Records of the Colony of New Plymouth " (with Pul- sif er, 1855-61). Shusha (sho'sha). A town in the government of Yelisavetpol, Transcaucasia, Russia, situated about lat. 39° 40' N., long. 46° 40' E. It is an important fortress. Population (1890% 32^040. Shushan (sho'shan). [In the Persian Inscrip- tions Shushuna.'i The capital of Elam, situated on the Eulseus (Hebrew and .\ssyrian Cloi). It was destroyed in 645 B. C. by .Asurbanipal. The .\chemenid kings of Persia made it^ their winter residence, and pro- vided " century into decay. It is frequ- Daniel and Esther. See Elam and Stim. Shute (shut), Samuel. Bom at London, 1653: died in England. April 15, 1742. An English of- ficer, colonial governor of Massachusetts 1716- 1727. He carried on a controversy with the legislature regarding his prerogative. Shyenne. See Cheyenne. Shylock (shi'lok). A Jew, one of the princi- pal characters in Shakspere's "Merchant of Venice." He lends B.assanio 3,000 ducats on condition that if they are not repaid at the promised time he shall be allowed to cut a pound of flesh from the body of .\n. tonio, Bassanio's friend and surety. He claims the forfeit- ure, but is defeated by Portia, who, in a celebrated speech, reminds him that he loses his life if he sheds one drop of Christian blood or takes more or less than hislawf nl pound of flesh. Down to the time of Macklin the part was played by the low comedian, and was grotesque to buffoonery. He transformed it from " the grimacings of low comedy to the solemn sweep of tragedy,"and made Shylock a revengefuL inexorable money-maker. Edmund Kean, in 1814. played the part as that of "a Jew more sinned against than sin- ning. . . . From that hour a reaction in favor of Shylock set in. until now it is generally agreed that up to a certain point he was the victim of a downright quibble, and that even on the third point, that of conspiracy, his conviction was perhaps of doubtful propriety " {Furnesg). Sia(se'a). A tribe of North American Indians inhabiting a pueblo of the same name on the Rio Jemez, a western affluent of the Rio Grande, in New Mexico. In 15S2 Sia was said to be the largest of five villages forming a province called Punames. The present pueblo dates from about 1692, when the village formerly occupied was abandoned. The tribe, which was once compiiratively populous, now numbers but 106. The decrease is attributed largely to infectious disease and to the killing of pers-^ns accused of >vitchcraft. Also Chea. Chia, Cia, Cilia. SiJla. Tsea, Tsia, Tzia. Zia. See Keresan. Sialkot, or SealkO'te (se-al-kof ). l . .\ district in Amritsar division. Panjab, British India, intersected by lat. 32° 20' N., long. 74° 30' E. Area, 1.991 square miles. Population (1891). 1,119,847.-2. The capital of the district of Sialkot, situated aboutlat. 32° 30' N.. long. 74° 35' E. Population (1891), 55.087. Siam (si-^m' or se-am'). A kingdom in the peninsula of Indo-China. in southeastern .-Vsia. Capital, Bangkok, it is bounded by Burma on the west, the vagne'Shan states on the north, the French de- pendencies Tongking, .Annam (the river Mekong being the recognized lK)undary), and Cambodia on the east, aud the Gulf of Siam on the south. In addition Siam has a considerable part of the Malay Peninsula. The principal river is the Meuam. I'he chief product is rice. The gov- ernment is vested in the king and a council of ministers. The prevailing religion is Buddhism, The capital, .\yuthia, was founded about 1350, In the 16th century the country was enlarged, and trade commenced with Europe, Ayu- thia was sacked by the Burmese in 1767. and the capital transferred to Bangkok 17S2, Western civilization has been partially introduced in recent years. French ad- vances and claims along the eastern frontier led in 1393 to serious complications, nearly involving England. The French in July entered the Menam River and blockaded Bangkok : and in Oct. Siam ceded to France about 100,000 square miles east of the river Mekong, Area, about 200^000 square miles. Population, about 5,000,00(X Siam, Gulf of. An arm of the Pacific Ocean, partly inclosed by the Malay Peninsula on the west.' Siam on the north, and Cambodia and Cochin-China on the northeast. Length, about 470 miles. It with a citadeL It was still flourishing in the 12th Siamese TwUlS (si-a-mes'or -mez' twinz),The. TV A. B. Since the 13th centurj- it has gradnally fallen i~~ • ojom At,;:;! It mil- .Up,! in North l^ay. It is frequently mentioned in the books of 5°'^n."» ?'^™' i^PE^.^^V ^%i. ^T1 Carolina. Jan. 17, 1874. Eng ^nd Chang, twins bom of a Chinese father and a Siamese mother. They were joined to one another by a short tubular cartUa- ginous band, through which their livers and hepatic ves- sels communicated, and in the center of which was their common umbilicus. They were brought to -America for ex- hibition in 1S28, and after making a competency in various Siamese Twins, Tlie countries settled in North Carolina. They marriert sisters ?^"m" In isiis they agnin exhibited tlieinselvesm Europe. The one survived the other two hours and a hall. Bianti. ««»? Ashaitii. , s k n iiao (se-il'r», or Siamo (so-a'mo). A small island in the Malay ^Vrchipelago, northeast ot Sibbald' {sib'ald), Sir Robert. Born about 1641: (lied 1712. A Scottish physician and scientist. Ue was educated at Edinburgh, Leyden, and Paris. He was the llrst professor of medicine in the I nl- ieJsUy of Edi..l>nri;h, the first president ot the CoUece o Ph^lidans a>,d geographer royal. In 1710 he pub fthed "A History of Fife aud Fifeshire," followed by similar works of local interest. „ i , . ,., Siberia (si-be'ri-ii). [Huss. Sibir, F. Siberw G. Sibiricii ] A vast region in northern and central Asia, which forms part of the Russian empire. Chief towns, Tomslc and Irkutsk. It is bounded by the Arctic Ocean on the north, Bering Strait on the uorth- ealt the I'aciftc and its arms on the east, the .hincse em- Dire and Russian Central Asia on the south and Knssia on ?he west It comprises officially West Siberia (mclud- 1 B The governments of Tobolsk and Tomsk) Irkutsk (with the governments of Irkutsk.Yeuiseisk, and \ aktltsk), knd the Aniur Region (Amui Tran.l.aikalia, the .Mar. iuio Province) and the island of Saghalin. The surface is laVeelv a low-lying phiin in the north : in the interior a.id the south it is a pluleun ti uvei sed by chains of mountains, Inclmnng lie Altai, Sayan, Baikal, Yablonoi. Stanovoi, etc. ^principal r ve^ are the Obi (with the Irtishl, Yenisei (with the Angara), Lena, and Amur. The largest lake is Baikal. The leading occupation is agriculture. Siberia contains consi.lerable mineral wealth, including gold, platinum, silver, iron, lead etc Goverinncnt is adimms. tereil by governors-general and governors. 1 lie iiilialn- tants are largely Russians ; there aie a so Bui lats, Kir- ghiz Tunguses, Yakuts, Kalmucks, Ostiaks Samoyeds, Kamchadlles, etc., besides many thousands of exiles froni European Russia. The Russian conquest commenced in the 16th century, in the reign of Ivan the Icrr.ble and advanced to Lake Baikal, the Amur, and the I'aelflc in the 17th century. Saghalin was formally acquired m 18(6. Area 4 83^,490 siiuare miles. Top. (1897), 6,72;,0;iu. Siberian Railway. A railway under eonstnie- ticii bv the Wussian government, to traverse Si- beria from west to east. Ground was broken in ISiil, and the work will be completed about 19U4. ">«''"«'» to run frcmi Cheliabinsk, via Omsk and Irkutsk, to Vladi- vostok on the Pacific - over 4,000 mUes. Siberut (se-be-riif), or Sibiru (se-be-r6'), or Se Beero (so be'ro), or North Pora (po ra) Isl- and. An island west of Sumatra, about lat. 1° 30' S. Length, aliout 8.5 miles. 8ibi (se'be). A district on the border of Af- ghanistan and Baluchistan, now under British sTbiey (sib'li), Henry Hastings. Born at De- troit, Mich., Feb. 20, 1811: died at St. Paul.Minn., Feb.'l«, 1891. An American pioneer, pohticiuu, and "ciieral. He was a delegate to Congress from Wis- consin Territory in 1849, and from Minnesota Territory 1849-53- and was elected first governor of Minnesota as a Democrat in I8:.8. He organiEed a force for the protec- tion of the frontier settlements against the Sioux in ISO.., when he received a commission as brigadier-general. He put down the Sioux outbreak of that year. Sibley, Henry Hopkins. Born at Natchitoches, La., May ■-''. 18UJ: died at Fredericksburg, \ a., 929 the gods in behalf ot those whoresortedto them. Dilferent writers mention from one to twelve sibyls, but the number commonly reckoned is ten, enumerated asthe Persian or Babylonian, Libyan, Delphian, I linmerian.Kry- thnean. Samian, Cumiean, llcllesiwiitine or Irojan, 1 hry- gian, and Tiburline. Of these the most celebrated was he tun a;an sibyl (of Cumie in Italy), who, according to the story appeared before Tarquin the Proud and olTered him nhe books (or sale. He refused to buy them, whereupon she burned three, ami olfered the '"'""'""« ^'l?ll^ll original price. On being again refused, she destroy ei three Se and ottered the remaining three at the price she had asked for the nine. Tarquin, astonished at this cond itt, bough the .ooks, which were found t- contain .l.rectlons as to the w. .rship of the gods an.l the policy of he R-mians. These Sibylline Books, or books professing to have this origin, written in Greek hexamet-rs, were kept with great care at Rome, and consulted from time to t""" '.'y ""-^J"- keepers under the direction o( the senate. They were dc- stroved at the burning of the temple of ■"'P''^ '" ^„";,f; Fresh collections were made, which were llmdiy •le8tro>«J Lm after A. V. 400. The Sibylline Oracles referred to by the Christian fathers belong to early ecclpiastical 1 ttni- ture, and are a curious mixture of Jewish "■>'/''"';"" material, with probably here and there a snatch fronl the o dcr pagan source. In composition they seem to be of ?arFousVh.tes. from the 2d century before to the 3d century after Christ. Siddons, Mrs. Aug ":i 1880. All Anierican general. He served in I lie M cxlcan war : entered the Confederate service at the outbreak of the Civil War in 18«1 ; and commanded in New Mexico in ISfli He entered the Egyptian service in 18b9, with the rank of bi igadier-general, returning to the I nltcd States live years later. Sibley. Hiram. Born at North Adams, Jlass, Fob. G, 1SI)7 : died at Rochester, N. Y., July 12. 1888 An American financier. He was one of the organ'izers and the first president of the Western t nlon Tekwaph Company, and'constructe.i in ISfil 'I'cte egrap h line across the continent to California (afterward trans- ferred to the Western Union). During his presldeiicy the Western tnlon expended 8,S,000,noO on a line to biirope via Bering Strait, which was abandoned on the completion o the Atlantic cddc. He gave .*int)OuO for the es ablisl- mentr.f the Sibley College of Mechanical F.ngm.cring and tlie Mechanic Arts, connected with Cornell I nivcrslty. Sibley, John Langdon. Born at Union, Maine, Dec. 2'J, 1H(I4: died at Cumbridge, Mass., Dec. 9 188'i An American librarian. HcwasasslsUmt librarian of Harvard College 1841-60, and ^i\"^'l<"'^^''^JJ,^ He was editor for manyyears of the annual triennial a id quinqnennial catdogncs of Harvard ; an.l wrotcj Bio- graphical Sketches of the Graduates of Harvard I iilvcr- sity' i3V0ls. l87:V-8.^). , , „. Sibola. See f/?."frt and /"ft'. , n,f„,.1 Sibthorp (sib'thorp). John. Born at Oxfoid, England, Oct. 28, 17.'>8 : died at Bath, leb. 8, 17i)6. An F.nglish botanist, son of Dr. Hum- phrcv Silithorp. professor of botany at Oxford. He grmlnated at Oxford in 1778 : studied medicine ; became nrofissor of botany at the College of I'liyslclans in 1781 ; and succeeded his father at oxfonl. He wrote " Flora Oxonlensis" (1794) and "Flora Gra'ca" (edited by J. E. Smith and .lohn l.iiidley. H07 .•'»"/.). Sibylline Books, SibylUne Oracles, see Sihiils. Sibyls (sib'il/.). In ancient mythology, cerium women reput<'d to possess siMM-in! powers of DiopI.eey or divination aud intercession with But the Sibylline verses, which clearly belong to this period [of Antoninus), express, in the most remarkable man- ner this spirit of exulting menace at the expected simul- taneous fall of Konian idolatry andot Roman enipu-e rhe or"gTo( tl e whole ,.f the Siiiylliiie oracles now extant is not distinctly apparent, either from the style, tbe nianner of composition, or the subject of "'eir predictions. It is manifest that they were largely i»'*"P;''-''L"'',''5' ' ',? \,„ , *' tians to a late period ; and some of the books can be as- signed to no other time but the present. Much, ■'"doubt, was of an older date. It is scarcely credible that the Fathers of this time would quote contemporary forgeries as ancient prophecies. The Jews of Alexandria, who had acquired si.mi taste for Grecian poetry, and displayed some talent for the translation of their sacred boolis '"''; the Homeric language and metre, had, no doubt set the example of versifying their own prophecies and of ascr b- Ing them to the Sibyls, whose names were universally venerated, as revealing to mankind the secrets of futurity They may have begun by comparing their own prophets with these ancient seers, and spoken of the predictions of Isaiah or Ezekiel as their Sibylline verses, which may have been another word for prophetic or oi;aciilar. MUman, Hist, of Christianity, II. 121. Almost every region of heathenism boasU its Sibyl. Poetic predictions, ascribed to these inspired women, were either published or religiously preserved in the sacred archives of cities. Nowhere were they held in sllch awful reverence as in Rome. The opening of the Sibylline books was an event of rare occurrence, and only at seasons of (earful disaster or peril. . Milman, Hist, of Christianity, II. 122. Sibyls The Paintings bv Michelangelo, alter- nating with his figures of the prophets on the coved tritingles of the vaulting of the Sistine Chapel, Kome. Sicambri (si-kam'bri). A powerful German tiibo in ancient times. Also called Huijumbn (which see). . ^ r,^ v - t c- Sicanians (si-ka'm-anz). [Gr. XiKavoi, L. .Si- caiii'\ The primitive inhabitants of Sicily, found there on the arrival of the Sieulians, or Sicilians proper. „ , . . . n Sicard (se-kiir'), Abb.:' Roch Ambroise Cucur- ron. Bornat Foiisscret, near Toulouse, 1 ranee, Sept 20, 17-42: died May 10. 1822. A French phi- lanthropist, known as an instructor of deaf- mutes. He published " Th^orie des signes pour i'instruction des sourds-muets" (1808), etc. Sicarii (si-ka'ri-i). A class ot assassins and zealots in I'alestine in the later years of Nero s reign. They are referred to iu Acts x-xi. 38. Sichaeus. See Eliysa. Sichem. See Sli'rhem. Sicilian Bull, The. A bronze bull made as an instnimeiit '•( tori lire by Perillus tor the bicil- iiiu tvr:\iit I'hnlnris. ^ Sicilian Vespers. A name given to the mas- sacre of tlic French in Sicily by tho hicihans !'>»'■ so called from its commencement at ves- pers'on Raster Monday. S.>e IV/irc* Sicilicnmn. Sicilien, Le, ou 1' Amour Peintre. A comedy hv Moliorc, |.roiliii-ee. hr,uli„n.''m'l m','i..,.1.). The principal ph.l.l Is Cat.u.i... Til., leailh.g i>r...lu.t» are wh.'.il, ..ninges, .■ tr..n8, ollvti^ lenmns, an.l other (nills. sulphur » Ik, and sal . .Sicily w,.» forn.erly f...n"..» as tbe granary .d it.dy a.i.l H"" V 1' cntalns 7 nrovincs-Messln,. Cat,... a, .^J™''' »' l " '^ nissetta, Palermo, lilrguuti, and TrupauL llie luliablUinUi are of mixed descent. The early inhabitants were the SI- can! Sicull, and Elymi; aud Phcnician colonies were set- tled in early times. Greek colonization commenee.l in the Sth century u. 0. : among the chief Greek cities were Syracuse, Catana. Agrigentum, Selinus, aud Hiniera. An unsiiccessfiil Carthaginian Invasion occurred in 480 B. C, and an Athenian invasion in 4ir.-41S. The western part of Sicily was conquered by Carthage in the end of the .".tli ccntun- B c .Syracuse was the leading Greek iwwer un- der Dionysius the Elder, Tim.deon, Agathocles, etc., in the 4th century The island was tbe scene ot important events in the campaigns of Pyrrhus and in the first Punic war. The greater part of it was annexed by Rome in 241. Syra- cuse and Agrigentum were annexed in the second 1 unlc war Sicily sutf ercd in the Servile Wars of the 2d_centun. B. C. and under the a.lministration of Verres (73. 1 B. C). It was conquered by the Vandals, aud passed to the East O.iths in the 5th century ; was taken from the Goths by the Eastern Empire in the Cth century (the conquest Ue- einning with the successes of Belisarius in 535); was con- mured by the .Saracens 827-905 ; was temporarily con- quered by the Christians about 1O40; and was conquered by the .Normans under Robert and Roger Gniscanl 1061- 10911 Roger II. united Sicily with southern Italy (Sicily this side of the Faro) in 1127, and in 1130 assiiined the title of king. The Two Sicilies were taken possession of by the Hoheiistaufen emperor Henry VI. in J194 The Hohen- Btaufens were overthrown by Charles of Anjou in litW- The SiciUans revolted against the Angevius in 1282, and !.'.. ,.._ .1... ....... ..f Ar.,"■'"": berg etc • favored the Refomiatuin ; and became the head of aleague (1622-2;0 for tbe forcible introduction o he Refonnation and the overthrow ..f the P">"^» ""^ '^ ecclesiastical rulers. He besieged Treves in 1622 , « as op- posed by Hesse and tbe Palatinate, and was be- ieged In his fortress near Kaiserslantern and mortally wounded. Sickles (sik'lz). Daniel Edgar. Born at New York Oct. 20, 182.). An American general and politician. Hewasadmittedtothebarinl844 ; andwaa a Democratic member of Congress from -N ew } ork 185 , -61. At tl.<^ beginning of the Civil War he raised the Excelswr B igide Tftlnited states Volu,.teers at New \ork, and was commissioned colonel of one of the regiments. He Mi^ed 1 the Army.f the Potomac in the Pcninsu ar cam- Sn took part in the battle of Antietam; and distln- ^uishe.! himself as a corps commander at Chaneellorsv.ne ami Gettysburg (where he was severely wounded). He ? ..named he military district of the Carolinas after the war wasl>nitedStatesmi..istertoSpain 1869-7^^ was presidentof the New York St.ate Board of ( Ivil .service Commi8si..ner8. He was a Democratic member of ton- (jrt"^s from Nfw Vork 18'.t;i-9f>. t -n a. t Sick Man, The, or Sick Man of the East. A name given to the Turkish empire, in allusion to its deca>nng condition : first used by the czar Nicholas (if Russia in a conversation with the British ambassador Seymour. SicuU (sik'u-li). [Or. 2<«?.o.'.] One of the ear y peoples of Sicily and southern Italy: probably allied to tho Latins. They gave its name to the island. , -, r ■ ^ Sicyon (sish'i-on). [Gr. i:,Mu..] In ancient ge- ography, a city in the northern part of the Pel- oponnesus, Greece, situated near th.> Gulf of Corinth 10 miles northwest of Corinth. Sicy.ui was a nourishing comn.erclal center, an.l "f,?*'";";;;''' for its art. It was ruled by the dynasty .,f the Orllia- g,ui.la. 1,1 the 7th and Uth centuries B. .•., ami 251 became a member of the Achrcan League. Its site is occupi.d by the village of Vasilika. The a..clent theater, a large and lmporla.,1 ...nm.n.ent, has recently been excavale.l by the American Scho.d at Athens. At the bottom of the cave, fl "re is. .row of seat, ot honor, l.i the fonn of .e...he. with backs a.id anna. Access to the cavea ir..... » itl.out Is facilitated by two Greek vaulteil passages, there Is a covered un.lerinnmd passage, as at feretrla, from the ..Id- die of the orchestra t.rti.e Interior of the stage-slrucliire. Sicyonia(sisli-i-6'ni-ii). In ancient geography. th.' tcrrit.>rv surroiin.ling Sicyon, and boiinilea bv the Gulf ot Corinth on the northeast, Co- ri'nthia on the east, Argolis an.l Phliasia on the south, Arcadia on the west, aud Achaia on the s'iddhartha (si-. ?'"' ^"r; 26, 1773, n.arrled William Siddons, an actor. She m»ac Siddons, 5Irs. lier first appearance in London in 1775 as Portia. In 1777 she returned to the provinces, and in 17S2 appeared at Drury Lane with extraordinary success as Isabella in Southernes " Fatal Marri;>ge. " In 1785 she first appeared as Lady Macbeth, her greatest role, and in 17S8 appeared as Queen Katharine in her brothers revival of Henry Vin. In 1803 her brother John bought a share of Covent Garden Theatre, and she joined his company, playing there until she left the stage, June 29, 1812, after a remark- able career in her profession. She made a great impres- sion as Jane Shore, as Belvidera in " Venice Preserved," and as Queen Elinor in "King John. " Many stories arc told of her tragic mien in private life. In 1783 Sir Joshua Rey- nolds painted her as "the Tragic Muse." Siddons, Mrs. A portrait by Gainsboroush (17>*4), in tlip Xational Gallery, London. The tii.'ure is half-length and seated. Siddons, Mrs., as the Tragic Muse. A painting by Sir Joshua Reynolds (1784), in Grosvenor House, London. The great actress is seated, in deep thought, on a throne surrounded by clouds ; behind her 3t;ind two figures impersonating open and secret violence. Siddons, Mrs. Scott. Bom in India, ISU : died at Paris, Nov. 19, 1896. An English actress. She was the great-granddaughter of the celebrated Mrs, Siddons, and was educated in Gennany. She made her first professional appearance at Nottingham, England, as Ladv Macbeth, and her debut in .America as an actress at the "Boston Museum about 18BS, although she had pre- viously appeared in New York as a dramatic reader. Side (si'de). [Gr. ^i6r/.'] In ancient geography, a town of Pamph vlia, Asia Minor, situated on the Gulf of Pamphylia, about lat. 36° 45' N., long. 31° 25' E. , on the site of the modern Eslii Adalia. It contains a Koman theater, in part excavated from a hill 930 Siena established most of the Phenician colonies. Later it was Siege of Corinth, The. A narrative poem by outrivaled by TjTe, but continued to maintam an impor- j,ord E\Ton milili^hed in 1816 tant position. In 351 B. c. it was destroyed in eonsetiueTice of arevolt against the Persian king ArtaxersesIII. Uchiis. It was Still a wealthy city about the beginning of the Chris- tian era. During the Crusades it was several times de- stroyed. At present Sidon is represented by the town of Saida, with about lo.OOOinhabitants. Theancient Necropo- lis, Ion? known and exploited, has yielded numerous monu- ments of the most diverse ages and civilizations, from the oldest Phenician. still under Eg>'ptian influence, through the various stages of Greek art. In 1S87 an important dis- covery was made, consisting of an int;ict subtentinean mausoleum of several chambei-s. containing 22 sarcophagi, several of them bearing polychrome sculptures in relief of the best Greek art, and almost uninjured. The sarcoph- agi were transported to the museum at Constantinople, where they form one of the most important existing col- lections of ancient art. The Greek sarcophagi were not Siege of TfOV. executed at Sidon, but were imported from different GioSati ^yp'o-pii places and at different times. Their usual form is that of "J-C6*^" v^c „fu a temple. Four only are completely covered with sculp- ture; but these four rank with the finest existing pro- ductions of Greek art, and are the only sarcophagi known which belong to the best period of sculpture. The old- est is of Lycian form, ^v^th Centaurs and Lapiths and hunt- ing-scenes. The second, dating from the beginning of the 4th centurj- B. c. , is called " the Sarcophagus of the W eep- Ing Women, " from the graceful figures in the intercolum- niations of its Ionic colonnade. Tlie third bears varied scenes from the life of an Oriental ruler. The fourth is so splendid that its discoverers may be pardoned for pro- claiming it the sarcophagus of Alexander. Four of its six sculptured panels represent hunting -or battle-scenes in which the portrait of Alexander, almost contemporaneous, actually figures. It is no doubt the tomb of an Oriental chief who had enjoyed the companionship of the Macedonian conqueror. See Phenicia. . inpart excavaieu irom aniii- — . , . » •,■,. • , • ■*-•/ • i • -/ ride and in part built up of maionry, The cavea, greater SldomUS ApomnariS^(_slHl_0_m-US^ a-po^^^^ than a semicircle, has 26 tiers of marble seats below the precinction and 23 above it. A number of vaulted pas. sages lead from the precinction to the exterior. The di- ameter is 409 feet ; that of the orchestra, 123. Sidelhom. See Siedelhani. Sidg-wick (sij'wik), Henry. Bom May 31, 1838 : died Aug. 28, 1900. An English author. He was educated at Rugby and at Trinity College, Cam- bridge (being elected fellow in 1859), and was Knight- bridge professor of moral philosophy at Cambridge 188S- 1900r He published "Methods of Ethics" (1874), •• Pi-inciples of Political Economy" (1883), "Outlines of the History of Ethics ' (1886). etc. Sidlaw Hills (sid'la hilz). A range of low mountains in eastern Perthshire and southern Forfarshire, Scotland. Sidmouth (sid'muth). A seaport in Devon- shire. England, situated on the English Chan- nel 13 miles east by south of Exeter. Popula- tion (1891), 3.7.58. Sidmouth, Viscount. See Adflington. Henri/. Sidney (sid'ni). The capital of Shelby County, western Ohio, situated on the Miami 69 miles •n-fst-uorth west of Columbus, Population (1900), .'5,(388 ris) (properly Caius Sollius ApolUnaris Si- donius). Born at Lyons about 430: died in 482 or 484. xV Christian author. He was descended from a noble family, received a careful education, and married Papianilla, the daughter of Avitus (afterward emperor). He was appointed governor of Rome by the emperor .\nthemius in 467, and afterward raised to the rank of a patrician and senator. He ultimately entered the church, however, and in 472 succeeded Eparchius as bishop of Clermont, His extant works are "Cannina"and "Episto- larum libri IX," One man alone , , . gives us that more detailed infor, mation concerning the thoughts, characters, persons of the actors in the great drama which can make the dry bones of the chronologers live This is Caius .\pollinaris Sidonius, man of letters. Imperial functionary, country gentleman and bishop, who, notwithstanding much mani- fest weakness of character and a sort of epigrammatic dulness of style, is still the most interesting literary figure of the fifth century, nodgkin, Italy and her Invaders, II. 298. Sidra (sid'rii). Gulf of. The largest arm of the Mediterranean, on the northern coast of Africa, situated north of Tripoli and ivest of Barca : the ancient Syrtis Major. Length, about 260 miles character in Samuel Sidney, or Sydney (sid'ni), Algernon. Born at Sidrophel(sid'r6-fel). A( Peushurst, Kent, England, about 1622: behead- Butler's '-Hudibras," pro r^A -,4- T rt«,^^»-i Tii^rt T 1 fi.Q^ A Ti Tvti cr\ icli "poll- TT':ii: T ;il,» Siege of Rhodes, The. A play by Davenant, first brought out as a musical and spectacular entertainment in 1656. in IG02 it was produced in a much elaborated fonn with a great deal of music, and - a second part was added : both were printed in 16(33, It is important as being practically the lirst opera produced in England, Lock, Lawes. and Cook proviiled the music, and Lock, Cook, Purcell, Harding, and Mr. and Mrs, Ckile- man were among the actors. Siege of the Legations. The siege of the for- eign legations in Peliing by Boxers and Chinese troops during the summer of 1900. It lasted from .lune 21 until Aug. 14, wheu it was raised by the capture of Peking b>' the allied forces. See ittcuydl de Troie. A town in the province of Westphalia, Prussia, situated on the Sieg 47 miles east by south of Cologne, it is the center of an iron-mining and leather-manufacturing district, and contains the castle of the princes of Nassau-Siegen. It was the birthplace of Rubens. Population (1890), 12,312 ; commune, 18,242. Siege (sej) Perilous, The. A vacant seat at the Round Table, in Arthurian romance, which could be filled only by the predestined finder of the Holy Grail. Any other who sat in it paid for the act with his life. Siegfried, or Sigfrid (seg'fred; G. pron. zeg'- fret). [MHG. .S'/7V(Y.] A mythical prince (later king) of Xiderland on the lower Rhine : the hero of the "Xibelungenlied." He is the husband of Kriemhild, and is slain'by Brunhild. Siegfried is the Sigurd of the Old Xorse version of the legend in the Vol- sunga .Saga and the Edda. Siegfried. One of the four parts of Wagner's musical tetralogy " Der Ring des Nibelungen," first represented in 1876. Siemens (ze'mens), Werner. Born at Lenthe, near Hannover, Dec. 13, 1816: died at Berlin, Dec. 6, 1892. A German inventor and manu- facturer. He entered the Prussian army in 1834. but left the service in 1S49. In 1847 he established the llrm of Siemens and Halske at Berlin, branches of which were subsequently established at St. Petersburg (1857). London (1858), Vienna (18.tS), and Tiflis (1863). He was ennobled in 1S8S. He is noted for his researches in electricity, and was the author of numerous scientific papers. Siemens (se ' menz : G. pron, ze ' niens). Sir William (G.Wiihelm). Born at Lenthe, near Hannover, April 4, 1823: died at London, Nov. 19, 1883. A German-English physicist, engineer, and inventor: brother of Werner Siemens. He settled in England in 1844; became a naturalized British subject in 1S59 ; was elected to the Royal Society in 1862 ; was president of the British Association ; and in 1883 was knighted. His researches relate chiefly to electricity and heat. Hepublished ■■ On the Utilization of Heat and lither Natural Forces "(1S78)," The I>yn,imo-EIectric Current and its Steadiness" (18S1), and "On the Conservation of SoUar Energy " (18S3), His "Scientific Works " have been edited by E. F, Bamber (1S88). bably intended for ed at London, Dee. 7, 1683. An Euglish poll- ■\Villiarii Lillv. ■ ■ - ^ tician and patriot, younger sou of the second giebenbiirgeil (ze'ben-biirg-en). [G.. 'seven Siena (se-a'na). A province of Tuscany, Italy. Earl of Leicester. HeservedintheParliamentaryarrny, eastles.'] The German name of Transylvania. S^'^^- 1,171 square miles. Population (1891), being wounded at Marston in 1644 ; was in 1643 elected to Parliament, where he took rank as one of the Independents ; became governor of Dublin and lieutenant-general of horse in Ireland 1646 : became coun- cilor of state in 1659 : was peace commissioner between Denmark and Sweden i6o9H30 ; lived on the Continent after the Restoration until 1677 ; and, being known to be a sup- porter of ilonmouth, was arrested on the discovery of the Rye House Plot (with which he had no connection) in June, of the leaders Sicbengebirge (ze'ben-ge-ber'ge). [G., ■seven 207.221. mountains.' J Rhine Province, Prussia, on the right bank of the Rhine, near Konigswinter, 22 miles south- east of Cologne. Its chief mountains are the Drachen- fels, Olberg. and Lowenburg. It is famous for its pictur- esque scenery and legendary and historical associations. lf»3, and condeiiined to death for high treason. lie wrote Siebold (ze'bolt). Karl Theodor Emst VOU. A moimtainous region in the Siena (se-a'na), or Sienna (se-en'na). Thecapi- ' Discourses Concerning Government " (1698), etc. Sidney, Mary, Countess of Pembroke. Born in 1557: died in 1621. An English poet, sister of Sir Philip Sidney. She married the Earl of Pem- broke in 1577, and in 1580 Sidney, being in disgrace at coiu"t, went to stay at Wilton with her. They made a poetical version of the psalms together, and Sidney wrote tor her there his " .\rcadia," which she prepared for the press and pulilished in 1590, after his death. She also WTote poems, and a tragedy " Antonius," She is the subject of Ben Jou- son's well-known epitaph for "Sidney's sister, Pembroke's mother." Sidney, or Sydney, Sir Philip. Born at Pens- hurst, Kent. England, Nov. 29, 1554: died at Arn- heim, Netherlands, Oct. 7, 1586. An English author and general. He studied at Shrewsbury school and at Christ Church, Oxford, supplementing his scholastic education by several years of travel on the Continent. He was envoy to the emperor Rudolf n. 1576-77 ; was an offi- cer in the English expedition to the Netherlands under Leicester 1585-86 ; was appointed governor of Flushing in 1585 ; and was mortally wounded at the battle of Zutphen Sept. 22, 1586. He wrote the pastoral romance " .\rcadia " (1590), the series of sonnets " Astrophel and Stella " (1591), *' Defence of Poesie " (1595), etc. A complete edition of his works was published in 1725; his " Complete Poems " were edited by Gros.art,in 1873. Sidney SussexCoUege. .\ college of Cambridge Universitj, founded in 1.595 by the Countess of Sussex, daughter of Sir William Sidney, on the site of a Franciscan monastery, Sidon(si'don). ['Fishingtown.' 6r. 2((!, " Flora Japonica " (1835- ), " Bibliotheca Japonica "(1833- 1841), "Cataloguslibrorum Japonicorum " (1845), etc. Siedelhorn, or Sidelhom (ze'del-horn). A mountain in the Alps, with two summits (Gross Siedelliom and Klein Siedelhorn), situated on the border of the cantons of Bern and Valais, Switzerland, 24 miles southeast of Interlaken. Height, 9,395 feet. Siedlce (sya'dl-tse),Russ. Syedlets (syad'lets). 1. A government of Russian Poland, situated east of the government of Warsaw. Area, 5,535 square miles. Population, 671.598. — 2. The capital of the government of Siedlce, situated 50 miles east by south of Warsaw. An opera by Rossini. talof the province of Siena, Italv, situated in lat. 43° 19' N., long. 11° 19' E. : the ancient Sena Julia or Colonia Julia Senensis. It has consider- able trade and manufactures, and is celebrated for its works of art. The cathedral is one of the most notable of Italian Pointed buildings, essentially of the 13th century. 289 feet long, 8O3 across nave and aisles, and 170 across the tran- septs, in the 14th century the plan was formed to make the existing church merely the transept of a grand new cathedral, facing the south, and much was done toward carrying this out, but the work was stopped by the plague of 1356. The rich triple-pedimented front is inlaid in black, red, and white, with painting and gilding ; the interior, built throughout of alternate courses of black and white marble, even to the high clustered columns, is very im- pressive : it is famous for its mosaic and graffito pavement in pictorial designs (the finest work of the kind in exis- tence), and for its hexagonal sculptured pulpit by Kiccolo Pisano. In addition, it is full of fine church furniture, and possesses statues by Michelangelo, a noted painting of the Madonna by Duccio, and many beautiful frescos by Pinturicchio and others. There is a lofty square campan'le on the south transept. The Palazzo del Governo, or I'ic- colomini (now containing the Sienese archives), by Rosel- lino, finished in 1,500, is one of the best-proportioned and most effective Renaissance palaces in Tuscany. The Pa- lazzo Pubblico. an imposing 14th-century structure, with traceried windows, arcades, and battlemented roof, is fa- mous for the frescos which adorn its halls. The Piazza del Campo, churches of San Giovanni and San Domenico, university, Opera del Duomo, Oratorio di San Bernardino, picture-gallerj', libraries, house of St. Catherine, fountains, and p.alaces of Tolomei, Buonsignori, etc., are :ilso notable. Siena was probably a settlement of the Senonian Gauls. It tt as made a Roman colony by .Augustus ; was in the mid- dle ages the capital of a powerful republic, and an im- portant art center ; was a stronghold of the Ghibellines, and a rival of Florence, which it defeated at Jlonte .\perto in 1260; was under the rule of the* despot Pandolfo Pe- trucci about 1.50<1 ; was besieged and taken by the Floren- tines and Imperialists in 15.55; and was formally incor- porated with Tuscany in 1557. It was famous in the development of architecture, painting, and wopd-carvinjt Population (1892), 28,600. Siena, Council of Siena.Council of. A council of the church held iu Siena 1423-24. It was unproductive of results. Sienkiewicz (syen-kye'vicbi. Henryk. Bom in Lithuania iu 1845. A Polish novelist. He Btudifil at Warsaw, and passed some itf liis early years in California. Aratin^ iiis worlds are ''U(rnieni i niieezein " ("By Fire and Sword "), "'Baitek Zwycierea "('" Harlek \ ic- torious"), "Rodzina Polanieekich" (translated as "Chil- dren of the Soil "), and " Quo Vadis?" Sienna. See Siena. Sierra (se-er'rii). [Sp., 'mountain-range': in South America often used for mountainous and open lands, in contradistinction to plains and forest.] A common name in Peru for the region between the central and eastern Cordil- leras of the Andes, drained by affluents of the upper Amazon. It was the principal seat of the Inca civilization. Sierra (se-er'rii) Blanca. [Sp., 'white moun- tains.'] The name of three distinct mountain- chains in the Southwest. One is in southern Colo, rado, and contains the highest peak in that State ; an- ottier is in southeastern New Mexico, and rises to about 12,000 feet ; and the third is in eastern Arizona (its highest pealia are not over ll,noo feet). Sierra Capitana (kil-pe-tii'nii'). [Sp., 'captain (i. o. ' chief) mountains.'] A mountain-range in middle New Mexico, having an elevation of over 10,000 feet. It lies between the Pecos River and the Rio Grande. Sierra de Dolores (da do-lo'res). [Sp., 'moun- tains of our Lady of Sorrow.'] A mountain- chain south of Santa F^, New Mexico, also called Placer Viejo ( ' Old Placer "i. its altitude is about 9,00<) feet. It contains placers of gold of some value, but not productive on account of lack of water. Sierra de Gredos (da gra'THos). A mountain- range in central Spain, in the provinces of Avila and Cdceres. Highest point, 8,693 feet. Sierra de Guadalupe (da gwa-THii-lo'pa). A mountain-range in the province of Caceres, western Spain. Sierra de Guadarrama(gwii-THiir-r;i'mii). A mountain-range in central Spain, north and northwest of Madrid. It divides northern from southern Spain. fli_'llept point, 7,888 feet. Sierra de los Ladrones (da 16s lii-THro'ues). [Sp.,' mountains of the thieves.'] Apieturesque cluster of mountains in New Mexico, south- west of Albuquerque, about 9,000 feet high. In the begitiniuK of the I8th century it was a favMflte le- sort of the Apaclies; lience, probably, the name, n.s tliese marauders were accustomed to retire thither with tlieir booty. Sierra de San Francisco (siiu frau-thes'ko). See San Fruiuia Mountain. Sierra de Santa Rita (da san'ta re'ta). A high range in southern Arizona, southeast of the town of Tucson. Sierra Florida (fl6-re'THii). [Sp., 'blooming mountains.'] A niotmtain cluster, a little over 7,000 feet high, ri.sing a short distance from Deming in southeastern New Mexico, its slopes are very barren, but tlie gorges in its interior are quite rich in fl<»wers : hence the name. Sierra Leone de-o'ne, locally lo-on' ; Sp. pron. Ia-6'ua). A British colony on tlie coastof west- ern Africa. Capital. Freetown. It includes .sierra Leone proper and various teiTitories under Britisli protec- tion, and is situated northwest of Liberia, about lat. 6' .'i.'i - 1(}' N. The putiinsula ^tf Sierra i.eone is traversed by hiUs. Tile chief exports are palm i»r4iduct.H, rubber, imts, etc. The inhabitants are mostly negroes of various races. The establishment of a colony of liberated slaves here in 1787 was unsuccessful ; but a 8ucccs»ful attempt wm made in 171)1, under the patronage of Wilberfon e and others. Sierra Leone became a crown (Colony in 1807. Area, about 3(^000 sipiare miles. Population (]«n7), about 180,0(10. Sierra Madre (mil'Tiira). [Sp., 'mother jnoun- tains,' i. e. ' main range.'] A mountain-range in Mexico. In an extended sense the name is applied to the Kocky Mountain >ysl,-tn in New .Mexico. Sierra Magdalena ( iuag-dii-la'nii l. The high- est mountain-range in southern New Mexico, west of the RioGrande. Itsgreatest elevation is about II.IIOO feet. It is very rich in silver ores. Sierra Morena(m6-r!i'ua). [Sp., 'brown moun- tains.'] A mountain-range in southern Spain, stretching nearly east and west on the border of Ciudad Real on the norlli and .laen on the south. The name Is sometlnu'S extended to incluilc the chains westward to the frontier of Portugal. Sierra Nevada (na-vii'Tiiii). [sp., 'snowy mountains.'] The Inghest mountain-range in Spain. It is situated in the sinlthern part of Andalnsl.i, Bouth and soutlieast of Cranada. nearly paniUel with tlie coast, ilicbcst pea)<, Mulahacen (1I,(W;0 feet). Sierra Nevada (ne-vii'dji). A collection of mountain-ranges in California, nearly parallel to the P.acitii' coast. It is continued by the cascade Mountains on the north, and on the south merges with the Coast Range near the Xejon Pass. It forms the caatern 931 border of the great valley of California, and is famous for its gnmd scenery (big trees, Yoseniite Valley, etc.). High- est summit. Mount Whitney (N,S97 feet). Siete Partidas (se-a'ta pUr-te'THiis'), Las. [Sp.,'The Seven Laws.'] A code of Spanish law, compiled under the direction of Alfonso X. of Castile. Sievers (ze'vers), Georg Eduard. Bom Nov. 25, 1850. A noted German idiilologist, pro- fessor successively at Jena (1871-83), Tiibing- eu (1883-87). Hallo (1887-92), and Leipsic ( 1 892). Among his works on Teutonic philology are " Der Heliand und die angelsachsische (.Jene6is"(1876), "Angel- 8achsiBche(irammatik"("Anglo-Saxou Grammar"; 2dea. 1880), etc. Sievershausen (ze'vers-hou-zen). A village in Prussia, 17 miles east of Hannover. Here, .Inly 9, \i'a, Jlaurice, elector of .Saxony (who was mortally woundeti in the battle), defeated the margrave Albert of Brandenburg. Sieyfes (se-ii-yas'), Conitc Emmanuel Joseph, generally caileilAbb6 Sieves. Born at Frfjus, France, May 3, 1748 : died at Paris, June 20, 1830. A French statesman and publicist. He was the s8. On the outbreak of the Civil War he organized a regiment of I'nitcd States volunteers of which he became colonel. He won the battle of Carthage in l.SOl ; comv maiided a wing of the army at Pea Ridge and at the sec- ond battle of liuU Run iu 1S02 ; and was commander of the Department of West Virginia in 1S()4, being defeated by Breckinridge at Newmarket. He was t'nited States pen- sion agent at New York under Cleveland 1885-89, Sigeum (si-je'um). [Gr. S/jrwi'.] In ancient geography, a jiromontory and town in I ho Troad, Asia Minor, at the entrance to the Hellespont. It was the legendary station of the Greek Qeet in the Trojan war. Sigismund (sij'is-mund; G. pron. ze'gis-mfint). Horn I3UI : ilied Dec. 'J, 1437. Kmiieror .it tlie Holy Roman Fmiiire, son of Cliarles IV. and brother of Wen/id. Ho received the margiavatc of Brandenburg in i;i78 ; married the heiress of Hungary and became king of that country iu 1887 ; was defeated by the Turksat Nicopolisiii 139ti; was deposed by the Hung.'uians ill 140], but rectfverol the throne by force; succeeded Weiizel asemperorin 1411 ; and tui Wenzel's ilealh in 1419 succeeded to the crown of Bohemia, where, however, his authority was set at naught by the HiiHsltes until shortly before bis death. Among the events of bis reign were the Council of Constance, where he had Huss burned Iu spite of a safe-conduct: the Hussite war; and the granting of Brandenburg to Frederick of Nuremberg (141.'t). He was crowned by the I'ope in 14:13. lie wiu* the last emperor of the house of Luxemburg. Sigismund L Bom Jan. 1, 1407 : died at Cra- cow, Ajiril 1, I.'ils. Kingof I'ulaiid 1.'.1K;-48. Ho waged war successfully \n itb Russia, Wallacllia, and Mol- davia, and was a ca[)able and energetic ruler, Sigismund II. Augustus. Bom Aug. 1, 1.520: died l."i72. Kiiigoi Poland, son of Sigismund I. wlloin h<' succeeded ill ].">|S. Lithuania and the rkniine were utdted to Poland in his reign. He was tlio last of tbclat'i'lloiin. Sigismund III., or Sigismund Vasa. Bomfififi: died at Warsaw, 1032. King of Poland 1.">S7- 1032. He inherited Sweden In 1.M12, and was crowned king of Sweden in K'lM, but wiui deposed and succeeded by Charles l.\. in KWI. Sigmaringen (zig'mil-ring-en). The capital of the lu-oviiice iif Holieiizolhrn, Prussia, situated on the Danube in lat. 4S<' :'/ N„ hiiig. 9° 13' E, It was the capital of the former principality of Sigina- Sikhs ringen, and has an imp23. An Italian painter. He was tho pupil of Ills uncle, I.azzaro Vasari. and later of Piero della Francesca, who is supposed to have taken him to Rome with him. In 1472 he executed his first independent work, the decoration of the chapel of Santa I'.arbani in San Lo- renzo at Arezzo, which was followed by other works in that city. As a fresco-painter bis career is marked by great works — the decoration of the Sacristy of Loretto. that of the sistine Chapel at Rome (before 1484), and that of the Chapel of the Virgin at Orvieto. In 149;) he was invited to complete the work begun by Fra Angelico 50 years l)e- fore at Orvieto, which resulted in the great frescos espe- cially associated with his name. Sigourney (sig'er-ni), Mrs. (Lydia Huntly). Born at Norwich, Conn., Sept. 1. 1791 ; died at Hartford, Conn., June 10, 1865. An American ])oet and miscellaneous writer. Her works include " Letters to Young Ladies " (18.13), "Pocahontas, and Other Poems' (1841), "Pleasant Memories of Pleasant Lands" (1842), Sigsbee (sigs'be). Charles Dwight. Born at Albany, N. Y., Jan. 16, 1845. .Vn American naval officer. He was grailuated from the United States Naval Academy in 1883 ; served under Farragut at the battle of Mobile Bay, Aug. 5, 16f,4 ; and was promoted commander in 1882, and captain in 1897. He commanded the I'nited States battleship Maine at the time of her de- striKtion In Havana harbor, Feb. 16, 1898. During the Spanish-.\mericnu war he commanded the auxiliary cruiser St. Paul, and was later translt-rred to the Texas. Sigtuna (sig-td'niO, or Sigtun (sig'ton). A small town on Lake Miliar, Sweden, 26 miles north by west of Stockholm : said to be the oldest city of Sweden. Sigurd (ze'gcird). In the northern Viilsunga Saga, the Siegfried of the '"Nibelungenlied." Sigyn (se'gUn). In Norse mythology, the wife of Loki. Sihasapa (se-hii'sii-pii). ['Blackfeet.'] A tribe of Xarth -Vmerican Indians, commonly called Blackfoot or Blackfeet. They are to be distinguished from the Blackfeet, or Siksika, wiio belong to tlie Algd within the Himalaya region. The inhabitants are Li-pchas or Ktmg. It is governed by a raja, subsidized by the Brit- Isb. It became a British protectjiralc in 1889-lKi. Area, estimated, 2,0uO square miles. Population (1891), 30,4.SS, Sikhs (seks). [From Hind. SHIi, lit. a 'disci- ple': a distinctive name of the disciples of Nanak Shah, who founded the sect.] The mem- bers of a piditieo-religious c00 its a sect based on the principles of monotheism and hu- man brol herliood. inder their hereilltary theocratic chiefs the Sikhs were organized into a political and mil- itary foi-ce, collectively called Kbalsa, '1110 portion' (of God"), while every tnember received the surname of Siiigh (In Sanskrit jri'»/t(f, 'Hon'). This military organiuitiou was especiallv due t4> Gi>vind Singh. Social lriei|imlily was abolished, of the Hindu usages only the respect paid to cows was retained. ICvery one was an unbeliever w-Iio had not been admitted to the Khalsa by bavini; tlvc o1 the In- itiated drink with him the sherbet of the I'ablnl. A Sikh was forbldileii to n-tnrn the Sidntatiiui of a Hindu, and was bound to kill a Mussulman on meeting him. The holy war was his vocation. Ibe Sikh soMier prayeil to his sword. Govind .•ilngli stmcglcd with the Mognts :ttl year*, anti then accepted a commanil in the impel lal army. Ho fell by an Afghan asjeissln In 1708, appointiin; no succea- sor and declaring the i;miith (sie AtliUronlh) to be the future guru. After him an le^cclic named Itanda was tho chief t>f the Khals:!. Cnder him the Sikhs were almost annihilated by the armies of Farrnkbshir. Itanda himself was captuie acters used by the Jews in the time of Isaiah, perhaps even in the time of Solomon himself. The discovery has cast a flood of light on the early topography of Jerusalem, and has made it clear as the daylight that the Jews of the royal period were not the rude and barbarous people it has been the fashion of an unbelieving criticism to as- sume, but a cultured and literary population. Sayce, Anc. Monuments, p. 5. Sils (zils). The name of several villages in the . canton of Grisons, Switzerland. Sils in the Upper Engadine is situated 8 miles southwest of Pontresina. Near it is Silser See, formed by the Inn, 4i miles long. Silsilis (sil 'si -lis). In ancient geography, a place on the Nile, near Edfu : the modern Sil- sili. It is remarkable forits sandstone-quarries. Silures (sil'u-rez). In ancient history, a people dwelling in the western part of Great Britain, mainly in what is now South "Wales, at the pe- riods of the Roman and Anglo-Saxon conquests. Silurist (si-lu'rist). The. A name given to Henry "\^aughaii, from his birth in "Wales. Silva (sel'va), Antonio Jos6 da. Bom at Rio de Janeiro, May 8, 170.T : died at Lisbon. Oct. 13,1739. A Portuguese dramatist. His comedies are among the finest in the Portuguese language. Silva was twice imprisoned by the Inquisition on the charge of "Judaism. " The last incarceration was in 1738, and ended in his being burned with his wife and aged mother. Silva, Innocencio Francisco da. Born at Lis- bon, Sept. 28, 1810: died there, June 28, 1876. A Portuguese bibliographer. He labored under great disadvantages, being poor and forced to spend much of his time in the subordinate government positions which he was able to obtain. His principal work is the "Dicciona- no bibliographico portuguez" (7 vols. 1858-62, and unfin- ished supplement, 2 vols. l>67-7o). It is the most com- plete bibliography of Portuguese (including Brazilian) literature, containing 19,328 titles, with biographical notes on the authors. Silva Alvarenga. See Alvarenga. Silva Marciana. See Ahnoha. Silvana (sil-vii'nii), or Silvana das Wald- madchen. -\n ojiera bv Weber, produced at Frankfort in 1810. Silvanus, or Sylvanus (sil-va'nus). In Italian mythology, a god, protector of woods, fields, herds, etc. Silva Paranhos (sel'va pa-ran'yos), Jos6 Ma- ria da. Born in Bahia. March 16, 1819: died at Rio de Janeiro. Nov. 1, 1880. A Brazilian diplo- matist and statesman, viscount of Rio Branco from 1870. He was senator from 186-2, several times cabinet minister, and premier 1871-73. During the latter period he proposed and carried through parliament the law of Sept. 28, 1871, by which children bom of slave pa- rents were declared free under certain conditions, and a fund was provided for manumissions. This is often called "the Rio Branco law": it prepared the way for the final extinction of slavery. Silver-Fork School. In English fiction, a nick- name given to a group of novelists (Theodore Hook, Mrs. TroUope, Lady Blessington, etc.) who laid great stress on matters of etiquette. Silver Grays. The bolting Whigs, led by Fran- cis tiranger, who left the New York conven- tion of 1848 : so called from the fact that several of them were gray-haired men. Silver (sil'ver) Mountain. Apeak of the Sierra Nevada in Alpine County. CaUfomia. Silves (sel'ves). A town in the province of -41- garve, southernPortugal,112miles south-south- east of Lisbon. The cathedral is a fine Romanesque building with some Pointed arches and windows, and Silves 933 other later features. The castle is of Moorish foundation, with a line cistern and six main towers : in front of tlie walls tliere are det^iched towers ; coiumunicatinK witli the fortress by 9t<-»ne bridges, as is the (ireat tower of Bellver, near I'alma. The city walls are Moorisli, well preserved, and picturescjne. Several of the pates are noteworthy : one, of ;;reat size, has tlu-ee larce arclles opening on di- verting streets. ropillati<.n (1S78). G.913. Silvester, or Sylvester (sil-ves'tir), I. [L., ' of tlie woods,' F. ISilnestre, Pg. Si/liestre, G. Sil- vester.] Bishop of Rome 314-33;'). Little is known Simeon Stylites (sim'f'-oii sti-li'tez)< concerning his pontificate. The st^ry which connects ' ' ' " "" -—■■•-■ « his name with the baptism of Constantine the Great is pure fiction (see Donation of ConxtaiUine). Silvester II., orisinalh- Gerbert. Died Mav 12, 1003. Pope 999-1003. He was a native of Aquitania, end before his accession became famous under his l^liris- Simple Cobbler of Agawam, The The c42.— 2. The capital of the district of Simla, situated about 7,000 feet above sea- level. It is noted as a sanatorium, and as tlie residence of many othrials ^inclndiiig tlie viceroy) during tlie hot season. Population, witll cantonment (18D1X 13,836. Simme (zim'mc). Greater >>r- Great. A small river in tlie canton of Bern. .Switzerland, which jdiiis I lie Kander (tributary of the Aare) :) miles south of Tliun. •allev the burn-haired Silvia, rash and reckless." — 2. The Simmenthal (zitn'men-tiil), popularly Sieben- principal female character in Farquhar's com- edy "The Recruiting Officer." She is the daughter of Ballance, and in love witli Captain Plume. She disguises herself as a rakish soldier and serves in liis company, anil is one of the most sparkling and witty characters of com- edy. This was a favorite character witll the actresses of the 18th century. 3. The forsaken mistress of Vainlove in Con- greve's " Old Bachelor." Silvius (sil'vi-us). A shepherd in Shakspere's " As you Like it." Silvretta (sil-vret'ta), or Selvretta (sel-^Tet'- tii). A group of the Rha>tian Alps, situated in the eastern part of the canton of Grisons, Swit- zerland, north of the Inn, and on the borders of Tyrol and Vorarlbcrg, about 25-30 miles east of Coire. Highest summit, PizLinard (11,207 feet). Simabara (se-inii-bil'rii). Gulf of. An arm of the Pacific Ocean, on the western coast of the island of Kiusiu, Japan. Simancas (se-miin'kiis). A small town iu the province of Valladolid, Spain, situated on tlie Pisuerga 7 miles southwest of VaUadolid. The castle is a moated and battlcmented fortress, formerly a seat ot the admirals of Castile. From the time of Charles V. it lias been tlie place of deposit of the national archives ol Spain. SimancaS; Archives of. A collection of docu- ments relating to S]iain and its colonies, formed at Simancas by order of Charles V. (l.')43). It was reorganized by Philip II. iu 15(57. In 1788 many im- portant papers relating to the colonies were sent to Seville ; many others disappeared during tlie Napoleonic wars; and the collection, once very lai-ge, is now com- paratively unimportant It is kept in the old c;i8tle (see above), Simbirsk (sitn-bersk'). 1. A government of thai (ze'ben-tjil). An Alpiiu southwestern part of the canton of Bern, Swit- Simon (se'-'ili6n')rPedro zerh.nd. traversed by the Great Simme. Parrilla, Spain, in l.'>74 Simmering (simmer-ing). A sotitheastern sub- - • •- iirb of Vienna. Simms (simz), William Gilmore. Bom at Ch;irleston, S. C, April 17, I-SOO: died there, June 11, 1870. An American novelist, historian, and l>oet . He wrote many novels, largely on Southern life, and many of tliem liistoricaKRcvolutionaiT and colo- c:_,-„ /„;; i.i.'.r'iM nial epoch) and frontier romances. Tliese include " The "i,"^"" ^ ,,",..-', Yemassee ■'^(183,'i), " Carl Werner " (183S), " I'elavo" (1839), "The Kinsman" (later called "The .Scout," 1811), "Tlio P.artisan" (18:15), and "Count .Tulian "(1845). His best- known poem is "AtiUantis: a Drama of the Sea" (!83'i). His historical works include "A History of South Carolina" (1810), ".South Carolina in the Revolution" (1854), lives of Marion, Greene, etc. Simnel (sim'nel), Lambert. Born about 1472. A pretender to the tlirone of Engbind, person- aniler Jaiinieus, and president of the Sanhe- drim. In conjunction with Judah ben Tabbai, he intro- duced many reforms, promoted instruction, and restored law and order, whicli had been disturbed through the ar- bitniiiness and tyranny of his brother-in-law. They were tlierefore honored w-itli tlie title "restorers of the law." Simon de Montfort. See Montfori. Simon (se-mon'), Jules (in full Jules Fran- (jois Simon Suisse). Born at Loiient. Miirl>i- han, France, Dec. 31. 1814 : died at Paris, June 8. 1896. A distinguished French statesman, pliilosopher, and publicist : professor at the Sor- lionne. He w;r8 a republican member of the .Assembly 1848-'to ; Wiis removed from bis professorship in 1»;'>1 ; was a leading opposition ineml)er of the Corps Legislatif \hGA~ 1870 ; w;vs riiemhcr of the govei-nment of national defense and minister of imbli,; instruction 187o-71and 1871-73 ; was clioaen senator and mentbcr of the French Academy in 1875 ; and was premier 1870-77. Among his works are " Histoire de l^cole dAlexandrie" (1844-45), " I.e devoir" (1854), "La libertiS de conscience ' (18.')ii). " L'Ouvriere" (18(>3;, L'Kcole " (I81H), •■ Le^travail " (1806), etc. Antonio. Bom at La : diet! in New Granada after 1627. A Franciscan missionary and his- torian. He went to New Granada in 1004, and began to write a history of the confjuest in 102.'t, when he was pro- vincial of his order. Only tlie first part, relating mainly to Venezuela, was published (1027), and it is now very rare. Two other parts are known in manuscript. The work is of great value. Richard. Bom at Dieppe, France, May 13, 1038: died tliere, April 11, 1712. A Frendi biblical critic, a member of the Con- gregation of the Oratory. His chief works are -'His- toire critique du Vieux Testament "("Critical History of tlie old Testajufiit." printed in France, but suppressed: puljlished in Holland in 1(85.=.), " Uistoirc critiiiue du texte du Nouveau Testament" (ICSO), "Histoire criti()Ue defl versions du Nouveau Testament" (l(^!tOX and "Histoire criti(|ue des principaux commentateurs du Nouveau Tes- ating the Karl of Warwick. His adlien'ii'ts were c":^"'™'"*io"''^ ; , '; i-.,> „,. <^»,«,^„^,1<.<, i.c defeated by Henry VII. at Stoke in 1487. ^ii^°^aOz). '^' ^^"^^^^^^^ ^"*' Lambert Siranel. with his tutor, Simon the priest, fell into the king's hands, wlio spared their lives, and appointed the former to the olficc of turnspit, being eventually pro- moted to tliat of falconer, and as guardian of the king's liawks he lived and died. Lawless, Story of Ireland, p. 135. Simois (sim'ois). [Gr. 2(/;(5f7f.] In ancient geography, a small river in the Troad, Asia Minor, often mentioned in the Iliad. Simon. [F. Simo», Sp. Simon, Pg. Simao, It. Simnne, LL. Siiiimi, (ir. i)///(ji', prop, a (ir. name, lit. 'flat-nosed,' but in pai-t also an accommoda- tion of the different Ileb. name ShiniOn, Simeon. See Simeoii.'] See I'clcr. iambic poet. Fragments of his poems have been preserved (Bergk s "Poeta> lyrici Gripci"). eastern Russia. It lies west of the Volga, and is siir. Simon (si'mqn). A brother or relative of Jesus: .---..- o _. „.._......, , ii'i,,, I j^lp,^(j(■i^,,l ,yil], Simon the Canaanite. Simon. A tanner of Joppa at whose house St. Peter resided. Simon, sumamed MagUS ('the Magician'). A sorcercrof S!iniari:i. re]presented in Acts viii. as having b(M'n converted by I'liilip, a ml as seeking to purcha.se miraculous jioweis wit li money, in later accounts he is repiTsent^'d as the foundt rounded by the governments of Kazan. Suniara, Saratolf Penza, ami Nijnl-Novgorod. Area, ll),10i) scjuare miles. Population (1890), 1,055.50(1. 2. The capital of the government of Simbii'sk, situated on the Volga and the Sviyaga, about lat. 54° 25' N. It has an important fair. Popu- lation (1890), 39,395. Simcoe (sim'ko). [Named from J. G. Simcoe.] The capital of Norfolk County, Ontario, ('aiiada, situated on the river Lvnn 37 miles southwest of Ilamilfnn. Poimhifion , I'.HIl), 2.()27. Simcoe, John Graves. Born near Exeter, Eng- land, Feb. 2.'), 1752: dit^l at Toibay, England, Oct. 26, 1806. A Bi-itish conimainler in the American Revolution, and later colonial gov- eriiiir in Voper Canada and elsewhere. Simcoe, Lake. A lake in Ontario, Canada, 37 miles nortli of Toronto. Its outlet is into Geor- giauBay, Lakelluion. Length, about 30 miles. Simeon (sim'e-on). [Heb. Sim'ihi ; F. Simeon, Simon, It. Sinione, Sp. Simon, Pg. Similo, Si- nicao, G. Simeon, Simon.'] 1. One of the jiatri- arclis. a son of .lacub and Leah. — 2. One of the tribes of the Israelites, descended from the p.Ttriarch Simeon. It occupied the extreme southwestern part of Palestine. Simeon, or Symeon, of Durham. Died about lliill. .\ii Ellgli^ll lii>tc>riiin, authorof a histery of the church of Durham, andof ahiston" of the rof ahereti- ).ofAmorgOS. [Gr. IV/Jor/iSj,.;.] Born in Saitios: lived about 660 b. c. A famous Greek iambic prt Tlie next poet of this period is Siinonides, or, as some call him, Semonidea, son of Krines, of Samos, who led a colony to the island of Amorgos, after wliicll the poet Is called, to distinguish him from the later Simonides of Keos. Here he dwelt in the town of lliuoa. The chro- nologists place him about 01. 29 or»i(OCion. c). and make hill) contemporary witli, if not later than, Archilochns. Though cllicHy celebnited as one of the earliest iambic poets, he wrote the " Archieology of Samos, ' in two bixiks of elegiacs, i>f which no trace now remains. About forty fragments of his iambic verse arc to lie found in Bergk's col- lection, butonly twoof them arc of any importance. One (■_'5 lines) reflects on the restlessness and tniuhle of life, and recommends equanimity In a spirit of sad » isdom. The other (120 lines) is the famous satire on women, com- paring them to sundry animals, o» lug to their having been created of tliese respective natures. Mohiiihi, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit, I. 101. Simonides of Ceos. Bom at lulls, island of Ceos, Greece, 556 li. c: died at Syracuse about 469-467 B. c. A noted Greek poet. He lived in Alliens, Thcssaly. Syracuse', and elsewhere, and w rot<; epi- prams, lyi-b->. tbreliodies, etc. cal sect. The legend of Doctor Faustus contains traces of Simon MaCCabaeUS. See Maecahees. the legends of Simon and Helena, his coni|ianioll. Simonoseki. See Shimonimeki. Simon probably was one of that class of ndventimrs SilUOn's Town (si'liKUiz toiiiO. A small sea- . ... ji,, 1-1 ii, (':i]ie Colony, South Africa, situated on False Hay 18 miles soufli of Cape Town. Simony (si'm(}-ni). Dr. A character in Foote's play "The Cozeners," supposed to be intended for Dr. Dodd who was afterward e.xecuted (f hough for foi-gery. not for simony). Simon Zelotes. See Simon the Viiniuinile. SimpcOX (sim'koks^. An impostor in the sec- on(l pari of Shakspere's " King Henry VI." Simplef'^iiu'pl). AservanI of Slender: n char- aeterin Shakspere's "Merry Wivesof Windsor." Simple, Peter. The hero of a novel of the same name liv M:irryiit. published in 18:!7. Simple Cobbler ol Agawam, The. .\ satire bv Xatlianiel W'ai-d. )mMislied in \M' . Though written In Anieilca. 11 wim senior taken to F.lipland by theaullior, and published there uuder the iiseudonym of Tliiiuduru lie la (iuard. which abounded at this period, or like ApoIIonlus of ana and others at a hiter time, with \\\vm\ the onponenta of Christianity attempted to confound .Icsns and his njios. tics. Ills docti'Ine wiis Oriental in Its language and in its pretiuislons. He was the first .-Kon or F.lnanatlon.orratlier perhaps the flrst manifestation, of the primal Deity. He assumed not merely the title of the (ireat Power or Virtue of Ood, but all I lie other appellations the Word, the Per- fection, theParaclete, the Almighty -thc^ » hide combined attrlbut<-aof the Deity. He had a companion. Helena, ac cording to llie statement of Ills enemies a bcanllliil pros- tilule, wlimn he found at Tyre, who became In like man- nerthellrsl conception (the l'.nna'a)oltlie Deity; but who, l»y her conjuncdon witli matter, Ini'l been enslaved to its malignant Infiuence. and, having fallen under the power of evil angels, had been In a constant state ot transmigia tlon, and. annuig other mortal bodies, had occupied that of tlie famous Helen of Troy. MUman, Hist, of Christianity, II. 51. Simon. The mayor of Quecuborough in Middle- ton's play of that name. Simple Story, A Simple Story, A. A novel by Mrs. Inehbald, pu})iishei-l in 1791. Simpllcius (sim-plish'i-us). Bishop of Rome 4(.W-4S3. Simplicius, Bora in Cilieia: lived in the first half of the 6th century a. d. A Greek Neopla- tonist. He lived in Persia about 532-533. He wrote com- mentaries on Aristotle and Epictetus- Simplon (san-pl6n'). It. Sempione (sem-pe- 6'ne). One of the chief passes over the Alps, situated on the border of northern Italy and the canton of Valais. Switzerland. Through it runs one of the chief roads over the Alps, built by Napoleon lSOO-06. It leads from Brieg. in the valley of the Rhone, to Domod'Ossola, in the valley of the Toce (a subtributary of the Po). Height of summit of pass, about 6,590 feet. Simplon Railway. A railway projected in 1SS9 to connect the valley of the Rhone, from near Visp, with the valley of the Po at Domo d'Ossola. by tnnuelinfr the Simplou Mountain. The money was to be furnished by Italy and Switzerland. Work on the tunnel began in 1898. Simpson (simp'son), Edward. Born at New York. March 3, 1824 : died at Washington. D. C, Deo. 2, 1888. An American rear-admiral. He served in the Mexican and Civil wars, and was appointed rear-admiral in 18S4. He wrote "Ordnance and ^'aval Gunnery " (ISO-), etc. Simpson, >^ir James Young. Born at Bathgate, Scotland, June 7, 1811: died May 6. 1870. A Scottish physician, professor of medicine at Edinburgh University from 1840 : noted for his introduction of chloroform and of other anes- thetics, especially in midwifei-y. He was created a baronet in 1S66. Amonpr his works are "Obstetric Mem- oirs and Contributions" (18o5-d6X ** Acupressure " (1S64), " lioma-opnthy," etc. Simpson, Matthew, Bom at Cadiz. Ohio. June 20. 1810 : died at Philadelphia. Jime IS, 1884. An American bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He was president of Indiana Asbury University (Ureencastle. Indiana) 1S39-18, and was elected bishop in 185-2. He was distinguished as a pulpit orator. He pub- lished "One Hundred Years of Methodism "(1S76),'" Cyclo- pedia of Methodism " (1878), etc. Simpson, Thomas. Born at Market Bosworth, England. Aug. 20. 1710: died there, May 14, 1761. An English mathematician. He wrote " Ele- ments of Plane Geometry" (1747)/ 'Miscellane- ous Tracts" (1757), etc. Simpson, Thomas. Bom 1S08: died IS-iO. A British explorer. He conducted an expedition to the Mackenzie Valley and the arctic coast of British America lS3t>-:i9. ''Life and Travels" by his brother Alexander Simpson (ISJo). Simrock (zim'rok). Karl, Born at Bonn, Prus- sia, Aug. 28. 1802 : died there. July IS, 1876. A German poet, translator, and miscellaneous ■writer, professor of Old German literature at Bonn from 1850. His chief original poem is " Wieland der Schmied " (1535). His other works include transla- tions of the "Nibelungenlied" (1>27). "Der anue Hein- rich.'* "Parzival." "Titurel.'" "Tristan. "and other Middle High German works, and of the "Edda"(lS^l)," Beowulf," "HeHand,"and Shakspere's poems and dramas, in part. He also published '•Heldenbuch"(lS43— ty), "Handbuch der deutschen Mythologie"(lSo3-o5), "Deutsche ^'olks- bucher" (1^39-67), "Lauda Sion"(lS50X "Deutsche Sion- Bharfe " (1857), " Qtiellen des Shakspere " (with collabora- tors, 1831), "Rheinland," etc. Sims (simz). James Marion. Born in Lancas- ter County, S. C. Jan. 25, 1813: died in New York city, Nov. 13, 1883. An American snrgeon, noted for his development of the science of gynecology. He invented the silver suture and various medical instruments. He wastheorganizerof the^Voman's Hospital of the State of New York, and in 1870 of the Anglo-American Ambulance Corps in the Franco-German v,-.\r Simiirgh (se-morgh'). [From si, thirty, and murgh, bird (as having the size of thirty birds).] In the Shahnamah. the huge bird that'cared for and reared the infant Zal when, in consequence of his white hair, he had been exposed by his father Sara near Mount Alburz. The child remained thus in this place one day and one night without shelter. Sometimes he sucked his thumb, sometimes he uttered cries. The little ones of the Simurgh being hungrj'. the mighty bird rose from his nest into the air. Hf saw a child who needed milk and was crying, he saw theearth that seemed like asurging sea. Thorns formed the cradle of the child, his nurse was the earth, his body was naked, his mouth devoid of milk. Around him wasthesoil black and burned, above the sun that had become fien.- hot. Oh. why were his father and his mother not tigers? He would then perhaps have found a shelter against the sun. God gave ti? Simurgh an impulse of pity, so that the hird did not think of dLVouring that child. ' He came down from the clouds, took him in his talons, and canied him from t burning rock. He bore him swiftly to Mount Alburz, ere was the nest of his family. He bore him to his little ones that they might see him, and that his mournful voice might prevent them from devourintr him. for God granted him his favors, since he was predestined to enjoy life. The Simurgh and his little ones looked at this child, whose blood was streamiug from his two eves. They surronnded him with marvellous tenderness, they were astonished at the beauty of his countenance. The Simurgh chose the tenderest venison, that his little guest, who had no milk, 934 in'ight suck blood. So a long time passed during which the child remained hidden in this place. When the cliild had pritwn, a long time still passed upon this mountain. He became a man like a lofty cypress, his breast was like a hill of silver, his stature like a reed. Shahnamah, Reign of Minuchihr. Siiniisir(se-mo-ser'). One of the Knrile Islands, situated in lat. 47° 3' N., long. 151° 53' E. Sin (sin). The Ass>TO-Babylonian moon-god. He ranks before Shamash, the sun-god. His wife is N'in-gal, 'the great lady.' The oldest and chief seat of his worship was in Vt, and next to this in Harran. Sin, Wilderness of. A desert in the western part of the Sinaitic peninsula, noted in the wanderings of the Israelites. Sinse (si'ne). An ancient name of a people in eastern Asia (the Chinese or Cochin-Chinese). Sinai (si'na or si'ni;. [From Siti, the Babylo- nian moon-god (?).] The main mountain group of the Sinaitic peninsula ; the mountain (called ^also Horeb) near which the Israelites encamped and whence the law was given to Moses. The identity of the latter is not certain. See .S/h«- itic Peninsula. Sinai, Convent of, or of St. Catherine. A convent on Mount Sinai, consisting of a laby- rinth of buildings and courts inclosed by a fortified wall measuring about 209 by 235 feet. The chief interest is in the great Byzantine church, built in the reign of Justinian, but often altered since. It has narthei, nave, and aisles divided by granite columns, and semi-domed apse withsuperb mosaics, on gold ground, of the Transfiguration and other subjects. The iconostasis is richly sculptured, and adorned with carious Russian icons. See Sinaitic Penin.nda. Sinaitic (si-na-it'ik) Peninsula. A peninsula situated between the Gulf of Suez and the Gulf of Akaba. In the north of the peninsula is the desert Paran i^modem et-Tih), a desolate limestone plateau, bounded on the south by the Jebel-et-Tih (4,000 feet high). This is joined in the south by a tract of low sandstone mountains, ravines, and valleys rich in minerals which had been worked as early as 3000 B. c. Then rises the barren, rugged, and majestic triangle of the Sinai Mountain, the Jebel-et-TurorTur-Sinai, formed of masses of granite rock and gneiss, intermingled with diorites and porph>Ties. In this mountain-chain are to be distin- guished the following groups : in the northwest is the Jebel-Serbal (6,731 feet high), overhanging the coast plain el-Koah and the Wady Feiran, the most fertile spot of the peninsula. From here through the Wady esh-Sheikh in the southeast appears the Jebel-Musa ('mountain of Moses ■), or Sinai proper, which embraces the Jebel-Musa itself (7,362 feet high, and in the south the highest point of the peninsula) and the Jebel Katherin(* mountain of St. Catherine") (8,538 feet high). In the southwest rises the third and last group, the Jebel I'm-Shomar (' the watch or guard') (over 8,000 feet high), in the neighborhood of el- Koah. llieJebel-Musa is generally thought to be the moun- tain of the law (Lepsius and Ebers claim the distinction for the Serbal), and the plain er-Rahah, north of the Musa group, to be the valley in which the Israelites camped dur- ing their sojourn at Sinai. The Wady er-Rahah is joined in a right angle from the northeast by the Wady ed-Deir, while to the southeast of the Musa stretches the high plateau Wady es-Sebaiyeh. The western ridge of the Mnsa is the Jebei el-Humr('the red mountain'), from which the St. Catherine Mountain in the south rises ; the eastern ridge is the Jebel ed-Deir ('mountain of the monasienr" '). In the Wady Shurib, or Jethro valley, between the Musa and ed- Deir, the monaster}' of St. Catherine is situated, with its beautiful gardens. Tradition attributes its foundation to the emperor Justinian (o27-56o), and it was originally ded- icated to the remembrance of the IVanstigui-ation. Its present name was obtained when the relics of St, Cath- erine were transferred thither. The monaster}' contains at present only 20-30 monks instead of the 300-400 of for- mer times. It became celebrated in recent years by the discovery of the Codex Sinaiticus (theGreek version of the Old Testament and the Greek New Testament), made in it by Tischendorf in 1S44. The Sinaitic peninsula is, as a whole, barren. The mountains are naked, and the valleys are dry river-beds. There are. however, exceptions, as the lovely Wady Feiran and other c.i.-es. The present popu- lation of the peninsula consists of about 6,000 Bedouins. Sinaloa, or Cinaloa (se-na-lo'a). 1. A state of Mexico, bounded by Sonora on the north- west, Chihuahita and Burango on the northeast, Jalisco on the southeast, and the Pacific and theGulf ofCalifomia on the southwest. Thechief occupations are agriculture and mining. Capital, Culi- acan ; chief port, Mazatlan. Area, 28,CW0 square miles. Population (1895), 2.56,414. 2. A small town, fortuerly the capital of Sina- loa. on the river Sinaloa about 230 miles north- west of Mazatlan. Sinbad. See Sindhad. SincM Roca. See Inca Focca. Sinclair (sing'kler or sin-klar'), Catherine. Born at Thurso Castle. Caithness, April 17. 1800 : died Aug. 6, 1864. A Scottish novelist and mis- cellaneous writer.daughterof Sir John Sinclair. She was supenisor of a charitable institution for widows of officers of the army and navy, and was active in good works. She \vrote "Modem Accomplishments" (1S35), '' Modern Society" (1836), "Holiday House "(1839), "Modem Flir- tations" (1S41X "Beatrice" (a "Protestant" novel, over 40,000 copies of which were sold within 16 months of its publication in 1852), etc. Sinclair, Sir John. Bom at Thurso Castle. Caithness, Scotland. May 10, 1754: died Dec. 21. 1835. A Scottish agrieuitmist, financial writei; Sing Sing and politician. He was educated at Edinburgh fni- versity: became a member of the Facultj- of Advocates; and was later called t'> the English bar. He was a member of Parliament 17S4-1S11. He developed greatly the re- sources of Caithness. He wrote a " Histor>' of the Public Revenue of the British Empire" (17S5-i^), "Statistical Account of Scotland " (1791-99), etc. Sind (sind). One of the names of the river Indus. Sind (river in Gwalior). See Sindh. Sind, or Sinde, or Scinde. or Sindh (sind). A province of British India, comprised in the gov- ernorship of Bombay, it is bounded by Panjab, Bhawalpur, and Rajputana on the east ; the Ran and Cutch on the south ; the Indian Ocean on the southwest; and Baluchistan on the west. It contains the districts Frontier, Shikarpur, Hyderabad, Karachi, Thar, and Par* kar. The chief towns are Karachi, Hyderabad, and Shi- kiirpur. The inhabitants are chiefly Sindis and Hindus. Tt was invaded by Alexander the Great ; was conquered by Mahmud of Ghazni; formed part of the Mogul em- pire and of Nadir Shah's dominions: was governed later by ameers ; and was conquered by Sir Charles Napier in 1843, and annexed to British India. Area, 47,7S9 square miles. Population (1S91), 2,871.774. Sindbad (sind'bad) the;* Sailor. A character in the story of that name in the *' Arabian Nights' Entertainments." Heisawealthycitizenof Bagdad, called " the sailor " because of his seven wonderful voyages, in which he discovers a roc's egg and the valley of diamonds, escapes twice from the Anthropophagi, is buried alive, kills the Old Man of the Sea (a monster which got on his back and would not dismount), is the bearer of a letter and gifts from the King of the Indies to Harun-al-Rashid. and is sent back by that monarch with his acknowledgment of the letter. During this last voy- age he finds a valley filled with the dead bodies of ele- phants, from which he obtains much ivory. Sometimes spelled Sinbad. Well known in Europe as haWng the history of his voy- ages incorporated in the Thousand and One Nights, but they form in Arabic a distinct work, which Baron W'alke- naer (in "XouvellesAnnales des Voyages," tome LIU, p. 6) regards as of equal value with those of Soliman and Abu Said. The voyages belong to the 9th centurj', when the commerce of the Arabs under the khalifs of Baghdad was at its highest activity. In his first voyage Sindbad reaches the country of the'maharaja. ... In Sindbad's second voyage mention is made of the kingdom of Biha (the MJday Peninsula according to some\and the manner of the preparation of camphor, pK>duced in the mountain foreststhere, is accurately described. In the third voyage the island of Silaheth is mentioned. In the fourth he was carried to a country (Malabar) where he found men gathering pepper, and from it he went to the isle of Xa- cous(the >icobars?)and on to Kela(Quedahor Keydah?>. In the fifth voyage he is shipwrecked on the island (i. e. country) of the Old Man of the Sea, probably somewhere on the Konkan coast. ITience he crossed the sea to the Maldives and back again to the pepper country of Mala- bar, passing on to the peninsula of Comorin, where he found the aloes-wood called santy, and afterwards to the pearl-fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar, whence he traveled back to Baghdad. In the sixth voyage he visited an isl- and (i. e. countrj) where were superb trees of the kinds named santy and coman-, and the island of Serendib (Cey- lon), which was also the limit of his seventh and last voyage. Balfour, Cjclopsedia of India. The story of Polj-phemus is in the third voyage of Sin- bad. Other parts of the adventures of that bold maimer seem to be borrowed from the pistory of Aristomenes in Pausanias. Diiidop, Hist, Prose Fiction, n. 506. Sindh, or Sind (sind). A rirer in Gwalior, India, which joins the Jnmna abont 70 miles west of Cawnpore. Length, about 225 miles. Sindhia, or Sindia, or Scindia (sin'di-a) . The name of a Mahratta dynasty reigning in Gwa- lior. India, from the 18th century. Sinestra (se-nes'tra), Val. A small valley in the Lower Engadine, canton of Grisons, Swit- zerUiud. 40 miles east of Coire. Singan-fu (se-ngan'fo>, or Sian-fu (se-an'fo), or Segan-fu (se-gan'fo). The capital of the province of Shen-si, China, situated about lat. 34° 17' X.. long. 108° :sy E. it is one of the chief cities of the empire, an important commercial center, :ind a point of great strategic importance, ilany antiquities are in the neighborhood. Population (1S96). est,, 500,000 Singapore (sing-ga-p6r'). 1. An island south of the Malay Peninsula, separated from the mainland of Johore by a narrow strait. Length, 27 miles. — 2. A British settlement, belonging to the colony of the Straits Settlements, a^d comprising the island of Singapore and some neighboring islets. It was purchased from the Sultan of Johore in 1824. Area, 206 square miles. Population(1891), 184,554.— 3. Thecap- ital of the Straits Settlements, situated on the southern coast of the island of Singapore, on the Strait of Singapore, in lat. 1° 17' X., long. 103° .51' E. It has extensive trade, and is an important port of call for steamers. .\n English factorj- was estab- lished there in 1S19. Population (1S91). 1*4,554. SingbhumCsinGT-bhom'). A district in Bengal, British India, intersected by lat. 229 30' X., long. 85° 45' E. Area. 3.753 square miles. Pop- ulation (1891), 545,488. Single-Speecli Hamilton. See Hattiilton, W.G. Sing Sing ij^ing sing). A village (nowOssining) HI Westchester Countv. New York, situated on Sing Sing the Tappaii Bay of Hudson River, 32 miles uorth of New York. It has a State i)rison. PoinihUiou (1900), 7,939. Singular Doctor. Occam. Sinigaglia ue-iie-gal'ya), or Senigallia (sa-ne- giil'le-ii). A seaport in the province of Anoona, Italy, situated at the entrance of the Misa into the Adriatic, 17 miles northwest of Ancona: the ancient Sena(iallica (whence the name), it was fonnerly of great importance. It was an ancient town of the Setiones, and liecaine a Roman colony abont 285 B. c. Wear it occurred tlie l)attle of the Metaurus in 207 u. c. It was sacked by Pompey in tlie civil war between Marius and Sulla. I'opulation (18S1), 0,tin-l ; commune, l],3til. Sinkat (sen-kiif), or Singat. A fortress in the Eg.vptiau possessions, 40 miles west-northwest of Suakiin. It waa defended by the Egyptians under Tewflk Paaha against the ilahdists under Osnian Digma 188S-84. TewUk's force abandomil sinkat with the inten- tion of cutting its way thrnnj.'h to Snakim, but was anni- hilated by the Mahdists, Feb. 11, 1Sn4. Sinnamary (sen-na-mii-re'). orSinnimari(sen- ne-mii-re'). A river in French Guiana which flows into the Atlantic northwest of Cayenne. Length, aljout 150 miles. Sinno (sin'no). The modern name of the Siiis. Sinope (si-n6'pe), Turk. Sinub (se-u61j'). [Gr. Xivurrr/.] A seaport in Asia Minor, in the ancient Pontus. situated on the Black Sea in lat. 42° N. It has one of the best harbors on tlie Black Sea. It was an ancient colony from Miletus ; was an imjwrtant Greek city and colonizing center ; was conquered by I'harnacea in 133 B. c. and became the capital of Pontus ; was con- quered by Lucullns and becann; a Roman city ; and was captured by the Turks under Moliannned II. in the I'lth century. A part of the Turki-sh Heet was destroyed here by theRussian admiral NakhiinoR Nov. 30, 1853. Popula- tion, about 9,000. Sinsheim (zins'him). A small town in the circle of Heidelberg. Baden, situated on the Elsenz 28 miles northeast of Karlsruhe. It has been the scene of several battles, including one (.Tune 16, 1G74) be- tween the French under Turenne and the Imperialists un- der Bounionville, Sintram and his Companions. A tale by Fou- fpie. Sinii (se-no'), or Zenu (tha-no'), or Zlnii (the- no'). A river in Colombia which tlows into the Gulf of Morosquillo south-southwest of Carta- gena. Length, about 250 miles. Sinuessa (sin-ti-es'a). [Gr. ^wohaan.} In an- cient geography, a town on the borders of La- tium and Campania, Italy, situated on the coast 89 miles southeast of Kome. On its site is the modern Mondragone. Sion. See Zio)i. Sion (se-oii'), G. Sitten (zit'ten). The capital of the canton of Valais, Switzerland, situated on the Sionne, near the Khone, in lat. 4()° 14' N., long. 7° 22' E.: the Roman Sedunum. Pop- ulation (1890), 5,513. Sion College. A London college, founded in 1623 by the Kev. Dr. White as a college and almshouse, in 1884 the almshouse was abolished. In 1886 a new building was formally opened. It is situated toward thee:ist end of the Victoria i'.mbankraent. Itccni- tains the most valuable theolngical liliraiy in London, numliering 00,000 volumes. The original buildings were on the foundation of an old priory near the London Wall. Sioot. See ■Siut. Siouan (so'an). [See Sioux. "j A linguistic stock of North American Indians: so called from the Siou.x or Dakota, its principal division. The former habitat of this family included parts of Brit- ish North America and of each of the following -Stattrs and Territories: Montana, Wyoming, North and South (f.-ikota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Nebraska, Iowa, Kansas. .MiH-outi, Oklahoma, Indian Terr-itory, .Mississippi, the <'aroIiiiiLs. the Virginias, and Ketitucrky. The Dakota tribes have been the nicjst warlike of this 6tn. towhich iieloiig the Iowa, Mis.souri, and I )to tribes. (I) The Winnebago. (:.) The llandan, (II) The Hidatsa division, Induiiing the Ilidatsa and Ab- fiaroka tribes. (7) The Tutelo and cogmite tribes. (8) The Biloxl. (ft) The Kataba gioup. Including several Carollua tribes. In amr.'] An island of the Cvclades, Greece, situated in tho j'Egean Sea about lat. 37° N., long. 24° 44' E. : the modern Sifanto, Siphanto, or Sipheno. It wai! formerly noted for its mines of gold ana silver. Lengtii, li> miles. Population, about 4,OuO. Sipibos (se-pe'bos). An Indian tribe of Peru, on the Ucayale River between hits. 6° and 8° S. Tliey belong t<> the Paiui stock, were gathered into mis- sions during the IMth century, but relapsed into barbarism, and are now nearly extinct. See ConiOos and Setibos. Sippar, Sippara. See Scjilinrraini. Sipylus (sip'i-lus). [Gr. SiTc/of.] lu ancient geography, a mountain of Lydia, Asia Minor, near Smyrna. Not far from Karabel another monument of Hitti te art has been discovered. H:ird by the town of Magnesia, on the lofty clitfs of Sipylos, a strange figure lias been earveil out of the rock. It represents a woman, with long locks of hair streaming down her shonlder.s, and a jewel like a lotus- flower upon the Iiead, who sitson a throne in a deep artificial niche. Lydian historians narrate that it w.asthe image of the daughter of Assaou, who^iad sought death by casting herself down from a precipice: but (ir-ck legend preferred to see in it the figure of "weeping Niolie"tniiied to stone. Already H()mer told how Niob<}, when her twelve children had been slain by the gods, " now changed to stone, broods over the woes the gods had brought there, among the rocks, in lonely mountains, even in Sipylos, where they say are the conches of the nymphs who dance on the banks tif the Akheloios." But it was otdy after the settlement of the Greeks in Lydia that the old' nioTiumeut on .Mount Sipylos was held to be the iinag<- of .\i,,lie. The limestone rock out of which it was carved (iripjted with moisture after rain ; and as the water Ilowed over the face of the figure, disintegrating and disfiguring I lie stone as it ran, the pious Greek beheld in it the Niulie of his own mythology. The figure was originally that of the great goddess of Asia Minor, known sometimes as Atergatis or Derketo, some- times as Kybeli^, sometimes by other names. Suiire, Hittites, p. 69. Sirajganj(8e-raj-gunj'),orSurajgunje. A trad- ing center in the district of Pabna, Bengal, British India, situated on the Jamun.a arm of the Brahmaputra, 152 miles northeast of Cal- cutta. Population (1.881), 21,037. Siraj-ud-Daula (se-riij'iid-dou'lii), or Surajah Dowlah (so-rii'jii dou'lji). Put to dealh in I7.')7. A nawalj of Bengal, notorious for his imprisonment of 146 British prisoners in tho Black Hole of Calcutta in 1756. He was de- feated by Clive at Plassoy in 1757. See Bhick lloU: Sirang. See Crrnm. Sirbonis,orSerbonis,Lacus(s6r-b6'nisla'kns). In nni'ient geiigraphy, a bog or morass situated between the Isthmus of Suez, the Meiiiterra- nean, and the Delta: "the Sirbonian bog." Sir Charles Grandison. A novel by Richard- son, [iilbjislicl in 1753. Sir Charles Grandison, the hero. IS respecttuliy in love with Harriet Byron whom he niai'ries. lie IGrandlBonl is. In fact, "the fauItlcBS monster whom the world ne'er saw !'* Voung, rich, graceful, and accom- plished, he is not only absolnt4-ly free from vice, but all liis actions are governed by high religioua principle. He is romantically generous and yet perfectly prudent, and his behavior toward the fair sex is marked with all that chivalrous delicacy ami resjieet wlileli, since the novel was written, has ]iassed into a proverb, and to be n Sir Charles Granilisoii to the ladies Is supposed to be a mod- ern lady's perfect knight. I'limiilh, Novels and Novelists of Ihe Istli Centur)', p. 220. Sir Courtly Nice, or It Cannot Be. A com- edy by Crowne, iiroduced in 16x5. The title is the name of the principal character, an iiisignillcant but self. Important lop. The play held the stage for nearly a cen- tury, Sir-^Daria, or Syr-Daria, or Syr-Darya iser- diir'yii). A river lu Russian Ceiilriil .\sia which rises in Ihe Thian-Shan Monntaius and tlows by a d(dta into tho eastern side of lhi> Sea of Aral abont lat. 46° N.: the ancient .Inxartes or Silion. It la called in Its upper course the Naryn. Length, about l,5iiO miles; navigable in the hiwcr half of its course. Sir-Daria. A (U'ovince m the governor-gene- ralsliip of Turkestan, Russian Central Asia, east of the .Sea of Aral, north of Bokhara, ami south of Turgai and Akmolinsk. The largest city is Tash- Sirsa kend. The inhabitants are Kirghiz, etc. .Area, 194,853 square miles. Population. 1,214,300. Sir^ne (se-ran'). La. An opera by Auber, words by Scribe, produced at Paris in 1844. Sirens (si'renz). In Greek mythology, two, three, or an indeterminate number of sea-nymphs who by their singing fascinated those who sailed past their island, and then destroyed them. lo works of art they arc represented as baviiig the head, arms, and generally the bust of a young woman, and the wingfl and lower part of the body, or sometimes only the feet, of a bird. In Attic usage they are familiar as goddesses of the grave, personifying the expression of regret and lam- entation for the dead. In the classic Sirens we cannot fail to detect the wailing of the rising stonn in the cordage, which is likely to end in sliipwrecks. The very name of Siren is from the Creek to pijie or whistle, just as their representatives in Vedic inytliology, the Kibhits, draw their name from the word to sound. . . . The Sirens are themselves winged beings rushing over the earth, seeking everywhere the lost Perse- phone. liarinihGould, Curioua .Myths, etc.. 'id ser., p. 104. Sir Fopling Flutter. See Ma„ „f Mo,h. Sir Ga'wayne and the Green lEoiight. An Early English romance taken from the French "Roman de Perceval." It was written about 1360. Sir Harry Wildair. A comedy by George Far- (juhar, jiriuted in 1701: a sequel to "The Con- stant Coujilc." SiM" ll'ililiiir. Sir Hercules Buflfoon, or the Poetical SQtiire. A play by John Lacy, published in 1684, after Lacv's death. Sirhind (ser-hind'). 1. A region in northern India, southeast of Lahore and northwest of Delhi, comprising part of the Panjab and sev- eral protected native states (Patiala, etc.). It lies between the Sutlej and the Jumna. — 2. A small town in the state of Patiala, India, 147 miles north-northwest of Delhi. Siricius (si-rish'ins). Bishop of Rome from 384 or 3S5 to 31)8. Sirikol, Lake. See Victoria, Lake. Siris(.si'ris). [Qv.'^ipi^.'\ In ancient geography, a small river which flows into the Gulf of Ta- lentum in the modern province of Potenza : the modern Sinno. Near it Pyrrhus defeated the Romans in the battle of Heraclea 2.S0 B. c. Siris. In ancient geography, a city of Magna Gra?cia, Italy, situated at or near tlie mouth of tho river Siris, about lat. 40° 5' N. Siris, situated on a river of the same name, midway be- tween Sybaris and Tarentuni, was, according to ditferent authors, a Trojan, a Rhodian, or an Ionian settlement. liaiclimoii, Herod., III. 502, not*. Siris. A work by Bishop Borkelej-, published in 17-44. It is an extraordinary series of inquiries and philosophical reflections concerning his favorite panacea, tar-water, which he distilled at Cloyne. Sirius (sir'i-us). A very white star, the bright- est in the heavens; the dog-star. His more than half a magnitude brighter than Canopus, the next bright- est : its magnitude is —1.4. It is situated in the mouth of the Dog. Sir John Oldcastle. -V play by Drayton. Mon- day, Hathaway, and Wilson, it was published in 1600 as "by Win. "Shakespeare," but this was withdniwn in the second issue of the same year. It was evidently written against Shakspere's "Henry IV.," in which sir John Oldcastle was the original niuiie of >'alstalt. and was thought to be a caricature of Sir John Oldcastle. " the good Lord Cobhain." Hut it was not written till Sliaks]ierc had been comiielled to change the name, wllich he did early in l.'iHS. See OUteiiMr. Sir ./..An. Sir John van Olden Barneveld. A play by Massiiiger and Fletcher, acted Aug. 14, 1619. Barneveld liad been e.\ecuted on the 13th of May. See liiinicrcld. Sir liauncelot Greaves, The History of. A satii'ical romance by .Smollett, pulili>hed se- rially in the " Brilisli Magazine" I7tie Corrrkij. Sirsa i»r'sii). 1. .\ district in the Panjab, Brit- ish India, intersected by lat. 30' N., long, 74° Sirsa 30' E. Area. 3,008 square miles. Population (1881), 253,27.i.— 2. The capital of the distriet of Sirsa. 144 miles northwest of Delhi. Popu- lation (1891), 16,415. Sir Thomas Wyatt, The Famous History of. A play by Webster and Dekker. printed in 1G07. It .ippe.irs'to be an abridgment of the first part of a play called "Lady Jane." Sir Thopas. Se^Simr of Sir Tliopas. Sisenna (si-sen'a\ Lucius Cornelius. Bom about 119 B. C. : died 67 B. c. A Koman annal- ist, author of a lost work on Roman history. Sisera (sis'e-rji). In Old Testament history, the eommander-in-ehief of the army of Jabin, king of Canaan (Judges iv.). He was routed by Barak, and was treacherously slain by .Tael, wife of Heber the Kenite, in whose t.nt he had sought refuge. Sismondi (sis-mon'di; F. pron. ses-mou-de'), JeanCharlesLeonard(de Simonde)de. Bom at (ieueva. May 9. 1773: died there. June 2.5, 1S42. A noted Swiss historian and economist. He lived in early life in Geneva. England, and Italy, and after ISOOchiefly at Geneva. His woriis include " Histoire des republiques italiennes "<" History' of the Italian Re- publics," 1807-lfe). "Delalitterature dumidi de I'Europe'' {"(In the Literature of the South of Europe," lSl;s-:?9). "Histoire des lYan^ais" ("History of the French," 1821- 1842X the historical novel ".Tulia Severa " (1829), "Histoire de la renaissance de la liberte en Italic "(1S32), "Histoire de la chute del'euipirei:oniain, etc." (1S35), " Ue larichesse conimerciale"(lSCi;-;). "Etudes des sciences sociales" (1836- 18S.S), etc. His correspondence was edited by Saint-Rene TaiUandier, Montgolfier, Villari, and Monod. About 1801 he observed that his family arms were identical with those of the Italian house of the .Sismoudi, and assumed the con- nection. Sistan (ses-tan'), or Selstan (sa-es-tan'). A re- gion in eastern Persia and southwestern Af- ghanistan, lying near the lower Helmaud aud the Hamun. By British arbitration in 18-2 it was di- vided into Sistan proper (chiefly west of the Helmand), ivhich was adjudged to Persia, and outer Sistau (lying east and southeast of Sistan proper), which was awarded to Af- ghanistan. Population of Sistan proper, estimated, 45,000. Sisteron (sest-ron'). A town in the depart- ment of Basses-Alpes. France, at the junction of the Buech and the Durance, 25 miles south by west of Gap. It has a citadel, and a noted church. Population (1891). commune, 3.996. Sisters I'sis'terz), The. -A^ comedy by Shirley, licensed in April, 1(552. It was one of the last productions of the pre-Restoration drama. Sisters, The, G. Die Schwestern. A histori- cal novel by Ebers, published in 1880. The scene was laid in Egypt 164 B. C. Sistine (sis'tin), or Sixtine (siks'tin). Chapel. The papal private chapel in the Vatican, con- structed by Pope Sixtus IV. (whence the name). It w;is buUt 1473, and is in plan arectangle lolk by52i feet, and 59 feet high. .Architecturally it is insignificant; but it is world-famous for the paintings which cover its walls and vault, including works by Perugino, Botticelli, Luca Signorelli, Ghirlandajo, and above all the pictures by Michelangelo of the Creation, the Deluge, and the Last Judgment* The singing of the papal choir of the chapel has long been celebrated, and its archives contain a remark- able collection of illuminated manuscript works of the composers of the loth and 16th centuries. The first cata- logue of these was published in ISSS by Dr. Haberl at Leipsic. Sistine Madonna, See Madonna. Sistova (sis'to-va). A town in Bulgaria, situ- ated on the Danube in lat. 43° 36' X.. long. 25° 20' E. It has considerable trade. The Russians crossed the Danube near. herein 1877. Population (ISSS), 12,482. Sistova, Peace of. A treaty concluded be- tween Turkey and Austria, Aug. 4, 1791. It fixed as the boundaries practically those estab- lished by the peace of Belgrad in 1739. Sisyphus (sis'i-fus). [Gr.'D/crwiof, the crafty.] In Greek mythology, a son of ^olus and Ena- rete, brother of Athamas, and husband of the Pleiad ilerope. He was the founder of Ephyra (later Corinth). According to Homer, he was the craftiest of all men. For some (unstated) reason he w.as condemned in the lower world to roll up a hill, without ceasing, a huge stone which when he reached the top always rolled back to the valley. Sita(se'ta). [Skt.. 'furrow': as pointed out Ijy Weber ( " Indian Literature," p. 192), originallv the field-furrow, to which divine honors are paid in the Rigvedaand still more in the ritual of the Grihyasutras.] The heroine of the Ramayana, where she is the daughter of Janaka, king of Videha, and wife of Ramaehandra who rescues her when she is carried off by Ravana, the demon-king of Lanka. See Ramaehandra. Sitapur (se-ta-p6r'). A district In Oudh, Brit- ish India, intersected by lat. 27° 30' X., long. 80° 40' E. Area, 2.255 square miles. Popula- tion , 1891), 1,075,413. Sitcanxu (se-chan'gho), or Bois BrtlSs, or Brules. A tribe of North American Indians. a part of the Titonwan, divided into Upper Brules, or highlandSiteauxu, and Lower Briil^s, 936 or lowland Sitcanxu. They were Spotted Tail's people. Sitka (sit'kji). A tribe of North American Indians, living on Baranoff Island, Alaska. Number. 721. See Koluschan. Sitka (sit'kii), formerly New Archangel. The capital of Alaska, situated on Sitka Island in lat..57°3'X..long.l.3.5°20' W. Pop. (1900). 1.396. Sitka Island, or Baranoff (ba-ran'of) Isl- and. An island on the coast of Alaska, con- taining the town of Sitka. Length, about 85 miles. Sitten. See Sion. Sittingbourne (sit'ing-'born). A town in Kent. England. 36 miles east-southeast of London. Population (1891). 8.302. Sitting Bull (sit'ingbul). Bom about 1837: died Dee. 15. 1890. A Dakota chief. He com- manded the Indians who defeated Custer's command at the battle of the Little Big Horn, 18715: and waskillednear Fort Yates, North Dakota, while resisting arrest by the Indian police during the Sioux outbreak in 1890. Situla (sit'fi-la). The fourth-magnitude star k Aquarii, on the edge of the stream which issues from the urn. Siuchu (syo'cho'). A town in the province of Szechuen, China, at the junction of the Wen and Yangtse. Siut (se-of), or Assiut, or Assiout, or Asyoot (a-syot'). The capital of Upper Eg\-pt. situated near the left bank of the Nile, in lat.' 27° 12' N. : one of the oldest towns in Egypt. It is a rail- road tei-minus. Population (i897), 42,078. Siva (se'va). See Sliiva. Sivaji, or Sivajee (se-vii'je). Originally, a law- less chief of the Konkan, the northern section of the Western Ghats, son of a vassal of the Sultan of Bijapur, who as such held the for- tresses of Joonere and Poona. He was born at Joo- nere in 1627. Forming the mountaineers of the Konkan into loose but organized bands of horsemen, he waged for many years a war of craft and arms with the Mogul emperor Au- rung-Zeb, at last compellingthe Sultan of Bijapur to recog- nize him as the independent sovereign of the Konkan, being installed as Maharaja with great pomp in 1674. In 1677 he led a Mahratta army through Golconda, and con- quered a kingdom represented down to recent times by the Raja of Tanjore. He died about 1680, having main- tained his independence until his death. Sivalik Hills. See SitcaUk Hills. Sivan (siv'an). [Heb. s?i(i«, Assvro-Babvlonian siinanii.l The third ecclesiastica'l and ninth civil month of the Jewish year, corresponding to the latter part of May and part of June : conse- crated to the moon-god (Sin) of the Assyrians. Sivas(se-vas'). 1. A vilavet of Asiatic Turkev. Area. 32.308 square miles" Population, 996,120. — 2. The capital of the vilavet of Sivas, situ- ated on the Kizil Irmak about lat. 39° 37' N.. long. 37° 2'" E. it was the ancient Sebasteia ; was the capital of part of Armenia : and later belonged to the Sel- juks and to Irak. Population, about 2o,o00. Sivash (se-vash' ),or Putrid Sea (pii'tridse). An arm of the Sea of Azoff. northeast of the Crimea, separated from the main sea by the tongue of Arabat. and connected with it by the Strait of Genitchi. it is shallow, very salt, and largely occupied by lagoons and swamps. Length, about 100 miles. Siwa (se'wa). An oasis in the desert of north- eastern Africa, below the sea-level, west-south- west of Alexandria, about lat. 29° N., long. 26° E. It contains several lakes and the town of Siwa. It was anciently the seat of the oracle of Jupiter Aimnon. Length, about 20 miles. Population, about 3,000. Siwalik (se-wa'lik), or Sivalik (se-va'lik). Hills. A range of low mountains in the North- west Provinces, British India, between the head waters of the Jumna and the Ganges, nearly parallel with the Himalaya. Siward (se'witrd). Died"l055. Earl of North- umberland 1041-55. He is introduced as a character in Shakspere's " Macbeth." Siwash. See Sivash. Six Articles, Act of. In English history, an act passed in 1539. it asserted (1) Transubstantia- tion ; (2) the sufficiency of communion in one kind : (3) celi- bacy of the clergv- ; (4) the maintenance of vows of chastity ; (5) the continuation of private masses ; and (6> auricular confession. The penalty for denying the first w.as death ; for the rest, forfeiture of propertyfor the first offense, death for the second. Six Cities, The. In German history, the cities Bautzen, Zittau, Lobau, Kamenz, Gorlitz. and Lauban, which in 1346 formed a league against plundering knights, and received pri\ileges. Tile last two were ceded to Prussia in 181.^ : the fir^t four (under the name Four Cities) retain certain rights. Six Months' War. The Franco-German war, July. 1870.-Jan.. 1871. Six Nations, The. A confederation of Indian tribes of the Huron-Iroquois family, it was composed at first of the Mohawks, Senecas, Cayugas, Skardo Oneidas. and Onondagas(the Five Xations), to which later the Tuscaroras were added. See Inxjuifis. Sixtine Chapel, Sixtine Madonna. See Sis. tine and Madonna. Sixtus (siks'tus) I. Bishop of Rome about 119-126 A. D. Sixtus II. Bishop of Rome 257-258. He was martyred under \ alerian. Sixtus m. Bishop of Rome 432-440. Sixtus IV. (Francesco della Rovere). Bom near Savona. Italy. July, 1414: died Aug., 1484. Pope 1471-84. He" was a patron of art and learning, but was notorious for his nepotism. He built the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican. Sixtus V. (Felice Peretti). Bom Dee., 1521: died Aug., 1590. Pope 1585-90. He fixed the number of cardinals at 70. Skadi (ska'df ). [ON. «A-a(?;ii.] In Old Norse my- thology, a giantess, the daughter of the giant Thjazi and the wife of the god Njord. Three nights she dwelt with Njord at his abode Noatun (ON. yoatun): nine she and Njord were in Thor's abode Thrnd- heim (ON. Thrudhhcimr), where she hunted with bow and snow-shoes. She was also called Ondurdis (ON. OndurditX the snow-shoe goddess. Skagastolstind (ska'gas-tels-tind). One of the highest summits of Norwav. situated in the Jotun Field about lat. 61° 34"' N. Height, 7,875 feet. Skagen, Cape. See SK-aic, Tlie. Skager-Rack(skag'er-rak'). Achannel. north of Jutland aud south of Norway, which connects the North Sea with the Cattegat. and hence with the Baltic. Breadth, about 70-90 miles. Skagit (skag'it). A river, in the southern part of British Columbia and in the northwestern part of Washington, which flows into Puget Sotmd 52 miles north of Seattle. Length, about 150 miles. SkaUtz, or Bohmisch-Skalitz (be'mish-ska'- lits). A small town in northeastern Bohemia, situated on the Aupa 73 miles east-northeast of Prague. Here, June 28. 1S66, the Prussians under Von Steinmetz defeated the Austrians under Archduke I,eopold. Skanda (skan'da). [Skt., -theleaper.'] In Hin- du mrthology, the younger of the two sons of Shiva. Ganesha and Skanda. He is called the god of war because he is commander-in-chief of the armies of good demons, whom he leads against the evil, especially against those who seek to overcome and enslave the gculs. He is often called Karttikeya, from his foster-mothers, the six Krittikas, or Pleiades, and then has six heads and twelve arms : the six heads that he might be nursed by the six nurses, and the twelve arms to hold at the same'time various weapons. In the south of India he is not worshiped as presiding over war, but as Subi-ahmanya. 'the ver>- pi. ous or sacred one.' .Subr.ahmanya and his two wives, De- vayani and Valliamman, are there believed to giant chil- dren, and to thwart and cast out deiils. Skandapurana(skan-da-p6-ra'na). In San- skrit literature, a Purana in which Skanda is the narrator, it is said to contain 81.800 stanzas, and is an aggregation of many originally unrelated works and frag- ments. The most celebrated is the Kashi Khanda, 'Benares Section,' describing miimtely the temples of Shiva at or near Benares, and giving dire'ctions for Shiva-worship and legends attesting the holiness of Kashi or Benares. The greater p.art of the Kashi Khanda antedates the first attack upon Benares by Mahmud of Ghazni. the first renowned conqueror of India, who reigned 997-1030 A. p., and is said to have made twelve expeditions into India. The I'tkala Khanda is the section explaining the holiness of Orissfl, the inhabitants of which were known as rttalas. A part of the Skandapurana has been printed at Bombay. Skanderbeg. See .^canderheij. Skandenm, or Scandemn, or Scanderoon. See Alejtnidntta. Skandenm, or Scandemn, Bay of. See Isl:an- derun. Bay of. Skine (ska'ne), G. Schonen (sho'nen). The southernmost of the old divisions of Sweden, comprising the modem laens (provinces) of Malmohus and Christianstad. Skaneateles (skan-e-at'les). A town in Onon- daga County. New York, situated at the foot of Lake .Skaneateles. 15 miles west-southwest of Syracuse. Population (1890). 1.559. Skaneateles, Lake. A lake in central New- York, southwest of Syracuse and east of Au- biu'n. Its outlet is into Seneca River. Length, 14 miles. Skaptar Joknll (skap'tarye-kol'). Avolcanie group in southern Iceland, on the western side of the Vatna Jokull. It was the scene of a great eruption in 1783. Skaraborg (ska'ra-borg). A laen in Gothland, Sweden, between Lakes Wener and Wetter. Area, 3.307 square miles. Population (1893), estimated, 243.223. Skardo (skar'do). orlskardo (is-kar'do). The capital of Baltistan. Kashmir, situated on the Indus in lat. 35° 17' N. J' Skaw, The 037 Slavs Skaw (ska),The, or Skagen (ska'cen). Cape. Skillet Fork (skil'et fork). A river in southern A cape at the northeast I'm e.xt remit V of .Tut la ml. Denmark, in lat. r)7° 44' N., loiig. 10°:i7' E. iBkeat (sket), Walter William. Born at Lon- don, Nov. 21, 18:iri. Anoted English pliilologist. He gra'luated at Christ's ColLce, CanibriclKe, in 1868. ami was mathematical lecturer tlicre 1864-71, ami EiiK- lish lecturer 1807-83. lie was appointed llrBt ElriiiCt^in and BoBWnrth professor of An^lo-Saxon at C;imt)ridpe in 1878. He h;is edited "PariUlel Extractsfroni Twenty-Nine Manu- scripts of Piers riowinan " (18(;<1), "The Romans of I'arte- nay. or of LusiKnan, otlierwise known as tlie Tale of Melu- sine" (ISfW;), *' The Vision of William concerniiiR Piers Plowman " (1867-85 : the three versions of the text with "Richard the Hedeles"and "The Crowned Kinp"), "Speci- niensofEnglishLiterature, A.I). i:!04-l.'.7» •■(1871), "Speci- mens of Eniilish Literature. A.D. 12118-1393 '' (1872), Wiau- cer's "Tre:itise on the Astrolabe" (1872). "Seven Itcprlnt- ed Glossaries " (1873), " R:iy'8 Glossary Reprinted" (1874), " Tales from the Canterbury Tales " (1K74), " Plutarch : be- ing a Select ion from the Lives in North's • Plut:irch 'which illustrate Shakespeare's Plays" (ls7;»), "The Gospel of St, Mark in Gothic, accordinn to the Translation made by Wulfllain the Fourth (Century : wit ha Grammatical Intro- duction and {;loss;u-ial Index " (ISs2). "Chaucer's Minor Poem8"n88^). acomplete edition of Chaucer, the publica- tion of wliicli was benun in 1M»4, etc. He has also written "An Etymological Dictionary of the English Lancnagc, ar- ranged on a Historical Baals" (187i)-vSl, 1884, and 18!t2), "A Concise Etyntological Dictionary of the English LanL'u;ige" (18.s:i, 1880), " The Principles of English Etymology "(first series 1887: with A. L. Mayhew)," A Concise Dictionary of Middle English 1150-1580 "(1888), " Primer of English Kty- mology " (18:t2), etc. For many of his Early English Text Society publications he wi-ote criticid introducti<»ns and supplied notes and glo.'isariid imlt-xcs. Skeggs(skegz), Carolina Wilhelmina Amelia. One of the town ladies who imposeil upon tlie innocent family of tlie Viear of Wakefield, in Goldsmith's novel of that name. SkellefteS, Elv (skel-lof'te-a elv). A river in northern Sweden which ri-ses in the Stor-Afvan and How.^ into the Gulf of Bothnia about lat. 64° 4;")' N. Length, about 140 miles. Skelligs(skel'igz),The. A group of rocks south- west of Ireland, in lat. 51° 4(5' N., long. 10°32' \V. Skelton (skel'ton). John. Born about 1400: died probably iii lri'2'.K An English scholar and May 26 ; and was superseded in Aug. He was temporary joins the Little Waoasli near eo"'niander of the B^gian army in 1839. Carmi, in White County. Length, about 100 Skunk (skungk) Riyer. A river in Iowa which j, ^ ' •' " joms the Mississippi 11 iUini. which Skilloot. See Echfloot. Skimpole (skim'pol). Harold. A character in "Bleak House.'' by Dickens. He was drawn from Leigh Hunt. Skinner (skin'6r), Cortlandt. Bom in New .Jersey, 1728 : died at Bristol, England, 1799. A Tory commander in the American Hevolution. He was attorney-general of New Jersey in 1775, anil ;it the lieginning of the Revolution raised a corps of loyalist-s— Skve (ski) the Ne«- .lersey Volunteers — which he eomiuandcd with sii'jrp. Sen the rank of brigadier-general. He removed to England on the conclusion of peace. Skinner, John. Born in Birse. Aberdeenshire, Scotland, in 1721: ilied .June, 1807. A Scottish clergyman and poet. He was educated at Jlarischal Cidlege, Aberdeen ; and took orders in the Scottish Epis- copal Church; and hail a charge at I^uigside. Aberdeen- shire. He was persecuted for Jacobitism. He is kmovn by his songs, collected in 1809: of these "rullochgorinn " was called by Burns "the best Scotch song Scotland ever saw." In 17SS he published an " Ecclesiastical History of Scotland." Skinner, Stephen. Bom at London, 1623 : died at Lincoln, Sept. o, 1667. An English lexicog- rapher. He graduated at (TiiHst Church, Oxford, in 1616, and studied medicine at Heidelberg. His etymologi- cal diction:iry of the English huiguage (" Elymol .loius the Mississippi 11 miles sotith of Burling- ton. It receives from the north a tributar>', the North Skunk. I.,ength, over 250 miles. Skupshtina (skupsh'ti-nji). The national as- seirilily of Servia, consisting of onechamberand comiirising 178 members, three fourths elected and one fourth nominated by the crown. There is also a larger elected body, called' the Great Skupshtina, which deliberates on questions of extraordinary impor- tance. An island belonging to Inverness- shire, Scotland, the largest of the Inner Heb- rides. It is separated from the mainland on the cast by the Sound of Sleat, l.och Alsli, etc.; from North I'lst and Harris on the northwest hy the Little Minch ; and from Lewis by the Clinch. It contains many mountains (the highest over 3,000 feet). The chief town is Portree. The language is mostly (iaelic. Area, (W3 square miles. Pop- ulation (1891), 15,800. Skyros. S^ee Hci/ros. Slankamen (sliin'kii-men). A small town in Shivoiiia..\ustria-Hun"ary.situatedat the junc- tion of the Theiss witli the Danube. 26 miles north bv west of Belgrad. Here, Aug. 19. Itifll, the Imperialists under Ixmis of Haden defeated the Turks un- der Koprili. who w:is killed in the battle. Slate (slat) Motmtain. A summit of the Elk Mountains in Colorado Skinners (skin'erz). ihe. 1. See £c(irrUriirs. — 2. A body of mar.iuders who pillaged West- chester County. New York, during Revolution- ary times. Skiold, or Skjold (shold) In Norse mythol- ogy, the son of Odin, and a mythical king of Denmark. Skioldungs, or desceuilaiits ano^6pii(:, from axipov, a while parasol borne in honor of Athene (hence called Slavinia (sla-vin'i-S). The Slavic region in S«//)dr), and -i^oj)nr, from tptpftv ^ E. hear.] An ancient .\ttic festival in honorof .Vthene, cole- brateil on llie 12th of the mouth Skirophorion (alpi>ut .luly 1) of the Shetlands. Scotland, 10-12 miles east of Skirophorion(skir-6-f6'ri-on). [From Gr. Sw/xi- Mainland. (popiuv, iho 121 h.-\tticmoii11i, from iKipoi^upia: see Skerries Bocks. A group of rocks in the Irish Se;i, northwest of Anglesea, Wales, in lat. .'53° 2.-|' N.. long. 4° 36' W. Skerryvore (sker-i-vOr'), A reef in the .-Xtlan Sliirojihorid. ] In the ancient Attic calend;ir, the last month of the year, containing 29 days, and corresponding to the last part ot June and the first part of .) uly. tic, southwest of Tiree, Scotland, in lat. .')6° 19' Skittagetan (skit 'ta-ge 'tan). A linguistic N., long. 7° 7' W. It has a lighthouse. Sketch-Book, The. A collection of tales and skitehes liv Wasliington Irving, published in 1820. It coMlaius '-Kip Van Winkle," "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," etc. uuBieeuiM^i'-!:-''^" /•""■■•■• ■.■.■ Tekke- Turkomans in IS Cork. Inland, situated on the Hen, near its gtopelo (sko-pa'l<) nth, 42 miles southwest of Cork. Popula- j^^ '^ belomriuL' to „ '1 0/!0 ,. * . .. ^ .r Sketches by Boz. A collection of stories by Skjold. See .SA/oW. Dickens, published 183.'i-:i(). _. . . _ Sketchley (skech'li ), Arthur. The pseudonym of Geoi-ge Rose (18:»)-82), an English hiimor- ouH writer. In ls«:i heai)pearc^(l before the English puli- lic as the originator of " Mrs. Brown." Skibbereen (skib-e-reu'). A town in the county ot ( moutli tion. 3,269 Skidbladner (skid-bliid'ner). In Norse my- thology, the ship of Frey. 8kiddaw(skid'a). A inouiitain in (Cumberland, oncMif the highest in England, situated near Kes- wick, 19 miles southwest of Carlisle. Height, 3,0,-i8 feet. Skidi (sko'de), or Pawnee Loup (pA'ne 1«) (i. c. 'Wolf Pawnee'). A tribe of llie Pawnee Con- foileracy of North American Indians. In prehis- toric times they were east ik an ae. live part in the i;uK.so-TiM-kish win- of 1877-78; ami as commamlei--in-ehief took Geok-Tepo nrul conquered the ekke-Turkonnins in 1881. ). An islantl in tho /"Egeau the nomarchy of Eutxia. (ireece, 16 miles from Euba-a, and southeast of Thessaly. It Is identical cither with the ami. nt Haloniicsus or with the ancient Poparethus, ndl medieval times, neai' the Baltic. The name was also used to comprise the Slavic regions further south. The name of Slavinia reached fnuu the Danube to Pelo- ponnesos, leavitigt^ithe Empire only islaiuls and detached points of coast from Venice rouiul to Thessalonica. Their settlements in these regions gave a new meaning to an an- cient name, and the woni Maceili>nlan now began lo mean Slavonic. Frecmnu. Hist, lieog., p. Il.'i. Slavonia (sla-vo'ni-a), G. Sla'wonien or Sla- vonien (slii-vo'ne-eni. F. Esclavonie (es-klii- v6-ne'). [L., from Sliintf, Sriiinis. Slav.] A region in Austria-Hungary, forming part ot the land ot Croatia and Slavonia in the Traus- leithau (Hungarian) division of the dual mon- ai'chv. Capital. Essek, It Is Iwnnded by Hie Drove (separating it from Hungary)on the north and northeast, by the Danube (si'imrnting it from Hungary) on the east, by the Save (separ.iting it fliun Servia and Bosnia) on the south, and by Croatia on the west. It Is traversed by low mountulns and by hills. The soil is fertile. The In- habitants are mcpslly Slavs, The prevailing languages arc Cniatlan anil Servian, slavonia formed part of the Ho- uuin province i»f Patmonla. Its possessbui was disputed between Ilungarv ami the Byrantlne empire. II passeil to Hungary In the l'2th century, and was mider TnikMi rub' fi>rtlie greatir part of the lilth and 17ih centuries. See (yi>atui ttiitl Stav'iiin, ami Miiilary ynmtirr, Slavonians (sla-vo'ni-anz). 1. The Slavs. — Z. im-ient. ''"'"' inhabitants of Shi'vonia. gib, 14 Slavonisch-Brod (slii-v6'nish-br(>d'). A trad- iuLT town in Slavonia. on the D,inubi> in lat. 4;"i° Skowhegan (skou-he'giin). The capital of s' N.. long. 18° E Sonieisi I County, .Maine, situatetl on the Ken- Slavophiles (slav'ii-filz). neliec 30 miles norlheiist ot Augusta. Popii- ....•- lation ( 19001. lowii. .'"1.I8I1. Skropha, or Scropha (skro'fii), Cape. A capo (ireece. 111 llio northweslerii entrance to the f I'atias, l!il,38''l(i' N,. long. 21" 10' E. in (ill of the Slouan tribes; but after they l-eaclied Nebraska SkrZVnecki (skzllii- uel ' ske), JaU BOHCZa they were com|iiered by the other Pawnee tribes, with i5,„,,f „, r,u\\r\a. Feb. 18, 1786: died at Cracow. Jan. 12. 18611. A Polish geni'ial. Heserved In the Polish contingent in aid of Napoleon; Joined the Polish iiisurrectloM in 18;io; served with disllnctlon at Gniehow Feb, '2.^, 18;il. ami was appointed coinninnder-in-i-hler Feb. 20 ; defeated the ItiisHliins at Wawre and lleinbe in March, and at Iganie on April 8; w-as defeated at Ustrolenka whom tliey remained. See I'airnre. Bkierniewice i»kyer-uyo-vit'se;. Atowninthe governnicnt of Warsaw, Russian Poland, 42 miles southwest of Warsaw. It was the meetlng- filaee of the emperors of Itussla, Oermany, and Austria n Sept, 1884. The. A Russian literary school, the ]iriiici|uil representatives of which in the first half of the 19lh century were Pogodin, ShevirelT, and narlicularly .VksnkolT, Kliomi.ikolT. and Kirievsky. ThivsiK>ke»itli worn of weslern I'.urope, and particularly of Fnime, and pn>- elaliiiedllieBiiperiorltvoli'ldHilssiaandlbeold llytniillue civllltalion. and pMphesied n tirllliant future for the Slav race. It was a lllerarv movement of which the doctrines are now fallen into disuse. It should not be eonlounded with thodoetillieol Panslavlsm, which Is iHdIlieal. Slavs (sliivz). 1. A race of jieoples widely s|iread in eastern, southeastern, ami centnil Kurojie. The Slavs arc divided Into two lectloin — th« Slavs southeastern and the western. The former section com- prises the Russians, Ruthenians. Bulgarians, Serbo-Croa- tiaus, l^osnialvS, Montenegrins, and Slovenes ; the latter, the Poles, Bohemians, Moravians, Slovaks, Wends, etc. We start with the north of Europe, with that race which at the present day occupies the east of our portion of the globe, the Slavs. It is generally known that these peoples appear for the first time in history in the first century of our era under the Jianie of Veneti (Tacitus, Germ., 40) or Venedi (Pliny, Hist. Nat., IX. 9t>), and their abode at this period can be made 6ut with tolerable certainty. On the one hand, they cannot yet have touched the north coast of the Black Sea, for this district was occupied by the Persian Samiatie or Sauromatse ; on the other hand, they cannot on Ihewest have crossed either the Carpathians or the Vistula : for, as far as the river mentioned, Tacitus is acquainted with Teutonic tribes, which partiall.v, as in the case of the Bastarnre, extended over it as far as the modern Galicia and farther; and in the ancient Getic or Dacian and Pannonian proper names, large numbers of which have come down to us, no one as yet has succeeded in discovering any trace of Slavonic. If, then, in the be- ginning of our era, the abode of the Slavs must be sought north of the Black Sea steppes, and east of the Vistula and the Carpathians, it is also probable that the same people was settled in the district mentioned as much as iive cen- turies earliei". Schrader, Aryan Peoples (tr. by Jevons), p. 427. 2. See the extract. The force he (.\bd-er-Kahman III.) employed to sustain the central power was a large standing army, at the head of which stood his select body-guard of Slavs, or pur- chased foreigners. They were originally composed chiefly of men of Slavonian nationality, but came by degrees to in- clude Franks, Galicians, Lombards, and all sorts of peo- ple, who were brought to Spain by Greek and Venetian traders, and sold while still children to the Sultan, to be educated as Moslems, Many of them were highly cul- tiv.ated men, and naturally attached to their master. They resemble in many respects the corps of Mamluks which Saladin's successors introduced into Egypt as a body-guard, and which subsequently attained such renown a."! sultans of Egypt and Syria. Poole, Story of the Moors, p. 114. Slawkenbergius (sla-ken-ber'ji-us), Hafen. An imaginary author, noted for the length of his nose : referred to in Sterne's " Tristram Shandy." A story professedly by Mm is intro- duced in the latter 'svork. Slay-Good (sla'giid). Giant. A giant in the second part ofBunyan's ''Pilgrim's Progress": killed by Mr. Greatheart. Sleaford (sle'ford). A town in Lincolnshire, England, 17 miles south-southeast of Liucoln. Population (1891), 4,6.5.5. Sleek (slek), Aminadab. A hypocritical char- acter in Morris Barnett's comedy "The Serious Family." Sleep and Death. A gi-onp of Greek sculp- ture in the royal museum at Madrid. The two youths, ivy-crowned, stand in easy attitudes, the arm of Sleep thrown around his brother's neck, while Death holds a reversed torch upon a small altar at their feet. Behind Death there is a small figure of Aphrodite with the pome- granate — a death-goddess. The work dates from about the beginning of the Roman Empire. Sleeping Ariadne. A celebrated statue in the Vatican, Rome. The figure, richly draped in thin tu- nic and himation. reclines with one arm thrown over the head, which is supported on the other bent at the elbow. It is a fine antique copy of a Greek original, probatjly of the time of tlie Pergamene school. The present pedestal is a handsome antique sarcophagus witha vigorous gigan- tomachy in high relief. Sleeping Beauty, The. [F. La helle a«x hois dormant, (i. Dornroschen.'] In Perrault's fairy tales, a princess who in herfifteenthyear pricks her finger with a spindle, and falls into a sleep which lasts a hundred years, thus fulfilling the prediction of the fairies at her christening. AH the inmates of the palace share the magic slumber, til! the fairy prince arrives who wakens the princess with a kiss. This story has been often told in French and English ; and Grimm has tuld it in German. Tennyson takes it for the snbjeL-t of his poem "^The Day-Dream." Sleepy Hollow (sle'pi hol'6). Alocality in Tar- rytown. New York, rendered famous by Wash- ington Irving in " The Legend of Sleepy Hol- low " in "The Sketeh-Book." Sleipnir(slip'nir). [ON.] In Old Norse mythol- ogy, the eight-footed steed of Odin. Slammer (slem'er), Adam J. Born in Mont- gomery County, Pa., 1828: died at Fort Lara- mie, Kan., Oct. 7, 1868. An American officer. He successfully defended Fort Pickens against the Confed- erates at the beginning of the Civil AVar(.Tan. -.April, ISGl), thereby preserving the key to the Gulf of Mexico for the T'nion. He took part as a brigadier-general of volun- teers in the battle of Stone River. Dec. ^1, 1S62. where he was disabled for further active service in the field. Slender (slen'der), Master Abraham. In Shakspere's " Merry Wives of Windsor," a pro- vincial gentleman, cousin to Robert Shallow, Esq. He is an inimitable official booby, in love with "sweet Anne Page." Slesvig. The Danish name of Sehleswig. Sleswick. See Sehleswig. Sley. See Schlei. Slick (slik), Samuel or Sam. A Yankee clock- 938 maker, introduced from about 1835 as a char- acter into various works by T. C. Haliburton, who afterward used the name as a pseudonym. Slidell (sli-del'), John. Born in New York city, 1793 : died at London, July 29, 1871. An American politician. He was a Democratic member of Congress from Louisiana 1843-46 ; was sent as United States minister to Mexico in 1846, but was not received ; and was United States senator from Louisiana 1853-61, re- signing as a Secessionist Feb., 1861. He was sent as a Confedei-ate commissioner to France 18G1, and with Ma- son was arrested on the British vessel Trent by the Fed- eral captain Wilkes Nov., 1801. On his release he sailed for Europe (Jan., 1862). He failed, however, to secure the recognition of the French government for the Con- federate States. See Trent, The. SligO (sli'go). 1. A county in Connaught, Ire- land, bounded by the Atlantic on the north, Leitrim on the east, Roscommon on the south- east, and Mayo on the south and west. The surface is diversified. Area, 721 square miles. Population (1891), 98,013.-2. A seaport, cap- ital of County Sligo, situated at the mouth of the Garvogue, in Sligo Bay, in lat. 54° 17' N., long. 8° 28' W. It has considerable coasting trade, and contains a ruined abbey of some architectural interest. Population (1891), 10,110. Sliven (sle'ven), or Selimnia (sa-lim'ne-a). A town in Eastern Rumelia, Bulgaria, situated at the base of the Balkans, in lat. 42° 40' N., long. 26° 21' E. Ithastradeandmanufactures, and is apoint of strategic importance. Population (1887), 20,893. Also called Sliviw, Isliime, Islimye, etc. Slivnitza (sliv-nit'sa). A village in Bulgaria, 13 miles norUiwest of Sofia. Here, Nov. 17-19, 1885, the Bulgarians under Prince Alexander defeated the Servians under Milan. Sloane (slon). Sir Hans. Born at KiUyleagh, County Down, Ireland, April 16, 1660: died at London. Jan. 11, 1753. A British physician and naturalist. He resided in Jamaica 16S.5-86 ; was physi- cian to Christ's Hospital, London, 1094-1724 ; and physician- general to the army from 1716 ; was presidentoftheCollege of Physicians 1719-35 ; and was physician to the king from 1727. In the latter year he succeeded Sir Isaac Kewton as president of the Royal Society. His works include an ac- count of his voyage to Jamaica and of the natui-al products of that island, generally called "Natural History of Jamai- ca " (1707-25 : whole title, "Voyage to the Islands Madeira, Barbados. Ni^ves, St. Christopher's, and .Tamaica. with the Natural History, etc., of the last ") ; a catalogue of the plants of Jamaica ; and many papers in the "Philosophical Transactions." His library (50.000 vols, and over S.OM MSS.) and collections were bequeathed to the nation on condition that £20,000— much less than their value — should be paid to his heirs : they formed the nucleus of the British Museum. Sloane, William Milligan. Born at Rich- mond, Ohio, Nov. 12, 1850. An American edu- cator and writer. He graduated from Columbia Col- lege 1868; studied at Berlin and Leipsic 1872-76; was George Bancroft's secretary at Berlin 1873-76 ; was as- sistant and professor of Latin at Princeton 1876-83 ; was professor of history there 1883-96 ; and became professor of history in Columbia University in 1896. From 1885-88 he edited the " New Princeton Review,' and is one of the editors of the "American Historical Review. ■ Among his works are "The French War and the Revolution," and the " Life of Napoleon." Sloane Museum. See Sloane, Sir Hans. Sloat (slot), John Drake. Born in New York city, 1780 : died at New Brighton, Staten Island, N. Y., Nov. 28, 1867. An American admiral. He served in the War of 1812, and was engaged in suppressing piracy in the West Indies 18'24-25. Slocum (slo'kum), Henry Warner. Born at Delphi, Onondaga County, N. Y., Sept. 24, 1827 : died at Brooklyn, N. Y., April 14, 1894. An American general and politician. He graduated at 'West Point in 1852; resigned his commission in the anny in 1836 ; and took up the practice of law at Syracuse, N. Y. He was a member of the State legislature in 1S59. At the beginning of the Civil War he accepted a commission as colonel of volunteers in the Union army, and commanded a regiment at the first battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861. He was made a brigadier-general of volunteers in the same year, and served with distinction in the Peninsular cam- paign. He was promoted major-general of volunteers in 1862, and engaged in the battles of Bull Run (Aug. 29-30, 1862), South Mountain, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chan- cellorsville, and Gettysburg (where he commanded the right wing of the army). He conmianded the left wing of the army in Sherman's march to the sea and his invasion of the Carolinas 1864-65. He resigned from the aniiy in Sept., 186.5, and resumed the practice of law in Brooklyn, New York. He was a Democratic member of Congress from New York 1869-73. Slop (slop). Doctor. In Sterne's novel "Tris- tram Shandy," Mrs. Shandy's attendant physi- cian, who breaks Tristram's nose at his birth. He is described as having "a breadth of back and a ses- quipedality of belly which might have done honour to a Serjeant in the Horse-Guards." Sloper (slo'per). Mace. A pseudonym of Charles Godfrev Leland. Slote (slot). Hon. Bard-well. In B. E. Woolf's play " The Mighty Dollar," a character created by W. J. Florence : a caricature of the American politician. He is an unprincipled greedy member from Smart, Henry the Cohosh district, and la in the habit of Indicating ex- pressions by their initials; as, k. k. (cruel cuss), p. d. q. (pretty d d (luick), etc. Slough of Despond, The. A bog described in the first part of ''The Pilgrim's Progress" by Bunyan . Slo-^aks (slo-vaks'). A Sla%'ic race dwelling ehietly in northern Hungary and the adjoining part of Moravia. Slcvenes (slo-venz'). A Slavic race chiefly in Styria, Carinthia, (!!amiola, and parts of the Kiistenland and Hungary. Slowboy (slo'boi), Tilly. In Dickens's "Crick- et on the Hearth," an awkward nurse employed by Mr. Peerybingle. She is constantly sur- prised at being so well treated, and has a ge- nius for bumping the baby's head. Sluis, or Sluys (slois). [F. rtlduse.'] A sea- port in the province of Zealand, Netherlands, situated near the Belgian frontier 10 miles northeast of Bruges. A naval victory was gained here by Edward III. of England and his Flemish allies over the i'rench in 1340. Population (1889), 2,421. Sly (sli), Christopher. A tinker in the induc- tion to Shakspere's " Taming of the Shrew." He is found in a drunken sleep by a nobleman, who has him taken to his own home as a jest ; and when he wakes he is made to believe that he is the lord of the manor. The "Taming of the Shrew" is then played for his enter- tainment before his illusion is broken. Harun-al-Rashid played the same trick on Abu Hassan. Sm3,land (sma'liint). A region in southern Sweden, bordering on the Baltic. It comprises Jonkoping. Kronoberg, and Kalmar. Smalcald, or Smalkald. See Schmalk-alden. Smalkaldic (smal-kal'dik) Articles. The arti- cles of Protestant faith drawn up by Luther and submitted to a meeting of electors, princes, and states at Smalkald (or Schmalkalden) in 1537, designed to sbow bow far the Protestants were willing to go in order to avoid a rupture with Rome. Smalkaldic League. A league entered into at Smalkald in 1531 by several Protestant princes and free cities for the comrnon defense of their faith and political independence against the emperor Charles V. Smalkaldic War. The unsuccessful war waged by the Smalkaldic League against Charles V. (1546-47). Small-Endians. See Little-endians. Small Isles. A collective name for the islands of (ianna. Rum, Eigg, and Muck, off the west- ern coast of Scotland. Smallweed(smal' wed), Grandfather. In Dick- ens's ''Bleak House," an old man, the gi'andfa- ther of j'oung Smallweed (called Chickweed), "in a helpless condition as to his lower and nearly so as to his upper limbs." He enjoys throw- ing his pillows at his more feeble wife: both are then shaken up and settled by their granddaughter Judy. Smaragdus Mons (sma-rag'dus monz). [6r. Sfidpaydoc, emerald.] In ancient geography, a mountain in Africa, near the western coast of the Rod Sea, about lat. 24° 45' N., noted for its emeralds : the modern Jebel Zabareh. Smart («miirt), Benjamin Humphrey. Born in England about 1785: died in 1872. An Eng- lish grammarian, lexicographer, and philosoph- ical writer, for 50 years a teacher of elocution in London. He published "A Grammarot English Pro- nunciation" (1810), "The Rudiments of English Grammar EIucidated"(lSll), "A Grammar of English Sounds" (1813), '■ Practical Logic " (1829), " Outlines of Sematology " (1831), "Thoughts and Language "(1835), "Pronouncing Diction, ary based on that of John Walker " (1836), " Letter to Dr. ^Yhately on the Effect of his Elements of Logic, etc. " (lS52)k " Introduction to Gi-ammaron its True Basis "(1858), "Ac- cidence of Grammar, etc." Smart, Christopher. Bom at Shipboume,Kent, April 11, 1722; died at London, May 18, 1770 or 1771. An English poet. He entered Cambridge (Pem- broke Hall) in 1739, and was elected fellow in 1746. He became a hack writer, and, his mind giving way. he died in the rules of the King's Bench. In the intervals of a fit of insanity he wrote the poem "A Song to D.avid," published in 1763, which was omitted from his collected w^orks and has been discovered quite recently. He also wrote " The Hilliad," a poetical translation of Phfedrus (1765), a prose translation of Horace, and metrical ver- sions of the psalms and parables. Smart, Sir George Thomas. Born at London, May 10, 1776: died there, Feb. 23, 1867. An English musical conductor, instructor, and com- poser. He was appointed organist of the Chapel Royal in 1822, and composer in 1S38. He was the first to produce Mendelssohn's "St. Paid" in England, and was in great repute as a conductor of musical festivals in all parts of the country (18-23-40). He edited Orlando Gibbon's " Mad- rigals "and the "Dettingen Te Deum," and published sev- eral volumes of glees, antliems, etc. Smart, Henry. Born at London , Oct. 26, 1813 : died July 6. 1879. An English musician and composer: nephew of Sir G. T. Smart, and son Smart, Henry of Henry Smart (1778-1823), a conductor and Smillie, James D. manufacturer of piauofortes. He waa organist in various London cliurchi-s (at St. Luke's (18H-61), and at St. Pancras in lSti4, when he became i>lind and waa oblijjed to dictate liie compositions). His clmrch music and purt- Bonus are best linuwn. He alsu wrote an opera "liertlia, or the Gnome of Hartzburg " (1865). and several cantatas, '• The Bride of Dunlterron " (IStM). " King Kene 8 liau-h- ter," "The Fisher Maidens" (1871), and '■ Jacob "(1873). Smartas (smiir'taz), or Smarta Brabmans. Out' of the three principal clussfs into which the Hindus proper of the jiresent day may be divided as to religion, the otliertwo being tlie Shaivas and the Vaishnavas. The Smartas l)elieve that man's spirit is identical with the one Spirit, wliich Is the essence of the universe and only cognizjible tlirougti meditation and selfioinmunion. They believe also In the tliree personal gods Braliina, Shiva, and \'ishnu, with their subordinate deities, but only as coequal manifesta- tions of the one impersonal Spirit and as destined to be real)sorbed into that Spirit. They are followers of Shan- kara (which see). Smea'ton(snie'ton), John. Bom at Austliorpe, near Leeds. England, June 8. 1724 : died at Aus- thorpe, Oct. 28, 1792. An English civil engi- neer. He rebuilt the Eddystone Lighthouse, and built various canals, bridges, etc. 939 _ Bom at New York, June 1(5, lH3:i .-^n American landscape-painter, son of James Smillie the engraver, who educated him in that profession. He was made a mem- ber of the National Academy in 1876. SmintheUB (smin'thus). [Gr. S/id'^fif.] In (jrick mythology, a surname of Apollo. The very iiamc, Smintheus, by which his favourite priest calls on him in the "Iliad" (i. .•»). might be rendere 1««4 A ted, translated, and wrote various works iu Spanish and hemia, March J, 1824. died May 1-, 1884. A English relating to early Spanish explorations in America. Bohemian musician and composer, a pupil of gmith Charles Emory. Born in 1842. An Proksch and Liszt. He produced a nnmberof operas, American journalist, editor of the Philadelphia symphonic poems, etc., and was conductor in the -Vational ., r>„„„„ ■> „ • i. . t).,..u „i.,l..r PrnaiHoni Aeater at Prague WA-U. when he resigned on account ^'^^''■''*'-,„„5; "■", ""nlster to «'»«"";' f,y;,^''7^"' of deafness. Among his operas are " Married tor Money, ' Han.son ls.«M»2, and postmaster-geneial Iki.h.1 , < . hiOL "The Brandenburger in PK)hemii^" and "Ihe Harlered Smith, Charles FergUSOn. Born at Philadel- Bride." The last sinldcnly became famous in Vienna in pdja Aiiril 24, 1S(17: died at Savannah, Tenn., iind since th.it time Hmetana's name has been widely ^ •, o-, jhoo. An American general. He gradu- Jiily 17, 1790. A celebrated Scottish political economist. He was educated at Glasgow and Oxford, and in 1718 became lecturer on rhetoric and belles-lettres at Edinburgh. He accepted in 1761 the chair of logic at Glasgow, which ho exchanged for that of moral jiliilosophy in Ihe same university In 17.12. In 17(^1 he resigned his professorship in order to travel on the Continent as tutor of tlie young duke of Buccleuch (1784-6H), and afterward lived for a time in studious retirement at Kirkcaldy. lie became commissioner of customs at Edinburgh in 1778 : and w.as elected lord rector of the t'niversity of Glasgow in 1787. His chief works are "Inquin,' into tlie Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations " (177(>) and " Theory of .Moral Sentiments " (17.'i9). Smith, Alexander. Bom at Kilmarnock, Scot- land, Dec. 31, 1830 : died at 'Wardie, near Edin- burgh, Jan. 5, 18G7. A Scottish poet and mis- cellaneous author. He wrote "A Life Drama and other Poems " (IS.I.S), "War Sonnets" (with Dobell, 185.'0. etc. His cliief pruse works are "A Summer In Skye " (I8U6) ami " Altre.l H.agart's Household " (1800). Smith, Andrew Jackson. Born April 28, 1815: died Jan. 30, 1S!»7. A Union general in the Civil War. He ser^'ed with distinction In the Vieksbnre and Red Kiver campaigns (18l.'2-«.! and 18M), „>..<; r««,-..;* n«,.t. ot parHciraliiig in the battlesof Pleasant Hill and Nashville bmitn,_lTerrit.^ Koni at (IHU). He ;il-<» bore a conspicuous part in the reduction f .Mnhile, March-April, 181 " lsl(2, . kni)wn outside of Bohemia. He died insani Smeth'Wick(smeTll'ik). AtowninStafTordshire, Eng., 3 miles west of Birmingham. It hasva- rious manufactures. Population (1901), .54. .539. Smike(smik). in Dickens's "Nicholas Nick- leby," a poor homeless persecuted lioy, abused by Stpieers, afterward befriended by Nicholas Nickleby, and finally discovered to be Kalph Niekleliy's son. Smiles (smilz). Samuel. Born at Haddington, Scotland, 1.S12. A Scottish miscellaneous wri- ter. He graduated in medicine at Edinburgh at the ago of 20; but, after having Jiraclised at Haddington and Leeds, abandoned the medical profession in order to become editor of the " I,ced8 Times " He was secreUiry of the Leeds anil Thirsk Itailway Company 181S-M, and of the .SonthEasteni Railway IS-VMUi. His works include " His- tory of Ireland "(1.SJ41," Life of (ieorge Stephenson " (1807), ".Self-Help, with Illustrations of Chaiaeler and Conduct" (lSMl)."Hiiet lllogi aphles"(lMlii)," Lives of the Engineers " (18«l-65)."Inililstrlal Hlography"(18(i:i),"Tlie Huguenots" (18117). "Character" (1.871), "The Huguenots in I'rance ' (1871), "Tlirlft" (187:.). Smillie (smi'li), George Henry. Bom at New York, Dec. 29, 1840. .An .Xnnrieaii landscape- painter, brother of .T. 1). Sniillie. In 1871 he made a sketching tour in the Kocky .MoiiiitailiH anil the Vosem- Ite Valley, and in Florida in l,i71. He tlisl cxhililted at the National Academy In 180.'1. and wa8 made a national academician in 1S82. Smillie, James. Born at Edinburgh, Scotland, 1807 : died at New York, Dec. 5, 18a5. A Scot- tish-Anierii'iin engraver. Ho came to America In 1821. and settled in New York in 18'2!). He engraved bank- notes and was eminent as an engraver of landscapeH, among which are (\tle's series " 'fho Voyage of Life," Blerstadt's " Kucky Mountains," etc April 25, 1802. An American get atcd at West Point in 182.1; served as instructor, adjutant, and commandant at West Point 1829-12 ; commanded a light battalion in the Mexican war, and was distinguished at Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, Monterey, Chiirubusco, etc.; commanded the Red River expedition in 1860; and served In the I Uih expedition 1857-iKl. He was appointed brigadier general of volunteers in 1801 ; raptured at the head of his division the heights commanding the fort at the battle of Fort Doii'lson in 18IVJ; and was made major- general of volunteers ill March, 186'i Smith, Edmund Kirby. Born at St. Augus- tine. Fla... May 10,1824: iliedatSewanee.Tenn., March 28. 1K93. A Confederalo general. He graduated at West Point in 181.1: served in the Mexican and Indian wars; was wounded at Bull Run in 18r. H. (i. (1. Dwlght, he made a journey lhl-ougbArmenl!i,r. Cornelius Van Dyke In 1800-417. He had devised an improved font of Amble type. Smith, Henry Boynton which was cast at Leipsic in 1839 under his direction. He published, with Professor Robinson. "Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai, and Arabia Petrtea" in 1841: with the second edition (1850) appeared "Later Biblical Researches In Palestine, etc." He wrote "Missionary Re- searches in Armenia "(with Dr Dwight. 18;i3) and ".Ser- mons and Addresses "(18S4X and contributed to the "Bib- liotheca Sacra," etc. Smith, Erasmus Peshine. Born at New York, March 2, 1814: died at Rochester, N. Y., Oct. 21, 1882. An American Jurist and political econ- omist. He graduated at Columbia In 183-2, and at the Harvard Ijiw School in 1833; was for some time an otBclal In the state department ; and about 1871 became adviser on international law to the Mikado of Japan, a post which he occupied five years. He wrote "Manual of Political Economy " (185:0. Smith, Mrs. ( Erminnie Adelle Piatt). Bom at Marcellus, N. Y., April 20, 1S3G; died at Jersey City, N. J., June 9, 1886. An American ethnolo- gist. She published an IroquoisBnglhih dlctionai7, Smith, Francis Hopkinson. Bom at Balti. more, Md.,< let. '.'3, 1S3S. An American painter, writer, and civil engineer. He paints chieHy In wa- ter-color, and has published and illustrated "old tinea in new Black and White" (1885), "Well-worn Roads, etc." (188«), "A Book of Ihe Tile Club" (18'>7X "A White Ini- brella In Mexico" (1889), "Colonel Carter of CartersvillcT (1891), "A Day at Laguerre's, etc"(189-2X "American lllus- trator8"(1892), etc. Smith, George. Born March 26, 1840: died at Aleppo, Aug. 19, 1876. An English Assyriolo- gist, a bank-note engraver bv trade. He studied the cuneiform inscriptions In the 'British Museum, and, through the inllucnce of Sir Henry Rawlinson and Dr. Hirch, was appointed assistant in the ilepartment of an- tiquities in the museum. In 1872 hediscovered the Chal- dean account of the deluge, and in 1871 the key to the Cypriote character and script In 1872 he was sent liy the "Daily Telegraph ' to Nineveh, and in 1873 returned to Nineveh by commission of the British Museum and completed his excavations. He published "Assyrian Dis- coveries" in 1875. On a third visit, in 1870, he died. He also wrote "Annab of Assnrtianipal " (1871), "History of As.syria" (1S7;1), " rjxMiy in Canon "(1875), etc Smith, George Barnett. Bom near Halifax, Yorkshire, 1841. An Englisli journalist and writer. He went to Lomlon in 1804 and was connected with the " Glolie " and the " Echo." He has contributed to the " Encyelopadia Britannica " and to a number of peri- odicals. Among his works are "Poets and Novelists "(1875), lives of Sliellev (1877), Gladstone (1870), Sir Robert Peel (l8sl),.lohnBright(1881).VictorHngo(1886).QueenVictori« (1888), and " William I. and the German Empire "(1889). " ~ "^ Utica, N.Y., Maich6, 1797: (lied at New York city, Dec. 28, 1874. An American jihilanthropist. He was connected with the Colonization Society, and later with the Antlslavery Soci- ety, and gave pecuniar}' assistance to.Iohn Brown. In whose affair at Harper's Ferry he waa not, however, implicated. He was an abolitionist member of Congress from New Y'ork 18.13-54. Among his puldieatlons are ".Sermons and Speeches " (1801) and " Nature the Base of a Free Theol- ogy" (1-07). Smith, Goldtvin. Bom at Reading, England, Aug. 13, IS'23. An English historian and pub- licist. He graduated at Oxford in 1815 ; was regiiis pro- fessor of modern history at that university 18-18 (iO; and was pn)fes9or of English and constitutional history at Cornell University (Ithaca, New York) from 1868 to 1^71, wlien he exclianged bis cliatr for that of a non-reslilent professor and removed to Toronto. He became ft memtier of the senate of the Toronto rnlverslty ; was editor of the " Canadian Monthly " 1872-74 ; and founded the " Toronto Week" in 1884. He has published "Lectures on Mos), etc. Smith, ureen Clay. Born 1832 : died June 29, 1S95. .All .\tiierieaii politician, general, and clergyman. He was a FedenU general intheClvil War; rnlon'nieinber of Congress fnnn Kentucky ISiVl-f'*! ; gov- ernor of Montana Territory 18iiHl major general in Sept., Isiil. Me was insurance eoinmis- sionerof Kentneky 187o-7ll. He pnl.llslied " Notes on Life liisiinince " (::d ed I>77)aiid " Coiiledel ol«' War Papers" (1.8811. Smith, Henry Boynton. Born nt Portland, Mnine, Nov. 21, IS15: died at New York city, Feb. 7, 1877. An American clergynuin and scholar. He became professor of philosophy at Amherst (^dlege In 1817. anil professor of ehimli history at I nion Theological Semliuirv In l>.'Hiiaiid later of syslematio theologv) He resigned In 1874. He was editor of lh« " American 'l'lieol..gleal Review." ' Preabvterlan Review," and "Priiieeton Review " Ills w.irks Include " Relations of Faith and Philosophy (ISIH)." History of the Church of ChrlBl |iiCbroiiologlearialiles"(18.-,ii)," church History (18.11)," The Idea ill Christian Tliiiilogy as a System ' 1 1877), wIthR. D. Hitchcock a life of Edward Robinson (1804). etc. Smitli, Horace Smith, Horace. Born at London, Dee. 31, 1779 : died at Tunbridge Wells, July 1-, 1849. An Eng- lish poet, novelist, and miscellaneous wi-iter: brother of James Smith, and associated with him in the " Rejected Addresses." He wrote '•Brambletye House" (1826) and many other novels. Smith, James. Born at London, Feb. 10, 1775 : died there, Dee. 26, 1839. An English poet, noted for a collection of parodies entitled "Reject- ed Addresses" (in collaboration with Horace Smith in 1812). He aided Charles Mathews in "Country Cousins," etc. 940 strange hieroglyphics on golden plates, which he subse- quently translated with the aid of Uriin and Tlunnraim, a pair of magic spectacles. The translation, which was dictated by Smith from behind a curtain, was published in 1830 under the title of the "Book of Slormon " (which see), on the basis of which the Mormon Church was organized in the same year. In Fel)., 1831, he re- moved witli his followers from New York State to Kirt- land, Ohio, sittling afterward in Missouri. In 1840 he founded the citv of Nauvoo, Illinois. Therevelation which he professed to have received July 12, 1843, authorizing polygamy, stirred up violent opposition among his follow- ers, which found expression in the "Nauvoo Expositor " Smith, Sir William Sidney 1829 to the living of Combe- Florey in Somerset ; and in 1831 he was canon residentiary of St. Paul's. He was noted as a lu'illiant critic, and as a talker ant! a wit. Macaulay calls him " the greatest master of ridicule that has appeared among us since Swift." His chief works are "Letters on the Subject of the Catholics, by Peter Plymley" (1807-08: a ^tt ■ i. 163 1 . An English adventurer, president of the Smith, Joshua Toulmin. Bora at Birmingham, colony of Virginia 1608-09. He was the eldest son England, May 29, 1816: died April -8, 1869. An of George Smith,"a tenant farmer. Little is known of his English antiquary. His works include ' JNortli- life, except through his own writings, which are largely ^len in New England " (1839)," History of Eng- eulogistic of himself and of questionable authority. He i;^l, n,,ilila " (•1S7fl) etc studied at the free schools of Alford and Louth, and at the q VJI fi TrVvK^ ^V^ \',„,77, V,lm,n„l Kirhii age of fifteen was apprenticed to a trade, but ran away and Smith, Kirby. bee Smith, hdnuud Kit bl/. served under LordWUlougiibyintheNetberlandsand else. Smith, MarCUS. Born at New Orleans, Jan. Zl , " -" -" •■"tjr-.--.. iT.-„.=vivo„ia -^^09. £]igci at Paris, Aug. 11, 1884, "- " = where. He afterward serveil in Hungary and Transylvania agiiiust the Turks, and was captured and sent into slavery, but escaped to Russia and ultimately returned to England, probably about 1605. He accompanied the expedition, con- sisting of three vessels and IW) men, which left London Dec. 19 1606, under the command of Christopher Newport, for the purpose of establisliing a colony in Virginia. He pro- fessed to have been kept under arrest during part of the voyage on suspicion of aiming to usurp the government and make himself king. The colonists sighted the Virginia coast (Cape Henry) April 26, 1607. The same day they opened the sealeii orders which they canied with them pro- viding for the local government of the colony. The orders named a council of seven members, including John Smith (altlitmgh for tlie present he was not allowed to take his seat), wliich was to elect an animal president, and which ultiniately cliose Edward Maria VVingfleld. The settle- ment of Jamestown began May 13, 1607. Smith's energy An Ameri- can actor, known as Mark Smith: son of Solo- mon F. Smith. He played many Shaksperian parts, and had great vei-satility, ranging easily from Sir Peter Teazle and Mir William Foudlove to Diggory and Powhatan (in Brougliam's burlesiiue " I'ocahontas "). Smith, Melancton or Melancthon. Bora at New York, May 24, 1810 : died at Green Bay, Wis., July 19, 1893. An American admiral. He was appointed midshipman in the United States navy in 1826 ; was promoted commander in 1865, captain in 1862, commodore in 1866, and rear-admiral in 1870. He served in the Civil War before New Orleans, at Port Hudson, Fort Fisher, etc. He was commandant of the Brooklyn navy- yard 1870-7'2, and was afterward goverr.or of the Naval „.i.,„u. .. --„_.. ., .., - ^, Asylum at Philadelphia. _ in exploring the neighboring rivers, and his success in ob- Smith, Morgan Lewis. Born in OswegoCounty, taining supplies from the Indians, soon secured for him admission to his place on the council. While on a voyage of exploration up the James in 1607 he was captured by tlie Indians and brought before Powhatan, who after a six weeks' captivity sent him back to Jamestown (see Poca- hontas). When he returned to Jamestown, he found the colonists reduced to 40 men ; but they were presently re- inforced by the arrival of Captain Nelson with 140 immi- grants. Smith explored the coasts of the Chesapeake as far as the mouth of the Patapsco June-July, and the head of the Chesapeake July-Sept., 1608. On Sept. 10, 1608, he was elected president. Captain Newport returned from a visit to England with 70 colonists. Insubordination and Indian uprisings were overcome by Smith's tact and Smith Robert. Born 1689: died at Cambridge, " "■ ■ -his administration were sent j7g^_ An English mathematician. He was ap- 1716, and master of Trinity I energy, but false accounts of home by his enemies, A new charter was obtained by the proprietors m England (the London Company) ; Lord Dela- warr was made governor ; and three commissioners were empowered to manage the affairs of the colony until the aiTival of the governor. The commissioners sailed in 1609 with over 500 emigrants in nine ships, one of which, the Sea Venture, was shipwrecked off the Bermudas. The warrant of the new commission was lost in the ship- wreck, with the result that Smith retained his presidency and enforced his authority over the new-comers, who were composed largely of the riltrafl of London. While on an exploring expedition he was severely wounded by the explosion of his powder-ba^, and returned to Lon- don in the autumn of 1609. He subsequently (in 1614) conducted an expedition fitted out by some London merchants to the coast of New England, which he ex- plored from Penobscot to Cape Cod. In 1615 he started on a similar voyage, but was captured by the French. He escaped the same year, and the remainder of his life was spent in vain endeavors to procure financial support for the estalilishmeut of a colony in New England. He ob- taineil tlie promise of 20 ships in 1617, anil received the CTni-h'h 'Rn tr 1 t died April 1, 1895. "^ An English Orientalist Smith William Henry. Born at London, June and theologian. He was regius professor of divinity "^ l*^*^^ '^'"'^ "*■ Walmer ( astle. Oct. 6. 1891. eral and engineer. He graduated at West Point in 1845 ; was a division commander in the Peninsular cam- paign and at Antietam ; and was a corps commander at Fredericksburg. He was chief engineer of the Depart- ment of the Cumberland and of the Division of the Jlis- sissippi. He took an important part in the operations near Chattanooga, 1863. In 1864 he was confirmed major- general of volunteers, and was corps commander at Cold Harbor and before Petersburg in the same year. death. The expedition, however, never sailed. He wrote "ATrue Relation" (1608), "A Map of Virginia" (1612), "A Description of New England" (1616), "New England's Trials " (1620), "The Generall Historic of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles " (1624),"An Accidence for Young Seamen" (IG'26), "The True Travels " (1630), and "Advertisements for the Inexperienced Planters of New England " (1631), Smith, John Cotton. Born at Sharon, Conn., Feb. 12, 1765: died there, Dec. 7, 1845. An American politician. He was Federalist member of Congress from Connecticut 1801-07, and governor of Con- necticut 1813-18. He was president of the American Bible So(-iety and of the American Board of Commissioners of Foreign Missions. Smith, John Cotton. Bom at Andover.Mass., Aug. 4, 1826: died at New York, Aug. 10, 1882. An American Protestant Episcopal clergyman. He became rector of the Church of the Asctiision. New York city, in 1860, and was a leader in tenement-house reform. He wrote ".Miscellanies, Old and New " (1876), " The Liturgy as a Basis of Union," etc. Smith, John Pye. Born at Sheffield, England, May 25, 1774: died at Guildford, England. Feb. 5, 1851. An English Independent clergyman. Hewrote "Scripture Testimony to the Messiah" (1818-21), " Scripture and Geology " (1839), etc. Smith, Joseph. Born at Sharon, Vt., Dee. 23, 1805 : killed at Carthage, 111.. June 27, 1844. A Mormon prophet. He removed with his parents, poor farmers, to the State of New York about 1815, and resided successively at Palmyra and Manchester, About 1820 he began, as he claimed, to have supernatural visions, and Sept. 22, JS27, received from an angel a book written iu at Oxford from 1806 to 1871, when he became dean of Can terbury. He was a member of the Old Testament Revision Company. He published "The Authenticity and Mes- sianic Interpretation of the Prophecies of Isaiah Vindi- cated " (1862), " Prophecy : a Pieparation forChrist " (1869), '■Thesaurus .S.vriacus " (1«('.8 et set].), etc. Born at Lebanon, Conn., Uiireh 30, 1829 : died at New York, April 19, 1892. An American publisher, a founder, with Dr. J. G. Holland and Charles Scribner & Co., of " Seribner's Monthly," later (1881) the " Cen- tury "magazine. He was the founder and presi- dent of The Century Co. (New York city). Smith, Samuel Francis. Born at Boston, Oct. 21, 1808: died Nov. 16, 1895. An American Bap- tist clergyman and poet. He is well known from his hymns and songs, including "My Country, 'Tis of Thee" (1832), "The Morning Light is Breaking "(1832), etc. Smith, Seba. Born at Buckfield, Maine, Sept. 14, 1792 : died at Patehogue, L. I., July 29, 1868. An American journalist and miscellaneous wri- ter. He published " Life and Letters of Major Jack Down- ing" (1833), " 'Way Down East, etc." (1856), "My Thirty Years Out of the Senate, by Major Jack Downing " (1869- 1860), etc. Smith Sydney. BomatWoodford,Essex, Eng- land, June 3, 1771: died at London, Feb. 22, 1845. An F.iinlisli clergyman, wit, and essayist. He was educated at Winclies"ter and at New College, Oxforil ; took orders • and was curatt^ of Netheravon on Salisl)ury I'lain, He lived in Edinburgh from 1798 to 1803, and lii. ii went to London. While in F.diiiburKh he wasoneof tlie founders of the "Edinbmgli hcview," its first editor (lS(r2), and one of its chief ontiibntors for twenty years. From 1804 to 1808 he was one of the lecturers on moral philosophy at the Royal Institution, London, teaching the principles of Dugald Stewart. These lectures were published in 1850. In 1SIJ9 he was presented to the living of Foston-le-Clay, Yorkshire, where there had been no clergyman for over 100 years : he lived there for twenty years as a village priest. In 1828 he was presented to a prebend of Bristol, and in 24, 1825 : died at Walmer Castle, Oct. 6, 1891. An English Conservative politician and pub- lisher. He was financial secretary to the treasury 1874- 1877; firstlord of the admiralty 1877-80; secretary for war 1885-86 and 1886-87 ; and first lord of the treasury and leader of the House of Connnons from 1887 until his death. Smith, William Robertson. Born at Keig, Aberdeenshire, Nov. 8, 1846: died at Cam- bridge, England, March 31, 1894. A distin- guished Scottish biblical scholarand Orientalist. He was the eldest son of a scholarly clergyman, who was his sole teachertill he entered Aberdeen University. After gaining exceptional distinction there, he went to the Free Church College at Edinburgh, and afterward studied at the universities of Bonn and (jbttingen. In 1870 he was appointed Hebrew professor in the Free Church College at Aberdeen. A keen ecclesiastical controversy arose out of certain of his writings — the question at issue being the extent of liberty in matters of biblical criticism and inter- pretation permissible in an evangelical church. His con- tributions to the " Encyclopiedia Britannica," especially the article " Bible," published in 1876, led to a series of at- tempts to convict him of heresy. These were unsuccess- ful, largely owing to the attraction of a powerful personal infiuence, as well as to his skilful conduct of his defense ; but in 1881 he was removed fx-om his chair without being deprived of its emoluments, of which, however, hedeclined to continue acceptance. The ground assigned by the Assem- bly for this action was that "they no longer considered it safe or advantageous for the church that Professor Smith should continue to teach in one of her colleges." FYom 1881 he was associated as joint editor of the "Encyclo- pa;dia Britannica" with T. Spencer Baynes, after whose death in 1887 he was sole editor. He was lord almoner's reader in Arabic at Cambridge University 1883-86, libia- rian of the ITniversity 1886-89, and professor of Arabic 1889-94. Hepublished "The Old Testament in the Jewish Church "(1881), "The Pi'ophets of Israel, and their Place in History" (1882), "Kinship and Marriage in Early Ara- bia"(18S5), "TheReligion of the Semites" (1889), etc. Smith, Sir William Sidney: often called Sir Sidney Smith. Born at Westminster, July 21, 1704 : died at Paris, May 26, 1840. An English admiral. Entering the navy at 11, he won a lieutenancy in I Smith, Sii William Sidney the h.-ittle otf <':ipc St. Vincent, .Ian., 178). In 17-8-90 he advised the Kinu' of .Sweden in his war with Russia ; in 1793 he joined Loi8, and crossei! the Charniel in askilf. In Oct., 179s, he was sent to C'onslantinople as plenipotentiary; but, leaniinK of Boiiai)arte's operations at St. -Jean d'Acre, went to its relief. On ilarch \i>, 17!«>, lie captured the French tlotilla.and on May 20 compelled H m- aparte to raise the sieac. lie sened as liriKadier-genend under Abercromby at the battle of Abukir. In 18ir2hewa8 member of Parliament for Rochester ; in ISO."! was sent on secret service to Sicily and Naples ; in 1807 joined ^■ir John Duckworth against the Turks ; and on Feb. 7 destroyed the Turkish fleet at Abydos. Smith College. Au iustitution for the hifrher educatiou of women, situated at Nortliamiiton, Massachusetts, It was founded by Sopliia Smitli (1796-1870), and opened in 1875. It has about 1,100 students. Smithfield (smitli'feld), A loeality iu London, north of St. Paul's, it was formerly a recreation- ground, ami was Ions famous for its cattle-market. It was noted in the tiuie of CJueen Mary as the place for burning heretics at the stake. Smith's Island (smiths i'land). A small islanil off the coast of North Carolina, to which it be- longs, 24 miles ,south of Wilmington, It con- tains Cape Fear, Bmithson (smitli'son), James (James Lewis Macie), Born ill France, about 1765 : died at Genoa, June 27, 1S29, An English scientist, il- legitimate son of the first Duke of Xortluimber- laud, lie made a bequest to the United States for the establishnient of a scientitic institution. Sni: Sinitfi^onian IiiMitution Smithsonian Institution. An institution of learning at Washington, established in 184t). for the " increase and diffusion of knowledge among men," it was founded by James Sniithson. an English chemist and mineralogist, and a fellow of the Royal Society. At his death, in ISJl), he bequeathed ilor.,nOO to the ffovertiment of the Tnited .States in trust '"to found at Washington an establishment, under the name of the Smithsonian Institution, for the increase and dilTusion of knowledge among men," which bequest became operative in l&;i5. In 18;iS the I'nited .States government received from the t'ourt of Chancery of fJreat Britain $"»15,lt:!), which sum was increased by careful financial management to $703,000. This amount was further incre:ised in ISOI by a gift from Mr. Thomas George Uodgkins of Seiauket, New York, of S2U0,0O0 a porticm of the in. ntne of which was to be devoted to "the increase ami iliItu>i('M of more exact knowledge in regard to the nature and properties of the atmospheric air, in connection with tlie welfare of man " .Mr. Hodgkins also named t^ Institution a.^ his residuary legatee. The funds ot the Institntion are de- posited in the United States Treasury, the govermnent paying per cent, interest on the fund. After the discus- aion ot numerous plans. Congress passed an act in 1840 creating an "establishment " consisting of the Presiilent and members of the cabinet and a board of regents (the Vice-President, 3 senators, 3 members of the House of Representatives, and six other citizens), the executive officer to be a secretary elected by the board of regents. The Institution has devoted itself to the two lines of work marked out in the terms of the berjuest — the prosecution of original research, and the publication and distribution of memoirs on subjects relating to science. During the course of its existence, it has originated many scientific undertakings of great importance, which have since been taken up by the government, and for which separate bureanshave been established, some independent of the Institution, others under itH difeetion, (nit of its meteorological service the Uniteln-d. Indcr thedirectitm of theSmithsrmian Institution are the United States National Museum, the legal custi.flianof all govern- ment collections; the Bureau of International Exchanges; the Bureau of American Kthnologv ; the Astrtt-Physical Ob- servatory; and the National Zonlogical Park, The Institu- tion has a library of ir»0,(X)o volumes (e-pedally rich in transactions of learned societies) and scientitic Journals. This library was deposited in 18*JtJ, by act<»f CongrcKs, with the library of ('ongress, only a working liliraiy being re- tained by the Institutitui. Thelnstilulion, however, enjoys the customary use of its library as well lui a free use of the library of Congress. The Institution has harl three sec- retaries — Joseph Henry, a physicist (1S46-78); spencer Fullerton Baird, a zoologist (I87s--S7) ; ami Samuel Pier- pont Langloy, an astronomer and physicist (1887-), Its publications consist of *' Cmtributions to Knowledge" (quarto, vols. 1--1H). " MiHcellaneons C'dlections" (vols, l-se), and Reports (18411-92). Reports of the .National Mu- seum 18S4-;t2, Bulletins of the .Natiomd Musetnu (1-.^)), Proceedings of the National .Mtiseiun (1-ltl), Annual Re- ports of the Bureau of I^tbnology (vols, 1-13). It has a building, used for ofllces and exhibit ion halls. It has taken part in all the scientitic expeditions and explorations con- ducted by the government, and in all international expo- sitliuis. In 1M93 it offered prizes of slo.iHio, .•?2,(J00, and .-"■l.Ofto in connection with the Hodgkins be<|UeBt. Smith Sound. A sea pussuge in the arctic re- gions, leading northward from liaflin Bay, and separating I'mdhoi- Land (in (ireonlaiid) on the east from Kllesmeic ]mui\ on the west. Smith's Prizes. Two prizes at the riiiversilv of Cambridge, founded by Koberl Smith (KWB- 1708), From 1769 to lsS2 they were awarded to the stu- dents proceeding B. A. who were most succesHful In a spe- cial examination in mathematics. From 1K83 they have been awardcti to writei-s of the best essays on any subject in mathematics or natural philosophy. 941 Smoky fsmo'ki) City, The. A name frequently L'ivi-n to I'itisburg. Smoky Hill Eiver, or Smoky Hill Fork. A river which rises in eastern Colorado, Hows east through Kansas, and unites xvith the Sol- otnon Kiver about long. 97° 22' W, to form the Kansas Kiver, Lcnglh, abodt ion niilis. Smoky Mountains, or Great Smoky Moun- tains. A range of the .\].p.ilacliian system, on the border between North Carolina and Ten- nessee. It contains ])eaks ovi-r 0.000 feet high. Smolen (smc-'len). .\n island off the western cnast of Norway, about lat. 03° 25' N. Length, about l.'i miles. Smolensk (smo-lensk'). 1. .\ government of western central Russia, surrounded by the governments of Pskoff, Tver, Moscow. Kaluga, Tchernigotr, Mogliileff, and Vitebsk. The chief occupation is agiieulture. Area, 21,0,38 square miles. Population (1891). 1.412,102,-2. A ca- thedral city, the capital of the government of Smolensk, situated on the Dnieper about lat, 54° 48' X. It is an imiHirtant strategic point, and is one of the oldest cities of Russia, It was annexed to Lithuania in 14i>4; conquered ami annexed by Kussia in l.'ill ; taken by Sigismund III, of Poland in Kill ; retaken liy the Russians ii] 1054 ; and in l(i«7 d-flnitely reannexed by Russia. A victory was gained there by the Kremh army under Napoleon over the Russians under Barclay de Tolly and Bagration, Aug. 17, 1812 (N. S.), when the town was partly burned. Population (1890), 37,741. Smolensk, Principality of. A meilieval prin- c-ipalitv of central Ktissia, acquired by Lithua- nia about 1400. Smolkin (smol'kin), A fiend mentioned in Sliaksjiere's "King Liar.'" Smollett (smol'et), Tobias George. Born at Dahiuhurn, Dumbartonshire, Scotland, March, 1721 : died at ilonte Novo, near Leghorn. Italy, Oct. 21, 1771. A British novelist, historical writer, and miscellaneous author. He was el). "The Adventures of Ferdinand, ' Marcus Aurelins ; was occupie-88), slogy o( Tu- Snoilsky day " (1881), "The Reality of Faith " (1884), "The Moralitv of (he Old lestamelit " (ias6; in " Helps to Belief "X and ■■ Christian Facts and Forces" (1887). Smyth, William. Born at Pittston, Maine, 1797: died at Brunswick, Maine, April 3, 1808. An American educator, profes.sor of mathe- nuitics at Bowdoin College. He wrote mathe- matical te.\t-books. etc. Sm3rth, William Henry. Born at Westmin- ster. .Ian, 21, ITss; died near Aylesbury, Eng- land, Sejit, 9, ISO.'). An Knglish naval officer and hydrograjiber. He entered the navy in 1605; made surveys of Sicily, the shores of the Adriatic, and Sar- diida by onlerof the admiralty ; attained the rank of rear- admiral iu 1s,t3; and was apitointed hydrognipher to the admiralty in 1857. His chief work is "The Mediterranean" (1S.-4). Snaehsetten (sna'hat-ten). A mountain in the Dovre l'"jeld, Noi-way, long regarded as the liighest mountain of northern Europe. Height, 7. 570 feet. Snagsby (snagz'bi). Mr. A mild, bald, timid man, very retiring and unassuming, in the law stationery business, in Dickens's "Bleak House.' He is in great fear of his domineering wife, and usually prefaces liis remarks with "Not to put too line a point up^vstone National Park ; flows soutli in Wyoming, west tlirnu;^]! Idalioto tbeliregon Iwr- der, niirth(formingtbeliounilar> between Idaho on the east and (Iregonand Washington on the west), and west through Washington ; and joins the Columbia about long. 119' W. It is noted for its scenery (cataracts and cai'ions). Its chief tributaries are the ilalade. Bois^, Salmon, Clearwater, and Palouse on the right, and the Owyhee, Malheur, and Grande R^mde on the left. Length, about 1,100 miles; navigable to Lewiston. Snakes. See Shonhoni. Snare (snivr). A sheriff's officer: aeharacterin t he second part of Shakspere's ' ' King Heiu-y I V, " Sneak (snek), Jerry. A foolish good-natured henjiecked husband in Foote's play "The Mayor of GaiTatt." He is unable to "pluck up a spirit," and, when elected mayor, is une({ual to the ofBce. He has become the type of henpecked husbands. Sneehaetten. See Suielia-tioi. Sneer (sikm). A disagreeable critic in Sheri- dan's play " The Critic." Sir Fret. Plague on "t now, Sneer, I shall take it ill. I believe you want to lake away my character as an author, .Smvr. Then I aiu sure you ought to be very much oljliged t*) me. Thr Critic. Sneerwell (sner'wel). Lady. A beautiful wi- dow, a scandalmonger, iu Sheridan's ".School for Siandal.'' "Everybody allows that Lady Sneemell can do more with a word and a look than many can with the most laboui-ed detail, even when they happen to have a little truth on their side to support it." Sneeuwbergen (sniiw'ber-Gen). [D., 'snow moiinlaiiis.'J A range ot mountains in Cape Colony, about lat. 32° S., long. 25° E. Highest point, about 8,000 feet. Sneffels, Mount. See Sniffeh. Snehaetten. See Siialufticii. Snell, Willebrord. See Snclliiis. Snellius (siu I'i-us), or Snell (sneU. Wille- brord. Born at Leydeii, l.l^l: died Oct. :tO, 1020, A Dutch mathematician, profes.sor of mathematics at Leyileu from 1013, He discov- ered the law of refraction. Snevellicci(snii-vel-le'clie). Miss. An actress, engaged in Mr. Vincent Crnnmiles's theatrical troupe, "who couhl do anylliing. from n nn'd- ley (lance to Lady Macbeth": a character in Charles Pickens's "Nicholas Nickleby." Sneyders. See Siii/ilrrn. Sniffels(snif'el7,),o'rSneffel8lsnef'el7.1,Mount. A |ii!ik of Ihe Sat. .Iii.in range, southern Colo- rado, Height, 14.1.'>.'< feci. Snodgrass (snod'gras). Mr. Augustus. .\ num- ber of the famous Tiikwiik (Inb, with a ttirn for ]ioesy, in Dickens's "I'iikwick Tapers," 8noilsky(snoirske),CarlJohanGu8tav. Born at Stockholm, Sept, 8, 1841. A .Swedish lyrio poet. He studied at I psida after 18110. where as a stu- dent, in 184d, he tuibllshed his llrst colleclion of iK>emB, "Smlidlkler"( 'l.iltle Poems"), under the pseudonym Sven Trost. In l.S4i-i appeared n seconil volume of iHiems with the lillc "Orchlileer."" In ISfifi he wasgiven a position in tile SwinUsh emlmssv at Parts; in I8»KI he was appolnteil second secretary In the mlidstry for foreign allairs, and in 1874 llrst secretary. In 187f» he was inaile Swedish ehargii d'allaires at Copenhagen. He has the hereditary title of could. Inaddilion to Ihe works named, n volume of " l>ik. ter" (" Poems") was publisbeil In Iwn» : " S,»netler"(*'.Son. nets") in 1871 A translallon of Ooethc'sballadsappeared, further, in 1870; " Kyu Ltikter'C' New Poems") In 1881. Snorre Sturleson Snorre (snoi-'ra) (or Snorri (snor're) or Snorro (snor'io)) sturleson (stor'la-sou) ov Sturlu- son (stor'lo-son). Born at Hvamm, 1179: as- sassinated on his estate Reykjaholt, Sept. 23, 1241. An Icelandic historian and high legal officer in Iceland. He twice visited Norway. He was the author of the "Heimskvingla" (" Sagas of the Norwe- gian Kings": English translation by Laing), and the re- puted author of the "Younger Edda." See Edda and Hfiiiishringla. Snout (snout). In Shakspere's "Midsummer Xight's Dream," a tinker who plays the part of the father of Py ramus in the interpolated play. Snow-Bound (sno'bound). A poem by Whit- tier, published in 1866: a winter idyl of New England life. Snowdon (suo'don), Mount, W. Eryri. [L. Mons Heriri.'] A mountain in Carnarvonshire, Wales, 10 miles southeast of Carnarvon. It is the highest mountain in England or Wales, and is noted for its grand form and extensive view. It has five peaks. Height, 3,590 feet. Snowdon. See the extract. Snowdon, which is also the oiBcial title of one of the Scottish heralds, has no connection with the Welsh moun- tain of that name, but is simply the descriptive name of Stirling — Snua-dun, the fort, or fortified hill, on the river. "Stirling's tower Of yore the name of Snowdoun claims," says Sir Walter Scott. Stuart Glcmiie, Arthurian Localities, iii. 1. Snowdoun, Knight of. [See above.] The title assumed by James V. of Scotland in Scott's poem "The Lady of the Lake." Under this dis- guise he meets Ellen Douglas, the "I.ady of the Lake," and vanquishes Roderick Dhu in single combat. Snowe (sno), Lucy. The principal charaeterin Cliarlotte Bronte's novel " Villette." She is a liomeless governess. Snow King, The. An epithet given by the Austria ns to Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden. Snow Mass Mountain. A peak in the Elk Mountains, western Colorado. Height, 13,970 feet. Snow Mountains. See Sneemcherrjen. Snowy Range. A name given to the range of mountains in Colorado known also as the Front Range or Colorado Range. Snug (snug). In Shakspere's "Midsummer Night's Dream," a joiner who plays the part of the lion in the interpolated play. Snyders (sni'ders ), Frans or Franz. Born at Antwerp, Nov. 11, 1579: died there, Aug. 19, 1657. A Flemish painter, noted especially for representations of animals. He assisted Rubens, Jordaens, and others in painting the animals, fruit, flowers, etc., on their canviises. So (so). See Sabaco. Hoshea, as we know, was encouraged by the hope of support from So(Sewe), king of Egypt (2King3.\vii. 4), and this monarch, the Sebech [Sabe] of the .\ssyrian monu- ments, was in fact concerned with the whole movement that threatened the Assyrian supremacy in the districts west of the Euphrates. W, R. Smith, Prophets of Israel, p. 279. Soa (so'a). A small island of the Hebrides, Scotland, south of Skye. Soane (son). Sir John. Born at Reading, Sept. 10, 1753: died at London. Jan. 20, 1837. An English architect. The Bank of England was built from his designs. He founded, by will, the Soane Museum at No. 13 Lincoln's Inn Fields, his residence. Soar (sor). A small river in England, princi- pally in Leicestershire. It joins the Trent 8 miles southeast of Derby. Sobat (so-baf). A large right-hand tributary of the White Nile, which it joins about lat. 9° 20' N. Its sources are unknown. Lengtli, es- timated, 600-700 miles. Sobieski. See .Tohn III., King of Poland. Sobraon (so-bril-on'). A small place in the Pan- jab, British India, situated on the Sutlej 45 miles southeast of Lahore. Here, Feb. 10, 1846, the British army imder Sir Hugh Gough de- feated the Sikhs. Sobrarbe (s6-brar'ba). A former independent state and later countship in Spain, now com- prised in the northern part of the province of Huesea, Aragon. Social War, orMarsicWar. A war (90-88B. c.) between Rome and the greater part of her Ital- ian allies in central and southern Italy, includ- ing the Marsi, Peligni, Samnites, and Liir-a- nians. It was caused by the refusal on the part of the Romans to extend the privileges of Roman citizenship. The Italians formed a new republic with its capital at Corfinium. The chief Roman commanders were Marius and Sulla. Rome made many concessions and suppressed the rebellion. Social Wars. In Greek history: («) A war (357 (358 ?)-355 B. c.) in which Athens was defeated by her former allies Byzantium, Chios, Cos, 942 and Rhodes. (6) A war between the Aehtean and ^Etolian leagues (220-217 B. C). Society and Solitude. A collection of essays bv IJali^h Waklo Emerson, published in 1870. Society ^ so-si'e-ti) Islands, or Tahiti (ta-he'te) Archipelago. [F. Archipd de Taiti, or Arclii- pcl de la Societe.'] A large group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, about lat. 16°-18° S., long. 14S°-155° W. it comprises two subgroups, the Leeward and the Windward. The chief islands are Tahiti. Raiatea. Korabora. ileetia, and Eimeo. They ex- port cocoanuts, oranges, cotton, mother-of-pearl, etc. The capital is Papeete. The inhabitants are natives (nomi- nally Christianized), French, and others. The islands were visited (probably) by the Spanish navigator Pedro Fer- nandez de yuiros in 1607, and in the ISth century by Bou- gainville, Cook, the mutineers of the Bounty, and others. They were taken under French protection in 1S4'2 by Du Petit-Thouars, and Tahiti, Eimeo, and other islands were made a French colony in 1880. Area, 660 square miles. I'opulation of Tahiti, 9,600. Society of Friends. The proper designation of a Christian sect commonly called Quakers, which took its rise in England about the middle of the 17th century through the preaching of George Fox. A division occun-ed in portions of the Society in America in 1827, through the preaching of Elias Hicks, whose followers, commonly called Hick^ites, hold doctrinal views closely approximating those of the Uni- tarians, wliile in church goveniment and other respects they retain the usages of the orthodox Friends. The lat- ter agree doctriiially with other evangelical Christians, but lay greater stress on the doctrine of the personal pres- ence and guidance of the Holy Spirit. They have no paid minister, and accept the ordinances of baptism and the Lord's Supper in a spiritual sense only, rejecting their outward observance as church rites. They condemn all oath-taking and all w.ar. The organization of the society involves four periodical gatherings called "meetings" : namely, preparative meeting, monthly meeting, quarterly meeting, and yearly meeting. The body called the Year- ly Meeting has legislative power. There are two Yearly Meetings in Great Britain, one in Canada, and ten in the United States. Socinians (so-sin'i-anz). Those who hold to the doctrines of the Italian theologians Lfelius Socinus (1525-62) and Faustus Socinus (1539- 1604) and their followers. The term Socinianism is in theological usage a general one, and includes a con- siderable variety of opinion. The Socinians believe that Christ was a man miraculously conceived and divinely endowed, and therefore entitled to honor and reverence, but not to divine worship; that the object of his death was to perfect and complete his example and to prepare the way for his resurrection, the necessary historical basis of Christianity ; th,at baptism is a declarative rite merely, and the Lord s Supper merely commemorative ; that di- vine grace is general and exerted through the means of grace, not special and personally efficacious ; that the Holy Spirit is not a distinct person, but the divine energy ; that the authority of Scripture is subordinate to that of the reason ; that the soul is pure by nature, though con- taminated by evil example and teaching from a very early age ; and that s,alvation consists in accepting t'hrist's teaching and following his example. The Socinians thus occupy theologically a position midway between the Ari- ans, who maintain the divinity of Jesus Christ, but deny that he is coequal with the Father, and the Humanita- rians, who deny his supernatural character altogether. Socinus (so-si'nus), Faustus, Latinized from Fausto Sozzini. Bom at Siena, Italy, 1539: died near Cracow, March, 1604. An Italian Unitarian theologian, nephew of Lfelius Soci- nus. He lived in It.aly and Basel; visited Transylvania 1578-79; and resided in Poland after l.">79. Among iiis works are "Ite Jesu Christo Servatore," "De auctoritate S. Scriptura?." Socinus, Laelius, Latinized from LeUo Sozzini (or Sozini or Soccini). Born at Siena, Italy, 1525 : died at Zurich, 1562. An Italian Protes- tant thinker, an antitrinitarian. See Socinians. Soconusco (s6-k6-n6s'k6). A department which forms the southern part of the state of Chia- pas, Mexico, bordering on the Pacific, it was conquered by Alvarado in 1524, and formed apart of Guate- mala until 1825. The aboriginal inhabitants (Soconuscans) were perhaps of Chiapanec stock, but had submitted to the Aztecs before the Spanish conquest. The region is said to have been very populous. Socotra (s6-k6'tra or sok'o-trU), or Socotora (sok'6-t6-rii), or Sokotra (s6-k6'trii or sok'o- tra). An island in the Indian Ocean, ea.st of Cape Guardafui and south of Arabia, in lat, (of Tamarida) 12° 39' N., long. 53° 59' E. : the an- cient Dioseorides. The surface is generally moun- tainous ; the chief products are aloes and dragon's-blood. Its principal place is Tamarid.a. The inhabitants were formerly Nesforian Christians. Socotra was occupied by the Portuguese in the ICth century, and was annexed by Great Britain in 1886. Length, 71 miles. Area, 1,382 square miles. Population, 10,000. Socrates (sok'ra-tez). [Gr. SuKpdr^yr.] Born at Athens about '470 B. c: died there, 399. A famous Greek philosopher. He was the son of Sophroniscus, a sculptor, and of Phienarete, a midwife. He at first adopted his father's art : in the time of Pausa- nias a group of draped Graces, by him, still stood on the approach to the Acropolis. He soon, however, devoted himself entirely totlie pursuit of philosophy, and became famous through the persistency and skill with which, in conversation with the sophists and with every one who would yield himself to the dialogue, he conducted the Sofonisba analysis of philosophical and ethical ideas ("the Socratio method"). He was above all a searcherafter a knowledge of virtue (which indeed he identified with knowledge), and was in himself the noblest exponent of the ethical life of the Greeks. He served at Potidtea (431). Delium (424) and Amphipolis (422); was president of the prytanesin 406 ; and opposed the Thirty Tyrants. He is the chief character in the dialogues of Plato, in which his teachings are set forth (greatly modified by Plato's own views), and is the subject of the " Memorabilia " of Xenophon. His most famous pupils were Plato, Xenophon, and Alcibia- des. He was bitterly attacked by Aristophanes as a so- phist and innovator, and drew upon himself by his mode of life and the character of his opinions the enmity of many others. In 399 he was accused of impiety (the in- troduction of new gods) and of corrupting the youth ; de- fended himself in a famous speech which enraged rather than conciliated his judges ; was condemned ; and drank hemlock in his prison, surrounded by his disciples. Socrates. Born at Constantinople : died after 440 A. D. A Greek church historian. Hisecclesi. astical history was edited by Migne and by Hussey (1853 : English translation by Hanmer 1019). Soden (zo'den). The name of several water- ing-places in (rermany. The most notable one is in the province of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, 9 miles west- northwest of Frankfort-on-the-Main. It has mineral springs. S6derk6ping(se'der-che-ping). A small town in the laeu of Linkoping, Sweden, 86 miles south- west of Stockholm. It was of great impor- tance in the middle ages. Sodermanland (se'der-man-lant). A laen in eastern Sweden, southwest of Stockholm. Also called Xi/l-ojiiiit/. Ai'ea, 2,631 square miles. Population (1893), estimated, 158,051. Sodermann (se'der-man), August Johann. Born at Stockholm, Jtdy 17, 1832: died there, Feb. 10, 1876. A Swedish composer, author of the •' BroUops-Mareh." Sodo Lake (so'do liik). A lake in the north- western part of Louisiana, near Shreveport: connected with Caddo Lake. Sodom (sod'om). In scriptural geography, one of the cities of the Vale of Siddim (which see), destroyed on account of its wickedness in the time of Abraham and Lot. According to tradition its site is covered by the Dead Sea; but this is not geo- logically possible. Sodoma (s6-do'mii), or Sodona (s6-d6'na), H (properly Giannantonio or Giovanni An- tonio Bazzi, corrupted to Eazzi). Born at Vercelli, Italy, 1477: died at Siena, Italy, 1549. An Italian paij|fer. Among his best worksare "St. Catherine," "Christ Scourged," "Deposition from the Cross" (all in Siena), etc. Sodor and Man (so'dorandman). A medieval diocese, comprising the Hebrides (Sodor, from a Scandinavian name) and the Isle of Man. The diocese now consists of the Isle of Man. The bishop has a seat in the House of Lords, but no vote. Sodus (so'dus) Bay, Great and Little. Two indentations of the coast of Lake Ontario, southwest of Oswego, New York. Soest (zost), A town in the province of West- phalia, Prussia, 34 miles southeast of MUnster. It has manufactures of iron, soap, beer, etc. ; and con- tains several notable churches, including St. Mary-in-the- Fields, the cathedral, and St. Peter's. It was an ancient Uanseatic city, and in the middle ages was one of the chief places of northern Germany. Its municipal code was celebrated. Soest was unsuccessfully besieged by the army of Cologne in 1444, and passed from Cologne to Cleves in 1449. Population (1890), commune, 15,071. SoesterFehde(z6s'terfa'de). ['Feud of Soest.'] A war lietween Cologne and Cleves 1444-49, caused by a dispute over the possession of Soest (which see). Sofala (s6-fa'lsi). 1. A district in Mozambique, eastern Africa, extending along the coast from the Zambesi to Delagoa Bay. It has by some been identified with the biblical Ophir. — 2. A seaport, the chief place in the district of Sofala, situated at the mouth of Sofala River, in lat. 20° 11' S., long. 34° 36' E.: formerly a flourish- ing commercial place. It was taken by the Portuguese in 1505, Population, 1,000-2,000. Sofala Bay. An indentation in the coast-line of eastern Africa, near Sofala. Sofi (*6'fi). See Miitii. Sofia, or Sophia (s6-fe'a). The capital of Bul- garia, situated in lat. 42° 38' X.. long. 23° 15' E. : the ancient Serdica or Sardiea. Itwascalled Triaditza by the Byzantine Greeks. It was plundered by the Huns ; was captured by the Bulgarians in 809 : was taken by the Turks about l:^^2 : was occupied temporarily by the Hungarians in 1443 ; and was taken by the Russians in .Tan., 1878. It has been greatly developed and modernized within the last few years. Population (.18^7), 30,428. Sofonisba (s6-fon-es'ba). 1 . A tragedy by Ga- leotto del (jarretto, acted in 1502: the first Ital- ian tragedy. — 2. A tragedy by Trissino, writ- ten about 1515, printed 1529: the first Italian tragedy of note. — 3. A tragedy by Alfieri, pro- duced in 1783. See Soplionisba. Soga 943 Solomon A town in the province of compose this epitome, but merdy farther .bridged an „ •- > . • , '"""»"■;"" f' eiirlier and more exien tnbe' of British East Africa, on the northern East Prussia, situated nearthe Russian frontier Soea (so'gii), or Wasoga (wa-s6'ga). A Bantu Soldau (zol'dou). shore of Lake Victoria, where the Nile separates 102 miles southeast of Dantzic. Here, Dec. '26, them from the Baganda. ThouBh nominally subject 180(1, the French defeated the Prussians. Popu- to Unyoro, tliey are practically under Ganda ruli'. The latiou, 3,G80. country is called CTsoj/a. Population estimated at 600,0ixi g^jljjgj..g p^^j^^^^g ipjjg A comedy by Otway, (by Stanley in 1876). prodMC.Mlii, ItiM . ' Sogdiana (sog-di-a'na), or Sogdiane (sog-di-a - s' i^j g Hy-ee. A collection of stories by Rud- ne). [Gr. // 2«yAa..^.] In ancient geography °°|,"^fi^tpliug. published in 1889. a large region in central Asia, lying north ot g j^^^ (,.61-(leii'). A town in the province of Bactriana, between the Oxus and Jaxartes, in Bj.^„,,p\,,,u Prussia, situated on the Soldiu- the vicinity of Bokhara and Samarkand. It ^j.^.^^ G7 miles east-northeast of Berlin. Popu- ■was invaded by Alexander the threat. lation (IS'.IO). 6.'J()I. Sogne Fjord (sog'ne fyord). The longest fiord goig^jay Battle of. See SoiitliunUI, Bottle of. in Norway, situated on the western coast about goieillet (s6-la-va'). Paul. Born at Nimes lat.61°N.: noted foritswild scenery. Initsupper part it is bounded by high mountains (6,000 tcet) and gla- ciers. LenRtli, 11'- miles. Soham (so'ham). A town In Cambridgeshire, England, 14 miles northeast of Cambridge. Sohar (s6-har'). A seaport in Oman, Arabia, situated on the Gulf of Oman in lat. 24° 22' N., long. 56° 45' E. It was a flourishing oommer- ^ „„„ cial city in the mnldle ages. Population,5.000(f ). g^jg^j ^ee Shiiiic Sohar. See Znliar. Soheil (s6'he-il). The Arabian name for the first-magnitude star a Argus, usually known as Canopus. -r, ,. Sohn (zon), Karl Ferdinand. Born at Berlin, Dec. 10, 1805: died at Cologne, Nov. 26, 186/. France, 1S42: died at Aden, 1S86. An African explorer. He canieil on explorations in Algeria 1805-6U ; enilcavored to open the way between Algeria and Senc(?al, but failed to penetnite beyond the oasis Ain-Salah ; agi- tated for a trans-Sahura nu'lroad ; visited Senegal in 1878 ; and pioneered for i'rench inllucnco in Shoa. bringing about the occupation of Obok. His works include "Explora- tion du .Sahara Central " (1874). " L'Avcnir de la France en Afririne" (1870), and "Voyages en Ethlopie" (1885). 7«. tensive one ; for the historical mat- ter therein a chronicle of the best period has beeu em- ployed. The individual additions ot the author are quite worthless. Ilia diction is pretentious and v^iid of taste, the style long-winded. But this work was well suited to the taste 01 the succeeding age. It was revised in the sixth century, and then received the new title of I'olyhistor. Teuffel and Schitabe, Hist of Kom. Lit. (tr. by Warr), [11. 291. Solis fso-les'), Juan Diaz de. Bom at Lebrija, Andalusia (according to some at Oviedo, As- turias, or in Portugal), about 1470: died on the bank of the Rio de la Plata, 1516. A Spanish navigator. He was associated with Vicente Yailez Pin- zon in exploring the cfi:ists of Honduras and a small part of Yucatan in \Ma, and the south American coast from ■ Cape St. Augustine to lat. W S. in 1508. In this voyage they entered (th.iugh they did not discover) the Bay of Kio de Janeiro, and passed the mouth of the Rio de la Plata without exploring it. Varnhagen believed that Solis was with Gonpalo Coelho on the Brazilian coast as early as 1.'.03. In 1512 he succeeded \'espucci as chief pilot of Spain. In Oct., IfiKS. he sailed from Lepe. with 3 vessela, to seek a southwestern route to the Pacittc. En- tering the Rio de la Plata, he explored it for some dis- tance, but, having landed, was killed by the Indians. It is probable that the river had been partly explored by Portuguese navigators some years before. Solenhofen. i^cps,>i,ihofen. Solis River of. [Sp. l!i<> ,le SoUs.-i A name Solent (s.Vl,.nt), The. A strait, between the *?it'^;,*^};^^,.h maps an.l books, to the Rio de Isle uf Wight and llie mainland of Hanipshire. -^ j.j.^^.^ ^^,^; ^.,,,.^,_ _^„^,,, ^.^^ ^^ TBii-na'rii), Antonio de. Born at Alcald de Henares. July England, which eonnects the English Chaiiml Soli,svRibadeneyra(s6-les'ere-bii-' oil the «-^st with Hpithead on t he east. Length, ^t JlSo de. B^.' at Alcald de He „_.-., ^ ;, c t 1 about 16 miles. Greatest width. 4 miles. *jaii.uii±u v»v-. A German painter, especially noted for temale g^jggjjjgg (go-lam'). 1. A town in the depart- ' - ~ ■ 1 on the Selle 8 Sohn. Wilhelm. Born at Berlin. Aug. 29. 1S30 : died near Bonn, March 16, 1899. A German nainter, nephew of K. F. Sohn. &)ho (so'ho). A manufacturing suburb of Bir- mingham, England, situated in Staflfordshire. Soho Square. A squan' in London, south of Ox- ford street, about f mile north of Charing Cross. It WHS maile in tlie reign ot Charles II., and was at otii- time called King's S(|nare, from Gregory King, its architect. ment of Noid. France, situatei: miles south of Valenciennes. Population (1891). commune, 6,241.-2. A village in the depart- ment of Sarthe, France, situated on the Sarthe 26 miles west-southwest of Le Mans. Its Bene- dictine abbey contains remarkable sculptures of the flrst part ot the liith century. Soleure. The French name ot Solothurn. Soley (sfi'li), James Russell. Bom at Roxhury Mass.. Oct. 1, IS.'iO. An Ainericiin writer . chiefiv Sohrab. See.SHAinA. ,, ... , on naval affairs. Hegraduatedat Harvard in 1870; be. Sohrab and Rustum. A poem by Matthew Ar- ^..^^^^ assistant professor of English at the fnited States Iiold. See llnstum. _ Naval Academy in 1871; was in the head of thedepartment Sohrau (zo Silesia, Prus; Population ( Soigne (swiiuy). Forest of. AforestinBelgium south-southeast of Brussels. Soignies (swiin-ye'). A town in the province of Hainaut, Belgium, 24 mdes southwest of Hustam. Naval Academy in 1871; was in the head of thedepartment 'rou). A town in the province of of Englishstudies.history.andlawatthal^institution IS73- .ooin "^fi milps snuthenst of Onneln 1882: was commissioned a professor m the t nited .states ?^oo'ns . ..In *°"'°®'^^^ "^ Uppein. .^^ ^^.g . ^^^^, ^.^^.^ j^^3 ,^._^ superintended the publi- (1890), 4,4J9. _ _ cation of the naval records of the Civil War. He has pub- lished " History of the Naval Academy " (187fi), " -Memoir of .lohn Rodgers " (1882), "The Blockade and the Cruisers (1883: "The .Navy in the Civil War"), "The Boys of 1812 and other N'aval Heroes " (1887), "The Sailor Boys of '61 (1888), etc. Brussels. It has a very old abbey church, gglfatara (sol-fii-til'rii). A volcano near Poz- Population (1890). 9,007. j,,,,,!, i,, italv, in the "solfatara" stage. Soissonnais (swa-so-na'). The region around goifatara. A small sulphur lake, 4 miles west Soissons. . ,if Tivoli, Italv, noted for its lloating islands. Soissons(swii-s6n'). A cityin thedepartment of golferino (sol-'fe-re'no). A village in the prov- Aisne, Fniuce, situated on the Aisne 19 miles ^^^^,^_ ^^^ .Mantua, northern It;ily. It is famous for southwest of Laon : an important iind strongly the battle of June 24, 1S69, in which the allied JYenchand fm-tified strategic point. It has manufactures and Sardinian armies UEider Napoleon III. ;ind Victor Ivm- trfde In agricultural proilucts. The Cathedral of Notre manuel defeated the Austriansnnder Irancis .Toseph Uiss Dame, chierty of the 13th century, is masked by build- of the allies, about 18,000; of the Austrians. aliout 20, »». Ings and \* not very elfective externally, but presents an goU (so'li). [Gr. io/of.] In ancient geography, admirable Interior of excellent proportions and beautiful ..ifv on the coast of Cilicia. Asia Minor. 26 arcadlng and details. The south transept has a semicir- .,■'''(.,,„,„„( .f Tnrsii« Ti >v.,^ ,l,.slrov,-.l bv cular end and a .loublc triforhim, offering n,.table perspec miles southwest of 1 arsus I « ;^ ;", > > tive effects. The cathedral has rich glass and a handsome Tigranes, and was rebuilt by Pon pe.\ and .ill. d 1 "■ " ch.inter-house. The Abbey of St.-.Tean iles Vignes was pidis The .onuptness ..f the (.reek spoku. then almost whollv destroyed in the Revolution, except the line proverbial (whence the word golecunn) west front of the church, which has 3 rccessed'und cano- goligny-la-Trappe (so-len-ye ' lil-trSp'). A pied portals, a large rose, and 2 massive flanking towers, ^n ,,i„„o ;„ (lie department of Orne. France, allot the 13th century, crowned by later spires ot unequal „, ., °f „„,.»l,o,.Lt ^f .Monr-nii- f'linonsfor height. Soissons was probably the ancient Belgic town 24 miles east-northeast ot Alenvm ■ t.imous lot Noviodunum, and was the chief town of the Suessiones its Trappist monastery. Nee / /Yi/i;ii.vf.v. (whence its n.anie). In^the Roman period^ it was called goJilmll (so-li-lnil'). A town in Warwicksliin IS, Uilil: died at Madrid, April 19, 168(i. A Spanish author. Ho was secretary of Philip IV., and in WX was appS4) is one of the Spanish prose clas-sics. but shows little profundity of research. There is a continuation by Ignaeio .Halazar y Olarte (1743). SoUas (sol'as). W. J. Born at Birmingham, England. May 30. 1849. An English geologist and biologist", professor of geolopy and miner- alogy iu the University of Dublin 1883-97, and pnifi'ssor of geoloffv and paleontology at the Uuiversitv of Oxford 1897-. Sollinger'Wald (zol'ling-er valt), or Soiling (zol'ling). A low mountain-range in Bruns- wick ami the province of Hannover, Prussia, situated north and northwest of Gottingen and east of the Weser. Highest point, about 1,600 feet. Soil und Haben (z61 out hii'ben). [G.. 'Debit and Credit.'] A novel by Gustav Freytag, pub- lished ill 1855. The scene is laid in Germany in the 19th century. Solmona (sol-mo'nii). orSulmona (sol-md'nii). .\ town ill the iirovinci' of Ai|iiihi, central Italy, situated at the junction of the Vella and Gizzio. 33 miles southeast of Aipiila: the an- cient Sulmo. It wasacltyof thcPeligni; and Is famous as the birthplace otOvid. Population, aliout ir,.l100. Solness (sol'nes). The "innstir builder" in Thsen's iilny of that mime. He is superstitious, (■t;iitislii-iil. and cowardly. wa-s Solnhofen (zolu'lni-fen). or Solenhofen (z6'- len-ho-fen). A village in Middle Franconia, Augusta SucssioMUm. It was the capital of the Frankish kingdom of Clotaire In thedlh century. It has often been besieged and taken (as In 1814 and 1815), the last time by the Germans in Oct., 1870. It was the scene of several church couikmIs. Population (1801), commune, rj,n74. Soissons, Battles of. Among the most iiii- portaiit are : (l) A battle In 480 a. h., in which clovts king of the Merovingian Franks, defeated the Uoman governor of Caul, Syagrius, and established the I'ranklsh piwe;- in northern (i.iul. (■•) A victory of Charles Martel over the Duke- ot ,Ai|Uitanla In 719. Sojourner Truth. See Tr»tU. Snjimrncr. SokotO (so-ko'to). 1. A native kingdom of the central Sudan, extending from the Biiiue Hivei nortlnvnnl, bclwecn fliiiido and Boriiu. The population, estimated at 1(i,(«hi.ihio, conslsla of heathen negroes, seml-civilizid and Mohammedan Ilausas, anil the ruling Fulahs. Wurnu and Sokoto are the capitals. In 1885 the sultan accepted the Britl.sh protectorate. It is now includeil In Northern Nigeria. 2. A capital of the realm of Sokoto, situated Sollnus (si about lat. 13° N. " "' ' Sokotra. See Socntm. Sol (sol). [L., 'the sun.'] In Roman mythology, the sun-god. Solario (so-lii're-o). AntoKio, I'alled Zingaro ('tlie (iipsy'). Bom about 1382: died 145;>. A Ne;ipoliliiii painter. Soldan, Paz. See Paz Soldaii. Bavaria, situated on the Altniiihl 3l> miles north of .\uKsburg: noted for its quarries of litliotrr:i)>liic stone. In this formation w.'is made in 1861 the famous discovery of the Archa-op- tervx. Solo (so'lo). A rivcrin Java, flowing into Java Si'a o]iposite Madura. Length, over 300 miles. Sologne (so-lony'). A level region in the de- parlmenls of Loir-et-cher. l>int of view and greatly enlarged. Sollnus did not, however, himself Atithin, chief town of the Cakchiqiiel Indians. Poiuihilion (1893), 7,627. Solomon (sol'o-mon). fF. N<(/->Hi«>i. It. Siili). LL. e- o. (Duncker). son of David and Bathsliidia. He was the youngest scui of llavld. but. through the inlliU'nco of his mother and ot Nathan, was maile his hi Ir. I'mler him Israel became a great i»iwer. ami h.> himself lucamc famous for bis wealth, bis luxur.v. ami his wisdom the last Bceordlng to tb" IHble ac, lUint, a B|iccial gilt of i:od. Hisgreat work was the building of I he temple (which see). He was in alliance, political and commercial, with lllrnm of Tyre and "ilb oilier powera, ami extended Israelitish cmnmerce to all parts of the known world. 1 he name of .Solomon, who was supposed to have posscsKed extraonli- nary magical powers, plays an ImportAnl part In Knstern and thence InKuropean legends. According to one tradi- tion, the I'.tbloplans are ileseendeU tnim him through • son which the tjueeli of Sheba bore him. Solomon The Arabians attribute to Solomon a perpetual enmity and warfare against wiclced genii and giants, and they have numberless tales of his wonder-worlcingring. D'Herbelot, Southey's Poems. Solomon. 1. An epic poem by Prior, published iu 17IS. — 2. An oratorio by Handel, produced at Louilon in 1749. Solomon ben or ibn Gabirol. See GabiroL Solomon Islands or Archipelago, or Salo- mon iF. pron. sa-16-m6u') Islands. A group of islands iu the Paeitie Ocean, oast of New Guinea, about lat. 5°-ll° S. The chief islands of the group are Bougainville. Choiseul, Ysai>el, ?klalanta, (_iuadalcanar, New Georgia, and San Christoval. Theyare mountainous and voluanic. Their inllabitiints are princi- p:)l]yMelanesians.and are warlike cannibals. The islands were discovered by Mendaiia in the 16th century. The nortliern part of the giuup, with an area of 4,200 square miles and a populatiull of 45,000, belongs to Gertnany. Solomon River. A river in northern Kansas which unites with the Smoky Hill Eivertoform the Kansas River. Length, about 300 miles. Solon (so'lon). [Gr. 2(}>.ui'.] Born about G38 B. c. : died about 559. A famous Athenian lawgiver. He encouraged the Athenians to regain possession of Salamis. In 5!>4 he became archon and was charged with various reforms. He improved the condi- tion of the debtors, divided the population into four "classes," and reorganized the Boule, the popular assem- bly, and the council of the Areopagus. He traveled in Cyprus and the East. Solon (594 B. c), the great lawgiver, used elegy more in the manner of t'allinus or Tyrtseus. In his early man- hood, his stin-ing verses moved the Athenians to win back Salamis from the Megarians. And when he had carried his great reforms, elegy became the voice of his calm joy. Jebb, Greek Lit., p. 54. Solor (s6-16r'). A small island in the Malay Archipelago, east of Flores, from which it is separated by the Strait of Flores. Solorzano y Pereira (s6-16r'tha-n6 e pa-ra'- e-ra), Juan de. Born at Madrid, Nov. 30, 1575 : died there, lti54. A Spanish jurist and author. He was professor of law at Salamanca, a judge of the au- dience of Lima, Peru, 1610-27, and subsequently a coun- cilor of the Indies. His works include " Politica Indiana," and "De Indiarum .iuie," relating largely to colonial affairs, and containing much information regarding the Indians. Solothurn zo'lo-torn). [F.Soleiire.'] 1. A can- ton of Switzerland, of very irregidar shape, bounded by Basel, Aargau, and Bern. Capital, Solothurn . It has 4 members in the National Council. The prevailing language is German ; the religion largely Roman Catholic (over 20 per cent. Protestant). A large part of the territories of the canton was acquired by the city of Solothurn in the l.ith century. It w.is admitted as a canton into the confederation in 1481. .\rea, 802 square miles. Population (ISSS), 83,621. 2. The capital of the canton of Solothurn, situ- ated on the Aare in lat. 47° 13' N., long. 7° 32' E.; theRoman Solodunim. It became afree imperial city in 1218. and was allied with Bern in 1295. It has a cathedrid. Population (1890), 8,460. Solta (sol'tii). An island in the Adriatic Sea, belonging to Dalmatia, situated 10 miles south- west of Spalato. Length, 11 miles. Popula- tion. 3,171. Soltikofif (sol'te-kof), or SaltikofF (sal'te-kof), Nikolai. Born Nov. 11, 1730 : died at St. Pe- tersburg, May 28, 1816. A Russian field-mar- shal, regent of the empire during the absence of Alexander I. 1813-15. Soltikoff, Count Peter. Born about 1700 : died Dec. 15, 1772. A Russian field-marfhal. He commanded the Russian contingent in the vie ory of Ku- nersilurf in 1759. Solus (so'lus), or Soluntum (so-lim'tum). In ancient geography, a city on the northern coast of Sicily, 12 miles southeast of Palermo. It was an ancient Phenieian colony. Solway Firth (sol'wa ferth). An arm of the Irish Sea, lying between the counties of Kirk- cudbright and Dumfries in Scotland on the north, and Cumberland in England on the south- east: noted for the rapidity of its tides. The es- tuary of the Esk forms its upper part. length, 36 miles. Greatest width, 22 miles. Solway Moss. A district in Cumberland, Eng- land, 8 miles north by west of Carlisle, on the Scottish border. It was formerly a bog, but is now drained It was the scene of a victory of the English over the Scots in 1542. Solyman(sori-man)I. (sometimes called Soly- manll.),surnamed" The Magnificent." [Turk. At. Suleiman, {TomGT. 2o/to/i(ji', Solomon.] Born about 1490: died before Sziget, Hungary. 1566. Sultan of Turkey 1520-66, son of Selim 1. He raised the Turkish empire to its highest point ; captured Belgrad from the Hungarians in 1521 ; besieged and cap- tured Rhodes from the Knights of St. John in 1522 ; in- vaded Hungary in 1526, and totally defeated King Louis II. at Moh^cs;and uusuccessfuUybesieged Viennain 1529. By the treaty of 1533 a part of Hungary was ceded to the Prince of Transylvania, an ally of Turkey. Solynian con- out 1410. Eldest son of Baja- zet I., and an independent ruler in Adi'ianople. Soma (so'ma). [Skt., ' extract,' from y sii, ex- tract.] In i^anski-it, a plant and its sap, often personified as a god ; also, the moon. This plant, now represented by the Sarcostemma viminalis or Ancle- pias acida, was in Vedic times collected by moonlight on certain mountains, stripped of its numerous leaves, and then carried to the place of sacrifice, where the priests crushed the stalks between stones, sprinkled them with wa- ter, and placed them on a sieve orstrainer for purification, whence the acid juice trickled into a vessel, after which it was mi.\ed with clarified butter, barley, etc., allowed to fer- ment, and offered in libations to the gods, or drunk by the Brabnians. It is sometimes described as brought from the sky Ijy a falcon and guarded by the Gandharvas, or as brought by the daughters of the Sun from a spot where it had been nourished by Piirjanya, the rain-god, whom the Rigveda represents as its father. All the 114 hymns of the 9tli Mandala of the Rigveda, besides many others in this Ved.a, and the whole Samaveda, are devoted to its praise. In some parts of India soma-sacriflces are still offered, but the use of the plant is little known, and it is questionable whether the plant now regarded as the soma is really that of the Vedas. The modern medical work of Sushruta distinguishes 24 varieties. The juice was re- garded in V'edic times as a nectar conferring eternal life and vigor on its drinkers, whether gods or men, and was a favorite propitiatory offering. In its character as a god it was represented as primeval, all-powerfui, all-pervad- ing, healing all diseases, lord of all other gods. This wor- ship of Soma has great similarity to the Dionysiac and Bacchic worship of the Greeks and Romans. The name becomes in Avestan Haoma, where it designates a plant with yellow flowers and knotty stalk, growing in Ghilan, Mazandaran, Shirvan, and Yazd, also its juice and the Genius of the plant. Haoma is often invoked in the Avesta, where the 9th Ha of the Yasna is devoted to his praises. The haoma plays a great part in the rites of the Parsis. The prominence of Soma and Haoma in the Veda and the Avesta, respectively, constitutes one of the most im- portant indications of an original Indo-Iranian unity. The name soma came to designate the moon in post- Vedic mythology probably from the fact that the moon was regarded as the yellow drop in the sky. Somadeva (s6-ma-da'va). The author of the Kathasaritsagara (which see). Somain(s6-man'). A mining and manufactur- ing town in the department of Nord, France, 12 miles west of Valenciennes. Population, (1891), commune, 6,043. Somali (s6-ma'le), or Somal (so-mal'). A Ha- mitie nation inhabiting the Eastern Horn of Af- rica — that is, the arid region between the Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb and a point south of the Juba River. They are mi.\ed with Arab blood in the north and with Negro blood in the south, and vary, there- fore, much in color and form. Their language, which is practically one in the whole region, is decidedly Hamitic, and has no written character or literature. The Somali are pastoral, owning herds of camels, horses, oxen, sheep, and goats : their limited agriculture is caixied on by do- mestic slaves. Nominally Mohammedan and split into many petty tribes, they are fiercely opposed to foreign intrusion, though naturally sociable and jovial. The Hasliia and Hawiya are the principal subtribes. England and Italy claim most of the Somali coast. Somali Coast Protectorate, or Somaliland (so- ma 'le-land). A British protectorate in eastern Africa, along the Gulf of Aden. Chief seaport, Berbera. Area, 68,000 square miles. Popu- lation (1891), estimated, 240.000. Somaliland. An Italian protectorate on the eastern coast of Africa. It extends from the Juba River northward, and is bounded westward by British East Africa. The British boundary was settled in 1891. Area of .Somaliland and Gallaland, 70,000 square milesCO- I'op- ulation, 210,000 (?). Somanatha (so-ma-na'tha). The name of a celebrated Linga, or emblem of Shiva, or of the temple where it was set up at Somanathapat- tana, or Somnath Pattan, in the peninsula of Kathiawar in Guzerat. The temple wasone of 12 Linga temples held in special veneration. A legend devised to explain the name, the precise meaning of which is uncer- tain, relates that Soma propitiated Shiva by great auster- ities performed there, whereupon Shiva granted him a boon, and Soma set up a Linga on the spot where he had done penance. This makes the name mean 'the lord of Soma,' in the sense of the divinity set up by Soma. Sombrerete (som-bra-ra'tii). A decayed mining town in the state of Zaeatecas, Mexico, about 100 miles northwest of Zaeatecas. Its silver-mines were formerly among the richest in the world. Somers (sum'erz), John, Baron Somers. Bom at Worcester, England, March 4, 1652: died April 26, 1716. An English statesman and jurist. He was counsel for the seven bishops in their trial in 1688 ; and a member of the Convention Parliament in 168!1. He became solicitor-general in 1689, attorney-'-ren- eral in 1692, and lord keeper in 1693. He was a leading mem- Sonunen, Lake berof the Whig junto; was one of the lords justices In the absence of William III. in 1695 : was raised to the peerage in 1697 ; was lord chancellor 1697-1700 ; and was impeached and acquitted in 1701. In 1700 lie was influ- ential in arranging the union with Scotland. From 1708- 1710 he was president of the council. Somerset (sum'er-set). [ME. Somerset, Somer- si'te, AS. Sumorsiete, orig, the name of the in- habitants, appai\ 'summer-settlers,' fi'om.S!(mo)-, summer, and -siete, settler: an explanation re- flected in the ML. translation Estiva regio, summer country, and the W. Giclad i/r haf, country of summer.] A county in the south- western part of England, bound'ed by the Bris- tol Channel and Gloucester on the north, Wilt- shire on the east, Dorset on the southeast, and Devon on the south, southwest, and west. Its surface is hiUy and undidating, the chief hills being the Mendip Hills, Exmoor, and Brendon Hills, and it con- tains the plain of Sedgenioor. The principal rivers are the Parret and Lower Avon ; the chief cities, Bath and (part oO Bristol. Somerset was thoroughly occupied by the Ro- mans ; was conquered gradually from the Welsh from the 6th to the 8th century; and sided generally with the Parliament and later with Monmouth in the 17th century. Area, 1,630 sciuare ndles. Population (1S91), 484,337. Somerset, Duke of (Edmund Beaufort). Died 1455. An English politician, son of Thomas, earl of Dorset, and grandson of John of Gaunt. He was created duke of Somerset in 1447, and was lieu- tenant of France 1447-50, during which time Normandy was lost by the English. He was appointed lord high consta- ble of England on his return in 1450, and succeeded Suf- folk as the chief minister of Heiu-y VI. In 1453, when the king was stricken with insanity, Somerset supported Queen Margaret in her contest for the regency with the Duke of York, the heir presumptive to the throne. Y^ork triumphed, and Somerset was imprisoned. Somerset was, however, released and restored to office on the recovery of the king in 1465, but fell at the battle of St Albans in the same year. See Margaret of Anjou. Somerset, Duke of. See Seymour, Edu-ard. Somerset, Earl of. See Carr, Robert Somerset, Fitzroy James Henry, first Baron Raglan. Born Sept. 30, 1788 : died near Sebas- topol, Russia, June 28, 18o5. A British general, youngest son of the first Duke of Beaufort by Elizabeth, daughter of Admiral Edward Bosca- wen. He entered the army in 1804 ; served in the Penin- sular war ; was military secretary to the Duke of Welling, ton ; and commanded the British in the Crimea 1854-65. Somerset House. A palace in the Strand, Lon- don, built by the Protector Somerset in 1549. Later it was crown property. It was demolished in 1775, but has been rebt^t and is used for government offices (Registrar-GeneraPInland Revenue, Exchequer, etc.). Somers Islands. See Bermudas. Somersworth (sum'erz-werth). A city in Strafford County, New Hampshire, situated on Salmon Falls River 33 miles east of Concord. It contains the manufacturing \illage of Great Falls. Population (1900), 7,023. Somerville (sum'er-\Tl). A city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, 2 miles northwest ft" Boston. It was made a city in 1872. Popula- tion (1900), 61,643. Somerville, Mrs. (Mary Fairfax). Bom at Jedburgh, Scotland, Dec. 26, 1780: died at Na- ples, Nov., 1872. A British mathematician and scientific writer, daughter of Admiral Sir William George Fairfax. She married in 1804 Cap- tain Samuel Greig, a cousin, who died in 1806; and in 1812 she married another cousin, Dr. \Villiam Somerville. With his assistance she studied the physical sciences. In 1S31 she published a translation of the "M6canique ce- leste " of Laplace. .She also published •' Connection of the Physical Sciences " (lS:f5), "Physical Geography" (1848), *' Molecular and ilicroscopic Science '* (1866). Her "Per- sonal Recollections " appeared after her death. Somerville, or Somervile, William. Bom at Edston, Warwickshire, 1677: died there, July 19, 1742. An English poet. He was educated at Win- chester and New College, Oxford. He wrote " The Chase " (1735), "Hobbinol, etc" (1740), "Field Sports" (1742), etc. Somes Sound (somz sound). An inlet on the coast of Mount Desert, Maine. Somma Vesuviana (som'ma va-so-ve-a'na). A town in the province of Naples, Italy, situ- ated at the foot of Mount Vesurius, 9 miles cast of Naples. Popidation (1881), 8,511. Somme (som). A river in northern France which flows into the English Channel 30 miles north- east of Dieppe : the ancient Samara. Length, 152 miles; navigable by aid of a canal. Somme. A maritime department of northern France, bounded by Pas-de-Calais and Nord on the north and northeast, Aisne on the east, Oise on the south, Seine-Inf erieure on the south- west, and the English Channel on the west. Capital, Amiens. The surface is generally level, and it is one of the leading agricultural departments. It has also rtourishing manufactures. It was formed from the greater part of Picardy and a small part of Artois. Area, 2,379 square miles. Population (1801), 546,495. Sommen (som'men). Lake. A lake in southern Sweden, east of Lake Wetter. Length, 24 miles. SSnunerda Sommerda (ztm'mer-diO. A town in the prov- ince of Saxony, Prussia, situated on the Un- strut 13 miles noi-th-northeast of Erfurt : noted for the manufacture of firearms. Population (1S90), 4.083. Sommerfeld (zom'mer-felt). A town in the province of Brandenburg, Prussia, situated on the Lubis 44 miles southeast of Frankfort-ou- fhe-Oder. It has important manufactures of cloth. Population (1890), 11,401. Sommering (zem'mer-ing), Samuel Thomas von. Born atThorn, Prussia, .Jan. IS, 17.V): died at Frankfort-on-the-Main, March L', 1830. A noted German anatomist and physiologist. Ue became professor of anatomy at Cassel in 1778 anil at Mainz in 17M, iinil later practised nicdicim' at l*Y:iiikfoit. In 1804 i»e went to .Munich, returning to l-'iankfoit in Ivju. Among his works are " Voin Banc ties mensetilicllen Kur- pers"(1791-;i6), *'De corporis humani fabrica"(l7U4-18ul), "l'l)fr tias Organ der Seele" (171HJ\ etc. Sommi^res (som-mySr'). A town in the depart- ment of Gard, France, situated on the Vidoui-lo l.") miles west-southwest of Nimes. Population rlSOl), 3,821. Somnath. A town in Guzerat, India, situated on the Arabian Sea in lat. 20° i)3' N. it was formerly of importance, and is noted for its temple. It is doubtful wliether the so-called "gates of Somnath." car- ried off by the liritish from Gliazni in 1842, and now at Agra, were ever at this town. Population (1881), 6,044. See Somanatha. Somnium Scipionis (som'ni-um sip-i-6'nis). [L.. 'Scipio's Dream.'] An episode in the sixth book of Cicero's "De Republiea," in which Scipio Africanus the Younger relates a dream which he had in youth, in which Africanus the Elder appeared to him, intimated his destiny, and urged him to continue in the path of vir- tue and renown. Somnus (som'uus). [L. soniHus, sleep.] In Koman mythology, the personification and god of sleep, the Greek Hj-pnos, a brother of iJcath (Mors or Thanatos) and a son of Night (Nd.x). In works of art .Sleep and Death are represented alike as youths, often sleeping or holding inverted torches. Somo8ierra(s6-ra6-se-er'ra). A village in Spain, at a pass of the SieiTa de Guadarrama, .52 miles north of Madrid. Here, Nov. 30, 1808, the French un- der Napoleon routed the Spaniards and carried the pass. Sompnour, The. See Summoiter's Tale. Soncino (s6n-che'n61. A town in the province of Cremona, northern Italy, si^iated near the Oglio, 33 miles east of Milan. Population (1881), commune, 7,534. Sonderbund (zon'der-bont). [6., 'separate league.'] A league of most of the Roman Cath- olic cantons of Switzerland, formed in 1843 and including eventually Lucerne, Uri, Untenval- den, Sch wyz, Zug, Fribourg, and Valais. it was reactionary in itsaims, and in favor of the Jesuits. Itaabo- litiiin w.aB resolved on by the Swiss Confederation July 'JO, 1847. War upon it was liesiun in Nov., 1847, the Federal Swiss troops being commanded by Dufour. The result was the overthrow of the Sonderbund, and the adoption of a new constitution in 1848. Sonderburg (zon'der-bora). A seaport in the province of Schlcswig-Holstein, Prussia, the chief town in the island of Alsen, situateong'g6), or Masongo (ma-song'go). A Bantu tribe of Angola, western Africa, occupy- ing Great and Little Sougo, between Malange and the head waters of the Luandu River, on the right bank of the Kuanza (lat. 9°-ll° S.). They are a tall and strong race, closely resenibling the 5lba- lundu (Bailundo)i>ct>ple; but they speak a dialect of Klni- bundu. They are agricultural and pastoral, and engage in the carrying business for white traders. Most of the jiclty Son;;o chiefs are independent. Song of Solomon. The Songs, otherwise called the Song of Songs, or Canticles (LL. Cantirum Cnnticorum dalonioiii.i), one of the books of the Old Testament. Until the 19th century it was univer- sally ascribed to Solomon, but critics nov regard it as of later date. Song of the Shirt. A jioem by Thomas Hood. Song of the Three Holy Children. An addi- tion to the Book of Daniel, found in the Sep- tuagint and in the Apocrypha, purporting to be the prayer and song of the three Hebrews in the fiery furnace. Songs •without Words. See Lietlcr oh ne Wortc. Sonbo (sou'yo). A native countship and tribe of the Kongo Nation, on the Kongo Kivcr south of its mouth. The counts of Sonho always gave much trouble to the kings of Kongo. They nominally adopt. d I'hristianity about 1600, but have always been practically heathen. Sonnambula (son-nam'bo-lii), La. An opera by Bellini, produced first at Milan in 1831. Sonnblick (zon'blik). [G., 'sun-glance.'] A summit of the Salzburg Alps. Height, 10,180 feet. Sonneberg (zon'ne-bero). A town and sum- mer resort in Saxe-Meiningen, Germany, situ- ated on the Kothen 13 miles northeast of Coburg. It is the center of a district manufacturing papier-machtS articles, etc. Population (1890), 11,480. Sonnenburg (zon'nen-boro). A town in the province of Bramleiiburg, Prussia, situated on the Lonzo .59 miles east of Berlin. Population (1890), 5,906. Sonnets from the Portuguese. A series of sonnets by Mrs. Browning, published in 1850. Sonora (so-no'rii). The northwesternmost state of Me.\ico, between Arizona (United States), Chihuahua. Sinaloa, and the Gulf of California. Capital, Hermosillo; principal port, Guaymas. The eastern i)art is mountainous ; the west- ern part is lower, and has cvtensive arid plains. F.xcept in the higher valleys, little of the land can be used for agriculture without irrigation. The most important in- dustry is mining (silver, gold, etc.). Large districts are occupied exclusively by Indiana. Area, 77,634 square miles. Population (I89.5|, I'.il.USI. Sonora. The capital of Tuolumne County, Cali- fornia, 1 10 miles east by uorl h of San Francisco. Sonora Pass. A high pass in the Sierra Nova- da Mountains, California, about 110 miles east- southeast of Sacramento. Sonsonate (son-so-nii'ta). Atowii in Salvador, Central America, 40 miles west by north of San Salvador. It was founded by Pedro de Alva- rado. Population (1892), est., 11,000. Sontag (zon'tiig), Henrietta, Countess Rossi. Born at Coblenz, Prussia, Jlav 13, 1805 (Jan. 3, 18060: died in Mexico, June 17, 1854. A German soprano singer, .she made lur lirst appear- ance when only six yeitra old. and acted in children's jtarts till she was Ilfteen. .She retired from the operatic atage 18:10-11), c)ti her niarrijige, but resumed her career, which was one of unbroken success. She traveled extensively in i'.urope and America. Soochow, or Su-chau (sS'chou'). A city in the province of Kiang-su, China, situated on the Imperial Canal aliout 55 miles west-north- west of Shanghai. It has lluurlshlug trade and man- ufnctureK, ami was long tho center of Chinese faBhlun. Poi>iUation, about 600,0(10. Soodan. Sie sikIuh. Sooloo Islands. See Siilii Inlands. Soongaria. See .Sioigaria. Soon'wald (zon'viilt). A i)ortion of the plateau of llundsriick, Rhine Province, Prussia, situ- ated south of Sunkt Goar, west of Bingon, and north of tlu' river Nalie. Soor, or Sorr, or Sohr (zor). A village in northeastern Bohemia, 21 miles north of KUnig- griltz. Here. Sept. ao, I74r>, the Pmsslans under Fred- erick the Oreat defeated the Anstrlans under the Hnkeof Lorraine (Prussian loss, ',i,iHW ; Austrian loss, 8,000, and 22 guns); and here, June 'M, 18(30, the PruBftlans defeat^'d tho AUHtrians. Soosa. Sec Susa (in Tunis). Sophonisba Sopherim(s6'fe-rim). [Hi-b.] Writers; scribes. In the (Jill Testjiiiient the title Sopher is applied to Ezra, wlio is called " a ready scribe in the law of Moses " (Lzra vii. (i). It was in the time of Kzra and Mehemiall, when the law became the center of Jewish life, that the institu- tion of the 8(»pherim took its origin. The task of these men was to explain the law, and to adapt it to the ever- changing conditions and rctiuirements of daily life. 'I hey were thus, in a measure, the successors and followers of the prophets. As the name would indicate, they were also engaged iu multiplying cojties of the Torah (Penta- teuch) by writing, or by transcribing it from the old He- brew script, no longer intelligible totbeir generation, into the s<)uare cbaracters still in use. The Sopherim deliv- ered their interpretations of and decisions on the law be- fore audiences in schools. They were called collectively •'the men of the great synagogue," and were succeeiled by the Tanaim and .\moraim. The results of the metitjd ac- tivity of these teachers of the law tlirough several centu- ries are laid down iu the Talmud. Sophia. See Sofia. Sophia, Santa (san'til s6-fe'ii). [It. Santa Sojid, ML. Sfinrta Sophia, MGr. So^i'a. wisdom, tho church being dedicated to Christ as tho hypostatized wisdom of God.] The famous metropolitan church of the Greeks at Constanti- nople, built by Justinian : since 1453 a mosque. In plan it consists of outer and inner narthex precetling a sijuare the central portion of which is covered by the great dome, 105 feet in diameter and 184 high (interior), in whose base open 40 arched wiiulows. Most of the re- mainder of the nave is covered by two lower semi-domes, which buttress the central dome. The aisles have gal- leries resting on arcades with beautiful columns. All the vaults ami arches are covered with superl) mosaics on gold ground ; all the human figures appearing in these are now maskeil with whitewash. The walls are incrusted with niarblrs. The exterior of the venerable church is now plain and nnimpres.sive. Sophia, Santa, The Little. The church of Sts. Sergius and Bacchus at Constantinople, fin- ished by Justinian in .565 A. D., ami now a mosque. It is quadrangular, with a dome and two tiers of vaulted arcades : there is a narthex and an apse, and fine mosaics under the whitewash. Sophia Dorothea(si")-li'ador-(}-the'a),Electres9 ot llamiovi T. Born Sept. 15, 1066: died Nov. 13, 1 720. Daughter of the Duke of Brunswick-Liine- burg-Celle, wife of the elector George of Han- nover (later George I. of England), and mother of George H. she was divorced Dec. 28, 1694, on ac- count of her relations with Count Konigsmork, and re- mained for the rest other life a prisoner in Ahlden Castle. Sophie Charlotte, Queen of I'mssia. Born Oct. 20, 1608 : died Feb. 1, 1705. Wife of Frederick I., king of Prussia: noted for her literary and philosophicaltastes. Charlottenburg was named from her. Sophocles (sof'o-klez). [Gr. 2o^oet, and was worsllii)ped after bis death as a hero, under the title Hexion. He is said to have won eigh- teen or twenty tragic victories, and. though sometimes IKjstponed to Pbilocles and others, was never placed thii-d in all his life. The author i»f the ** Poetic" and the Alex- andrian critics follow the judgment of the Attic public, and most niiHlern critics have agreed with them that the tragedies of Sophocles are the most perfect that the world has ever seen. Mahafn. Hist, of Classical Greek Lit,, I. 28a Sophocles. A Greek portrait-statue, in tho Ijaleiaii Museum, Rome. The face is full liconlcd : the attitude upright and simple; the draper}' a cloi'cly wrapped bimation. The style Is of abr, who marrlud her, bat Sophonisba was compelled by Scipio to reject her. She died by poi- snn sent by Masinissa to prevent her from falling into the hands of the Romans. Sopbonisba. A tragedy by Thomson, produced in 1730. Sopbonisba, or Hannibal's Overthrow. A traseily by Nathauiel Lee, produced iu 1676. Sopbonisba, or the Wonder of Women. A tragedy by Marston, produced in 1G02. The plot is serai-historical. See Sofoiiiaba. Sophonisbe. 1. A tragedy by Mairet, produced in 1631. It is said to be the first French tragedy, and is imitated from Trissino's " Sofonisba." — ■ 2. A tragedy by Corneille (1663). Sophron (so'frou). [Gr. luij/puv.] Jjived about 440 B. c. A Syraeusan writer of comedy, noted for his mimes. Fragments of bis works have sui'vived. As to the controversy whether the mimes were in prose or in verse. I fancy them like Walt Whitman's so-called poems, which, if they survive, may yet give rise to a simi- lar discussion. The mimes of Sophron were evidently very coarse also — another parallel — and were full of pro- verbs, and full of humour, often using patoi^y which is very rare in Greek literature. But Sophron's neglect of foi m did not imply a revolutionary creed : it was rather a carefully concealed submission to the laws of art. Mahaffy, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., I. 407. Sophronia (so£-r6'ni-a). [Gr., 'of a sound mind.'] A character in Tasso's "Jerusalem Delivered." Sophy (so'fi). The. AplaybySir JohnDenham, acted in 1641 at Blackfriars, and printed in 1642. It is founded on a story in Herbert's "Travels." Sora (so'ra). A town in the province of Ca- serta, Italy, situated on the Garigliano 62 miles e.ist-soutlieastof Rome. It hasa cathedral and some manufactures. It was an ancient Volscian town, was captured by the Komans, and was colonized by them in 303 B. 0. Population (1881), 6,411 ; comiiiune, 13,208. Soracte (s6-rak'te). A detached mountain in Italy, situated near the Tiber 25 miles north by east of Kome : the modern Monte Sant' Oreste. There is an extensive view from its summit, and it is nota- ble for an ancient temple of Apollo. Height, 2,260 feet. Sorata (so-ra'ta), Nevado de, or Illampu (el- yiim'po). A volcanic mountain of the Bolivian Andes, on the eastern side of Lake Titicaca, nearly north of La Paz. Height, 21,500 (ac- cording to some, 23,000-24,000) feet. Sorau (so'rou). A town in the province of Brandenburg, Prussia, situated 36 miles south- southeast of Frankf ort-on-the-Oder. it has man- ufactures of cloth, linen, etc., and is the oldest town in Lower Lusatia. Population (1890), 14,456. Sorbonne (sor-bon'). La. A celebrated house founded in the University of Paris about 1250 by Robert de Sorbon or Sorbonne, ehaplaiu and confessor of Louis IX. The college of the Sor- bonne became one of the Jour constituent parts, and tlie predominant one, of the faculty of theology in the univer- sity. It exercised a high influence in ecclesiastical affairs and on the public mind, especially in the 16th and ITtli centuries. It was suppressed during the Revolution, and deprived of its endowments. At the reconstruction of tlie university under Napoleon I., the building erected for it by Richelieu, and still called the Sorbonne, was ceded to the city of Paris on condition that the theological faculty, in connection with the faculties of science and belles- lettres. shoiUd remove there. New buildings were erected Is84-S9. Sordello (sor-del'16), or Sordel. Born at Goito, near Mantua, about 1180: died about 1255. A Provencal poet or troubadour. He was attached for a time to the household of the Count of St. Bonifazio, the chief of the Guelph party, in the march of Treviso, and afterward entered the service of Raymond Berenger, the last Count of Provence of the house of Barcelona. It was thought at that time that the Italian language was not susceptible of polish, and Sordello wrote in the Provengal language. He gradually became in popular tradition a hero of romance, a preux chevalier, and an Italian knight errant, ilany fables were woven about his name. It was even said that the sovereignty of Mantua had been be- stowed upon him. He owes his reputation principally to Dante's mention of him : he speaks of him with admira- tion eight times in the "Purgatorio." Nothing survives of his prose or his Itiilian poems, but about 34 Provencal poems still exist, and are included in Raynouard's "Chois des po6sies des troubadours " and his "Lexique roman." Sordello of Mantua, whose real merit consists in the harmony and sensibility of his verses. He was amongst the first to adopt the ballad form of writing, and in one of those, which has been translated by Millot, he beautifully contrasts, in the burthen of his ballad, the gaieties of na- ture and the ever-reviving grief of a heart devoted to love. Sumondi, Lit. of South of Europe, I. 103. Sordello. A poem by Robert Browning, pub- lished in 1840. It is a picture of the restless and troubled condition of northern Italy in the early part of the 13th century, and a history of the development of the soul of Sordello the troubadour. It is the most ob- scure of Browning's poems. Sorel (so-rel'). The capital of RichelieuCounty, Quebec, Canada, situated at the junction of the Richelieu with the St. Lawrence, 44 miles north- east of Montreal. Population (1901 ), 7,057. Sorel (so rer), Agnes. Bom at Fromenteau, 946 Touraine, about 1409 : tiled near Jumigny, Feb. 9, 1450. The favorite mistress of Charles VII. of France. She was brought up with Isabelle, the wife of Ren6 d'Anjou, and remained her friend through life. Charles, who first saw her when she was about twenty years old, remained faithful to her till her death, and her influence over him was generally beneficial. Sor^ze (s6-raz'). A small town in the depart- ment of Tarn, southern France, situated about 35miles east-southeast of Toulouse : the medie- val Sorecinum. It is noted for its Roman Cath- olic college. Soria (s6're-a). 1. A province of Old Castile, Spain, bounded by Burgos on the northwest, Logi'oiio on the north, Saragossa on the east, Guadalajara on the south, and Segovia on the west. Area, 3,836 square miles. Population (1887), 151,471.-2. The capital of the province of Soria, Spain, situated on the Duero in lat. 41° 45' N., long. 2° 34' W. Near it is the site of the ancient Numantia. It was sacked by Ney iu 1808. Popu- lation (1887), 7,784. Sorlingues (sor-lang'). The French name of the Seilly Islands. Soroe (s6're-e), or Soro (so're). A small town in the island of Zealand, Denmark, 44 miles west-southwest of Copenhagen: noted for its academy. Sorosis (so-ro'sis). [In botany, amultiple fruit, like the pineapple; from Gr. acjp6(, a heap.] The fii'st women's club in the United States, founded at New York iu 1868. Sorr. See Soor. Sorrel (sor'el), Hetty. One of the principal female characters' in George Eliot's novel "Adam Bede": a pretty, vain, and pleasure- loWug dairymaid. Sorrento (sor-ren'to). A town in the province of Naples, Italy, situated on the Bay of Naples, 16 miles south-southeast of Naples : the ancient Surrentum. It is a favorite watering-place ; was noted in antiquity for its wines ; and was the birthplaceof Tasso. Population (1S81), 6,08D ; commune, 7,809. Sorro'ws of Werther, The. [G. DasLeklen des jiuigcn Werther.] A sentimental novel by Goethe (published in 1774), written in the form of letters. Sosigenes (so-sij'e-nez). [Gr. 'Zuaiyivrir.'] Lived in the 1st century B. c. An Alexandrian astron- omer who reformed the calendar, under the direction of Julius Cajsar, 46 B. c. He is some- times identified with an Egyptian Peripatetic philosopher. Sospel (sos-pel'). A town in the department of .Alpes-Maritimes, France, situated on the B6- v&re 16 miles northeast of Nice. Population (1891), commune, 3,887. Soter (so'ter). [Gr. auTT/p, savior or preserver.] A Greek surname of vai-ious gods and men (as Zeus, Ptolemy I. of Egypt, etc.). Sothern (susn'ern), Ed'ward Aske'w. Bora at Livei-pool, April 1, 1826: died at London, Jan. 20, 1881. An English-American comedian. He first played in Jersey in 1849; appeared in the United States in 1852 ; and in 1858 made his mark in the character of Lord Dundreary (see Dundreary). His two sons, Lytton and Edward, went on the stage : Lytton died in 1887. Sothis (so'tliis), or Sept (sept). The Egyptian name of the dog-star (Sirius). Soto (so'to), Hernando or Fernando de. Born at Badajos, Estremadura, in 1500 or 1501 : died near the Mississippi River, May 21, 1542 (ac- cortling to others, Jime 5 or June 30, 1542). A Spanish soldier, discoverer of the Mississippi. He went to Darien with Pedrarias, 1514 ; was with C6rdoba in Nicaragua, 1524 ; had an encounter with Gil Gonzalez Davila, who had entered that country from the north ; and opposed C6rdoba's defection in 1525. In April, 1532, he joined Pizarro in the Gulf of Guayaquil with reinforce- ments ; and thereafter was prominent in the conquest of Pern, returning to Spain very rich in 1536. In 1537 he was appointed governor of Cuba and Florida, with orders to explore and settle the latter counti-y. Leaving San Lucar in April, 1538, he finally sailed from Havana, Cuba, on May 12, 1539, with 9 vessels and 570 (or 950) men, includ- ing many cavaliers of rank; landed at Tampa B.ay, May 25; and, having sent part of his sliips back to Cuba, set out on July 15 to explore the interior. His route during the next three years can be determined only approximately. He was constantly urged forward by the hope of finding new and rich countries ; during the winter months he halted at some Indian village ; and he twice had communication with his vessels on the coast. Reckoning by the present State boundaries, he first made a great circuit nortliw.ard through northern Florida, Georgia, perhaps the Carolinas and Tennessee, and Alabama, descending the Alabama River to Mobile Bay, where he had a fierce battle with the Indians (Oct., 1640). Thence he turned northward and northwestward through Mississippi ; wintered at an Indian village on the Yazoo, where he had another battle; and reached the Mississippi River, crossing it at the Lower Chickasaw Bluffs about May, 1541. Subsequently he ex- plored northward nearly to the Missouri, then turned southward, reached the junction of the Red River and the Mississippi, and died there of malarial fever ; 2.50 of his men had perished. The survivors, under Moscoso, de- Soult, Nicolas Jean de Dieu scended tlie river and reached Mexico. It should be noted that Alonso de Pineda discovered tlie moulh of the Mis- sissippi (wliich he called the Espiritu Santu) in 1519, ami that Cabeza de Vaca crossed it, neai its mouth, in 1528. Sotomayor, Melchor Bravo de Sara'via. See Braro ile Suraria !- pointed. In 1539 he comnianded a Heet sent to the East Indies, and was shipwrecked and killed while returning. Rewrote an accoiuit of the llrazilian expedition wliieh has been published in recent times. Sousa, Thorns de. Born about 1510 : died after 1563. A Portuguese administrator, first gover- nor-general of Brazil (l-')49-.")3). He founded Sao Salvador, or Bahia, April, l.")49. South (south), Robert. Bom at Hackney, near London, 1633 : died at London,- July 8, 1716. A noted English divine. He was made prebendary of Westminster in lfi«3, canon in Oxford in IBVn, and rector of Islip in 107H. His " Works" ajjpeared in 1823. South Africa (afri-kU). A name given col- lectively (and somewhat vaguely) to that por- tion of Africa south of the Zambesi and Angola, most of which is under British influence. The chief political divisions arc Cape Colony, Natal, Basuto- land. Bechuanaland, PonaM.Warti)j.) The viceroy of Peru. Iji Sema, driven into the interior, led the final struggle against Bolivar. The crowning events of the war were the victorj' at Juiiin (Aug. 0. 1824 1. and the final defeat and capture of La Serna by Sucre at the battle of .\yacucho (Dec. 9, 1824). The remnants of the Spanish forces were soon driven fn)ni Cpper Peru, which became the republic of Bolivia. Callao Castle, the last .Spanish strongliold, surrendered Jan, 19, 182ti, thus eud- ing the war. Southampton (south-amp'ton or suTH-hamp'- ton). A seaport in Hampshire, Kngland, situ- ated on a peninsula at the head of Southampton Water, at the mouths of the Test and the Itchen, in lat. 50° 54' N., long. 1° 24' W. it is one of the prin- cipal seaports of Great Britain ; the tcniiinus of steamer lines to France, Ireland, North and South America, the West 1 lldies, the Pacific, and Cape Colony ; anda |>ort of call for various transatlantic lines. It has extensive docks and ship-building industries, and li:is relics of old fortifi- cations. It is noted for its double tides. It is a ver>' ancient town. It was sacked by the Danes ; was the place of embarkation of liich,aiii the Lioii-He.irted for the tliird Crusade in 1189, of Edward III. in 1.345, and of Henry V. in 1415 ; was attacked by the French and Geno- ese in 13;f8; and was the place where the Pilgrim Fathers embarked on the Mayflower in 1C20. Population 119011. lo4,'ill, Southampton. A rarely used name for Hamp- shirc, Southampton, Earls of. See Kriothesley. Paraguay, the Argentine Itepublic, Chile. Bolivia, Peru, Southampton Island. An island of British ■L^5fJ,rn?J;!ll'"iil!L\!'''„.lV'l?.;'.'.?,,°LV;:."„'i"'."i America, at the entrance of Hudson Bay. An inlet of the English Channel "which extends from the Solent and Spithead northwestward about 10 miles. South Anna (an'ii). A river in Virginia which unites with the iJforth Anna 21 miles north of Kichmoud to form the Pamunkev. Ecuador, . , and Venezuela. British, French, and Dutch Guiana are _., . colonics of European powers. Ijirge portions of the in- EiCngth, _.*(» miles t«rior are inhabited only by scattered Inilian tribes, and Southampton Water, the iKiiinilaries of the republics in these regions are '■• . . • , stilt un-settleii. Extreme length, 4,,W2 miles. Greatest breadtli, 3,2:10 miles. ICstimated area, with the depi n dent islands, 7,081,420 square miles. Population (1897), est., 40,000,000. South American Revolution. The politica movement and war by which the Spanish South Southard (suTH'iird). SamuerL. Bom at Basking Kidge, N. J., June 9. 1787: died at Fred- ericksburg, Va., June 26, 1842. An American politician, lie was Whig I'nited States senator from New Jersey 1821-23 ; secretary of (he na\7-18'23-29; acting secretarv of the treasury 1825; governor of New Jersey 18.32 ; aiid I'nited States senator 1833-42. American colonies became independent. The principal causes were the restrictions on commerce in favor of Spanish monopolies, burdensomo taxes, and un- just laws ; exclusion of the colonists from high oftices ; the Imiuisition; and the examples of Franco and the United states The immediate cause was the chaotic condition of Spanish affairs produced by Napoleon's in vasion of Spain. Most of the colonists refused to recog- South Australia (as-tra'liii). A state of the nizc Joseph Bonaparte; and the junta of Seville, which htid represented the legitimate monarch, having fallen, the authority of the viceroys and captains-general disap- peared ipito facto. Under these circumstances, revolts broke out aliiiost simultaneously in Venezuela (.4pril 9, 1810), New Granada (,Iuly 20-21, 1810), Buenos Ayres (Jlav 22, 1810), and Chile (,Iuly 18, 1810), the royal officers in each case being depos.d and juntas established w ith the avowed purpose of holding the countries for Ferdi- nand VII,: later all of them declared their independence of Spain. In Peru, which was the center of Spanish power, there was no outbreak until much later. The Conimoiiwialthof .-Vnstralia. Capital,. \delaide. It is bounded Ijy the ocean on the north, t^ueeiisland. New Si->uth Wales, and Victoria on the east, the ocean on the south, and West Austnilia on the west. The surface of the colony is generally level and undulating. It has gold, lead, copper, etc.. and exports wool, wheat and flour, cop- per, etc. Government is vested in a crown governor, aiid a parliament eoinprisiiig a legislative council and a house of assembly (both elected). The colony w;is founded in 183(1, and the constitution was est;iblished in IS'itl. The -N ort hern Territory (north of lat. 26' S. ) was annexed in 1863. Area, 903,090 square miles. Pop. ;1899), " Spanish ofllcera. adhering to Jo.seph Bonapai-te or to one "■^■••./"^"'"' V'""'" ""'''°' ."T! ■'»""'• ^"'i - • of the Sp.aniBh juntas, regarded the colonists as rebels. SOUth BOUd (bend). A City, the capital of St. War broke out at once, and at first the patriots were gin .loseph County, Indiana, situated on St. .Tosepb erally successful. In Venezuela the great earthquake of R,ver 73 miles east bv south of Chicago. It May 20, 1812, paralyzed the country. The .Spaniards, tak- , .nnnnfootiiros of r"iiirii.^'>uthwest of Portlaud ers to nljandon the country. Shortly after Xlorillo ar- _( l'^"**'^-'- 1^:"*- _ ropulntiou Peru ; they were defeated nt Rancapun (Oct the leaders lied over the Andes. Ujip^ a con betwt*en the royalists, strongly aided from Peru, and the ?atriol8, Rupport4>d hy annles sent from Bucnoa Ayrcs. he royalist general GoyciRche swept the country hi 1S14. and thereafter the war took on a puerrilla character, for which the moiintaln-land was especially fitted. A for- midable revolt in I'eni, led hy tholiMlian Pumacaffiia. was ended hy hin defeat at Vniachlri, March 11, 1815. Thus, Iti the middle of 18HI, Iho Platlne i>rovitiee8 wore the oidy ones which retained their irulepenilence. At the out- break of the revolt the royalist forces under Elio had heen besieged in Montevideo, whicli was taken hv the imtriols in .luiie. 1811. Pwrapuay proclaimed its imiepenaonce In May, iHll, but soon suhmitte- wenk, and was fret|uently eliauKcd :'ln 181:; H wiw centralized under a supreme directnr, and thereafter It showed more 8t^on(f^h. San Martin, who had come Into prnmifieiice as n military leader, conceived the plan of iuvadiiiK I'eru by way of Chllo. and to this end massed an army In Miii* «U»r,a. Meanwhile KoIIvar relumed tu 1810 to Voneruela, and in July, 1817, ostaMlslied a patriot centml govern- ment at An^osluni, 4tn Iho Orinoco. Tho suhsc<|uent events may hv reduced to two proat movements under Itollvar and San Martin, centerlnn on the Spanish jKiwer in Peru. lioMvar's victories of UoyaciWAujr. 7, 1811*) and Caraboho (June 24, 18*21), and that of his (reueml Sucre at I'icldncha (May 24, 18„'-2). were the principal events which secured the in4.isr<)j.al). Populjition (lIMUii, 13,:i41. w^from 1810 to,81«, the „,ld,fa&5^;i^?^^ l^^lS 1?=- i^^^!:!:!!'' '"""'• South Carolina (kar-o-li'nj|). One of the South Atlantic States of the Uiiitpd States of America. Capital, Columbia; ehief oity, CliarlestOTl, it la bounded by North Camllna on Ihe north and northeast, the Atlantic Oceaii on Ihe nonlheasl, and Georfiia (Kciiarittcd for most of the distance hy tho Savannah Kiver) on the s the Kroneh under Kihault in 1M12. Tho Ilrsl permanent sellbinent was nnido by tho English In ]r.7ii. CharlcHloi) wasfouiuledin li;8i>. The territory remained under a proprietary ifovrrnmeni with North t'andlna until 172JI, when it beeauie a separate en »wn ctdoTiy, Manv nf (lie early cohudsts were French lluiriie- nots, Seotrh-frhh, SwInm. ami tionnans. South fiirollnn was oneof the i:{ original States(l77ilV It wnn thosconeof many battles In the Kevolut ion (Fort Moultrie, fharleslon. Ciimilen. Kiiiif's Mountain, (.^•wpen^ Tutaw >piinirs>. and of manv i)arl Izjin ci>n tests, and was held by the I'l it Ish 17M>- 17S1. "its advooary of millification noarVv led toelvil war In 1S.T2 a:f. It took (III- lead In ndvorntinu Stalosrlnhtij doctrines, and was the first Slale lo secede (hoc, 20, iwm>. It (ipeiM'd the Civil War by the b«,..„l„+;«« seniptnre.l screens. Ponulation (1891), commune, 3,291. J-opulation souza. See Soiisa. ' of the Committee of the Council on Education." The museum, which is in Brompton, in the western part of London, south of Hyde Park, was opened in 1857 for tire purpose of promoting science and art. It contains a mu- seum of ornamental or applied art, the National tialleiy of British Art, an art librar.v, the Iti lyal C. ilki,'c < ■( Science, a science and education library, the Natihh>outh America, and^a part of tteca^^^^^^^ Sowerby, JameS. Born 1757: died 1822. An stock of which was to ccnstitut of Spain to enter into commercial relations with England made the privileges of the company worthless: but, by means of a series of speculative operations and the infat- uation of the people, its shares were inflated from i; 100 to £1,0.50. Its failure caused great distress throughout Eng- land. South Shetland, or New South Shetland English naturalist and artist. He published "Brit- ish Mineralogy" (1804-17), "British MisceUany" (1804), "English Botany," "Mineral Conehology of Great Brit- ain " (1812-30), etc. Sowerby, James de Carle. Bom 1787 : died 1871. An English artist and conehologist, son of James Sowcrbj-. (shet'land). Agroupof islands in the Southern Sowerby Bridge.' A manufacturing town in Cape Honi, about lat. 60°-fi5° S. +,,„w<.rf T?;.ii,,„,, -- ■ ■■ - - °- ■ - Ocean, south of Cape South Shields (sheldz). A seaport in Dtu-ham, England, situated on the Tyne, at its mouth, opposite TjTiemouth. It has coal-trade, ship-build- ing, manufactures of glass, etc. Roman antiquities have been discovered there. Population (1901), 97,263. South Uist (wist). An island of the Outer Hebrides, Scotland, about 20 miles west of the Isle of Skye. Length, 21 miles. Southwark (suTH'||rk). A parliament.aryand inuuieipal borough in London, situated on the southern bank of the Thames. It returns 3 members to Parliament. Population of the registration districts (1891), 339,093. Southwell '(south'wel). A town in Notting- hamshire, Engliind, 12 miles northeast of Not- tingham. The bishopric of Southwell comprises the counties of Nottingham and Derby and parts of the West Riding of Yorkshire. The minster is a Norman church with siiuare central tower and two lofty western towers with pyramidal roofs. The nave is of the most massive Norman work, with round arches and huge cylindrical the AVest Riding of Yorkshire, England, situated on the Caldcr 10 miles southwest of Bradford. Population (1891), 10,408. Sozomen (soz'6-men) (Hermias Sozomenus). Born probably near Gaza, Palestine, about 400 A. D. : died about the middle of the 5th century. An ecclesiastical historian, author of a church history (edited by Valesius 1668). Tlie " ecclesiastical history "of Hermeias Salamanes Soz- omenus, commonly known as Sozomen. was nearly con- temporary and coextensive witli tliatof Socrates [Schohis- ticus], whom Sozomen is supposed to have copied, as far at least as the plan of his work is concerned. It extends, as we now have it, from 324 to 415, but was designed to reach the year 439. It is divided into nine books, and is generally superior to the work of Socrates in elegance of style, though it often exhibits puerilities which the other historian had avoided. Sozomen was born at Bethel, near Gaza, in Palestine, and spent most of his early years in the Holy Land, to which he makes familiar reference in sev- eral parts of his Itook, K. 0. Miillcr, Hist, of the Lit. ot Anc. Greece, III. 403. [{Dmialdi.on.') Spa Spa (spa: F. and Flem. prou. spii). or Spaa (spa). A town and waterin^'-phice in the ]>rov- ince of Li^ge, Bel^^ium, situated at the junction of the Spa. Wayai, and Pieherotte, 17 miles southeast of Li^K^. It is the oldest of the lame Kuro* pean waterinc places (spasX The chief spring is the rou- hon. Population (ISDO). 7,109. Spagnoletto. See libera. Spahawn. See Ispahan. Spain (span). [Sp. EspaUa, Pg. Htspanha, It. Spofjua, D. SpanjCy F. Espagnc, L. Hispania and Iberia , Gr . ' la~a via^ ' Etrrrf p/a ( western land), and *ipj}pi(t.'] A kingdom of southwest- em Europe, which occupies the fcreater part of the Ibcri.an or Spanish peninsula. Capital, Madrid, it is bounded by the Bay of Biscay and France on the north, the Miditummean on the east and south, the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic on the southwest, and ruitueal ami Iht- Atlantic on the west. TJie interior is occupied by tabtf-lands ; and there are numerous nioun- taln-ranpes, including tlie Cantabrian Mountains, Sierra dc Guadarrama, Siena de Grcdos. Mountains of Toledo, .Sierra de Guadalupe, Sierra M'nvna, and Sierra Nevada. The principal rivers are the Ebro, Guadalquivir, Guadl- ana. Tauus. Duero, and Mino. Spain has very valuable mineral resources (especially quicksilver, lead, copper, silver, salt, zinc). Other leading products are wine (sherry, Malaga, etc.), grapes, niisins, olive-oil, oranges, figs, and other fruits, and cork. It comprises 47 provinces on the mainland (fonned from the 13 old provinces) and 2 insular proviticos (Canaries and Balearic Islands). The govern- ment is a hereditary constitutional monarchy. Thelegiala- tive body is thu (_"ortes, composed of a senate and a cham- ber of deputies. The prc-vailing religion is Koman Catho- lic. The language is Spanish. The early inhabitants were Celts and Iberians. Various coast towns were colo- nized by the Phenicians. The countrj' was contpiered in part by Carthage (llamilcar, Hasdrubal, and Hannibal), 237-219 B, c. The jK-riod of Roman comiuest (under the Scipios, Gate, Grai-dms, Pompey, etc., against Carthage, Viriathus, Jsumantia, the Celtiberians, Sertorius, the Can- tabri, etc.) extended from about 20.t to 19 B. c. Spain was ravaged by Vandals, suevi. and Alaniin 409 A. I>. A AVest- Gothic kingdom was established in 41S. and overthrown by the Saracens in 711. and the Ommiad kingdom was es- tablished at Cordova hi 7r»6. .An invasion by Charles the Great led to the foundation of the "Spanish Mark." The Ommiad dynasty ended in 1031. Christian kingdoms were founded — that of Asturias (later Leon) in the 8th century, Navarre in the 9th centur>', Castile in 1033, and Aragon in 1035. Toledo was taken from the Moors by Castile at the close of the 11th century. The Almoravides had a realm In Spain in the 11th and 12th centuries; the Alniohadcs In the 12th and 13th centuries. Castile and Aragon were united in 1(79. Granada was taken from the Moors in 1492. Spain reached its greatest power in the Ulth century. The Ilapsburp dynasty ruled from 1510 to 1700, when tile Bour- bons succeeded them. The throne was given to Joseph Bonaparte in 1808. The Peninsular war lasted from 1808 to 1814. The revolution of l.s20 was suppressed with Frcnclt help in 1823. The ttrst Carlist war was carried on from 183;! to 1840. Isabella II. was dethroned in 1868: and Ama- deusreignedl!?7'V73. Therepublic formed in l-'373wasover- thrown and the Bonrbons were restored in 1875. There was a second Carlist war 1872-76. Tiie foieiicn dependencies of Spain were reduced, by the Spanisli-American war and the sale of the Carolines andLadrones to Germany, to her possessions in western Africa. Area, 197,670 S(|nare miles. Population (WM), 18,089,500. Spain, Era of. An era, long used in Spain, which began with the first day of the year 38 B. c. Spalatin Cspii-la-ten')* Georg (originally Burckhard). Born at Spalt, Bavaria, Jan. 17, 14S4: diod Jan. 16, 1545. A noted German Ke- foriner, a friend of Luther, He was in the diplo- matic and other service of Frederick the Wise, elector of Saxony, and his successors. He wrote various historical works. Spalato (spii-lii'to), or Spalatro (spa-lii'tro). [From L. pahiUum, palace (the palace of Dio- cletian): Slav. SpUt.'\ A seaport in Dalniatia, Austria-nungai'V, situatedonthc Adriatic in lat. 43« 30' N.. long.'lG'^ 27' E.,noar the site of tlic ancient Salona. it has the largest trade in Dalniatia. It Is noted for its Itoman antitiuitlea, t-Hpecially for the ruins of the palace of Diock-tian. built about 'M*\, an ag- glomeration of highly ornamented structures inclosed by a fortified wall forming ajiproximately a rectjingle of fiOO by 700 feet. Streets roTuieetitig the great gattrs in the middle of each side divide the whole into 4 blocks. The present spacious arcaded I'iazza del Duonio is the great court of the palace, on the south side of which are vesti- bule, atrium, and remains of a beautiful siTk-s of roonis. Flanking the great courts are areas contnining the impe- rial mauHolLMim fnow the cathedral) and a temple of .l-^cu- lapiufl, Tlu! arches of the great court are of import^mco in architecture, as the earliest which can be precisely datecl that spring directly from columns without the interven- tion of an entablature. This marks the development fnun Koman architecture of the germ of the medieval. Wln-n Salona was dcstroyef Charles 11.. fought 1701-14 between the emperor and the nara [powers on the one hand, and France and its allies on the other. The question of the succession agitated the va- rious cabinets for many years before the extinction of the llapsbnrg dynasty in Spain by the death of Charles II., as it involved the balance of power in Eun>pe. lliere were three claimants: I-ouis XIV. of Franre. the em- peror Leopold I,, and the elector:il prince of Bavaria (see the extnut). .As Kmrlaml and Ilulland would not allow the Spanish possessions to be united intact to the French or Austria-i monarchy, l.isipold asserted his claim in be- half of his second stm Charles, while Louis urged his in behalf of his grandson Philip of Anji>u. Treaties of par^ tition were made in 10'.t8and l7tni dividing the inheritance betwe'-n the claiinants (see Partition Treatirs), but when the vacancy occurred in 1700 Louis decided t.. i^rnore his treaty oldigations, and recognized charli's II. s will, which made Philip of Anjou heir. He f-amd himseli' opposed in Sept., 1701, by the Grand .\llianee of The Hague between En;:land. Holland. Austria, and the F.nipire, joined later by Portugal, while his only allies were the Elect' of MarllHirough over Villeroi at Ramillies, May 23, 1706; the victory of Eugene and Leopold of Dessau over Marsin and the Duke of Or- leans at Turin. Sept. 7. 1700; the victor>' of the French under Berwick at Almansa. April i't, 1707; the vi.tory of SLuIborouirh and Eugene over Vendome and the Duke of Burgundy ut Oudenanle, July 11. 17i^; and the victory of Marlborough and Eugene over Villars at Malplaijuet, Sept. 11, I70i». The roducedatLond(>nin 1/m. j^j^^ ^.^ jiy j^ ;,„ ex.|Uisite and sutTocaling coxcomb: a Spanish Curate, The. A play by Fletcher and pretender to wit and letters, without common undersUnd- Massiniror, licensed in 10212. 'printed in 1047. ing, or the use of his senses, //rtj/it/, Eng. P.>. is. p. Kd. Several alterations of it have been acted. The phd is from finorks (sp-irk-^) Jared Born at Williiiprton, nal.'C''i.,rd'^,T"e«pe!ie^8''^"''' "'^"'^'^'' "'° '''""'"''" <^<'>"<- Mav IC 17«'.): di.-l at Ca..il..i.lKe. Mass. iDanish Fu'rv. The. A namo given to tho sack Marrli 11, IStit!. .\u Amoru-an hislonaii II Spanish Fury, The. a name pven of Antwerp by Siianish troojis in I'lTt!. Spanish Gypsy, The. 1. A])lavl)v Jliddleton (with Howli-v'), acted 1C,2X i.rintod ]0r,3. It is foiinilod on (Vrvantcs's "Fuer/.a de la Sangre' and "]/a Gitaiiilla."— 2. A poem by George Kliot, ))nblisli<;d in 1808. Spanish Main, The. A name applied, somo- wliat va^'iicly, to tlic northern coast ot" South America, from the month of tl\e Orinoco west- ward. !-.'.:i. He was also the founder anil llrsi eilitorof the "American Almanac and KciH>8itory of I'seful Knowledge" (ll..st..n. 1S30-«1). He wrote, ainoiiK other works, the "Ute of .lohn Lwlyanl" (lsi>) and the "Lifcofliouverneur. Morris '■(18:«),andediled'l>iploin:itlc Correapfuulcnee of the American Revolution " (IJ vols 18'>9-;«l) " WritiiiBS of OeoiTfC Washington, with a I ifi' i^f the Author "(12 vols. ISSl-.tSl. '■ Library .if American Wok- rapliv ■' (Is;i4-:i8 : writlin! the lives of Arnold, Klhan Allen. Jlanluetlc, Iji Salle, etc.). " Works ot «en)amln Kranklln, with a I.lfe of the Author" (to vols 1S.S<1-I0). ami 'Corre- 8|>ondence of the American Kovolutlon " (18.'.(). etc. Bparta(spiir'tin,ii. Spanish Moli^re, The. Mumiin. Spanish Moor's Tragedy, The. A play by Thoiiins l)ekl;er. liny, and Haughton, licensed in llilK) anil prinled in lli."i7. Spanish Peaks. 'I'wo isolated mountains of conical shujie. iu southern Colorado, near the liouud.-irv of Niw Mexico, which rise to an ele- tllh ceiilurv. and the , , rnnieni ; t.«>k a leadlnu' part In Iho I'cnilan war; and wllli allies foiiRlit atniliist Athens in the reloponnesiaii war. 'rlic years 4(ll-;t71 were the imtIihI of Spartan lieBcnionv. ."'parta passed under Roman rule In Mil II. o. SpartaCUB (spiir'ta-kusl. Killed 71 B. C. A Thracian who liecaine a Koman slave and glnd- iator in (^ipua. lie headed an insurrection of .laves in Italy in 7:1 H. c., and rouleil sevenil Koman annies, but wa» ulliniately defeated by Crasslls onthe Silarus -■'■' ■'"'■■ . and slain. valioM of nearlv It.OIH) feet. They are very SparteKspiir-tcl' ), Cape. The uorthwestern- mincnt laiidinarks. Their aboriginal name most point of .\frica, situated in Morocco, at the pro IS Ihmjtil'Hids. Spanish Succession, War of the. A war aris entrance to the Strait of Gibraltar, in lat. 35° 47' N., long. 5° iJG' W. Spartianus SpartianUS (spSr-ti-a'uus). ^lius. Lived at tlie eud of the 3d century A. D. A Roman his- torian, one of the authors of the " Augustan History." He composed the lives of Venis, Severus, Niger, etc. Spartivento (spar-te-ven't61. Cape. 1. A cape at the southern extremityotltalv, inlat. 37° 55' 29' N., long. 16° 3' 31 E. : the ancient Her- eulis promontoritmi. — 2. A cape at the southern extremity of the island of Sardinia, in lat. 38° 52' 34 X., long. 8° 51' 8'E. Spasmodic School, The. A name given col- lectively to various 19th-century writers, on ac- count of their alleged unnatural style : among them were Gerald JIassey, Sydney Dobcll, Bailey, Gillillan, Alexander' Smith, and others. Its adherents, lacking perception and synthesis, and mis- taking the materials of poetry tor poetry itself, aimed at the production of quotable passages, and crammed their verse with mixed and conceited imagerj-. gushing diction, interjections, and that mockerj- of passion which is but surface-deep. Stedman, Victorian Poets, p. 262. Specie Circular, The. In United States history, au order by the secretary of the treasury, July 11, 1836, which directed that payment for pub- lie lands should be made to government agents in gold and silver only (except in certain cases in Virginia). It was designed to check specu- lative purchases of public lands. Spectator (spek-ta'tor), The. An English pe- riodical, published daily from March 1, 1711, to Dec. 6, 1712. it comprised 555 numbers, of which 27-t were by Addison (" Sir Roger de Coverley " papers, crit iques on "Paradise Lost," etc.), 236 by Steele, 1 by Pope ("The Jlessiall," No. S7S), and 19 by Hughes. Eustace Budgell also contributed to it. Addison killed Sir RogerdeCoverley in No. 517, "that nobody else mightmurder him." It was revived in 1714. Specter of the Brocken. See Bracken. Speculum Salutis (spek'u-lum sa-lii'tis), or Speculum Humanae Salvationis (spek'u-lum hii-ma'ue sal-va-ti-o'nis). [L.,' mirror of safe- ty,' or 'of man's salvation.'] An early book in Latin rime, in 45 chapters. It tells the incidents of the Bible story from the fall of Lucifer to the redemp- tion. There are manuscript copies as old as the 12th cen- tury. It is of great interest in relation to the invention of printing. The earliest date which can be assigned to the printed book is 1467. The " Speculum " was printed at different times and places duringthe fifteenth century, but the copies of great- est value are those which belong to four con-elated edi- tions—two in Ijatin and two in Dutch — all without date, name, or place of printer. In these four editions the illus- trations are obviously impressions from the SiOme blocks ; but each edition exhibits some new peculiarity in the shape or disposition of the letters. Those who favor the theorj' of an invention of typography in Holland maintain that these letters are the impressions of the first movable types, and that the ciu-ious workmanship of the book marks the development of printing at the great turning-point in its progress when it was passing from xyiograpliy to typog- raphy. De Viniie, Invention of Prmting, p. 2i^9. Spedding (sped'ing), James. Bom at Mire- house, near Bassenthwaite, June, 1808: died, from an injury, at St. George's Hospital, Lon- don, March 9, 1881. An English editor of Ba- con. He entered Cambridge (Trinity CoUege) in 1827; from 1S37 to 1S41 was a clerk in the Colonial Office ; and in 1843 was private secretary of Lord Ashburton in America. From 1857 to 1874 he published " Works, Life, and Letters of Bacon." In 1878 he published an "Account of the Life and Times of Bacon," and in ISSl " Studies in English Historj'," etc. Speed i sped). Servant of Valentine, in Shak- spere's "Two Gentlemen of Verona." Speed (sped). John. Bom at Farrington, Che- shire, 1^2: died at London, July 28, 1629. An English antiquary. He wrote a "History of Great Britain under the Conquests of the Romans, Saxons, Danes, and Sormans" (1611) and "Theater of the Empire of Great Britain " (1611). Speed the Plough. A comedy by Thomas Mor- ton, produced in 1798. Speedwell (sped'wel). A ship of about 60 tons burden, bought and fitted out in Holland, wliich sailed from Southampton with the May- flower in 1515 for New England. She was sent back from Plymouth, England, owing to a series of mis- haps, and those of the " pilgrims " who were disheartened turned back with her. Speicher (spi'eher). A manufacturing town in the canton of Appenzell Outer Rhodes, Switzer- land, 21 miles southeast of Constance. Here, in 1403, the inhabitants of Appenzell defeated the troops of the Abbot of St. GaU. Speichem. See Sjncheren. Speier. See Speyer. Speke (spek), John Banning. Born at Jor- dans, Somersetshire, May 4, 1827 : died at Bath, England. Sept. 15, 1864, An African explorer. After military and scientific service in India, he accom- panied Sir R. F. Burton to the great central African lakes (1858), and crossed the continent with Grant from Zanzibar over Victoria Nyanza and down the Nile to Egypt (1860- 950 1863). He discovered the Victoria Nyanza and its affluent, the Kageni, or Alexandra Nile, the main source of the Nile. He published a " Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the NUe " (1863). Spelman (spel'manU Sir Henry. Bom at Congham, England, 1562: died at London, 1641. Au English antiquary. Spence (spens). Joseph. Bom at Kingsclere, Hampshire, April 25. 1699: drowned at Byfleet, Surrey, Aug. 20. 1768. An English critic. His chief works are an "Essay on Pope's Translation of Homer " (1727), " Polymetis, etc. "(a work on Roman art and poetiy, 1747), and avolumeof anecdotes, observations, and charac- ters of books and men (an edition by Malone and one by Samuel Weller Singer were published in 1S20, on the same day). Spence, William. Born li 83 : died at London. Jan. 6. 1860. Aji English entomologist. He col- laborated with Kirby in his ''Introduction to Entomology." Spencer, Cape. A cape at the southern extrem- ity of Yorke Peninsula, South Australia. Spencer, Charles, third Earl of Sunderland. Born about 1674: died April 19, 1722. An Eng- lish politician, son of the second Earl of Sun- derland. He was envoy to Vienna in 1705 ; secretary of state 1707-10; lord lieutenant of Ireland 1714-15; lord privy seal 1715-17 ; secretary' of state 1717-18 ; and first lord of the treasur>' and prime minister 1718-21. He was involved in the South Sea scheme. Spencer, George John, second Earl Spencer. Born Sept. 1, 1758: died Nov. 10, 1834. An Eng- lish bibliophile and politician. He collected a very valuable library, described in "Bibliotheca .Spenceriana " (1814) by Dibdin. Spencer, Herbert. Born at Derby, April 27, 1820. A celebrated English philosopher, found- er of the system named by himself the synthetic philosophy. He was educated by his father, a schl- master at Derby, and by his uncle, the Rev. Thomas Spen- cer, rector of Hinton. He was articled to a civil engineer in 1837, but in 1845 abandoned engineering and devoted himself to literature. He was assistant editor of the "Economist" 1848-53, and in 1882 visited the United States, where he gave a number of lectm-es. His first effort in the field of general literature (he had previ- ously published a ntunber of professional papers in the "Civil Engineers' and Architects' Journal") was a series of letters to the "N'onconformist" on "The Proper Sphere of Government," which appeared in 1842 and was reprinted in pamphlet form in the following year. In 1S55 (four years before the appearance of Darwin's "Origin of Species") he published his "' Principles of Psychology," which is based on the principle of evolution. In 1S60 he issued a prospectus of his " System of Synthetic Philosophy," in which, beginning with the first principles of knowledge, he proposed to trace the progress of evolution in life, mind, so- ciety, and morality. His works include "Social Statics, or the Conditions Essential to Human Happiness Specified, etc." (1850), ''Over-Legislation"(lS54), "The Principles of Psj-chology" (1856), "Part I.: The Data of Psychology" (1869 : an enlarged edition of these two was published later (1870-72) : see below), " Essays " (lS57-63-64-74\ "Edu- cation : Intellectual, iloral, and Physical " (1861), " Classi- fication of the Sciences " (1^64), " Illustrations of Universal Progress " (18&l), '"The Study of Sociology " (1873), "De- scriptive Sociology" (1S74-S2 : compUed under his direc- tion by James Collier, D. Duncan, and Rich.ard Sheppig), " Progress : its Law and Course " (1881). " The Philosophy of Style " (1S32), "The Man versus the State " (1884X "The Factors of Organic Evolution " (reprinted in 1887 from the " Nineteenth Century "), etc. The series announced in 1860 under the general title "A System of Synthetic Philoso- phy " was published as follows : Vol. I, " First Principles " (isfe) ; Vols, II, in, " The Principles of Biologs- " (1863- and 1S67) ; Vols. IV, V, " The Principles of Psychology " (lsro-72); Vols. ^^, VII, VIII, "The Principles of Sociol- ogy" (1877: vol. i of these includes "The Data of Soci- ology," " Thelnductionsof Sociology," and "The Domestic Relations"; vol. ii includes "Ceremonial Institutions" (1879), "Political Institutions" (1882), and "Ecclesiastical Institutions" (1885); vol. iii was published in 1897); Vols. IX. X. "The Principles of Morality or of Ethics" (vol. 1 of these includes "The Data of Ethics " (1879), "In- duction of Ethics " (1892\ and "Ethics of Individual Life" (1892), and voL ii contains ".Justice" (1891) and "Nega- tive Beneficence and Positive Beneficence ' (1893)). Spencer, Robert, second Earl of Sunderland. Born 1640: died at Al thorp. Northamptonshire, Sept. 28, 1702. An English politician. He suc- ceeded to the earldom in 1643 : served as ambassador at several courts under Charles II.; was secretary of state 1679-Sl : became secretarj- again about 1682 ; and continued in office under James II. He was made lord chamber- lain and lord justice by William ni.. whom he was said to have rendered important services before his accession. He retired to private life in 1697. Spencer, John Charles, third Earl Spencer: known as Viscount Althorp previous to his ac- cession to the earldom. Born at London, Mav 20, 1782 : died at Wiseton Hall, Nottingham- shire, Oct. 1, 1845. An English statesman, son of the second Earl Spencer : leader of the Whig opposition in the House of Commons under George IV. He was chancellor of the exchequer and leaderof the House of Commons 1830-34, and was largely instrumental in procuring the passage of theReform Bill. He became Earl .Spencer in 1834. Spencer, John Poyntz, fifth Earl Spencer. Bom Oct. 27, 1835. An English statesman, nephew of the third Earl Spencer. He was lord lieutenant of Ireland 1868-74, 1882-85 ; president of the council lsSO-82, 18S6 ; and first lord of the admiralty 1892-96. Speyer Spencer, William Robert. Born about 1769 ; died at Paris, 1834. An English poet. He was educated at Harrow and Oxford. He spent the last ten years of his life in Paris. His principal poems are vera de soci^t^ and ballads, among the latter that of '*Beth Gelert, or the Grave of the Grey-Hound." Spencer Gulf. [Named from the second Earl Spencer.] A gulf on the coast of South Aus- tralia, about lat. 32° 30'-35° S. Length, inland, about 200 miles. Spener (spa'ner^, Philipp Jakoh. Born at Rap- poltsweiler, Alsace, Jan. 13, 1635: died at Ber- lin, Feb. 5, 1705. A German theologian : called " the Father of Pietism." He was pastor at Frankfort 1666-68, and court chaplain in Dresden 1668-91, and later (1691) in Berlin. He wrote "Theologische Bedeiiken," etc Spenlow(spen'16),Dora. The "child-wife "of David Copperfield, in Dickens's '"David Copper- field." Spennjrmoor (spen'i-mor). A town in Durham, England, 5 miles south of Durham. Population 1 1891), 6,041. Spens (spens). Sir Patrick. The subject of a Scottish ballad: said to have been wrecked in the Orkneys. Spenser (spen'ser), Edmund. Boi-n at London about 1.552: died at London, Jan. 13, 1599. A celebrated English poet. He was educated at the Merchant Taylors' School, London, and at Pembroke (Al- lege, Cambridge, 1569-76, where he associated with Gabriel Harvey, Edward Kirke, and other men of note. After- ward he became intimate with Sir Philip Sidney and Lei- cester, who did much for him. He was sent abroad by Lei- cester in 1579, and went in 1580 as secretarj' with Lord Grey de Wilton to Ireland, to assist in suppressing Desmond's re- bellion, and became extremely unpopular. In the redistri- bution of Munster he became an undertaker for the settle- ment of about 3,000 acres of land, with KiJcolman Castle, County Cork, attached(forfeited by theDesmonds), thegov- ernment undertaking his security. In 1.^81 he was made a clerk of the Irish court of chancerj', and in 1558 clerk to the council of Munster. In his "View of the State of Ireland" (written about 1596, but not published till 1633) Spenser advocates the most oppressive measures, little short of wholesale depopulation. .At the suggestion of Sir Walter Raleigh, whom he met at the Fort del Ore in 1580, he returned to London in 1589 with the first three b-'oksof the "Faerie Queene," which were entered at Stationei-s' Hall, Dec, 1589, and published in 1590. In 1691 he re- turned, already famous, to Kilcolman Castle, and wrote '•Colin Clout 's Come Home Au'ain" (published in 1595). His house was burned by the Irish rebels in 1598, and he fled with his family to Cork, and then went to London, where about four weeks later he died. His first poems were published in a small volume entitled " The Theatre for AVorldlings" (1569), said to have been translations from Bellay and Petrarch, but this has been disputed. He also wrote "The Shepherd's Calendar" (1579). "Ihe Faerie Queene " (1590-96) (see these entries), " Daphnaida " (1591). "Complaints" (1591; including "Tears of the Muses," ' "Mother Hubberd's Tale," etc.), " Epithalamion " and "-\moretti" (1595), "Astrophel," " Prothalamitm,' "Four Hymns " (1.596), etc. Speransky, or Speranski (spa-ran'ske). Count Mikhail. Bom in the government of Vladimir, Jan. 1, 1772 : died at St. Petersburg, Feb. 11, 18.39. A Russian statesman. He became state secretary- in 1801, colleague of the minister of justice in 1808. and secretary of the empire in 1809. He was in ban- ishment 1812-16. From 1819 to 1821 he was govemorgen- eral of Siberia. He directed the compilation of the Ens- sian laws. SperchiUS (sper-ki'us). [QtV.'S.TTepxn6(.'\ A river in Greece which flows (now) into the Gulf of Lamia (Maliacus Sinus) near Thermopylee : the modem Hellada. Length, about 50 miles. Spessart(spes'sart),or Spesshart (spes'hart). A moimtain group or range in Lower Franconia, and in the neighboring part of Hesse-Nassau, situated north of the Main, between the Kin- zig and Sinn : noted for its forests. Highest point, the Geiersberg. 1,920 feet. SpeusippUS (spii-sip' us). [Gr. 2;rfi'ff(jr!rof.] Bora about 407 B. c. : died 339 B. c. An Athe- nian philosopher, nephew and disciple of Plato : head of the Academy after Plato's death. He left a fragment of a work on " Pj-thagorean Numbers." Spey (spa). A river in Scotland which rises in Inverness, forms part of the boundary between Elgin and Banff, and flows into the North Sea 8 miles east-northeast of Elgin. It has valu- able salmon-fisheries. Length, about 100 miles. Speyer, or Speier (spi'er or spir), E. Spires (.spirz), F. Spire (sper). [L. .Spira.] The capi- tal of the Rhine Palatinate, Bavaria, situated at the junction of the Speyerbach and Rhine, in lat. 49° 19' N., long. 8° 26' E. Its cathedral is a Ro- manesque structure, founded in 1030 and completed in 1061, and still, despite fires and restorations, retaining in great part its original form. The three portals of the west end open into a narthex called the Kaiser-H,alle, from which one great recessed and sculptured door leads into the nave. Over the west end rise two bold square towers. The transepts are at the east end, immediately in front of the semicircular apse, and the crossing is cov- ered with a fine dome. The church is surrounded with open arcading beneath the roof. The interior produces a striking ellect of great size ; it is adorned with excellent Speyer 951 modern frescos of Old and Now Testament subjects, and Spice Islands. See Moluccas. other :iit w.. Iks medieval and modern. The interesting Snichereil (spe'chcr-eu). or SpCichem (spi'- crypt is wholly of theearly nth century. Ihe dimensions V, . \. ,, : (}p,T,,.„, C.rviin,. 3 inilc-i are 440 by lii feet; length of transepts, ISO ; height o( "-"' ',"^, "^ ^ V -^^^ lu uerm.iu Ijon.iini . ■> iniii s vaulting, 105 : width of nave. 45. .'ipeyer is theRoiuan No. south ot baarorufkeii. There, Aug. 6, 1870, the Oer- viomagusNemetum. Itbecametheseatof abishopricabout mans defeated the ftench under Fross;u-d. Loss of each (ilo .V. D. ; became a free imperial city 1-21>4; and was long army, about 4,000. Also called the battle of Forbach. the seat of the imperial chamber. It was burned by the Snieeel (sno'L'ol). Friedrich Bofii at Kitzin- l.renchinias9._ The chief diets of Spej^er were those of '',t;.,,^,,.„\;\vii,.,l,„t, u".-,,,-!^ .Tnl v 1 1 . IS-JO. A 1526 and 152:1 : the latter condemn the " Protestation " then made t»y the Reformers gave rise to the name "Protestant." I'ojmlation (1890), 17,585. Speyerbach (spi'er-baeh). A small river which joins the Rhine at Speyer. On its biinks, Nov. 15, 171)3, the French (18,000) under Tallard defeated a Ger- man army (12.0Ieniatische Naturcn " (" I'roblcinatic Natures," 1861) and its continuation "Durch .Vacht zuni Licht" ("Through Xiulit to Light." 1802). "Die von Ilohen- stein " (1804), "In Reih' und Glied "("In Kank and File." 1866), " Hammer und Amboss ' ("Hammer and Anvil," 1809), "Allzeit voran!" ("Always Ahead!" 1872), "Was die Schwalbe sanK"("\Vliat the Swallow Sang," 187.'1). "Sturmnut"("Flood Tide," 1S7S), "Piatt Land" ("Flat Land," 1879), and" Quisi8ana"(lR8o). He has also written, besides a number of minor novels and stone-*, the two dramas "Liche fiir Liebe"("Love for Love," 1875) and "Hans und Orethe" (1870). sloped by the powe"r for which uYs namei^'ThrEuro; SpierS (sperz), Alexander. Born at Gosport, pean sphrres of intluence in Africa comprise a large part Lugland, 180 ( : died at Fassy, near Fans, Aug of the continent. See Emt A/rica (British, Gennan. Partu — """" ' • ' ■" - ' '-- -- gnexe), Gi^nnan Southwest Africa, and Kongo, French. tended to ridicule the illiterate and fanatical among the Methodists. The hero ... is Geoffrey Wildgoose, a young man of a respectable f.araily and small estate, who, having picked up .some old volumes of Puiitan divinity, such as "i'rumbs of Comfort," "Honeycombs for the F.lect." the " ilarrow of Divinity," the "Spiritual Eye Salve and Cordials for the Saints," and a book of Ba.\ter with an unmentionable name, resolves to sally forth and convert bis benighted fellow-countrymen in the highways and by-ways of Eng- land. Ue is accompanied by Jeremiah Tugwell, a cob- bler, who acts as a sort of Sancho Panza ; and they visit Gloucester, Bath, and Bristol, where they are involved in various adventures more creditable to the zeal of Wild- goose than Ui his discretion. FitrKjith, Novels and Novelists of the 18th Cent., p. 297. Spitalflelds (spit'al-feldz). A quarter of Lon- don, north of the Tower, noted as a seat of silk-manufacture, which was introduced by FriMich refugees expelled in 1685, on the rev- ocation of the Edict of Nantes. It once be- long(>d to the Priory of St. Mary Spital, founded in 11117 Sphinx, Temple of the. A structure (incor- rectly called a temple) lying a short distance southeast of the Sphinx at Gizeh. It is in fact a family mausoleum of Khafia or Chephren.the builder of the Second Pyramid, and is connected with the Temple of the Second Pyramid by a rock-cut passage. Here was found the colossal statue of Khafra now in the Gizeh Museum. The temple is built of splendid blocks of red granite and alabaster. It consists of a passage descending to an open three-aisled area with square piers and lintels, and two cross-passages or transepts toward the east. At the end of the flrst transept there i.-i a burial-chamber with 6 niches for mummies, in two tiers, and similar chambers open from the entrance passage. Sphinx (sfingks). The. A celebrated figure at (jizeh, Egypt, about a quarter of a mile south- east of the Great Pyramid. According to present archa;ological opinion, it is older than the Gizeh pyra- mids. It consists of an enormous figure ot a crouching . . ,, , ■£>_„„.,•„ tiu-„ sphinx of the usual Egyptian type, hewn from the natural bpinnel (spin er),^ iranClS ^-uHaS. rock, with the flaws and cavities filled in with masonry. ' ^. . ... > The body is 140 feet hmg ; the head measures about DO feet from the top of the forehead to tlie cliin. and is 14 wide. Except the head and sliouhleiB. the ligurc has for ages gen- erally been buried in the desert sand. The face, despite the mutilation of eyes and nose duo to Mohammedan fa- naticism, impresses liy its calm dignity. The low head- dress extend.s broadly outward on each side. A long rock- cut passage composed of im-lined plane and stejis leads down in front to thr exten.b-d fore paws of the Spliiiix, which are 50 feet long and cased with masonry. Between the paws ivere found an altar, a crouching lion with frag- ments of others, and .'! large inseribeus, abound in glaciers, and are cut by many fiords and bays. They are not perma- nontly inhabited. They were discovered in 1596 l>y the Dutch sailors Jakob van Heemskerck, Jan Comeliszoon Ripp, and Willem Barents, who took them to be part of Greenland and named them "New Land." They have been much visited by whalers and walrilR-llunten». Re- cently Ihey liave been made the base of arctic expeditions, espcr'i.illy by the Swedes (Nonlenskjold and others). Area, abdut 2s,tHio square miles. Spitzkop(spits'kop). A mountain in theCom- ](ass Berg, in Cape Colony. Spix (si)iks), Johann Baptist von. Bom at nochstaclt-an-der-.\iseli, Feb. 9. 1781: died nl Munich, March 111. l.'^2li. A Bavarian natural- ist, the companion of Martins in Brazil 1817- 1820. He wrote part of the "Reise ill Brasilien," ami Sublislied important papers on South Anicrican verte- rates, etc. See Martins. Spleen (splen). The. A poem by Matthew (Jii'cn, piililishcd in 1796. Splitter (s])lit'er). A village in East Prussia, situated on the Memcl near Tilsit. Here, Jan. 30. ll>79, the forces ot Brandenburg defeated the Swedes. works are "Der Judc " ("The Jew," 1827), "Der Jesuit (1829), "Der Invalide " (18:51), etc. Spinello, or Spinello Aretino (spe-nel'Io ii-ra- te'uo). Born at Arezzn, Ilaly, about 1330: died about 1410. An Italian painter. His works in- clude fi-escos in Siena and in the Campo Santo of Pisa. _ Born at German Flats (Mohawk), N. Y., Jan. 21, 1802: died at Jacksonville, Fla., Dec. 31, 1890. An American financier, politician, and general of militia. He was Democratic member of Congress from New York 18.'i5-57; Republican member of Congress 1857-81 ; and I'nited States treasurer 1861-76. Spinola (spe'no-lil), Marqui.s Ambrogio di. Born at Genoa about 1.570: died at CmsIiI-.Vu- ovo di Scrivia, Italy, Sept. 2.5, 1630. An Ital- ian general in the Spanish service. He captured Ostend in 1804 ; coniinandcd in the Netherlands against Maurice of N:issau until the peace of 1609; conquered the Palatinate in lf.20; besieged and took Breda in 1625; and later commanded in Italy. Spinoza (spi-no'zii), Baruch (or Benedict). Born at Amsterdam, Nov. 24, 1632: died at The Hague, Feb. 21, 1677. A famous philosoplor. the greatest moilcrn expounder of ]>aiitlieism. His parents were members of a comnuinity of .lews who had enilgrali-d from Portugal ami Spain. In 1656 he was condemned Iry the Jewish congregation of Amsterdam us a heretic, and exconimunleat<.cl. From this timeon hesup port*d hiinselt by grindinglenses, au art In which he was _,., ,,.,,, ^ Qrvl-iirro C=,^l;\'rrii1 A., very proficient, lie lived with a friend (a RemonstranI) bplUgCn (splu geil), II. bplUga (spU) gaj. An just oulslde of Amsterdam until about tlio beginning ot ' ' " ""■ 18*U, when thev reinov<-d to the village of Rhynsburg, near Leydeii. In 1661 ho went to Voorburg, a suburb of Tho Hague, and in lli70 took up his residence in The Hague it. self. An atUiiniil up- 1821. his molaphyslcalspeculalions have llloCiirlislanphlloso- „----i. , /•o,,„f',-„..Il AJnanrnrf Ti P Rnrn at phy as their point of departure. He wrote "Tractatus SpOffOra (spot <)J-il), AlnSWOrtU K._ Horn at tbeidoglco-polllicus"(l«7o), a practical jMdltlcal treatise deslgneil to demonstrate thu necessity In a flee common- wealth of freedom of thought and speech ; " Whlca ordlno Keometrlcodemimstrala"(compleledinl874.but published , l>el Ethl. inonstraled in the Geometri- ("iilnianlou, N. II., S<'i>l. 12, lS2.'i. Librarian of the Ciingressional Liiu'.iry I.'<65-1897. He ed- ited the " .Viiurii^an Almanac'' (from 1878), catalogues of the lilir.iiy. etc. Spica 1 V heavens, n Viri of the Virgin. Ijiki'S of Prussia, siluntecl in the iirovince of East Prussia 80 miles south-soutlieast of Ko- |Ul6of Carabaa etc. (1882), "Bidlads about Authors "(IKSTV, Spohr Spohr (spor), Louis. Bom at Brunswick, Ger- many, April 5, 17S4 : died at Cassel, Oct. 22, 1859. A German violinist and composer. He became court concert-master at Gotha in 1805; went to Vienna in 1812 as second kapellmeister at the Theater an der Wien ; employed the yeai-s Islo-IT in concert tours ; was kapellmeister at Frankfort 1817-19 ; went to London in 18*20 ; and became established as court kapellmeister at Cassel in 1822. Among his works are the operas "Faust" (ISIS), '"Zemire und Azor" (1819), "Jessonda" (1823), '■ Der Bergcieist " (182,i), " Pietro von Albano " (1827), "Der Alchemist" (1830), and "Die Kreuzfahrer" (1845); the oratorios "Die letzten Dinpe" (" The last Judgment." 1826), '■ Des HeilanJs letzte Stunden ' (1835 : known in Eni-lish as "Calvary "). and "The Fall of Babylon" ; and i;nnipusitions for the violin, songs, etc. Spokane (sp6-kan'), or Spokan (sp6-kan'). A 952 can politician and jurist. He was member of Con- gress from Maine 18-2r>-29, and United .States senator from Maine 1829-35. He published "Speeches and Addresses" (1858). SpragTie, William. Born at Cranston, R. I., Xov. o. 1799 : died at ProTidenee, R. I., Oct. 19, 1856. An American politician. He was a Demo- cratic member of Congress from Rhode Island 1835-37; governor of Rhode Island 1838-39 ; and United States sen. ator 1842-44. Sprague, William. Bom at Chranston, R. I.. Sept. 12, 1830. An American politician and man- ufacturer, nephew of William Sprai A. P. Spoleto was an ancient Etruscan city ; was colonized by Rome about 240 was defended successfully against Hannibal The Marians were defeated there by Crassns : in 82 B. c. It was an important fortress in Gothic times became about 570 the capital of an important Lombard duchy : and afterward belonged to the Papal States. Pop- nIatiun(18S7). 7,696. Spontini ( spon-te'ne), Gasparo Luigi Paciflco. Burn at Majolati. near Ancona, Italy, Xov. 14. 1774: died there, Jan. 14, 1851. An Italian ope- ratic composer, director of Italian opera in Paris 1810-12, and musical director in Berlin 1820-42. His chief operas are "La Vestale"(1807), "FerdinandOor Sraosha tone, France, Jan. 31. 1.S92. An English Baptist preacher. He was educated at Colchester ami Maid- stone, and became usher in a private school at ("'aml.ridge. In 1851 he became pastor of the Baptist church at Witer beach, five miles from Cambridge, while retaining his place as usher. He accepted a call to the pastorate of the I«ew Park Street Baptist Church in Soutbwark, London in 1853, removing with his congregation in ISCl to a new edifice, the Tabernacle, in Newington, London He was also the founder of a pastors' college, schools, alms-houses, and an orphanage; and edited a monthly nnagazine "The Sword and the Trowel." Among his works are "The Treasury of David : Exposition of the Book of Psalms " (1870-85), "Feathers for Arrows, or Illustrations for Preachers and Teachers " (1870), " Lectures to my .stu- dents "(1875-77), "Commenting and Commentaries: to- gether with a Catalogue of Biblical Comment.aiies and Ex. positions" (1876), "John Ploughman's Piitures : More of his Plain Talk " (ISSO), and many volumes of sermons. 1636 : died at Bromley, Mav 30. 1713. An En-- o"" ™'V''"V/'". , ,, . . lish prelate, bishop of Rochester. He was a meS- ''-S?™.-^,®*?i,^P"'" "f, ^^ 4 PSi"^* ^? ^ orkshire, ber of James n.'s ecclesiastical commission. He wiote a history of the Royal Society, an account of the Rye House Plot, poems, etc. Spree (spra). A river in Germany -which rises in eastern Saxony, flows through Berlin, and joins the Havel at Spandau, 8 miles west by north of Berlin. Length. 225 miles. Spree'Wald (spra'valt). [G.,' Spree forest.'] A ._„ ^ ,.. swampy region in the province of Brandenburg, Spurzheim (sports'him), Prussia, traversed by the Spree : situated in the " ' " vicinity of Kottbusand Liibben. Its inhabitants are Wends. Length. 28 miles. A town in the prov- Prussia, situated on the of Berlin. It has man- ufactures of cloth. Population (1890), 10.951. Sprengel (spreng'el), Kurt. Bom at Boldekow, near Anklam, Pi'ussia, Aug. 3, 1766 : died at Halle, March 15. 1833. A German botanist and England, at the mouth of the Humber, project ing into the North Sea. Spurs, Battle of the. 1. The victory of the Flemings over the French at Courtrai, 1302: so called on account of the number of gilt spurs captured. — 2. The victory of the English over the French at Guinegate,"l513: so called from the precipitate flight of the French. , Kaspar. Born at Longwieh, near Treves, Dec. 31, 1776: died at Boston, Nov. 10, 1832. A German phrenologist, a disciple of Gall. He wrote "The Physiognomical System of Drs. Gall and Spurzheim " (1815), " Outlines of the Physiognomical System " (1815), and philosophical and anatomical works. Spuyten Duyvil Creek (spi'tu di'vil krek). A creek on the northern boundary of Manhattan. Island, New York, connecting the Harlem River with the Hudson. A novel by Cooper, published scene is laid in southeastern New 1859. An American author. He published a " Bio- graphical and Critical Dictionary of Painters, Engravers, Sculptors, and Architects "(1853). Spoon (spon) River. A river in western Tlli- iiois which joins the Illinois River opposite Havana. Length, about 150 miles. Sporades (spor'a-dez). [Gr. ^-opadtx (se. vt/aoi), scattered isles.] A group of islands in the .^gean and neighboring seas. The list is differ- ently given by ancient writers. It includes ilelos, Thera, Cos, etc., and sometimes Samos, Chios, Lesbos, and others. The modem Sporades are divided between Turkey and Greece. Sporus (spo'rus). A favorite of the emperor Nero. Hewasabeautiful youth of servile origin, and pos- sessed a striking resemblance to Nero's wife Poppjea Sa- bjna. After the death of Sabina, which occurred in 65 A.D., Xero had him castrated and dressed as a woman, and gave him the name of Sabina, publicly going through the cere- mony of marriage with him in Greece in 67. Sporus tied athologle" i"'"-, auuLii. i'SO. (1796-97), "Institutionesmedica;" (18(19-16)1 "Geschichte Squab (skwob)Poet, The. A nickname given to der Botanik" (1817-18), "Neue Entdeckungen" (1819-22). Dryden by his antagonist Rochester, and after- ampooners of every degree, om lak). A lake in the cen- Hampshire, northwest of Lake Winuipiseogee. Its outlet is into the Merri- mac. Length, about 8 miles. 1 . A charac- ter in Wycherley"s "Country Wife.'' — 2. A o • _eij^ • ,/.-,3v r„, character in Otwav"s "Friendship in Fashion." Springfield (spring feld). The capital of Illinois Squeers (skwerz), Mr. Wackford. The cruel "" •. ot^^^angamon County, it contains the State and ignorant schoolmaster of Dothebovs Hall versity, Bloomington, in 1858 ; was admitted to the bar in 1859; W.1S a member of the State legislature of Illinois t, • i."/ , -, ■ , ^ t , 1871-72; and a member of Congress from that State oqueamisn (SKwe mishi. Iiady. 187&-95. He was chairman of the Ways and Means Com- mittee 1891-93. capitol, the former home of Lincoln, and the National Lincoln Monument. It was laid out in 1S22, and became the capital of Illinois in 1837. Pop. a900), 34.15'.). Springfield. The capital of Hampden CounH. Massachusetts, situated on the Connecticut in lat. 42° 6' N., long. 72° 35' W. It is an important railway junction ; has various manufactures ; and contains a national armory founded ii. 1794. Springfield was settled in 1636 (or 1635), and was at first called Agawam. It was burned by the Indians in 1675. The arsenal was unsuc- cessfully attacked by insurgents in Sh,iys'3 Rebellion in 1787. It was incorporated as a city in 1852. Population (1900). 62,059. ^ with Nero from Rome on the insurrection of G.alba in the Springfield. The capital of Greene County. Mis- following year, and was present at his suicide. He was afterward intimate with the emperor Otho, a former com- panion in debauchery of Nero, and ultimately committed suicide under Vitellius to avoid the indignity of appearing under degrading circumstances as a girl on the stage. Sporus. A name given by Pope to Lord Hervey. Spots'wood fspots'wiid). or Spotis'wood, or Spottis'WOOd (spot'is-wiid), John. Born 1565 : died at London, Nov. 26. 1639. A Scottish prel- ate, made archbishop of Glasgow in 1603 (not consecrated till 1610), and archbishop of St. Andrews and primate of Scotland in 1615. He waschancellor of Scotland 1635-38 : in the latteryear hewas deposed and excommunicated. He wrote a "History of the Church and State of Scotland " (1655), etc. Spottiswoode, William. Bom at London. Jan. 11. 1825 : died June 27, 1883. An English mathe- matician and physicist, son of Andrew Spottis- woode, a printer and member of Parliament. He was educated at Eton, Harrow, and Oxford (Balliol College). In 1846 he entered his father's business. In 1847 he published ■■ Jleditationes.Anal.vticse." In 1856 he trav- eled in Russia, and in 1857 published " X Tarantasse Jour- ney through Eastern Russia," etc. In 1878 he was presi- dent of the Royal society. His mathematical work was especially in the field of higher algebra. Spottsylvania (spot-sil-va'ni-ii) Court House. The capital of Spottsylvania County, Virginia, situated on the Po 49 miles north "bv west of soun, situated on 'the Ozark Mountains 115 miles south-west of Jeflierson City, it is a railroad center, and is the seat of Drury College." Population (1900), 23,267. Springfield. A town in New Jersey, west of Newark, it was the scene (June 23, 1780) of a defeat of the British and Hessians by the Americans. Springfield. The capital of Clark County, Ohio, situated at the junction of Lagonda Creek an48 examined similar works in "Sew York. In 1849-50 lie was special charge d'affaires for the United States in Central Americii, and in 1S53 again visited that region to examine the line of a proposed interoceanic railroad ; on both occasions he made extensive archa?ological ex- plorations. In 1863-64 he visited Peru as special conmiis- sioner of the United States. In 1868 he was appointed consul-general of Honduras at Xew York, and in 1871 was elected first president of the American Anthropologi- cal Institute. .\f ter 1874 his health was seriously impaired. His numerous and valuable works include "An'cient Mon- uments of the Mississippi Valley " (with Dr E. H. Davis, 184S), "Antiquities of the State of New York" (1851), " Travels in Central America " (1862). " Waikna, or Adven- tures on the Mosquito Shore " (1856 : under the psendonvm Samuel A. Bard). "The States of Central America " (1858X Richmond. Aserlesofbattlesoccurredherebetwcenthe SpuUer (spii-lar'), Eug^Ue. Bom at Seurre. -- Cote-d'Or, Dee. 8, 1835: died July 23, 1896. A French politician and journalist. He was secretary to Ganibctta 1870-71 ; minister of education 1S87-S9 ; and vice-president of the chamber in 1890. Spumador (spo-ma-dor'). [Sp., 'the foamer.'] Prince Arthur's steed in Spenser's "Faerie Queene." prague, Peleg. Born at Duxbury, Mass., April, Spurgeon(sper'jon). Charles Haddon. Born at 1/93: died at Boston, Oct. 13, 1880. AnAmeri- Kelvedon, EssexJ June 19, 18*1: died at Men- Federals underGrantand the Confederates under Lee, May 8-21, 1864. The Confederates withdrew to the North Anna. Spragne (sprag), Charles. Bom at Boston. Oct. 26. 1791 : died there, Jan., 1875. An American poet. Among his poems are " Curiosity " (1829), "Ode to Shakspere," prologues, etc. His collected works were published in 1841 and 1876. Mad River, 45 iniles west of Columbus. It isa Q^"i-iT','^'i"/\^''^-i v i, ^ a * ■ .. ■ • ■ - F ^^°j7 bquiUace (skwel-la che). A to-wn m the prov- ince of Catanzaro, southern Italy, 7 miles south- west of Catanzaro: the Roman Seylacium. The emperor Otto II. was defeated there by the Saracens in 982. Population, 2,673. Squillace, Prince of. See Borja i/ Arragon. Squillace, Gulf of. An arm of the Mediterra- nean Sea, on the coast of Calabria, Italy. Squint (skwint). Lawyer. A character in the play "A Citizen of the Worid," bv Goldsmith. Squire of Alsatia. A comedy by Thomas Shad- well, produced in 1688. Squire's Tale, The. One of CTiaucer's "Can- terbury Tales." It is told by the squire "who left half told the story of Canibuscan bold," which Milton wished Musseus or (Irpheus could finish. Spenser tried to finish it in the fourth book of "The Faerie Queene." Sraosha (sra-6'sh,a). [From -/ ir «.«/(, hear, obey, obedience.] In the Avesta, a Yazata, railroad center, and has extensive manufactures of agri- cultural machinery, etc. It is the seat of Wittenberg Col- lego (Lutheran). Population (1900), 38,233. Spring Garden. A place of refreshment in St. James's Park, London, much frequented in the 17th century by persons of quality. Sprottau (sprot'tou). A manufacturing to-wn in the province of Silesia, Prussia, situated on the Bober 74 miles northwest of Breslau. Popu- lation (1S90). 7,644. SprunervonMertz (spro'nerfonmerts), Karl. Born at Stuttgart, Wiirtemberg. Nov. 15, 1803 : died at Munich, Aug. 24. 1892. A chartogra- pher, geographer, historian, and Bavarian gen- eral. He produced many atlases, especially "Historisch- geographischer Handatlas "(1837-52), medieval and school athases, "Atlas antiquus." etc. or sacred being, who first taught the law and is the especial foe of Aeshma, the demon of wrath. As heavenly guardian of the world he is awakened by fire in the third night-watch, and then awakes the cock, who by his crowing drives away Bushyansta, the demon of sleep. To him is addressed in the Yasna the Srosh Yasht. In Firdausi. as Sarush or Surush, he becomes the messenger of heaven, and in the later literature is often identified with Gabriel. Srinagar Srinagar fsri-na-gSr'), or Serinagur (spr'i-na- gor'). or Kaslimir, or Cashmere (kash-mer ). Theeaiiital ot Kashmir, situatudun the Jhelum in lat. 31° 4' X.. long. 74° 48' E. It has man- ufactures of shawls, papier-mache articles, silver and copper ware, etc. Population (1891), 118,400. Srirangam (sri-rang'gam), orSeringham (ser- ing'am). A town in the district of Trichi- nopoli, Madras. India, situatene on the organ, and was editor with W. A. Barrett of a " Dic- tionaryof .Musical Term8'(1870). He waskniglited in Is8S. Staines (stanz). A town in the county of Middlesex, England, situated on the Thames 19 miles west-southwest of London. Popula- tion (1891), 5.000. on the southeast, Worcester on the south, and gtair, Earls of. See Dahumpk. Shropshire on the west. The surface is level or un- Stair' VisCOUnt Sec Dain/niplc, James. dulating. Stafford produces iron, coal, clay, aijd marble, gt^j^'^jf gighs. See the extract. and has maimfactures of iron wares, pottery, ale, etc, was an ancient Druid stronghold. It formed part of tho medieval Mercia. Area, 1,16!) S(iuaic miles. Population (1891), 1,083,273. Stafford. The capital of Staffordshire, situated on the Sow in lat. .52° 48' X., long. 2° 6' W. it has various manufactures, including boots and shoes. It was tho birthplace of Izaak Walton. Population (1891), 20,270. ine '^ In the Roman Catholic liturgy, a se- Stafford, Henry, second Duke of Buekingtam. Born in England about 1440: beheaded at Salis bury, Nov. 1, 1483. An English soldier, son ot Hum]ihrev, the first duke. He was the most prom- inent snpi)orter of Richard III. in usurping the throne, and in 14S3 was made hereditary lord high constable of England. Having joined a conspiracy to restore the Lan- castrians, he was betrayed and executed. He is a promi- nent character in Shak'spere's "King Richard in." Stafford, Humphrey, fourth Eail of Stafford, afterward Duke of Buckingham The flight of steps which led from the door of the upper prison down to tlic Forum was called the Scaia- Geino- nix : or, according to Pliny (Hist, Nat., viii. H5\ (Jradiia GcmiYr.rii, 'the stairs of sighs'; see also Tac, Hist. in. 74 and 85 On it the body of Sabinus. and a few days afterwards that of the murdered \itellius, were thn)wn (Suet.,\it, 17); and in the reign of Tiberius the bodies of -Elius Sejanus, his family and friends, after they were cruelly murdered by the Emperor's onlers, were exposed on these Scalar to the nunil)er of twenty in one dtiy ; see quence on the Virgin Mary at the cnicifixiou, written about 1300 by Jacobus de Bene- dictis (Jaeopone da Todi). It has also been as- cribed to Innocent III. and others, and was probably modeled on ohler hymns such as the staurotheotokia of the Greek Church. It is sung after the Epistle on the feast of the Seven Dolours of the Blessed Virgin M.ary on the Friday befiue Good Friday and on the third Sunday in Sept. Slusic for it has been written by PiUestrina, Pergolcsi, Rossini, Dvoriik, and others. Stabiae (sta'bi-e). An ancient Koman watering- place, on the Bay of Naples, 4 miles south of Pompeii, overwhelmed by the eruption of Vesu- vius in 79 A. I>. It has been excavated in part. Castellamare occupies its site. . Stabroek (stiib'rok). The old name of George- Stafford, First Viscount (William Howard). Stamboul (stam-bol'). [1 - ■ , .. -.^ . '^.(^.jjo Born in England, Nov. 20, 1612: executed on M(^r. fir t;)i> ttiS?./)', into the Suet , Tib. , 61. Muldleton, Remains of Anc. Rome, 1, 154. Staked Plain, Sj). Llano Estacado (lyii'no es- tii-kii'do). Anexlensivcsterileplaleauin north- western Texas and southeastern New Mexico. Tlie name is derived from lines of stakes which were set up to guide travelers, or, according to another account, f["m till- stalks of a yucca plant resembling stakes. BOTnin 1404': Staleybridge, Soo siaijih-hhie. killed at the battle of Northam,^;; 'inly lo! ^^^-^^^^^^^^^^^J^^i;^^ ated on the Tame 7 miles east of Mancliester. town, British Guiana: given by the Dutcln were its original settlers in 1774. Stachelberg (stilch'el-berc). A watering-place in tho canton of Glarus, Switzerland, situated on the Linth 9 miles south -southvrest of Gla- rus. It lias sulphur springs, Stachys (sta'kis). [Gr. iiblisli.il in 1821. Among his other works are theunconiiiblril ipica "lilcnda"and "5. Stamfordistam'fprd). [^\E. Stamford, XA. Stdn- ftird, stone ford.] A town in Lincolnshire and Norlliamptonshire, England, situated on the Welland. It was one of tlie " live Danish bdioUL'lis." Population (1891), 8.3;-)8, Stamford. A t own in Fairfield County, Connecti- cut, siliialedoii Long Island Sound. Popula- tion (1900), 1,8,839. Stamford (stam'ford). Battle of. A victory gained by Edward IV. over the Lancastrian in- surgeiitsin 1470. Also called tho battle of Lose- CiUlt I'iold. Stamford Bridge. A place in Yorkshire, Eng- liiud. 8 iiiilcMust-northeast of York. Here, Sept, 1066. the English under Harolil II. defeated the army of Harold llaidrada of Norway and Tostlg. His greatest Stammerer (slam'er-er).The, A surname of and also of Michael II,, fell and Weimar. .. Stael-Holstein(stii'el-hol'stiii; l . l.ron. sta td- ol-stan'), Anne Louise Germaine Necker, Baronne de : commonly I'allcd Madame dS Stael. Born :it I'aris, Ai>ril 22, 1766: died tliero, July 14, 1817. A celebrated Prench writer. She was'thc rtanghtcr oi Necker, the minister of finance un- der Louis XVI. Already as a child she enjoyed in her own hemic the society of men like Hnlfon, Marinontel. Grimm, and Gibbon, who were all personal friends of her father, and who stimulated her to mental activity. She especially admired J. ,1. HoURsean. ami devoted to hlni her first serious essay, " Lettres sur le earactere et les Merits do J. J. Rousseau " (178s). In 1786 she was married of Miirsal;! :nol sontli-soufliwosi of Trapani. Stahl (siiil), Friedrich Julius, Born at Mu- nich, Jan. 16. bH02: died at Briickeiiau, Bava- ria, Aug, 10, 186L A noted (^I'rmaii political philosophir and Cdiiservafive ]nililii'ian : pro- fessor at Berlin from !8.|0. He was an advocate fnr close union lielweeu church and state. He wrote "Phlli>- solplii.- .I.s l!.,blB"(18;to-:i7). etc. Stahl, Georg Ernst. Born at Ansbach. Bava- ria, Oi't. 21, 1660: died a( Berlin, May 14, 17:!l. AnotecKierniiiii clMinisI, physician of the King of Prussia from 1710, His works Include "Thcoriamc- Li'uis II. of Kranc Byziintine emperor. Stamp Act. An act imposing or regulating tho iinposition of stamp duties; in American colo- nial history, an act, also known as (Jrenville's Stamp .\ct, passed by the British Parliament in 1765, |irovidiiig for the raising of revenue in the American colonies by the sale of stam|is ami st a iiipedi>a])er for commercial transact ions, real- estate transfers, lawsuits, miirriagc licenses, in- heritances, etc.: it also iirovided that the royal forces in America shouhl be billeted on the jieo- ple. The act was to go Into etfecl Nov. 1, I7tV.'>; but It aronsed Intense opposition, led by the assemblies of Vir- ginia, Massachusetts, ami other ecdonles. A "Stamp Act CongrcHs," with ilelegates fnan many of thec England. The Stamp Act was reinaled In March. I7W. but theagltalion was one of 111.' Iiadliig causes In etrerling the Kevoluti.in Stampalia (stiini-]iii-le'i<), or Astropalia (iis- tro-pii-lO'U), .(Vn island in the ..Egeun Sea, be- Stampalia longing to Turkey, 77 miles west-northwest of RhoJes: the ancient Astypalrea. Length, 13 miles. Stampfli (stempf li), Jakob. Born at Sohiip- fen, Bern, Switzerland. 1820: died at Bern, May 15,1879. A Swiss liberal politician. He was presi- dent of the government of the canton of Bern 1S49-60, and was vice-president of the Bundesrat in 1855, and president in 1S56 and 1862. He was president of the federal bajik in Bern from 18t}5. Stanchio (stan'ke-6). A modem name of Cos. Standard, Battle of the. A victory gained by the English, led by Archbishop Thurston, over the Scots under King David, near Northallerton, Yorkshire, in 1138: so called from the English banner. Standish (stan'dish), Miles or Myles. Bom in Lancashire, England, about 158-1: died at Duxbury, Mass., Oct. 3, 1656. One of the early colonists of New England. He served in the Nether- lands as a soldier ; came over in the Mayflower to Ply- mouth in 16-20, and was appointed captain by the Pilt^rims ; commanded various expeditions against the Indians, de- featin!;l:hem.at Wejnuouth in 1623; w.as agent of the colony in England 1625-26; and was one of the settlers and a magistrate of Duxbury. He is the subject of a poem by Longfellow, "The Courtship of Miles Standish." Stanfield(stan'feld),William Clarkson. Born at Stmderland, England, about 1794: died May 18, 1867. A noted English painter, chiefly of marine subjects. He was a sailor in his youth. In 1818 he painted scenery for the Old Royalty, a sailors' theiiter, in london. In 1S26 he painted at Drury Lane. In 18-27 he exhibited his first important picture, "Wreckers oti Fort Rouge," at the British Institution. In 1830 he traveled on the Continent. He was made associate royal academician in 1832, and royal academician in 1835. Among his paintings are "The Batlle of Trafalg.'ir"(1836), "The Castle of Ischia" (1841), "Isola Bella " (1842), "Battle of Uoveredo " (1861), etc. Stanford (stan'fgrd). Sir Charles Villiers. Born at Dublin, Sept. 30, 18oL'. A British com- poser and conductor, in 1872 he was appointed con- ductor of the Cambridge LTniversity Musical Society, and graduated there in 187*1. He is professor of composition and orchestral playing at the Royal College of Music, Lon- don, and in 1887 was elected professor of music at the Uni- versity of Cambridge. Among his compositions are the operas "The Veiled Proiihet of Khorassan " (1881), "Sa- vonarola" (1884), and "The Canterbury Pilgrims " (1884). He has also written many overtures, songs, suites, etc., and some church music. He was knighted in 1902. Stanford (stan'ford), Leland. Born at Water- vliet, N, Y., March 9, 1824: died at Palo Alto, Cal., June 20, 1893. An American capitalist and politician. He was Republican governor of Cali- fornia 1S61-C3 ; first presiilent of the Central Pacific Rail- road (elected 1861) ; and Ignited States senator from Cali- fornia 1885-03. He gave to California the Leland .Stanford Junior Lfniversity at Palo Alto, with an endowment of about 820,000,000. Stanhope (stan'op), Charles, third Earl Stan- hope. Born Aug. 3, 1753: died at Chevening, Kent, Dec. 15, 1816. An English statesman and scientist. He was educated at Eton and Geneva. From 1780 to 1786, when he succeeded to theearldom, he wasmem- ber of Parliament for Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, and W!ls asupporterof Pitt, whose sister he married Dec. 19, 1774. In the arbitrary measures of his later career Lord Stanhope opposed his brother-in-law. He was chairnian of the "Revolutionary Society," formed in commemoration of the revolution of 1688, which sympathized with the French Revolution ; and in 1795 introduced a motion in the House of Lords deprecating interference with French af- fairs. He was left in a "minority of one." a sobriquet which clung to him, and left Parliament for five years. He was caricatured by Sayers and Gillray. On March 17, 1781, he married as his second wife a niece of the first Earl Temple and George Grenville. Lady Hester Stanhope was a daughter of his first wife. He invented the Stan- hope printing-press and lens, improved canal-locks, and (1795-1)7) made experiments in steam navigation. He pub- lished "Principles of Electricity" (1779) and a reply to Burke's " Reflections on the Revolution inFrance"(1790). Stanhope, Lady Hester Lucy. Bom at Lon- don, March 12, 1776 : died at Djoim in Motint Lebanon, June 23, 1839. Daughter of the third Earl Stanhope, and niece of William Pitt, and from 1803 the head of Pitt's household and his private secretary, she attended his death-bed. In Feb., 1810, she left England and established a small satrapy at Djoun in Mount Lebanon. In 1832 Ibrahim Pasha, when about to invade Syria, was obliged to secure her neutrality. Her "Memoirs, as Related by Herself in Conversations with her Physician" (Dr. Merj-on), were published in 1845, and later (1846) the "Memoirs" were supplemented by'her " Travels.^' Stanhope, James, first Earl Stanhope. Born at Paris, 1673: died at London, Feb. 5, 1721. An English general and politician, nephew of the second Earl of Chesterfield. He resided in Spain, where his father was minister ; entered the army in 1694 ; was member of Parliament in 1702; served as briga- dier-general at the siege of Barcelona in 1705 ; was com- mander-in-chief in Spain in 1708, when he captured Port Mahon ; with Starhemberg defeated the Spaniards at Al- menara July 17, 1710, and at Saragossa Aug. 20; and sur- lendered at Brihuega (1710). On the accession of George 1. (1714) he was appointed secretary of state ; in 1717 was first lord of the treasury and chancellor of the exchequer ; and iu April, 1718, waa created Earl Stanhope. 954 Stanhope, Philip Dormer, fourth Earl of (Ches- terfield. Bom at London, Sept. 22, 1694: died March 24, 1773. An English politician, orator, and writer : famous as a man of fashion. He was a graduate of Trinity Hall, Cambridge : occupied a num- ber of diplomatic positions ; and was lord lieutenant of Ireland 1744-46. His chief work is "Letters to his Son," which were not written for publication, but were published in 1774. These letters give instruction iu manners and morals, and the method of " uniting wickedness and the graces," written by the man who of all others in Eng- land desired to be considered the mirror of politeness. It was to Chesterfield that Johnson wrote his celebrated in- vective about the dictionary in 175,5, which is now thought to be unjust. Stanhope, Philip Henry, fifth Earl Stanhope, designated by the courtesy title Lord Mahon before his accession to the earldom. Born Jan. 31, 1805: died at Bournemouth, Deo. 24, 1875. An English historian and politician, grandson of the third Earl Stanhope. He wrote a "History of Eng- land from the Peace of Utrecht to the Peace of Versailles " (1836-64) ; "The War of Succession in Spain" (1832) ; lives of Belisarius, Cond6, Joan of Arc, and William Pitt ; and a "History of England, comprising the Reign of Anne un- til the Peace of Utrecht" (1870). Stanihurst. See Stanyliurst. S'tanislaus (stan'is-las), or Stanislas (stan'is- las). Saint. Bom 1030 : killed 1079. Bishop of Cracow, and patron saint of Poland. Stanislaus I. Leszcynski (lesh-chun'ske). Born at Lemberg. Galicia, Oct. 20, 1677: died Feb. 23, 1766. King of Poland, elected as the candidate of Charles XII. of Sweden in 1704, and crowned in 1705, He was obliged to leave Poland in 1709; was again a candidate in 1733; and fonnally ab- dicated in 1735, hut reLained the title and received the duchies of Lorraine and Bar in 1737. Stanislaus II. Augustus (a-gus'tus) (Ponia- towski). Born at Wolczvn, Lithuania, Jan. 17. 1732 : died at St. Petersburg, Feb. 12, 1798. King of Poland 1764-95. He was elected through the intervention of Russia. He was in 1795 forced to sign the third partition of Poland, which put an end to his kingdom. Stanislaus River. A river in California which joins the San Joaquin 22 miles south of Stock- ton. Length, over 150 miles. StanislawOW. See Stanislaus. Stanko (stan'ko). A modern name of Cos. Stanley. See Fall-land Islands. Stanley (stan'li), Arthur Penrhyn. Born at Alderley, Cheshire, England, Dec. 13, 1815: died at London, July IS, 1881. An English divine, historian, and theological writer. He was a tu- tor in Oxford 1841-51 ; canon of Canterbury 1851-66 ; and professor of ecclesiastical history in Oxford 1856-63. He was appointed dean of Westminster 1863-and entered on the ofiice in 1864. He traveled in Egypt and Palestine 1852-53, in Russia in 1857, in Eg>-pt and Palestine with the Prince of Wales in 186-2, and in America in 1878. He was a leader of the "Broad Church." His works include " Life and Correspondence of Thomas Arnold " (1844), "Sermons and Essays on the Apostolic Age "(1847), "Commentary on the Epistles to the Corinthians "(1855), "Sinai and Pal- estine " (1856), "Memorials of Canterbury " (1855), "Lec- tures on the Greek Church " (1861), " History of the Jewish Church " (1862-65)," Historical Memorials of Westminster Abhey"(1867),"EssaysonChHrchandState"(1870),"Church of Scotland "(1872), and "Christian Institutions "(1881). Stanley, Edward Geoffrey Smith, fourteenth Earl of Derby. Born at Knowsley, Lancashire, England, March 29, 1799 : died at Knowsley, Oct. 23, 1869. A British statesman. He entered Parliament in 1821 ; was chief secretary for Ireland 1830- lS33,and colonial secretary 1833-34 and 1841-45 ; was created Baron Stanley in 1844 ; succeeded to the earldom in 1851 ; and was premier in 1852, 1858-59, and 1866-68. He pub- lished a translation of the Iliad (1S64). Stanley, Edward Henry Smith, fifteenth Earl of Derbv. Born at Knowsley, Lancashire, Eng- land, July 21, 1826: died there, April 21, 1893. A British politician, son of the fom-teenth Earl of Derby. He was secretary of state for India 1858-59 ; foreign secretary 1866-68 and 1874-78 ; and colonial sec- retary 1882-S5. Originally a Conservative, he acted with the Liberals from 1880 to 1880, when he joined the Liberal- I'nionists. Stanley, Frederick Arthur, sixteenth Earl of Derby. Bom Jan. 15, 1841. An English noble- man, second son of the fourteenth earl. He was financial secretary of the treasury 1877-78 ; secretary for war 1878-80 ; colonial secretary 1885-86 ; president of the board of trade 1886-88 ; and governor-general of Canada 1888-93. He was raised to the peerage as Baron Staidey of Preston in 1886, and on the death of his brother, April 21, 1893, succeeded to the eai-ldom. Stanley, Sir Henry Morton (originally John Rowlands). Born near Denbigh, Wales, 1841. A noted African explorer. He was of obscure paren- tage ; was thrown upon his own resources at an early age ; and, it is said, worked his way as a cabin-boy to New fir- leans, where he was employed by a merchant named Stan- ley, whose name he adopted. He served in the Confeder- ate army, and later in the United States navy ; went to Turkey as a newspaper correspondent; went with the British expedition to Abyssinia 1868 as correspondent of the New York " Herald " ; was sent by the " Her.ald " in search of Livingstone in 1869 ; started from Zanzibar March, 1871; Stapleton found Livingstone at Ujiji Nov., 1871, and returned 1872; was sent by the "Herald "and London " Telegraph "tocen. tral Africa"l874 ; left the coast Nov., 1874 ; circumnavigated Victoria Nyanza 1875 ; explored Albert Nyanza and Tan- ganyika; discovered the Albert Edward Nyanza, and de- scended the Lualaba (Kongo) 1870-77. To him is due the resolution of the greatest of the African geographical problems — the demonstration that the great system of waters immediately west of Lake Tanganyika, including the lake itself, lies in the upper basin of the Kongo, and is "tributary to that river. He was sent under the auspices of the International African Association to develop the Kongo region 1879 ; was instrumental in founding the Free State of the Kongo ; took part in the Kongo confer- ence in Berlin 1884-85 ; was sent to the relief of Emin Pasha 1887 ; returned with Emin from the Nile to the coast 1889 ; and arrived in England in 1890. He has writ- ten "How I Found Livingstone" (1872), "Through the Dark Continent " (1878), " The Congo and the Founding of its Free State" (1886), "In Darkest Africa" (1890), "My Dark Companions, etc." (1893), "Slavery and the Slave Trade in -\frKa"(lS93),etc. HewasmadeK.G.C.B.iul899. Stanley, Sir Hubert. An impoverished squire in Thomas Morton's comedy "A Cure for the Heart Ache " ( 1797). The phrase " Approbation from Sir Hubert Stanley is praise indeed" occurs iu Act v., scene 2. Stanley, Thomas. Born iu Hertfordshire, Eng- land, 1625 : died at London, April 12, 1678. An English translator, poet, and miscellaneous au- thor. He wrote a "History of Philosophy" (1655-62). Stanley Falls. [Named from Henry M. Stan- ley.] A series of falls in the upper Kongo, situated near the equator. Stanley Pool. [From H. M. Stanley.] A lake formed by the expansion of the Kongo, about lat. 4° 5' S. Stanovoi(sta-n6-voi') Mountains. Amountain- chain in eastern Siberia, which extends from the borders of Mongolia and Manchuria to Bering Strait. It connects in the southwest with the Yablonoi Mountains. Height, 5,000-7,000 feet. Stanton (stan'ton), Ed'win McMasters. Bom at Steubenville, Ohio, Dee. 19. 1814: died at Washington, D. C, Dec. 24, 1869. A noted American statesman and jurist. He was educated for the bar; practised in Ohio, at Pittsburg, and at Wash- ington before the United States Supreme Court : was at- torney-general Dec, 1860, -March. 1801; was appointed secretary of war by President Lincoln in Jan., 1S62 ; was suspended by President Johnson in Aug., 1867 ; and was restored by the Senate in Jan., 1868. Johnson's attempt to remove him in Feb., 1868, caused the impeachment of the President; on the latter's acquittal in May, 1868, Stan- ton resigned. He was appointed associate justice of the I'nited .States Supreme Court, Dec. 20, 1869. Stanton, Mrs. (Elizabeth Cady). Born at Johustown, N. Y., Nov. 12. 1815: died at New York, Oct. 26, 1902. An American reformer, a prominentadvocate of woman suffrage. Theflrst woman's rights convention was held at her house in 1848. Stanwix (stan'wiks), John. Born in England about 1690 : lost at sea, Dec, 1765. An English general in the French and Indian war. He erected Fort Stanwix on the Mohawk in 1758. Stanyhurst (stan'i-herst), Richard. Born at Dublin about 1545 : died at Brussels, 1618. An Irish miscellaneous author and translator, an uncle of Archbishop Usher. He was educated at University College, Oxford, and studied law at Furnival's Inn. He took orders later, and became the chaplain of Al- bert, archduke of Austria, the governor of the Spanish Netherlands. Hetranslated the first four booksof Vergil's ".Eneid. "printed inLeyden in 1582, andthenextyear in Lon- don, with translations of the Psalms, etc. "This wonder- ful book (in which the spelling is only less marvellous than the phraseology and verse) shows more than anything else the activetbroes which English literature was undergoing; and though the result was but a false birth, it is none the less interesting " (Saintsbnni). He also wrote the descrip- tion of Ireland in Holinshed's "Chronicles," a life of St Patrick (1587), etc. Stanz (stiints), or Stans (stiins). The capital of the canton of Unterwalden nid-dem-Wald, Switzerland, 7 miles south-southeast of Lu- cerne. It was the scene of a battle between the French and the men of Unterwalden Sept. 9, 1798. Population, 2,458. Stanzerthal (stant'scr-tal). An Alpine valley in western Tyrol, 50 miles west of Innsbruck. Staple of News (sta'pl ov nuz). The. A com- edy by Ben Jonson, acted in 1625. Staples (sta'plz), William Read. Bom at Providence, R. I., Oct. 10, 1798: died at Provi- dence, Oct. 19, 1868. An American historian and jurist, author of several historical and leg.al works relating to Rhode Island. Stapleton (sta'pl-ton), or Stapylton, Sir Rob- ert. Died in 1669." An English soldier, trans- lator, dramatist, and poet. He was a student at Douai, but was converted to Protestantism, and became gentle- man usher to King Charles II. He translated Juvenal and Musajus, and wrote two plays, "The Slighted Maid " (acted in 166:!) and " Hero and Leander," liased on Mus.TUs(rrinted in 1669). He translated Valcroisant's " Entertainments of the Course, or Academical Conversations " (1658) and De Stapleton 956 Italian.' . . c ,i„ about 50 mil<;^s. Steelyard Sea south of Astrakhan and the province of the Don Cossacks. Area, 23,397 square mile;-. Population (1897), 873,863.- -2. The capital of ' "•' pol, about lat. 45° N. staniliug in Pall Mall, London. which separans K^tai^,. »o.„.. Starbuck(star'l,uk) Island, A small island m and connects Newark Bay on the north tlfe Pacific, in lat. 5° 38' S., long. loo» oo W. J'^^ ^^^^^^ Bay on the south. Star'and Garter. A famous tavern formerly s^.^te'^Vsralid Sound An "m«^ the Atlantic t^'^^--^" si mtma[7p-rabouri7f6: standing in Pall Mall, London. which separates Staten Island from New JeT- i^ "r^^^j.^ , ,889^ 34 s38 o:frv'.,X,.H>.'),nk>TRland. Asmall.slandm _„ <..„/,,„„,..♦« Newark Bay on the north gP^I^™^,^^^^{iifni^^ BomatEm- bleton. Northumberland. July 5. 1849. An Engli-sh journalist, sou of a Conpepitional minister. He was edncttt«(l at home and iit WakilliM, leaving school at thi- .Mie ot fourU-cn i!i orJtr U> 1" c.me offlce-hoy in a inercantih- office. He was appoiiiUil editor of the 'N-orthem Echo ■ (I)ailinitlon) in lb71, and in 18*0 assistant editor of tlie " I'ull Mall (iazelte, of which he was editor 1S83-S9. In IbiM) he founded the "Review of Kcvlews," of which he is the editor aii.l imblisher. It has deposits of guano. States, The, 1. The Netherlands.— 2. The StarChamber (st& cham'ber). [So called^ it "{'t"";'",', j^t^tes of America m'ber). [Socallea.u Tj„jtt.,l states of America. 'irsaiTbccause the roof was orig. ornamented gta,tes,The, The legislative body in the island of withstars: perhapsfromHeb. s/itar, a contract, jg^.^p^ j^ consistsof the baililT, Jurats of the royal court. witnstars: pernaitsiiuiuij^^-", " i ; e name of the financial documents execute tweenthe exchequerof the Jews(who tarmed the British revenues) and the early kings o Ku.'Uuid.l In English history, a coui-t of ci\ U •ni.T.iiminaliurisdietionat Westminster. Iiw^^ ; , stit. ed in view of offenses and controversies niostfre mentat the royal eoui't, or alfeaing the interests of the J™w,Vsuchalnuintenance,fraud,libe. consp^ resui.in. from facUon oi-owressu,,. huUi^d^ Jersey. It consistsof the bailiff, Jurats of the royal court, constables, rectors of the parishes, and t""';^™, .'|,'-1P.": ties. The lientenant-governor has the veto power. Ouein sly hasa similar body, the lieliberative Stat«8, and a more civil popular assembly, the Elective States. It was States-Greneral - ■ (icncraui.] The u— >. c ^ assemblies of Franee before the revolution ot 17S9, and to those of the Netherlands. he Elective States. Kcvlews," of which he is the editor aii.l publUher. (Stats' jen'e-ral). [F. ««te- gtedinger (sted'ing-er). [From Oh. slath e name given to the legislative ),e:uh, shore.] In tiie middle ages, the dwcU- 1 .... i^rtfr.i.rt iUo rAvointinii of — »i.%T>.T tVio Inwpr Wpser. Thev resisted the ati- resultinBtrom.ac..o,.o,oi,p..~. "" --]*„d'^S.ii'i'S States"of the 'ChuTCll, Sep Papal Slates. aictionof other erhiK. and inisd^ State Street. A street in Boston, Massachu teied justice byaibitraiyauior^^^^^^^ ^ ..„ ,,otpd as a financial center. ro'the'c-o'nnnon'law. Such a jurisdietion was exerciseda^^ l.,ast as early as the rdKn of Henry \ I7 '',',':f '7^'*^,,™ .■.,n«i«tinc ot the privy council. A statute 01 J utiiij Vli au ho,°zed a 'committee of the counci to exercise s, c^ a Siiction, and this trmunalgrewyn power al- tloUh successive statutes from the time of Eclnaril 1\ . w^retact^Tto restrain it) until it fell m.odis^^^^^ ':':^s?r.f:L\!;r^'i^ftf?^s^i'^ri!!4 s-uPsii^d .^otts, noted as a financial center. Statira (sta-ti'rii). [Or. Sru-fipa.] 1. The wife of jVrtaxerxPS Mnemon, king of Persia: put 1 o death bv Parvsatis. — 2. The wife of Danus Codomannus, lung of Persia: taken prisoner by Alexander the Great after the battle of Issus —3 Tlie daughter of Darius Codoman- nus, and wife of Alexander the Great. She was put to death by Roxana. -Mso called liarsme. Statius, Caecilius. See c.rciliiisstatii,s. ^rd-ewhTe"^ n"l'Ko the'c"oVrrof St.r .■hami,er_;™s |^^"i"^^t|^,'irus). PubUuS PapiniuS. Bom ;:L^lshed by an act of 16 Charles •■ jeci niMbat^^.the StatmS (s^a^s^ J. ^^^^^ ^ V^^^^^ 'w™ that cTun7ofStarchUerl do now cease." .o^.t poet to Bomitian . He wrote the epics ■•The- Stariiemberg (sta'rem-bero). Count Ernst bais " aU "AchiUeis" (unfinished), and the collection Riidiger. Born at Gratz, Styt'ia, lC3o : died m o.^'i™- .^ta'tor). [L., 'the stayer.'] A surname f701. \n Austrian field-marshal ^e ^hraU-d as Stator ^(sta ^.. ^)^^L^^^, ^^ ommanderot Vienna durmg the attacK oytuo _i ... ,„_..„_. ^ „„ ers' along the lower Wesor. They resisted the au thority of the archbishopof Bremen in the first part of the 13th century, and were overthrown at Altenesch, llay, 1234 T^ Stednian(sted'raan),Edinnnd Clarence. Bom at Uartford, Conii'., Oct. 8, ls;i3. A noted Amer- ican poet and critic. He entered Vale in 1S19, leaving In his Junior year ; was afterward employed in joui nalisiic work- was war correspondent of the New ^ ork " W orld 1861-«:i; and later becameastock.brokerin >;«»g^o'-.';^' y- He has published "Poems Lyric and Idyllic (18601, Alice of Monmouth, and other Poems " (1861), "The Blameless Wnce, and other Poems" (1860), "Hawthonje, and other Poems"(187-).-L>Tics and Idylls. etc."(l»7ii), and various pSs forpubiic oJeasions, as "(iettysburK." " I'artmouU. bde,- etc. His collected poems were published in ISM. Hirchief critical works are "Victorian Poets (18.5: re- vised ed. with supplement, ISSV), "Edirar Allan Poe dim and " Poets of America "(188,'i). With Ellen Mackay Hutchinson he edited " A Library of American Literature, etc." (11 vols. 18*H-90). Stedman, John Gabriel. Bom in Scotland 174:,: died in 17:t7. .\ii officer in the Dutch Turks in 16S3. ,, Starhemberg Count Guido.^ Born l^v. U, 1G54: died at Vienna, March (, l/3(. Anotecl Austrian field-marshal, cousin of Count J;.. K. Starhemberg: distinguishedintheTurkish wars. A I stSin cfmmander'in Spain, he gained with stan- hope the victories ot .Uroenara and Saragossa in 1, 10 Stark (stark), John.^. Born at Londonderry, N H Aug. 28, 17-28: died at Manchester, N. H., May 8 1822. A noted American general. He was taken captive by the Indians in 1762; was an officer ^f ELcer's l^r.rers in the French and Indian war and d stSsl u'i i imseU in the campaigns near Lakes ham. p la "and Geo. t-e. Ho was colone o a regimen at tl e at- Staubbach (stoub'bacb). A waterfall in the Bernese Oberland, Switzerland, situated near Lauterbrunnen, 9 miles south of Interlaken. Height, 980 feet. ^ ^ , Stav&Eacher (stouf 'fach 'er), Werner. Accord- ing to tradition, a patriot of Schwyz who, with Arnoldvon Melchthal andWalter Fiirst, planned the liberation of Switzerland on the Butli, l^tji. Staunton (stan'ton). A liver in southern \ir- -rinia which breaks through the Blue K.dge and unites with the Dan at Clarksville Meck- lenburg County, to form the Roanoke. Length, about 200 miles. BS&^^^^--^^^^=^^ S^^(^:^-"). Sir^^orge The sedu^r S^™.f""„^,'i"h„hV.le;nf Trenton and Princeton ; won . r^M„ Deans in Scott's "Heart ot Midlothian. Ss.;;;^;:;(^^t!?:No?s;^^e^a,^-^,~""-^ ber of the court martial which condemned Andr6. Stamberg (stiirn'bero). A village and summ-r resort on the northern shore of the Starnber- Starnbergersee (stam'berg-er-za), or Staren- bergersee, "r Stahrenbergersee (sta ren- bc, cT .T.zS , ur Wlirmsee (\'iirm'za). A lake in Upper Bavaria, 14 miles southwest of Munich. Its outlet is by the Wiirm to the Isar. Length, 13 miles. . . • Star-spangled Banner The. An American national song, composed by Francis Scott Key, Sept 1814, at the time of the bombardment of Fort McHenrv (near Baltimore) by the Brit- ish. It was set to the music of "Anacreon in start (stiirt) Point. Aheadlaiid in Devonshire, England, 25 miles southeast of Plj-mouth, pro- jecting into the English Channel oTEffle'Deans in Scott's "Heart of Midlothian. Also known as ',■'■«»<; Geo/-rfK-. Staunton, Sir George Leonard. Born in lie- laud 1737: died 1801. A British diplomatist in India and China. He published "An Authentic Ac- count of an Embassy fron, the King of Great Britain to the Emperor of China" (17!).). t lOin . /liofl nf Staunton, Howard. Bom about 1810 : died at London, June 22, 1874. An English chess- player. Writer on chess, and Shaksper.an .'om- mentator. He defeated the French chess-player Saint- rmant in 1843, and was regarded as the 'trongest player of hat time Ilo was for many years the chess editor ot the ■■Illustrated London News," »"^'->; 'i'^f," IH/eV"' and his books did nni.h ''''■■'i^''"'V'j ''' J^ . ^/J'?^^^^^^ game. He publish..! an e.lili..n "I /^l"'~^f'''V,\*; ',,,,; 7'iisriiSrf^Tt'G- 1 ^h ois'ori^iand"' 1^;: V^iSs-I^JayeJ's Ua,^,lb."k "(,S47X" Chess-Player's Com- panion"(18.1'J), "Chess Praxis (1S60). Stavanger (stii-viing'ger). -^ mar^ime a„t of southwestern Norway. ,Ar<;a' •'••'•*^ square miles. Population (1891), 11 '."Of- Stanicca (sta-ruk'a) Viaduct. of the Erie Railway over btarucca Creek, near Lanosliorough, Siisqiiehanua County, I eimsyl- vania. Il.'idit, HO feet. Length, 1,200 teet. Starvation Dundas. Anicknamc given to Lord Melville (Henry Dundas) b«,caiiso in 1' '•>.!" a speech on American affairs, he invented (or brou-ht into notice) the word "starvation. StarveUng (starv'ling). In Shakspero s Mid- summer .Wight's Dream," a tailor who plays the , ' ' - mi es. ropuiaiiuii j^j.wi^, »...--■ " • • ., . Stavaneer A seaport, capital of the amt of Astone viaduct S>tava,nger. ' _;., ,„,„(! on Stavanger 2\. Hl*llM*J»i. v.ivi-'.v^^ .-- ---- "Stavau5-r, Norway, situated on Stavanger Fiord i^i lat. (lighthouse) 58° 58' N., long. 5° 44' E It has imp.)rtant trade, and exports ffsli, csne- elallv herrings Tlie cathedral of Stavanger was founded hUhe ml " entury and rebuilt in the 13tli The ma.saivo Lve picrB of Byziintinc character, belong to be original EkzSe^'^l%&:f3'S-- oldest towns in Norway. P..pulatlon (lb!)l). .Xm<. service. Hewas brevet captiUn in an expedition against the "bush negroes' of Dutch (5uiana, IJTZ-iT. He pub- lished '■Narrative of an Expedition against the Revolted " egroes of Surinam " (2 vols. 1796). It is one of the stan- dard works on Guiana. Steednian(sted'man), James Barrett Born in Northumberland County, Pa., July 30, 1818. died at Toledo, Ohio, Uct. is, 1883. A Lnion general in the Civil War. He served in « est Vli^ Sinia and Kentucky: and was distinguished at chicka- mauga in 18C3, and in the Atlantic and .NashvUle cam- Steele,"'s\r'Eichard, Born at Dublin, March 1672: died near Carmarthen, Sept. 1, l*^!. A British essayist, dramatist, and WTiig politician: companion of Addison at the Charterhouse School, and later at Oxford. He did not gradii- ate, but entered the army (1694), serving f ■> ' "'"JJ*'' under the Duke of Ormonde, and becoming »>■''"'• He was gazetteer 1707-10. and ater n'emht.r of aiUa- ment, but was expelled for seditious language in 1 he Crisii." He was knighte.l and held various oftces under Gewe I. He was a member of the Kit-hat C ub, and in ryms said to have first met Swift : by 1710 their r.- a ..us became strained, and in 171fl he qu.arrekd with Addis .n. He w£^ extremely careless in money mal ers and neon- » stent in morals, but warm-hearted an.i inmulsive. He founded and edited the " Taller" 170) about "'.,''""■-.»"?. patentee of Drury Lane. In 1714 he wrote • An A ...logy for himself and his writings. He was an ardent Whig, and ill 1710 lost his gazotteen.hip on the accession of the Tories to power lie wi,>te the treatise "The Christian m'o" (1701 a mmual ..f religious ethics at variance w-.h hi loose c.reer), and "'e eom.Hlies which were wr ten with the avowed purpose of reforming <"-•■ ■• »"1«, '' the age) "The Funeral " (1701), "The Lying p<^. r (l.iio) ••Tbe 'l-ender Husband "(1705), "The Conscious U.ver» (1722), besides pamphlets, etc. . . . , , „„ 1.,. Stppfp Glas The, A satire in blank verse b> OcorteSoigne.wri.ten in 1.^70 and published with'^' The Complaint of Pliilomene. 11 is Iho I lit Engl si. satire In blank verse, ami In.lds «p a mlrr..r "Tr ue i^ steel " to the vices of his """•'^■;,'";;'.!;i' ,.,?.'"■ sl.-i. being to the early mirrors made "', r"""'" ' ■. Steelton (stel'lon). A liorough m Dan|dMii CounUs Pennsvlvnnin, on the Susquehanna m.ar liirrisburg. It has manufactures of steel. Population (lilOO), 12,081., 8taten(stat'n)l8land. An ishmd formingKicn- ;„,.i,Ye„ Norse ».uig» an.l pla."> i"'>-. ■,-,"■. ^„ . ^. _ E:;vSiS;rs'.':S!.'''=i...;'.vsrK; ;.'p«,.,.,>d.,.™i«™..~n.«...ti......*n» marKeii"!!" .1 .v..... t„„, dyed; from MD. .vf«W, sample test . A place in London, comprising great ware- bouses called before the n'ign of K.hvard IV. S'(M r<-W.,mrm»m. •Gihlhall of he Oer- mans/ where, uutU expelled in 1.VJ7, the mo.^ steelyard chants of theHanseatic League had their Eng- lish headquarters : also, the company of mer- chants themselves. The merchants of the Steelyard were bound by almost monastic gild rules under a sepa- rate jurisdiction from the rest of London, were exempt from many exactions and restrictions, and for centuries controlled most of the foreign trade of England. Steen (stan), Jan. Bom at Leyden about 1626 : died at Leyden, 1679. A Dutch genre-painter. Among his works are "Feast of .St. Nicholas," "Human Life," ''Marriage Feast," etc. Steenbergen (stan'bereen). A town in the province of Korth Brabant. Netherlands, 2-5 miles south-southwest of Rotterdam. Popula- tion, 6,889. Steenie (ste'ni). A name given by James L, king of England, to the Duke of Buckingham, on account of a fancied resemblance to St. Stephen. Steenkerke (stan'kerk'e). or Steenkerken (stan'kerk"en). A village in the province of ]3ainaut, Belgium, 20 miles southwest of Brus- sels. Here, Aug. 3, 1692. the French under the Duke of Luxembourg defeated the Allies under William III. of Eng- land. Also called the battle of Steinkirk. Steenwijk (stan'vik). A town in the province of Overyssel, Netherlands, in lat. 52° 47' N., long. 6° T E. It was defended against the Spaniards in 1581, and was taken by them in 1.582. Population, 5,087. Steerforth (ster'forth), James. Themostprom- inent youth at Salem House, in Dickens's "David Copperfield": a friend and protector of David Copperfield, and afterward the lover and betrayer of Little Em'ly. Steevens (ste'venz), George. Bom at Stepney, London, May 10, 1736: died at Hampstead.near London, Jan. 22. 1800. An English Shaksperian scholar. He was educated as a foundationer at Eton, and was a scholar at King's College, Cambridge. He pub- lished "Twenty of the Plays of Shakspere" (176CX and with Dr. Johnson edited Shakspere in 1773. His own edition (with Reed) of Shakspere, in which he adopted •'the expulsion of useless and supernumerarj- syllables, etc ,' suppl>ing what he thought necessary, appeared in 1793 and 1803. and was an authority till Malone's "Va- riorum .Shakspere." edited, after Malone's death, by Bos- well in 1S21, took its place. His life was one of constant q'aarrels from his habit of making anonymous attacks upon his friends in the newspapers, and his bad temper. Stefanie (ste-fa-ne'). Lake. A lake in British East Africa, northeast of Lake Rudolf. SteSani (stef'fa-ne). AgOStino. Bom at Castel- fraueo, Italy, in 1655: died at Frankfort -on-the- Main in 1730. An Italian composer, diploma- tist, and ecclesiastic. He was court musician at Mu- nich and after 1668 kapellmeister at Hannover and diplo- matist in the Hannoverian service, and later in the service of the Palatinate. He wrote operas and chamber-music. Steier. See Sfeyr. Steiermark (sti'er-mark). The German name of Stvria. Steigerwald (sti'ger-viSlt). A mountain-range in Franeonia, Bavaria, south of the Main, east of '^iirzburg, and west of Bamberg. Its lofti- est summit is about 1,600 feet high. Stein (stio), Baroness von (Charlotte Alber- tine Ernestine von Schardt). Bom at Wei- mar, Germany, Dee. 25, 1742: died there. Jan. 6, 1827. A German lady, noted for her friend- ship with Goethe. The latter's letters to her were edited by SehoU and by Fielitz. Stein, Baron vom und zum" (Heinrich Fried- rich Karl). Bom at Nassau, Germany, Oct. 26, 1757: died at Kappenberg, Westphalia. June 29. 1831. AnotedPrussianstatesman. Hewaseducated at Gottingen ; entered the Prussian service in the depart- ment of mines in 17S0 ; became head of the department of commerce, customs, etc., in the Prussian ministry in 1804; was dismissed in Jan., 1807 ; was chief minister lS07-Xov., 1808 ; carried out a vast system of reforms ; was proscribed by Napoleon Dec, 1808, and exiled; was the intimate counselor of Czar Alexander I. in 18r2-13; and brought about the anti-Kapoleonic alliance between Prussia and Kussia. He founded the society for editing the "Monu- menta Germaniee." Stein. Lorenz von. Born Nov. 18, 1815 : died Sept. 23, 1890. A noted German economist and writer on polities, professor at Vienna 1855-85. He published several works on French social and politi- cal history. "System der Staatswissenschaften " (186'2-56), " Lehrbuch der Volkswirthschaft " (IS.'*). "Lehrhucli dtr Finanzwissenschaft " (".Manual of the Science of Finance." 1860), "Handbuch derVerwaltuneslehre" ("Handbook of theTheory of Administration," 1865-B8), etc Steinamanger (stin-am-ang'er), Hung. Szom- bathely (som'bot-hely). The capital of the county of Vas (Eisenbnrg), Hungary, situated on the Giins 70 miles south of Vienna. It has a cathedral and Roman antiquities. It was built on the site of the ancient Sabaria or Savaria. Population (1890), 16,133. Steinan (sti'nou). A town in the province of Silesia, Prussia, situated near the Oder 34 miles northwest of Breslau. Here, in 1474, King Matthias of 956 Hungary defeated the Poles, and on Oct. 1], 1633, Wallen- stein defeated the Swedes. Population, 3,552. Steinen isti'uen), Karl von den. Born at Miilheim-an-der-Ruhr, March 7, 1855. A Ger- man traveler and ethnologist. He made a voyage round the world 1S79-S1 ; was naturalist of the German e.\peditionto.South Georgia, 1SS2; audinl8S4-S5madeavoy- age through the central parts of South America, ascending the Parand and Paraguay and making the firet (modern) descent of the river Xingli. In its geographical and eth- nographical results this was one of the most important South .American explorations of the century. Von den Steinen made a second trip to the upper Xingu 1SS7-SS. He has published "DurchCentralbrasilien"(l&St:),"l'nter den Naturvolkern Zentral-Brasiliens " (1894X and other works on South America, with special reference to eth- nology. Steiner (sti'ner), Jakob. Born at Utzendorf, Switzerland, March 18, 1796 : died at Bei-n, April 1, 1S63. A Swiss-German geometer, noted for his researches in synthetic geometry. Uis chief work is " Systematisch'e Entwickelung der Abhangigkeit geometrischer Gestalten von einander " (1832). Steiner Alpen (sti'ner al'pen). A division of the Karawanken, situated near the frontiers of Carniola. Carinthia, and Stvria. Height, 6.000- 8,000 feet. Steinemes Meer (sti'ner-nes mar). [G., 'sea of rocks.'] A •wild mountainous region in the Salzburger Alps, south of the Konigssee. Steinfurt (stin'fort). A former countship in Westphalia. Steinfurt, or Burg-Steinfurt (borg-stin'fort). A town in the province of Westphalia, Prussia, 17 miles northwest of Miinster. Poptilation (1890), 4,484. Steinheil (stin'Ml), Karl August. Born at Rap- poltsweUer, Alsace, Oct. 12. ].''<01: died at Mu- nich. Sept. 12, 1870. A German physicist and astronomer, especially noted in the develop- ment of telegraphy. SteinitZ (stin'its), William. Born at Prague, Bohemia, May 17, 1836: died at New York, Aug. 12, 1900. A noted German chess-player and chess analyst. He resided in London from 1862 to 1883, when lie came to New York. He was never beaten in a match imtil he succumbed to Lasker in 1894 (Bee Lasker, Emanuel), losing then the position of chess cham- pion of the world, which he had been regarded as holding from the time he defeated Anderssen by 8 games to 6 (1866). Steinkirk. See Steetikerke. Steinmetz (stin'mets), Karl Friedrich von. Born at Eisenach, Germany, Dec. 2i , 1796: died at Landeck, Silesia, Aug. 4, 1877. A noted Prus- sian general. He served against the French 1813-16; fought in Schleswig-Holstein 1848-49 ; as corps com- mander defeated the Austrians at Nachod. Skalitz, and Schweinschadel, June, 1866 ; was appointed commander of the first army July, 1S70, which fought at Spicheren, Colombey-Nouilly, and Gravelotte: was removed Sept., 1870, and appointed governor-general of Posen and Silesia ; and was made fleld-m.'U'shal general in 1871. Steinschonau (stin'she nou). Atown in north- ern Bohemia, 50 miles north of Prague : the center of a glass-manufacturing region. Popu- lation (1890), 5.038. Steinthal (stin'tal). [G., 'stone-vaUey.'] A mountainous region in Lower Alsace, about 25 miles west-southwest of Strasburg. Steinthal, Heymanu. Born at Grobzig, An- halt, May 16, 1823: died March 14, 1899. A noted German philologist, professor at Berlin from 1863. His works include "Der TJrsprung der Sprache" ("The Origin of Language," 1861), "Klassiflka- tion der Sprachen " (ISoO : later edition as ' ' Charaktei istik der hauptsachlichsten Typen des Sprachbaues." 1860), •'Die Entwickelung der Schriff (1862), etc. Steinway (stin'wa). 0. F. Theodore. Bom at Seesen, Germany, Nov. 6, 1825: died at Ham- burg, March 26, 1889. A German inventor and l.)iano-manufacturer. The art of piano-making in America, Germany, and Russia has been developed upon his practice and theory, especially in the construction of the metal frame. Steinwehr (stin'var), Baron Adolph Wilhelm Friedrich. BomatBlankenburg, Brunswick. Sept. 25, 1822: died at Buffalo, N. Y., Feb. 25, 1877. A German-American general. He com- manded a division of the Union army at Chancellorsville and at Gettj'sburg. He published a series of geographies, and a map and gazetteer of the United States. Stella (stel'a). [L., 'star.'] A name given to Penelope Devereux (afterward Lady Rich and later Countess of Devonshire), beloved by Sir Philip Sidney, and celebrated in his sonnets. It has been sought to identify her with the "dark lady " of Shakspere's sonnets. Stella. The name given by Swift to Esther Johnson (died 1728), to whom in 1716 he was secretly married. Stella. A play by Goethe, published in 1776. In ISCMj he altered its close, making Stella take poison. In the first version she surrenders her rights to herhusband's second wife. In this form the play suggested to Canning his parody "The Rovers, or the Double Arrangement." Stephen Stella del Nord, La. See 6toilf Hu Xord. Stellaland (stel'a-land). An ephemeral Boer republic, west of the Transvaal, founded in 1882. It was in 1S84-S5 absorbed by the Transvaal and by Great Britain (in Bechuanaland). Stelvio Pass (stel' ve-6 pas). [G. Stilfser Joeli.^ An Alpine pass which leads from the Vintseh- gau in the valley of the Adige, TjtoI, to Bor- mio in the valley of the Adda, Italy': the highest pass in Europe. A road was constructed through it 18'20-25. It was contested in the wars of 1848, 1869 and 1866. Highest point, 9,055 feet Stenbock (sten'bok), Cotmt Magnus von. Bora at Stockholm, 1664: died 1717. A Swedish gen- eral. He was distmguished at Narva in 1700; defeated the Danes at Helsingborg Feb. 28. 1710 ; and invaded Hoi. stein, but was forced to surrender at Tonning May 16. ins. Stendal (sten'dal). A town in the province of Saxony, Prussia, on the Uchte 32 miles north by east of Magdeburg, it is a raUwayjunction, and has important railway works. It contains a cathedral. Stendal was founded by Albert the Bear ; was the ancient capital of the Altmark , and was the seat of the Stendal line of the Ascanian house. Population (1890). 18,472. Stendhal (ston-dal'), De. The nom de plume of Marie Henri Beyle. Steno (sta'no), Nicolaus. Bom at Copenha- gen, 1638 : died about 1687. A Danish anato- mist, discoverer of "Steno's duct." Stenterello (sten-te-rel'16). A farcical person- age who assumes various parts in Florentine comedy. See the extract. Stenterello is the Florentine mask or type which sur- vives the older Italian comedy which Goldoni destroyed ; and during carnival he appeared in a great v.-u-iety of char- acters at three dilferent theaters. . . . With this face [ab- surdly painted] and this wig he assumes any character the farce requires- IT. D. Bowells, The Century, XXX. 210. Stentor (sten'tor). [Gr. Srfirup.] In Greek legend, a Greek herald before Troy, who, ac- cording to Homer, had a voice as loud as those of fifty other men together. The adjective sten- torian is derived from his name. Stenzel (stent'sel), Gustav Adolf Harald. Bom at Zerbst, Germany, March 21, 1792: tlied at Breslau, Jan. 2, 1854.' A (Jerman historian, professor at Breslau from 1820. He wrote ' ' Die Gesehichte Deutschlandsunterden frankisehen Kaisem" (1827-28), etc. Stephano. 1 (stef'a-no). A drunken butler in Shakspere's " Tempest." Heisthemasterof the ship in Dryden and Davenant's version. Mack- liii played the part. — 2 (ste-fa'no). A messen- ger in Shakspere's "Merchant of Veniee." Stephanus (printers). See Estienne. Stephanus Byzantius (stef'a-nus bi-zan'shi- us). [L. .sYe/)7(f/«»,s, Stephen.] Lived probably in the first half of the 6th century. A Byzantine geographer, author of a work ''Ethnika." Stephen (ste'ven). Saint. [Gr. arcQaioc, a cro'ivn; L. Stejihamis. It. Stefano. Sp. Estcfan, Pg. Es- tevao, F. £tienne [Estienm) .'] In New Testa- ment history, a deacon of the church at Jeru- salem, stoned to death by the people. He was the first martyr, and his day is celebrated in the Roman and Anglican churches on Dec. 26. In England St. Ste- phen's day is known as Boxing Day, as Christmas-boxes, or presents of money, are then begged or given. Stephen I. Bishop of Rome 254-257 A. D. Stephen (II.). Chosen pope in 752: died four days after his election. He is sometimes omitted from the list of popes. Stephen II. Pope 752-757. He demanded aid from Pepin the Short against Aistulf, king of the Lombards, and received from the former the exarchate of Kavenna and the Pentapolis (foundation of the Papal States). Stephen III. Pope 768-772. Stephen IV. Pope 816-817. Stephen "V. Pope 885-891. Stephen 'Vl. Pope 896-897. Stephen VTi.. Pope 929-931. Stephen Vni. Pope 939-942. Stephen IX. Died at Florence, 1058. Pope 1057-58, brother of the Duke of Lorraine, whom he wished to make emperor. He ex- erted himself to eradicate the abuses in the church. Stephen. Bom at Blois. 1105 : died Oct. 2-5, 1154. King of England. He was the son of Stephen, earl of Blois, and Adela, daughter of William the Conqueror. He obtained the countv of Boulogne by marriage with Ma- tilda, daughter of Count Eustace. Although he had sworn to secure the succession of the empre.-s Matilda and her son, he went to England on the death of Henry I. in 1135, and, with the help of his brother Henrj-, bishop of \\ in- chester, was elected and crowned (Dec. 26). In two char; ters he undertook to obsen'e the laws and his subjects liberties. His defective title was the cause of outbreaks in 1130 and 1137. David, king of Scotland, Matilda's uncle, invaded Yorkshire, but his advance was checked by the Battle of the Standard In 1138. Matilda landed in Engliuid in 1139, and the country was plunged in civil war. This Stephen continued till 1153, when the treaty of Wallingford gave Stephen permission to reign until liis deatli ami seemed the succession to Henry (Henry II.), the son uf llatilda. Stephen I., Saint. Died 1038. Kiug of Hmigary. He succeeded as duke in 997; and was crowned Hret kiug of Hungary in IWiO. He promoted the spread of Chris- tianity, and became the patron saint of Hungary. Stephen II. King of Hungary 1114-31. Stephen III. Died March 4, 1173. King of Huni;arv n01-7:j. Stephen IV. Died 1164. King of Hungary, uncle of Steplieu III. and rival claimant to the throne in 1161. Stephen V. Died Aug. 1, 1272, KingofHun- gar.v 1-70-72. son of Bela IV. Stephen, Henry John. Born 1787: died 1864. An English barrister, brother of Sir James Ste- phen. He wrote "Summary of the CriminalLaw" (1834), and "New Commentaries on the Laws of England" (1841). Stephen, Sir James. Born at London, Jan. 3, 1789: died at Coblenz, Sept, 1.3, 18o9. An English historical writer. He was educated at Cam- bridge (Trinity Hall) and Lincoln's Inn. He was under- secretary for the colonies 1834-47. In 1S49 he was ap- pointed regius professor of modern history at Cambridge. He puhlished "Kssays in Ecclesiastical History," and in 1351 "Lectures on the History of France." Stephen, Sir James Fitzjames. Born March 3, 1829: died March 11, 1894. An English jiirist.son of Sir James Stephen (1789-1859). He was edu- cated at Eton, at King's College, London, and at Trinity Col- lege, Cambridge, where he graduated in 1862. In 1S64 lie was called to the bar at the Inner Temple. From 1379 to 1891 he was judge of the High Court of Justice. He pub- lished "General View of the Criminal Law of England" (1863), "Di-'.-st of the Law of Evidence " (1876), "History of the Criminal Lawof England" (1883). Stephen, Sir Leslie. Born at Kensington, Nov. 28, 1832. An English man of letters, son of Sir James Stephen. He was educated at Eton, at King's College, London, and at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where he took the degree B. A. in 1854. He was editor of the "Cornhill .Magazine" 1871-82, and editor of the "Diction- ary of National Biography" 1886-91, latterly in association with Sidney Lee, who succeeded him. He has published *'The Playground of Europe "(1871), "Hours in a Library" (1874-79), " History of English Thought in the Eighteenth Century " (1876), and " Life of Henry Fawcett " (18S5), etc. He was knighted in 1902. Stephen Bathori. See Bdtluni. Stephens (ste'venz), Alexander Hamilton. Born near CraWfordville, Ga., Feb. 11, 1812: died at Atlanta, Ga., March 4, 1883. An Ameri- can statesman. He graduated at the Tniversity of Georgia in 1832 ; studied law ; was chosen member of the State legislature in 1830 ; was member of Congress from Georgia 1843-59, acting at first with the Whigs and later with the Democrats ; opposed secession in 18t;0 ; was Vice- President of the Confederacy 1861-66 ; was chief Confed- erate commissioner in the Hampton TIriads citfercnce in Feb., 1865 ; wasimprisoned in Fort \\"aiM-n, l;"^t(ni lutrbor, May-Oct., 1865 ; was elected Cnited states st-natnr in l.stj6, but was not seated ; was Democratic member of Congress from Georgia 1873-32 : and was governor of Georgia in 18S3. He wrote "The War between the States "(2 vols. lSfiS-70). a '■ lli-stoiy of the United States" (1S83), etc. Stephens, George, Bom at Liverpool, Eng- land, Dec. 13, 1813: died Aug. 9, 1895. An Eng- lish areha?ologist and philologist. He was edu- cated at t'niversity College, London. In 1851 he was lector and later professor of English in the Univeisity of Copenhagen. He published "(Jld Northern Runic Monu- ments of .Scandinavia and England " (1866, 1868, 1884). Stephens, James. Born 1824 : died March 29, 1901. A Fenian agitator. He was employed in the construction of the Waterford and Limerick Railway: joined the Young Ireland party, and was wounded at B.al- lingarry .Tune 2i)i 1848; fled to Paris: and in 1853 became "Head Centre" of the Fenian conspiracy. He visited America in 1864, and on Nov. 10, 1864, w.as arrested in Dublin. He escaped to New York, where he was deposed by the Fenians. He returned to Ireland in 1891. Stephens, John Lloyd. Bom at Shrewsbury, N. J., Nov. 28, 180.5: died in New York city, Oct. 10, 1852. An American lawyer, traveler, and archaeologist. In 1834-36 he traveled in Europe and the East, and after his return published '■ Egypt, Arabia I'etraj.-i, and the Holy Land" (2 vols. 1S37) and "Greece. Turkey, Russia, and Poland " (18:i8). In 1839 he was envoy to ('entral America. Accompanicil liythe Eng- lish artist Catlierwood, he visited ni.any of the ruined Indian cities of that region, and these explorations \vere supplemented in a second trip. Tile results were pub- lished as " Incidents of Travel in Central America, etc." (2 v(ds. 1S41) and "Incidents of Travel in Yucatan" (2 vols. 1843). Mr. Stephens was president of the Panama Railway Company, and died from the results of exposure while personally superintending the work. Stephenson (ste'ven-son), George. Born at Wylnm. near Newcastle, Juni! 9, 1781: died near (^hesterfield, Aug. 12, 1848. The peri'ecter of the locomotive. He was the sonofRoliert Stephen- son, fireman of a colliery engine at Wylam. and while as- sisting his father, educated Ilimself at night-schools. In 1812 he was made enginewright at a coal-pit at Killing- worth. He constructed a "traveling engine" workeil by steam, for a tmmroad between the colliery and the port, nine miles distant; anil on .Tuly 25, 1814, made a success. ful trial of it. (^ontimling his ''Xpcrinu-nts, he was made engineer of the Stockton and Darlington liailway, which 957 was opened Sept. 27, 1825, being the first to carry passen- gers and gooils by steam locomotion. This was followed by the construction, under his direction, of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, opened Sept. 15, 1830. Ileissaid by some to have been the inventor of the safety -Lamp, usu- ally attributed to Sir Humplu-y Davy. Stephenson, Rohert. Born at Willington, near Newcastle, England, Oct. 16. 1803: died Oct. 12, 1859. An English railway engineer, son of George Stephenson. He assisted his father in the construction of the engine "Rocket" in 1829. He built manv railway bridges and viaducts, including the Britan- nia tubular bridge over the Menai Strait, the Victoria tubular bridge near Montreal, the viaduct of Berwick, a bridge at Newcastle, etc. Stepney (step'ni). [The StiJiienhidde or Stehen- lietk of early deeds: the affix indicating the ''hid" or hasredium of a Saxon freeman.] A borough (municipal) of London, 2 miles east of St. Paul's. Stepniak (step'nyiik), Sergius. Born about 1851: (lied Dec. 23, 1895. A pseudonym of a Russian author. He was compelled to leave Russia in 1876, and settled in London. He wrote nuich in the Little Russian dialect, and worked for the establishment of eijual political rights in his country, declaring against social- ism and absolutism. Among his works are "Russia under the Czars," "The Russian .Storm Cloud," "The Career of a Nihilist," "The Turks Within and Without," "Tyran- nieide in Russia," "Little Russian Internatlonallsui," "Underground Russia," etc. Step Pyramid. See Sal-karah. Sterkrade (sterk'rii-de). A to-ivn in the Rhine Province, Prussia, 20 milesnorth by east of Diis- seldorf. It has important iron-works. Pop. (1890), 8,831. Sterling (ster'ling). A city in Whiteside County, Illinois, situated on Bock River 108 miles west of Chicago. It has varied manufac- tures. Population (1900), 6,309. Sterling, Antoinette. Born at Sterlingville, N. Y., Jan. 23, 1850. A noted American con- tralto singer. She studied with Abella, Marches!, Manuel Garcia, and Pauline Viardot. In 1871 she re- turned to the United States, and made a success as a con- cert-singer. In 1873 she made her first appearance in Lon- don in concert, and since that time has mostly lived there. She married John MacKinlay in 1875. Sterling, John. Born at Kames Castle, Bute, Scotland, July 20, 1806: died at Ventnor, Isle of "Wight, Sept. 18, 1844. An English poet and author, best known as a friend of Carlyle. His father, Edward Sterling (1773-1347) was an editor of the "Times." Sterling studied at Glasgow and Cambridge (but left without ad.-gr8, hut soon gave it up ; and in 1834 became curate at Hurstmonceaux, where .Julius Hare was vicar. He wrote "Arthur Coningsby" (1833), "Poems" (1839), "Strafford " (1843), "Essays and Tales " (edited by Hare, 1848), and "The Onyx Ring "(reprinted from "Black- wood" in 1856). His life was ^vritten by Carlyle (1851). Stern (stern), Daniel. Pseudonym of the Comtesse d'Agoult. Sternberg (stern'bero). A town in Moravia, Austria-Hungary, 9 miles north-northeast of Olmlitz. It is a center of cotton manufactures. Here, in 1241, Yaroslaff of Sternberg defeated the Mongols. Pop- ulation (1890), commune, 15,395. Sternberg, Ungern-. See Ungcrn-Stemherg. Sterne (stem). Laurence. Born at Clonmel, Ireland, Nov. 24, 1713: died at London, March 18, 1768. A celebrated English novelist and humorist. His father was an officer in one of Marl- borough's regiments stationed in Ireland. Sterne fol- low^ed the army until he was 10 years of age, and was at school in Halifax^ Yorkshire, for nine years. He gradu- ated .at Jesus College, Cambridge, in 1736. He took orders ; in 1738 obtained the living of Suit, .n, near York; and later was made a iirebendary of the catliedral. He was associated with John Hall Stephenson, of Skelton Castle, Yorkshire, a supporter of Wilkes and author of " Fables for Grown Gentlemen " and "Crazy Tales." On Jan. 1, 1760, he pub- lished the first two volumes of " Tristram Shandy," which immediately made him famous. In 1762 he visited France, and in 1766 Italy. In 1768 he published the first two volumes of the " Sentii'nental Journey tlirough France and It.aly," and died the same year. His chief works are "'i'he Life and Opinions of 'I'ristram Shandy, Gent." (9 vols. 1760-67; a fictitious third volume was published in 17i;(). and latera ninth -Lowndes), "A Sentimeidal.lonriiey througli France and Italy by Mr. Voi ick "(1768 ; several tiiditioiis conlinu- ations were )iul>lished), "Sermons " (1760-69) ; several vol- umes of his k*fci-s were also published in 1775. Sternhold (stern'hold), Thomas. Born near Blakeney, in Gloiu'estershii'e, about 1.500 :died Aug., 1.549. An English wTiter, joint authiu- with John Hopkins of a metrical version of the Psalms (lirst edition about 1549: enlarged as " The Whole Book of Psalms," 1.502). Sterzing(stert'siiig). A town in Tyrol, situated on the Eisack, near the Brenner T':iss, 26 miles south of Iiiushrdck: the Roman Vipitoniitii. it flourished in the 12th ami i:!th centurii'.s. Ihnuigh the neighboring silver-mines ; and has been the scene of sev- eral Tyrnbse victories over the French and Bavarians. Popula'lion (tS9(l), 1.612. Stesichorus (ste-sik'o-rus). [Or. Sr/za/i'VO',-] Lived about 630-550 B. c. A celebrated Greek IjTic poet of Himei-a in Sicily. Fragments of his works have survived. Stevens, Thaddeus Stettin (stet-ten'). A seaport, capital of the province of Pomerania. Prussia, situated on the Oder in lat. .53° 26' N., long. 14° 34' E. : one of the chief seaports of Germany, it has a lai-ge trade in wood, cement, potatoes, herrings, petroleum, coal, grain, spirits, wine, etc., and important ship-building works (notably the " Vulcan " works), and manufactures of cement, sugar, chemicals, machinery, etc. It comprises the city proper ; the quartere of Lastadie and Silberwiese, sep.arated from it by tlie Oder ; and the suburlis of Grabow, Bredow. etc. It contains a castle and several notable old churches. Stettin was a settlement of the Wends (date unknown) ; was a llanseatic town in the middle ages ; and became the capital of Pomerania- It belonged to Sweden 1648-1720, and then passe^7"3). With Professor Tait he published "The I'nseen ITniverse, or Physical Speculations on a Future State " (1S75), and with others " Researches in Solar Physics." Stewart, Charles. Bom at Philadelphia, July 28, 1778: died at Borden town, N. J., Nov. 6, 1869. An American admiral. He was distinguished In the cruises against French privateers 1798-1800, in the Tripolitan War, and in the War of 1812. As commander of the Constitution he made various captures 1813-15. He became rear-admiral in 1862. 958 Stewart, Da'Vid. Died 1401. Eldest son of Robert III. of .Scotland. Stewart, Dugald. Born at Edinburgh, Nov. 22, 1753 : died there, June 11, 1828. A Scottish philosopher. He was the son of Matthew Stewart (1717- 1785), a .Scottish mathematician; was educated at Edin- burgh; wasa pupil of R«-id at Glasgow University in 1771; be- came instructor in mathematics at Edinburgh in 1772, con- joint professor of mathematics in 1775, and prof essorof moral philosophy in 17S5 ; and retired from active service in 1810. His cliief works are "Elements of the Philosophy of the Human Mind " (3 vols. 1792, 1814, 1827), " Outlines of Moral Philosophy " (1793), "Philosophical Essays " (1810), disser- tation for the supplement of the " Encycloptedia Britan- nica," entitled" General View of the Progress of Meta- physical, Ethical, and Political Philosophy since the Re- vival of Letters " (1815-21), and "Philosophy of the Active and Moral Powers " (182S). His collected works were edited )iy Sir WUliam Hamilton (1854-5S), with a memoir by Veitch. Stewart, Esme, Lord of Aul>igny and Earl and Duke of Lennox. Born in France about 1555: died at Paris, May 26, 1583. A Scottish noble, grandson of John, third earl of Lennox. His French title came from Sir John StewartofDamley, consta- ble of the Scots army in the wars of Charles ^11. of France. He was a favorite of James VI., who made him duke of Lennox and earl of Darnley in 1581. He secured the con- demnation of Morton for the murder of Darnley. In Dec, 1582, he was expelled from Scotland for treason. Stewart, Sir Herbert. Born at Winchester, June 30. 1843 : died at Gakdul, Feb. 16, 1885. An English general. He served in South Africa against the Zulus in 1879 ; was chief of Sir G,arnet Wol- seley's staff, and was quartermaster-general in the Boer war in ISSl. He went to Egypt in 1882 ; served (then quar- termaster-general of the cavalrj') at 'Tel-el-Kebir : com- manded the cav.alry division under Sir Gerald Graham in 1884 ; and as commander of Wolseley's advance-guard in 1885 gained the victory of Alju-Klea, Jan. 17. He was mortally wounded at Gubat Jan. 19. Stewart, Robert, Earl of Fife and Duke of Al- bany. Born about 1340: died 1419. Younger son of Robert II. of Scotland, and brother of Robert HI.: regent of Scotland from 1388, in the reign of Robert II., the greater part of the reign of Robert III., and the first part of the reign of James I. He was accused of the mur- der of the Duke of Eothsay. Stewart, Robert, second Marquis of London- den-y: known tUl his fathei-'s death (April 8, 1821) by the eotirtesy title Viscount (5astle- reagh. Born in Ulster, Ireland, June 18, 1769: committed suicide in a fit of insanity at Foots Cray, Kent, Aug. 12, 1822. A British s'tatesman, son of an Ulster proprietor (who was created Viscount Castlereagh in 1795, earl of London- derry in 1796, and marquis of Londonderry in 1816), He became acting secretary for Ireland in 1797, and secretary in 1708 ; was instrument.al in carrying the union in 1800 ; became president of the board of control in 1S02; wassecretaryforwarJulv, 1805, -Jan., 1806, and April, 1807, to Sept, 1809; planned the Portuguese (]SOS)andWal- cheren (1809) expeditions ; and was foreign secretary 1S12- 1822. He represented England at the congresses of Cha- tillon, Vienna, and Aix-la-Chapelle, Stewart Diamond, The. A large diamond found in 1372, on the claim of a Mr. Spalding, in South Africa. It weighed 288| carats in the rough, and is of a light-yellow tinge. S'tewart Island, or New Leinster (len'ster or liu'ster). The southernmost of the three prin- cipal islands of New Zealand, situated south of South Island. The surface is hilly. Pop- ulation, about 150. Stewart Islands. A small group of islands in the Solomon Archipelago, Pacific Ocean. Steyne (stin), Marijuis of. A brutal and cyn- ical man of the world, in Thackeray's "Vanity Fair." Steyr (stir), or Steier, or Steyer (sti'er). A town in Upper Austria, situated at the junction of the Steier with the Enns, 90 miles west by south of Vienna. It has manufactures of cutlery, fire- arms, etc. It was formerly the capital of a countship of steyr, and belonged to Styria. Population (1890), 21,499. Stickeen, or Stikine (stik-en' ), River, or Fran- ces (fran'ses) River. A river in British Amer- ica and Alaska which flows into the Pacific east of Sitka. There are gold-mines in its ■vicinity. Stieler (ste'ler), Karl Joseph. Bom at Mainz, Gei-many, Nov. 1, 1781: died at Munich, April 9, 1858. A German portrait -painter. Stiemo (ster'ne). Aji island of Norway, off the northern coast, about lat. 70° 30' N. Stigand (stig'and). IMed at Winchester after 1072. An English prelate. He was a favorite of Edward the Confessor, who made him (1044), bishop of Elmham or of the East Angles, and in 1052 archbishop of Canterbury. On the death of Harold, Stigand voted for Edgar .Etheling to be king. For this reason he was dis- trusted by William the Conqueror, who induced the Pope to deprive him of his see and to condemn him to perpetual imprisonment Stikine, or Stikeen. See SHcl-een. Stiklestad (stik'le-stiid). A place near Trondh- Stirling, James jem, Norway, where, in 1030, St. Olaf, king ol Norway, was defeated and slain by the Danes. Stiles (stilz), Ezra. Born at North Haven Conn., Nov. 29, 1727: died at New Haven, Conn.! May 12, 1795. An American Congregational" clergj-man, scholar, and educator. He was pastor for many years in Newport, Rhode Island, and president of Yale College from 1778. He wrote "An Account of tlie Settlement of Bristol " (1786), "History of Three of the Judges of Charles I." (1794), etc. Stilfser Joch. See Stehio Pass. Stilicho (stil'i-ko), Flavins. Born about 359 A. D.: beheaded at Ravenna, Italy, Aug. 23, 408. A famous Roman general and statesman. He was the son of a Vandal chief who had entered the service of the emperor Valens. He was ambassador to Pei-siauuder Theodosiiis, and commander-in-chief of the army ; and was the guardian and chief adviser of Honorius and his father- in-law. He carried on war against Alaric ; repelled an in- vasion of Alaric in 403 after the battles of Pollentia and Verona ; and defeated the barbarians under Eadagaisus at Fiesuh-e in 406 or 405. His troops revolted at Pavia, and he fled to Ravenna and was put to death by Honorius. Still (stil), John. Born at Grantham about 1.543: died Feb. 26, 1607. An English prelate. He was a student at Christ's College, Cambridge ; after- ward dean of Bocking, canon of Westminster, master of St. Johns and of Trinity, vice-chancellor of Cambridge, and bishop of Bath and Wells (1593-1607). In 1570 he was Lady Jfargaret's professor of divinity. He was probably the author of the comedy " Gammer Gurton's Needle " (which see). He made a large fortune in lead-mines discovered in the Mendip Hills. Still6 (stil'e). Alfred. Born Oct. 30, 1813; died Sept. 24, 1900. An American physician, professor in the Pennsylvania Medical College, and later in the University of Pennsylvania. He published various medical works. Stille, Charles Janeway. Bom at Philadel- phia, Sept. 23, 1819 ; died at Atlantic Citv, N. J., Aug. 11, 1899. An American historian, brother of Alfred Stille : provost of the University of Pennsylvania 1868-80. His works include "Hon a Free People Conduct a Long War "(1862)," Northern Inter- est and Soutliern Independence : a Plea for United Action " (1863), " History of the I'uited States Sanitary Commis- sion" (1866), "Studies in Medieval History" (1SS2), and "Beaumarchais and 'the Lost Million': a Chapter of the Secret History of the American Revolution " (18S6). Stilling. See Jung. Stillingfleet (stil'ing-flet), Edward. Bom at Cranborue, Dorset, England. April 17, 1635 : died at Westminster, March 28, 1699. A noted English prelate and theologian. He graduated at Cambridge (St. John's College), in 1652; was chaplain to Charles II., and dean of St. Paul's ; and was made bishop of Worcester in 1689. Among his works are " Irenicum " (1659), "Origines Sacra? " (1662), "Unreasonableneis of Sep.aration," "Origines Britannicae " (1685). works against the nonconformists and Roman Catholics, etc, Stillwater (stil'wa'ter). The capital of Wash- ington County, Minnesota, situated on St. Croix River 19 miles northeast of St. Paul. It is an important seat of the lumber trade. Popula- tion (1900), 12.31,8. Stillwater, Battles of. See Sarat^jga.BaWesof. Stimson (stim'son), Frederic Jesup: pseu- donym J. S. of Dale. Born at Dedham, Mass., July 20, 1855. An American lavryer and novel- ist. He has published a law glossary (1881), and a number of novels under his pseudonym. Stinkomalee (stingk-o-ma-le'). A name given to London University, first by Theodore Hook. Stirling (ster'ling), or Stirlingshire (ster'ling- shir). A county of Scotland, bounded by Perth and Clackmannan on the north, the Forth on the east, Linlithgow on the southeast, Lanark and Dumbarton on the south,and Dumbarton (partly separated by Loch Lomond) on the west. It has two detached portions to tlie northeast. The surface is largely hilly or mountainous (Lennox Hills, Ben Lomond) It was the scene of many battles in the wars of Wallace, Bruce, Montrose, and the Young Pretender. Area, 447 square miles. Population (1891), 126,608. Stirling. A royal and parliamentary burgh, cap- ital of the county of Stirling, situated near the Forth in lat. 56° 7' N., long. 3° 57' W. it has im- portant woolen manufactures. Its castle is a picturesque agglomeration of battlemented buildings of various dates, occupying a height commanding the town. It was a favor- ite abode of the kings of Scotland, whose palace of the 16th century still stands on the lower court ; on the ujiper court front the Parliament House and the Chapel Royal. It was frequently taken and retaken by the Scotch and English in the wars of Edward I., Edward II., and Edward III. ; was taken by Monk in 1651 ; and was unsuccessfully besieged by the Highlanders in 1745. The town contains also the Greyfriars Church. In a picturesque location in the vicinity are Bannockburn, Sauchieburn, and Cambus- kenneth Abbey. Stirling is oneof the oldest Scotch towns, and was long "a royal residence. Population (1891), 16,781. Stirling, Earl of. See Alexander, Sir William. Stirling, James. Born at Garden, Stirlingshire, 1692 : died at Edinburgh, Dec. 5, 1770. A Scot- tish mathematician. At eighteen he entered Oxford, but was expelled in 1715 for corresponding with his Jaco- bite relatives, and as accessor)' to the acts of rebellion. He went to Venice and taught mathematics there, return* Stirling, James ing to London about 1727. He wrote "LinereTertii Onli- nis Newtonianse" (1717) and "Methodus Ditfereiitialis " (1730 : hi3 most important work). In 1735 he wus made nianager of the Scots Mining Company at Leadhills, In 17o-2 he made the tirst survey for deepening the Clyde. Stirling, James Hutchison. Born at Glasgow, June 2'2, 1820. A Scottish philcsopher. Hegradu- ated both in arts and in medicine at Glasgow University : practised nu-diriiie in South Wales for a short tinu-: and then studied philosophy in Germany. He has pub- lished " The Secret of Hegel " (1865). "Sir William Hamil- ton : being the I'hilosophy of Perception " (1805), a trans- lation of Schwfgler's '*llistor>'of Philosophy "(1867), "As Kegards Protoplasm " (1809-72), "Text-Book to Kant" (l-M), etc. Stirling Bridge, Battle of. A victory gained at Stirlinf: bv the Scots under Wallace over the English in 1297. Stirling-Maxwell (ster'ling-maks'wel). Sir William. Born near Glasgow, 1818 : died at Vuuice, .Jan. 15, 1878. A Scottish author. He graduated at Cambridge (Trinity College) in 1830. His wtjiks include "Annals of the .\rtists of Spain" (1848), "rloister Life of Charles V." (1852), "Velasquez and his Works" (18.">5), "Don John of Austria" (1883: privately printed earlier). Stobaeus (sto-he'us), Joannes. Bom at Stol>i, Macedonia: lived probably about the 5th cen- tury A. D. A Greek •nTiter, author of an an- thology. Among the Byzantine writers to whom we are indebted for precious relics of the older Greek authors, perhaps the earliest, and certainly not tlie least important, is John of Stobi in Macedonia, generally known as Stobwus. His personal existence has vanished fr- >m all records, and even his date is detennined rather by inference than by testi- mony. He mentions Hierocles, who flourished about the middle of the 5th century, and does not name any subse- quent ^vriter. It is therefore concluded that he lived soon after that author. K. 0. Mutter, Hist, of the Lit. of Anc. Greece, III. .S79. [(Donaldson.) Stockach (stok'kiieh). A town in the circle of Constance, Baden, 16 miles north-northwest of Constance. There, on March 25, 1799, the archduke Charles defeated tlie French under Jourdan ; and on May 4, 1800. the French under Moreau defeated the Austrians under Kray. Stockbridge (stok'brlj). A town in Berkshire County, Jlassachusetts, situated on the Housa- toric River 43 miles west-northwest of Spring- field : noted for yjieturesque scenery, and as a summer resort. It « as the scene.in the 18th century, of the missii'uary labors of .Tonathan Edw.ards and others among the stockbridge Indians. Population (1900), 2,081. Stockbridge Indians. See Malucan. Stockholm (stok' holm ) . A laen of Sweden, con- taining the city of Stockliolm. Area, 2,995 square miles. Population (1891), 153,350. Stockholm. The capital of Sweden, situated at the outlet of Lake Malar into a bay of the Baltic Sea. in lat. m° 20' 35" N., long. 18° 3' 30" E. (of observatory). It comprises the city proper, or "Staden"; the northern quarters Norrmalni, Blasie- holnien, Skeppsholnien, Ladug&rdslandet, and Kungshol- nien ; and the southern suburb Sodermahn. Stockholm is a principal emporium for the commerce of central and northern Sweden, and has extensive and varied manufac- tures. The royal palace is a massive building, in plan forming a rectangle 400 by :i80 feet, begun in 1697 in the style of the Italian Renaissance. The north and south favades are extended by large wings. The state apartments are flue, and are richly adorned with ceiling paintings, tapestry, and sculpture. The Riddarholms-K>Tka, the old cliurch of the Franciscans, is a large medieval building with Kenaissance and later modifications. It has been for centuries the buiial-place of the kings and distin- guished men of Sweden, and is full of their t<)mbs, with nu>numents of which many possess historic and some ar- tistic interest. The openwork spire of iron is 290 feet high. The city also contains the National Museum, the Northern .M useum, and the Koyal Libnuy ; and is the seat of the .Swedish Acailemy, and of academies of science, belles- lettres, histfjry anil antiquities, music, etc. It is noted for its picturesque location and environs. It was founded in tlie 13th century ; has several times been besieged ; nncl was taken by Christian II. in 1520, whoordered the " Blor)d Hath " of Stockholm (see Christian IJ.). Population (1U0«X :aiO,«24. Stockholm, Treaties of. 1. A treaty (1719) between Sweden and Hannover. To the latter were ceded Bremen and Verden in return for a payment of money. — 2. A treaty (1720) be- tween Sweden and I'russia. Sweden ceded Stettin, Hither Pomerania to the Feene, and Wollin and I'sedom, and received a payment of money. Stockmar (stok'mjir). Baron Christian Fried- rich von. Born at Coburg. Gerinaiiv, Aug. 22. 1787: died there. July 9, 1803. A (ierrnan physi- cian, anoflieial in the service of Coburg. He was a friend of Prince Leopold (king of Belgium) and of I'rinee Albert, consort of ()ueen Victoria. His son published selec- tions from his papers (" lienkwiirdigkeiten aus den Pa- pleren, etc.," 1872). Stockport (stok'port). A town in Cheshire and L.'iiicashire, England, situated at the .iunction of the Tame with the Mersey. 5 miles southeast of Manchester. Its chief industries are cntton- Hpiiiniug and weaving. I'opulutinn (19(11), 92,832. 959 Stockton (stok 'ton). The capital of San Joa- ([uin County, California, situated on the Stock- ton navigable channel, near the San Joaquin Kiver, 64 miles east by north of San Francisco. It is the commercial center of the San Joaquin valley. Population (1900), 17,500. Stockton, Frank Richard. Bom at Philadel- phia, April 5, 1834 : died at Washington, D. C, April 20, 190 J. An American humorist. His chief works are " Kudder Grange ' (1879), "The Rudder Gran- gers Abroad," "The Lady or the Tiger? and other Stories'' (1884), " The Late Sirs. Null " (1886), "The Casting Away of Mrs. Leeks and Mrs. Aleshine" (18S6 : with its sequel "The Dusaiites," 1888), "The Hundredth Man" (1887), "Personally Conducted" (18S9), "The Merry Chanter" (1890), "The Squirrel Inn" (1891), "The Clocks of Ron- dahie, etc." (18921, "The Watchmaker's Wife, etc. "(1893), " Pomona's Travels" (1894), "The Adventures of Captain Horn " (1893), etc. Stockton, Robert Field. Born at Princeton, N. J., 1795 : died at Princeton, Oct. 7, 1866. An American naval officer and politician, son of Richard Stockton (1764-1828). He served in the War of 1812. and in the Algerinewar ; negotiated the pur- chase of Lil)eria in 1821 ; served against the pirates ; was sent to California in command of a squadron in 1845 ; with Fr(5mont conquered California 1846-47, and organized a government; resigned from the navy in 1850; and was Democratic United States senator from New Jersey 1851-53. Stockton-on-Tees (stok'tgn-on-tez'). A sea- port inthocountyof Durham, England, situated on the Tees in lat, 54° 34' N., long. 1° 19' W. It has considerable commerce, and important iron and steel manufactures. Pop. (1901), 51,478. Stockwell (stok'wel) . A district of London, in South wark. Stoddard (stod'ilrd), Amos. Born at Wood- bury, Conn., Oct:'26, 1762: died at Fort Meigs, (Dhio, May 11, 1813. An American soldier, an officer in the Revolution and in the War of 1812. He was governor of Missouri Territory 1804-05. He published " Sketches of Louisiana" (1812). Stoddard, Charles Warren. Born at Roehes- tii', X. Y., 1843. An American writer, professor of English literature at Notre Dame College, Indiana, 1885-86. and later lecturer on English literature at the Catholic University, Washing- ton, D. C. He has written "South Sea Idylls" (1873), "Sinumer Cruising in the South Seas" (1874), "Mashal- lah :•• (18H0), "The Lepers of Molokai " (1885), etc. Stoddard, Mrs. (Elizabeth Barstow). Bom at Mattapoisett, Mass., May 6, 1823; died at New York, Aug. 1,1902. An American poet and novelist, wife of R. H. Stoddard. Among her novels are "The Morgesons" (1862), "Two Men" (1865), " Temrjle House" (1867). Stoddard, Richard Henry. Bom at Hingham, Mass., July 2, 1825: died at New York, May 12, 1903. An American poet and literary critic. He published" Poems "(1S.V2), " Songs of .Sujnmer"(1857). "The King's Bell" (1802). "The Story of Little Red Riding Hood" (1804), "Children in the Wood" (1865). " Abraham Lincoln: a Horatian Ode" (18G5). "Putnam the Brave" (1809). " The Book of the East" (1867 : " The Book of the F.ast. and other Poems," 1871); and edited various Works. inclU'iing the " firic-il-Brac" series (1874- 1876) and the ".Sans S(iuf reeeiv. Ing all motions and all ftirtiis. Force is the active, nmv- ing, and molding principle, and Is inseparably Joined with matter; the working foice In the universe Is (Jod, whose existence as awise, tlilnking being Is proved by the beauty and adaptation of the world. The supreme end of life, or the highest good, is virtue - that is, a life conformed tti nature, the agreenn-nt of Innnan conduct with the all- controlling law of mitnre, orof the hnimui with the divine will; not contemplation, but action, is the supreme pn>blem for man ; virtue is sutlleient for happiness, but happiness or pleastlre should never be nnide the eml of human en- deavor. The wise man alone attains to the complete per- formance of Ids iluty ; he is without ])a8sion, although not Stolzenfels without feeling ; he is not indulgent but just toward him- self and others; he alone is free ; he is king and lord, and is inferior in inner worth to no other rational being, not even t*i Zeus himself. Stoke (stok). Battle of. A victory gained by Henry VII. over the adherents of the pretender Lambert Simnel at Stoke-upon-Trent, 1487. Stoke Newington (stok nu'ing-ton). A bor- ougli (municijial) of Loudon, 3-4 miles north- noi'theast of St. Paul's. Stoke Poges (stok po'jis). A -village in Buck- ingli;imsliire, England, 23 miles westof London: the burial-place of Thomas Gray. Stokes (stoks). Sir George Gabriel. Bom at Skreen, Ireland, Aug. 13, 1819: died at Cam- bridge, Feb. 1, 1903. A British mathema- tician and physicist. He graduated in 1841 at Cam- bridge (Pembroke College) as senior wrangler and fir^t Smith's prizeman ; was appointed Lucasian professor of mathematics in 1849 ; wsis made president of the Royal Society in 1885 ; and represented Cambridge University in Parliament 1887-92. In 1846 lie wrote a report for the British Association on hydrodjiiamics. He discovered the refrangibility of light, for which discovery the Rum- ford medal was awarded to hiiit iu 1852. He was made a baronet in 1k8;i. Stokes, Whitley. Born at Dublin, Feb. 28, 1830. A British philologist and Anglo-Indian jurist, especially noted for his researches in Celtic. He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin ; went to India (Madras) as a barrister ; was law member of the council of the governor-general of India 1877-82, and president of the Indian law commission on the civil and criminal codes in 1887- He has published "Irish CJlosscs" (ISOO), "Three Irish Glosses" (1862), and has edited "Cor- inac's Glossary, translated by O'lionavan " (1S68), "(5oi- delica "(1872), "Sal tairna Rann "(1SS3), etc., besides editing the Anglo-Indian codes. Stoke-upon-Trent (stok'n-pou-trenf). A town in Staffordshire, England, situated on the Trent 33 miles south of Manchester. It has manufac- tures of earthenware and porcelain. It is the center of the "Potteries." Population (1891), 24,027. Stolberg (stol'berG). 1. A countship in Thu- ringia. at the southern foot of the Harz. It is divided into Stolberg-Stolberg and Stolberg- Rossla. — 2. The chief town of the countship of Stolberg-Stolberg, 50 miles southwest of Jlag- deburg. It contains a castle. Population, 2,088. Stolberg. A town in the Rhine Province, Prus- sia, situated on the Vichtbach 7 miles east of Aix-la-Chapelle. In Stolberg and its vicinity are ex- tensive manufactures of brass, iron, lead, zinc, glass, etc. Its muimfactures were established by French Hugueuots in the 17th century. Population (1890), 12,792. Stolberg, Count Christian. Born at Hamburg, Oct. 15, 1748: died on his estate Windebye, near Eckernforde, Schleswig, Jan. 18, 1821. A German poet, a member of the "Gottingen Dichterbuud." His works, with those of his brothel', were published 1820-25. Stolberg, Count Friedrich Leopold. Bom at P.ramstcdt, Holstein, Nov. 7, 17.'>0: died near Osnabriick. Dec. o, 1819. A German poet and author, brother of C."hristian Stolberg, and mem- ber of the "(Tiittingen Dichterbund." He wrote the "lamben " (1784), with his brother "Sehauspiele niit Choren','* and " Vaterlandisehe Gediehte"; he also wrote a translation of the Hiad, Plato, etc., the novel "Die Insel" (1788), travels, etc. Stolen Heiress,The,orthe Salamanca Doctor Outplotted. A comedy by Jlrs. Centli\Te, priiduccd iu 1702: from Thomas May's comedy '•Tlie Heir." Stollberg (stol'bero). A town, in the kingdom of Saxonv, 10 miles southwest of Chemnitz. Population (1890), 6.939. Stollhofen (stol'lio't'en). A small village in Ba- den, near tlie Kliine 23 miles southwest of K;irlsrulie. The Stollhofen lines were adefenso against the Frencli 1703-07. Stolp (stolp), or Stolpe (stol'pe). A town in the province of Pomerania, Prussia, situated on the river Stolpe 65 miles west of Danlzic. It was a Ilanseatic town. Pop. (1.890), 23,S(i2. Stolpe. A river in northern Prussia which flows into the Baltic Sea at Stolpmiinde. Length, 11 bout 90 miles. Stolpmiinde (stoip'mUn'de), or Stolpemiinde (stoT'])e-miiii-de). [G., 'moulli of the Stolpe.'] A small seaport and watering-place in llie prov- ince of Pomeraniii, Prussia, situated at the mouth of the Stolpe, in the Baltic, 74 miles west bv north of Dant/.ic. Stolzenfels (slolt'sen-fels). [G.. 'proud rock.'] .\ piiliiresi|ue castle, situated oiialieight above the KliiiU'.4 miles south of (^oblenz. It was founded ill the I'll h ceutuiy, on the site of an older structure, by an nreliblshop of Treves, and was ruineii by Ix>nisXI V. In lflS9. In till' present century It was restored as a royal residence by Frederick \\ illiaiii IV. It is a picturesque modified iiiedievid castlewith chlstering towers, theeentral one 1 U> fe.l hleh. The Interior is adorned with historical and alle. gorical frescos, sculptures, and many interesting art woriia. stone Stone (stou). A town in Staffordshire, Eng- land, situated on the Trent 7 miles north of Stafford. Population (1891), 5,754. Stone, Amasa. Born at Charlton, Mass., April 27. ISIS : died at Cleveland, Ohio, May 11, 1883. An American financier and philanthropist. He 960 Stowe, Mrs. Stonemason of Cromarty. A pseudonym of Story (stc'ril , Joseph. Born at Marblehead, Hugh Miller. Stone Mountain. A .small village in De Kalb County, Georgia, about 12 miles east-northeast of Atlanta : noted for its isolated granite dome (about 2.200 feet high). largely endowed Adelbert College of Western Stone of the Sun. An Aztec monument, eon- Reserve University, Stone, Charles Poineroy. Born at Greenfield, Mass., Sept. 30, 1824: died in New York city, Jan. 24, 1887. An American general and en- arineer. He graJ>iated at West Poiut in IMS ; served in the Mexican war ; was head of the siu-vey and scientific exploration of .Sonora, Mexico, 1857-60: was engaged in the winter of 1861 at Washington (as colont-1 and inspec- tor-general of the local militia) in drilling volnnteers ; was placed in command of the defenses of Washinfrton May 14, 1861 : served as brigade commander under Patter- son in the Shenandoah ; was in command of the corps of observation of the Army of the Potomac Aug. 10, 1861,-Feb. 9.1802; directed the unfortunate attack at Ball's Bluff Oct. 21, 1861; was imprisoned in Fort Lafayette (New York ctnTiiTiiT+nn Csto'TiiiKT-tonl harbor)Feb.-Aug.,1862;servedatthesiepeofPortHudso„ ^*0?3i^?*0?.il° °i°= l?"!'. in 1863 ; and was chief of staff in the Red River canipaiL-n of 1864. He was in the service of the khedive 1870-83, and became chief of staff. He was chief engineer for the erection of the pedestal of the Bartholdi Statue of Liberty in New York harbor. Stone, Edwin Martin. Born at Framingham, Mass., April 29, 1805: died 1883. An American Congregational clergyman and author. _ He edited hvmn-books, and wrote the "Invasion of Canada in 177."i " ( 1867 ), memoirs, etc. Stone, Lucy (Blackwell). Bom in West Brookfield, Mass., Aug. 13, 1818: died at Dor- chester, Mass., Oct. 18, 1893. An American reformer, a prominent advocate of woman's sistiug of a piece of basalt twelve feet m diameter, carved with characters representing divisions of time, and supposed to serve as a calendar. It was carved about 1512, and is now in the National Museum of Mexico. Cliavero is of opinion that it is a votive monument to the sun. It is also called the A^lec Calendar Stune. Stone Biver, Battle of. Battle of. Stones of Venice, The. Ruskiu, published in 1851. Stonewall Jackson. A nickname of General Thomas J. Jackson. See Jaclson, Thomas J. A seaport in New Mass., Sept. 18, 1779: died at Cambridge. Mass., Sept. 10, 1845. An eminent American juri.st. Ha graduated at Harvard in 1798 ; began the practice of law in 1501 in Salem ; was Democratic member of Congress from Massachusetts 1808-09 ; was associate justice of the United States Supreme Court 1811-45 ; and was professor of law at Harvard 1829-45. He published " Commentaries on the Law of Bailments "(1S32), "Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States " (1833), "On the Conflict of Laws " (18S4), "On Equity Jurisprudence" (1S35-36), "Equity Plead- ings" (1838), " Law of Agency" (1839). "Law of Partner- ship " (1841), "Law of Bills of Exchange " (1S43), " Law of Promissory Notes," Circuit Court decisions, and Supreme Court reports. His "Miscellaneous Writings " were edited by his son. See Murfreesboro, Story, William Wetmore. Bom at Salem, Mass^, Feb^ 19, 1819 : died at Vallombrosa. Italy, Oct. 7, 1895. An American sculptor and poet, son of Joseph Story. Among his works are statues of Edward Everett (Boston), George Peabody (LondonX "Cleopatra," "Semiramis" (New York), etc. He wrote legal treatises, several volumes of poetrj', " Roba di Roma, or Walks and Talks about Rome " (1862), etc An art treatise by London Countv, Connecticut, sittiated on Longgtosch (stosh), Albrecht VOn. Bom April 20, Island Sound iii lat. 41° 20' N., long. 71° 54' W. 1818: died Feb. 29, 1896. A Prussian general It is the terminus of a daily steamer line to New York and state minister, chief of the imperial ad- city. It was defended against the British in 1814. Pop- mji-^lty Igy'^-SS ulation (190,.,, town, 8.640 . n. ■ P StOSch, Baro"nVhiUpp VOU. Born at Kiistrin, Stony(sto ni) Creek. A. village m Ontario, Can- "p^^^f;'^, n.^ch 22, 1691: died atFlorence, Nov! ada situated near Hamilton at the western end ^ ^.^^ ^ German art connoisseur, noted for of Lake Ontario. Here, 1813, the British de- ^^ eollection of antique gems. feated the Americans. , StOSS (stos), Der. An Alpine pass on the bor- Stony Pomt. A rjromontory on he west bank ^^^^ ^^ Appenzell and St. Gall Switzerland, 5 of the Hudson at the entrance to the Highlands, ^^^^ northeast of Appenzell. tldcan foTt t^Zl±Jy'^T':^ll^lTa Stothard (stoth'ard) Thomas. Born at Lon- by the British in 1779, and was retaken by assault by the don, Aug. 17, 1755 : died there, April II, lSii4. Americans under Anthony Wayne, July 16, 1779. An Englisli painter and illustrator. Among his Algeria. lustrations for Shakspere, "Robinson Crusoe," "The Pil. Stonl!' Samuel. Bom at Hertford, England, Stora (sto'ra). The seaport of Philipperille, paintings is the '; Canterbury_Pilgrims.:: He design-edji about 1602 : died at Hartford, Conn., July 20, " 1663. A clergyman and colonist in New Eng- land. He emigrated to Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1633, and became pastor there, and was one of the early colonists of Hartford in 1636. Stone, William Leete. Born at New „. - / i- "/ t i-/ - N A / « \ grim's Progress." Rogers's " Italy," etc. Storace (sto-ra che or sto ras), Anna (or Ann) Stotteritz (stet'te-rits). A village in Saxony, 2i Selina. Bora at London, 1766 : died Aug. 24, ^^^f.^ southeast of Leipsic : the headquarters _ 1817. An EngUsh opera-smger, sister of Stephen of Xj^poleon in the battle of Leipsic ( 1813). Storace. She created the role of Susanna m g^o^j^tQ^ (sto'ton), Israel. Died at Lincoln, , . . Paltz, Mozart's " Nozze di Figaro." ^ _ England, 1645. 'An earlv colonist in Massa- N.Y., April 20, 1792: died at Saratoga Springs, Storace, Stephen. Born at London, 1763: died ehiisetts. He commanded the Massachusetts N. Y., Aug. 15, 1844. An American jom-naUst there, March 19, 1796. An English composer of troops in the Peqnot war. 1637. and author, editor and one of the proprietors operas, son of Stefano Storace, an Italian con- gtoughton William. Bom in England about of the New York "Commercial Advertiser" trabassist. Among his works are " The Haunted Tow. jg^i- died' at Dorchester Mass., July 7, 1701. from 1821. He wrote "Lette.s on JIasonryand Anti- !L;'i^l**)i';?"°|"."S".°*"PP?,Q,\^'*V'.Th^^ An American jurist, son of Israel Stoughton. Masonry" (1832), "Tales and Sketches " (1834), ' Upsand P?de ( 791) "The P'^ates (1,92), and "The Iron Chest ^b^.J^ lieutenant-governor of Massachusetts in 1692. Downs in the Life of a Distressed Gentleman (1S36), (>'■»'•""" "^^'™'"'.-, ... . ... _., and later acting governor. As chief justice of the .Supe- " Border Wars of the American Revolution," lives of Brant Stora Lulea (sto ra lo la-a). A river m north- ^^^ ^^^^ ^^ pFesided over the Salem witchcraft trials- (1838) and Red .racket (1840), etc. era Sweden which flows into the Gulf of Both- g^ (^4^^,^^ [L. .Sf„n„5.] 1. A small river Stone, William Leete. Born at New York city, ma about lat. 6o° 40' N. Length, about 240 ^ southern England, chiefly in Dorsetshire, April4, IbSa, An American lawyer and histor- miles. - - - .t; . . • _ ical writer, son of W. L. Stone (1792-1844). He Stora LuleS. Lake. An expansion of .Stora Lu- has puldished the "Life and Times of Sir William John- ie^ River in its upper course. " ' Storer (sto'rer), David Humphreys. Bom at Portland, Maine, March 26, 1804: died at Bos- ton, Mass., Sept. 10, 1891. An American physi- cian and naturalist. He was a practising physician at Boston from 1826, and was professor of obstetrics and medical jurisprudence at the Harvard Medical School, and its dean from 1854-68. He was a coU.aborator with son" (1865), and written a "History of New York City (1872), "Campaign of Lieutenant-General John Burgoyne, etc." (1877). etc. Stoneham (ston'am). A town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts. 9 miles north by west ofBos'ton. Population (1900), 6,197, Stonehaven (ston-ha'vn). A seaport, capital of the county of Kincardine, Scotland, situated which unites with the Avon at Christchurch, — 2. A small river in Kent, England, which flows past Canterbury and empties into the North Sea at the Isle of Thanet. — 3. A river on the boundary between Essex and Suffolk, England, which flows into the North Sea 10 miles south- east of Ipswich. — 4. A river in Stafi'ordshire and Worcestershire, England, which joins the Severn at Stourport. on the North Sea 14 miles south-southwest of Storer, Francis Humphreys. Bom at Boston, Aberdeen. Near it are the ruins of Dunnottar Mass., March 27, 1832. An American chemist. Castle. Population (1891), 4,497. professor in Harvard I'niversity (.1870), and Stonehenge (ston'henjl. A celebrated prehis- ^'ean of the Bussey Institution, toric monument in Salisbury Plain, Wiltshii-e, Stork, King. See Log. King. England, 8 miles north of Salisbury. The original Storm and Stress. See Sturm iind Drang. plan seems to have included two concentric circles of up- StOITU King (storm king). A mountain on the Agassiz. Hewrote"Fishcsof North America "(1846), etc. StOUrbridgO (ster'brij). A town in Worcester- 1.1. Ti :_ TT 1 T> ^ r>.,i. — shire, England, situated on the Stou- 10 miles west of Birmingham. It has manufactures of glass, fire-brick, etc. Population (1891), 9,386. Stourport (ster'port). A town in Worcester- shire, England, situated at the junction of the Stour -n-ith the Severn, 10 miles north by west of Worcester. Population (1891), 3.504. right stones inclosing two ellipses. In the middle there yresterii bank of the Hudson, above West Point. Stow(st6), John. Bom at London in 1525 : died is a slab called the altar. Seventeen stones of the outer TTpjo-lit 1 5^0 f Apt circle(16-18feet high) are standing, in part connected by -f^'^'f'"'''^''^''" -^"^J^^' . , t. .it , lintel-slabs resting on their tops. In the vicinity are StormS, Cape 01. A name given by Bartholo- many barrows and a race-course (" cursus "). men Dias to the Cape of Good Hope. We cannot leave this point without alluding to the ques- StomOWay (stor'no-wa). Aseaport outheeast- tion, whose temple Stonehenge was, or whose it chiefly ern coast of the island of Lewis, Hebrides, in was After giving it all the attention I can, I have come j^t. 58° 11' N., long. 6° 22' W. It is the largest to the conclusion that we cannot do better than follow , • i.u -n i - i r, it- /iooi\ o ooe the storj- of Geoffrey, which makes stonehenge the work to^^ l^ tne Hebrides. Population (1891), 3,38b. of Merlin Emrys, commanded by another Emi^s. which I Storo (sto're). An island on the western coast iiiterpret to mean that the temple belonged to the Celtic of Norway, about 35 miles south of Bergen. Storrs (st6rz),Kichard Salter. Bom at Brain- tree, Mass., Aug. 21, 1821: died at Brooklyn, Zeus, whose later legendary self we have in Merlin. It would be in vain to look for any direct argument for or against such an hypothesis : one can only say that it suits the facts of the case, and helps to understand others of a somewhat similar nature. What sort of a temple could have been more appropriate for the primarj' god of light and of the luminous heavens than a spacious, open-air en- closure of a circular form like Stonehenge? Nor do I see any objection to the old idea that Stonehenge was the original of the famous temple of .\pollo in the island of the N. Y., June 5, 1900. An American Congrega- tional clergyman, noted as a pulpit orator. He Wits pastor of the Church of the Pilgrims, Brooklyn, 1846- 1900. He was an editor of the '■ In48 ; was several times cap- tured ; was defendetl unsuccessfully by SchiU against the French allies in 1809 ; and passed to Prussia in 1815. Pop- ulation (ISDo), 27,814. Strand (strand). One of the chief thorough- fares of London, extending southeast from Fleet street to Cliaring Cross. Originally the only route between the City and Westminster was by Wat- ling street over llolbttrn Bridge. Later, when Ludgate was openecl and Fleet Bridge built, a more direct way was matle by the "St raunde "through the fens or marsh by the river side. The street became tbefa..,liionalile ((n;u-tcr', anti was, espeeiallyon theriversidc. Imilt up with line piiiiues and monasteries (Bridewell, Whitefriar.-;, The Temple, Savoy, etc.). Strange (strauj), Sir Robert. Born in Main- land, Orkney, July 14, 1721: died at London, July 5, 1792. A British line-engraver. Inl7;)5he was apprenticed to an Edinburgh engraver, and in 1745- 1746 lie was in the Jacobite army. In 1748 he studied drawing under .1. B. Descamps at Rouen ; in 1749 was a pupilof I.e Bas at Paris ; and in 1750 returned to Lon- don, where he superintended the illustrations of Dr. Wil- liam Hunter's work on the "Gravid Uterus" from red chalk drawings by "Van Rymsdyck, published in 1774. In 1753 he engraved the "Magdalen" and " Cleopatra " of Guido, and in 17('^ went to Italy. He was elected a member of the academies of Rome, Florence, Parma, and Paris, and was kni^'hte'l in 17S7. Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, The. A tale by R. L. Stevenson, published in 1SS6. stranger (stran'jer). The. A translation from Kotzel.iue's " Misanthropy and Repentance," by Tliompsdu, altered and improved by Sheridan. Strange Story, A. A novel by B"ulwer Lyf- tou, published during 1862 in '"All the Year RouikI." Strangford (strang' ford), Lough. A lake or branch of the Irish Sea, situated in northeast- ern Ireland 10 miles southeast of Belfast. Length, about 16 miles. Straniera (strii-ne-a'ra). La. [It., 'The Stranger.'] An opera by Bellini, first pro- duced at Milan in 1H29. Stranraer (stran-riir' ). A seaport in Wig- townshire, Scotland, situated at the head of Loch Kyan, in lat. .54° 54' N., long. ,5° 2' W. It has some coasting trade. Population (1891), 6,193. Strap (strap), Hugh. A follower of Roderick Kandoin in Smollett's novel of that name. He is a simple, disinterested fellow, ill treated by his mother. Straparola da Caravaggio (strii-p.a-ro'lii dii kii-rii-viid'jo), Giovanni Francesco, known as Straparola. Bi>rn near tlie end of the 15th century: died about 1557. An Italian novelist. He published "Sonetti, strambotti, epistole 6 capitole" (1.568), but is best remembered by his collection of stories called "'J'redeci piacevoli notti," drawn from many sources and pul)lished at Venice in two series in 1550 and 15.54. Many editions were issueii. and the book has been a store- house f I'om wliich stieceeding writers have obtained plots, etc. Shaksj)ore and Nb^lit're are indebted to it, one of the stories is in Painter's " Palace of Pleasure," and there have been several French ti'anslations. The stories are told (Ui separate nights by a pai'ty of ladies and gentlemen enjoy- ing the cool air at .Murano (Venice), and are freciuently called "Slraparida's .Nights. Strasburg (stras'beig),(i. Strassburg (striis'- bijro), F. Strasbourg (sti'iis-l)iir'). 'fhe cajii- tal of Alsace-Lorraine, silualed at the junction of the Breusch and 111, about 2 miles from the Rhino, in lat. 48° 35' N., long. 7° 46' E.: the Ro- man Argentoratiim. It Is a railway center, a fortieas of the first rank, and an Important strategic point. 11 has nuimifacturestif beer, leather, tobacco, liyes, etc.; and ex- ports beer, sausages, "fat liver plcR,"S}nu'r-kraut, Imps, etc. The cathedral is an Interesting monument, founded In the 11th century, and not llidshed until the 15th. The west front and openwork tower and spireare famous ; the front Is very richly tlocorated with tracerii-d windows ami slender arcadlng, and has fine sculptured portals and a splendid rose, but it bears little relation to I he remainder of the edillce, far above which it rises in a heavy square nniss. The "plre Is 468 feet high. The 13tli.centui-y nave Is 100 feet high, and excellent In design : the east end Is of mas- sive Uoinanesi|ue, with an early crypt. The nu-dieviU glass Is gtugcous In color, nnti the great astronomical clock (1842) is an artistic and scientific curiosity, 'rhi- Church of St. Thomas Is chlelly of thetinieof transiilou from lt(»ru:tn- esiiue to Ptdnti'd, of massive nml imposing architecture, and possesses good glass. It Is chlelly remarkable, lu)W- ever, for the tomb of the Mardchal de Saxe, erected by Stratonice Louie XV., and designed by Pigalle. The marshal np- {)ear8 descending to the grave, to which he Is conducted )y Death, while FYance iu the form of a beautifol woman seeks to hold him back. The University of Strasburg was founded in the first part of the 17th century: was sup- pressed in the French Revolution ; was refoanded lat«r as a French acadeiuy ; and was refounded as a university in 1872. Connected with It are an obser^'atory and a library of over 70o,(X»0 volumes. Near Argentoratum the emperor Ja- lian defeated the Alamauni in 367 ; but the town was later conquered by the Alamanni and by the Franks. Strasburg was confirmed as a free imperial city in consequence of the victory of the citizens over the bishop In 1'.'62. The gilds obtained a share in the government in 1332. A wholesale execution of Jews took place in 1349. The town became one of the leading cities of the Empire ; accepted the Reformation ; » a.s taken by the French in liiSl and con- firmed to them in 1697 ; and was annexed with Alsace to Germai]y in 1871. The city was invested by the Germans in the middle of Aug., 1870: was bombarded Aug. 24 and succeeding days ; and capitulated (after great damage to the city and cathedral) Sept. -28. w ith a garrison of nearly 18,000 men commanded by General ITirich. The attack- ing force was under General von Werder. Population (I'.lOlll, l.-,0.2(i8. Strasburg. A \-illage in Shenandoah County, Virginia, situatedon the North Fork of the Shen- niidoah. 72 miles west of Washiugtem. Itwasan important point in the Civil War. Near it occurred the battle of Fisher's Hill, or Woodstock, Sept, 22, 1864. Strasburg, Oath of. See the extract. This fact conies proniinently forth in the famous oath of strassburg, presei'ved by Nithard. That precious docu- ment has been commented upon over ancl over again as a matter of philology ; it is no less valuable as a matter of history. It shows that in 841 the distinctions of race and language were beginning to make themselves felt The Austrasian soldiers of King Lewis swear in the Old- German tongue, of which the oath is an early monument ; but of the language in which the oath is taken by the Neustrian soldiers of King Charles, the oath itself is, as far as our knowledge goes, absolutely the oldest monument. Freeman, Hist- Essays, L 181. Strasburg-an-der-Drewenz (stras ' boro - iin - iler-dra' vents). A town in the province of West Prussia, situatedon theDrewenz84miles south- southeast of Dantzic. Population (1890), 6,122. Strasburg-in-der-Uckermark (strSs'boro-in- der-ok'er-miirk). A town in the province of Brandenburg, Prussia, 72 miles north-northeast of Berlin. Population (1890), 6,246. Strassburg (in Alsace). See Strashiirtj. Strassnitz (striis'nits), Slav. Striznice (strilzh'net'se). A town in Moravia, Austria- Hungary, situated on the March 37 miles south- southeast of Briinn. Population (1890), 4,719. Stratford (straffprd). A suburb of London, situated in Essex, on the Lea, 4Amiles east-north- east of St. Paul's. Stratford. The capital of Perth County, On- tario, Canada, situated on the Avon 58 miles west of Hamilton. Population (1901), 9,959. Stratford de Redcliffe, Viscount. See Can- iiiiKj, Stratford. Stratford-upon-Avon(strat'tV;rd-u-pon-a'vqn), or Stratford. A town in Warwickshire, Eng- land, situated on the Avon 8 miles southwest of Warwick: famousastho birthplace of Shakspere. It contains the Church of the Holy Trinity (F.arly English and Perpendicular styles), with the tomb of Shakspere; the house whcreSbitkspcre was born; and the New I'liicc, the site of the house bnill by Sir lluglK loiiton in the time of Henry VII., and bought by Sbaksjiere in 1597; Shakspere 's house is now national property and has been suitably restored. The low gabled exterior, with its timber framing filled In with plaster, and the interior rooms, preserve tlieir Utth- century character. An Interesting Shakspere Museum has been formed In the house. The Shaksjiere fountain was erected in lsS7 by George W. Childs. Near by is Shottery, with .\ini llathaway's cottage. Population (1891), 8,318. Strathbogie (strath-bo'gi). A district in the nort liwi'stern jiart of the county of Aberdeen, Scotland. Strathclyde (strath-klid'). A medieval Celtic kingdom, embracing in its greatest extent soiiljiweslern Scotland to the Clyde and north- west<'rii Eiiglanil to the Mersey. The northern part was fliuilly aimexed to Scotland in il-24. Called Cum- lula in its later history. Strathearn (strath-('>rn'). The valley of the E;ini. in I'erlhshire, Scotland. Strathmore (stralh-mor'). An extensive plain in lasUrn Perthshire and Forfarshire, Scot- lan.l. Strath Spey (stratli spa). The valley drained by the Spey in the counties of Inverness, El(^n, and Banff, Scotland. StratO (stra'lo), or Straton (stra'ton). [Or. l.Tpnruv.] A Gi'eek peripatetic philosopher, the successor of Theophrnstus in the presidency of the Lyceum in 288 B. C. Uc was called "the natu- ralist "'beca.iso he ilvclared the intcrvcntltui of a deity iu nattirc utinecessary. Stratonice (strat-o-ui'se). [Gr. Srparoi'iV-i;.] Lived about 300 B. C. Daughter of Demetrius Poliorcetes, and wife of Seleueus Nicator, and Stratonice later of his son Aiitiochus I. Seleucus, discovering his son's passion for her, gave her to hiro, and at the same time made liim king of the provinces of upper Asia. Stratton (strat'n). A place in Cornwall, Eng- land, 26 miles southwest of Barnstaple, where, in 1643, the Roj'alists defeated the Parliamenta- rians. Stratton, Charles Sherwood (sobriquet Tom Thumb). BornatBridgeport,Conn.,1838: died at Middleborough, Mass., 1883. An American dwarf, exhibited by P. T. Barnum in various parts of the world. He married in 1863 Mercy Lavinia Bnmp (Lavinia Warren), also a dwarf. When first exhib- ited he was about two feet high, but grew to a height of forty inches. Strauss (stvous), David Friedrich. Born at Ludwigsburg, \Vtirtemberg, Jan. 27, 1808: died at Ludwigsburg, Feb. 8, 187-t. A celebrated German theological and philosophical writer and biographer. He was educated at Tubingen and Berlin, and was " repetent " at the Tbeological Seminary and lecturer at the University of Tubingen 1832-36. He was deprived of his office on account of his"Leben Jesu," and received the position of teacher at the Lyceum of Ludwigsburg : this, however, he abandoned in 1836, and went to Stuttgart. In 1839 he was called as professor of dogmatics and church history to Zui'ich ; but his appoint- ment caused so much opposition that he was at once pensioned, and soon driven from the place. He lived thereafter at Stuttgart, Darmstadt, and elsewhere. He Bought to prove that the gospel history is mythical in character. Among his works are " Das Leben Jesu "("Life of Jesus," 1835), "Die christliche Glaubenslehre, etc." ("Chiistian Doctrine of Belief," 1840-41), biographies of Schubart (1841)), Marklin (18,"il), Frischlin (IS.-J.S), Ulrich von Hutten (186&-60), Reimarus (]86'2), Voltaire (18711), *'Da8 Leben Jesu fur das deutsche Volk " (1864) "Der alte und der neue Glaube" ("The Old and the >'ew Be- lief," 1872), and controversial works. Strauss, Eduard. Born at Vienna, Feb. 14, 1835. An Austrian composer of dance-music, son of Johann Strauss (1804-49). in 1870 he be- came conductor of the court balls. He has composed more than 200 pieces of dance-music. Strauss, Johann. Born at Vienna, March 14, 1804: died there, Sept. 25, 1849. An Austrian composer and conductor, famous for his dance music. In 1826 he became the conductor of a small orchestra at Vienna, which gave successful concerts, and he was engaged for six years at the ".Sperl." The band was finally enlarged to 200 members, out of which a se- lection was made of a certain number who played music of the highest class. He now began a series of tours, ap- pearing for the first time in England in 1838. He raised dance-music (of whichhe composed about 260 piece3)to a high level. Strauss, Johann. Born at Vienna, Oct. 25, 1825: died there, June 3, 1899. An Austrian composer, son of Johann Strauss (1804-49). He composed nearly 400 pieces of dance-music, among them the waltz "An derschonen blauen Douau " (" By the Beautiful Blue Danube "). Among his operettas are " Indigo, oder die vierzig Rauber" (1871), "Der Karneval in Rom," "Die Fledeimaus," "Cazliostro," "Prinz Methusalem," etc. Strauss, Joseph. Bom at Vienna, Aug. 22, 1827 : died there, July 22, 1870. An Austrian composer of dance-music, son of Johann Strauss (1804-49). He composed about 280 pieces of dance-music. Strawberry Hill (stra'ber"i hil). Horace Wal- pole's country house, near Twickenham, Surrey. He gave Kitty ('live a small house near it, which he called Cliveden, sometimes " Little Strawberry Hill." Streaky Bay (stre'ki ba). An Inlet of the ocean, on the coast of South Australia, in long. 134° E. Street (stret), Alfred Billings. BomatPough- keepsie, N.Y., Dec. 18,1811 :diedatAlbany,N.Y., June 2, 1881. An American poet and author, State librarian of New York. Among his poems are "The Burning of Schenectady " (1842), " Drawings and Tintings " (1844), "Fugitive Poems" (1846), "Frontenac" (1849). His other works include " Woods and Waters," on Adirondack travel (1860), etc. Street, The. A jiopular name for the part of New York in and near Wall street, famous as a financial center. Strelasund (stra'la-zont). The narrow strait which separates RUgen in the Baltic from the mainland of Germany. StrelitZ. See Neustrelitz. Strelna (stral'na). A Russian royal palace, situated on the Gulf of Finland 12 miles west- southwest of St. Petersburg. Strephon (strcf'on). A shepherd, a character in Sir Philip Sidney's "Arcadia." In English poetry it is often a conventional name of a lover. Stretford (stret'ford). A town in Lancashire, England, situated on the Mersey 3 miles south- west of Manchester. Population (1891), 21.751. Stretton (stret'on), Hesba. The pseudonjan of Sarah or Hannah Smith, an English novelist and juvenile writer. She has published nearly forty books under this name. Strieker (strik'er), Der. Lived in Austria about 1240. A Middle High German poet, of 962 his life nothing is known. He wrote epics and "Bei- spielf " (fables, stories, etc.). Strickland (strik'land), Agnes. Born about 1808: died July, 1874. An English historical writer. Her chief works are "Lives of the Queens of England " (12 vols. 1840-49), "Lives of the Queens of Scot- land " (8 vols. 18.W-69), "Bachelor Kings of England" (1861), and "Lives of the Seven Bishops " (1866). She also edited "Letters of Mary Queen of Scots," and wrote sev- ei;tl novels. Stringham (string'am), Silas Horton. Born at Middletown, Ora'iige County, N. Y., Nov. 7, 1798: died at Brookljii, N. Y., Feb. 7, 1876. An American admiral. He served in the War of 1812, and in the Algerine and Mexican wars, and com- manded the expedition to the Hatteras forts in Aug., ISGl. Strobeck (stre'bek). A small village in the province of Saxony, Prussia, near Halberstadt. Its inhabitants are renowned for their skill as chess-players. Stroma (stro'ma). A small island of Scotland, situated in Pentland Firth between Caithness and the Orkneys. Stromboli (strom'bo-le). One of the Lipari Isl- ands, north of Sicily : famous for its constantly active volcano (height, 3,038 feet). Stromness (strom-nes'). A seaport on the western coast of Mainland, Orkney Islands, 13 miles west of Kirkwall. Stromo (stre'me). The chief one of the Faroe Islands. Stromstad (strfem ' stad). A small watering- place on the southwestern coast of Sweden, near the Norwegian frontier. Strong (strong), Caleb. Born at Northampton, Mass., Jan. 9, 1745: died there, Nov. 7, 1819! An American politician, a leading patriot in the Revolution. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1787 : Federalist I'nited States senator from Massachusetts 17S9-96; and governor of Massachusetts 1800-117 and 1812-16. Strong, George Crockett. Born at Stockbridge, Vt., Oct. 16, 1832: died in New York city, July 30, 1863. An American general in the Civil War. He was a staR-offlcer under McDowell, McClel- lan, and Butler: and as brigadier-general was mortally wounded in the assault on Fort Wagner, July 18, 1863. Strong, James. Born at New York, Aug. 14, 1822: died at Round Lake, N. Y., Aug. 7, 1894. An American scholar, acting president of Troy University 1858-61, and professor of exegeti- eal theology in Drew Theological Seminary, Madison, N. J., from 18G8. He was one of the Old Testament revisers, and was associated witli Dr. J. Mc- Clintock in editing the "Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theolo- gical, and Ecclesiastical Literature," becoming sole editor after McClintock's death. He also published "A New Harmony anti Ex)iosition of the Gospels" (1852), a " Har- mony "in Greek (1854), and various other works, chiefly religious. Strong, James Hooker. BornatCanandaigua, N. Y., April 26, 1814: died at Columbia, S. C, Nov. 23, 1882. An American admiral, dis- tinguished as commander of the Monongahela in the battle of Mobile Bay in the Civil War. He was promoted rear-admiral in 1S73 ; commanded the South Atlantic squadron 1873-75 ; and retired in 1876. Strong, William. Born May 6, 1808 : died Aug. 19, 1895. An American jurist. He was Demo- cratic member of Congress from Pennsylvania 1847-51 ; justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania 1867-68; and associate justice of the United States Supreme Court 1870-80. He was a member of the Electoral Commission in 1877. Strongbow, Richard. See Clare, nichard dc. Strong Island, or Ualan (wa-liin'), or Kusai (ko-si'). An island of the Caroline Archipel- ago, Pacific Ocean, in lat. 5° 21' N., long. 163° 1' E. It has an American mission. Length, about 10 miles. Strongoli (strong'go-le). A small town in the province of Catanzaro, southern Italy, 36 miles northeast of Catanzaro: the ancient Poetelia. Stronsa (stron'sjl), orStronsay (stron'sa). An island of the Orkneys, Scotland, northeast of Pomona. Length, li miles. Stronsa Firth. An arm of the sea between Stronsa and Pomona. Strontian (stron'shi-an, locally stron-te'an). A village in Argyllshire, Scotland, situated on Loch Sunart 20 miles north by west of Oban. The metal strontian (found there) was named from it. Strophades (.strof 'a-dez). [Gr. 2rpo0(5(!ec, turn- ing islands: see tlie def.] A group of small islands west of the Peloponnesus, Greece, in lat. 37° 14' N.. long. 21° E. : the modern Strivali or Stamphane. Hither the sons of Boreas were said, in Greek legend, to have pursued the Harpies, and here they turned back from their pursuit (whence the name). Strother (stroTH'^r), David Hunter. Bom at Martiusburg, Va., Sept. 16, 1816: died at Charleston, W. Va., March 8, 1888. An Ameri- Stuart can author and artist. Under the pseudonym "Port* Crayon" he contributed to "Harper's Magazine" illus. trated articles, chiefly on the South. He was a Federal olBcer (colonel of cavalry) in the CivU War. Stroud (stroud), A town in Gloucestershire, England, 26 miles northeast of Bristol : famous for its cloth manufactures. Pop. (1891), 9,818. Strozzi (strot'se), Bemardo. Bom at Genoa, 1581 : died at Venice, 1644. An Italian painter, surnamed "11 CapuccLno " (' The Capuchin') and "II Prete Genovese" ('The Genoese Priest'). Strudel (stro'del). Der. [6., 'the whirlpool.'] A whirlpool in the Danube, near Grein in Upper Austria : formerly very dangerous. Length, 900 feet. Struensee (stro'en-za). Count Johann Fried- rich von. Born at Halle, Germany. Aug. 5, 1737: executed at Copenhagen, April 28, 1772. A German-Danish politician. He was educated aa a physician ; was appointed physician to Christian VII. of Denmark in 1768 ; became the favorite of Queen Caroline Matilda (sister of George III. of England), and in 1771 themost influential minister ; introduced various reforms ; and was overthrown by a conspiracy in 1772. Struldbrugs (struld'brugz). An immortal race, inhabitants of Luggnagg, an imaginary land described in "Gulliver's 'Travels" by Swift. Struma (strb'mii), or Karasu(kii-ra's"6). A river in Bulgaria and Turkey which flows through Lake Tachj-no (the ancient Cercinites), and empties into the ^gean Sea 50 miles east of Saloniki: the ancient Strymon. Strutt (strut), John William, third Baron Ray- leigh. Born Nov. 12, 1S42. A noted English physicist. He studied at Trinity CoUege, Cambridge, of which he became a fellow in 1866; was professor of ex- perimental physics at Cambridge 1879-84 ; and became professor of natural philosophy at the Royal Institution in 1888. In 1895 he, with Professor William Ramsay, dis- covered argon — at first supposed to be a new element — io the atmosphere. Strutt (strut), Joseph. Bom in Essex, Eng- land, Oct, 27. 1742 : died at London, Oct. 16, 1802. An English engraver and antiquary. He published " The Regal and Ecclesiastical Antiquities of England" (1773), " Horda-AngelCynnan " (1774), "The Chronicleof England "(1777-79)," Biographical Dictinnaiv of Engravers"(1785-86), "Complete View of the Dress and Habits of the People of England " (1796-99), " Sports and Pastimes of the People of England " (1801). Struve (stro've), Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von. Bom at Altona, tiermany, April 15, 1793 : died at St. Petersburg, Nov. 23, 1864. A noted German-Russian astronomer, director of the Dorpat observatory 1817, and afterward (1839- 1862) of the Pulkowa observatorj-. He is especially noted for his researches on double stars, and for his work in geodesy. He published "Stellarum duplicium men- surie micrometricse " (1.S37), "Stellarum flxarum, impri- mis compositarum positiones media; " (1862), "Arc du m6- ridien entre le Danube et la Mer Glaciale " (1861), etc. Struve, G-UStav von. Born at Munich, Oct. 11, 1805: diedat Vienna, Aug. 21, 1870. A German republican agitator. He took an active part in llic revolutionary movements in Baden 1848-49, and published works on politics, history, etc. Struve, Otto Wilhelm von. • Born at Dorpat, Russia, May 7, 1819. A Russian astronomer, son of F. G. W. von Struve, and his successor as director of the Pulkowa observatory. He has discovered about 500 double stars and a satellite of T^ranus, and has published important researches on comets, neh- ulje, Saturn, etc. Stryj (stre). A river in Galicia, Austria- Hungary, which joins the Dniester 31 miles southeast of Lemberg. Length, over 100 miles. Stryj, or Stry (stre). A town in Galicia, Aus- tria-Hungary, situated on the river Stryj 39 miles south of Lemberg. It was nearly de- stroyed by fire in 1886. It has cattle-markets. Population (1890), commune, 16,515. Strymon (stri'mon). [Gr. XTpvititv.'] The an- cient name of the Struma. Strymonicus Sinus (stri-mon'i-kus si'nus). In ancient geography, an arm of the JE,g63,n Sea, on the coast of Macedonia, east of the penin- sula of Chalcidice: the modern Gulf of Con- tessa. Strype (strip), John. Born at Stepney, near London, Nov. 1, 1643 : died at Hackney, Dec. 11, 1737. An English biographer and hi.>itori- eal writer. He was educated at St. Paul's School and at Cambridge, and in 1669 was made perpetual curate of Theydon-Bois in Essex. His works fill 13 folio volnniee. "They include " Memorials of Archbishop Cranmer" (IC94), "Annals of the Reformation in England" (1709-31), an edition of Stow's "Survey of London " (1720). "Ecclesias- tical Memorials" (1721), .and lives of Sir Thomas Smith, Aylmer, Cheke, Grindal, Matthew Parker, and Whitgift, Stuart, or Stewart, or Steuart (stii'art). A royal family of Scotland and England. It was descCTided from a family which for several generationfl held the office of high steward of Scotland (whence the name). Walter, the sixth high steward, married Margaret, Stuart daughter of Robert Bruce, and on the death of Marparet's brother David II. in 1371, the only child of this murriagc encceeded as Robert 11. The Stuart sovereigns of Scot- land were Robert II-, Robert III., James I., James II., James III., -Tames IV., James V., >Iary Queen of Scots, and James VI. James IV. married Mai-saret, dautrhter of Henry VII. of England, and on the failure of direct heirs at the death of Elizabeth, the last uf Henrj' VIII.'s dc- scendanta, in 1603, James VI. of Scotland, Margaret's great- grandson, succeeded to the throne <»f Englanrl as James I. The Stuart sovereigns of England and Scotland jointly were James I., Charles I.. Charles II., James IL, Mary (consort of William Ill.t, and Anne. Stuart (stu'art), Arabella. Bom about 1575: died in the "Tower of Loudon, Sept. 27, 1G15. A daughter of Charles Stuart, earl of Lennox (younger brother of Darnley), and cousin of James I. she was the next heir after James to both the English and Scottish crowns. "Lady Margaret Douglas, the mother of Darnley and his brother, having been the daughter of Archibald, sixth earl of Angus, by Margaret, queen dowager of James IV., James VI. (T. of England) was thus nearest heir of the junior English branch by a double descent, Arabella Stuart being next heir by a single descent." (Encyc. Brit.) Sir Walter Raleigh was accused of a plot to place her on the throne in 16i>3. She married William Se>Tuour in ICdO, and was imprisoned by James in consequunct'. Stuart, Charles Edward. See Charles Ed- ward Louis r/iiiip Casimir, Stuart, Gilbert. Born at Narragansett, R. I., 1755: died at Boston, July 27, 1828. A noted American portrait-painter. He wasapupilofWest in London, and settled in the United States in 179;i. He painted five whole lengths and a number of other portraits of Washington, and ais*? portraits of John Adams, J. Q. Adams, Jefferson, iladisun, Storj', Ames, Astor, etc. Of his portraits of Washington the so-called "Athenseum head," and its pendant the portrait of Mrs. Washington, were painted at Germantown, and were bought from Stu- art's widow by the Washington Association and other gentlemen, who presented them to the hoston Athenreum in 1831. Stuart copied them for General Washington, ac- cording to the statement of his daughter, keeping the originals by agreement. The "Gibbs Washington" is also in the same institution. Excellent specimens of his work are to be found in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts and the New York Historical Society, the latter including the portrait of Egbert Benson, painted in 1807. Hie great- est works are the portraits of Judge Stephen Jones and of F. S. Richards of Boston. His best work in England is a portrait nf Mr, Grant of Congalton skating, exhibited as a Gainsborough in 1878. Stuart.Henry Benedict MariaClement. Bom at Rome, 1725: died at Frascati, Italy, July 13, 1807, A son of the Old Pretender. He was created cardinal in 1747, and assumed the title of Henry IX. of England on the death of his brother (the Young Preten- der) in 1788. Stuart, James, second Earl of Murray or Mo- ray. Bom 1533: killed Jan. 21, 1570. Regent of Scotland: illegitimate son of James V. of Scot- land and Margaret, daughter of Lord Erskine. At the age of 5 he was made prior of St. Andrews ; and at 15 he routed an English force on the Fife coast. He joined Knox on hia return, and became the chief adviser of Mary Stuart on her accession. In ]5G2 he was created earl of Mar. Resigning this earldom, he was created earl of Murray or Moray. He opposed the Darnley marriage. and was outlawed. On the abdication of Queen Mary at Lochleven he was made regent. He defeated the queen at Langside. and was murdered by one of her followers, Hamilton of Bothwellhaugh. Stuart, James. Bom at London, 1713: died Feb 2, 1788. An English antiquarian, called "Athenian Stuart." Ho began, with Revett, *'Antiqnities of Athens "(1762: completed 181(i). Stuart, James Ewell Brown. Born in Patrick County, Va., Feb. 0, 1833: died at Richmond, Va., May 12, 18G4. A Confederate cavalry general. He graduated at West Point 1854 ; was distin- ?;ui8hed at the first battle of Bull Run ; became the lead- ng cavalry officer in the .Army of Northern Virginia ; con- ducted a raid around McClellan'a army June, 18ii2 ; served In the Seven Days' Battles ; captured Pt)|ie's camp and Ma- nassas Junction Aug., 1862 ; was distinguished at Antictam and elsewhere in the invasion of Marj-land ; later in 1862 made a raid Into Pennsylvania; commanded the extreme right at Fredericksburg; succeeded Jackson as corps cr)m- tnander at Chancellorsville; commanded a large cavalry force In the Gettysburg campaign ; was distingnished in the further operations of 1863-ul)t, ^\lien his father fled from the klngdoui, the child waa sent to France. Ue was proclaimed king of Kngl and (James 1 11.) and Scotland (James VIII.) by Louis XIV. in Hept., 1701; made an un- Buccessful attempt t<) Invade Seotland with a French force inlTOS; served in the French anny, dif^tinguisliing liimseU at Oudenarde and Malplnquet ; ctnintenaiiced the unsuc- cessful Jacoblterisiug In Scotland in ITlfi, appearing there in person In the latter part of that year ; and was driven out early in 1716. He soon retired to Home. Stuart, John, third Karl of Bute. Born 1713: died March 10, 1792. ^Vn English statesman. 963 He became a secretar>' of state in 1761, and was prime minister from May, 17'>2, to April. 1703. He was extremely unpopular. Imring liis administration occuired the cap- ture of Havana and of Manila, and the peace of Paris. Stuart, John Patrick Crichton-, third Mar- quis of Hut.'. I»M .1 (K-f. 0. 1900. Stuart, John MacDonall. Bom 1818: died 1866. An Australian explorer. He conducted expeditions 1858-62, traversing Australia from south to north 1SG2. Stuart, Matthew, Earl of Lennox. Born in Scotland. l.'iH): died at Stirling;, Sept. 4, 1571. A Scottish statesman and soldier, son of John Stewart, third earl of Lennox. » was the heir male of the Stuarts of Scotland at the death of James V. He married Lady Margaret Douglas, daughter of Archi- bald, earl of Angus, and the queen dowager Margaret. daughter of Henry VII. of Kngland. Matthew succeeded to the earltlom in i;'»26. In the civil war he sided with the parly of the English king. He was declared guilty of trea- son, and joined the invasion of Scotland in 1545 and 1547. In 1562 he was imprisoned in the Tower for planning the marriage of Lord Darnley, liis elder son, and Mary Stuart, He assist eil in the iinprisDnnietitof the queen at Ix»chleven Castle in l."'*;?, and was elected regent July 12, 1570. Stuart, Moses. Bom at Wilton, Conn., March 26, 1780: died at Andover, Mass., Jan. 4, 1852. An American piiilolojijist and theologian. He graduated at Yale in 17!*9: was a Congregational clergyman at New Haven lh06-10 ; and was professorof sacred litera- ture in Andover Theologieal Scniinary 181i>-4S. His chief works are "Clrammar of the Hebrew Language without Points" (1813), '* Grammar of the Hebrew Language with Points" (1821), "Commentary on the Epistle to the He- brews" (18i7-2S>. "Hebrew Chrestomathy " (1829), "Com- mentary on the Epistle to the Romans "(ift32), " (irammar of the New Testament Dialect" (revised edition 18.34), " Hints on the l*rophecies." " Philological View of Modern Doctrines of Geology," "Critical History and Defense of the Old Testament Canon" (1845). commentaries on the Apocalypse (1845), Daniel (1850), Ecclesiastes (1851), Prov- erbs (1852). He wrote also translations of German works, including Greek and Hebrew grammars. Stuart Island. A small island in Bering Sea, near the western coast of Alaska. Stubai Alps (sto'bi alps). A group of moun- tains in T\Tolj sometimes included in the Otz- thaler Alps, Stubaithal (sto'bi-tal). An Alpine valley in Tyrol, southwest of Innsbruck, famous for its suhlime scenerv. Stubbs (stubz),* George. Born 1722: died 1806. An English anatomist and painter of horses. He went to Italy to study in 1751. In 1776 he published his celebrated work on equine anatomy. In 1778 he was made an associate of the Royal Academy, and a full member in 1781. Stubbs.William. Born at Knaresborough, Eng- land, June 21, 1825: died at Cuddesdon, Oxfora- shire. April 22, 1901. A distinguished English historian. He studied at Oxford (Christ Church), grad- uating in 1848. He was appointed regius professitr of modern history at Oxford in 1866, curator of the Btidleian Library in lHfi8, canon of St. Paul's in 1879, and bishop of Chester in 1884, and was translated to the see of Oxford in 1883. He was the author of " The Constitutional History of England in its Origin and Development "' (1874-781, " The Early Fiantagenets" (1876 : " Epochs uf Modern History ' series), and "Seventeen Lectures on the Study of Media'vul and Modern History and Kindred Subjects" (1886); and edited Benedict of Peterborough's "Oesta Regis Henrici Secundi Benedicti Abbatis : Chronicles of the Reigns of Henry II. and Richard I., 1169-0-.i " (1^*17), "Select Charters and other lilustrationsof English Cmstitutional History, from theEarliestTimes to theReignof Edward the First" (1870),"MemorialeFratri3\Valteri deCoventria: The His- torical Collections of Walter of Coventry: Edited from the MS. in tlie Library of Corpus Chrisli Cnllege, Cam- bridge" (1872-73X" Memorials of St. Dunstan, Ardibisliop of Canterbury" (1874), "Radultl dc Diceto Decani Luil«»- niensis Opera Historica : The Historical Worka of Master Ralph de Diceto, Dean of London " (1876), " The Historical Wurksof Gervnse I >f Canterbury : Vols. I and II, TheChron- iele of (lie Reigns (if Stephen, Henry II., and RiehanI 1. By Gervasf, the Monk of Canterburv " (1870-H((), " ChronieK-s of the Reigns of Edward Land Edward II."U88i!-»3). etc. Students, The. A play printed in 1762, said by Genest to bo ** professedly 'Love's Labour 'a Lost* adapted to the stage," but it does not seem ever to have been acted. Stuhlweissenburg (stul-vis'son-boro). Hung. Sz^kes-Feh^rvdr (sa'kesh-fc'iiur-viir). The capitni ()f the county of Stuhlweissenburp, IlunjiCary, 37 miles soutlnvestof Budapest: the Roman Alba rof,na or Alba roj^'alis. it was the place of coronation of the kings of Hungary from the lit h to the 10th century, and was held by the Turks (with one Interruption. 1(501-02) from about 1.^:* to 1688. It has a cathedral. Population (lSiiO\ U7.M8, Stukeley (stuk'li), sir Thomas. Born at Tjon- don ab()nt 1520: died at Alcazar-C^uivir (Alca- zar), Aug. 4, 1578. A younger son in an ohl Devonsiiiro family, wlio", after a life of adven- ture, died in t!ie company of tlirce kinps on tho battle-field of Alcazar, rode made him the licro of his plav **The Battle of Alcazar" (aetvd in 1.58«). Stukeley (stuk'li), William. Bom at Hob beach, Lincolnshire, Nov. 7, 1687: died March Styria 3, 1765. An English antiquarian. He published some 20 works on the antiquities of England. Stimdists (.ston'dists). [< G. siunde, hour, h >s4ui ; from their meetings for Bible-reading.] A Russian sect which originated about 1860. Its ten. ts and practices are in the main evangelical and Protestant m character. .Since 1^70 ihe Stundists have liccn objects of jiersecution by iht- fiovernment. The sect has rajiidly increaaed in nnniben<. Sturgeon (stOr'jon), Major. A character in Foote's play ** The Mayor of Garratt,'* played by himself. Sturgeon Bay (st^r'jon ba). An arm of Green Hay. iu Wisconsin. Sturluson. See J^norrc Sfurhsou. Sturm (stonn), Julius Karl Reinhold. Born at Kostritz. Germany, July 21, 1810: died at Leipsic in May, 1890. A German i)astor and lyric poet. He published "Frommo Lieder," etc. Sturm und Drang (storm 6nt driing). [G., * storm and stress.'] A period in German liter- ature (about 1770-80) noted for the impetuosity of thought and style of the younger Tvriters: so named from Klinger's drama "Slurm und Dranr. * Among the representatives of this movement were Her- der, tJoethe (in ''Werther"), Basedow, Klinjier, Lenz. etc. Sturt Cstert), Sir Charles. Died at Chelten- ham, England. Jime IG, 1S69. An English ex- plorer in Australia. He discovered the Darlinj: River in ]8"28,and the Murray River and Lake Alexandrina 1830- IS-'Jl, and conducted an expedition into the interior lfc44-4.'>. Sturt, Mount. [Named from Sir Charles Sturt.] A mi>untain of the Gawler Range. South Aus- tralia, soutli-soiithwest of Lake (iairdner. Stutly (stut'li), Will. A character in the Robin Hoofl cycle of English legend. Stuttgart (stot'gjirt). The capital of "Wiirtera- berg, situated on the Nesenbach, neartheXeck- ar, lulat. 48O40'N.,long. 9° WE. it is the lead- ing? city in south Germany in the business of book-pub. lishing, and has manufactures of chemicals, dyes, musical instruments, drugs, sugar, etc. The new roysd palace, be- irun in 1746. surrounds three sides of a 8(|Uare, and contains finely proportioned and decorated apartments with some Cood modern paintings and sculptures. The old palace, adjuining, is of the 16th century : it has cylindrical anple- towers, and a picturesque arcaded court. Stuttgart also contains a noted academy of music, a royal Iibrar>' (of over 500,000 volumes), and an art nniseum. It was made the capital of all Wiirtemberg lands in 14h2, and has developed rapidly in the nineteenth century. I» was the seat of the '• Hump Parliament" in 1849. I'opulation (19(>i»), 17«,31H. Stuyvesant (sfi've-sant), Peter. Born in Hol- land, 1592: died at New York, Feb., 1672. The last Dutch governor of New York. He 8er\'cd in the West Indies ; was for a time governor of Tu- ra^ao; and returned to the Netherlands in 1044. He was appointed director-general of New Netherlands in l&iG, arriving at New Amsterdam in lti47. He conciliated Ihe Indians ; arranged a boundary line with the Knglish colo- nists at Hartford in IG^'O: dismissed a convention demand- ing popular reforms in ICM ; took posst-ssion of tlie col- ony of New Sweden in 1055; was compelled to surrender the colony to the English in Sept., 1664; and sailed for the Netherlands in 166."', but returned and lived on his farm, the "Bouwerij" (Bower>), New York. Styles (stilz), Tom or John, A fictitious name formerly used by lawyers In actions of eject- ment. Stylites. See Simeo)! Stiflites. Stymphalides (stim-faf'i-dez). [Gr. Irvju^- /(()(C.J lu (Jreek legend, a flock of fierce Innls near Lake Slymplialus. Tht-y had brazen claws. beaks, and wings, and coidd discliarge tlieir own feathers like arrows. Tokill themwasoneof tJielaborsofHerculea. Styniphalus (stim-fa'lus). [Gr. IrifiifKiyMc.'] In aneient geography, a district and lake in the northeastern part of Arcadia, Greece, near Mount Cyllene. Styr (ster). A river in Galicia and western Russia which joins the Pripet about lat. 52°N. Length, about 'J50 miles. Styria (stir'i-ji). [(i. Steinmarl' or Steycnnarl\ F. .N7//r/V.] A crownland and titular dtichy of tlie (^isloithan divisictn of Austria-llungarv, bounded by Upper Austria and Lowrr Austria on the north, tltingary on the east, Croatia and C'arniola on the south, Oarinthia on the south and west, and Sal/burg on tlie west. (^apitj)l, (iratz. it is tlividid Inlo rpper styria In the nortli and l^owcr Styria in the south. Tlu- surface Is cen- crally n)ounlainoUB(the Alps, Including the S(yrian AlpH and the Karawanken). n»»l '" traversed by the Mur and Drave : tlio Save is on its southern fnnitiiT. It is rich in agrlculturnl products, has great minend wealth (iron and c«)al, lead, tAuc. also salt, etc.\ O'l^i has Important manufactures of Iron and iron and steel nrtich-s. Tho prevailing religion is Komanrath*. It was C'Huiucred by rbnrles the '. was united with Auf^- trta in 11U2 ; and has beun in the posacuion of the Uapft- burgs since I'Mi, It was sereral (tmes invaded by tbe Suevi Sudbury. A town in Middlesex County, Massa- chusetts, 19 miles west of Boston. It was the seene of a battle with the Indians in 1676. Pop- ulation (1895), i,141. Sudermania. See Sddermanlancl. Sudermann (zo'der-man), Hermann. Born at Matziekeii, East Prussia, Deo. 9, 1857, A Ger- man dramatic poet. He is a disciple of Ibsen. Among his plays are "Die Elu-e." •■Sodoms Ende," and " Heimat." which was played with great success in Paris hy Sarah Ik-rnhardt sworn. She w-as the goddess of the river.Styx. . ^^ Suchk ^su-sha^^ LomS^G^^^^^ d^Albu- |;j^|^^Q(;'o^^;^^en).*[G?,;1mJ|.ii^^^^^^^ Styria Turks. The Reformation wa-s suppressed by force In the 16th century. Area, 8,670 square miles. Population (1890X 1,282,708. Btyrian Alps (stir'i-an alps). A name given by some geographers to a division of the Alps which lies east of the Hohe Tauern. Styx (stiks). [Gr. Sn-j, the hateful.] In Greek mythology, a daughter of Oceanus, and mother of Zeal, Victorv, Power, and Strength. She first came to the aid of "Zeus against the Titans, and as a reward he kept her children with him in Olympus, and made her the goddess by whom the most inviolaljle oaths were sworn. She was the goddess of tl Styx. In Greek mythology, a mighty river, tenth part of the water of Oceanus, which flows iu the lower world. An oath sworn by any of the gods in the name of the river was confirmed by drinking a cup of its water brought by Iris. If such an oath was violated, the guilty party was punished by being deprived of speech and breath for a year and banished from the council of gods for nine years. The name was also given to a water- fall in Arcadia. See the extract. Pausanias describes the terrible water as "a stream falUng from a precipice, the highest that he had ever be- held, and dashing itself upon a lofty rock, through which it passed and then fell into the Crathis" (VIII. xviii S 2). Homer and Hcaiod give similar descriptions. 964 1884, General Monroe; 1885, Pontiac ; 188B, Truubadour ; 1887, r.olus; 1888, Elkwood ; 1889, Rat eland; 1890, Salva- tor- 18ai, Loantaka; 18'.i2, Montana; 1893, Lowlander; 1894 Ramapo; 18115, Lazzaroue ; 1896, Henry of Navarre ; 1697.' Ben Brush; 1898, Tillo ; 1899, Imp; 1900, Kinley Mack ; 1901, Alcedo. Succoth (suk'o ;h). 1 . In scriptural geography, a place in Palestine, probably east of the Jor- dan and south or the Jabbok: destroyed by (jideon.— 2. The place of the first encampment of the Israelites in the Exodus. It is called in Egyptian records Thukot. and lay east of San. Marseilles," Jan. 3'. 1S26. A marshal of France. He served with distinction in Italy, especially in the cam- paigns of ISiXMll, becoming a brigadier-general in 1797, chief of staff to Mass^na in 1798, and general of division in 1800 ; and later at Austerlitz, Saalfeld, Pnltusk, and elsewhere. He received the command in Aragon in April, 1809 ; defeated Blake at Santa Fi^ and Belchite, June, lSil9, and O'Donnell near Lerida April 23. ISIO ; captured Tortosa Jan. 2, 1811 : stormed Tarragona June SS, 1811 ; captured Valencia Jan. 9, 1S12 ; and gained other victories. He A mountain system in Moravia, Austrian Sile- sia, Prussian Silesia, Bohemia, and Saxony, it extends from the basin of the Beczwa in Moravia to the gap of the Elbe near the Bohemian and Saxon frontier. Its chief divisions are the Isergebirge, Eiesengebii'ge, Glatzer Mountains (Schneeberg), Reichensteiner Moun- tains, Eulengebirge, Adlergebirge, Hahelschwerter Moun- tains, Heuscheuergebirge, Schweidnitzer Mountains. Lan- sitzer Mountains, and the Moravian Ciesenke and Altvater Schneegebirge. served under Napoleon in the Hundred Days. He became Sudini. hee ^stn. a marshal in 1811, and later a peer of France. He wrote gue (sii), Marie Joseph(bestknownasEugene). memoirs of his Spanish campaigns. ~ ^, . ^ .- ,,.,.. nel Leake CMorea," iii. p. 160) seems to have discovered SuchoW, or Su-chaU. See Soochoir. _ the waterfall intended, near Solos, where "two slender Suchtsln (ziieh'teln). A town in the Rhine cascades of water tall perpendicularly over an immense Ppoyinee, Prussia, situated near the Niers 36 K-'irVoTkt ^^t^^e:;:^!rr^^ afl'r miles northwest of Cologne. Population (1890), passing the Klukines, joins the river Akrata" (Crathis). 8,808. ^-rrr, -^^ Superstitious feelings of dread still attach to the water, Suckling(suk'ling), Sir John. Born at \V hitton, which is considered to be of a peaiUarly^noxiOTs char- jijfijiegex (baptized Feb. 10, 1609): supposed to have committed suicide at Paris about 1642. acter. Rawtinsoiiy Herod., III. 457, note. Suabia. See Swahin. Suakim (swa'kim), or Suakin (swa'kin). A seaport belonging to Egvpt, situated on the Red Sea in lat. 19° T N., long. 37° 19' E., on a small island : the chief seaport on the west coast of the Red Sea. It exports cotton, gum. ivory, senna, etc., and is the starting-point for caravans to the Sudan. It was occupied by British troops in the ilahdist revolt ; and near it occurred several conflicts between the .\nglo- Egyptian troops and the Mahdists under Osman Digna in 1884 and later. Population, estimated, about 12,000. Also Suwakiin, Sawnkin, and Sauakin. Suarez(swa'reth), Francisco. BomatGranada, Spain, Jan. 5, 1.'548: died at Lisbon, Sept. 25, An English Royalist poet and man of fashion of the court of Charles I. His father was a comptroller of the household of Charles I. In 1623 he entered Trinity College, Cambridge, and 1631-32 fought in the Marquis of Hamilt<3n's troop in Gustavus Adolphus's army. Return- ing to court just as the masks had passed their splendor, he wrote plays adapted to the scenery which the taste for them had developed. " Aglaura " was produced in 1637, and " Brennoralf ■ in 1639. When the war with the .Scottish Covenanters began (1639), he raised a troop of 100 horse for the king. In Nov., 1640, he was elected member for Brainber in the Long Parliament. In May, 1641, he was •implicated in a plot for the liberation of Strafford, was charged with high treason, and fled from England. He is „.„!.. „, i.,*„. ....^^ , --,,-. --, best known from his lyric poems and ballads. 1617. A noted Spanish Jesuit theologian and Sucre (so'kra), Antonio Jose^de. Born at Cu- itie philosopher. He is best known from his mand, Venezuela, June 13, 1793: died in th" scholastic philosoph " Defensio Fidel " (1613 : burned in England and France). His works were edited by Migne. Subanrika (s6-bun-re'kii). A river in India which flows into the Bay of Bengal 96 miles southwest of Calcutta. Length, nearly 300 miles. Suben (so'ben). In Egyptian mythology, the goddess of childbirth, akin to the Greek Eilei- thyia and the Roman Lucina. she was honored in southern Egypt, and especially at the city Eileithyia, con- secrated to her. In northern Egj-pt her place was filled by Xati, also called Buto. Her emblem was the vulture. Subiaco (so-be-a'ko). A town in the province of Rome, Italy, situated on the Teverone 33 miles east of Rome : the ancient Sublaqueum. There are Benedictine monasteries in the neighborhood ; Born at Paris, Dec. 10, 1804: died at Annecy, Savoy, July 3, 1857. A celebrated French nov- elist. His sponsors were Prince Eugfene Beauharnais and the empress Josephine ; from the former he took the name Eugene, which he prefixed to Sue to form his nom de plume. After a short stay at the hycie Bonaparte in Paris, he took up painting ami then medicine, and wrote also a couple of poorplays. He spent six years in the navy as a surgeon, falling heir to his father's large estate on his return to France in 1830. Chance led him to write his first novel, " Plick et Plock " (1831), and he was encouraged by its success to publish "Atar-Gull" (1831), "La sala- mandre" (1832), "La Coucaratcha" (1832-34), and "La vi- gie de Koat-Ven " (1833). For the subject-matter of aU these works he drew largely upon his store of personal reminiscences and experiences. A great deal of sound in- formation on naval matters is found embodied in Siie'a "Histoire de la marine fran(;aise" (1835-37). Dropping gradually into the general style of novel, he published ■• Arthur" (1838), "Le marquis de Ldtoriere" (1839), "Ma- thilde " (1841), "Le mome au diaiile" (1842). In a more erudite strain he composed two historical novels, "La- tr^aumont" (1837) and "Jean Cavalier" (1840). He ex. erted a profound influence bv the views to which he gave expression in "Lesniysttresde Paris "(1842-43), and in "Le Juif errant "(1844-15). A change of government drove him into exile in 1852, and he spent the remainder of his lite in Annecy. In addition to the works mentioned above, he pro;inceofPasto,NewGranadaJnne4 1830 A -oteaf^^^^^^^ C!^o.n;cV,_AT«oT^ooTi o-oTipral m tlie war for mde- ouesa v-"';, iiuuan*. and it contains a castle built in the 11th century, long a g^cje or ChUQUisaca (cho-ke-sa'kii papal residence. It alsocnntained avillaof Nero. Popu- "t„, „' „:t„i „fl3„i;,.;„ =;f„P.to,l Tienrl papal lation(18SU 7,017. Sublime Porte (sub-lim' port). The building in which are the offices of the grand vizir and other high functionaries of the Ottoman em- pire ; hence, the Turkish government itself. A quay, on which were mounted several large pieces of artiUeryj ran along outside the whole length of the sea-wall, which, as well as the city-wall, was pierced with a number of gates, but one only was in general use. This was the great gate of the Seraglio, the Bab-i-Humayiin or Imperial Gate, that "Sublime Porte " from which the OttomanGov- ernment derives the name by which it is best known. Piled up on one side, just without this gate, were pyramids of heads, trophies of victory over Greek or Serbian rebels, as ghastly as the skulls that once bleached upon London Bridge or over Temple Bar. Poole, Story of Turkey, p. 268. Subtle (sut'l). 1. The Alchemist in Ben Jon- son's play of that name. He is a knavish cheat and pretender, who offers to make gold for his dupes, and cheats them in various ways, inflaming their cupidity and lust of power. He is thought to be meant for the charla- tan Dr. Dee. 2. A sharper in Foote's comedy " The English- man in Paris." Subtle Doctor, L. Doctor Subtilis (sub'ti-Iis). A name given to Duns Scotus, from his meta- physical acuteness. Subunreeka. See Suhanrika. Subura (sii-bii'rii). A valley in ancient Rome, on the north side of the Fora, and extending between the Viminal and the Esquiline. It was drained by the Cloaca Maxima. Suburban (sub-er'ban). The. One of the prin- cijial American horse-races: a handicap sweep- stakes ruu aunuallv at the Juue meeting of the Coney Island Jockey Club at Sheepshead Bay, Long Island. It is for horses three years old and up- ward. The distance is i; miles. The winners have been : Spanish-American general in the war for inde pcndence. He was a trusted lieutenant of Bolivar, and during his absence gained two of the most decisive victories of the war— the battle of Pichincha (May 24, 1822). which freed Quito or Ecuador ; and that of Ayacucho (Dec. 9, 1824), which put an end to Spanish rule in South America. Sucre was awaided the title of grand marshal of Ayacucho, and was elected first president of Bolivia Oct. 3, 1826. He re- signed in Sept., 1828. to prevent a war with Peru, the gov- ernment of that country having demanded his removal as an adherent of Bolivar. Sucre went to Colombia, where he took command of the army then acting against Peru, gained the battle of Giron, near Cuenca, Feb, 26, 1829, and thus practically ended the war. He was president of the Colombian congress of 1829, and while returning to his home in <)uito was assassinated, at the instigation, as was supposed, of his political enemies. - - The offi- land, Aug. 20, 1831. A noted Austrian geologist. In 1857 he became professor of geology at the University of Vienna. He has been a member of the Landtag of Lower Austria since 1869. and in 1873 he entered the Keichsrat as deputy from Vienna, and was a member of the liberal party. He has held several public oflices. He is noted for his special researches on the stratigraphy of the Alps, the geology of Italy, and the organization ot the brachiopod moUusks. Among his works are " Der Boden der Stadt Wien " (1862), " Die Entstehung der Alpeii (1875). "Die Zukunst des Goldes" (1877), "Das Autliti der Erde " (1885). Suessiones (swes-i-6'nez). An ancient people of Gallia Belgica, allied to and situated near the Remi, in the ^^cinity of Soissons (named from them). They were" subjugated by Julius CsBs&r 5T B. C. Suessula (swes'u-la). In ancient geography, a place in Campania', Italy, 13 miles northeast of N.aples : the traditional scene of a Roman vic- tory over the Samnites in the first Samuite war. Suetonius (swe-to'ni-us) (Caius Suetonius Tranquillus).' Lived in the first part of the 2d century A. D. A Roman biographer and histo- rian. He was private secretary of Hadrian about 11»- 1-^1 and was a friend of the younger Pliny, whom he ao- companieil to Bithvnia in 112. His chief work is "Lives of the Cajsars, " which contains biographies (of an auecdotl- cal character) of the first twelve Ca!sars. including Julius. It is important on account of its revelations concerning the private life of the emperors. Fragments of his "De grammaticis," and of other works, are extant. Suett (su'et), Richard. Died in 1805. An English comedian, known as Dickey Suett cialcapitalof Boli-s-ia, situated nearlat. 19° 5 S It contains a cathedral and several educational institutions. Originally it was the Indian village of Chuquisaca. The Spaniard's called it La Plata de Chuquisaca, or simply La Plata, from the importjint silver-mines of the vicinity. It was the capital of the old Spanish province of Charcas, whence it was also known as Charcas. The official name Sucre was given when it became the capital of Bolivia in 1826. For many years La Paz has been the seat of gov- ernment. Population, about 19,000. Suczawa (sii-chii'vii). A town in Bukowina, Austria-Hungary, situated on the river Sucza- wa 45 miles south by east of Czernowitz. Pop- ulation (1890), commune, 10,221. Sudan, or Soudan (so-tliin'), sometimes called Nigritia (ni-grish'iii). [Ar. ^TirfrtH, the Blacks.] A vast region in Africa, with indefinite boun- daries, including the territories from the Atlan- tie(orSenegambia)eastwardtoAbyssiniaorthe — ^ Red Sea, and from the Sahara southward to the g^g.yj (s„-e'\-i). [L. (Cresar) Suehi. (Pliuy) Guineacoast, and the Kongo Basin. Tlie Eastern Suevi, Gr. (Strabo) 2d//.te(. ( Jordanes) Sora.to.J or Egyptian Sudan extends southward from the frontier of Egypt to Lake Albert Nyanza, eastward to the Red Sea and Abyssinia, and westward to Wadai. It includes Scn- naar, Khartum, Kordofan, Darfur, the Equatorial Pi-ov- iuce, and the Bahr-el-Gliazal province. Its area is abcnit 950,000 square miles, and its population about 10,000,000, Of the central Sudan states Wadai, Baghinni, and Kaneni are within the French sphere of influence, and a part of Bornu, with Sokoto and Gaiido, within the British, -\.bi- niawa falls witliiu the (icrman Kamerun Hinterland. 'Die boundaries between the English and the Frencli posses- sions and spheres of influence both west and east of tlie N'iger were determined by a convention between tlie I'liited Kinsdom and France ratified June 13, 1899. Sudani (so-da'ne). A dialect of Arabic spoken in the Sudan. Sudbury (sud'bu-ri). A town in Suffolk and Essex. England, situated on the Stour 50 miles northeast of Loudon. Population (1891), 7,059. The collective name of a German people men- tioned bv Caesar, who describes them as the largest and most warlike of the German tribes. At the time of Tacitus the Suevi occupied all centrsl Germany west of the Oder, from the boundaries of the Harudes, who alone intervened between then, and the Baltic, to the Danube. The common name ',ncli>ded the Semnnues, Chatti, Hermunduri, Marcomanm. Qn»'"'. »"" Juthungi, with many of which tribal •H>pel^t'™s the^com- mon name interchanged. In the first ha f of the Mh cen- ?ui? he Suevi, so called (possibly the ■'•^""".f ^'SXv as neighbors and allies of the Alanmnnl, "''h ^^Ij"" .h''o\e acted as one folk: either name n'V.'« "'^ f LpH bv the people. Together they were crushingly defeated by he Franks under Clovis. Subsequently the Suevi were settled abo'iit Uu"head watei^ of the\lannbe, ".^'■^ '^eir^^^, Vl still preserved in Swabia (Schwahen). The Suevi who set Hcd in Spanish Galicia in the 6th century were possibly the Semnones. Suevlcuin, Mare Suevicain fswe'vi-kum), Mare. [L.. 'Suevic Sea.'] A Roman name of the Baltic Sea. Suez (so'ez or so-ez'). A seaportof Egypt, situ- ateil at the head of the Gulf of Suez, ami at the southern terminus of the Suez Canal, in hit. 29° 58' N., lontr. 32° 33' E. : the ancient Arsinoe, later Clysma anil Kolzum. It was the t.-rnihius of ai) ancient canal. It waa developed in recent times by the opening of the frc-sh-water canal (18tl, half the capital of which was raised by public sub- scription in Europe (cliietly in France),theotherh.ilf Itythe kheout .t'-O.- fHio,00O. It is 100 miles long, traversing Lake Menzaleh. Lake TimsiUl, and tlle Bitter Lakes, and was originally fritm 150 to 300 feet wide at the water-surface, and 7- at the bottom, with a minimum depth of 2t> feet: but has sitice (188(>-9o) been deepened to -JS feet and considerably widened. The original capital of the company consisted of 400,000 sh.ares of taO each (besides 100,000 founders' shares), of which 170,602 belonged to the khedive and were purchased by the British government in 1875. The following t.able shows the incre.ase in the number of ves- sels passing through the canal and the receipts of the company: 1870 486 .. 654,915 .. £ 206.373 1880 2,026,. 4,344,519,. 1,629,577 1890 3,3«9 .. 9,749.129 ,. 2,680,430 1894 3,:-'52 .. 11,288,855 .. 2.961,073 1895 3,434 ,. 11,833.637 .. :i,I24,14S) 1896 3,409 .. 12,039,869 .. 3,182, i-00 1897 2,986 .. 11,123,403 .. 2,913,222 1898 3,503 ,, 12,962,6.32 ,. 3,411.791 1899 3,607 .. 13,816,992 .. 3.0.52,751 Suffolk (suf'ok). [ME. Siifoll; AS. SRthfnlc, south folk: opposed to yorthfolc, north folk, Norfolk.] The easternmost county of England, bounded by Norfolk, the North Sea, Esse-x,and Cambridge, its surface is generally level, and it is one of the chief agricultural counties of England. It formed part of the old kingdom of East Anglia. Area, 1,475 square mllea. Population (lS91),371,23!i. Suffolk, Dukes of. See Brandon, Chnrfrfs, and (hi 11^ H'')in/. Suffolk, Bail and later Duke of (William de la Pole). Executed 14.50. An English politi- cian, grandson of Michael do la Pole, earl of SulTolk : leading minister under Henry VI. Suffren de Saint-Tropez fsu-frah' de san-tro- l>a' j, Pierre Andre de. Bom at Saint-Cannat, France, July 13,1726: died at Paris, Dec. 8, 1788. A French vice-admiral. He entered the Flench navy in 1743; waa twice captured by the English ; and was made captjiin in 1772. For ten years he was in the service of Malta. In 1781 he was sent to priitect French interests in the East Indies. After an action at the Cape Vcrd Islands (April 10, 1781) he outsailed C<.m- modore Johnstone to the Cape of Good-H'ppe, and so pre- vented an attack of the English ujK.tn Cai>e Town, He fought five hard but indecisive battles against the English imder Admiral Hughes: olf Sadras (Feb, 17, 1782), <.|f Trincomalee (April 12 and Sept. 3, 1782), off Negapatani (July 6, 1782), off Cud.lalore (,Tune 20, 1783). He was re- called to Fiance by the treaty of Veisailles, and was re. ceived with the highest Imnors and created a vice-admiral. Sufis (sii'liz), or Saffis, or Safawis. A dyimsty of Persian monarchs who reigned from about l."ifll to the accession of Nailir .Shah in 173G. Sugambrl Csij-giim'bri), also Sigambri (si- giiin'bri) or Sicambri(si-kain'bii). [lj.(Ca?8ar) Sii/iiiiihri, (Tacitus) Sui/iimhri. Or. (Strabo) li,i-- ynufipoi.'] A German trilic, first mentioned l>y Cip.sar, in who.se time they were situated on the right bank of the lower Rhine, north of the Ubii, on both sides of the Ruhr. Sugden (sug'den), Edward Burtenshaw, first l-i'ircin Saint Leonards. Horn at London. Fiji., 1781: died at Thatnes Dcllon, Jan. 20, 1875. An English st;itcsirian and jtiiHst. He was •olicitor.general 1820-30; lord chancellor of Ireland 18:n- 18:)5 and 1811 4cl; and waa rreated Ixjrd .SI. Leonards, anil appointed lord high chancellor of England In I«rd Derby's first .admltdslration in 18,i2. He wrote "Law of Verniers and I'urchasers" (1806)," Powers "(180S),"Law of Properly a« Administered by the House of Ix)rd8"(1849), and other legal treatises. Subl (zOl). A town in the province of Sozouy, 965 Prussia, situated in the Thiiringerwald, on the Lauter, 23 miles south of Gotha. It is famous for manufactures of iron, especially of flreanns, and was long called "the armory of Germany." Population (1890), 11, 5;{;(. Suhrab (modern Pers. pron. s6-hrab'; earliir. following the Arabic, so-hi-ab'). In the SIkiIi- namali, the son of Rustam by Tahminah. Rus- tam kills Suhrab without knowing that he is his son. (Sec Illinium.) Also ,s' ; served at the siege of Boston; commanded in Canada in 177(1 ; wiut taken prisoner at the battle of Long Island in 1776; served at Trenton and Princeton : attacked Stateii Island in 1777; served at Brandywine ami Gerniaiitown ; coni- liiaiided In HIkhIc Island in 1778, and gained the victory of Blltfs Hill Aug, "29 ; coniinaiuUHl an expedition against the six Nations in 1779; and defeated tlie Indians and Tories at Newtown (Aug. "29) and elsewhere, and ravaged tln-ir conntiy. He was a delegate to Congress in 1780; and waa president of New Hampshire 178tV89. Sullivan's Island. fNamed from Gen. John Sullivan.] An island at tlieeiitniiice of Cliarles- ton liarbor. South Carolina, cast of Charleston: tlie site of Fort Moultrie. Sullivant(siil'i viiiit ). William Starling. Bom ni;ir Colunibiis, Dliio, Jan. l.'i, 1S03 : i lied there, .\priliil). 1S73. .\ii .•\iuerican botanist, noted as a hi"yologist. He wrote " M«»cl Allcghanlenscs " (I8III\ " Vlilscl and HepatlcH' of the United Stales I'.nst of the Misslhsipiil l!lvir"(ls:>l)),'"IconesMuscornm"(lSni'i : !■', i.ron. sil-le'),Ducde (Maximil- ien de B^thune, Bnron de Rosny). Born ut Kosny. France, Dee. 13, 1560 : died at the castle Sully, Due de of Villebon. France, Dec. 22, 1641. A French Protestant statesman. He became the companion and friend of Henry of Navarre; served with distioctioD in the civil wars, especially at Ivry ; and became celebrated as minister of finance under Henrj- IV. (1597-1610). He was made due de Sully in 1606; was appointed governor of the Bastille in 16/^^^ . , t, him as by a historian of the usual kind. They are directly OUmDawa (som-ba wa). One ot the bimda Isl- addressed to the hero in the form of an elaiiopate reminder auds. Malay Archipelago, situated east of Lom- of his own actions : "You then said this '■; "hisllajesty l)ok and west of Flores. The surface is mountain- ous and volcanic The island contains several native states, under Dutch control. It was devastated by an eruption 966 Strait of Sunda. It is traversed by a range of moun- tains (highest point, Indrapura, about 12,c00feet), and has many volcanoes; contains mineral wealth; produces cof- fee, pepper, sug;ir, rice, etc. : and is chiefly under the con- trol of the Netherlands, Administrative divisions : W est Coast, East Coast, Palembang. Benkulen, Lampongs, and Atjeh. The inhabitants are chiefly Malays :' among other peoples are the Battaks. The religion is largely Moham- medan, Dutch influence began in the 17th century ; Dutch territories in Sumatra were taken bv the British ISll, but restored (last English possession, Benkulen, ceiled 1825), War against Atchin commenced 1873, and ended with the Sumter, Fort, subjugationandannexationof Atchiu. Length, l.KX) miles, " • Sund Sumner, William Graham. Bom at Paterson. X. J., <_1et. 30. 1S40. An American political economist, professor of political and social sci- ence at Yale from 1872. He is a prominent advo- cate of free trade. His works include "A History of American Currency " (1874), a life of Andrew Jackson (in ■• American Statesmen " series, 1882), "What Social Classes Owe to Each Other " (1883). '■ Problems in Political Econ. "JSI^ (^^^ "Protectionism "(1885), "CoUected Essays" (ISao). See Fort Sionter. thereupon sent you there "; "when you were two leagues from your halting-place, you saw a courier coming," etc. It is needtes to say that this manner of teUing history is inl815.^ Area, estimated,about o,186squaremiies""'pjDu" d, after the lation, iso.OOO. ' *^ in the highest degree unnatural and heavj'; an „„ »..„ v/w fiist quaintnessofitwearsotl.it makesthebookveryhard Snm'h'o (ckm'Viol r^r-fia^-.-.^l,^ i\.-^ „■■ m \ toread. It contains, however, a very large number of short ^^De (Som be^), orBaSUmbe (ba-som be). memoirs and documents of all kinds, in which the elabo- «»"*-" t-'>^° "f » 1- t^—^ «' --^ rate farceof " Vous " is perforce abandoned. It shows Sully as he was — a great and skilful statesman ; but it does not give a pleasant idea of his character. Saintshurp, French Lit, p. 254. Sully, James. Bom at Bridgwater, Somerset- shire, 1842. An English psychologist. He was educated at the Regent's Park College, London, the Uni- versity of Gottingen, and the I'niversity of London. His Bantu tribe of Angola, West Africa, settled around Xoyo EedoiTdo. about lat. 11° S. Thev form one nation, linguisticallv and ethnicallv, with their southern neighbors, the Basele. Inhabiting' a hUlv and fertile district, they are an athletic, hardy, and industrious people, furnishing the best slaves and contract laborei-s for the plantations of Angola and S. Thome, and produ- QincF corn '^"'^ KQii^f^ f^wt #-t*.-. ^it.1 ^-. „i — __ii. . A ™rt Sumter (sum'ter), Thomas. Bom in Virginia, 1(34: died near Camden, S. C, June 1, 1832. An American Reyolutionary general. He was present at Braddock's defeat in 1753 ; was appointed lieu, tenant-colonel of a regiment of South Carolina riflemen in 17i6; became a leading partizan comm.ander in 17S0 de- feating the Toriesat Hanging Rock Aug. 6, but was repulsed by the British regulars under Tarleton ; was defeated by Tarleton at Fishing Creek Aug. 18 ; and defeated Tarleton at Blackstock HUl Nov. 20. He was member of Congress from South Carolina 1789-93 ; United States senator 1801- 1S09 ; and United States minister to BrazQ 1809-lL Sumy (so'me). A town in the government of Kharkoff, southern Russia, situated on the Psiol 106 miles northwest of Kharkoff. It is an im- portant trading center for the Ukraine. Ponu- lation, 19,818. works include ".Sensation and Intuition " (1874X " Pessi- SumbulniiT ^pp SilmhnJnur mism"(lS77), "Illusions"(18Sl), 'OutlinesotPsycholog,, CiVSbW n^;,^?^ ^'"ilbaljmr. - - >- — — ion"(issiV 'turner (su mer). See Sii?>iena. with Special Reference to the Theory of Education "(1884) gumer (s "The Teachers' Handbook of Psychology" (18S6X "-I^- Sumena (su-me'ri-a). In the Assyi'ianinscrip- 'fc!',?^" ^'^^ ^- ^- Robertson (188S). " The Human Mind " tions, southern or lower Babylonia, the coimtry T3 ,„ A, r. , toward and around the Persikn Gulf, as opposed Born at Horncastle, Lincoln- to Akkad (in Gen. x. 10 Accad as name of a (1892). Sully, Thomas, Madison, and Jackson, etc. Sully-Prudhomme (sii-le'prii-dom'), Eene set to a round or canon. The original manusci FraiKJOis Armand. Born at Paris March 16 "{ 'he music is m the British Museum. SirFreder 1839. ^ A French noet «nd criti. Plo^A/^i?: J^"' "-'^,■'"^" '° '"e fli^t half of the 13th century. 1839. A French poet and critic, elected mem- SuTnii- beroftheAeademyinl881. He has published "Poe- Summa Thpolnffi» Csi.Tn'a tliP .i ln'^i-5^ n sies-'(1865),"Les(5preuve3"(1866), ■■LessoUtudes"(1869) ''.™™a' ineOlOglSB (.sum a the-o-lp ji-e). _[L., " Les destins " (1872), " Les values tendresses " 1 1875). ■' r.a suosta "(1872), "Les values tendresses "(1875), "La justice" (1878). " Le prisme " (1886X etc. He has also pub- lished " L'Expression dans les beaux arts"(lsS4). "Reflec- tions sur I'art des vers " (1892). A general edition of his works was published liS3-84. SulmoCsul'mo). The ancient name of Solmona. Sulphur Fork (of the Red River). A river in northeastern Te.xas and southwestern Arkan- sas, which joins the Red River near the south- west corner of Arkansas. Length, about 180 miles. Sulphur Island. A small island in the North Pacific, north of the Loochoo gi'oup. and beans for the cities along the coast. The ^Un (sun). Ihe centl'al body of the solar SVS- Mlmiyi tnbe, north of the Basumbe, is also closely allied, tem, around which the earth" and other nlaiipts but differs in several respects. revolve, retained in their orbits by its attrac- tion, and supplied with energy by its radiance. Its mean distance from the earth is" a little less than 93 millions of miles, its horizontal parallax bein" g "80 Its mean apparent diameter is 32' 4" ; its real diameter 866,500 miles (109J times that of the earth), Itsvolume is therefore a little more than 1,300,000 times that of the earth Its mass— that is, the quantity of matter in it — is 330,000 times as great as that of the earth, and is about 900 times as great as the united masses of all of the planets. The force of gravity at the sun's surface is nearly 28 times as great as at the earth's surface. The suns mean density is only one fourth that of the earth, or less than IJ times that of water. By means of the spots its rotation can be determined. It IS found that the suns equator is inclined 7"' to the plane of the ecliptic. The sun's visible surface is called the photosphere, and is made up of minute irregularly rounded "granules," intensely brilliant, and apparently- floating in a darker medium. These are usually 400 or SdO miles in diameter, and so distributed in streaks and groups as to make the surface, seen with a low-power tele■^;ope look much like rough drawing-paper. In the neighbor- hood of the sunspots, and to some extent upon alf parts of the sun, facnlie (bright streaks due to an unusual crowd- ing together and upheaval of the granules of the photo- sphere) are found. At the time of a total eclipse certain scarlet cloud-like objects are usually observed projecting beyond the edge of the moon. These are the prominences A very ancient folk-song uscript Frederick ^ee ,S««(fW«. Summerside (sum'er-.sid). A seaport in Prince Edward Island, capital of Princes County, situ- o , . . o 1 .^- =• — •-- ated on Bedeque Bay 3.5 mUes west-northwest Sulpicians, or Sulpitians (sul-pish'ianz). of Charlotte Town. ■ Population (1901) -^ 87.5 [iromF..S«//jicif», theparishof St. Sulpicein Summerson fsum'er-son), Esther The"'ille.' Pans, where they were first organized.] ' ■" * ' ' ■ ■* '•- - -- - Roman Catholic order of priests, " "" " Paris by the Abb^ Olier, about purpose of training young men for the clerical acters in Dickens's tanee' or 'summary of theology.'] 1. A theological work by Thomas Aquinas. — 2. A theological work by Alexander of Hales. Summer (sum'er). or Somers (sum'erz). Will. The jester of Henry Yin. His effigy- is at Hampton Court, and his portrait, by Holbein, at Kensington. .Several fools in old plays are called by his name. Summer Islands. 1. A group of small islands „^ ,^- r. — ....„.„, off the western coast of Cromarty, Scotland . protuberances, which in 1868 were proved bvthe about lat. 58^ X.— 2 See Berm ud'as '?.''1'.™!"JP/ 1° '=°°^'^' '"^}»h-pt hydrogen, and have been office, Sulpicius Rufus (sul-pish'ius ro'fus). Publius Born 124 B. c. : killed 88 B. c. A Roman ora- tor. As tribune of the plebs he was put to death by the party of Sulla. None of his ora- tions are extant. Sultanpur(sul-tan-por'). 1. A district in Oudh, British India, intersected by lat. 27° K. long. ?rL^.- ^^^' ^'''^^ square iniles. Population (1891), 1,0/5,851.— 2. The capital of the district of Sultanpur. situated on the Gumti 80 miles southeast of Lucknow. Population (1881), 9,374. Sulu (so-li)'). A sultanate in the northeastern part of Borneo. Part of it was ceded to the British North Borneo Company about 1880. Sulu. 1. The chief island of "the Sulu Archi- pelago.— 2. The chief town of the Sulu Archi- pelago, Sulu, or Sooloo (so-lo'), Islands. An archi- pelago lying northeast of Borneo and south- west of Mindanao (in the PhiUppine Islands). The mhabitants are Malays and Mohammedans It was Statef^ I89I'"''" '"-'^'^A""^. ^'=')'^i'-.'', ■. ^.^ ' •- - — committee on foreign affairs in 1S61 ; and w^remov^ chromosphere consists of the permanent gases and the un. STlfor his opposition to Gran?'s ^HcyrSSS^ ,T .„"..'„'' "'^^"^ "'"''' "'^■''ie the cloud.sheet, while •^ ' ^ the corona still remains in great degree a mystery, as re- from it in 1871 for his opposition to Grant's policyregard- ing the annexation of Santo Domingo. He was a champion of the Civil Rights BUI for the negroes, and opposed the reelection of Grant in 1S72. publi-shed 1870-^*3, ",Ues.'7fpularn;''75:"«:x[''""^-^- ^''=^- Sumner Edwin Vose. Bo™ at Boston. Jan. 30, dps (zolts'bach-er alps). Same \'^' ^ '^'*'-'^ ^^ Syracuse, ^. Y., .March 21. 1863, about 950 square Sulzbacher Alps as .Stehttr Alps. Sulzer (zolts'er), Johann Georg. Bom at Win- terthur, Switzerland. Oct 5, 1720 : died at Ber- lin, Feb. 27, 1779. A Swiss-Prussian philoso- pher and writer on esthetics. His chief work is " AUgemeine Theorie der schonen Kunste " nlTls^ Q„™„ • "'«^^ '1'' "Syracuse, .>. i., . alps). Same An American general. He served gards both the substances which compose it and the forces His works, in 15 Vols., were ^^'"^ P'^l'"''; """, "'^r^'' its streamers. Sunapee Lake (sun'a-pe lak). A lake in New Hampshire, 27 miles west-northwest of Concord. Its outlet is through Sugar River into the Con- necticut. Length, 8 miles. in the Black Hawk war : was distinguished as a cavalry commander at Cerro Sunart (sun'art). Loch. An arm of the ocean Gordo and Molino del Rey in 184" : was governor of Xew Mexico 1851-53 ; commanded the Department of the Pa- cific in 1861 ; was a corps commander at Fair Oaks in the Seven Days' Battles, and at .\ntietam : and commanded a grand division at Fredericksburg, He was appointed to the command ot the Department of the Missouri in 1863 Sumatra (so-ma'tra). The second largest isl- Sumner, John Bird. Born at Kenilworth, En and of the Malay Archipelago, situated west '^'^''' '^'^^ ■ died at London, Sept. 6. 1862. An and south of the Malay Peninsula, from which English prelate. He became bishop of Chester in 1828 It IS separated by the Strait of Malacca and ?.„ ^^ehbishop of Canterbury in 1848. He published separated from Jkva on the southeast by the (iKiT'^tc '^'^"'"'" ^^^^^>' "Evidence of Christianity on the coast of Argyllshire, western Scotland, situated north of Miill. Length. 194 miles. Simbury (sun'bu-ri). A village in Middlesex, England, situated on the Thames 16 miles west- southwest of London. Population (1891), 5,677. Sunbury. The capital of Northumberland County, Pennsylvania, situated on the Susque- hanna 42 miles north of Harrisburg. Popula- tion (1900), 9,810. Sund. See Sound, The. Sunda, Strait of Sunda (sun'da), strait of. A sea passage which separates Sumatra and Java. It eon- taius the volcanic island of Krakatoa (which see). Width, about 13 miles. Sunda Islands. A collective name for a group of islands in the Malay Archipelago. As often used, it includes the Great '.Siuida (Sumatra, Java, Bor- neo, Celebes, and smaller islamls near them), and tlie Little Sunda (Bali. Lombok, Suinbawa, Sandalwood Isl- and, Flores. etc., to Timor) : sometimes restricted by ex- cluding Celebes and the island.^ east of Sumbawa ; also further restiicted by excluding Borneo. Another classifi- cation includes the chain from Sumatra to Timor, exclud- ing Borneo and Celebes. Still another classification com- prises the smaller islands between Java and Timor. Sundarbans (son'diir-banz), or Sunderbunds (siju'dc-r-buudz). A wilderness region of swamps and islands in the southern part of the deltas of the Ganges and Brahmaputra, southeast of Calcutta. Sunda Sea (sun'da se). A part of the ocean lying nortli of Java and south of Borneo: often considered as identical with the Java Sea. Sunday (sun'da). The tirst day of the week; the Oiristian Sabbath ; the Lord's Day. The name Sundai/, or 'djiy of the Sun,' belongs to the first day of the week on astrological grounds, and has long been so used from far beyond the Christian era, and far outside of Christian countries. The ordinary name of the day in Christian Greek and Latin and in the Romanic languages is the Lord's Day (Greek Kuptapctj, Latin dominica, French dimanche, etc.), while the Germanic languages, including English, call it Sunday. Sunday Island, or Raoul (ra-ol') Island. A small island of the South Pacific, near lat. 29° 2.">' S., long. 178° W. Sunday River. A river in Cape Colony which flows into Algoa Bay 2-5 miles northeast of Port Elizabeth. Length, about 200 miles. Sundeep. See Sumlip. Sunderbunds. See SmidarJians. Sunderland (sun'der-land). A seaport in Dur- ham, Ei)gland. situated at the mouth of the Wear in lat. 54° 5.5' N., long. 1° 20' W. it is an important seaport and a coal-raining center , and has aho yards for building iron and steel vessels, and manufactures of chemicals, glass, etc. The bridge over the Wear (built 1703-96) is notable. .Sunderland includes, besides Sun- derland proper, Bishopwearmouth and Monkwearmouth (tiorth of the Wear). The town grew up about a convent founded in Monkwearmouth in the 7th century. Popula- tion (1901), 14t>,u77. Sundewitt (zon'de-^^t). A peninsula in the eastern part of Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia, situated opposite the island of .Alsen, north of Flensborg Fjord. Sundgau (zont'gou). A name given to the south- ern part of Alsace. Sunai(s6n'de),orBasundi(ba-s6n'de). Atribe of the Kongo nation, included in the Kongo State, and settled on the lower Kongo River between Vivi and Manyanga. fiimdip, or Sundeep (sun-dep'), or Sandwip (sund-wep'). An island belonging to British In- dia, situated in the Bay of Bengal at the mouth of the Meghna. Length, 17 miles. Sundsvall (sonds'viil). A seaport in the laen of Hernosand, Sweden, situated on the Gulf of Bothnia in lat. 62° 23' N., long. 17° 19' E. It has considerable trade and manufactures. Pop- ulation, 13,215. Sune. See ZtiHi. Sunflower (sun'flou"6r) River. A river in west- ern Mississippi which flows into the Yazoo 27 miles northeast of Vicksburg. Length, about 150 miles. Sung (song). A medieval kingdom in southern China, reduced by Kublai Khan in the 13th century. Sungari (son-ga-re' or son-gii're), or Songari (son-gii-re' or son-gii're). A river in Manchuria which flows into the Amur about lat. 47° 30' N. Lefigth, including the Nonni, over 1,000 miles. Sungaria, or Soongaria ( son -gii ' ro-ii ) , or Dzun- garia (dziju-ga'ro-a), or Songaria (son-gil'- ro-ii). A name given to a province of Hi, in the Chinese empire : called also the " Northoru Cir- cuit." It lies south of the Altai, west of Mongolia, and east and south of Asiatic Russia. But the name is sonje- times restiicted to a part of this province. It was the nucliMisof a Muiiiiol kiiigdom, that of the Songares, in the 17tli and l.slli centuries. Sungei Ujong fson'ge ii-iong'). A small native stiife in the Malay Pefiinstila, British protecto- rate, attached to the Straits Settlements. Popu- lation (1891), 20,002. Sunium(sii'ni-um). [Gr. Soi'iTOV.] 1. In ancient geography, the promontory at the south-east- ern extremity of Attica, Greece, now known as (!npc Ciiliinna. It contains the ruins of a temple of Athene, a famous landmark from the sea. It was a Doric peripteros of white marble, of by I'i or IM columns, on a atylobatc of ;i st'l). 1. A character in Cibber's eoiuody "The Double Gallant." — 2. The spir- itual adviser and boon companion of Squire Western in Fielding's " Tom .Tones." Suppliants (su|i'li-ants), The. A tragedy by yl'jschylns, brnnght out in 4(>2 I'., c. In it the 50 daughters of banaUH, wht>, ting their cousins, the f>0 sons of /Egyptus, have llrd with llieir father from Egyptto Argos, llniliwylumwitli rcljisgus,tlie Argiveking. Supplicants (sup'li-kants), The. In Scottish history, those persons who, aboni l(')37-38, pro- tested against Laud's policy in. Scot land: known later as (lovenanters. Supposes (su-i>6'zez).The. A comedy from Ari- osto's " 1 Suppositi" (1512),by Gaseoigne, acted in 156G. It Is said to be the earliest extant English prose Surratt comedy. Shakspere was indebted to it in "The Taming of the shrew." Supremacy (su-prem'a-si), Act of. 1. An Eng- lish statute of 1534 (iiS Hen. VIII., e. 1) which proclaimed that Henry VIU. was tho supreme liead of the English Chiu-ch.— 2. An English statute of 1558-59 (1 Eliz., c. 1) vesting spiri- tual authority in the crown, to the exclusion of all foreign jurisdiction. Sliptitz (zUp'tits). A %illage near Torgau, Prus- sia, the chief scene of the battle of Torgau. See Toyr/riii, Bottle of. Sura (so'rii). A river in eastern Bussia which .ioins t he Volga at Vasil, below Niini-Novgorod. Length, 400-500 miles. Surabaya,orSoerabaya(so-ra-bi'a). 1. Aresi- dency in eastern Java. — 2. A seaport and one of the largest cities of Java, situated on the northern coast in lat. 7° 12' S., long. 112° 34' E. It lias government arsenals, dockyards, etc. Popidation (1892), 145,690. Surajah Dowlah. See SiraJ-iicl-Daula. Surakarta, or Soerakarta (s6-rii-kar'tii). 1 . A residency of central Java. — 2. A city of Java, about 75 miles southeast of Samarang. Also called Solo. Population (1892). 101,926. Surat (so-raf). A district in Bombav, British India, intersected by lat. 21° N., loiig. 73° E. Area, 1,662 square miles. Population (1891), 649,989. Surat. A seaport, capital of the district of Su- rat, situated on the river Tapti, near the sea, in lat. 21° 12' N., long. 72° 49' E. It became a chief em- poriura of India under the Mogul empire. An English factory was established here about 1613. It was very pop- ulous in the 18tb centurv. Population, including canton- ment (1891), 10.1.-229. Surbiton ( sir' bi-tou ) . A suburb of Kin gston , in Surrey, England, situated on the Thames 11 miles southwest of London. Population (1891), 10,052. Sure (siir or sii're), 6. Sauer (zou'er). A river in southeastern Belgium, grand duchy of Lux- emburg, and on the boundary between Luxem- burg and the Rhine Province of Pi-ussia. It joins the Moselle at Wasserbillig, near Treves. Length, about 110 miles. Surenen (so're-nen). A pass of the Timer .Alps, Switzerland, which leads from Engelberg, in Un- terwalden, to the valley of the Eeuss, in Uri. Height, 7,562 feet. Suresnes (sU-ran'). A western suburb of Paris, situated near the Seine, beyond the Bois de Boulogne. Population, about 8,.500. Surettahom (s6-ret'til-horn). A mountain on the border of the canton of Grisons, Switzer- land, and the province of Soudrio, Italy, east of the Spliigen Pass. Surface (ser'fas), Charles. A light-hearted prodigal in Sheridan's " School for Scandal." Surface, Joseph. A malicious hyjiocrite in Sheridan's "School for Scandal."" He is the elder brother of the reckless Charles, and is called by Moore "the Tartufe of sentiment." Surface, Sir Oliver. The rich uncle of Charles and Joseph .Surface, in Sheridan's "School for Scandal." Surgeon's Daughter, The. A short novel by- Sir Walter Scott, published in 1827. Surgferes (siir-zhar'). A town in the depart- ment of Charente-lnferieure, France, 20 miles east-southeast of La Rochelle. Population (1891), commune, 3,375. Surhai (sil-ii'), or Sonrhai (s6n-ri'). A great negro natioti of the west central Sudan, settled around Timbucta between the Niger Kiver and the Sahara. They are strongly mixed with llamitlo and Eulah elements, and are known to have been in their j)resent habitat since the middle ages. In books of travel theyappearas Kissour, Cuber, Kalbigbi. Garsiugi, etc. Be- cause of its extensive use, tile Surhai language is, with Hausa, called ''Kulam al Sudan " (language of tho Sudan) by the Arabs. Surinam (sii-ri-niim'). A river in Dutch Guiana which flows into the Atlantic near Paramaribo. Length, about 300 miles. Surinam. See (liiitma. Dutch. Surly (ser'li). A kind of "plain dealer" in Crowne's "Sir Courtly Nice." Ho is the anliihesls of sir Courlly, and one of the most repulsive flgures In the whole niiige of I'.nglish comedy. Surprise Plot. See JU/r I'lut. Surratt (sur-rai '), Mrs. Mary E. Died July 7, ]S(i5. A member of the conspiracy to assassi- jinle .\braliain Lincoln. The conspirators, Including her son .lohn II. Surratt, hail their ordinary rendezvous at lUM- house, a Humll bu:u-dtng-hou8e in Washington. Lin- coln was shot by .lohn Wilkes Booth on the M(h of April. The other conspirators, with the exception of .lolni U. Surratt, were tried by a military commission In May and Surratt June. Mrs. Surratt was hanged on the 7th of July, and John H. Surratt escaped to Canada, thence to Europe. Ue was detected in Egypt, and brought back in 18(i7. His trial histed two months, and ended in a disagreement of the jury. Surrentum (su-ren'tum). The Roman name of Sorrento. Surrey (sur'i). [SIE. Surry, Stirri/e. Suthrei/, AS. Siitlircge, SfithrU/e. prob. for Suthrice, South Kingdom.] A county in England, bounded by Berkshire and Middlesex (from which it is separated by the Thames), Kent, Sussex, and Hampsllire. It is traversed by the Downs. It contains a part of London, and many of its suburbs. Area, 758 square miles. Population (1891), 1,731,343. Surrey, Earl of. See Howard, Henry. Surrey, Second Earl of. See Hoimr'd, Tliomnn. Sursee (zih-'za). A small town in the canton of Lucerne, Switzerland, situated on the Suhr 13 miles northwest of Lucerne. Surtr (sortr). In Scandinavian mythology, a fire-giant of Ragnarijk. SurvilIe(sUr-vel'),Clotilde de. AFrenchpoet, said to have lived in the 15th century : the al- leged author of " Poesies de Clotilde" (pub- lished bv Vanderbourg 1803: second collection published 1S23). Survilliers, Comte de. See Bonaparte, Joseph. Surya(s6r'ya). [In Skt.. an adjective of relation (from siYir.'tte sun, sunlight, light : pronounced in the Veda suar) which came to be used sub- stantively.] The Sun: in the Rigveda one of the two most common designations of the Sun, the other being Saritri. Surya is called the son of Dyaus and also the son of Aditi, while in some passages he is distinguished from the Adityas. In oneplace Ushas, the Dawn, is said to be his wife, while in another the Dawns are said to produce him together with Sacritice and Agni. He moves on a car drawn sometimes by one, sometimes by several or by seven, fleet and ruddy horses or mares. Pushan goes as his messenger with his golden ships, which sail in the aerial ocean. Surya is the preserver of all things stationary and moving, the vivitler of men. and common to them all, and beholds the good and bad deeds of mortals. He is the eye of Mitra and Vanina, and some- times also of Agni. He is at times identified with Indra, but in many passages his position is dependent, his path being prepared by Indra, the Ushases, Soma, Dhatri, Va- rnna, Mitra and Varuna, Indra and Varuna. Indra and Vishnu, or the -Angirases, when the dinne personality of the sun is .thrown into the background, and it becomes little more than a part of nature. (On Surya in the Veda, see Muir's "Original Sanskrit Texts," V. 15&-161.) There is also a feminine personality Surya (sor-ya'), who is some- times merely the sun personified as feminine, sometimes the wife of Surya, sometimes the daughter of Surya or Savitri and given in marriage to Soma, the Moon. The Surya or Suryasukta, 'Surya hymn ' (Rigveda X. 85), de- scribing this wedding plays an important part in the wedding ceremony. Suryasiddhanta (sor-ya-sid-dhan'ta). [San- skrit title : ' Siddhanta of the Sun.'] A cele- brated astronomical work in Sanskrit, said to be a direct revelation from the Sun, and thought by some to be the same as the Saura.siddhanta, or. one of the five earlier works on which was founded the Panehasiddhantika of Varahami- hira, who lived about the beginning of the 6th century A. D. The Suryasiddhanta has been edited liy Fitzedward Hall and Bapu Deva Shastrin in the "Bibliothe- calndica."and translated by the latter for the same series. The " Journal of the American Oriental Society " (Vol. \"I) also contains a translation nominally by Ebenezer Burgess, but practically by \V. D. Whitney, accompanied by a very thorough commentary by Whitney, one of the most valu- able contributions of that scholar to Oriental research. Sus (siis). A mountainous district in Morocco, lying south and southwest of the city of Mo- rocco. Susa (so'sa). Tn ancient geography, the capital of Susiana or Elam, situated between the rivers Kerkha and Dizful, about lat. 32° N., long. 48° 25' E. : the modern Sits or Shush, and the scrip- tural Shushan. it was a royal residence and tiourish- ing city throughout the period of the Achajmenid kings. The site at present exhibits a group of large and high mounds, forming together a diamond-shaped figure about 3^ miles in circuit. Excavations were made in IS.'il by Loftus in one of the mounds, with the result of disclosing the palace of ArtaxerxesMnemon, the chief feature being a fine colonnade of 340 feet front. The excavations of Dieula- foy, between 1884 and 1886, laid bare beneath these ruins those of the palace of Darius, son of Hystaspes, and showed that the upper strata of the mound are formed by super- posed layers of ruins, still but imperfectly explored, Susa (sci'sii). A seaport in Tunis, situated on the Gulf of Hamama 72 miles south by east of Tunis: jirobably the ancient Hadrumetum. Population, about 8,000. Susa. A town in the province of Turin, Italy, situated on the Dora Riparia, near the French frontier, 32 miles west of Turin: the Roman Se- gusio. It was an important eity and the chief town of the Cottian Alps. It has a cathedral, of which the cam-, panile and the massive round arches of the nave are of the 11th century: the remainder of the church is later and Pointed. Among its Roman antiquities is a trium. phal arch in honor of Augustus, now serving a^ a city gate. Population, about 4,000. 968 Susanna (sb-zan'a). [Heb.,' alily'; F.Susanne, It. Sityiiinui, Sp. and Pg. Siisana, Gr. Susanne.'] The wife of Joachim, the subject of "The His- tory of Susanna," one of the books of the Apocrypha — an addition to the Book of Daniel. The suljject of her surprisal by two of the elders while in her bath has been frequently used by painters. Susanna. An oratorio by Handel, produced in 1749. Susanna and the Elders. A painting by Rem- brandt (1637). in the Royal Gallery at The Hague, Holland. Susanna is about to enter her bath, when she is startled at perceiving one of the elders in the thicket. Susanna at the Bath. 1. One of the most fin- ished and carefully composed paintings of Rem- brandt (1647), in the Old Museum at Berlin. — 2. A painting by Rubens, in the Old Pinako- thek at Munich. Susanna turns her back to the elders, and seeks to veil herself. One of the intruders seizes her drapery, and the other touches her back. Susdal. See Suzdal. Susiana (si\-si-a'nii). A province of the Per- sian empire: the same as Elam. It was an in- dependent state after the first destruction of Nineveh, and was subdued by Sargon. Suspension Bridge. A former village in Ni- agara County, New York, situated on the Ni- agara River below the falls. Near it was the suspension railroad bridge over the Niagara. Now a part of Niagara Falls. Suspicious Husband, The. A comedy by Dr. Hciadley, ju-odueed in 1747. David Garriek was the original Ranger in this play. Susquehanna {sus-kwe-han'ii). A river in New York, Pennsylvania, and Maryland, it rises in Otsego Lake, New York; flows generally south-southwest past the Great Bend in Pennsylvania; reenters New York ; flows southeast and then southwest through Pennsylvania (and is also called the North or East Branch) ; unites at Northumberland with the West Branch; and flows into Chesapeake Bay at Havre de Grace, .\mong its tributaries are the Chenango and Juniata. Lengtiiof united stream, about 150 miles; total length, including the North Branch, over 400 miles ; length of West Branch to the junction, over 200 miles. Sussex (sus'eks). [ME. Sussex, Sussexe, AS. SutJi scxe, Sitth seaxe. South Saxons. Cf . Essex, Wessex.'] A maritime county of southern Eng- land . It is bounded by Surrey, Kent, the English Channel, and Hampshire, and traversed by the range of the South Downs. The northern part of the county is called the Weald (part of the ancient Andredsweald). It is mainly an agricultural county. Formerly it was the chief seat of the English iron manufactures. It contains many seaside re- sorts. It nearly corresponds to the ancient kingdom of Sussex, which was founded by .Elle (who landed here 477), and came under the supremacy of Wessex about 685. It was the scene of the landing of William the Conqueror and of the battles of Senlac and Lewes. Area, 1,458 square miles. Population (1891), 650,446. Sussex, Duke of.' See AwjHstns Fredericl: Sustenpass (ztis'ten-pas). A pass of the Urner Alps, Switzerland, which connects the Hasli Valley, in the eastern part of the canton of Bern, with the valley of the Reuss, canton of Uri. Sustermans (sus'ter-mans), or Suttermans (sut'ter-mans). Justus. Bornat Antwerp, 1597: died at Florence, April 23, 1081. A Flemish por- trait-painter, pupil of Willem de Vos and of Franz Pourbes the younger in Paris. At Flor- ence he was patronizeti by Grand Dukes Cosmo 11. and III. and Ferdinand II. At Vienna (1628-24) he painted the emperor's portrait. In 1627 he painted Pope Urban \III. He returned to Florence in 1653. He was a friend of Ru- bens iind of Vandyke. Sutherland (suTH'er-land). The northwestern- most county of Scotland, it is bounded by the At- lantic on the west and north, Caithness on the east, the North Sea on the southeast, and Ross and Cromarty on the south and southwest. The surface is generally mountain- ous and elevated. Area, 2,028 square miles. Population (1891), 21,896. Sutherland, First Duke of. See Leveson- Goircr, Georr/e Oranrille. Sutherland Falls. A noted cascade near Mil- ford Sound, in New Zealand. Height, 1,900 feet. Sutlej, or Satlej (sut'lej). One of the chief rivers of the Panjab. It rises in Tibet near the source of the Brahmaputra ; flows generally west ; breaks through the Himalaya; receives the Bias, anrl is known also as the Ghara ; unites with the Chenab, and is known as the Panjnad ; and flows into the Indus about lat. 29° N. Length, about 1,000 miles ; navigable to near Ludhiana. Sutra (so'tra). In Sanskrit, originally a 'thread, cord,' and then a brief rule, or book of such rules, so named because each rule was a short 'line,' or because the collection was a 'string' of rules. These rules appear to have been at first mere aids to the memory of teachers, whence they came to be the basis of teaching not only in religious ritual but also in philosophy and grammar. Thus there are the Shrau- tasutras, and among them especialh' the Kalpasutras, founded on Shruti (see Smriti and Skruti) and treating Svendborg especially of ritual, and the Grihyasutras and Samayachari- kasutras or Dharmasutras. which aie 'rules for domestic ceremonies' and 'rules for conventional customs,' the last two being called collectively Sm.irtasutras, as based on Smriti. Out of the last grew the Dharmashastras or ' law-books.' Each system of philosophy has its text-book written in Sutras. Examples in grammar and related subjects are the celebrated Sutras of Panini. the I'nadisu- tras on certain aSixes, and the Pi-atishakyas on Vedic accent and phonetics. Sutri (so'tre). A town in Italy, 29 miles north- west of Rome : the ancient Sutrium. it was an ancient Etruscan town, and later a Roman colony. Pop- ulation (1881), 2,266. Sutro(so'tr6),AdolphHeinrichJoseph. Bom , at Ai.x-la-Chapelle, Rhenish Prussia, April 29, 1830: died Aug. 8, 1898. A German-American mining engineer. He received his education in the polytechnic schoids in Germany; emigrated to the United States in 1850; and in 1860 went to Nevada, where he planned the famous Sutro tunnel at Virginia City, con- necting with and draiidng the mines of the Comstock Lode. The main tuiuiel is over 20,000 feet in length. It was begun in ISlin, and connection was made with the first of the mines Iti 1878. Elected mayor of San Francisco 1894. Sutter (sut'er), John Augustus. Born at Kan- deru, Baden, Feb. 15. 1803: died at Washing- ton, D. C, June 17, 1880. A Swiss-American pioneer and trader. He founded asettlementon the site of Sacramento. Gold was first discovered in Califor- nia on his property in 1848. Sutton (sut'on), Charles Manners, first Vis- count Canterbury. Born 1(80: died 1845. An English politician, for many years speaker of the House of Commons. Su'va (so'vii). A seaport on the southern coast of Viti Levu, capital of the Fiji Islands. Suvaroff (s6-va'rof), or Suvoroff (s6-v6'rof), or Suwarro'w (so-va'rov), or Su'waroff (so-vii'- rof ), Count Alexander. Born in Finland, Nov. 2.5, 1729: died at St- Petersburg, May 18, 1800. A celebrated Russian field-marshal, of Swedish descent. He served in the Seven Years' War against the Poles, and 1773-74 against the Turks ; suppressed the revolt of Pugatchetf 1774-75 ; defeated the Turks at Kinburn in 1787, and at Fokshani andRymnikin 1789 (being sumamed Rymnimski for this last victory) ; stormed Ismail in 1790 : stormed Praga, near Warsaw, and was made field-marshal in 1794 ; defeated the French at the battlesof Cassano, the Trebhia, and Novi in 1799 (for which he was sumamed Italuski) ; and crossed the Alps and traversed Switzerland 1799. Having been recalled in disgrace by the emperor Paul, he retired to his country-seat, where he died. Su'walki (so-val'ke). The northernmost gov- ernment in Russian Poland, bordering on East Prussia and the governments of Kovno, Vilna, Grodno, and Lomza. Ai-ea, 4,846 square miles. Population (1897), 604,973. Su'walki. The capital of the government of Suwalki, in lat. .54° 12' N., long. 22° 55' E. Popidation, 16,803. Su'wanee, or Su'wannee (su-wa'ne). A river in southern Georgia and Florida which flows into the Gulf of Mexico about lat. 29° 18' N. Length, about 250 miles. Su'waroff, or Suwarro'w. See SKvarojf. Su'wonada (so-w6-na'dii), or Inland Sea. A part of the Pacific C)ceau which lies southwest of the main island of Japan, and is nearly in- closed by it and the islands of Kiusiu and Shi- koku. Its length is about 240 miles. Suzdal (soz-diil'), or Susdal (sos-dal'), or SoUZ- dal (soz-diil'). A town in the government of Vladimir, Russia, situated on the Kamenka 115 miles east-northeast of Moscow. It was the seat of a medieval Russian principality. Population (1SS.5-S9), 6,991. Suzdal, Principality of (or Vladimir). A principality, and at times grand principality, of Russia, about the upper basin of the Volga : founded in the middle of the 12th century. It supplanted Kietf as the chief Russian state, and was united with the principality of Moscow in the 14th century. S'Valocin (sval'o-sin). [Xicolaus revbrsed: see Hotaiier.'] The name given in the Palermo Cata- logue to the fourth-magnitude star a Delphiui. Svartisen (sviirt'e-sen). ['Black ice.'] An ice- covered tract near the northwestern coast of Norway, just north of the Arctic Circle. Length, about 35 miles. Height above sea-level, about 4,000 feet. Sveaborg (sva'a-borg). A fortress in the har- bor of Helsingfors, Finland, it was constructed in 1749 ; was betrayed to the Russians May :% 1808 ; and was bombarded by the Anglo-French fleet Aug. 9-10, 1855. S'7ealand (sva'ii-land). The historical name of central Sweden. It comprised Soderman- land, Upland, Westermanland, Nerike, Werm- land, and Dalecarlia. S'vend. See Sweipi. S'Vendborg(svend'borg). An amt of Denmark, comprising part of Fiinen with Langeland, Taasinge, etc. Population, 120,707. Svendborg Svendborg. A seaport on the southern coast of the islaud of Fiinen, Denmark, in lat. 55° 4' N., long. 10° 37' E. Population (1890), 8,755. Svengali. See Trilby. Svenigorodka (sve-ne-g6-rod'ka). A town in the government of Kieff, Russia, situated on the Gniloi Tikiteh 98 miles south of Kieff. Population, about 11,000. Sverige (sva're-ge). The Swedish najne of Sweden. STetcMne. See Swetchine. Svlatoi (sve-a'toi), Cape. A headland on the northern coast of Russia, projecting into the Arc tic Ocean near the entrance to the \\'hite Sea. Svir (sver). A river in the government of Olo- netz, northern Russia, which flows from Lake Onega into Lake Ladoga. Length, about 125 miles. Swabia, or Suabia (Swa'bi-ii). [F. Sounhc, ML. Suabia, from MHG. Swdben, G. Scliivaljin, Swabia, orig. dat. pi. of Swab, G. Schwabf, a Swabian.] An ancient duchy of Germany, cor- responding in general to Wiirtemberg, Baden, and southwestern Bavaria, and also, at various times, to eastern Switzerland, Alsace, part of Tyrol, etc. : sometimes called Alamaiiiiia. it was one of the four preat duchies of the early German kingdom, and endured from 917 to 12G8. The Swabian house of HohenBtaufen furnished a famous dynasty of German kings and emperors. The name Swabia was re- vived as that of one of the circles of the Empire, and now includes the southern central part of Wiirtemberj;, the adjoining part of Baden, and the southwesteni part of Bavaria. Swabia and Neuburg (G. pron. noi'boro). A governmental district of Bavaria, bounded by Middle Franeonia on the north. Upper Bava^ ria on the east, T\to1 and Vorarlberg and Lake Constance on the south, and Wiirtemberg on the west. Capital, Augsburg. Area, 3,788 square miles. Population (1890), 668,316. Swabian Alp. See Swabian Jura. Swabian (swa'bi-an) Circle. [G. ScliWfibificher Kn-is.] One of the ten circles of the old Ger- man Empire, as established by the emperor Maximilian I., 1512. It comprised substantially the modem Wiirtemberg, a part of Bavaria, and a great part of Baden. Swabian Emperors. The German-Roman em- perors who reigned from 1138 to 1254 (the Ho- henstaufon line) : so called because the founder was duke of Swabia. Swabian Jura, or Swabian Alp, or Rauhe Alp (rou'e alp) or Alb. A mountain-range in wiirtemberg and Holienzollern, which ex- tends from near Sulz northeasterly to near tlie Bavarian frontier, between the valleys of the Neckar and Danube. Among its divisions are the Hardt and the Rauhe Alp proper. Swabian League, or Swabian Cities' League. A league of various Swabian cities formed in 1376, and extended into Franeonia, Bavaria, and the Rhine lands, as a defense against the extortions and depredations of the counts of Wiirtemberg. It fell into decay after 1388. Swabian League, Great. A league of Swabian cities and goveriinieiits formed in 1488 for the maintenance of the public peace. It was dis- solved in 1.533 on account of religious dissen- sions. Swabian Poets, The. InGermnnliterature: (a) A former collective name of the Minnesingers. (6) A group of modern poets of Wiirtemberg, the chief of whom were Uhland, Keruer, and Schwiili. Swabian Sea. An occasional name of the Lake of Constnnc-e. The baths of Friedi'ichshafen attract ninny visitors, csiiecially fmni Swabia. Swain (swiiu), Charles. Born at Manchester, England, 180:5: died Sept. 22, 1874. An Eng- lish poet, called "the Manchester Poet." lie wrote "Dryburgh Abbey" (1832), etc. Swainson (swan'sonj.'Vvilliam. Born at I.,iver- pool, (Jet. 8, 17S9: died in New Zealand. .V British naturalist. His works include "Zoological Illiiatratioris" 0820), "Exotic Conchology " (1S21\ ". Nat- uralist's Guide, "Ornithnlnpical Drawings "(18^-41). and volumes In Lardncr's " t'abinet f'yclopa'dia"and in ,lar- dine's " Naturalist's Librarj'." He was associated with Richardson in writing the "Fauna Boreall-Americana," and with Shuckard in the "History and Natural Arrange- ment of Insects." Swale (swiil). An inlet of the North Sea (or mouth of the Mcdway), south of the Isle of Slieppey, in Kent, England. Swale. A river in Yorkshire, England, which joins the Ure 14 miles northwest of York. Length, liO-70 miles. Swalli, or Swally (swol'e). The outer harbor of Surat, at the mouth of the Tapti. 969 Swammerdam (swam'mer-dam), Jan. Born at Amsterdam, Feb. 12, 1637: died there, Feb. 15, 1G80. A noted Dutch naturalist, distinguished as an anatomist and entomologist. Swamp (swomp), The. A low-lying region in the lower part of New Y'ork city, east of the Iiost-ofticc, known as a center of the hide and leather trade. Swamp Angel, The. A name given by the Fed- eral soldiers to an 8-inch Parrott gun which was mounteil on a battery built on piles driven into a swamp outside of Charleston, and used during thesiegeof that city. It burst Aug. 22, 1863. Afterthe war it was bought with some condemned metal and sent to Trenton, New .Jersey, to be melted ; but, having t)een iden- tilted, was set up on a granite base on the corner of Perry and Clinton streets in that city. Swampscott (swomp'skot). A watering-place in Essex County. Massaclmsetts, on Massachu- setts Bay. Population (1900), 4,548. Swan fswon;, The. See Ci/f/niin. Swan, The. A playhouse opened on the Bauk- sius knight who appe;u^ in a small boat drawn l»y a swan, ami pt-rforms helpful deeds, saves the lailyof the story, and iniu-ries her, Imtwho can remain with luT otdy on condition that she does not ask his name : this connects him with the Knights of the Grail, who were obliged to disappear if questioned. The condition having been l)roken, the swan and boat reappear and he is carried swiftly away. This story is very ancient, and is told of Helias, Lohengrin (in the Round Table cycle), Sal- vius. Gerhard the Swan, and others, and the lady is Else of Brat>ant or Beatrice of Cleves. There are numerous ro- mances in French, German, and English on this subject. The story of the seven swan-maidens is another myth pieced on to the genuine story of the Knight of the .Swan. It was in commemoration of the beautiful myth of the Swan-Knight that Frederick II. of Brandenburg instituted the Order of the .Swan, in 1440. . . . The liadgc of the Cleves order of knighthood was also a silver swan sus- pended from a gold chain. Charles, Duke of neves, at- tempted t<) revive the Order of the Swan. "When Cleves fell to Prussia, the Count de Bar endeavored to persuade Frederick tlie Great to resuscitate the order, but in vain. With Anne of Cleves, the white swan passed to our tavern sign-boards. 5. Barinff-Goutd, Curious Myths of the Mid. Ages, 2d ser. , I p. :i3.i. Swan (swon) Lake. A small lake in Nicollet County , southern Minnesota, north west of Jlan- kitto. ■ Swan-maidens. See Sumn, Knir/ht of the. Swan of Avon, Sweet. A name given by Ben Jonson to Sliaksiiere. Swan of Cambrai, The. F(enelon. Swan of Lichfield, The. A name given to Miss Anna Seward, tin- friend of Dr. Johnson. Swan of Padua, The. Francesco Algarotti. Swan of the Thames, The. John Taylor. Swan (swon) River. [Named from the black swans seen in it by its discoverer, Willem de \naming, 1097.] A river in West Australia which flows into the Indian Ocean near Perth. It gave name to the colony which formed the nucleus of West Australia. Swansea (swon'se). A seaport of Glamorgan- shire, Wales, situated at the entrance of the river Tawe into Swansea Bay, in lat. 51° 37' N., long. 3° 56' W. It is the principal scat of copper- smelting in Great Britain, and perhai)s in the world, a]id has also manufactiu'es of lead, iron, tin-plate, zinc, and other metals, cheiiMoals, etc. There are extensive coal- mines in its vicinity. It has docks, and exports of tin- plate and otiH'r niainifactnred goods, coal. etc. The castle was built in l(i'.)!i. I'opulalion (I'.iol), n4,.';n. Swansea, or Swanzey (swim'zi). A village in Bristol County, Massachusetts, 4 miles north- west of Fall River. Here, June 24, KITfi, the Indians murderetl several settlers: this event was tile immediate cause of King Philip's war. Swan's Island. -\n island of Hancock County, .Maine, 5 miles southwest of Mount Desert. Length, 5| miles. Swanzey. See Swanara. Swarga (swiir'gii), or Swerga (swi'T'gii). In Hindu mythology, the licavcii of Iiulra and other gods, situated on Mount Moru. Swarthmore (swiirth'mor) College. .An in- stitution of learning situnted at Swarth- more, Pennsylvania, 12 miles west-soutliwest of Philadelphia. It is under control of the Friends. It has about 30 instructors and 200 students. Swat (swiif), or Suwat (su-wlif), A little- known region ii ntrnl .\sia, west of the up- per Iiiilus and northeast of Peshawar. It has l)een tinder the rule of a chief entitled the Akhoond. SwatOW iswii-tou'). orShantow (shiin-tou'), or Swedenborgians Swartow (swiir-tou'). A treaty port in the province of Kwangtung, China, situated at one mouth of the river Han, in lat. (of Double Isl- and) 23° 20' N., long. 116° 43' E. It has con- siderable trade in tea. beau-cake, oranges, cloth, etc. Population (1S96). est., 30,000. Swayne (swan). Noah Haynes. Bom in Cul- •peper County, Va., Dec. 7, 1804 : died at New York, June 8, 1884. An American jurist, asso- ciate justice of the United States Supreme Court 1861-81. Swaziland (swa'ze-land). A small independent state in South Africa, situated near the Trans- vaal Colony, Amatongaland, and Zulidand. its indepeU'iencc was recot-iiized in lb84. A comnnssion was in 181K) formed, with representatives of Great Britain, the Transvaal, ami the Swazis, to rule over the whites. It be- came subject to the Transvaal in 1895 and to Great Britain iu 191X). jVrea, 6,150 square miles. I'op., about C1.50U. Sweden (swe'den). [Formerly also Sweeden ; F. Sii((l<', D. ZwciUn, G. Schweden ; orig. dat. pi. of Swiih; D. /.weed, G. Sclncede, Goth. *Swellia (pi. Swctlians in Jordanes) ; a form appar. cliff, from the other designation, AS. Sweon, Swidii, Icel. Siiar, .Sw. Svear, L. Suioneti, also Siicci, whence the ML. name Snccia (It. Svecia, Sp. Siiccia). The Sw. name for Sweden is Sreripe, Dan. Sveirig, Icel. >Sviariki, kingdom of the Svear or Swedes.] A kingdom of Europe, in the eastern part of the Scandina%ian penin- sula. Capital, Stockholm, it is bounded by Nor- way on the west and north. Finland, the Gulf of Bothnia, and the Baltic Sea on the east, ttie Baltic on the south, and the Sound, Cattegat, and Skager Rack on theS.W.; and extends from lat. i.5 2o to 69^ 3' N., and from long. 11" 6 to 24" b' E. There are three main divisions : Gotaland in the south. Svealand in the center, and Norrland in the north. The surface is generally hilly: amountain-range(theKolen) runs along the northwestern boundary between Sweden and Norway. The kingdom contains many lakes (Wenern, Wettern, Malar, etc.) and rivers, and comprises many neighboring islands, including Gotland and Oland. The leading occupation is apiculture. Tliere is considera- ble mineral wealth, particularly iron. Timber, iron, hard- ware and wooden wares, etc.j are exported. The country is subdivided into '25 laens or provinces. Tlie government is a hereditary constitutional monarchy, legislative author- ity being vested in the king and the Riksdag of two houses (l)tith elected), Sweden and Norway have been united under the same king since 1S14, and are bound to stand tiy each other in war, but are otherwise free anu independent. The inhabitants are mostly Swedes : there are a few Finns and Lapps in the north. Tlie prevailing religion is Protes- tant (Lutheran). Sweden was inhabited in early times by various tribes, the chief of them t)eing the Goths in the south and the Swedes in the north. Christianity was rtnally established about the end of the 11th century. A fusion of the Goths and Swedes took place in the 13th century. 'I'he union of the three kingdoms Denmark, Swetlcn, and Norway was effected at Kalmar in 1397. A rebellion against the Danes was led by Gustavus Vasa. who was elected king in 1523. The Reformation was intrtnlnced by him. Sweden became one of the leading European powers in the 17th century. It took a leading part in the I'hirty Years' War under Gustavus Adolphus and his successor; obtained a large part of Pomerania, Bremen, Verden, etc., in KJ48 ; c.-uried on successful wars with Den- mark and Poland; received I.ivi>nia. Esthoina, Scania, etc., in 16(W ; carried on the Northern War, under Charles XII., against Denmark, Russia, Poland, and Saxony ; ceded a large part of its possessions in northern Gernnmy in 1719- 1720; ceded Livonia, F.sthonia, etc.. to Russia in 1721: and ceded Fitdand to Russia in 1S09. Norway was united with it in 1S14. lis remaining possessions in Gennany were ceded to Prussia in 1815. Area, 172,876 square miles. P. pulati.in U90OI, 5,13li,441. Swedenborg (swe'dn-borg; Sw. pron. sva'den- iiorg) (originally Svedberg or Swedberg), Emanuel. Born at Stocklndm. Jan. 29, Kis.S; died at London, March 29, 1772. A celebrated Swedish philosopher and theosophist, founder of the New Church. He was educated at 1 psala; tniveleil in Eumpe 1710-14 ; was appointed assessor of Ilie Swedish college of mines in 171li : distiiigiiishrd himself at the siege of Freilerikshall in 171s tiy the invention of nui- chines for the transport of boats overland from Stronistadl to Idilcfjord ; and wiu* subsequently elevatetl to the notdt- ity. .Aliout 174.S he commenccil to have "visions," and in 1747 resigned his otllce in onler to devote himself wholly to the expoumling of Scripture as the lunnetliate mouth- piece of God. His chief theological and mystical work is "An'ana ca'le8tla"(1749-:Kt). .\inong his other works are "G|>era philosophica et mincralogica "(I7:t4), "red to moral freedom by the rewlriclloii of evil Infestations, the |>ower of w Inch had Ihrealenet! ila utter extlnci ion. In proof of Ihis belief, his followers |Kdnt to the unpanUleled spiritual and material pntgressof innn. kiml. "They were llnti orgatdzed in I.,ondon(where Sweden- borg long i-esided)in l77Suiuler the name of the " Society of the New Church signitted t>ylhe New Jerusalem," usu- ally abbievlated to New Church. Professod Swedenbor- glan^ though widely icattered, have aercr been numerous Swedenborgians bat Swedentorg himself appears not to have contemplated the formation of a separate chu rch, trusting to the permea- tion of liis doctrines throuph the existing churches. Swe- denborgians believe that this process is going on. and that thus the new dispensation is making its way indepen- dently of their own organization or efforts, and even with- out the conscious knowledge of most of those affected by it. Swedenborg considered himself the divinely appointed henild and expounder of this dispensation, being prepared for the office by open intercourse during many years with spirits and angels (all originally human beings), and with God himself, who revealed to him the spiritual or symbolic sense of the Divine Word (which the world had not previ- ously been in a state to receive or apprehend ), setting forth spiritual and celestiid truths in every part through the correspondence of all material things with the spiritual principles, good or evil, of which they are the outgrowth and manifestation. This doctrine of correspondencies is the foundation of his system, which he elaborated with uniform consistency in many volumes, all first published in Latin. In this correspondence consists the plen:U7 in- spiration of the Word, which inclndesonly the Pentateuch, Joshua, Judges, Samuel, Kings, the Prophets and Psalms, the four Gospels, and the Apocalj-pse : the other books of the Bible are valuable for instruction, but lack this divine character. Swedish (swe'dish). The langniage of the Swedes: a Scandinavian dialect akiu to Danish and Norwegian-Icelandic. Old Swedish is preserved in runic inscriptions from the end of the viking age in the 11th century, and in literature from late in the 13th cen- tury, ilodern Swedish dates from the Reformation. Swedish Nightingale, The. Jenny Lind. Swedish Pomerania. A name formerly given to the westera part of Pomerania, which was granted to Sweden at the peace of Westphalia in 1648. It comprised Vorpommem and Riigen, and part of Hinterpommern. Part of it was ceded to Prussia in 1720 ; the remainder was ceded to Denmark in 1S14, and by Denmark to Prussia in 1815. Sweedlepipe (swe'dl-pip), Paul or Poll. In Dickens's -'Martin Chuzzlewit," a bird-fancier and "easy shaver," Mrs. Gamp's landlord: " a disapp'intin' Sweedlepipes." Sweeny (swe'ni), Thomas William. Born at Cork, Ireland, Dec. ij, 1S20: died at Astoria, Long Island, X. Y., April 10, lS9i. An Ameri- can general. He served in the Mexican war, and in the Civil War (at Wilson's Creek, Fort DonelsoHj and Shiloh, and in the Atlanta campaign) ; and took part in the lenian invasion of Canada. Sweet Singer of the Temple. George Herbert. Sweetwater (swef waiter) Mountains. A range of the EockA- Mountains in Wyoming, southeast of the Wind Hiver Mountains, and northwest of the iledicine Bow Mountains. Sweetwater River. A tributary of the Xorth Fork of thePlatte, in central Wyoming. Length, about l-iO miles. Sweet William's Parewell to Black-eyed Susan. See Black-ei/ed Susan. Swegen. See Sweyn. Swerga. See Sicarga. Swetchine '?vech-en'). Madame (Anne Sophie Soymonoff*. Bom at Moscow, 1782: died at Paris, 1857. A Russian \iuthor. Her works and letters were edited by Falloux. Swett (swet), Samuel. Bom at Newburyport, Mass., June 9, 1782 : died at Boston, Oct. 28, 1866. An American historical writer. He pub- lished "Bunker HiU," controversial and other works on that battle, etc. Sweyn, or Swein (swan), or Swegen (sva'gen), or Svend (svend). Died 1014. King of Den- mark, son of Harold Blaatand and father of Canute. He invaded England in 994 and 1003, and conquered England in 1013. Sweyn, or Swein. Died about 1051. An Eng- lish earl, eldest son of Godwine. He was out- lawed and exiled in 1CH6; was restored; and was finally exiled with Godwine in 1051. Sweyn. Died 1076. King of Denmark 1047- 1076, son of Canute. He invaded England in 1068. Swift (swift), Jonathan. Bom at Dublin, Xo v. 30, 1667 : died there, Oct. 19, 1745. A celebrated English satirist and man of letters: usually spoken of as Dean Swift. His grandfather, Thomas Swift, vicar of Goodrich in Herefordshire, was a follower of Charles I. Swift matriculated at Trinity College, Dul)- lin. in 16S2, leaving with only a degree speciali gratia in 1686. In 168S, owing to the Revolution, he went to Eng- land, and in la-'iS became amanuensis or secri-'tary to Sir William Temple (who was in some way related to Swift's mother) at Moor Park, near Famham. He disliked his sub- ordinate position, and returned to Dublin in about a year. In 1692 he received the degree of B. A. at Oxford, took orders in 1695, and in 1695 obtained the living of Kilroot, Antrim, Ireland. In 1696, tired of obscurity, he returned to Sir WiUiam Temple, and remained with him till his death in Jan., 1699. Durln'.- these years of quiet he not only read much, but was in such relations with the court as to obtain an insight into politics which later was of use to him. In 1696 he wrote "A Tale of a Tub." and in 1697 the '■ Battle of the Books ' (both published in 1704) : he also pr.blished an edition of Temple's works (170O- 1703). He was made rector of Agher. in Sleath, and vicar of Laracor in 17riO. and held other small livings. In 1696 he had offered marriage to Miss Waring (*'Varina"), who i-efused him on account of her ill health and his poverty. 970 When he received the living of Laracor, however, in 1700, she wished the marriage to take place. He broke oif the match bv saving that if she would submit to be edu- cated so that' she could entertain him. soothe his ill hu- mor, accept hislikes and dislikes, etc. he would overlook deficiencies in looks and income. He published the Whig tract "A Discourse on the Dissensions in Athens and Rome " in 170;,'. At Laracor he was joined by Mrs. Rebecca Dingley and by Esther Johnson (born in 16S1), a dependent of Sir William" Temple, who presided over his house — the 5tel]a " of later years. In 170S he published the pam- Switzerland of Victor Hugo •'(1S86),"A Study of Ben Jonson " " Locrine ■ a Tragedy" (lSS7),"'rhe Armada " (1S88X and "Poems and Ballads " (ISisS). S'Winemiinde (sve'ne-mtin-de). A seaport in the province of Pomerania, Prussia, situated on the island Usedom, at the mouth of the Swine, in lat. 53° 55' X., long. 14° 17' E. it forms the outer port of Stettin. It is a watering-place, and has an excellent harbor and important commerce. Population (1890), 8,508. phlets" The Sentiments of a Church of England Man "and cs.,^-„„ /-cw^T,;ov.,l710,hebegantowrite Ohio. Aug. 23,' 1830: died Oct. 3, 1894. An tor the "Emminer, "a Tory journal, and formed the "So- American Presbvterian elergvman. tried for cietv of Brothers. In Julv, 1.11, he left the "Examiner, , • ci • X • tc-i j -i* i tt but'continued to write To'iy pamphlets("The Conduct of heresy lu Chicago in 18/4, and acquitted. He the Allies " and "Remarks on the Barrier Treaty"). He was afterward pastor of au independent church. wasappointedbyQueen AnnedeanofSt.Patrick'SjDublin, SwiutOU (swin'tou). A village in Lancashire, in 1713 He was intimately as«>ciated with Cxford and England, 6 miles west-northwest of Manehes- Bolingbroke, and was a friend of Steele, Addison, Pope, Ar- , » y., ' , ,. /-,of\-i\ •*-\ -n ii -u .iota- buthnot, Congreve, Atterbun,-, ParneU.and Gay. Someof ter. Population (1891),with Pendlebury, 20,19.. hisbestwork belongs to this period — the last four years S'wintOU. Amanufacturing town in Yorkshire, of Queen Anne. After the fall of the Tories he retired to England, 10 miles northeast of Sheffield. Pop- Dublin. 'While living in London, Esther V anhomrigh, ,,i,h„,, icini o RQ" the"Vanessa" of hispoem "Cadennsand Vanessa,"had ."''l"^" l.^±,'^,''. '''"-"• . tt ,-,. _, ,. formed an attachment for him. In 17U her mother died, S'Winton. William. Bora in Haddingtonshire, and she followed Swift to Dublin. It is generally said Scotland, April 23, 1833 : died at Xew York, Oct. 1 1« "s.Pii^ ■• ,nH in 24^ 1892. An American journalist and author. that in 1716 he was privately married to "SteUa," and in 1717 " \'anessa " retired to Marley Abbey at Celbridge, where Swift visited her. In 1723 "Vanessa" wrote to "Stella" demanding an explanation of her relation to Swift "Stella" replied that she was his wife, and sent " Vanessa's " letter to Swift, who at once, in one of his char- acteristic fits of passion, went to " \'anessa," threw her letter on a table without a word, and rode away. This was her death-blow : she lived only a few weeks longer. Swift devoted himself earnestly to the condition of Ireland and Irish politics, and in 1720 published his "Proposal for the Universal Tse of Irish Manufactures." urging the disuse of English gixids by thelrish. A patent for supplying . -i t> v IrelandwithcnppercoinshadbeenJiccordedtooneWilliam wWlSS ± amlly XlODinSOn. He became connected with the " New- York Times " 1858, and was its war correspondent 1862-64 : his letters several times involved him in diflicnlties with the mili- tary authorities. From 1869 to 1874 he was professor of English at the University of California. He wrote a series of historical and other text-books, and "Rambles Among Words"(18591, " The Times's Review of McClellan : his Military Career Reviewed and Exposed " (1864), " Cam- paigns of the Army of the Potomac " (1866), "Twelve De- cisive Battles of the W.ar" (1867>, "History of the Xew York Seventh Regiment during the Rebellion " (187(^ etc. A romance bv Eo- Wnod, who shar'ed a 40 per cent, profit with the Duchess dolphe Wvss. The scene is laid in a desert isl- of Kendal, the king's mistress. In 1724 Swift attacked gmj about 1800 this abuse in letters signed "M.B. Drapier," which raised r..^ n j„ nn.^ \ «« ^ ^e a^;^c ^^^^^ his popularity to a height that it always retained. Return- SwiSS GuardS, The. -i corps of bwiss merce- ing to England, he was recalled on account of "Stella's" nary troojis in the French service, formed m illness, but she did not dietill 1728. In 1726 he published 1616 and tinallv disbanded in 1830. They are cele- " Gulliver's Travels" and in 1729 his" Modest Propos.al for fcrated for their 'valor in the defense of the Tuileries, Preventing the Children of Poor People in Ireland from .^u„ jo. 1792, commemorated in the " Lion of Lucerne " at being a Burden to their Parents " — his ironical suggestion Lucerne, being that they should be fattened and eaten. Inhislatcr q-_J4.'Uj.^ years his b^raiii became diseased, and he was alternately in DWlHIlin a state of torture and apathetic torpor : for a year or two his intellect, was almost wholly eclipsed, a fact of which he w.as conscious at intervals. He was put under restraint in 1741, and lingered till 1745. He was buried in St. Pat- ricks Cathedral, Dublin. With Arbuthnot and Pope he carried out the scheme of the "Scriblcrus Club " (which see). Among his works not mentioned above are "Pin- darics." " Predictions for 1 703 " (1708 : an attack upon astrol- ogy in the person of Partridge, the almanac-maker, in which Swift assumed the character oi an almanac-maker and the (swith'in), or S'withun (swith'un). Saint. Born near Winchester, probably about 800 : died about 862. A bishop of Winchester. It was fabled that he performed many miraculous cures after his death, and he was translated with great cere- monial July 15, 971. He was not regularly canonized, but received his title of saint on his translation. He has, for no known reason, become associated in the popular mind with drunkemiess. He is noted in folk-lore, a common adage being that if it rains on St. Swithln's day (July 15), it will rain for forty days after. nameof IsaacBickersta(fe),"AProjectfortheAdvancement q__-4._._t„_ j /.^.ji^' ■_ i„„,j\ riT on.l/^Ff1.o Qw^f of Religion "(1709: "the only work to which he ever put his S'Wltzerland (sw it zer-land). [ Landof theSw^t- name"),"Vindieationof Bickerstaffe"(1709),"Propos.alfor zers ; G. Die Sclncei-. F. Suisse, It. Sii;;-era, Sp. Correcting, Improving, and Ascertaining the English Tomrue" (171'2), "Free Thoughts on the State of Public Affairs " (1714). " History of the Last Forir Y'ears of Queen Anne"(not published till 17,"i7-68: a numberof volumes of miscellanies with Arbuthnot, Pope, Gay, Sheridan, and others), "The Legion Club " (1735 : a satire against'the Irish House of Commons)." Directions to Servants," and "Polit« Conversation " (1738i. Swift, Lewis. Born at Clarkson, X. Y., Feb. 29, 1820. A distinguished Americau astrono- mer, director of the Warner Observatory at Rochester, Xew York, and subsequently of Lowe Observatory. He is especially noted as a discoverer of comets and nebulie. S'willy (swil'i). Lough. Aninletof the Atlantic in Ulster, Ireland, northwest of Londonderry. Length, 25 miles. S'winburne (s-win'bfern), Algernon Charles. Born at London, April 5. 1837. An English poet, son of Admiral Swinburne and Lady Hen- rietta Ashburnham, daughter of the third Earl of Ashburnham. He was educated in France, and at Eton and Oxford (Balliol College), entering the university in 1857 and leaving xvithout a degree. He is especially re- markable for his facile metrical invention. He has pub- lished "The Queen Mother" and "Rosamund" (1861), '■ Atalanta in Calydon " (1864), "Chastelard : a Tragedy " (1865), '' Poems arid B.allads " (1866 : these were so severely censured that the edition was withdrawn, but it was re- printed the same year as "Laus Veneris, and other Poems and Ballads," and Swinburne repUed to the criticism (also in 1866) with " Notes on Poems and Reviews"), "William Blake: a Critical Essay "(1867), "An Ode on the Proclama- tion of the French Republic " (1870), " Songs Before Sun- rise " (1S71), " Under the Microscope " (1872 : an answer to Robert Buchanan's pamphlet "The Fleshly School "), "Bothwell's Tragedy" (1874), "Songs of Two >'ations" (1876), "Essays and Studies "(1875), "George Chapman: a Critical Essav" (1875), "Erechtheus: a Tragedy " (1876). "A Note on 'charlotte Bronte " (1877X a second series of " Poemsand Ballads " (1878). ' 'A Study of Shakspere " (1879), "The Modem Heptalogia. or the Seven .^gainst Sense " (1880). "Songs of the Springtides" (1880). "Studies in Song"(lSSO), " MaryStuart : a Tragedy "(1881), "Tristram of Lyonesse, etc. ' (1882), " A Century of Roundels " (1883), "A Midsummer Holiday, etc." (1884), " Marino Faliero : a Tragedy " (1885), " Prose Miscellanies " (1886), "A Study Sui::a.'] A country of Europe, bounded by France on the west and northwest, Alsace and Baden on the north, the Lake of Constance on the north- east, Vorarlberg and Tyi-ol on the east, and Italy andFranceonthesouthrLatin Helvetia. Capital, Bern. The main range of the Alps in the south (partly on the Italian border) is separated from a secondary range of the -Alps (Bernese Oberland, Todi, Santis, etc.) by the valleys of the Rhone and Rhine : the Jura is in the west and north. (See Alps.) The highest mountain is Monte Rosa (over 15,000 feet). The chief lakes are the Lakes of Geneva, Constance, Lucerne, Zurich, and NeuchateL The leading industries are cotton, woolen, and silk manufac- tures, straw-plaiting, manufactures of embroidery, clocks and watches, wooden wares, chemicals, machinery, music- boxes, etc., and dairy-fanning. The country contains many pleasure- and health-resorts, and is famous as a summer resort of tourists. It contains 22 cantons united in a con- federation, the several cantons being very largely indepen- dent in internal matters. The government of the confed- eration is vested in a federal assembly of two chambers: the State Council ("Standerath"or "ConseU des Etats") of 44 members (2 for each canton), and the National Coun- cil (" Nationalrath " or " Conseil National "). with 147 rep- resentatives. The Federal Assembly in joint session electa the executive body, the Federal Council (''Bundesrath "or "Conseil Federal"), of 7 members, and also the president of the Federal Council, \vho is elected for one year as presi- dent of the Swiss Confederation. " Whenever a petition demanding the rerision "r annulment of a measure passed by the Legislature is presented by 30,000 citizens, or the alteration is demanded by eight cantons, the law in ques- tion must be submitted to the direct vote of the nation. This principle, called the re/crcndiim. is frequently acted on.' (The Statesman's Year-BMk,li'->i,V'iin.) Cantonal government is exercised bya great council or directly by the citizens in popular assembly (" Landesgemeinde "). About three flfthsof the inhabitants are Protestantsand about two fifths Roman Catholics. About 2,000,000 speak German. 600,000 French, 160,000 Italian, and 38,000 Romansh. The ancient inhabitants were Helvetii and other tribes. The land became part of the Roman Empire and largely of the province of Gaul, and was settled by Burgundians. .A.laman- ni. etc. Theleaguebetween Vri.Schwyz, and Nidwald(in Unterwalden) against Hapsburg oppression was formed 1291. Thelegend of Tell and the founding of the confedera- tion at Riitli are assigned to the beginning of the 14th cen- tury. The Swiss defeated the Austrians at Morgarten in 1315, and renewed the league the same year. Lucerne Switzerland joined the confederation in 1332. Zurich in 1351, Glarus in 1362, Zug in 1352, and Bern in 1353. Tlie Austrians were de- feated at Senipach in 1386. and various conquests were made in the 14th century. Besides its own meniljers, the con- federation recognized "associates" and "protected dis- tricts." The Swiss were freed from Austrian claims in 1394 and 1474. Tliey defeated Charles the Hold of Bur- pundy at Cranson and Murten in 1470. The "Coniiiact of *Stanz" waa formed in 1481. Fribouj-g and Solitthurn were admitted in 14S1. Switzerland became practie;illy inde- pendent of the IZmpire in 149!l. Basel and ."^challiiansen were admitted in l.'>01, and ,\ppenzeU in 1513. The .Swiss were defeated at Marignano by Francis I. of FYance in l-'ilo, and eoneluded peace with France in 1516. The Ref- ormation was introduced into various parts by Zwingli, Farel, Calvin, etc. The Golden League between Catholic members was formed in l.i86. Switzerland became for- mally independent of the Empire in 1648. The Helvetic Kepublic waa estal)lished in 1798, under the influence of France. A revolt of the Forest Cantons was suppressed by the French iti 1798, and the country was the scene of much lighting in the wars of the Directory and Consulate. The confederation was restored in 1803, and the cantons of St. Gall, (»ri sons, .\arg;ul,Thurgau,Ticino,andVaud were added. A new constitution was adopted, neutrality was guaran- teed, and the cantons of Geneva, Valais. and Neuchatel were added in 1815. Tile war of the '■ Sonderbund " oc- curred in 1847. Government was made njore centralized by the constitution of 1848. Jseuchatel was freed from Prussian claims in 1H57. The constitution was revised in 1874. Area, lo,U7a square n;ile.s. Population (1900), 3,325.023. Such is the Switzerland of our own time, but such was not the Switzerland with which Cliarles tlie Bold had to deal. In Ihosedays the name of Switzerland, as a distinct nation or people, was hardly linown. The names Swit- enses, Switzois, Suisses, were indeed beginning to spread themselves from a single canton to the whole Confeder- ation ; but the formal style of that Confederation was still the ''Great (or Old) League of Upper (iermany " — perhaps rather of "Upper Swabia." That League was much smaller than it is now, and it was purely German. It consisted of eight German districts and cities, united, like many other groups of German cities, by a lax Federal tie, which tie, while other similar unions have died away, has gradually developed into a perfect Federal Govern- ment, and has extended itself over it large non-German territory. The League then consisted of eight cantons only — Ziiricll, Bern, Luzem, I'ri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, Zug, and Olarus. Freeman, Hist. Essays, I. 353. Switzerland, Saxon. See Saxon Stritzcrland. Swiveller (swiv'l-er), Dick. A happy-go-lucky, devnl-niay-care fellow in Dickens's ''Old Curi- osity Shop." Altogether, and because of rather than in spite of his weaifnesses, Dicli is a captivating person. His gaiety and good humour survive such accunmlations of '■ staggerers." he makes such discoveries of "the rosy" in the very small- est of drinks, and becomes Ilimself by his solacements of verse such a " peipetnal grand Apollo," tliat his failings are all forgiven, and hearts resolutely sliut ag.ninst victims of liestiny in general open themselves freely to Dick Swiv- eller. Farster, Life of Dickens, ii. 7. Swordfish, The. See Xipliias. Sword of God, The. A name given to the Sara- cen conqufmr KhnleJ. Sword of Rome, The. A name sometimes given to Marcellus. Swords (sordz). Thomas. Bom at New York, Nov. 1, 1806 : died there, March 20, 1886. An American general. He served in the conquest of New Slexico and California in the Mexican war, and in the Civil War. Swynford fswin'ford), Katharine. Died 1403. The third wife of John of Gaunt, mother of the Beanforts and ancestress of Henry VII. of Eng- land. Syagrian (si-a'gri-an) Promontory. In an- cient geography, a Headland at the eastern ex- tremity of Arabia. Syagrius (si-a'gri-us). The last Eoman gov- ernor of Gaul. He was defeated by Clovis near Soissons in 486. Syamantaka (sya-man'ta-ka). In Hindu my- thology, a celebrated jewel of which the story is told in the Vishnupurana. It yielded daily ciglit loads of gold, and expelled all fear of portents, wild i)east3, fire, robljers, and famine : but, though an inexljaustible re- source to a virtuous, it was deadly to a wicked, wearer. It was Riven by Surya, theSun,toSatraJit,Surya recompens- ing Satrajit for praises rendered hiru by allowing Ilimself to be seen in his proper form and Ity the liestowal of the gem. Afraid that Krishna would take it from him, Satra- jitgave the jewel to his<»wn brother, I'rasena, but Prm^ena was killed l>y a limi. .lambuvat, king of tlie bears, killeil the lion and carried otf the gem ; but Krishna took it from him and restfired it to Satrajit, who in thankfulnesB gave him his daughter Satyabhania in marriage. One of the many suitors (tf Hatyaldiama bad been Shatadhanvan, wlio now killed Satrajit in his sleep and curried olf the genu Pursued by Krishna and Balarama. Shatadhanvan gave It to Akrura and contimied his flight, but was overtaken ami killed by Krishna. As Krishna did not bring back the jewel, Balarama upbraided him with secreting it, and parted from him. Akrura. after lift y-t wo years, produced it, when it was claimed by K I islina, I'.ataranni.and Satyabhania, andiiccided that Akrura sliould kf-ep it, whence he moved about like the sun wearing a garland of light. Sybaris (sib'a-ris). [Gr. Ivjinpir.'] In ancient geograjihy, a city of Mai;na Gripcia, southern Italy, situated near the Gulf of Tarcntuni in lat."39° 41' N., long. 10° 28' E. It was founded by Achaean colonists in 720 B. c. It was celebrated for its 971 wealth, and its inhabitants were proverbial for their lux- ury (whence the epithet Sybarite). It was destroyed by the inhabitants of Crotona in 510 B. c. Sybaris was one of the most important towns of Magna Gnecia. According to Strabo, it was founded by the Aclia;ans (vi. p. 378), probably about B. c. 720. (Clinton's F. H., vol. i.. pp. 168, 174.) The colonisation was most likely connected with the gradual conquest of the Pelo- poiMiese by the Dorian invaders. Its site is marked by the junction of the Crathis (Crn(i) with the Syliaris (CossiVc). Sybaris flourished 210 years (Seym. Ch. 1. 360). Its walls wei'e 50 stadia in circumference : it had twenty-five sub- ject cities, and ruled over fourneighbouring tribes. In the great war with Crotona, it is said to have brought into the field 300,000 men (Strab. 1, s. c). Its excessive luxury is proverbial. It was taken (B. c. 51o) after a siege of 70 days by the Crotoniats, who turned the river upon the town, and in this way destroyed it. A second -Sybaris arose upon the ruins of the first, but it never llourislied, and was finally merged in the Atlienian colony of Thurii(B. c. 443), which was built on a spot in the neighbourhood. Herodo- tus waa one of the colonists (Suidas). JtauiiiU'oH. Herod., III. 242, note. Sybel (ze'bel), Heinrich von. Born at DUssel- dorf, Prussia, Dec. 2, 1817: died at Marburg, Prussia, Aug. 1, 189.5. A noted German his- torian. He has been a member of the Hessian anxford. His course there was intemi[ited liy service in the Parliamentary army ; but he graduated (l)achelor of medicine) in 1048, and became a fellt.nv of All Souls. In 1003 he was licensed by the Col- lege of Physicians to practise in Westminster. He was a warm friend of John Locke and Robert Boyle. His works include "MethodusCui'andi Fel)res"(1660)," Epistolte Re- sponsorise " (1680), "Tractatus de Podagra et Hydrope " (1683), etc. Sydenham anticipated modern practice in many ways, especially in a minute study of predisposing causes external and internal, and in assisting natural crises, as well as by the general liberality of his practice. Sydney (sid'ni). A seaport, capital of New South Wales, Australia, situated on the harbor of Port Jackson, in lat. 33° 52' S., long. 151° 13' E. : one of the two chief cities of Austra- lia. Its suburbs include Glebe, Paddington, etc. Its commerce and manufactures are important, and it is the terminus of various steamship lines. Near it are extensive coal-mines. It is the scat of a mint and of Sydney Univer- sity. It was settled in 1788 as a convict colony. Popu- lation (1891), with suburbs, ;iS3,386. Sydney. A seaport in Capo Breton, Nova Scotia, situated on the eastern coast in lat. 40° 10' N., long. 00° 7' W. It is in the vicinity of a coalmining region. Pcipnlation ir.ioi), li,!l09. Sydney, Algernon Philip. See SUlnei/. Syene. See A.fsuan. Syennesis (si-en'e-sis). [Gr. ^vhveaif.'} A king of Cilicia, vassal of Persia, at the time of the expedition of Cyrus the Younger 401 h. c. The name is common to all the kings of Cilicia men- tioned in history. Sykes (siks), George. Bom at Dover, Del., Oct. 9, 1822: died in Texas, Feb. 9, 1880. An Ameri- can general. He graduated at West Point in 1842; served In the Mexican ami in Indian wars ; anil was a division and corps commander in the Army of the I'otomai:. He served with distinction at Gaines's .Mill, (Jettysburg, etc. Sykes, Mrs. : best known by her maiden nnine, Olive Logan. Born at Elinira, N. Y., April l(i, 1841. An American actress ami writer, daughter of ('ornelius A. Logan ( lS0(i-53). she made her debut in 1M54 at Philadelphia, and in 1857 went to F.nglaud, where she finished her edtlratiim. She mar- ried Henry A. Dclillc, but was divorccil in 186.1. In ls«4 she appeared in New Vork in a jilay of herown," liVclecn." Mho retired from the stage in 1868. has devoted herself to lecturing, and li.'is lieen a frequent contributor to news- papers. She married William Wirt .Sykes in 1871 : he died In 1884. She has written a number of books, principally about theatrical matters, and several plays. Symonds Sylhet, or Silhet (sil-hef). 1. A district iu Assam, British India, intersected by lat. 24° 45' N., long. 91° 45' E. Area. 5,414 square miles. Population (1891). 2,ir>4..593.— 2. Thecapitalof the district of Svlhet, situated on the Surma. Population (1891), 14,027. Sylla. See iSulUi. Sylphide (sel-fed'),Xa. A ballet in two acts, music by Schneitzhoffer, libretto by Nourrit. It was produced at Paris in 1832. La Sylphide was one of Taglioni's greatest parts. Sylt, or Silt (silt). An island in the North Sea, belonging to the province of Schleswig-Hol- stein, Prussia, intersected by lat. 55° N. Mcon- tains the watering-place Westerlancl. The inhabitaiRs are chiefiy F'riesians. Length, 22', miles. Population, about 3,000. Sylva (sel-va'). A river in the government of Perm, eastern Russia, which joins the Tchuso- vaya near Perm. Length, 250-300 miles. Sylva, Carmen. See Carmen Sjilra. Sylva, or a Discourse of Forest Trees, etc. A report on the condition of timber in the Eng- lish dominions, bv John Evelyn, published in l(!(i4. Sylvander (sil-van'der). The name under which Burns corresponded with Mrs. Maclehose ("Clarinda"). The letters were published in 1802, afterward suppressed, and republished in 1845. Sylvester (Popes). See Silrrster. Sylvester (sil-ves'ter), James Joseph. Born at Loudon, Sept. 3, 1814: died there, March 15, 1897. A distinguished English mathematician, professor successively at University College, London, at the University of Virginia, at Wool- wich, at the Johns Hopkins University, and at Oxford (Savilian professor 1883). Sylvester Daggerwood (sil-ves'ter dag'er- wud). A '■ whimsical interlude " by George Col- man the younger, produced in 1795. There are but two characters — Sylvester Daggenvood, a strolling player, and Fustian, a Grub-street playwright. Syl-via. See Siliio. Sylvius, .Sneas. See Pius IT. Syl'vrius rsil'vi-us), Franz (originally De le Boe). Boru at Hanan. Prussia. 1014: died at Leyden, 1072. A German physician, professor of medicine at Leyden. Sylvius (sil'vi-us) (Jacques Dubois). Bom at Amiens, Frauce, 1478: died at Paris, 1555. A French anatomist , lecturer on anatomy at Paris. He made various anatnmical discoveries, and invented in- jection. From him the Sylvian aqueduct, the Sylvian artery, and the Sylvian tlssure (of the brain) were named. Syme. See Sijmi. Syme (sim). James. Born at Edinburgh, Nov. 7, 1799 : died Jime 2t), 1870. A noted Scottish sur- geon. Among his works are "Excision of Dis- eased Joints" (1831), ''Principles of Surgery" (1832), etc. Sjrmeon, Henry. Sec the extract. The inceptor (at Oxford] was required to swear that he would never consent "to the reconciliation of Henry Sy- meon," or reassume the degree of Bacliclor of that Facul- ty. The exact nature of Ilenry Symeon's otfence is not stated, but for century after century the implacable uni- versity held him up tt> the obloquy of every liachelor who was about to become a Master of Arts. This singular oath has been taken by some men who are still living, for It was not abolished until the year of grace 1827.' ('Ward's "Oxford University Statutes," vol. ii. p. 139. Bryan Twyne states that Synieon was a Regent in Arts at Oxford wlio feigned himself a Bachelor in order to obtain admission to a foreign monaster)' in which regency In secular arts was not allowed. (" Antiquitatis Oxon. Apologia,"p. 376.) He docs not, however, cite any authority for this plausible explanation.) Lyte, Oxford, p. 214. Symeon of Durham. See Simeon of Durham. Symi (se'me). A small island off the southwest coast of Asia Jlinor, l.'i miles norlh of Rhodes: the ancient Syme. It belongs to Turkey. Symi, Gulf of. An arm of the sea, on the coast of .\sia Minor, near the islaiui of Symi. Symmachus (sim'a-kus). Lived at the end of till' '_'cl iM'uIury A.D. The author of a Greek ver- sion of the f)ld Testament, included in Origen's "Hcxiiiila." Symmachus. Pope 498-514. The "Palmary Synod" was hcM in his reign (.501). Symmachus, Quintus Aurelius. Lived about 4011 A. II. A Komau jiagan orator, wTitcr, and politician. lie was prefect of Rome, and consul liOl. lie wrote epistles and orations, fnignients of whicli arc c.\tant. Symonds (sim'ondz or si'mondz), John Ad- dington. Born at Bristol, Oct. 5, 1840: died at K'liuif. ,\;iril 19,1893. An English nuiiiof letler^i. He gradilatcil at Oxford (Balliol t^oljege). winning the New. digafe prize In I860, lie published "An Introduction to Symonds the Study of Dante " (1872), "Studies of the Greek Poets " (1873-76). and "Sketches in Italy and Greece" (1874). His best-kno\ra work, "The Renaissance in Italy," consists of five parts: "The Age of the Despots " (1876), "The Re- vival of Learning '' (1877) . " The Fine Arts " (1877), " Ital- ian Literature "(ISSl). and "The Catholic Reaction "(188(!). He also wrote a " Life of Shelley " (1878), " Sketches and Study in Italy " (1879), "Italian Byways" (1883), "Shak- spere's Predecessors in the English Drama "(1884)." Wine, Woman, and Sung, etc."(1884 : an essay on the Latin songs of the 12th-century students), "Life of Sir Philip -Sidney " (1886X ''Life of Ben Jonson " (18S.6), "Life of Michelan- gelo" (18!>2), and several volumes of verse. He translated the sonnets of Michelangelo and Canipanella(lS78), and the autobiography of Benvenuto Cellini (1&87). Syinplegades (sim-pleg'a-dez). In the legend of ^0 Argonauts, two movable rocky islets at tbe^tranceof the Bosporus intotheBlaek Sea. Symposium (sim-po'si-um), The. [Also some- times Syiiiposioii ; from L. i-iiiiijiof.] Died about 201 B. c. A king of the Massfesylians in west- ern Numidia. He vacillated between the Roman and Carthaginian alliances; was often at war with Masinissa; and was finally allied with Carthage, and married Sopho- nislia, daughter of Hasdrubal. He overran all of Numidia, but was defeated by Scipio in 203 and taken prisoner to Rome. Syra (se'ra). An island of the Cyclades, in the .aDgean Sea, belonging to Greece, intersected by lat. 37° 25' N., long. 24° 54' E. : the ancient Syros. Its surface is rocky. It was of minor impor- tance until its settlement by Greek refugees at the time of the war of independence in the 19th century. The chief town is Hermupolis. Length, 11 miles. Population, about 83,000. , Syra (city). See Hcniiiipolis. Syracuse (sir'a-kiis). [Gr. IvpaKoiiaai.'] A prov- ince in the southeastern part of Sicily. Area, 1,442 square miles. Population (1891), 395,797. Syracuse. [Gr. ^vpoKovaai, L. Sijracii.tas, It. Sira- (■««((.] A city, capital of the province of Syra- cuse, situated on the island of Ortygia onthe eastern coast of Sicily, in lat. 37° 3' N., long. 15° 18' E. It contains a cathedral (see below) and museum, and some relics of the ancient city are near it. There is a Roman amphitheater, presumably of the time of Augustus, formed of masonry on the south side, and in other parts hewn from the rock. Poi-tions of the ancient barrier in marble remain standing about the arena. The temple of Athene (Pallas), of the 0th century B. e., was famous for its wealth, and was plundered by Verres. In the 7th cen- tury it was converted into a chuixh, and is now the cathe- dral. The temple was Doric, hexastyle, peripteral, with 14 or 15 columns on the flanks, on a stylobate of 3 steps, measujing 74i by 188 feet. The columns of the flanks are embedded in the w;Uls of the cathedral : those of the front were overthrown by an earthquake in 1693. The two col- umns in antis of the pronaos survive. Proportions and details are of archaic character. The temple of Diana, so called, probably in fact the temple of Apollo, is a Greek Doric struct ure of the 6th century B.C. , with notably archaic features. It was a peripteros of 6 by 19 monolithic columns, on a stylobate of 4 steps. Sixteen columns and a part of the cella wall are standing. Syracuse was founded by Corinthian colonists about 735 B. c. on the island, and spread over the adjoining part of the mainland, form- ing Achradina, Epipola?, Neapolis, etc. Gelon, ruler of Gela, became tyrant of Syracuse in 485 B. c. ; and it became the chief power in Sicily. The tyrant Thrasybulus was expelled about 466, and Syracuse became a democratic com- monwealth. It was besieged by the Athenians under Nicias and Demosthenes in 414-413, the Athenians being finally defeated with the aid of Spartan allies in 413. It was under the rule of Dionysius the elder about 405-367 ; was fre- quently at war with Carthage ; was ruled by Dionysius the younger and Dion, and about 343-337 by Timolecm ; had Agathocles as tjTant 317-289 ; and was defended by Pyrrhus against Carthage about 278. Hiero II., its king, was allied with Rome in the first and second Punic wars. It was allied with Carthage later: was besieged by the Romans under Marcellus 212, captured, and annexed by Rome ; and was destroyed by the Saracens in the 9th century. Popula- tion (1892), 28,0110. Syracuse. The capital of Onondaga County, New York, situated near Onondaga Lake in lat. 43° 3' N., long. 76° 13' W. it stands on the Erie and Oswego canals ; was noted for extensive s.alt-works(aniong the largest in the country); has varied manufactures and large trade ; is an important railroad center; and is the seat of the Syracuse University (Methodist). It was set- tled about the end of the 18th century; had its present namei^iven it in 1824 ; and became a city in 1847. Popula- tion (blOO), 108.374. Syr-Daria, or Syr-Darya. See Sir-Daria. Syria (sir'i-a). [F. Syrie, Gr. Syrieii, h. Syria, Gr. Si'p/n, from 2i'po(,L.>S}/n, the Syrians.] Acoiintry in Asiatic Turkey, extending from the Mediter- ranean eastward to the Euphrates and the desert of Arabia, and from Egj'pt northward to about lat. 36° N. Chief city, Damascus. It includes Palestine (in the sontliwest), Phenicia, etc. ; but by Some I'.alestine is regiu'ded as distinct. It is traversed by mountains north and south (Lebanon, Anti-Libanus, etc.). The principal rivers are the Orontes, Litany, and .lordan. The inhabitants are Bedouins, town Arabs, Druses, SzigethvAr Maronites, Jacobites, Jews, etc. The ancient inhabitants were Hittites, Arameans, Canaanites. Hebrews, and Pheni- cians. .Syria became subject to Assyria about 733 B. c.and was later under Babylon, Persia, and Macedon. Part of .Syria was conquered by Seleucua Nicator about 300 b. c, and Syria gave its name to the whole realm of the Seleucjdie, which had Aiitioch as its capital, and embraced a great piu-t of the Macedonian conquests in Asia. It was con- quered by Pompey about (i4 B. c, and annexed to the Ro- man Empire ; was conquered by the Saracens 634-636 A. I). ; and belonged to the califate, Seljuk Turks, etc. A Chris- tian kingdom was established in part of it during the Crusades. It was conquered by the Turks in 1.516 ; and was held temporarily by Jlehemet Ali of Egypt 1832-41. Massacres of Christians in 1860 led to temporary French occupation. Population, probably from 1,500,000 to 2,000.- 000. Syrian Gates, The. A pass between the moun- tains (ancient Amanus) and the northeastern angleof the Mediterranean, leading from CiUcia to Syria : the modern Pass of Beilan. Syrinx (si'ringks). In Greek mrthology, a nymph who was changed by Pan into a reed. Syrmia (ser'mi-a), G. Syrmien (zir'me-en). A former duchy, situated in Slavonia, in the eastern part of the peninsula comprised he- tween the Drave, Danube, and Save. Syro-Phenicia (si"ro-fe-nish'a). A Roman province which included' Phenicia and the ter- ritories of Damascus and Palmyra. S^ophenicians (si "ro-fe-nish'anz). In ancient history, either thePheni'cians dwelling in Syria, or persons of mixed Syrian and Pbenician de- scent, or the inhabitants of SjTo-Phenieia. Syros (si'ros). The ancient name of Syra. Syrtis Major (ser'tis ma'jor). [L., 'Greater Syrtis.'] The ancient name of the Gulf of Sid,a. Syrtis Minor (ser'tis mi'nor). [L., 'Lesser Syrtis.'] The, ancient name of the Gulf of Cabes. Syzran (siz-rany'). A town in the government of Simbirsk, eastern Russia, situated near the Volga 80 miles south of Simbirsk. It has manufactui'es of leather, etc. Population, 30,580. Szabad (Hung, so'bod), Emeric. Bom in Hungary about 1822. A Hungarian-American author and soldier. He was secretary to the Hun- garian revolutionary government in 1849, and served in the American Civil War. He wrote "Hungary," "State Policy of Modern Europe," "Modem War," etc. Szabadka. See Tlieresienstadt. Szechuen, or Sechuen (sii-cho-en'). A prov- ince of western China, bounded by Kansu and Shensi on the north, Hupeh and Hunan on the east. Kweichow and Yunnan on the south, and Tibet on the west an. An Austrian statesman, cif Irish descent. He wasgovernor of Salzburg 1S63-67, and of I'pper Austria in 1.S67 : entered the Aus- trian (risleithan) ministr>' as min- ister of the interior in 18«7 ; was firenlier from Oct., 1869, to Jan., ISTii ; \v;is minister of the interior 1870-71 ; became gov- ernor of I'yrol in 1871 ; and was again premier l»7l»-93. Taasinge (ta'sing-e). An island belonf;inK to the arat of Svendbort:, Denmark, situated south ofFiinen. Length, 9 miles. Pop. (1880), 4,529. Tab (tab). A river in western Per.siawhieli flows info the head of the Persian Gulf near lat. 30° N. TabagO. See Tnhino. Tabard (tab'ard). The. An ancient London hostelry, made famous by Chaucer as the house at which his liilgi'ims assembled before starting for Canterbury. It was situated on the Higli Street of Southwark, near the Kent Eoad. Stow says in IMStliat it was then "amongst the most ancient " of the "fair inns for receipt of travellers." It received its name from its sign, which was a tabard, or sleeveless coat. It was ori- ginally the property of the Abbey of Hyde. In 1706 the sign of the talbot (see the extract) was removed as a .street obstruct ion, and in ISMthe inn was condemned, and shortly afterward demolished and a freight depot of the Midland Railway built on the spot. Up to a few years before its destruction it was marked by an inscription (not ancient] which said "This is the Inne where Sir Jetfrey Chaucer and twenty pilgrims lay in their journey to Canterbury anno 1383." . . . The fiont towards the street was comparatively modern, having per- ished in the fire of 1676, after which, says Aubrey, "the ig- norant landlord or tenant instead of the ancient sign of the Tabard put up the Talbot or Dog." Hare, Loudon, I. 462. Tabaristan (tii-ba-ris-tan'). The mountain- ous reji:ion in the southeast of the province of Mazanderan, Persia. Tabaristan, Sea of. A medieval name of the Ca.^piiui Sea. Tabariyeh Ua-bii-re'ye), or Tabariya (lii-bii- re'yil). The modeni name of Tiberias. Tabasco (tii-Bas'ko). A maritime state of Mex- ico. Capital, San Juan Bautista. It is bounded by the Gulf of Mexico, the Mexican states of Vera Cruz, Chiapas and Campeche, and Guatemala. The surface is low except in the southern part, and the soil is fertile. Area, 0,844 square miles. Population UH9.>). 134,794. Tabatmga(t!i-bii-teng'ga). Amilitarypost and town in tlie slate of Amazouas. Brazil, situated on the Amazon close to the Peruvian frontier. Tabernacle. See tSalt Lai.e city. Tabird (tii-be-ra'). [Origin of name doubtful, possibly Firo.] The proper name of the ruined puebloon the mesa of Jumanos in New Me.\- ico, now called " la gran Qiiivira." Tabinlwasa Franciscan mis.sjon in the 17lh century, but was abandoned about l(;7ri, on account of the Apaches, at the same time as the village, the inhabitaJits of which retreated to the soudi and to the Kio (irande. Tabitha (tab'i-thii). [LL. Tuhltha, Gr. T«,?;fti; an AriiToaie nanib meaning 'a female gazel': its (ir. translation is .io/jMf.] A Christian wo- man at Joppa, mentioned in Acts ijf. as making garments for the i)Oor: also called Dorcas. She was miraculously restored to lite by the apostle Piter. Tablas (til'bliis). One of thePhilippiiu' Islands, southeast of Mind(jro. Length, about 30 miles. Table (ta'ld) Bay. An arm of the ocean, on the soutlnvtsteru coast of Cape Colony, South Afrii'a. On it is Ca|ie Town. Table Diamond, The Great. A famous royal Indian di:uii'iiiil, ranked by Tavernicr. who saw it in (iolcnnda in lti42, as the tliinl in size and quality seen by liiin. It weighed alioiit 242 ,« carats. It was t'hen in the haiulsof a dealer, the king having l)een ol)liged to raise money on It. It has disappeared, and it has been suggested that the Kussian Table diamond may be a part of it. 'I'he latter diamotid weighs fis carats. Table Mountain, or Tafelberg (lii'foi-bero). A nininitain ininiedialcly south ipf Capi' 'I'nwn, South Africa, rcnnirkuliic tor its flattened sum- mit. Height, about 3,500 feet. Table Mountain. A mountain in Pickens Coun- ty, in till' northwestern part of South Carolina. llc-ight. about 4.000 feet. Table of Abydos. See the extract. To the above-named monuments must be added the Table of Abydos. As may be gathered from its name, it came from that site, being brought away by il. Mimaut, Consul-General of Franco ; it is now in the British Jluse. uni. i>i all the inimmerable Egyptian monuments there is not one that is so famous, nor that less deserves its fame. This time it is ICamscs II. who adores his ances- tors, and out of the fifty cartouches — besides that of Ramses repeated twenty-eight times — there are now but thirty left, and these are in a state more or less incom- plete. Like the Hall «t Amxstors, the Table of Abydos gives a list resulting from the artisrs choice, the reason of which is also unknown. Another fact that depreciates its value is that we do not possess its commencement. After the Twelfth Dynasty, however, the list passes at once without a break to the Eighteenth. Marielte, Outlines, p. 104. [There are two temples at Abydos dedicated to the local divinity: the one Imilt liy Seti, the other by Jt;»mses. The same series of kings, twice repeated, without any varia- tion, adorns these buildings. One is the Table described above, the other was discovered comparatively- lately. Althougli in an adminible state of preservatii)!!, this Tab- let adds but little to our knowledge. It mentions some new kings, and shows the correct sequence of others, but is far from giving us a connected series of all the kings of Egypt from .Menes to Seti I. — Note, p. 105.) Table Rock. A rocky mass formerly at Niagara Falls, the presence of which is said to have at one time caused a separate fall. Until a part of it fell in Juno, 18,")0, it largely overhung tlio water. Some of it still remains. Table Round. Seo Hound Tabic. Tables, The. In Scottish history, an organi- zation, consisting of members of the privy council and others, which took the lead in op- position to the introduction of episcopacy into Scotland about lt)3.8-39. They were so called from sitting separately or conjointly at the ta- bles in the Parliament House. Table-talk. A name given to various collec- tions of essjiys. The most notable works so entitled are tllose of I.u'ther, of John Selden (puliiisheii in lt*l). after his ios. They are divided into many small tribes, some of which have been gathered into the Beni missions. The wild trilit-s are, to some extent, agriculturists, and the women weave cotton cloths ; Imt they are said to be very savage, and are accused of cannibalism. Among the tribes or villages are the Caviiia.s, Araunas, Lecos, Tacanas proper, Macaraiiis. and Marop.as. Their language appears to con- stitute a distinct stock. Tacchinardi (tiik-ke-uar'de), Niccolo. Bom at Leghorn, Sept., 1770: died at Florence, March 14, 18.")9. A noted Italian tenor singer. Ue ap. peared first in opera in 18ii4, made a brilliant success in Rome and other cities, and visited Paris in l&ll. In 1814 he returned to Italy, and was appointed chief singer to the Grand Duke of Tuscany. He retired from the stage in 1S.'J1, and became celebrated as a teacher. Tach6 (tii-sha'), Alexandre Antonine. Bom at liiviere-du-Loup, Canada, July 23, 1823: died at Winnipeg. Manitoba, June 22, 1894. A Canadian archbishop of the Roman Catholic Church, brother of E. P. Tache : distinguished for his early missionary labors among the In- dians. He became bishop of St. Boniface in 1^3, and archbishop in 1871, when St. Boniface was made a inetro- I)olitan see. He mediated between the Canadian govern, inent and the Metis in 1870. His best-known work is " Es- ([Uisse sur le nord-ouest de TAmtirique" (1869: translated into English).^ Tach§, Sir Etienne Paschal. Bom at St. Tlio- mas, Ijower ('anada, Sept. o. 1795: died there, July 29, 18G."). A Canadian politician. He entered Parliament in 1841, and was commissioner of public works 1848-10, and speaker of the legislative council 18.'>6-^7. Tacitus (tas'i-tus). Cornelius. Bom about 55 A. I).: died probably after 117. A celebrated Koman historian and noted legal orator. Hewas pretor in 88 and consul in 97. Ue was a friend of the younger Pliny. His extant works inclutle " bialogns de oratoi'ibus," an "attempt to demonstrate and explain the decay of oratory in the imperial perioil, in the form of a dialogue between literary celebrities of the time of Yes- jiasian " ; a biography of bis father-in-law Julius Agricola ("Devitaet moriiiiis Jiilii .Agricolic") : the "tlemiania," a celebrated ethnographical work on the Germans ; tho "Historia;." a iiarnitive of events in tho reigns of (talba, Otho, \'itellius, Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian, of w liich only the Ilrst four books and thetlrst half of the tiftli book survive; and the "Annales," a history of the Julian dy- nasty from the death of .Augustus, of the last work mdy the tirst four books and parts of the Ilfth and sixth have come down to us, Tackers (tak'irz). In English history, a sec- tion of extreme Tories Avho in 1704 attempted to carry their jjoint by "tacking" a "rider" to a revenue bill. They were defeated. Tackleton (tak'l-ton'l, Mr. A character in Diekens's "Cricket on the Hearth." Helsatoy- merchant who has mistaken his vocation hi life, and, "cramped and chatlng in the peaceable pursuit of to}- making," becomes at last the implacable enemy of children. Tacna (tiik'nii). 1, A province, proyisioiially under Cliilean governnieiir, but formerly be- longing to I'eru. (See .Iricn.) It borders on Pern. Area, 8,085 siiuure miles. Population (1895), 24,100.-2. The capital of the province of Tacna, situated on the river Tacna anout lat. 18° S. It Is the teriiilniis of one of the main routes to llollvliu A victory was gained here. Slay 2tl, ISSii, by the Chileans (14,000 men, under General Itnquoitalio) over the allied rcriivians auil llolivluns o','<00, under Cauiperu). Populalbui (ISN'O. 11,183. Tacoma(la-k6'mii). AseaportiiiPiercet^ounly, Wnsliinglon. sitiiated on I'liget Sound about 28 miles norllieast of Olyinpia: the terininiis of till' Norlhernl'acilielJailroad. It has a nourishing trailo in grain and lumber, and large smelting. works. It is also al the bead of navigation on Puget Sound has bligi; facilities for the sllljiment of its manufactures and produeu, and is a starling point of steainem for Alaska. It 1» called the "City of l>e»llliy. ' Population (IlKKli, 37,714. Tacoma, Mount. See liainien Taconic Mountains laconic (ta-kon'ik), or Taghkanic, Moun- tains. A low rauge of mountains in eastern New York, Berkshire County, Massachusetts, and southwestern Vermont. Tadcaster (tad'kas-t&r). A town in the West Kiding of Yorkshire, England, situated on the Wharfe 10 miles southwest of Y'ork. Popula- tion (1891), 4,.')53. Tadema, Alma-. See Alma-Tadema. Tadmir (tiid-mer'). In the early period of Mo- hammedan domination in Spain, a state in the southeastern part of the peninsula, dependent on the ealifate of Cordova. It comprised Mur- i-ia with portions of Valencia and Grenada. Tafcior. See Palmyra. Tadousac. See Montagnais. Tadousac (ta-do-ziik'). [From the Indian name.] A watering-place in the county of Sa- guouay, Quebec, Canada, situated at tlie junc- tion of the Sagueuay with the St. Lawrence. Taenarum (ten'a-rum). [Gr. Tahapov.'] The ancient name of the promontory in Greece now called Cape Matapan. The name was also given to the adjoining peninsula. Taensa (ta-en'sa). A tribe or confederacy of North American Indians, formei-ly living in Louisiana, on the west bank of the Mississippi, near St. Joseph. Dlberville in 1C99 enumerated seven villages. Tliey were united until 1706, but were then pressed by other tribes and in turn attacked others. In 1764 they were settled on the Chetiraachas Pork about thirty leagues from New Orleans, and there were later changes of habitat, until they became extinct or absorbed. Also called Tenisairs, Teiisau, Tensaffinit Tinnsals. See Natchesan, Taeping. See Tai-ping. Tafalla (ta-fal'ya). A town in the province of Navarre, Spain, situated on the Zidaco 23 miles south of Pamplona. Population (1887), 6,496. Tafelberg. See TaMe Mountain. Taff (taf). A river in South Wales which flows into the estuary of the Severn at Cardiff. Length, about 40 miles. Taffy (taf'i). [A corruption of David.l A nickname for a Welshman. Tafilet (ta-fe-lef). A large oasis in Morocco, about lat. 31° N., long. 4°"W. Its chief place is Abuam. Population, about 100,000. Tafna (taf'na). A small river in the province of Oran, Algeria, which flows into the Mediter- ranean 58 miles southwest of Oran. It was the scene of conflicts between the French and Kabyles Jan. 26-28, 1836. Tafna, Treaty of. A treaty concluded between the French general Bugeaud and Abd-el-Kader May 30, 1837. Taft (taft). A town in central Persia, 16.5 miles east-southeast of Ispahan. It has manufactures of felt and carpets. Population, about 7,000. Taft (taft), Alphonso. Born atTowDshendjVt., Nov. 5, 1810: died at San Diego, Cal., May 21, 1891. An American jurist and Republican poli- tician. He was secretary of war in 1876, attorney-gen- eral 1876-77, and United States minister to Austria 1882- 1884, and to Russia 1884-85. Tagal (ta-Gal'), or Tegal (te-oal'). 1. A seaport on the northern coast of Java, about 100 miles west of Samarang. — 2. A residency of north- ern Java. Taganrog (ta-gan-rog'). A seaport in the gov- ernment of Yekaterinoslaff, Russia, situated on the Gulf of Taganrog, near the mouth of the Don, about lat. 47° 15' N. Next to Odessa it is the leading seaport in southern Russia, It was bombarded by the Allies June 3, 1866. Population (1888), 48,999. Taghanuck Falls. See Tuughamwck Falh. Taghkanic Mountains. See Taconic. Taginae (taj'i-ne). In ancient geography, a place near the modern Gualdo Tadino, east- northeast of Perugia, Italy. There, 552, Nar- ses defeated the Goths under Totila. Tagish. (til'gish). A tribe of North American Indians. They lived about the head waters of Lewis River, Alaska, and in British Columbia. See Ecilii.<:clia>i, Tagle y Portocarrero (tag'la e p6r-t6-kar-ra'- ro), Jose Bernardo, Marquis of Torre-Tagle. Bom at Lima, March 21, 1779: died at Callao, 1825. A Peruvian general and politician. He represented Peru in the Spanish Cortes 1813-14 ; subse- ([Uently was brigadier-general and governor of Trujillo ; and in 1S20 deserted to the patriots. San Martin named him grand marshal and president of the council of state, and in July-Aug., 18"22, he had charge of the executive.with the title of supreme delegate. From July, 1823, to Feb., 1824, he was again nominally the head of the government, but in reality acted for Sucre and Bolivar. Charged with treason, he took refuge with the loyalists in Callao, where, despised by both parties, he died of hunger or disease during the subsequent siege. Tagliacozzo (tal-ya-kot's6). [ML. Tallaco- 974: rioH.] A town in the province of Aquila, cen- tral Italy, 44 miles east-northeast of Rome. Near it, Aug. 2.S, l"2(i8, a victory was gained ijy Charles of Anjou over Conradin of Swabia (also called the battle of Scurcola). Population (1881), commune, 8,327. Tagliamento (tiil-ya-men'to). A river in northeastern Italy which rises in the Vene- tian Aljis and flows into the Gulf of Venice 40 miles east-northeast of Venice : the ancient Tiliaventus (ML. Tiliamentum). On its banks a victory was gained, Nov. 13, 1S06, by the French under Mass^na over the Austrians under the archduke Charles. Length, about 100 miles. Taglioni (tal-yo'ne), Filippo. Bom at Milan, 1777: diedneartbe Lakeof Como. Feb. 11. 1871. An Italian ballet-master and composer of bal- lets. His best-known ballet is "La sylphide." Taglioni, Maria. Born at Stockholm, April 23 rMarch 18 f), 1804: died at Marseilles. France, April 23, 1884. A celebrated dancer, .she was the daughterof Filippo Taglioni, an Italian ballet-master. She first appeared as a premiere danseuse at Vienna in 1818. Her most celebrated parts were in "La bayadere," "La sylphide," and " La fille du Danube.** Her style was origi- nal, and was known as "the ideal": it was light and airy, in opposition to tixe more sensuous style of Vestris. She married Com te Gilbert de Voisins in 1847, and left the stage. Taglioni, Marie. Born at Berlin, Oct. 27, 1833 : died Aug. 27, 1891. A ballet-dancer, daughter of Paul Taglioai. She married Prince Joseph Windisehgratz in 1866. Taglioni, Paul. Born at Vienna, 1808: died Jan. 7, 1884. A ballet-dancer, ballet-master (at Ber- lin), and composer of ballets, son of Filippo Taglioni. His most noted ballets are " Sar- danapal," "Undine," etc. Tagno. See Tano. Tagulanda (ta- go -Ian 'da). A small island northeast of Celebes, in lat. 2° 22' N., long. 125° 24' E.: under Dutch protection. Tagus (tii'gus), Sp. Tajo (ta'no), Pg. Tejo (ta'zho). The longest river in the Spanish peninsula : the Roman Tagus. it rises in the prov- ince of Teruel, Spain, in the mountain Muela de San Juan : flows west through New Castile and Estremadura ; forms part of the boundary between Spain and Portugal ; and empties by two arms into the Bay of Lisbon. The chief place on its banks in Spain is Toledo. Its chief tributaries are the Jararaa, Alberche, Tietar, Alagon, Zezere, and Zatas. Length, about 560 miles : navigable from Abrantes in Portugal, for large vess^s from Santarem, Tahaa(ta-ha'), orOtalia(o-ta-ha'). One of the Society Islands. Tahamis (ta-a'mes). An extinct Indian tribe of the department of Antioquia, Colombia. At the timeof the Spanish conquest theywerenumerousand powerful, occupying a region west of the river Magda- lena. The Chiljchas were their neiglibors on the southeast, and the Nutabes on the north. The Tahamis were hardly less advanced in civilization than the Chibchas, but they had no hereditary chiefs or "kings," and their wealth in gold was less apparent, owing to their custom of burying it with the dead. Many of their tombs {huacas), opened in modern times, have yielded large quantities of gold or- naments. See Xiitabet. Tahano. See Tano. Tahiti (ta-he'te), formerly Otaheite. The prin- cipal island of the Society Arcliipelago in the South Pacifi C . The surface is mountainous, the highest point being 7,.300 feet above the sea. Annexed to France 1897. The chief town is Papeete, Length, 35 miles. Area, 412 square miles. Population, 11,200. Tahiti Archipelago. See Societi/ Islands. Tahlequah (tii-le-kwa'). The capital of the Cherokee Nation, Indian Territory, near the Illinois River 45 miles northwest of Fort Smith, Arkansas. Tahmurath (ta-mo-raf). In the Avesta, as Takhmo urupa, a son of Vivanghao, and elder brother of Yima. He tames Ahriman and rides upon him 30 years until Ahriman devours him, when Vima over- comes Ahriman by subterfuge and delivers Taklimo urupa from the body of "Ahriman. In Firdausi he becomes the third Iranian king, who taught weaving and subdued animals, but was especially tlie vanquisher of the devs or demons, whO: freed by him, taught the king writing. He chained Ahriman and rode him as a courser round the world. Tahoe (tii-ho'), Lake. A lake in the Sierra Ne- vada Mountains, situated on the boundary be- tween California and Nevada, and intersected by lat. 39° N. it is noted for its picturesque scenery. Its outlet is the Truckee River, Lengtli, about 20 miles. Elevation, over 6,225 feet. Tai, or Thai, or T'hai (tl). [Siamese, lit.' free- men.'] The principal race of people in the Indo-Chinese peninsula, including the Siamese, the Shan tribes, the Laos, etc. Tai-chau (ti'chou'). A city in the province of Chckiang, China, situated on the river Taichow 80 miles south-southwest of Ningpo. Taillandier (tii^yon-dya'), Ren6 Gaspard Er- nest, called Saint-Ken6. Bom at Paris. Dec. 16, 1817: died there, Feb. 24, 1879. A French scholar and litterateur, noted especially for his historical and literary writings on Germany and Russia: professor in the Faculty desLettres at Tai-ping Rebellion Paris from 1863. His works include " Histoire de la jeune Allemagne " (1849), "AUemagne et Russie " (1866), " Maurice de Saxe" (I860), etc. Taillehourg (tiiy-bor'). A village in the de- partment of Charente-Inferieure, France, situ- ated on the Charente 34 miles southeast of La Rochelle. Here, in 1242, Louis IX. defeated the English under Henry III. Taillefer (tiiy-far'). Killed at the battle of Sen- lac, 1066. A Nonnan trouvere in the invading army of William of Normandy. Before the two armies met hand to hand, a juggler or minstrel, known as Taillefer, the Cleaver of Iron, rode forth from the Nonnan ranks as if to defy the wliole force of England in his single person. He craved and obtained the Duke's leave to strike the first blow ; he rode forth singing songs of Roland and of Charlemagne — so soon had the name and exploits of the great German become the spoil of the enemy. He threw his sword into the air and caught it again ; but he presently showed that he could use warlike weapons for other purposes than for jugglers* tricks of this kind : he pierced one Englishman with his lance, he struck down another with his sword, and then himself fell beneath the blows of their comrades. A bra- vado of this kind might serve as an omen, it might stir up the spirits of men on either side ; but it could in no other way affect the fate of the battle. Freeman, Norman Conquest of England, III, 319. Tailors of Tooley Street, The Three. Three tailors of Tooley street, London, referred to by Canning, who wrote a petition to Parlia- ment, beginning " V/e, the people of England." Taimyr (ti-mer'), or Taimur (ti-mor'). Penin- sula. The northernmost peninsula of Siberia, projecting into the Arctic Ocean. Tain (tan). A town in Ross-shire, Scotland, situated on Dornoch Firth 24miles north-north- east of Inverness. Population (1891), 2,080, Tain (tan). A town in the department of Drome, France, situated on the Rhone 11 miles north of Valence. Near it is produced the Ermitage wine. Population (1891), commune, 3,085. Taine (tan), Hippolyte Adolphe. Bom at Vouziers, Ardennes, April 21, 1828 : died at Paris, March 5, 1893. A distinguished French historian, philosopher, and critic. He graduated with the highest honors from the College Bourbon in Paris, and was admitted in the first rank to the Ecole Normale in 1848, He maintained this high standing throughout his course, and went then as a professor into the provinces. He soon returned to Paris. Anxious to broaden his knowledge of science, he took a three years* course in medicine. In this time he accumulated an ex- tensive fund of information, and wrote a series of articles that brought him into notice. In 1853 he took his doc- tor's degree before the Faculty of Letters in Paris : as a dissertation he presented the celebrated " Essai siu: le3 fables de La Fontaine," Other essays by Taine are on Livy (1854), on Carlyle (v, " L'ld^alisme anglais," 1864), and on Stuart Mill (v. "Le positivisme anglais," 1864). He composed also a volume of " Essais de critique et d'histoire " (1857). and another entitled " Nouveaux essais de critique et d'histoire " (1865), In 1864 he accepted the chair of esthetics at the Ecole des Beaux Arts. His course of lectures appeared as "Lld^al dans I'art" (1867). Other works of the same nature are "Philosophic de Part'* (IJ.e.^), "id, en Italic " (1866), "id. dans les Pays-Bas" (1868). His personal experiences and impressions about men and things both at home and abroad are related in his ""Voyage aux Pyrenees" (1855), "Voyage en Italic" (1806), "Notes sur Paris ou vie et opinions de M. Fr^dfJ- ric-Tliomas Graindorge "(1867), and "Notes sur I'Angle- terre" (1872), Lastly came the series of brilliant works that have chietly made his reputation. These are " Les philosophes classiques du XIXe si^cle en France " (1856), "Histoire de la litterature anglaise" (1864-65), "De I'in- telligence "(1S70), and " Les origines de la France contem- poraine"(in three parts: "L'Ancien regime," "La revo- lution," "Le regime modeme" (1875-tK})). The Univer- sity of Oxford conferred upon Taine the honorary degree of LL, D. in 1871, and the French Academy elected him to membership Nov, 14, 1878, Tainos(ti'n6s). [From taini, chiefs (the name •which they gave to themselves).] The ancient Indian inhabitants of the island of Haiti. Their number is conjectural, but all accounts agree that the island was very populous. They are described as a race of agriculturists, going nearly naked, and living in small villages: theirchiefshadlittlepower, except in war. The island was divided among several tribes or subtribes, in- habiting districts which the Spaniards called provinces. Tlic tribes in the central and eastern districts were more warlike than the others, perhaps from admixture of Carib lilood. Those of the northern coast were very friendly to Columbus in 1492, and the sul:scquent uprisings appear to have been provoked entirely l>y Spanish cruelty. Wars with the whites and the slavery to which they were re- duced soon destroyed the tribes, and tlieir blood is seen only in the mixed races of the Dominican Eepul)lic. The few words of their language whicll have comedown tons show that they belonged to the Arawak or Maypure stock. Tai-ping, or Taeping (ti'ping'). Rebellion. [Chinese, from t'ai, a form of ta. great, and p'ing, peace.] The great rebellion inaugurated in southern China in 1850 by one Hung-siu- tsuen, who, calling himself the "Heavenly Prince," pretended that he had a divine mis- sion to overturn the Manchu dj-nasty and set up a purely native dynasty, to be styled the T'rt(-;)'iH7 ('/'"". or 'Great-peace Dynasty.' As the cue had been imposed (about 1644) upon the Chinesa Tai-ping Rebellion hy tJi.- Manchus as an outward expression of loyalty tothe Tatiir dynasty, the Taipings discarded the cue, and hence were styled by the Chinese Ch'ang-inao-tgeh, or 'lonj;- baired rebels.' Hnn(,'-8iu-t«uen also promulgated a kind o( spurious Christianity, in wiiich God (Sliaii^ti) was known as the *' Heavenly Father," and Jesus Christ as the "Heavenly Elder Brother." The in.surrection was sup- pressed about 1864, Larpcly with the aid of the " Ever-vic- torious Army " underColonel Gordon, who from that time became known as "Chinese Gordon." Taironas. See Tdijronas. Tais(ta'is). [Ar. o/-MiA'. the goat.] The third- in;it,'iiituilcstar(lDraeonis. Another form given fill .'ioiiio maps is Jais. Tait (tat), Archibald Campbell. Born at Edin- burgh. Dee. J-', ISll : died Dec. 3, 1882. An English prelate. He was educated at Glasgow and Ox- ford ; l>ecaniehead master of Rnj;by in \^2 : and was made dean of Carlisle in 1850, bishop of London in 1S5C, and archlushop of Canterbury in 1868. He wrote " Uanpers and Safeguards of Modern Theolopy"(lHublishcd in 1824. Tales of a Wayside Inn. A series of poems by i>()iigtVlli)W, published in 1863. Tales of my Landlord. A collective name for four series of the Waverley novels by Scott. The first series comprised "Old" Mortality" and "The Black Dwarf"; the second, "The Heart of Midlothian": the third, "The Bride of Ijimmerrooor " and " A Legend of Montrose"; and the fourth, "Count Robert of Paris" and "Castle Dangerous." Tales of the Crusaders. A collective name for " The Talisinaii'" and "The Betrothed" bv Sir Walter Sriilt. Tales of the Genii. A series of tales pub- lished liy .Tamos Kidley in 1764, imderthe pseu- donym of Sir Charles Morell, as a translation from the Persian of "Horam the Son of As- Iiinr." See Ahuilah. Tales of the Hall. A work in verse bv Crabbe, jMililislicd in 1.S19. Tales of the Irish Peasantry. A work by Mrs. Hall, published in 1S40. Talfourd (tal'ft'rd), sir Thomas Noon. Born at l)o.\ey. near Stafford. England, Jan. 26, 1795: died at Stailord, March 13, 1854. An English jurist, dramatic poet, and miscellaneous writer. As member of Parliament headvocatetl the International Copyright Bill. In 1S4'.I he became judge of the Court of Common Pleas. His liest-known work is the classical tragedy " Ion " (produced 1836). His other plavs include "Athenian Captive" (18;«i). " Glcncoe" (1840), "The Cas- tilian " (18.53). He published also 'Life and Letleig of Lamb ■(18.(7), "Final .Memorialsof Charles Ijimb " (1849- 1850), travels, a history of Greek literature, etc. Taliesin (tal'i-sin). A Cymric bard said to have lived in the 6th century. He is said to have been (he school-fellow of Gildaa at Llanveithin in Glamor- gan, to have been seized by Irish pirates when young, arul to have escaped l>y using his wooden shield for a boat, ami Moating into the llshing-weir of the son of frien, wlio nnnle him his foremost l)ard. He followed his chief to battle, and sang his victories. The songs are his authen- tic poems. It is also said that he died in Cardiganshire, and was linried near Al)erj'stwith. Many i>f tlie poems handed down as his are of later origin. The " Rtmnince or I'.ook of Taliesin. ' included in the " Mabinogion." is not older than the 13th eenlury. Khysconnects him with the sun myth. Also TaUeggin. In the last section I spoke of the Sun-god in the person of u mythic judge : we have now to discuss a Welsh story which nnikes him a great bard and poet bearing the well- known name of Taliessin. It is conveident to fidlow the long-established custom of speakinu i»f certain Welsh poems as Taliessin's, and of a nnmnscript of the l.Stli ccn- tur>' in which they'U"e contained as the Book of Taliessin. Those poems represent a school of Welsh bardii-m, but we know in reality nothing alxuil their aulborship; and the personality of Taliessin Is as mythic as that tkf (;wy> dii>n and Merlin, both of whon] have also been trcate. The. -^ novel bv Sir TalcaCtiil'kii). 1. A province in Chile, inter- Waller Set I. published in 1825. The scene is secte.l by lat. 35° 30 S. Area, 3,678 square hiid iiL I'nicstine during thereign of Kiehard I. of Kriglntnl. Talismano (til-lez-tnlt'no), II. [It., 'TheTalis- niaii.'] An opera bv Balfe (finished liy Macfiir- reiO, iirst pioduceil at Ijoinlou in 1S74. Tho words were Knglish, foundeil on Scott's "Talis- man," and afterward translated into Italian. 975 the upper part of Rogue River, along the south side, through .Jackson, Josephine, and Curry counties, Oregon. It consists of but one tribe, the Takelma. Takovo (tii-ko'vo). A village near Ruduik, south of Belgi-ad. Seriia: the scene of the up- rising of the Servians under MiloshObrenovitch against Turkish rule. Taku ftiik'i)). A tribe of North American In- dians living about Taku Lake and Inlet, Alaska anil British Columbia. Taku Forts. Fortifications at the mouth of the liver Peiho, China, which guard the approach to Tientsin and Peking. They were taken by the English and French forces May 23, 18.58, and Aug. 21, 1860. and by the allies Jime 17, 1900. Also I'tilio Fort.i. Takulli (tii-kul'i), or Carrier. A confederacy of the northern division of the Athapascan stock of North American Indians, found along and near Fraser River, British Columbia. See ^ tha- pascan. Talamanca ftiil-ii-miln'kii). A region on the eastern or Caribbear side of Costa Rica, south of Puerto Limon and extending from tho coast to the central Cordillera. See Taiamnnca.i. Talamancas (tii-lii-miin'kiis). Indians of Costa Rica, in the district called Talamanca (which see). The name is looselyused for several tribes of dif- ferent race who have taken refuge in this region and still retain their independence. The true 'J'alamancaa appear to be distantly allied, by their language, to the ancient Chibclnis of J^'evv Granada. They are said to be aun-wor- shipers. Talanta (tii-lan'ta), Channel of. The north- western portiim of the sea passage which sepa- rates Eubcea from the mainland of Greece. Talaut (tii-louf) Islands, or Salibabo (sii-lc- bii'bo) Islands. A group of small islamls northeast of Celebes and south-southeast of the Philippines, about lat. 4° N., long. 127° E. It is under Dutch control. TalaveradelaReina(ta-lii-va'riidalara'e-n!i). A town in the province of Toledo, Spain, situ- ated on the Tagus 44 miles west of Toledo: the ancient Tala Briga. It manufactures earthenware. Near it, July 27-28, 180'.), the allied English and Spanish army under Wellington and Cuesta defeated the FYench under King Joseph. Population (18S7), 10,497. Talbot (tal'bot), Catherine. Born in 1720: died 1770. An English wi'iter. She was the lifelong friend of Dr. .lohnson, and imitated his maimer. She wrote No. 30 of the "Rambler," and was the correspondent of Elizabeth Carter : their letters were published in 1809. She also wrt)te " Reflections on the Seven Days of the Week "(published after her death, 1770), "F.ssays "(1772), etc. A collective edition of her works, published by Eliz.a- beth Carter, has gone through many editions. Talbot, Charles, twelfth Earl and first Duke of Shrewsbury. Bom 1660: died Feb. 1, 1718. Au English statesman. Hewasoneof the noblemen who invited the I'rince of Orange to England in 1688; was secretary of stjite lti89-0<>and 16iM ; underQueen Anne was lord chamberlain ami ambassador to France ; waa made lord lieutenant of Ireland in 1713; and as lord liigh treasurer in 1714 secured the succession of tlie house of Hanover by proclaiming George I. He waa created duke of Shrewsbury in 16!*4, but had no successor in the duke- dom. Talbot, John, first Earl of Shrewsbury. Born about 1373: killed at the battle of Castillon, France, .Tuly , 1453. An English general. lie w as lord lieutenaiit of Ireland under Henry V.; and fought with distinction in France. He was taken prisoner at Patay by Joan of Arc in 1429. lie was created earl of Shrews- btiry in 1442, receiving in addition the title of earl of Wex- forcl and Walirford In 114(1. Talbot, Lying Dick. A nickname given to Tyr- eoiincl. Talbot, Silas. Born at Dighton, Mass., 1751: died at New York, June 30, 1813. An American naval officer. He served on the Hudson, the Delaware, and near Newport in the Revolntltnt; captured several British prizes ; was member of Congress from New York 1793-0.'>; and eommaiuled the Constitution lit the war witli France. Talbot, William Henry Fox. Bom Feb. II, ISOI): diiil ;i| l.iiycoek Abbey, Wiltshire, Sejit. 17, IH77. All English inventor and »nti(|unry, best known from hisdiseoveriesin iihi)tiigrnphy. He graduated at Trinity (*ollege, Camnrldge, in 1821. About iNjtO, contemporaneouslv with Dagncrre, he dis- covered photography. In 18-11 he maile known the calo- type pr4»cess discovered by him. In 1K;18-;19 be iiublished " Ilermes, or Classical and Antii|narlan Resi-arfhes. " Me was among the llrsi to decipher the cuneiform Inscriptiinis of Nineveh. In IMU he published '' English Ktyniologles." miles. Population (1894), 102,001.— 2. " The capital of the jirovince of Talca, situated (ui the Claro 135 miles south-southwest of San- tiago, ropiilalion (1885), 23,432. Talcahuano (tiil-kii-wii'no). A town and an important seaport of southern Chile, on Talita Talita (ta'lf-ta). [Ar. aUthalitha, the third verte- bra : the name is supposed to refer to some an- cient Oriental constellation.] The third-mag- nitude double star < Ursce Majoris, in the Bear's right fore paw. The name is often written Ta- htha. Talkative (td'ka-tiv). A character in Bun- van's "Pilgrim's Progress." Talladega {tal-a-de'ga). The capital of Talla- dega County, Alabama, 80 miles north by east of Montgomerv. It is the seat of Talladega Col- lege. Population (1900), 2,661. Tallahassee (tal-a-has'e). The capital of Flor- ida and of Leon Countv, situated about lat. 30° •ti' N., long. 84° 18' W. Population (1900\ 2.981. Tallahatchie (tal-a-hach'i). A river in north- em Mississippi which unites with the Yallo- busha to form the Yazoo. Length, over 200 miles ; navigable about half its length. Tallapoosa (tal-a-p6'sa). A river in Georgia and Alabama which unites with the Coosa to form the Alabama northeast of Montgomery. Length, nearly 250 miles ; navigable about 40 miles. Tallard (ta-lar'), Due de (Camille d'Hostun), Bom 16.52: died 172S. A marshal of France. He defeated the Imperialists at .Speyer in 1703 ; and was totally defeated and taken prisoner at Blenheim in 1704. He was minister of state under Fleui-}'. Talleyrand-Perigord (tal'i-rand : F. pron. tiil- a-ron' pa-ve*-gor'), Charles Maurice de, Prince de B6n6vent. Born at Paris, Feb. 13, 1754: died at Paris, May 17, 1838. A famous French statesman and diplomatist. He was edu- cated for the church ; became an abb^, and a general ai^ent of the French cler^' ; was appointed bishop of Autun in 17S8 ; was chosen deputy to the States-General in 1789 ; urged the clerg>- to join with the third estate ; became noted as a financier and leader in the Constituent Assembly: pro- posed the confiscation of church property Oct. id. 17S9 ; took a prominent part in the fete of the Champ de Mars Jtxly 14, 1790 ; was excommunicated by the Pope in 1791 ; and made a report in favor of national education in Sept, 1791- He was envoy in England in 1792 ; was obliged to leave England for the United States in 1794 ; returned to Paris in 1796 ; became a member of the Institute ; was ap- pointedministerof foreign affairs.luly, 1797 (resigned 1799); was one of the chief instruments in preparing the way for the coup d'etat of the 18th Brumaire, 1799 ; was reappointed minister of foreign affairs by Bonaparte in 1799 ; took a leading part in negotiating the treatiesofLun^ville, Amiens, Presburg, and Tilsit, togetherwith the Concordat, and w.as one of thechief agents em ployed in the establishment of the Confederation of the Rhine ; was made Prince of B^n^vent in 1806 ; resigned in 1807 ; quarreled with Napoleon in 1809 ; opposed Napoleon's Russian and Spanish policy; took a prominent part in the restoration of the Bourbons ; became minister of foreign affairs 1S14 under Louis XVIII. : was plenipotentiary at the Congress of Vienna, and by his tact secured the territorial integrity of France ; was minister of foreign affairs July-Sept., 1815 ; took part in the revolution of 1830 ; was ambassador in London 1830- 1834 ; and formed theQuadruple Alliance in 1SS4. His cor- respondence with Louis XVIII. was edited by PuUain in 1880. His memoirs (the publication of whichbefore 1890 was prohibited by will) appeared under the editorship of the Due de Broglie in 1891, and have been translated into English by Mrs. A, Hall (1891-92). Tallien (tii-lyan'). Jean Lambert. Bom at Paris, 1769 : died Nov. 16, 1820. A French revo- lutionist. Hewas connected with the Paris *'Moniteur"; edited the "Ami des Citoyens" in 1791 ; was secretary of the Revolutionary commune after Aug. 10, 1792 ; was elected deputy to the Convention in 1792 ; was a prominent Jacobin and the agent of the "Terror " in Bordeaux ; took the lead in overthrowing Robespierre on the 9th Thenuidor. 1794 ; was a member of the Committee of Public Safety and a leading thermidorian 1794-95 ; and was a member of the Council of Five Hundred. He was with Napoleon in Egypt, and later was consul in Alicante. Tallien, Madame de. See Clumati, Princesse de. Tallis. or Tallys, or Talys (tal'is), Thomas. Born about 1515: died Nov. 23, 1585. An Eng- lish composer, called "the father of English cathedral music." He was organist of Waltham Abbey andlatergeutleman of theChapel Royal and music-printer. His works include "Service in the* Dorian Mode," "Lit- any," etc. Tallmadge (tal'maj), Benjamin. Bom at Brookhaven, X. Y., Feb. 25, 17.54 : died atLitch- field. Conn., March 7, 1835. An American Rev- olutionary officer and politician. He captured a band of Tories at Lloyd's Neck (Long Island), Sept , 1779. and captured Fort George (0>-ster Bay, Long Island"), 1780. He had the custody of Andr^ in 1780. ' From 1801 to 1P17 he was Federalist member of Congress from Connecticut. Tallmadge, Frederick Augustus. Born at Litchfield, Conn., Aug. 29, 1792: died there, Sept. 17, 1869. An American lawyer and poli- tician, son of Benjamin Tallmadge. He was Whig member of Congress from New York 1847—49. As recorder of New York city he had an important part in suppressing the -\stor Place riots in 1849. Tallyho (tal'i-ho'), Sir Toby. A roistering character in Foote's play "The Englishman returned from Paris." Talma (tal-miV), Francois Joseph. Born at 976 Paris, Jan. 15, 1763: died there, Oct. 19, 1826. A famous French tragic actor. He was educated in England, and made his debut in the Th6&tre Fran9ais at Paris in 1787. In the small role of Proculus in Voltaire's •' Brutus " he first introduced on the French stage the cus- tom of wearing the costume of the period represented in the play. The reform was soon adopted. His first great triumph was in the part of Charles IX., in Ch^nier's tra- gedy of that name, in 1789, Among his parts were Othello (Ducis), Cfear, Oreste, -\chille, N^ron, Cinna, etc. He wrote "Reflexions stu- Lekain et sur I'art theatral "(18-25). He was a friend of Napoleon as general, consul, and emperor. Talma, Madame (Mademoiselle "Vanhove). Born at The Hague, 1771: died in 1860. A French actress, i\ife of Talma. Talmage (tal'maj), Thomas De Witt. Bom near Bound Brook, N. J., Jan. 7. 1832 : died at Washington. D. C, April 12, 1902. An Amer- ican Presbyterian clergyman. He was educated at the University of the City of New Y'ork and the New Brunswick (New Jersey) Theological Seminary ; was pastor of Reformed Dutch churches at Belleville (New Jersey\ SvTacuse, and Philadelphia ; and was pastor of the Central Ptesbyterian Church in Brooklyn 1869-94, and of the First Presbyterian Church of Washington 1895-99. His church known as the Brooklyn Tabernacle was built lp70, burned 1872. rebuilt 1873-74, burned 1889, again rebuilt on a new site, and again burned May, 1894. He has edited the " Chris- tian at Work," "The Advance," "Frank Leslie's Sunday Mag;izine," etc. Among his works are "Crumbs Swept Vp' (1870), " Abominati.ms of Modern Society" (1872), " Around the Tea-Table" (1874), " Mask Torn Off" (1879), "The Brooklvn Tabernacle : a Collection of 104 Sermons" (1884), "The MaiTi.age Ring" (1886), etc. Talmud (fal'mud). [FromHeb.?. in the Jerusalem Talmud ; the discus- sions of the Amoraim of the schools of Babylonia were codi- fied in the course of the 5th and 6th centuries A. r». in the Babylonian Talmud. The chief redactors were Rah Ashi, principal of the school of Sora 375-427, and Rabbina. head of the same academy 473-499. The Mishnah is composed in Hebrew ("post-Biblical," or " New Hebrew "). the Ge- mara mainly in Aramean. Neither the Jerusalem nor the Babyloni.an Talmud contains the complete Gemara to the entire Mishnah. But the Babylonian Talmud is about four times as voluminous as that of Jerusalem. The Babylonian Talmud obtained greater popularity and au- thority among the Jews than that of Jerusalem, and is always meant when the Talmud is spoken of without a qualification. Its 63 tracts are usually printed in 12 folio volumes on 2,947 piiges. The Mishnah is besides sepa- rately printed in 6 volumes, according to its division into 6 orders or sedarim ; and also the portions of the Hagada under the title of Ain Yakob. See Agada, Amoraim, Gemara, iluhnah. Talos (ta'los). [Gr. Ta?^f.] 1. In Greek le- gend, an inventor, nephew of Daedalus by whom he was slain. See Diedaliis. — 2. A man of brass, constructed by Hephaestus for Minos to guard the island of Crete. Talus (ta'lus). An iron man, the attendant of Artegal: a character in Spenser's "Faerie Queene." Compare Talos. 2. Tamanacs (ta-ma-naks'), or Tamanacas (ta- ma-nil'kas). Indians of Venezuela, south of the Lower Orinoco (state of Bolivar). Formerly very numerous and powerful, they are now reduced to a few thousands; some of them are partly civilized, while others, in the interior, retain their independence. The Tamanacs belong to the Carib linguistic stock. The Chay- mas of Barcelona (state of Bermudez) are closely related to them. Also written Tamanacks, Tamanaques. etc. Tamanieb (ta-mii-ne-eb'). AvUlage near Sua- kim, Sudan. Near it, March 1.9, 1884, occurred a battle between the British forces under Graham and the Mah- dists under Osman Digma. Tamaqua (ta-ma'kwa). A borough in Schuyl- kill County, Pennsylvania, situated on the Lit- tli- SchuyUdll River 34 miles north of Reading. It is a coal-mining center. Pop. (1900), 7,267. Tamar (ta'mar). 1. A river on the border of Cornwall and Devonshire, England, which empties into Plymouth Soimd above Plymouth. Length, about" 50-60 miles.— 2. One" of the Taming of the Shre-w, The principal rivers of Tasmania, flowing northward into Bass Strait. Tamaroa. See Iitinois. Tamatave (ta-ma-tav'). a seaport on the east- em coast of Madagascar, in lat. 18° 10' S., long. 49° 28' E. It is the ciiief commercial center of the island. Population, 10,000. Tainaulipas(ta-mou-le'pas). A frontierstate of Mexico, bordering on Texas, the Gulf of Mexico, and the states of CoahuUa. Nuevo Leon. San Luis Potosi, and Vera Cruz, its surface is low in the east, and diversified in the west. Capital Ciadad Victo- ria. Area, about 31,,500 square miles. Population (189S), Tamaya. See Santa Ana. Tambelan (tam-ba-lan') Islands. A group of small islands west of Borneo and east of Singa- pore, under Dutch control. Tamberlane. See Tamburlnine. Tamberlik ttam-ber-lek'), Enrico. Bora at Rome, March 16, 1820 : died at Paris, March 15, 1889. A noted Italian tenor singer. He made his first appearance at Naples in 1841. and in England in 1850, where he sang with success for twenty-four vears. In ls57 he sang in America. His later years were passed in Madrid as a manuf3cttu"er of arms. Tamboff (tam-bof). 1. A government of cen- tral Russia, surrounded by the governments of Vladimir, Nijni-Novgorod'. Penza, Saratoff, Vo- ronezh, Orel, Tula, and Ryazan. The surface is undulating or leveL The chief e.xport is com. Area, 25,. 710 square miles. Population (1890X 2,850,800. 2. The capital of the government of TamboflE, situated on the Tsna about lat. 52° 45' N. Population (1890). 40,876. Tamburlaine (or Tamberlane) the Great, or the Scythian Shepherd and the Scourge of God. A tragedy in t woparts, tjy Marlowe, acted in 1587, and entered on the "Stationers' Regis- ter" and printed in 1590. it is his earliest play, and the first in which blank verse was introduced on the public stage. See Tamerlane and Timur. Mr. C. H. Herford and Mr. A. Wagner have investigated the authorities from which Marlowe drew his conception of Tamburlaine's character and history. They show, at some length, and at the cost of considerable research, that Marlowe was indebted to the lives of Timur by Pedro Mexia the Spaniard and Petrus Perondlnus. Mexia 8 " Silva de varia lecion," published at Seville in 1543, obtained great popularity, and was translated into Italian. French, and English. The English translation, known as Fortes- cue's "The Foreste," appeared in 1571 ; and there can be little doubt but that the book was an earlv favourite of Marlowe's. BuUen, Introd. to Marlowe's Works, p. xxii. The subject of " Tamburlaine," ... if we would ex- press it in the simplest way, is a mere lust of dominion, the passion of " a mighty hunter before the Lord " for sov- ereign sway, the love of power in its crudest shape. This, and ttxis alone, living and acting in the person of the Scy- thian shepherd, gives unity to the multitude of scenes which grow up before us and fall away. . . . There is do construction in "Tamburlaine." Instead of two plays there might as well have been twenty, if Marlowe could have found it in his heart to husband' his large supply of kings, emperors, soldans, pashas, governors, and viceroys who perish before the Scourge of God, or had he been able to discover empires, provinces, and principalities with which to endow a new race of rulers. The play ends from sheer exhaustion of resotlrces. Doirden. Transcripts and Studies, p. 44. Tame (tam). A small river in central England which joins the Trent northeast of Lichfield. TamegO (ta-ma'go). A river in northern Portu- gal and Spain which joins the Douro 20 miles east of Oporto. Length, about 90 miles. Tamera (tam'e-ra). An ancient name of Lower Egypt. Tamerlane. See Timur. Tamerlane Ctam-er-lan'). A play by Rowe, produced in 1702. Tamerlane, though supposed to be the Timur (Tamburlaine) of Marlowe's play, is made a calm philosophic prince, with poetical allusion to William in., so that it was played for many years on the 4th and 5th of Nov. , the anniversaries of the birth and of the land- ing of William III, Handel composed the music for a li- bretto by Piovene, called Tamerlano : it was produced in London 'in 1724. Tamesis (tam'e-sis). The Latin name of the Thames. Tamiahua (ta-me-ii'wai. Lake of. A lagoon on the coa.st of the state of Vera Cruz. Mexico, immediately south of Tampico. Length, nearly 100 miles. Also written Tamiagua. Tamils (tam'ilz). [Also Tamxils .'"a TamU name.] A race inhabiting southern India and Ceylon, belonging to the Dra vidian stock. The Tamils form the most civilized and energetic of the Dra vidian peoples. Tamina (ta'me-na). A small streamin the can- ton of St. Gall, Switzerland, which joins the Rhine near Ragatz: noted for its romantie si'enerv. Taming of the Shrew, The. A comedy by Shakspere. produced in 1603and printed in 1623: altered from "The Taming of a bhrew" printed in 1594. The earlier play was not by .Shakspere, but by Taming of the Shrew, The some one else (Marlowe anil Kyd have been sugcested) for Feiulu-oke'a company in 15i<8-89. The version altered by Sli:ikspere was by Lodge (Fleay). See Katheriiw and J'ctruchio, Cobbler of Prejttuti, Jtuie a Wi/f and Hare a Wife, and The Uoneymoon, all of which are more or le-ss based on this play. Tamise (ta-mez'). A mauufaeturiiig towu iu the [iroWnce of East Flautlers, Belgium, situ- ateil on the Schelde 20 miles uoi-th-northwest of Brussels. Population (1890), 11,039. ■Tammany Hall (tam'a-ni hal')- [From the conventional s])elling of the name of a saehera of the Delaware Inilians who soldland to William Penu. In the aboriginal tongue his name means ' the Affable,' anU trailition credits him with being a lover of peace ; further than this, the legends and adventures attached to his name are the invention of members of different American societies which held May-day fes- tivals iu Maryland and Pennsylvania before and after the Ke volution, and, adopting the sa- chem as their patron saint, commonly described themselves as "Sons of St. Tammany."] A New York political organization, having its headquarters in Tammany Hall, tlie property of the "Tammany Society or Columbian Order." The latter was founded in New York city on May 12,2789, with benevolent and fraternal purposes. In general op- position to the Federalists the Tammany Society bccnnic identirted with the Keptlblicana (now the I>eniocratic part)), and took an active part in the campaign of 180U, which resulted in the choice of Thomas Jetterson for President. In IbO.'i the society was incorporated. While fldheriiiK to its original character as a secret social organi- sation, with a governing council of sachems and a ritual with aboriginal Havor, the Tammany Society grew in public inlluence, and in ISU built the original Tammany Hall at Frankfort street, fronting the City Hall Park. Since then a local political party, favored by a majority of the members of the Tammany Society, has always had its headiiuarters in the home of the Society, and has been popularly known as "Tammany Hall " — the present hall, erected in 18t>7, being on 14th street, between Irving Place and Third .-Vvenue. Although in theory the Tammany Hall tJeneral t'onnnittee has no relation to the Tammany Society save as teruuit of the latter's edifice, in practice they are coordinate branches of one political sy^t^.nl, the S.iciety being in effect the citadel of the controlling spirits of the Tammany Hall party. Tammany Hall puri>i»rts to be the regular Democratic organization of the city and county of >"ew Vork, though that claim has often been contested. By mear'S of ? highly organized system of Tamtnany clubs and assembly-district associations, it has usually held a paramount place in city politics. In 1893, Tammany Hall, controlled virtually by one man. was in possession of every important office and avenue of iiiiblic tnjijloyniL-nt pertaining to the niuiiicipal administratiim. It wa-s iii~. See Adonis. Tarn o' Shanter (tam 6 shau'tfer). A famous piMiu by Robert Bin-ns. Tamoyos (ta-mo'yos). [Tupi tnmui/a, a grand- fathijr or ancestor: hence 'tue ancient.'] A powerful tribe of Indians who ut the timeof the conf|iiest dominated the Brazilian coast from Cape Frio to Ulmtuba (Rio de .Janeiro and Sao Pailli)). They were a branch of the great Tupi stock. Tlley repeatedly attacked the I'ortugtlese settlements nf 8iio Vicente ami Santos, and by their alliatice with the French colonists at Rio de .Janeiro enabled tlie latter to maintain their position until 1507. As a tribe they have long been extinct. TTampa (tam'pii). A seaport, capital of Hills- borough County, Floritla, situated at the moufli of Hillsborougli Kiver in Tampa Bay, in lat. 27° .'i7' \. pDpulation (1900), 1.1.839.' Tampa Bay. An inlet of tUe Gulf of Mexico, on the wistern co.'ist of Kloriila. Length, about 40 miles. Tampico (liim-pe'ko). A seaport in the state of Tiiinaulipas. .Mexii'o. situated on the Paiiuco. in^ir the (inir of Mexico, in lat. (of lighthouse) 22^ Hi' N., long. 97° 49' W. It has important com- meneuiih the Itnlted States and Europe. Population (IS'.Hl. O.HH.I. Tamraparni ftam-ia-piir'nc). [Skt.: tiimrn, (Inrk-icil, copper-cdlored, and jiiinin, leaf- having ilark-j-ed leaves, or ••copper-leaf, most probably from the color of the soil in the isl- and" (/■:. Miillcr, I'jili (irummar. p. 132).] 1. The Siinskrit name of a town in Ceylon, ami then of I he island: the (Jreek Taprobanu.— 2. A river in .southern India. 977 Tamsui (tam-so'e). A seaport on the northern coast of Formosa. China. It was bombarded by the French Oct. 2-3, 18^ ; and near it occuiTed other combats between the French and Chinese in the same month. Tamuz. See Tdiiinut:. Tamworth ttam'werth). A town in Stafford- shire and Warwickshire. England, situated at the junction of the Tame and Anker, 13 miles northeast of Binnii:gham. It has an ancient castle, which was the principal residence of the kings of Mercia. Formerly a parliamentary borough, it was represented by Sir Robert Peel from 1833 until his death. Populatioii (1891), 6.«14. Tamyras (ta-mi'ras), orDamnras (da-mfi'ras). [Or. Triuipar, .in/joioaf.] Inancient geograi)hy, a river of Phenicia, between Sidon ana Bery- tus: the modern Xahr-ed-Damur. Tana-Elv (tii'nii-elf ). A river in northern Nor- way, and on the boundary between Norway ami Russia, which flows into the Tana-Fjord. Length, aljout 180 miles. Tana-Fjord. An inlet of the Arctic Ocean, on the extreme northern coastof Norway. Length, about 40 miles. Tanagra (tan'a-grii). In ancient geography, a town of Boeotia, Greece, situated near the Aso- ])us 24 miles north-northwest of Athens. A vic- tory was gained here, in 457 B. c, by the Spartans over the Athenians and their allies. Its extensive necropolis has made this obscure town famous, for from it came about 1871 the llrst of the terra-cotta figurines which drew at- tention to the interest and charm of antiquities of this class. Such figurines, previously ignored, have sine- b._'cn eagerly sought and fniiiiil in great quantities, not liulv at Tanagra, but npcm a great number of sites in all i>art's of the Greek world. Those from Tanagra, desjjite ancient animadversions on Iteotian taste, still hold the palm f..r elegance and artistic eke In 1^5^, and has be^n explored by Livingstone, Cametou, Staidey. Thomson, Wissmanu, and others. Length. 410 miles. Area, estimated, 12,650 square miles. Height above sea-level, 2, May 17, 1810. A Scottish poet. Among his besl-knosvn 1_\tIcs are "The Flowi'r of Dun- bhme" :iM hud, and the l'*>pe semis mit In search of him; but he has gone back to Vemis In the miumtnlu- Tlie legeml of Tannlniuser Is the subject of the opera u( the name name by KIchard Wagner. Tannliauser 97S Tarbat Ness joins near long. «• 35' W. The main head streams are the district in the Northwest Provinces Briti'sh Arinos (which rises near the source of the Paraguay) aud Th.^Jq t,oo» tl,£. T=r;™ni,.,.„ "m-ii^u the Juruena. Leneth. with the Arinos, nearly lllOO mUes : _,^"'^''^- "ear the Himalaya. navigable by steajuboats to Itaituba, 160 miles ; above this larancon ( ta-ran-kon ;. A town in the proT- there are nomerons rapids, but canoes ascend nearly to ince of Cuenea, Spain, situateil near tlie Kian .. , the source of the .Arinos. Also written Tapo/oz. sares 46 miles southeast o£ Madrid Pouula- /(»i/). a Tigrua word signifving 'men." Indians."] Tapanecs. i>ee fepanecs. tion (1SS7) 5 066 A tribal division of the tauoan stock of North Tapes (ta-pas'). Indians of the Guarany race Taranto (ta-ran'to). A seaport in the nrovinee of Leece. Italy, situated on the Gulf of Taranto, and the Mare Piccolo, in lat. 40° 25' N.. long. 17° 12' E. : the ancient Tarentum or Taras. it has considerable commerce and fisheries. The chief building is the castle. (For history, see Tamitum.) Population Tannhauser und der Sangerkrieg auf Wart- bnrg. An opera by Wagner, foimded on the legend of Tannhauser. produced at Dresden in 1S45, and in England in 1876. Tano (ta'nd), or Tahano, or Thano. [From American Indians, which formerly occupied a number of pueblos in the vicinity of Galisteo, 20 miles south of Santa Fe. New Mexico, it was almost destroyed as a tribe in the Pueblo revolt of 16S0L The remnants are settled with the Tigrua and Tewa. See Tailoan. TaSoan (tan'yo-an). or Enaghmagh, A linguis- tic stock of North Amerieau Indians, which embraces the Tewa, Tano, Tigua. Jemez, and who formerly occupied much of the territory between the rivers Parana and Uruguay, ex- tending eastward nearly to the Atlantic! Like the Guaranys proper they had hardly any tribal organiza- tii •», and probably the name itself was loosely used. The Jesuits had some' of their largest missions among these (ISSl), 2;.,24r; ; commune, 33,1M2. Indians. Descendants of the Tapes form a large portion m 7 -ri vu.uu,^„, ^«-. of the country population of Corrientes and Misiones, part larantO, UVLKe 01. aee Macdoiiald. of EntreEios, northern rmgnay, and southern Bio Grande Taranto, Gulf of. An arm of the Mediterra- do Sul. .See Guarajiys. Piro, divisions which speak more or less closely TaphiaB(ta'fi-e). [Gr. Tg^«jv t-^coi.] In ancient allied dialects and inhabit various communal geography, a group of islands west of Acama- pueblos or villages in the main and tributary nia, Greece, corresponding to the modem Mega- valleysof the KioGrande.inNewMexico, Texas, nisi, Kalamo, etc. : earlier called Teleboides. and Chihuahua, as well as one of the Tusayan Tapia (ta'pe-a), Andres de. Born in Spain villages, Arizona. Number, 3.300. about 149o : died in Mexico after 1539. A Span- Tanta, or Tantah(tan'ta), The capital of the ^^'i^.^''^!^.''' ,He was a nephew of Velasquez, governor province of Gharbiyeh, Egypt, situated in the Delta 72 miles southeast of Alexandria. It is the seat of important fairs and festivals. Pop- ulation (1S97). 57.300. of Cuba; joined Cortes in 1519; took a prominent part in the conquest of Mexico ; and subsequently settles! at Mex- ico City, where he held high civil offices. He wrote an in- complete but very valuable account of the conquest, which was published by Icazbalceta in 1S66. Tantalam (tan-ta-lam') Island. An island in Tapley(tap'li),Mark. A characterin Dickens's the Gulf of Siam, on the eastern coast of the '"MartinChiizzlewitJ'Martin'sservantandtrav- Malay Peninsula, intersected by lat. 7° 30' N. eling companion, a light-hearted, merry fellow, Length. 40 miles. who takes constant credit to himself for being Tantallon(tai»-taron) Castle. AcastleinHad- jolly under the most adverse eiretmastances. dipgtonshire, Scotland, situated on the North Tappan (tap'an), Arthur, Bom at Northamp- Sea near North Berwick: now in ruins. It was ton, Mass., May 22, 1786 : died at New Haven. a stronghold of the Douglas familv. ■ Conn., Julv 23, 1865. An American merchant rp,_„„ -cti,- ,x.- .. , i,..,/v\ « * i ^ u Tantalus (tan'ta-lus). [Gr. TdiTa/.of.] In Greek and philanthropist. Hewas the first president "V^'f.^! iiUlDa (ta-ras bol ba). A tale of the - Q c/^';, f>f 7oTi= oT.rl Pl.,t^ o,,.! *„+!,„- nt t),o Amoyioor, A T,t;_eu,-o,.,- SnnJot,- v^os^act;?. oy uogoi. It appeared in Its flrst fonn io neau. on the southern coast of Italy : the an- cient Tarentinns Sinus. It separates "the so-caUed "heel "of the peninsula from the " toe. " projecting into the '"foot " about S5 miles. Tarapaca (ta-ra-pa-ka'). 1. A maritime prov- ince of Chile, situated west of Bolivia and south of Tacna : noted for its rich nitrate deposits. Capital, Iqtxiquf . it was seized by the Chileans in 1S79, and was ceded by Peru to Chne in 1883. Area, 19,300 s.„„<.„_ t„i : „i • i, worid, the worship of the gods, the attainment of super- ^^^ donnmon of Prester John, m which, ac- humiin power, and the four modes of union with the .Su- cording to Mandevule, there are huge pismires, preme Spirit. Whole Tantras treat only of various mo. A some corrupt forms of Buddhism. They have greatly in- ^^^^ '^ western central India which flows into fluenced the later Buddhist literature of Sepal. There theGulf of Cambay below Surat. Length, about are also Vaishnava Tantras, such as the Gautamiva and 4.50 mUes. the Sanatkumar.i; but even in these Shiva is the speaker Tannvrn ct.net rtH no'va stoVS TTTir,! inn„in and his wife the listener. In them Eadha. the wife of ■'•apuya STOCK (ta-po ya stokj. Linpi tapma, Krishna, takes the place of Dnrga as the chief object of ^ stranger: tirst applied to these Indians as a worship. term of dlsUke or reproach. ] A name given by Taormina (ta-or-me'na). A decaved town in manv ethnologists to the Crens (which see), m o -u i /^- •■ . i.~i ,^ . >_ , t the province of Messina, Sicilv, situated on the On the Amazon the name Tapuva is now used Tarasp-SchUlS (ta-rasp shols ). A health-re- coast 31 miles southwest of "Messina: the an- for anv Indian. " sort and watering-place m the Lower Engadine, cient Tauromenium. It Tias a castle and a cathedral. Tara(ta'ra). A place in Countv Meath, Ireland, f^^V" %i Grisons.Switzeriand situated on and ^ noted for «s antiquities, especially for its very fine 21 miles northwest of Dublin, It was famous in the t'le Inn db miles east of Loire. It has mineral "' ' ' ■- ■ early history of Ireland as a royal residence. In 1S43 it springs. was the scene of a large mass-meeting in favor of repeal Tarasque (ta-rask ). A legendary monster that of the Union. ravaged the neighborhood of Tarascon. France. The assemblv of Tara was held at the beginning of No- -^ figure of him is carried in procession at a festival held vember. every third year, and . . . was a sort of parliament annuaUy at Beaucaire jnd at Tarascon to celebrate his de- at which all the nobles and principal scholars of Erinn met struction. to institute new laws, or to renew and ertend old ones, Tarazed (tar a-zed). [Ar. shdhSn tdrdzed. the and to examine, to compare, and to correct the national soaringfalcon"whichisthePersianname forthe annals and history of the country. constellation Aqmla.] The third-magnitude Tarascon. Ato wn mthe department of Bonches- du-Rhone, France, situated on the Rhone 16 mUes north of Aries: the Roman Tarasco. it is connected by bridges with Beaucaire opposite. The Church of Ste. Marthe and the castle are notable. It has a festival in honor of the legendary presei-vation of the town frc'm a monster (Tarasque). Population (1S91X commune, 9,263. Tarascos (ta-ras'kos>, or Tarascans i ta-riis'- kanz). An Indian race of Mexico, foi-merly a powerful nation which occupied the territory now included in the state of Michoaean. .\ccord. ing to tradition they came from the north aliout the time of the Aztec migration, establishing their capital at Tzio- tzontzan on the Lake of Patzcuaro. Their language was entirely distinct from the Nahuatl, forming in itself a lin- guistic stock. They were quite as far advanced in civili- zation as the Aztecs, building temples and houses of cut stone, weaving cotton for clothing, and using a very com- plete defensive armor in war ; their calendar was similai to that of the Mexicans, and they had a form of picture- writing, no specimen of which has been preserved. Hu- man sacrifices were made to their gods and at funerala. Their chief deity was Curicaneri, 5.aid to have symbolized the sun. Their chiefs (called kings by the Spaniards) were elected and had considerable power. The Tarascos were frequently at war with the .Aztecs, and were never conquered by them. They submitted without resistance to the Spaniards ; but, notwithstancling this, Nuiio de Guz- man tortured and killed their last king. Tangaxoan. Un- der Hidalgo they were the first to revolt against the.^pan- lards in 1810, thus opening the war for independence, in which they fought bravely. -About 275.1 i>t Tarascos SUT^ Vive, principally in Michoaean, with outlying villages in Guerrero and Jalisco. theater, of Greek foundation but altered' by the Bomans. This important ancient city was founded about 396 B. c. It was often besieged and taken. Population (1881), -JjSSS. Taos (ta'os). The northernmost of the Pueblo tribes of North American Indians, occupying a village of the same name 50 miles northward from Santa Fe, on the Elo de Taos, a tributary of the Rio Grande, in New Mexico. Number, 409, See Tioua. Tapajos (ta-pa-zhos' ), or Tapajosos fta-pa-zho O'Curry, Ancient Irish, I. t star y Aquilse. An ^dlan triCwhi^eh Tn the rnh ani Tarahumax (ta-ra-ho-mar'). [Adapted from Tarazona (ta-ra-tho'na). . A town in the prov zos). 17th centuries, occupied the territory about the mouth of the river 'Tapajfis. The sites of their vil. lages, which were large and close together, are still marked by great quantities of broken pottery strewn over the ground. The Tapajos were probably of Tupi race. Many of them were enslaved ; others were gathered into mis- sions, and their descendants form part of the peasant p.3pu- latioD of the same region. Tapajos (ta-pa-zhos'). ' A river in the states of M.Ttto Grosso and Para. Brazil, it is one of the principal southern tributaries of the Amazon, which it words signifying ' foot-racers,' In allusion to their custom of kicking a ball in racing.] A di- vision of the Piman stock of North American Indians, embracing {he Tarahumar, Varohio, Guazapar. Pachera, and Tubar tribes, its habitat embraces the head waters of the principal streams in the Sierra Madreof.Sonora and Chihuahua, Mexico. The names of nearly all their settlements terminate in the It>cative form cfiic. Number, estimated. lo.CHXi. See Piman. Tarai (ta-ri'). [-Moist land.'] 1. A region in India, at the foot of the Himalaya. — 2. A small Inceof Saragossa, Spain, situated on the QueUes 43 miles northwest of Saragossa. Population (1887), 8,5a8. Tarbagatai (tar-ba-ga-n'). A range of moun- tains in Asiatic Russia and on the borders of ni (in the Chinese empire), about lat. 47°-48° N. Height, about 10,000 feet. Tarbat Ness (tar'bat nes). A cape on the east' em coast of Scotland, between Moray Firth and Dornoch Firth. Tarbelli Tarbelli (tar-bel'i). In ancient history, a peo- ple living in the southwestern extremity of A(|nitania, in Gaul. Tarbert (tiir'bert ),West Loch. An inlet of the ocean, on the western coast of Ai'gyllshire, Sodtland, north of Kintyre. . There arc also two loclis (West Locll Tarbert and East Loch Tarbert) on the west and east coasts of Harris, Hebrides- Tarbes (tiirb). The capital of the (Jepartment of Hautes-Pyr6ni'«es. France, situated on the Adoiir in lat. 43° 14' N., long. 0° 5' E. it lias manufactures of paper, flax, woolens,"machiner>'. etc. The principal biiildin^^s are the cathedral and the museum. Its Jardin Massey is notaljle. It was the capital of the old county of Bigorre ; was in the possession of the English about 1360-1406; and sutfered severely in the Huguenot wars. Xiar it tlie British defeated the French in 1814. Population (1891), 25,087. Tarbox (tiir'boks), Increase Niles. Bom at East Windsor, Conn., Feb. 11, 181.5: died at Newton, Mass., May 3, 1888. An American Congregational clergyman, and historical and miscellaneous writer: secretary of the Ameri- can College and Education Society. He wrote " Nineveh "(18M), "Tyre and Alexandria " (1865), "Life of Israel Putnam" (1876), "Sir Walter Raleigh and his Col- ony in America" (1884) "Songs and Hvmns for Common Life ' (1885), etc. Tarentaise (tii-ron-taz'). A district in the de- partment of Savoie, France, in the upper valley of the Isere. It is mountainous and pictur- es(|ue. Tarentaise Alps. A part of the Qraian Alps in Tarentaise, soutlieastern France. The highest point is the (irande-Casse (12,60.5 feet). Tarentinus Sinus (tar-en-ti'nus si'nus). The ancient name of the Gulf of Taranto. Tarentum (ta-ren'tum). The ancient and me- dieval name of Taranto (which see), in south- ern Italy. It was colonized by Sparta about 705 B. C. ; be- cam e the leading city of JIagna Graecia, and noted for wealth and luxury ; was at war with the Lucanians. etc., in the 4th centuj-y, and with Rome in 281, aided by Pyrrhus; was taken by Itonie in 272 ; was taken by Hannibal in 212 (except the citadel); was retaken by Fabius in 209; and received a Roman colony in 12;i. In the middle ages it passed to the Goths, Lombards, Saracens, and Byzantine Greeks, and in 106.i to tile Jsoi-mans under Robert Guiscai'd. Targovitz (tiir'go-vits), or Targovitza (tiir-go- vit'sii). A small town in the government of Kiel!, Kussia, about r20 miles south of Kieff. Targovitz, Confederation of. A union of cer- tain Polish nobles, formed at Tai-govitz in 1792, in opposition to the constitution of 1791. Targum (tiir'gum). [Aram., 'interpretation.'] The name applied to the Clialdean ((. e., Ara- niean) versiousof the Old Testament. They devel- oped out of the oral translations and paraplirases of the passages of Scripture read iii the synagogues : a custom which prohatdy began soon after the return of the Jews fi'om the captivity. Tlie most popular Targum is that which jiasses under the name of Onkelos, which originated proijably in the yd century A. D. in Babylonia : the name is sujipescd to lie a corruption of Aquila(Akylos), the cele- brated iiinvert and author of a Greek version of the Old Testament, t« wlioni it wa-s ascribed- It gives in general a faithful translation of the Hebrew text. Another Tarratn is attributed to Jonathan ben Uzziel. a disciple of Hillcl, which is more free in its rendering of the original; while the so-called Jerusalem Targum (" pseudo-Jonathan ") is moreof a honiilctical paraphrase than a translation. Kone of these Targums is in its present shape a complete trans- lation of th** OUl Testament. Tarifa (tii-re'fii). A seaport and fishing town in the province of Cadiz, Spain, situated on the Strait of Gibraltar in lat. 36° S. : the Punic Josii and Roman Jtilia Traducta. It occupies the southernmost point of the continent of Europe. The Sai-- ttcens nnrler 'i'arik landed there in 711. It was taken by the Castiliaris in the end of the l:ith century and was de. fcnit .1 by the iiiitish in 1K12. i'opulation'(lss7), 13,206. Tariff of Abominations. In United states his- tory, a name given by its opponents to the high tariff act of 1H2H. Tarija (til-re'llii). 1. A department in south- eastern Bolivia, bordering on the Argentine He- public, l^araguay, and Brazil. The eastern part is inchided in the Gran Cliaco (which see) ; the western part is mountainous. Area, 34,.599 squaremilcs. Population(1893),89,650.— 2. The capital of the department of Tarija, 200 miles soulli-southeast of Sucre. Population, about 1(1,(100. Tarik (tii'rik). Lived in the first part of the 81 li century. A Saracen general. As subordinate of .Miisa, the governor of North Africa, he led the fnvasinn of Spain ; landeil at Gibraltar ; defeated Roderick near Xerez de la Krontera in "H ; and eonipiercd I'ordova. To- ledo, etc. He aroused the jeiUousy of Musa, and was over* thrown liy him in 712. Tarim (lil-rom'). A river of Eastern Turkestan, Cliinese em])ire, which flows ea.sterly into Lake Lfib Nor. It is supposed to receive the Aksu, Klioten, etc. Length, estimated, over 1,000 niiioa. 979 Tarkhanftar-chiin'), Cape. A cape at the west- ern extremity of the Crimea, Russia. Tarleton (tiiri'ton). Sir Banastre. Bom at Liverpool, Aug. 21,17.54: died.Jan. 23, 1833. An Knglisli general, notorious in the Revolution for his cruelty as a partizan commander in tlieCaro- linas (1780-81). Ueorganized the "British Legi.>n"of regulars and 'I'orieS ; served at Camden ; defeated Sum- ter at Fishing Creek and was defeated by him at Black- stock's Hill Nov. 20. 1780 . was defeated li'y .MiMgan at the Cowpens in Jan., 1781 ; and surrendered with Coniwallis at Yorktown. He was later mcmlier of parliament and lieu- tenant-general. He wrote a " History of the Campaigns of 1780-SI, etc." (1787). Tarleton (tiiri'ton), Bichard. Died at Lon- don, li)88. A famous clown and comic actor. He is .said to have been brought to London from Shrop- shire, and to have been a "prentice ill his youth "of the city of ];,ondon, later a "water-bearer.'* He was enrolled afterward as one of the twelve of the Queen's Company, ami bccanie a kind of court jester as well. He was celebrated for his extemporaneous rimes and for Ins "jigs "(comic songs with a ilancc). which he invented. His popularitv and audacity were both unbounded. He fell into disgrace and was dismissed from court for scurrilous reflections upon Leicester and Raleigh. He then kept a tavern in Paternoster Row, and later the Tal)or in Oracechurch street. He wrote "The Seven Deadly sins," a plav which appears to have been the result of his real or iir'etended repentance of his irregularities. Tarma (tar'mli). A colonial intendency of Peru, corresponding, nearly, to the present de- partment of .lunin (which see). Tarn (tilrn). A river in southern Prance which joins the Garonne below Moissae : the Roman Tarnis. A gorge or canon, 31 miles long, in its upper course, is remarkable for the height of the rocks. Among its triliutaries are the Aveyron and the Agout Length, about '2:^5 miles. Tarn. A department of France, formed from part of the ancient Languedoe. Capital, Albi. It is bounded byTarn-et-Garonne on the northwest, Avey. ron on the north and east, HCraulton the southeast, Amle on the Siinth, and Haute-Garonue on the west. The sur- face is generally hilly or mountainous (containing part of the CevciMics). Area, 2,217 square miles. Population (1891), 34«.7:;9. Tarn-et-Garonne (tiirn'a-gii-ron'). A depart- ment of France, formed from parts of the an- cient Guienne, Gascony, and Languedoe. (Capi- tal, Montaubnn. It is bounded by Lot on the north, Aveyron on the northeast, Tarn on the e:ist and southeast, Hiuile-Garoinic on the south, and Gers and Lot-et,Garonnc on the west. The surface is mostly low plateau. Areii, 1,436 siiuare miles. Population (1891), 20li,09li. Tarnopol (tiir'no-pol). A town in Galicia, Aus- tria-Hungary, situated on the Sereth 73 miles east-southeast of Lemberg. Its trade is flour- ishing, and it has horse-fairs. Population (1890), commune, 27.405. Tarnow (tiir'nov). A town in Galicia, Austria- Hungary, situated on the Bimajec 47 miles cast of Cracow. Population (1891), commune, 27,.574. Tarnowitzer (tiir'no-vits-er) Plateau. A pla- teau in tliesoutlieasternpar.t of Silesia, Prussia, near Tarnowitz. Taro (tii'ro). A small river in the province of Parma, Italy, which joins the Po 14 miles north- nortliwest of Parma. Tarpeia (tiir-pe'ya). In Roman legend, the daughter of Spurius Tar])eius. governor of the citadel of Rome on tlie Capitoliiie Hill. Tempted byolfers of the golden bracelets and collars of the Salunes, she betrayed the fortress to tlicni : but as they entered they cast their shields ui>on her. and she was crushed to death. Frcjrn her the T:u'i)eian Hbck was nanieil. Tarpeian Bock ( tiir-pe'yan rok). [L. Mons Tar- jiciiis.} Originally, the mime of the eiitii-o Cajii- toline Hill in Rome, or at least of the jjeak occupied by the citadel, in nuMuory of flie treason of the maid Tarpeia in connection with the Sabine siege; later, that part (Ifiijics Tnr- pnn) of the cliir of the Ciipitidine above the Vicus Jugiii'iiis and the Fiirum Rmnanum, over whoso ju'ecipice condemned criminals were hurled: now uiu'ccognizablo owing to artificial and natural changes in the rocks. The popular identification as the Tarjieiail Rock of a portion of the Capitoliiie clilf which is cut to a vertical snrtaee. and with a deep vertical channel, above the VIcolo della Rujie Tar- peia, is incorrect. Tarquin (tlir'kwin). See Tarquinius. Tarquinil ttiir-kwin'i-i). In ancient geography, ji eily c.r i:iriiria, siluateil near the .Mediterra- nean 1111(1 near the modern Corneto, 45 miles northwest of Rome. It was one of the clilef cities of the F.triiscan League, the original resilience of Tai (piinins I'rtscusiii Kninaii legend. It wim often at war with itonie, especi:illy ill the 1th century H. c. Tarquinius Priscus (tiir-kwin'i-i^ iiris'kus). [L. jirisrim, old, original.] In Roman legendary history, tlie liflh king of Rome: the son of ii Oi'eek coliuiist in Tiiriiuinii. He sellled In Rome, becanie giijiidiiin of the Hons of Aliens Marcins. and suc- ceeded the latter, lie Is said to have built the Cloaca-, the 1 ircus Miixlinlis. and the Capitoliiie Toinple. The traditional date of his reign Is OlU-578 11. C. Tartini Tarquinius Sextus. See Sextus. Tarquinius Superbus (su-per'bus). [L. super- bus, haughty-] In Roman legendary history, the seventh and last king of Rome : son of Ta'r- fpiinius Priscus, and son-in-law of Servius Tul- lius whom he put to death and succeeded. He extended Roman influence abroad, Imt is represented as a despot and tyrant, and as overthrown through the crime of his son Sextus. Unsuccessful attempts >vere made to re- store him through the Etruscans and others. The tradi- tional date of his reign is 534-510 B. c. Tarracina (tar-a-si'nji), or Anxur (anks'ur). In ancient geography,' a city of Latium, Italy, situated on the Mediterranean 57 miles south- east of Rome : the modern Terraciua. A Vol- scian town, it was later in possession of Rome. Tarraco (tar'.a-k6). The ancient name of Tar- ragona. Tarraconensis (tar'a-ko-nen'sis). lu ancient geograjihy, a Roman province in Spain, called at first llispania Citerior. It occupied the north- ern and eastern parts of the peninsula. Tarragona (tiir-rii-go'na). 1. A province in northeastern Spain. It is bounded by the Medlltra- nean and the provinces of Barcelona, Lerida, Saragossa, Terilel, and Castellon. It corresponds t*:i part of the an- cient Catalonia. The surface is partly mountainous. Area, 2,451 square miles. Populatioi»(lbS7), 348,579. . 3. A seaport, capital of the province of Tarra- gona, situated at the mouth of the Francoli, on the Mediten-anean, in lat. 41° 6' N., long. 1° 15' E. : the ancient Tarraco. it has a growing com- merce, exporting wine, oil, etc. The interior of the cathe- dral is of French early Pointed work : the tine west door and rose and the geometrical tracery of the chapels lend a later character to the exterior. The old city walls are of high interest. Their base is of rude cyclopean work, pre- historic, with stones unshaped. Above this is Roman ashler, with wide mai-gin-drafts, and still higher up more modern masonry. There Is much pre-Romaii masonry, in very large blocks, both in the fortilications and within the city. Thereare remains of a Roman aqueduct, of 11 arches in the lower tier and 25 in the upper. Its length is 742 feet ; its height is 90 feet. The margin-drafted masonry is very solid and imposing. This town wjis a Fhcnieian settlement ; was fortitted by the Seipios ; became one of the leading cities of Spain, and the capital of Hispania Tar- raconensis ; was sacked by the West Goths in the 5th cen- tury, and by the Saracens in the 8th ; and was relniilt in the 12th centiuy. It was captured by the British in 1705, and by the French under Suchet in 1811. Population (1887), 27,'2-25. Tar (tiir) Biver. A river in North Carolina which Hows into Pamlico Sound, it is called in its lower course Pamlico River. Length, about '200 miles. Tarrytown (tar'i-toun). A village in West- chester Comity, New York, situated on the Htzd- son (Tappan Sea) 24 miles north of New York city. Itwasthcsceneof Andre's capture in 17.sO,audisthe . burial place of Washington Irving. Sunnyside, the resi- dence of Irving, is in the neightxirliood. Population (1900), 4,770. Tarshish (tiir'shish). In ancient geography, a place or region several times mentioned in the Old Testament. It is commonly identifled with a dis- trict in southern Spain near the mouth 9f the Guadal- Tar.ihixh. Tartini (tiir-tt"'ne). Giuseppe. Born at Pirano, Istiia. .\lii'il V2, 1692: died n1 Pndun, Italy, Feb. 16, 1770. An Italian violinist, composer for the violin, and Avriter on music. He lived chiefly Tartini in Padua, and wrote "Trattato di mu8ica"(1754). "Devil's Sonata." etc. He discovered the so-called "third sound of TartinL" Tartufe, or Tartuffe (tar-tiiC). A famous eomedy, by Moliere, which was produced at the Comedie Francjaise in 1667. Tartule is " an obscene pedant, a red-faced, hypbcritical wretch, who, palming himself off on an honest and refined family, tries to drive the son away, marry the daughter, corrupt the wife, ruin and imprison the father, and almost succeeds in it, not by clever plots, but by vulgar mummery and by the coarse audacity of his caddish disposition" (Taiiie, Eng. Lit., I. 506). Matthew Medliourne translated and adapted it in 1670 as "Tartuffe, or the French Piu-itain." (.See Hypo- crite. The.) "Lady Tartufe," a play by Madame deGir.ir- din. was produced in lSf)3. Rachel was much admired in the title rOIe. Tarudant (tii-ro-dant'). The capital of Sus, Jlovoeco. situated near the Wadi Sus, 125 miles southwest of Moixjcco. Population, estimated, S..')00. Also Terodant, Tcnidant, etc. Tarumas (ta-ro-maz'). Indians inhabiting the highlands in the southern part of British and Dutch Guiana. They belong to the Arawak or Jlay- pure stocli, and formerly lived on the Rio Negro, where th^ are said to have been numerous. Tanitino (ta-ro-te'nol. A village in Russia, 4.S miles south-southwest of Moscow. Here, Oct. 18, 1S12, the Russians under Kutusoft defeated the French under Miirat. Taschereau (tash-ro'), Elzear Alexandre. Born at Sainte Marie de la Bcauce, province of yuehee, Canada, Feb. 17. 1820 : died at Qtie- bec, April 12, 1898. A Canadian Roman Catho- lic prelate. He l)ecarae rector of Laval University in 1860. archbishop u£ Queiiec in 1S71, and cardinal in 1SS6. Taschereau, Jules Antoine. Born, at Tours, France, 1801 : died at Paris, 1874. A French journalist, politician, and author. Hewasa mem- ber of the legislative body, and had charge of the imperial library. He founded the "Eevue retrospective" (1833), wrote histories of the lives and works of Sloliere and t'orntiUe. and edited Moliere, etc. Tashkend (tash-kend'). or Tashkent (tash- kent'). The capital of the general government of Turkestan, Asiatic Russia, situated in the valley of the Tchirtchik about lat. 41° 20' N., l0!)g. 69° 20' E. It consists of the Asiatic city and a European or Russian quarter ; contains many gardens ; and is the seat of extensive trade and of silk manufactiu-es. It has belonged to Russia since 1868. Population (1897), 166„=i06. Tashmet (tash'met). [From iemii, to hear (the one who hears prayer).] In Assyrian-Baby- lonian mytholog)', a name or epithet of the wife of Nebo \Nahii). Her proper name was Nana. Her principal seat of worship was in Ereeh. Task (task), The. A descriptive poem, in six parts, by William Cowper, published in 1785. Tasman (tas'man), Abel Janszen (Janszon, etc.). Born probablv at Hoorn, Netherlands, about 1602: died at" Batavia, Oct., 1659. A Dutch navigator. He sailed from Batavia in Aug., 1642, in command of an exploring expedition to Australia, despatched byVanDiemen, governor-general of theDutch East Indies ; and discovered Tasmania (which he named Van Diemen's Land) in Nov., 1642 ; New Zealand in Dec, 1642; part of the Friendly Islands in 1643; returning to Batjivia in June, 1643. In a second voyage (1644) he dis- covered the Gulf of Carpentaria. Tasman (taz'man) Bay. [Xamed from A. J. Tasman.] An inlet of the ocean, on the north- ern coast of South Island, New Zealand. Tasmania (taz-ma'ni-ii), formerly Van Die- men's Land (van de'menz land). [Named from its discoverer.] An island and British colony in Australasia, situated south of Australia (separated by Bass Strait). Capital, Hobart. Its surface is largely mountainous or hilly. It has good agricultural resources, and mines of gold, tin, etc.; and exports wool. gold. tin. etc. It is one of the states of the Commonwealth of Australia, under a governor, legislative authority being vested in a council and assembly- (lioth elected). The aborigines are e.xtinct. It was discovered by Tasman in 1642 ; was visited by Cook, Bass, and others ; was settled in 1803 ; and at first was partly a penal colony. It was a dependency of New South Wales until 1825. Area, 26,385 square n.iles. Population (1899), est., 177.340. Tasman (taz'man) Peninsula. -A peninsula at the southeastern extremity of Tasmania, nearly cut off from the mainland. Tasman Sea. The name proposed by the Aus- tralian Association for the Advancement of Science, and adopted by the English Admiralty, for the part of the Pacific inclosed by Australia and Tasmania on the one side, and New Zea- land and smaller islands on the other. Tasso (tas'6; It. pron. tas'so), Bernardo. Born at Venice. Nov. 11, 1493: died at Ostiglia, Sept. 4, 1569. An Italian poet, father of Tor- quato Tasso. His chief work is the romantic poem "L'Amadigi" ("Amadis," 1560), in oc- tave stanzas. Tasso, Torquato. [F. Le Tasse.'] Born at Sor- rento, Italy, March 11, 1544: died at Rome, April 25, 1595. A celebrated Italian poet. He 980 was educated at the Jesuit schools at Naples, Rome, and Bergamo. His father, Bernardo Tasso, was involved in the troubles of the Prince of Salerno, his p.atron, and joined the prince in Rome ; but, that city becoming unsafe for him, he accepted shelter at Pesaro, the court of the Duke of Urbino, where his son Torquato was taught with the son of the duke. In 1567 Torquato went to study law at Padua. He was influenced by his father's writings and not by his advice, and in 1562. while still at Padua, pub- lished " Rinaldo." It was successful, and, his father ceas- ing his opposition to a literary career, Tasso went to Bo- logna to study philosophy and literature. He returned to Padua shortly after, and by 1565 was attached to the ser- vice of the bouse of Este. the glories of which he celebrated in "Jerusalem Delivered": Rinaldo was said to be of that race. He was well received at court, and was en- couraged to finish the epic " Goffredo " Gater called " Ge- rus.alemme Liberata"), which he had begun at Bologna. In 1570 Cardinal Luigi d'Este. his patron, went to Paris, talking Tasso with him. There be met Ronsard arid other distinguished men. He left the cardinal after his return on account of a difference in religious opinion, but was received by Duke Alfonso of Ferrara, who loaded him with favors. He produced his "Aminta" in 1573, and had written 18 cantos of " Goffredo " in 1574, when he was seized with fever. After this his mind was not clear : he became quarrelsome, worried himself about the orthodoxy of his poem, and became subject to delusions, dreading accu- sations of heresy and assassination or poison. At length he was placed in a convent at Ferrara for medi- cal treatment. He escaped and fled to his sister in the disguise of a shepherd. She cared for him, and in 1578 the duke received him again ; but his delusions continued, and he wandered from place to place (to Mantua, Turin, etc.), finally returning to Ferrara. There he became so violent in accusing the duke of a design to poison him that he was placed in an insane asylum. After he had re- mained there for seven years he was released, on the per- sonal promise of the Prince of Mantua that Alfonso should not again be exposed to his insane attacks. A theory has obtained credit that Tasso was shut up in an a.sylnm on account of his aspirations for the hand of Leo- nora d'Este, the duke's sister, and Goethe'splay was based on this supposition. "Goffredo" was published at Ven- ice during the time of Tasso's seclusion, but it was very inaccurately printed, and in 1581 a revised edition was printed at Parma, with its present title "Gerusalemme Liberata " (" Jerusalem Delivered "). He remained a year at Mantua, wrote " Torrismondo " (1586). and again re- sumed his wanderings. He had many friends eager to help him, but was broken in health and spirits. His "Gerus;Jemme Conquistiita," much inferior to the "Ge- rusalemme Liberata," was published in 159:i. Two years later he died at Rome, whither he had been sum- moned by Pope Clement XJ1\. to be crowned poet laure- ate : the ceremony was never performed, owing to his ill- ness. The " Gerusalemme Liberata "has l)een translated into many languages. The most famous English transla- tion is that of Fairfax (1600). Tasso (tas'so). Torquato. A tragedy by Goethe, printed in 1790. Tassoni (tas-s6'ne). Alessandro. Born at Mo- dena, Italy, 1565 : died there, 1635. An Italian poet and author. His best-known work is a burlesque heroic poem, "La secchia rapita"(''Rape of the Bucket," 1622). He also wrote "Considerazioni sopra U Petrarca" (1C09), etc. Tatar-Bazardjik (ta-tar'ba-ziir-jek'), or Ba- zardjik. Atown in EasternRumelia.Bulgaria, situated on the Maritza 25 miles west of Philip- popolis. Population, est., 15,659. Tatars (ta'tarz), or Tartars (tar'tarz). [From Pers. Tatar, Chinese Tahtar. a Tatar. Tartar, probably due to some confusion with Tartarus, was formerly the established form, and is still frequently used.] 1. Certain Tungusic tribes whose original home was in the region vaguely known as Chinese Tatary (Manchuria and Mon- golia), and whoarenowrepresented by the Fish- shin Tatars in northern Manchuria, and the Solons andDauriafls in northeastern Mongolia, but more particularly by the Manehus (the pres- ent rulers of China). The chief among these tribes were («) the Khitans, who in 907 conquered China and set up a dynasty there (called the Liao) which lasted until 1123, when they were conquered by their rivals ; (b) the Niuchi, Juchi, or Jurchin (the true Tatars, and the ances- tors of the modern Manehus), who also established a dy- nasty, called Kin ('golden '), and are hence known as the Kin Tatars ; (c) the Kara-Khitai (or black Tatars), a remnant of the Khitans who. when their euipire w.as over- thrown by the Juchi, escaped westward and founded an empire which stretched from the Oxus to the desert of Shamo, and from Tibet to the .-iltai ; (d) the Onguts (or white 'Tat.ars). 2. In the middle ages, the host of Mongol, Tm'k, and Tatar wan-iors who swept over Asia under the leadership of Jenghiz Khan, and threatened Europe. — 3. Numerous tribes or peoples of mixed Turkish, Mongol, and Tatar origin (de- scendants of the remnants of these hosts) now inhabiting the steppes of central Asia, Russia in Europe, Siberia (the latter with an additional intertnixture of Finnish and Samoyedic blood), and the Caucasus, such as the Kazan Tatars (the remnant ofifce Kiptchaks, or •' Golden Horde "). the Crim Tatars in the Crimea, the Kalmucks or Eleuths (who are properly Mongols), etc. Tatary (ta'ta-ri), more frequently Tartary (tar'ta-ri). A name formerly given to central Asia, on account of the inroads of Tatar hordes in the middle ages, it was later sometimes divided Tata in part into Chinese Tatary (East Turkestan) and Inde- pendent Tatary (Turkestan). The name has also often been extended to include Manchuria, Mongolia.and Europe westward to the Dnieper or Don. Hence the division into European and Asiatic Tatary. Tatary, Chinese. See Tatary. Tatary, Grim. See Crimea. Tatary, Gulf or Sound of. -\n arm of the sea which separates Saghalin from the mainland of Siberia, north of the Sea of Japan. Tatary, High. A name sometimes given to East Turkestan. Tatary, Independent. See Tatary. Tatary, Little. A name formerly given to the regions in southern Russia occupied by Tatars (Crimea, Kiiitchak, etc.). Tate (tatX Nahum. Born at Dublin. 1652 : died at London, Aug. 12. 1715. An English poet and play-"nTiter, appointed poet laureate in 1692. He'was associated with Brady in a poetical ver- sion of the Psalms (1696), and wrote various poems and plays. Tatian (ta'shian), L. Tatianus (ta-shi-a'nns). Born in Assyria : lived in the middle of the 2d century A. D. A Christian apologist. He was educated as a Greek : went to Rome, and became converted to Christianity ; and later adopted in part Gnostic views. He wrote " <)r"atit> ad tiraecos " (an apology for Christianity) and " Diatessaron " (a harmony of the Giospels, recovered by Zahn and edited by him 1881). Tatihou (ta-te-o'). A small fortified island on the coast of the department of Manche, France, 16 miles east of Cherbourg. Tatius, Achilles. See AchiVes Tatiiis, and Stillill,-<. Tatius (ta'sbi-us), Titus. In Roman legend, a king of the Sabines who attacked Rome, and ruled over it con.iointly with Romulus. Tatler (tat'ler). The. A periodical founded by Steele in 1709. and discontinued in 1711. Ad- dison wrote 41 papers: Addison and Steele together 34. Steele wrote a much larger num- ber alone. Tatra (ta'tro) Mountains. The highest group of the Carpathian system, situated in northern Hungarv and on the Galician frontier, about lat. 49°" 15' N., long. 19°-20° E. Also called the Central or High Carpathians. Highest point, the Gerlsdorfer Spitze (8,737 feet). Tattam (tat'am), Henry. Born in Ireland, Dee. 28, 1788': died at Stamford Rivers, Eng- land, Jan. 8, 1868. A British clerg\-man noted as an Orientalist, and especially as an authority on Coptic. He published a Coptic grammar, a Coptic dictionary, various Coptic works, etc. Tattersall's (tat'er-salz). A sporting estab- lishment and auction mart for horses. inLondon, opened about 1770 by Richard Tattersall (1724- 1795). Since 1865 it has been situated near Knightsbridge Green. The "subscription room " was opened in 1818. The name has been given to similar establishments in other cities. Tattle (tat'l). A character in Congreve's "Love for Love " : a vain, impertinent beau, boasting of his amours, yet priding himself on his secrecy. Tattnall (tat'nal). Josiah. Born near Savan- nah. Ga., 1762: died at Nassau, Bahamas, June 6, 1803. An American Revolutionary soldier and politician. He was United States senator from Georgia 1796-99, and governor of Georgia 1801-02. Tattnall, Josiah. Born near Savannah, Ga., Nov. 9, 1795 : died at Savannah, June 14. 1871. An American naval ofiBcer, son of J. Tattnall ( 1762-1803 ) . He served in the War of 1812 ; in the Al- gerine war : against the pirates infesting the West Indies; and in the Mexican war. In 1857 he was appointed flag- officer of the Asiatic station. While occupying this post he violated the law of neutrality by assisting the British in an attack on the Peiho forts, China ( 'Blood, ' he said, "is thicker than water"); lus conduct was sustained by the government. In 1861 he accepted a captaincy in the Confederate navy.and in 1862 succeededFranklinBuchanan in command of the Merrimac. When, soon after, the Con- federates were forced to abandon Norfolk, he destroyed the Merrimac off Craney Island (Jlay 11, 1862) in order to prevent her falling into the hands of the Federals. Tattvabodhinisabha (tut-twa-bo-dhi-ne-su'- bha). [' Truth-investigating' or ' Truth-teach- ing Societv.'] A society foimded at Calcutta in 1839 hi Debendranath Tagore to carry on the labors" of Ram Mohim Roy in restoring the monotheistic system believed by him to be taught in the original Hindu scriptures. It lasted 20 years, being tnerged in 1859 in the Brahmasamaj (which see). Tattycoram (tat-i-ko'ram). A character in Dickens's " Little Dorrit." Her real name is Harriet: Beadle. Tatu (ta'to), orHuchnom (hoch'nom). A tribe of North American Indians, living in Upper Potter Valley, California. See rukian. Tauber Tauber (tou'ber). A river in "Wiirtemberg, Ba- varia, and Baden, which joins the Main at Wert- heim, 19 miles west of WiirzbuTfr. Its valley (the Taubergrund) produces the Tauber wines. Lenfrth, 74 miles. Taubert(tou'bert), Karl Gottfried Wilhelm. Born at Berlin, March 23, 1811: died there, Jan. 7, 1891. A German composer. He was made music- director of the royal opera in 1841, court kapellmeister iu 1845, and chief kapellmeister in I8li7. He wrote songs, operas ("Macbeth," "Cesario," etc.), sonatas, music to dramas, etc. Tauchnitz (touch'nits). Christian Bembard von. Born Aug. 25, ISIG: died Aug. 14. ls9.'). A German publisher. uepliewofK.C.T. Tauchnitz. He founded in 1&37 a printing and publishing house at Leipsic, and in 1841 began the publication of his "Col- lection of British Authors " (the " Tauchnitz Edition "), to which were subsequently added "Collection of German Authors " (in English translations) and '' Students' Tauch- nitz Editions." Tauchnitz, Karl Christoph Traugott. Born at tirosspardau, near Gremma, Saxony, Oct. 29, 1761 : died Jan. 14, 1836. A German publisher (in Leipsic). He introduced stereotyping into Germany. He was especially noted for his editions of the classics. Tauern (tou'ern), Hohe. A lofty gi'oup of the Alps, in Tyrol and on the borders of Salzburg and Carinthia. Highest point, the Grossglock- ner. See Ghiclnicr. Tauern, Niedere. A name sometfmes given to a mountain-range iu Salzburg and Styria, east of the Hohe Tauern. Tauferer Thai (tou'fer-er till). An Alpine val- ley iu central Tyrol. Taugenichts (tou'ge-nichts), aus dem Leben eines. [G., ' From the Life of a Good-for- Nothing.'] A romance by Eichendorff, pub- lished in 1826. Taughannock (ta-gan'ok), or Taghanuck, Falls. A perpendicular cascade, 212 feet in height, near Cayuga Lake, western New York. Tauler (tou'ler), Johann. Born at Strasburg about 1300 : died there, June 16, 1361. A noted German mystic and preacher. He entered the Do- minican order about 1318 ; was driven from Strasburg with other Dominicans who disregarded the interdict of John XXII. in 1339; and established himself at Basel. Here he became intimately associated with the "Friends of God." In 1352 he returned to Strasburg. His"Sennons" were published in 1498. Otherworks <"Bonk of Spiritual Poverty," etc.) also have been ascribed to him. Taunay (to-na' ), Alfredo d'Escragnolle. Bom at Rio de Janeiro, Feb. 22, 1843 : died there in Feb., 1899. A Brazilian military engineer, au- thor, and politician . He served in the Paraguayan war 18fi5-70: subsequently was prominent in congress as an ad- vocate of means for promoting immigration ; was president of SantaCatbarinaandParan:i; and in IsSelbecamesenator. Hi8"RetraitedeLaguna " (1871: Portuguese edition 1872) describes an episode of the Paraguayan war, and is widely known. He is the best of the Brazilian novelists, and published many critical and political essays, poems, etc. Taunton (t&n'ton). The capital of Somerset, England, situated on the Tone 38 miles south- Tvest of Bristol, it has a castle (said to have been founded by Ine) and a Gothic church; was made by Ine, the West-Saxon king, a frontier fortress in the 8tli century ; was long held by the bishops of Winchester ; was seized by Perkin Warbeek in 1497 ; was taken by the Royalists in lf>43 ; was besieged and taken by tlle Parliamentarians un- der Blake in 1644 : and was defcTided by Blake in 1044-45, and relieved by Fairfax. The Duke of Monmouth was pro- claimed king here in l(i85, and the " Bloody Assizes "were held here by Jeffreys in the same year. Population (1891), 18,026. Taunton (tan'ton). A city in Bristol County, Massachusetts, situated on Taunton River, at the head of navigation, 32 miles south of Bos- ton. It has maiuifnctures of locomotives, nails, cotton poods, copper, 8ilver-i)lated and britannia ware. etc. It was settled about 1638, and became a city in 1864. Popu- lation (iiimi), ;ii,o:iii. Taunton River. A small river in southeastern Sliissnchusetts which flows into Mount Hope Hay (Narragansett Bay) at Fall River. Taunus (tou'nfis). A mountainous and plateau region ill Prussia and Hesse, lying between the Rhine, the Lahn, the Main, and tlu^ Wetter. The name is generally limited to the southern portion of tllis region, called also Die Hohe. Its culminating point is the Grosser Fcldberg (about 2,900 feet). It contains many mineral springs. Taupo (ta'po), Lake. A lake in North Island. New Zealanil. situated about lat. 38° 4.')' S. Length, 24 miles. Tauri.(ta'ri). In anciontbistory, a people dwell- ing iu the Crimea. Taurian games (liVri-nn gamz). A name un- der the Koiiian republic for the games called secular (lu
  • s norlh of PlyUKJUtli. It has ruins of an abbey founded in thu loth cciitury, and is the center of a large mining district (tin, copper, lead, etc.). Population (1891), 6,914. Tavoy (tii-voi'). l. A district in the Tenasse- rim division, Britisli Burniii, Iinlia, intersected by lat. 14° N. Area. 7,150 s(iuare miles. Popu- lation (1891), 94,921.-2. The capital of the district of Tavoy, situated on the river Tavoy, near till' coast, about 160 miles west of Bangkok. Population (1891), 1.">.0!I9. Tavris, "i- Tavriz. See Tahri:. Taw Itn). .\ river in Devonshire. England, which unites with the Torridge and flows into Barnstaple Hay. Length, about .'iO miles. Taxila (tak'si'-lii). [Gr. T(i;//n.] In ancient geography, a city in the I'anjab. India, in the vi<'inily of (he modern Knwal Piijili. Taxiles (Ink'si-Iez). ("Gr. T(i:://;/fl 1. An In- (li,'in king in llie Paii.jab at (lie time of (he in- vasion of .Me.xander the (irent (n1iou( 326 n.c). — 2. Aleailiiiggeneralot'Mithridatestlie(Jreu(. Tay (til ). The longest river in Scotland. It rises on the borders nf Perthshire and Argyllshire, being cidleil, at Urst the Milan and then the Docilart ; traverses Loch Taylor, Isaac Tay . passes Perth ; forms the estuary or Firth of Tay : and empties into the North Sea below Dundee. The principal tributaries are the Lyon. Tummel, Isla, and Earn. It has valiialde sulmon-tisheries. Length, 118 miles ; navigable to rerth. Tay, Firth of. The estuary of the Tay, Scot- land. It extends to about the mouth of the Earn, sepa- rating Fife from Perthshire and Forfarshire. Greatest width, about 2^ miles. Tay, Loch. -V lake in Perthshire. Scotland, trav4), " A \'isit to India, China, and Japan "(18.55)," Poems of the Orient" (186.5), " Poems of Home and Travel "(18.5.5) " Northern Travel "(1857), " Travels in Greece, etc. "(1859), "At Home and Abroad " (1859-62), "The Poet's Journal " (1862), "Hannah Thurston" (1863: a novel), "John God- frey's Fortunes" (1864), "The Story of Kennett " (1806), "Colorado "(1867), "Byways of Europe "(1869). "Joseph anil his Friend " (1870), ' The Masque of the Gods " (187'2), " Beauty ami the Beast"(1872), " Lars, etc." (187.3), " School History of Germany to 1871 " (1874), " Egypt and Iceland " (1874), "The Prophet" (1874: a tragedy of Mormonism), " Home Pastorals " (1875), "The Echo Club, and other Lit- erary Diversiiuis" (ls76), "Boys of Other C*)Untries " (1876), "The National Ode" (1876), "Piince Deucalion" (187s), "Studies in German Literature" (ls79). "Critical Essays, etc." (1880), and "Dramatic Works" (18S0: with notes by SI. H. Taylor). He edited Tegner's " Frithjofs Saga " in 1867 (translated by Blackley), and translated Goethe's " Faust " in tlie original meters (1S70-71). Taylor, Benjamin Franklin. Born at Low- ville, X, Y,. .luly 19. isiii; died at Cleveland, Olio, Feb. 24, 1SS7. An .American poet, mis- cellaneous author, and war correspondent. He wrote " Pictures of Life in Camp and Field " (18711, " The World nn Wheels, etc. "(1874), ".Song of Yestenlay" (1877). "Belwcin tlieGates"(1878)."Sunimer .Savory, etc." (187!i), " Duli-e Duinnm " (ls84), "Tlieophilus Trent" (a novel. 1>^7), etc. His poems include "Isle of the Long Ago," ■' Itbyiius .if llie Kiver," and " The Old Village Choir." Taylor, Brook. Born at Edmonton, England, Aug. 18, ICiS.'i : died at Somerset House, Dec. 29,1731. An Encrlish mathematician. He entered St John's College, Cambridge, in 1701. In 1708 he solved the problem of the center of oscillation (result.s pub- lished later in " I'hilosophical Transactions"). His works inclutle " Metliodus incrementoruni directa et inversa" (1715), "New Principles of Linear Perspective" (1719)^ "Contemiilatio Pliilosophica " (1793). He is best known as the discoverer of " Taylor's theorem." Taylor, Sir Henry. Born near Durhnni. Oct. 18. 1800: died at Houniemoutli, March 27. 1886. A noted English dramatic poet, statesman, and critic. He went to London in 18'2.3, and obtaineil an ap- pointment in the colonial ollU-e in 1.^21, retiring in 187'2. He Itecaine editor of the " Li>ndon Magazine "in 1824. and was made knight commander of the Order of St. Jliclniel ami St. George in 1S69. His chief dramas are "Isaac Comnenus" (1827)." Philip van Arleveldo " (18:14)," Edwin the Fair" (1842\" The Vii-giii Wiilow "(ISHO), Among his other works are '*The Statesman " (18,'t6>, " Nides from Life" (lH47),"Tlie Eve of the Conquest, and other Poems" (1817), "Notes from Books " (1849). His autobiography was imblislied in 1885 ; his letters were edited by Edward Dowdeli in 188S. Taylor, Isaac. Bom at Lavenham, Suffolk, England. .Vug. 17, 1787: died at Stanford Riv- 982 clerk, and then a teaolier in private schools ; and spent tHe last forty years of his life in studious retirement. Hemade translati'ins of Plato, Aristotle, Pansanias, and various Neoplatonists. He is sr.nietimes called "the Platonist." Taylor, Tom. Boru at Sunderland in 1817: died at Waudswortb, Jul}' 12. 1880. An English dramatist and art critic, editor of "Punch" from 1874 to 1880. He studied at Glasgow University and at Trinity College, Cambridge, and for two years was professor of English at University College, London. He was called to the bar in 1846, and in 1854 was appointed secretary of the board of health. He wrote or adapted TrhalaVihnp Spp V'/in/nj.mU Taylor, Isaac ers, Essex, England, June 28, 1865. An English author. He studied art, but ultimately adopted litera- ture as a profession. Among his works are " Natural His- tory of Enthusiasm" (1«29), "Natural History of Fanati- cism "as34), "Saturday Evening "(1832), "Spiritual Des- potism (1835), " Physical Theory of Another Life " (lS3ti), "Ancient Christianity" (1839), "Restoration of Belief ' (1855), "Spirit of Hebrew Poetry" (1861), etc. Taylor, Isaac. Born at Stanford Elvers, May 2. 1S2U : died at Settrington, Oct. 18, 1901. .An Phiglish philologist and antiquarian, sou of Isaac Taylor (1787-1865). He studied at Trinity College, Cambridge, and, after llolding benefices at Bethnal Green and Twickenham, was rector of Settrington, Yorkshire, 18T6-1901, and a canon of York 1885-1901. .\mong his works are "Words and Places" (1864), "The Alphabet: an Ac- count of the Origin and Development of Letters ' (1883), "Etruscan Researches" (1874), "Greeks and Goths: a Study on the Runes " (1879), " The Origin of the Aryans " (1890), etc. Taylor, Baron Isidore Justin Severin. Born at Brussels, Aug. 15, 1789: died at Pai-is, Sept 8, 1879. AFreueh artist and author. He^ " Voyages pittoresques et romantiques de 1 France " (1820-63), etc. Taylor, Jane. Born at London. Sept. 23, 1783 : died at Ongar. Essex, April 12, 1824. An English poet ana a ut nor. Conjointly with her sister Ann Taylor Street Preaching in San lYancisco" she wrote "Original Poems (or Jnfaut .Minds," " Hymns Life- Illustrated " (1868), " Model Preacher " (18601 "Four for Infant Minds, ■ etc. Among her independent works Years" Campaign in India " (1S75) etc Mluner^^'o'sie^tfc'' "''''"'■' '" '"'^"' "" ''''"'''' """^ Taylor, WilUam Mackergc;. ijo™ atElmar- Taylor, Jeremy. _ Born at Cambridge, England poc'k. Scotland, Oct. 23, 1829: died at New Tearless Battle dians. Their habitat was formerly on the Pacific coast of Oregon, below the mouth of Rogue River ; it is now on the Siletz resen'ation, Oregon. See Athapascan Tchad, Lake. See Chad. Tchadyr-Dagh (cha-der-dag'). [-Tent moun. tain. 'J A mountain in the Crimea, south by east of Simferopol : the ancient Trapezus Mens Height, 5, 131 feet. ^ Tchai (ehij. The Tm-kish word for 'river': com- mon in geographical names. over 100 plays, among which are " Still Waters Run Deep," " Victims,'' "An Unequal Match," "The Overland Route," "The Contested Election," "Our American Cousin," "To Parents and Guardians," "The Ticket-of-Leave Man," "'Twist Axe and Crown," "Joan of Are, '"Lady Clancarty,' ".\nne Bolfyn," and, with Charles Reade, "Masks and Faces," "Two Loves and a Life," and "The King's Rival." He wrote a life of Haydon, edited the "Autobiographical Recollections " of C. R. Leslie, and wrote "Leicester Square, its Associations and its Worthies " (1874), etc. Tchatal-Dagh (ehii-tal-dag'). A range of the Balkans in Eastern Rumelia, Bulgaria, situated near Sliven. Tcheliuskin, Cape. See Serero. Cape. Tc'.ernaya (char'ni-a). A small river in the Crimea, which iiows into the Black Sea near Sebastopol. On its banks, Aug. 16, 1855, the al- ls Meirt 'P,.,,!^- TtT-jiT -D • -d' 11 •, r, . lies repelled an attack bv the Russians. published 'vf^ ^-3" «^- ?T'^^'^''^^^'^^%^.'"'^}^'' Tchernigoff (cher-ne-gof'). A government of fane e^St i^^Vcno ^ T ^f ^ = '^""^ ^^ ^^^^ ^*°V ^f'l r^^^ ^"-'^^"*'' ' *'"-™u"ded by the g 18,1902. An American missionary of the Meth- ' " _•. __ <= Odist Episcopal Church. He founded independent missions to India aiul South America, and hecame a mis- sionary bishop to Africa in 1884. He wrote " Seven Years' (baptized Aug. 15. 1613) : died at Lisburn, Ire land, Aug. 13, 1667. An English bishop and celebrated theological writer. He was the son of a barber, and was educated atCaius College, Cambridge, be- ing elected a fellow of his college in 16:i3. He was after- ward appointed to a fellowship at All Souls, Oxford, by Arch- bishop Laud. He became rector of Uppingham, in Rut- landshire, in 1638. During the civil war he .adhered to the royal cause, serving as chaplain to Charles I. He lost his living in 1642, and supported himself by teaching. After Taylor, William BogOrs the Restoration he was made bishop of Down and Connor -R T X'^r.vr 7 isn • MoA ^ er of the Irish r,riwconn,-n TTf.: r.hi..f wnrt= n.. 1. . x> ov . ( , lOli . UieU S governments of Mo- ghileff. Smolensk, Orel, Kursk, Poltava, Kieff, and Minsk, it lies in the basin of the Dnieper, which forms part of its boundary. Area, 20,233 square miles. „o„a. ,.r. ,-^ ■ ropulati.,n, '2,109,983. AHo Che nivjoff. iJlr •■';i86o'f.''.^Fo,',^. Tchernigoff, The capita! of the government of Ichcnugoft, situated on the Desna m lat. 51° 30'N. : oneof theoldestto-svnsinRussia. Popu- lation, 26,815. York, Feb. 8, 1895. A Scottish- AmerTcan Pres'- Tchernigoff, Principality of . A medieval prin- byterian elerg\Tnan and author : pastor of the eip^ility in central Russia. It was acquired by Biioadway Tabernacle (Congregational) in New Lithuania under Gedimin (1315-40). York eity 1872, pastor emeritus 1892. Among Tchemyshevsky (cher-ne-shef'ske), Nikolai. ' "" ' ••" " - Born at Saratoff, 1828: died there, Oct. 29, 1889, and a member of the Irish privy council. His chief works are " Libert)- of Prophesying" (1647), " Life of Clirist, or the Great Exemplar " (1648), " Holy Living " (1650), "Holy Dying' (1651), -.'Golden Grove" (1666), " Ductor Dubitan- tium" (1660), and "Dissuasive from Popery " (1664-67). His collected works were edited by Heber in 1822. Taylor, John. Born in Gloucestershire, 1580 : died at London, Dec, 1654. An English poet, known as " the Water Poet." By occupation he was a waterman, and aftern-ard collector of wine duties for the Tower lieutenant. At the outbreak of the civil war he became a Royalist, and kept a tavern at Ox- ford ; at the time of his death he kept the Crown Tavern in Phoenix Alley, Longacre, London. His writings are v.ll- his works are "The Miracles" (1865), "David" (1876), " Elijah ■' (1876), " Ministry of the Word " (1876), " Peter " (1876), "Daniel "(187S), " Moses" (1879), " Gospel Miracles ' (1880), "Paul" (1882), "John Knox" (1884), "Joseph" (1887), "Parables of our Saviour" (1886). etc. Born at Newport, at Washington, D. C. April 14, 1889. An American admiral, son of W, V. Taylor, He entered the navy as a midshipman n? v^*^'' «^ , , , in 1828 ; served in the Mexican war ; and during the Civil ICnesme, or Chesme (ches me). War acted as fleet-captain under Dahlgren in the attack on Morris Island in July, 1863. He was promoted rear- admiral in 1871 and retired in 1873. lor, William Vigneron. Born at Newport, R.*[., 1781: died there, Feb. 11, 1858. An American naval oificer. He entered the United Stat( A Russian historical and political writer and novelist, exiled to eastern Siberia as a Nihilist : well known from his "tendency" novel "What is to be Done?" (1867). Tcheskaya (ehes'ka-ya). Gulf of. A gulf in the north of Russia, in the government of Arcii- angel. A small port on the western coast of Asia Minor, opposite Chios and west of Smyrna. Near it, July, 1770, the Russian fleet under Orlofl, aided by Rear-Admiral John Elpliinstone and Sir Samuel (later Admiral) Oreig, nearly annihilated the Turkish fleet. The Turkish vessels were burned by the enemy during the night. navy as a sailing-master in 1813 (having previously attained ICniSlll ( ehe she ). 1 he n arm Springs Apaches : the rank of captain in the merchant marine), and in the so named because thev formerly lived at Aguas !,T_';^1'',!'/?.'3-'' "''"^ distinction under Perry in the bat- Calientes, or Hot Springs, New Me.xico. Their chief, Victoria or Cochise, was kiUed in 1881. tie of Lake Erie. uable illustrations of the manners of his age. He ivrote Tavlor ^apTiarv Born in Orano-p Pomitv Vn ehiet, Vict( many poetical and prose works, first collected in 1630, which ^^^t ItTts^ • ^i^rl o t wT.W^ n n ' 7 ,' ' See Apachl r,^/?..I-ZPAI!^l^^.HJ--).P>^».-™.k^:.-™P™l'!gabout ^ept. .4, l^^^-^;^;,^^^^ Washmgtoji, D^C Jid^^ Tchitafor Chita (che'ta). The capital of Trans- He entered_the army ^ first lieutenant in 1808; l^aika.lia.Siberia,^situated near the junction of rank of major ; 9, 1850 served in the War of 1812, attaining the r.ank of major ^ *® Tchlta and Ingoda, 410 miles east of IT- detended Fort Hai-rison against the Indians in 181-2; served kutsK. It IS a trading center for Eastern Si- in Bl.ick H.iwk's war in 1832, with the rank of colonel ;de- beria. Population, about 10,000 (?). feated the Seminole Indians at Okeechobee in 1837. and T/.'hiti-moolia Qo<» rh;t!,„^„T,^^ was brevettedbrigadier-general; and became commander- ^cnitimacna. JieeUlitimaClian. in-chief in Florida in 1S3S. Later he commanded in the ICnOlO'VOne. See Cliolovone. Southwest. In 1845 he took command of the armv in Texas. Tchu (cho). A river in Russian Central Asia He commanded in northern Mexico in the Mexican war ; -srhich rises in the Thian-Shan Mountains and gamed the battle of Palo Alto May 8, 1846, and th.at of ;,],„(.- ti i it c "'^ "'<""= """ Eesaca de la Palma May 9 ; took possession of Matamoros ^^ ^'^^^\, "? ^^^. ^'^^^- I* '"'^^ formerly a tnbu- May 18 ; captured Monterey Sept. 24 ; and defeated .^anta t^ry of the Sir-Daria^. Length, about 600 miles. Anna at Buena Vista Feb 22-23, 1847;. He w.as appointed TchuktchoS (chok'chez). A people dwelling major-general June '29, 1846. In 1848 he was elected as i« +i 4.u *. *. •*. ^ o-i. . ^ Whig candidate to the presidency, and was inaugurated ™ ^^l^ northeastern e.xtremity of Siberia, near March 4, 1849. the Arctic Ocean and Bering Sea: allied to the Taylor, Nathaniel William. Born at NewMil- Taylor-srille (ta'lor--vil). The capital of Chris- Koryakes. ford. Conn., .July 23, 1786: died at New Haven, tian County, Illinois, situated on the South Tchusovaya (cho-so' va-ya). 140 separate titles, were edited by Hindley in 187-2. Taylor, John. Born in England, Nov. 1, 1808: died July 25. 1887. A Mormon missionary and apostle. He emigrated to Toronto. Canada, in 1832 ; was converted to the Mormon faith in 1836 ; became an apostle in 1838; was with Joseph Smith during the att.ick on Car- thage jail in 1844 ; succeeded Young- as president of the Mormon Church in 1877 ; and in 1880 became presidentol the faction which sanctioned polygamy. Taylor, Joseph. An English actor of the time of Shakspere. He «-as the successor of Burbage in Hamlet and Othello, and is supposed to have been the original lago. It is said that Shakspere personally in- structed him to play Hamlet, and the remembrance of this performance enabled Davenant to give the traditions of Sliakspere's directions. A river in the a. which Length, Conn., March 10, 18.38. An American Congrega- Fork of the Sangamon, 26 miles southeast of government of Perm, eastern Russia, which tional clerg\-man and theologian, leader of the Springfield. Population (1900), 4,248. joins the Kama northeast of Perm I' New Haven School of Theology "(also called Tayronas (ti-ro'uas). An extinct tribe of In- 300-400 miles. ' Taylorism"). He graduated at Yale in 1807; became dians who occupied the mountain region of Tchuvashes (cho-vash'ez) ,stornfthpFir=tcn„„r„„,>.i„„„ini„„.„i,„. v„... r, :_ Santa Marta, now in northern Colombia. They """ '^— ■•'••' ''—• -"-^ — were very brave and warlike, fighting the first Spanish in- vaders with poisoned arrow-s. The Tayronas were per- haps of Chibcha stock. Also written Taironas. \^?iT>^an^^lan''''7''i»^"'dl^'^ ^ v° t* tIz iS'. An%^Xn arm of the Gulf of Obi >ew Ui leans, Jan. 2(, 182b: died at Is ew York, Ta^p-mpll (ta/'wel ) T.it-HotnTi •Wono-r April 12, 1879. A Confederate general, son of "^^^^-^^^^ **''^ wel)^ lilttleton Waller, Zachary Taylor. He was a member of the Secession Convention of Lonisianaj served under Jackson in the pastor of the First Congregational Church at Xe»- Haven in 1812 ; and was professor of theology at Yale 1822-68. He wrote " Practical Sermons " (1858), "Lectures on Moral Government" (1859), "Essays, Lectures, etc., on Select JTopics of _ReveaIed_Theology " (1869). Bom at Williamsburg, Ya., Dec. 17. 1774: died at Norfolk, Va., March 6, 1860. An Americanpoli- ^'alley campaign and the Seven Days' battles in 1862 ; later was commander in Louisiana ; defeated Banks at Sabine CrossRo.ids, and was defeated by him at Pleasant Hill in' treaty with Spain; United States senator 18-24-32; and 1804; commanded east of the Mississippi 1864-65; ands'ur- C^^^™™ "f Virginia 1834-:?6. rendered to General Canby Jlay 4, 1805. He wrote "De- Tca'Wi (cha-we'), or Grand Pa'Wnee (pii-ne'). struction and Reconstruction "(1879). The leading tribe of the Pawnee Confederacv Taylor, Samuel Harvey. Born at Derry,N.H., of North American Indians. See Pniniee. ' ,u-i" A "'.^ /'^ ''^- ^"'lo^'"'"' ^liiss., Jan. 29, Tceme (cha-ma'), orTceme Tunne(cha-ma' tu- IMl. A noted American educator. Hegraduated na'), sometimes called Yahshutes, or Joshua Indians. 1 '^ ' ' " ' " ' stream.'] ^t Athapaseaflbtock of North American Indians, They fur m erl.\liv.-da It lie inouth of RogueRiver, Oregon, but are nowoo the sile(zi.servation, Oregon. St-eAthapdncaii at Dartmouth College in 1832 and at Andover Theological Seminai-y in 1837, and was principal of Phillips Academj-, Andover, Massachusetts, 1837-71. He prei«ired sever.il Creek and Latin text-books, and wrote "Method of Clas- sical study "(ISCl). Taylor, Thomas. Born at London, May 15, , ^ -. 17."is: died Nov. 1, 183.5. An English classical Tcetlestcan Tunne (chet-les'ehan tu-na'), or schoLir and miscellaneous author. He studied Chetlessentun. ['Peo'ple among the big • three years at St. Paul's School, and afterward received rocks.'] A village of the Pacific di\'ision of instructiontromprivate teachers; was for a tinje a bank the Athapascan stock of North American In- A people in east- ern Russiit, livingmainly near the Volga: prob- ably of mixed Finnic and Tatar origin. Their number is estimated at about 600.000. Tci'were (che'wa-ra). [An Oto term meaning 'autochthon.'] A division of the Siouan stock of North American Indians, composed of three tribes: the Iowa, Oto, and Missouri. Their total number is 631 . most of them are in Okla- tieian. He was member of Congress from Virginia n?'"^il"- *^*'f xv "'m' i » 4.1 . j-j 1800-01; United States commissioner under the Florida Teaching 01 the I'WelVO ApOStlOS. A didac- tic work for use in the early church, discovered by the metropolitan Bryennius at Constanti- nople, and published in 1883: date and author unsettled. league (teg). [So called from the former prev- alence of Teague as an Irish name.] A nick- . inline for an Irishman. ['People at the mouth of the league (teg). A character in Howard's play tribe ot the Pacific division of the --The Committee " He is a faithful Irishman, a char- acter said by Dibdin to have been copied from How-ard's ow-n Irish servant. "Teague" became a half-contemptu- ous name for an Irishman in the 17th.centur>- plays and novels : it appears in the famous ballad '* Lillibullero." Teapi, or Teapy. See Easter Istand. Tearless Battle. A battle. 367 b. c, between the allied Arcadians and Argives on one side Tearless Battle n:iii the Spartans on the other: so called from the immunity from loss of the Spartans. Tearsheet (tar'shet), Doll. A disreputable oliaraeter in the second part of Shakspere's •HenrvIV." Tears of the Muses. A poem by Edmund Spenser. Tea Water Spring. A famous spring in New York, which issued from the grouud in a hollow near what is now the junction of Chatham and Roosevelt streets, then out of town. The water was the best on the island of ilanhathin almut tlie het^in- ning of tlie IStll cerituiy, and was hi'„'lily jiii/ni liy house- wives for niakin;;; tea. Before the Revolution the old spiiiiiz was a j>opular resort. A pump was ereeted, orna- M Mital yrounds were laid out, and the wealth ami lashion ot tile eity uathereil there on summer eveiniiffs to sip the water, foi'tirteii hy other beverages. Teazle (te'zl ), Lady. A gay and innocent but imprudent country-bred girl in Sheridan's '"School for Scantlal." Married to an old man, she plunges into the temptations of town life. Mrs. Abing- ton. the ereator of the part, niaiie her an entirely affeeted tine lady, sriving no hint of her rustio origin. Mrs. Jordan was the ttrst who allowed a trace of country breeding to be visible through the glitter of her artificial town manner. When the veterans in the art of scandal are joined by a brilliant and mischievous recruit in tlie shape of Lady Teazle, rushing in amongst them in pure ijait-' du cceitr, the energy of her young otislanght outdoes them all. The talk has never been so brilliant, never so pitiless, as when she joins them. She adds the gift of minucry to all their malice. .Vr«. Oliphaut, Sheridan. Teazle, Sir Peter. The husband of Lady Teazle ' in Sheridan's '• School for Scandal." He is "some- thing of a curmudgeon" in the first act, but improves on acquaintance, and secures the affection of his young wife at the crisis of the play. Teb, El. See El Teh. Tebessa (ta-bes'sii). A town in the ju'ovince of Coustantine, AJgeria, 108 miles southeast of Constantion : the ancient Thereste. It has im- portant Roman antiquities, including: (a) A Roman ba- silica, in plan 71 by ■.il2 ieet, with nave and two aisles, and a semicircular apse at the further end. The basilica is precedeii by an atrium, or open court, surrounded by arcades. The buihling stands in alarge w.alled inelosure of later date, strengthened by towers. The structure is assigned to the beginning of the 2d century A. Ii. , and though it served long as a christian church, underwent but little alteration, (i) A temple of Jupiter: a prostyle, tetrastyle, Corinthian building, me.asuring 2(i by 4;', feet, on a basement 12 feet high, with a tine (light of steps in front. (c) A triumphal arch of Oaracalla: a fmn-way ar<-h like that of .lanus Quadrifrons at Rome and the Roman arch at Tripoli. It is shown hy inscriptions to have been founded about 211 A. I>. Tebeth (te-bef). [Heb.; in Assyrian tehettt, in- terpreted to signify 'the muddy month.'] The tenth ecclesiastical and the fourth civil month in the Hebrew year, corresponding to February- March (Esther ii. 16). Tebris, or Tebriz. See lahri:. Teche (lesh), Bayou. A river in southern Louisiana which flows into the lower Atcha- falaya. Length, about 175 miles ; navigable to St. Martinsville. Teck (tek). A small medieval duchy in Swabia, now belonging to Wiirtemberg. Tecpan (tak-piin'). An ofd province of Mexico, established by Morelos in 1811 as a revolution- ary measure, but retained after the indepen- dence. It corresponded, nearly, to the state of Guerrero, which was formed from it in 1847. Tecpanecs. See Tepanccs. Tecumseh (te-kum'se). Born near the site of Springlicld, Ohio, about 1768: killed in the battle of the Thames, Canada, Oct. .'), 1813. A chief of the Shawnee Indians. lie aided his bro- ther (" the Propliet") in his attempt to unite the western Indian" against the whites, and was an Important ally of the British In the War of 1812. lie served at the Raisin River and at Magiiaga ; eommandeil an Indian contingent atthe siege of Fort Meigs; and ccnnmanded thcrightwing at the battle of the 'I'hames. Tecumseh. A town in Lenawee County, Michi- gan, situated on the Kaisin Kiver 41 miles west-southwest of Detroit. Population (1890), 2,.110. Tecumseh. An iron-clad vessel, a singlo-tur- reted monitor, of the United States navy. It W.1S one of Admiral Farragut's lleet in the attack on Mo- bile, Alabama, commanded by raptain Craven, and was Slink liy a torpedo in .Mobile Bay Aug. .'>, Hi04. Tecunas. See Tik'hhhs and .liiiiiiitKis. Teddington (ted'ing-ton). A village in Middle- sex, England, situated near the Thames 12 milos west-southwest of London. Population (18!»n, 10,02.'i. Te Deum (te de'um). [So palled from the first words, " Tr Dciim laudamiis," 'Thee, (iod, we praise.'] An ancient hymn, in the form of a psalm, sung at matins or morning prtiyer in the Roman Catholic and in tlie Anglican churches, and also separatidy as a service of thanksgiving on special occasious. The To Dcum Is llrst men- OSS tinned early in the 6th century. Its authorship is popu- larly attributed to St. Anihrose and St, Augustine, but it probably assumed nearly its present form in the 4tll cen- tury, during the Arian and Macedonian controversies, though in substance it seeniii to be still older, St. Cyprian in .\, p. 252 using words closely similar to the seventh, eighth, and nintli verses, and several of the latter verses ( "Day by day," etc) agreeing with part of an ancient Greek hymn, 'preserved in the Alexandrine Codex, the be- ginning "^>f which is a form of the Glori'ain F.\eelsis, origi- nally it was modeled on the preface and great iiileicession of a primitive liturgy, probably African, of the type of the liturgy of St. James, Also, more fully, rc/tfna/djton.) Tegua. See Teiea. Tegucigalpa (ta-gii-llie-giil'pii). Tlie capital (siiii'i' IKHii) of Honduras. Centrnl America, about lat. 14'' 10' N. It contains a onthedral and a university. Population, about l.'),000. Telamon Tehama (ta-ha'mii). A comparatively low-lying region on the western coast of Arabia. Teheran {teU-e-riiu'), or Tehran (teh-ran'). The capital of Persia, situated about lat. 35° 41' N., long. 51° 25' E. It became the royal residence about the end of the 18th century. Population, estimated, 210,000. Tehri (teh-re'). A native state in Bundelkhand, India, intersected by lat. 25° N,, long. 79° E. Area, about 2,000 square miles. Population (1881), 311.514. Tehua. See Tcwa. Tehuacan (ta-wii-kan'). A town in the state of Piicbla, Mexico, 125 miles east-southeast of Mexico. Population (1894), 6,223. Tehuantepec (ta-wiin-ta-pek'). A town in the southeastern part of the state of Oajaca. Mexico, on the Tehuantepec River, 13 miles from its mouth in the Pacific. It was an ancient eity, and at one time the cajtital of the Zapotec Indians ; but, accord- ing to tradition, it existed before their time, having been settled by a mythical race, the Huabi, who are said to have come from the south by sea. At the time of the Spanish conquest it belonged to a branch of theZapotccs; its chief or •' king," Cociyopu, submitted to the Spaniards in 1522. Population (1S!)4>, B,(!r4. Tehuantepec, Gulf of. -An arm of the Paci6o Ocean, on the southern coast of Mexico at the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Tehuantepec, Isthmus of. An isthmus in southeastern Mexieo. between the Bay of Cara- peche on the north and the (tuU' of Tehuante- pec on the south. Width at the narrowest part, about 120 miles. ■I'lu- monntain lands are here some- what interrupted, and there are several passes below 900 feet. A railway crosses it, and a canal and a shii>-railway have been projected. Tehuelches. Sec r/iUif/iiiiUuis. Teian (te'an) Muse, The. A name given to -Vnacreon, from his birthplace in Teos, Asia ilinor. Teifi, or Teify, or Ti'vy (ti've). A river in 'Wales which flows into I ardigan Bay below Cardigan. Length, about 00 miles. • Teign, or Teigne (tfm). A small river in Devon- shire, England, which flows into the English Channel at Teignmouth. Teignmouth (tau'muth). A seaport and water- ing-place in Devonshire, England, situated at the entrance of the Teign into the English Chan- nel. 13 miles south of Exeter. Population ( 1891 ), 8,292. Teith (teth). A small river chiefly in Perth- shire, Scotland, which joins the Forth near Stirling. Teixeira (ta-sha'rii), Pedro. Born in Portugal about 1575: died at I'ani. Brazil. June 4, 1640. A Portuguese soldier. He served in Bnuiil, taking part in the recovery of Maranhao from the l-teuih 1614, and the founding of ParA lOlfi, In 16'2l>-21 he was governor of Pani, In 1637 he was placed in conimami of a power- ful expedition which ascended the Amazon and Xapo and crossed the mountains to Quito, returning by the same route and arriving at Paril Dec. 12, 1639. This was the first careful exploration of the Amazon, and had impor- tant results; an account of it was publisheil by .\eufla. (See that name.) Teixeira was again governor of ParA from Feb. '28, 11*40, until a few days before his death. Gften written Tcxeiru or TtXii/ra. Teia (te'jit), or Tejas (f e'jas). Killed Sejit., 5.')3. The last king of the East Gotlis in Italy, suc- cessor to Totila July, .5.53. He was slain in tlie battle on Jlount Lactarius. Tejada, Lerdo de. See Ur,lo dr Trjadn. Tejal (ta-yiil' or te'jal). [Ar. tiih inili.'] An Arabic liiinii', of uncertain meaning, for the two stars t] and /i Geminorum. The former, a double variable star, usually of the fourth magnitude, is Tejal jrri'fr, and the latter, of the third magnitude, is Tejal }nitl. Tile lirst-named st-ar is also known as J'roptts (which see). Teiano. See Coalinillccini. Tejend tte-jend'). The name given to the lower e.iiirse of the river Meri-Kud, partly on the boundary between Persia and Asiatic Russia. Teio. Tlie Portuguese name of the Tagus. Tekele. See TahnUi. Tekes (tek'es). \ head stream of the river Hi. Tekke-Turcomans '.lek'ke-ter'ko-inanz). A race of Tattir nomads' in central A.sin. on the frontiers of Persia, Afghanistan, and Asiatic Uussia. Their power was broken by the Russians under skobeleir at lieok-Tepe In ISSI. Jlerv was taken hy the Russians in 1881. Tekna ( lik'nii). A region south of Morocco. Tel-Abib (tel-ii'beb). fin the Assyrian inscrip- tions '/'weden. From 1803 he superintended the construction of nearly 1,000 miles of road in the Highlands of Scotland, and afterward con- structed lines of road through North "Wales, surmounting great natural difficulties. The most notable parts of this undertaking were the erection of the ilenai suspension- bridge and the Conway bridge. He built the road from W.arsaw to Brest-Sitov-ski in Poland. He improved the haibors of .Aberdeen and Dundee, and built St. Cath- erine's docks in London. In 1828-30 he drained nearly 50,000 acres of the Fen country. The Telford pavement was his invention. Tell (tel), The. That part of Algeria which 9S4 lies along the coast of the Mediterranean, and comprises the cultivated land. The name is extended to include the similarly placed regions of Morocco and Tunis. Tell (tel), William. Oneof the legendary heroes of Switzerland in the struggle for independence of the cantons Schwj'z, IJri, and Unterwalden with Albreeht of Austria (the German emperor Albrec lit 1. 1 . The story, in its tamiliar form, is that Tell, who was the head of the independent confederates, hav- ing refused to salute the cap which Gessler, the Austrian governor, had placed for that purpose in the mai'ket-place of .Altorf, was ordered to place an apple on the head of his little sun and shoot it off. He did so, and revealed another arrow with which he had intended to shoot Gessler if he had killed his son. He was taken across the lake by Gessler to Kussnacht Castle to be eaten alive by reptiles ; but, a storm coming up, he shot the governor, escaped, and after- ward liberated his countiy. The Tell legend in its Swiss form appears for the first time in a chronicle, written be- tween 1467 and 1476, contained in a manuscript known as the "White Book of Sarmen," which places the events after the accession of Rudolf to the empire in 1273. It is also found in the " Chronicle "of MelchiorKuss of Lucerne, who began to write in 1482. The principal source, however, of the life and deeds of Tell is the "Chronicon Helveticum " ("Swiss Chronicle ") of -Egidius Tschudi (1505-72), where the year 1307 is given as the date of the Tell incident. Based princip.ally upon Tschudi is Schiller's drama " Wil- helm Tell " (1804), which closely follows the episode as re- lated by the Swiss chronicler, and even incorporates some of the speeches word for word. The legend of William Tell is in its ultimate origin a Germanic myth. The earli- est extant version of this story of the apple is contained in the Old Xorse Vilkina .Sag.a, from the 13th centurj-, whose material, however, according to its own account, was derived from German sources. The story of the fa- mous shot of the archer Eigil is here related with circum- stantiality of detail. At the command of King Nidung an .apple is placed upon the head of the three-year-old son of Eigil, wlio is then made to shoot, and strikes it. directly in the middle, with his first arrow. When asked why he had t.aken two other arrows when only one shot "was allowed, he replied boldly, "In order to shoot the king if I had injured the child." Another version of the legend is found in Saxo Grammaticus, who wrote his '• Historia Danica " early in the 13th centur>-. The apple-shot is also told in English territory of \\"ill"iam of Cloudesley. The Swiss story of William 'Tell is simply a localization of the legend, which was, apparently, once common Germanic property. Tell-el-Amama. See' Tel-el-Amanm. Tell-el-Kebir. See Tel-el-Eebir. Telftr (tel'er), Henry Moore. Bom at Granger, Alleghany County, N. Y., May 23, 1830. An American lawj-er and Republican politician. He was United States senator from Colorado 1876-82 ; sec- retary of the interior 1882-85 ; and United States senator from Colorado 188^. Tellez (tel'yeth), Gabriel: pseudon^-m.Tirso de Molina. Born at Madrid about 1570 : died in the convent of Soria. 1648. A noted Span- ish dramatist. He entered-the church before 1613, and became the head of the convent of Soria. Five volumes of his plays were published under his pseudonym between 1616 and 1636 : among these the best-known out of Spain is "El Birrlador de Sevilla" ("The Seville Deceiver'^, " the earliest distinct exhibition of that Don Juan who is now seen on every stage in Europe." In Spain "Don Gil de las Calzas Verdes"("Dou Gil in the Green Panta- loons") is the favorite. Among his other plays maybe mentioned " Vergonzoso en P-alacio " (" A Bashful Man at Court")," La Lealtad contra la Envidia," "For el Sotano y el Torno," and "Escamiientos para Cuerdos." He pub- lished in 1624 "Cigarrales de Toledo," an account of en- tertainments given by a wedding party at a cigarral or small country house resorted to for recreation in summer. These were stories told, plays acted, poetry recited, etc., a theatrical framework being used to connect the sepa- rate parts instead of the narrative adopted by Boccaccio in the " Decamerone," from which the idea was taken. This style was soon imitated by other authors. Tirso published another of a graver tone, "Pleasure and Profit," in 1635. Tellez y Giron (tel-yeth' e ne-ron'), Pedro, Duke of Ostina (or Ossuna). Born at Valla- dolid, Spain, 1579: died 16"24. A Spanish states- man, vicerov of Sicily 1611-15, and of Naples 1616-20. Tellicherri, or Tellicherry (tel - i - cher ' i). A seaport in the Malabar district, Madras, British India, situated on the Arabian Sea in lat. 11° 45' N., long. 75° 29' E. It has considerable trade. Population (1891), 27,196. Telle, or Tel-loh (tel-16'). A site in Chaldea excavatedbyDe Sarzec between 1877 and 1881. These explorations have shed a new light upon the de- velopment of Mesopotamian art by supplying a series of very ancient monuments of architecture and sculpture which can be dated. The site is oelieved to be the an- cient SirpuUa. Its remains form a number of the low mounds produced by the degradation of Mesopotamian platfonns and buildings in unburn ed brick, spread over a space nearly 5 miles long. The sculpture which is more direct in spirit and more lifelike than that of the later Babylonian and .^ssj'rian art, reached itsl)est period about 2500 B. c. bu^iuch that is older and more primitive has been found. The architecture already exhitdts the later types, though in simpler form. The chief portable re- mains .are in the Louvre. Tellsplatte (telz-pliit'te). [G.,'Tell'sslab."] A stone on the .Axenberg, north of Fliielen. on the eastern bank of the Lake of Lucerne, where Tempest, The "U'illiam Tell, according to the legend, sprang out of Gessler's boat. Tellus (tel'us). [L., 'earth.'] In Roman my- thology, a goddess, the personification of tlie earth. Telmessus(tel-mes'us). In ancient geogi'aphy, a town on the coast of Lyeia, Asia Minor, m lat. 36° 36' N.. long. 29° 10' E., on the site of the modern village of Makri. Among the impor- tant antiquities on its site is an ancient theater, well pre- served and of good style. The cavea is semicircular, with one precinction : its diameter is 2,t4 feet, that of the or- chestra 92._ The stage structure measures 141 by 40 feet. Teman (te'man). [' South,' properly 'the coun- try to the right.'] The southern district and people of Edom (Idumea): from Teman, the- grandson of Esau (Gen. xxxvi. 11-15). Teme (tem). A river on the boundary between, Wales and England, and in western"England, which joins the Severn 3 miles south of "Wor- cester. Length, about 70 mUes. Tem6raire(ta-ma-rar'). 1. Aline-of-battleship- of 98 guns, called "the Fighting T^m^raire,"" captured from the French at the battle of the- Nile, Aug. 1, 1798. .she fought next to the Victory in the line at the battle of Trafalgar, Oct 21, 1805, under Captain Harvey. She was broken up in 1838. Turner's picture of "the Fighting Timeraire " was exhibited at the- Eoyal .\cademy in 1839. 2. A British armored war-ship, launched in 1876. Her dimensions are : length, 285 feet ; breadth, 62 feet ; draught, 27 feet ; displacement, 8.540 tons. She has an ar- mored water-line belt 11 inches thick, and a central single- decked citadel with armor 10.8 inches thick. She has 4 2,5-ton guns mounted en barbette fore and aft upon the upper deck. Tomes (tem'esh). A river in southern Hun- gary which .joins the Danube 8 miles east of Belgrad. Length, about 250 miles. TemeserBanat(tem'esh-erba-nat'). A former administrative division, comprising the present counties of Temes, Krass6, and Torontal, in Hungary. Temesvar (tem'esh-var). A free city, capital of the county of Temes, Htmgarv, situated on the Bega Canal in lat. 4-5° 47' 'N., long. 21° 13 E. It consists of the city proper, or fortress, and sev- eral suburbs. It is an administrative and militar>' cen- ter. Among its buildings are a Roman Catholic cathe- dral, and a castle built in the middle of the 15th century. Temesvar was besieged and taken by the Turks in 1552 ; and was several times fruitlessly besieged, but finally taken, by Prince Eugene in 1716 arid reunited to Hungary. It was made a royal free city in I'Vsi. It was defended by the Austrians against the Hungarian insurgents in 1849, who were defeated by Haynau Aug. 9, 1849. Population (1890), 39,850. , Temiscaming (te-mis'ka-ming). Lake. A lake on the border line between the provinces of • Quebec and Ontario, Canada, intersected by lat. 47° 30' N. Its outlet is the Ottawa River. Length, about 26 miles. Temiscouata (tem-is-ko-a'ta). Lake. A lake- in Temiscouata County, Quebec, Canada, east of Quebec. Its outlet is the Madawaska Riv«r. Length, about 22 miles. Tenune (tem'me), Jodocus Donatus Huber- tus. Born at Lette, Westphalia, Oct. 22. 1798 : died at Zurich, Nov. 14, 1881. A German jurist, liberal politician, and novelist : in the judicial service of Prussia. He was tried for high treason in 1849. and was acquitted but was dismissed from the ser- vice. He wrote "criminal novels." Temininck(tem'mink).Coenraad Jacob. Born about 1778 : died in 1858. A Dutch natiu-alist, noted as an ornithologist. Temora (te-mo'ra). One of the poems of Os- sian. published in 1763. See Ossiax. Tempe (tem'pe), Vale of. [Gr. Xf//-^, con- tracted from Tf^-fo.] A valley in eastern Thessaly, Greece, deeply cleft between Oh-m- pus on the north and Ossa on the sotith, and traversed by the Peneius. It has been celebrated from ancit-nt times for its beauty; but "the scenery is- distinguished rather by savage grandeur than by the sylvan beauty which -Elian and others attribute to it." Length, about 6 miles. Tempel (tem'pel), Ernst "WilhelmLeberecht. Born at Nieder-Kunersdorf. Lusatia, Dec. 4, 1821 : died at Arcetri, Italy, March 16, 1S89. A German astronomer, director of the obseiwatory at Arcetri, near Florence. He discovered Sev- eral asteroids, comets, etc. Tempest (tem'pest), The. A play by Shakspere, tirst performed at court in 1611, first printed ia the folio of 1623. The subject was taken from a pam- phlet " A Discovery of thcEenimdas. otherwise called the Isle of Devils," by "one Jourdan, who probably returned from Virginia" (1610). Fleay thinks it was probably abridged by Beaumont about 1613, and the mask inserted. In 1667 Drj-den and Davenant produced "The Tempest, or the Enchanted Island " (printed in 1670), a version in- tended to improve Shakspere's play : the mutilations, or rather additions, are now said by a German scholar to be wholesale conveyances from a play of Calderon. (FumeM."^ Tempest, The In 1673 Shadwell turned "The Tempest" into an opera, and in 1756 Garrick produced an opera with the same name, based on Hliakspere and Dry den : he repudiated the au- thorship. Sir ArtJiur Sullivan has written "The Music to Shakwpere's Tempest," in twelve numbers: this waa first performed in 18ii'2. Templars (tera'plitrz). A military order, also called Knights Templars or Kuigbts of the Temple, from the early headquarters of the order in the Crusaders' palace at Jerusalem (the so-called temple of Solomon). The order was founded at Jerusalem about 1118, and was conlU-med by the Pope in 1128. Its special aim was protection to pilgrims on the way to the holy shrines, and the distin- guialiinK garb of the kniclits was a white mantle with a red cross. The order took a leading part in the conduct of the Crusades, and spread rapidly, aciiuirinii ^;reat we^tli and influence in Spain, France, England, and other cowli- tries in Europe. Its chief seats in the East were .Teru- salem. Acre, and Cyprus, and in Europe a foundation called the Temple, then just outside Paris. The members comprised knights, men-at-arms, and chaplains : they were grouped in commanderies, with a preceptor at the head of each province, and a grand master at the head of the order. The Templars were accused of heresy, inunorality, and other otf ensesby Philip IV. of France in 1307, and the order was suppressed by the Council of Vienne in 1312. Temple (tem'pl), The. The religious edifice of the Jews in Jerusalem. There were three buildings successively erected in the same spot, and entitled, frt»m the names of their builders, the temple of Solomon, tlie temple of Zerubbabel, and the temple of Herod. Thetlrst was built by Solomon, and was destroyed by Nebuchad- nezzar about 58GB. c. The second was built by the Jews on their return from the captivity (about 537 B. c), and was pillaged or partly destroyed several times, especially byAntiucliusEpiphanes, Pompey, and Herod. The third, the largest and most magnificent of the three, was begun by Herod the Great, and was completely destroyed at the capture of Jerusalem by the Romans (A. I>. 70). Various attempts have been made toward the restoration of the first and the third of these temples, but scholars are not agreed in respect to architectural details. The ornament and design were in any case of severe and simple char- acter, though rich materials were used. The successive temples all consisted of a combination of buildings, com- prising courts separated from and rising one above an- other, and provided also with chambers for the use of the priests and for educational purposes. The inclosure of Herod's temple covered 19 acres. It comprised an outer court of the Gentiles, a court of the women, a court of Is- rael, a court of the priests, and the temple building with the holy place, and, within all (entered only once a year» and only by the high priest), the holy of holies. ^Vithia the court of the priests were the great altar and thelaver ; within the holy place, the golden candlestick, the altar of incense, and the table for the showbread ; and within the holy of holies, the ark of the covenant and the mercy-seat. Temple, The, A lodge in London of the reli- gious and military establishment of the middle ages known as the Knights Templars. The Tem- ple Church, London, is the only part of it now existing. The first settlement of the Knights Templars of the Holy Sepulchre in London was in Holborn, where in 1118 they built a house which must have stood near the northeast corner of Chancery Lane. They removed to the New Tem- ple in the Strand in 1184. When the order was suppressed in the reign of Edward II., their house was given by the king to the Earl of Pembroke ; it went next to the Earl of Lancaster, and at his death reverted to the crown. In 1338 it went to the Knights Hospitalers of St. John of Je- rusalem, at Clerkenwell. who leased part of it in Kt46 to students of the common law, and on the site of the London Temple the two Inna of Court called the Middle Temple and Inner Temple now stand : they have ever since been occupied by barristers, and are the joint property of the Societies of the Inner and of the Middle Temple, which have the right of calling candidates to the degree of bar- rister. The Inner Temple is so called because it is within the precincts of the City, the Middle Temple liecansc it waa between the Inner and Outer Temple. The Onter Temple remained in the possession of the liishop nf lOxe- ter when the remainder was leased, and was afterward converted into the Exeter Buildings. Temple, The Mormon, The chief religious buihling of the Mormons. See Salt Luke City. Temple (tonpl), Le. A fortified h)dge of the Knights Toni])lars established in Paris by the CouiU'il of Troyes in 11128, standing where the March6 du Temple now stands. After the abo- lition of the order in 13t'^, the old building was used for variotis purposes. The chapel (similar in general plan to that in London) stood until 1650, and the great 8i|uare tower, made memorable by the impriaonment of Louis X\'I. in 1792-Oa, was destroved in 1810. Temple (tiMu'pi). Frederick. Born Nov. 30, ISL'l : . A Britisli statesman . lie belonged to the Irish brnnrh of the Tem- ple family. On April 17, 1S02, he succeeded to bis father's title. He was educated at Harrow. He becunie member of Parliament for Niwtown, Isle of Wight, in 1807, and ju- nior lord of the admiralty in the Duke of I'ortland's ad- ministration in the same year. From 180!> to 1828 he waa secretary of war. At this time he waa a Tory, a disciple 985 of Pitt, and an advocate of Catholic emancipation. In 1830 lie entered the Whig ministry of Lord Grey as minis- ter of foreign affairs. His activity in this position was very great. He was interested in the policy which estab- lished I'rince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg on the throne of Belgium, and in the maintenance of the Ottoman empire as a defense against Kussia on the Bosporus and France on the ^ile. At the close of the ilelbourne administra- tion in 1841, Palmerston went out of otlice for 5 years. In 184S, in the miinstry of Lord John KusseU, he symjiathized with the revolutionary party in Europe, ami ardently sup- ported the Italian revolution. In 1851 he openly approved the coup d"(Jtat of Louis Napoleon, and was dismissed from thr foreign olhce. Ue became secretary of state for the liome ottice under the Earl of Aberdeen in 1852. On Feb. .% 18r.5, he became prime minister, and retained the office, with the interval of Lord Derby s administration in l8o8- 18.Mt, until bis death. Temple, Knights of the. See Tnnp^ars. Temple, Sir William. Born at London, 1628: died at Moor Park, Surrey, Jan. 27, 1099. An English diplomatist, statesman, and author. He was educated at Cand)ridge; entered Parliament in IGGO; concluded a treaty with the Bishop of 3Iunst^'r in 1G05 ; became minister at Brussels in l(>ur> ; negotiated the treaty of the Triple Alliance in lGti8; was ambassador at The if ague 1G6S-71 ; negotiated a peace with the Nether- lands in 1074 ; was ambassador to the Congress of Nimwe- gen ; fonned a plan for a privy council in 1079, and became one of its chief members ; and withdrew from public life in 1(181. He wrote "An Essav on the Present State and Settlement of Ireland "(1008), " The Empire, etc." (1671), *' ( jbsei-vations upon the rnit<>d Provinces " (ir.72), " Essay npon (Government "(1072),"Trade in Ireland (107:i), ".Mis- cellanies," including poems (1070 and IG&Ti, ''Memoirs" (lOiU and 17(iS), and "Introduction to the History of Eng- land " (lOOr.). Temple Bar. A famous p:ateway before the Temple in London, -which formerly di\nde(^ Fl<^ot stre^'t from the Strand. According to ancient custom, wlien the sovereign visited the City, he asked per- mission of the lord mayor to pass it. In its last form it was a rather wgly archway l>uilt by Wren in 1670. It spanned the street with an elliptical arch flanked by two small arches over the footways, and had a second storj' in which were four niehes with statues of sovereigns, and a curved pediment above. It was removed in 1878, and re- erected at Waltham Cross, Herts. It is now represented by a monument called the Temple Bar Memorial, a tall pedestal with statues of (Jueen Victoria and the Prince of Wales in niches at the sides, surmounted by the gritfin and anns of the city of London. Temple Beau, The. A comedy by Henry Field- ing, produced in 1730. Temple Church. A church within the botinds of the Inner Temple in London, it consists of the Round Church and the Choir. The former is inaiieh Nor- man style ; it is 68 feet in diameter, and was finished in 118r>. The Choir is Early English. The Round Church contains several beautiful altar-tombs of Templars. Temple Gardens. Gardens belonitring to the Temple, London, separated from the Thames by the Victoria Kmbankment. According to Shak- spere, the red and white roses which were assumed as badges of the bouses of Lancaster and York were plucked in this g:ir(bn I'y l'I;tnt:ii:enet and Somerset at the end of the brawl wliicJi lugan the civil war. Temple of Concord. See GirgcuU. Temple of Fame, The. A poem by Alexander pope, published in 1715. It differs from Chau- cer's ** House of Fame," though imitating it. TempleofGlass,The.Apoem by Lydgato. part- ly iniitatf'd from Chaucer's '* House of Fanie." Temple of Heaven or of the Great Dragon. A temple at Peking, perhaps the most notable of Chinese temples. It standsin an inclosure of about a square mile. From the gate a causeway leads to the temple, whicli is surrounded by subordinate buildings. The temple proper stands on a :i-staged terrace ascended by (lights of stejis; it is circular, rising in 3 r'cessed stag's each with a widely projecliiiL' mof, that of tlie highest stage forming a concave cone of lilue tiles terniiiiatiiig in a gildrd ovoid llnial. Thr ined together, showing a central cross-like symlio), with a bunnm IJL'ure on eacli side, and numerous hieroglyphics. The middle slab, eoidainitig the cross, is now in the museum at Mexico; one of the others is at Washington, where it Is known as tlie I'alenc|ue tablet; the third is still at Palenque. llie meaning of the cross baa been a subject for much conjecture and dispute: it waa probably a Hynib<»l of the fertilizing powers of nature. Another sculpture from the same building is supposed to represent the Maya raln-gi.nlation (1891). 4,542. Tenchebrai, or Tenchebray. See Tinchehray. Tencin (toh-sau'),Claudine Alexandrine Gue- rin de. Born at Grenoble, France : died 1749. A French leader of society in the reign of Louis XV. : mother of D'Alembert. She wrote various works. Tencteri (tengk'te-ri). [L. (Cfesar) Tetichthcri, (Taeitus) Tencteri, Gr. (Ptolemy) Ttjrf^jo/.] A German tribe lirsj mentioned by Cfesar. who describes them as having been driven by the Suevi (59 b. c), together with the Usipites, out of their original homes. Tbey were crushingly defeated by Caesar in Gallic territory near the confluence of the Maas with tlie Rhine. They afterward joined other tribes in wars against Rome. They were probably merged ultimately in the Alamanni. Tenda (ten'da). Col di. A pass in the Alps, IG miles soTith of Cuneo, Piedmont, Italy. According to one elassiflcation, it separates the Ijigmian and Mari- time Alps. Height, 6,195 feet. Tendelti. Same as Fasher, Tender Husband, The, or the Accomplished Fools. A comedy by Sir Kichard ►Steele. i>ro- duced in 1705. Tendra (ten'drii). A narrow island in the Black Sea, near the coast of Russia, about 45 miles southwest of Kherson. Length, about 40 miles. Tendra Bay, An inlet of the Black Sea,.nearly inclosed by Tendra. Tenedos (ten'e-dos). [Gr. Tn'f(^of.] A small island in the y'Egean Sea, belonging to Turkey, situated off the Troad. on the northwestern coast of Asia Minor, in lat. 39° 50' N., long. 26'> E.: the Turkish Bogdsha-Adassi. it was settled by .-I'^dians: is noted in the legends of Trojan times; waa subjugated by the Persians ; and was in alliance with Athens in the 5th century B. c. length, about 7 miles. Tenerani(ta-na-ra'ne),Pietro. Born at Torano. near Carrara, Italy, Nov. 11. 1789: died at Rome, Dec. 14, 1809. An Italian sculptor. Among his works are "Psyche with Pandora's Box," "Cupid Ex- liaeting a Thorn, " Psyche and Venus/' "Descent from the Ci-oss," " Christ on the Cross," etc. Teneriffe fton-er-if), or Tenerife(ta-na-re'fn), orTeneriffa (ta-na-ref'la). The larjjest of the Canary Ishmds. it is traversed by mountains, and con- tains the famous Peak of Tenerilfe. On it is the capital of tliogroup, Santa Cruz de Santiago. Length.OOnules. Pop- ulation, altont 10<»,<*iK\ Teneriffe, Peak of. See Pico de Trydc. Teniers (ten'yerz; F. pron. ta-nyar'). David, \\w elder. Born at Antwerp. 1582: died tliere, July -1». 1()4J). A Flemish liistorioal, genre, and hindseape painter: a pupil of Ktibcns. He painted mostly peasants with landscape. lUs "Temptation of S;iint Anthony" and ''Dutch Kitchen" arc at the Melro- imlitan Mui^eum. New York. Teniers, David, the yotinp:er. Born at AntA-erp (l>aptized Dec. 15, 'lOlO): died near Brussels, April 125, ]()90. A noted Flemisli genre, land- seape, and portrait i>ainter, influenoed by Ku- beiis: son and puitil of 1>. Teniers the ehlor. Ho lived mostly at .\nt werp and Pnissels, and wns master tk* the Antwerp gild in l(i;i-.i. and dean bl44-ir>. He was well re- eeiveil at tlie court in the Nethcrlandtsand obt.iined many important romnd8.*iionB fi-om other courts. His 8ubjcet8 are taken from peasant life in Flanders, frc>ni sacred histor)', etc. He painted humlreds of pictures among them "The Temptation ol St. Antlionv," "Seven Works of Mercv," "The Ketiialof St, lVter,"and "The PriMligal Son "(all at the I.nuvre, wUh about .SO others'), "Marriage of Teniers" (Itotlisehibl collection, Ltnidon). "Klrmess** (ItrusselsX ••*remptation of St. Anthony " (UerlinX "ArcherB of Ant- werp ' CJI'-THiltage, St. Petersburg), "Vniagc Festival" » Teniers, David (Vienna), "Einaldo and Armida " (MaJrid), "Marriage Festival "and "Judith'"(Metropolitaii ilu^t.iiiii. New York), and "Incantation Scene," " Parabluof tliu Laliorer," "Boors Feasting," ".Village Fete," and 'Cliarles V. Leaving Dort," etc. (all at the rooms of the Historical Society, New York). Tenimber. See Timorlaut. Teniquech. See Chemeluievi. Tenisaws. See Taensa. Tenison (ten'i-son), Thomas. Boru at Cotten- ham, Cambridgesbire, Euglaud, IGoU: died 1715. An English prelate. He was bishop of Lincoln ; V)ecame archbishop of Canterbury in 1(>94 ; and was ap- pt'iiited one of the lords justices during the absence of w illiam III. in 169.'>. Tennant (ten 'ant), William. Bom at An- struther, Fif eshii-e, Scotland, Mav 15, 1784 : died near Dollar. Scotland, Feb. 1.5, 1848. A Scottish poet. His chief work is the mock-heroic poem '■Anster Fair" (1812). He also wrote " Thane of Fife," etc. Tennemann (ten'ne-manl.Wilhelm Gottlieb. Born at Brembaeh, near Erfurt, Prussia, 1761: died at Marburg, Sept. 30, 1819. A German philosopher, professor of philosophy at Mar- burg from 1804. His chief work is "Geschichte der PhiIosophie"("HistoryofPhilosophy."1798-1819); abridged in "Grundriss der Geschichte der Philosophic" (1812). Tennent(ten'ent),SirJamesEmerson. Born at Delfast, Ireland, April 7, 1804: died at London, March 6, 1869. A British traveler, politician, ajid author. He was educated at Trinity College, Dub- lin ; traveled in Greece, where he met Lord BjTon ; and was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1831. He married a daughter of William Tennent of Belfast, and adopted her name. He was returned as member of Parliament for Belfast in 1832, and was colonial secretary at Ceylon 1845- 1S50, and permanent secretary of the board of trade 1852- 1S67. He published a "Picture of Greece" (1826), "Let- tei-s from the ^gean " (18-:9), " History of Modern Times " (183U), " Belgium " (1841), " Christianity in Ceylon " (1860), " Cey hm. Physical, Historical, and Topographical " (1859), " Natural History of Ceylon " (isej). Tennessee (ten-e-se'). The principal tributary of the Ohio Kiver. it is formed by the union at King- ston, East Tennessee, of the Clinch and Holston (which rise in Virginia), and flows southwest in Tennessee past Chatta- nooga, then west through Alabama, touching the northeast corner of Mississippi, and then north through Tennessee and Kentucky, to join theOhioatPaducah, Kentucky. To- tal length, including the Holston, 1,100 to 1,200 miles; n.ivi. gable the greater part of its course. The chief obstruction is at the Muscle Shoals in Alabama. Tennessee. One of the South Central States of the United States of America. Capital, Nash- ville ; chief cities, Memphis and Chattanooga. It is bounded by Kentucky and Virginia on the north ; North Carolina on the southeast: Georgia, Alabama, and Missis- sippi on the south ; and Ai-kansas and Missouri (separated by tlie Mississippi River) on the west. It is mountainous in the east, containing the .\lleghanies and the Cumber- land plateau, and is lower in the center and west. The leading agricultural productions are Indian corn, cotton, ?nd tobacco. The mamifactures (iron, cotton, etc.) are in- creasing. The State has 96 counties, sends 2 senators and 10 representatives to Congress, and has 12 electoral votes. This region was claimed in early times by North Carolina, and by the French and Spaniards. The leading settlement was made from Virginia and North Carolina in 1769. The temporary State of Fi-anklin was formed in 1784. North Carolina ceded its claims to the United States, and the Territory of Tennessee was fonued in 1790. It was admit- ted to the Union in 1796. It seceded June 8,1861, and was the scene of many important events in the Civil War, in- cluding the battles of Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Island No. 10, Memphis, Murfreesboro, Chiekamauga.therelief ofChatta- nooga and Knoxville, and the battlesof Franklinand Nash- ville. Itwasreadmittedinl866. Area, 42,050 square miles. Population (1900). 2,020,616. Tennessee, Army of the. A Federal army in tlip ( 'ivil \i-AV. It was commanded after the battle of Shiluli l>y Tlalleck, antl later by Grant, Sherman, McPher- s.in, lli>\v:iid, and Logan. Tennessee Pass. A pass over the main chain of the Rockv Mountains in central Colorado. Height, 10,400 feet. Tenney (ten'i), Sanborn. Born at Stoddard, N. 11., Jan. 13, 1827: died at Buchanan, Mich., July 9, 1877. An American naturalist and geol- ogist, professor of natural historv at Vassar Col- lege 1865-&S, and at Williams (College 1868-77. He wrote "Geology U\v Teachers, etc." (1859), "A ^lanual of 7;oology" (18115), "Elements of Zoology" (187!)), etc. Tenney, William Jewett. Born at Newport, R. I., 1814: died at Newark, N. J., Sept. 20, 1883. An American editor and author. He edited "Appletons' Annual Cyclopredia " (1861-S2), and wrote a "Military and Naval History of the Rebellion in tlie United States" {186.5) and other works. Tenniel (ten'i-el). Sir John. Born at London, 1820. An English artist and cartoonist. He was a member of the staff of " Punch " 1851-1901. He illustrated "Alice's Ad ventures in Wonderland, "*'Through the Looking Glass," etc. Knighted in 1893. Tennis Court. See ./<'« de Paumc. Tennyson (ten'i-son), Alfred, first Lord Tenny- son. Born at Somersby. Lincolnshire, Aug. 6, 1809: died at Aldworth House, near Haslemere, Surrey, Oct. 6, 1892. A celebrated English poet. He was the son of George Clayton Tennyson, vicar of Great 986 Grimsby and rector of Somersby and Enderby. He pub- lished with his brother Charles a collection of juvenile poems (" Poems by Two Brothers ") in 1827 ; was a student at Trinity College, Cambridge. 1828-31 (with Arthur U. Hal- lam, Houghton, Trench, and others), where he wrote the prize poem "Timbuctoo " (1829); lived at various places till 185", when he manied and settled at Twickenham; and afterward lived at Aldworth (Sussex), and from li53 at Farringford (Isle of M'ight). He received a state pen- sitin in 184.% succeeded Wordsworth as poet laureate in 1850, and was raised to the peerage as Baron Tennyson of Aldworth in 1884. He lived a secludeil life, and died of old age after a short and painless illness. He was buried in the Poets' Corner, near Cnaucer, in Westminster .\bbey. He wrote "Poems.Chiefly Lyrical "(1830; including "Mariana," "Ilecollectionsof the Arabian Nights." "The Ballad of Ori- ana,' etc.). "Poems "(1832: including "TheLady of Shalott," "The Miller's Daughter," "ffinone," "Tlie Palace of Art," ""The May tjueen," "The Lotus Eaters," and "A Dream of Fair Women"), " Poems " (1842 ; including "Ilysses," "Two Voices," "The Talking Oak," "Morte d'Arthur," "The Gardener's Daughter," and "Locksley Hall"), "The Princess," a medley (1^47), "In Memoriam"(1850), "Ode on the Death of the Duke of Wellington " (1852), "Charge of the Light Brigade," " Maud " and other poems (18.">.'>), "Idylls of the King" (1859-8.5), "A Welcome to the Prin- cess Alexandra " (1863), "Enoch Arden and Other Poems " (1804), " The Golden Supper " (1809), "The Window, or the Songs of the Wrens," with music by Sir Arthur Sullivan (1870), " Queen Mary " (a drama, 1875), " Harold " (a drama, 1876), "The Falcon" (a short play, acted 1879, published 1884), "The Cup" (a short play, acted 1881, published 1884), "The Promise of May "(acted 1882, published 1886), "Becki t"(adrama, 1884), "The Lover's Tale" (1879; in- cluding as its fourth part "The Golden Supper "), " B;illad3 and Other Poems" (1880), " Tiresias and Other Poems" (partly new, 188.=.), "Locksley Hall Sixty Years After" (1886), "Demeter and Other Poems " (1889), "The Death of tEuone, Akbars Dream, and Other Poems " (1892), "The Foresters, RiibtuHood, and Maid Marian " (a drama, 1892). Tennyson, Charles. See Turner. Tennyson, Frederick. Born in 1807 : died at Kensington, London, Feb. 26, 1898. An Eng- lish poet, brother of Alfred Tennyson. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, and in 18'28 took the medal for a Greek poem. He published a volume of poems entitled "Days and H"urs "(1854)," Isles of Greece " (18:10). " Dai.hiie im.l Other Poems" (1891). Tenochtitlan (ten-oeh-tet-lan'). [Derivation doubtful.] The chief city of the Aztecs, occu- pying the site of the modern city of Mexico. It was founded about 1325 on what was then an island in Tezcuco Lake. Causeways were built to the adjacent mainland, and these appear to have been the only ap- proaches. Many of the streets were occupied by canals, and the houses were subject to frequent inundations. W'ater was supplied from Chapultepec by an aqueduct. The most remarkable building was the teocalli, or great temple : most of the other edifices were low, and proba- bly were built of adobe. The Spaniards under Cortes entered peaceably, but were subsequently 'driven out, and only took the place in 1521, after a terrible siege, in which a great part of the city was destroyed. (See Cortt^s.) The new capital, which was built on its site, was com- monly and officially called Tenochtitlan (corrupted to Te- viixtUan, Tenustitan, etc.) for many years after the con- quest. Mexico (Aztec ilexitl) was also a name of the ancient city, or perhaps of a portion of it; probably from one of the appellations of the war-god Huitzilopochtli. Tenos (te'nos), or Tinos (te'nos), or Tino (te'- no). [Gr. T?;TOf.] An island of the Cyclades, belonging to Greece, southeast of Andros and northeast of Syra: one of the most prosperous of theGreekislands. It exports wine and marble. The chief place is Tino (St. Nicolo). Length, 17 miles. Population, about 12,000. Tensas (ten'sas). or Tensaw (ten's4). River. An offtake or bayou of the Alabama River, in A] abama, which flows jjarallel with Mobile River and empties into Mobile Bay. Tensas, or Tensa-w, River. A river in souths eastern Arkansas and northeastern Louisiana, which joins the Washita about 26 miles west by north of Natchez. Length, over 200 miles ; navigable about two thirds of its course. Tensau. See Taensa. Tenterden (ten'ter-den). A smalltown in Kent, England. Tenterden, Baron. See Ahhott. Tenth Legion. Alegion of the Roman army, cel- ebrated forits valor, in the time of Julius Coesar. Ten Thousand, Retreat of the. See Annhasis. Ten Thousand a Year. A novel by Samuel Warren, published in 1841. Tent on 'the Beach, The. A collection of poems, chiefly narrative, by Whittier, published in 1867. Tentyra, or Tentyris. See Denderah. Teocalli (ta-o-kal'ye). [Nahuatl, 'house of the god.'] A genei-al name applied to any pyrami- dal temple in ancient Mexico ; in particular, the great temple in Tenochtitlan or Mexico City, it was completed about 1486 by .\huitzotl. According to the accounts which have come down to us, it was an artificial truncated pynomid, faced with stone, about 375 feet long by 300 feet broad at the base, and 325 by 250 feet at the top, which was 86 feet above the ground. In ascending to the summit it was necessary to pass five times around it, on a series of terraces; this arrangement w.as well adapted to exhibit processions as well as for defense. On the flat sur- face were several small buildings, with the images of Huit- zilopochtli and other gods and the sacriflcial stone. The pyramid was surrounded by a stone wall nearly 5,000 feet Teramo in circumference, and probably inclosing other but smalle? temples. Ihe great teocalli was the scene of several fierce battles between Uie .Spaniards and Indians in 15'20-21. After the city was taken, the pyramid was torn down, and a part of its site is now occupied by the cathedral. Some of the sculptured stones and idols which were on or near it are now in the Mexican national museum. See Huitzilopochtli, Teoijaomiqui, and Sacrificial Stone. Teos (te'os). [Gr. Ttuf.] In ancient geogra- phy, an Ionian city of Asia Minor, situated on t he western coast 25 miles southwest of Smyrna. Its niins contain a noted temple of Bticchus, a beautiful Ionic hexastyle peripteros on a stylobate of 3 steps. It stood in a court surrounded by stoas. The fine sculptured frieze is in the museum at Constantinople. Teotihuacan, or San Juan Teotihuacan (san Hifcin ta-o-te-wii-kiiu'). A town of the repub- lic and state of Mexico, 27 miles northeast of Mexico City, in the vicinity are many remarkable ruins, including two very large and many small pyramids, awallediiiclosurecalledthe "citadel," etc. Traditionas- signs these remains to the Toltecs (which see), and they are certainly older than the Aztec period. Population of the modern town, about 5,000. Teoyaomiqui (tii-o-you-me'ke). Thename given to a stone idol which was dug up near the an- cient teocalli at Mexico, and is now in the Mexi- can national museum. Leon y Gama, who first de- scribed it under this name, states that Teoyaomiqni was the wife or female companion of the war-god Huitzilo- pochtli ; others suppose that the statue is compound, rep- resenting several gods. It is doubtful if Teoyaomiqni was really a personage in the Nahuatl mythology ; and the best modern investigators are inclined tc believe that this hideous stone was the war-god himself. It is about 8i feet high and 5i feet wide. ,See Huitzilopochtli. It is covered with carvings almost to overloading. . . . The general effect, however, is appalling, and the stone presents a most hideous agglomeration of repulsive forms. ... In place of christening the monolith after an iniagi. nary composite deity of whose existence the oldest authori- ties make no mention, it strikes me as much more natur.d to believe that it represents the well-known war-god of the Mexican tribe, Huitzilopochtli ; and that consequently it was indeed the famous principal idol of aboriginal Mexico, or Tenochtitlan. Bandelier, Report of an Archreological Tour in Mexico, [pp. 59, 67. Tepanecs (ta-pa-naks'), or Tecpanecs (tak-pa- naks'). A Nahuatl tribe of the Mexican valley. They were originally a branch of the Tezcucans who set- tled at Azcapozalco, on the western shore of Lake Tezcuco, about 1168. In the 14th century the Aztecs of Tenoch- titlan paid tribute to them. About 1430 the Aztecs con- quered them, destroyed their capital at Azcapozalco, and established a slave-market on its site. The Tepanecs were allowed to form a new capital a little to the south of the old one. at Tlacopan (now Tacuba). They joined with Tenochtitlan and 'Tezcuco in the confederacy foraied soon after, but never rose to prominence. Tlacopan was joined to Tenochtitlan by a causeway over which Cortes retreated on the Noche Triste. Tepeguana. See TepeJiuan, Tepehuan ( t a-pa-hwiin ' ). A tribe of North Ameri- can Indians which inhabit mainly the eastern slope of the SierraMadre, from lat. 25°to 26° N., in the state of Durango, Mexico. Their domain formerly extended across the borders into Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Jalisco, Zacatecas, and Coahuila. Their tribal name is adapted from a term sigrufying 'conQue,ror. ' Num- ber, less than 1,000. See Piman. Tepic (ta-pek'). 1. A teiTitory of Mexico, on the Pacific coast north of the state of Jalisco, to which it was formerly attached. Area, 11,- .i81 square miles. Population (1895), 144,308 (mostly semi-civilized Indians). — 2. The capi- tal of the territorv, 18 miles from the Bav cf San Bias. Population (189.T), 16.226. Teplitz (tep'lits),or Toplitz (tep'lits). A town and watering-place in northern Bohemia, situ- ated in the valley of the Biela. near the moun- tains, 46 miles northwest of Prague, it is one of the most frequented watering-places in Europe (saline- alkaline springs), and has been the scene of several con- ferences of princes. Population (1891), commune, 17,626. Teplitz, Alliance of. A treaty of alliance be- tween the monarchs of Russia, Austria, and Prussia against Napoleon, signed at Teplitz Sept. 9, 1813. Tequendama (ta-kan-dii'ma). A celebrated waterfall of the reptiblie of Colombia, on the Funza or Bogota River, 12 miles southwest of BogotA. It is 475 feet high, and perpendicular. Ter (ter). A river in northeastern Spain, flow- ing into the Mediterranean east of Gerona. Length, about 85 miles. Terah (te'ra). The father of Abraham (Gen. xi.). The name is etjinologically connected by some with the Assyrian tiirahii, antelope. Teramo (ta'ra-m6l", formerly AbruZZO Ulteri- ore I. A province in central Italy, in the com- partimento of the Abruzzi and Molise. Area, 1.067 square miles. Population (1891). 264.088. Teramo. The capital of the province of Teramo, Italv, situated at the junction of the Vezzola with the Tordino, in lat. 42° 40' N.. long. 13° 45; E.: the ancient Interamniiun, and the medieval Aprutium (also Interampne, Teranme, Terame) Teramo It has a cathedral aud Koman antiquities. Pop- ulation (1892), 21,000. Terbtirg (ter'bOrch) (originally Ter Borch), Gerard. Born at ZwoUe, Netherlands, about 1608: died at Deveiiter, Netherlands, IGHl. A Dutch genre- and portrait-painter, noted par- ticularly for his draperies. Terceira (ter-sa'ra). One of the principal isl- ands lit the Azores, situated northwest of St. Mii'liael, It contains Angm, the capital of the group. A ri-j:ciR-y i[i l»elialf of Queen Maria was establislietl llei-e in Irtii:* liy \"illaflor with Falmella and Uuerreira. Length, about 2S miles. I'opulation, about 45,000-60,0011. In Dec.. 1828, an e.xpetlition, consistingof 652 Portuguese ref ui^ees of tlic party of tlie queen, sailed from England for Terceira in Unir vessels, under the command of Count .**!- daiilia. Terceira held for the queen, and arras and am- niutiitlon had previously been sent thera from England. Tlie Brilisli government ordered Captain Walpole. of the " Ranger,'' to stop this expedition off Terceira. which he did by til ing a gun into Saitianha'sship. Tlie ground taken l>y the I)ukeof Wellington in defence of tllismeasuro was his resolution to maintain the neutrality of England be- tween the two parties then contending for tlie crown of Portugal ; Imt the proceeding was vehemently attacked in Parliament and elsewhere. Gn'rilU, Mem- >irs (editor's note), I. 109. Terceira, Duke of (Antonio Jos6 de Souza, Count of Villatlor). Bom at Lisbon, March 10, 1792: died there. April 27, 1860. A Portuguese general and politii-ian. He went to Terceira in 1828, and took ^art in the political events there ; conquered the Azores in 18;U in bL-lialf of .Mai ia da Gloria ; landed at Oporto May 26, 1832 ; and ilefeated the Miguelists several times iu ls:i."i and 1S34. He was minister of war and premier. Terek (te-rek'). A river in Caucasia, Russia, wliii-li tlovrs by a broad delta into the Caspian Sea about lat."44° N. Length, about 350 miles. Terek. Aprovince of Caucasia, Eussia, situated oil the northoru slope of the Caucasus, south of Stavropol. Capital, Vladikavkas. Area, 26,822 sipiaro miles. Popidation (1S91), 798,14.5. Terek Pass. A celebrated and long used pass over the mountain baiTier between Eastern Turkestan and Asiatic Kussia. It connects Khokand with Kashgar. Terenas. See Guanas. Terence (ter'ens) (Publius Terentius Afer). Born at Carthage about 185 B. c. : died about 1.59. ,V celebrated Koman comic poet. He went early to IU)ine as a slave, and was soon lilierated ; became afriend